COLUMBIA LIBRARIES OFFSITE HFAl IN St'll Nl I S SIANDARD HX64088898 QP917 .Un3 The influence of sod RECAP QP7/7 LLw^ Columbia 5Snit)ers^itp intl)f€ttpofJ^mjgork CoUcgt of ^fjj'fiiciang anb burgeons Hihvavp Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from Open Knowledge Commons http://www.archive.org/details/influenceofsodiuOOunit Issued May 4, It 100, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Report No. 88. THE INFLUENCE OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON THE NUTRITION AND HEALTH OF MAN. AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON THE NUTRITION AND HEALTH OF MAN. By Russell H. Chittenden. INVESTIGATIONS ON THE EFFECT OF SODIUTM BEN- ZOATE ON THE HEALTH AND GENERAL METAB- OLISM OF MAN. By John H. Long. THE ACTION OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON THE HUMAN BODY. Bv Dr. Christian A. Herter. WASHlNCrrON: GOVERNMKNT PRINTING OFFICE. 1009. LETTER OF SUBMITTAL U. S. Department of Agriculture, Office of Consulting Scientific Experts, Baltimore, January 23, 1909. Sir: I have the honor to submit here\vith a report of the investiga- tions carried out under the direction of this board on the action of sodium benzoate upon the nutrition and health of man. Respectfully, Ira Remsen, Chainnan, Referee Board of Consulting Scientific Experts. Hon. James Wilson, Secretary of Agriculture. CON T V. NTS Pase. IIeport ok the Referee Board ok Consultino yciENTiFic Experts 5 An Experimental Study of the Influence op Sodium Benzoate on the Nutrition and Health of Man. By Russell II. Chittenden 9 Introductory 13 Clinical observations 18 Effect on body weight 2!J Effect on the blood 31 Effect on the feces 34 Effect on the urine 51 Effect on the nitrogen balance 85 General conclusions 88 Daily records of the urine and feces of the individual subjects 90 Average daily composition of the urine and feces for the different periods of the experiment 192 . Distribution of nitrogen and sulphur in the urine 198 Food charts showing character and amount of daily food 221 Investigations on the Effects of Sodium Benzoate on the Health and General Metabolism op Man. By John H. Long ! 293 Introduction 295 Urine and feces chart 302 Daily food charts 398 Discussion of results 480 Medical control 532 Medical report 559 General conclusions. 563 The Action of Sodium Benzoate on the Human Body. By Christian A. Herter 565 Case I R 568 Case II H 583 Case III 59(5 Case IV L. 608 Summary of conclusions relative to the groups of persons (4 cases) on which this investigation is based 618 Methods 62 1 Appendix: Daily food charts 627 Series A. — Daily results on urine and feces 663 Series B. — Daily averages of nitrogen, sulphur, etc., in urine and feces 737 Series C. — Percentages, nitrogen and sulphur in urine 741 Series D. — Percentage of averages, nitrogen and sulphur in urine 745 Series E. — Hippuric acid in urine 747 3 4 CONTENTS. The Action op Sodium Benzoate on the Human Body — Continued. Appendix — Continued. Page. Series F. — Nitrogen balance, food, urine, and feces 748 Series G. — Fats, fatty acids, and soaps in food and feces 750 Series H. — Caloric values of food 758 Series I. — Hydrogen sulphide in feces 7C0 Series J. — Graphic reproduction of body weights 76:i Series K. — Graphic representation of gas production by fecal bacteria. 765 Series L. — Clinical charts 767 Bibliography of thk Moke Important Work on Benzoates 769 THE INFLUENCE OF SOBTUM BENZOATE ON THE NUTRITION AND HEALTH OF MAN. REPORT OF THE REFEREE BOARD OF CONSULTING SCIENTIFIC EXPERTS. Of the questions referred to this board" the first to engage our attention have been the following: (1) "Does a food to which there has been added benzoic acid, or any of its salts, contain any added poisonous or other added deleterious ingredient which maj' render the said food injurious to health? (a) In large quantities? (h) In small quantities?" (2) "If benzoic acid or any of its salts be mixed or packed with a food, is the quality or strength of said food thereby reduced, lowered, or injuriously affected? (a) In large quantities? (h) In small quantities?" To obtain satisfactory^ answers to these questions, the board has felt it necessar}^ to carry through a careful investigation of the effect of benzoic acid or some one of its salts on the nutrition and general health of man. A thorough study of the literature giving the results of work done by various investigators on the physiological effects of benzoic acid and its salts, together \\4th a study of reported clinical and medical observations, therapeutic usage, etc., have made it apparent that additional work was needed to render possible a conclusive answer to the above questions. With a view to limiting the scope of the work, while at the same time meeting all practical requirements, our investigation, with the consent of the Secretary of Agricultm-e, has been confined to a study of the effect of the sodium salt of benzoic acid, viz, sodium benzoate. To make this experimental inquiry as thorough as possible and to minimize the personal equation, tliree independent investigations a Dr. Alonzo E. Taylor, professor in the University of California, a member of thi.'^ board, owing to absence in Europe, has not been able to participate in the investiga- tions embodied in this report. 5 6 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN, have been carried out; one at the Medical School of Northwestern University in Chicago, under the charge of Prof. John H. Long, of that institution; a second at the private laboratory of Prof. Christian A. llerter, of Columbia University, New York Citj^; and the third at the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University, in charge of Prof. Russell H. Chittenden. The same general ])lan of procedure was followed in all tliree experi- ments. A certain number of healthy young men were selected as sub- jects, and during a period of four months these men, under definite conditions of diet, etc., with and without sodium benzoate, were sub- jected to thorough clinical and medical observation, while the daily food and the excretions were carefull}^ analyzed, and otherwise studied, and comparison made of the clinical, chemical, l)acteriological, and other data collected. (For details see the individual reports.) In tliis manner material has been brought together which makes possi- ble conclusions regarding the effect of small and large doses of sodium benzoate upon the human system. In fixing upon the amount of sodium benzoate that should con- stitute a ''small dose" we have adopted 0.3 gram of the salt per day. Manufacturers of food products which in their view require the use of a preservative are in general content with 0.1 per cent of sodium benzoate. Tliis would mean that in the eating of such a preserved food the consumer would need to* take 300 grams per day, or nearly two-thirds of a pound, of preserved food to ingest an amount of benzoate equal to our minimal daily dosage. Looked at from this point of view, our dosage of 0.3 gram per da}^ seemed a fair amount for a "small dose," one that would clearly suffice to show any effect that small doses of the salt might exert, especially if continued for a considerable length of time. In all these three experiments tliis daily dosage was continued for a period of about two months. Under "large dose" was included quantities of sodium benzoate ranging from 0.6 gram to 4 grams per day. Such a daily dosage was con- tinued for a period of one month. In a few instances somewhat larger doses were employed. As the amount and character of the daily diet exert a well-known influence upon many of the metabohc or nutritive changes of the body, as well as upon the bacterial flora of the intestines, attention is called to the fact that the three investigations differed from each other in the amount of i)rotein food consumed daily, thereby intro- REPORT (►F REFEREE BOARD OF <■(>^'SULTING EXPERTS. 7 (hieing n. ilistinctive feature which tends to broaden the conditions under wliich the experiments were conducted. The conclu.sions reached as a result of the in(Uvi(kial investigations ;ue given at length in the separate reports herewith presented, together with nil of the data upon which these conclusions are based. The fact should be emphasized that the results obtained from the three separate investigations are in close agreement in all essential features. The main general conclusions reached by the referee board are as follows: (1) Sodium benzoate in small doses (under 0.5 gram per day) mixed with the food is without deleterious or poisonous action and is not injurious to health. (2) Sodium benzoate in large doses (up to 4 grams per day) mixed with the food has not been found to exert any deleterious effect on the general health, nor to act as a poison in the general acceptation of the term. In some directions there were sHght modifications in certam physiological processes, the exact significance of which modi- fications is not known. (3) The admixture of sodium benzoate with food in small or large doses has not been found to injuriously affect or impair the quality or nutritive value of such food. Ira Remsen, Chairman, Russell H. Chittenden, John H. Long, Christian A. Herter, Referee Board of Consulting Scientific Experts. AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE INFLU ENCE OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON THE NUTRITION AND HEALTH OF MAN. By RUSSELL H. CHITTENDEN. CONTltNTS Introductory 13 Plan of the experiment 14 Administration of the sodium henzoate 15 Character of the daily diet 17 Clinical observations IS Effect on — Body weight 2\) The blood M The feces :^4 Inlluence on — . Digestion and utilization of protein food H6 Digestion and utilization of fat 40 Digestion as measured by the Schmidt method 44 The intestinal flora 45 Fermentation tests with the feces 47 Sediments in bouillon and dextrose-bouillon, inoculated with feces 48 Inlluence on the putrefaction products in the feces 49 Effect on the urine 51 Methods of analysis 51 Effect on— Volume and specific gravity 52 Total nitrogen 54 The urea-nitrogen 56 Ammonia-nitrogen 56 Purine-nitrogen 57 Uric acid-nitrogen 58 Creatinine-nitrogen 59 Hippuric acid-nitrogen 60 The distribution of nitrogen 61 Total sulphur 66 Inorganic sulphur 67 Ethereal sulphur 67 Neutral sulphur 68 The distribution of sulphur 69 Ratio of sulphur to nitrogen 73 Effect on phosphate-phosphorus 75 Ratio of phosphorus to nitrogen 76 Effect on — Indican 78 Sodium chloride 79 Total acidity 80 Phenol and aromatic oxy-acids 81 Hippuric acid of the urine 83 Benzoic acid obtained from the urine as hippuric acid 85 Effect on the nitrogen balance 85 General conclusions 88 11 12 CONTENTS. TABLES OP RESULTS. Paget Daily records of the urine and feces of tlie individual subjects 00 Average daily composition of urine and feces for the different periods of the experiment 19^ Distribution of nitrogen and sulphur in the urine 198 Food charts showing character and composition of the daily food of the individ- ual subjects throughout the experiment -'21 AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON THE NUTRITION AND HEALTH OF MAN. By RussELii II. Chittenden. INTRODUCTORY. In ail attempt to answer the questions, "Does a food to which there has been added benzoic acid, or any of its salts, contain any added poisonous or other added deleterious ingredient which may render the said food injurious to health; in large quantities; in small quantities?" the following experimental work has been performed, with results which seemingly afford positive answers to the above questions. With a view to limiting the scope of the work, while at the same time meeting all practical requirements, and with the consent of the Secretary of Agriculture, our investigation has been confined to a study of the sodium salt of benzoic acid, viz, sodium benzoate. The work has been carried on in the laboratories of the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University under the personal supervision of the writer. The chemical work was under the special charge of Frank P. Underbill, Ph. D., assistant professor of physiological chem- istry in the Sheffield Scientific School, with a suitable corps of trained chemists and assistants. The bacteriological work was in charge of Leo F. Rettger, Ph. D., assistant professor of bacteriology and hygiene in the Sheffield Scientific School, while the necessary med- ical and clinical examinations were made by Ricliard F. Rand, M. D., clinical assistant at the Yale Medical School. The subjects — six in number — on whom the effects of sodium benzoate were to be studied were carefully selected with a view to obtaining different types of physical and niental make-up, as well as persons of well-knowrf character and responsibility. All of the subjects chosen were graduate students in the university, thoroughly trained in chemistry and physiology, so that they were able to servo not only as subjects in the experiment, but likewise as analysts, capable of assisting in the gathering of the data. All were known to the writer for several 3^ears. The experiment was commenced the 1st of July and extended to the 8th of November. During this period of four months the sub- jects were fed at a private table provided nearby the laboratory, • 13 14 SODIUM BENZOAIE AIsD iiil;: iiEALiii Oi' MAIS. where complete supervision could be had of the amount and char- acter of the food taken, with all facilities for weighing the food consumed b}^ each subject, ])reparation of suitable samples of the various foods for chemical analysis, etc. PLAN OF THE EXPERIMENT. For a week prior to the actual commencement of the experiment the subjects were required to take their meals at the table provided ; the urine and feces were collected daily; partial analyses made, sufficient to indicate the general extent of their body metabolism; the amount of food consumed daily by each individual noted; clin- ical and medical examinations made, etc., with the purpose of obtain- ing a general view of the physiological characteristics or personal peculiarities of the individual subjects. The experiment proper was divided into a fore periotl of 2 weeks or 14 daj^s, i.e., from July 6 to July 19, inclusive, in which complete daily records were made of the subjects under normal conditions of life and diet. This was followed by a benzoatc period of 2 months, from July 20 to September 20, inclusive, in which each subject was fed with his food daily 0.3 gram of sodium benzoate. This constituted the "small dose," and being continued over a period of 62 days would seemingl}^ provide ample opportunity for the detection of any effects which small doses of sodium benzoate might produce. In this connection it is to be noted that during this period of 2 months each subject took 18.6 grams of sodium benzoate. Next followed an "after period" of 10 days, from September 21 to September 30, inclusive, in which no benzoate was given, thus affording another so-called normal period for comparison. For the next 4 weeks, commencing with October 1, larger doses of sodium benzoate were given as follows: During the first week, from October 1 to Octo- ber 7, inclusive, the daity dose was 0.6 gram; for the week October 8 to 14, inclusive, the dose was increased to 1 gram daih^; from Octo- ber 15 to 21, inclusive, 2 grams of sodium benzoate were taken daily by each subject; on October 22 the dosage of benzoate was increased to 4 grams per da}^, at which level it was contiinied for the following 7 days. During this period of "large doses" of sodium benzoate, covering 28 days, eacli subject took a total of 53.2 grams of benzoate. Finally, there was another "after period" of 10 days — from October 29 to November 7, inclusive — in which no benzoate was given. All through the period of 125 days covered by the experiment, accurate data were collected of food consumption, food composition, urine excretion, fecal discharges, for each subject, together with chemical composition of the daily excretions, etc., reinforced by the clinical and medical examinations, bacteriological examinations of feces, blood count, etc. In this way competent comparison of the condition or conditions produced by small and INFLUEMCE Ol'' SUDIUM LJEMZOATE o:>; NUTKITION AiM) llKALTll. 15 large doses of sodium luMizoate, with llic iiornuil condition of tiie same subjects, mi<:cbt hv expected, and thus H<,dit l)e thrown upon the effects ol' sodium henzoate on liealtliy individmils. ADMINISTRATION OF THE SODIUM BENZOATE. " In the administration of the henzoate an attemi)t was made to imitate the manner in which the salt would be taken if used in food as a preservative. Witli the smaller dose of 0.3 gram per day, tlie salt was dissolved in a iz;iven amount of water and then added to some one food so that the latter would contain one-tenth of 1 per cent of sodium henzoate. The salt was given three times a day — 0.1 gram of henzoate with each meal — and in some one article of food, where it would be present to the extent of about one-tenth of 1 per cent by weight of that food. In this way was avoided any possible local effect of a ndatively hirge single dose, as might per- haps ha])pen if administered by capsule. Further, this method of administration insured entrance into the stomach of essentially the same percentage of benzoate, even when the dosage was increased to 0.6 gram per day. With larger doses of sodium benzoate the same general method of procedure was followed, thougli with a daily dosage of 2 grams and over the amount of benzoate in the food rose necessarily above 0.1 per cent. A w^ord of explanation may ])e offered here regarding the size of the "small dose" of sodium l)enzoate em])loyed in our experiment. In adopting 0.3 gram of the salt as the dail}^ dose we were influenced by the bearing of our problem upon the practical question of the use of sodium l)enzoate as a food preservative. Manufacturers of food products requiring the use of a preservative are apparently content with an allowance of 0.1 per cent of sodium benzoate. The consumer of such a product would need to take 300 grams — nearly two-thirds of a pound — of such a preserved food per day to ingest an amount of sodium benzoate equal to our minimal daily dosage. In other words, looked at from this stand])oint, our dosage of 0.3 gram per day seemed a fair amount for a "small dose," one that would clearly suffice to show any effect that small doses of the salt might exert, especially if continued for a reasonable length of time. In this connection it is interesting to note the relationship between the ingested sodium benzoate and the total food consumption of our different subjects per day during the several benzoate periods. The following table, giving the total amount of food consumed per day, together with tlie dosage of benzoate, shows the percentage of Ix^nzoate in the total day's food of the six subjects. From these « The sodium benzoate employed was "soda benzoate," T'^. S. P., 99 per cent. It contained a trace of calcium and 2.2 per cent of water. In giving the salt, allow- ance was made for 99 per cent pure and the contained water, so that the daily doses specified represent actual sodium benzoate. 16 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. figures it is seen that with a daily dose of 0.3 gram of benzoate, the percentage of the salt in the total food consumed varied from 0.015 to 0.022 per cent. With a dosage of 0.6 gram per day the ])roportion of benzoate in the day's food varied from 0.032 per cent to 0.04 per cent. When 1 gram of sodium benzoate was taken daily the proportion of salt to the total food consumption varied from 0.055 per cent to 0.069 per cent. With a dosage of 2 grams per day, the total food consumed showed 0.108 to 0.13 per cent of sodium benzoate; while with a daily dose of 4 grams the proportion of benzoate to the total food consumption per day varied from 0.25 per cent to 0.31 per cent. Percentages of sodiura benzoate in the total day's food. *>> H. H. G. W. W. H. L. M. L. J. F L. E. C. M. W. C. R. T3 1 1 o o .2 1 o T3 1 03 1 S g T3 1 s food oate Date. ^ g li «l a =t li °| ^8 © o o|' li = a la ".2 is. 1-9 •as. i-S is. |.s |.g i-s "gS (B 13 a> ■o u ■a 0) ■a a> •O •o <^" ^ CO ^ 09 ^ CO ^ DQ ^ w p: o Gms. Gms. P.ct. Gms. P.ct. Gms. P.ct. Gms. P.ct. Gms. P.ct. Gms. P.ct. July 20 0.3 1,880 1,787 1,900 1,834 2,080 1,392 July 21 .3 1,804 1,678 1,370 2,136 1,965 1,215 July 22 .3 1,578 1,644 ,1,883 1,839 1,734 1,274 July 23 .3 1,936 1,951 1,703 2,025 2,120 1,300 July 24 .3 1,525 1,569 2,077 2,050 1,893 1,320 July 25 .3 1,648 1,861 1 2,030 1,908 1,937 1,402 July 26 .3 1,613 1,751 1 1,813 1,648 1,770 1,263 Average... .3 1,712 0.017 1,748 0.017 1,833 0.016 1,920 0.015 1,927 0.015 1,309 0.022 Oct. 1 .6 1,112 1,855 1 1,755 1,571 1,638 1,095 Oct. 2 .6 1,477 1,699 1,696 1,692 1,569- 1,392 Oct. 3 .0 .6 1,641 1,652 1, 635 1,950 1,748 2,028 1,656 1,813 1,744 1,.5.59 1,433 1,895 Oct. 4 Oct.5 .6 1,582 1,538 1,926 1,573 1,734 1,466 Oct. 6 .6 1,499 1,509 1,634 1,452 1,406 1,409 Oct. 7 .6 1,685 1,783 1 2,006 1,906 1,579 1,675 .\verage . . . .6 1,521 .039 1,709 t .035 1,827 .032 1,666 .036 1,004 .037 1,481 .040 Oct. 8 1.0 1.0 1,712 1,557 1,726 1 1,807 1,899 1,790 1,626 1,5.52 1,492 1,585 1,555 1,376 Oct. 9 Oct. 10 1.0 1,827 1,749 1,892 1,736 1,905 1,599 Oct. 11 1.0 1,890 1,903 1,939 1,768 1,800 1,472 Oct. 12 1.0 1,415 1,867 1,774 1,481 1,411 1,318 Oct. 13 1.0 1,627 1,838 1,778 1,797 1,680 1,280 Oct. 14 1.0 1,306 1,604 1,564 1,654 1,620 1,537 .\verage . . . 1.0 1,619 .061 1 1,785 1 .056 1,805 .055 1,659 .060 1,642 .060 1,448 .069 Oct. 15 2.0 1,572 1,810 1,768 1,863 1,518 1,682 Oct. 16 2.0 1..386 2,013 1,944 1,818 1,594 1,332 Oct. 17 2.0 1,583 1,724 1,757 1,371 1,3.56 1,535 Oct. 18 2.0 1,363 1,932 1,903 1,911 1,039 1,610 Oct. 19 2.0 1,178 1,584 1,824 1,593 ],373 1,421 Oct. 20 2.0 1,514 1,740 1,898 1,962 1,969 1,597 Oct. 21 2.0 1,518 1,807 1,892 1,510 1,462 1,463 Average... 2.0 1,445 .130 1,801 .110 1,855 1 .108 1,718 .110 1,559 .120 I 1,520 .130 Oct. 22 4.0 1,224 1,529 1,677 1,544 1,556 h,471 Oct. 23 4.0 1.247 1,431 1,237 1,249 1,320 1,186 Oct. 24 4.0 1,330 1,457 1,591 1,349 1,245 1,165 Oct. 25 4.0 1,343 1,482 1,505 1,452 1,503 1,272 Oct. 26 4.0 1,426 1,543 1,531 1,463 1,467 1,123 Oct. 27 4.0 1,437 1,834 1,788 1,648 1,704 1,324 Oct. 28 4.0 1,480 1,804 1,769 1,716 1,649 1,333 Average. 4.0 1,355 .290 1,583 .250 1,585 1 .250 1 1,489 .200 1,492 .260 1,268 .310 IM'LUENCE OF SODILM BK.NZUATE O^' NUTlilTION AND UEALTU, 17 CHARACTER OF THE DAILY DIET. In any study of nutritive changes, especially such as extend over long periods of time, the character and amount of the daily diet are important factors. In our experiment two facts are to be empha- sized. First, the subjects were not restricted to a limited dietary, but on the contrary were allowed reasonable freedom of choice, both as to character and quantity of the daily food. In other words, there was no interference with the normal desires of the individual, but each subject was allowed full latitude in the exercise of his personal likes and dislikes. To be sure, each day a defmite menu was arranged for all tliree meals, but this was sulllciently generous in character to admit of choice; further, after a short time sufficient knowledge was acquired of the special tastes of the subjects, so that a daily dietar}^ could easily be provided quite satisfactory to all. By this method of procedure there was no violation of that physiological good sense so essential in experiments of this character. Second, after the first few weeks the subjects, consciously or unconsciously, settled down to a relatively low protein diet, which was maintained throughout the experiment. This is a point to be emphasized, since as protein metabolism is influenced largely by the intake of protein food we had in our experiment a definite condition ; one which afforded an opportunity for the study of the effect of sodium benzoate upon subjects living under a relatively low protein intake and conse- quently at a somewhat lower level of nitrogen metabolism than is ordinarily maintained by the majority of mankind. The follo%ving table shows the average daily intake of nitrogen for each subject during the five periods of the experiment : Daily average intake of nitrogen. Date. H. H. G. Grams. July f) to 19 1 13. 78 July 20 to September 20 11. 64 Septenibor 21 to 30 11. 14 October ] to28 ' 11. 08 October 29 to November 7 i 11. 82 W.W.H. Grams. 13.50 11.52 11.32 11 94 11.41 L. M. L. Grams. 15.28 12.65 12.39 12.69 13.23 J. F. L. Grams. 13.71 13 12 12.63 11.90 13 08 E. C. M. Grams. 14. 02 12.77 12 28 12.13 12.88 W. C. R. Grams. 11.5ti 11.08 11.18 11.37 11.29 The results are certainly suggestive as showing how individuals tend to maintain within reasonable limits a definite average nitrogen intake, even though entirel}^ unhampered by restrictions as to quality of food or quantity. The larger intake of nitrogen during the first period of 2 weeks, noticeable in 4 of the subjects particularly, was due without doubt to the stimulating effect of the change to the new table. Both the menu and the cooking of the experimental table were excellent, and a general change of living such as was involved 70111— Xo. 88—09 2 18 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. here might well serve as a temporary stimulus to appetite. (For details regarding the daily food of the several subjects and the con- tent of nitrogen in the same, see appended tables of food compo- sition, p. 221.) "While the nitrogen intake of our subjects was relatively low, the fuel value of the daii}'- food was not essentially different from the values usually seen. In other words, the daily intake of fats and carbohydrates was such that the heat-giving power of the food aver- aged about 3,000 large calories per day. While these data are not based wholly upon accurate chemical anah^sis, as in the determination of the nitrogen of the food, they are sulHciently near the trutli to have value in showing the general character of the daily dietary as looked at from the standpomt of energy-yielding power. The following table gives a sufficient number of data to indicate the average values for each subject: Estimated fuel value of the daily food. Date. July 27 -... July 28 July 29 July 30 July 31 August 1 August 2 Average October 8 October 9 October 10 . . . October 11... October 12 . . . October 13 . . . October 14 . . . Average H. H. G. W. W. H. L. M. L. J. F. L. E. C. M. W. C. R Calories. 2,848 2,424 3,113 3,566 3,203 3,133 2,869 3,022 3,040 3,192 3,551 2,958 2,530 2,758 2,562 2,942 Calories. 3,454 2,949 3,408 4,081 2,706 3,345 3,564 3,358 3,139 3,920 3,526 3,064 3,235 3,229 3,258 3,339 Calories. 3,585 3,028 3,250 4,638 3,695 3,890 3,360 3,635 4,112 4,038 4,093 3,166 3,652 3,417 3,473 3,707 Calories. 3,241 3,677 4,182 4,135 4,365 4,179 3,186 3,852 2,954 3,055 3,266 2,423 2,682 3,370 3,497 3,035 Calories. 2,079 1,964 2,885 4,018 3,830 3,969 2,700 3,063 2,943 3,431 3,584 2,914 2,854 3,190 3,593 Calories. 2,973 2,184 2,619 2,896 3,200 3,000 1,65.5 2,647 2,996 3,272 3,137 2,633 2,550 2,388 3,076 3,216 2,86& CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS. SUBJECT No. 1— H. H. G. This subject was a young man, 24 years of age, an assistant in the chemical laborator}^. At the initial examination, made by the medical inspector July 2, 1908, he was described as of slender build, weighing 50.8 kilograms; skin pale; mucous membranes of fair color; "adenoid face" (mouth breather) ^vith high palatal arch. His chest was long, narrow, and flat. Lungs were normal, breath sounds and resonance being of normal character; complete absence of rales or dullness. The heart sounds were clear; the point of maximum impulse was visible in the fifth interspace inside of the nipple line. The abdomen was fiat, with normal respiratory movements, soft on palpation, no mass felt. The spleen and kidneys were not palpable. Liver dullness was normal. Knee jerk weak. Body temperature INFLUENCE OF HODIUM BENZOATK OX NUTRITION AND HEALTJI. 1 V) was 98.(5°. I'lilso, 78 beats per minute and quite regular, with fair volume ami tension. The urine was of a pale yellow color, slightly cloudy. The small sediment wiiich eventually .separated was com- posed of amorphous phosphate. The reaction of the urine was acid. Specific gravity, 1.010. The urine was free from albumin, sugar, and bile. Careful microscopic examination of the slight sediment showed an absence of tubular casts, cells, etc. The only noticeable com- ponent of the sediment was the amt)rphous ])hosphate already referred to, with a few crystals of dicalcium phosphate and a few mucous threads. On July 14 the subject had a "cold." There was slight follicular tonsilitis and pharyngitis. His temperature was 99°; pulse, 88. An antiseptic gargle was prescribed and calomel given. In three days the patient was quite well. On July 29 cHnical examination showed the heart, lungs, and abdomen normal. General condition wholly unclianged. Subject stated that he felt well. Body temperature was 98°. Pulse beat 66 per minute. The urine had a specific gravity of 1.018; was very faintly acid in reaction; pale yellow in color, and showed a slight white precipitate of amorphous phosphate. There were no casts, cells, or other substances of pathological significance. Tests of the urine made for albumin, sugar, etc., were wholly negative. On August 4 the subject was treated for laceration of hand caused b}^ the breaking of glass apparatus in the laboratory. There were two punctured wounds over lower and second metacarpal at the base of the index finger. There was loss of sensation along the outer side of finger. The wounds were dressed on August 4, 6, 8, and 12. On the latter date the wounds had healed per primary ; loss of sensation still persisted. It was thought advisable to wait and see if sensation would return before doing exploratory operation for nerve suture, as the subject was anxious to keep on with liis work. On September 1 clinical examination showed no deviation from the normal. On September 24, near the close of the first benzoate period, another examination showed body temperature 98.8°; pulse, 82 beats per minute; regular, witli fair volume and tension. The urine was free from any casts or cells. A few mucous threads were observed, and a few cr^'stals of calcium oxalate with some amorphous phosphate. The heart, hmgs, and abdomen were normal. The general condition of the subject was good. He was gaining in weight and felt quite well. On October 14, after a week of taking 1 gram of sodium benzoate per day, the body temperature was found to be 98°; pulse, 70 beats per minute; regular, with good volume and tension. The heart, lungs, and alxlomen were normal; general condition excellent. Sub- ject stated that he felt very well. The urine was entirely normal. 20 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. On October 22, at the close of the week when 2 grams of sodium benzoate had been taken daily, the same general conthtion of good liealth prevailed, with no deviation from the normal. On October 28, at the close of the week when 4 grams of sodium benzoate had been taken daily, the body temperature was found to be 98.2°; pulse, 74 beats per minute; regular, and withgood volume and tension. The heart, lungs, and abdomen were normal. General con- dition was good, the subject stating that he felt well, with continued gain in bod}" weight. The urine was perfectly normal, free from casts or an}^ other abnormality. On November 7, at the close of the final after period, clinical examination showed body temperature 98°; pulse, 76 beats per minute; with good volume and tension. The heart, lungs, abdomen, liver, and spleen were normal. No changes in the physical condition of the subject could be observed during the course of the test. Sub- ject stated that he felt well and had noticed no change in his health one way or the other during the period of the experiment. He had gained 6 to 7 pounds in body weight. The urine was normal and free from sediment, except a few mucous tlireads. Careful questioning of the subject with regard to liis impressions as to possible action on the part of the sodium benzoate led to negative statements, with the exception that during the larger dosage of sodium benzoate he thought the bad taste of the salt objectionable. SUBJECT No. 2— W. W. H. Tliis subject was a young man, 24 years of age, with a body weight of 51.6 kilograms. He was small and slight. The first clinical examination, made July 6, showed the following: Skin and mucous membranes of good color; partial mouth breather, nasal obstruction due to septal deformit3^ The chest was fairly well formed; rather long, flat, and narrow. Lungs were normal; breath sounds and resonance normal. The heart sounds were clear; the point of maximum impulse was visible in the sixtli interspace inside of the nipple line. The abdomen was full, soft, normal tympany, no mass. Spleen and kidneys were not palpalde. Liver in normal position. Body temperature, 98.4°. Pulse, 70 beats per minute; regular, with good volume and tension. The urine was pale yellow in color, slightly cloudy; acid reaction; specific gravity 1.016. The sliglit sediment in the urine was composed of amorphous phosphate. No casts; no cells. Tests for albumin, sugar, bile, etc., were wholly negative. On July 29 the heart, lungs, and abdomen were found normal. General pliysical condition of the subject was good. Body temperature was 98°; pulse, 69 beats per minute. On August 5 the subject had a sore throat; coryza, phar^'ngitis, and a few ' ' spots " on the left tonsil. Necessary treatment was given. INFLUENCE OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON NUTRITION AND HEALTH. 21 Body temperaturo was 101.2°; pulso, 87 beats })cr minuto. On August 7 his throat was practically normal. August 24 there was a slight recurrence of sore throat. The pharyngitis, however, was very slight and quickly alleviated by an antiseptic gargle. Se]>tember 5 the general condition was good; no deviation from the normal in bod}" temperature, ])ulse rate, or in the character of the urine. September 25 the body tem])erature was 98.2°; pulse beat, 74; regular, with fair volume and tension. The heart, hmgs, and ab- domen were normal. General ])hysical condition good, with some increase in body weight. The urine had a specific gravity of 1.018, and was free from albumin, sugar, or any abnormal substance. ^licro- scopic examination of the slight sediment showed a few mucous threads and crystals of calcium oxalate. No casts were to be found. October 13 the body weight still showed increase. The heart, lungs, and abdomen were normal. General physical condition was good, the subject stating that he felt perfectly well. Body tempera- ture was 98°; pulse, 78; regular, with good volume and tension. On October 20, when the subject was taking 2 grams of sodium benzoate per day, examination showed the same good physical con- dition, vriih com])lete absence of any signs of a])normality in the urine. October 27, near the close of the largest benzoate dosage, clinical examination showed the heart and lungs normal; abdomen full and soft; rather more gas in the intestines than in previous examinations. Sid3Ject stated that h6 had had slight gastro-intestinal fermentation for two days. Subject stated that he felt well and his general phj's- ical condition was plainly good. His body weight was increased. Body temperature was 98°; pulse, 78 beats per minute; regular, with good volume and tension. The urine was yellow in color; spe- cific gravity, 1.020; acid in reaction and free from albumin, sugar, etc. A slight cloudy precipitate appeared in the urine on standing. Microscopic examination of this sediment showed a s'mall amount of amorphous phosphate and a few crystals of calcium oxalate. Long search revealed two finely granular casts. There were no cells. On November 5, near the close of the experiment, final clinical examination showed the heart, lungs, and abdomen normal. Body temperature was 99° ; pulse, 78 beats per minute ; regular, with good volume and tension. No change was observed in the physical con- dition of the subject during the entire course of the experiment, with the slight exception noted above. The subject himself stated that he felt as well as at the beginning of the period and that he had seen no ill eft'ects from the test so far as subjective spnptoms go. He had gained 6 pounds in body weight, and his general physical condi- tion had plainly improved during the period of the test. Final 22 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. examination of the urine showed a specific gravity of 1.018, with freedom from albumin, sugar, and bile, but with a shght sediment which under the microscope was found to be composed of amorphous phos])hate, with a few mucous threads and calcium oxalate crystals. No cells were to be found. Repeated examination revealed one finely granular cast. SUBJECT No. 3.— L. M. L. A graduate student in the university; age, 22 years. Body weight at the beginning of the experiment was 70 kilograms. On July 1 the first clinical examination gave the following results: The subject Avas of medium size, well nourished, and well muscled. Skin and mu- cous membranes were of good color. Chest well formed — muscular. The heart sounds were clear, the apex beat at the fifth interspace inside of the nipple line. The lungs showed normal resonance, with normal breath sounds. The abdomen was muscular, full, soft negative; arteries soft. Bod}^ temperature, 98.2°; pulse, 82 beats per minute; regular, with good volume and tension. The urine was light yellow in color; acid in reaction; with a specific gravity of 1.016, Tests for albumin, sugar, bile, etc., weie negative. The urine showed a slight cloud, which on subsidence was found to be composed of amorphous phosphate. There were no casts; no cells. July 31 the body temperature was 99°; pulse 95 beats per minute. Nothin'X abnormal was to be detected in the urine or on physical examination. September 5, body temperature, 98.8°; pulse, 110 beats per min- ute; fairly regular, with low volume and tension. The increased pulse rate was due apparently to excess in smoking. The heart sounds were clear. The subject was advised to diminish his smok- ing. The urine was free from casts, cells, or any abnormal substance. The general physical condition of the subject was excellent. September 24, the datte on which this examination was made, the subject was in a student rush, in which he was for several hours subjected to severe physical strain. This fact is mentioned, since the urine collected this day showed on microscopic examination a few fijiely granular casts, with some hyaline casts. Body tempera- ture was 98.2°; pulse, 84 beats per minute; fairly regular, with low volume and tension. Aside from these casts in the urine, the exam- ination revealed no suggestive features. The urine was entirely free from albumin and sugar. A microscopic examination of the urine on September 26 showed entire absence of casts. The excessive physical exertion endured bj^ the subject September 24 undoubt- edly accounts for the presence of the few casts found in the urine. October 12 the body temperature was 98.1°; pulse, 94 beats per rni: ;ite; fairly regular, with low A'olume and tension. Heart, lungs, and abdomen were normal. The general physical condition of the INFLUENCE OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON NUTRITION AND HEALTH. 23 subject was excellent. There was a gain of 2 pounds in body weight. The urine was clear, entirely free from casts, cells, or other sedi- ment aside from a slight mucous cloud. There was likewise free- dom from albumin, sugar, and bile. October 10, the heart, lungs, and abdomen were normal. General physical condition excellent. Urine clear, with the exception of a -light cloud on standing. This sediment, under the microscope, showed a few crystals of calcium oxalate and several mucous threads. Two finely granular casts were found. On this date the subject was in a vigorous wrestling match, and it is probable that the casts in the urine were due to the severe physical exercise. October 2G, body temperature was 98°; pulse, 98 beats per min- ute; regular, with fair volume and tension. The urine had a specific gra^'ity of 1.016 and showed on microscopic examination two fine and slightly granular casts. These two casts were found on search- ing four distinct slides. A few calcium oxalate crystals and some amorphous phosphates were also seen. November 5, the final examination of this subject showed the heart, lungs, abdomen, liver, and spleen normal. His general physical condition was excellent. Subject stated that he felt no ill effects from the test; had gained in body weight. Aside from the increased heart beat noted under date of September 5, there has been no change in the original physical findings. The subject appeared to be in better condition than at the beginning of the test. His body tem- perature was 98°, pulse 88 beats per minute, regular, with fair vol- ume and tension. The urine was free from albumin, sugar, bile, etc., and clear on standmg. Microscopic examination failed to show any casts or cells. The subject stated that the only effect he experi- enced in taking the sodium benzoate was a slight feeling of nausea on the days when the larger doses were taken. This he attributed to the smell of the substance, since the nausea, he stated, was not experienced when he took the food containing the benzoate \\dth the nostrils closed. SUBJECT No. 4— J. P. L. This subject was an assistant in the laboratory, 27 years of age, with a bod}" weight of 67.2 kilograms. At the first exammation made on July 9 he was found to be well developed, fairly well nour- ished, and muscular — a man of the clean, long-limbed, lean type. Skin and mucous membranes were of good color. The chest was broad, rather flat, with a slight depression at the lower end of ster- num. The lungs were normal, with good breath sounds and normal resonance. The heart sounds were clear; the point of maximum impulse was visible in the fifth interspace inside of the nipple line. The abdomen was flat, soft, with freedom from masses. The spleen and kidneys were not palpable. Liver to costal margin. The knee 24 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. jerk was normal. Body tomptMature was 98.4°, pulse 70 beats per minute, regular, with good volume antl tension. The urine was light yellow in color, clear, with a specific gravity of 1.018, slightly acid reaction. Tests for albumin, sugar, bile, etc., were negative. The urine was free from casts and cells. July 30 the body temperature was 98.6°, pulse 82 beats per min- ute, regular, with fair volume and tension. The heart, lungs, and abdomen were normal . General physical condition was excellent. Sub- ject stated that his general health had been fine during the past month. Body weight had increased 5 pounds. Urine was normal, ^^^th freedom from casts and cells. A few mucous threads were seen. September 1, heart, lungs, and abdomen were normal. General condition excellent. Subject stated that his health was fine, but he was slightly constipated. He had gained 4 additional pounds in body weight. Body temperature was 98.2°, pulse 80 beats per minute, regular, with fair volume and tension. The urine was nor- mal in every respect ; no casts and no crystalline sediment. September 23, clinical examination on this date showed the heart, lungs, and abdomen normal. Physical condition excellent. Con- stipation had disappeared, and subject has daily stools. Feels in excellent health. Body temperature 98.2°, pulse 74 beats per min- ute, regular, with fair volume and tension. Urine normal, with freedom from casts and cells, and no trace to be found of albumin, sugar, or other abnormal substances. October 13, body temperature was 98°, pulse 80 beats per minute, regular, with good volume and tension. Pleart, lungs, and abdomen were normal. General condition excellent. Had been working over- time in the laboratory and felt a bit tired, otherwise quite well. The urine was normal in every respect. October 20, no physical examination was made on this date, as the subject appeared in excellent condition. The urine, however, was carefully examined, but no trace of any abnormal constituent was found, neither were there any casts or cells in the slight sediment which eventually developed on standing. A few mucous threads and a few crystals of calcium oxalate only were found. October 27, near the close of the large doses of sodium benzoate, the subject was subjected to a critical physical examination. Heart, lungs, and abdomen were normal in every respect. The general condition of the subject was excellent. He felt well, had been working very hard for the past few weeks, but ANith no effect except a slight loss of appetite. November 6, final examination of this subject showed the heart, lungs, and abdomen normal, liver and spleen not palpable. Body temperature was 98°, pulse 85 beats per minute, regular, vriih fair volume and tension. The general physical condition was excellent. If INFLUENCE OE SODIUM BENZOATE OM NUTRITION AND UEALTU. 25 anything, the subject appeared in better condition than at the begin- ning of the experiment when he was first examined. He had gained 7 to 8 pounds in body weiglit. No change in the physical condition of tlie vital organs couhl be detected. The subject stated that lie was not conscious of any ill effect from the benzoate feeding. The subject thought that some little diuresis had been produced as the result of the benzoate. This point, however, will be discussed in comiection with data to be presented under the head of "Effect on the compo- sition of the urine." Final examination of the urine showed com- plete freedom from abnormal components of every kind. There were no casts, no cells. In the slight sediment which appeared in the urine only a few mucous threatls were seen. SUBJECT No. 5— E. C. M. This subject was one of the assistants in the laboratory, 29 years of age, and weighed 67.1 kilograms at the time of the examination, June 29. He was a lean, clean-built man; skin and mucous mem- branes of good color, except for dark rings under his eyes, which he stated he had had all his life. The heart impulse was palpable at the fifth interspace nipple line; sounds clear at both apex and base; no murmurs. The lungs were healthy, respiratory movements normal, breath sounds faint, but no r^les and no dullness. The radial arteries appeared soft, the brachials slightly thickened. The abdomen was flat and soft, with normal tympany. Liver was of normal size, spleen not palpable. Xo glandular enlargement; no varicose veins. Body temperature was 99°, pulse 68 beats per minute, regular, with fair vol- ume and tension. The urine was pale yellow in color, clear on stand- ing, slightly acid in reaction, and with a specific gravity of 1.014. There were no casts or cells present, neither albumin, sugar, bile, etc. July 27 the subject had an acute gastro-intestinal attack, A\-ith abdominal pain, tenderness, and diarrhea. Body temperature was 99°, pulse 70. This attack was counteracted by calomel, saline, etc. Recovery was complete on July 31. July 31, body temperature was 98°, pulse 66 beats per minute, regu- lar, with low volume and tension. Heart sounds were faint, slight mur- murish quality at apex during inspiration. The subject was given a tonic pill of strychnine 1/40, cjuinine 1/2, and ferri carb. sacch. The urine was perfectly normal in character and free from sediment. Xo casts and no cells of any kind were found. September 25, bod}" temperature was 98°; pulse 69 beats per min- ute; regular, with fair volume and tension. Heart sounds clear; good quality. General condition of the subject was excellent; had gained two pounds in weight. The urine was free from sugar, albumin, and other abnormal substances. Microscopic examination showed 26 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. complete absence of casts, cells, etc. Many mucous threads were found in the slight sediment, together with some crystals of calcium oxalate and some amorphous phosphate. October 14 the body temperature was 98.4°; pulse 68 beats j)er minute; regular, with good volume and tension. Physical con- dition continued good. The urine was entirely free from any abnor- mality. October 19, heart, lungs, and abdomen were normal. General con- dition was good. Urine tests for abnormal substances were all nega- tive. No casts and no crystals of any kind were to be found. October 26, careful physical examination of the subject showed no change from the original findings as to heart, lungs, liver, spleen, abdomen, etc. The urine was normal, and there were no casts or cells present . November 6: The final examination of the subject was made on this date. Body temperature w^as 98.4°; pulse 70 beats per minute; regular, with good volume and tension. The general appearance of the subject was good; he seemed in better health than on June 29. Heart, liver, abdomen, skin, and mucous membranes were normal, ex- cept for rings under the eyes. Subject stated that he felt very well and had noticed no change in health or feeling as a result of the benzoate feeding. He had lost 2 pounds in weight during the last month, wliich he attributed to extra work, as he had been tloing night work in addition to his daily routine. Final examination of the urine showed complete freedom from abnormal substances, with no trace of casts or sediment. SUBJECT No. 6— W. C. B. Tliis subject, a graduate student in the university, weighed at the beginning of the experiment 58.8 kilograms. He was 21 years of age; of slender build, with slight muscular development. Skin and mucous membranes were of fair color. On June 29 his body tempera- ture was 98.8°; pulse 96 beats per minute; low volume and tension. The rhythm varied slightly. Chest was symmetrical ; flat, with good expansion. Breath sounds were clear; no rales and no dullness. The heart apex beat was visible at the fifth interspace nipple line; sounds clear and forcefid at both apex and base. Abdomen was flat, soft, negative. Liver and spleen not enlarged. The subject had had typhoid fever ten years ago ; was not at all robust in appearance. Urine was pale yellow in color, slightly acid, with a specific gravity of 1.016. Tested for albumin, sugar, bile, etc., with negative results. A slight sediment showed on standing, which under the microscoj^e was found to consist of amorphous phosphate vdih a httle granular matter. There were no casts and no cells. INFLUENCE OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON NUTRITION AND HEALTH. 27 July 30, general physical condition unchanged. Heart, lungs, and ahdomon were ])erfectly normal. Body tcnipcniture was 90°; pulse 98 boats })cr minute; regular, with low volume and tension. Subject stated that he felt in (>xany, except for dullness over sigmoid. The subj-ect stated that he felt perfectly well. 28 SODIUM BENZOATE A2CD THE HEALTH OF MAN, CONCLUSIONS. The foregoing clinical observations have l)een taken almost ver- batim from the report of the medical examiner. His conclusions are summed up in the following statement: New Haven, Conn., December 1, 1908. Prof. R. H. Chittenden. Dear Sir: In accordanre with your request I examined the sodium benzoate subjects at the beginning of the test, at intervals during the course of the test, and after the benzoate feeding was discontinued. The results of my examinations are recorded in my detailed report. In general there has been no clinical evidence at any time that the health of the men was at all impaired by the benzoate feeding; on "the contrary the men appear to be in better general condition at the conclusion of the test than they were at the start. None of the men have lost in weight, while four have made appreciable gains. \'ery respectfully yours, Richard F. Rand, M. D. A general survey of the clinical history of these subjects as recorded fails to show any specific action on the part of the sodium benzoate. There are, hov/cver, two or tliree statements that perhaps need a word of explanation. Subject W. W. H. on October 27 had a shght attack of gastro-intestinal fermentation which lasted two days. This happens to be at the close of the second benzoate period when a dosage of 4 grams per day was being taken. Again, E. C. M. on July 27, viz, at the beginning of the first benzoate period, had a slight gastro-mtestinal attack. Further, W. C. R. on August 31, near the close of the first benzoate period, had a brief attack of diarrhea. It might be said that these slight disturbances of the gastro-intestinal tract were due to the benzoate. It is possible that this w^as the case. It is to be remembered, however, that this experiment was carried out during the hot w^eather of a New^ England summer, in a season which was unusually dr}^ and warm. It is not at all strange if three of the subjects should have had for a day or two a slight disturbance such as is recorded above. Certainly, if the slight gastro-intestinal attack suffered by E. C. M. on July 27 was due to the action of sodium benzoate, it would naturally be expected that as the dosage was continued tlu"ough the following weeks and succeeded by still larger doses in October, there would be a recurrence of these symptoms. On the contrary, the subject had this brief attack for a day or two in July and was not visited by corresponding symptoms at any later date. Further, in the case of W. C. R. the slight diarrhea which occurred August 31, if due to sodium benzoate, would naturalh' be expected to recur as the dosage was continued and enlarged. Further symptoms of this trouble, however, failed to appear even when the dosage was increased to the maximum of 4 grams per day. It seems far more reasonable to believe that these were incidents such as, especially in the summer time, are liable to occur in the case of any normal individual. I^'i;'LUJi^'C]i Oi' fcJUDlUM bE^'ZOATE O^ :SUTK1T1U>; AISD HEALTH. 29 Reference should also be made to the case of L. M. L., whose urine on September 24, October 19 and 26, showed a few granular casts. The conclusion of the medical examiner that the appearance of these cjvsts in I he urine was due entirely to physical strain which the subject experienced on those dates seems justifiable. Certainly, if sodium benzoatc was tho cause, it is singular that no one of the other subjects showed similar signs. Furthermore, it is to be noted that the first appearance of the casts, viz, on wSeptcmber 24, was during the first after period when no sodium benzoatc was being taken. Finally, emphasis is to be laid on the fact that at the close of the experiment on November 7 the urine of this subject Avas entirely free from casts. If sodium benzoatc was responsible for the appearance of these fe>v casts in the urine, it would naturally be expected that the deranged condition produced thereby with so large a dosage of benzoatc would continue for at least a week or two after cessation of the dosage. The clinical evidence in all six cases, weighed as carefully as possible, leads to the general conclusion that the health of the subjects was not at all impaired by the sodium benzoatc fed. It is proper to add that the general better condition of the subjects as reported by the medical examiner at the conclusion of the test might well be attributed in large measure to the regular mode of life entailed by an experiment of this character. EFFECT ON BODY WEIGHT. The subjects were weighed at the same hour in the morning every third or fourth day throughout the entire period of the experiment. The record is shown in the following table for all six subjects. For convenience and for the purpose of obtaining a clearer view of the changes m body weight a second table is added, giving the mean body weight of each subject during given periods of seven to ten days. This second table shows the body weight of each subject during the fore period from July 6 to July 19, and then weekly during the first benzoate period, etc.: Record of body v eight. Jiilv 1 . July 4. July 7. July 11 Julvl4 July 17 July 20 July2;j July 25 July 27 July 29 Aug. 1. Aug. 3. Aug. 5. Grams. .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 Kilograms. Kilograms. Kilograms. Kilograms. 50.8 51.6 70.0 67.2 50.6 52.0 70.0 67.7 50.9 51.1 69.0 67.0 51.0 51.5 69.0 67.1 51.2 51.3 68.3 67.1 1 51.7 51.7 69.1 68.0 51.5 51. 5 69.2 68.4 52.2 52.1 69.2 68.6 52.1 .51.8 69.8 68.6 52.0 52.0 69.7 68.8 51.9 51.9 69.5 68.8 52.4 52.2 69.3 69.2 52.1 52.1 69.2 08.9 52.7 51.5 70.0 69.8 Kilograms. 67.1 66.9 66.8 67.2 67.2 67.7 67.6 68.1 68.3 67.7 67.2 67.9 67.9 67.7 Kilograms. 52.8 52.9 52. 6 53.0 5:J.O 53.4 5.3.0 53.2 53.6 52. S 5.3.2 53.0 52.2 53.4 30 60DIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. Record of body weight — C'ontinued. Date. H. H. G. W. W. H. L. M. L. Aug. 8.. Aug. 10. Aug. 12. Aug. 15. Aug. 17. Aug. 19. Aug. 22. Aug. 24. Aug. 26. Aug. 29. Aug. 31. Sept. 2. Sept. 5. Sept. 7. Sept. 9. Sept. 12 Sept. 14 Sept. Hi Sept. 19 Sept. 2] Sept. 23 Sept. 26 Sept. 28 Sept. 30 Oct. 3.. Oct. 5.. Oct. 7.. Oct. 10. Oct. 12. Oct. 14. Oct. 17. Oct. 19. Oct. 21. Oct. 24. Oct. 26. Oct. 28. Oct. 31. Nov. 2.. Nov. 4.. Nov. 7.. 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 Kilograms. .53.0 52.6 .52.7 53.2 53.0 53.6 52.9 52.9 52.9 53.2 53.2 53.7 5.3.7 5.3.0 .53.7 5:1.9 54.1 53.8 54.3 54.5 55.0 54.7 54.2 .54.4 54.4 54.2 54.5 .54.7 .54.6 .54.3 54.5 .53.6 .53.7 53.8 .53.7 53.9 .53.9 .53.8 54.0 .53.9 Kilograms. 51.2 51.4 51.0 51.3 51.4 51.9 51.7 51.6 51.3 51.9 52.3 52.6 52.1 1 52.3 I 52.4 I 52.7 1 52.3 I 52.8 ' 52.9 I 53.0 52.9 ■ 52.9 53.2 ; 53.4 53.2 I 53.5 1 540 53.7 ' 53.5 i 54.4 543 i 54.2 ' 53.9 ; 542 I 542 ' 54.2 ] 544 545 ! 54.5 ' 54.5 Kilograms. 69.2 69.2 69.1 t».6 70.4 69.2 69.9 69.6 69.6 69.8 69.6 69.1 70.1 70.4 69.9 70.4 70.2 70.4 70.0 70.7 71.0 70.7 70.4 70.4 70.6 70.7 71.0 71.7 71.2 71.2 71.2 70.7 70.7 70.7 70.9 70.7 70.6 70.8 70.6 71.1 J. F. L. Kilograms. 70.1 70.1 70.0 69.6 70.4 70.4 69.9 70.0 69.5 70.4 71.0 71.1 70.6 71.3 71.1 70.8 70.7 71.4 71.4 70.6 71.1 70.8 70.7 70.8 70.6 70.4 70.6 70.0 69.8 70.5 70.0 69.7 70.1 69.5 69.2 69.5 70.1 70.0 70.5 70.5 E. C. M. Kilograms. 67.7 67.9 67.6 68.5 68.2 68.2 68.5 68.5 68.4 68.6 68.9 68.7 68.5 68.5 68.7 68.5 68.2 08.0 68.4 68.2 68.3 68.0 67.5 67.8 68.0 67.9 68.5 68.2 67.6 68.1 67.8 67.6 67.5 67.4 67.3 67.3 67.1 67.2 67.4 67.1 W. C. R. Kilograms. 52.5 52.5 52.6 52.3 53.2 53.0 53.3 52.9 53.1 53.6 53.6 54.1 53.6 541 54.0 541 54.0 .54.2 54 1 54.0 54.2 53.9 53.9 54.0 53.8 53.0 544 54.3 540 540 54.0 53.8 53.9 53.9 53.5 53.7 53.5 52.9 53.2 52.6 Body weight of subjects. Date. .Tilly 6 to 12 July 13 to 19 uly 20 to26 July 27 to Aug. 2... Aug. 3 to 9 Aug. 10 to 16 Aug. 17 to 23 Aug. 24 to 30 Aug. 31 to Sept. 6... Sept. 7 to 13 Sept. 14 to 20 Sept. 21 to 30 Oct. 1 to 7 Oct. 8 to 14 Oct. 15 to 21 Oct. 22 to 28 Oct.29toNov.7 Daily dose of ]benzoate. Grams. .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .6 1.0 2.0 4 n. H. G. Kilograms. 51.0 51.5 51.9 52.1 52.6 52.8 53.2 53.0 53.5 53.7 54.1 54.6 544 545 53.9 53.8 53.9 W. W. II. Kilograms. 51.3 51.5 51.8 52.0 51.6 51.2 51.7 51.6 52.3 52.5 52.7 53.1 53.6 53.7 54.1 54.2 54.5 Kilograms. 69.0 68.7 69.4 69.5 71.8 69.3 69.8 69.7 69.6 70.2 70.2 70.7 70.8 71.4 70.9 70.8 70.8 E. C. M. Kilograms. 67.1 67.6 68.5 68.9 69.6 69.9 70.2 70.0 70.9 71.7 71.2 70.8 70.5 70.1 69.9 69.4 70.3 Kilograms. 67.0 67.5 68.0 67.6 67.8 68.0 68.3 68.5 68.7 68.6 68.2 68.0 68.1 68.0 67.6 67.3 67.2 W. C. R. Kilograms. 52.8 53.2 53.3 53.0 52.7 52.5 53.2 53.2 53.8 541 54.1 54.0 5.3.9 54.1 53.9 53.7 53.1 Comparison of the figures shows that all of the subjects had at the close of the experiment a greater body weight than at the begin- ning. The gain in weight was quite appreciable in most instances. Reference should be made to one fact which stands out quite notice- 1MFLL'E^'CE OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON NUTRITION AND HEALTH. 31 ably when tlio fi«;ures are carofully scrutinized. Diiriii}^ the last portion of the experiment, viz, about the middle of October, there was a tendency for body weight to diminish somewhat. In this connection it should be stated that the college year commenced the last of September, so that during the last month of the experi- ment all of these men had a certahi amount of extra work to do. This necessitated their working in the laboratory every night, so that there was an added strain which did not exist during the months of July, August, and September. It is natural to suppose that this added pressure of work may have had an influence both upon appe- tite and upon body weight. In any event, the fact should be given due emphasis. Examination of the data for the individual subjects shows that II. H. G. began the experiment with a bod}' weight of 51 kilograms and reached a maximum of 54.6 kilograms during the week of September 21, after which he lost somewhat in weight, ending the experiment, however, with a body weight of 53.9 kilo- grams. W. W. II. began with a body weight of 51.3 kilograms and ended with a body weight of 54.5 kilograms. L. M. L. began the experiment with a body weight of 69 kilograms, and ended with a body weight of 70.8 kilograms. It is perfectly obvious, therefore, that sodium benzoate taken in the doses indicated did not lead to a loss of body w'eight. Since body weight — everything else being ecjual — is closely con- nected with the daily diet, it is pertinent to remark that the quan- tity of food taken by these subjects did not increase with the progress of the experiment. Reference to the statements made under the head ''Character of daily diet" shows that in ever}' instance less nitrogenous food was ingested daily by all of the subjects during the last half of the experiment than was taken at the outset. Further, the fuel value of the food during the week October 8 to 14 was not essentially different from the fuel value of the food taken near the beginning of the experiment. The increase in the body weight of the subjects, therefore, must be credited, not to any excessive intake of food, but simply to a good nutritive condition, which was cer- tainly not impaired by the sodium benzoate taken with the food. EFFECT ON THE BLOOD. Study of the blood was limited to a determination of the number of red corpuscles (erythrocytes), wiiite corpuscles (leucocytes), and the hemoglobin-content of the blood during the different periods of the experiment; the object of this series of observations being to ascertain whetlier or no sodium benzoate exerts any noticeable influence upon the formed elements of the blood. The blood was taken from the tip of the finger or the ear by means of a small lancet. The Thoma-Zeiss counting apparatus was employed 32 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. for the onumeiatiou of the red and white corpuscles, while the hemo- globin was determined by the Fleischl hemometer." ERYTHROCYTES PER CUBIC MILLIMETER OF BLOOD. Date. H. n. G. W. W. 11. L. M. L. J. F. L. E. C. M. W. C. R. Fore period: Julv 2 to 8 4,436,000 4,900,000 5,500,000 5,040,000 .5,440,000 5,100,000 5,200,000 5,500,000 5,600,000 5,480,000 6,200,000 5,760,000 5,700,000 5.900,000 6,1(50,000 5,624,000 5,440,000 5,700,000 5,920,000 5,664,000 6,020,000 5,840,000 6,240,000 5,920,000 6,200,000 5,040,000 First benzoate period: Aug. 3 to 5 6,800.000 First after period: Sept. 28 to Oct. 1 5.600,000 Seeontf benzoate period: Oct 14 to IG .. 1 5.760.000 i 5.700,000 At the close of second l)enzoate period: Oct. 29 to Nov. 3 Final after period: Nov. 6 to 9 1 6,400,000 5,840,000 5,360,000 6,160,000 5,840.000 5,680,000 LEUCOCYTES PER CUBIC MILLIMETER OF BLOOD. Fore period: July 2 to 8 First benzoate period: Aug. 3 to 5 First after period: Sept. 28 to Oct. 1 Second benzoate period: Oct. 14 to 16 At the close of second benzoate period: Oct. 29 to Nov. 3 Final after period: Nov. 6 to 9 5,700 6,750 8,000 7,000 7,000 8,750 13,500 15,000 11,000 7,000 9,050 7,900 8,250 8,325 8,650 9,500 10,250 5,600 6,750 7,275 8,500 8,150 0,250 0,500 9,000 7,575 8,500 8,375 8,000 9,500 7,525 9,750 7,700 7,650 9,750 HEMOGLOBIN (PER CENT OF COLOR SCALE). Fore period: July 2 to 8 First benzoate period: Aug. 3 to 5 72 75 79 79 78 80 77 80 85 85 82 88 78 78 87 81 86 83 7S 90 85 80 87 90 80 80 79 83 i 88 ; 85 1 82 First after period; i Sept. 28 to Oct. 1 Second benzoate period: Oct. 14 to 16 79 81 At the close of second benzoate period: Oct. 29 to Nov. 3 Final after period: Nov. 6 to 9 83 83 Critical study of these results from all sides fails to show any deci- sive effect, especially when due consideration is given to the well- known fact that the counting of blood corpuscles is always attended with some uncertainty, owing to the necessarily large magnification of small errors of observation. a In the enumeration of the corpuscles, all the squares on the slide were counted, namely, 144 in the case of the leucocytes and 256 for the erythrocytes, and the aver- ages determined. Further, in most cases counts were made from two samples of blood. In the estimation of the hemoglobin the results given are the averages of several readings on the color scale, made usually by two observers. INFLUENCE OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON NUTRITION AND HEALTH. 33 Considering first tho erythrocytes, or red corpuscles, the figures show a minierical increase in the nunil)er of erythrocytes during those j)eriods when tlie benzoate was taken and in the ])eriods shortly there- after in several of the subjects. This is certainly the case with the subjects IT. IT. G., W. W. TI., and W. C. R. The difference, however, between the figures during these periods as compared with the fore period is not great. With the subject L. M. L. there was no great increase during the period of the benzoate feeding. In fact, during the second benzoate period the number of erytlirocytes per cubic millimeter of blood was a trifle below the count of the fore period. With E. C. jM., taking the figures as they stand, the number of erythroc}i;es during both benzoate periods was lower than in the fore period or in the first after period. With J. F. L. the blood counts of the first four periods showed very little variation. If one were inclined to follow the indications of the bare figures, it might be said that sodium benzoate tends to increase the number of red cor- puscles in the blood. Such a statement, however, would doubtless be misleading. What the results really implj^ is that the sodium ben- zoate fed has had no appreciable effect whatever upon the number of erythroc5^tes in the blood, or certainl}^ has not interfered with those conditions of nutrition wliich are essential to the maintenance of a normal condition of the blood. Regarding the leucocytes, or white corpuscles, the case of W. W. H. stands out conspicuously. For this we have no explanation to offer. There was with this subject a decided increase in the number of leucocytes during the first benzoate period, the first after period, and in the second benzoate period. It is hardl}' logical to believe that this increase in leucocytes was due to the benzoate, since if such were the case the first after period would hardly have shown an increase over the count of the first benzoate period, and, secondly, during the second benzoate period, when the larger doses were taken, an increase rather than a decrease of leucocytes would have been expected. W. W. H. was not a robust subject, although practically well tlu"oughout the experiment with the exception noted under "Clinical observations." Aside from this peculiarity the leucocyte count with the different subjects can not, in our judgment, be interpreted as indicating any specific result in one direction or the other. Wliite blood corpuscles are alwaj^s prone to some fluctuation, and with the exception of subject W. W. H. there is throughout a fair degree of agreement. There is certainly notliing in the data presented under this head which would justify any other conclusion than that the leucocytes of the blood were not materially inffuenced by the sodium benzoate taken. 70111— No, 88—09 3 34 SODIUM BENZOATE AKD THE HEALTH OF MA>'. Regarding the hemoglobin content of the blood, the figures show without exception a slight increase as the experiment progi*essed. Here, again, we are inclined to the view that it would not be wise to say that sodium benzoate tends to increase the hemoglobin content of the blood. More consistent and more in harmony with the general results of our experiment is the statement that sodium benzoate, judging by these data, certainly does not tend to decrease the content of hemoglobin and does not interfere with that condition of good health which leads to the maintenance of a normal amount of hemoglobm in the blood. EFFECT ON THE FECES. The feces of each subject were collected, when passed, on every day of the experiment, duly weighed and prepared for analysis. As is well known, chemical and bacteriological study of the solid excrement furnishes much valuable information regarding the influ- ence of any substance ingested with the food on digestion, utiliza- tion of food, fermentation, putrefaction, and other changes more or less normal to the alimentary tract. Further, study of the feces may reveal the existence of incipient diarrhea, constipation, etc., important in their bearing upon the question of health. In the tables showing the daily records of urine, feces, etc., will be found the weights of feces passed by the individual subjects each day. Here, however, for convenience, we have brought together the average daily weight of the feces for periods of seven and ten days for each subject, so that comparison can be made of the fore and other periods, when benzoate was not given, with the periods when sodium benzoate was taken. Comparison of these figures makes it apparent that the dail}' weight of feces during the fore period was greater per day with, each individual than in the later periods. In other words, at first glance it might seem that sodium benzoate had tended to reduce the amount of excrementitious matter. This, however, is not strictly true. It will be remembered that in the first three periods, covering twenty-one days, up to July 26, the intake of protein food was larger than in the later periods. Likewise, in the earlier days of the experiment a larger ])roportion of green, cellulose-containing food was consumed. This would naturally tend to give rise to a larger weight of feces. If, therefore, we take the results after July 26 to the end of the experiment, it will be seen that the weight of moist feces per day was not materially affected. In other words, the volume of feces for the individual subjects was not uniformly difl'erent in the long first benzoate period as contrasted with the first after period, the second benzoate period, and the final period. Minor ^differences, to be sure, do appear, but the table INFLUEMCE OF bUDlUM BEJSIZOATE OIS MUTKITION AMD HEALTH. 35 giving average weights, showing moist feces per day, clearly hears out the statement that there was no radical change in the volume of feces passed after the 2()th of July, and conse(juently there can not be ascribeil to sodium benzoate in the dosage taken any specilic elVect uj^on the volume of feces ])assed per day, it being understood that tlu^ total volume and general character of the food consumed each day were essentially the same. Average weight of moist feces per day. Date. Dally dose of l)enzoate. H. H. G. W. W. H. L. M. L. J. F. L. E. C. M. W. C. R. July 6 to 12 Grams. Grams. 126. 6 114.5 Grams. 112.8 103.2 Grams. 139.3 129.2 Grams. 142.3 96.0 Grams. 142.8 158.6 Grams. 111.4 July 13 to 19 106.6 Average 120.5 108.0 134.2 119.1 150.7 109.0 July 20 to 26 July 27 to .Vug. 2... -■Vug. 3 to 9 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 121.1 66.6 99.3 99.3 68.7 76.7 102.6 124.9 113.2 104.6 65.8 87.4 57.6 6.5.0 91.5 74.8 6.5.7 79.5 137.2 111.4 100.1 95.4 127.6 109.4 106.3 96.7 • 104.3 118.5 116.1 114.9 98.1 104.1 106.0 107. 3 129.0 104.5 211.7 170.4 162.0 107.0 1.37. 160.1 166.2 134.3 99.2 79.9 82.6 90.3 .\ug. 10 to 16 \ug 17 to 23 78.7 90.9 Aug. 24 to 30 Aug. 31 to Sept. 6... Sept. 7 to 13 Sept. 14 to 20 101.6 78.5 101.0 102.5 V verage 96.9 76.9 109.8 110.8 149.7 89.5 Sept. 21 to 30 65.8 59.4 86.1 74.2 112.4 83.8 A verage 65.8 59.4 86.1 74.2 112.4 83.8 Oct. 1 to 7 .6 1.0 2.0 4.0 88.5 106.9 70.3 60.7 65.6 67.9 63.6 70.5 88.8 106.5 82.5 80.7 71.9 95.3 85.7 61.6 100.0 119.1 120.2 117.9 89.3 Oct. 8 to 14 115.8 Oct. 15 to 21 Oct.. 22 to 28 79.4 71.8 Average 81.6 66.9 89.6 78.3 114.3 89.0 Oct. 29 to Nov. 7 ... 60.1 68.5 89.0 108.8 106.7 93.4 A verage .... 60.1 68.5 89.0 108.8 106.7 93.4 Regarding the content of water in the feces, the following table shows the average daily results for the periods indicated under the head "Date." Here, again, there is no marked effect to be ascribed to the benzoate. In the long first benzoate period each individual shows a slight increase in the percentage of water in the feces. It amounts, however, to only 3 to 4 per cent. To ascribe this slight difference to the specific action of benzoate would seem hazardous when the data during the second benzoate period, the dosage being largely increased, show no noticeable change in the water content of the feces. Obviously, sodium benzoate in the doses given to our sub- jects does not lead to diarrhea or any kindred trouble. So far as the bulk and water content of the feces is concerned, there is no indica- tion of any deviation from the normal. 36 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN, * Average content of water in the feces per day.» Dale. DaUy close of H. H. C. W. W. H. bcnzoate. L. M. L. J. F. L. E. C. M. W. C. R. July 6 tol2 Pfr cent. Per cent. Per cent. 70 1 73 75 71 Per cent. 69 Per cent. 75 73 Per cent. Per cent. 7f) July 13 to 19 73 Average 73 72 70 74 74 71 July 20 to 26 July 27 to Aug. 2... Aug. 3 to 9 -Vug. 10 to 16 Aug. 17 to 23 Aug. 24 to 30 .Vug. 31 to Sept . 6 . . Sept. 7 to 13 Sept. 14 to 20 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 76 73 75 76 69 74 78 80 78 76 75 79 73 69 78 76 77 75 79 78 74 77 81 78 78 77 78 73 77 76 76 79 79 80 84 80 78' 81 81 84 80 79 75 77 76 77 75 76 77 75 78 Average . 75 75 77 70 80 76 Sept. 21 to 30 74 74 76 72 78 78 Average. . 74 74 76 7-7 7S 78 1 Oct. 1 to 7 0.6 i 77 1.0 1 79 2.0 77 4.0 78 74 72 74 76 74 76 75 73 72 75 73 73 77 78 78 77 j- Oct. 8 to 14 81 Oct. 15 to 21 Oct. 22 to 28 78 74 Average j 77 74 74 73 77 77 Oct. 29 to Nov. 7 ... .74 75 76 77 78 78 Average 74 76 77 78 78 a Calculated from the weight of the air-dry material. INFLUENCE ON DIGESTION AND UTILIZATION OF PROTEIN FOOD. The amount of nitrogen contained in the feces is the best measure that we possess of the degree of digestion and absorption of the protein or nitrogenous foodstuffs. Knowing the amount of nitrogen in the daily food and collecting the feces of the corresponding 24 hours, a determination of the nitrogen contained therein \vill, by compari- son with the nitrogen intake, show the extent of utilization of the ingested protein food. In tliis wa}' is obtained an indication of the extent to which the nitrogenous food is digested and absorbed, and any fluctuation in the content of fecal nitrogen is to be associated with corresponding fluctuations in the extent of cUgestion and utiliza- tion. From the tables showing the daily record of the incUvidual subjects, the intake of nitrogen in the form of food and output of nitrogen in the feces have been collected and brought together in the following tables, giving in summary form the average daily intake of nitrogen and average daily output of nitrogen in the feces for the different periods of the experiment, thus giving the degree of diges- tion and absorption of the daily food expressed in terms of nitrogen, per cent utilized. It may be added here that the nitrogen of the daily food (for details regarding nitrogen content of the food, see daily food charts) was determined by the Kjeldahl method with addition INFLUENCE OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON NUTRITION AND HEALTH. 37 of mercuric oxide. Nitrogen of the feces was iletermined in a similar manner, using the dried material. The following tables show the utilization of nitrogen by each subject during the fore period, from July 6 to July 10; during the firet benzoate period, from July 20 to September 20; during the first after period, from September 21 to September 30; during the second benzoate period, from October 1 to October 28; and in the final after period from Octol)er 29 to November 7. In every case it will be foimd by scnitiny of the results that the utilization of nitrogen, meaning thereby the digestion and absor})tion of the })rotein food, showed at the end of the experiment a slight improvement over that at the commencement. Thus, with the subject W. W. H., during the fore period 89 per cent of the nitrogen was utilized; during the first benzoate period the result was likewise 89 per cent; during the first after period 91 per cent; during the second benzoate period 90 per cent; wliile in the final after period 90 per cent was utilized. Tliis is a sample of the utilization of nitrogen ])y all the subjects in the different periods of the experiment. We are not disposed to imply that sodium benzoate tends to improve the utilization of nitrogen. The point to be emphasized is that there was no dete- rioration; no falling .off in the completeness of digestion and absorption of the protein food. Such slight gain as is indicated by the figures, if of any significance at all, is to be attributed solel}^ to the general improvement in the health of the individuals. In other words, the sodium benzoate taken during the experiment exercised no deleterious influence upon the digestion and utilization of the protein food. Average xd'dization of nitrogen pir day. SUBJECT H . H. G. Sodium benzoate per day. Nitrogen. Date. Litake in food. Output in feces. D:£ferene<\ Utilization. July 6 to 12 Grams. Grams. 15.28 12.29 Grams. 1.65 1.48 Grams. 13.63 10.81 Per cent. 89 July 13 to 19 88 Average . . ..... 13.78 1.56 12.22 88.5 July 20 to 26 :i .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 12.98 11.76 11.88 12 00 10.68 10.87 11.43 11.72 11.59 1.68 1.11 1.36 1.21 1.46 1.19 1.38 1.42 1.64 11.30 10.65 10.52 10.79 9.12 9.68 10.05 10.30 9.95 87 July 27 to August 2 90 August 3 to 9 ... . 88 August lOtO 16 90 August 17 to 23 86 August 24 to 30 August 31 to September 6 89 87 September 7 to 13 87 September 14 to 20 85 11.64 1.38 10.26 88 September 21 to 30 11.14 1.08 10.06 90 Averagp 11.14 1.08 10.06 90 38 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. Average utilization of nitrogen per day — Contimiod. SUBJECT H. H. G.— Continued. Sodium benzoate per day. Nitrogen. Date. Intake in food. Output in feces. Difference. Utilization. October lto7 Grams. 0.6 1.0 2.0 4.0 Grams. 10.64 11.96 10.57 11.06 Grams. 1.33 1.28 1.00 .92 Grams. 9.31 10.68 9.57 10.14 Percent. 87 Octobers to 14 89 October 15 to 21 90 October 22 to 28 91 Average 11.08 1.13 9.92 89 October 29 to November 7 11.82 1.06 10.76 91 11.82 1.06 10.76 91 SUBJECT W. W. H. July 6 to 12 14.32 12.68 1.35 1.50 12.97 11.18 90 July 13 to 19 88 Average 13.50 1.42 12.08 89 July 20 to 26 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 12.98 11.99 9.26 12. 05 10.79 11.54 11.32 11.91 11.86 1.48 1.12 .99 1.01 1.17 1.38 1.-33 1.08 1.23 11.50 10.87 8.27 11.04 9.62 10.16 9.99 10.83 10.63 88 July 27 to August 2 90 August 3 to 9 89 August 10 to 16 91 August 17 to 23.. . . 89 August 24 to 30 88 August 31 to September 6 Septembar 7 to 13 88 90 September 14 to 20 89 11.52 1.20 10.32 89 September 21 to 30 11.32 .94 10.38 91 11.32 .94 10.38 91 October lto7 .6 1.0 2.0 4.0 11.88 12.06 12.26 11.58 1.11 1.24 1.08 1.10 10.77 10.82 11.18 10.48 90 October 8 to 14 90 October 15 to 21 90 Octoljer 22 to 28 90 Average 1 11.94 1.13 10.81 90 October 29 to November 7 11.41 1.06 10.35 90 Average 11.41 1.06 10.35 90 SUBJECT L. M. L. July 6 to 12 July 13 to 19 15.62 14.94 2.13 1.74 13.49 13.20 80 88 Average . 15.28 1.93 13.35 87 July 20 to 26 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 14.76 12.45 12.71 11.81 11.40 12.33 12. 19 13.11 13.14 1.88 1.55 1.55 1.38 1.65 1.60 1.49 1.50 1.40 12.88 10.90 11.16 10.43 9.75 10.73 10.70 11.61 11.74 87 July 27 to August 2 87 August 3 to 9 87 August 10 to 16 88 August 17 to23 85 August 24 to30 87 August 31 to September 6 September 7 to 13 87 89 September 14 to 20 89 Average 1 12.65 1.55 11.10 89 September 21 to 30 12.39 1.33 11.06 89 Average 12.39 1.33 11.06 89 INFLUENCE OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON NUTRITION AND HEALTH. 39 Average idiluation of nitrogen per day — Continued. SUBJECT L. M. L.-fontlnued. Sodium btuizoato per day. Nitrogen. Date. Intake in food. Output in feces. Diflerence. UtUlMitloa. October 1 to 7 Grams. 0.6 1.0 2.0 4.0 Grams. 13.00 13.32 12.84 11.69 Oranu. 1.53 1.68 1.38 1.32 Orams. 11.47 11.64 11.46 10.37 Per cent. 88 October 8 to 14 87 Octol)er 15 to 21 88 October 22 to 28 88 Average 12.69 1.47 11.22 87 OctoI>er 29 to November 7 .... 13.23 1.36 11.87 89 .\ verage 13.23 1.36 11-87 89 SUBJECT J. F. L. July 6 to 12 14.37 13.05 1.98 1.67 12.39 11.48 86 July 13 to 19 87 Average 13.71 1.82 11.93 86.5 July 20 to 26 July 27 to August 2 August 3to9 CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO 14.58 12.89 14.12 12.40 12.32 12.94 12.62 13.10 13.15 1.79 1.49 1.62 1.45 1.71 1.74 1.54 1.68 1.61 12.79 11.40 12.50 10.95 10.61 11.20 11.08 11.42 11.54 87 88 88 August 10 to 16 88 August 17 to 23 86 August 24 to30 86 .\ugust 31 to September 6 87 September 7 to 13 87 September 14 to 20 87 Average 13.12 1.62 11.50 87 September 21 to 30 12.63 1.29 11.34 89 Average 12.63 1.29 11.31 89 October 1 to 7 .6 1.0 2.0 4.0 12.66 11.93 11.83 11.29 1.27 1.53 1.52 1.07 11.39 10.40 10.31 10.22 89 October 8 to 14 ^ 87 October 15 to 21 87 October 22 to 28 90 Average 11.90 1.35 10.55 88 13.08 1..51 11.57 88 Average 1 13.08 1 1.51 11.57 88 SUBJECT E. C. M. July 6 to 12 15.69 12.36 1.75 1.82 13.94 10.54 88 July 13 to 19 85 Average 14.02 1.78 12.24 86 Julv 20 to 26 CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO 15.15 10.98 13.02 13.36 12.42 13.51 12.73 11.68 12.13 2.16 1.38 1.81 1.53 1.67 1.93 1.77 1.58 1.17 12.99 9.60 11.21 11.83 10.75 11.58 10.96 10.10 10.% 85 July 27 to August 2 87 August 3to9 86 August 10 to 16 88 August 17 to 23 . . . 86 August 24 to 30 . . . 85 August 31 to September 6 86 September 7 to 13 86 September 14 to 20 90 Average 12.77 1.65 11.11 86 September 21 to 30 12.28 1.33 10.95 89 Average 12.28 1.33 10.95 89 40 SODIUM BENZOATE A>'D THE HEALTH OF MAN. Average utilization of nitrogen per day — Continued. SUBJECT K. C. M.— Continued. Sodium benzoale per day. Nitrogen. Date. Intake in food. Output in feces. Difference. Utilization. Grams. 0.0 1.0 2.0 4.0 Grams. 12. 24 12.30 11.77 12.22 Grams. 1.53 1.41 1.22 1.67 Grams. 10.71 10.89 10.55 10.55 Per cent. 87 October 8tol4 88 October 15 to 21 S9 October 22 to 28 80 Average 12 13 1.45 10. 68 87 October 29 to Novemlier 7 12.88 1.46 11.42 88 12.88 1.40 11.42 1 88 SUBJECT W. C. R. July 6 to 12 12.80 10.32 1.78 1.63 11.02 8.69 80 July 13 to 19 84 Average 11.56 1.70 9.85 So July 20 to 26 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 ^3 .3 .3 11.54 10.48 10.74 10. 00 11.08 11.74 10. 70 11.55 11.90 1.30 1.23 1.30 1.09 1.48 1.59 1.23 1.52 1.31 10.24 9 25 9 44 8.97 9.tJ0 10. 15 9.47 10.03 10.59 88 July 27 to August 2 . 88 August 3 to 9 87 89 August 17 to 23 8. 43 98 Average 108. 55 2.12 106. 43 9S 42 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. Average utilization oj Jai per day — Continued. SUBJECT II. H. G.— Continnod. Data. Sodium benzoate per day. Fat (ether extract). Intake in food. Output in feces. Difference. UtUlsation. Grams. 0.6 Grams. Orarris. GravM. Per cent. October 8 to 14 .. 10 111.00 1.89 109.11 98 October 15 to 21 2.0 October 22 to 28 . 4. lib. 10 1.94 114.16 98 Average... 113. 50 1.91 111.59 98 October 29 to Not; 111. 63 1.97 109.66 98 111.63 1.97 109.66 98 1 SUBJECT W. W. H. Julv 6 to 12 ' 1 Julv 13 to 19 98.63 3.32 95. 3i j 96 98.63 3.32 9.5.31 ' 96 Julv 20 to 26 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 142.48" " ""i.'75 140.73. 1 1.... July 27 to August 2 98 August 3 to 9 August 10 to 16 August 17 to 23 129.87 3.05 126.82 1 97 August 31 to September 6 i59.38 1.72 157.66 98 1 1 Average 143.91 1 2.17 141. 73 1 97 Septem ber 21to30 145.25 1 1.74 143.51 j 98 Average 145. 2.-. 1.74 143.51 98 .6 1.0 2.0 4.0 October 8 to 14 i52.94 j 1 1.98 150.96 ■ 98 October 22 to 28 160.25 1 2.29 157.96 98 Average 156.59 1 2.13 154.46 98 123.11 [ 1.54 121. 57 98 123.11 < i 1.54 121.57 98 SUBJECT L. M. L. July 6 to 12.... July 13 to 19... Average. July 20 to 26 July 27 to August 2 August 3 to 9 August 10 to 16 .\ugust 17 to 23 .\ugust 24 to 30 .\ugust 31 to September 6. September 7 to 13 September 14 to 20 Average , September 21 to 30. Average 121. 10 121. 10 4.77 138.99 "i3i.'42 "i56.'4i' 142. 26 138.34 138.34 3.38 '.i'i4 '3.2!' 116.33 3.24 135.61 128.' 28 "isi'M 139.03 135.36 135.36 96 96 97 97 97 INFLUENCE OF SODIUM BENZOATR ON NUTRITION AND HEALTH. 43 Average vtilnation of fid per (/ay— ('(nitiiuiod. SUBJECT L. M. L.— Coiitlmied. Date. Sodium benzoatfl per day. Orams. 0.6 1.0 2.0 4.0 Fat (ether extract). Intake in food. Output in feces. Difference. Utilizatiou. Grams. Orams. Orams. Fer cent. October 8 to 14 135.00 3.02 131. 98 97 October 15 to 21 October 22 to 28 i;». 17 3.00 136.17 97 137.08 3.01 134.07 97 ember 7 October 29 to No\ 130.50 2.79 127.71 97 i:«.50 2.79 127. 71 97 SUBJECT J. 1 . 1- July 6 to 12 July 13 to 19 120.53 2.47 118.06 98 Average 120.53 2.47 118.06 98 July 20 to 26 . . .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 July 27 to August 2 147.96 3.39 143.67 97 August 10 to 16 August 17 to 23 124. 90 3.54 120.46 96 August 24 to 30 September 7 to 13 133.00 3.09 129.91 97 September 14 to 20 A verage 135.28 3.34 131.94 96.6 September 21 to 30. . . 120. 33 2.76 117. 57 96 Ayerage i 120.33 2.76 117. 57 96 .6 1.0 2.0 4.0 Octobers to 14 112.69 2.57 110. 12 97 October 15 to 21 October 22 to 28 120.29 1.85 118.34 98 Average 114.08 2.21 114. 23 97.5 October 29 to November 7 . . 130. :J3 2.17 128. 16 98 Average im33 2.17 128. 16 98 SUBJECT E. C. M. July G to 12 July 13 to 19 99.38 4.50 94.88 95 Average 1 99.38 4.50 94.88 95 July ■'0 to 2C .3 .3 .3 .3 1 1 July 27 to August 2 August 3 to 9 120.23 3.12 j 117.11 97 August 17 to 23 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 114. 62 a53 1 111.09 97 September 7 to 13 122.73 2.74 120.00 97 S<'ptember 14 to 20 Average 119. 19 a 12 116.06 97 September 21 to 30 124.90 2.08 ^ 122. 82 98 Average 124.90 2.08 122. 82 98 44 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. Average lUilization of fat per day — Coiitiiuied. SUBJECT E. C. M.— Continued. Date. Octol -er 1 to 7 . . . Octobers to 14.. October lo to 21 . October 22 to2s. Average October 29 to Xovemlwr 7. Average Sodium beazoate per day. Fat (ether extract). Intake in Ontput in ! niflerence food. feces. i^merence. Grams. 0.6 1.0 2.0 4.0 Grams. ""i3i."85' '"14:121 Grams. 2.' 89' a 72' 137. 53 142.38 142.38 I Grams. "i28.'9tt "'i39.'49 Utilization. Per cent. 3.30 ass 134.22 13&50 138. 50 I 97 SUBJECT W. C. R. July 6 to 12.. July 13 to 10. Average . July 20 to 26 July 27 to August 2 August 3 to S August 10 to 16 August 17 to 23 August 24 to 30 August 31 to September 6. September 7 to 13 September 14 to 20 Average September 21 to :iO. Average October 1 to 7 . . . October 8 to 14.. Octoljer 15 to 21. October 22 to 28. Average October 29 to Xovemi )er 7 . Average .6 1.0 2.0 4.0 81. 30 81.30 107. 95 120.00 112. 92 109.28 111.10 96. 69 2.96 1.97 2.18 i'ig' 1.40 1.40 78.34 7a 34 .3 1 1 - :l\ 100.06 1.90 1 98.66 ' 98 :t] 1 ':::::!::::::::::::::::::::: .3 1 .3 .. no. 70 [ 2.35 loass 1 97 .3 1- -..-1 .3 1 .3 .. 112.59 2. 44 1 110. 15 97 118.03 110. 74 108.92 95.29 95.29 98 INFLUENCE ON DIGESTION AS MEASURED BY THE SCHMIDT METHOD. While chemical examination of the feces is competent to show any material change in the digestion of the protein or fat of the food, a substance such as sodium benzoate might exert a sHght inliibitorv effect upon the digestion of different articles of food ^vdthout produc- ing any marked change in the chemical composition of the feces. Further, it is well to emplo}^ additional methods to substantiate, if possible, the findings by chemical anal^'sis. With tliis end in view, the feces of the individual subjects were at given periods examined carefullyj microscopically and macroscopically, after the method employed by Schmidt, as described by Steele in Medical News, December 16, 1905. Most stress was laid on ascertaining whether INFLUENCE OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON NUTRITION AND HEALTH. 45 abnormal amounts of innligested muscle fiber, connective tissue, mucin, orstarcli »2:rain.s would appear in the feces durinjj^ the feeding of sodium benzoate. The reaction of the feces was likewise noted with litmus and mercuric chloride. Attention was also given to the possible occiirience of abnormal quantities of fat. In making the test a special diet as recommended by Schmidt was »j;iven for two days, in which care was taken to avoid the inges- tion of food i-ich in cellulose, seeds, skins of fruits, or other ingredients wliich are absolutely indigestible in the human alimentar}^ tract. The feces for given periods were separated by means of lampblack. In examining the feces a ])ortion about the size of an English walnut was ground up thoroughly in a mortar, with a small amount of water. The well-triturated material was then placed in a Petri dish and examined, both with and without the microscope, for unchanged muscle fibers, connective tissue, and mucin. For the detection of starch granules the slides were treated wdth a drop of iodine solu- tion. In cases of doubt as to the presence of mucin or connective tissue a drop of dilute acetic acid was applied to the material. The reaction of the feces to litmus was determined by means of mois- tened litmus paper. The hydrobilirubin test was made by mixing some of the triturated feces with an equal volume of a saturated solution of mercuric chloride. Examinations of the feces by this method were made on the fol- lowing days: July 15 to 16, during the fore period; August 12 to 14, during the first benzoate period; September 2 to 4, likewise in the first benzoate period; September 23 to 25, in the first after period; October 23 to 25, in the second benzoate period; October 31 to November 1, at the beginning of the second after period; and November 3 to 4, in the final after period. The results of these tests may be briefl}' stated as follows: The character of the feces appeared at all times to be normal. While there were occasionally small bits of connective tissue or muscle fiber, they could not be regarded as being present in abnormal amounts. Potato starch granules w^ere rarely observed. The reac- tion to litmus was neutral or slightly acid. In the corrosive subli- mate tests for hydrobilirubin a decided pink coloration was obtained in every instance. Except for the occasional presence of small bits of vegetable or fruit skins and seeds, the character of the feces seemed to be unchanged dui-ing the entire period of the investigation. INFLUENCE ON THE INTESTINAL FLORA. With a view^ to ascertaining whether sodium benzoate exerts any influence upon the character of the bacteria of the intestines, com- parative studies of the intestinal flora were made during the different periods of the experiment. For this purpose definite amounts of 46 SODRTM BENZOAIK AND THK HEALTH OF MAN. feces (1 jjram) were introduced into 10 cubic centimeters of ])hysio- logical salt solution and triturated with a jjlass rod. Two or three platinum wire loopfuls of the suspension were spread over the sui-face of microscope slides and allowed to dry. The slides were then stained by the ordinary Gram method, and placed serially in trays. Thorough microscopic examinations were made to determine any marked differences in the nature of the flora during the various periods. For the first fourteen weeks the feces were stained twdce a week, while during the remaining four weeks such stained series were prepared three times a week. The following statements are taken almost verbatim from Doctor Ilettger's report of his findings: To the practiced observer, so-called "normal feces" present a more or less definite appearance when stained by the Gram method. Slight , and in a few instances marked, differences may occur, but on the whole the slides tend to have a uniform character. The nature of the flora is frequently influenced by diet and by pathological condi- tions. In order to obtain a ''normal" picture of the stained feces a large number of samples from all the subjects were examined dur- ing the first nonbenzoate periotl. These slides were then compared with those of the difterent benzoate, as well as nonbenzoate, periods. The character of the "normal" slides may be described briefly as follows: Among the Gram-staining organisms the most prominent were the large or giant cocci (sewage streptococci) occurring single, in pairs or in chains of three or more. Along with these w^ere a large numl)er of smaller micro- or diplo-cocci, and still others that were quite small, like the pus cocci. Occasional giant bacilli would be seen, single, or in short chains and somewhat resembling B. ramosus. More numerous than these were smaller rods of the capsulatus- aerogenes type, and also the still smaller and more slender forms which were often decidedlj^ curved {B. addopJiilusf). Rarely the branching, club-shaped form (J5. hifdusf) was seen. A small number of very small, thin rods like B. pyocyaneus were also usually present. These were frequently in pairs. In the pink or red background, wliich largely predominated over the blue or violet, the most prominent organisms to be regularly seen were the very slender and long, often curved, rods (to a great extent like B. putrijicus wdthout its s])()re), and the short organism of the colon bacillus type. Mngletl with these w ere a much smaller num])er of intermediate forms. ^^^lile there were numerous dei)artures from the above picture, the dilTerences were between individual slides, and not betw^een different series or the slides of the difl"erent periods. For example, two samples of feces during the first benzoate period were marked bj^ an unusually large number of Gram positive long, slender rods, w-hile a third contained an excess of the Gram positive giant bacilli and INFLUENCE OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON NUTRITION AND HEALTH. 47 }i;iant cocci, and tlio remaining tliicc slides were apparently noimal. In another series of the same period two of the slides contained an unnsual number of the long, slender, often curved. Gram i)ositive rods {B. (icidophiliis?), while tlic remaining four appeared to be normal. Again, in the same benzoate period, one of the slides showed a predominance of long, slender CJram positive bacilli and the Gram negative bacilli of the colon bacillus ty])e. A second slide of this series was more Gram positive than was usually seen, wliile in two of the remaining four slides the giant and smaller cocci were greatly in excess over the normal. In one of the slides of the secontl nonbenzoate period the Gram positive giant bacilli were numerous, wliile in a second the cocci largely predominated, and in a third of the same series there were very few of the long, slender Gram negative forms, but an abundance of the Gram negative organisms of the colon bacillus type. In an- other slide of the same series Gram positive bacilli of all tvjDes were present in large numbers. The slides that w-ere prepared during the last four weeks of the investigation were much more uniform in appearance than at any time before. These four weeks covered a large part of the last or high benzoate period and the entire last nonbenzoate period. Although special emphasis was placed on the comparative study of these slides, it was impossible to note any differences whatever betw-een the feces of the tw^o periods. There is no evidence in the data obtained that the ingestion of sodium benzoate visibly affected the character of the intestinal flora, as revealed by the Gram's stain and microscopic examination. While there were marked differences between different slides, it was impossible to associate any of the variations with any of the benzoate periods. The differences were those of individual feces and not of any particular series or groups of series. FERMENTATION TESTS WITH THE FECES. These tests were made with dextrose (1 per cent) bouillon, in Smith fermentation tubes. The tubes were inoculated with one platinum loopful of the suspension of feces (1 gram feces in 10 c. c. of saline solution), and kept at incubator temperature for 20 to 24 hours. Duplicate tubes were always emploj^ed, and the average volume of gas in the closed arm noted. A second examination w'as made at the end of about 48 hours. As the results of the second examination rarely differed from those of the first, only one set of figures arc given here, namely, those obtained at the end of the first incubation period. As will be seen from the accompanying tables, the average amount of gas during the benzoate periods was slightlj' less than when no 4b SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. benzoate was given, perhaps implying a slight degree of inhibition on the development of gas-prodiioing liacteria. . The differences are so slight, however, that no special significance can be attached to them. Percentages of gas in dosed arm of tube. Sul)jec-t. Fore period. First benzoate period. July. 8. 13. July. August. H. H. G 25 W. AV. JI 30 L. M. L 25 J. F. L ' 25 E. C. M 28 W. C. R 20 16. 21. 23. 28. : 30. 4. 22 j 30 I 15 j 20 I 22 . 22 1 25 G. 12. 18. 21 Siibjo(^t. First benzoate jx'riod (eontinued). H. H. G... W. W. H.. L. M. L... J. F. L.... E.G. M... W. C. R... 25. 27. September. 10. •• 15. 17. First after period. ,^^,._ September. 24. 1 29. Octob«'r. Second or high benzoate period (continued). Final after period. Subject. October. Octo- ber. November. 8. 13. 15. 20. 21. 22. 25. 27. 29. 1. 3. 5. 8. H. H. G 25 17 30 15 25 20 24 33 25 33 25 29 25 28 20 17 19 16 20 25 20 20 20 18 '"'26' 22 30 25 20 25 "25' "25" 23 24 21 30 16 16 30 25 30 20 23 20 15 25 25 20 25 30 20 28 26 25 23 25 30 20 30 34 33 30 25 "36' 30 16 28 15 20 W. W. H 10 L. M. L J. F. L 25 18 E. C. M 19 W. C. R 16 SEDIMENTS IN BOUILLON AND IN THE DEXTROSE-BOUILLON FERMENTATION TUBES, INOCULATED WITH FECES. The sediments in cultures 24 hours old were stained bj'' the Gram method, and examined for the purpose of observing any influence that the ingestion of the sodium benzoate might have on the char- acter of the sediments. It was found that the bouillon sediments were fairly uniform throughout the investigation. Thej" consisted largely of the colon bacillus, often in practically pure form. Occasionally^ s})ore-bearing bacilli of the subtilis type were present in noticeable quantities; INFLUENCE OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON NUTRITION AND HEALTH. 49 also streptococci and rather lav^^o. (iiain ])()sitive bacilli soiiiewhat ic- semblini2; (lie Bacillus aerogems con- zoate exerts any influence upon the out])ut of totul nitrogen through the urine, it will be well to note particularly the average daily output of nitrogen on the periods subsequent to July 2G. If, for example, f comparison is made of the grand averages for the first benzoate period, the first after period, the second benzoate period, and the final after period, it will be seen that tiiere is practically little or no change in the average output of nitrogen in any of the subjects. Somewhat striking, indeed, is the close agreement between the averages for the first benzoate period and the second b(>nzoate period as compared with F that of the first after period. Thus, in the case of II. H. G. the grand average for the first benzoate period was 8.68 grams of nitrogen per tlay; for the second benzoate period 8.64 grams of nitrogen per day; while for the period in between it was 8.53 grams of nitrogen per day. Again, in the case of L. M. L. the average output of nitrogen per day during the first benzoate period was 9.47 grams; for the first after period 9.43 grams; for the second benzoate period 9.42 grams. Still again, in the case of E. C. M. the average output of nitrogen per day during the first benzoate period covering two months was 9.82 grams; during the first after period 9.83 grams; during the second benzoate period of a month 9.43 grams. It is perfectly obvious, therefore, that sodium benzoate in the doses taken by our subjects does not affect the output of total nitrogen through the urine where the nitrogen intake remains essentially the same. Date. Daily dose of benzoate. Average amount of total nitrogen per day. H. H. G. W. W. H. L. M. L. J. F. L. E.G. M. W. C. R. July 6 to 12 Grams. Grams. 12.59 10.09 Gram.':. 12.57 11.06 Grams. 12.11 11.27 Grams. 10.39 9.49 Grams. 12.46 10.27 Grams. 9 93 July 13 to 19 8.70 11.34 11.81 11.69 9.94 11.36 9.31 July 20 to 26 July 27 to Aug, 2.... Aug. 3 to 9 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 9.85 9.49 8.27 8.83 8.56 8.10 7.99 8.42 8.64 10.14 9.16 9.27 9.68 8.22 7.76 7.74 7.88 9.24 11.74 9.74 9.53 9.22 8.18 9.03 8.58 9.32 9.89 9.12 8.86 8. 95 9.13 8.78 9.43 8.81 9.06 10.00 11.15 9.49 9.55 9.94 9.51 9.40 9.72 9.57 10.08 8.35 7.31 7.98 Aug. 10 to 16 Aug. 17 to 23 Aug. 24 to 30 Aug. 31 to Sept. 6... Sept. 7 to 13 8.42 7.95 8.74 7.84 8.13 Sept. 14 to 20 8.76 Average 8. 68 8.78 9.47 9.12 9.82 8.16 Sept. 21 to 30 8.53 8.35 9.43 10. 01 9.83 8 58 Average 8.53 8.3.=; 9.43 10.01 9.83 8.58 Oct. 1 to 7.. .6 1.0 2.0 4.0 8.54 8.65 8.44 : 8.39 8. 74 9. 03 8.87 8.91 9.75 9.66 9.21 9.08 10.19 10.19 9.92 9.49 9.68 9.34 9.59 9.13 9.30 Oct. 8 to 14 8.74 Oct. 15 to 21 Oct. 22 to 28 Average 8.28 9.06 8. 64 8. 74 9. 42 9. 94 9.43 8.84 Oct. 29 to Nov. 7.... 9.27 8.88 9. 85 1 9. 38 1 9. 62 9. 21 Average 9.27 8.88 9.85 9.38 9.62 1 9.21 56 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. EFFECT ON THE UREA-NITROGEN. Urea, more than any other one nitrogenous component of the urine, fluctuates in harmony with the amount of protein food ingested. Consequently, it is to be expected that the urea-nitrogen will show the same relatively liigh figure during the fore period in those subjects whose intake of nitrogen was high during the first two or three weeks of the experiment. In harmony with this view, it is to be noted that the average daily output of urea-nitrogen in the four subjects, H. H. G., W. W. H., L. M. L., and E. C. M., is comparatively liigh for the fore period. The accompanying table, giving the amount of urea-nitrogen per day during the various periods of the experim.ent, shows that aside from these four liigh figures there is practically no change whatever in the average daily output of urea-nitrogen for any of the subjects in the cHfferent periods of the experiment. In other words, it is quite apparent from the figures presented that the urea-nitrogen excreted through the kidneys is not influenced in any degree bj'' the ingestion of sodium benzoate. Date. DaUy dose of benzoate. Average amount of urea-nitrogen per day. H. H. G. W. W. H. L. M. L. J. F. L. : E. C. M. W. C. R. July 6 to 12 Grams. Grams. 10.76 8.56 Grams. 10.76 9.51 Grams. 10.10 9.53 Grams. 8.37 7.63 Grams. 10.32 8.50 Grams. 8 16 July 13 to 19 7.17 Average 9.66 10.13 9.81 8.00 9.41 7 66 July 20 to 26 July 27 to Aug. 2 . . . Aug. 3 to 9 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 8.29 8.05 6.78 7.4.5 7.20 6.79 6.56 7.12 7.12 8.73 7.78 7.99 8.36 6.93 6.48 6.51 6.65 7.84 9.94 8.12 7.82 7.72 6.71 7.46 7.10 7.87 8.29 7.16 7.06 7.04 7.35 6.99 7.60 7.12 7.34 9.40 7.84 7.95 8.41 7.84 7.76 8.11 8 14 6.88 6.11 6 61 Aug. 10 to 16 Aug. 17 to 23 Aug. 24 to 30 Aug. 31 to Sept. 6... Sept. 7 to 13 7.15 6.64 7.50 6.62 6.94 Sept. 14 to 20 8.22 1 8.41 7.44 Average 7.26 7.47 7.89 7.32 8.20 6.87 Sept. 21 to 30 7.18 7.10 7.98 8.30 8.24 7.30 Average 7.18 7.10 7.98 8.30 8.24 7.30 Oct. 1 to7 .6 1.0 2.0 4.0 7.04 6. 96 7.16 7.04 7.32 7.04 7.55 7.13 8.13 7.97 7. .52 7.23 8.41 8.37 7.88 7.42 7.96 7.63 7.70 7.24 7.86 Oct. 8 to 14 7.34 Oct. 15 to 21 Oct. 22 to 28 6.78 7.40 Average 7.05 7.26 7 71 8.02 7 i;.1 7.34 Oct. 29 to Nov. 7.... 7.80 7.43 1 8.30 7. 67 7. 98 7.70 Average 7.80 7.43 8.30 7.67 7.98 7.70 EFFECT ON AMMONIA-NITROGEN. The table herewith presented, showing the average daily amount of ammonia-nitrogen excreted by the individual subjects during the dif- ferent periods of the experiment, indicates quite plainly that tliis form of nitrogen is not influenced b}^ sodium benzoate in the doses IXFLUENCE OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON NUTRITION AND HEALTH. 57 used in our cxporiiuent. The averages — except, as with llie previous forms of nitrogen, the relatively high aninu)nia yield in the fore period owing to the larger intake of protein food — are in such close agreement that it is plain no specific effect in this direction can be attributed to sodium benzoate. Date. Daily dose of benzoate. Average amount of ammonia-nitrogen per day. H. H. G. W. W. H. L. M. L. J. F. L. E. C. M. W. C. R. July etc 12 Urams. Oram. 0. 4,s Oram. 0.44 .44 Oram. 0.52 .45 Oram. 0.61 .56 Oram. .'57 Gram. n <;i July 13 to 19 .44 .54 1 .47 Average .46 .44 .48 .68 . 55 j .49 JHlv20to20 July 27 to Aug. 2... Aug. 3 to 9 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .40 .40 .37 .35 .27 .32 .34 .36 .41 .39 .35 .34 .30 .23 .29 .28 .31 .35 .49 .46 .41 .37 .29 .32 .35 .35 .36 .58 .52 .56 .53 .45 .51 .45 .52 .51 .51 .51 .48 .42 .40 .41 .40 .41 .47 .46 .33 34 Aug. 10 to 16 Aug. 17 to 23 Aug. 24 to 30 Aug. .31 to Sept. 6... Sept. 7 to 13 Sept. 14 to 20 .33 .28 .30 .27 .30 .36 Average . . . .36 .31 ..37 .51 .45 33 Sept. 21 to 30 .35 .32 .34 .47 .45 .35 Average .35 .32 .34 .47 .45 .^'i Oct. 1 to 7 .6 1.0 2.0 4.0 .39 .42 .37 .41 .36 .33 .31 .37 .40 .43 .41 .39 .55 .55 .48 .51 .52 .49 .48 .49 41 Oct. 8 to 14 .38 Oct. 15 to 21 Oct. 22 to 28 .38 .40 Average .40 .34 .40 .52 .49 39 Oct. 29 to Nov. 7... .37 .33 .36 .47 .48 .40 Average .37 .33 .36 .47 .48 40 EFFECT ON PTJRINE-NITROGEN. The daily fluctuation in the purine-nitrogen of the individual subjects is seen from the daily charts. In the appended table, how- ever, are shown the figures for the average daily content of this form of nitrogen during the seventeen periods of the experiment, mth the grand averages for the fore period, benzoate periods, and after periods. Examination of the data shows that for some reason (presumably the larger proportion of meat in the diet) the excretion of purine-nitrogen per day is greater during the fore period than in any of the later pe- riods. From July 20, the beginning of the first benzoate period, to the end of the second benzoate period there is very little change per day in the excretion of this form of nitrogen. The average daily excretion during the first benzoate period and during the first after period is almost identical, and mth one exception the same is true for the daily average excretion during the second benzoate period. It is thus apparent that sodium benzoate does not have any tangible effect upon the output of purine-nitrogen. The only fact that would in any sense stand opposed to this conclusion is the relatively small 58 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN, average output of purine-nitrogen per clay during the final after period. It might be said, for example, that in the linal after period the purine-nitrogen excretion drops off because of cessation in the dosage of benzoate. If this were the case, a similar result would naturally be expected in the first after period. This, however, the data show is not the case. There is no indication, except possibly in the case of W. W. H., of an}^ marked tendency on the part of sodium benzoate toward changing noticeably the excretion of purine-nitrogen. We must conclude that the excretion of this form of nitrogen through the urine is not materially modified by the ingestion of sodium ben- zoate in the doses made use of in our experiment. Daily dose of benzoate. Average amount of purine-nitrogen per day. Date. H. H. G. W. W. H. L. M. L. i J. F. L. 1 E. 0. M. W. C. R. July to 12 Grams. Gram. 0.067 .049 Gram. 0.045 .018 1 Gram. Gram. 0.055 ' 0.082 . 045 . 042 Gram. 0.056 .038 Gram. 0.085 July 13 to 19 .057 .058 .031 . 050 . 062 .047 .071 July 20 to 26 July 27 to Aug. 2... Aug. 3 to 9 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .040 .029 .049 .039 .038 .035 .045 .043 .047 .013 .006 .021 .017 .028 .018 .020 .016 .009 .033 .030 .034 .039 .057 .066 .027 .040 .051 .031 .030 .031 .019 .027 .023 .045 .039 .057 Aug. 10 to 16 Aug 17 to 23 .043 .031 .031 .031 .033 .035 .059 .054 .048 .046 .029 .053 .044 .047 Aug. 24 to 30 Aug. 31 to Sept. 6... Sept. 7 to 13 Sept. 14 to 20 .036 .037 .034 .043 Average . . .040 .016 .033 1 .050 1 .031 .042 Sept. 21 to .30 .\verage ' 1 .047 1 .020 .037 . 053 1 .038 . 042 .047 .020 . 037 1 . 053 ! . 038 .042 Oct. lto7 .6 1 .043 1. . 035 2.0 1 .025 4.0 .035 .011 .013 .009 .011 .044 .031 .029 .026 .051 .024 .044 Oct. 8 to 14 .037 .026 .037 .024 .016 .025 .034 Oct. 15 to 21 Oct. 22 to 28 .029 .035 .034 .011 .032 .037 1 .025 .035 Oct. 29 to Nov. 7 . . . . 025 j . 006 1 .010 .024 . 017 .017 .025 . 006 ^ . 016 , . 024 i . 017 .017 EFFECT ON TJIIIC ACID-NITROGEN. The accompanying table, giving the average daily output of uric acid-nitrogen during the different periods of the experiment, shows quite plainly that the excretion of this form of nitrogen is not changed in any degree by the sodium benzoate taken. Somewhat noticeable, indeed, is the close agreement in the average daily output of uric acid- nitrogen during the first benzoate period and during the second ben- zoate period in the case of the subject II. H. G., as well as in E. C. M., W. C. R., and L. M. L. In fact, the data speak for themselves quite clearly, that sodium benzoate is without effect upon the excretion of uric acid. NFLUENCE OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON NUTKIl'lOiN AiND IIKALTII. 59 Daily Average amount of uric acld-nitrogon per day. liunzoate. 1 II.II. G. W. W.H. L.M. L. Oram. 0.199 .199 J. F L. E. CM. W.C.R. July 6tol2 Orams. Oram. 0.147 .166 Gram. 0.201 .191 Oram. 0.162 .168 Gram. 0.204 .200 Oram. 0.153 .142 July 13 to 19 Average .156 .196 .199 .165 .202 .147 July 20 to 26 July 27 to Aug. 2... Aug. 3 to 9 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .146 .140 .124 .141 .143 .135 .128 .148 .148 .192 .183 .185 .183 .174 .167 .167 .175 .188 .208 .211 .203 .184 .188 .200 .184 .213 .190 .174 .158 .155 .166 .175 . 185 .103 .203 .172 .209 .181 .181 .200 .193 .198. .205 .198 .211 .150 .160 .160 .153 .163 .158 .148 .157 . 155 Aug. 10 to 10 Aug. 17 to 23 Aug. 24 to 30 Aug. 31 to Sept. 6... Sept. 7 to 13 Sept. 14 to 20 Average. . .140 .179 .198 .172 .197 .15(i Sept. 21 to 30 .134 .167 ".182 .156 .187 .147 Average .134 .167 .182 .156 .187 .147 Oct. 1 to 7 .6 1.0 2.0 4.0 .142 .142 .152 .127 .189 .186 .193 .172 .204 .211 .214 .182 .104 .106 .177 .104 . 197 j . 158 192 ''"! Oct. 8 to 14 Oct. 15 to 21 Oct. 22 to 28 .205 .184 .157 .160 Average .140 .185 . 203 1 . 168 .194 .155 Oct. 29 to Nov. 7... .146 .189 .200 .168 . 205 1 . 171 Average. . .146 .189 .200 .168 205 ' 1" EFFECT ON CREATININE-NITROGEN. The accompai\ying table, showing the average daily excretion of creatinine-nitrogen for the individual subjects during the seventeen periods of the experiment, makes it quite clear that here likewise there is no influence exerted by sodium benzoate which can be noted. The figures giving the grand averages for the fore period, first benzoate period, first after period, second benzoate period, etc., with the dif- ferent subjects, are so closely alike that tlie conclusion above is thoroughly justified by the results. Date. Daily dose of benzoate. Average amount of creatinine-nitrogen per day. H.n. G. 1 1 W. W. H. 1 L. M. L. J. F. L. ! E. C. M. W. C. R. July to 12 July 13 to 19 ! Grams. 1 Gram. 1 0. 451 .445 Gram. Gram. 0. 490 0. 626 .505 j .624 Gram. 0.611 .606 Gram. 0.554 .568 Gram. 0. 458 .463 Average. . .448 .497 .625 ms 1 .'^(11 . 460 July 20 to 26 July 27 to Aug. 2... Aug. 3 to 9 .3 1 .464 .3 1 .456 .3 .463 .3 .472 .3 1 .404 .3 : .457 . 3 i .466 .3 .482 .3 .476 .517 .513 .514 .512 .508 .502 .510 .517 .510 .608 .639 1 .570 .608 ' .643 .564 .611 : .(>49 1 ..558 .466 .478 .486 .\ug. 10 to 16 Aug. 17 to 23 Aug. 24 to 30 Aug. 31 to Sept. 6... Sept.7tol3 Sept. 14 to 20 .601 .596 .596 .594 .607 .605 .658 .577 .524 .575 . 635 . 5(« .648 1 .573 .649 1- .577 .655 1 .590 .488 .501 .483 .490 .495 .496 Average . . .466 .511 .603 .622 1 .571 .487 Sept. 21 to 30 ! .487 .516 .609 .652 1 .598 .500 Average .487 .516 .609 .652 1 .598 .500 ou SODIUM BE.NZOATL: AND TKE UE^VLTU 01" MAN. Date. Daily dose of benzoate. Average amount of creatinine-nltrogen per day. H.H.G. W.W.H. L. M. L. J. F.L. E.C.M. W.C. R. Oct. 1 to7 Grams. 0.6 1.0 2.0 4.0 Oram. 0.488 .493 .494 .477 Oram. 0.530 .537 .526 .513 Oram. 0.612 .629 .613 .593 Oram. 0.664 .671 .648 .646 Oram. 0.617 .614 .592 .509 Oram. 0.526 Oct. 8 to 14. .515 Oct. 15 to 21 Oct. 22 to 28 .515 .493 Average .488 .526 .012 .657 .598 .512 Oct. 29 to Nov. 7... .482 .532 .606 .647 .584 .508 Average .482 .532 .006 .647 .584 .508 EFFECT ON HIPPURIC ACID-NITROGEN. In considering the effect on the excretion of hippuric acid-nitrogen it is to be remembered that hippuric acid is not wholly, at least, a prod- uct of ordinary protein katabolism. The appearance of hippuric acid in the urine is dependent in large measure upon the amount of benzoyl-containing substances introduced into the system. The other factor contributing to the production of hippuric acid is the amount of glycocoll available in the sj^stem. Under ordinary con- ditions of body metabolism there is alwaj^s a sufficient amount of glycocoll present to combine with any ordinary amount of a benzoyl- containing radical to make hippuric acid, this acid being benzoyl- glycocoll. In view of these facts, it is obvious that the taking of sodium benzoate will naturally be followed by an increase in the amount of hippuric acid-nitrogen contained in the day's urine. Hip- puric acid-nitrogen was not determined each day of the experiment , as already noted, but sufficient data are available to construct a table showing in a general way the average dail}^ output of hippuric acid-nitrogen for different periods of the experiment. The table appended shows that during the first benzoate period the average daily output of hippuric acid-nitrogen was in some cases lower than the average daily output in the fore period, while in other cases the increase was so slight as to be hardl}' noticeable. This is due to variations in the character of the food. It is a significant fact, having bearing upon the present experiment, that the excretion of hippuric acid in the urine can be easily increased or decreased by modifying the diet. If it is desired to increase the hippuric acid output it is simply necessary to eat fruits, such as cranberries, huckleberries, plums, and other articles rich in benzoyl radicals, in which case the output of hippuric acid in the urine is increased. In the fore period on some days a diet intentionally designed to give a high hippuric acid yield was prescribed, and it is significant that the average output of hippuric acid during this fore period was in many cases as great as in the first benzoate period, when 0.3 gram of sodium l^Nl'LUK^'CE OF SODIUM BENZOATE OJS JS UTiiliU)^' AND lIlC^VLTil. 01 benzoate was ^ivoii daily. In the iirst after period it is to be noted that there is a littk^ drop in tlie outinit of liippuric acid-nitrogen as compared with that of the first benzoate period. In the second ben- zoate period, where the dosa«]je was hir<^e, the avera<^e daily output of liippuric acid-nitrogen was corresjjondingly increased. Somewhat noticeable is the fact that in the final after period the excretion of liip- puric acid-nitrogen still continued high, showing a tendency for the benzoate to lag. In some cases, indeed, notably in II. II. G. and W. W. H., the average output per day was greater in the final after period than during the benzoate period. In conclusion then it may be stated that sodium benzoate, in harmony with well-known physio- logical facts, did in all these subjects, when the dosage was suffi- ciently large, give rise to an increased output of liippuric acid- nitrogen. This, however, is not to be interpreted, as implying a dis- turbance of the nitrogen metabolism of the body by sodium benzoate, but is simply a measure of the combination of the benzoyl radical taken with the preexistent glycocoll. Date. Daily dose of benzoate. Average anioimt of hippuric acid-nitrogen per day. II. II. G. W.W.H. L.M. L. J. F. L. E.C.M. W. C. R. July 6 to 12... Grams. Gram. 0.064 Gram. 0.054 Gram. 0.051 Gram. • Gram. 0.046 1 0.066 Gram. 0.054 July 13 to 19 . ' Average . 064 .054 .051 .04(i 1 .066 .054 July 20 to 26 July 27 to Aug. 2... Aug. 3 to 9 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .029 .021 .022 .027 .018 .025 Aug. 10 to 16 Aug. 17 to 23 .026 .058 .077 .070 .060 .050 Aug. 24 to 30 Aug. 31 to Sept. 6... Sept. 7 to 13 Sept. 14 to 20 .osi .041 .034 .072 .045 .068 .038 .032 .057 .052 .036 .104 .061 .064 .039 .094 .070 .071 .037 .089 .057 .086 .055 .092 Average . .042 .043 .058 . 059 - 0.57 .061 Sept. 21 to 30 .037 .023 .027 .038 .054 .048 Average .037 .023 .027 .038 .054 .048 Oct. 1 to 7 .6 1.0 2.0 4.0 .063 .065 .171 .260 .050 .067 .156 .230 .071 .099 .169 .380 .061 .085 .221 .392 .050 .090 .154 .361 .032 Oct. 8 to 14 .081 Oct. 15 to 21 Oct. 22 to 28 .187 .378 Average .139 .126 .179 .189 . 164 .169 Oct. 29 to Nov. 7. . . .170 .190 .190 .170 .150 .130 Average . . . .170 .190 .190 .170 .150 .130 EFFECT ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF NITROGEN. So far, we have confined our attention in referring to the different forms of nitrogen excreted through the urine to the average daily out- put in grams. We may next advantageously consider how far sodium benzoate tends to disturb the average distribution of nitrogen, 62 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. i. e., how far the percentages of the difTerent forms of nitrogen figured on the total nitrogen are changed. In the tables showing the distri- bution of nitrogen and sulphur in the urine, will be found the daily per- centages of the different forms of nitrogen for each individual. Foi- comparison, however, tables are appended for each subject giving the chiily average distribution of nitrogen for the different periods, together with the grand averages for the fore period; first benzoatc period; first after period ; second benzoate period ; and the final after period. As is well known, about 85 per cent of the total nitrogen of the urine is ordinarily in the form of urea. This percentage, however, is dependent in a measure upon the amount of protein food taken. Comparison of the six tables following show^s that in the first ben- zoate period the percentage of urea-nitrogen, i. e., the percentage of urea-nitrogen figured on the total nitrogen, is not essentially different from that of the fore period. In the case of W. W. H. and L. M. L. there is a slight decline, whereas in E. C. M. and W. C. R. there is a slight rise. These differences, however, are not sufficiently marked to have any significance. What is conspicuous, however, is the somewhat notice- able drop in the percentage of urea in all the subjects, with the exception of J. F. L., during the second benzoate period. At first glance this might be attributed to some specific action on the part of sodium benzoate. A httle thought, however, w411 show that this does not necessarily follow. During the second benzoate period the daily intake of the benzoyl-containing radical was fairly large, and there resulted a correspondingly large increase in the output of hippuric acid. In other words, the ingested benzoic acid combined with the requisite amount of glycocoll and was excreted through the urine as hippuric acid. In the absence of the benzoic acid radical the glycocoll would have been decomposed into urea. The slight decrease in the output of urea during the second benzoate period, therefore, was not due to any diminution in the amount of this form of nitrogen, but simply to the withdrawal of a certain amount of glycocoll which was eliminated as hippuric acid, thus escaping conversion into urea. Daily average distribution of nitrogen. [Percentages of total nitrogen.] SUBJECT H. H. G. Date. Daily dose benzoate. Urea - nitrogen. Am- monia- nitrogen. P urine- nitrogen. Uric acid- nitrogen. Creat- inine- nitrogen. Hippuric acid- nitrogen. Unde- termined nitrogen. July 6 to 12 Grams. 85.4 85.0 3.8 4.3 0.5 1.1 1.6 3.5 4.4 0.4 5.3 4.2 Average 85.2 4.1 .5 1.4 4.0 .4 4.8 July 20 to 26 .3 3 84.2 OA a 4.0 4.2 4.4 3.9 .4 .3 .6 .4 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.6 4.7 4.8 5.5 5.3 .3 5.0 July 27 to Aug. 2 4.4 .3 82.0 .3 84.5 5.6 Aug. 10 to 16 .3 4.1 IJSfFLiUENCE OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON NUTRITION AND HEALTH. (I.'i Daily average distribution of nitrogen — Coutiuued. [Percentages of total nitrogen.] SUBJECT II. II. G.-Contlnued. Date. Daily dose benzoate. Urea- nitrogen. Am- monia- nitrogen. Purine- nitrogen. Uric acid- nitrogen. Creat- inliii!- nltrogen. lllppuric acid- nitrogen. I'ndo- tern lined nitrogen. Aug. 17 to 23 Orams. 0.3 .3 .3 .3 .3 84.2 83.7 82.2 84.5 82.5 3.1 3.9 4.2 4.2 4.7 0.4 1.0 .4 1-6 5.4 ,5.8 .5.7 5.5 5.2 4.7 6.1 3.0 5.1 Aug 24 to 30 0.6 .5 .4 .8 Aug. 31 to Sept. C... Sept 7 to 13 .5 .5 .5 1.6 1.7 1.7 Sept. 14 to 20 83.6 4.1 .4 1.6 5.3 .5 4.8 Sept. 21 to 30 84.3 4.1 .5 1.5 5.7 .4 3.9 84.3 4.1 .5 •1.5 5.7 .4 3.9 Oct. 1 to 7 .6 1.0 2.0 4.0 82.4 82.6 82.0 79.3 4.5 4.9 4.2 4.6 .5 .4 .2 .4 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.4 5.7 5.8 5.6 5.4 .7 .7 1.9 2.9 5 1 Oct. 8 to 14 4 7 Oct. 1.5 to 21 6 1 Oct. 22 to 28 8 7 Average 81.6 4.5 .4- 1.5 5.6 1.5 6 1 Oct. 29 to Nov. 7 84.1 3.9 .2 1.5 5.1 1.8 4.8 Av^erage 84.1 3.9 .2 1.5 5.1 1.8 4 8 SUBJECT W. W. H. July 6 to 12 85.6 3.5 3.9 0.3 1.6 3.9 4.5 0.4 4.8 July 13 to 19 86.0 .2 1 1.7 3.5 Average 85.8 3.7 .2 1.7 4.2 .4 4 1 July 20 to 26 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 86.1 84.9 86.1 86.4 84.3 83.4 83.3 84.4 84.8 3.6 .13 1.8 2.0 1.9 1.8 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.0 5.1 5.5 5.5 5.2 6.1 6.4 6.6 6.5 5.5 .2 3 July 27 to Aug. 2 3.8 3.6 3.0 2.7 3.7 3.6 3.9 3.7 .006 .1 .1 .3 .3 .3 .2 .1 3.5 Aug. 3 to 9 2.7 Aug. 10 to 16 .5 3.2 Aug. 17 to 23 4.2 Aug. 24 to .30 .5 4 2 Aug. 31 to Sept 6 Sept. 7 to 13 .9 .4 .3 4.4 2.5 Sept. 14 to 20 3.8 Average 84.8 3.5 .17 2.0 5.8 •4 3.5 Sept. 21 to 30 85. 3. 8 .2 j 2.0 6.1 .2 2.5 Average 85.0 3.8 .2 2.0 6.1 .2 2.5 Oct. 1 to 7... . .6 1.0 2.0 4.0 84.6 83.8 83.7 80.0 4.1 3.9 3.4 4.1 .1 2.1 .2 2.2 .1 2.1 .1 1.9 6.1 6.4 5.8 5.7 .5 .8 1.7 2.6 2.8 Oct. 8 to 14 3.9 Oct. 15 to 21 5.7 Oct. 22 to 28 8.2 Average 83.0 3.9 .1 2.1 6.0 1.4 5.1 Oct. 29 to Nov. 7 1 83.6 3.7 .06 2.1 5.8 1.9 4.4 Average 83.6 3.7 .06 i 2.1 5.8 1.9 4.4 SUBJECT L. M. L, July 6 to 12 83.4 84.6 4.2 3.9 0.4 .4 1.6 1.7 5.2 5.5 0.4 5.1 July 13 to 19 3.7 Average 84.0 4.1 .4 1.7 5.3 .4 4.4 July 20 to 26 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 84.6 83.4 82.2 83.7 82.1 89 7 4.1 4.7 4.3 4.0 3.5 3.5 4.0 .3 .3 .3 .4 .3 .3 .3 1.7 2.1 2. a 1.9 2.3 2.2 2.1 5.1 6.2 6.4 6.5 7.2 5.6 5.9 .2 3.7 July 27 to Aug. 2 Aug. 3 to 9 3.1 4.7 Aug. 10 to 16 .7 3.3 Aug. 17 to 23 . ... 4.6 Aug. 24 to 30 .6 ,6 4.7 Aug. 31 to Sept. 6 .3 82.7 3.6 64 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. Daily average distribution of nitrogen — Continued. [Percentages of total nitrogen.] SUBJECT L. M. L.— Continued. Date. Daily dose benzoate. Urea- nitrogen. Am- monia- nitrogen. Purine- nitrogen. Uric acid- nitrogen. Creat- Inine- nitrogen. Hippuric acid- nitrogen. Unde- termined nitrogen. Sept 7 to 13 Grams. 0.3 84.4 83.8 3.7 3.6 0.3 .3 2.2 1.9 6.5 6.1 0.3 1.0 2.9 Sept. 14 to 20 .3 4.0 Average 83.3 3.9 .3 2.0 6.2 .6 3.8 Sept. 21 to 30 84.7 3.6 .4 1.9 6.4 .2 2.8 Average 1 84.7 3.6 .4 1.9 6.4 .2 2.8 Oct. 1 to 7 .6 1.0 2.0 4.0 83.4 82.6 81.7 79.6 4.1 4.4 4.4 4.2 .4 .3 .3 .2 2.0 2.1 2.3 2.0 6.2 6.5 6.6 6.5 .7 1.0 1.8 4.1 3.7 Oct 8 to 14 3.9 Oct. 15 to 21 4.6 Oct '>2 to 28 7.1 Average 1 81.8 4.2 .3 2.1 6.4 1.9 4.8 Oct. 29 to Nov. 7 1 84. 4 3.6 .1 2.0 6.1 1.9 3.8 84.4 3.6 .1 2.0 6.1 1.9 3.8 SUBJECT J. F. L. Julv 6 to 12 80.5 ' 80.4 5.9 5.9 0.8 .4 1.5 5.9 0.4; 4.9 July 13 to 19 1.7 1 6.3 1 5.0 Average 80.4 5.9 .6 1. 6 6. 1 .4 ! 4.9 July 20 to 26 .3 78. 6 6.3 5.8 6.2 5.8 5.1 5.4 5.1 5.7 5.1 .4 .6 .7 .6 .6 .5 .5 .3 .5 1.9 ! 7.0 1. 7 7. 2 .2 5.5 July 27 to Aug. 2 .3 .3 .3 .3 79.6 78.4 80.6 80.0 4.8 1.7 1.8 2.0 1.9 1.8 2.2 7.2 7.2 5.9 6.7 7.2 7.1 .5.3 Aug. 10 to 16 .7 4.0 a. D Aug. 24 to 30 . 3 . 80. 6 .3 80. 6 .3 80. 8 . 3 82. 2 .5 .7 .4 .9 4.3 Aug. 31 to Sept. 6...- Sept. 7 to 13 4.3 3.5 Sept. 14 to 20 1.7 1 6.5 4.0 Average 80. 2 5.6 .5 1.8 6.9 .6 4.6 Sept. 21 to 30 1 83. 4.7 .5 1. 6 6. 5 .3 3.7 Average 1 83.0 ' 4.7 .5 { 1.6 6.5 1 .3 3 7 Oct. 1 to 7 .6 1.0 2.0 4.0 82. 6 5. 4 82. 3 5. 4 80.7 4.8 .5 1 1.6 ! 6.5 .6 .8 2.2 4.1 3.4 Oct, 8 to 14 .3 .2 .4 1.6 ; 6.5 1.7 j 6.5 1.7 ! 6.8 3.9 Oct. 15 to 21 5.7 Oct. 22 to 28 78.3 5.3 7.4 1 ■ 1 Average 80.9 5.2 .31 1. 6 6. 5 1. 9 1 5. 1 Oct. 29 to Nov. 7 82.0 5.0 .2 1.7 5.8 1.7 4.1 Average. . 82.0 5.0 .2 1. 7 1 5. 8 1.7 4.1 1 . SUBJECT E. C. M. July 6 to 12 82.8 4.5 0.4 1.6 1.9 4 5 5.5 0.5 5.5 July 13 to 19 82. 7 5. 2 1 .4 4 Average 82. 7 4. 8 1 .4 1.8 5.0 .5 47 July 20 to 26 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 84.4 82.6 83.3 84.5 82.4 82.6 83.5 85.0 83.6 4.5 5.3 5.0 4.2 42 4 3 41 4 2 .2 .4 .5 .3 .3 .3 .2 .2 1. 8 5. 1 .1 3.8 July 27 to Aug. 2 1.9 1.8 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.1 5.9 5.8 5.8 6.0 5.9 5.8 6.0 5.8 3.8 3.6 Aug. 10 to 16 .5 3.2 5.0 Aug. 24 to 30 .6 .7 .3 .8 4 7 Aug. 31 to Sept. 6.... Sept. 7 to 13 4 4 2.4 Sept. 14 to 20 4 6 .2 3.7 Average 83.5 45 .3 1.9 5.8 .5 3.8 INFLUENCE OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON NUTRITION AND HEALTH. 65 Date. |.I.-M to SO. , Averas*' - t. 1 to 7. . . I. S to 14. . t 15 to 21. t. 22 to 28. .\verage . . . Oct. 29 to Nov. 7. .Vverage. . . Daily average distribution of nitrogen — Continued. [rercentages of total nitrogen.] SUBJKCT K. r. M.— {'ontinued. Daily dose benzoate. Grams. .6 1.0 2.0 4.0 Urea- nitrogen. Am- monia- nitrogen. 83.8 4.5 Purine- nitrogen. 0.3 83.8 4.5 Uric acid- nitrogen. Creat- | Hippuric inine- i acid- nitrogen. I nitrogen. 1.9 1 9 82.3 81.7 80.6 79.4 5.3 5.2 5.0 5.3 81.0 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.0 6.3 6.5 6.2 6.2 2.0 i 6.3 82.8 6.0 2.1 Unde- termined nitrogen. .5 .9 1.6 3.9 1.5 3.0 3.0 3.7 4.1 6.2 7.0 5.2 SUBJECT W. C. R. July 6 to 12 8.3.3 82.4 5.0 5.4 0.8 .6 1.5 1.6 4.6 5.3 0.5 4 7 July 13 to 19 4.7 Average 82. 8 .5.2 .7 1.6 5.0 .5 4.7 July 20 to 26 July 27 to .\ug. 2 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 82.5 83.6 82.8 84.8 83.4 85.7 84.6 85.4 85.0 5.5 4.5 4.2 3.9 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.6 4 1 .5 .5 . 7 .5 .6 .4 .5 .4 .4 1.7 2.1 2.0 1.8 2.0 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.7 5.5 6.5 6.0 5.7 6.3 5.5 6.2 6.1 5.6 .3 5.7 2.8 Aug. 3 to 9 4.2 Aug. 10 to 16. ... .6 3 3 Aug. 17 to 23 4.2 Aug. 24 to 30 .6 1.0 .6 1.0 2.9 Aug. 31 to Sept. 6 Sept. 7 to 13 3.0 2.5 Sept. 14 to 20 3.0 .\verage 84.2 4.0 . 5 l.s .5.9 .7 3.5 Sept. 21 to 30 So. 1 4.0 .5 1.7 5.8 . o 2.9 .\verage So. 1 4.0 . h 1.7 5.8 .5 2.9 Oct. 1 to 7 . . . .6 1.0 2.0 4.0 84.6 84.0 82.0 81.0 4.4 4.3 4.5 4.4 .4 .4 .3 .3 1.7 1.6 1.9 1.7 5.6 5.8 6.2 5.4 .3 .9 2.2 41 3.1 Oct. 8 to 14 3.7 Oct. 15 to 21 5.1 Oct. 22 to28. . . 6.2 Average 83.0 4.4 .3 1.7 5.7 1.9 4.5 Oct. 29 to Nov. 7 83. 6 4.3 .1 1.8 5.5 1.4 4.6 Average 83.0 4.3 .1 1.8 5.5 1.4 4.6 Careful scrutiny of the figures for the percentages of ammonia- nitrogen, purine-nitrogen, uric acid-nitrogen, and creatinine-nitrogen shows no marked variation during the difTerent periods of the experi- ment. Shght fluctuations do appear here and there, but they are not sufficiently marked or regular to have any special importance. There is, possibly in the case of L. M. L. and W. W. H., a tendency for the percentage of creatinine-nitrogen to increase somewhat during the later stages of the expeiiment. This increase, however, is not large and can not have, it is thought, any particular significance. 70111— No. 8.S— 09 5 66 SODIUM BEIs ZOATE A^'D THE HEALTU OE MAN. EFFECT ON TOTAL SULPHUR. The daily excretion of sulphur through the urine is recorded in the tables giving the daily record of the individual subjects. Here, how- ever, we have arranged, in tabular form, the daily average output of total sulphur for the various subjects during the seventeen periods of the experiment, with the grand averages for the fore period, benzoate periods, etc. As is well known, there is ordinarily a certain definite relationsliip between the extent of protein metabolism and the output of sulphur, since considerable of the sulphur of the excretion comes from the breaking down of protein. In view of these facts, therefore, we should expect during the fore period, in harmony with the larger intake of protein food and the corresponding increase in protein metab- ohsm, a larger output of total sulphur than in the subsequent periods. This is what the figures in the appended table show in practically all of the subjects. During the first benzoate period the average daily output of total sulphur for J. F. L., for example, was 0.702 gram. During the first after period the average daily output was 0.712 gram; during the second benzoate period 0.689 gram; and in the final after period 0.691 gram. As is seen, these figures, which are more or less generally dupHcated in the other subjects, show very little difference. There is perhaps a sHght tendency for the sulphur output to diminish somewhat during the benzoate periods. The differences, however, are so small as to have little significance. So far as total sulphur is con- cerned, therefore, we are not disposed to ascribe any noticeable effect on the part of sodium benzoate. Date. Daily dose of benzoate. Average amount of total sulphur per day. H.H. G W. W. H. L.M.L. 1 J. F. L. E.C.M. 1 W.C. R. July 6tol2 July 13 to 19 Grams. Gram. 0.927 .761 Gram. 0.882 .779 Gram. 0.864 .799 Gram. 0.800 .734 Gram. 0.908 .783 Gram. 0.7(i8 .058 Average .844 i .830 .831 .767 .845 .713 July 20 to 20 July 27 to Aug. 2.... Aug. 3 to 9 .3 .728 .3 .739 .3 .635 .790 .726 .736 .722 .646 .605 .642 .584 .636 .894 .752 .737 .697 .609 .645 .590 .614 .649 .750 .730 .735 .736 .681 .728 .650 .613 .698 .876 .735 .770 .777 .745 .710 .668 .673 .684 .684 .589 .637 Aug. 10 to 16 Aug. 17 to 23 Aug. 24 to 30 Aug. 31 to Sept. li... Sept. 7 to 13 Sept. 14 to 20 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .678 .639 .606 .555 .571 .588 .609 .618 .634 .555 .567 .585 - .638 .676 .687 .702 .737 .608 Sept. 21 to 30 1 .587 .587 1 .650 .712 .702 .606 Average .587 .587 1 .650 .712 .702 .606 Oct. 1 to 7 .6 1 .560 .601 .598 .654 .631 .654 .661 .680 .633 .681 .701 .702 .672 .632 .634 .647 .634 .649 Oct. 8 to 14 1.0 2.0 4.0 .571 .599 .614 .595 Oct. 15 to 21 Oct. 22 to 28 .589 .630 Average .586 .621 .656 .689 .636 .616 Oct. 29 to Nov. 7.... 1 .653 .635 .716 .691 .704 .654 Average .653 S .635 1 .716 .691 .704 .654 l^■FLL'E^'L•l: Ol' sodium liE^'ZUAiJ■; OM JSUTlllilUIs AMD ilKALTil. C7 EFFECT ON INORGANIC SULPHUR. Witli this form of siilpliiir the liguros for tlio aveiajj;e daily outj)Ut (lurinji; the diirercnt periods of the ex})erimcnt are in close conformity with the general conclusions regarding the total sulphur. During the fore j;eriod when the food intake was relatively large, the amount of inorganic sulphur excreted per day was correspondingly liigh. The daily averages, however, for the first benzoate period, the first after periotl, the second l)enzoatcperioil, and the final after period show veiy little dilference. We must conclude, therefore, that sodium henzoate is without influence on the output of inorganic sulphur through the urine. Date. Daily dose of Ijenzoate. Average am6 .087 .085 .054 .075 .090 .085 .092 081 Oct. 8 to 14 Oct. 15 to 21 Oct. 22 to 28 .102 .096 Average .080 .063 .076 .077 076 1 092 Oct. 29 to Nov. 7... .082 .068 .103 .080 .107 .101 .\verage.. . .082 .068 -in.'? .086 .107 ' ini EFFECT ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF SULPHTJH. Having presented the data bearing upon the output of the different forms of sulphur through the urine in grams per day, we may next consider how far sodium benzoate tends to disturb the average dis- tribution of the sulphur, i. e., how far the percentages of the different forms of sulphur calculated on the total sulphur are changed. In the tables showing the daily distribution of nitrogen and sulphur in the urine will be found the daily percentages of the different forms of sulphur for each intUvidual. For convenience, we append here tables for each subject giving the daily average distribution of sulphur for the different periods, together -with the grand averages for the so-called normal periods and the two benzoate periods. Compari- son of the grand averages shows, first, that the daily percentage of inorganic sulphur during the first benzoate period is somewhat less in every individual than during the fore period. Further, during the first after period the percentage of inorganic sulphur in every instance rises somewhat, approximating to the daily average output during the fore period. During the second benzoate period, however, when the larger doses of benzoate were given, the average daily output of inorganic sulphur remains substantially stationary, in some indi- viduals falling slightly, in others rising slightly. In the final after period, the inorganic sulphur tends to fall off as compared with the average daily excretion during the preceding benzoate period. The only exception to this rule is in the case of H. H. G. As there is a 70 SODIUM BENZOATE AND TJIE HEALTH OE MAX. lack of any conformity in these fluctuations, however, we are not disposed to consider them as having any special meaning. Regarding the percentage tlistribution of ethereal sulphur, com- parison of the grand averages for the different periods shows, in most cases, a fairly close agreement. Thus, with the subject L. M. L. the average daily output of ethereal sulphur for the fore period was 6.4; for the first benzoate period, 6.2; for the first after period, 6.9; for the second benzoate period, 7.5; for the final after period, 7.5. These differences are more or less typical of what is to be seen in connection vnth. the other subjects of the experiment. In one or two cases the variations are somewhat more noticeable, but there is no such degree of uniformity as would imply any definite or specific action on the part of the benzoate. Regarding the percentage distribution of neutral sulphur, the results point to the same general conclusion. During the first ben- zoate period there is a tendency for the neutral sulphur to be increased as compared with the average daily proportion during the fore period. During the second benzoate period, however, with the larger dosage, the percentage of neutral sulphur is either unaltered, as compared \nth the first after period, or is diminished somewhat. In one instance there is a slight increase. The figures taken together, however, fail to show any action that is at all specific or peculiar. Daily average distribution of sulphur. [ Percentages of total sulphur.] SUBJECT. H.H. 0. Date. Daily dose of benzoate. Inorganic sulphur. Ethereal sulphur. Neutral sulphur. July 6 to 12 Grams. 83.8 74.6 4.4 6.7 11.3 July 13 to 19 . 18.7 Average 79.2 5.5 15.0 July 20 to 26 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 75.7 72.4 72.1 72.6 72.6 75.1 76.1 76.4 75.9 7.0 7.5 7.5 7.2 8.1 8.1 8.0 9.7 8.2 17.1 July 27 to August 2 19.9 August 3 to 9 . . . . 20.4 August 10 to 16 20.2 August 17 to 23 19.2 August 24 to 30 . . . . 16.6 August 31 to September 6 15.5 September 7 to 13 13.7 September 14 to 20 14.7 Average 74.3 7.9 17.5 September 21 to 30 78.2 8.1 13.6 Average 78.2 8.1 13.6 October 1 to 7 .6 1.0 2.0 4.0 80.3 79.7 76.7 72.1 8.5 8.0 8.2 8.1 10.9 October 8 to 14 12.2 October 15 to 21 15.1 October 22 to 28 16.1 Average. . ... 77.1 8.2 13.6 October 29 to November 7 79.0 8.4 12.5 Average .:.... 79.0 8.4 12.5 INFLUENCE OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON NUTRITION AND HEALTH. 71 Daily average dislribution of sulphur — Continued. [ Percentages u( toUii sulphur.] SUBJECT W. W. II. July tj to 12... July 13 to 19.. Average. Julv20 to2ti July 27 to .\ug. 2.. Aug. 3 to 9 Aug. 10 to 16 Aug. 17 to 23 Aug. 24 to 30 .\ug. 31 to Sept. 0. Sept. 7 to 13 Sept. 14 to 20 Average . Sept. 21 to 30.. Average. Oct. 1 to 7... Oct. 8 to 14.. Oct. 15 to 21. Oct. 22 to 28. Average. . . Ocl. 29 to Nov. 7. Average . . . Date. Daily dose ofbenzoate. Orams. Inorganic sulphur. 85.3 80.7 .6 I 1.0 2.0 ; 4.0 , 83.0 76.8 74.1 73.6 76.0 73.1 78.2 81.7 82.0 81.0 Ethereal sulphur. 77.4 82.1 82.1 82.9 84.2 82.9 81.0 82. 81.7 6.4 7.1 5.3 5.6 6.3 7.0 8.3 7.9 6.0 7.6 7.0 6.8 7.3 7.4 7.1 5.9 7.4 Neutral sulphur. '8.2 12.2 10.2 17.8 17.4 20.0 17.0 18.4 13.8 12.1 10.2 11.9 15.4 10.1 10.1 9.4 8.6 11.1 11.5 10.2 10.5 10.5 SUBJECT L. M. L. July 6 to 12... July 13 to 19.. Average. July 20 to 26 July 27 to Aug. 2.. .\ug. 3 to 9 .\ug. 10 to 16 Aug. 17 to 23 Aug. 24 to 30 .\ug. 31 to Sept. 6. Sept. 7 to 13 Sept. 14 to 20 Average . Sept. 21 to 30.. Average . Oct. 1 to7... Oct. 8 to 14.. Oct. 15 to 21. Oct. 22 to 28. Average... Oct. 29 to Nov. 7. Average . . . 1.0 2.0 4.0 85.3 79.0 2.1 78.2 76.1 71.8 73.1 71.7 76.0 78.8 81.5 81.1 76.5 81.3 81.3 83.2 78.7 78.4 78.0 78.0 6.1 6.8 4.9 5.3 6.3 6.1 6.4 7.4 6.1 6.6 7.1 6.9 8.1 7.4 6.6 7.9 7.5 8.6 14.2 11.4 !6.8 18.6 21.8 20.8 21.5 16.6 15.1 11.9 11.8 17.2 11.6 11.6 8.8 9.7 14.5 13.6 11.6 14.4 14.4 SUBJECT J. F. L. July 6 to 12.. July 13 to 19. Average . 84.4 74.0 9.0 18.2 72 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. Daily average distribution of sulphur — Continued. [ Percentages of total sulphur.] SUBJECT J. F. L.— Continued. Date. Daily dose ofbenaoate. Inorganic sulphur. Ethereal sulphur. Neutral sulphur. July 20 to 26 Grams. 0.3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 :i 73.8 72.4 73.4 72.2 76.4 77.1 80.8 81.6 82.3 7.4 7.5 6.8 9.1 7.6 7.0 6.3 7.7 6.3 18.8 July 27 to Aug. 2 20.1 Aug. 3 to 9 19.8 Aug. 10 to 16 18.7 Aug. 17 to 23 15.8 Aug. 24 to 30 15.1 Aug. 31 to Sept. 12.7 Sept. 7 to 13 10.4 Sept. 14 to 20 11.4 76.7 7.3 15.8 Sept. 21 to 30 80.5 7.3 12.2 Average 80.5 7.3 12.2 Oct. 1 to 7 .6 1.0 2.0 4.0 81.7 84.3 82.1 81.3 7.9 6.2 5.5 6.2 10.4 Oct. 8 to 14 9.4 Oct. 15 to 21 12.3 Oct. 22 to 28 12.5 Average 82.3 6.4 11.1 Oct. 29 to Nov. 7 79.8 7.6 12.4 Average . 79.8 7.6 12.4 SUBJECT E. C. M. July 6 to 12 83.9 76.1 8.1 6.7 9.6 July 13 to 19 17.2 80.0 7.4 13.4 July 20 to 26 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 76.2 73.0 73.2 73.0 73.6 74.8 78.2 75.3 79.6 5.8 6.8 6.1 6.8 5.3 6.0 5.4 6.1 6.0 18.0 July 27 to Aug. 2 20.2 Aug. 3 to 9. 20.7 Aug. 10 to 16 20.1 Aug. 17 to 23 21.1 Aug. 24 to 30 19.2 Aug. 31 to Sept. 6 ... 16.4 Sept. 7 to 13 14.6 Sept. 14 to 20 14.4 75.2 6.0 18.3 Sept. 21 to 30 80.4 5.5 14.0 Average . . 80.4 5.5 14.0 Oct. 1 to 7 .6 1.0 2.0 4.0 85.5 82.1 80.7 80.7 6.0 5.8 5.2 5.6 8.5 Oct. 8 to 14 11.9 Oct. 15 to 21 13.9 Oct. 22 to 28 13.6 Average 82.2 5.6 11.9 Oct. 29 to Nov. 7 78.5 6.4 15.1 Average 78.5 6.4 15.1 SUBJECT W. C. R. July 6 to 12 July 13 to 19... Average . July 20 to 26 July 27 to Aug. 2. Aug. 3 to 9 Aug. 10 to 16 78.9 74.4 76.6 71.6 67.1 66.7 70.5 5.5 6.0 5.8 6.2 5.9 5.9 6.4 l^:FLUE^■cI: of somuivi liEivZuATE ok nutkixiois a^d health, Daily nurmit' distrilndion of sulphur- Cu\\\'\\\{\vi\. [ I'eroentagcs of total sulphur.] SUBJECT W. C. U.-Contlnued. Date. Dally dose, of benzoate. Inorganic sulphur. Ethereal sulphur. Neutral sulphur. ( ifi. 17 to 2'A Grams. 0.3 .3 .3 .3 .3 70.3 75.4 7.5.6 76.7 80.4 6.9 5.2 6.5 6.8 6.3 22.7 19 4 Ocl. 24 to 30 .•VUR. 31 to Sept. 6 17 8 Sopt. 7 to 13 16 2 Sept. 14 to 20 13 1 Average 72.7 6.2 20 9 .•AI K ON XITTRITION AM) lllvM.ril hi l)ati>. Daily doso of bcuzouto. \verago tola iioiilily iMT h. M. L. lay ill terms of oxalic acid. 11. II. G. W. W. H. Orams. 2.13 1.84 J. F. L. E. C. M. Orams. 2.43 1.82 w. c. u. Jiilv 6 to 12 Orams. Grams. 1.99 1.41 Orams. 2.43 2.11 Orams. 1.75 1.39 OramJi. 1.52 .July 13 to 19 1.42 1.70 1.98 2.27 1.67 2.12 1.47 .Iulv20to26 July 27 to Aug. 2... Vug. 3 to 9 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 1.65 1.29 1.24 1.50 1.31 1.36 1.36 1.35 1.45 1.72 1.59 1.22 1.57 1.32 1.33 1.20 1.36 1.29 2.58 1.75 1.62 1.74 1.49 1.63 1.37 1.58 1.60 1.74 1.48 1.48 L.'JO 1.30 1.47 1.19 1.40 1.44 2.39 1.93 l.T'.l 1.86 1.71 1.09 1.60 1.68 1.75 1.45 1.17 1.18 Aug. 10 to 16 .Vug. 17to23 Aug. 24 to 30 Aug. 31 to Sept. 6... Sept. 7 to 13 Sept. 14 to 20 1.30 1.-28 1.37 1.12 1.34 1.44 -Vverage 1.39 1.40 1.70 1.44 1.82 1.29 Sept. 21 to 30 1.31 1.15 1.57 1.30 1.70 1.24 Average 1.31 1.15 1.57 1.30 1.70 1.24 Oct. 1 to 7 .6 1.0 2.0 4.0 1.38 1.35 1.21 1.31 1.32 1.43 1.26 1.42 1.63 1.62 1.51 1.55 l.,50 1.56 1.33 1.38 1.76 1.78 1.65 1.68 1. 45 Oct. 8 to 14 1.30 Oct. 15 to 21 Oct. 22 to 28 1.33 1.46 Average . . 1.31 1.36 1.58 1.44 1.72 1.38 Oct. 29 to Nov. 7... 1.68 1.72 1.90 1.62 2.01 1.73 Average : 1.68 1.72 1.90 1.62 2.01 1.73 EFFECT ON PHENOL AND AROMATIC OXY-ACIDS OF THE URINE. For the detection of these substances the following method was pursued: Three hundred cubic centimeters of urine (day's urine diluted to 1800 c. c.) were acidified with 5 c. c. of dilute sulphuric acid (1:4) and subjected to steam distillation until 150 c. c. of dis- tillate were obtained. In the heating with acid the combined phenol in the urine is broken up and the phenol allowed to pass over in the distillate. The distillate was tested for phenol with Millon's reagent and the results studied in a comparative way. There were no appre- ciable differences. The distillation was then resumed and allowed to continue until 300 to 350 c. c. of hquid had been driven over. At this stage it was soon found that very little, if any, phenol remained in the dis- tillation flask. The contents of the flask were then thoroughly shaken \\'ith 150 c. c. of ether for the removal of the aromatic oxy- acids. After evaporation of the ether the residue was extracted with 50 c. c. of boiling water, and the aqueous solution treated with Millon's reagent. A light rose to deep red color was taken as an indi- cation of the presence of aromatic oxy-acids. The reactions were again studied as to their comparative intensities, and are indicated as 0, mild, moderate and strong. As will be seen from the table, the results of the first three or four examinations for oxy-acids were negative. After that a slight or 70111— No. ss— 09 (j 82 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. moderate reaction was obtained until toward the end of the experi- ment, when the amounts of aromatic oxy-acids were considerably increased. The strong reactions were given soon after the close of the liigh benzoate period: and for six weeks these larger amounts were but slightl,y, if at all, reduced. Phenol in the urine. |S indicates slight, M moderate, and St strong reactions.] Subject. Nonben- zoate period. First benzoate period. Non- Ijenzo- ate period. High benzoate period. Nonbenzoate period. July. July. August. Sept. Sept. October. November. 8. 19. 27. 12. i 28. 10. 17. 24. 8. 15. 22. 28. 2. 6. 7. H. H. G. S S s s s s s s s s s 1 s s s s S S s s s s s s s s s S S S S ? ? S S s s s M s s S S S S f 8 1 S s S St S S S S 8 8 8 8 8 8 M M 8 8 H 8 8 M W. W. II 8 S L.M.L J. F. L E.C.M W.C. R M S S S S S 8 S Aromatic oxy-acids in the urine. [S indicates slight, M moderate, and St strong reactions.] Nonben- zoate period. First benzoate 1 1 Non- 1 [ ben- 1 High benzoate. i Nonbenzoate Subject. period zoate period. period. period. July. July. August. Sept. Sept. October. November. Dec. 8. 19. 27. 12. 28. 10. 17. 24. 8. 15. 22. 28. 2. 6. 7. 17. 24. 1. H. H. G... S s M S M i M M M M M St s 8 W. W. H.. ? s S S 1 M M M M S M St M L.M.L.... ? s s s M s : M M M M M M St St 8 J. F. L 6 s S S ' S M M M M S St St St E.C.M.... ? s s s S i S S M M M M M St St W.C. R... s s s S 1 M M 1 1 M M M M S St St s Whether the presence of the aromatic ox3'-acids in the urines is due to the benzoate administered is extremely questionable. A number of normal urines which were tested in the same manner gave widely different results. In some no reaction whatever could be obtained, while others gave a mild or even moderately strong reaction. The persistence of the aromatic oxy-acids long after the close of the last benzoate period may possibly be due to causes other than the benzoate; or, if the benzoate does play some part, it may be explained (m the hypothesis that after ingestion of the larger and repeated doses of sochum benzoate the latter is not eliminated at once, but is stored up in the body and gradually eliminated, partly as oxy-benzoic acid (an aromatic oxy-acid). This view, however, appears to us improbable. Further observations are being made in order to arrive at a more definite conclusion regarding these aromatic ! NFLUENC'E OF SODIUM BKNZOATK ON NUTHITION AND IIKAT.TII. SM oxy-jU'i(ls. Finally, it should 1)0 oinphasized that these acids ((cciir in exceecUn*];!}- small quantities, so that tiieir presence, wliile interesting, presumahly lias no hearinij; upon the problem under consideration. EFFECT ON THE HIPPURIC ACID OF THE URINE. As stateil in another connection, benzoic acid, benzoates, and ben- zoyl-containing radicals taken into the alimentary tract appear in the urine as hi]>puiic acid. If the amount of })enzoic acid introduced is huge — more than sufficient to combine with the glycocoll present in the system to form hippuric acid—then other combinations are possible, such as benzoyl-glycuronic acid, which appears in the urine. It is rare to find benzoic acid itself uncombined or a salt of benzoic acid in the urine. In no one of our subjects was any trace of benzoic acid or benzoate found in the urine. Benzo^i-glycuronic acid is charac- terized by a strong reducing power. Examination of the daily urines of all the su1)jects, especially "during the high benzoate period, failed to show any reducing ])ower. Consequently, benzoyl-glycuronic acid could not have been present; certainly not to any extent. In other words, even with the larger doses of sodium benzoate, the benzoic acid given the subjects was eliminated, in large measure at least, through the urine as hippuric acid. The normal urine of man practicall}' always contams a certain amount of hippuric acid. This is due, in large measure at leasts to the presence of benzoic acid or benzoyl-containing radicals in the food. Certam articles of food, such as various berries, plums and i)runes, are relatively rich in benzoyl-containing radicals. It is therefore easy to arrange a diet in which considerable benzoic acid or benzoyl-con- taining groups may be introduced with the food. On July 7 and 8, and again on Jul}" 22 and 23, all of the subjects were given a diet in which, so far as it was possible, benzoyl-containing substances were reduced to a minimum. Then, on July 9 and 10, the daily diet of each subject was especially constructed so as to contain considerable benzoic acid or benzoyl radicals by addition of rasp- berries, currants, and huckleberries. A table is appended showing the amount of benzoic acid (present as hippuric acid) in the urine of the individual subjects on certain dates designated. Likewise is sho\sni the amount of benzoic acid added to the food when sodium benzoate was administered. Attention is called, first, to the amount of benzoic acid obtained as hippuric acid througli the urine on July 7 and 8, when the diet was freed as far as possible from benzoj'l-containing articles. It will be noticed that on these two days the amount of benzoic acid per day, contained in the urine of the individual subjects as hippuric acid, varied fi'om 0.058 gram to 0.303 gram. This means that under ordi- nary conditions of diet where fruits are eliminated there is a sufficient 84 SODIUM BENZOATE AIsU THE HEALTH UE MAiS. amount of henzoyl-coiitaiuin"; ladicals in the food to give rise to an amount of lii})puri« acid equal to a maximum of 0.3 gram of heu- zoic acid per day. On July 9 and 10, howevei', when liuckleben-ies, raspberries, and currants were added to th<> daily diet, the amount of benzoic acid obtained from the urine as hi])puric acid rose to a max- imum of 1.154 grams, with a minimum of 0.3o6 gram. In the ma- jority of the subjects, however, the amount of benzoic acid in the urine each day as hippuric acid was between 0.8 and 0.9 gram. On July 22 and 23, as stated, the daily diet was as free from benzoyl-containing compounds as it was possible to arrange it, but on these days 0.252 gram of benzoic acid was given as sodium ben- zoate. Study of the figures in the tables for benzoic acid ol)tained from the urine as hippuric acid shows that with the above dosage the output of l)enzoic acid in the urine per daj' for all six subjects was veiy much below the amount of l)enzoic acid obtained from the urine on July 9 and 10, when no sodium benzoate was administered, but with huckleberries, raspberries, and currants added to the diet. In fact, all through the first benzoate period when the amount of benzoic acid taken daily ecjualed 0.252 gram, the benzoic acid in the urine as hippuric acid never ec|ualed the maximum figure obtained from the subjects when no benzoate was given, on a diet reinforced l)y huckle- berries, currants, and raspberries. Reference to the food charts for July 9 and 10 shows that the quantity of these berries taken was not large, 155 grams of fresh huckleberries being perhaps the maximum per day. The inference, therefore, is that the amount of benzoyl- containing radicals naturally present in the food on July 9 and 10 was much larger than the amount of benzoic acid introduced with a daily dosage of 0.3 gram of sodium benzoate. Study of the data in the appended table obtained during the second benzoate period when the dosage was still larger shows an output of benzoic acid as hippuric acid, more or less comparable to the amount of benzoic acid ingested. Thus, in the week of October 15 to 21 the daily intake of benzoic acid was 1.680 grams. The average dail}' output of benzoic acid as hippuric acid varied with the different sub- jects from 1.212 grams to 1.657 grams. Or taking the entire higher benzoate period of one month, when the average daily intake of ben- zoic acid was 1.596 grams, the average daily output of benzoic acid as hippuric acid for the different individuals ranged from 1.102 grams to 1.559 grams. Finally, attention should be called to the fact that from October 29 to November 7, when sodium benzoate was no longer taken, the average daily output of benzoic acid in the form of hippuric acid varied in the different subjects from 1.251 grams to 1.700 grams, thus showing that the aromatic group introduced in the way indicated is somewhat slow in leaving the system. 1M'LUE^;CE Ul" 5>UD! L-M Uli^ZOATE U^' ^■ UTKH iu.N A.ND liLALTU. So Dal... Benzoic acid given its soilium licnzoate |)t»r day. licnzoic lU'id obtained Iroiii ur n<> tus liipp iric acid per day. H. H. G. W. W. H. Gram.i. 0. 134 . 065 .858 .797 L. M. L. Grams. 0.162 .076 .674 .851 J. F. L. E. C. M. W. C. K. July 7 Grama. Grams. 0.141 .142 1.154 .784 Grams. 0.248 .142 .356 .942 Grams. 0.303 .086 .933 .979 Grams. 0.174 July 8 .058 July 9 .748 July 10 .911 .•Vveragp .555 .463 .440 .422 .575 .473 July 22 .252 .252 .233 .261 .205 .153 .239 .167 .300 .173 .118 .190 .178 Julv 23 .253 AyrraKi' .252 .247 .179 .203 .236 .154 .216 AUf.'. 10 Ant:. 11 .252 .252 .147 .298 ..554 .475 .597 .568 .619 .()58 .545 Lost. .616 .418 .Vvcraj;!' .252 .223 .514 .582 .638 .545 .517 .252 .2,-)2 .252 .252 .084 .420 .680 ..582 .057 . 265 .692 ..542 .169 ..594 .796 .428 .079 .692 .876 .460 .442 .671 .946 ..364 .118 .Vug. 25 .483 .821 -Vug. 27 .543 Ayeragp .252 .441 .389 .497 .526 .606 .491 -Vug. 31 to Sept. 3 . . Sept. 7 to 13 Sept. 14 to 20 .252 .252 .252 .410 .295 .626 ..596 .324 .284 .451 .311 .880 .560 .328 .822 .617 .320 .749 .309 .481 .806 Average .252 .443 .401 ..547 .570 .562 .532 Sept. 21 to .10 .447 .294 .334 .:i34 .472 .404 .\ verage . . .447 .294 .334 .334 .472 .404 Oct. 1 to 7 Oct. 8 to 14 .504 .840 1.680 3.360 . 550 .566 1.486 2.108 .422 ..^>S1 1. 355 2.051 .618 .841 1.467 3.312 .619 .739 1.212 3.409 .431 .608 1.330 .3. 137 .284 .701 Oct. 15 to 21 Oct. 22 to 28 1.657 3.293 Average. . .... 1.596 1.177 1.102 1.559 1.494 1.376 1.484 Oct. 29 to Nov. 7 1.470 1.700 1.730 1.518 1.346 1.251 \ verage . . 1.470 ' 1.700 1.730 1.518 1.346 1.251 EFFECT ON THE NITROGEN BALANCE. As will be seen from examination of the tables showing the daily intake of nitrogen and the daily composition of the urine and feces, a nitrogen l)alance was struck at given periods, of seven or ten days, with all of the subjects. In the following tables the record of mtro- gen ])alances for each individual is shown, gi^^ng the daily average intake of nitrogen in the food with the output of nitrogen through the urine and feces for the seventeen periods of the experiment, ex- pressed in grams per day, together with the average nitrogen balance, likewise expressed in grams per day. Examination of the results shows that on two occasions a minus nitrogen balance was obtained. The first case, that of AV. W. 11., occurred during the period of August 3 to August 9. This minus balance, averaging one gram per day, was due in large measure, without question, to the small intake of food incidental to an attack of corA-za, which is mentioned under the head of "Chnical observa- 86 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN, tioiis." The only other minus balance during the length of the ex- periment was in the case of W. C. R. in the latter part of the* fore period, July 13 to 19, when the average daily nitrogen balance wa^ — 0.01 gram. In this case, as the figures indicate, the subject wa> practically in nitrogen e([uilibrium. Aside from these two cases all the subjects showed a plus nitrogen balance throughout the exi)eri- ment. Critical survey of the data presented in the tables makc- it quite clear that during the i)eriods when the sodium benzoate wa> taken, whether the doses were small or large, there was no markcil change in the nitrogen balance. The daily average balance shows, it is true, some fluctuations, as might well be expected, but it is perfectly evident from the results that sodium benzoate does not have any specific effect upon the nitro- gen metabolism of the ])ody. If in some instances the plus balance seems smaller in those periods when benzoate was taken, it will be found on looking at the nitrogen intake for that period that in most cases the amount of nitrogen ingested was below that of the periods where the plus nitrogen balance was larger. In other w^ords, the size of this plus nitrogen balance is governed mainly byHhe volume of nitrogenous or protein food ingested, and there is no influence appar- ent on the part of sodium benzoate in modif^ang the amount of this balance. Taking into consideration all the data })resented in connection with the urine, having in mind the quantitative changes of the diiFer- ent nitrogenous constituents, as well as the data covering the nitro- gen intake and nitrogen output, it seems perfectly manifest that sodium benzoate in the doses taken by our subjects does not exert any appreciable influence upon those processes of nutrition wliich are ordinaril}^ included under the term protein or nitrogen metabolism. Nitrogen balance, daily average. SUBJECT H. H. G. Date. July ti to 12 July 13 to 19 July 20 to 26 July 27 to August 2 August 3 to 9. August 10 to l(i August 17 to 23 August 24 to 30 August 31 to September G. September 7 to 13 September 14 to 20 September 21 to 30 October 1 to 7 October 8 to 14 October 1.5 to 21 October 22 to 28 October 29 to November 7. Daily Nitrogen Nitrogen benzoate. in food. m urme. Grams. Grams. Grams. 15.28 12.59 12.29 10.08 .30 12.98 9.85 .30 11. 76 9.49 .30 11.88 8.27 .30 12.00 8.83 .30 10.58 8.56 .30 10.87 8.10 .30 11.43 7.99 .30 11.72 8.42 .30 11.59 8.64 11.14 8.53 .60 10.64 8. .54 1.00 11.96 8.44 2.00 10.57 8.74 4.00 11. W) 8.87 11.82 9.27 Nitroeen "^''^™?''° . ' f„i^„ " m urine '" ^^^^- and feces. Grams. 1.65 1.48 1.68 1.11 1.36 1.21 1.46 1.19 1.38 1.42 1.64 1.08 1.33 1.28 1.00 .92 1.06 Grams. 14.24 11.56 11.53 10.60 9.63 10.04 10.02 9.29 9.37 9.84 10.28 9.61 9.87 9.72 9.74 9.79 10.33 Nitrogen balance. l.Nl'LUE^vCE 01' sODlUM BEiS'ZUATE O^' ^^UTKlTlU^' A^'D iiLALTli. 87 Nitrogen balance, daily average — Continued. SUBJECT W. W. H. Date. July to 12 July 13 to 19 July 20 to 20 July 27 to .\ugust 2 Au.i;ust 3 to 9 , August 10 to Iti August 17 to 23 August 24 to 30 August 31 to September 0. Sepleinl)er 7 to 13 September 14 to 20 Septemljer 21 to 30 October 1 to 7 Octobers to 14 October 15 to 21 October 22 to 28 October 29 to November 7 cl^^'of I Nitrogen 'Nitrogen l^^nfoaL.i in food. I in urine. Orams. .30 .30 .30 .30 .30 .30 .30 .30 .30 .60 1.00 2.00 4.00 Orams. 14.32 12.68 12.98 11.99 9.26 12.05 10.79 11.54 11.32 11.91 11.86 11.31 11.88 12.06 12.26 11.58 11.41 Orams. 12. 57 11.06 10.14 9.16 9.27 9.(8 8.22 7.76 7.74 7.88 9.24 8.35 8.65 8.39 9.03 8.91 Nitrogen jNitroge.,;^..^^^^,^,, '°f^««- and fe^. l>^'^c«- Orams. 1.35 1.50 1.48 1.12 .99 1.01 1.17 1.38 1.33 1.08 1.23 .94 1.11 1.24 1.08 1.10 1.06 Orams. 13.92 12.56 11.62 10.28 10.26 10.69 9.39 9.14 9.07 8.96 10.47 9.29 9.76 9.63 10.11 10.01 9.94 Orams. +0. 40 + .12 +1.36 +1.71 — l.OO + 1.36 + 1.40 +2.40 +2. 25 +2.95 + 1.39 +2. 02 +2.12 +2. 43 +2. 15 + 1.57 + 1.47 SUBJECT L. M. L. July 6 to 12 July 13 to 19 July 20 to 26 , July 27 to August 2 Augusts to 9 August 10 to 16 , August 17 to 23 August 24 to 30 August 31 to September 6. September 7 to 13 , September 14 to 20 September 21 to 30 October 1 to 7 Octobers to 14 , October 15 to 21 , October 22 to '28 , October 29 to November 7 15.62 ; 14.94 .30 14. 76 .30 12.45 .30 12.71 .30 11.81 ! .30 11.40 .30 12.33 .30 12.19 .30 13.14 .30 13.14 12.39 .60 13.00 ; 1.00 13. 32 2.00 12.84 4.00 11.69 13.23 12.11 11.27 11.74 9.74 9.53 9.22 8.18 9.03 8.58 9.32 9.89 9.43 9.75 9.66 9.21 9.08 9.85 2.13 1.74 1.88 1.55 1.55 1.38 1.65 1.60 1.49 1.50 1.40 1.34 1.53 1.68 1.38 1.32 1.36 14.24 13.01 13.62 11.29 11.08 10.60 9.83 10.63 10.07 10.82 11.29 10.77 11.28 11.34 10.59 10.40 11.21 +1.38 + 1.93 + 1.14 + 1.16 +1.63 + 1.21 + 1.57 + 1.70 +2. 12 +2.32 + 1.85 + 1.62 + 1.72 + 1.98 +2.25 + 1.29 +2.02 SUBJECT J. F. L. July 6 to 12 July 13 to 19 July 20 to 26 July 27 to August 2 August 3 to 9 August 10 to 16 August 17 to 23 , August 24 to 30 August 31 to September 6. September 7 to 13 September 14 to 20 , September 21 to 30 October 1 to 7 Octobers to 14 October 15 to 21 Optol)er 22 to 28 Octol)er 29 to Novemljer 7 14. 37 13. 05 14.58 12.89 14.12 12.40 12. 32 12.94 12.62 13.10 13. 15 12.63 12. 66 11.93 11.83 11.29 13.08 10. .39 9.49 9.12 8.86 8.95 9.13 8.78 9.43 8.81 9.06 10.00 10.01 10.19 10.19 9.92 9.49 9.38 1.98 1.67 1.79 1.49 1.62 1.45 1.71 1.74 1.54 1.68 1.61 1.29 1.27 1.53 1.52 1.07 1.51 12. 37 11.16 10.91 10.35 10.57 10.58 10.49 11.17 10.35 10.74 11.61 11.30 11.46 11.72 11.44 10.56 10. 89 +2.00 + 1.89 +3. 67 +2. 54 +3.55 +1.82 + 1.83 + 1.77 +2. 27 +2. 36 +1.54 +1.33 + 1.20 + .21 + .39 + .73 +2.19 88 SODIUM BEIS'ZOATE AND THK HEALTH OF MAN. Nitrogen balanrr, daily average — Contiuued. SUBJECT K. C. M. Date. Julv6 to 12 Julv 13 to 19 Julv20 to26 July 27 to Aug. 2.. Aug. 3 to 9 Aug. 10 to 16 Aug. 17 to 23 Aug. 24 to 30 Aug. 31 to Sept. 6. Sept. 7 to 13 Sept. 14 to 20 Sept. 21 to 30 Oct. 1 to 7 Oct. 8 to 14 Oct. 15 to 21 Oct. 22 to 28 Oct. 29 to Nov. 7.. d^^'of Nitrogen ' Nitrogen Nitrogen ' ^J:^!°f^° Nitrogen ^^Z>^L. infood. linurine. infe<.es. ^J^,^, balanc-e. Grams. .30 .30 .30 .30 .30 .30 .30 .30 .30 .60 1.00 2.00 4.00 Grams. 15.69 12.36 15.15 10.98 13.02 13.36 12.42 13.51 12.73 11.68 12.13 12.28 12.24 12.30 11.77 12.22 12.88 Orams. 12.46 10.27 11.15 9.49 9.55 9.94 9.51 9.40 9.72 9.57 10.08 9.83 9.68 9.34 9.59 9.13 9.62 Grams. 1.75 1.82 2.16 1.38 1.81 1.53 1.67 1.93 1.77 1.58 1.17 1.33 1.53 1.41 1.22 1.67 1.46 Grams. 14.21 12.09 13.31 10.87 11.36 11.47 11.18 11.33 11.49 11.15 11.25 11.16 11.21 10.75 I 10.81 10.80 11.08 Oravif + 1.18 + .27 + 1.84 + .11 + 1.66 + 1.89 + 1.24 +2.18 + 1.24 + .53 + .88 + 1.12 + 1.03 + 1.55 + .96 + 1.42 + 1.80 SUBJECT W. C. R. Julv 6 to 12 July 13 to 19 July 20 to 26 Julv 27 to Aug. 2.. Aug. 3 to 9 Aug. 10 to 16 Aug. 17 to 23 Aug. 24 to 30 Aug. 31 to Sept. 6. Sept. J to 13 Sept. 14 to 20 Sept.. 21 to 30 Oct. 1 to 7 Oct. 8 to 14 Oct. 15 to 21 Oct. 22 to 28 Oct. 29 to Nov. 7.. 12.80 9.93 1.78 11.71 10.32 8.70 1.63 10.33 .30 11.54 8.35 1.30 9.65 .30 10.48 7.31 1.23 8.54 .30 10.74 7.98 1.30 9.28 .30 10.06 8.42 1.09 9.51 .30 11.08 7.95 1.48 9.43 .30 11. 74 8.74 1.59 10.33 .30 10.70 7.84 1.23 9.07 .30 11.55 8.13 1.52 9.65 .30 11.90 8.76 1.31 10.07 11.18 8.58 1.24 9.82 .60 11.91 9.30 1.38 10.68 1.00 11.51 8.74 1.35 10.09 2.00 11.19 8.28 1.17 9.45 4.00 10.87 9.06 1.18 10.24 11.29 9.21 1.31 10.52 + 1.09 - .01 + 1.89 + 1.94 + 1.46 + .55 + 1.65 + 1.41 + 1.63 + 1.90 + 1.83 + 1.36 + 1.23 + 1.42 + 1.74 + .63 + .77 GENERAL CONCLUSIONS. Due consideration of all the ilata presenteil in the preceding pages, together with careful stud}' of the individual data of the various tables of results, leads to the following general conclusions: Sodium benzoate, in small and large doses, up to a maximum of 4 grams ])er da}', is without disturbing influence upon the general health of the individual, so far as can be seen from clinical observations. There was no attendant loss of body weight ; neither was there any disturbance of digestion, assimilation, or utilization of either the fat or protein food. Indeed, the subjects of our experiment showed a gain of weight and even an improved condition of digestion during the i)eriod of the experiment in which the action of sodium benzoate was tested. Again, there was no deleterious influence on the part of sodium benzoate upon the blood, either on the number of erythrocytes, leu- cocytes, or the hemoglobin content of the blood. Upon the less tangible processes of metabolism as indicated by the quantitative study of the urine, etc., there is no indication of any marked action. No changes of any special significance were to be INFJ.rK.NCK OK SOIU I Al UK N /( > A I I. (' N N I " I K Kll i i N A M > 1 1 1;A1, 1' 1 1 . b'J noted cliirini;; tlio period when sodiuiu heiizoute was fed even in larsje doses, aside from a slight ed'ect on the reaction of the urine, so that the conclusion is obvious that sodium benzoate does not exert, in small or larj^e doses, any ])ronounced influence upon ihe j^rocesses of metabolism or of nutrition. Sodium benzoate is without effect upon the production of nitrogen balance. Throughout our experiment a i)lus nitrogen balance was easih' maintained, and in such fashion as to clearly inilicate that ! sodium benzoate does not exert any harmful or disturbing influence. In our judgment, therefore, basetl on the character of the results obtained in this study of the action of sodium benzoate on the gen- eral health and nutrition of man, there is no suggestion of any pro- nounced eflect whatevei- })roduced by the salt in such doses as we have employed. We are of the opinion that sodium benzoate, in small and large doses, up to a maximum of 4 grams per day, is no more harmful or provocative of disturbance of the human organism than corresponding amounts of sodium chloride or common salt. This conclusion, while based entirely upon the results of our inves- tigation, is in close harmony with what is known regarding the occur- ence of benzoj'l-containing ratlicals in many natural products, which have long served as useful foods for mankind. As our results show, in harmony wath well-known facts, the ordinary diet of man con- tains a sufficient amount of benzoic acid or kindred substances to give rise to appreciable quantities of hippuric acid in the urine. Further, hucldeberries, cranberries, and other related fruits well recognized as noninjurious to health have in them amounts of benzoyl radicals sufficient to form quantities of hippuric acid in the urine larger than the small doses of sodium benzoate fed in our experiment ; thus mak- ing it apparent that some natural foods at least contain quantities of benzoate, or related substances, in amount equal to what was fed in our daily dosage wdtli sodium benzoate, and that the system is well inured to the presence of moderate quantities at least of this aromatic group. Finally, it may be added that the results of our experimental study make it evident that the admixture of sodium benzoate with food does not lead to any reduction in the ciuality or strength of such food; neither is the food injuriously affected thereby when the salt is added in small quantities or in large quantities, up to a maximum of 4 gi-ams per day. Were the contrary true, w'e should expect to find in our experimental results indications of either a disturbance of digestion, an inhibition of the normal power to digest and assimilate the food treated with sodium benzoate, together with a tendency toward the production of a minus nitrogen balance, with possible loss of botly weight. 90 bUDlUM BK.NZUATE AND THE JIEALTU UE MA^'. 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(M i-To- -^ -O rt go • ■ • ■ 1 poniuija'japnii O 1 P •naSoijiti i C5 piOB ounddjH m •uo3 g^ -^^ ^ -^ -^ •V ^ -oajm ouiuijBaj J Od • ■ • ■ •no3 -ojjiu piaB ou\ ttd • ■ ■ • in •naSonju auijnj g C C: O O OO O •naSojjm ^n >i g_. . . . . <5- 1 «?s?;sisss c >o 1 ■aa3oj;iu ^aj^x !23 « rt O Ol 00 M tS o •naSoj^iu lEjox S — — oidd cc tt 00 d T1 •^lABjSogiaadg oboooc c <= i "^ '^ aiuniOA t- C-I ■ t^ i.-: •^q3i8A iJpog S ■ S i-'t « S OS S g c r-4 CO ^ u" ::; i~ ac a- '^ >>>■.(>.>.>.> '. > : ! 3 = 2 = : z 2,L Sd a c o 3. 0) Si- j- 92 SODIUM BENZOATE .\N1) THE HEALTH OF MAN. ^ ^■ o S ^ j.>CJlx.i jrfiKM 5 22 ueSoaiiu ibjox 1 ^ 1 a. ^ 09 m u H ■jajBAV 1 ••tip Jiv |S2 S 00 retc"S 0-. o ^ ISIOJV Gms. 108.0 100.0 90.5 o »Or- w SB AjipiOB IBJOX Gms. 1. 59 1.84 2.00 c-5 sss § IJ^N SB auuomo Gms. 8.46 9.18 11.70 coo OS t>-"T' OJ-H-H d ■(00I=los s.Snji ^;2 <" C-1 ir- saioqd -soqd ajBqdsoqd l.t ^ ■jnqdjns jsj^naN s I^ 'OS 1 ■Jtiqd -ins leajaqja goo o Od • • i TOINO S3S § ■jnqd "ins oiobSjooj CJd • • ^ iSI 00 •onqdins \v%ox .2? 5 C)0 • ■ i 3 :5 fi 1 uaSojjin paniuijajapuri So ■ ' oc — S5^S? 5Ss ^ ■uaSoijra PI OB ounddijj C) . . d d § ■uaS -ojjm aninjjBaaj o -^ -^ ■* ■^ ^ •aa§ -ojjin piOB ou;i gS2S Od ■ • o lO? lO aaSojjiu anunj goo o Od * ? 8S3 aaSojiiu 8jj^ C<5 S^^ •naSojjia Baj/i Gms. 8.19 10.16 8.12 s 00 JS2§ =0 •naSojjin je^ox Gms. 9.72 11.93 9.77 •X}iabj3 ogpads 1.024 1.020 1.024 i Sec '^ 1 aumiOA "«oc 00 i ooc OS OS xd c c c S t£6£ J; » ■2 2^^ •jqSjaitt ifpog C*) d CI CI C^l c^ o INFLUENCE OF SODll'.M liKN/O.VTK ON NUTKllloN .VND IIK.VLTll. 93 ■)oi!a}x.).i,.iu;a -U9Soj:)]u nnox ♦J -.up JIV § i |uipjo5gcjoo I 00 •piOB JIJCXO SB .(iippii U'lox I '(OOl— los s.atni ! -qaj) uBOipuj . "5 ^r o >o "O m -^ B»30r^.-7t^'^i-^ 1 ft ci 5S ?t » t> 1^ :c 1 s5 — ' ■■c 4 Gms. 1.32 1.11 1.18 1.61 1.22 1.27 1.32 ?i Gms. 9.00 8.10 9.54 11.88 10.98 12. 96 12.42 o cc r- (M CI 6i — C (M CI M ci i CI 32:: •stuoqd -solid ajeqdsoq J CCMOOt~O00 go g •jnqdins iBjjnoNf Gm. 0. 140 .156 .112 .162 .174 .131 . 157 •JTiqd -ins iBaiama Gm. 0.049 .056 . 056 .048 . O.W .065 .(J60 s ■jnqd -jns DjireSjoni Gm. 0. 565 .457 . .514 .593 .621 .486 .510 CO ■jnqdjns ibjox . lOO 5o O iooO M g t~. to to 00 00 -i! t^ 2? "uaSojiin pouiuijajopai"i So ^ ■naSoajin pioe dUTiddiH •U83 -ojjiu ammjBaj J •na3 -OJ^lU pi.TB ouri g , ; lO -r -^ c*: ?c -^ cc .OOOtOb-X*^ ; Oi ■ud3oj:na ouutidL (Ir^^^'r^^ . O -r •-<»-» CO CO »o > rf* Tf CO ^ re ^ ^ . t^ O '^ »0 'tf f-HO > OS r* lO "^ X) c^ t^ : t^ 1^ oc X ^-^ 00 1>^ J ro cT^ -^ re c^ i>- Oi to X (M : oooo oo o QOOCOO O .- 00 :D e» -i >0 'r 00 (35 • cd t^ t^ r* :c to CO . t^ -^ 05 00 OS C3 >o jCO^ r-^ 00 CO CO O 00 O CO o f-i C^l CI --H CI ^ --^ cooo ooo O O O O O C "O . tj< *^ *}• O CI to t^ c^oor^ooooo^co "-"cf ■jqSTOAV Xpog §^ • 1^ . CO k • & § : 2 • 9 SJCO'^lOCCt^OOOS w w w CO rt w cfl 3 S 3 3 3 D 3 b£ tX tX &5 So Cue & 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 zz IM'LL'ENCE OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON NUTRITION AND HEALTH. 95 •piOB OlfBXO SB iC)!P!3« fU'jox IJBNseeuuomj ■(OOT='Ios s.Smj -qoj ) utjoipui S C>1 O f-l op CO O 00 o 'T c^i 5 o cc -H £ O CT> o> ■* -O ,-c e^j oc h'^ i>^ OS ec "6 ^r r-< O QJ (M 00 W O CO rt y IM — < -< ,-1 •sruoqd -soqd ajeqdsoqtj C^) _ °S • ; c — ® • : tx c fl : : S H o a 55 — : INFLUENCE OF SODIUM I3ENZOATE ON NUTRITION AND HEALTH. 97 s oc ^ •J,M ujXii JJiiv.'I 1 dec a"" ~~~Oi ^ ~s?ss n uaSoai!" WOX 1 »« -^ ^' ^ to ^ 'ci Sr:K ^ H ^ t~ pi t~ h- t^ o •iOJBAV b bi fl, "o ■» — N p; cO>-i o Pj ^ •Xjp Jiv § UJ S Ol n S'^^S 2 o "Th o w n •» com t^ •^sjOK cs o s ?3 s r~iM? S ■pioo njitixo i "g s « s sss i§ s« ^jipiOB imox 1 »H '^ -< rH •i g "E "~s g lOBMSBonuomo g c c c c oJT-ic- d Gj "^ ^ T-^ "^ ~ (^ en 00 lO t~ 03 cc ■(001='loss.3uii ■^ '^ c "^ -qo,^) mioipiil H •saioiid 1 "5" s ~g 00 tc SSi?? CO -soqd oivqclsoqd o Oi 00 CO pi 5 c e^ S9S o •jnqdins pjj^noN o oo "^ § m 1-HO! t^ inqd g g § ■ s §s § -ins iBajaq;a C) o "o cc Or-jmc^c<3coc<3(NTi — ^ — '*— V — '— V — ^™v —^ ^— V— ' ~c oc 00 t^ 1 •nsSonui piOB oiiriddiH g c o s i o 1c o- CO 51 r-mui t^ •ueS r^ ir: CDUStC lO s •«' ■q ■^ • cc cDcc ir CO "^ c 0*0.-^ O inT cr j •u33oii!a leiox O CT oc oc oc t> t^cC od ~1C iT" ir e^ 00 GC' C^ r^ 1 •/i^iABjS oyioadg C s c c OO c o i '^ " ^^r- ^ c c c ooo TJI 1^ O" cc 00 aranjOA o c cc SoOTT « "oi ai C-1 o •jqSiaM Xpog 53 s S: lO s? a a; 05 ■^ !>. OC c a 2 Cv c> ? f c^ ?qcc > *"* ,JJ ■b3 -t-3 4^ -w -.-^ -^ <; Vi tfl V i , i 3 a C tJ 3 a 3 2 a 1 -< •^ *> -^ ■5 F Si5 d a —"•-"(Dot a a a « c8 ^ OiOC S S2 s S ;:: 2 s s 00 ■* -^tc -«t« -^ U7 CO o ooo tt o m 00 OM M 05 O CO OS •jnqdjns ib^ox <5 o peuirajaiapu;! o-^coooo-^ t^ ;D CO ic to M lO O •uaSojjia ptOB OTJtiddTH r^ r^ t^ s s s •nag -oj^iu piDB opn •naSojjin anuriti •oaSojjin SHN •naSojjtu Bajxi •uaSoJim iBjox 'j£1iabj3 ogioads amniOA •jqSiaAV Xpog O *-" cc M o> IC lO ^ '* M Ol »C »C lO t^ ♦^ O o 2 S M ccccco O =5 O OOO t^ W CC CO r^ o t^ CO CO CO CO CO CO CO 00 CO -.0 00 00 coo^o^ (N 00 3: ■V ^ { ^ s;« CI M •(i.>rfoj)(ii i«)ox E *-— f» - ;3 S s ff s h- « r^ S : H •ia^BAV h ^ a. . c >c r- •c C t^ «S •XjpjIV 1 S S 99 c - ? r. U3 e^ ■n 00 u: 'T OS 1 ^ JsjoK ^ 5 s s SS 5 •» S ; 1 "? 1 'p{3B aii^xo . « s « ^ 8 SB itipioe iB^ox o ■" ^^ *" '^ " * S s 5! ^ :e S 3 s- i IJBNSBOUJJOmO J 5 ■r £2 e< = IT s ! c e>« 1 •(OOI=Ios s.3nn ■- -qa J ) UBOipui H •siuoqd 1 ° 3 & l> t^ 2 g -soqd ajeqdsoqti OJ s: o C cc 1 -jnqdins i8ajno>i 1^ s - ^ ^ a c ir oe t^ m jnqd P & & S 3 3 s 3 s -ins IGajaqrj O c 1^ 00 •jnqd e i; c ;;;) s* CO 5 5 -ins oitreSjoui O c . S n s ^ g "^ i •jnqdins lejox ":; ■ ^ ~r^ rscots o uaSoj^ra Sc3 • • ^lOrt wo — p a u uu Jd^apuxi O -— V -~-- ^ _, 1 ^_^_^ z ^ t ^ naaoajra s s !^ o c c § piae ounddijj O c5 ■ao2 P ^ ■* ■«■ ir ■^ ^ ;j, 5 1 -ojjiu aujnijBajo O c ■ 1 c 3 IS IT ?1 ^ .? S 5 ^ -ojjra pioB ou^i i§ o c ii" oc ^ c CO •aa3oaiia ainjnj 5 c - S s i 1 CO c ■^ •uagojjtu Efi X = = 1 . es *v ffl X ;^ uaSojjiu cai.i 1- - ;^ t- t-i t-: 1 ir " 1 ■ua3ojjiu i«40x 1 « 1- (^ K ff ■X a . 1 IT c " X ac t^ 1 2 -X:)1acjS ogjaady c - t o c c c 1 ° o c o as amniOA o '" " - " — ' '"' 1 • ■-=> t~ 05 »- 1 iq3p.w Xpoa Is £S s s < ^ i '-^ x o •" ■^ t. 2 9 -^ S^ ^ ^ ^ j», > *" c e 2 ;^ 2 s «»; 2 , 2 « O4 ^ : ■^ M ct M X V, X OJ jr-ls is O ri J:^ OS OS _ _ i «) i± s c a f ;= 100 SODIUM HENZOATK AND THE HEALTH OF .MAN. ==> E o 'ri. m a Q O a 03 W S a 2^ < •.;^ O 5 N O !? "^ W ^ M ■^ ^ :a w .s~^ « s « &4 ■-^i Cl "cl ~3 •jjcijxo Jc'niy •Ud30J}UI IBJOX 00 1~ ■nmtA. •iCjp Jjv •picre onexo SB XjipioB IBJOX "IO^N; ^ enuopi J ■(00[="loss,Su!i -qa^) UBOipux •sruoqcl -soqd a^Bqdsoq j^ •jnqd -ins I'Bajamy; _0___ - • in I - c^ tS oc 1- t- g O lO 00 w N CO eo >o rH i-< « CO Oi --O n ■■c '^ oi g S 3 S S 2 S S O o •jniid "ins oiweSioui •anqdins pnox ■naSoj^iu pent uuajapuii g U5 tf ^ <2J c5 • • . 01C:i--0CwC0C0«0OSO00i0'*— * •naSojjtn pioB DunddiH s § i S O ■uaS ^ ^ § N ^ s CO •naS -oj^m ppe ou^i ■■o 05 S (Si § ^ •naSoaiin auunj •ua3o.ijiii ^aJii ■uaSoj'KU pj^ox .-I o s s OS 00 lO C»5 s 3 rt ;0 ^ 3 2 ^OlOOt^OOOOOOOO aiiabjS oijpad^' •auilnoA t^ O 00 t-t lO ^ ^ rt —I C3 -Tl Z> •iqiil.JAV Xpoa -t- tr> ■^ •_; X 2 s-| 31 ^ Lh u t. X3 J= ^ c C s s H c ^ 0^ S ^ 2 ^ s a p, p. p, c c ai 1/ a. 5. o c X CC X M X M o oDb ?;z INKl-lKNTK Oh SODir.M UKN /.0.\TK ON NrTlilTION AND HKALTH. 101 l-niJiN;.. j.>in;.I •5 E CO ' ~cl d 00 "bo ■ii.irtojiiii nnojQ C) ^- o d 1 i ] .K.JtJ.VV t a, ~\ C<3 . 00 s s X f2 S ft FJ n S 1 £ •jsiOK o -fi o 4 -.o d ct CO t CO d CI •v ci •.o CO 1^ o -< o s ~ ?i s )S s 'ji \i O CO GO »o 00 CI -o ' CO Tl CO ^ ■'f o CO 3 •pi.n! on«xo SB A'ijpUMi I«^OX .5 1^ l J«N SB einjoiqj 1°^ 8 ci .2 s ci o ci CS f- co 00 ci •^ -^ .-H ■«?♦ -H Tji 00 ■» CO d oi d ^ <=> a t- s s g § ■(00I = 'loss,Su!i ■^i>A ) uiioipiii •snjoi]d -solid ojuqdsoqj •jnqdins iBj^nefj O d § i ^ § ^ !5 S S fS o — o o = ■jnqd -ins iB9joma S o CJ d i g. = i o i i i i o •jnqd -ins oiobSjoui O d ^ ^ ^ ^ 1 § i 1 •jnqdins ib^ox to O o s S ^ ^ CO 3 (M C^) OO CO lO :C -^ "O s p naSoaira p a u I uuj;bpnQ .MOCOt^OOOCOr-T-'3 KCCC0»-*^Hi-HdCOC0'«t"^'^"*J d o o o i o S S 5 ^ o o o o s 1 •ua3oJiin ejjj^ 1 ° Cl 00 o ^ CO a: oi CO CI CO Cl d CO lO uaSoj^m BaJH 1^ § d CI CO CO Ol -"J" — 1 O 00 ■* 35 t-: d t>; d 00 ■U330J)IU IBJOX ! 1 '^ 00 00 00 CO 00 CO 00 00 CO W3 »c ^ •O rH t^ Cl 00 00 00 00 00 1 i -AhabjS ogioadg CO o § o s 3 O i 2 2 S 2 o 1 [ ouiniOA c I 8 !- s o o g o d S C-. oo U3 1 il3iaAi Xpoa Jl CJ • -^ 2 " M CI C« C» ^j:^^Xi^S:^j: B O W W ^ W U/ W o. D, c, a c. a. ci. o; c a, c s. i' 9- X X -/) M M M 73 S E o opb. 102 SODIUM BENZOATE AKD THE HEALTH UE MA>.\ ^ H o :^ f^ ii a "^ r> O CO ?i. :i Q O O ~ « >; W ^ •< H "* < Cft O S N o -=r cs ^ Q ?; t. o £^ u :^ w ^ «z " 1 ■j-jeajxo j..nja S c ci ^ c» — s? _ -ud3oj:)|a ie)ox . ,-4 ■«r CO 38 ?! h* H ■e '- t" f^ S •jajBAV ». |i( 1 11, 1 . b- r~ CO o oo O s -^— V— ' ■"~— V -'— V— ' '■^v— '— V- -^ "^— V— ^ •naSojjiu . ?2 S o 3 o i 52 S o o i piOB ounddfH O d ,_, CO 00 •naa p 5 $ i^ ■^ yi ij $ -oj^iu amnpBaj J Cs d as rr\ 03 ncA\ fc E^ " 00 o ■^ ' CM O lo ^ •Xjp Jiv g ?; CM 00 O 00 ti s * U5 « 00 CI "3 C! ^ •ls|ow 1^ 212. 168. ■«J* O O g -J §5 CO •p!.)B .IIJCXO F '^ CM (M ■«• CO CT Xjjpuw jciox O '^ -. ^ rt 1 S TO s ? s 5i 55 S ac ■10«N SB auuomo Tji tj< n CI — ^ ci •(001=loss,3u!i 05 Trace. Trace. Trace. s s -H&d ) ireoip"! H •sruoqd f^S 2 S So S ft s :ts -soqcl o;x;qdsoqti o ° O •jntidins iBJ!)n8N g o o o c lis •jniid S o s s s O -pis jBajaqia O d CO t~ c? !? !§ 1 lO ■inqd s ^ t--. 00 CI •»> ■* ^ ■^ -ps oiireSjoai C5 c5 .„_■ , ^ rt u; •jnqdiTis iBjox O o lo "3 u; *i y ~.— »——■—,— ^ _,_^-^^ ^^■- .^ ^ — £ g ^ ? u ■uaSojjiu p » n T uua^'apun g CO •* C^l CO C-l C) CI Ol Ol W^ '.I >o u 1 2 (So e- ^ S ■ V- -" — , — '■ — . ~^- — ^ — '■ — ^ — '■ — ^ ■^ ■ — ^-^ lo lO »/: >o ^ ■udSojjiu s H o o c 8 § g E piOT ounddiH O d g ;:; !:: Ti< lO ir ,-1 o - S •naS -! '^ "S ■* -T 5 -oj^iu onitn^BaJo ^ d CM -5- ;: ^ •083 g CM CM •* "■ -OJJUI piOB OUi^ « d 00 -H c: U5 •naSoj^m ouijtIcI S o O d s? ^ •« •naSoJiiu 6ij^,j ^^ -J5 « c O t^ o -^ CM « o; •naSojiju B8JX1 l'^ t^ d c t-.! r-^ w d ■«> ■rf 00 -O" •naSojjm i^jox 1 ^ a6 o6 (X 00 00 00 CO 1 *" •iCjiABja ogiaadg => o o o o o o '~' ^ • N § g s g s s S; •aumjo^V " o> " —I ,-1 .- ^ ^ ' ' r- :c C^ "5 •;il3irf.\\ jipoa s -r ? 1 i 0^ ^ .' '^i y ■^ 2 ^ k, u u j^ 5 O O = c 2 ocM WW p- o >- e=o 5°^ S "3 + 003 15 00 a c Caaa 104 tSOmUM BENZOATK A^"D THE UEALTli 01' MAN. 1 •5 Sic i s , •4.«i(xa jaq4a a •5 ss s ■uaSoJtiu iBjox 8 1- so '-' ts S g CO o 00 00 fj w O •ja;BM h^ !^ Q, . to 00 o» r- 1^ o I— t ^ •Xjp iiv S « •.£> t- X J5 2 ^ ■* % o 00 t- *-4 ■^r at 1-t 00 o M ^ •^siopi i sa S S g 9 s o 1^ o CM •pjOB OIJEXO o SB AjpiOB IB'JOX TK « o oo to O o> o "lO^N s« amjoiqo 8 ■* ■* ^ M 00 ^ •'J' C>) Cj -> '^ "^ ^ '^ '^ ■(00T = 'Ioss,3nii a> § 8 V X o ^ CO -qaj) UBOipni P' ^ H H smoiid fS "^ O =^ •o -.o -soqd ajBqdsoqj 5 ° ra o •jnqd ins iBj^na^ S o ?5 o ''^ o ''^ "■^ ■ !>. »o •.inqd g O o o s o o s o -ins iBojaq^a tt d •jTiqd S ^ ^ in ^ C<3 "O 5§ -ins oiubSjoui iS d lO ■ o t^ H^oocsoit^-9- 00 (•^ t^ «= (-^ ■^ §1 ^ c •udSoj^iu i«;oj 23 oc 00 c O) 00 00 00 •jIjiabjI ogiDad o O o - o c n S o s s a> amnio A 00 O! ■«»" 05 «; X 1~ o> •jqSiaM ^pog § s s SS 3 o »^ 1- oc 1- s ?■ a JZ x: .c c c c o 5 t ~ t o t e^ o a n a> 0) (D-g o iM'i>ri'.N(K di-' sitpi I .M i;i-..N/(» \ ri: ( "N \ r i mi in.x ami iii".ai,iii, J().j 1 ^• ?!c c. •l.>«J)X.t j,.i||;.| g re « ,-1 ^ a ^ S? 8 •iw30Ji!U wox 1 ^ _i^ ts S? r: !t S S r ^ r r f5 ■M%VM. w U, ft, . 0> 'T M «> U5 O •>! r OS i •s •Xjp Jiv S •^ OJ <6 N »o o c 4 "5 . ;0 Od f-^ 03 CO - t- t- :s •isiopi § « (N 1^ O S r - s s H 1—1 •piTO OlltJXO sBA'iippc HI)OX C) ' " "" i-H r- < r- •3 N O r- g S S 2 3 00 1 JBN SB omjomo 1 - « - N 1 C5 - '" "^ •(001 = -loss.3u!i Oi ^ (jj qj s s s OV — Tl - 1^ i -tpj) noipiii c k H ^ •snjoqd • CO 5 t£ to to to « 3 to -soijcl D^jGqdsoq^ o ~^ -^^-^ ~.— "^ ,_<. — ^-« ~.— » — ^'— . H g •naSojiju paniuija^apu/i So t3 •uaSoj^iu g ^ Cs CN (M M C^ c- CO j pioB aunddin O c (> T c- c •no3 T •^ -oajiu aumijeojo Cl c i ^ ._ ri '^ (N C^ -0J4in pjoB ouQ C> C ^ lO C •aaSojjin anunj g = '= <2 O C c ° O c ^ aaSojjin ^hN S e o = o (- c a uaSoi^ia voifi 1- t^ to t^ l^ t^ t- t^ t£ en c; •aaSojjm ibjox 1- oc 00 00 OC Ot J oc' cc in lO •jI^iabjS ogpadg c ^ o o - - c O !? 3 g ^ f5 ? to auiniOA 00 o •- (N ° "^ '" '"' • 00 t^ C 00 •jqSiaM Xpou § s s: 5 >n s 5 S rs, IC ,. ,, 2 a Oi CJ c^ IN C^I C-J 1- u > £ x; c c C o r c c C c b O O O C (5°° a fl » ® St- K o o^b. 106 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. I naSojjra Bean ■nd3oi%m iB^ox •A%iAVj3 oijioads •aumiOA •jq3i9M XpoQ oj ^ ?2 s a ^ s "3 o « o 00 t^ t~ ;d 00 « OJ o 05 $ g J5 ■o C! ^ oo C» 00 00 00 o ■-1 00 ^ .-< I^ « -^l t^ « ■» 2 " c c •J 2S ■< S • -H M CO o oi o -; ^ ^ /: ^ ^ ;: ,Q .a ^ a a 6 s B s oo2;z5^:z:2;2;z d c a w o ou'b' ZZ INFLUENCE OF SODIUM BKNZOATK ON NUTRITION AND llEALTU. 107 ^• ? 3^ 1 CO •).)Bjjx.o jouia E •-u- 1 l-O 1 C) e 51* 1 ^ 1 5? •aaSoDiu iB}ox ^d - — ^_ — o ■» o >0 c^ u t ; t- *■■ ^ ■i*>«AV J^ ; b. ft. : ~d> ^ o "3 t- n'c^ t-- . o ■/Up Jiv rt^ n 5! J? 13 92 oc " to ^ "jsiow 1 i g 1 s s §^ S2 •pi.-m oiicxo ^8 s S S 55 S9 s« Xt!P!J«n;>ox S N '"' M ^^ M ci — 1 g fe g 2? PC 10«NseeuiJoni3 d* 00 M « so •O'* CI •(00T = "Ioss.3aii S8 ^ if? « m nn 5 -qaj) uBoipui OS ■STUv-qd |5 s 88 2 8 SS -soqd ojBqdsoqj i-H .—) »-t 1— t CO •jnqdjns i^jjndN g g § g2 s c m cc 00 ;= o g § g gg •jnqd pS c g -ins iBajaqja Od o •jnqd pS oc r^ 00 t^ t-« t^ -ins DitreSjoui Od •jnqdins iB^ox in CO o o »c 00 o C-. c-.« ^. ,_*_ -^^— . ^-■— . .— ' — , «: «o •naSoJira S^ ■ram • i^ Qc oin Z p a u I tiud;apu;i o > ■ ^ — ,— - . — *— • ^— , — ' t> ■u33oj|ia B o fe 2 a • 8 2 g : : pioB ounddiH O o TI« •ua3 S"-" ^« -ojjin autmjBai J C3C ■a33 s-- -H — C^ C-l — M (M -ojjiu pioB oia^i Oc :C tr' t^ (N ^TT ».o naSojjra auunj ^ o o oo c ^ Sg S 5JS •naSojjiu ^UK §= . t ^ S 5) S gs* s •naSonni vaifi Sr- ^ S tA o do d o- '- . c Ti> cc go rt M t^ ■naSoj^iu mox Sev M CO (N oici N C3- '^ CO •XjiabjS oyioadg S g g . g •oumiOA ) oc a: rH o ^M ° o 1— r-l - •"^ o — e-1 -?; '^ ? '^ X =■ - :> >• >,>-.>% >. >■. .: ; .^ .^^ 8^ g§5g 108 lODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. SJ s ,^ VJ Ci O 5= n i^ tf s w a c. 05 -^ O •jsjopt •pioB oijexo SB XJipjOB IBIOX |O«JSISB9UU0m0 ■(00T = 'Ioss,2uii sruond -sond ajBtidsotij •JTiqdins i«jjn8>i •JtiHd -ins leajama •JTlTld ins oniB3joni . e<5 IN O C^ rt c: ira o e t-^ o 1^ ■«< -jj o tc ^ -.£ C5 C3C r- o "n* ci S c-i -- " oi c^ r- T-H V3 ~. O (N Q C -^ O CT Roc — -^wooics O — ■ — — —1 w l^ 15 :c olc T-i CC O •^ >C CC M .-1 rc CO 05 »c ^ 10 »o : 05 cs 00 o 05 00 1^ — o >nc ^ 53 o ci 2? 06 • • • 10 10 CO tH • -O lO ■># 10 g c 000 _: ro t- M "-I g ;0 ;0 -i t^ Od ■ ■ • ■jnqdins ig:>ox . !M CC O O 1 c t^ 00 1~- r- oc CO ts •nsSojjiu pan; nijajapn;i . IM 10 O 'S' "5 O C^ •uaSoj'im ppB oiinddiH •naa -ojjmaauiii'Bsaj oi c; t^ (^ 10 cr> "^ "OOOOiOOt^Ci Od •naS •uaSoojin Buund ■naSoJim cpj^ '^ 00 CC 10 Oi ^- c^ ^»ooooocc;oc g — " CI rf C-J CJ rt — Od o cc cc t^ iQd o ■ — -■ — I c c ci « CI 000 oc c c :§§ O O 10 O C I i-H "000 — i-ccSc-.OC J;, t*. >> X f*. j^ ^;< C C 'I - "2 w S C c '« lejox TJBNSBoajjomj ■(001 = "loss.3u!j -qaj ) treoipui •stuond -soqd j)Biidsoqj; •inqdins iBa^na^ •intjd I n s leajaqia ■mqd ins oitreSjoni ■jnqdins ps^ox •uaSojjiu p a u ! TUjajapuQ o wore O -H -H -H 55 '^ CO OiOC^ -< -H CI — • --I Sot MO ■«i o eJ .-■; M 0> O ^ oc -^ »o -JtOtO ^ O •-HMO O f-H O Oi CI t>co : CO ic lO -co -^ -^ w ! OO O O OOO CI o CO 0-. a> — oc ^COCO CI -H OOO goo O O lO o ■« Od o CO o — t Tr o o . CO •>«< as O M t^ £75 » oc 00 t^ r^ r^ t^ I- •naSojaiu pioB oijnddiji ■ua3 -OJipi aonniBajo !SS Od •naS •ua3oj)ia atnjnj CO oi o o o r^ o ■ » 05 —I 00 ooooo 8- --I 0.-i.-i S3 ■naSojijn «ii jj •naSoj-jni ^aJii •ueSoaiin i«;ox •iCliABoS oyioadg •aunqoA •'jqSieAi ^pog Oi C5 o r^ ic »o o CO-S* CO CO cocoo 00 OOO CO »-H t-H C 00 00 dec . O 1^ CI ac ic t- -^ •too cq^ OO d dd; CO CIO t^ ■^ OOO -•-I -H N OC i-iO 05 "" CI CI CI CI M CI CI ,. - S ='- c c a t a; a; -r- - 5^?; 110 SODIUM BEXZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. •U830J1TU JB^OX •J&JBAV •Ajp JIV •JSIOK S5 •pioB oiiexo SB AixpiOB \e%oj, t^ CONOCO t^ tx t^ h-f* ■ « c5 O -r O5C0 -V Kn'x o ^ lO t~ t~ c-> ■lO^iMSBenuoino ■(OOI="Ioss,Sxi!i -qaj) ireaipni . -^ 00 CD 00 OC CO C K •* >-i(M C~l 00 00 C S 00 05 O t-^ ^ CC ' t^ o CO ^H c-1 r^ »o ■siuoqd -soqd B^BqdsoTitj joooot^t^t-oo— '- •jmidins lEJinajsi M ^ -.C .-< CO t^ Ol ^' .C h- IM C-l --C -^ (M •jniid -ins jBajama ^ C^ ;C ^i i-H 05 05 o SiSoocooo Od ■jnqd -jns oitrBSjonj ■JTiqdins iBjox pent xiuaibpun. •naSojjra piOB DIJTlddin •naS -oa;ra amrnjBajj •naS •naSoajm amjnj ■uaSoJira sgi^ •uaSojira Beixi •uaSoajin ic^ox ■jqSiaAV A'poii _;iooO"iiO"^r-cc Od !M tOC^ Ci Oi iC O . O O O O iC !>• O - t^ t^ t^ t^ t-^ -^ I-- lO i-H CO --t CO 00 Oi . lO -*• CC W "n" >-H r-4 lO ic r^ o OS w w ■ore-— >(MOOO o O O CO M* ® :S :c o; O) X iM w cc :-H oo OOOO ' O O O oo C: O O r? W CC C-) ^ N ^ C5 -^ CC CO CO ^ CO .-Hrt O— 100 05 <00— • : OS ojoo c;s— lOsTooo-H OCC-. o c c 00 o: O CO O ^ £3 — 1 -H --I C-J •-. o:.S. T) .3.3 M ce cs X X ca » (B !^ B ffi J3J3 &:h j; O -OS -HOC >^ -^ "^ •^ -^ ■< - INFLUENCE OF SODIUM BKNZOATK ON NUTRITION AND HEALTH, 111 ■).nu|x,>j..iiK.l 3U •uo3oajiu itfjoj, •Xjp jtiy V ft, •%s\on SB i»5P]0B IB^OX •lOBNSBeapopia •(OOI="los s.Suii -qo^^) iHjoiptii •siuoqd -soqd ajBqdsoq^i •jnqdins iBjjna^: •jnqd -jns jcajaq^a^ ^si oooo^- g -3 CO lo 06 A irj 06 "15 5? s» U)0 rooo g pi ffi •»< i>^ -^ ■* i< 32 0) aj 03 0)00 t-> t-1 t4 M S5P g; -^ i~ 3; ^ •jnqd -ins oiobSjoui •jnqdins |B}0X •uaSojjtu p 9 n 5 uuaiapnxi •naSojiin p J a e ouriddiji •naS -ojijTn aninnBajo rt O-T -TM 000 g2??SSgg3 ttd MOO i-H io-^^cn r- ^ to cc »f^ CO -^ lO -r gooooooo Od I ■.£ -O to ■ iCftrccttc^o-roo c Q ^ c-» Of^ t~ t~ t^ .MOO i^o 10 :^ CO ^ t^ t^ CTJ «r 05 ■* T (N 00 00 1^ Od -OHJU piOB Ollfl •neSojjm amjn<£ •uaSoj^ni SHN •u^Soi'^m Bajj^ •naSoj^iu iBjox -.ijiABjS ogioedg «■ 05 t^ -t* Ci »-l c Od • • • • .-<00 S8 OJ O 1-t 10 t^ «5 00 i cc cc ».o CC M w c^ a^oiocoiocqoor^ St'SOOOOCOCO'^ (5 1>.' t>; t>^ oi OC t>; 00 00 t^ O :C 10 000 — < rt C-1 -H rt r-< ^ 000000c •anmiOA 00 o CO 00 ,■ * Xi -I" O 00 (M 10 •jqSiaAV XpoH pin Sc^'*"5=ot^ooo» tc tc tt tc it tt. ti : -,c O) :c rt o -r C^l ; t^ sascc»cp4»o^t^ c^j rooodoidoioooi oJ 3*' a g_a ® 112 .SODIUM BKXZOATK .\Sl> THE HEALTii Ui" MAN. ■-» « !?? ^1 h^ <: H ■^ -f CJ> C •2 N =s •4, o r^ "w « ■^ r-i -;:'! Oi ^j tf 5^ ^ ? ■l.miix.j ijqjx 'U830J}tU iRjox O GO QOOOCC O •Xjp jjv •^stojj CO M OOCOf MCO 1^ to «5 O O W CO c5 r^oocjoiod ■^ -^ o -r -H t~ •piOB OJXBXO SB iiipjDB le^OX 'lO^N SB anuopio ■(001='los s.Suii -qa^i) ireoipni o g» oooocjN r-5 I-! r-ieq -H^i-i '-0 to;o 00 rt OCT. CO _ QIM Ol rt O CT. CO ■* "-I d -H IN c^ -o -^ lo t^ O " » IN OJ (B M C-1 CO IM c^ 5 e3 H •siuoqd -soqcl a^Bqdsoq J •anqdInsIBJ:^n^^J •jnqd •ins iB8j8q:ja •jnqd -jns aineSjoax •jnqdins ik>ox CO lO CO .O »-l o UO O ■* •* 00 CO «3 T-t to O O t^ -* C*1 CO OOa OM O lO -^ O ^ CO ^l' o o oo oc 00 -f O) -H iO -o ■-0 u^ -O -^ lO 00 t~ O Ort OOrf T t- O C^IIN CO IN • lO CS t^ CO CO 00 00 O d •naSoj^in p 3 u I nua^apn r) •7*ooocOiO»ooai^QO ■CO'T'-KNC^COMOJCO pjoB ounddiu O d •naS •naS -ojq.ni piOB oufi •uaSoxjra amanj 05 C^l t^ O O O •^ to o »o »o >o 00 t- Mt^OOCOOO t^ -O 00 00 C ^ CviCC-5«iO^ « l.MLL'ENCE or SdDII^M BENZOATK ON Xl'TRITION AND HKALIH. 113 •j.wajxti ik>ma -naSottin l«»ox •goo •JWJBAV . O -; '5 90 -O p r-- *♦ w ts ;i 25 1^ t^ 1^ •'tip J!V SB A4JPI38 JBJOX •10«N se auuopij •(OOI=-los s.Snji I -qo^j) ireoipui ' 'siuoqil I -soqd ajuiidsoqd ^00«>t^!C0»00O v5 ■ C^ l>- TT '>5 ^ i o — . — 2 ^■*36oo -Hoe<3 ■ T»« CI O CO o c-i "^ O CO oc (- O! ( 22 sssssss?: •jnqd •Ills icajaq^a ■jnqd • I n s oiireSjoui 00 O Q OTO 00 CJ" •■ B ounddiH •uaS -oxjin emui^Baio •uaS l-'i 10 N ^ f~ » 00 „COCOQ05 000 3: C!d X lO (M O C5 CiO O g30--o<^oor^ot^ •na3ojt>ra atniTicj C^ 'O CO -o 00 1~. ■a' P^COCOCO'-'OC^'^ gooooooo •naaojjin Bajxi •ua3ojjni i^jox •XjiABjf ogioadt^ oi -Si ■■s n y-l -v •-< ; CI CI O !M T^ M C-J ; rt r^ 1^ O (M t^ "5 •i-io-^rcooio _„rt o 00 ao 30 06 g:oc^co-<"rHO O O '-C O =C 00 «3 -H C^ — C-l -^ T— r-C OOCOOOO '<<<<<• 70111— No. 88— 0'.>- IS 1" . X ^ t^ ^ -f 55 114 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. S o 1 5S s •jOBJjxo Jaqja 1 S d"* e-i 1 O a 1 2 S'^ i S •naaoniu iB^ox O ■jd -^ 1 ti !2 t£> f^ {^SoS fS U •jajBAV 1 5s fe I a, . r-\ C>lt^-^ «o > 2 .-H 1^ MOOO ,-4 ■JSIOJl G •piOB OJIBXO N SB iCitpiOE IB^OX « S o 1 C>) CIOOM " ■IO«N SB amaomo (J3 m O o» c^ ci^occ s o CO -.O (Mt^ o •(001= 'los s.Sun -'2 •jnqdins iBx»n8>i IS " " ■JTiqd s s i O o ooc 00 s -ins iB3J8qja: C5 o I^ -^ Ssrji ■jTmd E; ^4 ^ -VMCO !5 - 1 n s onreSjoui O d _, kO s •miidins lejox ^-^-^ _^_ ^.'— , — -^ — CI 00 ^00 •naSoajia Sd • ' 1 paninuaibpuxi o -^ ,.^ _^ -v_ i !2 P •uaSoj^in s s s o s 1 pi OB oijn'ddiH O d •naS p 5 lO ? i^ ^»0'» s -ouni amrnveaio C> d ^H O 00 oo ti ■aa3 s ^ o r^ -OJ^IU pi3B OUil o d naSoj^TU anunj O d " 0.30 LO « S •naSoJira ^hN 1 00 « s !>. X o o6'• MllUliU.N AM' llhALIll. il l.nuix.i j.iiiKI uoSoJiiu i«»OjL •.Op .iiv 0'» SB X^ipiOB IBJOX "lO'SN SB enuomj ss" Cq 00"3C^ ^ o ^ o ^* a© 3*5 C*t ^J* 03 5 a: »-<-* ■^ C<3m5 ■(OOI='IOS S.Snii -qa J ) ucoipni •-D O OC Ol O to (N — . — — —I C-lCj iC OOQO C2 OINO CO CO^H-'J' anqd -ins iBajaq^a •anqd ' -ins OTireSaoui , OO OOO C5 o .jnqdpis iB^ox OS ^^^-^ lO 1-HCOOS >0 «J -H OO 00 t-l 1^ •naSojjin p 9 u T uuojepuQ piDG oun'ddiii ■U93 •uaS •U930XHU auund -H O ^ (M CJ O O OOO •a93oJira sgi^ OS OOCjOtg OOO ooto ^ O o »c OS O C-J CO 00 "5 O OS •— 03 Q) QJ ^ 03 0> CO JD.Q Xi X^jDX:i tj 62 a aas ^ p,o. a< nao. ■^ QJ 0) ffl 03 03 0) -^ WOO M'OOCIQW rtCO .S.S q a fl g pops. J?: 2; 116 SODIUM BENZUATh ANi> TH.fc HEALTH UF A1A^". '-> a s « j.mjix.. j.niK'I •(001— los s,3nii -qe J ) treoipai •STUoqcI -soqd ajBiidsoq^i •jTiqdins jej^naN •JTH{d -ins iBBjama mqd -pis onreSjoui •jnqdpis iB^jox cs s o i 00 i i 53 s o o ? 1 i § i 1 § s o o # ^1 CO 12~ "i N rr g -T 05 o •naSonin I p a u I uuoiapuxi I .3SgS2';:;Sgig2S25?5S ISS •naSoijra pio^ oijnddjH •na3 •neS -OiJlU piOB OUfl ■ns3oi%ia auund; ■uaSojjra 8]j>i •noSoxiin vaifi usSoxtni iBjox oooooooooogc^goo Mm«c2«M«« OS C>1 s "^ 1^ -— o + CJ g s s o -• 1-; r^ ^^ lO Ok m c^ n a S 9. S 3; -J i-^ •?> -• c^ -;s ,^ rt 00 •^iabj3 ogiasdg •amtiiOA ■jq3i9M Xpog iM e !r S5 Si Ti OS .-I ^ — B a 6 g i e- 5- Er c s c a; INFLUENCE OF SODIUM BENZOATK ON NUTBITION AND HEALTH. 1] to 8 U \.)V^i\,> iO\[\[.\ 1 CO r-l 8 'aaSox){u pjox 1 <3 00 CO •jojeAV 4 S it t~ t^ s '■ 1 ■AdpnY 1 o « j§2 00 2 •* g CO U3 d 1-* o 00 rH 00 CO d »o •piOB OlltSXO Sli .ijtpiOB ic^ox 1 'V cs 8 S - s ?a S IjBNSBeuuoiqj 50 s § 00 s 8 ■9 pi •(001=-loss,3mi -lie J ) UBOipUI s ?? — ' 2 s 50 2 S •snjoqd -soqd ojeqdsoqj •X ■■1' 6 o s s ?2 S '- •jnqdjns iBj^naj«j o s s 58 S i CO o •jniid -ins iBaaaqia 1 1 8 o 5i o ^ s inqd -ins omBSjoui 1 t^ 00 o IN •J S to S3 •inqdins i^^ox d §g « g S ^ •uoSojjiu pant uuajbpufi 1 ^?5 6 -J'-^COC0^"^''^-?»-t Ii CO«D -( CCCO •uaSonixi pioB oijnddiH CO CO o c c s 8 i § i i •na3 S G3 1> IC ^ g d i i s ^ o •na3 -oi;iu piOB oun d s s 2 s s •naSojira 9injn 1 a OS 9 118 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN, 5? r^ ■joBJjxo Jdqja i r 11- — aaSoji^ia ib)ox g dd i o ^ S t^ ■~s •o T~ M 7- 2 •<»• ^ •■!*>« AV ih ft, c. o o ■^ ■s I'- 3 CI o> o ^ •iCipjTV i Cl m S5 1.-3 ^ CJ •9 o o 00 c. r- ■* X t- r- •V ^ •jsioK 00 J:; •"T c a ^ 2 CM g 00 a: o CM Of •* m 1 -piOB OflBXO Ci" CM SC AJipiDC JB^OX '"' ^^ " ^ o c C£ S ^ in r- O^NSBanuopio C! CJ ci m « ;£ w C^ = = O « l. T 3-. •smoiid p 1- -^ i; -soqd a^Bqdsoqj Ci o N ,^ 31 t^ 05 s •jnqdpis [BJ^na^ o O o o O " " ir ^ onqd s 8 o r] o a g 3: s o -ins jBajaqia Cj o ,_, % ■v- iT* ,_, *»* •jnqd fS s in o 4 i? " !C X c •jnqdins le^ox c ^-^ — ,-' ^- — 1 3:r-. (33.- uaSoj^in ? • • s p a n I tiua('apan o CC ■uaSojija piaE ouriddiii = s S 3 ° s ^ = •naS >o -OJ^It [ auTuj^Baj J o o a •ua3 s t^ 00 CO cr lO -OJJIU piOB OU£l d X X •uaSojjju auijTid o d o • 0( X CM m •uaSonni 8HN s d ^ ?? ^ 5 § S t- i s 3 O uagonni eaifi s r^ 00 r^ ••= d in o •^ l^ c ■^ X m «) t— c: uaS tonjn psjox g 00 X d I- oo ar X X t~ 00 « o OI •X^iAejS ogioadg o c o ■- -* ^ •^ ^ "" ~ ~" '"' "■^ = o •aumiOA '-' <» 3- X ^ c> ° "' '^ '^ " ■^ * ^ o o> a CM -^ ^qSloAi Xpog 2 ^ s s o ?0 CO S; « x' o- Q^ 5 t CM c^ r) e t a g a 0, a. Q S A ^ ^ X ^ x: J2 > F 6 c e c E s c s •^ 0) a e a a a £ » a c t. P. C ». C 1. e 1. B u a , c c 9 a » a x T X y •r ■s V. V. aa 1= OS 13 § 8 e c c c a p aj (t— c INFLUEKCE OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON NUTRITION AND HEALTH. 119 ac s c^ -r 1- vnsjjx.ij.Kiia 1 o' M ^ 3 12 ;3 g ■aa8oj)iu itt)ox 1 ^ t^ '^ ri p % S S S ?: So ? •jajBAV fi t- o O "^ t^ 90 U3 *5 t •Xjp Jiv 1 ^ to 8SS ui ^ O uj C>: (N rH t~ to to ^ •*siow o ^ « t ^ M Sg § 1 cr or S ?l Q c ■* N 1 -piOB OIIBXO S i2> SB AJipiOB I«10X " " '" " '^ "" 00 5) s g g g g oc K ■10«N st3 9injoiqo g 3 o t-H t-H •(OOT=los s.Soii (M O 5^ CO -qaj) uBOipni •~z ■stuoqd g t- -soqd e^tjqdsoqd O 5 •jnqdiTts iBijna^ fe C! o " •jTiqd fi i s § o o 1 -pis iB8J3ma: O o rr c^ rr •jnqd p ^ 1^ i^i !s; s? & I> -* § -ins oiireSjoni a O O «£ (N O o •jnqdins ib^ox 1 lOOt^(M -MCO 00 -o oo •naSoura s M ■O^C^ ■-KM ^ C-> M CO O -1 (N(M p 9 n I uuaibpnii o _, ' — , — —-r— — ^-^ _ _^_, & •uaaojira piOB oijn'ddiH O O 5 c 11 i i 5 c S c o c ■* ■« ^ •nag ft -ojjiu 9niai;Bajo o o .1 f— 1 •uaS p 5£ Ol c< t^ c- -oj;ra piOT oua o O c !«■ •naSoj^jiu gmjTid: i23 o o o " " ^ p lO •traSoj^ra sjiN ^ c tr oc lO ? IT CJ •n93oxnn b9Ixi 12! «o t- t^ t~ t^ t- 1- t-: ira ir tr c>- t- t- o- to •naSoniu iB^oj, 1 t- o- 00 oc 00 QC a 00 o % o c o a C o c c C C c C ^z 12U SODIUM liENZOAlt AJsl) 11 IK llhALTLl Oi" MAN. . X s S •jjBJjxo jomy £ o» -^ C e _. m » ■* n ■uaSoj^ia ie?ox C3 , J. oc 1 •* ■; ,:r. !r s? S H u H Em •jajBAV ft. . -o t~ o (N CO « CO ^ •Xjp jiy s :i ^ g s CB g oc .d tt U) . t- « o O O N O! ^ ISTOK 2 o 1- ^ § 1 s s g 5 ■piOB onexo 2 '^ '^ »-H SB i£}!pToe iB^ox 23 '"^ " '"' ''^ "^ " ■^ TT 23 » lO « 0! •I JBN SB anuomo Is 00 2 o ;:: s o s ^4 (^1 X r^ CC t~ •(OOI=-los s.Sun -H ^ "^ ^ -qaj) treoipni t. ,__| O CO •sruoqd s ^ o t^ t^ X ^oqd ajBqdsoqj o " , r'- $ rs ,-< •jnqdins iBjjnaM Ci o o c c "^ ^- anqd s 5 i 1 s i o -ins iBajaqia C! O n CO t- •mqd o t^ ^ a lO i* s -ins oiubSjoui C! <= OS •«• o s •jnqdins mox O o «c "■? • _A — ^— ■— . -^,.^- ^ ,— '— ^ •naaojjni So ■ H pauiuuajapnxi C! ^ _^ ^ _ _^ pa r^ r^ t3 •uaSoura piac ounddiH Gm. 0.06 o s £ s o °. o CO •ua3 P ^ o i?: L; s s o s -ojiju aainjjBrfj J O o -.a •U93 ci ■* c S '^ -ojjni pioe oua O c> •naSojjra auimj S o O o ■^ o f> o or •-'; CO aaSonin ejj^ 1=^ ir M* *; 00 o or ^ o •uaSoj^iu Bajfi 1- o CO t>: b- t- t>i OJ ■» s <3> o uaSoj^ra iBjox 1"^ 00 K t^ 00 o- oo 00 a X OS •i£ltABj3 ogioads o o o o c '" •"■ ^ rt "^ c 9* ■^ amnio A •V o O rH '-' ^ '^ ^ t- • lO c t- •jqSpAV Xpog O c; : S :^ Si "3 S oc M ■ o ° ^ o c ,- ^ u c c c O c • O C 2fc- I S 0°. ' X i2-5 »a5 •^s = C ; ZZ l.XFLUKIsH'E OF SODIUM HENZOATK ON Nl'TlUTION AND llEALTil. 121 • a^i •J ijvap.p j.)m;.| G> 35 '^ ^ gs S n ■uaSoJiiu iBjox sj^ ^- r, i^ ■W ■£> "C s ^fs TT •Jo^BAV t (X ft, . o- ■« o -< o i~o o 1 •Xjp Jiv 5 '^ -^ s s ^S» » . c 00 o> o cr%-<>o~ !0 ^ MSJOK 1 ^ ■rf t~: o 1-H f*. i-< f^ ^^ s •P!»B OllBXO 5 ?J s 2 SS § SB .ijipicm iBjox ^ ,H „ '^ » S g 8 S g S* g [OBN SB ouuomo Is » «g r^ N Cjr-- s hams. 85. 84 70.82 s ^ aJ o 4, lO rc« m ■ri ■(001='I'>ss.Snti ■"■ 2 § F-i T-^ '^ -qoj) uuoipui H ^ ■.o c^ o O --00 CO siuoqcl p '^ fs'^ • -soqd djBudsoi} J <£ <- . ' '. ■ra (NT •Jimdjiis iBjjna>i S c la c o o = o C-J M.JC' a> •jnqd S c o o o o oo s -ins lB9Jama O c •—1 O :C 00 ■jnqd f^ 1? s g s ? ^S s -[ns jiubSjoox ^5 c i 2 S ■jnqdins jb^ox -—■■ ^^-*^. ,— ^ -— -^-v ,_*_^ lo as p 9 u I uuajbpui^ 1= « 5 i i a a: ^— V — '^'— V— ■ - '^v— ' ".^w-^ & ■noSojjra picrc ouriddiH a c lO lO >o ^. c •neS -ojjju aujuijBOjj 0~c ^ •nag t^ o c f^ CC w o-. £ |^ -onm ppB oijfx O c a § ir ^ «= uoSojjTu aminj C> c ° c ■ li X2 t e :i •uaSomu CHN ^ d S o oj — . c -.O 0:c: •na3oj;in Baan. S t- l^ t^ t^ t-^ r^ t^ t^ izg ^ (N 'S X O •uaSoj^m iBjox l« o5 00 a 00 Cici CJ c t^ 05 c 00 ISO •.\jiABi3 ogioadg ^ o o c o oo o c o o o ^* S 853 aamiOA M o - rH rt ^ ^ '-'-' "^ • C<5 M 05 T-t ■;q3i9M i£poa i u-5 25 Til - 1 3 S >-' d t^ K 03 O-H s c ' o o c o o o c o o c o o o c C C o c O iTI ?ODiLM BKjNZOA'LK AJND THE HEALTH OF MAN. ••§ ^ £ o 2 5 g 3- . o s ?i •^DBiiXt) a.iqia 5 s CI oo o aaSoj^iu le^ox § t>^ ^ ,_( ^ CO ?!t~ GO B ■ja)BAi t^ f=. a, . o CO C^ o N U5 >o o ^ ■Aipiiv s- ?5 t^ 00 s s to 1- ^ O "S . -"f" cs ^ T— t e«5 03 00 >o ^ •jsiOH c ^ ^ g 5 s g •piDG aiJBXO ff « g §1 ": ^ OT iS^ipiDB IT3^0X ^ '^ *"* '"' "^ "^ " J^ cc o (N •lOBNseaniJomo g^ ^ ^ C<3 e< o ^ M CS-H "^ '^ "^ '"' o rt) « 0-. tr. oc TT ■(OOI=Ios s,3u!i '^ '"' -Tjaj) uBDipni »o c s CI •siuoqd P'^ t^ ''; -soqd ajBtjdsoq J o- t^ 00 cc <5d • jnqdps xBi^naN ^1 mqd S o s s=^ s o c -\T\s iBajaq^a ^o o CI •mqd lO ^' -* lO ^ Ift -ins oiubSjoui Od s •jnqdins \^%oj, = S«SE^g8S?S??gss^ C OC4 •naSojiiu 5 ^- • g paninua^bpufi a « — '— v -"— V — " — V- o - -"S"— c u •uaSojjtu pio« oijnddjH c> s " " " 'ii - t>. M •aa3 pi^ S! >o ^ iT !o !* lO -ojjin 9tniiHB3J0 Oo r •ua3 a t^ h^ -OJ^in piDB oufi iSc ^ naSoj^in 8uuti- c gey t>- C •U930J}IU iB-jox ^" o- oc t^ cr o- oc 00 c t- t~ •ji'jiABjS oipoadg == c c c "" ■" *~ ^ ^ •"^ c: ? § ? ^ ■aumiOA «jr- M ■ i • CI CJ IM •iqSiaAv. ^pog 1 Tt £> 5 r- .r ;c g g ? Q (. < ^ £ x: x: x: j: c c c c c c. t c c «. : 3i — i — d 5^ "O .a.S :2 5^- o o o o o o c oca* r:: MM"-* '^' ZZ JAKH'KNCK OF St)l)ll'M I'.KNZOATi: ON XITKITION AND HEALTH, 123 • ^ oS s? 'ti.tg tOBj^xo j,nii;,[ ; i 1 c • 5 S -ua8omn iw»ox 1 -^^ .2 -^ ~ S? fSS 12 g S : n to o n •J9?«AV k fv, . O 00 :o M 00 00 (N IC OS - J •A-jpjiv s -• t'i ?^ ^ ■rf O . C .' O 1^ 1- OS 1^ -H 00 ■o ^ •jsiojv \i:i?^ 1- -<• o n to o •piDB OllBXO 1 -i -i-H- ^ J ^ ^ C^ ^ Cj c^ S« X^IPIOB IC!JOJ, " «SSSSSS§?5??S ■lO«NSB»niJOiqo S ^ c-iui tH - rt- «s ^ 00 1^^»O «O5'--3,-((N(MtD00->l'O'O 00 uaSojiju jB^ox St^odo5oda5odc5odc>05 o6 COOsOtOOOi— tcioc^ o •if ;iabj3 ogioadg o oo o o o o o o o •^ -H ^,-1 ^ >-l .-H rt -H rt rt ""* tSoc-ioooooocoococ ■etntnoA *"* '"' I- • iC U5 "J^SWM Xpoii § 3 : S s S t 1 -_* • — ^) ^t -f ■ : to i- 3J ■^ g C> O-H t. U fc. t- - U, t- 7" c -^ tH UI--^^-^-2P^ «; 1 ^sjsEeesse S 3S >>>>>>> oooooooooc 1 c 5C /^ '^ V . y y / ■: ? X is*' "Voo '^ 0, o o O Q^ u Z V 0. '^ 1/ t is ^ §? + .fl.S tuotjj'- a. 124 ^olJlL'M BKXZOATE A^'Il I HE HEALTJl Ol-" MA.N. S a S o ■jnqd ; gK f~ ^ -ins oitreSjoui i cicj •anqdins iv-ioj, p a u I ra JBj'apu ii OC I^ 1^ "M CI u5 to 50 t^ '.D -^ ptac ouriddiii 55 ^2 S g •na2 -ojiiu picm oun. H ^ ^* — ■ c^ 00 o 10 --i _: l~ U3 03 U5 •uaSojjiusjjsj O' •noSojiiu Bdj.i ■uaSojiju iBjox asO O •iijABiS omaads fe 'a £ 3: ss I 2 feo c> c5 c5 oJ 00 I c5 O-" -- " - '"_'- I " . 10 o -s " 60 » «" I — ' Sc4c4 -- e* -SciTi ci gi- - -' - " ""„""" O CO IM -#10 05 ej N IM £> £! S :2 00 o o 00c •aumtOA ir> Lo o 00 S 2 ff SS S to t^ <» 3 3 3 05 w ^_ 3 3 33 INFIAENC'E OF SODIl'M IJENZOATF. ON N L'TKITIOK AND UKALIH. 125 ^ •Xjp Jjv « 2 I>. IC I^ t^ t- . tt} mn ocoq" ! S -^ oc ^ So — c-S 00 ^ OQ O ^ OS ^ •jnqdrns isj^noN •jnqd -ins I«ai9ma •jnqd -ins aiocSjouj — --•»—. ,-15 ss . 00 ® o> o» OO --I S-= g 1^ tc «^ o to ■■•; Od •jnqdins i«}ox pan; uuaiapnii S« 00 00 I - O 1-i 00 05 ^ r^ 1^ CO g 00 t^ OC 1^ t^ to 00 >TPc<) r-o O Cox JSoo — II 1 ^ .-I •9umioA •Hl3i<»M Xpofi I a s a » 126 .SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. Q o CQ ^3 -7* V> o a. Q o « M a iJ a< 55 i^ i* Fh U < !>, o N ^ "r, S a -*• P9 «C M C-l ^ iOCJlxu jyqiH S ^5^ -r c ^ Sg uaSoiijn iBjox (S, i^ s ■gxi- » r* •J9JBAV ^ R, . ■Vto n ■s lOOS lO •» i •;£jp JIV giOOC g X s . USO c C-l mnxr- C. s •piDB OTIBXO g^O X SB X;ip!OB iBjox tcS» C<1 o>mc< o lO^N SB auuonio S oio (N _; OS --CM ^ tt -' '^ '^ o« c K! lO ■<»•■* t~ •(OOT=Ios s.Suii . -qaj) uBoipui •sruoiid c § Si?8 s -soqd oiBqdsoiid^ " r^ T-H '"' ' ^0(0 •jmidins iBjjnax Oc • ■.mqd pes § o S3S o -ins iBOjaqja ^c ■ : inqd o !D 1^ t^ t^ TT >oa •uaSoJiiu "ua <§« c 2 •ne3oj}in B9jfi S d y,rH »-x S" oioS c •U93ojiia jejox S(N^ X ■* ■%v(Swml .fpog |S g § S a J 5 1 1 CM >>> . > . > > >>>.> s s z : 3D: >-! *-i I-! f-a H-j g« *. O I + S2 fl 13 fl oi 55 l.NFLUEI^CE OF i^UDlVM BH^'ZOATK ON NUTIUTION AND HEALTH. 127 I •4Jtu|X.i.i.iiiiM ■jtf;«.\i •Xjp Jjv "JSiOK •pjOB OIIBXO lOBN SB euiiomo •(001='los s.Stiii -110 j;) UTsaipux ■sruoijd -solid o}Gtidsono CI *« 'O 00 o c^ iJ5 -^ »c o 05 , toi^"-* 00000 . ■^ 00 P) (N ■^ ^05'Hoj ^ -H 1-1 C5 «0 t— C*5 OS 01 CO g^.-; _5 t^ -H Oi -^ CC O CO ^irara s; 00 2; CO — — t^TiO — O SfvidoJdoddd Cl CO CO --^ -^ CO i^ (N C^l !M C^ CJ CJ rt 0000000 C O O O O CO 5^ — ;ooccci^o6o t^ 00 Oi G ^^ *t *f! o c-j oi CO CO 2 2 >._>> X_>> f-> & & SB'S dS 5 5 t-s •-, l-j I-, t-j < < .SHS §§ Qoo •S o a a la a B ^ Sotog ® 2S 128 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN, ■joBj^xa Jema •naSoj^ju iB'jox ■la^BAV •iCipjiv O 00 1^ r^ o t- 1- «c . 0(N ■-O -i (N CM 00 oi i^ »H ^ w 1^1— cc>-iro >05 -^ oTcccn" •pioB onexo 'lO^N SB anuomo ■(OOI=los s.Snii -qa^ ) nBOipni . o ic 00 eci^ « -.o « O (N tC -.O (N 00 •■£ . OO O O (M •^ •» ■fl" t^ t^ o oj o r^ •-> ■stuoTjd -soqd ajeqclsoq,! ■n -.C rt o - t~ 50 00 1~- ■jnqdpis iBJ^naN 00 rt CO 00 00 eq lO : CO r^ 00 1^ o r^ ^ ■jnqd -ins jBajaqja •jnqd • ] n s onreSjouj O TT •<}* -^ ^ (N 00 •■rp-^Tj*rrO<£lCC gocooooc ■^ o t^ cr. o lo cc • 00 00 -^ iC X ^^ CO ; 1^ -tr I.O >r; -o Oi CO O cOC4^c&01 00 M CO 00 CO w" OS (D tCMiO-- "2 -M •» COOOOl'-'CO •piOB OII«XO SB XiiPIOB IBJOJ, lOBNSBoai-'oinO •(001= 'los R.2nii -qajl) ncoipui •sruotid -soqd oiGqdsoqd •jnqdpis jBjjnaN •jnqd - 1 n s iB8Jiaq^a 06 o» «5 *—icoNffl •5 CO "1 ■«roo«50'* S O! -H ooorfioo H H J N CO iC o OS OS O t- t^ 00 •^ CO O CO lO w o ooooo •jnqd -(ns oiubSjoui CD t^ ^ O I^ CO t^ _: O O >O—i0000>C ■jnqdiTis jBiox I ^ C-) IM ^ rH rt N •uaSojjiu peujima^bpuii r^ Tji r^ o »« -^ CO '^ I -^l-" . CO ■^ 1-1 N CO lo --I ■—'»'" ■aaSojiiju piOB oijnddTH ■uoft OS O OS »o c» o :0 T-tco OsOOS »o :c cc lO -o lO ■naS -OJIjU pjOB OUil OS CO 05C0 OS O (N : O 00 t^ ^ cc t^O •naSoxHH anun CJ ■«»i CI cq 23 '-' o ooooo •nunqo^V O o oo o »o o • S OS CO CO r~ 02 t^ooooo •;q3ia.\v Xpog 0i ^^ -^ t>f (.'J -^ ^J >*.■■ be be ic fee bX iiC r 3 S = 3 = z < IS Z5^ 70111— Xu. SS— 09— 9 180 80DIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. "^ ! •joBJ^xa .will a Gms. «12. 91 21.96 •6 1 •naSoJira ib^ox Gms. «6.80 11.57 ^ Ed Id •J3JBM ft. 00 •itjpjlV . O ■<1' O O C^ CO t~- IN •isiow Gms. 165.2 110.8 105. 9 90.5 155.5 147.6 118.1 ^ ■piov. OII^XO 1 SB Xiipp'B ib;ox 1 * ■lO«NSB8uuomj Gms. 16.20 14.40 8.73 9.72 10. 26 10. 98 11.44 s •(00T=-Ios S.San -qaj) uBJipui 11 Trace 13 Trace Trace Trace Trace •stuoqd -soqd a^BqdsoUcI Gm. 0.72 .67 .69 .68 .73 .73 .77 f~ •jnqdins iBj-jnoM Gm. 0.167 .156 .158 ".'096 .079 .134 2 -.inqd -ins iBajoq^a :C r.- O CO l>. ^ lO : CO CC-^ -^ CO lO C^ g OOOOOCO Od o S •jnqd -ins oiubSjoui Gm. 0.413 .395 .456 .436 .455 .446 . 463 ". •jnqdins I'Biox Gm. 0.616 .588 .060 "".'.588 .579 .622 1 (d •uaSojija p 9 n 1 uua'^apufi Gm. . 0.36 .54 .15 .22 ..51 .37 .41 H P •uaSoj^m pioB aunddjH S ;;::;: : Cl ;;;::: ; ; •uoS -oj^ju euiuii'Baja Gm. 0.617 .610 .602 ..576 .567 .595 .602 •naS -oa^iu ppB oun Gm. 0.231 .187 .167 .168 .192 .185 .184 00 •uoSoj^iu anuni U rKri'I«,)>i AND IlKALI'H. 1 .'S 1 1 ^. ss? li? •),n!jjx,.ioiuM 4 3S a CO • ~ss "T" ■naSoDiu iw)ox c>. «.:^ •8 £c s n: ;;~ffgt2 1 ^ u u •ja;OA\. h. u. a^ cT CM 03 s :^ SRsj s § o "cD ■K" o -H h- .-icoD CC SB AlpiDB ICJOX '^ '' ^ -H ^-.-H e^ i^tOTf u5 03 (M t-* coo o ■^ ■jnqdins iB^ox d t~ to to lOCO U5 CD _<.. -.^— ^ ^.— *— ,^-'— , _»_ »^^?3JS>5»0 CO «OlOU5 ira -ojjTU 9niini«9J0 cs d o •nag ~00 § t-- 00 QiON b* 03 OO-T 00 g N -H ^ _(N— . -ojija piaB oun o d "cT 03 CO to^oc 8 CO •uaSoj^ia auunj 1 O o o ooc o Cj d CO s? N CU Cflco-^ CO ■uaSoj^TU ehN d IC 00 I-J -^ t-l Tjl t^ to o o CO CO N<0(N ■>»• •uaSoa^iu ■eajfi S 00 00 00 I-; wdco t>l ~» N N 00 COCJO CO « 00 O (M u: 00 N —< .-1 (M o- "■^^ ^l-~^ oc~:C "M""^ H "S t- r- oc 1- l-l-t- t- ^ ■lave/A. ^ |i( ft, "bo t- "~-T~ CI ^ X c^ " CI •s •Xjpjiy 1 l>^ < s s sg^^ ci CI •C -H __-_- CJ OCT CI ^^ ^ •jsiOK g ^ ;^ oc d '^ti 1 o " cc -^ t- ^ ?5r- •piDB On^XO s 03 o (M CO SB ^jipioe iBiox ~c^~ir-: X c> c c: CI CC M s ■■c c< so r- •lOBNseanuoiqo s M c d r; -r ci — ci o " " — ^ — . — •"" a a — ut -[ns ■anqa oineSjoni 5 5! c5 CO wcc-^ •T o cc m «5 S> t^iO c •jnqdjns i^^ox '^. I.-; o •.-; « *"; ^_A« _<_, ^J--^ 5^-5 as m oc ^ -J c . •naSojjiu g ■^M "I" ^ 2 p 8 u I auajapafi o S ^ — ' — V— — . — ' CI "c^ o c^ 'p pioB ouriddjH d g d 00" c C5 t^ CI C ^ •nag lO u- « d ooooc 01 s co »r irt »0 O CO IT •c -oj^ia aaiui^Bajo tt d O 1^ N u; COO OC ■T •naa s s « 00 o6 ciFit, 00 CI — -OJ^lU pt.7B OUxl c> d ^ O: 1^ — — M S. dTl-^ •naaoiiju anjjnj o d ''• O OOC oo a CD 00 cONir ^s^ M o- « co CO CO y •naSojiin sjj^ s d t^ to T oocooc « CO !0 M C^ iO '-•c^ •naSoijia Bain s d « t-^ t-: t-^t^t^ t^ ~si~^ to O — iCICC 00 o> a 00 00 o-o-a »o •U93oj^in iBjox t- ao oc" oc docx 00 o c- 00 — j-t^oe 01 Cl — ^^ — •X^iABja ogioads 2 S E o 00 = 9 i o = ggg 1 CO •anmiOA " ^ * Ol '~l ^'. ."" 1 u '^ rt -H„_ " as •x> ^ — f ~ CO •^qSpM ipoa 5 d d .= § !?_ i si 0^ g ; -H ci CO TTCItO C5 ■ u b I-. U b t. ^ -1 ffl 01 ci c:) c c 1^ Q ,—1 M ^ .c ^ -a,i:j: > M £ I = ^a a S.S.C - ;i * :. w a; 0. < M X. cr. a: XX ?? fo S u IMLL K>.cl-: OF SODIUM BEXZOA I i TUITION AND IlKALTll. I'.V,^ •na3 S - — ot » 5! 5J -^ n m \ ^ r» c* c< «>» •naSontu auunj -naSoj^m sjj^ naSoaain B8ifi naSojjiu I'Biox N — o ^ IC CS CI tc rt ?o cc ?« -^ -^ -^ Q 00 00 e^ « to >-■ t~- OC t~ 00 » ■-CjiABoS ogioads c» ?» c^ anmiOA cr. — ' c ■jqSiaAk. Xpog c c c - c a: c * (V ^ C, & O. ft ~ w — i i tt> tt> '- Oi cc cc X X "/; X Si •S5 WW ?55 g2 as a o e s a &c 134 SODIUM BENZOATK AND THE HEALTii OF MA^^ , t~ = 1 c ] ^" •"* •)a«U4x<) jdiirj 5 2?; M e ! o ci'yt -aa3ama i«>ox S ^.' 1 "?e — f— 1 — * ./I -x> '** 1 m '" u . •iOVBM. fe, f^ ft. . ^H •* TP CM o» r- o U3 . •Xjpjiv 1 ^ 55 :5 ?5 g ^ S §^i s d! . "3 r^ -H -j; ^ o -I eo •jsioj? 1 ^ s 3 S 5S 0-. c^ 2 S S •piOB OIJEXO o to '^. SB XjtpTOB lE^OX i-> ^ ■o o S3 to •lO«NSBanuoiqo |2 !N T — TT ;:; d 2 ■(001=-los s.Suji -qsj) treoipni (-4 e 1) &4 b4 Eh (N 5? E5 O 00 •o O: •stuoqd F '^ -soqd aj^qdsoqj O ° O -H IN CJ s g vmqdinsiBJinaN O d •jnqd F s O s s O o 3 O -I n s leajsq^a O d «s to mqd id S "5 to ^ $ S3 -ins oiobSjohi O d •jnqdins ibjox s X O => 1^ S3S oc -n83oj:(ia So • m paninijajapnfi ^_ ^ _^— v—-^-^- _^ _^_ pg 'T 1 nSoaira pio« 8DunddiH Om. 0.10 O o o o o o I- •c C<1 »i2 •n93 g S ^ 8 3 o »c ^ s -oijin amm^Bajo CS d ..H to •uaS a ^ 0= s <^ -ojjin pioB ou^i O d •o ■aaSoJtiu Boun J O d " s -S " CO M c^ •uaSoj'jia 'HN 1^ O C-. £ c 5 a s e £ < 3 * a. . a a. c . o. 3. s 01 M X 01 X ^'2 Ox s c 'Z 7 £ '^ S C s t£ INFLUENCE 01'' SODIUM BENZOATK ON NUTRITION AND HEALTH. 185 ^- r i5 *. •iouj^xo aoqia 2?i e e>i S •ueSonju itJiox d to — tjl2 R ?: S 8 - ■«- t^ s ft So ti •ikntiAV t. (h a, . 00 N r- to to t^ eo -r "(I" *s •iSjpJiV S eo §5 t^ 55: o» uj s ^ ?i ■" s :^ O OS . eo (^ ■v 00 l-H w " U5 ■* Ttl ^ •jsiOH |s? S s d s 3? ^ io S ?5 s •pjoo oipjxo 5 S§ s s J§ s s « 3 w SB AlPlOB IB^OX 8 C3 2 Eh ^ 00 -qej) UBOtpai IM H H H H en Eh H u: S g •snjoqd S "^ OJ 00 00 1^ 1-: « -soqd ajcqdsoq J 5 ° c-> IC w 00 8 ■jnqdins [Bj^naM o ° — ' ira It: i i •jnqd F s 5 S s -ins iBajgq^a O d o «: oc in •jnqd p !o i^ s S ^ $ ? s -ins oiuB3ioai O d (— , t^ 00 s fe 8 • ^ s r- S •jnqdins iB^ox O o -". ^ to to to "^ , ,_v. -.^-»~ — ». _, -, _/^_ _, ■ , — '^-./— '■^ ,_.^ •nsSojjiu Sd ■ M c^j -^ -«r pen !uua:)3pn£i O -^-^ _^ ^ -V— -V- OS f^ r>- 1^ f^ 1^ t) p I B ouriddiH Gm 0.02 3 ° s °. g § § g ° . o -^^ te r^ >o 01 •U83 g s «i s ^ t-^ r>: 00 »- ^^ f^ to •naSoj'nn Ib^o j, S d o> 00 05 O) d OS d 00 OJ OS C-l c^ s ^ b. hi u c s ^ j: £. X! A ^ •^ 6 S 5= c c G C c S 6 '^- a o. c u O. c H c . ft e . a a 0. a i w C/J OQ CO « CC m tn CO ai |3?S I f ss?; is? !§ i b bi S g? 1 to + o « •S 03 c c Z2^ 136 SODTUM BENZOATE ANK IIIK IIKALTU OF MAN. •).)«j)xo J. U5 rf >ri uS 95 54 t>^ M 55 .I •:)S!Opi •piDB OIJCXO SB A^ipioB ib:(ox ■lO^NS^anpomO •(OOT='los s,gnii -qaj) UEDipuj m 00 10 r* o >o 00 l (id iM <>i 1— f i-t o o Ci Ci I J- 1;:- :H 1-^ •uaSojjin p 1 e ounddiH •ua3 ■093 -oijin pioB ou^i S S § 3 •uaSoj^iu 9iiun- 1-1 o o ■* . 00C<5 "5 •jaBJ^xo jama O e CM ^ SS ss 09 •naSoj^ju iB^ox CJ , d_d '^ TiS •r^ E: r s H t>. 52 S •lavBAS. t> s, 0, . t~ U3 t- fH to »-• a> •^ 1 •^ipjlV g t-^ o\ I— 1 C5 a> ^ S . r~ Oi t~ 0 (M S •piOE DIICXO SB ^^ipiDB ib;ox •* TJI cq 00 Tl< s 00 CO O! t^ lOBNSBanuopio |2 ■* •>r --o O) « a> CO 0) ® ® 0) o © •(001= 'los s.3ini s CS S ^ ^ § ^ § -^^d) nBDipni e H ^ Eh C-1 Eh o o •«< ^ •stuoqd p '^ CD t- 00 -soqd a^Bqdsoqj iS - I So S ,-4 c*^ — .r- -— .— — V- -"— y- _^, ^ ■' ^-v— K o> Oi a> s; t3 •naSojjTU pjOB ouriddjH O d '^ o eo 1 -naS s s g O S s s S to -ojjra ammjBajo C! d in "O •naS -2 "^ ^ ^ S CM N (M -oj^pi piae oun Gs d ' CO r- « OS •na3ojjra anjjnj Cj d O o o ■ (^ r^ 00 oi ": •naSoJiiu chN 1^ 1 to S3 1 « oc iO 1 •uaSoijni Bajn t-; t~: to t>- r~ 00 ■^ 1 ic S8 o5 t^ t^ C^: •uaSoniu iBjox 1 «^ Oi 00 00 05 oi Oi d 1 u: r? IS g • Aiabj3 ogioads o '-i ° 1 '^ ^ rH rH *■• "^ "^ 1 9 5 g 8 AJ '-' . 1 « rH 1-f ^ '•^ 60 IN f- b- Oi •jqSWM ^poa f^ g g g 1 G t-' OC o: g 1 ^ x: ^ X X. c = s s s 5 Ci c. c C C c c c c c 2 i a a c 3> o oS^ INFLUENCE OF SODIUM BENZOATK ON NUTKlTIuN vMi iIKAI.lll 'A'J U^. 'aa3oj}!xi lejox •XjiABiS ogioedg axmiiOA •JUSiaM Xpog S3 r- ss ?! 0-. ?5 s » 05 05 00 o6 oc 00 OS 3 § i % § s ? O i-l 00 Oi 00 00 -H owe0'^»0^l-oo OS W N W ^I C» Ci CM o c c o o o o S C u - Z.Z 140 sjOdicm be.xzoate .\yv the health of MA^^ <6 8 •uaS uixa joqjH 00 re '?' ot-SB c6cici OJJIU IBJOX 1 s to o 2 CO CO •jaiBM a> « s g n « o S s r^ CO •Xjp Jiv 09 S o 00 o o OS Pi ■♦ 5 ?5 S s ■jsiOK o 3 00 1 ^ 5 U3 1 o 00 •piOB OIIBXO se AilpiDB IBJOX 1 t^ r^ 00 3 § ^ s 00 s ?3 g ■IO«N S8 emaoiTio Cj s ^ PI oc 00 -J -x> c 8 ;; ig ?5 00 CO ■(OOI = -Ios s,3mi -H3J) ireoipui 1 93 1 ffi 3 E- o e •STUoqd -soqd a^Bijdsoqd o g s 00 lO t- CO 00 s§ S i unqdins iBjjnax 1 c d 2 s i c 05 c 1 § o 2 •jnqd -ins iBaiaqia c5 i o = ■a = s ° ■jnqd -ins onreSjonj C3 00 d ■* 1« s :s s s § i s - •jnqdins lejox ?5 5 d g 5 fi g p a u I uuaVapnxi g d 7> O>00 naSojiiu PI OB otjriddiH <3 i o s 2 s £ 5 § B B 1 § ■uaS -ojjiu amunBaj J CO d 1 M S i o 2 i S 1 i •naS g C5 o B 00 ?5 g 5 2 o o ?i m s p § •U930JJTU auunj 5 o = i 2! c ^ o: s o E CO o ti83oiJiTi«HM 1 i€ ?3 S s S ^ 5i 00 §§ CO naSojjin eajfi o s 00 !>- oo a- a 00 •naSoura ibjox c 00 00 c- 00 t~ § S S3 OS •Xjiabj3 ogioads i i & § i i i ! ! s aumiOA u § a ^ ^ i oc g ! g ~ 1 aiiSjaM xpoa 1 3 P oc d c i^ 00 o ft 1 c C Q J a C s > c Z ■M S i s c 1 1 Z a a 1 1 s a c Z c Z o s td o • ^' CO :csco CO o S o a c z; ds HH I a) c jsx: KH 2« •o g ■ 22 G) 5S •-r a) a c acgS o o^b IM-'LLli^CE or dUDlLiU liEisZUAlK U.\ .NLiUITJoN \SU IIKAI.IU. 141 IJttJjxo .loqiy ?ir: •oec •JaiBM •A'ip JJV mon ■py.ve 3;iT!xo SB Aqiipunj nuox IWti stiouuom,) ■(00T='loss.8ini •SIUOTJCI -soitd o^ciidsoiici •juqdins isa^nafj ■jnqd -ins leajoq^I « « M on «o S S cc :^ ^S 3 s s S^S 1^ '" O) '^ ^ '-'-' «s S5 S (N g ?IS feoo e-j "5 (N rt — o ;S f^ -S S3 i§ g5 SS 8 t^ C^ 00 o> OS O :S ■jnqd -jns ojobSjoui ,c r^ o > •anqdins (B^ox pouiuua jap till uaSoniu pjaB ouriddiii TT CC O CC OS I M -^Ji Tli -^ 00 00 00 OS r^ '^ «-ct^00 •naS •na3 -oj;[a pioB au£i 'naSojjia anunj oaSoJira 8HN ■n33ox)ni BaJQ •naSoniu i^^ox CO OS OS '^ —1 O .-I 00 ; OS 00 o OS io O rt O so OS 00 C^ rt t^ t~ 00 OS r- coco OS OOh-: . -^ CO 00 M -^ CO 00 •A%l&sjS Dgioeds •9UITH0A •jqSiaift Xpog ej c^ CO o o o o elri r< OS !^ S8 ii s!^: c n a » ^^ 142 SODIUM BENZOATE AND TJiE HEALTH OF MAN. •jaRl|X<« JbtRa •U93oxnn ns?oi, Xaf^V/A, ■;ijpa)V ■'4S10I^[ •piOB OJTBXO SB a;tpidb ps^ox •fOOI='los s,3iin •snjoi{d -soqd aiBqdsoqc CO *i I — ^ r^ 00 I- ^ ft. : ^ ■ c3 CO 1-t c» -^ CO ~"^| .03003 00»OCO g ■ CO 03 CO ci uj o Jt • Ci O »0 '^ ':i5 O O ; •-< ,-..-.^ . r-t CO r-* Oi >-* Q ^ Ci ."o -^ o <£> ■* w 00 « O M ■* CI TO r^ rH OO O Ol *-) OCJ (O T-H roo"3t^'^«co 1=^ rn ^ Oi Oi o CO r* 00 o >, >> t>i >-. >> t>. >> ■3 -3 -3 "3 -333 1-5 1-5 »-> H5 •-> l-> •-! INFLUEiS'LJi or «0D1UM 13E^^Z0ATE OK iN' UTIUTIOIS' \ND UEAmii. i4;j SJS •J9^BA\ Ajp Jiy •jsiopi « r- r- i» t~ 00 o 1^ . 0000 CM CO tot ft OTT 00 IS2 •piOB OIJOXO SB AJPIO^ IBJOX "lO^NSBenuopio ■(OOI=Ios s,3ini -qaj) ucoipuj •STUOqd -soi{d ojcqdsoq J •iiiqdins iBJjnafj •JTiqd -ins jcaiama unqd -ins oiiTBSjoai . «5«3 00 ■^ tD CDCO ^ 00 »o r- »o cDcooo g -^ UO lO lO lOCD-^ CSCD •jnqdpis iB^ox . 00 00 00 C^ CDCO CD •uaSonin p 9 n I uua^apn Q ■neSojjTn PI OB ouriddiH lCCOCT>C-JC^"^C^' CDCD 05 (N 00(M CD CO CDOOC^ —I ^ r~ irj CO oooJci oco o CO c o r^ (M CM C-l "M CO CO — < OOO oooo ooo >o o>o o ; c I-- !-< en w CJ CD •:tq3iajA Xpog I- (Mi •no3amu pj^oj, •jojBAV •Xap jjv •^sjoK •piac OTp!\-o lO^N se ouuomo •C001=-los s.Snri -qoj) luwipui •smoijd -soqd 8}Eiidsoq<£ •mqdins iBjjnajsj •jnqd -ins ix;aj3q;a •jnqd -ins oiubSjoui •jnqdins ic^ox •noSo.niu peujuudjdpnxi •uaSojim piOB ounddjH •naS •uo3 •naSoxjiu 9n{in- 00 1~ r- 1~ t^ S _Qi . "O CO to i^ go OS ^ ^ _ S ~ C5 o^o'oo'm" S 35 •* TO ci "3 ci o O CO io ^o O 1— I -^ 05 O CO 05 g ocooooo Oo CO ro 01 cr f-o 'V r^ _^ 00 00 00 O !•- 0» r-i Od O CI O O: "^ -^ CO ' , .— t Oi CO CO O CO T-i gooooot--r^oo Tj* o C3 10 (xs 05 CO . 't' -^ Tf »0 CD Tp 00 So S :::::: ; '^ ;::::: : ,— t — I 1:0 :D 00 r^ CO gOOCDt-OCDtO tto O ■'T O O-^ OCO Oo o oi »o ■^ r^ o o -^oOGCiOocoior^ g 0000000 ed ■•■•.• ' o o 00 00 00 o o> 1° . '-0 h- t^ 00 •vo ftoCOC^OOOJOIMOs . IM --0 10 :^ C-) O CO ooCOOSt^Cst^t-tOO Sooxcooooioooi _^5 cc ^ jcj)xoioiiia g 3 •aaSoj^iu lEjox ■J»»«AV o ■§2 ^ -^ -^ C^ CO • o 1- t^t-CC ;1^ I- 1 •^ijp Jiv i 2 t-: c4-^o6 'd CO COCON |— ■ CA •^siOK 1 ^ 154.2 124.3 153.0 167.2 "42.' 7 oc Urike. •piO^ OIIBXO SB iCilpiOG IB|OX K to 1.22 1.38 1.77 1.34 1.54 1.66 tc "lOBN SB aniiomo Is 11.70 13.32 11.34 13.41 13.32 15. 10 •(00r=--loss.3tni -qaj) uBoipui 5 Oi CO COCO -^ Oi CI -^ O C^ W CO ■snjoqd -sonddjGqdsoqd |S o C= ^ tS 00 »c '^D L~ O lO ^ lO •jTiqdins iBjjnaN CO CC COOOGC--' ■^ «? r^ooco^ ^ .-H — ( O •-H 1— 1 00 •jnqd -jns pa jam 3 S o lO ■-—( CO o -^ r^ '^ tC CD -^ iC (N o unqd -ins oiubSjoui Cs o O -^ :D CC ^ W »0 to to lO to '^ " •jnqdins i^^ox IS CO CO •uaSoJiiu p a u I uijajapuii Gm. 1 0.44 \ .51 / .29 \ .36 .24 .46 .31 .34 .40 lo5o ■uaSoijm pioB ounddjH C5 c S : O ; o ■na3 o O d .643 .658 .722 .658 .643 .632 CC •na3 8^ O c5 CO CO-* t^OO lO CO CO •uaSoj^m auijn^ r-l •uaSojjm iBiox |s 10.69 8.42 8.64 8.75 9.18 9.24 oi •iC^TABjS ogpadg o c O CC t^ 00 lO iO J NUTRITION AND HEALTH. 147 •j.nuix>) joqjH •ao3oj}|u lerjox '§:: ■i^VM. •Xjp Jiv •^siopi •pjOB onvxo SB ^IJPIOB IBJOX lOBM SB auTJOiq J •(001= -lOSSjUTI -qoj ) uuDipuj •smond -soqd ajBiidsoii d •jnqdjns iejjna>i •mqd -ins i^ajama •jnqd ■ins oiutjgioui ■ O M !^ CO 0> CO . Oi O O kO t^ 00 SCO -^ t'^ c^ cc --^ Oi ^ -^ OS if^N . N 00 00 co->CT-^ O : 00 c^ 00 woo *D:DOt^C000iC00 Scoe^ir4«-^ — -^ 00 CO O CO !0 CO t> OO CO O ^ « CO C^ 00 Oi OS CO C^ CO M c^ 00 t^ o> oi r- oc (So t^ :o CO CJ t^ -^ CD ^ cc ■<»• lo I--: ■«' ■£ CO Od Tl< •<»< CI ■* ■* t~ •naSojjm pj^ox s t^N ^ '25_ __ e !-* 00 »i to w; Ol^ » o t> t- t^ 00 1^ t~ •J*JB.\i t b. Q, _ ^_ . -"T rH lO m-w '^ ^ •Ajp J|V S CT ? ei g55 e-i eigh . M OC ci «>•* o ^ ■;sioK i s B s uici s ! o -■ , SB iSJippC IBJOX '" ^ *-< i-t^ . o ffl s cc tOC: » S c^ c^ 00 C-) 00 — a ■lO^NSBanuomo S (N c 53- m d roc _: 03 '-' ^ ^ -^ ^ « C2 o •(001=-lossjtni ^ K TT -iiaj[) UBOipai ■w cc oo oor^cc OO •STUoqd S '° »c loou: lO -soqd ^Bqdsoqcj 1 ° PQ ■ o ? •>» m OO" 00 oc ocgt; C^l •mqdins iBjox C o t-^ t^ i^ t^ C^CO-^!M m jTcT^b-cxz o;x) . ^1 ^J« -TJI N '^ »r; (N «3 IT co-v •na3ojjtn g — a 2 p 3 n ! nuaj'apa^i 5'' — ' — V — '^ V — '■ — V — ' • — ^— ' o c £ CC — •n33oj}in s s oc c = pioTj ounddiH O o cc c> ca OOICS lO •nag ff; c m OMC' n X o ooa; so -oj;in 9iiniijB8J0 O o c X ocQ tr g •n93 oc o- t- t-i^t- S '^ -oxjin pioB aufi O o cc t^ t-^ OMU- 00 ^ ^ c -^ «>(0-» TJi •uaSojjni onunj £ c c OOC o ■^ CT c oc^oc Tf ir u- ■a< ?■ ?j c-1 n ^- •" — 4- »J -s _ — ; 1 2 = 1 S3 = tu b 1 b bJ 3 Mbctu 3 a 3 3 S -< < •< -=* BA\ fe (^ ft. "«o ts o> oio 'O a: •*-> •Xjp Jiv i CO g ?3 e-i 60 o "t; rH "o" "oloK. « ^ •jsioK i g ^ § S|S o C5 "S u: 1^ ""go" (MOO r^ is " •pjOB OIIBXO o a o «.-•■«< SB iC^IpiOB [BJOX ^ *^ »H ^^« '^ •0 "1 ~§ ^ ^ 3§)S fe lOBN SB anuomo g c i~- 12 ■4< Nc4o- ^ C> ^ "^ •(00t = -loss,3mi i ?§ ss ?5^g s -qaj) uBOipui "s lO o ~co" "oToTiN o •sruoqd « to 50 ^OIOOO ;o -soqd o^BqcIsoqj; o (N >o~ ■^'^1-1 S. ra •jnqd g s J5 s to lOioS s -ins oiubSjoui G) o "^ •^j* t^ T-l GC s (N h- "O o i-H 00 CT unqdins jb^ox s Gj o lO r- 1^ l^iOiC o sssss^sssgs^ (MOO •noSojiiu . g • u g s paaiuiiajbpnxi C5 _^ —' — V ---V-' _^ ^ _^_^ ~^ ■* ■* ■o Tj< •uaSojjin auunj CJ c c c o o ooo o "-S' "lo" ooeoo TI< •naSojjni ejj^ o To »o N ca(N(N (N lO 00 o •o CN M (N (M QJ O GJ a; q ^ ec x: .Q ^ X:^X3 > ■J^ B e a sea < ^ LJ "" " "c (N •piOB OqBXO Oms 1.3 0.9 (M CO T s« AjipiOB ie;ox " "* nr. 00 as 1 ■lO^N SB anuotq J ; 1 S -^ iri t~ 1^ 05 1^ S - 0() •(00T=-Ios s.Smi to l>- -qaj ) UBOipni ■<>< s 00 -^ •siuoqd o ~ -soqd 8)Eqdsoqti • s 00 t^ lO •mqdins iBJina^ g o ; O d o • ^ s S ■o SR ^ s ?a ■^ •inqa goo o o o o -ins IBajaqja C5 d • r^ on CO ■jnqd g s s? 00 s -r -J- s; -jns .3Tire3ioui C5 d O) si is f?^ ■o j5 CO •jnqdins iBjox : -^ o '^ oo ^ c J Xi3 . (M M C^ C •naSoxiin Sd ■ • H z paniuijappuxi o ^ — V- _^ --~^- -'— V— - — V— 00 00 00 00 •aaSoiiiu g s s 3 o o s o s piOB ounddiH cs d • CO r^j 2 •naa g tc o ^ •-0 s s cc -oajra atmnjeaio O d » >!: cc •* ■na3 ss § ira (N e^ c^ s -oajin pioB oii;i Cs d t^ O: •naSojjiu amjn^i goo o d . g g 3 00 K i2 ■^ o •naSojjui fHK ^=^ « g ^ o> 5. 3 Cl O CO •traSoijni E8jn 1 '^ ^ •d CO t^ t^ 35 t^ « S £ b^ y M ^ ^ c •uaSoura iB^ox S 00 JT C5 '^ 00 Oi 03 c 0-. c^ o C^ •i£;iABj3 otjioads d ^ ■ . § - o y g ^ s ■anmpA — « « ^ ""_ •jqSiaiU. Xpog t^ o '- c-i C h . t- 3 a> C5 rt 1908 l-,nr 4 b^ i 1- c a c "" S i = Fi c fc t: fc S i 3 a; a ^ ft c X c c - c Sr, 'j ■■ rr rr :7 M * S3 (3 G q a; o ODU. 52 INFLUENCE OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON NUTRITION AND HEALTH. 151 , s -o S ■itswx^xa J9ma 1 a !^ c>» ■v w 03 ■n9Soj:)!n Hf)oj, E -1. S M M -< •o u "S 1 H •jejBAV !fi t^ fts t^ • CO c c ■lOBNSBauuomj E ^ oc l>- »r CO <- > CM Cb '^ ^ ^ ■(OOI="Ios s.Smi ?§ S ^ ^ ^ s c^ ^ -qa J ) ireoipuj ,- •siuoqd g to t~ t- o t^ o o -soqd o^Bqdsoqj tS o If ^ Q •jnqdjns iBj^na^ 6 o o c c: o o o ° i •mqd fi 1 c 1 i o •^ s -ins jBaiaqrj O o •jnqd fS IT ■^ tc ■^ lO lO -ins oiubSjoui !^ o c; •jnqdjns ibjox S CJ _< ■^— ~ ^^— » _,^. ■^_/^ m — ^— '— > •o ; a 00 t- o- OJ a: 00 ir O: CC u- o « a •uaSoxjra ib^ox C! o C O oc d oc d IT in •il\A-ei3 ogioodg c: c c C g o ■aunqoA " IXI , "^ " "^ " ■ t^ •«*< ^ CQ ■^qSiaAV jSpog ^ § g 1^ t^ 1^ •^ »r ■o I^ cc oi i 3 ?? fcN ^_ 2 a i Q T_« i. X. X. ^ Q a E fi E e < a. a P< C H C t- . I 1 o. C Z) a a c Q o OJ a, Ctt oc «J 03 bC-1 Col OCM ;z;^; 152 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. O „ H c CJ y W 5; PQ t> »H M 8 , P3 ^ ci Cn w s H ^' tf u ■» ;2^ ^■^ s e S 3 ^ KS ft •}C)Bj;xa joqia 2Ri C-) ?5 ^ ^§ ■n93oj;ni iB^ox E dc>> Ci , — M t^ I- w •jajBAi ^ H a, P!^ M ■» OS CO »-t *s •iOpiiV g S; !* ^ R3 ^ to S § C5 ^in OG -- CO 00 oc C^ ^ ■ispH g ippB IGJOX "^ '"' *"* no c oc c< OC 00 00 01 a- C< •lO^N SB euuoiqo S c c^ <> »r CO ir c CO e^ c c^ u~ oc CR CO •(OOT=-los s,§mi n cs CO -qaj) Treoipui •snjoqd -soqd ejBqdsoqd g t^ t- c: c: CC (^ \r c CO •jTiqdins IBJ jna^i 000 r u- --( ?■» •jnqd P s ^ c s s c 1 3 8 -ins [BdlQVim •* •jTiqd fi fS s ^ 5 ir 10 lO 10 s -ins oiubSjoui !S r-C .-1 ^ •jnqdpis iB^ox. S 00 t^ t- ^ r- CD «5 ^ ,_A_ --^ — ,/— ' — ,— ' ^ — .— ' ^^'-— ,_«_ CO f~ •uaSoj;ni F m p a u I uua^apnn tt ,_^_ ^ r-"- V ^^, _, —'—--' , , « (X oc iO 00 2S P •uaSoj^m piOB oiinddiH F c C s s § s s s S C^l •naS :-> c -OJ^ra emnnTsaJO Gj •naS Tf -^ -oupi piOB oufi ir T •na3oj!)iu auund d c ir r: ? S ■^ f^ ir- •uaSoa^ra ^hN d lO ;C ir tc ■£ 01 O c^ t~ •na3oar>iu ■esifi 1 OJ oc a oc oc d oc h- t- t^ 00 IT -0 -fl o ■ ^ •JS}0K o N z § o 1 t^ •PIOB OIIBXO 1 lO X3 t^ CO e<3 s g ?l 5 s SB AjpiJB leiox o ■««< <- o CO u: ■«< CD ■<»< lO •IO«M SB ainjopi J 5 m o eo ^ l~- IN N ^ G> "•^ ■^ s •(001— los s,3aii ■"T « w t^ c^ •naSoura bojh 1 00 oo 00 t^ P-; (35 X 00 oc 00 OS c= c ^ o rt w w •u^30Jr^^I iB!>ox s o o ^ ^ oi — ■ o d 5:3 ^ •^ ^ '"' l« •j£jxabj3 ogioads o o - o s o o g s •aunqoA " ^- 1 c^ ^ '^ o ^ CC IT) •}q3i8Ai iSpog 1 g o s O i ^ ^ c^ M ■fl \ -c ,, s t- b t^ ,c ^ ? a 2 c c i i^ 2 c c c o ^ o C c ) O o to C c :: a> ^Z 154 SODIUM BE^:ZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN, O W CO Q •%oiBi%X'i jama •J3}BAV •j£ap Jiy •^sjoH •piOB oijexo SB AiipjOB IB^OX 'l J^N SB enuomo ■(OOI="Ios s,3nii -qa J ) uBoipuj •saioqd -soqd aij^ndsoqci ?3g §S CO in pioB ouj2 lO fcO kO U3 00 00 OO 00 S o '^ CO CX5 00 Ol 00 CO lO lO o a> OO CD r* CO -H Sv^ "^r vj ^r c^ CN 1—1 ^, ,.-__^ , r>, ° ° ° ° ° ° ° •naSoj^ra ^hN •uaSoj^jin cajfi •naSoj^in ib^ox •j£^iabj3 ogioadg anmiOA •;q3iaAi ^^pog a: CO 00 ^ Fi ^^ Ol OS to CO i-l CO S 1^ >-t rt CM !=* S! CM « rl t-l 1-1 «12S ^ £ ^ /; ^ 43 j: o o o o o o c C C C ttJ — is is ?:z INFLUE^'t•l•: OF SODU'AJ IJENZOATK OX NUTKIIION AND JIEALTH. 155 . = ; r ro i.nuixjwma 1 o - c^ S3 £? 'aoSoj)|u i«loj, ^S M T3 ?s it ff s s s U •iojBAV k. h Q, e^ ■♦ 1/5 o 00 « 1 * 1 •Xjp aiv 1 S ?5 ^ S! g 5g ^' e) M t- M •»• c^ 1 '^ ^ ■%s]on O s 1 ^ ^ tS tf 1 ^ 1 p a c^ at S e<5 •pjDB a;iBxo 5 SB illpjOB [B^OX O '^ rt ,-1 or o oc 00 tS c> o •pBNSBeajjoiqj 5 IT Ol <- Cl (- J lO rf CS o "'?? ~W~i2 ?=' •(00I=loss.3nii ? S p -1(8 J ) ireojpu J nr a c^ •snJoi(d fS OC CO -soqd ajcqdsoqj O c <— 9" c •jnqdpis jBj^naN c ^ £ & s O CM ° CO IP i 1 •jTiqd c s o S o c s -ins iBawma; C! c (^ g i •JTiqd P ir* ^ 2= ES lo -[ n s oiireSjoui O C r- CJ •jnqdins i^jox S c u. — ^«- -~.—^ ■ooo< ^ • — ,— *^,— V — ,-'^—. Z)0;0 00— 1 3 35 li s p 9 n I ujuaiapufi -CCIOCU T 7C as ■M re c-i ■ 1 coo t) •ua3oj;ra piDB ouriddjH S C5 c ?* CM C-l CM CM c^i cq CO c^ ?l c ■^ •n83 t £ -x: X cs -oupi 9iniiHB9J0 C3 C o tc •naS e -oj}ni pioB oufi C5 c M ;^ C^ -^ ,— •naSonju 9mjn<£ c c C c o c^ »f^ — •naSojjiu EHN 5 c •; J^ C ;^ ^ s s; 88 •naSojjra b9J£i c> t^ 0(3 !C at c od r. t-^ o ? cc •naSojjiu iBjox S o- o t^ c ^ g o- di c l« •^^jabjS ogioadg "Z o c s i c ^ c 2 S o •anmiOA " r~ ^ "^ '"^ " rt ,- 1 "* c t^ 1— 1 ^^ ■jilSiaM ifpog 1 g 2 ^ t^ h M 0; b. j£ r^ oc 2 s s 05 > < x: ^ i: J= .c p c c c o c c c C C C C s:.' 3 C c S^ r- 156 bODILM BJi^'ZOATE a:SD Illi: JIEALTH 01-" MAN, 'd>'§. 'c2 •joBj}x>) jduia i ec-i -H cs SS ■uaSojjiu iBjox g S*^ rJ Of c CO t^ t- t^ tc w ••lat^M 1. a, CO CO o> •JivpjiY B rr ?^ T.! cc s? :^ 05 m f- •"J- r* cc ^ •ISIOH B !S 8!^ ?^ s 0: 1 '~' •piOB OIIBXO SB ^iiptoTJ ib:jox 1 00 • Eg 05 cc ^ S s s ^ c c So c^ t- (3 r~ •lOBNSBOuuoiqo S N c ;: «; t^ 2 t^ l^ oe ■r t-: t- or Tl Ci e^ •uaSoJitu lE^ox g o- c 00 a c c a ca ir s u: «c •X^TABiS ogioedg c c c ■-J '^ ^^ *" ^~* ■^ •anmiOA Tt r- « «^ '^ *" ■" '"' *5 iC CM •* •;il3j8M. jJpOfI (3 to s s s ^ 9£ X oc 2 i? c- CS c^ > Q <; £ X £ X C c c c c. ;. c c L C C > C C > C C c 1^" C! 5 (z;[^ » fc- 00 c oi c^ >rf <3 '"■ + c c c g •^Z INFLUENCE OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON .XUThlTION AiS'D HEALTH. 157 S5i= $i2 3> SU2 IJuajx.) 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COCC 1^ I- o osoo £-^* o 00 00 oi T-J r> »f5 1^ ic I'" 05 o N ^JcJf -<« ^1-1 r-^ Tt< ^ ^ o"»h 66" «BCOicco*-"Oio>eo _tt . O 00 ■'f W C'l 00 00 6?05COt^CCC^^^^ Roj-^t^co-^odos c^ cr o^ CO ^ o^oo «MOCO~ •Tt^-^-^-^iOCDiO S _; . O CO ICI^ »C CO 00 o:co»o»oco^05^r St^co'oDodoot^t^ roo— SojooOTOcoJod T-t lO ■^ CO '-I o c^ (N M IN C^> O) IN O) OOOO OO o QOOO ooo _*?5.-H'«3 0-- -t^li N i >. >. >. >, tl s. 2 1". o g CO o + a c ZZ 70111— Xo.SS— 00- -11 162 SODIUM 5ENZ0ATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. lOBJijxa jaqi'jj •naSoj^iu iBjox •J8?BM •i£jp Jiy •;sioj^ •pi»B Djiexo SB iiiippB ib;ox 'lO^N SB anuorqo >cx)f o c50'«r 5o c ■(OOI='Ios sSmi ■^ 00 I* 00 00 » 00 I _a^ . »0 «D 00 *0 -^ O 00 09 Sf-^ to lO CC O t^ OS rt CO CO -^ N (N CO fio goo c; -^ ai CO oo o lO CCM CD (M CO to . Tj* c^^ ■'Ttj* c^Toc" 05 O O t~ O lO t^ 00 s c^ ^' rt 0-i rt ,-4 ,.; _o . O 00 O OOtt 00 (N C> -"-"-'-' -^ --"^ I^ O Oi ^ ^ 00 Oi 1-1 CI rt C^ O) snjoqd -soqcl a^Bqdsoq J •jnijclins iBi'jnej^ . lO OO t^ 1-1 Ci O 00 CO O ^ O 1-H is< o Od ■jnqd -ins iBajaqia •jnqd "ins ojireSjoni •jnqdins iBjox to O -"l" N C: i-H LO •■^■^rJiiO-^iO*^ gooooooo Co c^ o cc lo o cc »-': g lO lO »0 O lO o ^ Cid rt O -til t^ C: r-1 o , 05 T»< CD "^ O :D C5 ; t^ t~ t~ t~ (^ I- 00 ■naSojjni paninija^apnfi^ •naSoJiin pjoB oiariddijj •naS -oi^in anraijBaJO •naS -oj:)in piDB oufi •naSojcjin anunj •ua3oj:HU sjjN •ua3oj^in Baj£i •naSoura ibjox •ii:>iABj2 oyjoadg •aumjOA •^qSiaM Xpog to ■ O CO 03 • O 1 »o .CO 'NMCO . — ' — lO to O t^ t^ O lO -Ico-^iooooocoto g;iOiOlOOtO*0»C iid UJ t^ t^ CO 1* IM 00 _S00Q0»OiO^-^ 00 t^ to 00 . c^ o o to O CI ■<*• 00 i^Jl LO lO »0 "11 Tjl O Sddciddood O — ut 00 to ^ ■* d OOOQOO t^ ■g t^ t~ l>. 00 t^ t^ 00 t" u •j9;bav u a, . o oot-'-ieo c^ IC *s •Xjp Jiv i s "^sjssa s .a Cj "3 . 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CO 1 -uaSoura onijiia .— , ' U5 ' ^ ^ CO CO 1 d : • • • • TT •V •uaSoa^in ^hN . » CO ■-HOO-fl'CT t- ■* ■n93oj4ra ■eajfi & OS ■ 0000 cc t^ O ; t^ 00 to OS • toto 00 tP • -uaSoJim lEiox S d 'osdoios ■•os OS c -H : ^ ■X^iabjS ogpadg O 'OOOO c o 1 ._ .rt .-l.-l.-( "" o •auiTiiOA 1 ^ *"* !^ '"' '"' *"* 1 « ^ :- ■o o ' -^ngiaAV .Spog; ° 1^ I- ■S tc •■■s X g -S § e' ; i C9 § O --. — !>o 00 t-ooi^ •Xjp jjv •jsiojv SB AJipiOB [C^OX lO^N SB auijomo "(001= "los s,2nii ■sruond -solid a^uqdsoqtj ■jnqdins iBjjnojsj •mqd ■ins iBaj9q;a •jnqd •ins oiweSioui 00 lo ■^i wci' O 1^ r-f a>i ^ ^ '^ 1-1 i>i C2 Oi cc-^ o ■■o "Jeooo e^ >-l r-l -HrttH O ^ CO to Ti- -ai h-r-Tc^r °9C4 a> 00 ooo-^co ft eo c4 irf ■^ Mt-^co Q, rt rt rt rt -"-'^ ■^ C^ CC t-H OM O —I N « .-1 (N rt 03 CO :cio CO o »o o; ^^ r - oi 00 a: CO CO lO »c -^ O O C CO CO ;o CO 00 c •o •jnqdins iB^ox •aaSojjia p o a I raja^'apufi •aaSoj^in ppe ouriddijj •naS -oj^ra aniunBajo •ua3 -ojjin pioB ou/i •uaSoniu anuntj •uaijoj^iu ^HN •aaSojjiu BaJii •uaSojiUTi iBjox •jC:IIAbj3 oyiaadg ■aumiOA •^qSiaM jCpog; >0 rt oo •-< ICOO'JO— HCMCncO 'COIM : CO -^T* "^ Tt^ r-^ c^ iM CO '»or^ s s lO LO CO 03 £33 CO lO ^ O ^ Ol o ^ ooo T-H 00 --C O d o ■ c; c CO fH rp (M t^ioco t~ O t^ (M "5r-( o: CO 00 00 o6 t-^ t-^ t-: rH (N lO —I ^ N — 1 f ^j Xip Jiv S = si g ^ ^g2 1 S 'S Ci 1 . -H 00 .- H (N C5CO r- . 1 (M ^ ■jsiOK g ^ § g ? ^?it \ 2 1 Cj IM -H IM CI rt - ."^0 05 -^ COOOOi 1 O 1 •piDB OII^XO CO CO lO lO lO -^^oio 1 o g ^. . . SB A4!P!0fe IBJOX o ^ »-H i-H T- ' 1 "" . O 00 CO 00 -^OO 1 OS 1 r- o> iM oo-w 00 -H lOBM SB ouuomo S o c^ lO t^ IC Tji -^ji 1 lO 1 O r-, ^ rt - rt .-1 - 1 " ^ c w -H cn t^ (> O •(OOT="Ioss,Sn!i '" * rt - -qaj) ueoipai ■^ 00 I^ 00 MlOO > c: •stuoqd -cOOO Ot-r^:r -soqd ^:^BIldsoq -^ 00 c. C c CK -H iO(M ^ ■jnqdjns iBJjnaN 05 c ■-.o- ' Cf IT lO **» CO T-* -^ 1 ^ ■Jtiqd ci t' c^ c CO co-^ c^ cc s <= c O O CO c o -ins iBajaq^a O c c ^ lO 05 lO mO" Ol •jnqd s - ■^ lO lO iCd* IT s -ins oin^Sjoni Gj c c u" IT Cv CM-* I-- oc . 1^ c^ c 00 co-^oc •jnqdjns ye^ajj ~ r- o t^>c -^ "^ -^ _« — --^ ._ ^■'^— jOci en 00 :oa ■x> re . •naSojjin . COM So ■ TT ■a- — — ' co-^ c -4-3 s 1 ': S S S -^ S 01 a £ -^ M a: M U^Vi'J. INFLUENCE OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON NUTRITION AND HEALTH. 167 •0 to « -fl* •pcjjxd j.miy E -HO» PI a «0 f=S s 00 •ueaoajiu iBjox ^: : - •« s t^ P: 00 s? s, R y •iO^BAV (X •^ lO n to 10 • ^ •0 $ •iOp Jjv 6 \r> ■c J3 S 8 ^ •^ s U5 U5 e» •^ 00 •0 eo ^ "istow E 5 S S F^ :2 s a CO cs ^ '^ CO 05 c ,_t s •pjOT OIJUXO SB j:)!P!OU IU)0X '"' "^ '^ *"* '^ TT ^ N r^ IN 88 Si e^ C^ t^ lOBM SB amjoiqo s J fO _; C-1 «: C-I ^ '^ ^^ '"' ■•^ ,_4 I~- 00 fO 00 « n r-4 •(001= -los s.Snn '^ •^ -qoj) ucoipm s C-1 or (N •STUoqd oc ^ -soqd o:njqdsoqj£ C5 ^ oc •jnqdins iBj}na>i s •jnqd # i i i a •>J< -ins iBdjaqjg ra iC .!i ■^ -jns oiaB3joni " CO~ CS (- s •jnqdins ibjox s d a t^ 3S 03C0 p 'g. p 8 n I uuaiapuQ _^^ — ^^^ _,_^_ - -^ (^ [<« t) •uaSojiin . pioB oiariddiu 8 d i i i s s & = ■naS ■^r c< 10 -ojjia amu};BaJ3 ? ■^ •na3 p c- N -OJ4IU piOB ou/i a d ir C-; c^ C>J •naSoura aaunj s d "■ 10 « •a^3oJ^raS3^J d ^ •naSoJiiu Bajji t^ 00 00 00 t- 00 oc oi t~ c ■-3 in •naSoinn ibjox Cj oi Ci o5 c 00 d c d c^ SJ c s •^jABiS ogioadg -: c ^ ■annqoA 05 00 00 a> u '^ 10 1^ 10 •;q3i8di ^poa s s oc s t-^ or Ci c: s> •§ f^ t. t^ ^ ,_) X! ^ ^ e 6 g p 5 •< Pi C . 0. C . U « — c ^ r?^ r^ r?i r\ '% X '/ fig c a a 9 — !5Z 168 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. 00 ;2s 1 '* •jaBapca jama o c~i o.- •naSonju iB^ox 8 »cc "-^ T^S o S"- Ed U U t^ t^ t~ M 00 •jajBAV fc a, . o o t~. 00 m o a ^ •iQpJlV S S s? ^ o N S t^ o o .a Ci Cl 1 • '* (N f-t r-4 00 CR »-« ^ •ISTOW 1 S g S ^ 00 51 {? S§ 05 - - ; C5 - '^ ^ to Cl i2 SB ijipioB lejox § "^ -. § :n 05 « to 00 to •-H lOBNSBanuomo Is ^ t CO r* a> •(001='loss.gmi § fl "^ ^ 7 1 -ijaj) ueoipni ^ , H Eh on ^ lO 1^ to •STUOIfd fi «; -soqd ajBtidsoqd; (S ° -^ ■ :r> •jniid g g o O o s o s o -ins iB3jama Cj o " ~-^ ■jnqd g S g ta is lO 4i iC -ins oincgjoni qj d •V c s -oj}in ainTiHBaJ3 O d CO ^. t~ r- .-« •na3 s ^ (M (M cj y N -oj:>!n pioB ou_i O d (N oi M ■uaSojjiu anrmj C> d O • Om. 0.55 :?; ^ 5 ^ ^ ^ ^ •uaSojjni ^HN 00 !i: to »-4 •naSoijra •eaa fi 1 * CO 00 00 00 t~ 00 00 . lO s S "^ s g s § •aaSojjra i^iox |2 c o c c Ol OJ o l> rr a- •ijiABiS ogioadg - o -i - s o C o !~ •attmioA o °^ ■^ '^ '" "" ai <^ o ■<>• o •jqSraM ^poa |. s § s ■«< ir ^ r" or o c & B ^^, "" 2 ■piOT! OlfCXO SB XJipiJC H340X S ^ -4 ^ .J «2 00 p IN 1-5 » tf.i- 28 S l JUN SB auiioiTio •(00T = "Ioss.3nii •sruoqd -soqd djciidsoqd f- H H H .-I i-l C4 »o CO C^l o 00 5£ S o o iO M s 00 ^ a ^ *"* ZZ 170 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. S2 t^ •joejjX9 aaqia S 2f3 CO o a 'S •naSoj^iu iBjox s §2 •-H [^ to c i^ "S ^ t~ t~ t^ ■ia^BAV f« fR tt, o « '^ 03 •* eo o o to +^ •itipiiV s» ;^ fS S 5 to §^ s C) . •* r-< CO <3l <-i o lO o ^ ■»S}OK S !8 ;^ s ^ S 00 to § 8 Cb '^ . o o l^ tc es j° •piOB OIJBXO SB X^ipioE ib;ox ■^ "^ ^~* '^ "^ . 00 5 o o e< tc rH » to lOBNSBanuonio S CO ■^ d w e<; er CO 03 ■ '^. /-^ — ;— «■ — ,— »■ — ,— »- — -^ — ,-*■ -^ .— ' — O T-HtO •naSoj^in So s pent uLi9;9pun o ' — .^ — ^' — ^^ — '-^ — "— V — "— V — '^-v -^^ V — ' ■— ^— ' c o ■naSojjra p f^ ^ ^ o o c c g pjoB outiddfH O o o I^ ■udS ^ -ojiin 9uini:cB9J0 O o ,_, oc t-^ •naa c< c< -oj^in pioB oufi O o oc c •^ •uaSoxnn anunj S o O o o "" c» cq lo •U93oa^iu sg^ ,_H t-- to 60 C a t^ •nagoijiu ■esifi 1" 00 t- t~ 1> r~ OG t> c a 00 « c. oc to •a93oi:)ra ie-jox 1- c a O! o> O! c cA CO •^?iaej3 oijiaads o o o ^ o o o c t- ^ •gnnqoA o ^ c» o CI •;q2iaAi i£poa i 00 OS £ s s ^ M ^ 1 - c- c ■w XT. CC t- 2 fi ;^ u ;_ <; ^ ^ ^ ^ X. 5 c c c c. c c. C c c c C c I* •Ha a ge ^ is ^ INFLUENCK OF SODII'Ar BKNZOATK ON NUTRITION AND HEALTH. 171 ^ Oi -•, S •^JBJJxa jnij^jl S28 a (N ^ SS •n* •u.>Soj)!ii nuoj. s isoi ^ n O^ ^ . e> £ •8 « 1^ ■jdlBAS. . i> o- M i^ c (M cs M 1 •Xjpjiv J 5 s 2 c s ? tc S . oe c • in Cj ^ - ra •jTitidins iBjjne^i s <= O o c o •mqd .1 s i C 8 -ins leaiama tt c •jnqd p ^ !C :? t^ ■* i? ^ !? lO - 1 n s oitreS jotr[ to c ir c tc ■«r •jnqdins iB^oi s »= tc «c ^^-* N O 03 •naSojira So n COM s p a u I nua^bpafi _, — ^-v — -~^ ^— V ^ _, ^ - — .— tf ^ ^ ^ (^ c o p •aaSoj^m pioB oijriddin s s " = ^ § ■na3 ffl -ojjin anim^'BaJO C! O ^ S ■naS t-^ OC S ^ -oj^in pioB oufi tt C •naSoJipi amjTici S o C3 O o c a c <= o u- •^ •uagomn ejjjsj ^° OC c c< to •uaSonin Bain oo t-- t-- •j; f- t> t-i ^ s c- •<^ c •naSoj^in Mox 1== 0 lOp » ^t-' 00 N ^ IstoH w •<1< CO CT§ « g U g "s ""bods F^ CO •piOB on^xo a> ooo t- TT CO cf5 SB iSiipio^ l^jox "^ ^~* i-H ^H T-( '"' ^^ •>:' N O-V CI S M 00 t- «o eo^H -^ 05 ■«• 'lO^N s« auuoiqo s © 0/ •(OOI = -Ios s,3nn rt u § "§ § -qa^i) UBOipui ^ ^ c-i c _^ s CC ooo oo CO •stuoqd 50 U3t- <0 CO t~ ^ -soqd a^Bqdsoq J o 00 IC O '«*' So t^^ ir> t- t-it- o o -•s' ^- •jnqd[ns iBijnaN s c c5 o oo .-< "be CO Oi o o r^ ci anqd g c § 8§ S CO o O o - 1 n s iBaaaq^a O d "Id Ol «CO 00 rr CI g5 to •jnqd 1 s 05 tC CO (N ■^ m - 1 1' s oiubSjoui d ■ ~iS CO coco M r^ ^2^ E- CD p a u I imaj'apun. «i j ,? — '^— V — ' "—V — '^— V — '^— v-^ — V— ^ TJ^ Tji TP" ■* tJ aaSojjin piDB oiiiiddiH d >/: lO iC w; lO lO . ■o lO w r^ »c o C-J •U93 U5 ooo o- a? o s IC IQ co lo L-: ■X o -oa;m aminjBoJO o d 00 S (M ■naS t- OOffi g C5 CJ -ojjin pjoB ouxi Cj d "^ h- -^ r-^ CO g 8 d C<) o •naSoniu anutir •ua2oj;>in sjijsj d •i 13 e SS : g ~g ""^ g •naSoJim noifx s t-i t^ CO • oc 00 00 05 "6c Ui OCO Tf oo " ■* "; i-<00 o- u: o: O •uaSojjiu ib:;ox Cj 03 O) oooj a- c C3> d o COM Tf ■M c< a a ^ X S "c "c 'o'S "c "c o c c otj t c; "S C C c c c c O A -A INFLUENCE OF SODIUM BENZO.VTF ON NUTRITION AND liK.M.I II. 173 . SS •ptUJX,)j;ni(:.I J 28 C) en •aa3oj}iu pj-jox B d _; ._; •^s _ "o " 00 O) t~ to ■* ~ r~ ■ • o . a .-4 I, o •n82 Gm. 0.19 .16 o t^ 00 -oj'^ni pioB oufi • t^ lO ^ 00 ■* o o •naSoj^iu 9min: t^ s 00 O C •nagoniu iBiox S d O) CTi 00 00 d 05 d CO > jaqja •uaSojjra iB^ox 1 00 d r i uajBAi a, S S ?2 ■■o K JC 00 ci > o i •itip JTV . o 10.4 36.7 13.0 40.6 t^ >0 lO -; d !>: -H CO to d to ■^ 1 C>1 2 •JSIOK . to 1^ 31.8 163.6 54.5 165.3 74.1 210.7 34.8 t~ 00 d CO o •ppB OIJEXO 1^ 1.72 1.52 1.63 1.61 S? g g ci (N e4 CM s o CM CO •lO^NSBenuopio 13.32 14.58 16.20 11.07 •>!< O O CO CJ 00 ^ 0> CO o s to OS CO ■(001='los s.Smi -qaj) nBOipni '-' Trace 17 Trace 9 t~ » 00 OS oc '-* o O •STUOIjd -soqd aqBqdsoq»• 2 ° s 00 •jnqd -ins pajaq^a o oo o i s i ° o ■.-5 s > o •jnqd -ins oiuBSioni 12 U3 lOiO >0 sss g -: -(-3 •jnqdins iBiox ^8 t>- COCO -Sf o r~to h- 1 g s CO IC t^ to 3^ CO UJ C )0 0000 ■* ?3 CT^ 1-^ 52 fa £? 00 lO t^ i § CM •naSonTU anunj O d c c i 05 o s c O •naSojiiu shn 0-. g ^ C-. C-l TO C CO CO to ■* -O" to ^ 115 OC CO o •uaSoa^in Bajfi o g ^ C: ic CO O CO 'S- 30 00 t>: oot^ d K ?2 So t~: d r- ? w 00 00 p •naSoxjm i^jox -J3 g oc 9.34 11.34 9.77 in o g OJ o c •ifcHABj3 ogioads o g S3 g g g g g g g b4 •o •anmioA o oo o 00 OS— 1 t- i g g t^ CO OS fe ^ § •jTl3i8itt .ipog i^ 5 t;: o 1 1 1 1 S 5 1 ^ C t C CD c t c C»" t- % c £ c 2 c e a c J i E E Z. 0, o c 2: J' 1 c 2 ;- c 1 c i e §§ Ht4 cIS sec® O C-T* O 22 INFLUENCE OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON NUTRITION AND HEALTH. 175 • 25 ? •^OTajxe jaqja O CO oc^ X •ut»3oj;iu jtiiox s ui- go H o O t-H tsS s s s S Sf^ g M •i9:jBAV is a, .ifl 1^ ;o oo M t^;C N 2 •Xjp jjy c 1-1 g s s* ?3 .": •c « u: c^ U3CS ■«< ? •IsiOH C3 g S s g OS I' ^ •piOB OipjXO F 00 C 00 c^ 03 •uaSoj^iu itj;ox ^- 05 c c 05X oi :c ^ ^ •^^tABjS ogioadg C c o o o oo -; ir: o ■anmiOA «c oc X ox "^ "^ o x" «: •;q3i3Ai Xpoa '»5 Cr s £3 §i s C9 § 2 0) P f-H ■^ CC t-- X o > -, > ^ > ^ > 1 > ^ t>>> ^ ^ Z 2 3 2 t— h- »-: i-n >— 1- >- 1.-3 TT as :z,'^, 176 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. ■jOBjjYj jaqia ■nsSoxiin ibjox — — — iri 00 ■» •jajBAV u 1^ t~ 1^ t~ 00 o •Xipijv jj r^ o O! o cc o 00 goSoo-fl'Qd-Srf oi ■ -HM «M W* CJ 0-. X •^sioH SB ^ilpiOB IB^OX ■IO«N SB euuoiqo •(OOI="Ios s.Snn -qaj) UBOipni ^ r^ O 00 N 0 O: -^ ■* 03 lo r^ CI CI t^ d »-H CO u- ro CD X ■ •naSojjra antmj gCOOCJOO o •naSoxjra ^hN •naSoj^tn cajfi 5 ■'J^ OCO — *— 3COCO -^ -^ -^ . •'S^ CO 00 W IC ^ CI 1 C0C353^O(» O 1 1-: t~ c6 1^ t>: t>: CO •neSoj^ra icjox •XjjabjS ogjaads •atimiOA •jqSiaA Xpog . X -i"^ CI C C» CO aoX030T}"XCI iC SodoSododocoa t-I CO t^ — ■-': o X CO ooooc o o .'•^OXOCXl^ o ^^OCOOSOO-H CO CJ'-"-"-!' « e; c c 2;z INFLUENCE OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON NUTRITION A^U iii:,ali li. 177 •joBJixo joma ■aeaoJiiu prjox •jsnBAv I 6J) I V •Ajp JJV s- 5t^ l~ o ^ g€bo oi lO Oi CD ^H -^ r^ ; o CO CO »f:) c<= •neS t^ (M O t^ OiOi _; (Nt^CM >o t~co g ■'i* -^ »o -^ -^ ■■^ Od •na3 -OJ^ni pWE DUQ CO N-t ^ cor^ 05 gc I 00 t^ 00 O Tl< I— ■* :t^t>^t--i irf coded . CO O CO 1^ -^ CO lO i lO ^ (M CO oa o -^ »o coco -^ .-tCO lO 23 •-"- o O) c-i -H ooo o oo o lo lo o i-o ooo . r-< C» -H CO ■* — ' _>>>.>> >, ^.^. >> 3 3 3 3 3 33 >->T-3 1-5 >-5l-jl-S 70111— No. 88— 09- -12 Bd .S.9 §0 m'C a. 178 SODIUM BENZOATE -AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. ■g s" M .9 n t2 cc C/J O «, ?; p O O tf ei W a< c H vj i o S ?^ s w o o <6 H •^ r/i ■a « ti )-4 ■^ ;^ >. •jDBJ^xa aaqja ngs •uo3ojjia ie;ox •J9}BA\. . ^^ CO c*» «o I^ f - ' I* t^I^QO l^ •:£jp jjv ^ o lo c<5 eq N rt cq i ■-"-< — 1 C5 (M CM ■JSIOJJ . »o o »o cc oa »" CM e c) to' rf rf ci irf (35 ^■^'0'<«"<3o o> 1^ o o cb CO «o c^i o o -H c) o cc ■lO^NSBanuomo , CZj (D CO w — T ^ «o O CO O :o I - -T O ■(001=los s,Suti -qaj) UBOipni o o o- •sruot[d -soqd a^EqcIsoq J 9 oi »- IM N* k. U lo o -^ -0 CO 00 »o I^ M CS O 00 -^ CO 00 goocoooo (ic5 CM CC CO 00 00 I^ C^ •lOCOOiOC^^OO Oc5 i-o c») o 05 00 en -^ . to r^ OS CO »o o r-^ eco-^tococototc •aa3oj}ia p a u I uuajapuxi CO T*^ -^ CO CO CO 1^ . C-I CJ <-• C-l CM .^ CM gOSOl ■naSoj^jn piOB oianddju •uaa t-* Ol 00 CO Ol CO C-I . 05 OO CO to 00 i-O O g-^-^-^-^TJfrtito 0=> •naS CO O Oi to '— • CO C^l : -r CM lo — i~ -r CO •naSoijin anunj •uaSoj^in sjj^ rr GC 00 -^ 05 CJ OO * 'O "O CI -T C^I CI CO gooooooo Oc5 CM to CO CO 00 00 CM ; CO ■'f CO CO c^j CI CO •naSoJiiu ■eaifi ■ 00 CO CM to 1^ CC CM J ^ ^ CI Ci ^OOCO CO CO CO CO CO to to •u83oj;in iB^ox •;i^TABj3 oypadfe' ■aunqoA ^B-r^CO-^COOOi S (^ ^ f^ f^ ^ CO* CO v5 to -^ to Oi CO r^ O CM CM --< r-H CI C^l CM oo o o o o o ooooo o o ■ Oi CO CO to 00 C^l Tj- > CO l^ CO 00 00 C: c CJ ^H •jq3i9M iCpoa «= ** ^<^^ o s ■^ t^ CO c^ o5 a^ + ; ; ; ; ; ; -■ cm i~ oc d d -! ■;; ■" CM CM CM CO CO ^ SS >%>.>>>>(>■. 5c Ei c c c « aj Hi-— o iziz; lATLUK^CE OF SODIU.M IJi:.\/( "A I 1! ON MTUITIO.N AKD HEALTH. 17i) 2 S^'^ 180 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. -O pj •)DBJ'}xo.j3q:)a •noSojjiu iBjox •jajBjVi. •Ajp iiy S3 •IJSJOJl •piOB DJIBXO 'lO^N SB amjopto ■(001="los s,3nn -qaj) UBOipiq •sruoqd -Soqda^Bqdsoqj •jnqdins iBj-jna^ ■jnqd -ins iB8jaqj3 •Jnqd ■jns diobSjoui ■jnqdins ibjox •naSojjiu paniuuajbpnfi^ •naSojjra pioB ounddiH ,1-1 o o 1^ '^ c^ :c _ft^ . (M ■^ O C-l ^ 00 •» 03 S« O --I M I^ t^ O . CO CO ic Oi r- 'O '-0 c* t-^ ci o c^i -T t-^ X p: »-* 00 Ol O 35 M ^1 .CO CO COCXl'O'Ot^ «-^ -H .-H-^COOM _o . C) 00 CI O ffl M o fis OS 0> OiOSt^iOt* ft t^ O t^ 05 ^ t-H ^^ (25 r-l r-l.Hrt S » OCl 03 (S 0) '^'-f O tl o frH U tH ^H^ 1° CC r- Tji ;C) C^ CO '^ 6o »0 05 -^ 00 CO !:0 O •CO "^ COCO'^f'^CO go o ooooo Oo 00 T-H o ic r- CO -o g ^j» -^ -^ -^ *0 CO CO Od o t- oooTcTcTo" . C35 t^ CO lOOli-H Ol fi ss S^?^S O o c 00 o ao .-t t— -^ w t- t^ •o O OiOOOOOO tto ■na3 -OJHU piaB 0U£1 •naSojjra anunj; 'nd3oj:(ni sjiN •aaSojjni Bain ■naSoJirn rB;ox ■AiiA'BiS Dgiaadg •aumiOA ^ O CO-^ OO lO _^CO N CO^WCOCO 0> COOrt l^rf ■^ CO o ac o 00 00 I-^ t>^ t'^ -.o »i^ .1^ O (M ^00 -^ TJ1 »0 O CO O 'O c^ »o CI r-) T-« C») ^-» -M 4-^4^ .1^.^ So M Eo&EijScSi 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 INPLUENCE OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON NUTRITION AND HEALTH. 181 •^OBjjxe jeijja •iio3oxun iwjox •Xjpjjv •?S]OK •pirm ai^rsxo SB Xiipijis ic)ox •10«N s« anuofqo •(O0r="los s.SoTT •sruoijd -soqd eiBqdsoqcj •Jtnqdins iBijnaj*^ •inqd -jns iB>)jaq;a •jTiqd • I n s otuBSioni •jnqdins pajox •n8§0Jiin p 9 n I uuajapn fi •naSoiim pioe ounddiH •naS •uaS -oxjia piOB oufi •naSoj^in atrund; •uaSoxjin sjj^ ■naSoijiu B8JX1 •naSoum le^ox •jSjia'bjS ogioadg •aniniOA •^qSiaM Xpog . t- om ■«• « "J ci fti . cooo>o>u2ooo . OOOOOOOOOOO-H B05cotcoo3ccas .CO— ioo5iM»-l— ; _C5 . QO •*»' Q (M 00 -"T 00 ooaDcsiO'COC^'-i RcO^«^OC^"6 ?? c: -^ o; oo ® © C3 c3 fM t- ^H 00 05 O t- Q 00 O 1=^ •^ lO CO -^ o «p o Od ::^ r^ CO o r^ i^ X •-^Tji-rrrrro-^co gooooooo Od r-l ■>!<■* |~. t^ C~ ro" gcoco-^'^io-'f^ Od — I o c t- CO Q !:- , 1^ 00 ^ t^ lO iO ''I* 00 CO lO C^ CO "5 o . CC CC TP CO W^ C^l So £:::::;: o :;:;:: ; lO t^ C^l C^ Oi OS -^ •OrtOOt^ocn C5d O O ^H T)« Cl 00 CO •O"^(M"<3*00'^'^ ttd >0 ■>5' I- O O (Nlir _ICO-^aCCOMCOt^ gooooooo CSd <~ © •S.S a a S ® 11 182 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. o «5 00 coos CO CO -^ ^ 00 >o 00 ■a" Oi ooD «; C-I •pioe oii^xo o O IM ss i£;!P!08 it3;ox "^""^ " «i 8 g 88 ^ SS8 § 'DON SB ^JupoR J s o> c3 rt ■-; N-< (N ^ cs ,-H rt '^ •(001=los s.Snii S 8 05 0> s^'s CR -qaj) ueoipui ^ 1 in ,^ •smoqd s CO CO CO CO CO -soqd o^Bitdsoqj o O-*--" 05 •anqdins iBjjna^ c5 sss ^ i _^ o •jnqd ? s C5 S oSo § -ins iBajaqja o o <-^ T-H ^H CO 1 05 1 •inqd 5* i?l ^ ^ » •naSoj^iu BajH S t^ t-^ 00 t-^t-^f- t-^ 05 m occ t^ •iC^TABjS ogpadg o c o c ooc o ,— c o c: <=!0 C o fes^ •aumiOA 'J ^ -H — ""^^ '"' tc ■-1 CO 00 •^q3pAi iipog § J? s s ft, 'A M CO •* lOcC ■s !S n )— 1 ^/2^ r* 1? E S E eae <; a. e " C . a e ^ ccc a a BAV t. ^ 0. ^ <= e^ t^ r- * 5i S w •naSojjin iB^ox 1" oc 1^ oc t- 00 00 00 c h- tc a c; t-. IN' 00 •jJ;iabj3 ogioads c c c c c s •euiniOA c^ e^ N °!. °^ "" "" ^ ^^ '^ 00 *" ^ 1-t ■:)n3if).v\ itpog .^ s ^ c c'! n T— b4 Q — ,c /- ^ x: ^ ^ J3 e E E e s fi B -!t s JS S ii a s c 1 c - c . c 4 C . c o< a a CQ 0!J «j w C/J CQ oa £c!. •0 c a S •^4^ X « es « « 1^ ja.a WW ^ :; s c a c a INFLUENCE OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON NUTRITION AND HEALTH. 185 H •jOBijxo joqia 1 o el •no3oJiin [o^ox cb ^d •J9}tJAV s s s §3 s o 1 O d i •XipjjV § CO to t^ 00 00 CO s •^siopt . CO B S fc CO Urine. SB iiiippB IT310X 8 13 !5; ^ ^ CO ^ 1 Is S o5 5 5) 00 d IN IN •(OOI = -Ios s.3u!i H H f~ '"' 5D o •snjoqd -soqd D^Tjqdsoq J 1 ° S s g ^ 5 CO CO inqdins [BJ'jnaN O d ^ o> lo % S o •inqd -ins iB3J3q?a O d ° o o n § i § •jnqd -ins omtjgjoni g 5 O d 1 i i .-H ^ o •jnqdins iBjox O o o o s s s •uaSonin pan luuaiapun Gm.. / 0.09 1 .18 ( .16 i .25 f .24 \ .33 r .24 i .33 f .10 \ .19 1 .18 i .27 / .23 \ .32 2S •ua3oijia piOB ouriddjn O d i i i s s 8 s •naS -OJ^in aumi^eaj J !a d s ^ s ^ TT ^ •nag O d § 1 s § CO CO S 1^ •na§oi}ia aaunj j S ° i o o o o o ■ CO •naSojjTuSHN; ^ o § CD O CO CO CO CO lO CO 1 C5 o -^ 00 t~^ 5 CO CO 00 •a 1 « CO i <23 GO 05 O d d 00 s d ABiS ogpads l-O o 05 s 00 05 o_ E CO c o o o •aniniOA r-l o CO CC Tl» CO o 5 s CO ^. ■juSiaAi /ipog t5 "" T goo C3 a a ■"■■" 05 to ci fl c QJ Z^ 186 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. •2 33 i.S s il 1 WW 8rt a a> c c f; c >3 s t: !z;z l^'l<'Ll'E^(.•E OF SODIUM 1JE^'Z0ATE UN JSUTKITION AND HEALTH. 187 •lOBJixo JoiUM ueaoj^ju icjox •iojUAV ■Ajp JJV ISfOK CO OC IN C^i •pi)U .HJT!XO SB A'iipiJC lliJOX 1^ e C) C-1 C^ (N ■uaS -oiitn amnnB8J0 ■ua§ •oiim piye oufi •naSoj^iu onund •uaSoj^ia 6HN Soo <5 g ^ C-J cc o •naSoj^iu Bajfx CO CS CO t^ w 1-1 I* CO 03 OC uaaoj^ra iinox •j£iiabj3 ogioads 0> 05 00 'J' CO CO •anirqoA "iqSiaitt yCpog c5 g CO CO 0» O O O O C O O no Mi; 03 188 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. >o 5S 00 •jDBJ^xa Jaqia S Q - 9< a) -H •piOB oiiexo SB ^jipiOB ie;ox 1° - 4 ^H *" < -H *" "^ '" . -^ OS o c > t^ OS ^ CO "lO^N SB auuopio S ■ t^ ^ •jTiqd s § § s '^ 8 s -pis lV9l^^%^g[ o iC -~,— ' _,_A_ ,_A -~^'— _^ — — J-— ^_*^ r^ ic t^ io r^ »o ■'S* •naSojjtn So "0 C3 CO CO M' C^ CO t5 p a u I ui jojapnii Gj- '— V ^— V — '^— V— •— V — . ■"'*— V— ' '»^^— ' •nagoijin p p 00 c 00 c i i i p]OB ounddiH Cj c C< 8 ■mS S i? CC m tr "O m -oiHU annnjBejo C! C •nag C 10 h ^ T»> -ojjin pioB auj^i c c c- (% eS •aaSoxHu auun d ■fei . r- Ui "3 — to o> e^ ■»< ^ -isiopi § «o 5 S 5 S; s? S S Cj - ^1 ■N •pi.-n; niicxo SB j;4!P!d« lB|ox ■* 00 o to 00 n I- t~i t-H IJON SB auuomo S OC '£ M iC ^ •<»• to *o ■" ^ "' •"^ •(GOT- los s.Smi 1 ^ i i s s 8 s -qaj) UBJipuj Eh t-4 H H H Eh •snjoqd 1 ° to g e in g s !S -soqd e^Bqdsoq J 00 o TT Wl c>> •jnqd[ns iBijnaN s s o s =: s •itiqd ^i o i i o CO o -Itis iBojaqja C3 O --3 . CO •* 5< !0 -H S - So = i« to in 00 1-- in ■ 1 •uoSojini p 9 u I uu*:>apuxi o -.-- -^^^^■'^^ ^ ^^^ -' ^^ 1^ r- *-* 1 -naSoajm fi £ pjOB ounddiij O d •naS fS § g ■n in in in ^' m ! -onin amonBaao C! d CO o t t^ •naS P 5i •^ lO -Oi^TU piOB oun. O d r-4 (N r^ 5' •uaSoJiiu auijTici <2! d c o ^ ■« « m -v ■uaSoJiin ejj^ 5=^ CO o> w ■ 00 ^ t^ CO 01 •uaSojjin eaj xi S to in to «- tc to t- d ! 1 ^ 9P 1 00 tt t^ m •jtjiABjS OTjioads O o ^ z ^ o o o R 5 i S S3 ^ r- 03 ■aamio \ tc M in ~ •H "^ ao o 00 o- <3> •jq3jaAV itpog s ?. s 2 CO m _^ S i." •^ t^ X 05 ^ ^ s O '" t. t. l-< t- 0; 1- i N ^ y, a o m Q ,, y. o ^ o> •;cmnxa jama S M •om 00 •ua3oj;iu ibjox ^ IJ5 ^ • oc •fl M ;£ Tl I^ o •J8}BA\ fe F^ a, tc c (N ■« O! a r- o i •Xip Jiv 1 c: e- 00 ^ C^ c? O' r- y-^ t^ o >r 00 »- ^ 00 ^ •ISIOK Cs a- S 2 2 g 1^ y— c U3 L- OJ (^ r- •pTDB OIJ^VO s ■~ -1" SB XJipiOB IBJOX " " " " *"* ■n r 00 or o o ■ i-1 (H ^ X. X! X X Q o ° ° o o o c f o o o C O O C a; a) fi, e n c JZOATE UN MUTHlllOiN AND lIKALTIf. 191 . 2§S8S §58 •lOBj^xo joq^a 1 ddoicj t>; -y*. ^ V — ' ■■ V •0 s s CO 03 naSoj^in imoj, 1 X m -^ T^ ^ g U fj ;t 3 SS 00 1- cJi ■ -Jcn^M t. »• U Rh t~ o o> t~ o> ■>r eo Ol 00 ^ •if jp Jjv g 00 o ? 00 ^ ;^ 00 f§ 00 ci ■»< eo 00 o o N 03 CO ■* ^ •isiojv 00 5i ^ to 2 g s s ■■1' iC !F ir IK •piOB OJIBXO S t~ o 00 1^ SB A!pp« mox "^ "^ '*^ '^ *^ '^ '^ '^ '^ > ;?: s to $ •o oc i^ t- ": (N k •I0«NSBenuoiq3 g CO m ,^ N 00 o ir CO Ol •o 00 ,_) o (001= -los s.Snn s ^ s ■^ '^ ■^ % "^ -qaji) UBoipui ti 1-4 CC 3 ^ ,_4 siijoiid 1 t^ to tc CO CO CO CO -soqdojtjqdsoqjt o 1^ Ol ,_, O f^ <- •o ,_, 1^ ,_, •jnqdins leajnoN 1 o ° ^ ^: o ° o '^j ,_, O •jnqd p s ^ o o s £ s s o o -ins icajoqia 1 IC « CO mqd F bi b^ >o ^ lO ^ ^ >o y !5: s o •a -jns oitreSjoui 5 o th if Ol ir* ,_4 ^ •jnqdins iB^ox s C3 ■-0 d to as !C t~ CO CD ' uaSojjin P bi p n I uuaiapnfi © _^ -- ,. _, — — .^ ^ -'^-,^ - -^ t^ f> o o o c o o o O t5 •neSoj'jin c CO o 15 piOT oiJiiddiH o d cr lO >f Ol c t- ": -oj:nn omnnBaJO !25 c5 f-« '^ ,_, Ol •naS g t^ Ol r- -ojjin pioB oufi c r t- c< ■«< c IT 0( U5 * ■A%iavj3 ogioadg o O fil ^ ^ '^ "" '"' '^ Ph •oumio \ " 00 <-■ lO "^ ■" "* ^ m Oi IM X i-H ■jilSiaiW ^pog s g s? c 1 B 01 o s S is q6 c a e ^ Q 1— 1 J_^ rC £ X ,c > > > > !> C C z '/■ :z 55 k: z A •dS «2 ® •a .S.S N o o t- w Kl X C3 3) 0} W (U 01 .d^a WW ''• S" a c c « a> a)— o 192 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. S! 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Tf! Srfoioiocoooiodoi 00 00 to o 8 o 03 03 s (^ OS OS OO CO OJ •^jiabjS ogroadg >ra t- ■* 50-* T)< en (M e3 o o § o ^ •eniniOA Oi -^ o oco -^ CT) r^ ■^ t^ t>. Ol OC 00 Oi C^) o 05 g 03 o s to C-l a •^q3i9AV iCpog 5i^i-^ooo(5<35o5c5c5 5*1 o t^ 00 ci >0 --4 ■<«< ^ CO •U83 -ojjiu JO 83iBjni ^Jn^a g S S g g£J § ^ S o s ?5 s s c^ ^ sg o» 'a^Boznaq esop i^n^CT CO coco CO e<5 CO goo CO CO CO o o o • -• o pi o o a6 • <» O 3 : S S3 s Hr> h^ n 1-3 •< <;•«;•< ft 1 CO ■< 1 ft m ft 1 1 1 o o o o o 00 1 i o o 196 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. lOBjjxo joma 'ii33oj)ia i^iox •JO'JBAV ■Aip jiv •^sioj^ •piOB OtpjXO SB Aiippe IB4OX lO^N SB anuomo ■(00I=1oss,Snii ^* c OS -^ c-i o C"! ^^ o o -r ^ x t^ oi r^ c^ 2'*01>— iOtOi-TOOOil- — O — X ■<»• t- (S o -j' I--; «■ rf rf e^ c.-7 00>i^i3 —t n m ^ 6i « J^^^ ^ ^^ ^ ^ ^ .^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ •e«5OO>rO00;i''Hij;g {» 00 t>. 00 60 t>. •gr-i^oooooor^oooooooo t~. t~ r~ t- t» i- O "S 00 o I- — t Tf U5 ^MMCOC^MCIC^OJIMN -H CM (N ~0D CD i>- ^ 0^0 " O ^ -^^ CA~ n^ c^ od "-^ o rj i^ i'^ ^ ?^ ^ ^ OS i-H o ^ CO w OS cc oi . Cl •jnqdins iBjjnajvi , c^ CO 00 Oi^ cDi^t^oo a> OS -^ i05CO»OTjo »0 U3 o •jnqdins ib^ox D'aaSoJitn p 9 u I injajapn n. ■naSoj^in pioB oun'ddiH •ua3 •na3 •naSoj:)ni anun.-coo5ccoeir-co^ooo5 0-'- -. . .. ,r^t^'<#i-f»tcococMco-^c^Tr'^'-^c^icococ^cofococoM'- C5 55 «-o LO •-0 10 10 i-O ""^ ft 5 UO § MOO § 2 § CI 2 c^ 00 2 2 CM 1 c<» O00t--O— <*-'O»-'0i CO CO CO rH C-I CM CO 000 io 00000 —1 00 M O -< O -H 10 CM 0> CC C» OC K ^ s "0" ss "* S fS ;:; ■♦ ^ ?; § R ?; s •naSojjin BOJfi s rf 0(5 oi 1^1-; 06 r-: l~^ a5 0(5 oc 00 '- '- '- '- h-: ^• S l-O OJi-O s 1* CM !S s§ s 3 CO s ■naSonio iBjox ci rf l-H oJo5 o5 Oi C3i oi oi a di d <3i 0: oi o5 CO ^ CO CM 05 ° a> CO ?! ?> K 2= ?i ?i » CI CM CM CM - CI CI ^ »-? c« 000 00 00000 CM ■<*< 00 rH QQ O Oi OS O Tf .OOI~OOOOOOCOCO>COt^ O C» 00 O OO-H i-< .-I CM ■* C» CO -H -H •jqSiaAv ^pog ns o o :o o CO 00 c5 o rt O O CO ^ s ■na3 -oijra JO a^jBini S{ivci CJ>0».OOOCIOC1^COOO CO 00 COCOCOCOCOCOCOCO •ojBoznaq asop AyveQ o ^ CM << 2 7 "^' 7o> 7 1 r 7 7 I S I- 2 i^* 5 ;i ,>>>.>■. to Ml M M ■g -3 •= 3 S 3 3 03 w O O O O O INFLUENCE OF SODIUM BENZOATK ON N UTlilTlON AND HEALTH. 197 M u u •?OOJ')XO J911 ja 3.49 2.89 1.97 1.90 1.78 s 9 ci t^ 1- ci -H ci s ci 3 2 ci 5 •nBxIoiiju |tnox |S3SS5SS^g§ s s ^4 ^ CO CJ ^ S3' tN. ~«r CO •J9JBAV ^ S R !5 {CS g 1^ CO" oo 00 2 JO 00 s S s •^jp J! V j; e-i o» "5 t^ rt E -4 t^ 00 i^o g eo w -H rtrt to 00 2 § CO o 00 od ■jsiopi . ■* to OJ 5C ra 5 -J o pi jjio g ;^ O .^ Sec. 1^ CO !0 o s o o U3 OS S 3 P9 s 00 2 00 ■* g s •P! St? A\ lt! oquxo ipioc idox ^ S3 5) § t;2 ^ „ ^ rt ^^ s 8 CO CI CO ? s r 8 ?? CO f3 SB aui joiqQ «• ^ ^ S SS 1 s d ;i sd ■1 s 3 ci s ^ 8 CO ■J5 U2 !0 OJ o CO CO f-l ? o CO •(00I = 'loss,3u!i -qej) iiBoipui ^^ H H E-^H O rH H Oi CI ■^ H f^ H H H ^ •siuoqd -soqd ojuqilsoq J ^ r^ 3 (O ic% ub o CO CO s 5S S ^ ^ s S g •jnqdins i^JinaN , CO 00 CO 05 w g W CI lO IC t^ 5! S CO ° ^ § 1 § s o ds cj Mnqd -ins iT!aj3q)-.i s 1 i i ii ci! o • ■ ■ • o o CO i Si t^ 1- o o i S Mnqd -[tis oiubSjoui s 2 s s §i g CD ■* •>»< COI^ o d • • • • ^ ■^ 2 5! CO 1 ^ ^ Ii ■^ s § § •anqdins j^jox . 00 00 ■a< o: t^ ea CO »0 CO OC CO g t^ CO O IC x> s 2 s; ts S 3 o !§ a"oc •<>• lo \ocolo (M (N CO C^ Ol C^l CJ ^ lO CO ;o ^ ^ 3 s o'U93ojjm pauiiujaiapu^l 1° CO— I -I CI •uaSoJiin pjoG oianddjH g S : S : : go • o ■ • o d : • : : S : o o s o o o Cl o i 2 00 CO § •na3 -ojjinaiiiun'BaJO s 2S S § fSS p; ^ ^ ^1 ^ ^ Cj d • ■ • • ^ s ^ i CO o CO "3 "3 U3 1 i ■uaS g s g S II g S ^ 2 " " "— '^ " s s fe 2 3 s to 2 1 fi •neSonjnauiJnj: , lO t^ "5 O: t^ c* 00 »0 -^ CO *0 g o o o oo <3 d ■ ■ • • o o s § § 5 5) o o o 3 § ° 1^ 1 S ' ■uaSoj^iii ^H>j . i-H t^ O CC* 1 d ■ • ■ • CO 00 CO (M ^ CI g CO CO ■*• 00 00 ^ o •naSojiju ■eajfi « S !:; 88 ;:3S S 00 t-^ t5 c£>;d rt CO t-: CO o CO CD CO 5 g t^ t^ 1>J< CO to § t^ •naSojjui n^ox . CO O lO »-H 00 *^ 05 l~.. CO CO 03 S d 00 00 t-; t^ 00 t~; 00 s 1^ 00 00 00 OJ 00 00 CO o •jfljABjS ogpadg •)> t^ s § o s O 00 Ci —1 s 3 S So o S ft c-i d ^ d o O 1-1 - ajBOznaq 3sop A\]V:(j CO COCO ec ... goo CO CO CO CO CO CO ■ o CO o o c> o o i ft ; ; ; N ; '.','. ti ', • 3 . on i O O ^^ , S ci 2 g tjci ii ti ti CI to & 1 CO ti 3 <; CO 1 i i i —1 C4 03 OG 1 •"r' 3 1 u O 00 ! a O > o 1 S ^ 5 s^ < < < 198 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. DISTRIBUTION OF NITROGEN AND SULPHUR IN THE URINE. Percentages of total nitrogen (md total sulphur. Svibject H. M. <3r. FORE PERIOD. Date. JulyB July? Ju]y8 July9 July 10 July 11 July 12 Average July 13 July 14 July 15 July 16 July 17 July 18 July 19 Average Urea nitro- gen. 85.3 &).7 87.2 85.0 84.0 86.9 85.3 86.2 83.7 85.7 85.7 83.5 87.8 82.1 85.0 Am- monia nitro- gen. 3.9 3.4 3.1 3.9 3.9 4.2 4.0 3.8 5.8 5.2 3.6 3.9 4.0 3.4 4.2 Purine nitro- gen. Uric acid nitro- gen. 0.7 .6 .6 .4 4.3 .5 0.9 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.2 .8 1.6 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.2 1.5 1.9 1.7 1.4 Creat- inine nitro- gen. Hip- puric acid nitro- gen. Unde- ter- mined nitro- gen, a 3.7 3.9 3.6 3.3 3.0 3.7 3.6 4.1 4.3 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.9 5.2 0.1 .1 1.0 .6 5.3 5.1 5.3 3.8 4.0 5.1 6.1 6.8 7.2 3.6 4.9 .4 5.2 5.3 2.1 4.5 4.5 4.3 6.2 1.6 6.3 Inor- Ethe- ganic I real sill- I .sul- phur, phur. 81.5 82.6 83.1 80.9 90.4 84.8 83.8 4. 2 74 2.2 7.7 4.9 4.5 4.2 3.1 Neu- tral sul- phur. 81.9 7.5 7.^5 6.4 76.3 7.8 75.6 8.3 77.0 4.6 70.5 7.5 66.2 4.6 74.6 6.7 16.2 9.6 12.0 14.6 5.3 12.0 11.3 10.5 20.0 15.8 16.1 18.2 22.0 29.1 18. FIRST BENZOATE PERIOD. July 20 July 21 July 22 July 23 July 24 July 25 July 26 Average July 27 July 28 July 29 July 30 July 31 August 1 August 2 Average Augusts.-* August 4 Augusts August 6 August 7 August 8 August 9 Average August 10 August 11 August 12 August 1."? August 14 August l.'i August lii Average 83.3 85.2 83.2 82.6 84.3 85.0 84.8 3.6 3.8 3.9 4.1 4.6 4.3 4.0 84.0 4.2 86.2 4.8 8.5.9 3.1 8.5.2 4.1 82.8 3.9 84.5 4.4 85.0 4.9 78.4 84.9 82.0 82.1 80.8 82.7 82.7 82.0 82.3 87.2 85.8 83.5 85.6 85.6 80.0 84.5 4.9 3.3 5.0 4.6 4.5 4.2 5.2 4.7 3.2 3.4 4.5 2.8 2.9 6.6 3.9 0.5 .4 1.1 .5 .6 .4 .2 .6 .7 1.3 1.2 1.6 1.4 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.7 1.4 1.4 1.2 2.0 1.3 1.6 2.0 1.7 1.2 1.3 1.1 1.2 1.5 1.9 1.7 2.0 1.6 4.6 3.9 5.2 4.5 4.9 .5.4 4.9 5.2 4.0 4.3 5.9 4.8 3.8 4.7 4.5 5.0 4.9 5.1 4.5 4.4 5.1 4.5 4.8 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.6 6.3 5.2 5.0 2.1 4.6 4.7 6.2 4.7 2.8 3.7 4.9 5.7 6.8 4.5 4.7 5.7 4.6 5.5 6.5 4.7 4.9 5.3 3.7 3.2 4.7 4.3 5.1 5.3 70.6 74.4 75.4 84.4 75.3 75.7 75.0 68.5 75.4 73.8 72.8 71.3 70.2 72.4 71.0 68.4 72.0 71.4 76.9 70.8 73.9 72.1 76.7 73.8 70.8 70.3 76.4 71.3 68.6 72.6 8.0 8.1 6.4 7.6 6.6 7.0 6.5 8.3 8.2 5.9 6.8 9.5 8.2 7.7 8.0 8.3 6.5 6.9 7.4 8.1 7.5 9.1 7.3 4.8 7.0 5.4 7.5 9.0 7.2 21.2 17.4 18.1 8.0 18.1 17.1 18.5 23.2 16.4 20.1 20.4 19.2 21.6 19.9 21.3 2.3.0 19.7 22.1 16.2 21.8 17.9 20.4 14.2 18.9 24.4 22.7 18.2 21.2 22.4 20.2 o With and without reference to hippuric acid-nitrogen. INFLUENCE OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON NUTRITION AWD IIKM/J H. 199 Percentages of total nitrogen and total sulphur in urine — Continued. Subject H. M. ; .VND liKALTlL. liUi Percentages of total nitrogen and total sulphur in urine — Continued. Subject K. H. Gi-.-Contlnued. SECOND BENZOATK PEUIOD— Continued. Date. Urea nitro- gen. Am- monia nitro- gen. Purine nitro- gen. Uric aciil nitro- gen. Creat- inine nitro- gen. Hip- puric acid nitro- gen. Unde- ter- mined nitro- gen. Inor- ganic sul- phur. Ethe- real sul- phur. Neu- tral sul- phur. October 20 81.0 81.0 4.2 4.4 0.2 .2 1.0 1.9 5.5 6.1 1.9 2.0 { fi I 4.3 \ 6.4 V 72.6 10.9 6.7 15 9 October 21 20.7 Average 82.0 4.2 .2 1.7 5.6 1.9 ( 4.2 i 6.1 1 76.7 8.2 15.1 October 22 79. 2 r,. a .3 .4 .5 .2 .5 .4 .3 1.3 1.2 1.6 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3 5.4 5.4 6.1 5.0 5.4 5.3 4.9 2.9 / .5.4 }• 73.4 i 77.2 \ 53.7 }• 72.5 \ 73.0 \ 7.3.4 \ 79.6 9.8 ifi S October 23 80.5 79.2 79.3 79.6 79.4 78.8 5.5 4.0 4.5 4.5 3.3 5.0 I. ».6 2.9 '■! ?•? 8.7 6.4 9.0 7.4 7.5 14 1 October 24 3.0 2.9 / 5.5 t 8.5 i 6.4 11.8 Octol>er 2,5. 21 October 26 1 9. 3 2.9 i/ 5-5 18.0 October 27 2.8 2.8 I ». 5 1 7.3 V 10.2 / 6.7 1 9.5 17.2 October 28.. . 13 .\verage 79.3 4.6 .4 1.4 5.4 2.9 / 5.8 \ 8.7 }. 72.1 8.1 16.1 FINAL AFTER PERIOD. October 29 . . October 30.. October 31 . . November 1. November 2. November 3 . November 4. Novemljer 5. November 6 Novem1)er 7 . Average. 81.7 4.9 0.1 1.6 5.6 82.9 4.4 .2 1.6 5.6 • 84.4 3.9 1.8 5.3 83.9 2.9 .2 1.5 4.9 86.8 3.4 .4 1.5 5.6 82.3 4.3 .2 1.5 5.8 83.8 3.9 .2 1.4 4.9 84.1 4.2 .1 1.5 5.0 84.6 4.1 .2 1.4 4.6 86.2 3.7 .4 1.5 4.7 .. 84.1 3.9 .2 1.5 5.1 { 1:1} { ti] 1.8 79.3 7.0 80.5 8.7 77.6 8.0 79.2 6.7 76.3 9.0 78.6 9.0 81.1 6.5 80.7 8.7 80.1 9.3 77.1 10.8 8.4 Subject ^W. T\r. H. FORE PERIOD. July 6. . July 7.. July 8. . July 9. . July 10. July 11. July 12. 84.6 86.3 86.3 85.7 83.1 87.0 86.3 Average I 85. 6 3.7 0.5 3.0 .6 3.8 .4 3.4 4.3 .1 3.3 2.8 .3 .1 1.4 1.2 1.5 1.9 1.7 1.4 1.7 4.2 3.7 3.6 3.7 3.7 3.7 4.4 3.9 .5.4 0.1 { 4.8 4.9 .05 { 4.0 4.1 .7 f 6.1 ■'' I 6.8 4.1 4.5 { 11} 86.0 88.2 86.5 83.1 84.6 85.3 9.6 7.4 6.0 6.3 6.1 3.0 6.4 202 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. Percentages of total nitrogen and total sulphur in urine — Continued. Subject "W. "W. H.— Continued. FORE PERIOD— Continued. Date. July 13 July 14 July 15 July 16 July 17 , July 18 July 19 Average Urea nitro- gen. 85.2 86.2 86.7 85.2 87.2 84.2 Am- monia nitro- gen. 5.4 4.2 2.0 3.1 3.8 5.3 4.2 86.0 3.9 Purine nitro- gen. 0.3 .1 .1 .05 .04 .2 .3 Uric acid nitro- gen. 1.3 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.8 2.1 Creat- inine nitro- gen. 4.4 4.3 4.3 4.5 4.2 4.6 5.9 4.5 Hip- puric acid nitro- gen. Unde- ter- mined nitro- gen. 1.7 4.3 5.6 3.8 4.9 .7 3.1 Inor- ganic sul- phur. 88.2 81.4 71.8 74.3 Ethe- real sul- phur. 9.0 5.4 6.4 6.9 8.4 7.1 Neu- tral sul- phur. 2.9 12.0 18.9 3.7 21.2 17.3 FIRST BENZOATE PERIOD. July 20. July 21. July 22. July 23. July 24. July 25. July 26. 86.8 85.1 4.1 4.1 88.5 3.4 86.2 3.8 86.0 86.1 84.3 3.6 3.3 2.7 Average. 86.1 July 27... July 28... July 29... July 30... July 31... August 1 . August 2. Average. Augusts. August 4. August 5. August 6. August 7. August 8. August 9. Average. August 10. August 11. August 12. August 13. August 14. August 15. August 16. Average. August 17. August 18. August 19. August 20. August 21. August 22. August 23. Average. August 24. August 25. August 26. 84.0 I 82.9 I 84.3 86.8 83.6 I 85.5 87.1 ! 84.9 82.3 87.4 87.4 I 88. 9 '• 87.2 i 88.6 87.3 83.8 87.2 85.2 85.3 85.4 83.3 84.2 84.6 85.4 82.4 85.1 84.3 82.8 85.6 85.3 0.3 .2 .07 3.1 4.6 3.5 3.4 3.5 4.6 3.4 .13 3.8 4.3 3.6 5.3 3.4 2.8 3.0 2.8 86.1 ! 3.6 86. 6 I 3. 3 2.3 3.0 3.9 2.5 3.5 3.0 3.0 2.2 3.1 3.5 2.8 2.6 2.9 2.6 .06 1.9 1.7 2.0 1.8 2.1 1.7 1.8 1.8 2.0 2.0 1.9 2.1 2.1 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.1 1.5 1.9 2.2 2.0 1.9 2.7 3.7 3.1 3.5 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.9 1.9 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 1.8 5.1 4.4 5.2 5.9 4.6 5.3 1.6 5.2 5.8 5.8 5.5 6.1 5.6 5.4 .2 .4 2.6 2.7 4.2 5.8 3.0 5.7 4.4 4.2 2.2 4.7 2.0 2.0 5.8 6:5 5.6 5.1 5.1 5.6 4.9 3.4 2.7 4.7 4.8 5.2 6.2 5.1 5.8 5.5 5.2 5.5 6.4 6.8 6.0 6.0 6.2 6.1 6.1 6.2 6.8 5.4 -{ -i 3.1 3.7 1.7 2.2 2.5 3.7 2.9 3.1 4.1 2.4 3.2 4.3 4.8 2.8 4.0 3.7 6.0 3.3 i{ m 4.2 78.2 81.4 78.7 78.1 71.2 76.8 74.3 69.3 77.6 79.1 72.2 71.1 76.8 74.1 68.2 62.2 09.4 79.0 82.7 77.3 74.9 78.2 72.4 72.6 oae 83.6 83.2 75.6 76.0 4.3 6.0 7.0 5.1 5.8 6.0 2.8 73.1 4.2 6.5 4.4 5.3 6.4 7.2 5.7 5.6 7.1 5.3 7.3 4.3 6.0 8.4 6.0 6.3 6.6 6.6 6.1 9.0 6.6 8.8 5.8 7.0 72.1 7.2 69.6 8.0 71.7 13.1 72.2 9.4 81.7 7.0 69.1 7.7 75.6 4.8 8.3 19.5 19.2 13.4 15.5 15.8 26.0 17.8 21.5 24.6 17.9 15.6 21.4 21.7 17.4 17.4 24.7 32.5 23.3 16.7 11.3 14.3 19.1 20.0 20.8 21.2 22^3 10.7 7.9 18.5 17.0 20.6 22.4 15.2 18.3 11.2 23.1 19.5 18.4 78.7 7.3} 13.8 80.6 5.5 1 13.7 79.8 7.2 13.0 TNFLVKXrK OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON NUTRTTION AND HEALTH. 203 Percentages of total nitrogen and total sulphur in urine — Contiuued. Siab.ieot '^V. AV. H.— Continued. FIRST BENZOATE PERIOD— Continued. September 21 . September 22. September 2.3. September 24 . September 25. September 26. FIRST AFTER PERIOD. I'rea Date. nitro- gen. Am- monia nitro- gen. Purine nitro- gen. Uric acid nitro- gen. Creat- inine nitro- gen. Hip- puric acid nitro- gen. Unde- ter- mined nitro- gen. Inor- ganic sul- phur. Ethe- real sul- phur. Neu- tral sul- phur. August 27 86.2 86.8 79.8 76.0 3.2 1.7 0.2 2.0 C.1 6.2 7.4 7.4 0.7 f 1.4 \ 2.1 } 78.6 71.5 79.3 80.0 5.8 10.5 13.5 5.7 15.6 August 28 2. 2 18 August 29 August 30 3. 5 i . i 1 2. 5 7. 6 .6 2. 1 6.4 6.0 7.3 14.4 Average August 31 83.4 j 3.7 .3 2.1 6.4 .5 / 2.7 \ 4.2 J- 78.2 7.9 13.8 80.4 4.3 .5 1.9 1.9 2.3 2.0 2.1 1.9 2.5 8.4 6.0 6.5 5.9 6.5 7.3 5.7 1.1 .8 .8 .8 1 .3.4 I 4.4 /■■■-i.'g' \ 5.8 2.9 }• 84.3 81.0 82.0 \ 79.7 79.8 82.4 84.2 6.8 « s September 1 R5.R X4 6.2 1 12.8 September 2 ' 2.7 .2 5.0 6.7 5.3 7.0 12.3 September .3 September 4 Septembers 82.1 85.4 4.0 1 .02 3.2 .2 4.4 .4 3.4 .2 13.5 14.8 Q 9 September 6 83.4 4.6 4.8 li.O Average 83.3 3.6 .3 2. 1 1 6.6 .9 r 4.1 \ 81.7 6. 12. 1 September 7 Septembers September 9 September 10 September 11 September 12 September 13 83.4 8.5.9 84.3 84.8 84.1 84.0 85.2 4.3 3.2 4.1 3.3 4.8 3.9 3.9 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2.3 2.5 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.1 7.1 6.9 7.2 6.3 7.1 6.2 5.2 .5 .6 .4 .4 .5 .4 .4 { i! { .:? 1 1.5 \ 2.0 / 2.9 \ 3.3 r 1.1 t 1.6 1 2.9 \ 3.4 f 2.8 1 86.6 [ 80.2 }• 79.0 },T., J- 84.4 }■ 84.4 I 6.9 7.0 5.4 7.9 7.6 10.4 6.4 12.1 15.6 14.3 7.8 5.1 V 6..i ( Average 84.4 3.9 2 2.2 1 6.5 ■*\{ It }■ 82.0 7.6 10.2 September H September 15 87.6 85.1 83.7 84.2 85.4 84.8 85.2 4.1 4.2 3.3 .3.9 3.3 3.1 4.4 .04 2.0 1 4.9 2.2 1 5.6 2.2 ' 5.5 2.1 6.0 1 1.9 5.0 1.8 5.6 1.9 6.0 - (IT •Hi i:l o / 4.0 •'* 1 4.3 3 / 1-9 •"* \ 2.2 } 83.8 79.6 j- 76.8 }■ 80.1 \ 81.8 [ 82.7 }• 82.0 7.4 11.3 7.3 6.5 5.6 7.2 4.2 8.8 9.1 September 16 September 17 September 18 September 19 September 20 .1 .08 .1 .1 .1 15.7 13.4 12.4 10.0 13.8 Average 84.8 3.7 .1 2.0 ' 5.5 .3 { 11 : 1 1 1 81.0 7.0 11.9 86.8 3.3 0.1 1.9 6.1 0.2 jl 1.1 1.3 }- 85.3 5. 5 87.2 3.0 .2 2.0 6.1 ■^^ 1.1 1.3 \ 81.2 7.7 86.7 4.4 .1 1.6 5.0 .2 { 1.8 2.0 \ 81.2 6.8 85.3 3.8 .2 2.0 6.5 .2 ( 1.6 1.8 I 84.0 6.0 85.7 4.4 .05 2.1 5.7 .2 { 2.0 2.2 \ 86.7 7.7 82.7 3.6 .3 2.2 6.6 .2 { 4.0 4.3 }■ 82.6 7.9 204 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. Percentages of total nitrogen and total sulphur in urine — Continued. Svab.ject "W. ~W. H.— Continued. FIRST AFTER PERIOD— Continued. Date. Urea nitro- gen. ^^- Purine ^™ ^''®^*" monia i ^"jV""® , acid ! inine nitro- i °"„ 1 nitro- , nitro- gen. *= gen. 1 gen. Hip- puric acid nitro- gen. Unde- ter- mined nitro- gen. Inor- ganic sul- phur. Ethe- real sul- phur. Neu- tral sul- phur. September 27 September 28 September 29 September .30 83.7 83.9 as. 7 84.1 .5. 0. 3.8 .3 3.2 ' .2 3.5 .2 1.7 6.0 1.8 i 6.2 2.2 1 7.4 2.0 6.3 0.2 .2 .3 .3 f 2.8 1 3.0 / 3.4 \ 3.7 f 2.7 1 3.0 1 3.6 \ 3.9 1 80.9 \ 8,3.0 \ 79.2 \ 79.3 7.6 8.4 10.6 G.2 11.6 8.6 10.2 14.3 Average 8.5.0 3.8 .2 2.0 j 6.1 2 / 2.2 •2 \ 2.5 1 j- 82.1 7. 3 10. 1 SECOND BENZOATE PERIOD. October 1. October 2. October 3. October 4 . Octobers. October 6. October 7 . Average. October 8. October 9 . . October 10. October 11. October 12. October 13. October 14. Average. October 15. October 16. October 17. October 18. October 19. October 20. October 21. Average. October 22 October 23 October 24. October 25. 82.8 4.5 85.4 3.4 84.4 5.1 84.6 4.2 84.6 4.1 83.7 4.3 86.2 3.6 84.6 84.7 83.1 85.7 81.6 85.9 83.4 83.1 83.8 81.9 83.8 84.4 79.8 85.5 85.7 84.0 83.7 81.6 83.7 80.2 74.2 3.9 3.6 3.5 3.5 4.6 4.2 3.9 3.4 3.7 3.6 3.1 3.2 2.8 3.4 4.1 4.6 3.1 4.6 0.1 ,1 2.0 2.2 2.1 2.5 2.0 1.9 2.2 6.7 0.6 / ^ 3.1 3 7 5.9 .5 { 1.8 2.4 5 9 .5 5.9 .5 1 1.9 2.5 6.1 .6 { 2.2 2.8 5.8 .5 { 3.4 4.0 6.3 .5 { .9 1.5 2.1 2.-2 2.8 1.8 2.7 2.5 2.6 1.9 1.8 2.0 6.0 6.4 7.2 7.2 6.1 5.7 6.0 2.3 3.2 3.3 4.2 2.2 j 2.3 1.8 2.4 2.2 1.9 2.3 5.9 5.5 5.9 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8 1.7 1.5 2.0 2.2 5.6 5.4 6.1 6.1 1.6 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.7 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.8 4.0 4.8 .4 1.1 3.8 4.6 4.1 4.9 3.0 3.9 3.9 5.7 3.0 5.3 6.5 8.2 1.7 3.4 { tU { 5:n 2.4 4.7 6.0 8.5 10.7 13.6 V 81.5 I 86.0 81.6 \ 77.6 1 85.5 85.9 82.1 7.9 8.1 6.4 5.1 6.4 7.0 11.6 82.9 ^84.2 84.2 82.7 82.9 7.4 85.6 6.3 83.6 6.0 85.5 6.4 84.6 7.7 83.0 8.8 83.8 6.4 84.3 7.8 85.2 7.1 84.3 3.5 82.0 7.0 80.9 81.8 7.1 3.8 5.9 79.6 7.1 80.2 7.6 88.3 8.4 87.6 4.7 I^'^LUEKC'E OF SODIUM BE^'ZOATE UJS' NUTiUTlO^; AND HEALTH. 205 Percentages of total nitrotjeii and total sulphur in urine — Continutid. Sulaject ^V. AV. H.-Continued. SECOND BENZOATE PERIOD— Continued. Date. ! "'^••"- niUo" °'^^°- e«"- gen een. Uric acid nitro- gen. Creat- inine nitro- gen. Hip- piiric acid nitro- gen. Unde- ter- mined nitro- gen. Inor- ganic sul- phur. Ethe- real sul- phur. Neu- tral sul- phur. Octobt^r 2(i . Ootobor 27 Octobor 2s Tfi.J 4.7 0.1 82, 7 3. ' .1 79.3 5.0 1 .02 1.9 2.2 1.8 5.6 5.6 5.8 2.5 2.0 2.7 / 5.8 \ 8.3 / 3.6 1 0.2 1 5.1 t 7.9 ]• 78.5 }• 77.0 i 79.5 8.4 7.4 7.6 13.1 15.5 12.9 .Vverage 80.0 4.1 j .1 1.9 5.7 2 6 !/ 5-4 ^•^ \ 8.2 }• 81.0 7.4 11.5 FINAL AFTER PERIOD. October 29. . October 30. . October 31 . . November 1. November 2. Novcml)(>r 3 . November 4. November 5. November 0. November 7. Average. 83.8 82.5 82.3 85.4 87.2 83.3 84.8 81.7 83.6 81.5 .3.2 3.4 4.7 3.2 3.1 4.2 4.8 2.8 3.3 .04 .04 .1 .05 2.0 2.1 2.3 2.1 2.1 2.3 2.1 1.9 1.9 2.2 6.2 5.8 6.4 5.9 0.6 6.3 5.2 6.2 5.4 5.7 2.3 2.2 2.0 2.3 2.3 2.1 1.9 2.2 1.8 2.0 1.3 3.7 \ 0.0 \ 2.3 /■ 2.7' > 4.9 ( \ 2.7 4.9 { f.l\ 5.8 { U} 77.9 79.3 81.2 83.0 86.0 76.1 81.2 83.5 88.0 80.3 81.7 8.5 7.0 6.7 7.4 10.1 6.2 8.9 6.6 7.9 7.8 S^l^^ject JL.. 1*1. I^. FORE PERIOD. July 6 82. 9 July 7 82. 5 July 8 86. 5 Jul J 9 83.2 JulylO 81.6 July 11 1 84.1 Julyl2 j 83.0 .Vvprag<' 83.4 July 13 i 80. 4 July 14 83.4 July 15 ' 86. July 16 86. 2 Julvl7 84.7 July 18 82.3 July 19 81.7 Average 84.6 July 20 July 21 July 22 July 23 5.0 3.7 3.0 4.3 3.8 5.1 3.9 1.2 1.5 1.6 1.0 1.3 2.3 4.2 5.3 5.4 5.2 4.7 5.3 1.6 5.2 4.4 .4 1.7 4.2 .4 1.7 2.3 .3 1.0 3.5 .3 1.0 3.6 .2 2.0 4.4 .7 1.7 5.4 .4 1.7 4.9 5.0 5.3 5.5 5.9 0.4 5.9 0.1 .05 .6 { lU 4.8 5.1 2.0 5.2 4.3 2.6 3.4 4.4 4.7 82.3 84.0 88.0 85.2 80.8 91.7 85.3 84.8 78.8 78.4 76.6 79.3 74.8 2.6 5.9 4.8 6.5 9.9 7.2 6.1 5.4 7.1 5.4 7.8 6.1 9.1 FIRST BENZOATE PERIOD. 84.3 83.8 3.9 4.2 0.3 .2 1.6 1.6 5.1 5.3 4.5 4.6 77.8 76.3 3.8 4.8 87.2 3.5 .6 1.6 5.2 0.2 \ 1.5 [ 78.2 5.8 85.1 3.8 .3 1.5 5.4 .2 / 3.0 \ 3.2 \ 82.4 5.4 206 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. Percentages of total tdlrogen and total sulphur in urine — Continued. Subject Ij. M!. L.— Continued. FIRST BENZOATE PERIOD— Continued. Date. July 24. July 25. July 26. Average July 27... July 28... July 29. . . July 30. . . July 31... Augiist 1 . August 2. .\.verage. Augusts. August 4. August 5. August ti. August 7. August 8. August 9. Average. August 10. August 11 . August 12. August 13. August 14. August 15. August If). -Average. August 17. August 18. August 19. August 20. August 21 . August 22. August 23. Am- monia nitro- gen. 3.8 4.3 5.6 84.6 85.6 82.7 83.2 82.1 82.4 85.3 81.7 83.4 82.7 80.2 82.3 80.2 84.7 83.2 82.2 83.3 87.3 83.4 81.9 85.9 85.3 79.1 Average. August 24. August 25. August 26. August 27. August 28. August 29. August 30. 82.1 83.3 83.1 85.5 83.2 84.7 79.7 77.6 Average. August 31 September 1 . September 2. Septembers. 79.9 82.8 83.2 82.3 4.1 Purine nitro- gen. 0.2 .15 .2 Uric I Creat- acid I inine nitro- j nitro- gen. I gen. llip- puric acid nitro- gen. Unde- ter- mined nitro- gen. 1.8 1.8 2.2 5.3 4.7 5.0 3.4 4.3 4.6 5.1 2.1 3.7 4.4 5.5 4.6 4 7 4.3 4.2 4.9 4.8 S.9 4.6 3.8 3.7 4.0 4.6 4.S 2.9 4.2 3.5 3.2 4.7 5.4 83.7 4.0 80.9 3.9 79.2 3.3 84.1 3.4 84.6 3.4 80.4 3.4 83.6 2.9 81.7 4.0 3.2 3.6 2.8 3.8 5.9 3.5 4.7 3.7 4.0 4.3 2.1 2.3 2.2 2.0 2.2 2.3 1.8 4.9 6.6 6.2 6.4 7.0 6.4 6.2 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.0 2.3 1.9 1.9 5.7 6.5 6.3 0.2 7.0 6.1 6.6 2.8 2.6 3.3 4.4 3.7 1.4 4 7 5.9 4.2 6.2 6.5 2.7 3.1 2.1 5.7 ■u 1.8 5.7 .8 j 1.8 6.3 2.2 6.7 1.7 6.6 2.1 7.4 1.9 7.1 3.7 4.5 1.1 2.0 3.6 5.4 1.4 .0 6.1 I 7. 1.9 6.5 2.4 3.3 2.8 2.4 2.2 2.0 2.4 2.0 2.0 8.2 7.1 7.1 6.7 6.8 4.4 7.0 2.0 2.7 6.4 4.1 4.5 2.2 2.0 1.8 2.1 2.9 2.2 2.6 2.0 2.0 6.1 6.3 5.8 7.1 !. 7.1 1. 7.2 . 3.9 4.8 3.9 4.4 3.6 3.8 4.2 5.0 3.1 5.7 6.4 8.2 6.8 6.6 4.0 4.7 3.7 4.3 3.2 3.8 3.7 4.3 Inor- Eth©- Neu- ganic real j tral sul- sul- sul- phur, phur. pliur. 77.9 78.3 75.8 78.2 78.0 75.3 76.7 78.4 76.2 70.0 76.7 76.1 70.5 69.3 70.8 71.6 74.5 69.1 77.5 71.8 09. 7 75.6 71.6 78.9 t>7.5 73.2 73.1 67.0 67.2 69.2 77.4 i 77.1 I 74.4 71.7 78.6 75.5 74.9 74.1 75.6 75.3 76.7 80.6 74.4 82.3 82.1 4.4 6.0 4.5 4.9 3.4 6.2 5.3 3.6 5.6 7.9 4.7 5.3 5.8 6.2 5.7 5.6 9.0 8.1 4.6 6.3 6.7 5.3 7.0 5.9 7.9 2.8 6.1 5.8 6.3 6.9 6.2 9.2 4.0 4.7 4.7 7.5 6.3 10.8 8.9 11.7 7.4 6.1 6.9 4.0 NFLUKNCE OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON NUTRITION AND HEALTH. 207 Percentages of total nitrogen and total sxdphur in urine — Continued. Subject Xj. ]Vt. Ij.— Continued. FIRST BENZOATE PERIOD— Continued. Date. Urea nitro- gen. Am- monia nitro- gen. Purine nitro- gen. Uric acid nitro- gen. Creatr inine nitro- gen. Hip- Unde- purlc 1 ter- acid [ mined nitro- nitro- gen, gen. Inor- ganic Slli- phur. Etlie- real ' sul- phur. Neu- tral sul- phur. September 4 SeptPinber 5 84.2 84. (i 4.0 3.7 0.3 .5 .5 2.1 2.0 1.9 6.5 7.1 6.4 1 2.7 1.9 ; 4.6 79.5 79.2 7.3.4 4.5 8.3 15.9 19 7 Septeml>er 6 82.3 ; 3.9 6.1 ' 20.4 Average 82.7 : 4.0 1 .3 2.1 5.9 0.6 ; 3.5 \ 3.0 ^ 78.8 6.1 15.1 September 7 Septembers September 9 September 10 September 11 September 12 September 13 82.7 84.3 84.7 86.8 83.8 83.4 85.1 3.5 2.8 3.6 2.9 5.1 4.1 4.0 .3 .3 .2 .3 .5 .3 .3 2.4 2.2 2.0 1.8 2.8 2.3 2.2 7.3 6.5 6.4 6.7 7.0 6.0 5.7 .4 .3 .4 .3 .4 .3 .3 1 3.1 1, 3.5 / 3.2 \ 3.0 j 2.6 \ 3.0 \ 1.3 / -2 I -6 f 3.4 \ 3.8 ( 2.4 \ 2.7 [ 81.6 \ 79.7 j- 79.4 \ 78.5 1 8.5.3 \ 85.2 \ 80.6 6.8 7.0 4.5 8.6 6.6 7.1 0.5 11.6 1.3.3 16.1 12.9 8.1 7.6 12.9 Average 84.4 3.7 .3 2.2 6.5 .3 f 2.6 t 2.9 \ 81.5 0.6 11.9 September 14 Septemlier 15 Septemlier If) September 17 September 18 September 19 September 20 81.7 83.7 84.5 85.2 85.3 84.7 81.5 4.0 4.9 3.3 3.7 2.4 3.2 .3.8 .3 .3 .2 .3 .3 .2 .7 2.2 1.8 2.2 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.7 6.2 5.9 6.2 6.2 5.7 5.8 6.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 .9 1.0 1.1 ( 4.6 I 5.6 / 1.9 \ 2.9 i 2.4 \ 3.4 / 1.5 \ 2.5 / 3.1 I 4.1 ( 3.0 \ 4.0 f 4.5 \ 5.6 }■ 82.6 j- 82.1 ^ 80.4 \ 79.1 [ 80.4 }■ 81.8 }• 81.3 6.8 6.8 8.0 7.3 6.0 8.0 6.4 10.5 11.0 11.6 13.6 13.6 10.2 12.3 .\verage 83.8 3.6 .3 1.9 6.1 1.0 / 3.0 \ 4.0 I 81.1 7.1 11.8 FIRST AFTER PERIOD. September 21 . September 22. September 23. September 24. September 25. September 26. September 27 . September 28 . September 29 . September 30. Average. 80.3 3.2 0.4 1.9 6.6 0.3 / 1.3 \ 1.6 ) 8.5.4 6.7 87.0 2.6 .4 2.1 6.7 .2 / -7 1 1.0 84.2 7.1 84.6 4.3 .3 2.0 6.5 .3 / 1.6 \ 2.0 81.4 6.8 84.3 4.1 .3 2.0 6.3 .2 / 2.5 1 2.8 81.5 6.4 84.4 3.7 _ 2 2.0 6.1 .2 / 3.3 \ 3.6 81.9 7.4 83.0 4.1 .4 2.0 6.2 .2 / 4.0 \ 4.3 77.9 7.9 83.7 4.3 .6 1.6 6.5 .3 t 2.7 \ 3.0 81.6 7.0 83.7 3.0 .4 1.8 6.3 .3 ( 4.5 77.5 7.5 83.6 3.3 .5 1.7 6.8 .3 / b.5 \ 3.8 80.2 8.8 80.4 3.1 .2 1.9 6.3 .3 { 11 80.5 4.0 84.7 3.6 .4 1.9 6.4 .2 / 2.6 \ 2.8 } 81.3 6.9 208 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. Percentages of total nitrogen and total sulphur in urine — Continued. Subject L. Ml. Ij.— Continued. SECOND BENZOATE PERIOD. Date. Urea nitro- gen. Am- monia nitro- gen. 3.5 4.1 4.7 3.9 3.3 3.5 5.2 Purine nitro- gen. Uric acid nitro- gen. Creat- inine nitro- gen. Hip- punc acid nitro- gen. Unde- ter- mined nitro- gen. 1 Inor- Ethe- Neu- ganic real tral sul- sul- sul- phur. . phur. piiur. 1 October 1 82.0 84.3 0.4 .4 .4 .4 .4 .4 .6 2.0 2.1 1.9 1.9 1.9 2.1 2.4 6.3 6.0 6.0 6.2 6.1 6.3 6.8 0.7 . 7 .7 . 7 .7 .7 ( 4.8 \ 5.6 1 2.1 \ 2.8 / 3.5 1 4.2 1 1.0 \ 1.7 / 3.5 \ 4.2 1 4.4 \ 5.1 / 1.8 \ 2.6 [ 83.4 \ 82.3 |- 87.9 \ 85.1 j- 86.4 } 82.1 9.1 1 16.4 8.8 ■ 7.8 October 3 October 4 Octobers October 6 82.6 85.7 84.0 82.4 82.3 ,.3 6.2 6.2 6.6 11.9 10.3 5.9 8.7 7.0 6.0 Average 83.4 4.1 .4 2.0 6.2 .7 1 3.0 \ 3.7 [ 83.2 8.1 8.8 Octobers October 9 October 10 82.6 81.6 82.1 5.5 4.0 3.9 4.3 4.8 3.6 4.8 .6 .4 .2 .2 .4 .1 .2 2.5 2.0 2.2 2.1 2.0 2.3 1.9 6.8 1.1 7.0 1.1 7.0 ; 1.0 7.0 1.0 6.5 1.0 j d 11 1 3.3 \ 4.4 / 3.1 [ 4.2 / 1.9 \ 2.9 / 4.4 \ 5.4 / 3.8 \ 4.7 [ 83.4 \ 84.2 \ 81.3 j- 83.2 [ 81.8 \ 83.3 \ 83.0 8.4 7.7 7.8 8.2 8.1 10.9 October 11 82.2 1 6.7 i 10.1 October 12 83.3 82.8 82.6 8.2 9.9 October 13 October 14. 5.7 5.6 1.0 .9 7.6 6.0 9.2 11.0 1 Average 82.6 4.4 .3 2.1 6.5 1.0 / 2.8 I 3.9 [ 82.8 7.4 9.7 October IS 80.2 80.7 82.0 80.7 81.1 82. 3 84.2 5.8 5.3 4.4 3.8 3.9 3.9 3.8 .3 2.9 6.2 6.4 6.5 7.4 6.8 6.7 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 1.8 1.7 f 3.0 1 4.7 / 3.2 \ 5.1 / 2.5 \ 4.4 / 2.6 I 4.7 / 4.1 \ 5.9 f 2.4 \ 4-2 \ 3.1 \ 76.6 \ 79.4 \ 79.6 \ 81.2 \ 78.0 [ 77.7 [ 78.8 6.8 ae 8.0 16.5 October IG .3 2.1 12.0 October 17 .3 2 2.3 2.8 12.4 October 18 4.6 14.2 October 19 .3 1.9 6.7 15.2 October 20 .4 .3 2.3 2.1 6.8 1 15.3 October 21 . 1 6.4 1 1.7 5.0 1 16.1 1 Average 81.7 4.4 .3 2.3 6.6 i;8 / 2.8 \ 4.6 \ 78.7 6.6 14.5 October 22 . 81.3 81.3 80.3 79.8 77.4 78.4 79.8 4.5 5.0 3.7 4.8 4.3 3.0 4.8 .1 .4 .4 .2 .3 .3 .1 2.0 1.6 1.9 2.1 2.0 2.3 1.9 6.1 6.1 6.1 6.8 6.9 6.9 3.8 3.9 3.8 4.5 4.6 4.2 f 2.1 t 5.9 f 2.3 \ 6.2 1 3.6 1 7.5 / 1.5 \ 6.0 / 4.2 \ 8.8 f 4.7 1 9.0 / 2.0 \ 6.5 [ 79.6 \ 79.3 \ 82.2 I 77.9 \ 76.9 \ 73.2 \ 79.0 7.0 9.6 9.0 5.8 8.7 7.0 7. 5 13.2 October 23 10.6 October 24 8.7 October 25 16.2 October 26 14.4 October 27 . . . . 19.8 October 28 6. 7 4. 5 13.4 Average 79.6 4.2 .2 2.0 6. 5 4. 1 / 2.9 \ 7.1 ^ 78.4 7.9 13.6 INFLUENCE OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON NUTRITION AND HEALTH. 209 Percentages of total nitrogen and total sulphur in urine — Continued. Subject Ij. M. Ij.— Continued FINAL AFTER PERIOD. Dat«. TTrea nitro- gen. Am- monia nitro- gen. Purine nitro- gen. Uric acid nitro- gen. Creat- inine nitro- gen. Hlp- puric acid nitro- gen. Unde- ter- n\ined nitro- gen. Inor- ganic sul- phur. Ethe- real sul- phur. Neu- tral sul- phur. October 29 83.4 85.2 84.3 82.4 87.7 82.9 83.8 85.1 85.6 82.0 4.1 4.0 3.1 4.5 2.9 3.3 4.0 3.7 3.4 3.3 0.2 1.8 2.1 2.3 2.1 2.0 2.1 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.9 6.3 6.3 6.2 6.9 6.6 7.2 5.7 5.5 5.6 5.2 02.1 2.1 1.8 2.2 2.0 2.2 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.6 f 1.6 \ 37 1 .02 i 2 1 I 2 1 1 4 1 1.5 \ 3.7 1 .0 \ 2.0 ( 1.8 \ 4.0 / 28 \ 4 6 / 1.8 \ 3.5 t 14 i 3.1 / 5.3 \ 7.0 \ 75.6 [ 73.4 [ 75.0 j- 80.8 1 81.2 \ 79.8 J- 78.7 [80.5 [7,., 7.9 8.5 8.4 6.3 8.0 8.1 5.6 7.4 7.1 8.3 15.9 October 30 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 04 1 15.9 Octol)er 31 18.2 18.7 November 2 11.1 Novembers November 4 10.7 14.5 November 5 13.9 Novemlier 12.4 November 7 13.0 Average 84.4 3.6 1 2. 1 6. 1 ^•« { kl \ 78.0 7.5 14.4 Subject .7. W. T^ FORE PERIOD. July 6 80.4 79.7 82.0 81.1 81.3 81.3 78.0 7.0 .'•..6 4.4 .5.0 5.6 6.9 6.8 0.9 .8 1.0 .8 .4 .7 .9 1.4 1.6 1.7 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.6 5.8 6.8 6.0 5.1 5.0 5.9 6.5 0.3 .06 .3 .9 4.3 f 5.1 \ .5.4 / .5.0 \ .5.0 ] 5.8 \ 6.2 1 5.0 \ 5.9 3.6 6.1 } i 1 89.4 4.8 5.8 July 7 Julys 86.3 80.1 82.5 86.3 81.8 8.1 8.1 7.2 7.5 3.7 5.5 July 9 11.8 July 10 10.2 July 11 6.2 July 12 14.5 Average 80.5 5.9 .8 1.5 5.9 .4 f 5.0 t 4.9 \ 84.4 6.5 9.0 July 13 80.7 80.7 82.4 84.8 78.7 79.5 75.3 5.6 5.9 4.0 5.1 5.1 7.0 9.1 .4 .5 .3 .4 .2 .7 .7 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.5 6.2 1 5.9 I 5.8 1 6.1 1 5.8 7.5 7.6 4.9 5.4 5.7 2.0 7.6 3.5 5.7 84.5 77.3 71.3 71.3 76.6 69.4 69.7 7.7 10.0 8.2 7.7 5.9 8.6 7.1 7.8 July 14 12.7 Julv 15 20.5 July 16 21.0 July 17 17.5 Julv 18 21.9 Julv 19 23.2 Average 80.4 5.9 .4 1.7 6.3 5.0 74.0 7.8 18.2 FIRST BENZOATE PERIOD. July 20 73.5 77.8 75.2 77.2 80.9 84.8 80.0 7.6 6.5 5.3 6.8 6.0 5.1 7.2 0.5 .3 .4 .8 .3 .3 .4 2.1 1.5 2.0 1.5 2.1 1.8 2.0 7.8 6.3 6.4 7.9 8.0 0.3 .2 { { 8.4 7.4 9.3 9.5 5.1 5.4 2.6 1.4 3.8 70.6 70.8 \ 73.6 \ 77.4 74.3 76.6 72.7 7.8 8.3 7.8 4.4 6.7 7.3 7.8 21.5 Julv 21 20.9 July 22 17.9 July 23 18.2 July 24 18.9 July 25 6.5 1 6.5 ! 15.5 July 26 19.5 Average 78.6 6.3 ■ .4 1.9 7.0 .2 { 7.2 5.5 1 73.8 7.4 18.8 Julv 27 74.8 80.8 82.9 78.4 6.4 5.5 3.9 7.6 .6 .8 .4 .8 2.1 1.6 1.8 1.4 8.3 6.9 6.7 7.8 :::::::: 4.9 4.2 4.0 3.9 70.1 68.3 73.7 74.4 7.0 7.9 8.1 6.2 22.9 July 28 23.8 July 29 18.5 July 30 19.2 70111— No. SS— 09- -14 210 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. Percentages of total nitrogen and total sulphur in urine — Coutiuued. Subject .T. W. L.— Continued. FIRST BENZOATE PERIOD— Continued. Date. July 31... August 1. August 2. Average . Augusts. August 4. Augusts. August 6. August 7. August 8. August 9. Average . August 10. Urea nitro- gen. 80.3 79.4 80.4 79.6 Am- monia nitro- gen. 5.1 6.2 76.4 81.2 78.6 77.2 78.9 77.1 78.4 78.3 August 11 84.4 August 12 80.3 August 13 77.1 Augustl4 81.2 August 1.5 81.7 August 16 79. 3 Average . August 17. August 18. August 19. August 20. August 21 . August 22. August 23. Average . August 24. August 25. August 26. August 27. August 2S. August 29. August 30. 80.6 78.7 77.4 79.7 80.8 79.7 80.6 79.8 80.0 79.2 81.6 86.1 80.7 77.0 76.0 Average . AugustSl j 75.6 September 1 ' 82.8 September 2. Septembers. September 4. September 5. September 0. 82.5 83.4 80.2 79.1 80.8 Averoge. September 7. September 8. September 9. so.c 81.7 82.0 Purine nitro- gen. 0.6 .6 .6 Uric acid nitro- gen. 1.7 1.6 2.0 5.8 6.2 7.9 .9 4.0 1.0 6.6 .7 6.4 .7 4.9 .4 6.9 .7 7.0 .7 4.0 6.0 6.6 5.2 5.4 7.0 5.8 5.4 5.2 4.7 4.3 4.3 3.9 7.4 .3 .5 1.1 5.9 4.7 4.6 5.0 5.7 7.2 5.4 6.0 4.7 3.8 4.7 5.9 5.9 6.1 1.9 1.6 1.6 1.5 2.1 1.7 1.5 1.7 1.8 2.0 1.9 2.1 1.6 1.5 1.8 2.0 2.4 2.0 1.7 2.0 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.S 1.7 1.6 2.2 1.9 2.1 Creat- inine nitro- gen. 7.7 6.3 7.1 7.4 6.9 7.7 7.8 6.7 7.6 6.5 llip- puric acid nitro- gen. 7.2 Unde- ter- mined nitro- gen. 3.1 6.9 3.4 4.8 5.2 5.1 4.8 6.1 6.7 6.0 3.3 7.2 7.8 8.3 7.5 7.0 6.8 8.5 7.6 6.2 7.5 6.6 6.7 7.2 6.2 5.0 8.2 6.9 7.9 2.0 1.6 1.7 2.2 2.1 1.4 9.5 7.4 6.2 O.fl 7.6 8.9 -6.1 0.8 6.1 4.6 6.8 1.8 2.3 1.9 7.1 7.5 8.5 4.8 5.6 2.7 3.3 3.8 5.3 3.5 3.7 4.3 4.0 4.0 6.3 5.9 5.3 5.9 6.5 2.9 Inor- ganic sul- pliur. 72.7 68.9 77.4 72.4 78.4 69.7 71.0 72.3 75. 4 71.5 75.4 73.4 7.5.3 70.8 70.5 70.6 80.8 72.7 64.3 72.2 70.6 73.2 70.4 76.5 84.3 73.8 76.3 { tl\ 4.0 4.3 5.3 6.1 2.1 2.8 4.5 5.1 2.2 2.9 3.7 3.1 5.7 3.5 4.3 2.6 3.1 2.5 2.9 2.9 3.4 76.4 I 79.2 77.4 80.8 76.0 77.0 75.6 75.1 77.1 83.4 Ethe- real sul- phur. 7.6 8.5 7.3 7.5 8.1 7.3 6.7 7.0 6.5 5.8 6.0 6.7 9.1 7.8 7.9 6.4 7.6 19.1 10.4 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.0 8.5 5.2 7.6 4.0 7.1 4.8 5.7 9.2 10.9 8.2 5.1 7.3 6.1 6.2 S.4 8.2 8.7 6.3 8.6 5.8 INFLUENCE OF SODIUM IJKNZOATE ON NUTIUTION AND JIKALlll, 211 Percentages of total nitrogen and total sulphur in urine— Coiitiiiuud. Sub.jeot ,1. W. L.— Contlnufd. FIRST nKNZOATE I'KUIOD— Contimied. Date. Urea nitro- gen. Am- monia nitro- gen. Purine nitro- gen. Uric aci(i nitro- gen. Creat- inine nitro- gen. II Ip- piiric acid nitro- gen. Unde- ter- mined nitro- gen. Inor- ganic Stll- pliiir. Etlio- rcal sul- pliur. Neu- tral sul- phur. September 10 Septc'nber 11 Septeiuljer 12 81.0 81.0 77. 5 83.9 5.7 6.3 7.1 3.9 0.5 .3 1 ■ .4 1.8 2.9 2.4 2.1 7.0 6.8 6.8 5.8 0.4 " .4 .4 .3 / 2.6 \ 3.0 / 1.7 \ 2.1 r .5.7 i 0.1 / 3.2 \ 3.6 \ 76.8 [ 81.5 \ 83. } 84.1 9.0 7.5 9.7 .5.6 14.2 10.0 0.7 10 3 Average 80.8 5.7 .3 2.2 7.1 .4 / 3.0 \ 3.5 [ 81.6 7.7 10.4 September 14..., September 15 September 16 September 17 September 18 September 10 Senlember 20 . 82.4 81.8 82.5 80.0 84.0 S3. 7 79. 5 5.9 5.9 4.2 5.6 3.5 4.7 0.1 .5 .5 .4 .5 .4 .7 .5 1.9 1.6 1.8 1.6 1.8 1.3 1.8 6.8 6.6 6.3 7.5 5.6 5.7 7.2 1.0 .9 .8 1.0 .8 .8 1.1 ( 1.4 1 2.4 / 2.4 \ 3.3 / 3.8 \ 4.6 \ 4.0 \ 4.3 1 2.5 \ 3.3 / 3.8 \ 4.9 [ 82.3 \ 82.7 \ 81.2 \ 81.5 i 84.2 } 83.6 j- 80.3 6.2 7.0 6.2 0.2 5.8 0.9 4.9 11.5 9. 5 12.6 12.3 10.0 9.5 14.7 Average 82.2 5.1 .5 1.7 6.5 .9 / 3.1 \ 4.0 \ 82.3 0.3 11.4 FIRST AFTER PERIOD. September 21 September 22 September 23 September 24 September 25 September 26 September 27 September 28 September 29 September 30 84.2 84.7 84. 7 83.0 82.4 79.7 81.8 81.6 81.3 85 4.2 3.1 5.2 5.1 5.4 3.7 4.9 5.5 5.2 4.5 0.4 .7 .6 .4 .2 .7 .6 .6 .0 .2 1.5 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.7 1.8 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.7 6.3 6.2 .5.7 6.2 0.4 8.0 0.2 6.5 6.9 6.9 0.3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .4 .3 .4 .4 .4 I 2.9 t 3.2 j 3.4 \ 3.8 / 1.9 i 2.2 / 3.0 \ 3.3 / 3.3 \ 3.0 ( 5.4 \ 5.8 / 4.5 \ 4.8 / 3.8 \ 4.2 / 4.0 \ 4.4 { i:5 \ 79.6 \ 80.2 \ 70.3 \ 80. 6 [ 82.5 i 8.3.2 \ 82.1 1 80.7 \ 79.8 1 S2.2 5.1 .5.2 8.0 0.7 7.5 7.8 7.2 7.9 8.7 8.7 15.3 14.5 1.5.6 12.6 10.0 9.0 10.6 11.3 11.5 9 Average 8?. 4. 7 .5 1.6 6.5 .3 { ti ] 80.5 7.3 12.2 SECOND BENZOATE PERIOD. October 1 83.4 82.7 83. 5 81.2 79.7 5.1 5.3 5.1 5.7 7.1 0.4 .4 .4 .5 .7 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.3 0.5 6.5 6.2 7.0 7.1 0.0 .6 .6 .6 .6 { i:J 1 2.4 \ 3.0 / 2.3 \ 2.9 / 3.2 \ .3.8 f 3.1 1 3.8 [ 80.3 i 8i.2 } 80.0 \ 79.0 \ 83.8 8.4 5.1 8.3 0.3 7.6 11.3 October 2 10.6 Octobers 11.6 October 4 14.1 Octobers 8.0 212 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN, Percentages of total nitrogen and total sulphur in urine — Continued. Subject J. W. ii,— Continued. SECOND BENZOATE PERIOD-Continued. Date. October 6 October 7 Average Octobers October 9 October 10 October 11 October 12 October 13 October 14 Average. October 15 October 16 October 17 October 18 October 19 October 20 October 21 Average. October 22 October 23 October 24 October 25 October 26 October 27 October 28 Average. October 29 October 30 October 31 November 1 . . Urea nitro- gen. 8.3.5 83.4 82.6 83.7 81.6 81.8 82.7 84.5 78.0 81.2 82.3 7a 7 79.6 77.3 81.8 84.0 82.7 81.1 80.7 78.3 78.4 7a 8 7a 77.6 81.3 76.4 Am- monia nitro- gen. 3.8 5.6 7a 3 4.9 5.4 5.1 4.9 5.2 7.4 4.6 Purine nitro- gen. 0.4 .5 Uric Creat- acid inine nitro- nitro- gen, gen. 1.6 1.3 6.0 6.2 Hip- puric ivcid nitro- gen. 0.5 Unde- ter- mined nitro- gen. 4.2 4.7 2.3 2.9 6.5 6.1 4.6 .5.4 3.9 41 5.2 4.4 4.8 &3 5.7 4.7 4.9 6.0 3.3 6.5 5.3 1.6 1.3 1.8 1.7 1.4 1.3 1.9 6.8 6.6 7.2 7.2 5.5 6.5 6.2 6.5 1.9 1.7 2.0 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.9 1.7 1.5 2.1 1.7 1.5 1.7 1.6 1.7 a7 6.2 ao ft9 5.3 6.1 6.8 6.5 6.8 A 2.8 3.4 2.3 2.1 2.8 2.2 1.8 2.1 2.3 7.1 4.1 6.2 a8 a 2 4.7 6.7 42 7.0 4 2 5.9 3.5 6.8 43 3.9 6.2 5.4 7.6 3.9 6.7 2.8 5.0 3.2 5.0 2.1 4 2 3.1 5.5 a5 5.7 2.2 a3 40 7.8 2.5 7.3 3.8 ao 3.0 7.2 3.8 7.3 4 as { u Inor- Ethe- ganic real sul- sul- phur. phur. 79.5 12.1 83.7 7.9 81.7 83.5 845 84 7 85.8 83.6 86.4 81.8 843 81.6 82.6 83.5 7a 7 7a 7 82.1 82.6 81.5 81.6 7a 7 81.3 FINAL AFTER PERIOD. 80.2 a 5 0.5 1.5 7.3 1.9 { 2.1 40 [ 79.7 a2 79.9 5.2 .1 1.8 a 7 1.8 { 4.1 .5.9 |- 7a 5.8 80.7 5.7 .1 2.0 7.8 1.9 { 1.7 3.6 I 74 8 9.2 81.5 42 .3 1.8 7.6 2.0 { 2.4 44 j- 79.0 ae INFLUENCE Oh SODIUM BENZOATE ON NUTKITION ANli m^Ai.l'H. 213 Percentages of total nitrogen and total sulphur in urine — Coutinued. Svxbjeot iT. J*". Ij.— Continued. FINAL AFTER PKHIOU— Continued. Date. Urea nitro- gen. Am- monia nitro- gen. Purine nitro- gen. Uric acid nitro- gen. Creat- inine nitro- gen. Hip- puric acid nitro- gen. Unde- ter- mined nitro- gen. Inor- ganic sul- phur. Ethe- real sul- phur. Neu- tral sul- phur. November 2 November 3 November 4 Novembers November 6 November 7 80.0 8Z5 83.4 81.2 83.4 84.7 sao 5.0 5.1 4.8 5.8 4.2 3.7 0.2 .3 . 1 .3 . 2 1.8 1.7 2.0 1.7 1.7 1.6 6.5 6.9 as 7.0 7.0 5.5 1.8 1.7 1.8 • 1.8 1.7 1.4 / 4.5 \ 6.3 / 1.5 t 3.3 ( .8 \ 2.6 1 1.5 I as ( 1.4 \ ai ( 2.7 \ 4.3 i SI. 1 ^ 84.2 |- 79.0 \ 78.6 \ 81.9 \ 81.6 8.4 6.2 5.8 10.7 7.9 7.8 10. 5 9.6 14.6 10.7 10.2 10.6 Average 5.0 .2 1.7 5.8 1.7 j 2.3 \ 4.1 \ 79.8 7.6 12.4 Subject K. C. ]Vr. FORE PERIOD. July 6.. July 7.. Julys.. July 9.. July 10. July 11. Julv 12. .\verage. July 13. July 14. July 15. July 16. July 17. July 18. Julv 19. .Vverage . 85.3 82.8 82.6 82.6 80.7 83.4 83.0 8ZS 85.7 80 4 84.2 85.0 80.7 81.7 80.9 82.7 4.7 4.2 3.8 4.9 4.2 4.3 5.4 5.9 3.6 5.9 6.0 4.8 4.9 0.3 .5 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.3 1.5 1.6 2.1 2.0 1.5 2.1 2.0 2.0 4.0 4.7 4.5 4.6 4.0 4.8 5.2 5.3 4.8 4.9 5.5 6.6 6.5 5.5 0.2 3.5 5.9 0.1 6.5 6.6 5.1 5.9 6.4 7.2 6.4 5.7 6.0 5.5 1.3 5.7 5.1 1.4 .5.4 4.1 5.9 4.0 83.6 86.0 81.9 8&0 83.9 6.9 6.6 7.3 &1 ai 78.5 7.5 80.4 8.6 78.6 5.2 76.6 7.3 73.2 43 71.3 7.3 72.6 7.7 7a 1 &7 FIRST BENZOATE PERIOD. Julv 20 81.3 82.4 87.0 86.3 81.8 85.0 83.7 a9 5.1 4.3 4.8 5.0 4.5 4.4 0.3 .3 .3 .3 .2 .i" 2.1 1.6 2.0 1.6 1.8 1.8 1.9 4.9 5.3 5.3 5.2 5.5 4.4 5.1 0.1 .2 i { as 5.3 .7 .8 1.1 1.2 5.4 75.6 7a 5 \ 75.2 }■ 7&6 7a 5 77.9 72.4 5.5 as a 4 a4 5.4 5.6 7.2 18.8 July 21 19.6 July 22 IS. 4 July 23 15.0 July 24 18 1 July 25 laa .July 26 - 20.4 .\verage 84.4 4.5 .2 1.8 5.1 .1 { .9 3.8 \ 7a 2 5.8 l&O July 27 79.5 79.4 8a 1 84.2 84.1 80.0 83.5 5.2 5.9 4.1 4.7 5.1 ai a2 .6 .6 .3 .3 .3 .2 .4 1.6 1.5 1.8 1.8 2.1 2.4 1.6 a3 as 5.8 2.4 3.1 2.6 4.6 1.6 6a8 72.6 77.6 73.9 75.6 71.6 73.8 10.0 ae 7.5 5.4 5.4 5.8 5.3 23.2 July 28 a5 5.3 5.6 5.6 5.9 a 2 1&5 Julv 29 14.8 July 30 20.7 July 31 19.0 .\uf;ust 1.. 22.6 August 2 20 8 Average 82.6 5.3 .4 1.9 5.9 3.8 7a as 20.2 214 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. Percentages of total nitrogen and total sulphur in urine — Continued. Subject E. C M:.— Continued. FIRST BENZOATE PERIOD— Continued. Date. August 3. August 4. August 5. August 6. August 7. August 8. August 9. Average. August 10. August 11. August 12. August 13. August 14. -August 15. August 16. Urea nitro- gen. 82.6 80.4 84.2 sao 78.8 82.7 84.7 sas 8&4 Average. August 17. August IS. August 19. August 20. August 21. August 22. August 23. August 24. August 25. August 26. August 27. August 28. .\ugust 29. August 30. .\verage. August 31 September 1 . September 2. September 3. Septeml)er 4 . September 6. September 6. Average. September 7 . . SeptemlxT 8. . September 9.. Septeml)pr 10. September 11. 84.3 82.6 8a 1 85.1 84.4 Am- monia nitro- gen. 6.3 4.1 5.6 5.3 46 4.6 4.4 5.0 Purine nitro- gen. Uric acid nitro- gen. 1.7 1.9 1.6 1.6 2.2 2.4 1.6 Creat- inine nitro- gen. 5.1 5.7 5.7 ai 6.2 6.3 5.6 1.8 82.1 82.8 81.4 82.3 82.6 8a 7 81.7 80.7 82.0 85.6 84.6 8a5 80.7 79.3 sai 843 sac 85.7 84 82.9 81.6 8a 5 8a4 85.4 8."). 8 8.5.1 8^5 45 46 a6 a4 4 4 43 a7 a 6 a9 42 48 43 1.7 1.7 1.9 2.2 2.3 2.0 2.1 1.9 2.0 2. 2 2^2 1.9 1.7 49 Hip- puric acid nitro- gen. 0.5 5.6 5.9 5.9 6.3 6.1 6.0 6.5 6.3 5.8 6.4 5.9 5.3 Average \ 82.4 4 2 5.4 4 7 a4 as a4 46 5.0 43 45 43 40 41 a9 41 a7 5i4 ai 4 5 ae 43 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.3 1.9 2.0 1.9 2.1 2.2 2.3 1.9 6.0 5.7 6.2 ai 5.6 .5 .7 1.0 .4 5l9 Unde- ter- mined nitro- gen. a4 2.1 2.4 7.3 2.1 2.6 a 4 45 2.8 2.6 2.1 a 2 5.3 43 as 5.5 42 a2 ai Inor- ganic sul- phur. 7a 6 71.7 72.8 72.9 77.2 69.3 74 8 7a 2 75.4 70.4 71.8 7a 1 72.4 72.1 7a Ethe- real sul- phur. 71.6 68.8 72.4 7a 8 74 8 75.2 78.1 5.0 7a 6 42 48 41 49 1.0 2.2 2.9 as 5.9 7.2 •M in as ai 5.7 5.8 5.7 5.7 2.0 5.8 1.9 2.2 1.8 2.1 2.1 5.9 ao 5.9 ai a2 ao a7 4 4 7 1.2 2.0 4 4 8 a7 { iU 2.5 2.9 2.7 ai 1.2 1.6 2.1 2.5 .1 .5 7a 7 74 8 7a 2 7a 3 74 6 7a 2 74 8 80.7 72.6 77.4 }- 77.6 74 4 87.7 78.3 78.2 [ 81.0 \ 77.7 7a 7 80.2 J- 82.2 INFLUENCE OF SODIUM BENZUATE ON NUTKITION AND HEALTH. 215 Percentages of total nitrogen and total sulphur in urine — Contiuued. Subject 10. O. INI.— Continued. FIRST BENZOATE PERIOD— Continued. Date. Urea nitro- gen. .\m- monia nitro- gen. Purine nitro- gen. Uric acid nitro- gen. Creat- inine nitro- gen. Hip- j Unde- puric 1 ter- acid mined nilro- nitro- gen, gen. Inor- Etbe- >,'anic real sul- Slli- phur. phur. Neu- tral sul- phur. September 12 September 13 86.1 83.6 3.S 4.7 0.1 .2 2.1 1.9 6. 2 5.5 0.3 .3 r 1.1 t 1.5 1 a4 \ 3.8 [ 81.9 [ 7&5 8.2 ,5.4 9.9 18.0 Average 85.0 4.2 .2 2.0 ao ■' I 1.9 \ 2.4 }■ 75.3 &1 14.6 September 14 September 15 September 16 Septeml>er 17 September IS September 19 September 20 8a4 85.4 83.8 8a5 84.8 81.7 81.6 5.4 5.2 4.0 4.2 3.5 4.4 4.8 .1 .1 .1 .3 .2 .2 .3 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.0 1.9 5.6 5.8 5.7 6.2 5.6 a2 5.5 .8 .8 .8 .8 .8 .9 .9 / 2.2 \ ai ( .:? / 2.6 \ as / 2.8 \ a7 ; 2.6 \ as 1 4.6 1 5.5 / 4.9 \ 5.8 ^ 82.9 \ 81.5 [ 78.2 \ 79.0 J- 78.7 \ 75.5 ^ 8a2 4.8 5.7 6.1 5.4 5.3 7.9 6.1 lai 12.8 ia7 15.5 lao 1&5 ia7 Average 83.6 4.6 .2 2.1 5.8 .8 / 2.9 \ a7 [ 79.6 &0 14.4 FIRST AFTER PERIOD. September 21 . September 22. September 23. Septemlier24. September 25. Septemljer20. September 27. September 28. September 29. Septemljer 30. Average. 84.8 4.8 85.3 a 6 85.3 4.0 83.3 5.0 84.2 4.7 83.0 4.6 83.6 4.7 81.7 5.4 80.7 4.5 85.3 as 83.8 4.5 0.4 .5 .2 .4 .1 .6 .4 .2 .3 .3 1.7 6.2 1.9 6.3 2.0 5.5 1.7 6.2 2.0 5.6 1.7 6.6 1.6 5.8 1.9 6.0 1.8 6.6 2.2 5.7 1.9 6.1 ■M -:( .5 .6 .5 1.4 \ 1.9 f 1.6 2.1 2.1 2.0 2. a 2 2.7 3.2 2.8 1 a 3 ( ao 1 as / 4.0 \ 4.5 ( 5.3 5.9 } \ , ..-} { ill i\ 5:9 f .5 { u \ 78.8 79.6 80.7 81.1 81.5 79.5 81.0 80.9 79.4 81.4 5.0 4.6 4.9 4.9 5.2 5.2 5.5 5.5 7.4 6.1 5.5 SECOND BENZOATE PERIOD. October 1 . October 2 . Octobers. Octol>er 4 . October 5. October 6 . October 7. Average. 81.9 82.4 82.4 81.2 82.3 81.2 84.3 82.3 5.4 5.9 5.8 5.2 0.6 4.5 4.2 0.2 .2 .2 .1 .4 .3 .1 1.9 2.1 2.1 2.2 1.7 1.9 2.1 6.1 5.9 6.1 6.7 6.5 6.7 6.4 0.3 0.5 .5 . 5 .5 .5 .5 .5 a 7 4.2 2.8 a 3 2.7 a 2 as 44 2.0 2.5 4.9 5.4 2.3 2.8 a 2 a 7 i in 78.3 84.4 sa 3 87.0 88.5 88.7 88.4 85.5 6.2 4.7 6.9 6.1 5.8 5.9 6.0 6.0 216 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. Percentages of total idlrogen and total sulphur in urine — Continued. Subject JPj. C. ]VI.— Continued. SECOND BENZOATE PERIOD— Continued. Date. Octobers.. October 9 . . October 10. October 11. October 12. October 13 . October 14. Average. Octoljer 15. October 16. October 17. October 18. October 19. October 20. October 21 . Average. October 22 . October 23 . October 24 . October 25. October 26. October 27. October 28. Average. Urea nitro- gen. 82.3 84.0 83.1 80.3 80.3 81.1 80.7 81.7 Am- monia nitro- gen. 79.0 81.6 79.4 81.3 81.1 81.2 80.6 79.4 4.9 4.6 5.5 5.5 6.3 4.8 5.2 5.2 4.5 5.5 6.6 4.3 5.1 4.2 4.6 Purine nitro- gen. 0.4 .1 .1 .4 .2 .2 .2 Uric acid nitro- gen. 1.9 2.0 2.2 1.9 2.1 1.8 2.0 2.5 1.8 2.3 1.9 2.0 1.9 2.3 Creat- inine nitro- gen. 6.5 5.8 6.8 7.0 7.3 6.4 6.2 Kip- i Unde- puric I ter- acid I mined nitro- j nitro- gen, gen. 0.9 { .9 { .9 1.0 '«{ ■■>{ 2.9 3.8 2.5 3.4 1.2 2.1 3.7 47 2.5 3.6 4.7 5.6 4.4 5.3 6.5 6.4 5.9 7.4 5.9 6.0 5.7 6.0 1.6 1.9 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.5 2.1 78.0 7.0 78.3 6.8 79.2 4.5 80.7 4.8 77.1 5.7 82.3 3.1 79.8 6.0 2.1 1.7 2.1 2.0 2.1 2.1 1.6 2.0 6.2 1.6 3.2 4.1 5.8 7.5 3.2 4.8 3.8 5.3 5.5 6.9 5.0 6.5 4.6 6.2 6.4 5.7 6.4 6.5 0.4 6.0 5.9 3.9 3.8 3.7 4.2 4.1 3.7 3.9 6.2 3.9 3.4 7.3 3.6 7.4 1.5 5.7 4.3 \) { ID 3.2 7.0 Inor- ganic sul- phur. 86.3 76.9 81.1 77.5 82.1 85.9 S2.8 80.3 84.2 78.7 79.7 76.3 79.4 77.0 80.8 80.7 Ethe- real sul- phur. 6.1 4.2 6.4 6.6 6.3 6.5 6.6 5.8 6.0 4.3 6.7 4.7 5.9 5.2 3.1 5.2 6.4 4.0 9.2 4.7 4.1 5.5 4.9 5.6 FINAL AFTER PERIOD. October 29. October 30.. October 31 . . November 1 . November 2. November 3. November 4. November 5. November 6. November 7. Average. 82.6 5.4 0.4 1.7 6.3 81.4 4.3 .07 2.3 6.2 82.3 86.2 5.1 4.7 2.3 1.9 6.2 7.0 79.3 5.7 .08 2.2 6.6 83.4 4.6 .2 1.9 6.1 85.8 3.8 2.0 5.1 80.6 6.7 .3 1.8 5.8 84.6 5.0 .06 2.2 5.7 81.6 4.4 .1 2.3 5.5 82.8 4.9 .1 2.1 6.0 1.6 1.4 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.3 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.7 3.4 3.8 5.5 4.1 5.9 2.1 3.7 { ill 81.9 78.8 74.2 78.2 77.9 82.1 77.3 78.3 79.6 77.4 7.6 5.1 8.2 2.1 7.0 6.0 5.7 6.7 5.3 9.2 6.4 INFLUENCE OF SODIUM liENZOATE ON NUTRITION AND IIKAl/ni. 217 Percentages of total nilrogen and total sulphur in urine — (lontiuued. Subject "W. C. li. FORE PERIOD. Date. Urea iiitro- .Vverage. 83.3 Julvl3 82.7 JiilvU 79.7 July 15 83.2 July 16 853 July 17 80.3 July 18 85.3 July 19 79.3 Average I 82.4 Am- monia uitro- geu. Jiily6 ' 80.0 5.4 Julv7 July8 ! 86.5 4.2 July 9 1 84.6 ' 5.0 July 10 ! 82.2 6.0 July 11 i 82.6 , 5.1 July 12 84.1 4.5 Purine nitro- gen. 7.4 6.0 4.2 4.6 5.2 4.4 5.4 Uric will nitro- gen. 0.7 i .9 1.0 2.1 1.8 1.5 1.1 1.3 1.6 1.1 Creat- inine nitro- gen. 1.5 4.1 5.3 4.1 4.0 4.7 5.0 4.6 1.7 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.9 1.3 1.5 5.4 4.5 5.6 5.6 5.4 4.8 5.9 Hlp- puric acid nitro- gen. 0.2 .06 .7 .9 Unde- ter- mined nitro- gen. 7.4 3.7 3.9 3.7 3.8 3.5 4.2 3.7 4.6 4.9 4.0 3.6 4.7 1.5 7.3 4.7 2.3 6.9 3.4 6.5 4.7 Inor- ganic sul- phur. 79.7 78.6 80.8 82.8 77.7 79.4 78.9 78.8 85.0 69.2 69.8 78.4 71.7 71.7 74.4 Ethe- real .sul- phur. 5.6 7.8 5.4 7.1 1.5 6.0 5.5 6.6 9.2 6.6 5.6 3.9 4.8 6.2 6.0 FIRST BENZOATE PERIOD. July 20. July 21. July 22. July 23. July 24. July 25. July 26. 82.5 82.0 85.4 79.6 81.0 79.7 86.6 Average. 82.5 July 27... July 28... July 29... July 30... July 31... August 1. August 2. Averagiv 83.0 82.3 84.8 84.1 84.4 85.2 81.4 83.6 August 3. August 4. August 5. August 6. August 7. Augusts. .■Vugust 9. Average. August 10. August 11. August 12. August 13. August 14. August- 15. August 16. Average. August 17. August 18. August 19. August 20. 82.4 82.6 83.7 85.5 80.8 81.8 83.4 82.8 84.9 88.1 88.1 84.2 85.1 84.0 80.3 84.8 4.5 5.7 5.7 4.7 6.5 5.7 4.2 6.0 4.5 4.4 3.6 4.0 4.6 3.7 3.7 3.7 4.4 4.7 4.4 4.7 3.7 2.6 3.9 4.4 3.1 4.1 4.8 81.2 4.3 a3.5 2.4 79.4 4.3 8;i.4 3.6 0.2 .6 1.1 .5 .4 .4 2.1 1.5 1.5 1.8 1.8 2.1 .5 1.1 .7 .8 .7 .4 1.9 1.6 2.1 1.5 2.2 2.1 2.3 1.4 2.0 1.7 1.3 2.4 1.8 1.9 2.0 1.4 1.6 1.6 1.8 2.4 1.6 2.0 1.8 2.1 1.9 1.7 l.S 4.4 5.0 5.6 6.0 5.1 5.5 6.6 6.5 6.3 6.0 6.3 6.5 7.2 0.2 .4 6.5 5.9 6.2 6.0 6.0 i 6.1 6.2 5.9 6.0 5.6 4.7 5.5 6.2 5.4 6.7 6.7 5.7 6.7 7.1 7.2 6.3 6.0 5.2 4.3 4.8 5.8 6.5 5.7 3.4 2.8 1.9 3.4 3.0 1.8 3.9 75.3 71.7 73.0 66.8 67.2 74.2 69.6 71.6 69.3 71 7 66 6 68. 5 65.2 62.3 67.1 2.8 5.5 4.6 4.0 2.1 5.2 5.0 3.2 2.0 2.5 2.3 3.4 3.0 5.5 3.3 5.1 4.5 6.4 4.0 67.1 .59.2 63.9 69.6 67.3 69.5 64.9 72.4 66.7 75.2 69.5 67.4 67.7 73.4 71.0 68.7 70.5 66.7 63.8 67.9 67.5 3.7 4.6 6.7 7.1 9.7 8.0 4.7 5.0 6.7 6.7 7.1 6.2 7.0 3.1 5.7 5.3 4.6 7.4 5.2 8.2 5.8 5.8 7.2 5.3 5.7 6.2 9.0 6.0 8.0 8.0 6.7 6.7 218 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH 01' MAN. Percentages of total nitrogen and total sulphur in urine — Continued. Subject W. C. R.— Continued. FIRST BENZOATE PERIOD— Continued. Date. Urea nitro- gen. Am- monia nitro- gen. Purine nitro- gen. Uric Creat- acid inine nitro- nitro- gen, gen. Ilip- puric acid nitro- gen. Unde- ter- mined nitro- gen. Inor- ganic sul- plmr. Ethe- real sul- phur. Neu- tral sul- phur. August 21 87.0 83.8 85.6 2.5 3.3 3.7 0.2 .3 .9 2.1 1.6 1.6 5.5 5.7 5.7 2.6 5.0 2.3 79.3 5.6 70. 4 7. 2 7a 6 6.9 15.1 August 22 22.4 August 23 ia4 Average 83.4 3.5 .6 2.0 6.3 4.2 70.3 6.9 22.7 August 24 84.6 86.3 87.4 85.0 86.1 86.1 85.5 3.6 3.3 3.2 3.4 2.9 3.8 3.9 .5 .3 .1 .4 .2 .5 .8 1.6 1.6 1.9 1.8 1.9 1.8 1.6 5.1 4 9 5.4 0.4 5.6 5.7 6.6 0.1 . 5 1.1 .7 / 4.3 \ 4.5 / 2.8 \ 3.4 / .6 \ 1.9 ( ai \ 3.8 3.3 2.0 1.5 1 74.3 \ 7a }• 73.3 [ 741 80.3 72 4 82.0 4.5 5.2 5.3 4 4 as as 2.9 21.1 is. 8 August 26 21.4 August 27 21.4 August 28 12.8 August 29 20.9 August 30 15.0 Average 85.7 3.4 .4 1.8 5.5 .6 f 2.7 \ 2.9 1 75.4 5.2 19.4 August 31 846 sao 2.7 2.0 2.3 ae a 6 4 8 4 1 .5 .2 .5 .4 ."5' . 7 2.0 1.7 1.6 1.8 2.2 1.8 1.7 7.0 5.9 a 2 ao ao 5.9 a4 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 f 1.8 1 2.9 1 a 5 \ a 6 i 4.2 \ 7&4 1 72.3 7a 1 [ 75.0 7a 4 77.3 7a 6 ia9 7.7 4 3 5.6 5.7 7.3 .5.3 ia7 September 1 September 2 19.6 19.6 September 3 September 4 Septembers September 6 sas 84.2 84.5 84.5 19.4 2a 4 2.2 2.4 15.4 l&l Average 846 as .5 1.8 a2 1.0 f 2.8 1 ao 1 75.6 as 17.8 September 7 Septembers September 9 September 10 September 11 September 12 September 13 82.3 86.6 85.6 8a 4 85.6 84.5 85.6 5.0 a5 a 7 a2 40 as ao .5 .2 .6 .3 .5 .5 .2 2.1 2.0 1.6 2.0 1.9 1.6 ).8 a2 5.9 a5 a 2 as 5.8 5.5 .7 .6 .7 .6 . 7 .6 .6 / 2.9 \ a 6 1 1:; / 1.0 \ 1-7 / 1-2 \ 1.8 / 2.5 1 1.2 / a4 \ 40 ( ao 1 a6 I 75.0 } 7a 5 \ 79.1 \ 72. 3 \ 79.9 I 75.7 1 8a2 8.7 ae 47 ao &7 &9 49 15. S ia7 lai 21.7 1L2 15.3 14 9 Average 8.5.4 a6 .4 1.9 ai .6 1 1.9 i 2.5 }:a. as ia2 September 14 September 15 September 16 September 17 September 18 September 19 September 20 85.1 84.3 85.5 84 2 87. 3 85.2 82.6 4 5 46 ae a9 a5 4 4 6 .4 .6 .3 .4 _ 2 . 7 .6 1.9 1.6 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.4 2.0 5.7 ai 5.2 5.9 5.1 5.5 5.9 1.1 1.0 .9 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.2 1 1.0 / L8 1 2.8 ( 2.4 1 as / 2.6 \ a 6 I 11 / 1 9 \ 2.9 1 a I 4 2 [ 81.4 1 8a4 }■ 7a 1 \ sas ^ sa4 } ... 7.0 5.7 a2 ao as as 7.3 1L5 ia7 17.7 17.4 9.6 &3 l&l Average 85.0 41 .4 1.7 .5.6 1.0 ( 2.0 \ ao } 80.4 as lai INFLUENCE OF SODIUM BENZUATE ON NUTRITION AND liEALTW. 219 Percentages of total nitrogen and total sulphur in urine — Continued. Subjec-t AV. C. R.— Cbntimied. FIRST AFTKK I'KKIOD. Date. Urea nitro- gen. Am- monia nitro- gen. IMirino nitro- gen. Uric ucid nitro- gen. Creat- inine nitro- gen. Ilil)- puric acid nitro- gen. Unde- ter- mined nitro- gen. Inor- ganic sul- phur. Ethe- real sul- phur. Nf;U- Iral sul- phur. September 21 September 22 September 23 September 24 September 25 September 26 September 27 September 28 September 29 September 30 85.6 96.8 80. 8 8a 7 8a2 8a7 sai 84.0 85.9 84.5 4.3 a 2 4.3 a 2 4.9 4.3 4.0 a5 ao 5.2 0.4 .3 .6 .6 .4 .6 .7 .6 .1 .2 1.9 1.8 1.4 1.6 1.8 1.8 1.3 1.6 1.7 1.7 &0 5.7 5.4 5.3 6.2 6.2 5.8 5.4 6.0 5.9 0.5 .5 .5 . 5 . 5 . 5 .5 .5 .5 f 1.1 \ 1.6 / 1.5 \ 2.0 / 0.8 \ 1.4 / 5. \ 5.5 i -0 1 .5 / 2.6 \ ai / 4.4 \ 4.9 / 4.2 \ 4.7 / 2.5 \ ao / 1.3 \ 1.8 [ 81.6 \ 79.5 [ 79.5 \ 80.7 4.9 7.5 4.5 5.8 ia5 lao 15.0 ia5 \ 80.8 1 79.4 \ 81.3 \ 75.3 \ 79.3 8.0 4.6 6.9 7.0 5.2 ILl 15.0 1L8 17.7 15.5 Average 85.1 4.0 .5 1 1.7 5.8 .5 1 2.4 \ 2.9 ^ 79.8 &1 14.1 SECOND BENZOATE PERIOD. October 1 October 2 October 3 October 4 October 5 October 6 October 7 Average. Octobers October 9 October 10 October 11 October 12 October 13 October 14 Average. October 15 October 16 October 17 October 18 82.6 84.3 85.2 84.2 83.8 87.2 85.2 84.6 85.6 84.5 82.5 82.7 84.8 84.3 83.8 84.0 79.0 78.2 83.3 85.2 4.4 4.9 5.0 4.5 4.1 3.4 4.3 3.3 4.3 4.8 5.3 3.8 3.7 4.6 5.4 5.0 4.8 4.8 0.4 .5 .4 .4 .4 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.5 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.6 2.2 1.8 2.0 1.7 6.0 5.3 5.1 5.7 5.8 5.4 6.1 5.6 6.0 5.9 6.4 6.2 5.3 5.5 5.6 5.8 6.4 6.7 6.2 6.2 4.6 4.9 3.0 3.3 2.1 2.4 3.0 3.3 3 4 1.4 1.7 1.8 2.2 2.8 3.1 .0{ .9 .9 2.0 3.0 2.0 3.0 ai 4.1 2.6 3.5 3.1 4.0 3.5 4.4 2.9 3.8 { i:n 2.4 ,:?» 76.7 6.5 80.1 3.6 86.3 8.1 76.7 2.1 86.2 5.6 78.8 5.8 78.7 6.3 I T« 80.3 5.3 83.3 6.4 83.4 3.6 77.6 7.7 82.7 4.6 78.4 8.4 76.8 6.1 79.7 6.8 77.0 5.9 77.8 4.8 78.9 7.1 80.6 220 SOI^IUM BENZOATK AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. Percentac/en of total nitrogen and total sulphur in urine — Continued. Subject "W. C. R.— Continued . SECOND BENZOATE PERIOD— Continued. Date- October 19. October 20. October 21. Average. October 22. October 23. October 24. October 25. October 26. October 27 . October 28. Urea nitro- gen. 80.7 82.7 82.8 82.0 81.1 82.3 80.9 81.1 81.2 84.8 80.1 81.6 Am- monia nitro- gen. 4.2 3.8 4.0 5.4 4.2 3.1 4.5 4.4 3.3 5.3 Purine nitro- gen. 0.4 .3 Uric acid nitro- gen. 1.7 1.7 1.9 1.9 1.4 1.7 1.6 1.8 1.7 1.3 1.7 Creat- inine nitro- gen. 6.2 6.7 5.2 5.1 5.6 5.8 5.8 5.3 5.3 Hip- puric acid nitro- gen. 2.2 2.3 1.9 2.2 3.9 4.2 4.3 4.0 4.1 4.2 Unde- ter- mined nitro- gen. 4.3 6.6 2.2 4.5 3.7 2.9 5.1 2.0 6.2 2.5 6.4 2.1 6.5 2.6 6.7 .1 4.2 3.0 7.2 2.1 6.2 Inor- ganic sul- phur. 76.3 79.3 77.1 78.1 81.1 83.0 78.3 83.4 76.0 77.2 Ethe- real sul- phur. 6.1 5.4 2.9 5.3 6.9 4.4 8.2 2.7 4.4 4.9 3.6 5.0 Neu- tral sul- phur. 17.6 15.3 20.0 17.3 11.9 12.6 13.4 13.8 16.6 19.1 19.1 15.2 FINAL AFTER PERIOD. October 29.. October 30.. October 31 . . November 1. November 2. November 3. November 4. November 5. Noveml>er 6. November 7. Average. 83.4 84.4 83.6 82.1 83.6 81.7 86.1 82.3 85.4 82.7 83.6 4.7 3.8 4.1 4.9 3.7 4.2 4.1 5.4 4.2 3.5 0.2 .1 .1 .3 .1 .06 .2 .06 .3 1.5 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.9 2.0 1.9 1.7 1.9 1.8 5.5 5.4 5.8 5.7 5.9 5.5 6.0 5.1 5.5 5.3 5.5 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.2 1.4 { II \ 3.8 5.1 1.6 3.0 5.0 6.2 3.2 4.6 78.2 78.2 78.8 75.2 80.2 75.6 80.7 76.7 77.1 76.6 77.8 14.9 18.4 12.3 14.4 15.0 18.0 14.9 15.6 15.4 15.6 15.4 INFLUENCE OF SODIUM BKN/OAIKON NUTHITTON AND HEALTH. 221 » o o A H M 525 00 g-- 00 go §^ M CO <>* MO ^ OCO Q WP 09O tort HW WW P> SQm ^^ mK >P S« 5jJZ! 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SS5S2S SS88J 0> i-^OiCiiO sss gS R'* eS^ISr^ r-o>oc »S ^ i-H Q5 ^< ^^ CC CQ ■ W CO W CO 05 Oi ^ 00 • «ow"^>ocooi^w o rt cjoto ^otoj CO CO ^3* 05 00 »-< OS CX) iC OS «o oooo»c .-1 T-< ca .-l.-(rt^CO oSc IOU5 ;S5 t* lO r- t^ (N o c CD Ol ^ O CC CD CD CC CC O »-« O O C^l CC XQOO J(N r-lQ " t~ t^ o OiCc0CCCC^00"^O CCWCD^dOOO-^-^ ^s ^ OS t^ r^ T-l O rH OS CO CO •«■ N t- CO N OS 1-H Q ■* in "5 S3; r-'^r ois^ vo O M CO C-> ^ CO t^ C^ OD C^ CC C>1 ■<** CO o M ■» 00 ■f o CO ^COM JCDM 00(M'a"O< icOCO t^iOOO-H*! ■»J^ O >0 -^ 00 00 »o CO '-too •^ O OS O CO ■'I* cs ^ lO 'J5~ a a) o W2cQhJ0-, i-^ E^. 01 g M SSs,'- c3.ii Cjc73 g 3 c c3 _ ^x:— o 1 JftKOOf 232 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. naSojiix « •»■ Ti< OJ « cp CC 'V ^-* ^H oo 325!^ RSI22S •pooj JO lanouiv 1^ S O ffi O Q ■«■ O O TO o e-1 o -^ o c^ S^ • *S?J2 -xa Jama uaSoniN 28£ ■poo; JO jnnouiv -xa Jaqia :2g CO hv O>OC0 r^ OQt^-i . o ■* q; "(MtO®t— o goc^aeo^ •pooj JO iunouiv St^00>OMrtC^O0CC latjjj -xa Jaq;a CO.-11-I rt rtS^irt •uaSojji^j . o ■» CI •'I' QC c; jrO»00-"Ot^ lO CO -^ ^ C^ '^ 2g? ro-Vrt OOO 05t^--j0 C^ ^52 c^ •V lO w O CC "5 -^ O O ?o 3 r- o r- ro ■^ ^ ^ O CO I— « t^coco^ — o = 0(N«> ^ C-l (M -< PI ■pooj JO junomv s ^ If: »o r- :/: 'o o — ' ^ o r^ u^ oj lO r^ >o i^ o •jcrejj -xa jaqia •na3oi;i>j 3 c^ -r lo ^H o to : c5 oi c4 * ' .-5 CO-H"rt M ^§ss OC5COOTO — •pooj JO ^unouiy g^TJi-^t-,; > « C C>1 o o >l— ^H CO oo o r^ooto c 8c^ o « •>r(Nroo — O •pooj JO junoray osOO .-i-hC(M>20SS •^OBajxa jaq^a orcQ CO 30 o 1-H . 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O O rf "5 ,-4 t^ ■»*• CO I-" »o COCOr-i.-iOO O^»-i00»C-^OOC3OCl.-H r~cococoe SB"? ftT3 ft 5 ??-> =-e = ScoSoOSE-'O 5 2 cafa INFLUENCE OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON NUTRITION AND HEALTH. 233 SS? ■irf 'c4 'si o • fs o o o p I- ■ •n* C^ ^ ^ O Jl -^ < S2S N S?5S SS;S5.<=S22SSS8 S8 8": CO 00 g; 00 (M CO lOt^OifSOOiOOO'OiOO'OOOOOOO r~f-i^-^f-H:oooo»oc -H '.^ ' ^ ' -^ ■ ci OS o o ^ 1^ 5'^S?5« :ss 8- MNeoomt 2!=SS28 t^ >-l «3 t>- B5 O l^^S lOCOO lOiOQOira r^ c^ 05 c-j — I o^^ S oc<»>OSQ»t-oo ?2S? i-iooo>co 0(NI>'H O 00 o »0 (>» C) C^ C^) ^" 02 -^ 00 o O -* O O M "3 O O 00 C5 M rH 1^ C^ (N coco 0>^-^ C scoooo i»o coo TT .-H f-i ^ COOSCOC^OOWOO^CO i~oicocoiooooot~ OO-^O-VCO^^OOOtMOl OCO OOr-< <:5--'^(MiO'^c^r- 00 O CO O CO oos— I 0QOrH>ra r^ 00 CO CO ^H o o »ooow^ooo»oooc co-^cowcoeoocDdc 8C0»0 lOCC QO w5ooo»o»?5o CO --I .-irl OrfOO«5«3e<>f~00 eO-^COOOCDtNf^ CO N OS CO i-< rH >0 CO •-< 00 CO :D ■^ coio t-i o catj e-io coBi: c3 CO a; a)_ ft— — ~— . * O) -- o 2- g t- O •; O, J m »unouiv St^Ss ioo 'Si--Soi-c '00 'i-i 'S -X3 jama •U830JC)l^ .coo eoOO So ■ ■^ O C*) GC O ^ ■ C^l • 1^ (M O O CJ CC O »0 ^ r^ ^ cc ' ci -^ as cc CO o Oi t^ t-- o» lo o «e --o •pooj JO [junoniv -xa jama t^aicof-HccoiO •coocDTreoooo •^ I - -V CC -^ CI w ■uaSoj^ijsi •pooj JO ifunoniv oot-eoeo t— I CO O CO 05 CO o T}« 05 O CO o »0 CO f^t^gsoco-^-o 5 IM 1^ O —I -< O O C^ -< -hC^ 3000'OOMQ^CCOt^>2COOQ''5 •;aEi:> -xa Jaqia •v^a^n^c-i O: Oi :D O CO 00 CO 1^ o ■«< CO o •naSoj^iN 'O OS CO o CO o; (M X o «3 CO o ca t^ t>- cj> o "o •pooj JO junoniv > eo in ti t^ >Q c ■lOEj:) -xa joqja lO C5CC —< o - O CI OC -O 'O •uaSojjiji^ •^ ^ CO O CO -^ CJ ■^ C5 O CO o •pooj JO jnnonrv •;oBJ}xa Jaq^a •ua3ojjij[iI ■CONO • t~. 35 o 00 •^ ■«" ■ 55 >j< o o 00 "5 •?» 'O ;SSg CJC0O>C0-H^O>O5 c4«5fflt~^ci ■ oj t^ pi c4 o t-^ CO is:2 C-) CO P>(N O N •-< 00 05 CO OS r-t 1-t *0 osoooojcO'-HOTr 0>CO'-iC Picons ^OiO>^00«-t*0 SS8; s . ^8 ^ C £ 3 ftOcS •o tr^ £ S c c-r, fl oj— o^«oat.i^f't:c^"2*-c:«5c3c3!a ■1?= C3-i" I NFLUEIS L'K Ui*' SODIUM IJEMZOATK ON N U'lUJTUKN A>:D llEALill. 285 too ^"3 1^ * l~ tD 00 copies SSS'v ;S :$ S:S?i 53c5s ScoS §a i ?oi^ rtoes •!-' Q>cp to*-* lOOQ" ^ . .COI~ lO ss o8*S8' iOC^ *o ® .-r t^ CO OS O >C « r^ -o^ 05;o OOO^OQO»35-o 'c4^ ' ■ 00 OS-^ OiiO M -H CO O 00 3 w"5c >ooosO»oo :o 5COOOOCOOCO OOSCOcDt^XiiOOi lOCOcOOlOOJiCcO »or^ooo3 ooooOi-h »0 0> 00 CM 00 00 CI TT .-H 05 O O to !0 c4cOCO Oico CO I-H c^ r- .-H 00 to '* CO I- CM Oi CM to -V »H I— I CO o »o ^* o O tocMOOcor- OS Oi CO ^ cO ^ OOcOt^Ot^ Oi CMI^OOcOt^f-MiO"^ CCO00OiOt0»O»O COCOi-lr-lrH'^ini'-* ■^CO '00 to »0 CM • CM O 8COOCO i-»OI^ .-< lO ^CMCO to COCO tor^co * t^ ■» Q »0 -^ Oi CO ■^Oi^iOt^COOOi OcOCM»-HCO'-''^00 coco i-lO lO ■— « t>» CM Oi I'- CO CD t-* CO t^ CM tr5 o; 3«S^< ss? CM rH r-l t^OSO^»000»0»0"30cDiOO lO-^COi-HOOOOOSb-CM-^OtOOO"-! CM >-H r-l^ l>- OO OS O U3C CM »CCO t^OCOO OOOsmCM'V^OOOS CMrt'-ririrttoc-ieo T-H-l 00-< tOOOOSO-HOCM^^ "3 OS *0 CM ■.1' ^H c-1 O M C) -H CM ^ O O -; "c ■ ■ ■ ■ o --I !->■ o o — m I, CO O O O O o C0CO"*1*t^00'<OrH -OCMCOCMO COtOOS^ tooto ■^ CM CM O ■* t^ ■» CM O "3 OS CM -- 0-! OS I^ r-l OS to t^ »0 OOCO COOrHOO O — C> -H CM CM r- CO -* O OS CM to OS r.4 rH r-( rH rH *« c3 S-a 236 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. Gannon 1- f J -< o CO OS • • 1^ ^ u5 CO »0 -QOOIC »-< o ■ o o ^^ * rt — <-H(N tOejCOCJN -Q -USCOiOO -xa jaqja tCQ005.-i< CO * l~ N Ol < 'e4 'to iO CO *o ' r-^ Sgg?SS •uaSoj^iN ococo i-(«o"5 5SS5 •pooj JO ^unotny «C3 •03t^QOC005Q 0"00 so • 05 1-- o o CI CO o o rf lo 1^ • "--— — -> -xa jaq:ja .05 ^05 Oiro «o lO r^ »o t.H t^ O 05 t— 05 O 1^ C^ 05 o o f-toO.-iO'* 0» CO CO sous "^00 wo lOOO IN 03 -"T -^ M lO 2S .Hcoeo'-ic SiOtOOOOOOOCO CO 'O IM C-> O coc^ t^ r«.co>ot^oot— :0 rHrt •pooj JO junourv ^ O -H ,-1 t^ C -< .-I K-H r-l CO— 1-H C3 SOtOOiO oooiooioc^cotogsoi'^too-^co^^t^ioo co-a'-TMcotO'rr^OJ" "^ ' ' — o-^ CO ^< t^ lOO ustooooooco -xa iaq}3 3 lO t^ CC GO to S ^ CO »o — H CO (5 ^'^~' •naSojjt^ 5(MCOi-ooe.cor^o — •JOBJl -xa jaqia . Oi -^ O 00 CO Co »o t^ (M <; r^ 5 T-< CO to CO -H , t^ to »o t^co •uaSoj!ji>j :o rt — 05 »0 O Ci CO CI .•^ I^ M I^ ' ci "to COIMOO U5 •pooj JO ^nnorav jC3CltD00O-0 & — O to lO CO o> o> o 05 1-1 c» •* cidt^oooo •uaSoxnjsE •s ai S 3 t: Siva's -3 g s;;'osia -n 3; -^ ,7; '5) rn ^ fi. . ^ td r ^ INFLUENTK OF SODTUM BENZOATE ON NUTRITION AND 11 KALI 11. 237 sss Nou5 3S?28 ^1'2 S MCS OI-. -.ss 3SS ;3S2 en too g^SS :2 :S :S*S? :^S5228 Si-i '•■9 •SSSSsS as ?s§ SoMMO to lO a TO O P> © tD^»OC^ W "5"5®0<0"«" OT F^ »o 1^ Ci to C^ Pi -H -^ Oj irf sr^sj WC^tO otoact~aoO'^>OQ -t— Qr-ito^inQ "catopp ^Q^^acpto-0 lO > CI rH to W CO to ^«MOOOO OJOO'Ooocqo.-HtO'Oioooo'O 00WtC0lO-^OOiMt0(N)« c-> ■n* cc »o 00 f-t 00 ■fl* c^ »-H ^ o6 r^ C~ TO 05 to 00 C SSS e?2co ScOl^t»50>tOOOO 1-1 C-l.-irt rt ■* 00 ^o»o t^ t^ ^ r- "^ c^i Oi 00 td TO cj "rf to o 8tO f— I TO Oi t^ — TO -^ O t~ S2S 050i-H OOiOi-4 OTOTOO ' »0 C^ CO 53 1~ ■«• o (M N lO CO (M K5 1-1 rH 00 ■e»Jtd,-i ■ "(N St— rooo(NTO>ra »H TO 0S05 W 00 to TO »0 OO ^H t— ^ TO ^H 1— 1 1^» 05 to 00 05 to O 00 ?5S C<1 lO ■* U5 (N CM >0 SQ'OeO'^QOQ'OQtOOl 05t-'-'5c:Sh->0MO0C00 OOCir— ■^O^i— (TO 1-iOOtOrfOOt—TO r--*0>^TO'CO'0 CM rt ^ TO TO TO 05C — iTOOOCN- i.-J O rH O r- to ■^ (MOO 0>Oqo>00(NC100,-lTOOO>»'3 lOCM 88 TO t— • t-O O t- 'J' • t— o fi ■ • '^tA Sot-os'*o5CMpc3— (osej ■*i— •^osoot— orrooo i-( TO ^H i-t ^ OON-VTOOTOO-^O t— O O TO O TO r— I I— ^ -H ci c O 00 00 rf rH ^ooiOtpr— Qtoto^H o»3>'5toto^o-3 00 .-< es rf • ■ • OOCOOt-CMOO^Q 'OSOt— tO^OOQO r-'*^TOTOr<3oo •■^oo^-fl'tNOO TOtOQCM'«> (1 -^ •O ,„* Oj *^ 1^^2 a a; 2 c ^5 is d c a 0^ 0^ O) 3 c i. o c: oeoco !????i;2S2oS OOCC^OCCC-^QOOOO «3 JO -^r O -X! ^ O ^ 'C C^l ,-, _ _ „ fl _ S.t5 •JOBJJ -xa wma ■aaSoj^jN »oooot^coo5»2r^co 2S? ■n'c0co:o.-40-^0 MM •pooj JO junouiv -xa Jaqia •na3oj;iN ■^■OCOOOOOO'OOOIO oot^oioo-^ o -H —I CO LOOO'^^WIOMOSCOCOOON O O K5 TJi --0 M CO C5 "O '-O o o 005r-ltOCO«r^CO'-C ■vcoco-n'i— lO^HOO ss? •pooj JO ijunoniv 00a0i0t^^C3O«-0C0i-i,-HOt^00C^OOX iO-n*O:0«0-5'T-"ic3T-t^Q0OC100-^C5OO' §00' -xa jaqia ooCOOO ft rp * * 'Oaiwoi-^S t •aa3on!>j b-ySt^fOC^l^^iOi^'OOO '■vco-n'cO^HO^^OO ■pooj JO ^unoinv "5C!Ot->o— i(Nt~coc.-iooooc^'»>-':ooOTj.O'ra ir2-^^5^coc;'ori ^ rt — 1 c» -xa jama •na3oiii>i •pooj JO lunoiuv •^oej:> -xa jama •na3oj:^i^ COCO'*?0>0-^»00>CCf-i:OW OiOI^-^tOC^COOlOt^OO •^lOiOOOtOOOiOiOCOtOOO t^-^-^CO-^-VCOiO^-nr-CDO g§8?SS ONiooor-iMoiocooiooo c^oO"^rcococo-»»'oo(N OOlcC CO coo •pooj JO ^nnouiv •qoBj^xa joma •naSomivi t-'flnMO'00'>»'c 05*^ M-^i-t coco ■<»«»-( 1^"^W3-^C —I .1 M CJ c^ 3(NO« CO'^»Oi-tC^iO^H*^C^»Oi— i»o -iJ •^-H ■ 'irf •ci ■ ■ tcsco-^^hO^jOO a . s ^ o ca e9^ a o o ca a&g "•g-gScg wO.Si-- — ^LiO^rcas — -5o.Sc3c3occ3ajo S.-S cQo: INFLUENCK OK SODIUM BENZOATK ON NUTlllTlO^ AND IIKALTII. 289 SSJ5 ss S3!gS88 g?222K8 8Sf3S wcoS coco lO ub sss? t- o -H Q ira !2S »«««( )OJ»o ooot-* 00OE"QO0Q ;8Sg|B; S8i SS2 C^ 'X* O CO :0 Nt^OO<00>OCO »o:owcob-r*cooo So CO Q -^ Q »0 ^ CO ^H t>> OO ^ l'^ O d O 1-H ^ lO r* ■v r* CO 00 OS Q t>- CO 00 OS CM CO »c lO lO i-H OS »0 C- 00 •^OOS'^O 00*OC0 CO O -^ 55 X> O W 'lOTpOOO '^*-iOOOCOCOCOOO'^h-Oi-iQO ■^ '^ 05 CO CO (■* W SCO t^l 1— I ^H < lOOSQCOOOWJCOCOOQ osoo»T5oooo:»ocoooo .-I CO -H t-1 .-l,-l,-( ^^3 - _ "^ (M CO i-" OS C-1 ■^roc^iou^QOOcooo ■ C-i CO * ' r-^ ?sss rH rH W i-lOliNOCD"*J'-J(M»-iOC C0'©OC-l'ViC(M^C0OC 1-H CO CO ^-H 25 K^fiS oS5os3 c^uj "3 S •* (M c5 CO •voccco>o;Dt^fo:o 0>CIC>0>-ii-iOOO OOt^C0i-HOO»0(M 05(Nt~OOIM T-( N .-1 00 1^200 ■^t^ i-H c0 00 CO CO C-1 00 ^ CO CO t^ CO -QOSJOJ.-l-^t^CO.-OJ'CO >Soc>)io>or~iocoo>o MCq rt O t^CO'ra tONOOUOO OOOOINCO'^t^ CO CO ITS t^ t>. O t^ 00 •* C) CO F-H o t^ ^ « >-l i-H ^c^oot^»OT^c;?50-H ft^O5Cl»O00CrOt-0 CO'^i-hOO lO^N^'S'iBiOOOOCOO ^ rt rt ,-1 CO Oi-lr-J •pooj JO junooiv . coo »c?o wp ^ ^ glOCI 05 •JOBJ'l -x8 jama •uaSojjTN l^r^ccid>-^Hcco N rt rt 5r- >n t~ o (N N t«- i-H CO t~- -- CC -H t^ •pooj JO ^anouiv •^OBJl -xa jaqia sCOtOOiOCOt^O St-eoan-HOst^oio •naSoJiijsi ;00^C0OOt~.-^t^ SiS8 COQiO r-lC<5-H 5 (MOO &C O) Q L oo>ooc 00O06«1«t^>2-HO>Oh. ^ M 00 1- h» 0> >-l •— < CO ^* W ^ ^ o f 1 -fl" ■<1" lf3 O t^ OJ oai"5to "'•'w U3 CO O <«• C>l 00 t-opr-'COo >raoO'»'e')t>-e^.-ieou5t^>-o»o r^oa'* oco s? OOOCOOOOf CO 00 a> o 3> o i3> OSt-O-HOOtO Ol-^ OOOOOJ •pooj JO junouiy ?05ior~'>j<<3>coot~ooo C^05^HOSt^CO*00505<0 •1DBJ1 -xa jaqia •na3oj;!M •pooj JO innouiy •50BJJ -xa Jaqia •naSoJiix 'taexpca jaqta •naSoijifj .Ht^eoooc r*co-^OOsot-u5 Ti« t- ^ w c-j M in o» «cco— < )C<«;oogo coot^co t^oo oocoioco'tr w COcO^i-t-^O^-OO t: l?3 5-5 ^OO^u^OOOCOOO >ot~-co'-Hcoooo>>n >fl5eoco(00»o«5eoiN 1-HM -H ^^ CO "^ CO ■^ o o CR 03 t*> CS O t~c»ooo ■v ocoto^ J CO O 1» Q O -05 O-^ O"-" .IN -H O— '~0>-0-«1'COo-" ^ 2 gJsaEal^li^l Sugg's Iffl 35 INFLUENCE OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON NUTRITION AND HEALTH. 241 wSo f3S}o»So«o 2 ?5S3 MC^g ^CO 9S8 :^SSS »-- CO ■* N lO C5 g oot^'iros rH i-t p^ i-H Cfl ?S322$8'^S SJS 5S5S e<5 T-H S9 r- M ■* N "5 -H eo OOiOi-ip>COOt^M^O>t~t>. 00 CJCOIN (NCiOOQ-HOCOt^Ot^r-lOWa' inOO-^^IMINOO'O - -^ ■ • ,-( i-i t^ 25 ^H rH ot~35e^ MC^ —■—• — — o 5oot^eoo»^ r~ « "3 c0 .-H O O -H t^ ■>!< o 00 Q05 00 r^»o 00 OOO-^ 005O C^'^OCOl^-^C^OOW 00 CO «) C] o o» oco-HTTOocor^o ^H O ^H O OliOCOOO CO O 00 »-< OOOOS'-'O CO »H »-l rH i-H t^cococoow^*'^ COM^Hi-HCO^OO ^^t-iF-^C0"300»CCDC0*^O^-< eo-^-^rt^ioc^r-^ai^o^'O f-^i-i ' * r-H 1-i ■ -^ i-H -^ O »-H CD U3 t^ ^H O r-H *C t^ CO "9< C^ O C^ "-H O O O'-^OC0CDt^c000»0.-HC0^H eo'^ooi>0(NO)cooccoc^»-i tAtA ' ' tA ■■5U5-«l"N •pooj JO lunouiy tto O Q "^ »0 O •JOBJJ -X9 J9qia i-< CO >-<« -H •U9SOJ15N — 1-1 C^l -H IM 00 V !«■»■'»' 2SS ■pooj I JO jtmouiv I &9C0O»0(M^"^01OO»0 Seoooocso^c^oioc^ ,-1 rtrH,-! 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O00';O(NiOCCCCC •pooj JO jnnoinv cot^O'-COO^OOOOO •:)C»BJ?X9 jama •U930J'>IN •a o §■2 OOr-*c0-O^^OOO «2 C3 Gi • J "=' t« 9 O3'^co'0 g? h^ _._H.-lrt CO 5 :p. •^ 1—t ^ iO ^^ if3 MCC^*-"00 :3 aii ; Q^ c^ O INFLUENCE OF SODIUM IJENZOATE ON NUTRITION AND HEALTH. 243 SoS °«C<5< 00 00 lo g; >o i~ IT! 1-1 jr* «os t-*co .-KM is :«!58§ NOO^^OOiOO T-( ® 'fl^ ti iO i-( t^ os>-ic5roomiNr»'000 C) .-11-1 C000(N0>^00O(M C> M CC (-- .-1 O 1-1 O )coot~.ot-oioo(NOt-Qe'S!oococOi-i*^oacDiOWDeoo^O»-' lo t-- .-1 oi e< -^ooiQir>oo>c^o-^.-i cocoTPC^*'5'-HIM«)'-<^ (NMO-^^.-lC^OOO 2^2SJ ^HOOiOcOOO^ oswoo»oa>o3coco «ooot-cooio C<|'^C0^T-4»OO50lC0":)rHCD'VO00'-H'n't>-05*n(N rl .-I i-l .-(tH .H T-1.-I (N.-I «U30'^t^CO^HCO*^CO-HCO C«:Ococo»-OQ.-l(MO>n00 05CC>*^W^OC0--tC0-lrt rtTHT-lCO 1-1 CM eMOiOcoo!0 0>"5t^ooooi^co>rac<5ooeo iCfCO'^i— liOOOicOiOt^CD*" s 10 ^ 00 10 1^ JOt^i-lC .10"50Q05CMCOCSOO 5CO'i'CM^COCOO^CM OOOOirtT-llOCO CM CO coco ^ ^ •^ tn"^ a> m 28J Oi O "^ O ^ »-H H ^ r-f (N I-l ^r-< ^ L- y; ^ oJo2 D 3 g X: o D. 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OS t^ 05 t^ ** •pooj JO }nnotav ■'X0B11 -xa jama oo-«<-Ot- ococooooor^o t-iOOOOC4C4tOO> •uaSoj;i|.I to o »o »O00 00 "^^-HOOOOOSiOoor^i^o0'*toocs»-i d TJ« 10 f-t to »0 O CS C^ -V C5 ■" .I »-l c» ■-1050 gs? cototoooot-ot-eotoo^H r^-'t'-^t-tiooiioc^wioos iiOSO •1»BJJ I -xa jama ! •ua3oj}i>i .:DOiC0O3'«t«*-HC5ilM»C< 65:0:0000 to C^OCOOC So ' -^ " ' ' Ci ' ' r COCOOIMOO 00— •t-N- McoiOiOr- 00 •pooj JO ^unomv ft3^^Osm'^OC:OO»-iOt^0S00iOt^»oio eiO"^t^t^OO»C^*00»OC4C^OtOM(M •jOBJixa jama •na3ox)TN uo^a>oc^'Hoo>ooo .eo^irawfOW'^-H-Hic ^ o ; o to ffl o ICOC- 2:i2c3S£; S : a 5 D.t/3 1 t3> 3 O-^ CONOCO CO '»• C! <0 N CO ^5 gs o in o ■* lO o c o o iM o; ss? est: 1^5 gag's SoJ§gSd&$5:M INFLUENCE OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON NUTRITION AND HEALTH. 253 t :::::: : :::::::::::::::;:;;: : SSc 2S5J O ■«»• 0> -H 'O no r- N r^ O coc O i~ M 1^ O « 19 ciSt~ 00 !>• CO l^ O ss iOQOKS )f5c«5i-l ■<»-i 083^5^ Si 5S2 Sseoc OiCOg SJ2S 3SS8 oot^r^ coo ?00»OTj«oOOOiOiOC^O»OOiO»OOcDO NO>»OCMOCn>OOt^05005=Oi-lOOOINOO ^Or-cOO>(Mt~OCOi-lC3 (MOiOINOOI^-COt^OT-cO >-i 00 o o 00'*i-lO>00!Dt <00OQ eOOiCO(NO>CCO ot^oo t^ 000 ■^ COi-H 100 iD COC^ T-H O NOSOCOO^O »o »c »o »o :o 10 c^ CO ^ O b" CO ■-lOOt-'<>' »-* l^ 00 OS »o to »-o»oO"-idN OOOiOOOO'OlN^'^'OOiO CiOi-^or^oc^oeoc^^oc^ > cj m 00 o r-c u5 * ^ ■^ ^ CO CO o ■*cs 00 to ^* !*-• ^ O "^ (NNC^OO o.-iocooooco'<)'ooo CO-^-^OOCOI^CO^f-HO Oll^C^OtOCOO-^ fMCO^Oi-lOO OO»C0-JC0d(MrHO :22s 0(N t^t^» ;:32SE e- '^ boo ^ n c3 o o H •«! O C3 C3 u- ~ osi =^ o — i5 ^ = ;« -,= M 254 SODTUM BENZOATK AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. -x8 jema ■naSoxnN .OOM r-Irt t-H « .-1 •pooj JO lunoray 5QQO00QQ'.C t^ O "^ »« »« »o r-H —I iO 00 O) 0» -x8 jama •uaSoxjif^ U5rroO"5'^'HC-100;0.— 25 •pooj JO jimonrv 60 ost* »Oir3 0>IMMOOOQfflOOOOCOOtOC>5t^"3 f-lOSl0O05»0C^0i»OOOOC^O3O00 ^ .-HC^.-( rt rtl-Hrt 1-1 •^OBJJ -X8 Jaq:fa •naSoHTN •pooj JO ^nnouiv — ' ^ -H CI SOCC*0Ot^C000OOCCC^Oi'^C^O>*00 0 g t^ 00 IM O « (NN •joejj -xa jama ;D-ni25oOO>"5'MCiiOOOO.O00 »0»0M^^OQO00OO'^Q(M»-iC2i0 ;C "^ iO:D OS ^ OO "5 lOt^i •^oen -xa jama •naSojii^j •DOOJ JO junonrv ^r^oooo^-^ojoo^ot^ ^ n -- TTOO^^OOOO'^Q'-HCSQ eoo5>25cso3'00'^«j(N^Hio ■^■vweoosuocsos •■jOBjjxa jaqta naSojjiN oc^^'>wj:gS o a, ^■5 I ■3 § INFLUENCE OF SODIUM BKNZOATE ON NUTRITION AND HEALTH. 255 ooo f5 w Pi\2 f-M 1-H ClrH r-l 1^ Tt» CO --• CO W»-l OO OSCOOO»OCO^-|IO'^«SOI^^^C«00*-HC^ OS r- M »o -^ coo CD '^ 00 ?SSf (N ■.»<•«»« -^ iQOrac lO c^ CD o 00 oi w:! 05 0 0<0'^C^O0'<30rHQC35005QOOOOQCCOCO"5h-'0 (MOilO»OOOC5"^CT>00^ 1-1 (N «0*^(Ni-i'^(NOC^ 1-1 1-1 rt N i-< rl >rt»-<'^C<)O>"5COi-i00< 5«505tO(M(NO>OOOC CO O »0 "^ Ol (N 05 CO i-t 05 -^ • (N"^ (N CO IM --1 OO JCDOrH )B5CO^ t^COOOO^HOSCOO O-^OOOCOOi-lOa^ ?ooiOcDoict^OQ05»ooor^ic c .;»: ^OOCOIMOM COOOCO'«1 --H -O 00 IM » t r:8 f2S MO oc^ os»o 01 (M*oiococo^cooco-^o Si-i^(M^ tO-^COOCOC^OiOOOI^ ^b-Tr-^ocsojcoo ^ 1-t i-H W t^ocaioc»OOt~^OOiOCO >C-lQOOC^iOOt^iO jiOO'^OCOCOCOOC^ iowbcDeo'^^ocooiO'— 'ic O O CO Q*^ Di ^ OOO ;o^Hr^aicocoot:^ CO >0 OiQOrH OO OOt^Q 1— t .— 1 OS "O »co5b-'^eDeor-'^ 'VOiWCO^t-iOO Wt-(^ ^co 2S isiile|e|2:^'sa§|SBp« ■d s OlU] ■c) J_cb5 '^^^-§^ p3tf-<; 256 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. -X9 jaqja •n93oj}if.j •pooj JO jnnonrv -x8 J9ma •na3on!N; ■pooj JO junourv -X3 jaqja . o) 00 to 00 .-H 5- w -.D ^ .-I lO o o ooOOC^COtCN g O CO lO Oi f-H t^ 05 -"J" E2 CO :D -^ -^ »-< ^^ ^ CO »0 (M .-< O oo-^co-^cowoo^o OO'^oeooooooci •naSoj^T^ . t^ CO O 00 ^- 05 (N 63'^ioNioooo»o )-*(N.-lC »flO COCOM?! coo coo "OC CO CO a Oi ^ lOOOCO^HCOOOOOS^^OO -.oaioast^i^ooooocortoo COC0C3S00 OS ■pooj JO :jiinotnv 6BOi-fCOCOCOOOOO glOCOOOllMOOOOO N »0 rf* lO lO O ■* OI00»OOS iraiooeot~«^r-oooMco>o too30>cDoo>oao>oa>(MO(M .-Hrt .-I i-H rt« •^aenxa jaq^a 'U93oj'HN 3.-teoxiOOsOCfl CO o •— < CO r- t-H 1^3 ■» O "^ -^ * CO "^ h- IlO CO (M O •* M (NCOi-H ^ OO tO:D:OOi"^b-^HCOC«? 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"O.JoOiJ-^ .w-/i^^(C .u,5i-s?^e3C 258 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. -xa jama •»1*cct— r^— 'COOCJl-* • ■vm'r. ro c-i "T *i* »o •uaSojiiN ;8s?f ioo5 N (M O -^ i-O lO i/3 00 ^ CO •-O C: O CO — O •naSojii^ < C-l -^ ^ o •pooj JO janomv t-»HO 'lOOOON—iiO — QCOOtNOiO iMCit-H -oooiffj^ t^wr^ ow o.— Oc^ rH N .-1 rt rtrt.-l.-< OICO 'NOO 1-00 ■UitOC* •;oBJi -xa jaqia t^ococo^^cooc^oo^ ■*5<— ir-^H^H-^co»— »oci co-^^r^o coc^»o»o lO C^ W5 -^ ■<»« CO lO *OCs05 c^^ oo Oeo-*>or~co ■»■ ^ TS-' CO i~ •uaSoxjiN ■^ CO o c-i --- CO CO r^ cs 00 00 (M '-' 00 c^j *-o X 'Oa>0«0(NCO 2SS828 OiQ OOiOiC ^ CO o ^ oi o lOOOCO-Vr-C* -xa jaq^a OOCOOl •aa3ox)ij»i ■*C0 0>dO'0 C-l CO »o t- 00 o -< iO O •* O CC t^ --^ lO 00 -^ CO »c O lO O CO — o o 00 O CO *^ CO --< >-o CI CO e-i -^ — o o OCO-H -OOO ^ ^ CO -r-co iNcico 'oi •pooj JO ^unoinv OJO-^NCOOCOCOC^ OifMOi-HOlO-^OCI H 0 -xa jama -HCOt^- cjci-i -Hcocjcio>n ■ O T-H UO CO 00 -O" — < CI o -^OCO— <00CO CI ci CI »o CO •naSoJiiM >C0'^t~OO 05C0O ^ «o -1 CO •-1 CONCOOt^O -^ CO CO CO t^ CO •pooj JO junouiv dO-^CI— •O-l'c SU0O-1« Q CIO-"0 1-1 CI-HN -1 rtrt« COOt--^ C5 o 00-^ CO CO CO CI •JDBJJ -xa Jaqia 00'«»<-^t~ClcOCICIOO^ C>CO'^0000"iJ'CI-^ClCl »-HCICOiOCI COCI»OiO •naSoxuN uoo-Hr^dco-^t^r^co ot^cicoo»oi— •«roi^ rt rt — I CO •pooj JO junouiv t^iOi-OO-^O-^CICsOOCOi-OOt^ t^-»»'Oit^oodoo--'oO'Oeoocio— « ^ _ CI — — ^ — Sicoci -coo os-»r CI • »c CI •jOBXixa jama t^Ol»OCicOCOCOOOC-*' UO — < ^ CO CI CO 00 O "0 C-. c4ict-^o6»-o 'co^-rco 005 "^O*^ CI -^ 'O X O 00 — o o I- O". •-; OO o> go O — O CR 00 ^ ci ocsi^oi •-< 'na3oj)!K COCOCJCOC1-^>OCIOOC3 ^^H »-* -^ t^ CI <0 C5 CO CI ■«»' CI O CI CO ^ o o d s •3 ,^ 5 c.2-i2 CO «P CO ^^ CI »o S o^.= .2 rt o S == ^j3 oS-C 5 OS'S C3 — £ o <» INFLUENCE OF SODIUM BENZOATK ON NUTRITION AND HEALTH. 259 - — ■ — o> c-i o 5 13 ij) o» r- o "O o CO ri c-'i CO sgs c ' " ci » ci "5 e>i ! n e^ 53 -.a o ■» :3 -.o ir> o5 00»OC^O0CC0OC»3 sa ci ^ ci "^ ' ci irf qsuj^usos 'O !52 58 :S oooW'^SSsSej J^^SSoi 'S;00"Oii ->'* CO O OO O u^ -leoo— lOO ^ CC CC ^ '^ ;c c^n-«- o »o -w -v t^ m 1^ t^ oi ■ ci -r 05i-tu500>OCOC^ >OQCS©0-HiO<0"5Me^>'3 SOCD 3 35 25-^ -; COO-^Oco . 05 r^ t^ -^ ■'I* ■ "^ ooi^c^ooioc^r^i- W^ ^Cl w C: lO coco O T-H CO "M O O M< c^ :£; -^ *o -n* lO c^ O "^ ■— CO 'O -^ CO C) M»-* r-l CO eOOi • iO Qh- CO OOCOO O^Q ^^COO"^ lOO OS • b- lO »0 ^O cjoicoaioiOQ'*i« 00"^»OcOu:)^w5cO:DOOcD--Di-<'^ ■^OSOMCQOOCO'— <0 M CC CO CO o -^ t^ O M lO C4 iC O :S cocoes W" ^ eoOcooQioiooi^oiOh- waooMO-v.-'c^cooco eO^ •M—KNO-^O^^OiOt-Tf^COt^ OOiO • »O00COM »00 i-H ^ OCOOOO'^ CO o ^ C-l --4 (M ^ rH ^ 1-H CD • 00 C35 O CO t>. ■* OOOwO— H t— -n* 03 lO OS irioi ^ ^ lO iOOSt^^i-*OCOCO(Mh-000 OOCOCOMM^-— i-n^oioosoo i-HMCOt^CO MOOMOb- 00'MOO'-HiCiOtDO>^cDcD"<1< Ost^W^OOMMt^COOO -H M^ -H — I r-l C5 CD -^ TT OS Q (M "^ i-H (M M iCCO'^CO^l-^cOb- N 0 OS -HOi *-^CO ■v »o c« o o OS if5 1-H -^ CO (M '^ OSiOi-i^OOO SMO—'OOO r^osooio-^r-^HOOr^Moo-* lOrHOSCOW^»-tOOi 1^ 1/5 TOO ??ss ■pooj ;o ^nnooiv g C> t^ «5 • 55 00 ^ "M 56 O O C-1 C^J o -X9 jaqja naSojji^i « -o -^ o o C^ W5 -^ l^ — < TO-T —too 0000TO<-t:£»O -iOI^TOOS 'OTO-VOOO Tino^>oe0 50 O-^ r^ ^ o :o SOOOUJOI •pooj JO ^imourv e •O'OO: 35 "^ O O »0 -Hoooooi QTO":>^-0 •TOOC^O"50»^'*'5fflQ -xa jaioa C^Olt^^H 'CiOr^tO-^J^TOTOl TO DO TJi Oi . 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OSCO"^ CO OOCO SOOC lOrHC QOOtO-^O-^COCStO^OcO osoocsr-»o»ONcoot^oco t^OCO(No -H w •t^oooscoCo^'j'coooo -co t^OStOOCOOOrtCOCOOOOO- «o-HOs-^oircooc>oo>oc e4to«oc>co-Hcd.-c tt to :0 -^ CO w^ OS io ■o CO c< to c) go w coiOtCrHOOSOsC^^HOOOtO Ost^r^ CO i>Q*^ tJ'OO'HOOO •jcooccc — cjo^rcot^cooocj COtOXCOCOWOCOcOCltOOtO ^ rH ' 1-i * 'irf'^'^ cor^cotot^M i-HNtoOOiO d s tS » "a S c3iS .= 2 S c Ci.» ffi^^ c: c-^ c3 § o j^ £--a,3at.Er-±ffl'S— tt'-S-'^ScScoc q.££oooo«x:=S3=i2°5<^»^o (aciHpHoefcoa3eofflSa20Sa.2:Q,f-o !S S c O oJ ^•c p. 262 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. -X9 19X113, .s S S •aaSojjiM 1° ■ ■* n cj'»eoe^os'io 3g feS 2SS 2^K?g •pooj |SS JO junouiv (g -"^ S§§?5Sg§8 gft N woo 8S§ S39?: d 1= o •naSoj:)!^ 1' 00 00 TT lO O l~ ■«■ o O -^ -O lO -5 ■ (N ■ SSS? CO iO O) i-H 8 2S? •pooj JO ^nnoniy sgs SSS8 g8S h4 1° ■ o 00 •naSoj^T^ 1° §8 §ss§ T-( iO -.I* 00 CO «-t o CO •BJ1 -xa jam a O O O •naSoj^iM CO »-. 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S3 ■a iS^ CO • ejOQ CTICOCOC t> t^ CO 05 t~ O 10 Ocor~MOOO CO -^ CO coco ric4od^ 00 as o -^ o CO tOt^ rr w t^ (N 00 "5 "-I ■* O CD CO »~l CO '**' ■tCt~^.H^CO 00"3»t>. — < »t>. —I :D ; •- CS O O O 1- o 5 -; S 3 3 ^ ,^ C8 ."^ ,"" O S S -' c^ »5 «J2l t- o o _, _ ._ _ - >o m t^ CO c_ •— ' r, IT r V 1 - -^ - 270 SODIUM BENZOATE AXD THE HEALTH OF MAN. •uaSojji^ sj ^ CO ^ o cp X .-H ;0 CO CO <© O CO«-0 CO '^ -^ ^H CI 1^ oor^-* lO ^i-i>00— I CO CI -^ W5 O 00 «5 .-< "5 00 ■W i-i OS "5 : CI rt rt CI -H 2QCCCOOOt^OO»OOCCt-(^HOOi^^ ^O00t^"^O»OC0^H05i0CICIC0'Ot^«O "O ^ 00 CI CI O C Ci CICI o< CI i-i *5XI^t-O^HQOCOCOCO^ •I^Oll^'-tOOO -CICICIO co^cococ ^ -^ oo CO c:^ »o 's* OO COCOCOt^CO •naSaiJiN . CO O CI ■. d -JS O CI O O O! 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(J) « 0) o 03 ,-1 1~ ■<»< .-I c^ -hOO< It o « aJS ; a>^ C ui2 a^ c3*e-S c c c >£ '^ H o patfb: INFLUENCE OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON NUTRITION AND HEALTH. 273 jasJi COCONCS O ^ t^ CO 00 Q*5e SSmSSoS ss? i^-r S r-1 .-1 ,_|,_lrtCS -H Q00St^3!'e^lM00t^r*O0Q CDC0*00>'*0ir^O'^O(N .-ll-l r^ O) S3S l^^ OCOOQ t CSG00iOiCi0C0i0Mi0»0 SS CO ^ r^ :S 00 00 O MM-^-H M000JTt'C^(Nl0C0-*O«5i0 occoocr>-^05'-H»0'^oio^ •OU5iOOOt-iOOOO-3'05 <<5cooi ooooo ■« ■» -^ CO C-1 o o or^oooooio-^'-( CO to o -^ ^Hic (M0000'*C^tON^'*-^IM00 iocor~oi-*t~ ■ - C») rt ■* -a* IM C .-1.-I IM c^i^Htnr^ioco^^o CO'OOCOIO'O'J'O C5t^0Q(MOOOl0>0C0O00l0>O »-0iOf5—qO>-i coooooioioc^ioocooo-^cor^io ■aDiOOcotoooi-- 0C0O(M^Hi0Ou:iO00OC7>O t-*'^QOOiCIOCOCO(MOC^-^-<**^^:O^Tt*l-^ CO rt N to 00 to o coco^coc^o«o 00 lO to IC T— I lO COC5>-<(NOO COQOOO'^C^Wt^O'^COtOt tOtOOOi^OSrHO-^OlOC •00 40IOCI^OOOCOOC^iOtTiCSIM tOCOOOOOlOt^iOOIiOOi-OlOOOOOOlO TPTrojoioiocoo(N(Noco-^03'-Ot— ICO -SiTT-HLOOiOOOIN ^H CCiOOOO ao;COOO*OlOO-^OlO e rt 02 oo lO lO O C~) -JD C-1 PI -* O -O C> lO o o» ■* iOO^COCO(NC^-^ • foootoeo"* CO h" »0 00 Q »0 rfrHrf(Mcocqooo>ooei r*»ooco»oo"5»oioo 00iOlOCOcc":)'O^Hco(Mc^o»o^Hoico •^OBH -xa lama •naSonijiii ■*C^C^- S W Sk2 t. o =^ o INFLUENCE OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON NUTRITION AND HEALTH. 275 rAtiiai-f ■ CO -^ -4 iSSS^fS 00 r>- ?5o )0-H -r c5o"50§ Q O (= O C-1 OS lO 00 CO "75 O CI lO M M O r-Hi-. « CO ss? ■O 0) Q lO -^iMomooo CO ■-I'aSrt-^ COOCO-HOJOOOOOO t«o5co«c»cooc-l £?gg2g 00 Oi 05 »c o t^ r-l CO t-^ CO 1-H C^ —• C^ ooor^i-Hiooc-iocM O»C00C^>0iiOC0'-t*(M i-HOOOlCOt^OCOCC^OOOO oor^'-f.-t'^oscociocortto r-4 ■ * 1-1 .-4 ' * Ci rH ' C^l (M CC *0 lO b* CO CO CO ;0 CO »0 00 CO CO lO ^H »o — I coco CO OiO SCCOOOi-i^-hOO •0'^(0«D»OCO--t'0 lO'i^.-lOOi-HOO , ■»0J00e0U^OO»-0»0(N00O^MC^I'^Ot^i0»0 i-t -o»O'O oiooo(Mr-owfoai.-ipoiMooOOh-00 01C^I>.0 T-H ^ 05 CD CO CC »C !>• --•-I'OOoOCJCOO't'OOt^^ -OiOCOCOcDi— tuo CO CO C^ 1-1 1^ O CO S3 COOOO ■ coco "* r-HOOO OOiOCOCO'^OOiOO •MCOC^-^Cl-^^COOO .-t,-!,-*!-. 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M S ?a * ^> O 00 CO ooco co-a-oj =:Sg^?5^f^?5 '^ n c^ ■pooj JO jnnoinv co'-o .cccoira!N asi ox • ri • »fl gh- .00QC3O00OOX X •oso"5u;^ c^ X'S'« -H C-l C-1 t- X (M O O "5 t- O C31 (M O O "5 t- ■pooj JO jnnoniv g o OS r^ T » OX'*(NO»OOCO-<3'00»0 CO».'3C^Ot^sD*M;£t^O>t^W IN— rl r-( ,-1 co(r50i^»0'^»flc^c^cx rt r-ii-( 0(N -X8 Jaqia , Ol O 05 X 05 ! lO 0> O X (M ■^ CO O CO I^ lO CO •** :5 CO M »0 — X CO -H -^ 3;0— -H — oo X CO co-^ :o . .-4 0it^XC^ •naSoxjiN: S^w CCOCJOiO 3 Oi O t^ CS i-f lO Scococcooo w eo "^r 00 1- o -J O "V OS f-i i^ ■V O C^ M •pooj JO ^unoinv g ^ OS i-^ eo "3 w3C-^OQOC^OOi-hOS»J^O oooio •Qoi'-HOi-TC:- .oaoooocif^ooo lOos r^^o . —< os i-iCO 'CO-^' 10 :o o o 1-H 1-t iO xr -^ cooooo i-tOSOCO'- •pooj JO ^unomv &aOS(N^HOOiO»Or^O"*COC>-*»'OXO 'X^O^O SOS-^t-25I?5t-TPXiOC^i-OOCOOW:S -t-CMfN •;o^j:^x8 J9q:ja: •uaSoj;!^ t3'0^"n'C0»0I-*OC0t^ CO O O t- CM OS O ^* ^T -^ ^ ^"^ O t— t^ OS h- O CO ocoo^ — too w O (M tM C<1 O "^ '^ t- (Tj " 04 "5 o o '-^ I* i^ c^ **'' ^ .-• .o--< S88 S?? O 1^ 25 f r^ •-1 C^l O >0 "O SSJ^gJ -^ m^t osooT ■«rooocc<5?SpS '-HcoiNOi =3 ;S SxsSooo O COCOOOOiC soots MMTOOO ) "O Q C-) to 1^ »ocoooa>coooc^i -c^ (MOO -O .t-GOiO»00 lOOsOO^-^ OOOOi-HOO CD • COr-t (N "-H i-iiO"9'(M CO^eOCO t-H OO t^^ O "0 O I- O rH T-H o t-WrHOSOSCOCM'^COt-'-H 000»00OC^COiOC5'^0'^'— I Ol^iQOiO^-CC^lCOCM"^'— 1»00 IS* lO CO lO CM OCM COOCO"^;OiOOOf-cO'VCMiOT-i .-tCOiO»-l»0 i-t -^ 7-H CO Ol •o c — CiOOOiO O CI 00 O -H *-(«T-tOiOSOcOC-lCOf-i CMOO-HCMCl'-fCMCOOCM T-iCMt^tO COiOi-HCO^O t^ 00 00 "^ t-H »o OCOCM OOO ioo"V'^»ocMaco:t-"«J'iOr-'r^ C0X"^OO:000C0.-<"^OC^»0 0»OCOCM 1— I Cl»OOOOCM'^iOcDT-^eO Clt^'TjiiO-fOOCMOCOO ,-H ,-( lO O-HOcOt^COiOO OOOCMidOOOCOC^ClcOOt^CMOC'l-^— lO O"^'^iOOiO00»O'MO'<»^'0 0lC0CMr0CiC0O JiOCMCDOOOCOlOC »OOOi-hOOCO :ocmcOi-hOO *CO lO ' ' ' ■^cOCMOOCOCOcOCMOOCOrHOCI ^OOrH t^OO ■^cor-coo'^'OcooO'— '00 cocicoai-— toooot^-^coo rH CO CO Ci * CM iO lO T-H 1-6 CM — H CO OS "f O ^ "V COCM OOO lOt^^F-tT-ti-iOOCOiOC] »-H"^OS cocoot^iO' CM t* Ol CM " I'^i-.CMr-lC ict^«c:oor^cooo^Of-H CO CO O I— I CM r^ 00 CM S;:JS ,-n-i i-( iO o P.S — ' SB f= E SmSooc f- o o « , — mo CD — .^l! d— - »- O c- o — C a: e5 S ^5 M o H- Ch E H O O) o lll'iililliLo 278 SODIUM BP:NZ0ATE and the IIEALTII OF MAN. -xa aaqia; •naSojjifi r- . CI — < 00 — «) — < n ■ 1- "5 M IM 00 "5 ^ -^ c^ cc o COC^CO •pooj JO junourv rr o ■ o • o ic>o C^ C-l -00 • O (N C^ 0»OOGCO^^ ■■^ ••0 O C4 CO "O o o> • CI N -X3 Jaqia •uaSojiiM 05 »o •o ^ooo ■«• O » — 1 I- O U5 >o — CI CI X ts ao ' CO M (JC 00 O i-J OCO Oil' ^c •poo; JO ^unourv' g u^ O CO t-( • o >o CJ ■^ ac »0 • X -^ to »0 O CI cu ■ T COCOO • O -X8 jaqia ■^cio^o^^-^ I CO t^t^r-T-HOOO \ Oi O O -^ t^ uO : —« CI CJ CI o t^ ' CO CO 00 Oi CI CO •u83oj:H>I t^ OS CO •*** CD T^ >0 »0 ■"3* t^ .-H o o o o *o 00 O O LO »o CI r^ o CO o t^ -^ o CO cs r- — t o »o CI -1 .-H •pooj JO ^unoniv cc O — -^ t^ O CI O >0 »0 gOX^r-tX^iOCICI ■^ifiXOCOCIOOOXX^O-^OOCICO COC5^l*Xt.O*OOOCICICDO"»rcOOSOCI i-lrt,-l,-<--.C-I 1-1 -Hrt -X9 jaqia CDCO '-'OOOO OOCOCO'^^H ■COCOX'^OICOO 00 CJ to t^ GO ' CO CO CI CI --^ CD »0 'tooccit^ • "cocoo6oci>c [^ CO ■-I o o •uaSoj:)!^ CI t^ CO CO CD ^ LO O '5' CI 1-1 O O O O 05 en o CI CO CO ^H ^ o CO r^ CO T-H •vr o Oi r^ CI o X Oi-H"^ ^ to CO •-< --I •pooj JO :;unouiv :Ot~CO-*0.-iOtOtO ;o— tocixxtocici 00— ^^-'CDOOt^OX— ^OOCD coostot^i^ootoocicotfatooo dt^ CO 10 10 ClOiOCICI -X3 jaq^ia •uaSonusi; CI CI O t^ 05 f- t^ — ' CI o to 01 CO •-- CD CD t^OXO .-< O 01, X o -^ CO CD oc 06 t^CICDX-* 1—1 X to -at to rr ox ^"^ ^ o to I- CI CI CI X r- ' CO CO 06 CD ^' CO rt CD CI O O CO X X i5S>-.a>o INFLUENCE OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON NUTRITION AND HEALTH. 279 gS OO30 'O .tcr->5^^ O "^ ■ rH S^§2S§ M CI ^ ■» 55 W C^l IN i-< —< ■ r-i ■ CI -H ' i-i CO O O <» O O CI CO « t- -HO<00>OiOCIO— <«5 .-li-lr-l CI CICI ^ciS ssss ■^i^»cosciaoi^d^Oi-i -<^ go rH SmOMOMocO'—qp— < l^iOOOCOCliOl^i-HOiO -H -H ■ ■ " ^ ci ■ ' ' ' Cll^ "O o — < M O 'O -H o ■* i^ m io d -^ t-^ o ^dt^t^dcjioeofl^t^ 3•-o«50>Ol^^l^■COOCl CI rt ^^iO»0050C^«Ot^^HiO^HOOOC100CO> »-«Oio:oioci'OOOd^H' ooiocoioooooco»oiMOTCsaj iOt^OC^Or^iMCC^i-tOOOOO0'-H01C^'~HT?(NC^ •^OM-^OOClOCO— *00 C^ -H r-. COCOCSfMC^CSlOCO'-itO-*' CO t^ ^ o o -^ — < -vO Tj* CN o O -^ TT Tp ,-( t-1 O O O T-H 1— I i-H -^ "" c3^:^ ^'z: g ^ S*:::^ S ?,'S5 § c •" U.32--'S "^ =^ o ^^ '3^ ^^' c3'o,c3 mo t. O o mtfEH 280 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. -X9 Jaqia 5 '■ •naSoj^jN: .otooi w s 5 OCM— 1 s 00 M r^ ro M -r o 6]&!g2SS5S ■* "i •pooj JO ^unouiv |ii^ CO ss 2S S§§8 g gasg CO Socooioco cofr •joEj} ; 2 -xa jaqia ^ ^J •uaSox)]^ 00 C! 5r S 1--: N So ■ ci -<■ ^2853 O 05 (NCO SS?,3S?5SSj •pooj SgggSS JO :}nnoinv (S -^ o OS lo CO r- -^ oi o 02 o 00 a> o ss t^oco-^'Loot^or^ : OJioiooog)5u5i.ou:i ■ -xa jama 1 •uaSoj^iij .O(MlO00-H 00-* oo ^^ oa Oi »i^ I^ OS iO.-cO(Nt-iO s CO CO s:s rt 'cO ■ "rH ^ •pooj JO junonry ei lO O ^ O ^ E* O l-O lO CO CC ico'^'^oco^Hr*-^ •--2 s- t^O^OC^lCOcOOLOCO oicmcocior-ioioo k4 h4 -xa jama i .OOCOOO-HCOOO— 1 eo05CS?ii^ooou5^o JO ^unoniy o"^'^ >-; ■ ss 00-^05 10 ■^ 1-1 O (. 1 s CO d gjog — ((M;NTrt>-Trco-«' c; :o " o L- O ^ ^ OC O i.- - i — orooioooococo Xi-Oioeoc^ocooco-H •jDBjjxa jama ^ u "^ 00 o o as t^ '-t -^ 1 >C 'J'Tl. --*r^050ico- c c c fe M ^ a 2 ci O a •a c 1 INFLUENCE OF SODIUM liENZoATK OxN NUTillTlON AND HEALTH. 281 ss »-i *i-J 'w "^ M £:• ca —1 00 lO 50 C5 00 -^ t^ ic ^ -^ CS ^ CO CO CO ^ ^" ^ ^* • CO ■^ CO O 00 O '<*' '-^ iC-i ^ t- 00 C^ -H (NOCOh-CstCt^-^ COW^^OtDiOOOO lOiOCOC^t^MCOOO^OCD^H-" OSh-COOOOO"^— (lO'-H'^'rttOL )QCDC 10 03 to o o to W 00 r-t 10 00 CO 1-i rl^ -' -^ TT (^ Oi '-H r-l ?O00«D. -n* (N "er '-« to 00 00 C^ ^ CO O tC ^ --i 00 O -^ ' O -^ '-' .Ti«ooo(MO^or-i'^coooo r>- ■<*' Oi cc CO -— I to ^ cocoi-H 000 COt^fMC-l-^'^OOO'-'CO O C5 t-- to 10 C0<£)^^CDC0OC0C^C0t-hC^C'1O00'— i-^tot— ^tOtO OO'^COOSi-HOOOOOC^^O'^J^tOOOt^t^OSOOCMC^ (Nt-H (N-H ^i-H^ ,-1 ,-(r-( C0t0t0OC0>0"^C0OOO:D'^OC0C0 O ■^ 00 O 00 CO 00 CO O to O) Oi (M C^l CS to oototooot^c^"ii:^ait^cc»oi>-"* OOOOCOOOO-^t^-COi-HTp-fjtOiO CO lO Oi OS to CS COCOrH O t^-r^-wcitoosoT-Hi---^ 'cot^cooot C^ t^ «£! CO CN '5P (;7i O O to . TT -^ 1-1 r-^ r »0--*t— COCOOCi'^00'— <'— fr^OC01>.:Ct^O'— I «Dt0C^<©i-Hi01>'0>N'-iC0cDOC^C0l:^t^r-((M "^'X:'MOXiOciO"«t^OCO'^t-^t-'— <^ Ol'^tOtOt^COoOCOCOOC^lOCO'— '<— 'to c^coco"^«o;c— iw ■^0Gi0 O O CI OOCOO-— (lOOLO'— 'Ot^^ iOO0t:^-^-HCOi-(<-iCOCO00h- r-l C-T-H,— ti-HQ0COC0r-<(M-^.— (■^ CO<£JeOh-"*CNOI>-tCClCO^iO t— CD M CD -^ O "^ CO:D(MC^'-tCMOOt-iiO — ^-^i-HCD -^ '«3< CO 1— I --H 1-* M c3 ±- « O ^ 6 e; o ci o <^ i ,^ ;3 r ,■ &- o iSa 3c, 282 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN, -X9 jama «5 s •naaojJiN 1 o OpOOOiO (N 1^ -T* »0 5?§SS g O0C >coi ^^gSie 2 s^s s ■%yen -xa jama s •uaSoj'HK 1= O OS t>. <;D t» C3 CO "^ t^ l^ t^ ■♦ 1^ CO N o> c^ ^?s§g ssg S| •pooj 1 gkl JO junouiy j t§ - OC;Oi.O-TOO^-3>lMOO sgg 55 h4 •JOBJi -xa jaqia i •uaSojiiK 1 = "ra Oi o o c^«a5c<50t^-5"n^si>nio 2^2 S' h4 •JOBJ} -xa jaqja i ::::::;:::::::::::: •na3oj;!N s 1.08 .72 .67 .58 "".'28' .73 2.33 2.28 1.01 .04 .81 "".'49' .34 .03 .03 .01 .05 00 OJOOOS CO JO jnrioiny ! S "^ '"' OCOOOC^cOQOOr'»0<:00.-»05iOCit^*OkO ■*oooo o> i i •J»BJ} 1 g -xa jaqia i§ •vaSoxwn 1 05 !g?;S8 to gg^gg •pooj JO itmonry Sg«S§gg|SggS8::32g2g2 lOINCOOCQ OS -^ CO eo «0 d •JOBJi -xa jama 1 •naSojjjN i g d o g^:SS INCOOCO o-v ^^^ S s WOO 01 00 -pooj i JO ^onoinv <§ M •>rcoc->So CO »^ OS M c j3 i a 3 c c < r 'c ^ p c 5 u PC _y a C a b C a i 1 c e I M'LUENCE OF SODIUM BENZOATE OX NUTRITION AND HEALTH. 283 )f^ T u5 e9e4>-0 -< U5 « (MM -^-H i-li-l SON (CO — O 00 wo "5 M "5 00 1^ CO coi- »o -^ O -V 0» 1- — • O -T asaicotjooi-oit-— < 1~ O 05 QO l~- 00 OS 35 COO c^i CO t^ ^ 00 as o r~ IN — < O COO^-O •^ • • • O** •00«CO^^OOOOI^»OOOC'I»00*t*W5 (N3J 'MN>OCO(N:oa>250!M50 — OJ'-iOrj -i>-i"coocoocoMr;>0'M;2 00l'-O'MC0t*:C0^C0:or^»O»C ■*0 0500 rtOCO t~o»t^ooo50')<.|^C^CO»^«-HOt^OC>X"5 rH rt »-0 00'Ot^C-'- e4 uj c^ t- P"*OC^----'OCO t>"Tr'^co»oco^ 28 00 to 00 XI :C^ C~ " .ts ■-I C>> OS '-0 N ■* CI ■^ t^lM'^OOtOOOCOO M :0 Oi »0 lO O C^ O -.c 00S5CO— ^t^OOSOS 00«)0>OOt---iCONa)0!M(N »oy3t^C5coc. It^C^rHOilOCOC^X-^OOt*-^ )t^OC0C005r-'Ol^OO00^ 0050^00 00 CJ O) lO CO 00 M -r -O i-CCOOOJM -^-tN t^NOai^cocococo cvi r>- 1^ lO lo lo CO cj SOOit— Oh-IMO— <0:S>.0>0>-'3 r^coiocjcoooi^oc-jasoc^c^ •-1-H(M .-( N-Irt .-r-lrH •"♦OSOC^Ot^-^WOOCOCOI^Ot^OOcOOOiOiO t^i-oc^cicococqcocoasoot^aico-^-^iMC-i CM CM CMCM >-lrH,-lt-( 050CO^:CC1QlO O0"ro»'0cocoioro go re UO 05 OO CO O CI »o -^ CI t^ C^l CM ^ t^t^t^cico.^ — t^cooot-»o»o cc CM oJcorHoeo OSOOiOCIO-. OCO-fCM oo:ocoO'^"^Ol^a: ^CMOoici V-ici-* S»0 CO ^ r^ -^ ^^ U3 CM CO ■* O t- -< CO COOCOQ00505t^CI0005t^t^r^ »-"00OSCIC0t^O00t^O0500»O CI CO CM r~ CMt^OOt^r-HCOt^-COCO ss; — < rt CM >CIOSOO>OC10'*00010 )-HC0t0C0T«0>'3COCI>0 00 « CM "-O CO -J » 05 CO rt ^ CM O t^ O CM Oi d CO^t-0t^iOk-0CS-^»0 t^t^coco»0-rot^-H -H CM o i^ ci ■ o ci >n CM CO CO •-0 r- -^ r» ■* '^CMCOCOO-'fOiO COlOOOOOSOCt^ClOO-* rtr^oococo'ooot^o CMOSOOCMCOQCICOiO SCI CO I O CI * i-< rt CI r-( OtoOloOO'OOOQ'OO'O i0OC0»0CMOt0OC003;0 l-H-HCM "-I 00^00CMCM'*i-lCMCOCO coco -H CO CMt^OOOX)-<'COCI>OOCMOO-^ ci-**Q0^-r»oi-t^oa3OOO CMioo— '-4.-^-rrOTrocoiOco lOCO ;0 CM QCO OOQCMt^cOO-fuOcO JQCMt^cOO ■ lO ;0 CO ^ CO Clt-OOOCOOCOCOO CI-*t^--0 0:'r-TO'S CM'OOCMl-O^CicM'l' ooci'j'tsoai-H-*' CMCI^OCOCO-HIO ^ 1^ o o COt-T-HCM'-OOOOOl'^^T-^ 'TiOO'TOSCICOOCO N O CI « O - cor^'Oooot^eor^c; ■^•OCICO^COw — n* i rH ^ ^H »-< O -^ t-t _• fe C3^ u O 3h5 S g > ; o o C : C3j2 S r-;^ , ^i« C o - 3 ;-S 03^; 3- o - 284 SODIUM BEXZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. -x3 jama •naSoj'Hj^ , t^ t^-^ OS C^ -,C :0 ^ »0 ^ ro ^ O o •jj — < ci TT Lo t^ -j; o c4 ci :D 'O * CO f-i *o COSSO'CCl'HOOCO ec -^ c^ t^ CI CO ^ t-H r-H i-l CO CO!O00 •ONNO'-Hf t^ 00 to -^ f-H U? ■«"-Hco.-ioo •pooj JO ^unouiy CO ■^ lO c o o> ■O c. O ■^ — < t~ C-) lO CO M o y3 o 00 CO i^ r^ t^ »f: ^ ■O'O'O i-idoooc^e^ -xa jaqja .cooooira 6ot^ Oi ^ -^ 5 »o tc' c^ T*^ :0 lO-^-^ O •na3oj}ij^ •pooj JO ^imoorv . t^ — < (M ^ 00(MOOOOO 00CSCOoco?a ©•^uJOOcOrf O 00 CI t^ 00 c^ o -xa jaqja -Ji ITS ijf ^ ■# ^ -^ .-« 00 •^ (N CC' C >0 d "n O CSC^t^O COtNiTJulcloCCO OOO-HOO •naSonj^ CO co^ oo C00500NO:000*^OOC5^- COI^C10(M^d»-'-HCl(M coooot^oo^HCsoociOior^cooo^iOuo CliOT-lOlC^O^C^iOOt^Ot^OOCC" — "~ OOOO I cooe •}OBJ} -xa l^^rd •^ 00 -i* i-< ■f OCOi-HOO ^C/D-— t^iO^Ht-HCOOOCO i-tWCCCO CO ^ lO i-H lO o to '^ to 00 CO ^H ^* . o oi r~ cc •uaSoxnN 3OOOQ0 COCOrHOO COr^OO(NWOsOOCOt^OOOCO (Mt-^c:(Ni-irti- CO 00 OC to 02 -H —I : M ;o "3 1^ >-o o as — lOt^lNO'^MO-. OOd>.0(MOOIV t^t0^OC4OC0d»0OOt^C0^HCJO 'NCI •:jOBijxa Jaq^a lOCOCMOCO 005-<00 ci-^otor^-iai-^cii^oocito ciiooo 't-^-^cococi^oco OOCIIMOCO o o — 1 -H o o •uaSoxjij^ cqtOtt>o-i< -*iOi-iOO coh- :C coor rf 'oo ■■^' " CO— I o 5SS 28; C'l c^ o ri c) "O a CO •<*' t^iO t* t-COO'-'O'O •COOOOIO ag:::2:s?sss ;gS8S °ooS« ■^USOr-MCOh-tS >0!0r-i-icoc^0'0 'o 'c-in'oc^co 5?5S Mr^oiin(N^eot~ •trr^r^f^coco^^io pi •^ ■^ "i ' 00 " rH CO IM-l 00 t~t^CiQOiOOOO(^ iCCOOOiCCO'^i-H— (iO — !>-( rH CO O — •O' -^— lO *(NC^i-HOO 8^S3 00 »■':; o OT Tf lo w5 o O'^ioco»^co'^0^cccoc iooeoi-tc Or^OsOOiOi-H-^OOt^COOSC^iOO •-Hoo»f5«c^r-i-H050xo:ooT-ioo d5o »0 :0 r^ (N '^ to t^ >0 ss? COOO'-^iOiO-^OiO o^-c-^ oo lOio-'i^ocooocMio ^ IM CO O 00 ■^ •<»< t~ i-J >C1 CO— i^OO o-*o>oc5 0oot^r~ Ot^(>»»0C0(Mr-lO»0 rt rt— I CO O O 00 O O r-H CO OO'^—'^OO CS C^ C-1 (N O — I -S" ■'I' CO — C^ c-i rf *.o 40 00 -V O CT> OINUSOOC-JCSCOOl^lMTKNOira lOf-CO'-H-^OSOOOSOOOiOOC^ or-iooiOc^— t~-qoooo-* 0)^^00 CCCO-^CiCOOO*^"^ '^ O PI CO »o ^ — < — I ;0 CO ■>1' P) CO — 1 ■* ■* P<— I— lOOO ^ "PJ CO rt t^-^pico o-^ioiooiPipiocqpiot^ioio •*tjit^oooi-^ o in CO c; — I OC5 00O— I O f~PJOO p>mo5pjoo-«'0'* opi— iinin-^Ot-H opiooccciooom-^ -- oomoacrooo— I00O-* •n'-^pj^ . in in co—i — ^ oooo »ni> o CO rt rH— I ^ p) CO — coooin^-^ooo cic: PI o O"^o;copic^— 'coo-n*— ^c^ccoso —1—1 — 1— o— <— too r^pirr*— * '-^ pir^— •■^t^ '^'^J'lOrHCOPlOOSrH — ipioo-* 00 c:t~ :o O O Cs 00 rH CO OCS OOOOO in in 00 r^ — i pi •*' pi pjme^opj 00 t-' COOP* CO o — < i^ r^ o ■<»* t~ r-l •» m TT o — I OP1PI-; i£3 PJ— I— (OO ■^CRpooomoot^'* ooo-^coco— to— < C3 05 ^ »— t CO »— t "^ ■*P»P1— tOOO — 1— t CO —I t^oQtc-^o •ac>nooOrro:y^ocor^om m^p^otM •-3co— •-Hoico-.ot^ooopj ott~o-tirHc;oot^pioo— i O 'ff Ci O O 05 00 ■ lO CO . -^ C^ O OC 05 CO I i CO <25 = OMi-l IN t— f-H • ^^ o o ass 00 O C "T O 00 — • ci -r • o • . >/5 c • ^ I- re -c — C-. ro oo O • -a- . ■ O O : M "T 00 ' ' ' O ' 1- OlOOOC^OJOt^MOQ ■"j-co-roiNOooeoPi Jgf^€ 'pooj JO :junouiv aOOOQOiCOOOQO r^O »'5 'OOOQ OiOOioSo^cO^Oi 2b ' -H S S QO M -X3 jaii:ja: . r-« O -* CO O CO 00 O f-H ;D 00 0> ^H -O-^ CO"^ (N C^ Ci Ci (M O • O »C QO 00 ocp .giOlN- •naSoj:^^ , t^ (M r* 'Tf cc Ci r- a^iOOOOC-lOOiO f* C■ I-* rt4 cOCCOi-H o ^sr:; ■ O C-I rt (M •pooj JO ^onorav 3Tj-05t^r— ^1 .-HT-1.-H r-.C*0001t^.-lC^ •}OBJ? -X8 J9I0a . 0> t^ .-1 CO "O (M CM 6CTr.-tCD00l35t^T S O -^ ' CO ■*" •* t~I S(MCO^CO OOCOO.-1 .-<(Mf--5;0'-o.-inc5 "iC^ 'Oi-ocoo* "A.-lOO'- >-Or} ••O.-l ■ooocoo •na3ox>ij|.j .lOt^CO'^CON-.r 3 lO 00 O (N O ^H .-< COCOO O-H O(M001»OOOC3COi-H Sf2 ;S -^(OlO^OOlMOO^ "rf^^ -OlO . t^ cJcooioxo '-^ 'Oo O iCOcOMCO(>JCOOiOX - CC^OOOOO'*'— 'OiOOOOOC^--* ■^OBXjxa joq'^a t>01t.i000C3lOc0 >-HI^C^C-i(NCOCO •ua3oi;i>i .CD00'-H'-*O3^»O locociocodco O t-- i-H rH »-H O O C^h-COcOOt-^O-Hrt* c^»' CI O CSI -^ CO p -^ "af CO CM o »-< o o CO t^ O tH CM Oi 1-H -tj* O 0> Tf CM ■ ^ sss? oo oco 5SS!? 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NFLUENCE OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON NUTRITION AND HEALTH. 287 cp0Qtoa3C^tO(Ooc^ coiSo ' ss o-^cD-^c^ot^cooc^Mr^ : 1 - ■<*" w -^ ^^ ^§8S iOCOiCir5POOiO»Ot^OiOOS»OkO CM CO '-' O O O '4"^COO»OiO!N'-i-rfOC»OOh-CM 00Ci»OlM(N lOI-^OCNJCi'-HOO'^t-'T'OOO ■CC:CC0r-HOO 1-1 »-i C^ll-H r-4 rt^rt^^ QOOC^t^OCiOJC^ "OtOiO coc^tDOC^or^oo--^coas Tt< OOOcO 0*OOOCMOO;M-:^cOGCLOCiOw'^OLO ■rcco'^c^ eoeor^cooorocoocDOOtocM cooo Oi TT ri 3C ^" ts CJ -H -r ci »o o c^ CO cs •-< o i-H (M -H ^ t^ogo'-fooooooor-oooooccoo t-.^»o^^coo»o^oo:r^OiOC5C;a;»o O C^ C^l t^ : 8g OSOOOl^O^OMOOOOiOcDr-H ^rf i <3 «ss CO CS ^^ Ol CO t^ r^oo^r*co 0«0 li^O Ci •pooj JO ^uiiouiy -X9 aaqjg p-1 r— I— I f— t C^ M o> w<-<>noao •uaSoj^ifj •pooj JO ijunouiv -X9 lama 65 00 O -JS O 3;ocoor^oococ^ai O)90r (N ^H lO C-l -^ Q •naSojjiN 60TficOOCCCCr-l00(MO»O J'* r~ •pooj JO ^unoury ecrooit^ooiocoooc^ocoor-oooooioio CO0Q00QOOC0Oi-iOi0>0 JSOOi'-'iO»OiOCOCOOOO*^aiC^OO'^i-HOi-iOOtDiO C3^^ W CS -rf ^ c3j^ INFLUENCE OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON NUTRITION AND HEALTH. 289 iSSSfi -^ N rt S3S S'SiiO sss? «5 QO t^eo gS2SS§3J2S5S |«gS3 :25iS3 c3 wSrao s^ssss t<3fi. CO CM Oc»5r^ »o c-j'^eo gjrog OOt^Cl'OQcD-t'^IM t?5iO-rCOOOC^^t^O i-H CMi-lrt (N 1-1 in c NO CO CM CO OO 8S 05«NU}iO vo>u5coe5cM ■^ . TJ< C^l iO CM — * »0 « • CM CO e-) eo o o oi-^aiosio-^h-CMior^CMOii-- -<*'-ro-^>ocMrcccoioooo»o r-i,-; ■« ■ "cm ■.-< 1-^ -^ r-^co CO * iO CO ^ ^ ro S?2:; t*'^ »OCQ 00 M QO -^ U5r^ t^ O>C0Q F-iCO ^ *N0S'-tC0»0»0*0"*Q00^O^O00»O»0 OOSOOCOCO^iOC4C^06'«t«00 g^OOOi C^iOCCOOOOOOOC WOO^Tf«COiC»OiO-^CCOO*OOt^O» iCCO ■^ to 00 o o 1^ ^- -^ *0 50 O 00 lO o t^ CJ o cc o »o 8X CI CO lO OC lO »o !>• CO OSiO -H C^ C^ KSOSOOSOOOOcDOC'J'-'CTiOes --4tON<-HCDO>0C«OtO00'-"'^1C0i-i«0 0»r-»tO ■•OCCCOOO'n'OOOO •-HiOMOOUOO OOCOCO TT t^O *?DC0^COC0 0«OQO NCOC^CO ooco-^r^-tMC^iTfcoc^co OOOCIiCiCOOOOO^OO ^ C» ^.-1 C^ CO CO lO CO t^ to ooco o»o lO CO ■^ 05 IC CO CO(N»OC0iCcOiCh-i— iQiOOOt^ (NOOI^t^ClOOC^t-OOO (NC^»o:o-5fcoroo t^ CO t^iO'^f o C-l O t^ »0 ■^ CD 00 ■«r r^ CO Ooo OOCOii^C^iOOCOCDOOOO— — OMaSxcaor-io Bci<;op:wO>«j:;aSM 70111— No. 88—00 19 290 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. -xo jeina •na3oiiiis[ •pooj JO jnnouiv -x"o jdma s» •uaSojii^ t^ i-H -^ .-t •pooj JO ^naocny C>lQ0OQ0Mt^COrt< O 05 1^ 10*0 -xa aau4a •na3oj}T^ « rioo OMOOCnO«0CI~ O Ml ^OO T-l O ^ ^ "> •pooj JO q.unoniv 60 000 to g CJ C-l C-1 -X9 jaqia OOCCt-H •O'-l CC 05 C^ r-t (M •O-*OC0C^ I -^11 :o "M •-< Oi CI lO -^ OS ^a* Oi »-t ■naSoi^iN: C-> — I ■* ■* ■* »-« CO Oi »-< CO t^ Ci CO C-J ■<*' CD O O 01 .-I iO-:«>-l •pooj JO ^anouiy g-^NC-l IMOOO'O « OC CO t^OOCO C lO ■»-^CO»-HMOCC)'0'*t>- 00^O>t£3Tti CO^-Oi-^Oi-^OC^-^OS-^O^ •pooj JO :jnnoniv •^OBjjxa jama •uaSojiiN ^il^OCO ^o • ■ ii-«OC fts ^ ?: 5:S 2 S S i 9 S »s 2 ^hw^sSmsS oho s C o c li^FLUENCE OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON NUTRITION AND HEALTH. 291 CO CO O Oi COMCS ■ «5 ^ .-< 00 00 h^ — . C! "5 "«" .- Q O "^ CO t- O UO CI -/ ajC<* CO o ci o ' t-^ ■-H00OO' I- ^ CO c-i »o Oi CO 1 - CO — f I ©•oeoScom^ ■' i-ir-i-i O^St ^ O O CO ■* ^ -^ 1^ • CO Q • O CQ ^-4 —H C-iC>'n'CO'T40l^CO -05^ 'OWt— to COO ' 'tS'>r-^o6 '-^co coS'n*c^o»-*obS CO CI C^ O "5 CO i-l CO 'OOO OSN 005«0 rt 1-1 CM -J ^ c>i •» o < h-C»Ot^ Ol CI e^ "5 "o ^ OJ-HO-H O t^ 00 CO 1^ CO CMQUS.-< >i-ICOCI-Hl^ > ;d 1-1 »o t-H lo •o C>l O CM o -^ CO COr-tO— lO O ^ f-* wo ■ ^ ^HUOt^COOCO O I00SQC^»0 COr-^'^CM • lO O*^ M OlOSOOO OOiCO-^CM 'ClS^ CICIOSUOCO ;s?3 •o f-iio CO 00 ^^ -^ r- 00 00 o -tot^^^-^ oco'«i*coa>»ot-coo»-H^ .oo^oo coio ' "irf'fltr-iodoidco OOOOQ-Hl^i-IOOOOQOOt B'^riOc-ioo^oo'SCMO' ■<3^t~3;cMCMO>t^ -1< CI ^< Tf« lO ^ ■* O 1^ rt rt rt o o uo r» iccoo^H lo CO eO'-'O'-ioo t— 31 "I'd COOOOCMOOOr^UOOOO-^CMt— »o»o ''rCICOOlOCOr-ICOCOt-OiOOiC^HC^CM 000=Q»OCOCO"OCO»OC<»0(^'* ClCO-^t^lClO ■^SSWOCMCMWSOCOCIOOOOOO CMOi'^'^CMCM f-H il C^ rt rt i-lC».-(rH 5 'O CI Q >o»ocoocMcoi^eocio CO-^COr-l»O00CO»-tCICM CC t- 1-1 00 03 «o t^ iOQ"-ICOOOCOO-HO-* ca 00 ■<>" — I •>»< CO-^wt^CiOIOIOO'^C1 lOOSOit^lOUO 000ir-Cli-KHDC0CM05Ot-00 Oa5t--9"C^lCM .H>-l CMO i-l CM—I— I OOOOOQO Ol 00 CM O CI CO lO CO 00 o -^ r- C: -^ CO 03 iO lO CO ■^C^i-lt^COCDIO— 1*^000 lomocofocowt-'Oco ■^CMCM ^t-05CM OCO lO O M 05 lO to— 100 -H CO iS -n* ^^coco irf ci 00 " t^ TT Q — < r- COOO Q ■n* lO CI 00 — ^ t— lO CI CJ C^ 0> -^ CO CD CI CM O t— Ot-OO-^OOOS^O—"^— iiO CO 00 O ■«" o ■^ CO—IOt-l ■^ S: O C) O CI O CI O CM t-OOClt~COt^ .OOCO"5t-0 -H CO O >0 CO —< CO '00 SCOiOt- o ■^ co;scM CM • 1-1 — 1 -< — t-^QiOOCMCMCOIOQOOOOCO COt-Clt— - ^^ ^CM CM lO ;0 COCM OOO CM O CiOiOi-^ —1 CM 1-1 1-1 r-l CM -■*S 3 lO CM oocccocCT-icoi^o-ro •^Trcoio-^oicococo^ t-J ■ ■ CD irf -^ u6 ad -^ "0 :cor— o*X)"OiO'iOi-l C '-D— lOOOllOCOOCOClOO tD«oo-*ooa>50^'Oooo 1-1— I —(CO O O — < CI CT —IfOOCM t--^ot-oot-oy::o'^io.H iioio CO CO O *0 CO CI CO CO O >-0 -^ Ci '-D 1 CM C-l —1—1 C) — 1 CO O CO "0 CM CM CM 00 ira CO Q 00 CM —I • 00 t- "O lO "^OiCOCMCliOOCOCliC ci —I 00 CO ■ t- -I" CJ CM -I . CMiM— I r-io— iQ o r-cBOiiSci oo-ocicoQ-rmcot-ooo — 1 1- -"li CO lO O CD O -,D ^^ ■.D o5ci— H 'i-3iOo3cor-oico —1 rt ^ CMl^ O 00 ^ oco csoo^Hoeo— toocoooo co-^oi^^'^^ccr-co— i:D c^io-n^—^coio-^o 'cico »0 05CM O CD O CO O5 00 co-^ wo COTTOOIO— I (DUJO 'cO cncor-i-iciwoo— *r-^Hi^ 00 CI '^ C) iC CO Oi CI --D —1 »o c> en o o ■* COr-^iJDOCM— ^woco— as ^^aE-i '"a 3.2 S ; : • • p.— ft • o • ; ; -^ ! g tn " S.OooC--OtHo3--oc3..^eii-.ftai a52?6-fecoa«oc-a3SMC3 mo<;tH COt^i- <— !'« ■VIO — 1 -^CM ^ § ^ ago C Og C3 p. 292 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. •JOtiJ} •naSojjiM •pooj JO ^unoiuy ci -x ■* c-i --o . Ci O ^ Xl^ Co g « -r -a- -i g . O 01 « o -o J ^ rt o o ■* . . , S25) -xa jama •naSoj^iN •pooj JO :)nnoniv . — cc ■«■ e>4 oj o 3 ro T^l ^ 00 00 <:0 : TT -^ TT o 00 CO , CO fO CO o o (^ --0 00 1^ g? "-I --I g;:s CO CO o woo ^H lO CI -^ •— o o eo'OWOOt^O'Vr^QOi-iC^OiO So ■* -^ M CO .co-^eooojt- 60 O ^H t-^ C* O »0 - O O CO .-< ' 00 CO W^ CJ3 ^^ lO ■O" IM ■* rt O O O > O O O Oi O -^ O (M CI O O »0 lO > ■ o CI CI CI -^ ^ :ooo»-t^HTr CI d >o ^ in »o »o -^ »o o Ot^ CO CI CI •JOEJ; -xa Jaqia •naSoniN •pooj JO innouiv . ci 00 -v ci ; . CO-^ COOCO :D « O -H t^ O —< 00 -^ CTJ O O t^ O 00 O ^ ^ ' iO CO QO>gT)»o •%d^i%xQ Jaqja t^ CO O 00 -- 00 o j^oocnoO'* rt o f?^ r^ oi ^ CO o^ CO "5 -H en cj CO CJCOQC •naSonjN O 'O O CO O ^ 1^ . O CO co^ »-* >o CJ 00 -. CO — c ' ^H -^ ^H ^H O O ot.c3e3S--30o3Q,B3i-a)o INVESTIGATIONS ON THE EFFECTS OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON THE HEALTH AND GEN- ERAL METABOLISM OF MAN. By JOHN H. LONG. ,293 INVESTIGATIONS ON THE EFFECTS OF SODIUM BEN- ZOATE ON THE HEALTH AND GENERAL METABOLISM OF MAN. By John II. Long. INTRODUCTION. I have attempted the sohition of the problem presented to me through a series of hiboratory and cUnical o'bservations carried out on six men consuming a controlled diet. The laboratory observations were mainly chemical and bacteriological, and were intended to dis- close any change in the general metabolism, or character of the excre- tion of the men under study. The clinical observations were of the usual routine nature, but were noted with more than the ordinary care. I consider these observations as having, for the present inquiry, and under the conditions which obtain, no less value than the other set, and hence I am presenting them in all detail, as made from day to day. The somewhat monotonous bacteriological examination of the feces is given in the same detail, since the object of the report is to present all the observed facts which may have any bearing on the questions of the diet, general health and character of the metabolism and excretions of the subjects of the experiments. The squad under observation in my laboratories consisted of six men who were all students of medicine, but who, during the progress of the tests, had other employment. At the beginning of the experi- ments the men were in normal health, but not in unusually good phys- ical condition, since the work was begun at the end of the school year, following rather heavy courses of study. For general convenience the men were furnished wdth rooms in the same house, and the meals were prepared and served in a large vacated room in the college building adjoining the laboratory in which most of the analyses were made. The kitchen was screened off from one end of this room, and the meals were prepared by a professional cook who had had previous experience \nth metabohsm work. This simphfied many of our natural difficulties very greatly, and made it possible to maintain an accurate control over the daily dietaries in such a way as to permit a fairly close calculation of the caloric value of the food as weighed out and served. 295 296 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. Dr. S. R. Benedict, now professor of physiological chemistry in Syracuse Universitj'', had general charge of the dietaries and the chemical work connected with the investigation. The bacteri- ological work necessary and the medical oversight of the men were in the hands of Dr. W. H. Buhhg, professor of clinical pathology in Northwestern ^University. These gentlemen were in constant attendance at the laboratories, and the success of the investigations must be credited largely to their careful control of all conditions involved. Since the conclusion of the actual tests Mr. Frank Gep- hart, who took part in the analytical work, has rendered valuable aid in the nimierous necessary calculations and the tabulation of results. At the beginning of the observations the men on the squad were subjected to careful examination, and the facts given below with regard to previous medical history and condition were secured. EFFECTS OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON HEALTH, ETC., OF MAN. 297 V) alM >, ^ 31 m CO a p_ S 2 oo HjS ja 5f a" ^ .2 o IBs — ^ . o o u . i.! ^ ^ f- (-1 (-1 S^ << C So ;c CO CO CO S •ir O ._ *-' > = d-i .|S..| 2 o •^6 . - . • . ft ■ G o o o o o<« N o o o „ o o 2;o ;z;:z;zs:^:z; o • << it-i i>, 10 CO c = C3 5 /•5 = u ^^ 3 o 1^ t; C >; iJ -r > ^ is i> ::r 5 -— ? c3 a ? H c3 M S d O c3 ^ ;=o'SE 03 ii ° O S E o o ::2n?'§ Z 2; u 4)." E 0.& I ° o S (So O ^Ss . C3-- ^ s-3 0-) O t^ o ■3^ c3-t^ o O M ■^ i o fe ^ S o S 3 ft£> o o o o o o o o zz ;z;zzz>^;z; :?; ^ 11 •O w, ft tc o .2 — ft-3 o o ca ca n •fiS* ^ ■a >. >.>> c s ■,■=3 - -S *— c^ £!! nl il il il :^ ill :-, t^ CC'^"'^ e- r-e-S^:=2: :98 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. tc 1 > o d 1^ ja n •a w . a w C3 K •^ . cd .£ O m P d S5o> ■ bo :c > "1 6 S •^ •a ^ S C3 S •g d-d £•» b o <^ •"" o ~ o -^1 o .23 M ^o> .S -" O g Oi R 1— t S t>,aS g , d I- -^11 hi c |i°tt|- p4 6 ll SOK I A-i t».i B >,Q o HH 1- « g t. S) c hH : c gg :^otD . •.So -a : ft . p • i3 £ S C3 C^ p.Q!>>o - o >>3,Q PI . 0) g EFFECTS OF SODIU.M liEKZOATE t)N UEALTU, ETC., OF MA^^ li'JU Dltration of tests. — Tlio first moals were served to the scjuad on June 29, and tlie last on October 30. The interval was divided into sixteen periods, the averaj^e length of which was about seven days, as the tables below Anil show. The actual administration of benzoate began on July 24, following three preparatory fore periods in which the diet habits of the men were closely studied. Diet. — In this time and throughout the whole test the men were allowed a very ample diet, following their own tastes and desires as far as possible. The food was well prepared, and as served would be considered a good example of home cooking; the only modifica- tions made were such as were rendered necessary to facilitate accurate sampling and analysis. Meats, for example, were always served in the minced condition, since uniform samples for analysis could not be secured in any other way. Gravy was served separately and was mixed in by the men at the table. Care was taken to serve the minced meat hot and in such manner as to relieve the monotony of the diet as far as possible. Jellies, custards, puddings, cakes, and other articles were always made in such a manner as to facili- tate the subsequent work of the anal3^sts. The location of the kitchen with respect to the laboratories and the office of the director added greatly in simplifying proper control here. Dosage. — From July 24 to September 21, sixty days, each man received a dose of 300 milUgrams daily of Merck's sodium benzoate, calculated as anhydrous, divided into three portions of 100 milli- grams each. That is, the benzoate was given at each meal, and was measured out from" an accurately prepared solution into some article of food wliicli the men ate with a relish. At no time during the test did the men have any idea of the part of the food wliich contained the benzoate, nor did thej^ loiow when the administra- tion began or ended. No especial curiosity on the subject was mani- fest and the men did not act as if the food was in any way a devia- tion from the normal. On September 22, after the completion of eight preservative periods, the dose of benzoate was increased to 600 milligrams daily, divided through the tliree meals. This dosage was continued through two periods of seven days each. Between the higher and lower preservative periods the feces of the men were marked off by the usual method of lampblack administration in capsules, which was the case follo\nng the next period, also. On October 6, the fourteenth period, or the eleventh preservative period, began. On this date the dose was increased to 1 gram of benzoate daily, which was continued through eighteen days, that is, from October 6 to 23, inclusive. It was found easily possible to dis- tribute tliis amount of benzoate throusrh the three meals mthout 300 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. in any way attracting the attention of the men consuming the food. The eighteen days were divided into two periods. The total amounts of benzoate administered were, then, as follows: \ Periods. Dur^ Dailj' dose. Total. Fourth to eleventh, inckisive Twelfth to thirteenth, inclusive Fourteenth to fiftoenth, inclusive Days. 60 14 18 Gram. 0.300 .600 1.000 Orams. 18.0 8.4 18.0 Total 44 4 The men were kept under routine observation through an after period, No. 16, of seven daj^s, and have been under general observa- tion up to the time of the completion of tliis report, January 10, 1909. Following the official conclusion of the tests on October 31 two of the men on the squad, A. M. N. and C. H. S., continued the same general diet with a greatly increased dose of the benzoate. This was carried to 10 grams daily. In this they were joined by Mr. Frank Gephart, who had assisted in the weighing of the foods throughout the whole time, had worked in the laboratory, consumed the regular diet with the squad, and had Hved under the same general conditions. On November 1 he began with relatively large doses. The effects of these large doses on the men will be referred to below. Methods of analysis. — It is not necessary to go into details here; most of the results for the urine were obtained by aid of the well-knowm processes of Fohn. For total sulphur, however, a method was worked out by Doctor Benedict which, when applied, gave very satisfactory results. This consisted, essentially, in oxidation of the urine through boihng down with copper nitrate and potassium chlorate, and subsequent fusion, as preUminary to precipitation. In the determination of urea nitrogen a marked improvement and economy of time was effected by heating the urine in an autoclave with dilute hydrochloric acid. The process has been described by Benedict and Gephart in the November, 1908, number of the Jour- nal of the American Chemical Society. Collection of the urine and feces. — The urine and feces were collected in 24-hour periods, and of the urine daily analyses were made, excepting of the Saturday collection, which came into the laboratory Sunday morning. This was saved and mixed vnth the sample from Sunday; an analysis of the composite was then made. The urine was collected in bottles containing always a Uttle toluene, and as a further precaution the bottles Avere kept in a large ice box in the intervals. When brought to the laboratory in the morning the reaction and specific gravity were taken, after which each urine KFFECTS OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON HEALTH, ETC., OF MAN. 301 was clilutod to a constant volunio, 2,000 c. c, and aliquots taken for the several tests. This dihition to a standard vohinie greatly facili- tates subsequent calculations. The feces were collected and weighed for each twenty-four hours. Aliqout })ortions were weighed out, after thorougli mixing, and put in a separate container for analysis at the end of the period, which was generally seven days, as explained above. The bacterial tests, however, were made on the fresh samples. For the separate collection of urine and feces a very convenient form of closet was employed which was suggested to me by Profes- sors Grindley and Hawk, of the University of Illinois. One of these closets was kept at the laboratory and one at the rooming house. Exercise — hours for meals. — The quarters rented for the men were in a comfortable house, about half a mile from the labora- tory and diet kitchen. The six men occupied three rooms, the division being made according to the wishes of the men themselves. In addition to the walk between the two places the men had plenty of other exercise. Two of them carried papers early in the morning and had other work throughout the day. Three gave help in the analytical laboratory, and two, in addition to other work, had some janitor duties about the college. AH were encouraged to play hand- ball for a short time after dinner each day, and this exercise was generally taken. Breakfast was served at 7:30, lunch at 12, and dinner at 6. The men were put upon their honor as far as general conduct and con- sumption of other foods was concerned, and it is confidently beheved that there were no violations of the advice of the director here. There w^as no restriction on the consumption of water. The summer was unusuall}' warm and any attempt to limit the amount of water drunk, or even to control it, would have worked a hardship. In every respect the men were supposed to lead lives as nearly normal as possible, and only such restrictions were made as were really necessary for the proper prosecution of the work. With this brief introduction, which is doubtless sufficiently full for the purpose, we pass to the consideration of the data secured in the various examinations niade. The general urine tests will be taken up first. 302 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. GD o •joTjJix'-) j;>m5i •uoSoa^!^ Moi^AV. •■tqSiOM Aj(X ■IHS\0A\ ^siopi 'lO'BN SB apuoiqo •S-S a; a; "2 as .gc.g ^12;^ . -^ ■«»<■* -"I" oc o> g t^ t^ t^ r^ oi 00 ■(OOT="IOS ■snjoifd - s q d aiBqdsotici unqdins iBj^na^i •Jtiqdfns iBajgqja •jnqdins oiubSjohj »0 iC O O 1/5 O O M i-< --I CJ Tl rt rt ;oooooooc)rtc--t~- ar^OsclnO'-*00:D •jnqdins iBijox o •naSoj^jin anim^Baao C O Cl 00 00 ■<** •naSoJiju piOB ou£i •naSojjin aoijnj •uaSoj^m ^'H.bl ■uaSojjiu sajiQ 20i0000O»ft'^'<3' Cbo •iwSoJiin iBjox j • 00 l^ t^ CO O^ to CO Cj O IC' T^ ^^ 00 •.<;!abj3 ogioads •aumiOA o c r^ "^ 0-1 00 00 CI CO C-l CO CC ^ I CI ooooo oc OO lOOOOO tJOOOI-^OOOCOt^ ~(NOCO"5t-.r-Hrt ^ a EFFECTS OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON HEALTH, ETC., OF MAN. 303 •■jotujxa Joma •a93oj^!^ •ao)t!AV •JUSiaAi Ajq •^qSieAV 1SI0H «o eo ■* (io< iS5 WW >a> CO O-^ r-. . x> CO o C ?< .al!g (^ cj w tt tj; M 000 ;^2;;z; •lOBM su apuomo •(OOI='los ■snjoijd -soqd sjuqdsoiiti •inqdins iBJitna^ •jnqdins iBaiaq^a C) 10t^cOCOCC C5c> •naSojjra pioe ojifi 5;C^i-lt-<.-(l<-*M(MOOt^ K-l Sin-* 3" -^lO »o »occ •naSoj^iu B9JX1 •n33oi;ra IB^ox •^lABoS ogroads CC IC "O ^H OS CO ^ Oi-HOOOl^cOO £9 CO CO 2? ^1 IM C"l ^' ooocoooo ■DttmiOA 304 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. •jOTJj'jxo jaitJa •aaSoj?!^ •Ja^'BAV ■jq3i8M Aid 00 .-1 lO •^qSiaAV %S]oy[ ^u t3 Q a> o.H o o ^^ V. gv-. .S.S.S c c c o o a; ZZ^; "D^N SB apiiomo 00 ■-< " 00 CM t>. 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CO CI M CO 00 00 CO CO t^ •naSojiin aniinjBajQ ad ■naSonin piOB otin goOOOi-IOOOOOOt— Od •naSoj^ia amjnj ; -^ 05 00 r- 00 00 .-i ■ OOOO OOrH •uaSoxira ^hk lo CO r^ 05 00 00 ^ — *1* CO "^ ^ -^ CO Od • •naSojim cajfi • rt .H — < CO O O "O J C35 "^ 00 05 CO CO CO I OS oi o X ^ o •naSonin ibjox o.- o o ^ o CO :o -^ •AtABiS ogioads O ^H O -* 1^ O C^l CO CO CO CO CS CO C-1 ooooooo soooo mo „„^«.„ „'S-i<« ooco ■. .. anmjOA .oxoooo>-* 00 0> O — < CM CO •* ci; >g 312 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. ■%aei%xs jaqia •n93oJi!N g toco ,t "CO J t^ CO •jajBAi. ■jqSraM AiQ "mswAi ^sioK ;'- ?c c a o c c a v u o o o u tM l-i "lO^N SB anuoiqo ■(OOT=-IOS •snioqd -soqd a^Bqdsoqd •jnqdjns iBj^naN •jnqdins iBajaqia •mqdins oinBgjoni •jnqdps iBiox •na3oj;in atnmjBaio •naSojjtu piOB oun ■naSoura 8nuno o o O lO i-o o M (N CO CO 0-H(Mro e^ a 316 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. iOBj^xa jaqja •naSoj;}^ •ja^EAi •^qSjaM Ajq iqSiaM ^siopj 1^' Jin-* 50CO o J eg: c .3 s^ X X a> s> CD a> ^X3 WW J,-., CM o £=« lO -<>* ec-) M 0-' ^ + to --o 1 >005 1 s 2 _; o v: O.S O — 3 .2 c c c c c ;2;2;2; "lO^N SB auuopiO S ! ■(OOT=-Ios s.Snnqaj) UBOipni •stijoqd -soqd a^Bqdsoiij ooo>ra"5iooo>oo eoOOt^^H^OQCOOC-lO ■jniidins iBj^na^ ■mqdins iBojaqja •jnqdps oiubSjoui •jnqdjns lejo j, •naSojjjn anjnijBajo •naSojjiu pioB oiin. •naSoJiin amind •naSojjra eg^ XCOOOCKNCOCOOOSO sss 00 00 00 t^ r^ o CO c O00OO.-tO< eo 't* r- r- c iO5i-IC00000i-l00Nl>00 :oot^oot^t^GOt^cor^oo SrHOCDOOQOt-^t^t^t^t^ iO0-**b-CM(Nt^tO0000cO C?o 3^3: OlCC t^ 00 CD •^ "^ ■^ cc ^ •uaSojim B8Jn 'CD00»0OOC5»O-f*i-HC^ > Tf COCO t^ t- ' 05 t^ d Oi Ol n*^ oooi oi 00 oood oi uaSoj^Tu i^^ojj * CO O 03 ^ -- '^i »0 C^l fO O ■OrH(Nro E- a EFFECTS OF SODIUM BENZOATF. ON HEALTH, ETC., OF MAN. 317 •piuixo J.iq'ia •aa3oj;!N •JEKJUAV •jq3}0A ijci •^qSiaAV ^siopi to CO e"'^ o??'-^ •oow BS £5 WW ^z::^; 'lO^N SB anuomo » O lO ^H T-( .-) •(00T=-IOS s.Suijqaj^) UBOipni •snjoqd - s o q d aiBqdsoqj •jnqdins isnnaj^ •jnqdins i^ajaq^g •jtiqdins oiubSjoui •jnqdps iB^ox oooco •coco ":> t^o Oo • • • • _; -t* 'f CO CO "^ S ^- ^~ t~ 00 1^ c gooooc •* CO 00 00 g lOibioiraio Oo • • • • : t^ t^r^oooo •naSoj^iu anjmjBajo ' lO »o »o r^ lo : ir3 iO »o *o ^o •naSoJijn pioB oun •naSoura aminj ; OOt-HOb- . ^H ^H ,-H 1— I O •naSoura «HN - COCOCOti* ■* ■naSoJim ^ajfl •naSonin ibjox • CO CO T-H O Ol 5 CO 00 C^ 00 00 • CO CO --^ O CO f-L, ^ ' ^—^ ' ' i^J \~> •ifjiABjS ogjoadg •auirqoA 00(NC^C O ^H Ol C^» -M CO ooooo ooo oo ej OOiOM OOO . OicO t^ 1^ o ^ *00 t^OOOSO e^ IM C^ « ^ ^ o a ^ -p 1 :> T-H fi' :? Q m O « t=J •J013J1X8 jama ■noSoxjT^ •J8JT3AV ■■mSXQM. 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Q a; .' lo o 1^ r^ S 336 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. u H 1 > ^ Cj o < > ^ rt w K- OJ ^S W »-< Pi .fc^ Ch « -^ o y, 3 1 CO CO O J. 1? « rc; M « O ^ •-^ •^ ^ •jOBjjxo aama •naSoa^iN •jai«M •jq3i8AV Xia •jq3T8M 5SI0H 1.S| :^/5;« 'lO^N S'B anuorqo •(OOT=-los •snjoi{d - s o q d ejBqdsoq J •jnqdps iBuna^ •jtiqdxns iBdiama •mqdins oincSjoni •inqdins iB^oj, . e^ n m 00 eooodco'^mo oommooio gCiCSOOOSOOO •oooot~r^oo^o gOOOOO.-^*05'— ' : (N IN i-l --1 --I 1-1 OCC H O) C) 03 O O •uaSojiin iB^ox • CO CO lO »c o cc c^ = Ci Oi (N C^ CI 00 !^ 3 (N iM '-^ --"-i •X!iiABi3 ogioadg 'anmioA O 'J "^ Ci to -^ Oi C^ N (M >J«AV ')q3]8M Aid •jqSioAv isiopj HU ~' 1 ^ Bog I zk'z •IO«N SB auuomo .•O"500OOi0'»C5O >rfffoa>-^oc'^ "50000 ■(OOI='IOS s,3uimaj[) DBDipni )SSS •snjoqd - s o II d ajBqdsoqj; sxocooocc:c;ooo 5=5 -Jr^^ •jnqdjns iBjjnajsj ■jnqdps iBajaq;a • 3C QC c. o; go C-. 21 S « goooooococ Oo •jnqdjns oraeSjoai e ■» •">• -^ 'o -o o o o o •jnqdps iBjox •naSoJija amnuBaJO sSS-SS-3?!§SS •aaaojjm pioe oii.i 2^^H,-i'X0COi«'-'^^ •uaSojiiu anunj -naSojjiu »HN •ueSojjiu E8jfi 2 1- 1^ >o o t- ci r~ o o Oc5 ■ • • • rt-H'^OOO'fl'OC-. 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Ph •pBjjxo jam3 •uo3oJ4!>i •J9JBAV •imSiaM Xjd mSiaAv jsioj^ .a.s •23S .ec.e »zz lO^N SB anuopio ■(OOT=-Tos s.Suima^) UBOipui . 00 N 00 OS 05 OS C5 SCO "^ CO t-^ »/5 "^ "^ lO O O O O «5 ^ O IM 04 CO >-l CO CO •snjond - s q d o;Bqdsoqc[ ecOOOOOCOiOOsOs C60 •Jiiqdins iBijnof^ Oo • • • •mqdins i^ajaqia gooooc iSo ■ ■ ■ •jnqdins oiobSjoui S' 6ocQcDcp-x*o ■^ 1" •jiiqdins iB^ox ^-r^ o t^ ^ CO •naSojjiu 8uiunB9J0 g 00 CO •^ to 00 CO CO •naSoJiiu pjOB oijfl 2(MCOOOOOO •uaSoj^in auunj ; 01 -H 00 O ^ (M M •naSoj^m sjj^ 0(= • ■ • ■ • • « II •naSonin cain • CO Cl 1^ 00 r^ C5 C35 »o » o (N r- iO " » 00 10 ; 05 1>^ oi 01 06 r-^ t>^ a> •naSoj^ni toox •X'jiabjS ogioadg ■ "J* CO c-> — I ■^ c-i '^^ ^ccc55co'^ci»c».':i coococot^oo M CO CC CI C-J C^ CO 0000000 •eumioA OOOOOQO •f^Tjir^csoO'n' "wcDcoOoaooos O^HN CO-^lO CO 3 § 372 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF M.AJN. •joBJixa joma •u<)30Ji!>i •J9JBAV ■jq3i8M. AiQ •jqSiaAi jsioj^ X) -r^ jsOcDoooor^^co 00 0> h- -^ O ^H rH goo ;t^C5 00ioi^ gooooooo > t^ ^ t>-01 ^^ 05 d 05 > ^ ^ *0 lO CO ^ ■'J' CD ; (N CT (M O! r~ _a l."* <•'* ".^ WJ I^" f^- 1^- '.W gOtOQCt^OCOS i O C!< 00 i-H r^ 00 »o -.D CO SS3 C5d • O CO r- CO » : 00 r^ ■^ w5 -£i — < -H : t-H "-l C-l C^ C-l 1 C-) « 0(M « IM "O e-1 t: CN ,^ '.-<,.< rl (M C J CM I 1~ tt o U '"30t-0-300 PQ . ^ at ■c iH — gk- P. ■S.S.S u a c c t£6C6t o o o Sis iiSiS lOBN se amiopio .oooot^ooo •(OOT = -los •STUoqd -soqd e}«u(IsoqB oufi O ICOOOOO CC CO -^ •«»' « CO cc > t- O O (N C^ lO lO CO tt »o »o ^ Oc5 cocoocn -H M c>i cd ■uaSojini 8uiin -•I* O »0 X 00 00 = N «3 c^ 00 « ;= --c ■ ddi-0 ^ O O Oi CO CO IM CO CO CO CJ C^l oooooco OOOOC OO • o ^ — • ■•T >o -^ r^ 'o0Cm35O5^^!MC*l H s EFFECTS OF SODIUM IJKNZOA'l'K ON IllOAl/ni, KTC, OF MAN. 375 naSoi^HU Bain naSoJira ixsiox ■AiiAt;j3 ovjiO'idS •auinio^V • 00 lO O 00 o o oo ;" s^OOt-"^"^^^*^ ^^odoocoooQOoooo ■ CR I^ CI «2 O C CJ »^ OO CO CO'* CO CO CO C^» CO CO CJ CO o o o o o o o ocoooqo , ■ CO I^ O ''H 00 Tl ^J ^ i^ t- w CT> 00 O t~ -t e S 376 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. •laexjxa laq'ja noSoniN 5 loci ■aa^p.vi ■jqSpM Xjq ■^qSiDM ^siopj sSio I S 22 -HO 0"i n.5 o & a; it ti. u. coo ZZZ "lO^N S3 anuopio . ifl lo in o o o m •(00T = -IOS s.Snimaj) UEoipui O O C O »0 lO o ■^ IC CC CO C^ M CM •sruoqd ■ s q d ajtjqdsoq J •jnqd[ns iBj^naK •jnqdins iBaiaqjji •jnqdjns oinBSjoni •jnqdins i^jox (scnojo 05000000 „• 00 » >o oo o C-- o Soooooo— I ttcJ i M -O -O to 'C '-O M g 00 t^ O &0 I^ I^ t^ •uaSojqin aniuncajo CI "O -O c: 00 X O •na3oj;ra pioB oufi gcOOO>05i-<— c ^H o o "^ ttd"^ ■aaSojiiu Bajfi • -^ji -^ lO !D w :C ci 2 0-. ooocoocooo JJooccoicJoioo •uo2oi:(ni ic^ox • lO p i^ r- o o ■ ; 5s -^ o ^ — i — cv cc II •iIliABj2 ogioods ^ O r^ 00 TO r-. — o c5c b ooc c c; C' =; = c c; amnio^ .csommoo — a> . . . . e e . ■g jj ^ O t~ 00 o> O r-i r ^ s EFFECTS OF SODIUM BEN/OATK ON IlKALTil, ETC., OF MAN. H77 ■^atiijxv) joqia •aa3oxiiN •ja^BAV "iqSpAv AiQ <2 Sm mSiaA^ ?sio;v c.S HM is §1 is:z;^. "lO^N SB anuoiqo •(001='los s,3n;nioa) uBOipui •sruoiid ■ s o ij d ejBqdsoqd •inqdins I'Bj^naN •inqdjns icajoqia . OS CO C^ *^ t^ f^ GO B^i-HIMCO'-l'-HC-l IC O W3 O O O Q C^ « CO CO CC M ■* MCOt^OtOOOO C^OOOOt^OO'JCOs g'. • O O t^ 00 00 00 05 Od ■■■■■- ■ •jnqdins oniBSjoni •jnqdins i^qox 5 o o to CO ^ t^ t^o g I^ 00 00 OS OS o o (5( •naSoj:nu auranBOiO ^lOCOOO^OOCO Csd ■ • ■ ■ ■■ •naSoj^ra piOB oun J <^. =~! "^ CO o 05 o o^ ^ o 00 1^ o> c^ <» t •naSoaiia enund g^ooo-Hrnc 1^ I CSd ' ' ' ' 1 *o -^ o o t^ o Cs "^ I OcS _'_J ^•tDOO«Of-t^<3 ■uaSoi^TU 'eain oo CO 0(N r- I ■naSoj^in i^^ox 'S'\i\^j3 ogioads • .-H rH »-0 (M CO CO (M '3 O '^ ■>! ^' OC QC r- O <-< '-C Oi ro O t- CO CO . « -•» CO CO o» o o o o c; o o ,0000000 "-^05 00^ coo— ' ^ M C^ (N (N Cvi M 2 CO CO CO CO M CO -^ •snjoqd -soqd ajBqdsoqj •jnqdins iBuna^ ■jnqdins iBajaqjg •jnqdjns oiubSjoiii •jnqdjns ibjox •naSoajin anim^'eajo aaSoJiin pisre oun •naSojjjn animj •naSoj^TU ejJN •naSojjin Bajfi •naSoi^in psiox •;£1!ABj3 oypadg •annqoA g0305050000a Cjo ■ ■^-;^ ■ «000t^O»0c0O0l g .-H ^ rt N -H rt .-I C)0 S" 00 o; i^ t^ t^ t^ CD ocooooo Od ec:coc<»cococot^ gt^t^t^Q0cC:Ot^ gOCTiOO-HOOOOO o^ • -^ • -.-; Sco^oo^ooocco j.uiia • no •iio3oiJ!N •J04«A\. ;:3S o =^ 121 "2a 5a S'^ =? OW ^ »o ic COC*5^TfOfOC*3rC"*J* 00 60 »O00 t— 05 1-- t^ Oi o goooooooo Oo «o 03 CO 'M t- (M CI aC ^ ci 10 O I- :0 ci; O O O 5 (M C'* QO cc to cc »--: o gooaoaiOioocoooGO (So O — 'CO CO OO^H 00 l^ O CO CD t- 00 o M a: -H—H -HOC -- 00 po ci c^i 04 .-< ^ •i£;!Aei3 ogToadg •auiniOA o -< -x c^ o g-. o> ■* C^COC^COCO?l(MC^ 00000000 ■a 5 380 SODIUM BENZOATE AND T?1E HEALTH OF MAN. ■jOBj-jxd jaqja •naSoj^if^i •J9;ba\. •^qSiaAi AiQ ■%\l2\BM. jsiopf go -.m •-.,-• ■2 3>S aaa '^7^^ 'ID'BN SB suTjoiqo ■(OOT='IOS s,3u![qaj) UBOipui iO>0 000»f5 0iOOO cococoeccofO-«rcocO'<3* •snioqd ■ s o q d ajBqdsoq J ■Jiiqd[ns iBjjnoj^ •jnqdins jBajaq^g •inqdins omBSjonj •jnqdins ibjox •naSoniu aniuo'BaJO •naSoj^m pbij ouq •naSonjn anunj •aa3oj:nn ejiN •uaSoj:(!U Bajfi ■ua8oj:jin jb^ox •^fjiABjS ayiaadg •9um[0yv 1 O t^ t^ t^ lO (M CO O J t^ t^ t^ t^ 00 00 I^ l^ 6ooo»-ooot^r^T-i'»pLor-o jcooocooOQOr^oooooot^ :oooooooooo J O ■* O M - t^ O «3 O C 1--CCXD O ; 00 o o (N w -^ ■oooooo ^■^Wh-i-Hi-tOOOC Oo • ' • • ' • :Nt-icooooooooo»o *0"^i-lr-«,-tWCCCOOCO fttjoosc;:><:;:>'-t'— 0 >0 lO o o o »o CO CO CO CC ■«? CO CI .: c-i N o t^ lo ' Od • • • • 5'^ ^ :C O t^ t^ t^ C^ t gss ooooo C O lO lO iO ** CO lO gFit C)d Oi 05 -^ 1-1 00 h- ?C gtD-J3 e!d • «C CD CO iO c:D (C CO ^ ^ Od • -^ .-H t-1 r- rf I CV| ^OOO 'O ;5d ' o) a>05 ci CO t^ lO t^ (^ CO •naSoijin i^jox •jijiABjS oyiDadg •aumiOA • »0 lO O ^ -cf up CO rH rt CO Oi-< oo d d d d dcooi o -J IM oo ic t- o CO oi CO cq c-i c^ CO ooooooo ooooooo ulNOQtO OOOO .»-lt^Or^cOOO W C*l M C^ CI CI CO H a 382 SODIUM BEKZOATF. AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. » 73 > 0) m Eh > o W Pi 1 d Ph tt ■g > o CO ■s. 0) -^^ fi' -A c 3 Q ;a (/J O r tf b ! .moo •jajB^ ■■m3i8itt jLid Sooe-j 0"= •S.a ;o .-I ;Oo; -sgj ;?;2;;2; ■I3«N SB anuomo ■(■OOT=-IOS •snjoqd -soqd ajBqdsoqd mqdps iBj:>n8N •jnqdpis leajaq^a . (N C^ C-1 C^ (N o S' ^ ^ T-< ,4 IS 00 •oooiooioo .-1 -^ TI< rt rt N CO : m to O »0 05 00 OS i 05 05 05 05 OC O CO •lOOO^CMOOO ;rt T-C-OOOO ■mqdins oiaB3joni •jnqdpis iBjox •naSoigiu animjBaio •naSoj^in piOB ou/i •U33oj:jiu anunj ■uaSojim Ejj^ ■naSojjiu B8Jii •no3amn jb^oj, •X^iAt;j3 oyioodg •aumiOA : ! C-l O CO O (M : o ^ o 00 oo t^ r^ iCOOCO'O-^COW 2 CO o o o Tp ,-. rf e>o •oooooo--* Od • o t^ r^ c? o 00 o i^CO-T -^C-J OOOCo t;(Nr»oot^-«<00 .CON^OCO^-J CO ■* to o r^ cc o: o » KFFECTS OV SODIl'M lilON /OA IK UiSi HEAI/l 11, ETC., OF MAW. libli .ss •4ow)x.>a.)ina O 1 .-.«n •uoaoJiJM Sod IN jaiBAV •IHaiaAY A.i(i ft5 to --;' •JUSjOAV JSIOJIi 5.9 kl kl WW ,_( i-H ^ OJ 0.9 g Boa ^A'A'A ■I3«N ^~« anuomo ■(oo:=-ios s,3u!iqoj[) UBDipiii •snjoqd -sond .(jtiqdsoqj •atiqd[ns iBi'^na^ ■Jtiqdins iBajaqia •jnqdins oiubSjoui .OCOMl>NC^OiO (M (N C^ T-i "-"-^ ' ooOOOSOSiOT-t^cOp gooooooco 06 «;ooN> CI C) . 05 ■(OOT=-IOS s^Sunqa^ ) UBOtpni ■O lO O O lO o o •stijoqd a;, -soqd a:>Eqdsoqj ^o ■jnqdins jBi^najsj • jnqd[ns jBdjaq^a goocjoooo -~000000O5CO0000 ' lo »ot^t^ r^ •jnqdins onrcSjoui I g^^oot^t-otc (id •Jliqdps IBJOX S : C3 ; •naSoJura aninijBaJO Oc •uaSojim piDB oiifi •naSoajTU auim j sooooooo •naSoiiin ejj^ J Ol Oi ^H CO OS 00 »^ •uaSOXHU B8Jn : rf — I X' M o o oo ■ddddd cioc •naSoj^in iti^ox g ' • r» o >o CO ■* oc X •iS^iABjS ogioads •aumjOA — lOrO— <-^XO) ro M c^i CO CO c-1 w ooooooo ooooooo — I t-H c^ CI c^ c^ rj S8|| = I _; :- a EFFECTS OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON HEALTH, KTC, Ul" MA^. 385 -piU)Xvt JJl])^ -aaSoj;i^ 19.87 2.21 ooS"S K K V 0) 01 V J3£l »H ^s •o s? §ac 1^ o O- "^ + S ss| r-^O! 1 -^ 1 V •o a a; o-r 3 s a a s a a c 0. a> » z^;^; •lO^N SB anuopio •(001=los s.Snirqaj) UBOipni •snjoqd -soqd aiBqdsoqd •jnqdins iBJ!)n8|^ •Jnqdjns iBejaq:ia it^iOi^OO^'OicOO 5<= gooooooooo 06 •jnqdins onre3joni g-xioo-cootooo = •jnqdins ib^ox ;c»5C0C0 1^OM — 0000 •naSojiin aumijeajo g S S o -c M M •— -H -- c-j oi c^> aaSojjin aniin,! •naSoijia ^hN ■OiOOOCO— lOI^OO . TT -^ -^ iO *0 »0 ''J' lO iO ■naSojjm cajii ;oc X C) O •* QC CC O O oi •-'t GC' o X r'. n a: o: 3C oc o> OJ 00 •naSojjin i^joj, „■ P Q O -^ 5D I^ 0= C> C^ giaiSxcmxoojCTi •ijiABiS ogioads ooooooooo •aunqoA 500 OOiOO 30 — oo«-^o -.00 I c^i c^ c^ !M re ?c ^ e- S 70111— No. 88—09- 386 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN, •uaSoj^if^ j^io •jajB^W. •iqaiaAi i£jQ •jqSia^tt iSiOH .«5 0» Scdci ,2«S a a a o so Q PO $s o S£ ^iz;;^; 'lO^N SB auuopio . O: ITS c<5 t^ c o c ■(00T='IOS ooooooo •snjoqd -soqd e^Bqdsoqj ^^ •jnqdjns jBjjna^ •jnqdjns iBajaqig •jnqdtns o\ws3ioui •jnqdins ib^ox 00 C: t^ C3S Ci o: j^ uu uu uu uu od • ■ ■ • iC lO »0 »0 »C »C i-'S gooooooo Co CO CC O CD '-« OG OC ■-' I : ! •naSojjin animjBajo ^iCOOOO^*0 ^- •naSojim piDB oufi '^ c^i oa -H rt CI c^ ■uaSojjTU anijnj^ c^ cj I.- m M o o o o o •naSojim ^hN c= CO O ■.-: — • •uaSoijm Bajfl •naaojjin ibjox ■(MOO'^dOINSJ looddoodoJoi ; (N o t^ ic o Ci c; oSr^SJS:^;:^^ •A}!AT3i3 ogpadg anmiOA ■^ C^ (M C^ CC Cl (M rt rO CC CO C-J 04 (M c c ooc oo .ooooooc ii^cooo»o»r:c^cD ;i^QCOiO5C0(M?C - H S EFFECTS OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON HEALTH, ETC., OF MAN. 387 ■(,n!j(xo joina 'uaSoj)!^ •J3JBAV •JljflOAV .il(J -)qSt9ia qstojt 00 »CO ■3S g Sft ^g X K (U v a i se 9nuo[qo •(OOT=-los •snjoqd - s o q (I ajBqdsoqj ■Jtiqdins iBJinasj •iiiqdins iBajaq^a ■jnqdjns oinBSjotq •jnqdpis iB^ox •naSojjiu amnijcajo •naSojjm pioB oufi •ne3oi4!a aniaricj , IC c^ r^ 00 CC Oi <35 o?LOC4cpOOO:0<0 eO»00000500000 gOO^O.-l'-i'- C!0 g ooooooo Co g I- to O «0 l^ CO ^ Cbo "; CD CO ^ CC ^ O Od St— tOO^C.-'CJCi (N C<) —I C^ •!!■ CM •£ CM CO 388 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEAI/FH OF MAN. ^ Pi ^ CO 1 § •joej^xa ii»ma •uaaoniN .oo uajBjVV •:m3|aM ^a ■ .OC5 ^00 -a" ■imSia.tt ^siopi S + II S.S-2 ;z:;z;2; ■IO«N SB aauoiqo •(OOI="los •stuoqcl - s o i[ d a^BqcIsoqcj . N M CO m CO oooo5— I ; "O -^ CC lO ^ •(OOT=-los s.Saijqaj^) UBOipnj 2SS^3 •snjoqd - s q d a^Bqdsoqd •jnqdjns iBjjna^ •jnqdins iBaiaqig •jnqdins oinBSjoni •mqdtns iBjox •naSojjiu amnnBaio g ^H ^H 1— t ^^ O C!C> • ■ • • gggggg Cjo • • • • g 00 r^ to -J h* do • • • • gooJCScn 00 to-; • • • • - CD is iO O CO •naSojiin pioe DUfi ;2 . . . . . ■uaSojiiu anunj e CO »o r^ CO CO = 000 ■naSojjiu sjiN •noSojjin ■eajfi •ub3oi\]u l^^ox : IC CO C> lO *o oj S3 1-» o> -H TT 2 OS ^ CO 05 "^ £-<-<0050 ■ O O ■«>> r^ CO ^O coco 05 lO >^ -^ CO c^ -5 (N •aji.vbjS ogpadg •atunjOA Ot ^1 M C^l CI OOOOO . ■ o ^ ■^ lO CO r^ 00 ^ o T 390 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. •jOBjjxd Jaqja •ao3oij!^ •j9;bav •jqaiaA JUd •^qSia.tt JSiopj 6S oo ti u IS CJ-; r^ ■ ■ ■ ■ Oo I Od •uaSojjia aaun J 'OdSoj^ia ^'B.K ^OO'iOQOOOOOO 'So 'UdSoi^ia Bajfi •uaSojjiu IBJOX •XUABi3 Dtjpads •auinioA • N o 05 1>. i.3 cj lo S t^ O "^ CO w :i -^ " CO ^ ^1* CO CO CO CO 00 — LO CO -a" LO !C ^ M C^l 0^ (M OJ CS ocooco o .ocoo o oc t," LO CI O ■q> o O ;= 5j **-*--* O 5; EFFECTS OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON HEALTH, ETC., OF MAN. 391 •joBj-jx.i joma •ua3oj4if.l •jojBAV •jqaiOAV Ai(i 1^-^ 00= IN "mSieAv %S]oyi ISS IS s ! Ora 118. 100. ■ 00 to •OJOO :g2 m ^Z.'A ■ID«N SB auijoiqj . 00 00 lO O t^ t^ lO I •(00T='los s.Suirqa^) UBOipui •snjoqd -soqd 8:>Eqdsoq-hco^i-hco Qj -4 o d -j -; -^ CO •uaSojjtu iB^ox ^QCOOC^MCM-^ (§ 1" oi C-i CO C-i CM 10 •ijiABiS oyioadg ■auiniOA O w O ^ CO t^ CO CO CO CO CO CO CM CI o ooc 000 &- a 392 SODIUM BENZOATE AIs'D THE HEALTH OF MAN. I >, CQ < r^ m ^ is 5^ O ■§ I C<3 -^ ■jcmnxo jama •aa2oj}!|«i •ja^BAi •?qSt9AV jJjd •^q3i9M ?siOK (^o6e s 1^ c c •*^4^ ^ a X x © Q> j3ja i^M gs ? S Oti! ci ^ Cjrt -- + r- t>. 03 M §£ .5.S.S c c c stMW) ZZ2: "lO^N s« auijomo •(OOT=-Ios s,3n!iqaj[) UBOipai •stijoqd -soqd e^Bqdsoiij, •jnqdins iBJine^j •jnqdjns i^ejaqja •inqdins oincSjoui . 00 o ■^ N M ^^ C5 ec^cjiraioocooro 1 -.z. c-i -T m (x> oa t- ;^—0;OOi030500 ■ O O lO CO U5 U5 b* gooooooo tto c 00 1^ r^ t^ CO o i^ •jnqdins i^jox 0C« — — -OiOJC •uaSoj^in eninijBaJO g § 3 =5 ^' - - ■■c ■'£ -^ -S 'S ■naSoj^in piO'B o\i[\ J ^ O CC CV5 O I Ol C>) M Cq !M •naSoj^in an!jn^ ■■'<>l«AV .5i? •HtSiit.w Aiii ■'J' •n ■S-O e ^ o Ol M -{qSid.w ;sion ;8S o a h5 ^'^ !S Q MOO o.S o ® ^ iSi c C c sea o c o o o o b4 U U ■IO«N s^ ^"MouiJ : ^ O *^ ^ 00 30 O ■(OOT='los •sruoqd - s o i{ d ejBijdsoq^ lO »C "^ O IC IC o «'9>C^if5 ,J^ H ^ • < > "M « ■N W r/l 'O W •— « ■-^ Ph X «J o ^ w •1.-WJTX0 jaqig •aa3ojj!>i •jdjTiAV •jqSra.vv Ajq: iqSw.tt jsiopi ec CO O o £ <2 A I rvi r- i= si P § g2 zzz . X --I —• ■* 00 OC 00 COU510000 •(OOI=*Ios I f,^^^^^^ ■snjoqd - s o q d ajBqdsoq J •jnqdins lBi;n^^^ •jnqdins iBajaq'ja =c M — < CO ^ C^ C^l 00 «iOOOiOO>0000 ■ -^ lO t^ t>- 5p CD I g oooooo c Oc5 •jnqdjiis oinBSjoui s'^'^'^'^'^'^'^ •inqd{ns isjox •uaSojjm aniniiBajo •naSoxjin pi»B aijfi ■naSojiiu anuni •naSoj^iu Bajfi •<*• O CO 00 CO CO c ggS CONCDCO'J' 2cococOTin E= S EFFECTS OF SODIUM HENZOATE ON HEALTli, ETC., OF MAN, 395 cic: • —IX •)OiU(>:i>.i>»MlJl I 5;5" •5 1--^ a ^ M 65 3S :^ ■a c « la* SB- c g « c ffi. 222 'lO^N SB auuomo .OOOOOO'^'* 0>0.0>O.C.C'C>C'0 •(OOI=-los s.Suijqaj) ncoipni OiOUSOOOOi-O •siuoijd - s o n d ojBqdsoqj •jnqdins |Bj^n9jsj •jnqdins jBajaqja •Jiiqdiiis oureSjouj •jnqdins iBjox • r^ -X t* cc to o t^ i^ Sccocoooo Od 2: -^ -.D OC t^ '.C O w I^ (2 d 5 0-. c»oociroc5» •uaSojiiu aumnBajo 2 '-O ■* M 00 -J tC "5 « Od ■naSojjiu piOB oijfi Sno— IOC— '----■xi g N C^ Cl -H W Cl C^ — I Od •uaSoJim onijnj = iri^ ri o oo 00 a t K O O — I — . O O •ua3ojiiu BaJ:! 2 ■* C5 1^ 'X o o ■^ i-'5 gjd • • • • • • • • cc ic r* o rs o — < t^ •lldi^OJllU l^joj, : o 2; o --^ t- 1;^ 9:' cv c; — ' C'l cc E- S 396 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. <^ ^ •(OBJjxajama; •uaSoi)!^ •jajB^VV •^qSiSAv Sj(1 loS o_- •4ii:S!t(AV jsioj^i I S".' 3^ a a II ■3'B 25- - I + C C zz;;z; ■D«N SB auuoiqo ■(OOI=-IOS s.Sujmaj) u'BOipni >00>000i0000<0 •snjomi ■ s o II (I ajBqdsoqj •jniidins |Bnna>i •jnqdins i«ajaqja oc^—iiOOQOO— i-^-J *OOOSI^00000500i I^O -.rtr-i^ r-( H-H|^OSChOS^t^O>I>- :OOOOOOoooo •jnqdnis oiUBgJoni •jnndins ib^ox o :0i0500OOC>1O0iO0S O ^-..Hrt •uaSojiiu aainiiBajf) ' g o o -^ -^ :o i> Ci -i '.^ ^ •uaSoJiin pioe oufi : r^ i» >o -^ oi lo >n •iiaSojjin Bajfi •uaSojjiu i^iox •a'^iabjS oyioads 05 O kju I— ' ^— ' c%i t.^1 ■; I-- Oi OS CC t'. XJ Oi -^ o6ooc<:(>ioic?o . • O »0 O lO >0 (M 00 ^ (M CO ■ ^ OJ o TJ 'M ic "<»* c^j re tM ro cccocccoc<)cccccc^i ooooooocoo •aiun|OA 0»OQOOOOOQQ j;coc>»or^t^OGiO"^'3oD ■ ■ . , ^ C3 ; ; s c ; ; ; ; ; ^o j;j ; :C h- oo Oi O -^ IN re r- »^ EFFECTS OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON HEALTH, KTC, OF MAN. 397 •J.)BJ)X,> i>'l|('jl |S^ •naSoaiJN •ja^BAV •^uSiaAi itici ;S^ e :i§ 1^5 m3ioA\ ^SIOJ^ (3- 0) w WW iS S :^S ^;:z:^; 'lO^N SB auijomo ■(OOI='los ooooomo « — . r-< rt M — ( r-( •siuoqd -sond ai^ndsoq,! •jnqdins lejinajs: •jnqdins iBdjaqia; •jnqdins oiobSjoui S ■■°. '■^ '- ' « -^ -J O — ( O 00 K 05 C5 O 03 Oi X 5o _a* 1^ t^ '-^ o t^ 1^ ic goocoooo 1 —I -H c^ Cbo • • • • • • •naSojjm anijnj Sg OS 00 GC OS CC -^ oooooo •nagojamgHNr •na3oi:^TU tsdifi « ^ ^ io lO to lO lO JSo ■ • • • • _• • t^ r^ Gc -^ aj c^i o 2 C") C-1 OC «") — 1 «2 C") •uaSojjra 1'b:jox •jCiiabjS ogioads •aumiOA • M ci X a; o M M g C^l C>1 X C C"» to CO •^ c4 M ci M -< M ^i I C* CO CO fC C? (N >oooooo OpQOOOO ;NiO»Sc^'*00CO : CQ O M M OS --< CO X5 "3 lO to 6^ S 398 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. DAILY FOOD CHARTS. The following tables present the recordetl numerical data con- cerning the daily ])ill of fare of the diet squad, and it will be recognized, as explained in the opening statement, that the diet is an ample one. The additions at the foot of each page show the total weight of food consumed dail3^ exclusive of tea and cofl^'ee, but including milk, the total nitrogen and fat consumption, and, in some cases, the estimated fuel A^alue of the food. The total food weights have only relative value, because of the very variable nature of the items in the menu, but are suggestive and are therefore included. The records in the fourth column under each subject are close approximations only. Enough additions are made for each period to show^ with a fair degree of closeness tlie extent of food consumption, measured in this way. The footings have naturally a much greater relative than absolute value. It will ])e noticed that the men exliibit very different tastes; in one case, for example, the consumption of butter is abnormally high, while in another the milk consumption is very high. All the men were found to be very fond of sugar, wliich was used lil)erally directly and weighed as such, and also in the form of puddings, custards, and certain sauces, which were made sweeter than most people woidd desire. The fuel value of the various foods was calculated in part from the daily analyses and in part from the records of the cook, who worked under the observation of one of the laboratory assistants, and was able to state closely the amount of carbohydrate employed in various items. For some of the fruits and a few other things the values have been taken from the Atwater tables, published by the Department of Agriculture. In any event, the comparative values hold good, and this is the main object of the computations. The nitrogen and fat adcUtions have been used in computing the Imlances of the preceding tables, and the fuel values found have been summarized as shown below. A number of days from each principal period w^ere taken at random, and the values for these days computed and added. From these additions the means were taken, and these are the figures given below for the fore period, the low preservative period, the first high preservative period, the second high preservative period, and the after period. It wall l)e noticed that there is no characteristic change in the daily caloric values through the whole season; while for some of the men there is an increase in the calo- ries used, for others there is the reverse change. In general the values remain high and show^ no relation to the administration of preservative. EFFECTS OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON iiEALTll, ETC., OF MAN. Mean ralories consumed. 399 Fore period Low preservative period Firsl nith preservative jxTiod.. Seeoiid nigh preservative jx>rlod After period 2,948 2,744 3,412 3,287 3,542 Number of the subject. 3,459 3, .■178 3, 377 3, 123 3, 753 III IV 3,494 3,839 3,827 3,677 3,741 2,903 .3,114 3,112 3,230 3,802 3,167 3,061 3,191 3,071 3,005 3,545 3,572 3,974 3,938 3. 543 400 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. ^ e-i oc ^ S a oo 25 ■»■ ^' •uaSojji^ •poo) JO iunomy oooo ■^ 30 ' " ST. ao<_ CI -- ■ S ST. » O O •aniBA pnj pajBunjsa ^ CI C^ lO -^ ^ '^ t^ ro re -X8 jama •neSox)!^ ■pooj JO junoinv •aniBA lanj pajBuitjsa -X8 aaqia S^!,' o"''^ ■naSoxuN •pooj JO ^unoniv •aniBA janj paiBunis%{ •.-D O O O f 1^ t- Tli O : g t- c-1 HJ •uaSojitN ■pooj JO innoiuv ;oo 5— 'O •aniBA pnj pajBiintSH -X8 Jaqia •uaSoJiiN •pooj JO jimoniy P oo yi r-c^co CO -M«« D OOO 1^ 30 C) « — OS o — o ■'r t>. '.c c! o— ■ — 00 « o i383l:;3 « SI iSS oooooooo — -^ -"T 00 O C-> W •OOtOO'-O • r* -v t^ CI ^ OOOOOO'-'iOO Q«'^ — oicccioiQQ tci^co^Ooco; — »oio — — — cic- -2§s; O O Q i-"^ 00 ?2S oooooooo ^- O: »C CO O »-^ CD oooo — go oooooooo Qcot-^coocciooi r^ "^coc9»ccoc-ic>):oc^oO'-; t~ N — CI— — OCOOCl — O ■-> — 00 ■» 00 ooo^oooooo»oooo •^cocit^ococJ2i<^!2r'^S5S2 •anjeA pnj pdjBtmjSH t- CO •* -^ — CO )--«t^ OO-^CS"^— 'Clt^cOCOCCX CJ lO — O t J J -Xd Jaq^a •n33oj}i>i •pooj JO jnnoniv' o — -f 1* o — t^o*^ OO'-S-H CO O '.S • •■£ 1" — oo (N ■ CI CI :0 CI UO -^ CI CI • • O CO oo CO ^ —I 6) —I T— CO -^ o • ■ o LO r^ CI O : -^ -o o o "-"i CO ooooooooooooo co'^"ci:D-.dcoair:*ciooioQ 00O"*1^dClt^CJ'^^^31t^05l0 •jaejjxa Jatoa •naSoJUN »: "OO o;-= §g- O I- s. ri Cut— :??- — -' t: TT CO-H — CO — t^N^O 2 ^ f"i c * KFFECTS OF SODIUM BKNZOATK ON HKAI/IH, KT("., OK MAN, 401 ss o — < O O O O O "5 oooooooooo O-hOO© r^ q ^oi ^ q q :d — - -^ ^ * r- 3 m N o o gj I - 00 * o 05 'J ro o 8fe — -^ O! — -- ■ O " 'OWO ooooo muso o"o o o o o o o o o oipJQQO « 00 QJ » « o o t~ OJ oS t-^ c5 ^ U3 OO t» f-^QO M — " U50000 OOOO —1 «05to — — ' 1^ N 00t--ffl cooooo o 0,-H »coi cj ooooo t^C5 CC -hCJ t-i oS t^ i« 00 (N •■^CSQOC ooor- — -Ht^ .loo—i-- ooooo -i c» £ od M M O 1-1 ICOOCOOOOOOOOO ■^ X 1-^ CO d -^ d "^ oi "^ o' d d (M — I M — r-l O M -S XT cc d ro t^ 00 00 d t^ -^ t^ r^ • 00 1- ;c CO ooooo oo ooo oo o ooooo ■^ 05 t^ CO ■n' c^] '^0C-^S»ft«O'?^oo 70111— No. 88—09 9S m CO o o 'S" S d gj 00 to -H e<5 SOI^OC -H 'cO OOOOO ■-•jioOOOOOOOOOOOO »cVosod"5'^dc-i'^d"5d^c^Qtrdd osoovQaoO'^ocoaooufS'Ot^oooiinQ OiN (N-J OOOOOU5 CO«5(Nt-0000>t^o3 oooooo ^ 0> *()* O 05 o »0 M lO ^H ^ (M rt rt CO UI Ol d rt 00 d — ico ooo dujd t>.tDO0 . . t>. -^ C^ CI ^ to 00 —I • .CTi^ •-< CO » to t~ rl «5 O t>- 'r-t 1-5 *ci -H ■ cirH ooooo >-0>OOOOOiOOOOOOO S'coddddoddiQddddoot^ciood ■^ wi O LO iC t» 1-1 O O O CO o o o -o X to to CJ Oi t^ to o r^ 00 to 05 to „ r~ . ^ t^ • 05^t^C35^iO^CO '1-H ii-HC^F ci ' c4 " ■ 1-5 OOtOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO "idddd— 1 co" -X9 jaqia .O c""' CCtC^^COOCOO 'iCCM •' ■ d |"S t~ OC ^^ « -^r N -.c ■ -h d • • ; > 1 1 •naSojJiN |^ ; w -^ 00 wv to h* »o o? -^ o __.g.T}.— .M-tr^Jo-'J'occ — o ^ 'cc-J -^ -^ -^ • ■ • : : S? : : 2 coocoocoooocooccc , c o ci 5 3 •pooj JO junouiv s=-ssi§^'^2§"S2i^§^i§ J * * ' 1 M <— 1 C^ ■^ ^ •— t r-t 1— < 00 O QC f -.C >0 • r~ -"ji M C-J o c5l ■ — O — 1 ; c^r ^ •JDBJI -xa jama T!< lO t-- 05 05 ■W M CC lO W 5? :S2 : : ; : : c I d l-^s NOi CM ^ .-H t^ ..-^co • • • ; ; 8 > 3 •na3oi}i>i go • -X> CM CO r- — GO r-( U" "^ 1— 1 ■ MO-n* coco— t • : ; S o'^ ': -aS M^ r-. ^ TO oooooooo JO ^anoHiv 1 (S '^°' O OOO OO • ■^ O OC uj O O • CI lO CO CC CO »-( ■ n O d 1 ^ •an,BA ,anj | ||n^Sg§S|ag§?;S«?,SJ pajBnnisa ; C co" ^ -xa aama .w'.a* -loot^w ooic .Trie • • • CO ;< ScOO •OO^CC-icO'CMO .rHUi . . . 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CICO rt CO t- CO "S* CI CO CO CO CI ^ ooooooiocraoooooooooo ci-^ciodc5cioscdcooo-0 C» C) t-H CO CI CO --H -H 000000000000000000 : CO CO c5 o OS 00 -H rH Q OS -T" Q CO ■<»• c5to o 3iOOO"ni>to 'ci ^ 2 52 o « C3 6s 'T3T3 O c3 ftftg •riS'— ."^ - --M • a '^'^'i^'O (s o tea • cj— c3v5*i-;;Jc3ffi, teCl>Cd71'-'0S ' •^ " sE &i;^ ""Sis 2 o o ftC 2^ S 404 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE 1 1 HALT II OF MAN. ^ -dine A [diij 02 pajBuliis;.! •2 I "pobj ^ I JO ^anouiy pajBuijisa • Oi — 1 1^ lO ^ c S o -^ CC O 00 ' (M CO ;C> <-" O t^ t- •" SrCMM •-< rt M -xa jaqia •naSojjjN 0-. C-. -w :d "Ore rt -o M rt I^ lO 00 lO -X> -H o - o o o o ) CO lO -v O : '^ o CO lO -v O oooooooooooooo Ci CO M CO Q CO O -^ 00 -^ w 1^ O o 05'^0050'-S?5rOO^^I^TTtO»25 -" CI ^ t-l -H .-. 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'co 'co S 00_(M — IQCJ • J — ■» — C) ■* ■* • — 000000 CO irf-^d 0^5 (M -^ 40 "5 O l^ 00000000000 iO^^Ot^O:D-^- — CI — 10>0 00 CO odf~: 00 1* dd CO _ t^ :0 CO _ CI oco-aooio- 00 — ^- 1^ 400 SODIUM I'.ENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN, - C3 c< • CC "-I (-- •* 1 in . r-l m •naSoj^Hvt •pooj JO ^nnorarv ooooo*oi-':oc:oooooo ro — I Q c t~ c<5 o o -o 00 1^ o !3; c •aniBA. lanj pa^ettttisa -xa aama 00 ■* :o ■ i^»-t 0000 Pi .*•■•• - •ua3ojiijs[ J ^ . ■ c-i c-j o: ^ re L- ^ I-- cr. -o" -I «■ c-i -^ cc ■r-( CeCO ■-'1-1 — I .oooooocooooooo ■ DOOt 2 t~ c-i ■* Q o •-<'-< o oi 00 •-;'-< 3 <^ JO ^unoin V | § i^' --10^^ ^ ,-. -1 -1 ^ •anp!A janj | ,2 -xa JaqK'I ■uaSoj^iN ■ -^ C-1 00 i!t^ C^l •pooj .00000000 >O-«"I-^OOO'^0i •aniBA janj paiBiin:iS5{ -xa .laqiy 000 o t^irf ^ oc cc - •uagOJiJiil ■ lO -^ 'M >c '-S r- :c "^ 00 •»C!MC:'^t^'^o»co^" 00 00 :5g — • --- c^ •pooj JO ^unoaiv 00000 o o lO* o -=*' o c5 ci ci S o 00 1- o cc o c; o o: oocc CO a: o CO r^ CO ^ C5 •aniBA lanj pai«uniso£ -X9 ; joqia • 10— iO!C •»ro.-4CC •traSojjiM •pooj JO ^unoOTY ■ o c-i o o 1- o o in o: CO ri i 000c "O 00000000000 o^oo^oco'^^o^o^cr-oo •x> 'O o '^ o o CO o o CO x; CO O 00 to 10 ,-1 -^ ^ M C-l •aniBA lanj pa^Bitnjs;^ ■xa- jraqia 1 . i-H -^ ■ 10 CO o too • l^^ — -»• CO i'naSojJiN 'pooj JO mnouty _ 0^0 o o o o o o 000 o o 0^0 00 ^rjirHT-5oOO^fO*I^o6cOCOQI~^000 So>t~0'ou;05ooo5-^t^iNto'*0!'-iwo •^OTJ^xa jaqia ■^ino tm»off*co •t-*-*^ooN «■-<•«' 'co'oocire 'cifirj 'w •uagojjjM ; "^ 06 in CO :C --I ^ IM O <-< '-< ■jo'^ 'rt-H '.-ii-; : :,SSi .t3 c3 O ■ S5 ♦^ Bt^ St ^ ^ -i-^ ojc^ c3 u^ C P i?^ c3 EFFECTS OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON HEALTH, ETC., OF MAN. 407 00 001"* 00 •lOlN - - S r4 'eJ (N 00000>f3 iQOOOOOOOOOOO O 0.51 10.92 O c: CO xocaj cJ " : ioci o -4 "n IN ■ -s :gg2S^ OOO OOO OO Q O 1- (N O oo • oo o oc o i o d i 1^ -^ a: joco •00 (N 05 • o' • S N s ■ COCO •— ' CO 00 ooooo O in o ; OCOO ■ d i-o i-o '6 • O O — CO o oioo o r>^o6o6 o OO-I ; • ^co ■ O^ •00 ^ t^ 00 ■ ■ ■00 CO • t>- .— 1 fe § ^3 ?3Sg ■ cq (N ■ - -1^' gs??^?? i 127.0 33.0 159.0 g.'sn.n om oo c di--^ -^00 — O"^ to oc »/" oooooooco 00 00 r^ t-.^ §§ : ;cS2 ■ Hc^i CO C-. N-VIN CO-.O.-io'oO^^TO'-CO o d c ooooo oooooooooooo o6"^OOQ oioo>woio:do3»o^oo CC ^ iO O "5 TT O 05 CC 00 00 O «0 CO ^ *0 o oo ^OtOCTs OS ■ :D O • CO 00 ■«• ■*' • -J5 rt ! •TT N i i ■"f i. v. c^ i-O -f 1/3 t^ C cs - O CO — 1 o 5 X i c CS c 1 c g 1 g 2 ~ "c c £ £ c rt. B-> 3 > -c E c 1 'I c 1 1 c c« 5 ^ s s ^ s ^ Sp: S553 1' N ?s N iftOt^-HCS CO ss in t^e^ •rjio • cog ^^ w.os ; O IN X I^ " " C0C5OO— lOCO'T N~ COr-. l^(N ON • 1-1 "O OOO ■ in ?{* 05 CO. •. ^' : -^ — CO — o OCOOO COOCCOOO o c ^^ -v. ^' ^ d oc 00 1^ o 1/5 -<• 1^ o o Ot^iO s CO *. — *"* *— ' l^iO s INN "er o ■CO -''-' 00 ooooo OO OOO c o oc I'. "^ ■^ ^ s in t^^ — ' "^ 'a* — IC — 00 03 -J3 •* COt^ONO'-N-a" CO 00 1~C» CO (N .N >o ■ t- « CO ^ ■ 00 IM l^O! in •C ;c N CO -o — 1 o • (M-fl- CO ■ >-( — CO ._( ooooo moooooooc c o S{::-2Sa 5 cs 5SSo5 OSCOOCt^ — »Oh*^^ (NO f~ — m — m CJ c-l ^ r-H C^ — — — —1 n" O OON o '—' o ?§: : ?!^ SoS§-3SS c 00 '-" - — CO 00 oc oo o oooooccoc c o C!>000iO-«- ii: ; ^^ •=o ; : ce 1 .u S 11 5 m ••^ J- 5. =5 03 - i; o = n a oi a: c: tz s o s So. e- e: E- =.0 e 408 SODTUM BKNZOATK A>:D TIJ K UKALTII OF MAN. •aniBA lanj piijBiuijs;! s ! d •uaSoj^jM OON- c^ — x r~ o N ■pooj JO junouiv ■otiicA pnj -X8 l^^^'J_ •uaSojjTNf :oocoooooocoo ." ^ ^ o o cJ ^ c: oc o CI — ' ro ' -^ irs to CI o o :c (M c — i^ p ; c) « 00 ^ « c^ •pooj JO junouiv ■aniBA pnj pajBinnsg ■JOBJJ -xa jaq}3 •naaojJiiQ^ JOOOOCOCOOCOOOO : ro "d c d •^' i~ '.':=; i-^ 1-^ ^i M o o : (N --C »0 'T 'w OC 'O »-C rt »C -^ ^ 03 Q ^-c^a> cccjd = oc c oo •pooj JO junotav ■aniBA lanj paiBuiijsa -xa lama •uaSoj^!^ •pooj JO ^onomv S§ ^:i ^ TT to CI O »: CJt Sc»c go r-^ci re C) "O CCOOCJ (N ^3 LO -V CJ rt w ■<*' O CC »0 "V ig3c ooocoocooocoo CI o ■<»* w :s c: lO --_; cj »oooo;qcio" ©OOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 2S230>(5 0«j'^o6cor;02?^' ^ oj -^ - -^ 1.0 lO O !N di oooooo O CO O: lO to O OO COrH COO Nt>- 00 CO to •* ■* t^ IN t^05COrtC^i>3"»J'(NO'H OOOOOOOOOO :o'»OC "5 tC-^CO-^ t-HC^tOUO^CO NC^COOCOiON"3o5Ni-i.-i ooooooooooooooooo ir3ioioooo6oi-HO»-^td'00 1^3 1^ 00 C^ W OS ^H 05Tj*iOTj< ^lMO5O>C0tOot-^o cotoocototot^totDioc^tO'.HTr»-'io mo *C »0 t^ 05 ■ »CO0 -co COOO ^tO •>HCO '00 M "^ CO CO O coc^i^-^.-H05»-iT-i^ 2i g^ Sid g| 25.3 §^.SS§§Sc^ 8.75 17.02 2.76 6.49 9^ 00 o coS^SJS fS^ oooooooooooooooooo QCtotO"^S5wS«o«oooCT^^Sa>5'Si^Q IMOQ (MM o^^oo ..HC0^iO^1*;DO00WC^C0»C0500mO5I^ 'H C^M r-H rt rH .rt ^ rt .-100 CO ■'r »-H06 l^COU? COOCO oooooo t~ c>i CO o o 00 00 C^I — t «0 r^ t^ OSW coo l^CO 05 05 OOOCO "O oo 00 CO cii-i oo t^oo ri • .uoTj.-i oo c4 1-! CO >0 iO 1^ CO o ^-.i iO'*''5t^C0W*'»'-i.-ii-iCOO5 ■ ■ 1(3 rH ■ ■ r-5 ■ -< ■ ■ ■ * • >2 S , . . . v. ^C3 c3 t^ ■ • o ■ 410 SODIUM BENZOATE AXD THE HEALTH OF MAN. -«= '- M3>^ — M W "5 •JJBJJ -X.) joqjy 2 :g rt OC ^ r-. •pooj JO }unoiuv .ooooo 2ocr-;doo K ^ lO "V «C ^- ocooocooo ; cc I*- c^i ?D '^ c •aniEA lanj poiBuii^sg .2 •■- o -^ c oj .B I •naSoiJix R • •poo; JO ijimouiv o oooo :s ■* --d o c> S aj tc "O >« ^ ooooooooo oioir--«c»nC'icooc - --; 3; CO 1^ •-' »o O* — < — C< CI occo^re3;rci^--'»o •aniBA janj pa^Buiifsa „• O « O u- -H -X8 Jaq;a O o) •naSoni^ / ^ Z; •pooj JO ^anoury .CO ooo o 2 00 »^ ci o c o S ;0 CO CI O — — -j; CO >-< o CO 'r -^ CO CO ^ ■^ O CO CO IC ■» CO c --co coooo •a" ci >ri d o Cl — rt •aniBA janj pa'IBniijsa •^OCliOi-H iOCOI^f-HCCCi-^ ^r^cocococi '^co c g coooo — ooo oc oo ci CO ^ 1^ *o u-^ d — CO O CO to cw^ •attlBA pnj pa^Bttnjsa •;pBJ^ -xa jaqia CO — I X <— ' CO »-< t-O -^ "O «c s i^-roirocoN< o — — -^ •uaSoJiiji •o>'* — — I" Ico- •pooj JO iimotuv ooooo d d -' do £ =3 --c. — ^ CM — . c-> — ooooo oooc c-i — docdd-rdd iO -r t^ CO -i o o "O o CM — d r^ CM M *-0 •aniBA laiij t^ 00 cji r; 1^ CO CO 42;ccoor»d ooooooi e»o-*rcooci CM — -xa jaqia 0=0 •naSojjtx S " oco lod ■^ — OtCf-HCOCOCM O-^ l^iCOCCOW — CO ooooo •pooj JO lunoiuy •;aej}xo aaqia •aaSojjjx SoSxg- 55 CM S- oooooooo docdoocoi-o-3"d y^OOCMiOOCDiO CM — -< — CM cooc ■ o*^ > C3 O I 5|dii|3||i£g| KFFKCTS OF SODIUM UKNZOATE ON HEALTH, ETC., t)F MAN. 411 OOO |COOCOCOOOOO 2 C^< OD • .-« »r3 ;s cs M • ' m ■

.^ s "£.0 •JO " a> o ^ *- *^ o— Js 3/ ^ 2 >. 2S CO O .•§§2 -SSS c 2 >= a £ 3 6^ 2§- Is a; a> ■5.3 S& So ® § ,,; .E.2 2 J5-^ - U 0) IS oo 5 a CD O E 5 S o Eo-. : ■--S £^3 m 5 £ » c i/ . o .f; 03 O ' 2 o » a'a . 3 ♦.^ cc ^ O M iS 2^0-S" Z: tto ojx: 3:s c g s .= c c o. !S C1.C w C3 03 a> ftffl- <- J..2 a) C- 03 O c3J3 u w S Is £82 ^73 3 ill £«& OS S rt 2 o a> el's 3 3 II oj 2 3 0) 3 es <^° •" ?^ a F 3 s: n1 as: a "«i 0. a 3E~ P i' S! S tj n tt-* S 5 s aj ■^ is 5 p 5° 2 a; "0 2 i EFFECTS OF SUDIUM liEMZOATE ON HEALTH, ETC., OF MAN, 497 .., ■ft =5 ^a ss c « OS tn a g6o6 o— "S s •2.9— « o -5 '5,3 1J O ftis — •- o O g'ft ^39 3 O 3 c ft^ 03 a) .3 .ESS C3 CO _ ^ . 3 g^ g y=-3 -■ ^ S 2 g2 Si! . "3 s^ ■S pi's ^ C ft ft- * "^ d « C3 ^ .2 o a; o c 3 2 3 03 G q; ft lis 2 >■« o — ftft ftO ^■^ 88 » be ft/ag ""S 3 2«;3 2«5 C i-i 3 o es <» c! o ° O „j73 :.- w £ o o = S'S >■. CJ .3 .2 t => •^3 3 ■— 'S s ac3 " "3 = 3 ' o O 0) t,-^ 3 J£ J ft— .*-^ o o w5 *^ w O M i 3 -^- a; 5 e '^^ 3 5 m;=; 3 6^:2 £•0: eg! c3 a o 2 •a !>. oe 3 O I E.e, t>.S 2 o " itill S JSTt ■ - 0) % 52 ;-> ■a ^ A a ^ ,3 • 7 • * a UJ 3 0) X3 .~ ct X, r f. — ' CJ u J 3 ft '5 e a *^!2 : i2 M i5 3 >-s^ 5 =3 « ;,- *-■!-;. .t: it a) o 3 F 3Gaaj3.^fciSoc3ata,jsi ftSM0MS3gM0K10'C, " H Q> S ^ ^^ : ^ S'-S'C ^ § <» 5 £■=! o 3--. S - P ^^ ^s "^ 2 .. '^ si oj g-3 M u 3.2 ..~ ci!!I!5i2 ; g c3 -XI 32 03S £^ 1; o £i »- ^ ^"^ hf 3 3£ 2 o c3 ft6~ig^ as 3 " a.. ""? 2 ^ -^.^-s O 2ii fe o'ft S o o P4 Eo3 ft o (a 2 a>-3 o ® i i £f c; S 2 033 33'c'S 3m o 3 aS'S ft„ c~ .3 ^ G0.3xlSSCl.° « c/ o*j a cs » o aar: asi £ 5 o a a ^s ."O c3 ; = = 2 s "»« ;^ V, 3-S-35 2 X303 a 5 o *^ d i^-a ay O U ^ i^ aw £; ^ > 3 5s c3 a.^ a., a -a 342 3 *t2'3 o ^ S^ t/^ o 3 mC S 3 _ C3 S-S O St M *- J2 2 2cg-5.g 3 .S'm 3 a; o B 6 ^ ^"3 2 5 & BO 3 a o 03 .. 0.-I o a K M 03 "^T^ t-« •-..■5 m ?Ja3 "^i 8 M 3 O 3 ar/i a^ 3 t S >>o a 3 £=•5- = OT O p— rH , b 5' ft.w a 3 •o ft^ o a; a tH 3 ■> a,, " M £'3 3 3> *v; = >= 9^ 3 m > d - .:: O O !B M 3^ •- 3 L, >> 3 ii'S . 3 0. o 3 "C "_'3 ;^ >> J3 — 2 ii 5 O O O C3 bt— ft TOm— Xo. SS— 0!) 498 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. ffl -■ ^ _ & . « O O ' U. Oi to SJ O' C 3 o >< " o ^ - (fl 3 — s: o ^ o !^ o 2 S S fe 3 y5 c5 'w > " CO C-'aIi2 o p 0) *> o oi -p; 0<43 o5 P. u.— 3 p. M ems — o is32 ai LSo ^ESSg ' 6^.2; (N ■*^ o *-■ !£ o o ? SM*-g .S "O ;-- ' •S.>< 3 ■^s-3 S > £?-3 ^ 3 e3 n ..Co) sis- sy's •gggS CO too SS.3 . o o-^ WW ^ M .a M JO'S t/3 W S 3 w .5 3 -328 OJ § S sis g C3 M „ ;; w a m S O » .2§'3£ ii 6 o .. 0) >. S5 " £ ^ O w FA 0) ^ s o ^3 /:;'' S^ ^ -5 E q; ' ^ > li-.'S T 3 3 M fe^ g S 5 =Sg6g O o s^ W M 3 •^ -15^3 ft o~^ -^^ •=.-- « — X -s •= >- . . c o cj E-i m -- _ M tt^ 3:"^ 3 3 fc- o 3 o C3 yj ^5 o O c8 3 d ^d 3 £"3 -S 62 3 '-' 3^ o 5 •=* .t; — • - ft^ c t; £ w 3§ .3® S O «li"-ft r-J CO CO rrt U. ss I2 R 3^ft-- >->o'0 O 3 3 a o .3 .3 o3 o 03 P1.3 = .2 &:•; O; "S-^ , I rl 3-5^ 0! b 3 » -S P wl oxal ds;a calc me 3 =''g c/; 3 3 312 7" a ^%r- •gs-.. &.3 S p a 2 ■ 3 3,3 c4;-S nsider nucoii irates ihates 6 5fto^5-3 C3 O 1 "3 03 . X ^ w P in •- R — ri ■ o t- o tn . O o ~ ?3 3 iJ S S 3 lo 03 ca n EFFECTS OF SODIUM HENZOATE ON HEALTH, ETC., OF MAN. 499 EXAMINATION OF THE FECES. Tho above tables })reseiit all of the routine examinations oatricfl out on the urine. We have next to eonsider work on the feces, which may have a bearing on the question of the possible efTects of sodium Ix'uzoate on the metabolism. This work is presented in two sets of ial)les. The first set to follow give the results of general tests and observations, covering questions of color, reaction, consistence, odor, specific gravity as shown by rising or sinking in water, the presence of mucus, the presence of indol, the presence of biliary derivatives reacting with mercuric chloride, and finally the amount of gas liber- ated by bacteria present from glucose tubes and from bouillon tubes. These data are all presented in very brief form, and, in general, it will be noticed that no definite changes of any kind occur which may be associated with the benzoate added to the food. The general character of the feces seems independent of any such influence. Following these general tables we have a more extensive series showing the results of the Gram-stain tests on the feces direct, on the sediment from the glucose tubes, and on the sediment from the bouillon tubes. As the results of these tests are rather fully given they speak for themselves, and need no additional explanation at tliis point. The general conclusion to be drawn from them is that the administration of benzoate in the large and small doses given in our tests has no discernible effect on the bacterial flora. While great variations in the pictures may be noticed, they occur apparently at random in the feces of the different individuals, and any sufficient evidence to connect them with the dosage appears to be quite lacking. 500 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. C HH p; , 3 . O s ^.S ^ 3 .d . 6660666066666066 . 666660666666 3 g §2§ E3 o E- i5HX 'r->5 > 2 ^ d diJS J, • J.it -J 6 6 d o3 , ijo • d 0-I3 d M .• ^ 1 %-^'^^a.b-S§f.§.b^^^..b^-^ tg 3i !=:■«.'. 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Positive: (lood many rae- dium-sizcii dipiococci, some large coccal bodies; some large bacilli of bacillus aerogenes capsulatiis type, but shorter, some bacilli of colon mor- phology; some short thick bacilli with central spores (suMUis?); liere and there slender curved bacilli with pointed ends. Gram negative predominate. Tiiese are of colon type and some bacilli much longer. Positive: Many bacilli of colon morphology; good many thick bacilli of medium lengtli and of aero- genes length or longer; few bacilli slightly longer than colon bacUlus, slightlj' bent and pointed at ends; good many large coccal and diploccal bodies; few mediuin-sized diplococc;. Gram positive and negative about equal. Positive: Good many large coccal and diploccal bodies; many medium-sized dipiococci; some colon-like bacilli; good many slender, ratlier long bacilli; here and there a l)acillus of subtUis tj'pe with central spore. Gram negative predominate. These are of colon type, some longer, some spiro- chete-like bodies, and some long, slen- der threads. Positive: Good many large coccal liodies; many medium- sized dipiococci; here and there some bacilli of about aerogcnes capsulatus type; many bacilli of colon morpliol- ogy , and some longer and more slender than these. Gram negative: Spirilla in small num- bers and some of colon morphology. Positive: Many large coccal bodies; many medium-sized dipiococci; many bacilli of colon morphology and some longer than these and curved; some bacilli approximating aerogenes in morphology; here and there bacilli with central spores. Gram pcsitive predoniinating. Nega- tives are slender spiral and some ba- cilli of colon mo -phology. Positive: Many large coccal bodies; many me- dium-sized dipiococci; some bacilli of about aero;enes morjihology, but mostly shorter or longer than typical; many bacilli of colon morphology, and some longer than these and slightly curved; here and there bacilli with central spores. Gram positive predominating. Nega- tives are spiral organisms and bacilli of colon type. Positive: Many large coccal bodies; many clumps of and scattered dipiococci; some bacilli of colon morphology, and soiic longer, slightly curved, "a few with pointed ends; some of about aerogenes type, but shorter or longer. Grau positive and negative about equal. Negatives are spiral organ- isms, some of colon type and a few long threads. Positive: Some large coccal bodies; many medium-sized dipiococci; some bacilli of colon mor- phology and some longer than these; nere and there tjacillus of about aero- genes type, but shorter or longer. Very few Oram negative. Tliese of colon type. Positive: Majority are dipiococci, some of which are in short chains; some bacilli of colon m o r p h o 1 ogy ; some very long slen- der bacilli in chains. Practically gram posi- tive fiel'l. Majority are dipiococci in chains and singly; few bacilli of colon" mor- phology. Practically Gram posi- tive field: Many dipio- cocci in chains and sin- gly; man.v bacilli of about aerogenes cap- sulatus type, and some much shorter and some longer than these. Gram positive almost c-xclusively : Abu n- dant dipiococci, many La chains; few short bacilli of colon mor- phology. Gram positive field: .Vbundant dipiococci, some in chains; many bacilli of colon mor- phology; some bacilli approximating Bacil- lus aerogenes capsnla- 1 tus type, but shorter. Gram positive exclu- sively: Medium-sized dipiococci, some in chains predominate, some bacilli of about colon mori)holot;y; some bacilli of about aerogenes morphology but longer or shorter than typical aero- genes. Po.sitiye field: Dipio- cocci in great nutn- bers, some in chains, some bacilli of colon lengtli, but stouter; some bacilli of about aerogenes type, but shorter. Very few Gram negative. These are long slender organisms. Positive: Few dipiococci of me- dium size; many ba- cilli of colon length but stouter than colon; hereandtherestoutl)a- cilli of about aeroiicnes type, but longer or shorter than tj-pical. Very few Gram negat: Positive: Very many o. Bacillus sub tills typo with central spores; many of colon morphol- ogy, and some of same shape but longer; some very long slender bacilli; here and there some free spores. Almost pure culture of gram positive bacilli of the morphologj' of colon, excei)t longer. A few short stout bacilli. A few l>acilli of subtilis type, with central spores. Here and there some free spores. Almost exclusively gram positive: Almost pure culture of dipiococci in chains and* scattered; some bacilli of colon mor- phology and some longer than colon, but of same thickness. Gram positive field; Many dipiococci of medium size; many bacilli of colon morphology, and some longer than these; few free spores; liere and there a slender t)acillus with oval terminal spore. Practically Gram positive field: Many cocci in pairs and in chains; manv ba- cilli of colon morphology; many bacilli slightly longer than the colon, slender and slightly curved; some bacilli of about aerogenes morph- ology, but shorter. Positive field: .Vbundant medium-sized dipiococci; many bacilli of colon inorpholog3', and some longer than colon and slightly curved; some liacilli slightly shorter than aerogenes. Positivefleld: Manybacill- of about colon morpholi ogy and many of same thickness, but longer; some bacilli of aerogepes capsulatus tj'pe; some medium-sized dipiococci. Positive: Many dipiococci of medium size; many bacilU of about colon morphology, but longer; some very long threads; some bacilli of colon tj-pe; a few bacilli of aerogenes type. EFFECTS OF SODIUAI BENZOATE ON HEALTH, ETC., OF MAX. 507 Jiesulls of Gmin-slain tests on feres — CoiUiiiuod. SUBJliCT I (U. N. B.)— Contiuuod. Gram stain direct. Grain stain o( plucoso tubo sodinicnl. Gram stain of bouillon tul>e sediment. Mastly Grain posi. NpRativc: A few colon typo, a few .s])iriUs, and soiiio lonK tliiTiids. rosilivi': yoiiip lar>;o coccal bodies; many modiuiii-sizcd diiiloi'ocri; some bacilli of colon moi- pholo^iy and sonic lonu'cr liian these; some bacilli of aeroncucs lliickiiess, but not proper Icnfilh; here aiul there thick bacilli with central spore. Gram i)osilive predominating. Nega- tives are of colon type, a fcwspiral or- ganisms and somc'loiii,' threads. Posi- tive: Some large coccal bodies and dip- loeoceal bodies; many medium-sized diplococci; good many of ci)lon type and longer, some of w liich are slightly curved and have pointed ends; some bacilli ai'proacliing morphology of aerogeiu'scapsulatus type; a few long thick bacilli w itli central spore. Gram positive predondiiatiiig. Nega- tives are of colon type anda fcwspirals. Positive: Some large coccal bodies; good many medium-sized di|>lococci; some bacilli of colon type and some longer tlian these; somebacilli of colon length, but stouter than colon; a few bacilli of acrogeiies capsiilatus type, and some of similar morphology, but longer. Gram positive predominating. Gram negatives are of colon type, some spi- rals and some long slender bacilli. Positive: Some large coccal and diplo- coccal bodies; many incflium-sized diplococci; some bacilli of colon type; some longer than colon and slender; a few bacilli of aerogenes capsulatus type, but of varying length. Mostly Gram positive. Negatives are of colon type, a few spiral organisms and some long threads. Positive: Some large coccal and diplocoecal botlies; majority are medium-sized diplococci; some bacilli of colon morphology; good many bacilli longer than colon and slender; a few of aerogenes capsu- latus type; a few of subtilis (?) type. Majority Gram positive. Negatives are of colon morphology and some long slender bacilli. Positive: Good many large coccal bodies; good many me- dium-sized diplococci; some bacilli of colon morphology; good many bacilli of medium length or long andslender; a few of these have bulbed extrciiiity; a few bacilli of aerogenes capsulatus t\-pe; a few of subtilis (?) type. Gram positive predominating. Nega- tives arc bacilli of colon length and longer, and a fev/spirochete-like. Posi- tive: A few large coccal bodies; many medium-sized diplococci: majority are t)acilli of medium length and thick- ness, some longer;so77ie l)acil!i of colon morphologv; a few of suldilis morphol- ogj-, one with central spore; here and there a bacillus of aerogenes capsula- tus type. Positive field: Many mo- dium-sized diidococci; many bacilli of colon length but stouter; some bacilli approach- ing aerogenes in mor- phology. Positive field: Profusion of medium-sized dip- lococci; many t)acilli of colon length, but stouter; some bacilli of about aerogenes type but shorter than typ- ical. Positive field: Very many medium-sized diplococci: some ba- cilli of colon type and somcslightly longer; a few very loiig, slender bacilU. Positive field: Majority are diplococci, some in chains; a few bacilli of colon morphology; most of tlie bacilli are of aerogenescapsulatus type, but of varying length. Positive field: Majority are medium-sized dip- lococci, a few in short chains; remainder are thick bacilli varying from colon length to morphology of aero- genes. Positive field: Majority are medium-sized dij)- lococci; remainder are thick bacilli, some of colon length, others about morphology of the aerogenes. Positive field: Almost exclusively medium- sized diplococci; a few bacilli that are stout and as long as or slightlj- longer than colon. Positive field: Many largo bacilli of aerogenes mor- phology, but of varying length; many bacilli of Colon morphologv; good many bacilli in chains of subtilis typo w ith central spore. Positive field: Some bacilli of colon type; a few medium-sizetl diplococci; some bacilli of aerogenes type; many bacilli in chains of sul)tilis type with central spore. (Con- tamination?); a few free spores. Practically gram positive field: Many bacilli of colon type and many longer than these; some medium-sized diplococci; a few very long threads; a few bacilli of aerogenes capsulatus t3-pe; a few bacilli of about subtilis morjihology, some with central sjiores. Majority Gram positive. Negatives are of colon type. Positive: Majority are slender medium- Icngth bacilli; a few of colon morphology; a few of the slender medium- length hacilii have head- let extremity; a good many bacilli of aerogenes capsulatus type; a few of bacilli subtilis t.\7)e; here and there free spores. Mixed positive and nega- tive. Negatives are of colon type and some ba- cilli that are rather long and slender. Positive: Majority arc bacilli of aerogenes capsulatus type; many of medium length and "slender; a few of colon morphology; a few medium-sized diplo- cocci. Gram positive field: Pre- dominant organism is of colon morphology, but more slender and with somewhat pointed ends; a few of these are "punc- tate:" good many bacilli of colon morphology; oc- casional mediU'ii - sized diplococci; a few spore- bearing bacilli in chains of subtilis tj-pe; here and there a long slender thread. Positive field: Mixed field of bacilli of subtilis type and bacilli-like aerogenes; many bacilli with termi- nal oval spore; a few free spores; a few n^edium.- sized diplococci; here and there bacilli of colon mor- phology; some very long threads. 508 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. liesults of Gram-stain tests on feces — Continued. SUBJECT I (11. N. B.)— Continued. 1908. Aug. 24 Aug. 27 Sept. 3 Sept. S Sept. 11 Sept. 15 Sept. 18 About equally Gram positive and nega- tive. Negiilives areof colon type, some longer, and some spirals. Positive: A few large coccal bodies; many me- dium-sized diplococ'ci; bacilli of me- dium length and thickness predoiai- naie; some bacilli of colon morphol- ogy; here and there bacilli of aerogenes type. Gram positive predominate. Negatives are of colon tj-pe, some spirochete-like organisms and some rather long slen- der bacilli. Positive: Some rather large coccal bodies; some medium- sized diplococci; some bacilli of colon morphology; some shghtly longer; a few rather stout, short, and medium length bacilli; here and there a bacil- lus approaching morphology of aero- genes. Gram positive and negative about equal. Negative are of colon moi-phology or longer and a few spirals. Positive: A few large coccal bodies; some me- dium-sized diplococci; some bacilli of colon morpliology, and some slightly louger; some rather stout bacilli vary- ing from length of colon to about aerogenes morphology. Gram positive predominate. Negative are of colon type or slightly longer. Positive: A few large coccal bodies; many medium-sized diplococci; many bacilli of colon morphology and niany longer than these; very few of aeroge- nes type; here and there a few spores. Gram positive in predominance. Nega- tive are of colon type or longer. Posi- tive: A few large coccal bodies; many medium-sized diplococci: many l)acilii of colon morphology; many bacilli longer and perhaps niore slender than colon ; a few of aerogenes type; here and there a free spore. Positive predominate. Negative of colon type. Positive: Some large coccal bodies: good many medium-sized dip- lococci; majority are of colon morphol- ogj-; few of aerogenes tj-pe. Negative predominate. These of colon type. Positive: Some large coccal bodies; good many medium-sized dip- lococci; a good many l)acilli 6f colon morphology or moreslender; a few of aerogenes morphology; here and there bacilli resembling subtilis in morphol- ogy. Like last description, except that posi- tive and negative bacilli are about equal. A few spores also were seen here. Positive field: Medium- sized diplococci pro- dominate; a few very long threads; a few ba- cilli that arc stout and vary from colon length to morphology of aero- genes. Positive field: Majority are mcdiiun-sized dip- lococci; good many thick bacilli varying from colon length to morphology of aero- genes or longer; a few long tliick threads. Positive field: Majority are meditun-sized dip- lococci; good many thick baciUi varying from the length of the colon to about aero- genes morphology. Positive field: Majority are medium-sized dip- lococci; remainder are thick bacilli of aero- genes type or of me- dium length; some long threads. Positive field: Majority are medium-sized dip- cocci; the r est are stout bacilli of aeroge- nes morphology; some long threads. Like last examination. . . .do. Positive field: Majority an medium-sized diplococci; some bacilli of colon mor- phology; many bacilli of medium length or longer and slender. Positive field: A few me- dium - sized diplococci; some bacilli of colon mor- phology; many long thin bacilli or threads, a few of which are partially de- colorized; the predomi- nant bacterium is a long slender bacillus, which in places seems to be par- tially decolorized; a few of these positive bacilli have swellings on the end. Very few negative bacilli of colon type. Positive bacilli of colon morphol- ogy in predominance. A few medium-sized diplo- cocci. A good many rather thick single bacilli of about medium length or of aerogenes mori)hol- ogy, some with central spores. Many free spores. Positive field: Majorityare biicilli of colon type or slightly longer; good many bacilli in chains of subtihs type; a few rather thick bacilli of about aerogenes morphology or shorter. Positive field: Majority are bacilli of colon morjihol- ogy or longer than colon; good many medium- sized diplococci; some very long \ery slender bacilli or threads: good many rather thick bacilli of aerogenes inorphology or shorter, with central ova spore; a few f re e spores. Good manynegative bacilli of colon morphology. Positive: Many medium- sized diplococci; some of colon type; majority are rather thick bacilli of about aerogenes mor- phology or sliorter. Negative Inuilli of colon type predominate. Posi- tive: B;M'teria ar^ ex- clusively large thick bac- illi of "about aerogenes morphology, except that some of them have ter- minal spores. Positive predominate. Negative of colon type. Positive are thick bacilli of medium length or short , a few like aerogenes in morphology. Here and there a free spore. EFFECTS OF SODIUM BE2sZOATE ON HEALTH, ETC., OF AlAN. Ixtsulls of Grain-stain tests on feces — Continueil. SUBJECT I (II. N. B.) -Continued. 509 Gram shiin direct. Like last examination. (iram positivo and negative aliontequal. KeKiit 1 vo are of colon tyjie and a few spiral ori;;iiiisnis. I'ositive.: Few large coccal bodies; some metliiuu-sized diplococri; majority of Imcilli are of colon lytic or a little lou(,'er, Imt some are slender and slightly curved; tew of aorogenes morphology; few large bacilli with central spore. Gram positi\-o predominate. Negative are of colon type and .siiiral organisms. Positive: Majority are mediiun-sized diplococci; a few large coccal or dip- lococcal liodies; majority of the bac- illi are of colon type or somewhat longer and curved; very few stout bacilli of aerogenes morphologj'. Positive and negative aliout equal. Negative are of colon type and a good many rather long slender liacilli. Posi- tive: Few large coccal l>odies; good many mediimi-sized diplococci; ma- joritj' of bacilli arc of colon morphol- ogy, some slightly more slender and curved; very few bacilli of aerogenes morphology. Few negative. These are of colon type, and here and there a long slender bacillus. Positive: Some large cocci and diplococci; good many medium- sized diplococci; majority of bacilli are of colon type or more slender and slightly curved; very few of aerogenes tj-pe. Few Gramnegative. These are of colon tj-pe, or slightly longer, and a few spirochetc-hke. Positive: Good;nany medium-sized diplococci: good many of colon morphology; good jiiany more slender than colon, some slightly curved; some of aerogenes type^ but more slender; a few of aerogenes mor- phology; afew large thick liacilli, some with spores (?); here and there free spores. Good many negative. These of colon type arc slightly longer, and some very long slender bacilli, some of which have t woof three liends. Posi- tive: Few large coccal iiodies; many mediiun-sizeddiplococcal; good many of colon type and slightly longer; few of aerogenes type; a few much larger than aerogenes; a few free spores. Few negative of colon type. Positive: Some large coccal bodies; good many medium-sized diplococci; good many of colon morphology; some of colon morphology, but curved; good many slightly longer and more slender than colon; very few of aerogenes type; few stouter anil shorter than icrogenes; few free spores; occasional clostridium- like organisms. (iram stain of glucose Oram slain of bouillon tul>c sediment. tuUi sediment. Positive: Practically all are medium-sized dip- lococci; few stout bac- illi of varial)le lengths, some of aerogenes mor- phology. Positive field: Practi- cally all are medium- sized diplococci; few stout baciUi, some of aerogenes type, but others of variable length. Positive field: Prac- tically all are medium- sized diplococci; few thick bacilli of vary- ing lengths. Positive field: Prac- tically all are medium- sized diplococci; a few .stout l)ac!lli of aero- genes morphology, but varj-ing in length from medium to long; here and there a long slen- der thread. Like last description.. Positive field: Majority are mediiun-sized dip- lococci; some bacilli of almost aerogenes mor- phology and some shorter; some l)acilli more slender than aero- genes and of varying lengths, short to long. Positive field: Majority are medium sized tllploiotci; good many bacilli of aero- genes luurijhology, ex- cept that tliey "are of medium lengtli or short. Positive field; Field filled with bacilli of colon mor- phology; a few chains of subtilis type with central spore; some stout bacilli varying in length from short to aerogenes mor- phology, or longer; a few free spore.s. Few negaiivo bacilli of colon type. Positive: Good many rather large bacilli, some appro.xi- mating aerogenes in mor- phology, and some with terminal spore; few bac- illi of colon morphology; some medium-sized dip- lococci. Positive field: Majority are bacilli of alioutcolon'mor- phology or slightly longer and some curved; some very long slender threads: very few medium-sized diplococci. Positive field: Majority are rather stout long bacilli some with terminal spore; few liaciUi of colon type. Some medium-sized dij)- lococci. Mostl.v Gram positive. Negative are mediiun length bacilli of medium thickne.ss, some of which are not decolorized in spots. Positive; Major- ity are bacilli of medium length and thickness: good many of colon mor- phology; good many me- diiun -si zed diplococci; few bacilli of about aero- genes type. Positive field: Few me- dium - sized diplococci; few of colon type; good many slightly longer and more slender than colon; many long slender bacilli, some of which have ter- minal enlargements like headlets, but in places the enlargements are more pronounced and show as spores. Positive field; Majority are large bacilli of a-rogenes diameter, some of aero- genes length, others shorter and longer; few medium-sized diplococci; some l)acilli of colon mor- phology; few bacilli more slender and slightly longer than colon. 510 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. Results of Gram-stain tests on feces — Continued. SUBJECT I (II. N. B.)— Continued. Date. Gram stain direct. Gram stain of glucose tube sediment. Gram stain of bouillon tulie sediment. 1908. Oct. 20 Oct. 23 Oct. 27 Oct. 30 Good many negative. These of colon morpliologj'-, slightly longer than colon and soint' slender bacilli of colon and thrice colon length. Positive: Like last description except here are a few bacilli more s!eiidi;r than aero- genes, but of aerogenes and of me- dium length; a few bacilli with cen- tral spores; no Clostridia seen. Excepting the addition of a few slender spiral Gram negative organisms this smear give picture like last one. Gram positive and negative about equal. Negative are mostly very slender and as long as colon or very long. Some of colon morphologj'. Positive: Organisms ILko last smear. Like last smear, except here some of the long slender negative organisms are spiral in shape. Like last description ex- cf.'pt cocci practically ill pure culture; few of large baeilii; some of aerogenes morphol- ogy, others more slender. Like last sediment. Like last description of Oct. 20. Like last sediment. Few negative of colon morphology. Positiv ■ : Good many large spur. - bearing bacilli like si,:- tllis; few irw spores, i:: jority are bacilli nn ■ slender than aorogci. and of medium length oi short Good many ba- cilli of colon morphology. Positive field: Practically all are of colon morphol- ogy; few bacilli more slender than aerogenes and of medium length. Good many partly negative "punctate" bacilli of co- lon morphology, but slightly longer Few neg- ative of colon morphol- ogy. Positive: Majority are of colon morphology and slightly longer; some of colon mbrpiiology but mor(> sleudcr than colon; good many l^acilli of aero- genes morphologj-; here and there an organism with central spore of sub- tilis typo. Good niany negative of co- lon type and some slight- ly nioro slender. Posi- tive: Many medium- sized diplococci; some bacilli 01 colon morph- ology; some similar but witli pointed ends; some like colon, except more slender and slightly longer. SUBJECT II (W. W. C). 1908. July 2 July 7 July 9 Gram negative predominate. These are of colon type, some longer, and some long threads. Positive: A few large coceal bodies; some medium- sized diplococci; some bacilli of colon moriihology, and many longer than these; gooil many l.>ae'il!i of a mor- phology approaching that of aerogenes. Gram positive and negative equal. Neg- ative are of colon type, some longer than usual colon morpliology, and some long threads. Positive: Some large coceal bodies; some medium- sized diplococci; many bacilli of colon tjTje; many bacilli longer than colon, but same thickness; a few bacilli of aerogenes capsulatus \,y\w\ a few ba- ciUi of subtilis t^TJC. Here and there a frw spore. Few gram negative. These are of colon type and long threads. Positive: Some large coceal bodies: many medium- sized diplococci; some of colon type and some longer than tvpical colon; some bacilli of aerogenes Ciipsulatus type, but not typical; a few very long thick organisnLS. Positive field: A few medium-sized diplo- cocci; some, bacilli of colon morphology, and sosne longer than this; many ba^'illi of aero- gene.s type; a few of subtilis morphology; a few free spores (con- tamination?). Positive field : A few dip- lococci; so;ne bacilli of colon morphology, many of bacillus aero- genes ciipsulatus i.\T>e, butof varying length; here and "there bacilli of subtilis type. Few negative. These in morphology like the predominant g r a m positive, except short- er. Positive: Bacilli- like aerogenes, but of varying length in pre- dominance; a few me- dium-sized dl])lococci; a few of colon t>'pe. Positive field: Field full of bacillus, subtilis and free spores (contamination?). Gram positive predomi- nat<\ .Negative are of colon type or slightly longer. Positive: Few medium-sized diplococci, some bacilli of colon type or longer than typical; many IkxcIUI of aerogenes capsulatus tj-pc, but of varying morphology. Gram positive predomi- nate; many bacilli-like aerogenes, but narrower; some of colon type and some slightly longer than these; a few bacilli of subtilis type; here and there a few large bacilli with central spore; some very long threads. EFFECTS OF SODIUM BE^'ZOATE ON llEALTll, EIC, OF MAM. 511 Results of Gram-slain tests on feces — Continued. SUBJECT II (\V. W. C.)-Conthiued. Gram stain direct. Positive prodomlnato. Nopativo nro of colon type, sonm longer and a few spirals.' Hosilivo: A few lart;o. coccal bodies; sonio medinni-sizcd diplo- cowi; .sonic bacilli of colon nioriiliolo- py; many of acrogoncs type, but nior«' slender " than typical. Some Ion;; tlin-ads; a few stont bacilli witli cen- tral si)ore. Positive predominate. Positive: A few large coccal bodies ; good many medium-sized dii)lococci; some bacilli of colon morphology; some bacilli longiM' and thiimer than colon; a few long threads; a few bacilli resembling subtilis. Positive predominate. Positive: A fev.- large coccal bodies; some niediiiiu- si/.ed diplococci; some bacilli of colon morphology and some, stouter than these; some bacilli more slender and longer than the colon; a few bacilli of aerogenes capsulatus type. Gram positive and negative about equal. Positive: .V few large coccal bodies; some tnedium-sizeil diplococci; some bacilli of colon morphology and a few phunjier than these; some approach- ing aerogenes in niorphology; here and there a thick baciUus with central spore; predominant organism is one more slender and longer than colon. Positive: A few large coccal bodies; some medium-sized diplococci; a good many biu'illi of colon morphology and longi>r; some of the latter in chains of two or three; here and there a thick bacillus with icentral spore; a few free spores; some bacilli of aerogenes cap- sulatus type, but of varying length. Positive field: Many medium-sized dip- lococci; some bacilli of colon type, some longer than typical, some longer and more slender, "and some plumper than colon; soriu! of Xiw, latter in pairs; a few free sjiores; a few bacilli of sicrogenes capsulatus tji^e; a few bacilli with occasional central spore resembling subtilis. Positive ])redominate. Positive: A few large coccal bodies; some medium- sized diplococci; majority of bacteria are bacilli of about colon length or longer, but more slender than colon; some plumper than colon, Isut of colon length; some of colon morphology: a few approaching morphology of aerogenes. Positive predominate. I'ositive: Some large coccal bodies; many medium- sized diplococci; some slender bacilli of medium length; a few rather long and slender: many bacilli of colon length or longer, but thicker than colon; a few bacilli like aerogenes. Gram stain of plucoso tube sediment. Positive field: A few diplococci of medium size; some bacilli of colon morphology, a few in dii)lohacillus form; many of aero- genes tyjie, but more sli'iider; a few long threads. Positive field: Many medium-sized diplo- cocci; some bacilli of colon niorphology, a few rather ])liimp bacilli ill short chains; a few bacilli of aero- genes capsulatus type; hero and there a long tlu'cad. Positive field: Many medium -sized diplo- cocci; many bacilli like colon in morphology but plumper; some larg(> coccal bodies; some bacilli of aero- genes capsulatus tyjie, but of varying length. Positive field: Many medium -sized diplo- cocci; some short ba- cilli of colon mor- phology, but thicker; a few bacilli like aero- genes; a few medium- length slender bacilli. Positive field: Many me- dium-sized diplococci; many bacilli of colon morphology, but slightly thicker; some of colon morphology; some medium - sized slender bacilli; a few bacilli approaching aerogenes in mor- phology. Positive field: Many medium-sized diplo- cocci; remainder arc bacilli of colon length or a little longer, but thicker tlian colon. Positive field: Someme- diimi-sized diplococci; a few large coccal bod- ies; majority are bacilli slightly longer and thicker than colon; a good many of colon morphology; some like aerogenes, but of vary- ing length. I'ositive field: Good many medium-sized diplococci; majority are bacilli of colon or medium length, but thicker than colon; very few slender medi- um" length bacilli: few of aerogenes morphol- ogy, but of varying length. Gram stain of bouillon tube sediment. Positive field: A few diplo- cocci of medium size; good many of colon mor- phology; many longer tliaii tli(>sc; some rather slender bacilli with liead- l.t. A few bacilli of aero- genes capsulatus type; a fi'w bacilli with central spore; here and there a free spore. Positive, field: A few mc^ diuiu-sized diplococci; some bacilli oi^ colon morphology; I'najority arc bacilli-like colon, but stouter; some bacilli ap- proaching morphology of aerogenes. Positive field: Majority are slender bacilli of medium length; some of the longer ones lik<' these have head- lets; some bacilli of colon morphology; some me- dium-sized diplococci; here and there a bacillus of aerogenes capsulatus type; a few long threads. Positive field: Majority arc medium length, slender bacilli, some slightly carved, a few lieadlets; many diplococci; some bacilli of colon type; a few bacilli approaching morphology of aerogenes, but of varying length. Positive field: Many slen- der bacilli, some slightly curved, of colon length or longer; some of colon typo and some slightly- thicker; a few bacilli with headlet; a few me- dium-sized diplococci; here and there a long thread; very few ap- proaching bacillus aero- genes in morphology. Positive field: Manybacilli of subtilis type in chains (contamination?) ; many slender bacilli of colon length, but plumper; a few bacilli of aerogenes capsulatus type. Positive field: Majority are slender bacilli of medi-, um length or longer; some of colon type; a few medium-sized diplococci; some bacilli of subtilis tji^e; a few free spores; a few plumper than colon; a few like aerogenes, but of varying length. Positive field: Some medi- um-sized diplococci: ma- jority are medium length slender bacilli; many of colon morphology, and many slightly thicker; some free spores; very few of aerogenes mor- phology. 512 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. r>at<" 1908. Aug. 11 Aug. 13 Aug. 14 Aug. 24 Results of Gram-slain tests on feces — Continued. SUBJECT II (W. W. C.)— Continued. Gram stain diroct. Aug. Aug. .31 Sept. 3 Gram positive predominate. Positive: A few large coccal bodies; good many medium-sized diplocoeci; some ba- | cilli of colon morphology: some longer; ' some of colon length but stouter, a few of which aie in pairs; a few of aero- [ genes tj-pe, but of varying length and thickness. Positive field: Good many medium- sized diplocoeci; some bacilli of colon morphology; many of colon length, but stouter; some Ijacilii of medium lengthand slender; some bacilli of aero- genes capsulatus tjqje; a few thicker and stouter than aerogenes; a few long threads. Few negative of colon type. Positive: Some medium-sized diplocoeci; good many bacilli of medium diameter and of colon length and longer; some of colon morphology; some of colon length and slightly stouter; some approximating aerogenes in mor- phology; here and there large stout bacilli of unknown morphology. Like last description. Few negative of colon type and a few spiral organisms. Positive: Many me- dium - sized diplocoeci; a few large coccal and diplococcal Vjodies; some bacilli of colon type; some liacilli slightly stouter, but of colon length, and some of same stout moiphology, but longer than colon; good many bacilli of aerogenes capsulatus type, and some longer than tjrpical. Like last description, plus some bacilli about aerogenes diameter but shorter, resembling subtilis. Positive field: A few large coccal bodies; good many medium-sized diplocoeci; some bacilli about aerogenes cap- sulatus morphology: some rather long threads; majority are bacilli of colon morphology or alittle longer. Gram stain of glucose tube sediment. Positive field: Majority are medium-sized dip- locoeci; a good many bacilli of colon length but thicker; a few ba- cilli of aerogenes capsu- latus tj-pe, ijut of vary- ing lengths. Like last de.'^fription ..do. .do. .do. Positive field: Almost exclusively medium- sized diplocoeci; re- mainder are rather thick bacilli of aero- genes and medium length, l)Ut slightly more slender than aerogenes. Gram stain of l^ouillon tube sediment. Positive field: Majority are slender bacilli of medium length; some bacilli of colon morijhology, and some longer; some of colon length Ijut stouter; a few of subtilis type; a few of aerogenes tyije. Positive field: Majority are medium length slender bacilli; a few of the longer ones have headlet; some bacilli of colon morjjhol- ogy; a few plumper than colon; some bacilli of aerogenes tj-pe; a few medium-sized diplocoeci; a few bacilli of sul)t.ilis type; a few free spores; a few long threads. Few negative of colon type. Positive: Majority are slender barilli of colon length and slightly long- er; some of colon mor- phology; some l)acilli of subtilis morphology; some bacilli of colon length, but slight ly thicker. Positive field: A few me- dium-sized diplocoeci; some Itacilli of colon mor- phology* good many ba- cilli of "nuKlium length or longer and of colon thick- ness; good many short bacilli thicker than colon, a few of which are in chains of two; here and there bacilli of aerogenes capsulatus tj'pe. Positive field: Some me- dium - sized diplocoeci; some bacilli of colon mor- phologj'; many long thin threads, some of which are partially decolorized; good many slender me- dium length or long ba- cilli; a few of aerogenes capsulatus type; some ba- cilli resemliliiig subtilis. with occasional central spore; a few long slen- der bacilli with terminal spore. Like l;ist description, ex- cept no long thin threads; many long slender ba- cilli with terminal round spore rpsembling tetanus. Positive field: Majority are bacilli of colon morphol- ogy; some rather long slender bacilli, some of which have terminal en- largements ( s p o r es ? ); good many very long slender threads; a few mediiun - sized diplo- coeci. EFFECTS OF SODIUM liENZOATE ON llEALTil, ETC., OF MA^, 5113 Results of Gram-stain tests onfeees — Continued. SUBJECT II (W. W. C.)— ContimiiMl. (iniiii si'.iiii iliri'Ct. Few negative of colon typo, anil a f«>\v ratluT loiin thick haeilii partially dc- coloriZ(>acilli of colon type; a good many long slender bacilli liii(> those de- scribed Gram negative; some thick bacilli of about sul)tilis morphol- ogy, mostly singlj', but a few in chains of two or three; some bacilli of wrogenes capsulatus type; others of same thickness but shorter. Negati vc pre dominate. Th(!se are of colon type and some rather thick long bacilli, some like threads. I'ositive: A few medium - sized diplo- cocci; few bacilli; these are of colon type; some medium length Ijacilli of arogenes diameter, and some slender long bacilli, a few of which should be called threads. Positive field: Good many free spores; majority are aliout colon morphology; several headlet forms (?) seen in slender mediimi lengtli or long bacilli; good many short thick bacilli, many with cen- tral spores; a few medium sized diplococci. Positive field: Majority are slender bacilli slightly longer than colon: many- long thin Gram positive threads; a few medium- sized diplococci; a few bacilli of aerogenes mor- phology; a few free spores. Negative predominate. These are of colon mor- phology, and some long, slender bacilli. Positive: Good many rather thick, long bacilli, many with terminal spore; few free spores. Few negative; these of co- lon type. Positive: Ma- jority are liacilli of colon morphology or longer; 1 headlet seen; few chains of medium-sized diplo- cocci; here and there ba- cilli of aerogenes type. Few negative; these of co- lon t^-pe. Positive: Field full of colon tj-pe Ijacilli or slightly longer than colon; several headlets seen; 1 slender bacillus with terminal round spore like tetanus: considorable I medium-sized diplococci. 70111— No. S8— 09- -33 514 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. Results of Gram-stain tests on feces — Continued SUBJECT II (VV. W. C.)— Continued. Date. 1908. Oct. 2 Oct. G Oct. 9 Oct. 14 Oct. 10 Oct. 20 Oct. 23 Gram stain direct. Flora the same as last one, except there are much fewer diplococci. Gram positive almost exclusive)}-; ma- jorilyaremedium-sizeddiplococci;few large coccal bodies; ffiw bacilli of colon jriorphology or somewhat longer than colon; good many bacilli approaching aerogenes morphology, but varying considerably in length. Practicallyall are Gram positive; major- ity are inedium-sized diplococci; few large coccal liodies; few bacteria of co- lon type; some bacilli of medium fength and slender; good many bacilli of aerogenes capsulatus type, some slightly more slender; some very stout long bacilli with rounded ends". Few negative of colon iype. or slightly longer. Positive: Good many medi- um-sized diplococci; few large coccal bodies; good many of colon type; good many slightly longer and more slender than colon; few of aerogenes type; here and there one with spore and clostrid- ium-like; few free spores. Few negative of colon type. Positive: Some large coccal and diplococcal bod- ies; good many medium-sized diplo- cocci; good niaiiy iKicilli of colon type; others like colon but more slender and curved; others slighlly longer than co- lon, but of colon thickness; some of aerogenesmorptiology, but more slen- der; few of aerogenes morphology; few bacilli very stout and very short or long. Few negative bacilli of colon morpholo- gy, some slightly more slender than colon, and some slightly longer than colon. Positive: Likelastdescription. Gram stain of glucose tube sediment. Positive field: Nearly pure culture of medi- um-sized diplococci; few stout l)acilliuf va- rying lengths. Like last description do Positive field: Practical- lyall aremediura-sized diplococci; a few stout bacilli of aerogenes morphology. Positive field: Practical- ly all are meditmi-sized diplococci; a few stout bacilli varying from medi imi length to long. Negative in predomi- nance; these of colon tj-pe or slightly longer. Positive fieldequally divided Itetween me- dium-sized diplococci and large stout bacilli, some approximating aerogenes morphology , others shorter. Positive field: Practical- lyall are medium-sized diplococci;fewof aero- genes thickness, but of varying lengths, short to long; few more slen- der than aerogenes, but of aerogenes length. Like last description Gram slain of bouillon tulje sediment. Few negative of colon type. Positive: Good many ba- cilli of aljout colon mor- phology, ii nd some long- er thancolon;afewbaciil' seen with gram positr globulesorirrcgularsiai ing; a good many rath stout bacilli of aboutaei genes niori>hologj% a f' of which have tenni: spores; few free spon some stout long bac... with central spore. Positive field: Almost pure culture of slender, slight- ly curved medium lenr' ' bacilli, some somewti longer; 1 headlet for seen; some bacilli of cole morphology; here ai there some rather 1;htly longfr than colon, some consideral)ly lonjjtT and thicker than colon, and a j^odcI many slender, short, and medium length rods and spirals. I'osilive: Like last description. 30 Few negative of colon morphology, and \ some more slender and longer than colon and curved. Positive: Like last description. Like last description . Few negative of colon type, and some slight- ly longer than colon. I'osilive: Like last de- scription. Good many partly negative ■'punctate" bacilli of colon tliiclcness, and i)er- haps twice colon lengLli. Positive: Majority arc l)a- cilli of colon morpliology and slightly longer than colon; good many b;xcilli more .slender and much longer tlian colon; many bacilli of ac^;rogenes mor- phology; good many ba- cilli more slender than aerogeiics and varying in length from short to long. Majority are negative of co- lon morphology; some slightly longer, and some very long and slender. Positive: Few medium- sized diploeocei; liereand there one of aerogenes morphology. Good many bacilli more slender than aerogenos, but of asro- genes and of medium length. A few ''punc- tate" bacilli of colon thickness, but slightly longer. SUBJECT III (A. G.). Gram positive and negative about equal. Negative are of colon type, some sliglitly longer tlian colonand a few slightly longer and tiiicker than colon. Positive: Good many large coceal anil diplococcal l)Oilies; good many medi- lun-sized diploeocei; some baciUi of colon morphology; some slightly thicker than colon; majority are ba- cilli slightly longer than colon and slightly :nore slender; some large ba- cilli containing spores; few of aero- genes capsulatus type. Majority are Gram positive. Negative arc of colon type or slightly longer ttian colon. "Positive: A few large coceal and diplococcal bodies; good many mediimi-sized diploeocei, ma- jority are bacilli slightly longer and more slender than colon; " some of colon morphology; some thick bacilli vary- ing from colon length to aerogencs morphology, mostly medium length. Few negative of colon type or slightly longer". Positive: Good many coceal and diplococcal boshes; many mc- dium-sizcil diploeocei; some bacilli of colon morplioiogy: majority of ba- cilli arc sliglitiy longer aiid more slender tlian colon; a few of aerogenes type; few l;acilli stouter and shorter than aerogencs. Few negative of colon tj-pe, some more slender and a few spirals. Positive: Some large coceal bodies: many me- dium-sized diploeocei; many slender medium lengtii liacilli; some like these, but con^idcra!lly longer; some bacilli of colon morphology; some like these, but thicker; a few bacilli of aerogenes morphology. A few Gram negative of colon type. Positive: Almost exclusively medium-sized diplo- eocei; a few of colon morphology; here and there bacilli of aero- gencs capsulatus type; a few thicker than aerogenes and shorter like subtilis. Positive field: Good many medium -sized diploeocei; some of co- lon morphology; good many cliains of sub- tilis type (contamina- tion ) ; f e w of aerogenes capsulatus type. Positive field: Majority are medium-sized di- ploeocei, some in short chains; good many ba- cilli of colon morphol- ogy, and some slightly longer than colon; few bacilli of aerogenes type. Positive field: Some me- dium-sized cocci and diploeocei; good many of colon length, but thicker; many bacilli of aerogenes thickness but of varying lengths. Gram negative predomi- nate. These are of colon type and some longer and more slender than colon. Positive: Here and there free spores; a few medi- um-sized diploeocei; ma- jority are taacUli of aero- genes morphology, but of varying lengths; a good many bacilli of subtilis type. Some free spores. Mostly Gram positive; few negative of colon type; many medium-sized dip- lo cocci; majority of bacilli are of colon mor- phology; some slightly longer " than colon, but of colon diameter; many bacilli of aerogenes mor- phology, some with spores; a few free spores. Positive field: Many bacilli of subtilis type; a few medium-sized diploeocei; some bacilli of colon mor- phology, and some slightly longer than colon. Positive field: Some me- diiun - sized diploeocei; practically all bacteria are of colon morphology or sliglitly longer than colon; very few of aero- * genes type. 51G SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. Results of Gram-stain tests on feres — Continued. SUBJECT III (A. G.)— Continued. Date. 1908. July 17 July 21 July 24 July 28 July 31 Aug. 4 Aug. 7 Aug. U Gram stain direct. T" Positivc predominate. Negative are of colon type, some longer and slender, and a few spirals. Positive: Few large coccal bodies; good many medium- sized diplococci; some bacilli of colon morphology; some bacilli of colon morpliology, but tliicker; good many baciilisligiitly longer and more slender tlum colon, tewofaerogenes type; some large thick bacilli v.'ith sjiores. Few negative of colon type and some spirals. Positive: Like last descrip- tion. Few negative of colon tj-pe and some spirals. Positive: Good!^ many large coccal bodies; many medium-sized diplococci; some bacilli of colon type and sonic longer than these; someba- cilli of colon length or longer, but more slender and are curved and have pointed ends; some of aerogenes mor- phology. Few negative of colon type and some spiral organisms. Positive: A few large coccal bodies; some medium- sized diplococci; some bacilli of colon morphology, but thicker, a few in short chains; good many medium length slender bacilli; some of aero- genes typo; a few long threads; a few bacilli approximating subtilis in mor- phology. Accident to emulsion of feces. Few negative of colon type, some slightly longer: Positive: Some large coccal and diplococcal bodies; many medium -sized diplococci; some of colon morjihology and some thicker than colon. Many slender medium length bacilli; few of aerogenes type; some long threads; a few thick me- dium length bacilli like subtilis in morphology. Few Gram negative of colon type and some slightly longer and moreslenuer. Positive: Like last description. Gram stain of glucose tube sediment. Gram stain of bouillon tube sediment. Posi ti ve field : M a j ori t y are small diplococci; few of colon morphol- ogy, but thicker than colon, and some ap- proaching aerogenes in morphology. Po.sitive field: Majority are medium-sized dip- lococci; some thick bacilli, some of colon length, others ap- proacliing morphology of aerogenes; a few rather large coccal bodies. Positive field: Many medium-sized diplo- cocci, some in chains; some bacilli of aero- genes diameter, but of about colon length, others slightly shorter than aerogenes. Positive field: Majority are medium-sized dip- lococci, some in short cliains; good many short thick bacilli of colon length; a few bacilli of same thick- ness approachingaero- genes in morphology, but of varying length, some very long. Positive field: Many me- dium-sized di]3lococci; bacUli are thick and vary in length from colon length to aero- genes morphology or longer. Like last description. . . Like last description do. -do. Positive field: Majority are' bacilli slightly longer and perhaps more slem' than colon; remaim of bacilli arc thicker a approach aerogenes morphology; a few ; dium-sized diplococci I'ositive field: Many vu- dium - sized diplococci; majority are bacilli of colon length, but thicker than colon; a few bacilli approachingaerogenes in morphology, but of vary- ing length, mostly of me- dium length. Positive field: Rome me- dium - sized diplococci; many bacilli of colon morphology and many longer than colon; some very long bacilli of about aerogenes morphology. Positive field: Some me- dium-sized diplococci; majority are slender ba- cilli of medium length or longer, a few with head- let (?); some bacilli of subtilis type in chains; a few large diplococcal bod- ies; a few of aerogenes type. I'ositive field: Some me- dium-sized diplococci; majority are slender me- dium length bacilli, seme are long and have heafllet or very small spore ou extremity; good many free spores; a few of colon morphology; few of aero- genes morphology. Here £ind there stout medium length bacilli with cen- tral spore. Positive field: Good many inedium-sized diplococci; some medium length slender bacilli; good many bacilli of colon morphology, but thicker; good many of colon mor- phology: ".some bacilli of sui;tilis type; a few free spores; here and there a bac-ill us of aerogenes mor- phology. Positive field: Field full of Lacilli of aerogenes mor- phology; a few frea spores; a few sliort thick bacilli some of which are in chains; a few medium- sized diplococci. Positive field: Field full of large thick bacilliof aero- genes capsnlalus type; a few in chains of sut)tilis type; a few free spores; some medium-sized dip- lococci; a few of colon morphology and some thicker than colon. EFFECTS OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON HEALTH, ETC., OF MAN. 517 Results of Graiii-stuin tests on feres — Conlinued. SUBJECT III (A. G.)— Continued. Date. Oram slain iliroct. Likn livst riasorijition. .do. Like last description except more of the hirjre oofcal bodies. Gram positive predominate. Negative of colon type. Positive: Many med- ium-sized diplococci; some large coccal liodies; goocl many of colon morphol- ogy; good many slightly longer than colon; many rather stout liacilli, few of these of aerogenes morphology, mostly short. Like last description, except those bacilli that are slightly longer than colon are more in evidence. Gram positive predominate. Negative are of colon tyf)e and slightly longer, and some spirals. Positive: Some large coccal liodies; good many me- dium-sized diplococci; majority are bacilli of colon morphology or slightly longer than colon, sonie slightly curved; some ratlier tliick bacilli, a few of which are of aerogenes moii)hol- ogy, others shorter; a few free spores. Few" negative bacilli; these are of colon tj'pe and a few large thick bacilli that are partly decolorized; otlierwise flora is as in last description. Gram positive predominate; negative are of calon type and spirals; one large stout bacillus. Positive: A few large coccal liodies; many medium-sized diplococci; majority arc liacilli of colon morphology or longer and more slen- der;" some stout bacilli of aerogenes morphology or shorter; a few bacilli of subtilis morphology; here and there a free spore. Gram positive predominate. Negative are only of colon type. Positive: A few large coccal l>odics; very many medium-sized diplococci, which are predominaiU: good many bacilli of colon mor|)hology, or longer and more slender; a few bacilli of about aerogenes morphology or shorter. Picture like last examination Grain stain of glucose tulio sediment. Like last description. . Like last description; some very long thick threads. Like last full description. Positive field: Majority are medium-sized di])- loeocci; remainder are stout l)acilli, very few approximating aero- genes in mor[3hology; most of them are of colon or medium length. Like last examination. . . Like last description. .do. Positive field: Majority are medium-sized dip- lococci ; a few medium- lengtli stout bacilli. Picture like that of last examination. Like last examination . . . Gram stain of bouillon tube sediment. Positive field: Many bar- cilli of aerogenes capsu- latus type; some of sub- tilis type; many free spores; .some baeilli of colon morphology, and some slightly longer; some of colon morpliol- ogy, but thicker; some medium-sized diplococci. Positive field: Majority are thick bacilli, some of medium lengtli, some of colon length, others of aerogenes morpliol o g y ; soiae medium-sized dip- lococci; a few biicilli of medium length and slen- der. Positive field: Majority are mcidum-sized diplococci; some small diplococci; a few in chains of subtilis tyiie; remainder are ba- cilli of aerogenes thick- ness, but of short or medium length. Positive field: Field equally divided among dijilococei of medium size andstoutliacilli, mostlyof medium length, here and there one like aerogenes in morphology; afew long thick threads. Like last examination, ex- cept no threads were seen. Positive field: Good many medium-sized diplococci, some of colon morphol- ogy; most of Ijacteria are rather thick, varyingl'rom short to aerogenes mor- phology, but most of them ate of medium length. Like last description. Positive field: Many me- dium - sized diplococci; many in chains; good many bacilli of colon morphology, some rather thick bacilli of aerogenes morphology or shorter. Positive field: Medium- sized diplococci predomi- nating; some of colon type; a few long thin bacilli; good many thick bacilli of aerogenes mor- phology, otliers shorter or much longer. Positive field: Good many medium-sized diplococci; some of colon type; a few long thin bacilli and some long thin threads; good many of aerogenes mor- phology or longer or shorter; a few chains of subtilis moiphology. 518 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. Results of Gram-stain tests on feces — Continued. SUBJECT III (A. G.)— Continued. Date. Gram stain direct. Gram stain of glucose tuljo sediment. Gram stain of bouillon tube sediment. 1908. Sept. 23 Sept. 26- 27 Sept. 30 Oct. 3-4 Oct. lo- ll Oct. 14 Oct. 10 Positive and negative about equal. Neg- 1 aiive of colon type. Positive: Some large coccal bodies; many medium- ' sized diploeocei; some liat'illi of colon | morpliolo!7y, some sllf;htly longer and I curved; very few of acrogenes ly|:e. j Few negative of colon type. Positive: : Good many large coccal bodies; ma- i jority are medium-sized diploeocei; | consideral)le number of medium i length slender curved bacilli; some bacilli of colon morphology; a few ] bacilli of aerogenes morphology; a few ! very stout and very long bacilli of un- | known morphology; a few rather long I slender threads. | Picture here like last description, ex- \ cept that none of the very large bacilli : of unknown morphology were seen, i Picture like last examination, except tliat tliere were found some stout l)acilli of medium length, a few of which contained central spores. Picture exactly like that of last exami- nation. Few Gram negative of colon type Posi- tive: Good many medium-sized dip- loeocei; some bacilli of colon type, and a good many longer and more slender; few of acrogenes morphology; some bacilli longer and tliicker than acro- genes. Picture Uke last description . Positive field: Pew largo coccal bodies; many medium-sized diploeocei; good many of colon morphology; some like these but more slender and curved; some slightly longer than colon and more slender; few of aerogenes mor- phology, and a few of acrogenes length , but slightly more slender than typical. Positive field: description. bike last Positive field: Practi- cally all are medium- sized diploeocei; a few rather large diploeocei in chains; very few stout bacilli of varying lengths. Like last description of this sediment. Positive field: Majority are medium-sized dip- loeocei ; a few stout ba- cilli varying from me- dium length to about aerogenes morphology. Picture just like last ex- i amination. Few gram negative of colon type and some approximating aeroge- nes in morphology. Positive: Few me- dium-sized diiilococci; majority are liacilli of aerogenes i?;or!)hology, but varying in length, some very long. Few Gram negative. These are of the mor- phology of tiie l)acilli descrilied under gram positive. Positive: Majority are medium- sized diploeocei; few bacilli ajtproximating aerogenes inmorphol- i ogy, but shorter than typical. Few negative bacilli nice those Gram posi- tive. Positive: Major- ity are medium-sized diploeocei; few bacilli of aerogenes morphol- ogy or shorter; few ba- cilli more slender than these, but of same length. Positive predominate:, Negative of colon tyj:e. Positive: Some medlunii sized dijilococci; majority; are i)acilli of aerogenes morphologj' or shorter. Positive field: Majority a. bacilli of aerogenes cap- sulatus type, but many are very long; consider- able numlier of medium- sized diploeocei; some bacilli of colon mor phology. Few gram negative of colon morphology. Positive: Majority are about me- dium length single bacilli, some of which contain spores; a few free spores; a few 1 acilli of colon moriihology. Positive field: Majority bacilli of colon morj . ogy, orsligiilly longer;:: curved: good many stout long bacilli with terminal oval spores; some bacilli of aerogenes morphology; a few free spores. Positive field: Majority are medium-sized diploeocei; a few rather large dip- loeocei in chains; many bacilli of colon mornhoi- ogy or longer than tnese; very few of aerogenes morpliology. Few Gram negative:- Tl ■ of colon type. Posit ■. Few medium-sized dip- loeocei; many slender me- dium-length baciUi; some like these liave tenninal spores; good many of co- lon morphology; very few of aerogenes morphology. Positive field: Good many medium-sized diploeocei; some of colon morphol- ogy; some of colon mor- phology, but longer than colon; a few of aerogenes morjihology, but perhaps slightly narrower. Positive field: Majority are bacilli of aerogenes thick- ness, but varying from typical length to medium length or short: good many bacilli of colon morphology, and some slightly longer; few me- dium-sized diploeocei. El'U'^ECTS Oi' SODIUM liENZOATE ON UEALTll, ETC., OF iMAN". 519 Results of Grain-stain tests on feces — Continued. SUBJECT III (A. G.)— Continued. Gram slain direct. Few nepativo of colon type. Positive: Kow \yffy coccal :vml d i )> 1 o o o c c a 1 l)odic's; };ood many mcdiam-sizod dip- lococ'ci; sonic of colon morphology and some lon^ier than culon; good many bacilli like colon, hut nioro sl(>n- der.somocurvcd, and some in comma- form; a few very long anti very slen- der bacilli; a few of acTogenes mor- phology; a few batslli more slender than aerogcncs, mostly of medium length. Some negative organisms; those are of colon type, a few ratherstout medium- length "bacilli, a few very long slender bacilli, and a few negative spirals. Positive; Organisms as before. Like last smear. Gram stain of glucose tuljo sediment. Positive field: Majority are mediUTn-sized dip- lococci; a few bacilli of aerogiuics m o r p h o 1- ogy; good many bacilli mure slender than aerogenes, mostly of medium length and short. Majority are medium- sized d i p 1 o c o c c i; some baeilH stouter and slightly longiT than colon ; a few neg- ative bacilli of similar morphology. Positive field: Jtajority are medium-sized dip- lococci; some of aero- genes morphology; a few bacilli of colon moq^hology; hero and there bacilli more slen- der than aerogenes and of medium length or short. Gram stain of Imuillon tulio sediment. Positive field: Few medi- um-sized diplococci; few of colon morphology; practically all are large bacilli, perhaps mere slender than aerogenes, and mostly of short and medium lengths; a few of thesi! approximating aerogenes in fnorphology ; here and there a few iSa- cilli in cijains of subtilis type; a few free spores. Very fi;w irregularly gram negative bacilli of colon tlilckness and slightly longer than colon. Posi- tive: Good many bacilli of colon morphologv; practically all are bacilli more slender than aero- genes and of colon and medium length; a few ba- cilli approximating aero- genes in morphology; few medium-sized d i p 1 o - cocci. Few negative of colon type. Positive: Good many ba- cilli of colon type; good many like colon but slightly longer; majority are bacilli like subtilis or megatherium with cen- tral spores; few bacilli of aerogenes morphology; a few Ijacilli more slender than colon and of varying lengths. SUBJECT IV (O. F. L.). July 14 Majority Gram negative. These are of colon type or slightly longer. Posi- tive: A few large coccal and diplococ- cal bodies; agoodmanymediuiii-sized diplococci; some bacilli of colon mor- phology; some longer than colon and more slender; some thick bacilli varj-- ing from aerogenes morphology to the length of colon. Like last descrii>tion. Like last description, except here are a few very long slender positive bacilli and a few large tlu-eads. Positive field: Good many mediiun-sized diplococci; majority are thick bacilU vary- ing from colon length to aerogenes morj^hol- ogy, mostly of medium length; a few bacilli of subtilis tji^e; some ba- cilli of colon morphol- ogy. Positive field: Majority are medium-sized dip- lococci; remainder are thick bacilli varying from colon length to aerogenes morphol- ogy; mostly of me- dium length; some rather long trucads. Positive field: Cocci as before; some of the thick bacilli are ex- tremely long, twice aerogenes length. Positive field: Majority are thick bacilli of varying length, like those de- scribed in glucose sedi- ment; some bacilli of co- lon length or longer, but more slender than colon; a ffiv/ medium-sized dip- lococci. Positive field: Good many small diplococci; a few bacilli of colon morphol- ogy; majority are rather thick bacilli, mostly of aerogenes morphology, some shorter and of me- dium length; some of the latter in short chains. Positive field: Majority are bacilli of colon morphol- ogy and some slightly longer and more slender; good many small diplo- cocci; here and there a bacillus of subtilis mor- phology. 520 SODIUM CENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. Results of Gram-stain tests on feces — Continued. SUBJECT IV (O. F. L.)— Continued. Dato. 1908. Julv 17 July 21- 22 July 24 July 28 July .31 Aug. 7 Aus 11 Gram stain direct. Positive predominate. Nepalive are of colon tyije. Positive: Few large eoc- cal and diplocoecal bodies; good many medium-sizeu diplococci; some baeiUi of colon morphology; good many slightly longer than colon and more slender or of colon thickness; a few of aerogenes morphology; a few of subtilis morphology. Like last description, except here are some bacilli of aerogenes morphology, but of medium length. Like last full description, except here are a good many large coccal bodies and a few free spores. Like last full description. Like last full description except a few negative spirals here, few medium- sized diplococci, some large coccal bodies, some rather long thick threads. Few negative of colon tj-pe. Positive: A few large coccal and diplocoecal bodies; good many medium-sized dip- lococci; here and there a long thick thread; somebiiciUiof aerogenes thick- ness or thicker and of medium length; some bacilli of colon morphology; many bacilli of medium length arid thickness. Gram stain of glucose tube sediment. Like last full description. Positive field: Field equally divided with medium-sized diplo- cocci and large bacilli of various lengths; some of these arc of aerogenes morphology, others short as colon or of medium length. Positive field: Good many medium-sized diislococci, mostly in chains; niajoiity are thick bacilli ^'arying in length from colon length to aerogenes morphology, but mostly of medium length. Positive field: Medium- sized diplococci in pre- dominance; remainder are thick bacilli var>- ing from colon length to aerogenes morphol- ogy, and some much longer, but mostly of medium length. Positive field: Practi- cally all are medium- sized diplococci, many in chains; a few of the thick bacilli men- tioned in last sedi- ment. Positive field: Like last description. Positive field: Diplo- cocci of medium size in minority: thick bacilli of abo.it aerogenes capsulatustype.butof varymg length in pre- donjinance; some long slender threads. Positive field: Majority are medium-sized dip- lococci; some in chains; some bacilli of aViout aprogeres diam- eter or narrower per- haps, but. of var\ing length; some very long, Init mostly of medium length; some long thick threads. Gram stain of bouillon tube sediment. Negative bacilli of col type, and some sleii' long bacilli. Positi . Some small dijtlococij; majority are thick bacilli, slightly heavier than aerogenes; most of tlicm are long, others of medi- um length or short; a few have central spores; a few bacilli of colon mor- phology. Positive field: Majority are thick bacilli, varying from colon length to aero- gents morjihologv, mostly of medium length; good "many bacilli of co- lon length or longer, IjUt more slender than colon; others of colon morphol- ogy; a few medium-sized diplococci. Positive field: Some medium-sized diplo- cocci; majority are rather thick bacilli like tho.se on glucose niediiun; a few baciUi of medium length and thickness. Positive field: Some irr- dlum-sized diploco(Ci; majority are rather thick bacilli, "as in last desciii- tion of this sediment, but some of these have cen- tral spores and are occa- sionally in chains of two; some free spores. Positive firhi: Majority are baciUi that aie rather thick, of aerogenes mor- phology and shorter; many of these have ter- minal bulgings, which in places show to be spores; a few chains of subtilis type; a few small dii Ic- cbcci. Positive field: Like last de- scription, iihis some of colon morpliology and some that are of medium length and slender. Positive field: Some .small and some medium-.sized diplococci; good many bacilli of almost aerogenes diameter, mostly long, some in chains of 2 and 3, l>ut mostly single; here and there" these bacilli have tenninal spores; many bacilli of colon morpliology; no free spores. Positive field: Few me- dium-sized diplococci; some bacilli of colon mor- phology; some bacilli of medium length and slen- der; here and there a chain of subtilis type; field full of thi.k bacilli of varying lengths, mostly of aerogenes length and morphology, others of medium length or short. EFFECTS OF SODIUM BliNZOATE ON HEALTH, ETC., OF MAN. 521 Results of Gram-stain tests on feces — ("oiitimied. SUBJECT IV (O. F. L.)— Continued. Oram st;viii tlirccl. Gram stain of glucose tute sediment. Good many negative of colon type. Posi- tive: Few medium-sized diplococci; otherwise same a3 last specimen. Like Aug. 14, except a few negative spiral organisms; good many medium- sized diplococci. Few negative of colon type. Positive: A few large loctal Ijodios; good man}- medium-sized diplococci; a few long thicl< threads; some l)acilli of colon morphology; some bacilli of aerogcnes thickness and of medium length; bacilli of medium length and slender in majority. Like last description. Few negative of colon type. Pojitive: A few large coccal bodies; good many medium-sized diplococci; niany me- dium length bacilli of slender diam- eter; some bacilli of colon morphol- ogy. Picture like last description . Positive predominate. Negative of colon type and a few spirals. Posi- tive: Some large coccal bodies; good many medium-sized diplococci; a few bacilli of aliout subtilis moi-phology; here and there a free spore; good many bacilli of aerogenes morphology; ma- jority are bacilli of colon moi^phology or slightly longer. Picture like last description . Like last description . Same as last description . .do. .do. Positive field: Majority are medium-sized dip- lococci, man.v i n chains; remainder are thick bacilli, some of aerogenesmorphology ; some much longer; most of them of me- dium length. Positive field: Picture like last description, except that afew small diplococci were seen. Po.sitive field: Majority are medium-sized dip- lococci ; some stout baciUi varying from short or medium- length to aerogenes morphology. Like last description, except have here in addition some long rather stout threads. Like last description Gram stain of bouillon tube sediment. Positive field: Few me- dium-sized diplococci; good many long thick bacilli of acsrogenes mor- phology, but with cen- tral and tenninal spores; majority are medium length or long bivcilli of medium thickness. Like last description plus some free spores. Positive field: Some .small and medium-sized dip- lococci; some biuiilli of colon morphology; some bacilli of medium length and slender; field full of thick bacilli; some as very long threads; others of aerogenes length and approximating closely morphology of aerogenes; others short and of me- dium length. Positive field: Some me- dium-sized diplococci ; majority are thick bacilli, varying from very short to very long, mostly of mediuin length; those of proper length look much like aerogenes; some rather long thin threads. Positive field: A few me- dium-sized diplococci; some bacilli of colon mor- phology; some medium length slender bacilli; some of this moi"phology have enlargements or spores on end; great many rather stout bacilli, mostly of aerogenes mor- phology, but otliers of medium length or short. Positive field: Many bacilli of colon morphology; these and some slightly longer than colon are in majority; a few of aerog- enes morphology; a few long thin threads. Positive field: Good many medium-sized diplococci; a few liacilli of colon mor- phology and someslightly longer "than these; major- ity are rather thick ba- cilli, most of which are of aerogenes moi-phology; others short or of medium length; a large stout ba- cillus here and there. Like last description, ex- cept that there are here more of the colon-like bacilli. Positive field: Majority are bacilli of colon morphol- ogy; some medium-sized diplococci; some rather stout Ijacilli of aerogenes morphology or shorter. 522 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OE MAN. Results of Gram-stain tests on feces — Continued. SUBJECT IV (O. F. L.)— Continued. Date. Gram stain direct. Gram stain of glucoso tube sediment. Oram stain of bouillon tube sediment. 1908. Sept. 10 Sept. 19-20 Sept. 23 Sept 20-27 Sept. 30 Oct. 7 Oct. 10-11 Gram positive and negative about equal. Negativeof colon type. Pos- itive: Some large coccal bodies; some medium-sized diplococci; majority are of colon lype or longer; a few rather thick bacilli of aercgenes type; here and there one approximatiiig subtilis in morpliology ; a lew free spores. Picture like thatof last description Like last description. No spore;;; no organisms like subtilis. Positive predominate. Negative of col on type. Positive: Good many medium- sized diplococci; fev.- large coccal bod- ies; majority are bacilli of colon mori)hology or longer and slightly curved; a "few stout and a few thin long threads; a few bacilli of aerogenes morphology; a few free spores. Gram positiveand negative about equal; negative of colon type; otherwise like last description. Oct. 3-4 Picture like last examination. Oct. 14 Picture like last examination, except that negative bacteria are few: these are of colon morphology and some spi- ral organisms. Gram positive predominate. Negative are of colon type, a few spirals, and an occasional long slender partially de- colorized bacillus. Positive: Fevv'large coccal bodies, some medium-sized di- plococci; majority are about colon morphology or slightly more slender; good maiiy approximating aerogenes, but of varying thickness and length; few very siout mediujn length or long liacilli. Like last description, except more large coccal and diplococcal Viodies; few ba- cilli approximating aerogenes; few free spores. Positive field: Practi- cally all are medium- sized diplococci; a few rather thick medium length bacilli, simu- lating, except in length, the aerogenes. Positive field: Like last description, except some of these thick bacilli are very long. Positive field: Mediimr- sized diplococci about in number equal to the bacilli present; these are of aerogenes mor- phology; others shorter or longer than typical Positive field: Practi- cally all are medium- sized diplococci; some large diplococci; a few bacilli approaching aerogenes in morphol- ogy- Like last description Like last description, ex- cept here were foimd a few thick threads. Positive field: Practi- cally all are medium- sized diplococci; few rather stout bacilli of varying lengths, a few of which approximate aerogenes in mor- pholog}'. Positive field: Like last description except ba- cilli are mostly longer than aerogenes, but of that diameter. Positive field: Good mnr;. bacilli of about cci' morphology; good iiui; bacilhof a<'rogeneseai).sii- latus type; some Like suii- tilis, l)iit not in chains: a few medium-sized diplo- cocci. Few negative bacilli of co- lon type; except for the addition of a few long thin threads, same pic- ture as last description. Negative bivcilli of colon type predominate. Pos- itive: Few medium-sized diplococci; majority of positive bacilli are thick, about aerogenes mor- phology, except that some have bulging cen- tral spores. Positive field: Practically all are long stout bacilli or of mediirm length, a few with terminal spores; a few bacilli of colon morphology: a few me- dium-sized diplococci. Positive field: Majority are medium 'length or long stout baciUi; some of aerogenes morphology; others with terminal oval or round spore; some of the latter look much like tetanus b.icilli; good many slender medium length or long bacilli; a few of colon t}"pe; a few free spores. Positive field: Majority are bacilli of c6\on morphol- ogy or longer; good many bacilli of aerogenes moi- phoiogy; a few mediian- sized diplococci. Positive field: Practically all are of colon morphol- ogy; some mediimi-sized diplococci; a few bacilli similar to aerogenes in morphology. Positive field: Good many medium-.sized diplococci; majority- of bacilli are about colon morphology, or more slender; few ba- cilli approximating aerog- enes in morphology. Positive field: Goodmany mediimi-sized diplococci, and some organisms which I can not be sure of, whether cocci in pairs or short bacilli; majority are rather thick bacilli of aerogenes diameter, but of various lengths, from colon length to tj-pical aerogenes length, mostly of medium length. EFFECTS OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON HEALTH, ETC., OF MAN. 523 Rt'siills of Gram-stain tests on feces — Continued. SUBJECT IV (O. F. L.)— Continued. Duto. Gram stain direct. Oram stain of glucose tulje sediment. igas. Oct. ir- is Oct. 22 Few negative of colon morphology, oc- casioniil rather long bacilli of inedimn Ihickniiss, aiul a chuiii of spindle- sliupedorganisms. Positive: Few large cowal bodies; good iiuiiiy niedimn- sized iliiilccocci; inajorily are bacilli of colon iiuMiil'.ology. a few of which are slender aiirogenr's thickness and of medium length and short; here and there one of aerogenes morphology. Positive field: Practi- cally all are medium- sized diplococci; here and there a bacillus of aorogenesmorphology ; afewnioreslenderthan aerogenes and of me- dium length and short. Like last description Gram stain of bouillon tube sediment. Few negative of colon type. Positive: Good many me- dium-sized dijilococci; many bacilli of colon morphology; few bacilli of aerogenes thickness, but varying from short to aerogenes length, mostly of medium length. Few negative bacilli that are rather stout and of medium lengtli. Posi- tive: (jood man J- liacilli of colon morphology; some like colon, but slightly longer, and some more slender and longer than colon; some bacilli of aerogenes morphology; good many bacilli more slender than aerogenes and varying in length, mostly ofmediimi length; a few "rather sloiU bacilli of subtilis or Biegathe- riimi type. Positive: Majority are ba- cilli of colon morphology and slightly longer than colon; a few medium- sized diplococci: here and there short, stout bacilli ahnost coccal in form; oc- casional free spores. A few negative of colon morphology. Positive: Majority are medium- sized diplococci; some bacilli of colon morphol- ogy; good many bacilli more slender than aero- genes and of medium length; here and there a bacillus of aerogenesmor- phology. SUBJECT V (A. M. N.). July 4-0 Gr;imncirative predominate. These are of colon type or slightly more slender and longer. Positive: Some large coc- cal bodies; some mcdiimi-sized diplo- I cocci; some bacilli of colon morphol- I og>s good many bacilli of medium length and slender; some short, stout bacilli and a few approximating aero- genes. July 8 I Gram positive predominate. Negative are of colon type and a few rat her large. thick bacilli. Positive: Good many large coccal bodies; many mediimi- sized diplococci; majority are medium length and slender bacilli; some of colon morphologj'; a few bacilli of aerogenes morphology; here and there i some large bacilli like subtilis in mor- phology. July 11- I Picture of field like last description, cx- 12 I ccpt that negative bacilli predomi- I nate; these are of colon type or some- ! what longer. I'ositive field: Nearly all are mediimi-sized dip- lococci; a few medium length, slender bacilli. Positive field : Very few- medium -sized diplo- cocci: field full of thiol: bacilli of aerogenes morphology or longer or shorter;" some very long, thick threads. Positive field: Majority medium-sized diplo- cocci: remainder are rather stotit bacilli of medium length, ap- proximating in places aerogenes in morpho- logy. Practically all are Gram. negative of colon tj-pe; a few positive bacilli; these are thick bacilli, mostly short, but a few of aerogenes length. Some of the latter in short chains. Positive field; good many large bacilli of aerogenes type; some medium- sized cocci; some bacilli of colon morphology; ma- jority are slender, me- dium-sized bacilli. Majority Gram negative. These of colon type. Positive: Some rather thick bacilU, varjing from shorl to aerogenes morpholouy; a few slen- der bacilli of colon length or longer; here and there a few chains of subtilis morphology; some long narrow threads. 524 fcJODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTil OE MAN. liesults of Gravi-siain tests on feces — Continued. SUBJECT V (A. M. N.)— Continued. Date. 1908. July 15 July 18- 19 July 22 July 25- Julv 2'J Aug. 1- 2 Aug. 5 Aug. a- 9 Aug. 12 Gram stain direct. Gram positive predominate. Negative of colon type. Positive: Some large coccal bodies; good many medium- sized diplococci; good many bacilli of aerogenes type or shorter; good many bacUli of medium length or longer and slender; here and there a bacillus of subtilis morphology. G ram posi live and negative a bout equal ; negative of colon type; otherwise flora as in last examination. Almostexclusively Gram positive; other- wise flora as in last description. Almost exclusively Gram positive. Gram neg. of colon type. Positive: Some large coecal bodies; some me- dium-sized diplococci; some rather thick bacilli of aerogenes type, and some shorter and of medium length; majority of the bacilli are of medium length and thickness; some of colon morphology. Picture like that of last examination Picture exactly like last description. Giam positive and negative about equal; negative of colon type; otherwise like last description Gram positive predominate. Negative of colon type. Positive: Some large coccal bodies; good many medium- sized diplococci; few bacilli of aero- genes morphology; good many bacilli of medium length, or long and slender; some long, thick threads; occasional bacilli of subtilis morphology. Gram positive almostexclusively. Ex- cepting the few very long, slender ba- cilli mentioned among the gram posi- tive in the last description this one tallies. Gram stain of glucose tube sediment. Positive field: Majority arc medium-sized dip- lococci; many in chains; remainder are stout bacilli, mostly of medium length, others short; others of aero- genes morphology. I'ositive field: Majority are medium-sized dip- lococci; a few rather smallcocci; somclong, thick threads; stout bacilli as in last exami- nation. Positive field: Cocci of medium size and the stout bacilli m c n - tioned in last exami- nation about equally divided; some bacilli of colon morphology. Positive field: Majority are medium-sized dip- lococci; a few stout bacilli of aerogenes morphology or of me- dium length or short; some long, slender, and thick threads. Like last description of this sediment. Like last description Exactly like last descrij)- tion. Positive field: Thick ba- cilli of various length as described before in these sediments, in predominance; me- dium-sized diplococci in minorit}'. Positive field: Equally divided between me- dium-sized diplococci and the thick bacilli of various lengths. Gram stain of bouillon lube sediment. I Positive field: Some me- i diuin-sized diplococci, a I few in chains; majority are rather thick bacilli of ' medium length or short, ■ or of acrogi-nis morphol- ogy; here and there ba- cilli of colon morphology. I Same as last description. Positive field: Majority are medium length baciUi of medium thickness; good many rather thick, long bacilli having central spores, others short or of medium length; here and there free sjjorcs; a few bacilli of colon morphol- ogy- Positive field: Few me- dium - sized diplococci; majority are rather thick bacilli of medium length or short, others of aero- genes mori)liology; some long, thick threads. Positive field: Few me- dium - sized diplococci; some bacilli of colon mor- phology. Majority are large, thick bacilli of about aerogenes morphol- ogy or longer; some of these have large or small oval tenninal spores. Exactly similar to last de- scription. Few negative of colon type. Positive: Many bacilli of medium length and thickness; good many of colon type; many long, thick bacilli of about aerogenes morphologj'. some of which have ter- minal oval or round spores. Positive field: Majority are medium-sized diplococci; some small diplococci; a few thick bacilli of aero- genes thickness, varjnng in length from short ba- cilli to very long threads Positive field: Few me- dium-sized diplococci; some bacilli of colon mor- phology; majority are thick bacilli of about aerogenes morphology or much longer; some of these long organisms can be described as threads; some of these shorter ba- cilli have tcrmiaal spores. EFFECTS OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON HEALTH, ETC., OF MAN. 525 Ixesidts of Gram-stain tests on feces — Continued. (SUBJECT V (A. M. N.)— Continued. Date. Oram stain direct. 1908. Auk. I.. Aug. 19 Aug. 22- Aug. 26 Sept. 2 Sept. 5, 6,7. Aug. 2»- do. 30 Gram positivoal most pxchisivcly. Nega- tive of colon type. Positive: Some larLte coccal hollies; sonic mcdium- sizod (liisloeoeci; sonic bivcilli of about siihtilis iiioi[>lioloi;;y; some ratlier tliiclc bacilli of acrogones type and sonic shorter and of mcdiiiin ienf^tli; majority of bacilli are of medium length and medium thickness. Picture like last, e.xcept in addition there are some gram negative spiro- clielo-like organisms, and there are n>hitivi'ly more of the stout bacilli ap- pro.ximating aerogenes. ram positive and negative about equal. Negative areof c-olon inorijhology and some long, slender bacilli. Positive; Some large coccal bodies; a good many medium-sized diplococci; many thick bacilli of various lengths, some short, most of them mee with central spores;" some rather thick bacilli of aerogenes mor- phology, others longer, some shorter, and a few medium-sized diplococci. Positive field: Many bacilli of medium length and thickness, sonic nearly of colon morphology: great many rather thick ba- cilli, very few of aerogenes type, mostly short; some medium-sized di])lococci. Few negative bacilli of co- lon type or longer. Pos- itive: Good many me- dium-sized diplococci; some chains of subtiUs morphology; some ba- cilli of aerogenes mor- phology, others shorter than these; majority are bacilli of colon morphol- ogy or slightly longer. 526 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. Results of Gram-stain tests on feces — Continued. SUBJFXT V (A. M. N. )— Continued. Date. 1908. Sept. 10 Sept. 14 Sept. 17 Sept. 21 Sept. 24 Gram stain direct. Sept. 28 Oct. Gram stain of glucose Gram stain ol bouillon tul)e sediment. tu1)e sediment. Lilce last description, except no spiro- chete-like negative organisms seen. Like l;i.st description. Gram positive predominate. Negative of colon ty|)e. Positive: Good many large coceal and diplococcal bodies; many medium-sized diploeocci; ma- jority are bacilli of alwut colon mor- phology; a few of aerogenes type; a few bacilli of a morphology like that of subtilis. Like last description; one long negative stout bacillus found. G ram positive and negative about equal ; negative of colon typo and some long, slender Ijacilli. Positive: Good many large coccal and diplococcal bodies; many medium-sized diploeocci; good many bacilli of colon typ(!; some long- er and more slender" than colon; a few of aerogenes type; a few short ba- cilli much shorter" than aerogenes. Gram positive almost exclusively: good many largccoecal bodies — consideral)le medium -sized diploeocci; majority are ba<^'illi of colon morphology or a little longer than colon, some staining irregularly; a few bacilli of aerogenes morphology; some large oval bacilli, a few with central spore. Like last description. .do. I'lora as on Sept. 28. Almost exclusively gram positive; good many large coccal bodies; very many medium-sized diploeocci; bacilli of colon morphology or little longer in predominance; a" few bacilli of aero- genes type; a few large bacilli, some- what oval, with occasional central spore. Positive field. Field equally divided be- tween" medium-sized diploeocci and short t)acilli of aerogenes di- ameter. Positive and negative about equal; negative are of colon type and some much longer and slender. Positive: Many medium sized dinlococci; some thick bacilli that are of asro- goni'S morphology in places, Ijut mostly shorterthan aerogenes. Positive field; Medium- sized diploeocci are in minority; majority are bacilli of colon morphology, and many distinct ly long- er than colon, some slightly curved and pointed on the ends; a few bacilli of aero- gi>nos morphology or shorter than tyi)ical. Positive field: Meditun- sized dii)lococci much in predominance; some rather stout ba- cilli of ahout aerogenes morphology , but vary- ing in Icngih. Positive field: Practi- cally all are mediiun- sizcd diploeocci; a few stout liacilli of varying lengths, some approx- imating aerogenes in morphology. Positive field: Somo me- dium - sized diploeocci; good many of colon mor- phology or little longer; some very long, slender bacilli; good many stout bacilli, manv of aeroge- nes morphology, others ofgreateror lesser lengths; few short chains of sub- tilis morphology. Positive prcdomiuatx!. Neg- ative are of colon type, but slightly longer. Pos- itive: Majority are ba- cilli of colon type or long- er; some medium-sized diploeocci; a f.'w rather tliick bacilli of aerogenes morphology, and more of same th ic k ness but shorter. Positive field: Field full of bacilli in chains of sub- tilis type; a few bacilli of colon type; a f(!w me- diiun-sized diploeocci. Very few negative of colon type. Positive: Major- ity are bacilli of colon morphology; good many .short, thick bacilli, and a few about aerogenes morphology; some me- dium-sized diploeocci. Good many negative: These are of colon type: Some slightly longer and some much longer, even to formation of threads. Positive: A few long threads; some liacilli of colon type and a few longer: many rather thick bacilli of "aerogenes type. Positive field. Majority are bacilli of colon morphol- ogy and many nmch longer; .some of the latter show irregularity in staining and headlcts; good many medium- sized diploeocci; few of aerogenes type. Flora like Sept. 28, except no headlet bacteria were seen. Positive field. Bacilliof co- lon morphology or slight- ly longer and iuore slen- der in predominance; some of the slender ba- cilli show irregularity in the gram stain, and a few structures like hcadlets were seen here and th'Tc; a few slender bacilli with terminal spores. EFFECTS OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON HEALTH, ETC., OF MAN. 527 Results of Gram-stain tests on feces — Continued. SUBJECT V (A. M. N.)-Continued. Grain stain direct. Gram stain of glucose tube sediment. Gram stain of bouillon tube sediment. Few negative bacilli of colon type. Pos- itive: A pood many large coccal bod- ies; nii'diuni-sized iiiplococci much in j)redomin;iiu('; a good many bacilli of colon nioiphology; some bixi'illi much longer i Imiii colon, a few of which show irreiriilarily of staining; few ba- cilli of aerogcnes type; a few largo oval bacilli. F(!w negative. These are of colon tNiw or sliglitly longer, and a few long, slen- diT h;icilli. Positive: Kew large coc- cal bodii's; good many medium-sized diplococci: majority " are of colon length or slightly longer, but more slender thnn colon; few of acrogenes type; few free spores; few large sfout bacilli containing spores. Like last description Positive field: Almost exclusively medium- sized diplococci; a few stout bacilli of lengths varying from meditun to long: a few of these are similar to aeroge- , nes. Like last description, l)lus some long threads of medium thiclmcss, a few of whi( h are gram positive and some gram negative. Like last full description. Few negative of colon type and some slightly longer. A few rather thick medium length luicilli. Positive: A few large coccal bodies; good many medimn sized e spores; a few slender ba- cilli with terminal oval or round spore; a few of colon morphology; some medium-sized tiiplococci. Positive field: Majority are rather thick l>acilli vary- ing from colon length to aero.genes, mostly of me- dium length; very few free spores; a few slender bacilli with terminal spore; a few of colon morphology; some me- dium-sized" diplococci; a few chains of subtilis variety. EFFECTS OF SODIUM BKXZOATK. ON HEALTH, ETC., OF MAN. 529 lu'.siilts of (iruin-stai7i tests on feces — Continued. SUBJKCT VI (C. II. S.)— Continued. Aug. 1,2 Aug. Aug. 12 Aug. 15, 10 I'u-turc like that o( '.'."ith and JtiMi. Majority Gram jwsitivo; a few largo coc- cal liodics: good many nii'diuin-sizod diplocooci: good many liacilli of al>ont colon morpliology, some sliglitly curved, and some longer ami more sloncjt'r; a few haeilliof aerogfues typo. but varying in longtli; horo and tlioro a thicli" long l^aeillus with contral spore; occasional froe spores. Few negative. These are of colon type or little longer. Positive: Some large coccal l)odies; good many medium- sized diplococci: majority are slender bacilli longer than colon morphology, some of which are shghtly curved; a few stout bacilli as on Aug. 1 and 2; a few free spores; a few large thick l)a- cilli. Picture here as on Aug. 5, except more diplococci and fewer of those described as of colon typ<>, liut longer. Few negative of colon type. Positive: Some large coccal bodies; good many medium-sized diplococci; majority are slender biicilli. longer than colon; "good many of colon morphology, some of which are slightly curved; very many stout bacilli approximatmg aefogenes; no spores. Few Gram negative; these of colon type or a little longer; some large coccal bodies; many medium-sized diplo- cocci; good many slender bacilli of colon length or longer, some slightly curved; a few stout bacilli with cen- tral spore; a few froe spores; few of aerogenes morphology. Few Gram negative, these of colon type or slightly longer. Positive: Organ- isms are like those of last examina- tion, except thai the metlium-sized diplococci are in predominance. Description of field coincides witli that ol last examination. Gram stain of glucose Gram stain of bouillon I ube sediment. tul)o sediment. I' OS i t i vo'Tield: Two kinds of organisms; (;occi and thick bacilli as on 2.5th and 2Gth; l)oth present in about same number. Positive field: Majority are medium-sized dip- lococci: some in chains; remainder are stout bacilli, some of aero- genes morphology, others shorter or much longer; some rather long threads. Positive as on Aug. 1 and 2. Positive field, as on last examination. .do. Positive field: Cocci of medium size in dip- lococcus form and large stout bacilli, some of aerogenes morphol- ogy, others shorter or longer in about equal numljer. i'ositive field: Majority are medium-sized dip- lococci: few bacilli of colon morphology; few stout bacilli, some of aerogenes morphol- ogy, others shorter or much longer. Positive field: Majority are medium-sized dip- lococci, a few ui chains; remainder are bacilli of aerogenes morphol- ogy, and some shorter or longer than these; a few long, thick threads. F'ositive field: Majority are stout bacilli; some of aerogenes morphology, others shorter; liere an'(| there some of llie.so ba\ e central snores; few slen- der bacilli of medium length with terminal spore; some mediinn- sized diplococci; few ba- cilli of colon type; some chains ot suljtilis typo. Positive and negat i ve mi.\ed. Few negative. These are very long slen- der bacilli which are do- I colorized in places in the field and not in others. Positive: Majority are thick bacilli, .some of aero- genes morphology, others of medium lengtli or short; a few medium- sized diplococci. Positive field: Majority are of colon morphology; some l)acilli in chains of subtilis type; a few dip- lococci. Positive field: Good many bacilli of colon morphol- ogy; many bacilli of colon morphology, but longer; many rather long and thick single tiacilli, some with central spores; good many free spores. Positive field: Many long, slender bacilli; good many of colon morphology; good many free spores; good many bacilli of aero- genes morphology, and others of same diameter, but of medium length or short. Positive field: Many long, slender bacilli, and many m long threads; good many of colon morphol- ogy; good many free spores; good many of aerogenes morphology, and others of same thick- ness, but shorter. Positive field: Many liaciili of colon morphology; some rather long, slender bacilli, a few of which have terminal spores; some bacilli of aerogenes morphology; .some bacilli of moi-phology of l)acil- lus sul)tilis; a few me- dium-sized diplococci. Positive field (very poor slide): Majority are me- dium-sized diplococci; some rather short, thick bacilli. 70111 — No. ,s^^— (»!»- .34 530 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. Results of (Iram-stain tests on/eces — ('ontinu«Ml. SUBJECT VI (C. H. S.)— Continued. Ciram stain diroct. Gram stain of glucose Oram stain of bouillon tni)e sediment. I uIk- sediment. 1908. Aug. 2ti Aug. 29, 30 Sept. Sept. o- Sept. 10 Sept. 14 Sept. n Gram positive predominate. -Negative are of colon typo. Positive: Some large coccal Iwdies; good many me- dium-sized diplococci: good many l)a- cilli of colon niorpholog\'. and many somewhat longer: good many rather thick l)acilli of various lengths, some of aerogenes morphology, but more of medium length or short; here and there a free spore. Description of field exactly like thai of last examination. Flora here like the last description, cx- cept that there are more diplococci and fewer of those bacilli that are stout and of various lengths. Gram positive predominaU^; flora here like in last examination, e.xcept that there are fewer diplococci, but still a good many, and that there are more of those liacilli that are stout and of various lengths. Gram positive predominate; negative are of colon type and some long, slen- der threads." Positive: Some large coccal bodies; good many medium- sized diplococci; good many Ijacilli of colon morphology and many some- what longer; good many bacilli of about aerogenes morphology, others like these, but stout<>r (?) : some large bacilli of subtilis morphology; some long slender threads; a few free spores. Positive predominate. Negative of colon type. Positive: Some large coccal bodies; good many mediiun- sized diplococci; good many bacilli of colon morphology and many some- what longer; good many rather thick bacilli of varying lengths, some of aerogenes morphology, otliers of me- dium length or short : a iow free spores. Positive predominate. Negative of colon type. Positive: Majority are slender Ijacilli of colon type or longer; a few large coecal l)odies; some medi- um-sized diplococci; few of aerogenes tj-pe; some short thick l)LVcilli of un- certain morphology; a few spore hold- ing bacilli like subtilis in morphology; a few free spores. Positive field: Almost exclusively medium- sized diplococci; re- mainder are rather thick t)acilli, varying from about medium length to long threads, very few of aerogenes morphology. Flora like last examina- tion. Flora like last descrip- tion, except that many of the diplococci ;He in chains. Flora like that of last de- scription, except that there are no chains of diplococci and no long threads. Positive field: Majority are medium-sized dip- lococci: remainder are thick bacilli, mostly aljout aerogenes mor- phology, others very long, mediiun length or short; a single free spore seen. Like last examination . Negative are in minority, and are very long, s1d diplococci; a few of aerogenes type; a few Ixicilli in chains with central spores of subtilis morphology; majority are long, rather slender ba- cilli and some long slen- der threads. .\ few negative bacilli of colon type. Positive: Majority' are rather long, slender" bacilli; some rather long slender threads; good many of colon morphology; some bacilli of sul)tiiis t5TX*, but not in chains. Few very long negative thread-iike bacilli. Posi- tive: Some mediiun-sizcd diplococci; good many bacilli of aerogenes mor- phology or shorter, some of the falter with central spores; no chains; a few rather long slender ba- cilli witli tenninal spore; majority are bacilli of about colon morphology or longer; a few free spores. Positive predominate. Very few negative of a morphology like colon, except longer. Positive: Majority are bacilli of colon morphology or longer; some medium sized diplococci; good many stout bacilli of aerogenes morphologj-, others shorter. Positive and negative about equal. Negative are of colon type, and many long slender bac- cilli." Positive: Some very long bacilli like those above; good many bacilli of about aerogenes morphologj- ; few of colon type; good" many medi- um-sized diplococci. EFFECTS OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON HEALTH, ETC., OF MAN. 531 Dal(\ Results of Grnw-stnin tests onfeccft — (Continued. SUBJECT VI (C. II. S.)— Contimiod. Gram stain direct. Oram stain of glucose tube scdimi'ii). Oram stain of bouillon tiibesedimi^nt. Sei)t. 28 Oct. 1 Oct. Likp last examination, oxwpt sonic negative spirociiclc-like spiral orfjan- isnis; a few very loiiR thick Itacilli par- tially dwolorizcd. Oram positixl^ predominate. Negative of colon type. Positive: Majority are slender bm'illi of colon type or slightly longer, some of t lie latter curved: a few- large coccal bodies: .some medium- sized diplococci; here and there a free spore; few of aert)genes morphology; some .short thick bacilli. Practically Gram (lositive field; a few large diplococcal bodies; good many mediiuii-sized diplococci; good many tiacilli of colon morphology; good many ba<.illi longer than colon, some of which arc slightly curved; good many stout bai-illi varying in length from" short to about aerogenes mor- phology; few free spores. Few Gram negative bacilli. These of colon type. Positive: Afcwlargeeoc- cal bodies; good many mediujn-sized diplococci: a few rather long threads; good many bat'iUi of colon morphol- ogy, and "a good many longer than colon, some of the latter slightly curved; good many stout bacilli of aerogenes length or shorter; a few free spores. Picture like that of Octoljer 1. Few negative of colon type and slightly longer. Positive: Few large coccal bodies; good many medium-sized dip- lococci: good many bacilli of colon mori)hology; good many slightly longer ttian c-olon; some of colon length but more slender and curved: good many bacilli of aerogenes type and some shorter than these; few large thick bacilli with central spore; few free spores. Like last description I/ike last examination Positive field: Practi- cally all are medium- sized diplococci; a few thick l)acilli of varying lengths. Posit ive field: Nearly all are medium-sized dip- lococci; few r a I li e r stout liacilii of medi- um length. Positive field: Nearly all are medium-sized dip- lococci; some very long stout bacilli, singly or in chains of 2 to 3. Positive field: Nearly pure culture of medi- um-sized diplococci ; few stout Itacilli vary- ing from short to very long. Positive field: Practi- cally all are medium- sized diplococci; re- mainder are stout ba- cilh, some of aerogenes morphologj-, others of medium length or very long. Like last description .do. Positive field: Good many l>acilli of colon type; good many rather thick luicilli of various lengths, some of aerogi'nes mor- phology, and some with terminal spore; .some me- dium-sized diplococci. Positive field: Majority are bacilli of colon mori)hol- ogy; good many medium- sized c(i; few of aerogenes type; a few short tliick l)acilli; here and there a long slender thread. Positive field: Majority are bacilli of colon morphol- ogy; goodly number of bacilli longer tlian colon; few medium-sized diplo- cocci; A few bacilli with round spore similar to tetanus; good many stout medium length spore holding ba<-illi; here and tliere a free spore. FewGramncgalive. Ttiese of colon type. Positive: Majority are bacilli of colon morphologj- or longer than typical "colon, some of the latter stain- ing irregularly gram posi- tive; a few medium-sized diplococci; a few rather long thick Ijacilli, some of which have terminal spores. Very few Gram negative. These of colon type. Positive: Majority are ba- cilli of colon morphology or slightly longer, some of the latter showing irregularity in staining; a few medium-sized diplo- cocci; some rather thick medium length l)acilli with terminal and cen- tral spores. Positive field: Few Gram negative l)acilli of colon type. Positive: Bacilli aiid cocci as Oct. 5, ex- cept here we have in ad- dition a good many very long slender bacilli or threads. Positive field: Good many medium-sized diplococci; good many of i-olon mor- phology; good many like colon iiut slightly longer •and more .shiider; .some of the larger ones stain irregularly Gram po.si- tivejgoodniany of aerog- enes type and shorter than the.se. Positive field: Good many medium - sized diplo- cocci; good many of colon morphology; few long slender bat-illi. of \vhich part have terminal spores; good many ba- cilli of aerogenes thick- ness, mostly short; a few spore-holding single ba- cilli resembling subtilis. 532 bUDlL.\i liE^ZUALt A:ND the HJiALTH Ui- .MAN, Results of Gram-stain tests on feces — Continued. SUBJECT VI (C. H. S.) -Continued. Date. Gram stain direct. Gram stain of glucose tube sediment. 1908. Oct. 19 Oct. 22 Oct. 2(J i'ew negative bacilli of colon type and slightly longer than colon. Positive: Few large coit-al tiodies: good many medixim-.siztd diplococci; good many bacilli of colon morphology; good many liacilli of colon morphology . but slightly longer; good many mc'diuni lengthor short slender hiicflli; 1 head- let form seen onlong slender hac-illus: a few of aerogenes moqihology; some morcsl(>nderthanaerogenes ahdofme- diiun length or short , a few free spores. Few negative haclUi of colon type, and slightly longer. Positive: Tew large coccal" bodies; some medium-sized diplococci: good many of colon mor- phology-; a few of colon moqjhology but slightly thicker; good many of colon morphology, but longer, a few of which are slightly curved: some ba- cilli of aerogenes type; some of about same morphology "but shorter; a few long thick bacilli with occasional cen- tral spores; a few free spores. Negative organisms in abundance but in minority : The^e are of colon mor- phology arid slightly longer, and a few bacilli long and slender and a few- spirals. Positive: Organisms as in last description. Oct. 29 Good many Gram negative. These are of colon "tjT)e, some slightly longer, and here and there a very long slender bacillus. Positive: Few large coccal bodies; good many medium-sized diplococci; a few of colon morphology, and a few slightly longer than these; good many of colon morphology but slightly thicker than colon; some ba- cilli of aerogenes morphology and some shorter than aerogenes; a few long, tlilck bacilli of unknown identity; oc- casional free spores. Positive field: Like last description; stout ba- cilli described as more slender than aerogenes Positive field, equally divided between me- dium-sized diplococci and bacilli of aerogenes thickness but of vary- ing lengths; majority medium, others as long as or longer than aerogenes. Positive field: Practi- cally all are medium- sized diplococci; a few bacilli more slender than aerogenes and varying in length from short to very long. l.ike la.st description. . Gram stain of bouillo: III lie sediment. Positive field: Good many medium-sized diploco<-ci; good many bacilli of colon morphology; good many of colon morpnology but more slender: majority are bacilli of almost aerog- enes thickness, mostly of medium length, few short and few of aerogenes length. Positive field: A few medi- um-sized diplococci; a few bacilli of colon mor- phology : majority are ba- cilli more slender than aerogenes and mostly of medium length, some short, others long; here and there very short stout bacilli; a few free spores. Few negative of colon mor- phology except longer. Positive; Majority are medium - sized diplo- cocci; good many bac-illi of colon morphology but longer; a few of colon morphologv. Here and there bacilli in chains of subtilis type; some free spores; few slender long bacilli with terminal oval spore; occasional bacilli of aerogenes thickness Iju t shorter than aerogenes. Positive field: Good many medium-sized diplococci a few bacilli of colon mor- phology; majority of or- ganisms are of almos aerogenes thickness and of medium length or short; a few approxi- mating aerogenes in mor- phology. MEDICAL CONTROL. Througli tlie whole of the four months the men on the squad were kept under close observation by Doctor Buhlig, who, in atldition to the bacteriological work just recorded, made certain routine clinical tests. Once a month a thorough examination of each subject was made by Doctor Buhlig personally, and daily clinical observations were carried out by two of the members of the squad on themselvt^s and their colleagues. These two men were senior medical student-, and their work was always done under the direction of Doctor Buhlig. The first set of the tables following contains the results of the monthly examination. The daily records are presented next, and taken all together they give a verj' good picture of the general con- dition of the men throughout the four months. Comments will be made later on the results. KFFLCT.S OF SuDir.M IJKNZOATK ON 1 1 KA l/l' 1 1 , ETC., OF MAN. 583 Monthly medical report. SUBJECT UII. N. B.). .Inly;;. N.'Kiitivc Aug. ,{. Xogativp 72 Sept. 8. Oct. a. Oct. 31. lliari Tills.' Negative 78 Full, regular 98 Negative except reduplication of 2d pulmonic. 72 Negative. 72. Clninu'UTofpiilst" Tt'iinH'Ditiire. . . . Full, reg\ilar !>8.t> 18 Distini't fremi- tus over right upox, other- wisp negativo. Not. palpable.. . . do Negative (very diflicult to ex- amine, very rigid). Negative Full, regular.. »t8 l.j Negative Not palpable, negative. Not palpable.. Negative . do Full, regular 98 Full, regular. 98.4. Ucspiration IS Some roughened breathing over right apex, otherwise neg- ative. Negative do do do do Throat red but not sore, nega- tive. Brisk 20 16. Lungs Negative. . . Negative. Do. do do SpUf n Do. A bdoiiion do Do. Lviupl' iiodos. . . Tlivroid do do do Brisk Do. do ....do Do. Tliroatand nosr.. do do Do. Hefloxes lirisk \ Brisk Brisk. SUBJECT II (W. W. C). July 2. Heart Pulse Charaelerof pulse Temperature Respiration Limgs I.iver Spleen A Ddomen Lynnph nodes. Negative. Aug. 4. Sept. S. Full, regular. 99 lo Negative Not palpable. Thyroid Nose and throat . do Negative Negative, e x - cept slightly enlarged i n - guinal. Negative Septum spur, negative. Negative | Negative 84 72 Full, regular. .1 Full, regular. 98.6 98.2 15 16 Negative Negative Negative: not do palpable. Not palpable. . . . . .do Negative i do Negative, ex- do cept sliglit [ enlarged in- i gixinal. j Negative I do do I do Reflexes Brisk Brisk Brisk. Oct. 7. Negative Negative. 64 72. Full, regular Full, regular. 98.4 99. 13 • 16. Negative I Negative. do Do. Oct. 31. .do. do. .do. Do. Do. Do. ...do 1 Do. do 1 Slight redness; otherwise negative. Brisk I Normal. 584 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. Monthly medical report — ("ontiniied. SUBJECT- III (A, G.). Heart Pulse Character of pulse. June 30. Negative 84 Small, regular: irregular on standing. 99.2 Temperature Respiration j 15 Lungs I Negative Liver Easily palpable Spleen .\bdomen Lymph nodes. Thyroid Nose and throat. Reflexes. Not palpable Negative do Somewhat prominent. De\iated s e p - tuin; spur on septum; en- larged turbi- nates; other- wise negative. ^■e^y active Aug. 3. Sept. 8. Oct. 31. Negative Negative Negative I Negative. 76 66 72 1 72. Full, regular. . . Full, regular Full, regular I Full, regular. 98.2 18 Negative Slightly pal- pable; nega- tive. Not palpable. . Negative do Not very prominent. Throat red; o t h e rwise same as June 30. not p e r - nega- 98.6 18 Negative Palpable. tender: cussion tive. Negative do do Somewhat prominent. Negative 9X.C. 18. Negative. Negative, pal- pable (?). 99.4 15 Negative Slightly palpa- ble; p e r c u s- sion negative. Negative Negative. . do ! Do. do Do. do Do. Throat reddened Reddened only. p h a r y n .\ ; I otherwise I negative. Brisk Brisk . SUBJECT IV (O. F. L.). July G. Aug. 3. Sept. 8. Oct. 6. Oct. 31. Heart Faint systolic Faint systolic blowover blow at apex; other- apex; heart wise normal. slightly to right; other- wise normal. 80 60. . Negative Negative, e x - cept precordi- al area slight- ly to right. 72 Pulse 66 Full, regular 98.2 6 Roughened breath sounds over right apex; occa- sional rales (?): otherwise negative. Palpable; not tender; percus- sion, negative. Negative do do 66. Character of pulse. Temp(^rature Respiration Lungs Full, regular 98.8 Full, regular. . 98.3 7._ Full, regular 98.2 Negative, except right apex shows slight dulhiess and increased breath sounds. Palpable; other- wise negative. Negative do Full, regular. 98.8. 8.. 8. Slight tactile over right over right apex; fremi- . apex;rough- tus(?) over ened breath- apex; other- ing there: no wise negative. fremitus or ! rales. Easily palpable. 1 Slightly pal- 1 pable; nega- ; tive. Not palpable i Negative Negative ! do do -do fremitus over right apex; 1 h e r w i s (i negative. Negativa. Do. Spleen. . . . .\bdomen Do. Lymph nodes do Do. Thyroid Nose and throat . do Left large tur- binate; other- wise negative. Normal . . do do Throat red and slightly swollen tViis a. m.; other- wise negative. Present; normal. do do Do. Slightly en- Refle.xes Normal Normal larged red follicles on posterior p h a r y 11 ^ 1 h e r w i negative. Normal. EFFECTS OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON HEALTH, ETC., OF MAN. 535 f Monthly medical report — Contiinnd. SUBJECT V (A. M. N.). July 1. Aug. 4. Pulse Character of pulse. Temperature Respiration Lungs Liver Spleen .Vbdoinen Lymph nodes Thyroid Nose and throat. Keflexe^. Slight systolic murmur at pulmonic area: reduplication of s e c o n d sound; other- wise negative. 60 Full, regular Negative, ex- cept slight r e d u plica- tion 01 see- on d pul- monic. Full, regular. 18 Negative Not palpable Negative do do Right enlarged inferior turl)i- nate; other- wise negative. Nonnal 16 Negative. do do.... do.... do.... do.... Sept. 8. Negative, except (or redupli- cation of the second pul- I nionic. Oct. 6. Oct. 31. Negative.except (or reduplica- tion of thesec- onil pulmonic. 68. Negative, ex- cept for re- duplication of the second pulmonic. 72. Full, regular j Full, regular Full, regular. 98.6 1 98.4 18 1 18 Negative i Negative. do ! do do do do I do do I do do ' do do do.... Normal. Normal. 16. Negative. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Brisk Brisk SUBJECT VI (C. H. S.I. July 6. Aug. 3. Sept. 8. Oct. 6. Negative. Negative, e.x- cept redu- plication of second pul- monic. 68 Small, regular. Negative. Small, regular.. Pulse ! 84 Character of Small, regular , pulse. Temperature 99.4 Respiration 14 Lungs Negative Negative Negative . Liver Palpable; not Not palpable; Palpable; per- tender. negative. i cussion nega- tive. 15- 14. Spleen ; Not palpable. . . .U)domen 1 Negative Lymph nodes do Thyroid do Negative. do.... do.... do.... Nose and throat. Large turbinates Throat nega- both sides; tive. otherwise neg- ative. U-'flexes ! Normal Normal Negative do do Negative; slight' ly prominent. Throat red- dened; other- wise negative. Negative. 66 Small, regular. 98.2 21 Negative. do.... .do. .do. .do. .do. Oct. 31. Throat red- dened, hyper- emic. Nonnal i Subdued . Negative. 80. Small.regular. 98.4. 18. Negative. Slightly palpa- ble, not ten- der; other- wise nega- tive. Negative. Do. Do. Do. Do. Brisk. 536 SODIUM BEXZOA'IE AND THE HEALTH OF MAM, ■ • "e >. :,- o 1 - S3 tie _2 •o o a •c-F •^ "5 § o 2 ''■ C3 ?* S s =^ S "a c 'i >• ■A 3 •u. o _c^ 1 > 2 a isE Si a. i ai 0/ o o i 5 C C C C jr - w c^ ij ^ i = 3 d 6 6 o-t^V o o£ .. 6^ S s=:c3oj«o 66d^ . u ^ QQCQ|^ GQ^ £ C- ^ •-^•;_-^-^-a_;CGQ^- II '5 ft| a g oj a; oi 4) ttj a. Ig ^ i i'sd C8 O o 2 ^ta«' -= J3 . . . o 3.S =3§ 1 p . o o P c o _d_c c - c' •c "c 1 f S (-« = C S^ c ^^ : c ? C • C5 ?£ :S C _^ 5ft COr-f- - r-O :O.E-r-r-C ^ 'J X3 s 05 1 E '• ^ : 2 Nil t > ^ _r*^ ■ '^3, B " ^-^^ .^ 2:^^s^-i^-=i 1 "C ^ „,C£ ^ tt.G tf M S"'"^ ti tc.= = z tt r ti r -. -. € a;§s£ S 'C ^ ix a^S£;S5;S^ ■;: A ^^ . ^ s c "? c ? 3 c c 1 ■:% o X ^ >> o • "S o o ■ a d a c a '*^ >. C i-. C3 lo c „ -2 c o c b. g « a Sc 000c 11= c c •1 |^~-«s C fc- • • • < fl3 X *s ST • • • ■ t/l TO • ■ • • o o o c ^ £ C3 o a, C s Z ? 5 CIS ci-< 1 oc 00 '^■^o c 1 0- CN r-cN — — — OMIN — C-l ■s o. 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S.5 '^^ t-r'H— " S — O*^" '^ ^'■'" i! ' - S "" -.— ■" c s ; ~ «- 3 ? 5 t;p.= -a;7^-|':S|.^ g Is .2 — g : — "5 c .io (io do . .do do .■ do P c js 5" ~ c" C •g. =■= -c P a c lJrl>;ht, hot do .. .do BriRht, cool .. .do Bright, hot do . ..do Exercise or w ork. c Laboratory do .....do LalH>ratory Laboratory, haiidl)all I), in. Laboratory An 1 > '■■7. s • — ..= s c» ^ c^ n ^- c^ — ?1 c^ ri (5 t-t. 6 1 S 1 00 GCOO Q0O3 OC X to « X >- Tempera- ture. •- c. 00 1 ^ 00 OC 00 oc oc oc Gi Oi ^ ^ Oi 0> c XOM =■ 1 O-r -^ ■* "«* 00 OC » 00 CC OC C: C; C: Ci Ci OS 97.8 98.0 98. 2 I'ulso. 6 •c . 2 X -X. SSSSS5 X 5S5 S 1- t^ PJSSSfJg s S?:r- s X .*» X.W.^00 « r~t~xaor.- s SS5 0Q53 s ?i sssgss s Weight, Op. m. 5 \ .5 s^ssss X X. 1 c "S Q ■< s f; 1 .*o» KFKK IS (»!' SdDll .M lli;.\/(i.\IK ON 1 1 KAl, T 1 1 , I'.'IC., OK .MAN, 539 » » 00 O O S-- « X C; X CC 3V X 00 ^ C: C CI — O O — ' CiO O JJ r; CI (M IM 1-" M ~ ao X X, X x, aa c: Xi X X. 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X : ^O C^ C^O^OO^C^C^Ci OOO^O^O) C-100X-J5 0M NXX01< K5 'i C^JQOOO » -*• :S 00 00 oa-e^ascie^io tocic> la OS O^OOt^OS 00 OS 00 O W-C o » ■■ o C5t^ :r ososc (O oooc>» 00 e^ootoc goooooooc^ c^coooNno ' "^ -^ ^^ t-t Ci a: ^H ?S;C^ ?^ C^ C^l C X XXX od M X X X XX r-^ C; ^ -t .^ C: 05 i-» ' ?j ?j ?a 5J X if X X X oc: c4 cc cc fc ^ XOOOOOC X 4f: -^ t^ X c: o — c^ ^^ ■* 40 X ci rj c^i c^i c-i c-i KFFECXy OF SUDIL'.M UKN/OA'IK ON IIKALTll, ETC., OF MAN. 559 MEDICAL REPORT. From the data collected by Doctor Buhlig and presented in the tables just given certain conclusions may be drawn. The facts are tabulated at considerable length, which may seem unnecessary, but it has been our aim to give all the facts observed which in any wa}' lead to a correct judgment as to theconditi school, and fluring the summer was obliged to handle a great deal of old dissecting material, during a general cleaning-up process. In tliis he was exposed to frequent extreme changes of temperature, which doubtless caused some of the unpleasant symptoms complained of and re(U)rde>>:; o n o > • • a; x-o o JS — >X:'0 ■ S- • • • ' tn L"S CU C3 2 S S C3 TS'S'O'Cw^; C 0) 2)5 3 9" si Z r K o 033 ^ 3 111 Z c <; ^S 3 j:: 0, 0, 3 .2^ ^-=■=9^0 •- ft- >-=! = J k<1m^5-Z 2Ju S t: o : ..£S'Si 70111— No. 88—09- -36 562 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. During the progress of the routine observations one of the men on the squad, doing also laboratory work, A. M. N., carried out occa- sional tests on the urine in addition to those regularly reported. These were concerned with the so-called normal reduction of the urine — that is, the reducing power toward very sensitive ammoniacal copper solutions, which is recognized in all normal urines, but which is too slight to be quantitatively followed with the Fehling solution. About 20 tests were made on the urine of each man, beginning wdth the end of the last fore period and ending about the middle of the last high-preservative period. Such tests form a part of the routine work in my laboratory, and it is interesting to note that the results here obtained were in no wise different from those recorded from the nor- mal men. While the reducing power varied from individual to indi- vidual, as is the ordinar}^ condition, there were no systematic varia- tions indicating any increase or decrease in this factor between the beginning of the low preservative periods and the end of the high pre- servative periods. The reducing powers were all watliin the limits accounted for by the creatinine, uric acid, and traces of carbohydrates or carbohydrate derivatives always present. A further point must be recalled here. Two men who had been on the squad followed up the same diet under the same general conditions for a week longer, and took daily increased amounts of benzoate beginning \\atli 5 grams and ending with 10 grams on the last day of the experiment. At the same time a third man, who had not been on the squad, but was a member of the laboratory force, had assisted in the weighing of the food, had followed essentially the same diet, and lived under the same general routine as the squad members, began with a dose of 5 grams and ended with 7.5 grams. Certain tests were made on the urines of the tlu-ee men; these were for uric acid, creati- nine, and normal reduction. For the two who had been under obser- vation before, the uric acid and creatinine were found to be unchanged from the former normals. A trifling increase in the normal reduction seemed to result here, but not sharp enough to be definitely asserted. Nothing abnormal was found in the condition of the urine of the third man. The facts of greatest importance, however, are these: The doses taken b}^ the tlu*ee men were relatively large, from the ordinary stand- point, yet no disagreeable effect of any description followed. There was no loss of appetite, no nausea, no headaches, and no intestinal disturbances which could be discerned. The men spoke of themselves as feeling perfectly well. It is true that much larger doses have been given medicinally, and for longer periods, without recorded ill effects. From the size of medicinal doses, our routine doses must be consid- ered as small, although very large as viewed from the point of use in the preservation of food. EFFECTS OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON HEALTH, ETC., OF MAN. 56S I GENERAL CONCLUSIONS. i In the preceding pages I have presented various kinds of data bearing on the question of the action of sodium benzoate on the human organism. In the chemical determinations on the urine and feces it was not found that any change in the normal metabolism followed; there was no alteration in the distribution of the nitrogen of the urinary constituents, and no decrease in the utilization of the protein or fat of the food. I am unable to find any alterations in the quali- tative composition of the urine as shown by the various special tests made. In the bacteriological and other tests carried out in the feces, which were extended to a considerable length, no essential change from the begmning of the fore period to the end of. the high preservative period was discovered. There were fluctuations, but they were not system- atic, and varied with the individuals rather than with the dosage. It is fair to conclude that the action of the benzoate, in the amounts used, on the intestinal activities or on the characteristic flora must be, at most, extremely slight. The prolonged clinical observations recorded are intended to show clearly the actual conditions of the men from day to day. I consider them of equal importance with the chemical tests made, for the pur- pose of this inquiry. But one conclusion may be drawn from them, and that is that the health of the men has suffered no impairment through the use of the benzoate in the period of the observations. I believe, further, that the period is long enough to show change were it likely to occur. In conclusion it must be said, then, that the experience in our lab- oratory justifies the statement that the moderate addition of sodium benzoate to our food, up to at least 1 gram daily, does not give rise to any abnormal conditions in the subject, or lead to any changes in metabolism which may be detected with the means at our command. It follows, further, from the same observations, that such addition of benzoate to the food does not lower its value by robbing it of any element, by diminishing its digestibility, or by introducing a factor which modifies in any discoverable way the normal metabolism. The quality or strength of the food is not lowered or injuriously affected tlirough the presence of the preservative, and this is true for large quantities as well as for small, since the amounts of preservative used ' in our experiments must all be considered large from the standpoint of actual use. Chicago, January 15, 1909. THE ACTION OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON THE HUMAN BODY. By DR. CHRISTIAN A. HERTER. 565 THE ACTION OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON THE HUMAN BODY. By Dr. ('hristiax A. Herter. The investigation about to be reported is one of three carried on by the United States referee board of scientific experts under a request from the Secretary of Agriculture. The investigation was planned by the referee board. The chemical work was done under the personal direction of Dr. Alfred J. Wakeman, who was assisted by the follow- ing persons: Dr. H. D. Dakin, Dr. Helen Baldwin, Samuel C. Harvey, Dr. A. I. Ringer, Dr. D. R. Lucas, E. N. O'Brien, P. S. Kober, and M. Fine. The bacteriological work on the feces was done by Dr. William R. Williams. The study of the blood and the gastric contents was carried on by Dr. J. S. Thacher, with the aid of Dr. L. R. Williams, Dr. A. C. Crump, and Miss S. Granat. Its object, like that of the other investigations by the referee board, was to ascertain the influence of large and small doses of sodium benzoate on the human organism. The investigation naturally involved the consideration of a variety of physiological processes. In the present report these observations will be classed under the following heads : I. General medical notes. II. Analytical data relating to the urine and the feces. III. Fats and fat balance. IV. General urinarj^ examination. V. Special urinary examination for benzoic acid. VI. Special chemical examination of the feces. VTI. Bacteriological examination of the feces. VIII. Caloric values of the foodstuffs. IX. Special clinical data. X. Summary of conclusions fi'om each case. XI. Summary of conclusions from the entire group (four cases) . XII. Methods of analysis and examinations. It has been considered best to present the numerous results involved in this investigation according to the findings obtained in each experi- mental subject. In the present investigation four subjects were employed. It was deemed advisable to consider the results in each 567 568 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. case under four distinct divisions corresponding to the vaiious periods of the experiment, namely, (1) the fore period, (2) the low benzoate period, (3) the liigli benzoate period, and (4) the after period. The conclusions from the data relating to each case are separately stated and from these conclusions from the individual cases are derived the conclusions applicable to the entire group. CASE I R. GENERAL MEDICAL NOTES. The subject of this experiment was a physician 25 years of age and in good health, though somewhat undernourished. During previous summers he had shown a slight tendency toward loss of weight, with- out any accompanying disorders of digestion. During the exper- iment with which we are here concerned he led an absolutely regular and normal life. He had about seven hours of sleep out of the twenty-four, took exercise daily for one or two hours (walking) and on Sundays played tennis for about two hours in the morning. He took a daily morning bath at a temperature of 20° to 25° C. The course of the benzoate experiment was eventless in this case so far as any symptoms of deranged function are concerned. The subject remained well throughout the entire period of the experi- ment. There was no disorder of digestion, nor of nervous function. The daily dose of sodium benzoate was 0.3 gram during the low benzoate period. During the high benzoate period it ranged from 0.6 gram to 6 grams per day. ANALYTICAL DATA RELATING TO THE URINE AND THE FECES. Considering first the facts relating to the uiine and to the feces, we may arrange these facts in their relation to the following subjects: \ Volume of the urine; specific gravity; total nitrogen; nitrogen balance; nitrogen of urea; nitrogen of ammonia; purin nitrogen; uric acid nitrogen ; creatinin nitrogen ; hippuric acid nitrogen ; unde- termined nitrogen; total sulphur; inorganic sulphur; ethereal sul- phur; neutral sulphur; phosphorus; indican; indolacetic acid; aromatic oxy acids; chlorine ; reaction of the urine. In the present connection we may consider also the follo\\'ing facts in regard to the feces: Weight of fresh feces; weight of dried feces; water; total nitrogen; ethereal extract. THE URINE, The volume of the urine (Series A, I R) varied between 500 c. c. and 1,960 c. c. dail3^ The variations in volume were irregular throughout the periods of large and small dosage and can not be regarded as hav- ACTION OF SODTTTM BENZOATK ON THE HUMAN BODY. 569 ing any siparati(ms of bacteria wliich we are justified in roughly and pro- visionally grouping imder the B. coll and B. lactls aerogenes types,. the eoccal type, the acitlophile and B. infantUis types, and the B. aerogenes capsulatus types varied throughout the extent of the observations within limits observable in health. GAS PRODUCTION IN DEXTROSE-BOUILLON FERMENTATION TUBES. Observations were made twice weekly on the gas production of the mixed fecal flora in dextrose-bouillon fermentation tubes in the hope of detecting any influence that might possibly be exerted by sodium benzoate on the gas forming function of the intestinal bac- teria. Fluctuations in the quantity of gas formed in the dextrose- bouillon tubes by the mixed flora from the same individual are, of course, to be expected under physiological concUtions. But the changes in gas volume referable to the bacteria inoculated from day to da}^ are not considerable so long as the diet remains unchanged in its general characters, especially as regards the proportions of carbohydrates and proteins ingested. When the diet- is markedly altered wdth respect to proteins or carbohydrates there occurs an alteration in gas productivity on the part of the bacteria. A diet rich in protein and low in carbohydrates tends to increase the gas productivity of the fecal bacteria. A diet rich in carbohydrates and low in proteins tends to diminish the gas productivity of the fecal flora — a result exactly contrary to that wliich would be expected from the w^ell-known observation that carbohydrates in abundance are apt to occasion flatulence. The reasons for this apparent para- dox need not be cUscussed here. The important tiling in this con- nection is that the diet of all the subjects of the experiment was fairly uniform, as may be observed from the dietary tables. Hence any considerable variations in gas production by the fecal bacteria would not be fairly attributable to variations in diet but would depend on some other cause. * The curve based on the variations of gas production by the fecal -bacteria in Case I R. is shown in Series K, I R. It is noteworthy that in general gas productivity is considerably lower, on the aver- age, during the benzoate periods, than before the administration of benzoate. It should also be noted that there is a definite rise in gas production following immediately on the cessation of the high doses of sodium benzoate. The smallest gas production corresponds roughly to the largest doses of sodium benzoate. 580 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. It may be mentioned in this connection that there was a some rhat increased use of proteins during the high benzoate period as com- pared wdth the low benzoate and the fore periods, but this would tend to increase the gas production. On the whole it seems prob- able that the depression in gas formation observed was an effect of the use of sodium benzoate. THE GRAM-STAINED FERMENTATION TUBE SEDIMENTS. Examination of the Gram-stained sediments from the fermenta- tion tubes indicates the presence of varieties of bacteria normally found. In general it may be said that the coccal types of bacteria, Gram-negative and Gram-positive staphylococcal forms, and some- times diplo-streptococcal forms are more numerous in the fermenta- tion tube sediments during the period of low gas production than during the remaining periods. It is not possible to detect in the Gram-stained smears made from the fresh feces any corresponding increase of coccal forms. CALORIC VALUES OF THE FOODSTUFFS. The caloric values of the food consumed by the various subjects were computed m the following mamier: From the representative samples of the food used the weight of the dried food, less the ash, was obtained. It was assumed that tliis food consisted of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates available for nutritive purposes. The small quantity of cellulose contained in the food does not disturb the validity of this assumption in relation to the present object. The fat of the food was calculated from the ethereal extract, the protein was calculated from the nitrogen, and the material left after deduct- ing the fat and the nitrogen was assumed to consist of carbohydrate matter. (For further detail see under Methods; Caloric value of foods.) In Case I R the daily average for the caloric values of the food ingested was as follows « (Series H, I R) : Calories. For the fore period .• 2, 320 For the low benzoate period 2, 252 For the high benzoate i:)eriod 2, 176 For the after period 2, 311 From this it is seen that the caloric values were adequate but not excessive for a man of moderate weight following an indoor occu- j pation calling for a moderate expenditure of muscular energy. a Through inadvertence a record was not kept of the amount of sugar consumed with the food after August 13. The latter values in the table, especially the last two, are somewhat lower than the actual values on this account. ACTlOiJ OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON THE HUMAN BODY. 581 SPECIAL CLINICAL DATA. For the study of the cHnical conditions in our group of cases the referee board secured the services of Dr. John S. Thacher. Doctor Thacher and his associates took charge of the medical aspects of the investigation. Tliey also made the examinations of the blood by clinical methods, and a carefid study of the gastric contents with especial reference to the free hydrocliloric acid present. The speci- mens of blood and of gastric contents were taken for examination one hour after an Ewald test breakfast. The results of these investigations are given in four charts in Series L. Chart No. I gives in detail all of the findings. Chart No. II gives the averages of the several determinations from specimens taken at the same time.** Chart No. Ill gives these same averages shown by curves. Chart No. IV gives the average figures and the composite curves obtained by averaging the results obtained from the four individuals who were the subjects of these investigations. All of the findings except the weight and the general conditions were obtained in duplicate or multiple observations. The initial letter of the observer will be found recorded in each instance. The letters in the column at the left (Chart I) refer to the observer making de- terminations of hemoglobin and the collection of the specimens, the rest of the determinations being made by the observer whose initial is placed in the column at the right. All the pipettes used in the blood work were numbered, and these numbers are inserted in the first chart, so that it can be seen whether the same or different pipettes were used for different observations. The same two Fleischl hemoglobinometers were used throughout. The counting chambers used varied with the observers. One observer, "C," made one of the determinations in each examination throughout the series. The other observer, acting as a check upon the first, was changed at times. The two observers in each instance worked entirely independently. The reader may be referred especially to Chart No. Ill, Series Ij, giving the curves showing the relative weights of the subject, the hemoglobin percentage, and the red and white cells from data de- rived from Chart No. II. There are certain data relating to the clinical condition of the sub- jects of the benzoate experiment which are of sufficient importance, as indications of the physiological state or ''state of health," to deserve special comment here. These data relate to (1) the weight of the subjects, (2) the morphological elements of the blood and the hemo- globin, (3) the hydrochloric acid of the gastric juice. a A few results relating to the leucocyte count widely at variance with the other observations on account of the development of yeast cells in one of the solutions were omitted in making the averages. 582 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. WEIGHT. The weights relating to Subject I R are grapliically sho\\Ti in Series J, I K. The noteworthy feature in tliis case is the gradual rise in weight notwitlistandhig the ingestion of sodium benzoate. Even during the high benzoate period there is observed an increase in the body weight. (See also Series A, I R.) EXAMINATION OF THP: BLOOD. HEMOGLOBIN. The hemoglobin curve (Series L, Chart III, I R) shows uniformity throughout, with a shght tendency to rise toward the end of the experiment. There is no indication of any effect from the taking of benzoate. RED BLOOD CELLS. The curve indicative of the red blood cell count shows a normal uniformity for the different periods. The slight rise during the low benzoate period does not call for discussion. Xo effect from the benzoate is discernible in this curve. (Series L, Chart III.) WHITE BLOOD CELLS. The curve showing the numbers of the white blood cells shows a rise in the middle of the liigh benzoate period, which is not sus- tained. There is no reason to attribute this rise to the influence of the ingested benzoate. (Series L, Chart III.) The (lijf'erential leucocyte count shows only variations wdthin normal limits. (Series L, Charts I and II.) FREE HYDROCHLORIC ACID. The curve for the free hydrochloric acid of the gastric juice is of interest, as it starts from zero and gradually rises to normal values, which are attained in the high benzoate })eriod. (Series L, Chart III. j SUMMARY OF CONCLUSIONS RELATIVE TO CASE I R. In stating the conclusions ilerivable from tliis investigation relative to the action of sodium benzoate on the human body it is necessary to distinguish between the effects of small doses (under 0.5 gram daily) and tlie effects of large doses (over 0.5 gram daily). ACTION OF SMALL DOSES OF SODIUM BENZOATE. It may be stated that no action from small doses of sodium benzoate was detectable by the methods employed in tliis investigation in respect to the following features: (1) The general health of the subject, as indicated by the subjec- tive and objective signs. ACTION OF SODIUM BENZOATK ON THE HUMAN BODY. 583 (2) The comi)ositi()n of tlic urine (with one exception, viz, the physi()lo<;ical ed'oct on the hippuric acid excretion). (3) The coniixKsition oi the feces. (4) The ahsoiption of fats and the fat balance. (5) The character of the bacteria of tlie intestinal tract. (0) 'i'lie wei period, 0.1G5 gram; for the after period, 0.158 gram. These figures i)oint to a veiy slight rise in the neutral sul])hur during the henzoate j)eriod — a rise, however, well within the limits of the normal and ])ro])al)ly devoid of physiological significance. The average percentages of the neutral sulphur for the fore, low benzoate, high benzoate, and after periods, are 14.9 per cent, 16.2 per cent, 14.1 per cent, and 14.3 per cent of the total sulphur (Series D, II H). PHOSPHATE PHOSPHORUS. The table giving the average daily excretion of phosphorus in the form of phosphates shows an average value of 1.12 grams daily for the fore period (Series B, II H) ; 1.16 grams for the low benzoate period; 1.35 grams for the high benzoate period; and 1.26 grams for the after period. These slight variations in the phosphorus output for the different periods are well within the physiological limits. There was in this case a moderate but distinct rise in the intensity of the indican reactions during the high benzoate period (Series A, II H) . There is no reason to regard the rise in indican as possibly dependent on an increased intake of protein during this period, as the protein intake (see Series F, II H) was nearly uniform wath the period preceding the liigh benzoate. Nor is there any reason to think that the increase of indican was dependent on any alteration in the quahty of the protein ingested, as the diet tables do not sup- port any such view. The possibiht}' that the indican was increased as the residt of using considerable doses of sodium benzoate must be admitted. TMDOLACETTC ACTP. Frequent examinations were made for the presence of indolacetic acid. It was found to be present at all times. The reactions were commonly strong but hardly pathological. There was no evidence that the color reactions for indolacetic acid in the urine were in any way influenced by the ingestion of sodium benzoate. AROMATIC OXYACIDS. Frequent examinations were made for the presence of aromatic oxyacids. Strong color reactions were obtainable at nearh-^ all times during the experiment, but these reactions were hardly of patho- logical intensity. There was no evidence that the color reactions for aromatic oxyacids of the urine were in any way influenced by the ingestion of sodium benzoate. 590 SODIUM BKNZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. CllLORlNK AS SODIUM CHLORIDE. Durino; the fore period tlie averajrc daily excretion of chlorine (calculated as sodium chloride) was 10.2 grams (Series B, II 11) ; during the low benzoate period, 12.7 grams; during the high ben- zoate period, 13.6 grams; and during the after period, 12.2 grams. The rise fi'om the fore period to the low benzoate, the high benzoate, and the after periods, is clearly referable to increased appetite and has its explanation in a slight change in the food ingested during these periods. THE FECES. The average daily weight of the fresh feces for the fore period was 124.1 grams (Series B, II H) ; for the low benzoate period, 131.6 grams; for the high benzoate period, 121.1 grams; and for the after period, 116.7 grams. These variations are too small to be in any way significant, and need not be further discussed. The average daily weight of the dried feces for the fore period was 23.6 grams; for the low benzoate period, 27.2 grams; for the high benzoate period, 28 grams; and for the after period, 25.3 grams. The shght rise in the weight of the dry feces which is observable in the benzoate periods and the after period is due to the slight increase in food which has been alread}^ mentioned. The average percentage of water of the fresh feces for the fore period was 81; for the low benzoate period, 79.3; for the high ben- zoate period, 76.9; and for the after period, 78.3. The variations in the water content of the feces are unimportant and require no comment. TOTAL NITROGEN. The average total nitrogen of the dried feces for the fore period amounted to 1.29 per cent (Series F, II H) ; for the low benzoate period, to 1.41 per cent; for the high benzoate period, to 1.51 per cent; for the after period, to 1.56 per cent. These results vary with the intake of nitrogen of the food and are within the limits of normal variation. ^ ETHEREAL EXTRACT. The average daily weights of the ethereal extracts of the dried feces, including the fatty acids of the soaps, for the various periods are as follows (Series G, II H): For the fore period, 3.84 grams; for the low benzoate period, 5.50 grams; for the high benzoate period, 6.27 grams; for the after period, 6.67 grams. ACTION OF SODfuM BENZOATK OX THE HUMAN BODY. 591 FAT BALANCE. The f«?atures of the fat intake and output which call for coinuK'nt are the same as those mentioned under (\ise I K, viz: THE DAILY AVEKA(}E INTAKE OF FAT. It is noteworthy in this case that the total daily intake of fat was f considerably less in the fore period than in any of the subsequent periods (Series G, II II). Duriiif:: the fore period the average daily intake was 100.5 "grains; durin^; the low benzoate period, 142.2 ^rams; durins: the hi^jh benzoate period, 131.4 orrams; and during the after period, 151.1 sign of any characteristic referable to the action of benzoate. ( S(>ries L, Chart III.) The differential leucocyte count shows only variations within j^hys- iological limits. (Series L, Charts I and II.) FREE HYDROCHLORIC ACID. The curve showing the course of the gastric secretion of free hydro- cliloric acid reveals a slight rise during the low benzoate period and a considerable rise during the high benzoate period. Comparison with similar curves from the remaining subjects indicates that tliis rise of hydrochloric acid in the high benzoate period was a charac- teristic occurrence. (Series L, Chart III.) fc SUMMARY OF CONCLUSIONS RELATIVE TO CASE II H. In stating the conclusions derivable from this investigation rela- tive to the action of sodium benzoate on the human body, it is nec- essary to distinguish between the effects of small doses (under 0.5 gram daily) and the effects of large doses (over 0.5 gram daily). ACTION OF SMALL DOSES OF SODIUM BENZOATE. It may be stated that no action fi'om small doses of sodium ben- zoate was detectable by the methods employed in this investigation in respect to the following features: (1) The general health of the subject, as indicated by the subjec- tive and objective signs. (2) The composition of the urine (with one exception, viz, the physiological effect on the hippuric acid excretion). (3) The composition of the feces. (4) The absorption of fats and the fat balance. (5) The character of the bacteria of the intestinal tract. (6) The weight of the body. (7) The hemoglobin of the blood. (8) The red blood cells. (9) The white blood cells. The observed rise in hippuric acid of the urine was such as to •e expected from the well-kno^^^l metabolism of benzoic acid in the animal organism. 596 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. ACTION OF LARGE DOSES OF SODIUM BENZOATE. It may be stated that no definite physiological consequences of large doses of sodium benzoate were detectable by the methods employed in this investigation, except in the following respects: (1) There was a considerable or large rise in the liippuric acid excretion, such as would be expected from the doses of sodium benzoate ingested. (2) There was an increase of the indican of the urine, not great but unmistakable. This rise is possibly attributable to an action of the sotUum benzoate — perhaps a slight irritant action in the gastro- enteric tract, so altering the secretions and bacteria as to favor intestinal putrefaction. The behavior of the ethereal sulphates indi- cates that the rise in intestinal putrefaction is slight. (3) There was a depression of the gas-producing function of the mixed fecal bacteria in dextrose bouillon. (4) There was a moderate but apparently unmistakable rise in the proportion of coccal bacteria observed in the fermentation tube sediments derived from the inoculation of the mixed fecal flora. (5) There was a distinct rise in the free hydrochloric acid of the gastric juice. CASE III 0. GENERAL MEDICAL NOTES. The subject of this experiment, a laboratory worker, was 4.3 years of age, in good health, and of good and regular habits. During pre- vious summers his weight liad remained practically uniform, with only occasional slight digestive disorders. He remained in excellent condition throughout the course of the experiment, despite the fact that he was obhged to lead an unusually active and tiring life. There were no digestive or nervous disorders at any time. There was, on the contrary, some improvement in general condition toward the end of the experiment, at the time of the high benzoate period. This case differs from cases I R and IV L in that the dosage of sodium benzoate during the low benzoate period is higher than in either of these cases, the amount of sodium benzoate taken during the low benzoate period being 0.45 gram throughout the greater part of the period, resembling in this regard Case II H. Moreover, in this case the low benzoate period, lasting fifty-three days, was immediately preceded by a period of seven days during wliich the subject took daily 0.6 gram of sodium ])enzoate. It has arbitrarily been agreed in these experiments to regard dosages under 0.5 gram as small doses, and doses of over 0.5 gram as large doses; but since the period during which 0.6 gram daily was given lasted only seven days, there i ACTION OF SODIUM HKNZOATE ON THE HUMAN BODY. 597 is no objection to fusin<]j this period with tlie subsequent period of fifty-three days and consi tiering the residts in their entiret}'^ for this period. ANALYTICAL DATA RELATING TO THE URINE AND FECES. THE URINE. VOLUME. The daily vohime of the urine (Series A, III O) varied between 915 and 2,530 e. c. For reasons similar to those already mentioned ill connection with the urinary volume in the other experimental subjects, it is not possible to attribute significance to the urinary volume in relation to the present investigation. SPECIFIC GRAVITY. The specific gravity (Series A, III O) varied between 1.016 and 1.029. The variations have no significance in relation to the present investigation. TOTAL NITROCIEN. The average daily total nitrogen of the urine during the fore period of tliirty days amounted in this subject to 12.89 grams (Series B, III O); for the low benzoate period, '^ to 14.5 grams; for the liigh benzoate period,^ to 14.95 grams; for the after period (four- teen days), to 14.28 grams. The variations in the total nitrogen in this case, therefore, are small. The slight rise observed in the ben- zoate and after periods is explicable by the greater amount of nitro- genous food ingested. NITROGEN BALANCE. The data relating to the nitrogen ])alance in this case are given in table (Series F, III O). They show very narrow variations in the average daily nitrogen balance for the different periods. Thus, for the fore period we see a negative balance (i. e. a lesser nitrogen intake than output) of 0.11 gram; for the low benzoate period a negative balance of 0.26 gram; for the high benzoate period a posi- tive balance of 0.96 gram; for the after period a positive balance of 0.24 gram. The daily nitrogen intake with the food for the various periods is as follows: Grams. Fore period 14 0(i Low benzoate period 15. S3 High benzoate period 18. 67 After period 16. 66 o The length of this period, using the term in thf sense mentioned abcne, was sixty days. b The duration of this period was thirty days. 598 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. There is no evidence, derivable from data given in this table, that there was any disturbance in nitrogenous metabolism during any of the periods of tliis experiment. NITROGEN OF UREA. If we consider the nitrogen of urea in percentages of the total nitrogen, we find that the average nitrogen of urea for the fore period amounted to 79.7 per cent of the total nitrogen (Series D, III O) ; for tlic low benzoate period, to 81.9 per cent; for the high benzoate period, to 82.6 per cent; and for the after period, to 81.5 per cent. These variations are so slight that they call for no comment. They show no indication of any disturbance referable to the use of sodium benzoate. NITROGEN OK AMMONIA. The daily average excretion of nitrogen of ammonia for the fore period was 0.90 gram (Series B, III O) ; for the low benzoate period, 0.90 gram; for the high benzoate period, 0.74 gram, and for the after period, 0.82 gram. These variations are all well within the physio- logical hmits. Looking at the nitrogen of ammonia from the stand- point of percentages (Series D, III O) we find that for the fore period the average nitrogen of ammonia amounted to 7 per cent of the total nitrogen; for the low benzoate period, to 6.2 per cent; for the high benzoate period, 5 per cent ; for the after period, 5.7 per cent. The variations here are very small, and of course lie well within the range of fluctuations observed under physiological conditions. TOTAL PURIN NITROGEN. In regard to the purin nitrogen (Series B, III O) we find for the fore period a daily average of 0.26 gram; for the low benzoate period, 0.24 gram; for the liigh benzoate period, 0.26 gram; for the after period, 0.25 gram. The variations are extremely small, and both these variations and the total quantities excreted fall '^'itliin the limits of the normal. Regarding the purin nitrogen from the standpoint of percentages of the total nitrogen (Series D, III O) we find that for the fore period the average purin nitrogen was 2 per cent of the total nitrogen; for the low benzoate period, 1.7 per cent; for the high benzoate period, 1.7 per cent; for the after period, 1.8 per cent. i NITROGE.V OF URIC ACID. The average daily excretion of nitrogen of uric acid (Series B, III O) during the fore period was 0.19 gram; during the low benzoate period, 0.20 gram; during the high benzoate period, 0.20 gram; dur- ing the after period, 0.19 gram. There is here a noteworthy degree of consistency in the uric acid excretion as expiessetl in the averages for the various periods. A consideration of the uric acid excretion ii ACTION OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON THE HUMAN BODY. 599 in terms of percentages (Series D, III O) shows the same notewortliy uniformity, for during the fore period the average uric acid nitrogen was 1.4 per cent of the total nitrogen; during the low benzoate period, 1.3 per cent; during the high benzoate period, 1.4 per cent; during the after period, 1.4 per cent. NITROGEN OK CREATININ. The average daily creatinin nitrogen (Series B,IIIO) output during the fore period amounted to 0.45 gram ; during the low benzoate period, to 0.53 gram ; during the high l^enzoate period, to 0.59 gram ; during the after period, to 0.59 gram. In terms of percentages (Series D, III O) the average creatinin nitrogen for the dilTerent periods is as follows: For the fore period, 3.5 per cent of the total nitrogen; for the low benzoate period, 3.7 per cent ; for the high benzoate period, 4 per cent ; for the after period, 4.2 per cent^ We note, then, a slight rise in creatinin during both benzoate periods, and this rise is maintained during the after period. The slight increase is probably to be attributed to a slight increase in the intake of meat food. NITROGEN OF HIPPURIC .\CID. The average daily excretion of nitrogen of hippuric acid (Series B, III O) for the fore period was 0.07 gram; for the low benzoate period, O.lSgram; for theliiglibenzoateperiod,0.33gram; for the after period, 0.10 gram. The rise in hippuric acid is of course dependent on the intake of benzoic acid. The influence of tliis intake on the hippuric acid output is indicated in a special table (Series E, III O). Reference to this table shows that the benzoic acid calculated from the average daily amount of sodium benzoate ingested amounted to 0.3961 gram. The daily average increase of benzoic acid calculated from the nitro- gen of the liippuric acid excreted in the urine for this same period amounted to 0.600 gram. The calculated amount is thus in excess of the actual amount ingested. Tliis increase ma}' be due in part to an actual increase in liippuric acid during the low benzoate period, dependent on an increased consumption of protein food. During the high benzoate period the average moiety of benzoic acid ingested amounted to 1.573 grams dail}'. The average daily amount calcu- latod from the nitrogen of liippuric acid excreted for the same period, and referable to the ingested sodium benzoate is 1.86 grams. Here also there is a moderate excess in the calculated amount as com- pared with the quantity ingested, and tlus can probably be regarded as being due in part to increased intake of protein material. UNDETERMINED NITROGEN. The daily average of undetermined nitrogen excreted for the fore period amounted to 0.88 gram (Series B, III O) ; for the low benzoate period to 0.80 gram; for the high benzoate period to 0.67 gram; for 600 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. the after period to 0.87 gram. In tliis case there was a fall in the undetermined nitrogen during the high benzoate period. As the undetermined nitrogen is obtained by difference, this variation, as already pointed out, possesses no significance in itself. TOTAL SULPHUR. The average daily total output of sulphur for the fore period was 0.969 gram (Series B, III O); for the low benzoate period, 1.060 grams; for the high benzoate period, 1.044 grams; for the after period, 1.003 grams. The variations here are too slight to make any com- ment necessary. INORGANIC SULPHUR. The daily average excretion of inorganic sulphur for the fore period amounted to 0.729 gram (Series B, III O); for the low benzoate period to 0.840 gram; for the high benzoate period to 0.825 gram; for the after period to 0.799 gram. If we consider these figures from the standpoint of the percentages (Series D, III O) we find that the average inorganic sulphur is as follows : For the fore period, 77.0 per cent of the total sulphur; for the low benzoate period, 79.3 percent; for the high benzoate period, 79.1 per cent; for the after period, 79.6 per cent. There is here a noteworthy uniformity and further comment is unnecessary. ETHEREAL SULPHUR. The daily averages of ethereal sulphur are as follows: For the fore period, 0.070 gram (Series B, III O); for the low benzoate period, 0.075 gram; for the high benzoate period, 0.073 gram; for the after period, 0.086 gram. The variations in ethereal sulphur are too slight to call for comment. The ratio between inorganic and ethereal sulphur is for the fore period, 10.6 (Series D, III O); for the low benzoate period, 11.3; for the high benzoate period, 11.6; for the after period, 9.6. Looking at the matter from the standpoint of the ratios we might regard the higher ratios as pointing to a slight fall in putrefaction during the benzoate periods, but the differences are so slight that they must be considered as devoid of significance. NEUTRAL SULPHUR. The average daily output of neutral sulphur for the fore period was 0.149 gram (Series B, IIIO); for the low benzoate period, 0.145 gram; for the high benzoate period, 0.146 gram; for the after period, 0.118 gram. The close correspondence in the output of neutral sulphur for the fore period and the benzoate periods is worthy of note. ACTION OK SODIUM BENZOATE ON THE UUMAN liODY. 601 PHOSPHATE PHOSPHORUS. The daily avera 614 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALT}! OF MAN. The data bearing on the absorption of fat from the intestine show nothuig worthy of special comment. The proportion of fat absorbed in the difVerent periods varies somewhat more widely than in the other cases. Nevertheless the variations are small and fail to give any evidence that either the small or largo doses of benzoate exerted any influence on the fat absorption. The percentage of fat absorbed during the different subperiods is as follows: Per cent. Fore period (II) 95. 5 Low benzoate period ( VII ) 92. 6 Low benzoate period (X) 94. 5 High benzoate period (XIII i 95. 8 High benzoate period (XV i 96. 4 After period (XVII) 95. 6 GENERAL URINARY EXAMINATION. ALBUMIN. At no time in the course of the experiment could albumin be detected in the urine, even m traces. Examinations were made with frequency and regularity. SUGAR. At no time in the course of the experiment could sugar be detected in the urine. Examinations were made frequently and regularly. SEDIMENTS. Calcium oxalate and phosphates were frequently observed as uri- nary sediments, but no more often during the benzoate periods than during the fore period and the after period. Epithelial cells were seldom abundant and urates were rare. Casts were not observed. The urines were well preserved in a cool place, were examined within twenty-four hours after being passed, and were subjected to frequent and regular microscopical examinations. SPECIAL URINARY EXAMINATION FOR BENZOIC ACID. During the high benzoate period the urine was subjected to chem- ical procedures designed to detect the presence of benzoic acid or benzoates. It was impossible to detect the presence of benzoic acid in the urine. i SPECIAL CHEMICAL EXAMINATION OP THE FECES. The data relating to the feces and comprised under the above title pertain to the reactions, the color, the consistence, the mercuric chloride reaction for hydrobilirubin, the p-dimethylamido-benzalde- hyde reaction for indol and skatol, and the quantitative determination of hydrogen sulphide. ACTION OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON THE HUMAN BODY. 615 The rojictioii of tlio feces was usually alkaline to litmus, very seldom acid. The reaction does not appear to have l)een influenced by the ingestion of sodium benzoate. The color of the feces was usually l)rown, often yellow or yellow- brown, sometimes black from himpblack or charcoal used for demar- cation. The color of the feces appears to have been uninfluenced by the takinu^ of the sodium l)enzoate. The consistence of the feces varied usually within normal limits but with a distinct tendency to soft movements with occasional diarrhea." It does not appear that the consistency of the feces w^as mflucnced by the ingestion of sodium benzoate, since the consist- ency of the feces was not diminished during the high benzoate period as compared with the after periods. The reaction for hydrohiliruhin was very variable, being sometimes shght, sometimes moderate, sometimes strong or veiy strong. It does not appear to have been influenced by the use of sodium ben- zoate. It may be mentioned that in studies on this subject made independently of the present investigation, and some time previously, a distinct tendency was noted toward the development of strong hydrobilirubin reactions. The reaction for indol was usually slight or moderate. The reac- tions are perhaps a little stronger in the high benzoate period than in the remaining periods. All these reactions are, however, well within the limits observed in persons in what is considered the best of health. The color reactions frequenth^ showed the blue tint point- ing to the presence of skatol. This peculiarity had been noticed in this subject during a long period of study prior to the present investigation. It is not connected, therefore, with the ingestion of sodium benzoate. HYDROGEN SULPHIDE. Quantitative determinations were made of the hydrogen sulphide of the feces from September 5 to the end of the experiment (see Series I, IV L). The figures obtained in the present instance fall well within the limits of the normal. They indicate only small per- centages of hydrogen sulphide, both in the high benzoate period and in the after period. We are thus justified in concluding that the fixation of hydrogen sulphide in the feces of this subject was not influenced by the use of large doses of sodium benzoate. Note. — In addition to this chemical examination, the feces were subjected to microscopic study to determine whether there were any alterations in their character indicating a diminished absorption of foodstuffs (e. g., meat fiber, fats, etc.) during the benzoate periods. a The daily variations in the water content of the feces may be found in the tables relating to Case IV in Series A. 616 yODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. No changes of tliis character were detectable. Moreover, no increase i in mucus was observable and no increase in cellular elements (includ- ing leucocytes) derived from the intestinal wall. BACTERIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION OF THE FECES. The bacteriological examination of the feces in this case was carried on along the same lines as already mentioned in the cases already discussed. Both the direct examination of the feces and the study of the fermentation tube sediments showed the presence of consid- erable numbers of cocci. This peculiarity was noted throughout the benzoate experiment, but was somewhat emphasized about the time of the high benzoate period. As, however, this same peculiarity has been noticed in a large number of examinations made in the year preceding the dosage with benzoate, it can be attributed to conditions wholly distinct from the examination itself. The only possibiHty of an influence on the coccal forms of the feces, exerted by the ben- zoate, relates to the high benzoate period. It is possible that the moderate increase in coccal forms, noted at this time, was brought . about by the rather large doses of sodium benzoate. No other alter- ations in bacterial types was observable by the methods employed in the investigation. As will be seen by reference to Series K, IV L, there was observed the smallest gas formation by the fecal flora at the time of the high benzoate dosage. It is probable that the somewhat prolonged ten- dency to low gas formation, noted at this time, was at least inameasure attributable to the rise in the dose of sodium benzoate. CALORIC VALUES OF THE FOODSTUFFS. The daily average for the caloric value of the food ingested was as follows (Series H, lY L) : Calories. For the fore period 2, 411 For the low benzoate period 2, 357 For the high benzoate period 2, 982 For the after period 2, 567 These calorific values were adequate but not excessive for a man not much above the average weight, leading an indoor life and mod- erately active in muscular exercise. SPECIAL CLINICAL DATA. WEIGHT. The variations in weight in Case IV L are readily seen from the inspection of Series J, IV L, where they are graphically represented. The weight of the subject showed a fall from about 68 kilograms to about 66 kilograms before the low benzoate period was begun. The ACTION OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON THE HUMAN BODY. 617 occurrence of clij^ostive disorder in this sul)ject has ah'cady been men- tioned. There was ji sUght tendency to a rise in weiglit during the high benzoate period, despite some digestive disorder. (See also Series A, IV L.) EXAMINATION OF TJIE BLOOD. HEMOOLOBIN. The curve for hemoglobin (Series L, Chart IV) shows a slight tend- ency to rise during the liigh benzoate period. There is no evidence that the benzoate has had anv deleterious influence on the hemo- globin. KED BLOOU CELLS. The curve representative of the numbers of the red blood cells shows a sUght tendency to rise during the high benzoate period. There is no reason to suppose that the ingestion of benzoate has had any unfavorable influence on the red blood cells. (Series L, Chart III.) WHITE BLOOD CELLS. The wliite blood cell curve shows only unimportant irregularities, which can not be connected with the ingestion of sodium benzoate. (Series L, Chart III.) The differential leucocyte count shows variations only within the physiological limits. (Series L, Charts I and II.) FREE HYDROCHLORIC ACID. The curve showing the free hydrochloric acid of the gastric juice shows a rather marked rise during the high benzoate period. As a comparable rise is evident in all the other subjects, we are disposed to connect it with the ingestion of sodium benzoate. (SeriesL, Charts III and IV.) SUMMARY OF CONCLUSIONS RELATIVE TO CASE IV L. In stating the conclusions derivable from this investigation relative to the action of sodium benzoate on the human body it is necessary to distinguish between the effects of small doses (under 0.5 gram daily) and the effects of large doses (over 0.5 gram daily). ACTION OF SMALL DOSES OF SODIUM BENZOATE. It may be stated that no action from small doses of sodium ben- zoate was detectable by the methods employed in this investigation in respect to the following features: (1) The general health of the subject as indicated by the sub- jective and objective signs. (2) The composition of the urine (with one exception, viz, the physiological effect on the hippuric acid excretion). (3) The composition of the feces. 618 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. (4) The absorption of fats and the fat balance. (5) The character of the bacteria of the intestinal tract. (6) The wei<>:ht of the body. (7) The hemoglobin of the blood. (8) The red blood cells. (9) The white blood cells. The observed rise in hippuric acid of the urine was such as was to be expected from the well-known metabolism of benzoic acid in the animal organism. ACTION OF LARGE DOSES OF SODIUM BENZOATE. It may be stated that no definite physiological consequences of large doses of sodium benzoate were detectable by the methods em- ployed in this investigation, except in the following respects: (1) There was a considerable or large rise in the hippuric acid excretion, such as would be expected from the doses of sodium ben- zoate ingested. (2) There was an increase of the indican of the urine, not great but mimistakable. This rise is possibly attributable to an action of the sodium benzoate (perhaps a slight irritant action in the gastro-enteric tract), so altering the secretions and bacteria as to favor intestinal putrefaction. The behavior of the ethereal sulphates indicates that the rise in intestinal putrefaction is slight. (.3) There was a depression of the gas-producing function of the mixed fecal bacteria in dextrose bouillon. (4) There was a moderate but apparently unmistakable rise in the proportion of coccal bacteria observed in the fermentation tube sedi- ments derived from the inoculation of the mixed fecal flora. (5) There was a distinct rise in the free hydrochloric acid of the gastric juice. SUMMARY OF CONCLUSIONS RELATIVE TO THE GROUP OF PER- SONS (FOUR CASES) ON WHICH THIS INVESTIGATION IS BASED. In stating the general conclusions relative to the action of sodium benzoate on the human body it is necessary to distinguish between the effect of small doses (under 0.5 gram daily) and the eflfect of large doses (over 0.5 gram daily). ACTION OF SMALL DOSES OF SODIUM BENZOATE The following general conclusion may be drawn: No action from small doses of sodium benzoate was detectable by the methods used in this investigation in respect to the following physiological features: (1) The general health of the subject as indicated by subjec- tive and objective signs. (2) The composition of the urine (mth one exception, viz, the physiological effect on the hippuric acid excretion). _ ACTION OF SODIUM BENZOATK ON THE KUMAN BODY. 019 (3) Tlio composition of tho fec(>s. (4) Tho absorption of fats and tho fat balance. (5) The character of the bacteria of the intestinal tract. (6) The weiglit of the body. (7) Tlie heinof. The urea nitrogen was estimated according to the method of Folin (Ajnerican Journal of Physiology, Vol. XIII, p. 45, 1905), digesting one and one-half to two hours, and distilling in somewhat more strongly alkaline solution. «To test the question of decomposition the ammonia of a given urine thus treated was estimated by Folin 's method on successive dates. The following table shows the titrations of the excess of acid, having used the same amount for each determi- nation, with the quarter normal NH4OH solution: June 17. Juno 18. June 19. June 20. June 22. I n c. c. 3.8.') 4.0 C. f . 3.85 3.90 c.c. 3.90 3.90 c.c. 3.95 c. c. 4.0 In regard to the use of chloroform as possibly affecting the chlorine estimation portions of a freshly voided sample of urine gave in titration, 3.95 c. c. and 3.95 c. c, NH^CNS solution; portions of the same sample treated with chloroform gave after two days, 3.95 c. c. and 4 c. c. NH^CNS solution; after five days the titration with NH4CNS solution amounted to 3.9 c. c. and 4 c. c. The decomposition of chloroform, under the pre- vailing conditions, with liberation of hydrochloric acid, is therefore a slow one and not of importance in the present investigation. 622 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. AMMONIA NITROGEN. According to Folin (loc. citj. TOTAL PURIN NITROGEN. The uric acid nitrogen was estimated according to the method of Folin (loc. cit.) and the remaining purin nitrogen according to the method of Kriiger and Schmidt (Zeitschrift fiir physiologische Chemie, Band XLV, p. 1, 1905), by precipitating the total purin bodies with sodium bisulphite and copper sulphate solutions, decom- posing ^vith sodium sulphide, oxidizing the uric acid with manga- nese choxide, precipitating the remaining purin bodies with sodium bisulpliite and copper sulphate solutions, and estimating the nitrogen of the precipitate by the Kjeldahl method, using tenth normal acid and alkali and alizarin as indicator. URIC ACID NITROGEN. According to Folin (loc. cit.). CREATININ NITROGEN. According to Folin (loc. cit.). HIPPURIC ACID NITROGEN. To 1 00 c. c. of urine evaporated practically to dryness on the water bath are added 1.0 gram of acid sodium phosphate, NaHjPO^, and about 15 grams of calcium sulphate (gypsum). The finely powdered mass after being thoroughly dried in the oven is transferred to an extraction thimble, and extracted 2 hours with a rapid flow of ethyl acetate in a Soxhlet extractor. The ethyl acetate extract measuring about 100 c. c, completely transferred to a separating funnel, is washed by shaking vigorously with four successive portions of 1 c. c. saturated sodium chloride solution. The washed ethyl acetate solution is transferred to a Kjeldahl flask, 25 c. c. of water are added, the ethyl acetate removed by distillation, and the nitrogen of the hippuric acid residue determined by the Kjeldahl method, using tenth normal acid and alkali, and alizarin as indicator. UNDETERMINED NITROGEN. The undetermined nitrogen represents the difference between the total nitrogen and the sum of the nitrogen of the following bodies: Urea, ammonia, purin, creatinin, and hippuric acid. TOTAL SULPHUR. Ten cubic centimeters of urine are completely oxidized in a 300 c. c. Kjeldahl flask with 15 c. c. fuming nitric acid according to the method of Schulz (Pfluger's Archiv., vol. 121, p. 114). The total ACTION OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON THE HUMAN BODY. 623 sulphur ill the ash, after dissolvmo; m dilute hydrochloric acid and diluting, is determined according to Folin's method (Journal of Bio- logical Chemistry, vol. 1, p. 131, 1906). INORGANIC SULPHUR. According to Folin (loc. cit.). ETHERKAL SULPHUR. According to Folin (loc. cit.). NEtJTRAL SULPHUR. The neutral sulphur was estimated by subtracting the sum of the inorganic and ethereal sulphur from the total sulphur. PHOSPHATE PHOSPHORUS. The phosphorus was estimated according to the method described in Neubauer und Vogel's Analyse des Hams, 1890, page 730, by titrating with uranium nitrate in the presence of sodium acetate and acetic acid, using cochineal as indicator. According to Folin (American Journal of Physiology, Vol. XIII, p. 45, 1905). CHLORINE AS SODIUM CHLORIDE. Volhard's method (Neubauer und Vogel, Analyse des Hams, 1890, p. 705). ALBUMIN. The tests employed for the detection of albumin were as follows: The heat test, made by heating a portion of the clear urine with a drop of nitric acid, also by treating the hot clear urine with a drop of trichloracetic acid in a darkened room holding the test tube before a highly illuminated slit; the contact test, made by bringing the clear urine in contact with nitric acid and also with trichloracetic acid with- out mixing. SUGAR. The presence of reducing substances in the urine was tested for by heating the urine with Fehling's solution. FECES. The periods during which the feces were collected conformed to the urinary periods and food periods, and were ascertained by marking with lampblack. 624 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. The feces of one day were intimately mixed and divided into three equal portions. One portion, slightly acidified with sulphuric acid and evaporated to dryness on the water bath and dried in the oven, was used for the estimation of total nitrogen and, incidentally, of, water. A second unacidified ])ortion was likewise evaporated to drjTiess and used for the estimation of total ether extract, including neutral fats, free fatty acids, and the fatty acids of soaps, and uIsm water. The percentage of water of fresh feces recorded in the tables is the average of these two estimations on each sample. The third portion was used for qualitative tests, including hydrobilinibin and indol, for the quantitative estimation of hydrogen sulphide, and for the bacteriological examination. TOTAL NrrROGEX. Aliquot portions, usually one-tenth, of the finely divided, dried feces from the acidified samples collected during a given period were weighed out and added together. Duplicate analyses for total nitro- gen were made on the intimately mixed samples thus obtained by the Kjeldahl method, digesting with concentrated sulphuric acid, copper sulphate, and potassium sulphate. TOTAL ETHER EXTRACT, NEUTRAL FATS, AND FREE FATTY ACIDS. Representative samples from aliquot portions of the nonacidified dried feces for the given periods were likewise obtained, and the method employed for the estimation of the total ether extract, includ- ing neutral fats, free fatty acids, and fatty acids of soaps, was essen- tially that described by F. Miiller (Zeitschr. f. klinische Medicin, vol. 12, p. 45, 1887), and was as follows: 1 Two grams of finely divided and thoroughly dried feces were extracted in a Soxhlet condenser 18 to 20 hours with Kahlbaum's low-boiling petroleum ether. The ether extract, representing the neutral fats and free fatty acids, was thoroughly dried and weighed. This extract was then dissolved in petroleum ether and alcohol and the free fatty acids estimated by titrating with a standard solution of potassium hydroxide in alcohol, using phenolphthalein as indicator. The free fatty acids thus measured were calculated as stearic acid. The contents of the extraction thimble, containing the soaps, were treated with a dilute solution of hydrochloric acid and evaporated to dryness. The finely divided and thoroughly dried residue w;i- extracted with petroleum ether as before, and the dried extract repre- senting the fatty acids of the soaps was weighed. This weight added to the weight of the first extract represents the weight of the total ether extract, or "total fats" recorded in the tables. ACTION OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON THE HUMAN BODY. 625 Duplicate analyses were made throughout, with the exception of those subperiods in the case of Subjects III O and IV L during which the food was not collected, when single analyses only were made. HYDROBILIRUBIN. According to Schmidt (Verhandl. d. Congresses f. inn. Medicin, vol. 13, p. 320, 1895). A few grams of the fresh feces are rubbed up in a mortar with a solution of mercuric chloride, and the presence and intensity of the reaction notetl by the pink or salmon color developed on standing. Ten grams of fresh feces in 100 c. c. water acidified with sul- phuric acid are distilled, and the distillate treated with a few drops of dimethylamido-benzaldehyde solution in dilute sulphuric acid, a pink coloration showing the presence of indol, a blue or violet color showing the presence of skatol. HYDROGEN SULPHIDE. A stream of air properly washed is drawn through a suspension of finely divided fresh feces in water acidulated with sulphuric acid, then through a calcium chloride tube containing cotton, and finally through a solution of lead acetate acidulated with acetic acid. The precipitated lead sulphide is filtered, dried, and weighed. BACTERIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION. The methods employed are described in the section on the "Bac- teriological examination of the feces" relating to Subject I R. FOOD. TOTAL NITROGEN. The total nitrogen of the foods was estimated by the Kjeldahl method, oxidizing with concentrated sulphuric acid, copper sul- phate, and potassium sulphate, distilling with concentrated sodium hydroxide and titrating with quarter-normal hydrochloric acid and ammonia, using alizarin as indicator. Duplicate analyses were made throughout. For estimating the total nitrogen of all the food material for the different periods two distinct methods were employed during the course of the experiment. For Periods I to V, inclusive, for both Subjects I R and II H nitrogen estimations on the foodstufi's for each day were made. For all other periods for the four men, including also Period V of Subjects I R and II H, composite samples of the food material were 70111— No. 88—09 40 626 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. obtained by taking aliquot portions, usually one-fifth, of each food- stuff consumed and putting it aside preserved with, sodium fluoride in a jar. At tlie close of the period the contents of the jar were ren- dered uniform by being passed through a fine meat chopper and the total mass weighed without loss. Uniform samples were taken for the estimation of total nitrogen. In Period V, Subjects I R and II H, the two methods gave the followdng results: Total nitrogen by analysis of Individual foods. Total nitroRen of composite samples Subject I R. 97.0 96.7 Subject U H. nil 111.7 Closel}" agreeing results by use of the two methods are reported in Bulletin No. 117, Office of Experiment Stations, U. S. Department of Agriculture (1902), pages 42 and 43. TOTAL ETHER EXTRACTS, NEUTRAL FATS, AND FREE FATTY ACIDS. Portions of the composite samples were evaporated to dryness, and the finely divided and thoroughly dried residue extracted with Kahlbaum's low-boiling petroleum ether, following the same pro- cedure as that employed on dried feces for the estimation of total ether extract, mcluding neutral fats and free fatty acids. CALORIC VALUE. In Subperiods I to V, inclusive, for Subjects I R and II H, the fuel value for the subperiods was calculated from the individual foods consumed by data obtained from Bulletin No. 28, Office of Experi- ment Stations, U. S. Department of Agriculture (1906). For the other periods the total weight of dried food, less the ash, was cal- culated from composite samples. The proteins were calculated by multipl3'ing the nitrogen content by 6.25. The carbohydrates were considered to be represented by the residue after subtracting the proteins, ether extracts, and ash. It was assumed that 1 gram of protein as well as 1 gram of carbohydrate yields 4.1 calories, and 1 gram of fat, 9.3 calories. APPENDIX. It is essential to the completeness of this report to append the daily food charts, showing the daily intake of food. In the case of Subjects I R and II II the quantities of the A-arious foods are given for the entire time covered by the investigation. For Subjects III O and IV L the data given relate to a part only of the experimental period. The arrangement of the data relating to the nitrogen of the food, where such data are given, is self-explanatory. DAILY FOOD CHARTS. Subject I R. Date and kind of food. Weight of food. SUBPERIOD I. June IS, 1908. Soup Beef Potatoes Tomatoes Vegetables Cake Strawberries Bananas Bread Butter Milk June 16, 190S. Soup Beef Potatoes Eggs Bacon Tomatoes Green peas Ice cream Cereal Straw lorries Bread Butter Milk Coffee Tea June 17, 1908. Soup Chicken Beef Potatoes Lettuce Pickles Cheese Custard Cereal Bananas Bread Butter Sugar Milk Grams. 188.8 115.9 151.1 80.4 40.7 48.6 17.3.0 110.2 72.6 14.6 220.0 243.0 152.5 186.8 97.1 40.2 89.7 19.1 138.6 100.5 111.3 134.0 28.0 220.0 113.2 140.0 188.0 47.8 96.5 125.7 16.0 77.0 8.2 109.2 142.0 103.5 188.4 27.6 16.0 168.0 Per cent nitro- gen of food. 1.15 6.90 .89 .14 22 hl3 .17 .21 1.31 .16 .59 4.17 .32 2.11 2.14 .14 .84 .77 .30 .18 1.31 .16 ..59 .06 .02 .24 4.70 5.06 .29 .19 .11 2.32 .98 .31 .21 1.31 .16 .59 Weight nitro- gen of food. Grams. 2.10 8.03 1.35 .11 .09 .55 .31 .23 .95 .02 1.31 15.05 .67 6.37 .54 2.05 .86 .13 .16 1.06 ..30 .20 1.76 .04 1.31 .07 .03 15.55 .45 2.24 4.88 .36 .03 .09 .19 1.07 .44 .22 2.47 .05 1.00 13.49 Subject I R. Date and kind of food. ^q{^!^^ SUBPERIOD I— Con. June IS. 1908. Soup Chicken Pork chops Potatoes Green peas Tomatoes Salad Rice Sauce Peaches Strawberries Cereal Milk Bread Butter Sugar June 19, 1908. Soup Beefsteak Cold boiled ham Fried eggs Potatoes Corn flakes Tomatoes Lettuce Pickles Chocolate Eclair Cereal Peaches Bananas Strawberries Milk Bread Butter Sugar June 20, 1908. Soup Lamb chops Liver Bacon Eggs Steak Potatoes Tomatoes Lettuce Grams. 174.1 82.2 32.9 97.0 51.5 56.8 66.2 42.5 38.3 148.7 149.3 86.8 440.0 221.3 39.2 19.4 180. 70.0 37.1 86.5 172.0 78.5 58.7 30.5 54.0 45.2 121.0 154.0 116.0 142.5 740.0 226.0 67.6 18.6 244.6 129.2 43.3 15.0 44.4 40.1 96.0 75.2 38.8 Per cent nitro- gen of food. 0.45 4.72 3.99 .33 .84 .14 .19 .32 .60 .11 .18 .32 .59 1.31 .16 .22 4.51 3.66 2.14 ..37 1.00 .14 .19 .12 .78 .33 .11 .21 .16 .59 1.31 .16 .20 4.89 4.09 2.62 2.10 4.57 .22 .14 .19 Weight nitro- gen of food. Grams. 0.79 3.88 L31 .32 .43 .09 .12 .13 .23 .17 .27 .28 2.62 2.90 .06 13.60 .40 3.16 1.36 1.83 .63 .79 .09 .06 .07 .35 .40 .17 .24 .26 4.40 2.96 .11 .50 6.31 1.77 .38 L83 .21 .11 .07 627 628 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. Daily food c/wrte— Continued. Subject I B. Date and kind of food. SUBPERIOD I— Con. June 20, /90S— Cont'd. Pickles Ice cream Cake Cereal Peaches Milk Bread Butter Sugar Strawberries . June 21, 1908. Soup Roast beef. . . Potatoes String lieans . Lettuce Pickles Ice cream Cake Milk Bread Butter Coffee Sugar June 22, 1008. Soup Steak Roast beef. . . Lamb chops . Potatoes String beans . Tomatoes Lettuce Cream puff . . Pickles Cereal Strawberries . Peaches MUk Bread Butter Sugar SUBPERIOD II. June 2S, 1908. Soup Lamb roast. . Lamb chops . Potatoes Strawberries . Peaches Milk Bread Butter Sugar Per ,,, . .J I cent ^V«'Bhtl nitro- gen of food. of food. Orams. 55.5 50.0 84.0 169.8 223.7 640.0 135.8 21.0 65.0 125.0 290.0 151.0 134.1 62.0 39.5 26.5 151. 6 29.0 470.0 96.5 20.7 80.0 20.0 212.2 52.5 34.6 31.6 151.7 10.0 48.9 44.5 82.0 51.7 174.2 154.3 100.8 660.0 134. 4 47.0 14.5 0.13 .58 .79 .22 .11 .59 1.31 .16 213.6 73.4 57.1 194.9 186.0 153.5 660.0 93.0 34.1 21.4 Weight nitro- gen of food. ,16 Grams. 0.07 .29 .66 .38 .25 3.81 1.78 .03 Subject I R. Date and kind of food. Weight of food. SUBPERIOD II— Con. June 24, 1908. .20 4.18 .22 .21 .19 .12 .58 1.11 .60 1.30 .16 .06 .49 4.03 3.71 4.20 .3.5 .21 .14 .19 1.06 .12 .37 .18 .11 .60 1.31 .16 .21 4.64 4.64 .23 .18 .11 .49 1.31 .16 .20 Soup Steak Roast lamb. Potatoes Tomatoes . . . Pickles . 15.59 .58 6.33 .29 .13 .07 .32 2.80 1.26 .03 .05 12.82 1.03 2.12 1.28 1.33 .54 .02 .07 .09 .87 .06 .63 .28 .11 3.93 1.76 .07 14.19 .46 3.33 2.65 .44 .34 .17 3.24 1.22 .06 Corn flakes . Peaches Strawberries . Blackberries . Milk Bread Butter , Sugar June 25, 1908. Soup Lamb Ham Eggs Potatoes String beans . Lettuce Corn flakes . . Ice cream Tarts Blackberries . Milk Bread Butter June 26, 1908. Soup Fish Hamburg steak. . . Boiled potatoes. . . Creamed potatoes. Fried onions Cabbage Tomatoes Cream puff Pears Peaches Com flakes Milk Bread Butter Sugar 11.91 Grams. 156.5 92.7 47.6 194.4 66.5 55.2 Per cent nitro- gen of food. Weight nitro- gen of food. Creampuff 65.3 27.8 134.5 182.5 117.5 880.0 164.0 50.3 22.0 0.24 4.33 4.64 .30 .14 .12 .95 1.07 .11 .18 .21 .49 1.31 .16 Grams. 0.38 4.01 2.21 .59 .10 .07 .62 .31 .15 .33 .24 4.31 2.15 230.0 98.3 33.0 84.0 265.9 63.0 103.5 24.7 143.0 79.0 128.5 660.0 109.4 40.8 180.0 96.6 102.2 193.1 139.5 27.3 30.5 72.8 76.8 31.0 134.5 29.5 220.0 142.5 51.0 55.7 .49 4. .35 3.91 2.11 .29 .24 .19 1.07 .34 .50 .21 .49 L31 .16 15.55 1.13 4.27 1.29 1.77 .78 .15 .11 .26 .49 .40 .27 3.23 1.43 .07 June 27, 1908. Soup Chicken Boiled ham Lamb chops Poiatoos Tomatoes Peaches and custard Peaches Blackberries Cereal Milk 215.0 95.3 22.5 67.2 209.6 105.0 151.3 98.4 104.6 162.8 440.0 .32 3.33 3.56 .26 .34 .34 .35 .14 .27 .10 .11 1.07 .49 1.31 .16 15.65 .58 3.22 3.64 .51 .47 .09 .10 .11 .83 .31 .15 .32 1.08 1.87 13.36 .33 .72 4.59 4.37 4.71 1.07 4.69 3.15 .47 .99 .14 .15 .94 1.42 .11 .11 .21 .22 ,40 .64 .49 2.16 ACTION OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON THE HUMAN BODY. 629 Daily food charts — Continued. Subject I R. Bate and kind of food. SUBPERIOD II— Con. JuneZr, 1908— Con. Bread Butter Sugar June S8, 1908 Soup Chicken Gravy Potatoes .'. Beans Lettuce Jelly Cream Milk Bread Butter SUBPERIOD III. July 3, 1908. Soup Lamb chops Roast lamb String beans Baked potatoes Tomatoes Com flakes Raspberries Peaches Muskmelon Milk Bread Butter Sugar July 4, 1908. Soup Lamb chops Potatoes Tomatoes Cucumber Com flakes Peaches Raspberries Milk Cheese Bread Butter Weight of food. Qrams. 133.4 39.0 83.5 229.0 132.9 29.0 82.0 64.6 30.2 122. 6 23.8 220.0 78.2 20.5 203.0 62.9 50.6 60.8 66.0 125.0 22.0 115.0 101.0 130.4 980.0 170.7 66.3 95.0 July 5, 1908. Soup Roast lamb Lamb chops Fried potatoes Turnips Lettuce Peaches Bread Butter Sugar Milk 199.0 83.0 50.2 97.0 36.2 33.0 440.0 105.7 660.0 55.1 179.5 12.0 Per cent nitro- gen of food. 1.31 .16 211.5 58.5 38.2 47.3 94.0 16.5 134.1 95.3 19.1 19.0 220.0 .55 4.52 6.25 .21 .64 .14 1.07 .12 .11 .10 .49 1.31 .16 Weight nitro- gen of food. Grams. 1. 75 .06 .45 1.05 4.42 5.88 .48 .15 .70 .57 .28 .18 .19 .06 .18 .22 .14 .03 .49 1.08 1.31 1.02 .16 .03 .49 10.27 1.11 2.84 2.66 .02 .42 .16 .23 .13 .10 .13 4.80 2.24 .11 Subject I R. 14.95 .M 1.08 4.75 3.94 .64 .32 .14 .14 .11 .04 1.07 .35 .11 .13 .16 .17 .49 3.23 4.99 2.75 1.31 2.35 .16 .02 14. 52 .M 1.15 5. 51 3.22 5.50 2.10 i.o;^ .49 .21 .20 .19 .03 .11 .15 1.31 1.51 .16 .03 1.08 Date and kind of food. Weight of food. SUBPERIOD III— Con. July I!, i:h)S. Soup Roast beef Ham Potatoes Beets Cauliflower Lettuce Fried eggs Onions Com flakes Orange Peaches Bananas Bread Butter Milk Sugar July 7, 1908. Soup Steak Roast beef Mashed potatoes French fried potatoes. Carrots Onions, fried Tart Com flakes Raspberries Blackberries Bananas Bread Butter MUk Sugar Qrams. 214.3 83.8 23.5 160.0 58.2 126.4 8.3 45.8 21.0 26.0 85.0 123.0 115.6 201.2 69.0 930.0 90.5 July 8, 1908. Soup Chicken Gravy lyamb chops String beans Potatoes Rice Tomatoes Lettuce Cream pull Com flakes Blackberries Orange Peaches Bread Butter Milk July 9, 1908. Soup Roast lamb Steak BoUed potatoes . . . Fried potatoes Com String beans Tomatoes 163.0 52.5 40.5 78.2 75.5 35.5 37.0 82.9 22.0 94.5 126.2 90.0 158.7 42.0 735.0 60.0 Per cent nitro- . gen of food. Weight nitro- gen of food. 206.0 72.5 44.7 81.5 25.0 183.5 57.0 57.5 44.9 71.7 26.5 120.5 98.0 122.0 173.0 58.5 880.0 230.5 119.5 78.5 8L0 86.5 44.7 42.1 63.5 0. 32 3.88 4.43 .39 .36 .37 .19 2.11 .16 1.07 .13 .11 .21 1.31 .16 .49 .56 5.23 5.23 .42 .85 .21 .69 .57 1.07 .16 .21 .21 1.31 .16 .49 Qrams. 0.71 3.25 1.01 .62 .21 .47 .02 .97 .03 .28 .11 .14 .24 2.64 .11 4.56 .51 5.14 .50 3.93 .28 .38 .38 .14 .19 .70 1.07 .21 .13 .11 1.31 .16 .42 4.24 4.26 .27 .75 1.0 .21 .14 630 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEAI.TH OF MAN. Daily food charts — Continued. Subject I R. Date and kiiKl of food. SUBPERIOD III— Con July 9, 1908— Cont'd. Custard Com flakes Peaches Blackberries Bread Butter MUk Sugar Sponge cake SUBPERIOD IV. July 10, 1908. Soup Baked bluefish Minced lamb Roast lamb Fried eggs Mashed potatoes , Boiled potatoes Tomatoes Cucumber Cherry pie Cake Com flakes Stewed peaches Blackberries Bread Butter Milk Sugar Weight of food. Grams. 130. (i 24.0 132.0 156.8 132.3 62.6 660.0 75.0 24.0 July It, 1908. Soup Boiled ham Beefsteak Gravy Boiled potatoes Creamed potatoes. . Fried onions Tomatoes Lettuce Huckelberry pie. . . Cherry sauce Vanilla wafers Com flakes Cantaloupe Bread Butter Milk Sugar July 12, 1908. Soup 206.0 Roast beef 89. 5 Mashed potatoes 84. 9 Tomatoes 10.6 Boiled onions 5. 4 Custard 120.1 Milk 1 440.0 Bread I 114.7 Butter i 17.0 Per cent nitro- gen of food. 178.2 79.3 113.5 37.8 80.0 105.5 123.0 102.9 64.7 124.0 20.5 25.0 123.5 139.0 180.0 55.2 880.0 65.0 241.0 39.5 63.2 9.5 77.2 117.0 45.5 55.0 34.5 120.5 114.0 14.5 28.0 117.5 103.2 52.0 880.0 61.0 0.98 1.07 .11 .21 1.31 .16 .49 1.22 .28 4.69 2.83 4.33 2.05 .38 .25 .14 .13 .46 1.66 1.07 .07 .21 1.31 .16 .49 Weight nitro- gen of food. Grams. 1.28 .26 .15 .33 1.73 .10 3.23 .83 3.65 3.76 .47 .30 .28 .34 .14 .19 .58 .14 1.28 1.07 .10 1.31 .16 .49 .30 3.67 .35 .14 .16 .88 .49 1.31 .16 .29 18.27 .49 3.72 3.21 1.64 1.64 .40 .31 .15 .08 .56 .34 .26 .08 .29 2.36 .09 4.31 Subject I R. 2.0 1.44 2.38 .05 .23 .33 .16 .08 .07 .70 .16 .18 .30 .11 1.35 .08 4.30 13.92 .61 3.28 .30 .02 .01 1.05 2.16 1.50 .03 Date and kind of food. SUBPERIOD IV— Con. July 12, 1908— Cont'd. Sugar CucumlxT. July 13, 1908. Soup Veal cutlets Roast beef Mashed potatoes Fried potatoes Cauliflower and gravy. Beets Sponge cake Shredded wheat Peaches Rhubarb Pineapple Bread Butter Sugar Milk Lamb chops . Broiled ham Boiled eggs Potatoes Corn Cucumbers Lettuce Rhubarb pie Huckleberry tart. Corn flakes Cantaloupe Peaches Bread Butter Milk Weight of food. Grams. 22.4 22.9 Per cent nitro- gen of food. July 14. 1908 Soup Steak Gravy Eggs Mashed potatoes. . Green peas Fried onions Cranberry pie Milk Bread Butter 139.0 78.3 52.3 123.5 44.5 66.2 103.8 59.0 20.0 100.0 127.7 118.4 92.0 38.0 40.0 600.0 July 15. 1908. Bean soup 196. 5 171.0 71.5 7.0 38.0 116.8 27.0 40.0 134.4 400.0 57.5 44.5 July 16, 1908 Soup Chicken Gravy Beefsteak Potatoes 78.0 40.3 07.1 215.0 51.5 203.0 29.0 130.0 82.3 23.5 14&5 110.4 117.4 34.0 660.0 .35 5.14 428 .35 .75 .36 .37 1.35 1.66 .11 .60 .08 L31 .16 .49 .33 4.12 .38 2.10 .30 .13 .65 .57 .49 L31 .16 .63 5.03 5.53 2.11 .27 .13 .13 .19 .53 .63 1.07 .10 .11 1.31 .16 .49 152. 7 .33 59.0 3.35 41.0 .21 73.0 406 234.5 .47 ACTION OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON THE HUMAN BODY. Daily food charts- Coiitiinu'd. G31 Subject I B,. Date and kind of food. SUB PERIOD IV— Con July 16, 190S—Con. Boiled onions Carrots Tomatoes Rice Chocolate Eclair Peaches Milk Weak tea Bread Butter SUBPERIOD V. July 17, 1908. Soup Codfish Clam broth Clams Halibut Boiled ham Mashed potatoes Creamed potatoes Boiled onions Cucumbers Stewed plums Peaches Bread Butter Milk Sugar Huckleberrj' pie July 18, 1908. Soup Roast beef Bologna Mashed potatoes. . Fried potatoes Tomatoes Cucumbers Lettuce Ice cream Cream puff Com flakes Peaches Pear Bread Butter Milk Sugar July 19, 1908. Bologna Cheese Pickle Milk Bread Weight of food. Per cent nitro- gen of food. Orams. 9C.. 5 40.5 tlO. 7 80. 5 61. C 102.0 220. 250.0 231.5 61.0 199.5 94.1 46.3 21.5 85.2 28.5 107.0 90.5 88.5 75.0 85.5 103.0 1(18. 80.4 440.0 19.5 110.6 181.7 70.8 21.5 126.2 48.5 80.0 22.5 31.0 104.0 67.5 24.6 131.0 05.5 152.0 85.5 440.0 51.5 48.8 52.0 46.5 900.0 48.8 0.37 .17 .14 .24 .70 .11 .49 .10 1.31 .16 .40 3.94 .21 2.10 4.11 4.69 .27 .34 .29 .13 .11 .11 1.31 .16 .49 .39 .38 4.40 2.45 .26 .34 .14 .13 .19 .66 .92 1.07 .11 .05 1.31 .16 .49 2.45 4.23 .10 .49 1.31 Weight nitro- gen of food. Grams. 0.35 .07 .09 .21 .43 .12 1.08 .25 3.03 .10 12.35 .80 3.71 .10 .45 3.50 1.38 .28 .30 .26 .10 .10 .12 2.20 .13 2.15 .42 16.00 .69 3.12 .53 .32 !l7 .11 .03 .06 .09 .62 .26 .15 .03 1.99 .14 2.15 11.06 1.19 2.20 .04 4.41 1.26 9.10 Subject I R. Date anerry pie Milk Roast-beef hasti Cantaloupe Poached egg Watermelon August 4, 1908. Fried halibut ::::::::::::::: Fried potatoes Bread 136.5 44.3 Butter Sugar 31.5 880.0 139.5 21.0 209.5 Beets Milk Watermelon Com flakes Coffee Soup 634 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. Daily food charts — Continued. Subject I B. Date and kind of food. SUBPERIODVIII- Continiu'd. Augiist 8, 1 90S. Bread Butter Sugar Milk Cantaloupe Soup Steak Boiled potatoes Gravy Fried onions Peaches Cake (sponge) August 9, 1908. Bread Salmon Tongue Milk August 10, 1908. Bread Butter Sugar Milk Cantaloupe Force Tomatoes Soup String beans Mashed potatoes Fried potatoes Veal cutlets Gravy Milk Metropolitan cake Ham Scrambled eggs CoSee Orange August 11, 1908. Bread Butter Sugar Milk Cantaloupe Soup Fried codfish Baked potatoes Pickles Apple pie Bologna Beans Stewed pear August 12, 1908. Bread Butter Pear Soup Roast lamb Mashed potatoes Creamed potatoes Squash Gravy Orange Milk Ijettuc>e Peach pie Weight of food. Grams. 106.5 45.5 28.0 0(iO. 123.0 218.5 84.5 97.0 6.5 104.0 104.5 18.5 Per cent nitro- gen of food. 261.0 82.5 52.3 440.0 103.0 40.5 47.5 730.0 106.0 29.4 10.0 214.2 57.2 135.8 126.3 73.2 16.7 290.0 56.5 36.3 87.2 128.0 117. 5 142.0 55.0 36.0 440.0 120.0 208.0 78.5 110.5 29.5 129.7 71.8 88.4 124.4 60.7 28.5 117.5 203.5 118.0 131.6 132.8 108.9 10.0 97.2 440.0 10. 5 235.0 AVeight nitro- gen of food. Subject I R. Date and kind of food. SUBPERIOD VIII— Continued. August IS, 1908. Bread Butter Sugar Com flakes Milk Soup Beets Steak Baked potatoes String beans Gravy Cream puff Ham Stewed pears Cookies SUBPERIOD IX. August 14, 1908. Bread Butter Corn flakes Milk Watermelon Lettuce Soup Halibut Potatoes Corned beef Chocolate eclair Peaches Sponge cake Fried eggs Bacon August 15, 1908. Bread Butter Com flakes Cantaloupe Sugar Milk August 17, 1908. Bread Butter Corn flakes Milk Peaches Pears Soup Roast lamb Potatoes Spaghetti Gravy Fried eggs Fried potatoes Chocolate cake August 18, 1908. Bread Butter Milk Sugar Peaches Corn flakes Lettuce Soup Weight of food. Grams. 98.9 33.2 45.0 27.0 880.0 198.5 87.8 43.1 303.8 58.8 5.4 09.0 52.8 145.3 20.0 102.6 30.9 20.4 880.0 270.0 20.4 240.5 88.0 150.0 243.5 32.0 101.0 40.5 117.5 15.0 Per cent nitro- gen of food. 93.9 25.3 31.3 880.0 233.2 68.5 195.0 48.5 110.5 103.0 7.5 108.6 77.8 46.0 40.5 50.5 440.0 65.2 103.2 25.0 39.4 185.5 ACTION OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON THE HUMAN BODY. 635 Daily food charts — Contiuued . Subject I B. Date and kiiul of food. sr 15 PERIOD IX— Con August 18, J90S-Con. Steak Potatoes Gravy Fried onions Chocolate Eclair Bologna Stewed plums A ugust 19, 1908. Bread Butter Milk Watermelon Corn tlake Soup Roast lamb Potatoes Gra\-j- Corn Cake Lamb chops Fried potatoes Peach pie August 20, 190S. Bread Butler Milk Peaches Soup Chicken Rice Sweet potatoes Gravy Peach pie Liverwurst Fried potatoes Scrambled eggs Custard SUBPERIOD X. August 21, 190S. Bread Butter Milk Peaches Lettuce Soup Baked blueflsh Mashed potatoes String beans Chocolate Eclair Bologna Potato salad Rice pudding Pineapple August 22, 1908. Bread Butter Milk Peaches Com flakes Soup Potatoes Weight of food. Grams. 67.4 255.7 10.0 69.0 28.5 65.5 125.2 102.5 07.0 880.0 380.3 29.0 197. 3 58.5 89.0 17.3 152.0 30.5 66.0 44.5 139.3 Per cent nitro- gen of food. 142.8 57.0 440.0 136.5 259.4 57.5 100.5 101.0 32.5 92.0 31.0 52.5 93.0 110.5 150.0 64.3 440.0 105. 5 25.2 232.6 82.0 127.8 46.9 52.8 53.2 170.1 91.0 86.2 116.5 56.5 880.0 125.7 28.0 280.5 132.5 Weight nitro- gen of food. Orams. Subject I R. Palo and kind of food. SUBPERIOD X— Con. August 22, 1908— Con. Lettuce Steak Gravy Apple pie Pork chops Sweet potatoes Apple sauce August 23, 1908. Bologna Bread Ham Cheese August 24., 1908. Bread Butter Orange Milk Lettuce Soup Veal cutlets Mashed potatoes Gravy Onions Peach pie Ham Sweet potatoes Scrambled eggs Cofiee Sponge cake August 25, 1908. Bread Butter •. Milk Cantaloupe Soup Cucumbers Chicken Potatoes Gravy String beans Neopolitan Stewed pears Lamb chops Macaroni Cake August 26, 1908. Bread Butter Milk Soup Roast beef Baked potatoes Gravy Beets Com Peach tart Bologna Fried potatoes Boiled eggs Coffee Sponge cake Orange Weight of food. Gravis. 10.0 67.0 28.0 142.0 84.9 95.0 106.0 92.0 226.0 62.8 76.0 163.3 51.6 127.2 467.0 34.4 199.6 67.7 89.3 19.9 83.9 97.3 29.8 80.8 61.4 153.4 37.7 134 5 46.0 660.0 147.2 192.5 50.0 90.5 218.3 28.7 37.3 51.6 116.5 60.5 109.9 31.5 79.0 41.8 248.0 216.2 82.4 98.5 19.2 110.2 47.5 48.5 104.1 48.9 77.4 118.0 128.0 130.0 Per cent nitro- gen of food. Weight nitrn- gen of food. 636 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. Daily food charts — Continued. Subject I R. Subject I R. Date aiid kind of food. Weight of food. Per cent nitro- gen of food. Weight nitro- gen of food. Date and kind of food. Weight of food. Per cent nitro- gen of food. Weight nitro- gen of food. SUBPERIOD X— Con. August S7, 1908. Bread Grams. 239.9 60.1 440.0 127.5 119.2 228.5 66.3 101.6 8.5 153.3 102.3 95.5 87.5 Grams. SUBPERIOD XI— Con. September 5, 1908. Bread Grams. 116.8 50.0 660.0 110.0 209.5 102.5 67.9 105.0 19.0 125.0 53.9 81.7 43.4 110.0 Gramt. Butter.. Butter Milk... . . . Milk Peaches Soup Soup Stewed onions. . . Steak Koast lamb 1 Gravy Gravy 1 Custard Apple pie I Lamb chops. . . Ham ... . 1 Creamed potatoes Apple pie Eggs ( Chocolate cake [ SUBPERIOD XI. September 2, 1908. 94 33.0 66.5 660.0 132.5 89.3 56.2 155.0 40.0 82.6 85.1 39.5 120.0 45.7 109.0 September 6, 1908. Bread 215.5 189.2 1,000.0 Bread Ham Butter Milk Pear September 7, 1908. Bread Milk... 193.0 53.0 660.0 21.0 121.8 154.0 192.2 95.1 135.0 118.5 25.0 115.0 44.0 Stewed pear . . T,amh f>hop.<; . . , String beans Butter 1 Boiled potatoes. . Milk 1 Lettuce Com flakes 1 Soup Peaches Apple sauce . Pears Steak Soup Veal cutlets Onions Mashed potatoes Apple pie. . Macaroni September 3, 1908. 151.9 27.8 45.0 241.6 40.0 62.4 80.9 89.0 24.5 220.0 49.3 68.5 Apple pie Ham . . September 8, 1908. Bread Butter 144.7 63.2 66.0 660.0 210.8 72.4 126.0 62.5 93.3 78.4 25.0 17.5 90.0 74.0 31.0 Soup Lettuce . Butter Veal cutlets. . Custard (cup) Mashed potatoes Milk Macaroni Soup Gravy Steak i Milk Mashed potatoes Neapolitan Turnips 1 Ham Beets 1 September 4, 1908. 149.4 50.0 660.0 134.4 266.3 37.4 74.2 53.2 128.3 61.3 44.5 111.0 21.5 140.5 1 Bread . Butter Peaches > Milk Cake SUBPERIOD XII. September 9, 1908. Bread Soup 110.1 66.2 660.0 86.3 211.0 67.7 124.6 34.0 Lettuce 1 Broiled blueflsh String beans Mashed potatoes Butter Chocolate Eclair Milk Steak Baked potatoes Spongecake Peaches Fried potatoes I ACTION OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON THE HUMAN BODY. 637 Daily food charts — Continued. Subject I R. Date and kind of food. SUBPERIOD XII- Continuod. September 9, 1908— Con. String beans Gravy Lettuce Chocolate 6clair Pears Fried eggs Bacon Peaches September 10, 1908. Bread Butter Milk Oranges Oatmeal Pears Soup Steak Carrots Mashed potatoes Lettuce Tapioca Fried hani Creamed potatoes Apple fritters September 11, 1908. Bread Butter Milk Eggs Eggs (fried) Soup Halibut Spinach Sweet potatoes Lettuce Chocolate Eclair Lamb chops Apple sauce September 12, 1908. Bread Butter Milk Oatmeal Peaches Lettuce Soup Steak Turnips Mashed potatoes Apple pie September 13, 1908. Bread Butter Milk Soup Roast beef Potatoes Gravy String beans Ice cream Ham Weight of fooil. Orams. 66.7 20.0 44.0 45.0 73.0 84.1 30.0 65.5 115.2 53.3 440.0 117.7 133.3 32.0 223. 2 70.0 108.0 125.0 34.0 90.7 40.0 133.0 66.0 58.8 28.0 560.0 99.2 49.2 208.5 102.5 95.7 76.8 70.4 122.6 40.0 118.2 117.0 30.4 660.0 163.5 99.7 58.0 187.8 35.5 104.9 87.0 81.5 167.0 17.5 1,220.0 198.6 72.5 95.5 18.0 56.3 91.5 79.6 Per cent nitro- gen of food. Weight nitro- gen of food. Orams. Subject I B. Date and kind of food. SUBPERIOD XII— Continued. September 14, 1908. Bread Butler Milk Orange Cereal Lettuce Soup Lamb chops Mashed potatoes Gravy Onions Apple pic Stewed plum Bacon Scrambled eggs Chocolate cake September 15, 1908. Bread Butter Milk Baked apple Cereal Soup Beets Rice Chicken Mashed potatoes Gravy Peach pie Pork chops Apple sauce Cake SUBPERIOD XIII. September 16, 1908. Bread Butter Cereal Milk Peaches Lettuce. .., Soup Roast lamb String beans Sweet potatoes Gravy Chocolate Eclair Fried eggs Ham Sponge cake Creamed potatoes September 17, 1908. Bread Butter Milk Cereal Cantaloupe Tomatoes Soup Ste& Mashed potatoes Fried potatoes Fried onions Fried eggs Weight of food. Grams. 96.7 47.3 660.0 52.0 208.2 30.8 247.6 72.4 188.9 10.8 85.5 121.7 112.6 117.8 82.9 51.3 Per cent nitro- gen of food. 73. 28. 660. 81. 240. 192. 110. 122. 43. 109. 28. 154. 62. 139. 44. 80.0 36.1 144.3 770.0 265.5 39.4 192.1 52.0 63.5 152.2 27.7 56.3 89.5 16.0 36.5 66.6 78.0 30.9 660.0 171.5 124.2 71.5 210.5 85.8 120.0 107.5 61.5 80.3 Weight nitro- gen of food. Grams. 638 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. Daily food charts — Continued. Subject I R. Date and kind of food. SUBPERIOD XIII— Continued. September 17, 1908— Con Bacon Coffee Cream puff Peach pudding September 18, 1908. Bread Butter Milk Cereal Baked apples Cucumbers Soup Boiled salmon Mashed potatoes Turnips Fried eggs Chocolate eclair Cheese cake Coffee September 19, 1908. Bread Butter Milk Cereal Stewed plums Ham Soup Onions Chicken Mashed potatoes Gravy Peach pie Coffee September 20, 1908. Bre^d Butter Milk Soup Spinach Roast beef Cake Coffee September 21, 1908. Bread Butter Milk Stewed pears Oatmeal Lettuce Soup Lamb chops Fried onions Mashed potatoes Gravy Apple pie Coffee Creamed oysters Chocolate cake Apple sauce Weifiht of food. Grams. 25.0 111.7 85.5 141.1 110.5 27.4 660.0 181.0 73.0 63.0 255.0 105.8 157.0 109.0 97.1 54.2 71.5 125.5 165.3 45.0 790.0 174.0 80.6 73.9 206.6 61.0 137.4 97.6 25.5 58.5 86.3 35.7 11.0 270.0 186.0 100.8 38.7 43.5 130.5 Per cent nitro- gen of food. 120.5 48.0 660.0 123.5 202.3 29.0 204.4 93.4 50.4 94.0 8.0 150.4 124.2 101.5 59.5 108.9 Weight nitro- gen of food. Grams. Subject I R. Date and kind of food. SUBPERIOD XIII— Continued. September 22, 1908. Bread Butter Milk Cereal Stewed plums Soup Roast lamb Sweet potatoes Turnips Gravy Custard Coffee SUBPERIOD XIV. September 23, 1908. Bread Butter Milk Cereal Baked apple Soup Chicken Beets Cauliflower Potatoes Gravy Plum pie Coffee Stewed beef Carrots Apple sauce September 24, 1908. Bread Butter Cereal Milk Stewed plums Lettuce Soup Steak Potatoes String beans Cake Fried ham Fried eggs Fried potatoes Apple sauce September 25, 1908. Bread Butter Cereal Milk Baked apples Soup Halibut Sweet potatoes Cucumt)crs Chocolate Eclair Coffee Lamb chops Fried potatoes Orange Cheese cake Weight of food. Grams. 100.3 42.5 440.0 219.2 114.0 195.4 84.0 105.1 121.1 16.5 120.5 101.0 117.6 44.5 6G0. 253.0 59.9 198.5 74. 5 95.5 107. 2 173.8 101.0 113.3 87.5 67.4 37.2 155.0 76.7 28.4 212.5 440.0 112.3 42.0 172.0 52.0 103. 53.5 126.3 51.3 89.0 76.2 92.6 138.1 61.5 165.5 660.0 35.6 202.1 125.2 79.6 65.9 48.0 74.5 38.0 76.8 100.0 01.5 Per cent nitro- gen of food. ACTION OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON THE HUMAN BODY. 639 Daily food charts — Continued. Subject I R. Subject I R. Date and kind of food. Weight of food. Per cent nitro- gen of food. Weight nitro- gen of food. Date and kind of food. Weight of food. Per cent nitro- gen of food. Weight nitro- gen of food. SUBPERIOD XIV- Coulinucd. September SO, 1908. Bread Qrams. 102.2 47.4 440.0 137. ir)8. 32.2 245.9 30. 1 44.9 47.0 Qrams. SUBPERIOD XV— Continued. September SO, 1908— Con. Gravv Grams. 47.0 74.4 59.0 67.0 30.8 69.6 Grams. Butter String beans Milk Cream pud Cantaloupes Fried onions Cereal. Cake Lettuce Peaches October 1, 1908. Bread Steak 116.0 48.6 190.5 770.0 100.2 193.7 126.0 201.8 106.0 35.5 110.0 44.2 124.9 Onions Butter 47.2 14.5 82.0 1, 100. 50.0 175.2 120.5 64.2 134.1 8.0 40.0 69.1 Cereal September 37, 1908. Milk Bread Cantaloupe ::::::::i:;:::: Butter Soup Bi.scuits Veal chops Milk Mashed potatoes Fried onions Soup Gravy Cauliflower... Scrambled eggs. . Roast beef Fried ham Potatoes Apple sauce SUBPERIOD XVI. October 2, 1908. Bread Cake 140.8 42.3 123.5 89.0 760.0 237.2 22.0 91.7 70.2 169.2 174.0 79.5 16L5 Ice cream (coflee) September 28, 1908. 108.0 36.0 600.0 100.5 161.2 162.3 41.5 118.8 112.1 9.5 103.9 45.3 108.5 58.6 171.5 Butter... Broad Butter Milk Milk Cereal Soup Beefsteak Macaroni Apple pie Fried ham October S, 1908. Bread Fried e^ps 77.4 27.3 213.2 170.2 660.0 201.0 32.2 126.0 148.5 38.5 198.5 218.5 73.9 75.0 16.2 Chocolate cake Cantaloupe Butter 66.8 29.4 159. 7 840.0 122.1 175.5 76.6 190.0 82.4 23.0 60.0 130.3 127.8 44.3 Cereal SUBPERIOD XV. Cantaloupe.. September 29, 1908. Milk Bread Lettuce Butter Veal chops Cereal Cauliflower Milk Gravy Cantaloupe Mashed potatoes Soup Apple pie Veal cutlets. . Coffee Sweet potatoes. . Fried eggs Carrots Bacon October 4, 1908. Chocolate eclair 4L7 19.2 145.0 220.0 196.5 39.0 137.0 6.5 65.8 99.2 82.6 45.0 Pork chops Apple sauce Cake Cereal.. Milk September 30, 1908. Bread 89.1 34.7 187.4 880.0 128.9 168.4 137.8 254.4 Butter Potatoes Cereal Gravy Milk Stowed plums Soup • Coflee Roast lamb. . . Cake Mashed potatoes .: 640 aODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. Daily food charts — Continued. Subject I R. Dale and kind of food. SUBPERIOD XVI- Conttnucd. October 5, 1008. Bread Butter Cereal Milk Stewed plums Tea Soup Turnips Roast lamb Sweet pot atoes Gravy Chocolate eclair Coffee Creamed potatoes Fried epgs Apple sauce Chocolate cake October 6, 1908. Bread Butter MUk Oatmeal Stewed plums Tea Soup Lain!) chops Mashed potatoes Carrots Gravy Peach cake Coffee Cake Pork chops Peaches SUBPERIOD XVII October 7, 1908. Bread Butter Cereal Milk Orange Tea Soup Veal cutlets Potatoes Rice Gravy Coffee Cream toast Pot roast Custard Cauliflower October 8, 1908. Bread Butter Cereal Milk Soup Roast Ijeef Mashed potatoes Fried potatoes Cauliflower Gravy Chocolate 6clair Coffee Apple pie Fried eggs Bacon Per of food. Grams. 101.8 43.5 213.1 660.0 139.0 150.0 202.4 120.5 127.5 85.3 19.5 63.0 101.0 96.2 83.3 142.8 41.7 118.7 41.3 560.0 135.0 109.0 92.7 172. 1 53.2 265.4 63.4 18.8 58.7 57.2 26.0 72.0 33.0 113.4 54.5 143.0 440.0 88.6 77.0 191.8 63.6 165.6 94.3 67.7 79.1 47.9 61.5 137.0 182.2 97.4 42.5 130.3 540.0 186.6 45.4 96.5 29.0 85.2 20.2 66.4 74.8 102.5 79.7 20.5 gen of food. Weight nitro- gen of food. Grams. Subject I R. Date and kind of food. SUBPERIOD XVII Continued. October 9, 1908. Bread Butter Cereal MUk Tea Soup Lamb chops Mashed potatoes String l)eans Blanc mange Coffee Codfish Sweet potatoes Stewed plums Cake October 10, 1908. Bread Butter Cereal Milk Stewed plums Soup Pork chops Potatoes Turnips Gravy Apple sauce Cake Steak Fried onions Bananas Orange October 11, 1908. Bread Butter Milk Coffee Soup Roast beef Eggs Mashed potatoes Carrots Cake Ice cream SUBPERIOD XVIII. October 12, 1908. Bread Butter Cereal Milk Baked apple Soup Roast beef Sweet potatoes Cauliflower Gravv CotTee Chocolate eclair Fried eggs Roast lamb Cake Weight of food. Grams. 88.2 33.4 148.1 060.0 116.8 259.0 62.3 125.7 68.3 157.1 73.8 114.9 142.0 119.3 37.0 71.8 33.6 174.6 660.0 120.3 162.8 73.3 208.8 148.1 41.8 82.3 35.2 37.8 70.4 50.6 89.2 132.2 28.1 460.0 74.0 140.8 81.9 164.5 111.0 53.3 28.5 78.8 75.5 39.0 167. 440.0 158.8 168.3 70.2 194.1 144.4 18.4 178.4 73.0 83.2 34.8 22.5 Per cent nitro- gen of food. ACTION OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON THE HUMAN BODY. Daily food charts — Contiuued. 641 Subject I R. Subject I B. I)ule and kind of food. Weight of food. Per cent nitro- gen of food. Weight nitro- gen of food. Date and kind of food. Weight of food. Per cent nitro- gen of food. Weight nitro- gen of food. SUBPERIOD XVIII— Continuod. October IS, um. Bread. Grams. 92. 7 36.7 166. 542.0 210.4 70.4 160. 1 03.0 35.0 67.0 107.7 202.9 64.9 60.0 Grams. SUBPERIOD XVIII- Continued. October 14, /908— Con. Soup Grams. 174.5 175.8 47.8 55.7 61.0 86.0 34.7 104.7 159.6 Grams. Butter... Mashed potatoes Fried potatoes Milk Fried onions Soup. Gunboat cake Coffee 1 1 am Scrambled eggs Gravy Angel cake October 15. 1908. Bread 1 Coffee 130.0 28.3 440.0 78.0 190.0 82.0 180.0 25.0 20.0 Cake Butter Milk October 14, 1908. 98.9 47.3 550.0 77.9 Baked apple Soup. Roast beef Butter Mashed potatoes Milk . ... Cake Subject II H. Subject II H. SUBPERIOD I. June 16, 1908. Gra7iis. 199.4 80.0 102.8 134.4 181.2 34.3 85.3 156.6 116.1 21.5 139.9 0.27 .14 .26 .33 4.49 3.34 .84 .77 1.30 .16 .021 Grams. 0.55 .12 .25 .44 8.13 1.14 .71 1.20 1.53 .03 .03 SUBPERIOD I-Con. June 18, 1908. Soup Grams. 160.2 87.1 51.1 82.4 71.8 98.3 28.4 33.1 149.0 143.7 136.3 137.3 62.0 57.1 765.0 247.4 0.45 4.72 3.99 .33 .84 .14 .32 .19 .21 .11 .18 .32 Grams. 0.73 Chicken 4.11 Pork chops 2.04 Tomatoes Potatoes .27 Boiled potatoes Stewed peas Tomatoes .61 Creamed potatoes Meat .14 Rice Lettuce .09 Cold boiled ham . .07 Banana .31 Peaches .16 Bread Strawberries Cereal .25 Butter .44 Tea Sugar Butter .016 .49 1.31 09 14.13 Milk 3.75 Bread 3 ''4 175.2 60.8 39.1 42.1 52.4 107.1 72.2 87.1 160.8 175.3 109.7 18.6 18.4 220.0 32.8 224.7 49.8 .24 4.69 5.06 4.54 .34 .29 .28 .13 .98 .31 .21 2.38 1.69 .49 .42 2.85 1.97 1.91 .18 .31 .20 .11 1.57 .55 .23 .44 .31 1.08 June 19, 1908. June 17, 1908. 16.30 Soup 178.2 105.6 42.1 88.7 218.9 350.8 28.6 115.7 109.9 67.7 78.7 143.4 68.7 250.9 705.0 58.0 63.7 .22 4.51 3.66 2.11 .38 .13 .19 .33 .98 .78 .21 .11 .16 1.31 .49 .39 4.75 1 54 Boiled chicken Beef. Pork chops 1 87 String beans 83 Mashed potatoes 45 Fried potatoes 05 Cucumbers 38 Custard Custard 1.07 53 Cereal Banana Bananas Peaches Butter .16 .16 11 Cream cheese Crackers Milk 3 28 Sugar Milk 3 45 Bread 1.31 .16 2.94 .08 Sugar Butter .14 09 15.15 19. U 70111— No. 88—09- -41 642 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. Daily food charts — Continued. Subject II H. Date and kind of food. { ^f food. SUBPERIOD I— Con. June 20, 1908. Grams. Soup I 217.7 Sparerib 130. 3 Liver I 57.9 Bacon 4.8 Steak ; 49.9 Potatoes ' 109. 2 Tomatoes ' 79. Peas, stewed ' 88.3 Lettuce 60.6 Cucumber 28.9 Cereal 145.5 Peaches ] 239.4 Strawberries 152. 5 Bread i 222.8 Butter 113.3 Milk ■ 660.0 Sugar ..141.3 Jtme 21, 1908. Bread 98.3 Butter 29.5 Milk 440.0 Sugar 40.0 Roast beef 123.4 Potatoes 106. 1 String beans . Lettuce , Cucumbers . . Soup Cake , Icecream 78.5 32.7 34.3 217.0 54.3 148.1 June 22, 1908. Soup 212.3 Steak 114.3 Roast beef 52. 4 Potatoes (creamed) 81.5 Potatoes I 138.2 String beans ! 57.0 Stewed peas 94. cen't W?'S*^* ^™^ n tro- Tomatoes . Cucumbers . . Lettuce Cereal Strawberries. Peaches Cream puff... Bread Butter Milk Sugar June 2S, 1908. Soup Roast lamb Boiled ham Potatoes Onions Cereal Peaches Strawberries Bread Butter 42.5 89.0 52.7 164.7 151.4 130.0 68.4 196.8 60.5 740.0 86.0 207.3 99.8 34.0 190.8 57.5 164.7 323.2 161.5 149.4 101.0 1.31 .16 .49 4.18 .21 .21 .19 .13 .20 1.11 .58 Grams. 0.20 0.44 4.89 6.36 4.09 2.37 2.62 .13 4.57 2.28 .21 .23 .14 .11 1.29 1.14 .19 .12 .13 .04 .22 .33 .11 .27 .18 .28 1.31 2.92 .16 .18 .49 3.23 .49 4.03 3.71 .42 .25 .21 1.29 .14 .13 .19 .37 .18 .11 1.06 1.31 .16 .49 20.43 L29 .05 2.16 5.16 .23 .16 .06 .04 .44 .60 .86 Subject II H. 11.05 1.03 4.61 1.94 .35 .34 .12 1.22 .06 .11 .10 .00 .27 .16 .73 2.59 .10 3.63 17. 96 .21 .44 4.64 4. 63 3.59 1.22 .23 .45 .34 .20 .32 .53 .11 .36 .18 .30 1.31 1.96 .16 .16 Date and kind of food. Weight of food. SUBPERIOD I— Con. June 23, 1908— Con. Milk.. Sugar. SUBPERIOD II. June 24, 1908. Soup Beefsteak Roast lamb Mashed potatoes Boiled potatoes Asparagus Cream puS , Blackberries Strawberries Bread.. Butter Milk Sugar June 25, 1908. Soup Roast lamb Boiled ham Mashed potatoes Boiled potatoes String beans Lettuce Ice cream Cherry tart Corn flakes Blackberries Bread Butter Milk Sugar Grams. 660.0 97.5 157.2 104.3 65.4 79.4 67.0 122.4 61.3 126.1 124.4 188.5 51.0 300.0 66.5 June 26, 1908. Soup Baked bass Hamburg steak Creamed potatoes Boiled potatoes Raw cabbage Stewed peas Tomatoes Fried onions Corn flakes Tapioca with peaches Cream puff Peaches Bread Butter Milk Sugar June S7, 1908. Soup Chicken Beef Boiled ham 258.3 73.2 44.1 116.5 107.3 86.7 76.6 126.2 83.4 23.2 130.7 126.8 55.3 440.0 103.0 194.2 60.2 93.7 141.8 73.8 24.7 64.1 82.3 31.9 37.3 196.4 80.0 161.4 174.2 70.0 740.0 118.2 263.9 100.0 141.0 29.2 Per cent nitro- gen of food. 0.49 .24 4.33 4.64 .34 .23 .29 .95 .21 .18 1.31 .16 .49 .49 4.35 3.91 .29 .30 .24 .19 .34 .50 1.07 .21 1.31 .16 .49 .32 3.33 3.56 .34 .26 .35 .99 .14 .34 1.07 .27 .27 .11 1.31 .16 .49 .33 4.59 4.69 4.71 ACTION OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON THE HUMAN BODY. 643 Daily food charts — Continued. Subject II H. 1 )iile and kind of food. SUBPERIOD II— Con. June £7. 1908— Con. Boiled potatoes Tomatoes Boiled turnips Custard Corn flakes Teaches Blackberries Bread Butter Milk Sugar June 28, 1908 Bread Butter Milk June 29, 1908. Soup Meat Veal rib Boiled potatoes Mashedand fried potatoes Gravy Stewed peas Lettuce Tomatoes Cream puff Cereal Strawberries Peaches Bread Butter Milk Sugar SUBPERIOD III. July 3, 1908. Soup Lamb chops Veal Potatoes String l)eans Tomatoes Com flakes Raspberries Peaches Bread Butter Milk Sugar July 4 and S, 1908. Cheese Boiled ham Com flakes Ginger wafers Orange Banana Raspberries Bread Weight of food. Orams. 243.6 92.3 93.2 151.3 45.2 170.0 132.8 195.9 54.9 6(;o. 144.8 Per cent nitro- gen of food. 384.6 63.9 950.0 225.5 79.8 85.7 66. 6 110.4 43.7 69.9 38.5 85.2 67.2 155.8 129.7 92.4 151.7 57.2 520.0 118.6 0.21 .14 .21 .96 1.07 .11 .21 1.31 .16 .49 Weight nitro- gen of food. Grams. 0.62 .13 .19 1.45 .48 .19 .28 2.62 .09 3.23 1.31 I .16 [ .49 188.4 .55 27.5 4.52 73.7 5.16 213.0 .63 63.9 .21 95.7 .14 24.5 1.07 133.5 .12 92.5 .11 218.6 1.31 88.3 .16 760.0 .49 131.1 4.99 129.9 4.23 53.0 L07 61.4 .98 55.3 .13 263.2 .21 96.3 .12 165.9 1.31 22.63 5.04 .11 4.66 9.81 .45 1.02 4.47 3.57 4.42 3.78 .33 .22 .36 .40 .47 .21 .99 .09 .19 .08 .14 .12 1.08 .73 . 27 .42 .11 .14 .11 .10 1.31 1.04 .16 .09 .49 2.54 15.15 1.03 1.24 3.80 1.34 .13 .14 .26 .16 .10 2.86 .14 3.72 6.54 5.75 .57 .60 .07 . 55 .11 2.17 Subject II H. Date and kind of food. SUBPERIOD Ill- Continued. July 4 and 5, 1908— Con. Butter Milk ., Milk Sugar , July 6, 190S. Soup Roast beef Cold boiled ham . . Fried eggs Boiled potatoes... Mashed potatoes. . Beets Cauliflower Onions Lettuce Cheese Bananas Peaches Bread Butter Milk Sugar July 7, 1908. Soup Steak Roast l)eof ,. . Mashed potatoes French tried potatoes Onions Creamed carrots Lettuce Cucumbers Com flakes Tart Blackberries Bananas Bread Butter Milk Sugar July 8, 1908. Soup Chicken Lamb chops Potatoes, fried Potatoes, boiled... String beans Gravy Tomatoes Lettuce Com flakes Peaches Orange Blackberries Cream puff Bread Butter Milk Sugar Per Weight ^^^l °"«"^- gen'f food. Orams. 101.1 3,000.0 300.0 72.2 216.2 97.1 24.3 45.9 112.1 177.5 54.7 128.0 17.3 11.0 32.3 81.9 114.4 192.3 67.5 490.0 19.9 181.2 131.3 73.0 127.3 95.6 54.5 33.7 20.8 37.6 32.0 91.3 270.0 99.7 121.2 80.8 570.0 99.4 225. 74. 87. 81. 130. 24. 40. 65. 38. 47. 85. 107. 116. 70. 185. 86. 660. 23. 0.16 .52 .49 Weight nitro- gen of food. Gram». 0.10 15. 59 1.47 .32 3.88 4.43 2.05 .31 .45 .36 .37 .16 .19 4.99 .21 .11 1.31 .16 .49 .56 5.23 5.23 .42 .85 .69 .21 .19 .13 1.07 .57 .21 .21 L31 .16 .49 .51 5.14 3.93 .28 .44 .21 .50 .14 .19 L07 .11 .13 .21 .70 1.31 .16 .49 16.94 644 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. Daily food charts — Continued. Subject II H. Date and kind of food. Weight of food. Per cent nitro- gen of food. Weight nitro- gen of food. SUBPERIOD Ill- Continued. July 9, 1908. Soup Qrams. 204.1 107.7 119.2 116.0 100.3 46.4 87.2 107.3 151.6 23.0 125.5 81.9 51.8 740.0 53.8 36.8 0.42 4.24 • 4.26 .27 .75 .21 .14 .98 .21 1.07 .11 1.31 .16 .49 Grams. 0.85 Roast larph. . . . 4.57 steak 5.10 Potatoes .32 Potatoes, French fried . . . string beans .75 .10 .13 Custard. 1.05 Blackberries .31 Com flakes .25 Peaches .14 Bread 1.07 Butter .08 Milk 3.62 Sugar Cake 1.43 .62 18.86 SUBPERIOD IV. July 10, 1908. Soup 229.4 96.3 53.1 87.5 112.2 94.4 116.1 69.4 121.1 78.9 192.6 168.5 53.7 320.0 50.0 30.0 133.0 .28 4.69 4.33 2.05 .38 .25 2.83 .99 .07 .13 .46 1.31 .16 .49 .63 Baked bluefish 4.52 Roast lamb 2.32 Fried eggs 1.79 .42 Boiled potatoes Minced lamb .24 3.30 Stewed peas Sauce Cucumbers Cherry pie .69 .08 .10 .88 Bread.. 2.21 Butter .09 Milk 1.57 Sugar. . Com flakes 1.07 .21 .32 Blackberries .28 19.44 July 11, 1908. Soup 264.9 35.2 96.5 103.8 109.1 8.3 97.4 50.6 173.0 31.0 137.5 100.7 21.6 183. 2 .34.1 106. 5 48.4 440.0 42.3 .83 3.65 3.76 .29 .28 .47 .52 .34 .14 .19 .58 .14 1.28 .10 1.07 1.31 .16 .49 .22 Boiled ham 1.29 Steak 3.63 Boiled potatoes .30 Potatoes .30 Gravy .04 Cabbage .51 Fried onions .17 Tomatoes .25 Lettuce .06 Huckleberry pie . .80 Cherry stew .14 .28 Cantaloupe .18 Cornflakes .37 Bread 2 18 Butter .08 Milk 2.16 Sugar 12.96 July 12, 1908. Boiled ham 121.0 140.0 142.0 52.0 3.65 .53 .21 1.66 4.42 Ice cream Banana Shredded wheat .74 .30 .86 Subject II H. Date and kind of food. Weight of food. SUBPERIOD IV— Con. July 12, 1908— Con. Qrams. Peaches 267.0 Bread 359.0 Milk 1 950.0 Sugar 55.0 July IS, 1908. Soup Veal cutlets Roast beef Gravy Beets Mashed potatoes. . . Fried potatoes Cauliflower Cake Cheese ; Shredded wheat . . . Pineapple Rhubarb Peaches Bread Butter Milk Sugar July 14, 1908. Soup Steak Lamb chops Mashed potatoes. . . Boiled potatoes Fried onions Green peas Tomatoes Radishes Cranlierry pie Shredded wheat Peaches Bread Butter Milk Sugar Crackers 206.5 76.2 67.4 19.2 140.3 102.9 44.5 92.7 51.7 35.0 12.9 154.0 135.0 128.3 273.8 80.8 220.0 95.4 July 1.5, 1908. Bean soup Lamb chops Broiled ham Potato Boiled eggs Cucumbers Lettuce RhuViarb pie Huckleberry tart.. Com flakes reaches Cantaloupe Bread Butter Milk Sugar 199.0 116.7 87.3 102.5 126.9 46.7 28.4 55.8 64.0 125.5 101.7 259.9 382.5 97.2 ,100.0 103.2 9.3 Per cent nitro- gen of food. 213. 127. 49. 231. 93. 74. 29. 137. 84. 30. 112. 185. 446. 72. 440. 145. 0.11 1.31 .49 .35 5.14 4.28 .21 .37 .35 .75 .36 1.35 5.71 1.66 .07 .60 .11 1.31 .16 .49 .33 4.12 4.79 .30 .33 .65 .13 .14 .21 .57 1.66 .11 1.31 .16 .49 'i.'57" .63 5.03 5.53 .26 2.11 .13 .19 .53 .63 1.07 .11 .10 1.31 .16 .49 ACTION OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON THE HUMAN BODY. G45 Daily food charts — Continued. Subject II H. I ';ite uikI kiiKi of food. SUBPERIOD IV— Con. July 16, 1908. Soup Chicken Steak Gravy Mashed potatoes Baked potatoes Carrots Rice Tomatoes Chocolate eclair Shredded wheat Peaches Cantaloupe Bread Butter Milk Sugar Per Weight f^l food. Qrams. 214.0 74.7 123.9 38.1 117.9 114.1 42.5 87.0 52.0 CO. 9 50.0 100.5 113.7 238.5 85.4 000.0 09.4 SUBPERIOD V. July 17, 1908. Soup 179.9 Fried codfish 92.0 Clam Ijroth 40.3 Clams 8.8 lialihut 100. 2 Mashed potatoes 100. 2 Creamed potatoes 90. 2 Cucuml lers 87. 4 Stewed plums 95. 2 Craniterry tart 57. 1 Corn flakes 35 5 Peaches 104.9 Cantaloupe 275. 9 Bread 173.8 Butter 90 5 Sugar ! 69.4 July 18, 1908. I Soup ' 181.7 Roast beef 109.9 Bologna sausage 22. 8 Cheese 16. 8 Mashed potatoes 150. Tomatoes 210.5 Lettuce 28.6 Sour pickles 11. 6 Cream pulT 66.8 Ice cream 126. 2 Pears 98. 3 Bread 124.8 Butter 45.7 Milk 440.0 Sugar 30.9 July 19, 1908. 1 Bread I 310.0 Butter 33.0 Sugar 35.0 Bologna sausage 95. Cheese 119.0 Milk 946.0 Peaches 200.0 Sour pickle 39.0 0.33 3.35 4.00 .21 .32 .63 .17 .24 .14 .70 1.60 .11 .10 1.31 .10 .49 .38 4.40 2.45 4.23 .20 .14 .19 .10 .92 .06 .05 i;3i .16 .49 1.31 .10 2.45 4.23 .49 .11 .10 Weight nitro- gen of food. Qrams. 0.70 2.50 5.02 .08 .38 .72 !07 .21 .08 .42 .93 .12 .12 3.13 .14 3.23 17.85 40 .72 3.94 3.04 .21 .10 2.10 .19 4.11 6.58 .27 .28 .34 .30 .13 .11 .11 .11 .41 .23 1 07 .38 .11 .12 .10 .27 1.31 2 27 .16 .15 15.45 .09 4.82 .50 .71 .38 .30 .06 .01 .01 .83 .05 1.04 .07 2.16 4.06 .05 2.33 5.02 4.63 .22 .04 16.35 Subject II H. Date and kind of food. Weight of food. SUBPERIOD V— Con. July 20, 1908. Soup Roast lamb Beefsteak Mashed potatoes Boiled potatoes Tomatoes Butter beans Com Hakes Peaches Chocolate Eclair Milk Bread Butter Sugar July 21, 1908. Soup Roast beef Soft-shell crab Minced lamb Potatoes Macaroni Sponge cake Stewed plums Com flakes Watermelon Peaches Milk Bread Butter Sugar j Grams. 199.9 114.2 142.0 86.8 179.0 170.4 67.9 44.1 234.0 60.6 440.0 105.9 55.9 00.5 124.2 109.2 119.3 86.2 243.2 89.9 28.6 12.0 45.0 489.4 98.3 060.0 162.1 88.0 83.2 July 22, 1908. j Soup ' 268.6 Veal cutlets 78. 7 Pigeon 81. Mashed potatoes 98. 1 French-fried potatoes 96. 2 Tomatoes 214. 6 Creamed carrots 45. 5 Huckleberry pie 122.5 Rhubarb ' 121.4 Peaches Milk Bread Butter Sugar Sponge cake . July 23, 1908 Soup Steak Bologna Boiled eggs Potatoes Potato salad Pickled beets Tomatoes Current pie Cream puff Peaches Bread Butter Sugar 100.0 660.0 183.5 81.0 71.5 57.0 214 2 154.5 57.5 42.5 158.2 204.9 121.5 107.5 118.8 06.0 227.7 143.9 74.6 91.6 Per cent nitro- gen of food. 0.00 4.02 4.01 .28 .33 .14 .25 1.07 .11 .98 .49 1.31 .16 .41 3.52 1.96 1.99 .37 1.12 1.66 .11 1.07 .06 .11 .49 1.31 .16 Weight nitro- gen of food. Qrams. 1.19 5.31 5.71 .24 .59 .25 .17 .47 .26 .59 2.15 1.38 .10 4.40 2.06 2.11 .29 .25 .37 .14 .57 .94 .11 1.31 .16 646 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. Daily food charts — Continued. Subject II H. Subject II H. Date and kind of food. Weight of food. Per cent nitro- gen of food. Weight nitro- gen of food. Date and kind of food. Weight of food. Per cent nitro- gen of food. WeiKli nit!' gen < 1 food. SUBPERIOD VI. July 24, 1908. Grams. 208.3 73.0 83.2 228.7 Grams. SUBPERIOD VI— Con. July 28, 1908— Con. Poached eggs Grams. 84.0 Grams. Potatoes 169. 1 51.7 59.2 59.7 95.9 Carrots Salad 276.1 Sauce 101.8 100.9 45.8 61.0 409.5 98.9 18.3 060.0 53.8 185.9 101.0 79.6 Tart I Cornstarch . 141.4 1 \ Peaches 303.7 280.7 1 Bread i Milk 490 249.0 51.9 114.2 Coffee Olives Sugar Milk Butter July 29, 1908. Soup Bread 205.1 82.8 41.6 117.0 86.9 105.5 25.6 67.9 67.5 49.6 110 26.2 215. 4 259.8 lOC.O 440.0 76.5 Steak July 25, 1908. 87.0 36.8 94.6 150.5 164.5 80.4 51.4 384.8 228.7 80.2 220. 80.7 Bacon. . . Scrambled eggs Baked potatoes 1 1 Beef Celery... Boiled potatoes Spongecake Chocolate cup cake Blackberry pie Bread Peaches ' Butter Bread. Milk Butter Milk July 26, 1908. Pot roast 71.0 76.0 63.0 65.0 40.6 160. 82.0 69.0 45.0 31.0 220.0 1.5.0 SUBPERIOD VII. July 31, 1908. Roast beef Mashed potatoes 179.0 108.3 146.7 8.0 71.0 109.3 42.0 56.1 130.3 54.7 219.3 220.0 110.8 48.3 46.2 Fried potatoes Ice cream Mashed potatoes . . Gravv Biscuits Green peas Bread . . Tomatoes Butter Milk Spongecake... July 27, 1908. 248.0 132. 1 33.2 165.1 114.7 54.8 83.1 56.4 49.9 00 5 232.5 94.3 440.0 184.9 93.7 112.4 Milk Soup Bologna Cornbcof hash August 1, 1908. Potatoes 1 188.0 77.7 28.9 55.8 94.5 127.8 178.6 77.9 101.7 115.0 27.2 78.8 220.0 222.9 81.7 Beets Shredded wheat Cooky Cake Fried ham Rhubarl) Fried eggs Milk Bread Rice 1 Sugar Tomatoes Stewed huckleberries 1 Soup 200.2 68.7 30.0 Milk Pot roast Bread Ham Butter ACTION OF* SOt)TUM BENZOATE OiJ TTTPl HUMAN BODY. 647 Daily food cAar^s^Continued. Subject II H. Subject II H. Date and kind of food. Weight of food. Per cent nitro- gen of food. Weight nitro- gen of food. Date and kind of food. Weight of food. Per cent nitro- gen of food. Weight nitro- gen of food. SUBPERIODVII-Con. August 1,1908— Con. Sugar Coffee August g, 1908. Grains. 77.5 Grams. SUBPERIOD VII— Con. Augusts, 1908. Soup Grams. 192.2 140.0 28.9 120.7 70.5 123.5 10.5 Grama. 174.8 1 Roast beef Bologna Scram i)led eggs and ham . French tried potatoes 1 N 1 Hani 120.0 Cheese 100.0 Gravy Bread 2G1.0 Peas 53.6 Ice cream 103.0 • 85.0 880.0 29.0 10.0 Force 53.0 112.2 50.4 48.6 240.0 855.0 119.4 300. 5 74.1 60.0 82.9 Peaches Plum sauoe Millc Sugar 1 Butter [ Milk 1 A ugust S, 1908. Coffee Bread 1 189 2 Butter ... no. 7 102.9 99.7 137.9 6.8 49.5 73.1 Sugar ! Hash Pear 1 SUBPERIOD VIII. August?, 1908. Lamb chops Potatoes 53.5 114.4 113.1 150.8 74.7 184.8 169.1 223.9 113. G Onions 27.2 120.0 ao n Soup Fried halibut Mashed potatoes Beets Milk 880 Corn \ Bread 196.2 68.2 62.8 Peach pie Butter Watermelon Sliced oranges Milk 290.0 126. 3 209.1 140.4 August 4, 1908. 76.7 23.1 51.1 22.7 161.5 219.5 198.3 65.0 93.2 57.5 53.2 39.2 141.0 203.6 284 7 Coffee Bread Butter Chicken 280.8 Pork August 8, 1908. Boiogna 218.9 130.1 6.4 60.0 128.5 .'17.4 225.0 21.4 105. 2 206.4 61.2 244.2 97.2 71.9 Cheese Fried potatoes Mashed potatoes 1 Steak Soup String beans Stewed plums Baked potatoes Force Cake Peas Cooky Pineapple Watermelon Bread Butter 14.2 Bread Sugar 290.0 Butter 203.4 102.2 51.7 20.6 84.6 82.4 57.8 28.7 245.6 243.6 88.6 660.0 56.5 Sugar August 5, 1908. August 9, 1908. Salmon . Soup 61 Roast lamb Ham Tongue 149.0 58.0 Gra\'y Boiled potatoes 95.0 39.0 273.0 131.0 51.0 307.0 946.0 154.0 37.0 Creamed potatoes Sour pickles Vanilla Eclair Watermelon . . . Cake Oranges Cake Bread Bread. Butter Milk Milk Peaches 1 Sugar Sugar. 1 648 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. Daily food charts — Continued. Subject II H. Subject II H. Date and kind of food. 1 Weight of food. Per cent nitro- gen of food. Weight nitro- gen of food. Date and kind of food. Weight of food. Per 1 cent nitro- gen of food. Weight nitro- gen of food. SUBPERIOD VIII- Continued. August 10, 1908. Grams. 184.2 97.2 37.3 78.9 52.2 120.0 23.0 86.3 81.1 24.7 43.7 245.7 490.0 138.7 176.7 62.4 88.2 Orams. SUBPERIOD VIII— Continued. August 13, 1908— Con. Gravy Grams. 4.0 92.9 48.5 24.3 117.2 220.0 108.7 55.2 ILl Grams. Cream puff Cookies Cheese Stewed pears Milk Gravy Bread Butter Ice cream Sugar Cake SUBPERIOD IX. August 14\ 1908. Soup 236.2 117.2 23.3 95.3 129.5 41.3 63.9 32.4 121.7 440.0 325.3 208.4 69.3 — Milk Coffee Bread Halibut Bacon August 11, 1908. 335.1 99.5 70.8 140.4 104.1 76.2 128.5 140.4 45.1 173.7 36.4 249.5 193.4 66.7 220.0 138.7 61.7 Force Lettuce Peaches Milk Watermelon Bread Butter August 15, 1908. Soup 196.5 88.5 127.2 75.3 119.9 34.2 28.8 165.4 660.0 Apple pie Chicken Mashed potatoes Butter Com Milk Coffee Cake Sugar Shredded wheat August 12, 1908. 206.6 140.8 19.7 131.9 129.7 82.7 22.1 120.8 36.4 27 2 40!4 46.0 158.6 1.36. 4 00.5 440.0 189.0 72.2 75.3 Milk Bread 200.7 72.9 48.5 Soup Butter Roast lamb Sugar August m. 1908. Cream potatoes 122.0 125.0 53.0 91.0 66.0 72.0 Squash Bologna Cheese "■ Peach pie Crackers Lettuce . . Cake Force 130.0 48.0 Sliced orange Cake Pears Milk 940.0 135.0 349.0 45.0 Milk Bread.. Bread Butter Butter . August 17, 1908. Soup Sugar 161.9 84.4 58.1 440.0 103.9 77.3 20 5 August 13, 1908. 194.0 132.8 12.5. 3 123.3 158.8 59.7 120.2 Fried eggs Soup Steak Milk Minced lamb Baked potatoes Bread. Mashed potatoes Butter String beans 23.5 Beets ACTION OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON THE HUMAN BODY. 649 Daily food charts — Oont imiod . Subject II H. 1 ';ii<> ami kiiiii of food. SUnPERIOD IX- ConliiUK'd. WciRht of food. Soup. Steak August IS, tS08. \ Grams. 1 195. 1 . . . . ' 134. C Gnivy 9.7 Bologna 59- 1' Mashed potatoes 102. 5 Creaiii potiitoes l-|j- 1> Fried onions I 87. 8 Lettuce \ 27.0 Chocolate 6clair 31.5 Cookies ' 24.5 Plums 151.0 Watcnnelon 170. Peaches 117./ Milk 000.0 Butter 40.3 Bread 130.4 Sugar 03.7 August 19, 1908. Soup Pol roast Gravy Lamb chops. Potatoes Tomatoes Peach pie Cake SVatenuelon. Peaches Plums Force Milk Bread Butter Sugar August 20, 1908. Soup Chicken Liver wurst Scrambled eggs French fried potatoes . Sweet potatoes Rice Custard Peach pie Peaches Bread Butter Milk Sugar SUBPERIOD X. August 21, 1908. Boiled bluefish... Bologna Boiled eggs Potato salad Mashed potatoes. String beans Lettuce Chocolate eclair.. Rice pudding Force Pineapple Peaches 190.2 100.0 17.0 82.2 210.1 80.2 130.3 32.7 202.4 98.1 120. 7 51.9 440.0 127.5 CO. 3 50.0 2-i0.3 79.5 20.9 110.4 51.4 107.2 125. 5 104. 2 93.5 125.4 233.8 £4.3 220.0 32.8 00.4 70.2 78.2 1()8.7 145.4 05.7 24.9 49.0 80.6 01.4 90.3 105.7 Per cent nitro- gen of food. Weight nitro- gen of food. Orams. Subject II H. Date and kind of food. SUBPERIOD X— Continued. August it. 1908— Con. Milk... Bread.. Butler. Sugar.. August 22, 1908. Per of food. ^ii^% gen of food. Grams. OtiO. 249.8 81.8 40.3 Soup 287.8 Steak 104.1 Gravy 79. 7 Miislied potatoes [ 114. 5 Squash .' ! 105. 1 Lettuce ! 20.5 Pie 232.6 Grapes , 22.7 Peaches 116.3 Milk I 440.0 Bread I 170.3 Butter 88.3 Sugar I 00.0 Pork chops 54.0 Sweet potalots | 57. 2 Applesauce i 109.9 Cookv 27.2 Weight nitro- gen of food. August 23, 1908. Ham 59.0 Bologna 104.0 Tomatoes ' 107. Lettuce 60.0 Ice cream 172. Bread 230.0 Butter ' 20.0 Milk 771.0 August 2^, 1908. Soup Veal cutlets Broiled ham Scrambled eggs . Potatoes Sweet potatoes.. Boiled onions. . Lettuce Pie Stewed plums.. Cake Orange Milk Bread Butter Sugar ColTee 179.9 103.3 49.1 59.0 112.9 191.7 93.3 28.1 128.8 100.0 38.9 110.0 270.0 178.8 78.2 4L0 138.9 August 23, 1908. \ Soup I 207.2 "■ • ■ 85. 2 24.2 00.5 89.3 53.1 140.7 129.0 150.6 73.7 32.5 53.5 Chicken . Gravy Lamb chops Mashed potatoes. String l)eaiis Stewed peas Cream potatoes. . Macaroni Cucumbers Cake Ice cream Grams. 650 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. Daily food charts — Continued. Subject n H. Date and kind of food. SUBPERIOD X— Con. August 25, 1908— Con. Orange. Milk... Bread.. Butter. Sugar.. I Per Weiirhti *^°^ food. Weight nitro- gen of food. Subject II H. Grams. 115.1 660.0 232.0 83.1 40.0 August 26, 1908. Soup Roast lamb Gravj- Bologna Boiled eggs French fried potatoes. . . Boiled potatoes Cake - Sliced orange Peaches Force , Milk Cream rolls Bread Butter Sugar Coffee Beet August 27, 1908. Soup Steak Lamb chops Cream potatoes . Sweet potatoes. Beans Cucumbers Custard , Apple pie Bread Butter SUBPERIOD XI. September 2, 1908. Soup Steak Bacon Potatoes Boiled onions Corn fritters Apple pie Apple sauce Doughnuts Pears Milk Cocoa Bread Butter Peach September 3, 1908. Soup Veal cutlets Gravy Bacon Fried eggs Mashed potato<>s Lettuce Force 272.8 109.7 21.2 98.9 85.5 46.1 142.1 26.5 137.9 122.4 18.4 710.0 45.8 737.2 94.0 40.0 128.6 103.6 198.9 128.7 111.5 104.0 88.9 123.1 131.8 128.8 118.2 533.4 126.9 147.1 45.1 38.8 83.0 71.3 246.0 95.1 101.8 123.6 175.0 220.0 162. 9 33.8 29.7 75.0 278.7 56.1 24.9 15.0 89.3 130.4 33.6 38.2 Date and kind of food I Per °"«-^- g^nof food. SUBPERIOD XI— Con. September 3, 1908— Coa. Grams. Ice cream 64. 6 Stewed plums 231.8 Milk 440.0 Bread 287.2 Butter 128.6 Sugar 50.0 September 4, 1908. Soup Broiled blueflsh. . Steak Mashed potatoes . Boiled potatoes . . String beans Lettuce Chocolate eclair. . Cake Peaches Sliced orange Milk Bread Butter September 5, 1908. Soup Fowl Lamb Mashed potatoes . Gravy Beets Lettuce Milk Bread Butter September 6, 1908. Ham Fried eggs Force Peaches Pears Chocolate cake. Bread Milk September 7, 1908. Soup Veal cutlets Gravy Bologna Mashed potatoes . Macaroni Apple pie Milk Peaches Pears Bread Butter September 8, 1908. Soup Steak Bologna Boiled eggs Mashed potatoes . Turnips Beets 286.7 73.0 105.8 147.1 142.7 i 60.8 i 26.8 ! 70.9 i 22.8 108.4 I 146.8 I 440.0 ' 235.7 109.5 1 206. 84. 153. 121. 29. 98. 83. 440. 319. 93. 159.9 100.9 26.9 233.2 60.0 200.9 284.8 1,100.0 203.4 112.8 20.2 108.0 161.2 160.0 136.7 220.0 115.6 100.0 391.0 87.3 231.3 162.3 75.6 80.3 114.2 94.2 101.8 ACTION OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON THE HUMAN BODY. 651 Daily food charts — Continued. Subject II H. Subject n H. Date and kind of food. Weight of food. Per cent nitro- gen of food. Weight nitro- gen of food. Date and kind of food. Weight of food. Per cent nitro- gen of food. Weight nitro- gen of food. SUB PERIOD XI— Con. September 8, 190S—Con. Cheese Grams. 30.0 80.0 104.7 19.6 66.6 72.1 23.9 440.0 Grams. SUBPERIOD XII— Con. September IS, 1908— Continued. Bologna Grams. 117.6 48.8 123.4 99.0 60.5 152.2 300.0 270.9 02.4 Grams. 1 Salmon Mashed potatoes Cup custard Creamea turnips Lettuce Cake Pie Milk Peaches Bread. SUBPERIOD XII. 201.4 77.6 15.7 128. 2 07.0 110.9 Butter September IS, 1908. Soup September 9, 1908. Soup 271.9 120.0 18.9 159.5 05.6 386.9 32.5 75.0 220.0 145.0 57.4 Roast lanib Roast beef Gravy Boiled potatoes String bean.s String beans French fried potatoes Chocolate eclair Ice cream 34.2 206.5 53.6 55.2 101.9 Cake Pear Milk 1 Grapes Bread I'eaches Butter Cake 10.0 660.0 183.7 85.0 121.9 91.5 September I4, 1908. Soup Milk 233.7 64.2 26.4 65.3 84.4 92.3 10.4 76.1 21.3 61.1 143.7 175.8 72.0 440.0 143.9 335.5 43.2 Bread Orange Lamb chops Bacon ... . . . .. September 10, 1908. 256.6 153.4 49.9 117.3 129.2 107.0 80.2 42.0 141.5 174.9 108.5 440.0 237.0 108.5 Boiled eggs Mashed potatoes 1 Soup Gravy Steak Onions Fried ham Lettuce Mashed potatoes Chocolate cake Apple pie . . Creamed carrots Cereal Sliced orange ... Lettuce Milk Tapioca pudding Coffee Oatmeal Bread Sliced orange Butter 1 Milk September 15, 1908. Soup. . Bread 204.5 79.1 28.8 132.7 53.6 130.2 212.1 97.2 181.0 140.8 81.6 122.7 229.0 060.0 154.3 73.0 Butter September 11, 1908. 209.1 149.4 45.2 39.0 95.3 118.7 80.0 45.6 67.1 232.1 127.3 102.4 880.0 57.7 187.0 65.2 204.3 Chicken 1 Gravy Soup Pork chops .... Halibut Fried potatoes ... ; Lamb chops Mashed potatoes Fried eggs ; . . . Rice Cream potatoes Beets Peach pie Spinach Apple sauce.. Lettuce Cake Chocolate Eclair Baked apple. . . Cereal... Orange Milk Apple sauce Bread Milk Butter SUBPERIOD XIIL September 10, 1908. Soup Bread 195.5 85,2 62.3 31.6 Butter Sugar September 12, 1908. 195.4 Roast lamb Soup Clam broth Steak 152.0 Clams 652 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. Daily food charts — (bntinued. Subject II H. Date and kind of food. Weight of food. Per cent nitro- gen of food. Weight nitro- gen of food. SUBPERIOD XIII— Continued, September IG, 1908— Con. Boiled ham Grams. 59.0 97.6 119.9 101.0 70.4 Grams. String beans 44.9 31.2 Cake Peaches 242.4 440.0 318.7 24.5 211.8 Milk... . Bread Butter Cereal 1 . September 17, 1908. Soup . . . 270.2 190.0 152.5 148.0 109.8 240.6 220.0 103.0 18G.1 78.2 60.0 Steak Potatoes Oatmeal Milk .. Coffee Bread Butter.. Sugar September 18, 1908. Soup 255.7 135.0 90.5 143.5 108.1 83.5 46.4 130.4 117.4 210.5 87.1 78.3 440.0 236.7 38.8 116.0 Boiled salmon... Mashed potatoes Creamed turnips Chocolate eclair Cereal . Cheese cake Milk .. Bread Butter Coffee September 19, 1908. Soup 239.5 177.7 18.0 189.6 47.0 57.8 98.4 109.4 Chicken Gravy . . . Mashed potatoes Onions Cabbage Peach pie Pears 215.5 440.0 211.2 297.2 85.2 Milk Bread Butter September 20, 1908. Soup 210.0 107.7 Roast beef Sweet potatoes 228.1 91.1 40.7 214.8 130.0 220.0 Spinach Lettuce Ice cream Drop cake Milk Subject II H. Date and kind of food. SUBPERIOD XIII— Continued. September W, 1908— Con. Coffee Bread Butter September 21, 1908. Soup Lamb chops Cream oysters Potatoes, mashed Fried onions French fried potatoes . . . Lettuce Apple pie Apple sauce Pear sauce Oatmeal Milk Coffee Bread Butter Cake September S2, 1908. Soup Roast Iamb Pork chops Creamed potatoes Sweet potatoes Cold slaw Custard Peach pie Stewed plums Wheatena Milk Coffee Bread Butter Sugar SUBPERIOD XIV. September 23, 1908. Soup Chicken * Gravy Beef Boiled potatO(>s Mashed potatoes Cauliflower Carrots Pltmi pie Apple sauce Baked apple Pickled lieets Cookies Cream of wheat Milk Bread Butter September U, 1908. Soup Steak Fried ham Fried eggs Fried potatoes Mashed potatoes String beans Weight of food. Grams. 113.5 86.8 49.1 229.4 109.3 123.7 153.5 04.5 36.5 48.5 169.3 108.0 131.1 208.0 440.0 118.4 244.7 94.6 86.6 199.9 129.5 88.6 114.4 119.2 161.1 132.9 89.0 109.0 252.5 660.0 160.0 176.0 74.0 50.0 190.9 126.5 103.9 93.5 149.0 129.7 113.1 41.0 188.0 175.8 107.1 98.6 40.4 324.9 880.0 247.2 i 120.1 Per cent nitro- gen of food. 200.7 168.5 52.0 70.2 53.0 130.4 47.6 ACTION OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON THE HUMAN BODY. 653 Daily food charts — Continued. Subject II H. Date aiid kind of food. SUBPERIODXIV— Continued. September 14, 1908— Con Lettuce Apple fritters Apple sauce Sponge cake Oatmeal Stewed plums Milk Bread Butter Sugar September 25, 1908. Soup Halibut Lamb chops Potatoes Swoet potatoes Cheese cake Chocolate Eclair Cucumbers Baked apples Hominy Orange'. Milk Bread Butter SUBPERIOD XV. September 29, 1908. Soup , Veal cutlets Pork chops , French fried potatoes . Sweet potatoes Creamed carrots Onions Chocolate Eclair Apple sauce Cake Olives Milk Coffee Bread Butter Cereal 1 Per Weight i'f "' food. Grams. 185.8 111.7 83.5 12.0 302.7 112.7 660.0 212.5 90.2 40.0 202.6 174.2 25.0 84.0 92.8 59.1 60.0 74.5 112.5 197.7 59.1 550.0 178.0 104.0 September SO, 1908. Soup Roast lamb Beef Gravy Mashed potatoes . Boiled potatoes. . String beans Cream pufl Oatmeal Cake Peaches Plums Bread Butter Milk Sugar 200.0 107.5 102.7 52.4 97.5 100.0 20.0 73.0 149.5 40.0 18 8 660.0 70.0 187.7 69.4 196.0 October 1, 1908. 198.7 66.8 76.0 74.5 178 3 55.0 93.0 55.2 205.1 37.9 98.2 131.0 228.0 166.0 880.0 40.0 Weight nitro- gen of food. Orams. Soup.. Stei. 184.0 140.5 Subject II H. Date and kind of food. SUBPERIOD XV- Continued. October 1,1908— Con. Boiled ham Boiled egg Mashed potatoes rrciich fried potatoes. . Frit'd onions Lettuce Ice cream Apple sauce Cereal Cantaloupe Coffee Milk Bread Butter Orange SUBPERIOD XVI. October 2, 1908. Soup Baked bluefish Com beef Mashed potatoes Cabbage Oyster plant Apple dumpling Cookies Peaches Orange Cereal Milk Bread Butter Coffee Celery October 3, 1908. Soup Ham Veal chops Mashed potatoes Gravy Lettuce Cauliflower Apple pie Oatmeal Cheese Peaches Milk Coffee Bread Butter Sugar Orange , October 4, 1908. Soup Roast beef , Mashed potatoes Sweet potatoes Ice cream Cake Milk , Bread Butter , October 5, 1908. Soup Roast lamb cent ^^'eb*- ^^'Sht ^fJll nitro- offood. °'^^^ I gen of Orams. 35.5 94.1 114.5 38.3 106.9 55.5 72.5 156.5 211.5 40.0 80.5 440.0 250.0 134.5 122.5 235.0 74.0 86.5 293.5 163.5 91.0 149.0 41.0 75.0 90.0 175.0 660.0 290.0 116.0 86.5 30.0 184.0 94.0 98.3 139.5 37.0 87.0 190.0 131.5 256.5 46.0 75.0 440.0 65.0 320.5 95.5 40.0 129.8 159.2 120.9 88.9 120.0 144.0 36.5 220.0 78.0 90.5 Orams. 208.5 159.5 654 SODIUM BE2.'Z0ATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN, Daily food charts — Continued. Subject II H. Subject n H. Date and kind of food. Weight of food. Per cent nitro- gen of food. Weight nitro- gen of food. Date and kind of food. Weight of food. Per cent nitro- gen of food. Weight nitro- gen of food. SUBPERIOD XVI— Continued. October b, /SOS— Con. Gravv Grams. 22.0 102.5 121.5 177.5 104.8 Grams. SUBPERIOD XVII— Continued. October 9, 1908. Soup Grams. 248.3 99.0 8L0 125.5 13L0 62.5 48.5 63.8 43.5 171.5 165.0 142.2 490.0 140.5 55.5 Grams. Fried eggs Creamed potatoes Codfish . . .' Sweet potatoes Creamed turnips Lettuce 113.5 91.5 64.3 64.5 84.0 Boiled eggs Chocolate eclair Apple sauce Chocolate cake Milk 440.0 237.5 114.8 97.5 Bread Butter Milk Coffee Bread October 6 1908 170.5 50.5 91.0 155.0 s October 10, 1908. Soup Lamb chops i 192.0 80.2 33.5 39.5 155.0 64.0 74.0 183.0 104.2 75.0 134.5 65.0 98.3 125.5 710.0 247.5 119.0 40.0 70.0 Pork chops Potatoes Carrots 76.5 20.0 92.5 27.5 169.8 80.7 95.0 135.5 710.0 71.5 248.0 127.5 Steak Gravv Peach pie JeUv Oatmeal Peaches Grapes Cake Plums Milk Coffee Bread Butter Milk SUBPERIOD XVII. 158.5 84.0 65.0 113.0 171.0 91.0 30.0 5.0 Butter Sugar.. . . . October T, 1908. Coffee October 11, 1908. Soup .... Soup 143.7 345.8 87.2 50.8 34.0 88.0 150.0 21.5 150.0 270.0 Veal cutlets Gravv Mashed potatoes Pot roast Mashed potatoes Rice Carrots . Lettuce Celery Horse-radish Beets Custard 126.5 42.5 160.0 100.0 300.0 Ice cream Cake Cake. .. Oatmeal Orange Milk Grapes Bread Butter SUBPERIOD XVIII. October 12, 1908. Soup 94.5 Milk 660.0 170.0 95.5 101.1 Bread . . Butter 128.2 102.1 20.0 91.7 132.4 123.2 100.5 23.0 106.4 152.5 61.5 590.0 212.0 333.9 112.9 October 8, 1908. Soup 187.5 89.0 31.7 97.5 79.0 91.0 Roast lamb .. Bacon Gravy Fried eggs Sweet potatoes Cauliflower Eggs Mashed potatoes French fried potatoes Cauliflower 79.5 68.0 147.0 50.3 131.5 100.0 660.0 262.0 103.5 Chocolate Eclair Cookv. Apple pie Lettuce Cereal Grapes Milk Milk Coffee Bread Bread Butter Butter . ACTION OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON THE HUMAN BODY. 655 Daily food charts — Continued . Subject II H. Subject II H. Pate and kind of food. Weight of food. Per cent nitro- gen of food. Weight nitro- gen of food. Grams. Date and kind of food. Weight of food. Per cent nitro- gen of food. Weight nitro- gen of food. SUBPKRIOD XVIII— Continued. October IS, 1908. Grams. 215.4 111.3 119.3 136.7 62.7 117.9 35.5 45.9 184.0 91.5 127.2 159.7 62.0 440.0 196.8 178.2 86.6 SUBPERIOD XVIII— Continued. October I4, 1908. Soup Gra ms. 184.7 157.9 192.6 83.5 79.2 244.0 81.8 50.0 26.0 89.8 440.0 241.5 174.7 97.6 50.0 Grams. Ste& Froiich fiiod potatoes Cream of wheat Gravv - - Grape fruit G rapes Bacon Milk Chocolate pudding Cake Coffee Bread Milk Butter Colloe Sugar Uroad Butter Subject , III o. Subject III 0. SUBPERIOD II. June 18, 1908. Grams. 100.0 155.5 124 4 169.5 22.5 400.0 90.0 36.0 Grams. SUBPERIOD II— Con. June 21, 1908— Con. Butter Grams. 60.0 160.0 600.0 150.0 72.0 Grams. ■; ::;::::: Melon Calibage Tea Bread . . . Milk Butter Sugar June 22, 1908. Roils... Milk...- 261.0 280.0 120.0 160.0 400.0 36.0 100.0 54.0 (Lunch and dinner.) Beef 200.0 82.2 June 19, 1908. Eees Tea Sugar Rolls 152.5 85.5 400.0 400.0 72.0 254.0 45.0 81.5 Milk Butter Coffee June 23, 1908. Eggs 100.0 280.0 140.0 400.0 350.0 27.5 205.0 108.0 275.0 72.0 Milk Beef . Butter Fried potatoes Fish Coffee June SO, 1908. Hash 1 Tea 120.0 155.0 42.0 145.0 160.0 400.0 400.0 342.0 54.0 33.0 RoUs Beef Butter Bread Milk Rolls Sugar Spinach June S4, 1908. ■ Eggs 100.0 240.0 100.0 60.0 60.0 35.0 201.0 400.0 200.0 150.0 54.0 17.0 Tea MUk Beef Sugar Salad. . . . Butter Radishes June SI, 1908. Eggs 50.0 40.0 100.0 100.0 120.0 Rolls . Bacon Coffee Ham Tea Beef Milk Cabbage Sugar Potatoes 200.0 60.5 B utter Bread 656 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. Daily food c/farfa— Continued. Subject III O. AVeight Date and kind of food, ^f (J^^j SUBPERIOD II— Con. June 25, 1903. Eggs Beef Cabbage . Potatoes . Bread Butter... Coffee.... Tea Milk Sugar Jitwe 26, 1908. Eggs.. Bread. Coffee. Milk.. Butter Sugar (Breakfast.) SUBPERIOD VII. July 51,1908. Eggs. - - Fish... Bread . . Butter. Rolls... Coffee.. Tea Milk... Sugar.. August 1, 1908. Eggs... Beef. . . Bread.. Rolls... Butter. Coffee.. Milk... Tea. August 2, 1908. Beef Potatoes.. Tomatoes. Beans Rhubarb., Cake Bread Coffee Tea Milk Sugar Augusts, 1908. Eggs Beef Cueximliers. Coffee Tea Milk Sugar Butter Bread Rolls Grams. 100.0 340.0 120.0 100.0 30.0 38.0 400.0 200.0 150.0 54.0 P«'. Weight cent 1 nitro- n'f°; gen of gen °f ; food, food. Grams. 100.0 45.0 400.0 100.0 7.0 36.0 250.0 180.0 92.0 51.0 208.0 400.0 400.0 550. .54.0 250.0 160.0 74.0 210.0 53.0 400.0 ,000.0 54.0 200.0 100.0 260.0 113.5 131.0 89.0 49.0 40.0 105.0 4C0. a 400.0 200.0 54.0 100.0 280.0 40.0 400.0 400.0 200.0 54.0 119.0 69.0 Subject in O. Date and kind of food. of food. SUBPERIOD VII- Continued. August 4, 1008. \ Grams. Eggs 100.0 Beef ' 260.0 CofleeV. ■..■.:: I 400.0 Tea 800.0 Milk."."!!! 550.0 Sugar 54.0 Bread 78.0 Rolls I 210.0 Per cent nitro- gen of food. ^1 Weight ^ nitro- i gen of * food. I August 6, 1908. Eggs... Beef.... Coffee.. Tea Milk... Sugar.. Bread.. Rolls... Butter. August 6, 1908. 100.0 248.0 400,0 800.0 550.0 54.0 81.0 210.0 110.0 100.0 Grams. if^;::::::::::::::::....j 280.0 Bread 1 67.0 Rolls 1 21o.O Coflee 400.0 SUBPERIOD X. August 21, 1908. Eggs Fish Tomatoes Rhubarb. Bread Peaches.. Rolls Coflee.... Tea Milk Sugar 250.0 192.2 120.0 120.0 83.0 32.0 214.0 400.0 800.0 600.0 _^^^_ 54.0 Butter. '. I 56.0 I August 22, 190S. I Eggs I 250.0 Beef 1 120.0 Tomatoes : 120.0 Peaches - I 32.0 Coffee : 400.0 Tea 500.0 Milk 600.0 Sugar ! 54.0 Bread 73.0 Rolls 205.0 August 2S, 1908. I Eggs ! 100.0 Ham 120.0 Cabbage I 100.0 Potatoes 1 100.0 Tomatoes. Cake. 220.0 : Rhubarb. ' ■ = jl Coffee.... 160.0 28.0 284.0 400.0 ACTION OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON THE HUMAN BODY. 657 Daily food charts — Continued. Subject III O. Date and kind of food. i^^f%^^^ SUBPKRIOD X— Continued. August £3, 1908— Con. Tea Milk Supar Butter August U, 1908. Eggs Beef Coffee Tea Milk Sugar Bread Rolls Butter August 23, 1908. Beef Corned beef Potatoes Cabbage Tomatoes Apple sauce Rolls Tea Milk Sugar Butter Augmt 26, 1908. Eggs Meat Tomatoes Coffee Bread Tea Milk Sugar Butter August 27, 1908. Eggs Omelet Bacon Tomatoes Apple sauce Coffee Tea Milk Sugar Butter SUBPERIOD XIII. September 16, 1908. Eggs Beef Tomatoes. Salad Coffee Tea Milk Sugar Bread 100.0 232.0 104.0 48.0 400.0 500.0 600.0 54.0 67.0 70111— Xo. .S8— 09- Orams. 400.0 100.0 54.0 76.0 100.0 300.0 400.0 500.0 600.0 54.0 96.0 209.0 50.0 160.0 120.0 100.0 100.0 80.0 160.0 202. 500.0 500.0 18.0 52.0 100.0 H)0.(j 120.0 400.0 60.0 550.0 550.0 54.0 50.0 250.0 152.0 00. 100.0 200.0 400.0 300.0 550.0 36.0 08.0 Per cent nitro- gen of food. Grams. Subject III O. Weight nitro- gen of I food Dale and kind of food. 'Weight of food. SUBPERIOD XIII- Continued. September 16, 1908. Butter Buttered rolls September 17, 1908. Eggs Beef Potatoes Rhubarb Coffee Tea Milk Sugar Bread Rolls September 18, 1908. Eggs Fish Tomatoes Coffee Tea Milk Sugar Bread Rolls September J9, 1908. Eggs Beef Tomatoes Doughnuts Coffee Tea Sugar Milk Butter Bread Rolls September W, 1908. Eggs Beef Sauce Potatoes Beans Rhubarb Rice pudding Coffee Tea Milk Sugar Bread September 21, 1908. Eggs Meat Tomatoes Coffee Tea Milk Sugar Bread Rolls Orams. 97.0 196.0 100.0 204.0 100.0 240.0 ■ 400. 500.0 000.0 54.0 61.0 205.0 250.0 100.0 100.0 400.0 500.0 600.0 54.0 28.0 205.0 100.0 240.0 100.0 40.0 400.0 500.0 54.0 600.0 55.0 30.0 210.0 100.0 260.0 20.0 200.0 100.0 140.0 208.8 400.0 400.0 200.0 72.0 64.0 100.0 232.0 100.0 400.0 500.0 600.0 54.0 30.0 219.0 Per cent nitro- gen of food. Weight nitro- gen of food. Orams. -42 658 SODIUM BEKZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. Daily food charts — Continued . Subject IIIO. Subject IIIO. Dati- and kind of food. Weight of food. Per cent nitro- gen of food. Weight nitro- gen of food. ©ate and kind of food. Weight of food. Per cent nitro- gen of food. Weight nitro- gen of food. SUBPKRIOD XIII— Continued. September S2, 1908. Grams. 100.0 200.0 100.0 120.0 400.0 500.0 6(X).0 54.0 73.0 219.0 Grams. subpi:riod xvii. October 7, 1908. Soup Grams. 173.0 132.0 139.0 200.0 50.0 18.0 Grams. Meat. Eggs Beef Tomatoes Milk Sugar October S, 1908. Beof Coffee Tea 307. o 120.0 <00. 500. 6(j0.0 54.0 64.0 205.0 Milk Bread Apple fritters Rolls Coffee Tpa 100.0 104. 200.0 400.0 500.0 600.0 54.0 71.0 Milk SUBPERIOD XV. Sugar Bread.. September 29, 1908. Rolls October 9, 1908. IOO.O 292. -00.0 500.0 l»0.0 54. 70.0 203.0 Ham Beef Coffee . - ]' ish Tea Coffee Milk Tea Sugar Milk Rolls 212.0 Bread.. Rolls October 10. 1908. E ggs September 30, 1908. Eggs 100.0 100.0 80.0 96.0 80.0 ^00.0 500.0 CrtO.O 54.0 77.0 207.0 104.0 120.0 120.0 1.36. 400.0 500.0 600.0 54.0 31.0 212.0 90.0 Beef Beef Turnips Salad ... Soup Coffee Coffee Tea Tea Milk . Milk Sugar . Bread. Bread Rolls Rolls Butter October 11, 1908. Eees 100.0 260.0 200.0 100.0 120.0 100.0 Beef .. Potatoes. . . . . Eggs 100.0 328.0 120.0 400.0 500.0 600.0 54.0 72.0 200.0 Beef Rice Beans Coffee . Coffee 400.0 600.0 200.0 72.0 68.0 169.0 1 " ' Tea Tea Milk Milk Sugar Sugar i: Bread Bread.. . . ■:-:::;l:::::::: Rolls Subject IV L. SUBPERIOD II. June 22, 1908. Bread Butter Laml) chops.. Potatoes Spinai-h Grape jelly Milk Pickled heets . Grams. 118.0 18.0 120.0 110.0 100.0 13.0 460.0 46.0 Grams. Subject IV L. SUBPERIOD II— Con. June 22, 1908— Cont'd. Bananas. Cookies . . June 23, 1908. Bread I 110.0 Butter 37.0 Milk I 720.0 ACTION OF SODJUM BENZOATK ON THE HUMAN BODY. 659 Daily food charts — (Jon tin u od . Subject IV L. Date and kind of food. SIBPERIOD II— Con. JuneS3,1908~ConVd. Blackberries Fried eggs Freiicl; toast Strawberries Steak Potatoes Lady fingers June 24, 1908. Bread Butter MUk Orange Fried eggs Steak Fried potatoes Pork chops Potato (boiled) Pickled beets Green peas Tomatoes Strawberries Chocolate cake June 25, 1908. Bread Butter Milk Fried eggs Bananas Steak Beets Radishes Fried potatoes Baked sweet potatoes Breaded veal String beans Cake June 26. 1908. Bread Butter Milk Orange Fried eggs Fried sweet potatoes Pork chops Soft shell crab Tomatoes Cake June 27, 1908. Bread Butter Milk Muskmelon Eggs Soup Soup meat Cookies Steak String beans June 28, 1908. Bread Butter Milk Muskmelon Boiled eggs Meat Soup Banana Per «""-'• genjf TJ^ food. Grams. 115.0 85.0 2t)4. 185.0 100.0 100. 28.0 12a 37.0 090. 193.0 190.0 108. 76.0 06.0 45.0 45.0 45.0 66.0 140.0 40.0 47.0 31.0 580.0 107.0 100.0 94.0 50.0 48.0 50.0 180.0 187.0 60.0 43.0 131.0 20.0 920.0 189.0 98.0 67.0 82.0 126.0 129.0 69.0 163.0 12.0 690.0 38.0 99.0 090.0 59.0 43.0 53.0 10.0 116.0 20.0 700.0 49.0 102.0 83.0 230.0 100.0 Weight uitro- food. Grams. Subject IV L. Date anil kind of food. Weight of food. Per cent nitro- gen of food. Weight nitro- gen of food. SUBPRRIOD 11— Con. June 29, 1908. Bread Gram^. 88.0 10.0 230.0 98.0 20.0 40.0 5.0 20.0 2.0 Grams. Butter Milk Eggs Fried j lotatoes Roast beef Radishes Strawberries Jelly SOBPERIOD VII. July 31, 1908. Bread 187.5 32.0 220.0 27.5 71.8 20.0 88 97 8 110 57.5 10 7 20 87.5 20 100 21.8 43 1 Butter Milk Lettuce Clam broth Claras Roast lieef Green peas Gravy Plums Tomatoes I Ilara 1 Peachea Cake Cookies August 1, 1908. Bread 379 6 21.6 Butter Com flakes 10.0 ' Milk 1,540 104. 3 5.0 171.2 59 5 87.5 71.5 80 34 2 115 2 Sugar Grape-fruit Veal cutlets Rice Mashed potatoes Ham Cheese 73 3 August 3, 1908. Bread Butter Milk Sugar \Vateniielon Shredded wheat Olives Soup Fried onions 135 55 9 600 37.0 330 5 59 20 9 149 6 .38. 5 82 110.0 84.0 75.5 78 91.1 Steak Fried potatops Fried macaroni Huckleberry pie Corned-beef hash I'oached eggs August 4, 1908. Bread 133.2 25 2 223 5 39.2 660.0 204.9 48.6 i Butter Shredded wheat Milk Chicken Mashed potatoes 107.8 660 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. Daily food charts — Continued . Subject IV L. ! ' cent 'Weight Date and kind of food, of fol^* "'tro-, gen'^f SUBPERIOD VII- Continued. August i, 1908— Coil. I Grams. Fried potatoes ! 102. 8 Pork.. I 20.3 Stringbeans 50.7 Gravy 23.4 Ste-.ved plums 94.4 Cookies I 51.5 Bologna ; 50.0 Cheese ; 100.0 Pineapple ; 167. 6 Cake 60.0 August 5, 1908. Bread 171.1 Butter 65.5 MUk 660.0 Sugar 28.1 Cornflakes ' 23.8 Muskmelon I 203.2 Soup 196.6 Cucumbers 79.5 Lamb i 133.1 Potatoes 200.3 Gravy . . Ham — Com Peas Cookies . Cake 21.0 45.0 108.2 122.5 55.0 20.5 Augusts, 1908. Bread 259.9 Butter 48.9 Milk : 660.0 Sugar ' 58. 2 Force 30.0 Muskmelon ' 163. 1 Soup 196.0 Roast beef i 138.2 Mashed potatoes \ 105. 8 Peas ' 51.9 Ham : 27.4 Gravy i 8.2 Cookies 44.3 Orange ! 133.7 Pears 281.5 Cheese 15.9 August 7, 1908. j Bread 69.4 Butter 21.4 Milk ' 440.0 Muskmelon I 171.9 SUBPERIOD X. August gl, 1908. \ Bread ' 15(i.8 Butter 44.5 Milk ' 880.0 Sugar 97.0 Peaches ; 98.3 Shredded wheat 02.0 Soup :...! 210. 5 Baked bluefish 82.0 Potatoes ; 113.1 Potato salad ' 112. 1 Beans I 50.4 Bologna ! 72.2 Rice pudding ' 79.7 Grams. Subject IV L. cent W^^^' n^tro- ^:i'% gen of ' P«" °' food. food. SUBPERIOD X— Con August 21, 1908— Con. I Grams. Chocolate eclair 48. 6 Pineapple | 97.2 August 22, 1908. Bread 113.7 Butter 35.0 Sugar 118.8 MUk Shredded wheat Orange Soup Lettuce Steak (sirloin) Squash Mashed potatoes Plums Apple pie August -23, 1908. Bread Ham Bologna Grapes Cheese August 24, 1908 Bread Butter Milk... Peaches Shredded wheat Soup Veal cutlets Gravy Mashed potatoes Sweet potatoes Onions Tried ham Scrambled eggs ; Peach pie Cake August 2S, 1908. Bread Butter Milk Cantaloupe Shredded wheat Soup Cucumbere Chicken Beans Mashed potatoes Gravy Neapolitan Stewed pears Macaroni Lamb chops Cake August 28, 1908 Bread Butter Milk Shredded wheat Peaches Soup Roast lamb Baked potatoes Fried potatoes Grams. ACTION OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON THE HUMAN BODY. 661 Daily food charts —Continued. Subject IV L. Date and kind of food. SUBPERIOD X— Con A ugust i6, 1908— Con . Corn Beets Gravy Apple tart Bologna Boiled eggs Orange Sugar Cake August 27, 1908. Bread Butter Sliredded wheat Milk Orange Soup Cucumbers Steak Sweet potatoes Creamed potatoes Lima beans Gravy Custard Lamb chops Apple pie SUBPERIOD XIII. September 16, 1908. Bread Butter Milk Wheatena Peaches Soup Lettuce Meat Fried ham Sweet potatoes Creamed potatoes String beans Gravy Clams Fried eggs Eclairs Cake September 17, 1908. Bread Butter Milk Oatmeal Cantaloupe Tomatoes Soup Meat Fried onions Mashed potatoes Fried potatoes Cream pull Fried eggs Fried bacon Peach pudding September 18, 1908. Bread Butter ■ Cream of wheat Baked apple i Weight [ of food. Grams. 121.1 69.9 23.3 46.5 100.5 86.3 126.5 70.4 21.0 126.6 50.0 65.0 880.0 118.6 200.0 124.4 118.7 101.3 80.1 102. 5 9.7 149.5 83.8 129.3 146.5 42.4 885.0 170.6 225.7 157.5 34.9 98.5 50.9 86.3 114,7 81.8 26.4 83.5 70.0 ' 67.4 18.7 Per cent nitro- gen of food. 146.0 42.0 660.0 198.6 86.8 83.9 209.4 127.6 5.1 125.4 102.4 131.2 51.6 18.3 26.5 193.3 18.4 156.5 119.0 Weight nitro- gen of food. Grams. Subject IV L. Date and kind of food. SUBPERIOD XIII- Continued. September 18, 1908— Con. Milk Cucumber,s Clam chowder. Salmon Potatoes Turnip Eclair Grapes September 19, 1908. Bread Butter Wheatena Milk Plums Grapes Pie Soup Chicken Mashed potatoes Gravy Peas Ham September 20, 1908. Bread Butter Milk Roast beef Soup Lettuce Sweet potatoes Spinach Ice cream Drop cake September SI, 1908. Bread Butter Milk Oatmeal Stewed pears Lettuce Soup Pork chops Mashed potatoes Fried potatoes Onions Gravy Apple pie Apple sauce Creamed oysters Cake Per Weight! f^f"* «f*«^^ nitro- offood. gen of food. Grams. 1,100.0 68.4 232.0 149.2 87.8 33.2 53.1 86.0 188.2 39.7 176.5 440.0 102.1 50.3 85.1 203.6 102.4 62.2 22.0 96.5 56.3 43.3 440.0 79.6 200.0 42.5 164.8 80.2 83.8 43.1 153.9 44.2 880.0 174.2 107.7 62.7 201.6 . 101. 6 126.5 52.9 94.4 8.9 151.2 116.7 103.1 56.0 September 22, 1908. Bread 82.3 Butter 42. 6 Milk 880. Wheatena 232. 3 Stewed plums 207.3 Coleslaw «4.5 Soup 217.9 Roast beef 114.2 Sweet potatoes 251. 4 Creamed potatoes 126. 1 Gravy 26.2 Turnips 69.3 Custard 159.1 Coffee I 160.8 Weight nitro- gen of food. Grams. 6t)2 SODIUM r.ENZOATK \:SD THE HEA]/iH OF MAN. Daily food iliurls — Continued. Subject IV L. Subject IV L. UaU) and kind of food. SUBPERIOD XIII— Continued. September U, 1908— Con. Pork chops Peach pic SUBPERIOD XV. Weight of food. Grams. 75.1 89.6 September 29, 1908. Bread 152.2 Butter 56.2 MUk 880.0 Wheatena 224. Muskinelon 167.0 Soup I 195.6 Veal 82.8 Sweet potatoes 99.7 Fried potatoes 127. 5 Carrots 68.8 qravy 31.5 Eclair 74.6 Pork chops 100.0 Applesauce 143.2 Cake 30. September SO, 1908. ( Bread 162.2 Butter ! 43.0 Oatmeal I 174. 5 Milk 1,100.0 Soup I 189.5 Roast beef ! 83. Potatoes I 215.1 String beans \ 91.2 Gravy I 81. 3 Cream puff 57.3 Meat 97.4 Carrots 12.7 Peaches i 112.4 Cake 37.0 October 1, 1908. Bread 144.3 Butter 18.7 Milk 880.0 Wheatena 174.3 Cantaloupe 100.0 Cake 55.0 Soup 186.7 Meat 84.0 Potatoes I 142.5 Fried potatoes 45. Fried onions 95. 5 CofFee 91.3 Neapolitan.. 74.3 Lettuce I 40.0 Applesauce | 170.0 Hani 37.4 Eggs 97.5 SUBPERIOD XVII. October 7, 1908. Bread Butter , Milk Oatmeal , Sugar , Soup , Veal cutlets , Oravy , Potatoas Pot roast , Rice 113.6 31.2 840.0 150.0 108.0 185.7 76.0 67.8 178.6 71.2 79.7 Per cent nitro- gen of food. Weight nitro- gen of food. SUBPERIOD XVII- Continued. October 7, 1908— Con. Cauliflower Custard October 8, 1908. Bread Butter Milk Wheatena Grapes Plums Soup Lettuce Roast lamb Mashed potatoi's FriecJ potatoas Gravy Caulillower Coffee Eclair Fried egf;s Fried bacon Apple pie October 9, 1908. Bread Butter Milk Wheatena Grapes Codfish Sweet potatoes Cake Stewed plums Ilara Banana Drop cake October 10, 1908. Bread Butter Milk Stewed plums Cereal Steak Fried onions Sweet potatoes Mashed potatoes Soup Bananas Oranges Cake Roast pork Coffee Gravy Apple sauce October 11, 1908. Bread Butter Milk Soup Roast beef Ham Fried eggs Apple sauce Cake Celery Carrots Mashed potatoes Coffee Ice cream Grams, i 63.8 . 146.4 . 134.5 43.0 880.0 127.0 100.0 57.0 168.5 106.0 64.8 99.0 58.7 20.0 93.3 67.3 70.0 87.7 33.6 114.5 36.7 31.0 880.0 173.2 240.0 146. 5 125.2 38.3 141.3 70.7 152.8 37.5 100. 50. 880. 120. 131. 99. 58. 87. 100. 187. 201. 171. 103. 72. 81. 36. 104. 45.8 33.0 660. 163.0 112.5 39.5 50.6 119.0 74.6 51.5 45.7 96.8 179.5 81.5 I Grams. ACTION OF SODIUM BENZOATK ON THE HUMAN BODY. 663 1 • C • a>■ "* 1 •ja>BM. a; :g jSRffiSS ^ It^ 'cot-ooo>« 1 ■Xjp Jiv tt :?S ;§5^S^I8 icO . OS-^OO 03 1? "»stOK o • O - t^ rH -^ ^ 'T • CO • »tox Ot>j d : o *,2 i t3 d d o ! 'S 73 -3 t) • tf < : •; 1 ; [.^ O X t^ • St! a u ! 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O M M O • •Jiiqd 1 § S § S : ^ -ins i^ajaqia O o ■ lo lo lo -n •itiqd i S S S ^ : CS O ; J J -ins oiubSioui q . o <5 >o 1^ 3 -.mqdins itJ^ox <;5 o - • a 5 :> •uaSojim i ^ 3 § S : 2 p 9 u I uuajapufi o o ■ ■ : ■3 •uaSoijiu W O -O O '-0 ' g O O O O ; cs o - - : £3 ptDB ounddiH •uaSoj^ i g? 5 5 §5 : n - 1 u aumijBaJO o o ■ - • ; 1 •uaS « lO « 00 « o == : -oiim pioTj ouxi oo 00 t^ -H "O ' •uaSoj^iu aniirici g w (N C-1 cri -M = ■ araniOA o ^- '- =■■ "^ : »«o Oeo •^qSiaji ^pog I3 •OW3 •-i d m -O t-- 00 OS O — < (M CO ^ oi rt_^— i--(MO'MC-> d 2 c 3 >-J. goi s^ ■* N s + 2!:z 664 SODIUM BENZOATK .A..\U THE HEALTH OF MAN. £ j ■jaiBAV (NO r.^ copj 1 9 CO -4 -"ai ui ^^ 00 CO CO ^ h- OS Urine. c o 1 Acid ...do ...do so 9 11 I J I U J S 7.45 9.25 9.95 •(ooi=-ios s,au!i -qej) ut3.i!pui ° 2 i? •snjoqd -soqd eicqdsoqj Cj 0.90 1.02 1.10 ^ •jnqdtns ii3j[jn9M o 0.094 .117 .172 •jnqd -ins it3ai9q:ia 1 0.034 .042 .034 •jnqd - 1 n s oiireSjouj 1 0.524 .584 .701 -- •jnqdjns itijox Cj 0.652 .743 .907 -ugSoj^iu p a u ! iuj9i9pun. O 0.68 1.03 .80 ■II9§0J')!U p ! c DianddiH Cb 0.08 .08 .07 ■nagon - 1 u 9niU!JB9io C! 0.42 .44 .58 •U93 -OJ^IU piOB OlJfl o 0.14 .14 .21 •U930JJ1U 9a!Jn< •J9)CM. R^ -HOC 00 00 t^r* 00 00 00 00 fr( 2 MCMOO OtOTTOO •Xjp jjv g t~1<.-l ©05 05 10 •s, O s> mom rHlOmt- fe: •jsiOK 1 ssg§ oootoi- Cj c o ■4.9 ^ -a o o 05 "3 "O •o p; < : : o 00 lO ■DCN s ^ o o SB a u ! J o m o o o ■(OOT=-los s.Snn CO -iiaj[) tiBOipni •snjoqd 1 § § 05 -soqd aitjqclsoqj -; ^ •jnqdins lBJ}n^^J s 6 00 00 00 ■jnqd i o 8 s -ins iBaiaqia 0) o ■* •JTiqd ej r^ CO t^ -ins oiuBSioni o - CO •jnqdins i^^ox s °! (B a ■c ■nsSoJiin 1 s s 5 pan I uua^apnri o ^ •naSojira i s ^ o p I B oijnddin d ■uaSoj-j - 1 u auinnBaJO o ■naS C3 IN rH to -ojjiu pioB oun O - 2 CO O 05 •uaSojjiu anim,! o d - - •uaS 6 S CO ^ -onimsiuorauiv d »; Tj. t^ 05 •uaSojjiii •uajii g d =? o Ci - " CO o CO •uaSoijra itjjox s S 2 (N l3l .-H Q •i:iiA'Ej3 ogioadg o o - o •aumiOA c 00 m 00 j^iraco -oj • oor- •jqSiaAV Xpog g- 2 • MM ;«OiO O^NCO'"! f »oeo r^oo 03 Q ACTION OF SODIUM r.KNZOATE ON TILE HUMAN BODY 667 •JU»BAV •Ajp JjV •isiow •lOfN SB 9 U ! J O I H J •(OOI="los s,2u!i •snjoqd -soqd djuiidsoqti •Jtnidins itujnajv; •jtnqd ins iBdjama •.mqd ■ ] n s oiuBgjoui 06^1 OOOON S3Sg S 2 O .-H --I O rH Ah •jnqdps iB^ox •naSojjTu p a u I ituajapufi •na3oj;in pi OB ounddin •naSoij ■ t u eumij-eajo CS o •naS •naSoj^in auijn j ^ o oi •nag -oj;tu tijuomrav •naSojira Baifi •naSojjTu iBjo x •jJjiabjS oqioadg aximio \^ •;q3i9M ^pog SCQCO _- - . ■ CO CO CO CO ■»* lO »0 • lO »rt U5 *0 i^ooo>o^c4^ Q K O C ta w (Jh !^ s !^ H r> > 3 l-s S§ ?5 OOOIO— 1 CqNCOCO ,^- o to 1 -^ E o CO \ ^-^ « ffi « aw ojl^ >o t^ to + ACTION OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON THE HUMAN BODY. 669 Si •JJP'.VV S8 77.5 82.2 82.3 82.5 79.5 Aip Jiv C) IM OlcO-o ■(00l="loss,3uH o s § •siLioqd -solid a^Bildsoiici o d 'S o •jnqdins iiuuidx 00 o d r~ 00 - ■jnqd -ins i^jajama d c5 S c o •jnqd - I n s oiueSjoui 05 d CO o •inqdins pnox d a> , oo ■nadojjiu pau ! ULiajapiix^ IN d S ^ ■uaSojim piot; ounddjii 05 O d g § •neSoj} d g s? •U93 -OJ^IU piOB OUfl d CO 00 •naSoJim attunj d °. ^ ■XT83 -oj^iu T'.[uonimv g C3 CO CO d CO 00 TI> CO •uaSoj^iu Baj/i C5 s t^ ■^ 00 00 ^ t^ OS •uagoj-jm iB-jox ■■o d r- CO •jSjiaejS oyio3ds r-i 1.028 1.030 - •auiino^ CO OC X mSiaM iSpog 8" : 5co ■ 53.1 53.2 53.3 53.4 1 n-Vintot- got 65 CO O! o n + a a a ^ zz 670 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. i ,» b* ■ja)«AV 00 '"82." 7 ""83.2 80.0 i 0} •Xjp Jjv E 2^ 45.2 "56."6" 15.4 "tsioj^ C3 00 •* |"333."5' 76.5 6 a 'P Reaction. '3 < d o : •lO^N SB eu liomo 6J 00 1 ^ 00 O '; M d •(001=-loss,3u!i -119^) UTOipUI o CO - •snjoqd -soqd a^cqdson J O 6 • jnqdpis iBjjnaN » d ■* cc •mqd -ins iE8Jaq?a s s O d 8 S - ■jnqd -ins DiuESioni S o O d o ^ to IC •jnqdins iB^ox O d lO 1^ 00 00 •naSojjra p 9 n I tojgjapnn 8 o § s •na3oj|ra p T B oiinddiH s s O d S o •uaSojj - 1 u aniuiitjajo s 5 O d 5 g •ua3 o d 00 o> •uaSoJiiu animj S ?3 o d ?3 (N -ojiju Biuotnniv O c CO r-( •^ CO •uaSojjm B9J£i C5 d (N O d d •naSoJim iB^ox CO w ^ d ■A'iXA^iS ogioedg i- •anmiOA " s •■jqSieM .^pog 13 53.8 58.5 53.6 53.6 1 ^-0( bi < 3 0- O^NCO-fl '■' £ iooo „ooco °<2 c d e3 o £5 WW gf-^ S5Z ACTION Ol' SDDIL'M IJKNZD.VTK ON Till': HUMAN UVD\. (iVi t^ •jantAV ■ »oeo -oc CO 1 •Xip J!V O •f n 19.2 "33."8' 47.2 •is\on C5 U3 Itto joo • fj S> • CO t^ (3 .2 •< o 6 sc a u ! J o I n J •(001="loss,3u!i J3 •snjoqd -soqdejBqdsoqj 1 ^ 8 S • jnqdpis iBj^nsN § ■>»< unqd -ins iiiajaq^ji c o 1 i •jnqd -ins omtsSjoni c to •jnqdjns i^joj. c o - •uaSonin p a u 1 uua^apnxi tt c 00 !0 ■uaSoj'tra p ! B ounddiH c £ o •uaSon - 1 n eniui^BaJO 5 c ^ 1^ •na3 ■oi%m pioB oufi c CC o> •naSojqraaaiinj (M c c oc S ■aaS -oj^in ejuourniv c u- ?? •naSojjia cajfi 1 C5 c oc ■naSonin \v.'\oj. g 5 a: c o ■A%iASi3 ogToadg ! ^ § •aumioA I^ : v 3 •;tl3iaM iSpog Snc. 53.8 53.7 53.8 53.7 i 3 •■rif < itO 1^ »o>o-- rH-HC^CS to— 'O S w CO Poo o «^ f O) a go 88 o o + U '^ ^ ;5;?: 672 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE PIEALTH OF MAN, •rt Hi a •"< H a CJ o W o i-j 1 n -I C5 r/) ^ d O e tf » M ^^ H o B8jj O d ' ' • •naS -oj;in ppB oun. S 5 Oi ■* >-l «<5 ••jsjow .c 1^ JO 'osoi'J'Mr' iS i^aS^I: 1 1 a a *c 1 P5 B -v V < : : s ti u ! J m J) 1 12.1 11.7 11.2 •(001="TOSS,3un ^ g !? •snjond -soqd ajcqasoxu M t- O 35 0> CC •jnqdinsTBJinaN 2 S ■o o - •jniid -I n s it!9j8ma 5 o •jiiqd -ins omuSjoai 23 5? S 9 2 [^ s ■jnqdins i^jox C5 30 00 t^ - •uaSojim pen ixnj3;8pn£[ •^ -V .-) •nagojjra pjOB oijnddiH rl O ^ •naSoij . C3 O O r-l <5< CO -^ ^ ?5 2 •n93oj;ra gmjiij N ^ -H ■s w C^ 3 •U93 -oj^TnEiuouiniv 3 5 § 1 •uaSoajTU B9jfi 1 o O C^l -^ i d C3i •uaSojiin iciox i ^ o t^ N oi d - •jC^iat3i2 oni09dg 1.020 1.021 1.024 ■9tnnjOA O O iO O rt~ -T rn" .10 a C»*j -^lOO t^ooos ^•z. 70111— No. SS— 09- -48 674 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. "TS O I 2 "^ i- o o ^ ■ja^BAV r; • wao cod 1 oot^ 1 a •Aiv JIV C) .eor^ •MCO ooo lO eo •*sioK o '■o.-< o-» •s o < ■ _o Urine. 1 1 0ms. 10.1 9.9 ■.-5 •(00I=-Toss.3un -H8J) ueoipui s s s •snioiid -soqd 9^Bqdson •naSojira itj^ox Gins. 15.6 11.5 >-'3 •^t(iABj3 ogioadg 1.028 1.024 i •aranioA .g^ i § •^qaiaM iCpog Kilos. 54.9 54.8 54.4 1 050-H»■ lO O i « 00 •q' i~ «d -js .1^1^001-1^1^ 1 •Xjp Jiv o 47 2ai 39.8 18.2 25.1 35.4 -isiopj g • irj O 1^ lO t^ 00 a Reaction. •< o o I ■1J«N[ SB oiiiaonu Gttis. 15.7 1.3.3 17.8 •(00T=-Ioss,3nn -qa^ ) UTJOipui § S ^ : •STijoqd -sond9^t!qdsoiij[ 1.25 1.15 1.24 •jniidiiis it;j;n9fi Gm. 0.141 .170 .161 •jnqd -ins i^ajaqia Gm. 0.037 .045 .032 •jnqd - I n s oiucSjoui Gm. 0.663 .772 .744 ! •jnqdins i^^jox Gm. 0.841 .987 .937 •naSoj^in pea luua^apun Gm. 0.61 .69 .26 •naSoj^in piOB oian'ddiH Gm. 0.20 .24 .22 •n83oj:j - 1 n eniun'BaJO Gm. 0.38 .44 .56 •U83 -OJ^lU piOB OlJfl Gm. 0.19 .19 .20 •naSoxiiu anijn J Gm. 0.21 .21 .23 •n93 -ojjin Biuoiumv Gm. 0.36 ..12 .63 •naSojjiu Bain Gms. 8.84 10.6 10.7 •naaoj'nn jbidx Gttis. 10.6 12.7 12.6 •iJ^iABiS ogroads 1.022 1.030 1.019 •aumjOA i sS ^ ! •}q3iaAV iCpog Kilos. 54.7 54 2 ci 2 3 3 Sept. 16 17 18 CSC — ilMc; ' |8« WW is .S.2 a c c S o o3fe ZJ^ 676 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. s S ^ •C M "— 1 u . t^ ^ ■V — •J31B.VV n^ • Kti ai- 1 2 ■ •I'CO t~co ^ •Xip J!V g '■■^^ • c-ic-i s ♦-» O ■ moi •M-T Pm § •;S!ore 5 ; ff o ^ Cj "3 d d : £ •5 -O T3 ■ P5 -=: : : : . t~ 1^ ^ ■ -lO'BN c; -r -^ M ■ st3 au I jomo ^ ,-, " '" ; L- • •(ooi=-ioss,sun to -^ • -qaj) UBOipai •snioTid §5! M fl • -soqd a;Bqdsoqc£ tS ^ ^ -=> \ ^9 g S : ■Jiiqdins iBi;naj»i S r-l r-. — • Co ■ ■ : t^ mo' •Jtiqd S g § S : -ins iB3J3qja • • : l^ t'- »o ■ •jpqd S B S g : -ins oidbSjoui d • - ; .0 CC CO • CO t^ -T « • •mqdrns iejox g 00 00 ■ 00 ■ -^ ■ aj : -g P •uaSonpi g ,-. 10 ->)< ■ p 9 u I nuajapafi d • ■ ; •naSoJini g (M (N -wi ■ p ! B ounddiH d • - : •naSoji g g S § i - I u auiuiiBaaj d ■ • j •naS g S S S : -oa:nu pioe ouxi CJ d • - '; 0.22 .21 .28 •naSonni auun,! •naS s ^ ? i? : 1 -ojini •emouiuiv d - • ; 1 « M S ^ • 1 -uaSoxnu B8Jn 1 S d "^ "^ : \ K^ *^ Oi Oi • .0 00 C: • •aaSoi^in le^ox ' g cj ^; ;:; • jo'"'" : c- '-oo : ' a> '■ •^qSiaii iSpoa ■3 10 ui ic . is : < W CM .o o O OOiC 3.-I g 'OCO o o «2 ^ 55 WW g-^ o c a S ;z;2; 680 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. pq ■jaiCAi •IM o ■ OW CO 'oood -^ ' ui O ; ; •uaSoj^tu pauiuijajapnfi 1 g O -! C-) CO o • • 00 (M 1 1 ■naSojjm p 1 B ounddjH S o C3 d 00 o CD 00 • • O O ; ; •uaSoJi - 1 n euiuneajo Cj d ^ ^ g : : •n83 -oura pioB oun O d (35 (M CO « • • •uaSoj^in auunj Ci d CO CO CO i • •U83 -oi^iu eiuoiuiuv O d 00 00 00 ■ • •n93oj:HU t;9jfi so CD m CO d CO ' ' l>\ '■ ■ -* I 1 4- •U93oa^ra i^^ox g "5 00 e4 •jC^iabjS OBioadg o o CD •»!< • ■ CO CO ■ ■ O O ; ; •anmioA o 03 S So : : •^il3i9jtt .ipog § : g : : ; 03 i" 1-5 00 o- S c5 CO ^^ 682 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. 3 ^ a h^ a *~* o f-l ^ o ^ ? fa D ^ CO -w Q O s a; H s ^, ^ • ci -a- 1- ■-■: 3> ; ■•»a;«AV j < ■ t-t^oOOOOO ; — ^ it~oooowa> •^jp aiy g ■ (N cc K3 — V— — V— ■ d ^ !2 d d ■0 T3 rt -s! 10 SB au I JO mo Gms 11.6 c^i t^ o •(OOT=-IOS s,3nn -qa^) UBOipui •sniotid « 00 2 § -soqd a^Bqdsoqd: --^ (M •<»< 00 ■~0 lO •jnqdins iBJinasj Gj o CO 00 •jnqd s s -in s i^ajaq^a C5 d 00 oq •jnqd S So t^ lO -ins oiubSjoui O d 00 »; =0 b- 00 •jnqdins itjjox C5 '^ s ■uaSoJira S f2 00 C-J t> panuujajapnfi d ■naSoajni F s g s piOB ounddin ^d ■uaSoj? es £ S - 1 u aurniiBaJO d •nag ? g c5 55 -oj^ni pioB oufi d » M "T uaSoj^iu anijrid^ a d m (N •naS s ?: § ?: -ojjm 'Bmouiniv d f- 2 "^ •□aSojjiu ^aifi d =? ^ 00 ; i • M M : •uaaoj^iu iB^ox « to •X:HAej3 ogiDadg -• e^i •aunqoA u 1 w"^ :-, (M (N 00 ■* --* ■}q3iaASL ^pog .-Ss ■ d o> oi d ci 1 05 X QC OC 00 1 fc=5 1 ■^li a NC > C>) CI C-) 01 « 1 03 e . Q C — ' " ^ scooi ceo ^o— < X !«! 03 e c C9 P9 JSJ= WK Co"'-'' OS CO 00 Z'iz, ACTION OF SODIUM HENZO.VrK ON THE IlL'MAN BODY 683 £ •aojBAV -a) 00 t^ I.I O U3 00 M co-^^^ d o O t^ t^ t^ l~ I- i a •.Cjp J!\- O to ?3 39.1 39.0 47.7 12.8 21.3 27.0 •;siopi 1 00 to I^OOC^OOO d c^ 1- lo w d ^ iC 00 •*T' t^ OS Urine. B 1 'S Si. acid.-.. Acid SB euijomo OO t- o •(00T="TOS s,3uiT S § S •snjoqd -sond oiBqdsoqj ii 00 c5 ". ^ — — •jnqdnis TBa:>n9>i g 1 •anqd -t n s luajgma i o o o ■mqd -I ti s oraBSjoni C3 1 9, § 00 t~ - •jniidins it!joi 1 i d •uaSoj-jTU paniuije^iapuxi d g g - •naSoJiTu pioc ouuddin g d CO OS •uaSoji to d •naS -oajin pioB opxi ?5 d ^ ^ •naSoj^iu ammj g o CO CO •naa -oninBiuoxnrav d 00 to •aaSonni Bajxi C) CO CO rA ^ •uaSoijra jB^ox o 00 t~ 00 CO CO •.i;iAsj2 ogioads ?3 o N o CO CO o o •aumjOA u 2 o w OS OS i •^qSiaM .ipog to 00 to o 00 00 00 OS a c e ) 3 tot~ooo3c ' s;§ CO CO o s ^ 00 t! '^ + C3 , c a o ?.Z 684 SODIUM KENZOATE .\XD THE HEALTH OF MAN. c n C, p 1 aa ■fe fi ■ti O S « w V Ph K ^ w ;; H !? < O O to N to w 1 . .Ol ■ OOCO-TO a; :►- : SISEoSS •Xipjiv 1 :2 i 26.8 42.3 65.8 37.8 46.8 ">sioK 1 :- ( 102.7 1 201.0 / 516.0 \ 137 1 391.4 6 a H O P3 1 xJ d : < : : SB euijoiqo o5 M 1 « oi 00 • •(OOI=-Ios s,3nn -qaj) ncaipni to g ? : •snjoqd -solid aj'Bqdsoqti 1 g ". " : ■jnqdinsTBJinaii rr o • •jnqd -ins iB3J3ma S o CO Ol • O O ; -jnqd -1 u s oiubSjooi S !2 : •mqdins mox 00 IC to ■* • g S2 ; ■naSoJiTu panimja^apufi S S5 S g : •uaSojjTU pioe ounddiH E 2 C5 d CO CO ' •uaSoj^ -I u euim:(Baj3 to d to to • •naSi •na2 n pioB ou£L S ?5 to d ^ s I >j!Hu aiiiin J to d ?? g : •ua3 -oj^iu ciuonrnry g 00 to d g So : •naSojjra Bajfl to ^ CO C-1 d oi • ua Soj^ra iB^ox . o to to en i v«j3 ogioadg 1 1.034 1.026 •aumpA >o o • S S5 : •!»q3i9A iJpoa 90.0 90.2 90.1 90.4 i Ort W CO ■<»' IC to t^ is to " + oco h-^ CO .3.3 gg.si o gDfc. ACTION OF SODIUM BENZO.VTK ON TllJi HUMAN BOl)Y. 685 i 1 a; a •i91«iU s 1 •j£jpaiv G3 o 22.9 25.1 17.1 21.2 62.2 •isjopi C5 o ; 71.7 \ 75.8 » 55.0 \ 60.4 301.7 s« e 1 •a : 2 d % I015N uijoiqo O ■» o rt d ■(00T=-Ios s,3nTT 1 s •snjoqd -soqd ajtjqdsoqj CO CO —1 •mqdiTis iBj:jn9>j 1^ d CO rH ■o m •mqd -ins reaaaq^a 1 d Tt< CO 8 8 •jnqd -I n s oin^gjonj So' t- d CO t^ 00 1^ •mqdins tb:)ox C3 1^ d s § •U830JJTU pantnija^apnn d s ?= •naSojjra pi OB oijn'ddiH d O CO -T u amunBajQ d o ^ to 'r 00 o IN CO -^ o 1 t— ;0 l^ I^ I-* I-* CO s •.tipjjV o O t^ •* ■* 1 > •iqSiaM j£pog to-* '■VO50000 ■ 6 CO ■35 OS m xx: CiW 0' '^ S2 o '^ C G C g m 688 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. 1 ■ lOu- .woooo o •J81BAV 0^ o| loo'* 'ooo £ i •Xip JTV o ■S^ ;g^^ • NOO 'COCOOO ^ •^siOH C3 ;2S iSg^ 1 a 1 o •c •' 2 ■ § 1 -2 § ; ; P5 M <1 M j . rt 1^ .,). . •lO^N SB en I jomo i 3 S S : o : 1 [ •(OOT=-IOS s.Srni : 1 -qe^) uBoipni •snioqd Gms. 1.15 1.09 1.16 -soqd a-jBqdsoqj; O o • • . 1 • i •mqdins iB^naN •jnqd g S S S : i -ins paiama o d ■ ■ : 1 . O O JO ■ •jnqd S S. 00 oc ■ -ins oiuBSjoni O d ■ ■ ; „ ^ ^ ; « o fc "£5 • 1 6 •jnqdrns leioj, a •uaSojjra Gms. 1.00 1.41 1.07 pauiuuaiapuQ •naSoj^in go »-l o ■ p I D B ounddiii o d • • ; •na3oai ^ lO OS ■ •uaSojira ic^ox g TjS CO •* ■ 1^ '^ '^ ^ '■ ^ 00 ^ : •i4tABj2 ogioadg -• ^ - 1 •aumiOA oi'^'^ -O 00 O 00 ■ •iqSiaM j£poa |gs ClOO O500 • t^00 0>O-HM CO-* -o -x; -« ;c i^ ffi •inqdins iBjox g a 5 ■naSojiiu p a u ! uua^apnfi s c ^ s ■uaSojiiu fi (M o -.o p I B aunddiH o C - •na3ojj g - 1 u aniui'jBaJO o - •nag E ^ s -oi%m pioB opxl o c — •uaSoJiin aaianj 0.31 .28 .29 •ua3 s t^ lO t.- -OHIU BIUOUIUIV o c •uaSojjiu ■Bajfi i C5 10.4 9.27 12.0 — ,. .- X •uaiiOJiiu iBjox o CO .— -^ — S ^ § ■X4l\.bj8 ogpads anmiOA '^ CO cv -o . > «'* • •■ < 1 goo CO c . c el C C C o ?:?; ACTION OF SODIUM BENZOATK ON TIIK lll'MAN BODY. 691 •jai^AV Ajp JIV •^SIOJSJ h-: 00 1>; ! -^ iij OiO »o • ^ c^ c^ ^ . — — . SB 8u I joino •(00I='loss,3uii •snjoqd ' § " " ?< -soqd a^^Udsoii J ;§ ,-^ -i -J j^ C^ Wi »I5 •jniidrns iBi^naM jS 1 '^ "^ ■jnnd -ins iB8iaq;a O o unqd g g ' I n s oruBSioui O o •jrqdpis it;}Ox O o -I '-' •aaSoj^jiu p a u ! iuj9;apu q •uaSoj^m p I a B ounddiu •uaSojj - 1 u a ujuijBaJO ■naS -OJJIU piOB ou^i M m ■"S" o o s fS So g o o O d •ueSoJim aaun J •naS -oj^in Biuounny •uagoj^iu Baj^i ©00 ^ rt •naSojiui iBiox •i;^iABj3 ogioads ■aoitnoA ')qSiaM vJpog go lo >o O " '" '^ ■ tC ;C O: ^ ?J 00 • -^d d c dd • O^ OS o^ o o o C^PO-^u^^f^OOOS g-;TO to §2 = do 05>-" ^^ 692 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. ■B Q i uaitSAv a; •CO is i s •y£jp J!V 28.5 39.3 'si.' 9' isiojv o '■tr> ut c4 • d OlOO ■« ' 1 i ! 1 ! j Reaction. Acid SI. acid . . . ■a ■ID^N SB 9 u I J I q 0ms. 11.1 6.7 M : O ; •(00T=-loss,3n!i -qa^) uBDipui ^ S ^ ; •snjoqd S ?! S -soqd a^Btidsoqj (^ -h" ,-; S : ■ jnqdins iBj^naM (| . . CO ; •jnqd -ins i^awqia 6m. 0.163 .052 § ; . oo CO •mqd 1 i ^ ^ -ins oiubSjoui <§ ^ i ^ ■jnqdins i^jox S "^ ^. 1 ^ 1 1 1 •naSoj^ra So ^ pauimja^apufi o d g : •naSoi^in ,' g 2 p t B oiJnddiH O c5 — 1 OS i ■na8ojj g g - 1 u euiiinBaJO i t5 d X 00 • 00 •naS -OJ^lU piOB OUil O d ?5 ^ : •u93oijin auijnj s § o d SI S? : •na3 -cj^ra Binotninv Gm. 0.99 s o — MCOr).ictO I 1 gg.9 5 ACT10>; OF SODU.M HKN/C).\ IE O.N IliE llUMAXs liODY, <)i)3 ■iaHiAV "G 79.3 77.1 72.9 >C OiOC u. 1 S •Xipjiv 1 omh- SS2 51.5 36.2 24.5 isiojv o ■*OM oocno 9 a •c c 2 1 Acid ...do ...do St? e u ! J 1 n J .Gms. 15.7 1.3.3 17.8 •(00I='loss,3u!i -qa^) UBOipuj S g K •snjoqd -soqd a}i3qdsoqj Gms. 1.25 1.15 1.24 • jnqd[ns i^j^na^ Gm. 0.90 .090 .174 ■jnqd -ins iB9J8qrjI Gm. 0.060 .067 .053 -jnqd -ins oiueSioai Gms. 1.002 .938 .897 ■Jnqdins i^iox Gms. 1.15 1.095 1.124 •ueSoJiin peuiuLiaiapuii Gms. 1.30 .89 .54 - •neSojiiu p ! B ounddiH Gm. 0.20 .21 So •naSojj - 1 n auiui^Baao Gm. 0.95 .73 •U93 Gm. 0.31 .29 .28 •n93oj;m auimj Gm.- 0.33 .32 CO - •ua3 -oj^iu BiuGuiniv Gm. 0.91 .85 •u33oj;iu caa.i •U93onni iBiox Gms. 15.4 15.6 00 o - ■i()tAej3 9y!99ds 1.022 1.027 •9mniOA c. c. 1 1,500 1,110 o B •iq3!aA\ .lipog Sept. 16 17 IS ss SSS3 15 .en .9.S a aa'Q O oDfcl 694 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALIil OK MAN. T( (D ffi ri a l^ o 1 •-> ^ w ^^ t) O « o w ^ W •c o, 3 H tf H o < CO O •^ N 53 55 i ^ l£ i o CO (M CO CD « CO^ ^^h" ^ IsioK ^ CO r-^io-H d o -.B ^ •a 6 d 9 o "O "0 tf < : ; .(MO r- •IO«N g CO -^ w SB 9U}jojqo O O O •(00T=-TOSS.3mi rt ic — -qaj) creoipui •snjoiid 0ms. 1.46 1.14 1.33 -soqd ajEqdsoiid 1^ c o _:ic CO -^ •jniidinsiwjnaisi Sc-i ^ - Oo • mm o> •jnqd go o o -T n s iBajama Oc. • ■ .00 t^ 00 ■mxid 65 1.-5 O t- C O OC 05 -I n s OTUBgjoni S- .00 O CO «t^ t^ o> •jnqdins mox gco o -^ a3 o- -■ - a •naSojjin 1.05 1.08 .74 paniTmajapufi •naSojim gS S ^ piOB oijnddin Od • •uaSojj £oo t^ 00 -I n atnuiiBaJo Od • •na3 Sco (M ^l -ojjra pioB ou[i Od • -I'-H •<»* C^ •uaSoj^pi anunj g-* M CO Od • ■na3 oi (M 1.-5 ri ttq3iaM Xpog SS N CO •* 1-'; CD 5 09 Q o o 1 cr gco Z2: ACTION OF SODTUM BENZOATE ON THE HUMAN BODY. 697 1 •J9Jt!AV a; cOcOf Sr:f2 to iS •XipJlV 1 ?S82 ! ^ 1 •jsjow C) a 1 c^ o" 73 SB ouiiomo . « o •(00I=-Ioss,3nii -q9j[) oBOTpai g S •snjoqd -soqd ejsqdsoqti 1.40 1.28 - •jnqdins itjjjnaN O d •mqd -ins iB9jama s i i O d ■jnqd -1 n s oiubSjoui o d •jnqdins tbjox Gms. 1.063 1.189 •naSoura pen iuu9j9pnn O d ■neSoJiin pi OB oimddiH g s § O d ■neSoij -I U 9UTnilB9J0 Od - •naS s 8 g o d •uaSojjin 9iiun99 •jaiiSAV •;Cjp JIV ISJOR ooo 00 ^^ ooo ejoooo woo oo to O'O ooo •I.)fK SI! o II ! J o ] q ^ •(001 = -loss,3mi snjoqd -soqd eiBqdsoqa •Ji>qdins icjjneN •jnqd -ins jeajeqia •jnqd j g -ins oniBSjoni i ^ •jnqdins i«;ox •ua3ojira pan luua^apnn •naSojiin pi OB ouuddiH •na3oJi -I u auiuijBaJO •naS -OJJIU piJB OUfl O •naSoj^in anun j •nag -ojijn Biuoniuiv •naSoj^iu Bajfi •naaoura ib^ox •^jiabj3 agioedg •3umio_\ "iqSia.tt .^poa I- t~00010t^-H(N«T» M *j i-j n S <» s fi r O s P3 o PL, 00 w S fs; o tz< 1 —I (N — tCI -O!- 1 • C-l i •jaiB.VV t; : S KSSE^JtSS : S 05 '• t- t~0«(M'0"; • ffl £ i i •Xjp J!V E : s ?§!:;*^§?J •; S ffl ^ •JSIOJl C5 : o I 144.0 95.0 20.5 { 1.58.0 105. I 190.0 f 1 c 1 : o 1 1 2 ^ -§ K ^ ■; ; .-1 CO eo lOBN g CO ^ _ St; au ! jomo o u-5 U5 115 ■(OOX=-10S s,3u!i -qaj) uBOipui snjOTid s o o> » -soqda^eqdsoqi c o 8 •anud|nsiejina>i o ■* 1., 1- •jniid s 5 § a - 1 n s i^ajaqia o o 1 O 00 •jnqd s t^ to r- -ins oniBSjoni o o • i 1 OJ -.c cc \ •jnndins ibjox 8 d ' ' I a a ■ •naSonni « S- 2 g pan luuaiapafi o -' - - ■uaSonin s B £ fe p 1 B ounddiH o o •uaSon g - 1 n aurai^BajO o o ■naS s t^ MO -oj^ni piOB oufi o o 1 O iC »o •naSoxira auunj s d •ua3 s § s g -ojjni Binouiuiv o c « >0 OS •uaSoi^ra Bain o 9.6 9.7 10.0 r~ r^ oc •ua3oj^nj ibjox g 1 N (M (M -.iSljAwS ogioedg 1.02 1.02 1.02 1 eumiOA " § 8 8 . !D '• •CO ^ :^ ■jilSieM ipoa ^ : ■^ OS :* ;d r~ oc OS o rH N CO ■* m o t~ | » o a a Q 3 p^ 1 0^^ p ACTlUiS' Oi-' SODlUiU iUONZOATI-: O^' TllH iiUAIAN iiuDi. 701 ■jsioH SB 9 U 1 J I U O •(00I="Ioss,3u!T ■stijoqd -solid ajeiidsoqj •inqdiiis icj'niaivi •jnqd ins i«aj9qia S8 Ci o S 05 00 s i2 i s •o «3 la C5 C ■ •inqd ins oiubSioui •Jiiqdins lt3;ox •U9Son!n p 9 u I uuBiapun. •uaSoj^in p I B ounddiH S to _i CO eo •-< r^ g 1-1 CO "5 00 O o ■ ■ ■ s s •U930J1 ■ ! u auraii'EaJO •uaS •agSoniu 9iiun j •n93 -OIJIU BlUOUIUIV •aaSoJiiu B9.in naSoj^ra i^iox S I ^ CO CO CD O CO 50 OOOSO-HMCO-^USCOt^OO CO i GO ^^ -^ I tmtao'- a. 702 SODIUM BEJSZUATE AND THE HEALTH OF MA^' , ^ M £ •j*}BAV ft^ COT — . fCO^ ocoo^t^oooSS ' - 1 ■Xap Jiv -1SI0JV \ 222. 8 30. 5 1 73.4 14.4 \ 93.1 21.3 108. 7 24. 9 • 104. 20. 4 I 157.0 23.1 47.5 i 7.8 a 1 j 1 Reaction. 3 .2 .2 ■ ! ■^ "■ 1 : ■10«N SB 9U1 jomo . 1^ OJ CO ; g d M CO ; •(ooi=-ios s.sun S S S : •snjoqd -soqd ajBijdsoq J Gm. 0.71 1.00 .95 • jnqdjns iBJjnaN Qm. 0.157 .173 .161 •jnqd -ins iTOJaqjg Qm. 0.085 .065 .074 •jnqd -ins oiubSjoui Gm. 0.744 .819 .777 •jnqdiiis it!40X Gms. 0.986 1.057 1.012 •uaSojini pan inua^apuxi g S S S : ! Od - • : 1 •naaoj^ni pi OB ounddiji Om. 0.16 .15 .17 - 1 n annineaio g? :s g : ' > ? ° ■ •U83 Gm. 0.24 .20 .23 naSoj^ra auunj Gm. 0.29 .25 .30 •uaS -oJiinBinouraiv Oms. 1.04 1.05 .85 naSojjni Baj^l Gms. 10.1 12.7 10.6 •naSamn ie»ox 12.8 15.3 13.4 •it)]A«3 agioadg 1.024 1.021 1.019 annqoA . 3 S g : " N CO •a' ; •qq3i9M Xpoa Q^ CO C^ .C C^ CO 00 • • 5 o5 oi o= o5 => 00 • • ■S o O O CO -.o -.o . • ^ : : 1 0> O ^- M CO -^ »o -fi ^•rr-. 1 .re g -.o — r-: r C3— o 3.S5; .\CTlON Ol' SODIUM BENZOATE ON TJIE IIUMAK BODV 03 • ! •J9*«AV 1 85.9 82.2 74.2 68.8 •.\.ip iiy 00 oot^-* .2f ' 1 a) is ^ ■ls]oyi oi \ 128.0 / 134.8 \ 68.8 113.5 Urine. Reaction. ■V O < 1 i SB 9 u I J 1 q 1 •(ooi=-ios s,au!i -H9J) utioipui 1 12 :* : o : ■snjoiid -soqd ajBmlsoii,! Gms. 1.04 1.17 •jnqdjns jBJ'jnaf^ 0.187 .220 •iimd -JUS iE3jaiija g i i ■Jtiqd - 1 n s oraBdJoui Om. 0.845 .979 •jnqdins mo J, 0ms. 1.123 1.241 •naSojjra p 9 u I uug^apufi g £ S C! d • •uaSoJiiu p 1 B ounddiH ft '-' '-< C> d ■ ■uaaofl - 1 u auiaijBaJO film. 0.52 .57 •U93 -oj^ra piaB DU£i Om. 0.23 .20 •aaSoaaiu aaijn,^ 0.28 .25 •aaS -oJiiu^inouiuiv 0ms. 0.97 1.16 ; : i uaSoniu Baiji 0ms. 11.5 14.4 ■uaSojtm iBjox 14.1 17.2 •.iljABjS ogioedg 1 026 1.019 1- aumiOA I •H43J3M iSpog Kilos. 68.8 68.9 68.9 68.9 i" a (9 Q ot^oooic 3 s ^' « to I e>> g c-i to oJ 704 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH Oi' MAN. l£ •ja;BAV • ?o oi r- X 1^ t •iOp jiy (5 '. '•t^.^^c^ o : j^sss?; •jsiow O ::::::: j 127.1 1 80.3 f 359.6 1 217.5 91.1 C c 2 1 2 ■< d d T3 -O ; SB an!JO(qo 0ms. 11.0 G.75 10.5 -(001=-IOS s,Su!i -qaj) uBoipni § § § : sruoqd -soqd a;Bqdsoqi •stuoqd -soqd e^Bijdsoqj 1 o ^ w •JnqdinsiBJinax 5 c i ifr •inqd -ins [Baaama g d i ^ inqd - 1 n s oiubSjoui o 00 d o oc •jnqdins [b^ox i 9 i § p a a I uua^apuxi o d •naSojira j a :£ 2 23 p ! B ouiiddiH £ d ■ ■ •naSojj • I a auiui^BajO •naS •ojjia pioB oufi •aaSontuauunj^ .: 00 lo ir; Ci d • • •ua3 -ojjTu Biuounnv 8 S5 O d uaSojiiu Bain ■aaSojjiu iBjox « — • 00 M •ijiABia ogioadg N :=■ ca aumiOA ■jqSiaA ifpog; ;~ to CO to 70111— No. S8— 09- t~ooo»o-Herco?o •^siOH O oo N O O '-T d d ; ■O -3 ; — — 1 Urine. Reaction. i SB euijomo d "o •(OOT=-IOS s,3nn § g : •snjond -soqd a^BqcIsoqa; O 6 CD -^ O O ; •jnqdins iBJinajsT s ^ O) 3 ■ •jnqd g o -ins iBaiaqia O o 00 Ol § S : •jnqd S B -jns oiuegjoui O o O: 00 ; •onqdps ib:>0X | | .— ; peutuuaiapun. | o <= >o CO ; •naSoJiiu 1 s J:; p I B ounddjn I o d »o »o -lU -01% •naSojj auiai^eaio S 5! O 6 »C if3 • U piOBOUfl O d 01 (M ; •u93oi%m. auunj O d CC e-J ; •nai -ox^ra Biaoiuiuv O d ■ j •uaSoj^ni ■B9Jn 1 s e-i oi ; •uaSoJira \e%o;L •£^iA'B33 OBJoads o § i : •aiimioA o 1 1.470 [ 1,410 •^qSreAL .iCpog 1 — lO CN 0: C^ t^ • 03 05 OtO 01 00 Oi 01 • CO^ COCO ■ 1 a SS SSSSm ACTION ()!•' SODIIM liKX/O.M'K (IN THK HUMAN liVU\ 707 1 i •aa»«A\ a; « X iO CO - •Xjp Jiv i 34.2 20.7 30.4 23.5 34.1 26.1 32.5 ■)S10K 1 • 245. 7 139.2 i 217.1 165.8 206.0 147.0 135.0 Urine. Reaction. 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"jqajeAV ApoQ ^2 CO to to to to « CD 5^ C CO 15 E — ■^ to Poo 00 sg ago; zz. 708 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. 1 O W A "^ O § p; •.Op Jiv •jsjoyi OOI^V •OOicO -nop-* ---St- C<3 ?5 -^ • O CO frl 0*^5 • 00 O lis ■^ :o r^ ■ Q "^ "5 sv. aaijoiqo •(ooi=-ioss.3un -qe^) rreoipni ■snjoqd -soqd a^Bqdsoqj T-l CC --I •inqdins iPJina^ .J ^ o •jnqd -I n s TBajaq^a O o •jnqd -I n s otuBSjoni •mqdins I'b:;ox •naSoura pan nma^apufi ■naSoura pi OB oim'ddin •naSoii -; u auTni}B8io ■nag -na3ox)in anun^i CO CO CO 00 "-< o> U2 lO lO C 00 O rH OJ •ScOCD ■ t-- ^-.oo^- • O) o o> O) ^ '-0 C^ 1 00 5- 1-^ COS t>-00S^O-^'M«'^ ACTIO-N OK 8UDIUM liE^'ZUAlK (»N IIIK HUMAN liOi>Y. 7oy n T C-. ;r C4 Cl VC , jdlCAV l;r:3SSSf3 1 "■ " . 05 l~ CO M l~ !N 'O i - t S •Xjp Jiv o rsf5;^2$s « 1- C« O "T C m •jsjOK •9 IS s^Sgs^s ^ V — '^ — V— ' ] d o S ■Coo 4> ■S -a -3 b: < : - 1(5 e^ -H IjeN ao . . . S « on SB 9UIJ0IHJ - •(001=IOSS,3U!I is -qaj) uBOipui •snjoiid -sond ajBudsoq J 1 § s s rt TP -a" •jnildins jBJinafi C5 c5 ~tc cc » •JiiHd g g So -ins iBaaama tt 6 ■ • «> o m •jniid s f: {2 g -ins oiubSjoui Ci o • ■ CO t^ to g O) 05 o •jTiiidins iciox C; o ■ --^ 1 a ■uaSoj^in S S !J 3 pannmajapui-i O o • ■ •uaSojiiu s s =: s p ! B ounddiH O c> • • •ua^Joji £ g § S -• n auiuncaio tt c5 • ■ •ua3 g 2 J2 25 -oniu piOB ojafi O 5 '^ • ^ e» N »0 uaSojjiu auun J g (N CI (N •naa g E: 1= 88 -0J4IU Biuouim V ^ S o ' ii -.O CI 00 •naaoxira Bajfi 1 2 d 2 00 C^ CO &D . . . •n83oj:ttu iB^Oi cr :^i cc lO 5 " - - o r- -H •iluYBjS Dgroads s S S " " " « o o araniOA c. c. 1,44 1,72 1,52 — " _' — .—'•^ ^t~t~- o OOeo iqSiaAv .ipog •< gggg ■c>dd ■ r^ r^ t^ t^ t* T-i!NCO''l<»C^t*00 C C C o O O'r- J* zz ACTION OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON THE IIL'MAK UODY. 711 , • i~ c-i 1^ 1^ « •JOHi.u t3 ; •^ : 388Sff , JOtOlN i ^ •A-jp aiv o • •cS'^MIMINeO u. {= "3 •t^l^OOOiO 1 1 ?: ISJOH o : . ,_< T-t ^1 .-H «— t 1— < d o ai ■O d o V •3 ■a -o P5 ^ • : .1- •* «o klBN i S3 i S SB 9 tl I J m J '^ " '^ •(ooi=-ioss.3un g 2 S -qajt) mjoipui •StlJOTld g to Oa O) -soqcl aitjqdsoqj C r^ ss ^ « 5i •jTiTidins TBijneN g rH - ^ Cj ira -H 05 •juqd s § s § -1 !i s iBaiaqia d l^ CO •mqd _: >o o5 00 g to t~ 06 1 -T n s opreajoni d .03 o> « 1^ C-) ^ •jnnditis iTjjox s «? =; -: o CD 05 M 1.01 1.01 1.02 m 10 •aran[OA ,-r -T ,-r 80 ! • ^-^ C-1 •» •jqSieM ^pog; : igg Rg N M ■. 00 0» £ "S Q DQ ' ft^ !>- CD I CO Sow CO gs-- I:: 712 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OE MAN. © „ s •lajBAV ^ xoo 73.0 73.7 70.8 i •Xjp ijv O o»oo 9oe^ to t^ lO OOlrft-^ •jsioK oo si 0:i0 s _3 < d •T3 d SB 3 n I J m J c>> •(OOT=-IOS s,3un -qa^) DBOipni S s s •snjond -soqd ajBqdsoqj O o o 38 itiqdinsTBjjna^i ■5 d » O ■jnnd -ins i^ajaq^a Cj o i •jTiqd -ins oiubSjoui si O d -sO 00 ■onqdiiis ibjox Gms. 1.053 - s •S •naSojira p a u luuajapufi O d t- •naSojiiu pi OB oijn'ddiH CJ d 00 ^ ■ub3oi% -I u aniU!;Baj3 s s o d t^ 00 •na3 -OJ^IU ptOB ouxi g 2 Cs d (N " •na3ojjra ainin j[ ei d g s •nag -ojjui BiuouraiY O d gg 00 - •uaSojjui vaifi CO •uaSojVsH iBiox . 00 C5 '" 00 5 •iijiABjS ogioadg •anin]OA s to s § ■^co do § 1 •^qSiaAV Xpog 1^ o»o T-HNC* ^iCtC ACTION OK SODIUM BENZOATE ON THE HUMAN BODY. 713 •jajBAV a; •OCOOOOSO-Ht^cO ri 00 1^ t^ t^ i^ 00 1~- r" Weight. •Xjp Jiv c> t-*r^00»O00COiOlO idoiiri->Jot-^eo ISIOK 00 s iraoooooio-- ^^SSSB^SS Reaction. Acid ...do ...do •IO«N SB auijotqo 0ms. 13.3 12.9 10.6 •(00T = -Ioss.3uii -qaj) upoipni g S If? •stuoqd -soqd a^tjqdsoqj; Ottis. 1.00 1.15 1.16 •jnqdins TBJ^nejvi Om. 0.121 .183 s : — ■jiiqd -ins iBajaq^a Om. 0.091 .073 •jnqd -ins oirreSjoui Om. 0.897 .928 .938 •jnqdins T^^oj, 0ms. 1.109 1.184 1.155 •naSojira pauiuuaiapun. Oms. 0.85 1.10 .25 •uaSojjm ptoB oim'ddiH Om. 0.24 .25 .28 " — •naSoJi -I u amuijBajo Om. 0.57 .55 .72 •uaS -oi:Hu pioB oufi Om. 0.23 .23 .21 uaSoj^in arnm J •na3 -ojjra Btnonnnv ^ OO 00 t~ g IN IN (M O d Om. 0.86 .92 .88 •naSoxini Baan Oms. 13.1 13.5 14.7 •aaSoj^in itJ^ox Oms. 16.0 16.6 17.1 ■A%ia^bj3 ogioads 1.020 1.021 1.016 - -- •atunioA c. c. 1 1,605 i 1,466 } 1,770 •^qSjaM Xpog Kilos. 70.3 70.2 70.6 70.4 coco 1 Sept. 16 17 18 19 20 sg^s •* N ) goo gco 2 + a a d 05 » o)-g cj bete'; 0) o otife 714 SODIUM BENZO.\TE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. 'O w b •jaiGAV a; OS t^ com -N «0 00 t^ 00 o •* » 00 00Ot*00l^ 1 •i£jp jtV o eOt~OSOO!DO -ipqc^co 2^ ■JSTOH \ 163.0 201.0 79.4 130.2 98.0 163.1 a Reaction. Acid ...do ...do - ■13'EN s« auijomo Oms. 16.9 11.8 16.6 ■(00I='Toss,3uTi •a- -5 lo ■ •snioqd -soqd e^BqdsoTij Oms. 0.95 1.02 .95 •jnqdins TBj:>n9N Om. 0.124 .174 .114 •jnrid -ins iBaiaqja Om. 0.075 .036 .058 ■mud -ins oiubSjoui Om. 0.782 .740 .748 - ■mqdins lo^ox Om. 0.981 .950 .920 ■uaSoijin pauiuuajapufi Gm. 0.60 .82 .85 •nagojipi pioE oim'ddiH Om. 0.35 .42 .50 •aaSoj^ -I n aminjBaio Om. 0.68 .52 .71 •na9 Om. 0.19 .17 .22 ■naSoura ammti Om. 0.25 .22 .27 •ua3 -ojiiu Binonnnv Gm. 0.72 .72 .77 •uagojjin ■Eajn Gms. 11.5 10.7 10.9 •naSoijin tejoj, . —. -TO 6 " -' -' •.^^iabjS o^oads 1.020 1.020 1.020 •anrnjoA c. c. 1 1,595 I 1,410 1,610 •jqSraM jJpcg jwar- t^ r* r- 00 o Date. ft g? 1 oo'J'US I O eOO I Si C c aJ ACTIO.N OF SoDir.M lIKN/OATi: OX THE HUMAN liuDY, 15 •Xap Jiv •?siow 2o < •IJ«N SB eujiomj , ^ ■(OOI='Ios s,3mi SrHC^rt I "STuaqd : -soqd a^eqdsoqj mqdins n;j:}n3iv •jnqd -ins pjajaq^a 03 -^ lO ;ooom :0— lO •jnqd -ins oiuBgjoui •jnqdins moj. •uaSoJiju pan luuajapnn. •naSonfu PI OB oun'ddm C5d ■ • at CO 0 ■00 OS 00 00 g SCO -^ -"f Pm CO .s.g ■^ TJ« 22 716 SODIUM BENZdATK AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. o j:| 1 Jf'4«AV iC- ^ 1-1 -^ t^nSooo . « • rt ooo-w s ■Axp Jjv S ! S§S^2 S 2 _M1 cj : 1 "© oot^ira ^ -^sioM op • d o ■^ * X! o o ; Ol •C x; -o ■ CS "^ : : : . 00 — --c •lO^N g to ^' t' SB suijoiqj o"^ lO iC ■ o •(00T=loss,3nn C-4 X -«' • cc ^ -q9 J ) neojpui _ 1=° . STUOqd oico CO 1^ ■ g-H O » • o ; : -soqd a^Bqdsoqj 00 oc t^ • _; c» o o •inq91«A\ ta 3 1 > ^ o § 1 ■5 SB auiJO]i(,) X •(00T""IO8S,3mi -\\9A) ireojpni g S •snjoqd -soqd ajBqdsoq J is g -' •atu[dnisxT!jjn9N s2 ? •inqd -ins i^ojama d ■ C5 d •naSoj^ni Tsajn •u93oa^ia icjox •X'jjABja a^iaeds •aumioA •jqSiOM 4pog (N CI CI N o o «J ^ ^H ^eoo OS oi W CO"* »« to g d O U5 g.9S ACTION OF SODIUM BKXZOATK OK I 11 K I11;MA>; BODY. 719 j -H 0> 1~ M CJ -"Mfl c-i 1 •ja4BAV o 6ooo3*ooSoooS 1 i "^ !C« eoc •0 5 irj « to OC •XapaiV s ^Trddcoocccoo & .c if (3 COMCOC«JCO(MC<3C^ MOOOOOOlO =^ ■JSiOH C5 eo »n PO m ^ d r-< »o ^^v-^'^V^ ^-y- 1 a o *w k •c £ .2 d a •3 ^ "^ •§ CS _ < ; ; ; 05 1-1 O •K)«M s -i >.-: ri SB eiujoni,) •(00T=-Ioss,8nn § S ^• -qej) uciipui •snjond -soqdajciidsoTij i 1.61 1.67 1.62 _ (M rH t- 00 ^C^ 00 c^ to •jnndpis TBuneM S-H rt c^ C^ Od ■ 00 OS O (N ■jniid So o o § -ins |B8J9q}a C5d • ■ ■ - .in lo M ■Jtiqd Gms 0.95 1.06 1.09 1.15 -ins onreajoui . >c lO r* eo »■# .-^ >o o •jnqdins H^joj, g^ " m >o a5 O-^' '-^ -^' -^^ c '^ p pan inuajapuii 0.92 .53 .22 .98 •uagojjiu SS fe S fe PI OB ounddiH ttd • • • •naSon s^ § 5 § -t n aniuiieaj^ bd • ■ • ■naS S "T CO C^ ■^ C^ ' 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 l~ g -^ t^ tc CO SS CO CO — CO CO ^ coiot^ocooocn co-^d'ococo'^5!' lOoor.'^^t^'Ot^o; coco "-iCl --I ■-" SB anijomo ;«j Urine. •(00T=-TOSS,3nn -qa^) ireotpni O >0 IO o • • ■' ■o T ■<»> : ; ; •snioqd -soqd ajiiqdsoqj Oms. 1.38 1.37 1.47 1.30 •jnqdins iBunajM Gm. 0.093 .123 . 135 . l-'5 •jnqd -I n s iBajaq'ja: Om.. 0.042 .040 .042 .039 •jtiqd -ins om^Sioui Oms. 0.991 .972 1.038 .921 •onqdyns je^ox Oms. 1.126 1.135 1.215 1.105 •naaojiiu pauiuuaiapan Oms. 1.07 .80 .98 .75 •nagoj^ni pi OB outiddiH Om. 0.06 .07 .08 .08 •naSoJi -I n ammiBaio ■ .-1 00 >o 00 • • • 1 go T ^ Nl> • . • o o - -■'::: •naS Om. 0.24 .22 .23 .22 •naSojam emand g S S « M ■; •; : o d ' ' : : : •uaS -ojjiaBTnoniuiv Om. 0.57 .58 .58 .53 •uaSoj^ta vaia Oms. 13.6 12.7 14.2 13.6 •u83ojjin mox •Xi|ABi8 ogioadg . rH Ol O t- j j ; go ■<*' d »c • • • C) "" "^ '^ '^ : ; : ■<»■ —1 o o • ■ • CO CO CO 55 • ■ • O O O C ; ; ; , : : ; •aiunioA CO O ic o • • • . ^' T ^ CI C5 • • ■ ^00 o-. Ol oo ■ • • iq3ieA Xpoa Kilos. 67.5 67.5 67.2 66.6 66.1 66.1 65.7 66.1 1 i 3 5 a c n 0- ACTION OF SODIUM BENZO.VTE ON THE HUMAN BODY. 721 Feces. •19%9M. ■3 a; u) 00 1" ■» ■«' o» 00 ffSSSSSSI •.Op Jiv cs 0» CO ■* lO CO CO W CO W C*3 W 1SI0I CO .^ rt -H -1 IN -H c Reaction. < 8.95 ...do 12.0 ...do •DON SB auijoxno OV ■(00I = -TOSs,3n!T -qaj ) UBOipui 10 •snjotjd -soijd a^Bqdsoq J i 1.22 1.27 1.34 ■mqdins iBJ^naN 0.159 .123 .184 •jnqd -I n s iEaj8q;a 0.061 .072 .042 - ur.tid -I II s oprBSaoni 0.824 .790 .872 •aniidtns le^ox C5 1.044 .985 1.098 •uaSoj^iu pauitma^apuxi s 1.00 ..58 .45 •naSojjTu piDB ojm'ddjH 0.08 .11 .13 - •uaSoji -I u auinn^aja 0.65 .64 .60 •ua3 -oj;iu pioB oufi 0.20 .20 .23 •uaSojjTU anTitifX d •na3 -oj^in Binotmnv 0.83 .65 .54 •uaSoj^iu ^Bi[\ 1 10.5 10.7 12.6 •iiaSojjia Tt;;ox 13.3 12.9 14.6 •ji^iABiS ogjoadg 1.030 1.032 1.028 •eumioA j »0 lO 10 IN -^ Oi •^nSraM Xpog; Kilos. 66.0 66.1 66.1 66.2 66.5 66.3 Date. TT 10 CO t-ooo>o »;c-» 00 8t5d §•9 8 70111— No. 88—09 46 722 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. •aaiBAv "^ 86.7 82.6 85.1 78.7 76.7 82.1 81.0 i •jCjpiiv 32.2 39.6 25.8 11.4 48.9 35.1 24.6 •jsioK i \ 242.0 1 227.7 1 172.7 \ 53.3 J 209.4 \ 196.3 129.5 ACTION OF SODIUM BKNZO.VTK ON TJJE ilDMAN BODY. 723 ■laviM. ft; 81.9 90.7 78.5 80.6 80.6 .Ef •iip jjv 1 8 49.5 11.1 25.2 27.9 30.3 ■jsjOH o M lO O O 'O M CO CO C5 t^ -^ o IS a 1 '3 d d ST5 eiiijoiqo C5 00 d ^ •(00l = 'loss,3n!f -H9J ) UBOipui f§ sg ; - •snjoqd -sotid a^jtiqdsoq J « o ^ •jnqdins ^Bj^naM 1 S d M 00 •jiitid -ins i'G8jaurj: d ^ CO •jnqd -X n s oiubSjoui d lO C35 t- 00 •jnndins itJiox s lO m o - •uaSoJira pouiuuajapun d «o 00 ■>!< CO •naSoj'nn pi OB OTjnddiH d ° " •naSoj^ -1 n euiuiiBaaj o d to o •na3 -OJ^lU pUB OUfl d — ' o •uaSojjra auim J d M CI •iia3 -oura Biaonira V d g {2 •uaSoj^ia Bajfi C3 d 1^ CO •naSoj^iu iBiox e 6 C3 OC "f CO "3= •.i^iABiS ogpads 1 !! -- •axuniOjV u 1 8 3 •iqSTOA^ ApoQ 64.7 66. 1 66. 5 65.8 1 Q -. O — - br,^ « ; d d •(00I = 'TO8S,3nn : M •snjond -soqd aieqdsoq L- ■.^1!abj3 agjDads 1 i 1 •aiunjOA 5 2 oc 3: •:)q3i3A .ipoa i 66.2 66.1 65.7 66.1 1 P 3 :=ti?jf;S; 3 Soo d C S ACIH^N OF SODIUM BENZOATK f)N IKK HIMAiN h(tI>V 725 ja>«M •Ajp JJV S •»s|OW •(00T = "loss.3nn tC 00 f- M W -" « SSKSoSSf: o o> M o: r^ r^ t^ ^ 00 00 OS «-^ 5? X O "O 00 O « •-< i-» IT M O ) •uaSojini B3ifl S •naaojjnj jb^jox •jS^pvBiS ogioadg ■anmiOA iqSiaM ^pog n fgss kk WW NO gg|| 726 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. ACTION OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON TUE HUMAN BODY 727 •ja^cAV •Xipjrv •;siOR sc eujaomo •(001='loss,3n]i ■snjoqd -solid 9^t:qdsoq rD OS ^ O 03 t>^ O 1-1 CO M fl CO e<5 CO U5 e< C^ O O e<5 lO S" CO 00 ^ 1-^ c in g T-< N CO 25 ,-, r T-i in CO g -a" iH CO O 6 rH rJ g s •uasoj^ -T u auiui^BajQ •naS -oa^m piJB ouxi ■na3oj;in 9iruno 00 • »0 CO to lO •^intot^oooso»-t >ccco .g O S aS i3 728 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. T3 a> I-) s n > c o u c; Ui <-> « ^ t> y IT) '^ •a o o <» tf •1 a, » fi o < ^ o s ^ s^ 1 o •ja>BM •jtip JJV •^sion •(001="loss,3un i-icDcor^ £ iji5 O ^ t^ ^ •snjoiid -soqd a^Eqdsoqj T-l N TO •jnqdjnsTcxjnaK •jnqd -I n s Tcajama •jnqd g q3 -ins oiuBSaoni !3 d •inqdins is^ox •naSojiTU p an I uuajapnxi •naSoj^iu pioe ounddTH g S •uaSoj; -I n aniuiiBajo -oijia pioB oufi S =^ •uaSonraanund; •na3 -oj^ra Biaounnv •ueSoxtni Bajfi. •uaSoxHu TW)o J, •^iabj3 oy {Dads t- 00 00 CC M •eunqoA ■^qSjaAk iCpog .-1 c^ -- oocot^ &^H ^^ Cl ^ 5? 00 o> i-HNW^'OtOt^OO e<< « N w e^ M CT N Is 22 A(JT10^' OF SODIUM BENZOATE U^' TUE HUMAiS' liUDi, T'^y Feces. •i9JBM. o 1 ^ : oooi;* t^ 1^ GO ooo oc^oo i •Xjp.Jiv o : 47.4 37.8 25.1 72.0 29.9 40.9 •4ST0K 1 1 \ 211.7 ( 188.5 I 158.7 oo-Hr~ COi-H f-l Urine. 1 Acid SI. acid ... SB 9 n I J m ,^ 13.1 10.6 d •{00T=-Ioss,3u!i -qaj) rreojpui s ^• « •snjoud -soqd eicqdsoqj 1.24 1.11 ^ •jnqdiMs injjiiaM Gm. 0.144 .184 i •Jiiqd -1 n s leajaqia Om. 0.042 .042 CD •jnqd -ins oiue3ioui Gm. 0.812 .930 •aiiqdnis iB'iox Gms. 0.998 1.156 •naSojiiu pauiuiiatapuxi Om. 0.58 .72 S •naSoj^ni pi OB oijnddiH Gm. 0.11 .12 o •naSoJi -I u euiunBaiQ Om. 0.73 .63 -g •uaS Om. 0.20 .26 ^ ■n93o •na jjniauun,! Om.. 0.23 .31 ^ - •naS I eiuouraiv Gm. 0.45 .53 s 3ojjin tiojxi 0ms. 11.2 12.7 cq •uaSojjiu T^^ox 0ms. 13.3 15.0 o •^ jia«j8 ogioadg 1.024 1.021 •auiiijOA c. c. } 1,280 [ 1,430 o •1H3I8AV jCpog S i? CO * i 3 c c s JC<5'*US« 3 3t- ooo S 9 S 730 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. P^ •jai^M. a; 78.1 77.2 80.5 80.4 00 00 4^ •iCjpjTV O 31.7 29.9 18.5 39.9 •?s]OH eo e \ 145. 7 131.2 { 94.5 1 203. 7 o CO -5 0} a a P5 Acid ...do 6 SB 9UTjoiqo 0ms. 6.79 8.60 CO -(00T=-Ioss,SinT S S •snjoqd -soqd a^Bqdsoqa Oms. 0.86 1.34 in CO •jnndinsiBunaN Om. 0.142 .145 1 •mud -J n s iTOJama Om. 0.045 .072 CO •JTlT{d -I n s oiubSjoui Om. 0.568 .929 § •jnqdins t^jox Oms. 0.755 1.146 s •naSojiTU pgniuuajapnji Om. 0.25 .56 "3 •nagonra pi OB oijnddiH Om. 0.14 .17 CD •na3oj^ -J n eaiujiBajo 0.47 .69 CO •naS Om. 0.18 .26 (M •na3oJiraainjni OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON THE IIUMAN BODY, 731 £ ••13)'! AV 0.; O ■«• 00 I" (3> -H lO rH Ci 00 ^ to .-i ^ 00 00 I~ 1^ 00 00 00 i •Xjpjiv •9 ■-1INNOOCOO •*s|OK o u5 to o "5 CO CO eo 8|2^g§S i 1 Acid ...do ...do SB euijonio Gms. 15.3 10.0 13.3 ■(001=-loss,3nn -qej) UBOipai lO lO o 00 t^ to •snjoTjd -soqd aiiBqdsoqj; Gms. 1.56 1.13 1.42 ■jntidius ]Tjj}n8^[ Gm. 0.187 .175 .175 ■jnqd -T n s T^ajaq^a Gm. 0.050 .062 .047 •jnqd -1 n s oratigjoni Gms. 1.080 .853 .849 •jnqdins i^^oj, Gms. 1.317 1.090 1.071 •naSoj^ra p a u luuajapufi 0ms. 1.11 .63 .34 •naSoJiin pi OB ounddiH Gm. 0.18 .22 .24 •naSojj -J o euiu}:)Eaio Gm. 0.62 .64 .82 •naS -OJ^TU piOB OlJfl Gm. 0.28 .21 .24 naSojjra ammj- Gm. 0.31 .24 .28 •naS -ojjiu Biuouiniv Om. 0.58 .57 .52 •ua3oi:jra ^aifi Om^. 14.9 12.3 12.9 •naSoj^ra tb^oj, 0ms. 17.7 14.6 15.1 •j£;l.vbj§ ogpads 1.027 1.026 1.023 •aumiOA c. c. 1 1,325 i 1,000 \ 1,355 •iq3i3Av Ipog Kilos. 66.1 66.3 66.6 66.1 .-IIN 1 3 5 iapt. 10 17 18 19 20 S?5S S.B ^3 a a a a a a 732 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH Oi- MXK. ACTION OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON THE UUMAN lioDV. 73a •jo^BAV •iSjpjTV 1S]0P( M •>1< ■* 5 o o I. lO '*' Oi •(001=-loss,3nn ■q9j) uBoipni 35*- •Bnjoqd -soqd eiBqdsoqj jnqdpis iBxjnaN i 00 00 00 •jnqd -ins IB9J9ma gooo •jniid -I n s oiTreSjoir[ •miiditis iB^ox •naSonni pan irajaiapnn. •naSoxjra ptoe ounddiH goo en 00 csd • ■ •nagon -I a amin^Baao •naS -oxjra pioB opii •naSojjiu aoijnj •na3 -ojira ciuouirav ■naSoJira Bain •aa3onni tbiox •XljABJdi ogioads •atunioA •;q3iaA ipog gt^soto gcQC^cJ Od • • g?5SS Od ■ ■ o=ja5S 5 II g|:5 :z;Z 734 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. ACTION OF SODTUM BENZOATE ON THE HUMAN BODY. 735 •JOICAV •^ip JIV •^siopi s e 9 u ! J o I q ^i •(00I=-loss,3nn -qaj) treoipni SS8 •sniond -solid a^Bijdsoqti O o ■jimd -ins icaaama s s C5 o •jnqd g ;g -I n s oiubSjooi cj o •jtmdiTis iBjox •naSojira pan iiuaaiapnii ■uaSojjin pi OB oiJiiddiH •uaSoj'i -I n amnijtjajo O d O d •naa g f3 -oj^ju pi3B oun o o o ■U83 -ojjin ■Biuomuiv •uaSoj^in B3JI1 •uaSoj^in iB^ox g 40 O d 1^ d •X^iABiS ogioady •eniniOA •iqSjaM .Cpog U T-l *-l : tc '•'^ 00 >0 CO » <0 (O ?o o ^ f- 00 <35 O .-H C-J <2>2 PQ a> 01 o WW i •t^ <<» p pPW I?:?: 3(\ SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. 3 C '*> a o O 1^ m^M. P.ct. ""si." 2 78.1 77.9 90.1 Weight. •XjpjTV 0ms. is." 3' 26.1 27.8 28.8 •jsiOK 1 ^ 1 "5 "5 5 ■.°'^Si?, i Acid ...do •lO^N 0ms. 9.43 12.6 ■(00T='Ioss,ann -qaj) treaipui S 5 : stuoqd -soqd ajBqdsoq J ms. 1.13 1.14 •jnqdins i^j^na^i Om. 0.134 .153 •mqd -ins TBaj9q^a Om. 0.059 .036 •jnqd -ins omBSjotq Om. 0.715 .934 •jnqdins jb^ox 0ms. 0.908 1. 123- naSoura paniuua^apnfi Om. 0.59 .86 •na3oi:jni pioe oun'ddjH Om. 0.07 .07 •nsaojj -! n 8nnn;B9Jo Om. 0.63 .54 •U93 -ojjra piOB oufi Om. 0.18 .23 •naSoj^inanunj Om. 0.22 .27 •nag -OHIO Biuorauiv ci d ■ : •naSonpi B9jn 0ms. 12.0 10.7 •n93ox>iu ie!)ox 0ms. 14.0 13. 2 •jtrHABjS ogioeds 1.024 1.029 ■9uinioA •jqSia.w ApoQ Kilos. 66.5 66.5 66.5 66.5 i 1 CI r: -f to to S -r -o d §•92 ACTION OF SODTITM BENZOATK ON THK HUMAN RODY. 737 •poijp 'juapAv ■IIS8JJ 'jiiSieAV 1-^ •opuoiqo uin -ipOS SV WUM\\\J snjoqd -soqd Bjuqdsoiij . -HOI ftS CO ^ Soi id <5 •jnqd[ns iBJjneN ■atiqd[ns i«ai9ma jnqdins oiubSjouj goo Oc5 • Oc5 • •jnqdiiis [Bjox ■naSoj-j -in panniLia^apafi •uaSoj^in p I B o uhddiH aaSojjui uiuijBaxj naSonrapioBoufi ■uaSoJim Tiimd •ua3 -oj^iu Biuounnv •uaSojjin 'Baifi gt^ O g-- gC^rH 0=3 • godi^ •uaSoJiin ib;ox •ajBOZuaq innipos JO asop Awsa |s^ |=>° O>00 JO ■OOI- -1"» l>- 00 00 1^ 00 00 I* l^ O O '-O "5 M ■* O -HC>ddoiC5 O) O^ O^ 00 Oi Oi i*H 03 C0M«^O"!(<0>>*00 ■o f CO lo t-i en c^ r^ co'4'co-fcoco-r-t* oooooooo (NO- ^OOOSt^l^OSOOO 00.-t»-lO5^*Mf-liC5 t^-^l^iOt^t^QOSCN _ O 05 C^ O 00 00 OOiOOOCSr-<.-(r-< OOO^O^t^oOOiOsO OOO-^OSC^O-^ O Oi f-H 05 Oi t-H ^ CI CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO 00 O ^ 1^ CO O? 1^1 -I- I- CO 00 CO oo C^ C^ 1^ t^ Ol t-< Ol o ■* CO "f CO ■^ CO oooo o Oi CO CO »-H T}^ oicnco^oo o <^ t- r^ 00 COCS <-H00iC O 00 CO 00 to 00 05 05 GCO OOOOOi-H Tf -n* to CO o .-H ;D C^> ^ O T-I.-Io »o ^ lO ■* lO lO OCT>050IM (N .-t ^ C^ (M eo-.>>>>>.>. bi ai M a a 3 3 3 • , . JO/-S I 1 CO COOS (NOS.-l(NCJ MOOMMOa 70111— No. 88--09 47 738 SODIUM HENZOATE AND T1[E HEALTH OK MAN. ^ MOO O ■JajBAV -•1^00 00 .CO "> ■epuoiq.! lun -ipos SB aauoiqo j •jnqdins icaiaiHa Od c>d • • jnqdins oiubSjoiii lO « oi 'O . ■«ro)oo'*t-MOO ^coddo'O'^-^ cco*oc'»'c;rooo -^•^Ocoocsoa^ C^-^CMroroc^C^ -H c^ c^ — I N .-• e^ o •jnqd[ns iTSiox •naSoji -la pauiuiia^apun S- •nagojjra p ! oe ouiiddiii uaSoj^in uinij'eaia ■nasoj^in pioB oun ■uaSojjra nunj •aaa -oiiin Binonituv ^d ■ 00 00 o t^ t^COOOOOMQOCO 00 C .-H CC CO ^^co^ r^cocD"^ oi ^. CO •* oc - -.c o cicocococo-^toco '. 1^ t^ t* t^ w »0 O CO lO ■<>* ici •«> 00 00 CD uSco >oo6cD CI -i coococoeo cirHO r^co ■**' CD coco CO o o> O CI 00 CO 00 "O O -.J* C3000 o O i-H «0 00 CO .-( d -V lO 03 oooocno TJICOCO CO"^ CO N -^ 1^ 'H OCO^Hi-H CI CI .-H CI 1^00 CO *0 C3i CD 05 CO t^ .-"CO lO ^ t^CO CO »o r^oooc 1^00 CD--05.-IO CI CO CI coco .-H lO CI lO o CO CO CO CO CO 00 0)00 00 00 a>.-c* CO lOCOCOCDO •^ ■^ CI CI '1< TT I-.. »0 O t^ OJCOCO uioOrj « eodr-i ^ II ococo t-i II eiciio C» CO ^ o rlCOCO coco CO OQCOt^ CICOi-l 0'--r*t^ t«r-t>-«oco •*! c!|d>5c c c 3 3 -. ^■>-^^- tf M tfl ■■5 3 3 3 5 53 ^-5 "-S t-5 1-3 ^ ^ *s o c c^ C CJ w m X X '^ -^^=^>>-^ xgg^^ >>> ACTION OF tJODIUM liENZOA II>»»jS THE HUMAN BODY. 739 •jaiOAV •pejjp 'JuSpM •iisaaj '^qSiaAV ■epuom.) uin -ipos SB atiijom;) •snojoqd -soqd ai^ndsoiu jMOOtO . 1/5 00 >0 ftooOi-l SOSOC :c3 • oc 1^ 00 00 oo oc 00 1- ao 'TOOOOOOOOOON-"*' cicii-HO'^'^r^oO'^ irf r-J IQ M rf 03 !>; CO CO ■^00O00^H.-)00OO t* ••i^ oi Ti »c CO ci CO >o OO»Ci0^0000C0Ci C5»-- COC-><0 0»"0 to fi od ^r c I M 6j c5 c< c< O5c5 •jniidins leaaama gooo T --C :0 O 1^ t^ . o 1-1 (M .-H rH 0(N COOSOO Cq cDcot^oci-i.^o 1^'J t» o 00 rt CI CI -H « O CI -^ c» CJOCOt-Ii-i •uaSoj^in ii?4ox .•oo OSiHt-QO ^cocici ^1-lr-ll-l r- to CO CD CD CO -^ OS ^^ r^ CO CO •ajBOznaq nmipos JO asop jCireQ lOtOiOtOtOiOtOtO ooto-^o •sjCbp jo iaquiriN t^-i-t^t^r-t^t-.^-t* t^t^t-*cD CO 4,0! I I "i r vJi-L a .^.^^^-^ ti bi 60 ooJ^7° I I CDCOOS ClOSr-lCJCl WWCCMM 1— i'^'-* S'-''l>'^t~'>^EXb<' t"!"— 'Sl-i'^ ^xR><>< «xS 740 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. ■jajBAV <(30C •paijp 'iq3i3AV ■qsaaj 'iqSwAV •apuomo nin -ipos SB oauoiq^ •saioqcl -soqd ajBqdsoqj ■jnqd[ns lBI^n^^^ oooo6oSS%aot^ I 00 ^ooooi^SS So SSt^S So 00 — m o ■» c-i vo -i I o> c-i o» r~ o « ^ .-H CO lo 00 c^i ci -c I oc No -^ -^ c-i c^ coocooo-i — ox I* i^ CO ^ -^ ;i I'- CO COt^'O-OrtOJ^)'^ ^O50000iOt^»C^ ioo»ococ<;ocog ■^* -^ ioc4do6 "i i^eoeo«-H ^ ^ t'-C^CJ CO O CO — ^ ^ cooo c-i (NococSm 05— 00 w* t^ lo r^ -^ to 0<0eo •jnqdins [Baiaq^a Soo CI o CO CI o o r- — lO O ^r -^ -w :i -^ lO OOOOOOOO •jnqdins oiubSjouj eoOOOO gOOV 00 lO rt O (N .-I C« C C^^^^0000»O:DC »-0 00 ^T Oi C"! lO O »0 ■•3» O ooooo COOb-OOO O) 00 O 00 o> •jnqdins ibjox 05 lOiO •ua3oj} -in p8U!Uua:i3pn£i c^^^iocsosot^»o t^ lO 05 o ;o CO TT "^ UO ^^ — I O— .O" ^H »o rococo O 'J' O ■* 00 •naSojim piDB oiaiiddiH OO^OOC^OOOiO^O ^oo^oooo •naSoiiju mmjeaio C0>O"n'>OC0'CC0CO o » ;o 00 o X N 05 to •nsSojiiu piDB ouri Od • C^CQ(NCSC-1M(NIM OO c^ ^* ^ ■^ CJ N C*l (N C* •naSoj^in nun.coco IMOl O O B 13 3 3 - " m <: " 7 1^^ CO -H -. (N m f^ -^ ^ >^>, >,>.>, si ti si 2 zi'S'S3 523 Tocod) CQCQCOCOOa > ACTION OJ' yoDIl .M IIKN/UAIK ON THE HIMAN BODY. SERIES C. I't'nrntayes, nitrogen and sulphur in urine. SUBJKCT I It. 741 No. Dat* (1908). "I: June 15-16 June 17-18 June 19-20 June 21-22 June 23-24 June 25-26 June 27-28 July 3-5 July 6-7 July 8-9 July 10-12 July 1.3-14 July 15-16 July 17-19 July 20-21 July 22-23 July 24-26 July 27-28 July 29-20 July 31- Aug. 2.. Aug. 3-4 Aug. 5-6 Aug. 7-9 Aug. 10-11 Aug. 12-13 Aug. 14-16 Aug. 17-18 Aug. 19-20 Aug. 21-23 Aug. 24-25 Aug. 26-27 Sept. 2-3 Sept. 4-6 Sept. 7-8 Sept. 9-10 Sept. 11-13 Sept. 14-15 Sept. 16-17 Sept. 18-20 Sept. 21-22 Sept. 23-24 Sept. 25-27 Sept. 28.. Sept. 29 Sept. 30 Oct. 1 Oct. 2 Oct. 3-4 Oct. 5-6 Oct. 7-8 Oct. 9-11 Oct. 12-13 Oct. 14-15 1 >, -S X} O d o CO d Ut ^S .c Fi >> D "3 'A O Grams. 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 .3 2 .3 2 .3 3 .3 2 .3 2 .3 3 .3 2 .3 2 .3 3 .3 2 .3 2 .3 3 .3 2 .3 2 .3 3 .3 2 .3 2 .3 3 .3 2 .3 2 .3 3 .3 2 .3 2 .3 2 .6 3 .6 2 .6 2 1.0 3 1.0 2 1.0 2 1.5 3 1.5 2 1.5 2 2.5 3 f 2.5 \ 3.0 3.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 1 I 1 2 2 1 2 1 3 2 2 86.2 87.3 SO. 9 80.8 86.4 78.4 85.3 78.4 78.5 82.7 84.6 76.8 86.5 83.2 83.8 80.9 8.3.2 81.9 82.7 82.7 80.8 84.7 80.9 81.7 84.6 85.8 78.6 8.3.6 80.6 83.5 79.6 83.5 85.0 87.8 85.2 85.8 83.8 83.4 8.3.5 85.0 85.9 ^83.6 81.9 8.3.9 84.0 83.5 86.9 85.5 86.4 85.6 82.9 84.0 82.9 In per cent of total nitrogen. '5 a t 1 2 .2 ^ 1 a a ? II It a < fL, t) O W ^ 3.5 1.7 1.4 3.6 0.6 4. 1 4.5 2.5 2.1 4.0 .5 1.2 4.2 1.9 1.6 4.0 .6 8.4 4.4 1.8 1.3 4.7 .7 7.6 4.0 1.3 1.1 4.6 .6 3.0 3.9 2.1 1.7 5.1 .5 10.0 4.2 1.8 1.6 4.6 .6 3.5 6.4 1.9 1.6 4.7 .9 7.7 4.2 1.8 1.4 4.4 .8 10.3 3.1 1.9 1.8 4.9 .6 6.8 3.7 1.9 1.7 3.3 .7 5.8 6.7 1.8 1.6 3.9 .6 10.2 3.8 1.5 1.3 3.5 .8 3.9 4.3 2.0 1.7 4.5 1.2 4.8 4.2 1.7 1.5 3.5 .8 6.0 3.5 1.9 1.8 4.3 1.0 8.3 4.4 2.1 1.9 4.7 1.0 4.6 7.4 2.1 1.9 4.6 1.1 2.9 3.2 1.9 1.7 5.5 1.2 5.5 3.6 2.2 1.8 4.9 1.0 5.7 4.4 2.1 1.7 4.3 .8 7.6 .3.4 2.2 1.6 4.7 .7 4.3 4.0 1.9 1.8 3.9 .5 8.8 3.8 1.9 1.6 3.8 .6 8.2 2.9 2.0 1.8 3.9 .7 5.9 2.9 1.9 1.5 4.3 .9 4.2 5.0 1.8 1.6 3.7 .7 10.2 3.0 2.0 1.7 4.3 .9 6.2 3.0 2.3 1.8 4.0 .9 9.2 3.9 1.9 1.4 3.7 .8 6.2 3.3 1.8 1.5 4.2 .7 10.4 4.3 1.7 1.6 3.6 .9 6.0 5.6 2.0 1.8 3.0 .8 3.6 3.8 2.0 1.8 3.8 1.0 1.6 4.3 1.5 1.3 .3.8 .8 4.4 3.7 1.8 1.6 4.2 1.5 3.0 4.3 1.9 1.6 4.3 1.4 4.3 3.4 2.0 1.8 .3.6 1.9 .5.7 4.1 1.6 1.5 3.5 1.9 5.4 5.0 1.8 1.6 4.4 1.7 2.1 4.0 1.8 1.6 5.0 2.4 .9 3.7 1.8 1.6 4.2 2.3 4.4 2.9 2.4 2.1 5.0 3.8 4.0 ! 2.8 1.7 1.4 3.5 3.9 4.2 1 3.2 1.8 1.5 3.6 3.6 .3.8 ' 3.2 1.7 1.4 3.6 4.3 3.7 3.2 2.4 2.1 3.0 1.0 3.5 I 4.0 1.9 1.5 3.8 .8 4.0 3.8 1.9 1.5 3.8 .8 3.3 3.0 2.0 1.6 4.7 .4 4.3 3.1 2.2 1.7 4.6 .6 6.6 3.0 1.8 1.5 3.8 .3 7.1 |4.9 1.7 1.4 3.1 .3 7.1 In per cent of total sulphur. 76. « 86.1 82.6 7.3.8 74.5 79.2 76.3 80.4 78.7 77.3 78.4 79.5 80.2 83.3 80.3 76.3 79.0 77.3 75.4 79.2 79.7 82.6 75.4 79.3 79.7 84.6 76.4 80.8 80.5 80.0 75.0 80.1 82.5 77.8 80.5 80.8 79.3 78.8 78.2 79.4 77.3 82.2 79.9 83.9 84.2 81.0 79.7 79.7 81.4 86.2 83.0 81.0 78.3 4.5 3.0 2.9 7.5 7.2 3.5 3.9 5.2 5.6 3.8 6.2 3.4 4.2 4.1 4.1 4.6 5.9 6.7 5.8 4.6 3.1 4.8 5.4 4.0 4.3 5.3 5.0 4.6 5.0 5.9 5.5 4.2 4.2 2.2 3.5 5.4 3.3 4.4 4.6 3.4 6.5 2.9 5.3 3.7 2.2 3.5 2.6 4.0 5.0 4.6 5.2 7.3 6.2 18.9 10. 5 14.5 18.7 18.3 17.3 19.8 14.4 15.7 18.9 15.4 17.1 15.6 12.6 15.6 19.1 15.1 16.0 18.8 16.2 17.2 12.6 19.2 16.7 16.0 10.1 18.6 14.6 14.5 14.1 19.5 15.7 13.3 20.0 16.0 1.3.8 17.4 16.8 17.2 17.2 16.2 14.9 14.8 12.4 13.6 15.5 17.7 16.3 1.3.6 9.2 11.8 11.7 15.5 742 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. Percentages, nitrogen and sulphur in urine — Continued. SUBJECT U H. No. in IV M Date (1908). "II VU \\ vni IX X XI xn xni XIV XV XVI xvuij xvnii June 16-17 June 18-19 June 20-21 June 23-23 June 24-25 June 26-27 June 28-29 July 3-5 July 6-7 July 8-9 July 10-12 July 13-14 July 1.5-16 July 17-19 July 20-21 July 22-23 July 24-26 July 27-28 July 29-30 July31-Aug. 1. Aug. 2-4 Aug. 5-6 Aug. 7-9 Aug. 10-11 Aug. 12-13 Aug. 14-16 Aug. 17-18 Aug. 19-20 Aug. 21-23 Aug. 24-25 Aug. 26-27 Sept. 3-3 Sept. 4-6 Sept. 7-8 Sept. 9-10 Sept. 11-13 Sept. 14-15 Sept. 16-17.... Sept. 18-20.... Sept. 21-22 Sept. 23-24 Sept. 25-27.... Sept. 28 Sept. 29 Sept. 30 Oct. 1 Oct. 2 Oct. 3-4 Oct. 5-6 Oct. 7-8 Oct. 9-11 Oct. 12-13 Oct. 14 Grams. .45 .45 .45 .45 .45 .45 .45 .45 .45 .45 .45 .45 .45 .45 .45 .45 .45 .45 .45 .45 .45 .45 .45 .45 .6 .6 .6 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.5 / 2.5 \ 3.0 3.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 In per cent of total nitrogen. In per cent of total sulphur. 80.8 81.7 80.5 79.9 82.0 78 9 80.7 79.0 81.0 80.5 80.0 81.8 81.9 81.3 81.5 83.3 82.6 79.7 78.9 80.8 78.5 81.2 80.0 76 3 81.0 84.5 81.2 81.4 79.4 83.6 81.0 79.9 80.7 83.2 87.2 83.0 79.2 76 80.7 81.2 82.2 [so. 3 81.0 80.4 77.8 79.7 79.0 80.5 83.0 82.3 82.2 81.3 81.9 I 4.8 I 4.9 I 6 3 5.3 5.2 7.4 7.7 7.3 5.9 4.8 6 5.2 5.5 5.4 5.4 5.5 5.5 5.9 5.2 5.4 6.1 5.9 5.7 5.2 4.5 5.0 5.8 4.9 5.4 .5.2 4.9 5.0 6 6 5.7 4.0 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.5 61 5.7 5.9 45 4.4 4.6 5.3 6.9 4.4 5.0 5.5 4.8 5.7 6 5 go 2.6 3.0 3.4 4.9 3.8 6.9 3.7 4.8 .9 ! 6.0 1.0 i 6.8 .7 4.5 .3 4.4 . 3 5. 6 .3 60 .5 4.3 Sp. 8.3 79.6 7.9 87.8 6.5 82.3 7.8 81.6 5.0 76 9 6 1 79.4 2.4 75.2 .5.5 77.1 4.4 76 5 6 5 73.0 6 2 72.3 4 9 79.6 ^■A 75.8 5.4 79.0 6 3 80.1 2.7 77.7 4.0 77.3 5.6 78.3 7.6 74 9 5.8 81.6 7.5 76 8 5.1 79.1 6 9 77.7 0.6 80.3 7.5 77.8 2.6 81.3 5.4 80.0 6 1 83.0 5.9 79.4 2.3 80.2 6 1 81.3 5.0 76 7 4.6 78.1 3.9 79.7 .3 74 2 3.0 79.5 61 76 8 8.5 87.0 5.7 85.7 3.5 79.8 3.7 81.0 4.3 83.1 7Q a 83.8 80.0 81.2 76 7 80.1 81.7 84 4 81.6 81.3 78.9 46 5.6 9.2 3-7 5.1 3.7 48 5.5 6.5 48 41 45 4 6 3.9 5.9 6.6 5.0 7.4 6.5 5.2 8.8 7.3 6 9 6.5 7.7 6.8 3.4 3.2 5.3 48 5.3 6.2 5.5 5.9 10.3 43 5.7 5.2 6 1 4 9 5.0 5.2 5.9 4 8 40 •3.0 4 6 49 5.8 43 2.9 61 46 ACTION OF SODTUM BENZOATK ON TTIE HUMAN BODY. 743 lUrcentages. nitrogen ami sulphur in vrinc — Continued. SUBJECT III O. I)ate(l'.K)K). May 27-31 June 1-5 June (i-lO Juno 11-15 Juno lii-17 June IS-19 June 20-21 J uiie 22-23 June 24-25 June 29-30 July 1-2 July 3-5 July (V-7 July 8-9 July 10-12 July 13-14 JulV 15-10 July 17-19 J 111 V 20-21 July 22-23 July 24-20 July 27-28 July 29-30 July 3l-Aug. 2 Aug. 3-4 Aug. 5-6 Aug. 7-9 Aug. 10-11 Aug. 12-13 Aug. 14-lC Aug. 17-18 Aug. 19-20 Aug. 21-23 Aug. 24-25 Aug. 20-27 Sept. 2-3 Sept. 4-6 Sept. 7-8 Sept. 9-10 Sept. 11-13.... Sept. 14-15.... Sept. 16-17.... Sept. 18-20.... Sept. 21-22. . . . Sept. 23-24 Sept. 25-27.... Sept. 28 Sept. 29 Sept. 30 Oct. 1 Oct. 2 Oct. 3-4 Oct. 5-6 Oct. 7-8 Oct. 9-11 Oct. 12-13 Oct. 14-15 .0 .0 .0 .45 .<5 .45 .<5 .45 .i5 .45 .45 .45 .45 .45 .45 .45 .45 .45 .45 .45 .45 .45 .45 .45 .45 .45 .6 .6 .6 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5 3.0 3.0 6.0 0.0 0.0 In per cent of total nitrogen. . "S g c3 a a ti o o S s ti < 0.4 0.0 70. 7.7 77.0 7.1 7S. 1 7.2 S3. C. 7.9 82.0 5. 5 83. 2 0.8 81.2 7.1 79.0 8.1 S3.0 (i.9 79.2 0. 3 81.0 0.9 83. 0.8 83.0 0.3 82.0 .5.-9 84. S 0.3 82.8 0.5 83.1 5.3 82. 6 .5.8 82.0 7.2 80. 0.0 79.0 0.4 79.7 0.7 80.4 5.8 7t<.9 7.1 80.8 0.4 81.1 5. 3 81.4 5.7 82.8 0.0 84.8 5.4 83. 5.7 82.1 5.3 83.2 4.9 81.9 5.4 85. 3 3.2 SO. 2 3. 84.0 4.0 85.8 4.0 84.8 5. 82.8 5.0 82.5 .'-,.4 81.3 5.5 86.0 5.1 81.5 5.1 j-79.9 5.4 77.8 5.5 83.3 .'>.0 79. 5.2 78.4 5. 5 81.0 4.H 82. 5 5.1 81.5 .5.2 81.4 5.4 80.8 0. (1 82.4 5.9 81.0 0.8 2.2 2.3 2.0 2.3 1.0 2.2 2.0 1.4 l.G 1.0 1.7 1.7 1.3 1.2 1.5 2.0 1.7 1.0 1.7 1.0 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.7 1.7 l.G 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.8 1.7 1.0 l.G 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.0 1.8 1.9 1.5 1.0 1.8 2.1 2.0 1.0 1.5 1.7 1.8 1.8 d a •c 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.5 1.9 1.3 1.7 1.6 1.1 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.1 1.0 1.2 1.7 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.1 1.1 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.0 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.4 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.5 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.4 5.1 4.1 4.0 3.9 4.3 4.0 4.8 4.0 4.3 3.8 3.8 .a a c o 5 0.6 .6 .6 .7 .0 .5 .4 1.2 1.0 1.3 1.1 1.1 1.3 .8 .7 1.1 .9 .8 1.3 1.0 1.0 .9 .9 1.1 1.1 .8 1.1 .9 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.5 1.0 2.5 3.0 4.4 5.0 3.8 1.3 1.3 .8 .7 .7 .5 .5 p p 10.4 10.2 8.5 1.1 5.0 3.9 0.3 5.0 4.0 0.9 4.7 3.7 4.G 5.9 3.4 4.0 4.8 5.0 4.3 7.4 7.8 7.3 7.9 7.1 0.0 7.3 0.4 4.3 3.6 4.3 6.8 6.2 6.5 4.1 3.2 5.7 3.4 3.0 4.8 5.3 6.7 1.5 4.3 0.1 6.1 1.7 4.4 0.6 5.9 4.5 0.1 7.0 6.5 5.0 6.1 In per cent of 1 total sulphur. 1 t t -J h p< A 3 5 w ^. 70. 2 7.3 10.5 ! 78.1 7.8 14.1 77.7 0.7 15.0 70.8 9.8 19.4 79.5 4.9 15.0 75.1 7.1 17.8 81.4 0.9 11.7 SO.O 4.8 15.2 77.5 7.4 15.1 75. 5 8.0 15.9 77.5 0.2 10.3 70. 8 7.3 15.9 75. 3 8.1 10.6 78.7 3.4 17.9 77.5 0.5 10.0 78.5 5.0 15.9 70. 5 8.7 14.8 78.0 8.5 12.9 80.1 9.0 10.3 77.4 7.1 15.5 77.0 8.8 14.2 84.2 7.8 8.0 70.8 8.8 14.4 78.7 5.2 10.1 80.8 0.4 12.8 80.0 9.0 11.0 80.2 0.1 13.7 81.3 0.9 11.8 8.5. 5 0. 5 8.0 78.4 10. 5 11.1 80.9 0.8 12.3 84.0 8.1 7.9 81.3 4.4 14.3 83.1 0.7 10.2 82. 5 7.8 9.7 74.0 9.7 15.7 78.2 7.9 13.9 78.8 8.0 13.2 82.0 4.8 13.2 77.1 8.3 14.0 78.1 0.2 15.7 80.7 8.2 11.1 78.4 6.2 15.4 81.3 4.3 14.4 79.7 7.7 12.6 77.9 3.8 18.3 81.3 6.3 12.4 78.9 7.8 13.3 80.8 7.8 11.4 80.4 0.1 13.5 78.5 7.5 14.0 75.9 11.1 13.0 79.5 8.7 11.8 79.0 4.5 15.9 78.8 7.8 13.4 84.5 8.7 6.8 78.4 12.1 9.5 0.3 •gja 744 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. Percentages, nitrogen and sulphur in urine — Continued. SUBJECT IV J,. No. I)at« (1908). nl III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV j XVI J XVII I XVIIlj June 14 June 15^1t) June 17-18 June 19-20 June 21-22 June 23-24 June 25-20 June 27 July 3-5 Julv 6-7 Jul'v 8-9 July 10-12 July 13-14 July 15-16 July 17-19 July 20-21 July 22-23 July 24-26 July 27-28 July 29-30 July 31-Aug. 2.. Aug. 3-4 Aug. 5-b Aug. 7-9 Aug. 10-11 Aug. 12-13 Aug. 14-16 Aug. 17-18 Aug. 19-20 Aug. 21-23 Aug. 24-25 Aug. 26-27 Sept. 2-3 Sept. 4-6 Sept. 7-8 Sept. 9-10 Sept. 11-13 Sept. 14-15 Sept. 16-17 Sept. 18-20 Sept. 21-22 Sept. 23-24 Sept. 25-27 Sept. 28 Sept. 29 Sept. 30 Oct. 1 Oct. 2 Oct. 3-4 Oct. 5-6 Oct. 7-8 Oct. 9-11 Oct. 12-13 Oct. 14-15 In per cent of total nitrogen. 86.6 87.6 89.5 84.9 84.5 85.2 85.5 86.6 79.0 82.9 86.3 82.0 84.9 85.3 81.4 84.7 85.5 84.1 80.7 79.1 83.9 82.1 8.3.0 81.4 81.9 81.8 85.9 82.6 .S c i3 1.8 •3 d C o 3- 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.7 3.2 3.2 2.7 3.1 4.9 5.0 4.1 4.2 3.9 4.4 5.0 4.8 4.2 3.6 49 4.6 3.2 4.5 4.9 3.4 4.4 5.5 5.4 3.5 4.1 4.1 41 40 5.5 4 2 44 48 4 5 40 3.5 44 5.4 5.3 5.5 49 3.6 4 3 4 2 5.7 5.2 5.2 5.1 45 41 0.4 .4 .4 .4 .4 .5 .5 .4 .6 5. 5 I 2. 4 2.5 4 6 3.7 41 1.3 1.4 .9 .5 .6 .5 .5 In per cent of total sulphur. 83.5 81.0 80.3 76.8 88.0 85.7 85.4 83.4 78.9 80.2 79.1 80.2 79.5 79.0 80.9 81.4 77.8 80.1 78.6 80.1 81.1 79.1 81.0 75.2 76.7 79.0 81.8 81.2 84 6 72.7 81.4 81.1 81.4 80.5 76.6 75.3 81.0 78.5 82.0 78.2 79.2 81.4 77.9 83.4 83.1 80.4 78.5 80.1 78.2 78.3 82.3 82.3 78.7 83.2 -I SI- -5 5.9 5.2 3.0 5.5 3.7 3.5 3.5 3.5 5.8 7.3 3.8 5.4 43 47 2.4 5.5 5.8 6.2 7.7 5.5 6.7 7.6 6.2 7.1 .5.5 5.4 6.0 42 2.8 3.9 5.6 42 42 3.6 6.9 5.9 6.3 7.3 3.8 5.7 4 4 43 5.3 3.4 5.4 7.5 3.4 4 6 6.3 6.3 46 3.9 6.5 3.2 A€T10:s UF SODIL'M liKiSi/OATE ON THi: HUMAN BODY. 745 SERIES D. Percentages of areruyes, nitrogen and sulphur in urine. SUBJECT I R. Date (1908). June 15-22 8 June23-28 i 6 Average. July 3-9 July lO-lG I 7 July 17-23 " July 24-30 July 31-Au{,'. 7 Aug. 7-13 Aug. 14-20 Aug. 21-27 Average Sept. 2-8 Sept. 9-15 Sept. 16-22 Sept. 23-28 Sept. 29-Oct. 1 . Average. Oct. 2-6. . . Oct. 7-11.. Oct. 12-15. Average. °a •c o In per cent of total nitrogen. 83.7 83.3 83.5 80.0 83.0 82.6 82.6 82.0 82.0 83.5 81.3 82.1 4.0 .6 1.0 1.5 («) 0.0 85.6 85.1 83.5 84.0 83.7 84.4 4.7 4.1 4.2 3.7 3.1 3.9 2.0 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.0 1.9 2.0 1.9 7". OJ I '3 OJ 1.7 1.5 4.0 4.7 1.6 1.5 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.6 4.7 3.5 4.2 4.9 4.0 3.8 4.2 4.0 &-a 0.6 .5 .0 1.0 1.0 1.8 1.6 4.2 I .8 7.0 St •o a 5.6 5.6 8.0 6.5 0.2 4.5 6.1 8.0 0.1 In per cent of total sulphur. 80.1 76.7 78.4 78.8 79.2 80.3 77.7 80.4 77. 7 81.3 78.8 4.3 4.9 4.8 4.9 4.2 6.1 4.2 4.6 5.0 5.4 9.3 j 5.0 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.7 1.4 3.4 4.0 3.8 4.6 3.6 3.8 .9 1.3 1.8 2.6 3.9 2.2 1.7 1.6 1.5 3.6 4.6 3.4 1.6 3.8 3.4 3.8 5.0 3.2 4.0 81.0 80.2 78.7 80.1 83.0 3.9 I 80.7 3.4 5.8 7.2 80.4 84.4 5.5 81.5 3.7 4.1 4.2 4.5 3.2 3.9 4.1 5.0 6.8 5.3 15.6 18.4 17.0 10.4 l.-). 9 1.5. 5 lti.2 1.5.4 17.7 13.7 15.8 1.5.; £•9 las 15.7 17.1 15.3 15.7 17.1 15.4 13.8 15.5 10.6 13.4 13.2 16.4 16.1 19.1 12.7 19.1 16.9 16.3 14.6 1.5.9 21.8 19.6 18.8 17.8 25.9 15.4 20.7 19.5 16.9 11.7 15.3 SUBJECT II H. I June 16-23 8 6 80.7 80.6 5.3 6.6 2.3 2.3 2.1 2.0 3.5 5.2 0.5 .6 7.7 4.7 82.7 77.2 5.6 4.6 11.7 18.2 14.7 II June 24-29 Average July 3-9 16.7 80.7 5.9 2.3 2.1 4.3 .6 6.2 80.0 5.1 14.9 la? lU 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 .45 .45 .45 .45 .45 .45 80.1 81.0 81.7 80.6 80.3 T9.3 6.1 5.6 5.4 5.6 5.8 5.3 5.2 5.2 2.2 2.1 2.3 2.5 2.1 2.2 2.1 2.3 2.0 1.9 1.9 2.2 1.7 1.9 1.9 1.8 5.3 4.8 4.5 4.9 4.7 4.6 4.9 5.5 .8 .9 .9 .9 1.1 .6 .7 1.0 5.5 5.6 5.2 5.5 6.0 8.0 4.5 5.2 75.7 75.2 79.0 76.9 79.5 78.5 81.0 80.2 5.6 4.3 5.2 6.1 7.0 6.9 4.7 5.2 18.7 20.5 15.8 17.0 13.5 14.6 14.3 14.6 13.5 IV V July 10-16 July 17-23 . . . 17.4 15.2 VI July 24-30... 12.6 VII vm July 31-Aug. 6 Aug. 7-13 U.4 11.4 IX Aug. 14-20 .45 1 82.6 .45 j 80.8 17.2 X Aug. 21-27 15.4 Average 80.7 5.5 2.3 2.0 4.9 .9 5.7 78.2 5.6 16.2 13.9 Sept. 2-8 XI 7 7 7 6 3 .6 1.0 1.5 (a) 6.0 81.4 83.4 79.6 80.9 79.3 5.9 5.5 5.7 5.6 4.7 2.2 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.8 1.9 2.0 1.7 5.2 5.1 5.4 4.7 4.8 .9 1.0 1.3 2.3 3.7 4.4 3.0 5.9 4.3 5.5 78.3 77.0 84.7 81.7 81.8 5.8 6.7 4.9 5.3 4.0 15.9 16.3 10.4 13.0 14.2 16.3 XII Sept. 9-15 11.5 XIII Sept. 16-22 17.3 XIV XV Sept. 23-28 Sept. 29-Oct. 1 .... 15.4 20.4 80.8 5.5 2.1 1.8 5.0 1.9 4.7 80.5 5.4 14.1 14.9 Oct. 2-6 XVI 5 5 3 81.1 5.2 82.2 5.1 81.4 6.0 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.7 5.0 5.1 4.8 .9 .3 .4 5.6 5.2 5.4 80.0 82.6 80.5 5.2 3.4 5.6 14.8 14.0 13.9 15.4 XVII XVIII Oct. 7-11 Oct. 12-14 24.3 14.4 Average .... 81.6 1 5.4 2.1 1.8 5.0 .5 5.4 81.0 4.7 14.3 17.2 a 4 days=2.5 ; 2 days=3. 746 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. Percentages of averages, nitrogen and sulphur in urine — Continued. SUBJECT III O. No. I lA II III III A IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII Date (1908). May 27-June5 June 0-17 June 18-25 Average June29-July5 July 6-9 July 10-16 July 17-23 July 24-30 July 31- Aug. 6 Aug. 7-13 Aug. 14-20 Aug. 21-27 Average. Sept. 2-8 Sept. 9-15 Sept. 16-22 Sept. 23-28 Sept. 29-Oct. 1. Average. Oct. 2-6... Oct. 7-11.. Oct. 12-15. Average. O 03 ■02 In per cent of total nitrogen. 76.8 82.5 79.7 80.3 82.7 83.4 82.8 80.9 79.7 81.1 83.8 82.4 .1 81.9 .6 1.0 1.5 («) 6.0 85.3 84.4 82.8 80.1 80.7 82.6 81.8 81.2 81.7 O be s s 3.5 3.7 4.0 3.7 3.7 4.4 4.0 6.9 1.1 1.2 1.6 3.0 4.4 5.7 4.2 4.6 4.7 6.3 7.5 6.4 3.9 6.5 In per cent of total sulphur. 77.1 75.1 78.7 77.0 7.6 7.8 6.5 7.3 76.7 77.2 77.5 78.6 79.2 79.7 81.9 80.8 82.2 4.3 3.6 4.8 5.4 4.1 4. 2. 3 4. 4 4.6 ] 1.1 4.1 .7 3.8 .5 6.0 79.3 7.3 5.6 6.9 8.3 8.5 6.5 6.5 77.5 78.7 80.0 79.1 80.0 79.1 8.3 6.8 0.1 5.5 8.3 7.0 78.0 79.2 81.6 9.3 6.3 10.4 q ■■'• 15.3 17.1 14.8 15.7 16.0 17.2 15.6 13.1 12.3 13.8 11.6 10.4 11.8 13.5 14.2 14.5 13.9 15.4 11.7 13.9 12.7 14.5 8.0 SUBJECT IV L I June 14-20 7 7 87.4 86.1 4.7 3.6 1.5 1.8 1.3 1.4 2.5 3.1 0.4 .4 3.5 5.0 79.8 85.7 4.7 3.6 15.5 10.7 10.9 II June 21-27 23.8 86.8 4.2 1.6 1.3 2.8 .4 4.2 82.7 4.2 13.1 19.7 July 3-9 III 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 82.4 83.3 83.7 82.1 82.6 81.4 84.3 82.0 5.1 4.5 5.1 5.2 4.2 4.0 3.1 3.5 1.8 1.9 1.8 2.1 1.9 1.9 2.0 1.8 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.5 4.7 4.2 4.7 4.3 4.0 4.3 4.5 4.1 .7 .7 .6 .9 .6 .7 .6 .6 5.3 5.4 4.1 5.4 6.7 7.7 5.5 7.4 79.4 79.6 80.2 79.7 80.4 76.8 82.7 77.5 5.7 4.9 4.2 6.3 6.7 6.1 4.4 4.5 14.9 15.5 15.6 14.0 12.9 17.1 12.9 18.0 13.9 IV July 10-16 16.2 V July 17-23 19.1 VI July 24-30 12.7 VII VIII July 31-Aug. 6 Aug. 7-13 .. 12.0 12.6 IX Aug. 14-20 8.8 X Aug. 21-27 17.2 Average 82.8 4.3 1.9 1.6 4.3 .7 6.0 79.5 5.4 15.1 14.7 Sept. 2-8 XI 7 7 7 6 3 .6 1.0 1.5 (a) 6.0 84.8 86.1 84.7 83.6 81.1 3.7 3.2 3.6 3.6 3.4 1.9 1.8 1.7 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.5 4.6 4.4 4.4 5.5 4.2 .8 1.2 1.3 2.2 4.1 4.2 3.3 4.3 3.1 5.4 79.4 79.0 79.8 80.1 80.6 4.8 6.5 4.7 4.6 5.6 15.8 14.5 15.5 15.3 13.8 16.5 XII Sept. 9-15 12.2 XIII Sept. 16-22 17.0 xrv Sept. 23-28. . 17.4 XV Sept. 29-Oct. 1 14.4 84.1 3.5 1.8 1.5 4.6 1.9 4.1 79.8 6.3 14.9 15.1 Oct. 2-fi XVI 5 5 4 82.5 84.2 83.9 4.1 3.4 4.6 2.0 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.5 1.5 5.2 5.1 4.3 1.1 .6 .5 5.1 4.9 4.9 78.7 82.2 81.2 5.9 4.2 4.7 15.4 13.6 14.1 14.6 XVII Oct. 7-11 19.5 XVIII Oct. 12-15 17.3 83.5 4.0 1.9 1.5 .9 .7 5.0 80.7 4.9 14.4 17.1 a 4 days=2. 5; 2 days=3. ACTION OK SODIUM lUOKZOA 11'; ON TUK HUMAN lUiDV. 747 SERIES E. l/ijypuric ncid in }iri»j> SUBJECT I R. Period. Fore period Ix)\v honzoato period . IHkIi Iwnzoatc period After period Number of days of period. 14 56 30 14 Sodium benzoato ingested. .3 1.857 Dally averages In grams. Benzoic acid, calculated from— Nitrogen of hippuric acid eliminated in the urine (preceding colunm) Itss the average daily amount eliminated during the fore period (I.e., 0.4799). Sodium benzoate Ingested . .2541 1.5730 Nitrogen of liippuric acid elimi- nated in the urine. 0. 4799 .7852 2.041 . 0337 .3053 1.5011 . 1.5.38 SUBJECT II II. Fore period Low nenzoate period. High benzoate period After period (i.e. .0.0701.) 14 0. 6701 .56 .45 .3813 1. 0120 .3419 30 1. 8.57 1. 5730 2. 2390 1. 5689 13 .7247 .0546 SUBJECT III O. Fore period Low benzoate period. High benzoate period After period 10 60 .4675 30 1.8.570 14 .3961 1. 5730 0. 6240 1.2240 2. 4840 .9239 (i. e. 0.6S40.) .6000 1.8600 .2999 SUBJECT IV L, Fore period Low benzoate period. High benzoate period After period .30 1.857 . 2541 1. 5730 0. 6415 . 8273 2.0710 .8722 (i.e. ,0.641s.) .1858 1. 4295 .2307 748 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. SERIES F. Nitrogen bnlance, food, urine, and feces. SUBJECT I R. ■6 o •c s. "o a Nitrogen. For period. Dally average. yj 2 § No. Date (1908). — (9 o o 1 S ■ -a •o o s •a >> 1 i •g feces, urine an o § 5 o 1 c. a ;? <5 l-l £ i 5 PQ c l-l 5 a a 0ms. Gmn. Gms. Gms. Gms. Gms. Gms. Gms. Gms. Gms. Gms. I June 15-22 8 117.6 81.2 14.2 i 95.4 +22.2 14.70 10.15 1.78 11.93 +2.77 II June 23-28 6 83.5 54.5 11.3 65.8 +17.7 13.92 9.08 1.88 10.% +2.96 1 14.36 9.69 1.83 11.52 +2.85 July 3-9 III 7 .3 104.5 70.2 13.0 ' 83.2 +21.3 14.93 10.03 1.86 11.89 + 3.04 IV July 10-16 7 .3 94.6 83.9 13.1 1 97.0 -2.4 13.50 12.00 1.87 13.87 - .34 V July 17-23 7 .3 97.0 77.0 12.6 1 89.6 + 7.4 13.86 11.00 1.80 12.80 + 1.06 VI July 24-30 7 .3 94.2 66.2 10.3 76.5 + 17.7 13.46 9.46 1.47 10.93 +2.63 VII Julv31-Aug. 6.. 7 .3 81.2 69.5 10.8 80.3 + .9 11.60 9.93 1.54 11.47 + .13 VIII Aug. 7-13 7 .3 87.7 78.2 10.4 88.6 - .9 12. .53 11.17 1.49 12.66 - .13 IX Aug. 14-20 7 .3 a 94. 6 77.2 11.2 88.4 + 6.2 13.51 11. C3 1.60 12.63 + .88 X Aug. 21-27 Average . . 7 .3 101.0 86.6 6.7 93.3 + 7.7 14.43 12.37 .% 13.33 + 1.10 94.4 76.1 11.0 87.1 + 7.2 13.50 10.87 1.57 12.44 + 1.03 Sept. 2-8 XI 7 .6 104.8 82.8 11.9 94.7 1 + 10.1 14.97 11.83 1.70 13.53 + 1.44 XII Sept. 9-15 7 1.0 96.6 88.7 9.0 97.7 - 1.1 13.80 12.67 1.29 13.96 - .16 XIII Sept. 16-22 7 1.5 101.8 84.5 11.6 96.1 + 5.7 14.54 12.07 1.66 13.73 + .81 XIV SPDt. 23-28 6 (") 99.6 71.3 7.6 78.9 '+20. 7 16.60 11. F8 1.27 13.15 j + 3.45 XV Sept.29-Oct.l.. 3 6.0 48.5 46.2 5.8 52.0 I- 3.5 16.17 15.40 1.93 17.33 -1.16 15.04 12.45 1.53 13.98 +1.06 Oct. 2-6 ■ XVI 5 77.9 66.3 6.5 1 72.8 ;+ 5.1 15.58 13.26 1.30 14.56 +1.02 XVII Oct. 7-11 5 61.2 51.9 6.7 58.6 + 2.6 12.24 10.38 1.34 11.72 + .52 XVIII Oct. 12-15 Average . . 4 61.5 53.0 5.6 j 58.6 + 2.9 15.37 13.25 1.40 14.65 + .72 .... '... 1 . .. 14.33 12.23 1.34 13.57 j+ .76 1 . SUBJECT II H. I II June 16-23 June 24-29 Average.. 8 6 127.6 89.5 1 120.4 10.3 130.7 -3.1 15.95 15.05 76.2 1 7.7 1 83.9 + 5.6 i 14.91 ' 12.70 1.29 1.28 16.34 ,-0. 13.98 1+ L____.'.__ \ \ . _. 15.50 ' 14.04 1.29 15.33 1+ July 3-9 July 10-16 July 17-23 July 24-30 Julv31-Aug. 6.. Aug. 7-13 Aug. 14-20 Aug. 21-27 Average. . III IV V VI VII VIII IX X 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 .45 .45 .45 .45 .45 .45 .45 .45 119.3 131.7 114.1 118.3 116.0 120.8 99.1 120.6 90.4 97.0 95.8 93.8 97.1 98.9 107.5 91.3 10.9 13.3 9.6 10.2 9.2 9.1 8.8 8.0 101.3 110.3 105.4 104.0 10(i.3 108.0 116.3 99.3 + 18.0 + 21.4 + 8.7 + 14.3 + 9.7 + 12.8 -17.2 +21.3 17.04 18.81 16.30 16. 90 16. 57 17.26 14.16 17.23 12.91 13. 86 13. 69 13.40 1.3. 87 14.13 15. 30 13.04 1.56 1.90 1.37 1.46 1.31 1.30 1.26 1.15 14.47 15.76 15.06 14.86 15.18 15.43 16.62 14.19 + 1' +:• + 1 +1- -2. Ii. + 3.(1! 117.5 96.5 9.9 106.4 1 + 11.1 16.80 13.80 1.41 14.63 + i.:,9 Sept. 2-8 Sept. 9-1.5 Sept. 16-22 Sept. 2.3-28 Sept.29-Oct. 1.. Average. . XI XII XIII XIV XV 7 7 7 6 3 .6 1.0 1.5 C) 6.0 102.7 120.7 117.8 C109.0 52.0 99. 6 10. 1 120.1 8.0 108.6 . 9.8 93.5 i 12.3 53.1 4.5 109.7 1- 7.0 128.7 :- 8.0 118.4 - .6 105.8 '+ 3.2 57.6 |- 5.6 14. 67 17.24 16.83 18.17 17.33 14.23 17. 16 15. 51 15. .58 17.70 1.44 1.23 1.40 2.05 1.50 15.67 18.39 16.91 17.63 19.20 -i.no -1.15 - .08 + ..54 1 16. 74 15.83 1.51 17.34 j- .6 Oct. 2-6 Oct. 7-11 Oct. 12-14 Average. . 5 5 3 XVI XVII XVIII 93.0 92.4 58.2 80. 4 8. 1 80.1 j 6.3 46.4 1 5.9 88.5 1+ 4.5 86.4 +6.0 52.3 + 5.9 18.60 18.48 19.40 16.08 16.02 15.47 1.62 1.26 1.97 17.70 + .90 17.28 +1.20 17.44 +1.96 1. . i t 18.74 15.92 1.56 17.48 j+l 9« 1 i 1 1 « Calculated proportionallv from 5§ days' collection of foofl. f> 4 days = 2.5; 2 days = 3. <"CaIcnlated proportionally from 3 days' collection of food. ACTION OK SODIUM BENZOATK ON THE HUMAN ItoUY. •49 Nitrogen haluncc, food, urine, and feces— Co\\\'\\\\\0(\. SUBJECT III O. Drtte(1908). i I "3 '^ ei B 3 1 1 ■3 g % 3 Nitrogen. For period. Dally average. .No. a 1 3 a 3> c •0 § .a a 1 n •d 1 a a "2 3 1/' I May 27-June5.. Juiie6-17 June 18-25 Average 10 12 8 Gms. Gms. iii's" Chns. 131.5 152.6 102.4 0ms. 12.7 14.0 Gms. 144.2 16(). 6 Gms. Gms. Gms. 13.15 12.72 12.80 Gms. 1.27 1.17 1.37 Gms. 14 42 13.89 1417 Gms. I A 11 11.0 113.4 -0.9 14 06 -0.11 1 1 14 06 12.88 1.26 14 16 1£ June29-July5.. Julv 6-9 July 10-16 Julv 17-23 July 24-30 July 31-.\ug. 6. . Aug. 7-13 Aug. 14-20 Aug. 21-27 Average. .. 7 4 7 7 7 7 7 7 III .60 .45 .45 .45 .45 .45 .45 .45 .45 96.4 11.1 107.5 69.2 115.6 108.9 112.4 107.9 116.8 107.6 118.8 13.77 15.65 15.13 14 06 14 46 13.63 14 94 13.63 15.30 1.59 1.65 1.39 1. 50 1.00 1.78 1:74 1.74 1.07 15.36 17. .30 16. 52 15.56 16.06 15.41 16. 68 15.37 16.97 III A 62.6 105.9 98.4 0.6 9.7 10.5 11.2 12.5 12.2 12.2 11.7 IV V VI 101.2 VII VIII 106. 2 95. 4 104. 6 1 95.4 116.8 |107.1 -1.7 15.17 - .24 IX X -2.0 16.69 -.28 .1 .1 15.93 14 45 1.63 16.08 — .26 Set)t. 2-8 Sci-l. 9-15 Sept. 1&-22 Sept. 23-28 Sept. 29-Oct. 1. Average . . ' 1 XI 7 7 7 6 1.0 1.5 (") 6.0 1100 7 12. 6 1113. 3 9.7 116.9 14 39 15.31 16.57 13.73 14 73 1.80 1.39 1.73 I.IO 1.54 16.19 16.70 18.30 15.33 16.27 XII 107.2 XIII XIV 133.1 "si'ti' 110. 82.4 12.1 9.6 128. 1 92.0 4a 8 +5.0 19.01 + .71 XV 44. 2 4. 6 +4 8 17.87 + 1.60 18.67 15.02 1.62 16.64 + .98 Oct. 2-6 Oct. 7-11 Oct. 12-15 -Average . . 5 5 4 XVI '83.3' 64 8 6.9 74. 2 7. 9 60 2 5. 2 71.7 82.1 65.4 . 1 . 12.96 14 84 15.05 1.38 1.58 1.20 14 34 16.42 16.35 XVII XVIII + 1.2 1 i6.66 + .24 . ! ! 16.66 14 24 1.43 15. 67 + .24 SUBJECT IV L. I June 14-20 June 21-27 Average.. Julv 3-9 Julv 10-16 July 17-23 July 24-30 July 31-Aug. 6.. Aug. 7-13 Aug. 14-20 Aug. 21-27 Average. . 7 'iii'o 121.1 110 9 13.3 12.0 134 4 122.9 17.30 15.84 1.90 1.71 19.20 17.55 II 7 -10 9 16.00 -1.56 112.0 116.0 12.7 128.7 -10 9 10.00 16.57 1.81 18. 38 1 56 III 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 'ioi.'s' "89.' i' 95.2 92.2 95.2 90.5 92.2 90.2 98.8 108.2 11.8 11.1 9.5 10.8 10.0 12.4 13.4 10 107.0 103.3 104 7 101.3 102.2 102.6 112.2 118.2 13. CO 13.17 13. CO 12. 03 13.17 12.89 14 11 15.46 1.08 1.59 1.36 1.54 1.43 1.77 1.91 1.43 15.28 14 76 14 96 14 47 14 60 14 06 10.02 16.89 IV V VI VII VIII - .9 14 47 - .13 IX X -29.1 12.73 -4 16 95.2 95.3 11.1 106.4 -15.0 13.60 13. 01 1.59 15.20 — 2.14 Sept. 2-8 Sept. 9-15 Sept. 16-22 Sept. 23-28 Sept. 29-Oct. 1.. -■Vverage.. 1 XI 7 1 .6 7 1.0 7 1.5 6 iC) 3 |6.0 ....... 'iii'i' "65.'9' 101.6 95.5 109.4 88.1 47.9 14 2 10. 9.9 10.4 3.9 115.8 106.1 119.3 98.5 51.8 14 51 13. 64 15. 03 14 07 15.97 2.03 1.51 1.41 1.73 1.30 16.54 15.15 17.04 10. '0 17.27 XII XIII XIV - 46 16.39 - .65 XV + 41 18.64 + 1.37 ....1 17.06 14 75 1.03 16.38 -1.99 Oct. 2-6 Oct. 7-11 Oct. 12-14 -Vverage. . XVI 5 5 ,0 4,0 "83."7' 66.0 70 54 4 8.2 6.6 5.8 74 2 76.6 60.2 13. 20 14 00 13.00 1.64 1.32 1.45 14 84 15.32 15.05 XVII XVIII + 7.1 16.74 + 1.42 1 1 . . . 16.74 13. 00 1.47 15.07 + 1.43 " "1 1 a 4 da>'S=2.5; 2 days=3. 750 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. ^ > 'S G In per cent of total fats. •pajBlluiissisuoM j n 1 '■o 1 ■ t uj uj in >o 'V 'V M 1 ui 1 •paw 1 I*-. 1 '- : :«•!'?"•;'?-'-? 1 -iraissB JO pauma | :S 1 8 : :5SS5oS 1 00 II CO 8 •(snrej3 v\) paieiituissn sicj ibjox ■n '00 Ti< I-»co'TCJoco> 00 ■ ;000>0 — t^ fn 8.2 •s 1 O500 1 «^ II • ■eo.-««sooc.« iBOS JO SpiOT ^IIC J 1 ^t^ 1 ;:j 11 • jo6r>:oirir^o o> 1 CO 1 1 l^O|^3| • ■UO..WWC* — t-'l ^1 1 "T ;o 00 1 • 01 ^ »— • 00 •-• CO 1 1 tipo ol ••t— t-^our^i^l •sdTJOsiospioB^iiB^ 1 ^'^ 1 '^ ; m*'?^'^^ 1 CO'-hIC* • ..— .^-1— <«— ii— i^H CO •spioB Xmvj aajj 1 «^ 1 "^ ||^^SS?5S?38 1 •sjcj iPJina^j 5S CO ci.nco.o--"CO'-«.-.« ■vcO.OtOO5«Q0C0 t-^ 1 CDiO CI • 'C^-VOOOOOI^I i i 53 _^ ■5 1 ^lOli-H 1 • •«tOOI^l->.co| 1 1 i • • 1 1 cC^ ^ ICOI-^O'-'.-'CSI^'^ 1 ^1 ■sjBj iBJinaNj ^ 1 ■a! CO CO u:3 ..J. .«.. 00 Oy 10 CO -.r -^ -^ ■«> -^ ci •SJBJ i«iox 00 • ■ i^ CO -^ -.J"^ • ■ C5 M -^ "3 f-. I.J . • u5 lO iri CD CO 00 i •paya 8?3 55 ■.3^wc5-.rcCi.or^o CO CO M CI CI N C^ -H a •a 1 C<3t^ •sdBos JO sp!D« X;;b J | r^ oJ . . ..r --C 1.-5 cs CO ; 1 ■ I CO CO ci -I CO ■-. ; 1 cot^ 1 •spiwB Xiitij aajj dt>: : O'S'co'Ocoo— lira i^ in 06 06 -"T "5 ■» ■sjrj iBo^naN ^ c^ 1 : CO(N 1 — -<0--i'ON-H '. ! ira 06 CO CO "3 c» • • N -V' CO CO -^> CO • • t3 •sai3j iBijnoN i . . 00 ■«• "3 01 00 ■ i ■«.■ to cJ to to -^ . • -v — ■<.• c» • .f-t-tOtOOOO : : •SIEJ i«iox 1 lOOOOOi-iOS ■ Io«3 .rjiocico • • r~ to 00 1^ "5 1 • 't^r^oto ooto 1 : : 1 (SUlBjaul) 3)iiozaeq nmipos JO esop £\\V(i 00 1 COCOCOCOCOCOCOCO 1 •sXbp jo jaqratiN 000 r""""""" 1 i • ■ « •-si-> July 3-9 July 10-1(1 July 17-23 July 21-30 July31-Aug. 6. Aug. 7-13 Aug. 14-20 Aug. 21-27 1? 6 »- ^l-l E^>>^^^>^ ACTION OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON THE UUMAN BODY. 76 i OS d « r- CO u) 1 -"T 1" O (£> tcoiocor* "5 -HOCI-COI^ U5 SSS*o> S Is^s O) O 'S' CCC5 "O -- c^coo» to SooS— 'O 85 sss & ro 1^ "5 po 00 » 1 o-^ s o iiit^tiinS 00 1 2''^ m 0> 00 ® ■«" 1~ 1 CO -V CO 1^ »< N e<5 1^ 1" CO 2 CO ^ Si^?SS 00 llcjco- ,•:; SSSi- QO ^ rt^«MCO o> II N — oi (N 5SSS:-? 1 OM"5 i>-coao «0 o 1 TT ^ ^ CO'-' -T* Tl< S3^?i3 OS O ^ "^ "^ o to -^ O X o »0 OS '-"S "^ 00 1 "* II 'T eo w 1 • co^coco^co 1 at m -itaissBjopgome 1 :% '8>\ . .-^o w .— r^ 1^ . ^ 0^ ^ ^ os ^ s •(sraBj3 ui) paiciimissB s^cj i^iox •.Si Si| 147.0 101 q 128.3 159.2 134.7 149.3 g 1 1 ci2 1 00 >o 1 »o •sdBos jospioB R-V!^^ 2^ 1 2 13.0 21.2 21.4 14.8 18.2 16^ ": II sii 1 'T lO t r^ •SpiOT jSll^i 1 ^3 1 W . . r^ CO Oi t^ t^ 00 I 1 00 1 00 1 CO »0 1 CO 64.3 68.2 58.7 72.5 71.1 71.5 i\ "o . 0.-2 ■sdBos JO spioB S-yx^s. 1 2.8 3.6 3.4 2.3 3.1| 3.0 ■ i M CO I- CO •'I' •^ S|| •SpiOB jIjIEJ 99J^ ■ g?2 38.8 33.1 3.'). 3 45.2 42.6 36.1 •paua «2^ . Tji CO 00- ;| •d o o In per cent of total fats. •sppB LXX^l 99J5 1 t-: • ' to uo -^ -^ -^ ■o »S}BJ lBJjn9i>I 93.7 94. 5 95.3 95.3 95.1 05 > 3 ■3 •SpiOB jfjJBJ 99JjI _a3 • ■ CO 01 CI 01 1^ lO • ' oi 40 CO t^ co r* ■sjBj iej}n9N _co •Oi 143.0 100.7 127.1 158.4 134.1 146.9 s ■SJBJ IBJOX • 10 • ;0 '■ 152.6 106. 6 133. 3 165. 6 140.8 154.4 c-i s ■a li p •SpiOB^lJTJJ 99JJ • CO 67.0 41.3 43.4 50. 8 46.8 52.9 1 •sjBj iBjjnaN; ;00 1,001.0 705. 889. 6 1.108.6 938.8 1,028.1 •SIBJ IBJOX ji 1,068.0 746.3 933.0 1.1,59.4 985.6 1,081.0 ejBOZuaq t (SUIBJ^UI) ffniposjoosopXinid •SifBp JO joquinjsi c 50 II ;§$$!§ ;S$^i5 0» il e rt June 16-23 June 24-29 Average. July 3-9 July 10-16 JiUy 17-23 July 24-30 Julv31-Aug.6. Aug. 7-13 Aug. 14-20 Aug. 21-27 < i ► -a Bt>>>^^>< ACTION OF SODIUM BENZO^TE 0^' THE HUMAN BODY. 753 — — — — u ©OOO'* ^T)i cocc'«r ■* 00 VN •^eoui * ^ 1 .-0<0 |»||C-HO00 CO 60.7 149.7 125.2 147.7 144.5 138.6 TT 5 10 - 20.6 17.4 12.7 15.2 11.9 10.7 o CO 11.5 1.5.7 1.5.5 18.3 16.6 15.6 19.5 18.8 20.1 o ©XI-— O t^ II CO COM S r. i - 3 S f^ 11 S 8 S ii; 35 CO o i? U5COCO CON ci o; eoocoo'O' U5 1 >o«CO CO 1 ■>j''n So 4.20 4. (-.9 4.00 5.12 4.57 4.49 4.80 3.70 5.33 o o US to i-o 00 to CO CO -"T CO CO cot^ CO to 25.9 23.9 25.5 38.4 26.1 00 J5 00 in — coSS o 2.7 3.2 4.1 10.4 3.6 CCCJ lO lO cow ■^!0 inoJco CMOt^ 29.4 32.8 28. 30.7 13.7 OOO S2S CO t~ o CO r- 00 t^Cl COC5lM 181.1 167. 4 178.4 233.5 78.4 1.59. 1 122.3 108.3 6.1 5.0 7.8 8.8 5.9 ■XI <6 ococo co'oocd ^ •- 93.9 95. 92.2 91.2 94.1 -r CO — CO OICJJCS 00 OS O! O — !M »^ (■.: C^ (N Oi 00 O C^ oi 00 OS 00co O oico" o -^ -^ o t^ic-'r ■* :o to 1-5 1- --c w >OiO X COfM oooo 858.6 1,017.2 9S4.4 6 378. 442. 1 ocino (^CO.» 914.3 1,072.7 1,071.8 6 414.4 469. 7 CO coo S o .-o ■^•o OOO 1 - r - 1 - ;0 eO ooco : M id 1 o.o.c.s.=« Oct. 2-6 Oct. 7-11 Oct. 12-14 ' 70111— No. 88—00- -48 764 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. "ts „ •S ^ C w n o t> rn *M R SI - '3 Q te«3 • 1 ■pai«l!tn!SSBuo>i . .in ; iiiiisns ;l i c §^^ -pai^l 1 ^ o -rtnissB JO panmg 1 .Hi :::!:§: :S 1 : 1 1 ; : : : :2 : ::: : t^ •(snrejS nj) pa;«i!uiiss^ s^bj le^ox 3 l-l o •sdBOS JO spioB X«Bj; 1 : : o .r-i . . •U5O>t)0— 1 O 1 ■22 : : ;5r;2S2 I 8 1 •spiDB j^Mt! j; . .(35 1 "irf is i i i 2 ^i ^- '"■ 1 S 1 •s^cj iBJ^naM : is 1 1 'OS ■ • 'Oot^-bs 1 00 Ii^ '. '• 'oJc-iim-iJoJ 1 .to . • 'int^t^t^lto "o . •sd^os JO spioB Ai« J • •!£> 1 '■ 'cc ! • 0> . . • r- 0> t~ C-) >« .« ■ • •cdcceO'W'l^ll •spiOB S■^'^^} oaj^ j ■^ 12.4 2.4 15. 61 '3. 63 12.2 3.5 147T3 3.17 14. 67 3. 03 19. 64 3. 16 20. 12 3. 48 17.39 2.71 13.1 13.0 16.56 2.54 16.53 2.12 17.451.62 al5.8o2.3 •s%v} iBj^naM oi •S1BJ1BJOX 1 00 1 . <0 • . ■ c-l O -a- CO t^ ! ! ^ 1 '. I c-i CO IN CO ci • CM . . . (M Cl PI C-l CM 2 i C§ 1 .S > '5 •SdBOS JO SpiOB XjJBJ 1 • 1 .CO • • •oc;cocMi»o i •spioB An^} aaj j; OCrt^ CO ot~t^oot-oot~>o-«< to o el b. •s}Bj iBJinax 1.82 2.16 3.25 2.34 "2787 3.48 4.67 5.04 4.73 3.77 4.60 4.50 4.61 14.37 •S^BJ iB^ox ■^ ■^ . 1 .CO • • -ocoo o • 1 i-O i • j CO o to' to to' ■papa 20.8 17.4 20.8 19.2 20.4 23.8 23.8 25.0 27.2 28.8 27.8 27.2 26.4 127.6 i ^ .A o •SdBOS JO SpiOB Sl'X'B^ • 1 1^ • 1 -CO to PI 00 1 II • CO ■ • • CM t^ t^ t^ • •spioB AjiBj aajj oooo ooiocd • 1 lO ClCM .-< ^ .-< o o c 1 ■ 1 • Tli pi lO to O to lO "3^ CO • I ■S^BJ iBJin9>i Oi c 03 ^ •spioe jCwcj aaij : 1 : : : : :° : :" ° 1 i !'iii''^ii'° '^ i •sjBj iBj^naN . .00 .... .CO . .pi 00 • 1 1 ! : Iqo ■ !co ui •SIBJ iB^ox -^ • ■ -^ CO r ; : : : :2 : :^ ^ C o ^ o ■spioB j£^jBj aai^ : :s -rr ■ .ai ', . 1 ) ! i CO ! ' pi '• CO • • ^ •s(Bj iBj^ne^ ■ 'Si rt . . t~ t~ ; 1 ft 03 a 3 3 Average. Juno 29-July 5. July 6-9 July 10-16 July 17-23 July 24-30 Julv31-Aug.6. Aug 7-13 Aug 14-20 Aug. 21-27 Average.. i 1 -. -<>-i S5^>>^g^>< ACTION OF SODTUM BENZOATE ON THE HUMAN BODY. 755 o 'C .eo J' Tl" • «o S" 'cot~ o: T(l lO lo o -H >.-:^ 22? h- lOo> lO CTsiO 1 -s PClCOOS ?3"^2S ;2:s^ 1 OJ-.J'tO Or-1 Tp C5l>- ! 5S«Sg2 8?§S mci 00 t~ 1 . .^ •^ •c n 1 . -CT) -H (N m . .CO OS OS s : :g OS CO s . ■ t^ •o "o •w - rt CO to OS OS ■ ••-< o cc CO : :§ oT -T o 1 . .;o —1 1 : :S t> CO 1 . .-* M CJ : :S 00 i • .o o CO : :g i CO Som^o 1 ■-Jw^^cD 1 c: oo I^ t~ t- tt> M lO T). o O ds 1 5 ii 5 > p. 0.0. P.O. CCMOTCOM u o o OOO X 3£ > X > > 756 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. •^ 1 Daily aver- age. 1 »*j2 • -pajBiiniissBnoM | '4.' 5 . . . ...I. . .lO .11 '-' o -imisse ao poujna \ .U5 ■ 1 : : ; :g : isl : 1 •(suibjS ui) pa^BijmTSSB s^bj ibijox • 00 ; 78.1 P>H tof s. •sdBos JO spm j£^jBl 16.3 22.1 18.6 '. ; '. 1 1-.; iri oi d -"I" %& (•"d •SptDB i«B^ 13.5 16.4 "l4.8 r.; t.^ .-H w "^ t^ ^ "^ \ *^ t' " •siej i^JinaN 70.2 61.5 66.6 82.7 82.6 78.3 78.0 68.1 67.7 74.3 69.0 1 ii i 5^ r 1 •sd.osjosppBAi.j| n:^|::M ; ; i^srlSlSl •sp!D« Lxm saJ J 2.78 2.76 2.8 CO Ci M CO CO c^i C^ i 1 ^°^ ^ 1 la Dailyaverage.ir ■s^.j iBJ^najsi 5.36 3.26 4.31 SnSo(n3- 1 CO,-i •spioB Al^J aajj; 1 t>:d [ ddioddd' Oi Daily average, in grams. •Sp!0BiiHBJ99Jj[ ; : : : :s ; :2 ^ •sjBj iBJ^naN ;0 ; ! '. 1 'oi ■ 'd >a •s;bj iBiOi •OJ . . . 'CO ; ;0 1 m . . • ;oo : ;r- 1 S )tal period, grams. ■SpiOB Aw 99JJ •sjejiBjjnaM ;0> joo '658.'9 493.6 ■5e o •S^BJ IB^Oi • o 1 M Hi Ms i •(sraBjani) 9)B0za9q ranipos jo asop iiiiBci oo • TOM CO CO CO CO coco •s.icp JO jaquin^ t~t>. ;|. ....... :, Date (1908). June 14-20 June 21-27 Average. July 3-9 July 10-16 July 17-23 July 24-30 JiUy 31-Aug. 6. Aug. 7-13 Aug. 14-20 Aug. 21-27 Average. No. -a a^>>^B>^« ACTION OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON THE HUMAN BODY 757 •M ■ £: ■ ii ..» "•o6~' :|| ■ TT ■". ■ II ■ as " .OS • S :|| •ffi ■05 i - .05 . ir :ft; : s :g • ■ * ' ■ 1 ^C4t>.<00 ■4< jOC^OO 'O «n 05 ^CRcocncc ^ ^3^ ^ ^•■v^Soa W3 io;0»f5 S SScO-'J'So g ^Kglg S^Sffg 3 CO ■^roco— i-o* ^ ^(NCO C >) s 1* ^ >o ■WTrno •«> iN-v«" e CN>o>i^-r M ooco t ^ 1 00 i^Tfira t r5 0»M ' •Ol « •CO • •OS • •o •05 • • :S • OJ :« ; ; , , lO • •CO • 1 ■ S ■0 •CO • ;^ • -o • •CO • * <9 • 03 • • t>. l"^ :"* : s p 000 . t^ t^toco USiO-^" •'i-i > 758 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. SERIES H. Caloric values of food. SUBJECT I R. DuU" (19tt8). a ■a o t-l 3 •a O For total period. Daily averages. No. •0 .2 1 V g ' ^ 2 S Ph s ■3 1 £ i 1 PL| 1 ■3 II lis . 3 OSS (fl — ■- J June 15-22 June 23-28 July 3-9 8 6 Gms. Gms. 6ms. Gms. Gms. \Gms. 1 Gms. Gms. Gms. 2,313 II 2,759 540.0 522 1,697 13,920 460.0 90.0 87.0 283.0 2,320 2,049 III 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 2,601 IV July 10-16 July 17-23 July 24-30 July 31- Aug. 6.. Aug. 7-13 Aug. 14-20 Aug. 21-27 2,406 V VI vir VIII IX X 3,014 2,945 2,829 2,880 03, 126 2,957 770.0 765.0 695.8 685.0 "872. 1 653.9 607 590 507 548 a 592 688 i,6:?r 1,590 1,626 1,647 al,662 1,615 16,6261436.6 15,880 420.7 15,030,404.1 15,180 411.4 17,160 446.6 15,310 422.4 110.0 109.3 99.4 97.8 124.6 93.4 86.7 84.3 72.4 78.3 84.5 98.3 233.9 227.1 232.3 235. 3 237.5 230.7 2,289 2,269 2,147 2,169 2,451 2,187 2,563 1 1 1 422.7 105.8 84.1 232. 8 2,252 Sept. 2-8. Sept. 9-15 Sept. 16-22 Sept. 23-28 Sept. 29-Oct. 1.. Average... : 1 1 XI XII XIII XIV XV 7 7 7 6 3 .6 2,902! 600.8 1.0 2,707{ 615.9 1.5, 2,7861 682.0 (6) 2,879| 690.7 6.0 1,322, 331.5 655 605 637 623 315 1,646 1,486 1,467 1,565 675 13,940 14,140 14,880 15,230 7,082 414.5 .386. 7 398.0 479.8 440.5 85.8 88.0 97.5 115.1 110.5 93.6 86.4 91.0 103. 8 105.0 235. 1 212. 3 209.5 260.9 225.0 1,992 2,020 2, 126 2,538 2,361 1 1 .... 1 419.8 97.4 94.5 227.9 2.176 Oct. 2-6 I XVI 5 5 4 1 2,047' 492.3 1 2,220 545.4 1 1,911 403.9 486] 1,069 3821 1,293 384( 1,123 10, 8.30 409.6 98 5 97.2 76.4 96.0 213.9 258.6 280.8 2,166 XVII XVIII Oct. 7-11 Oct. 12-15 Average... 11,820 9,810 444.1 ^477. 8 109.1 101.0 2,360! 2,452j 1 U4I. 3103.0 89.4 248.9 2,311i ■■"■| 1 1 1 1 1 SUBJECT II H. I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII June 16-23. June 24-29. July 3-9 July 10-16 July 17-23 July 24-30 July 31-.\ug. 6. Aug. 7-13 Aug. 14-20 Aug. 21-27 Average. Average. Oct. 2-6... Oct. 7-11.. Oct. 12-14. Average. 7 6 2,759 603. Oj 540j 1,616 14,680,459.8,100.5 90.0 269.3 Sept. 2-8 7 Sept. 9-15 Sept. 16-22 Sept. 23-28. . . . Sept. 29-Oct. 1 .45! I .45j ! .45' 4,8001068.0 .4.^), 3,325 746.3 .4.-) 3,985 933.0! .45 4,7431159.4 .45 4,803 985. 6| 692 3,040 25,330 685.71.52.61 98. 8| 434.3' 3,618 740 1,839 17,530 475.0106.6; 105.7, 262.7 2,504 725| 2,327 21,150 569.31133.3' 103.6 332.4 3,021 755, 2,829 25,480 677.6 165.6 107.9 404.1] 3,640 620 3,197 24,370 686.1140.8 88.6 456. 7i 3,481 .45 4,7761081.0 750 2,945 25,200 682.3154.4 107.2 420.7 3,600 1629.3142.2 102.0 385.1 3,311 1.0 1.5 62.5 6.0 3,837i 914.3! 642, 2, 281 20, ,500 548. 1 130. 6 91.7:325.8 2,928|. 4, 485 1072. 71 755 2, 657 23, 990640. 7, 153. 2 107. 9, 379. 6 3, 428! . 4,3261071.8 675' 2,57923,320618.0,153.1, 96.4 368.5 3,3311. cl,615;c414.4 <:407l c794 8,690538. 4 138. l' 135.71 264.6; 2,897!. 2,110 469.7 325 1,315 11, 100,703. 3j 156. 6] 108.3 438.4' 3,700!. .606.5146.0 104.0 356.5 3,244L. 3,205 775.3, 58.5 1,845 17,220 641.0,1.5.5.0 117.0 369.0 3,102 749.3; 580 1,77316,640 620.4149.8; 116. 0; 354.6; 1,563, 439.0 365] 759 8,700:521.0 146.31 121.7 253.0 3, 444; 3, 3281 , 2,900. 605.41151.0 117.7 336.7 3,274 11 o Calculated proportionally from 5§ days' collection of food. 64 days=2..5; 2 days=3. c Based on 3 days' collection of food. ACTION OF SODIliM HIONZOA'I'K ON THE HUMAN BODY. 759 Caloric values of food — Continued. SUBJECT III O. s For total period. Dally averages. ^ ^ V-n .a 43 ■a . "d ^ S 3 No. Date (1008). O 1 o o o ■a 1 § i 1 s i o a 8 1 . 11 • .-3 "3 ■a i2 s 1 ta 2 'A M « Ui Pi o CJ « !^ cu O O o Gms. Gms. Gms. Gms. Gms. Gms. Gms. Gms. Gms. II June 1&-25 July 31- Aug. 6.. 8 2, SOS 847.5 704 1,316 16,150 358.5 106. 88.0 164. 5 2,019 VII .45 3, 798 891.5 .565 2,. 341 20, 180 .542.6 127. 5 80.7 :534.4 2,883 X Aug. 21-27 Average 7 .45 3,451 8;J5.5 730 1,885 18,500 493. 119.4 104. 3 269. 3 2,643 517.8 123.5 92.5 301.8 2,763 Sept. 1&-22 XUI 7 1.5 3,656 879.0 832 1,945 19,700 522. 3 125. 6 118.9 277.8 2,814 XV Sept. 29-Oct. 1... Average . . . 3 6.0 1.601 366.0 335 900 8,470 533. 7 122.0 111.7 300.0 2,823 525.7 124.5 116.7 284.5 2,817 Oct. 7-11 XVII 5 2,583 621.3 521 1,441 13, 820 516.6 124.2 104.2 288.2 2,764 SUBJECT IV L. II June 21-27 July 31- Aug. 6.. Aug. 21-27 Average . . . 7 3,059 834.0 700 1,525 16,880 436.8 119.0 100.0 217.8 2,411 VII X 7 7 .3 .3 3,631 2,988 590.5 522.5 634 2,406 558 1,907 18,020 14,975 518. 7 426.8 84.4 74.7 90.6 79.7 343.7 272.4 2,574 2,139 472.7 79.5 85.1 308.1 2, 357] Sept. 16-22 Sept. 29-Oct. 1 . . Average . . . XIII XV 7 3 1.5 6.0 3,880 1,835 717.5 508.5 718 350 2,444 976 19,650 10, 170 554.2 611.6 102.5 169.5 102.6 116.7 349.1 325.4 2,807 3,390 571.6 122.7 106.8 342.1 2,982 Oct. 7-11 XVII 5 2,532 469.3 523 1,540 12,835 506.4 93.8 104.6 308.0 2,567 760 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. SERIES I. Hydrogen sulphide in feces. SUBJECT I K. Date (1908). Sept. 5. . 6.. 7.. 8.. 9.. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. ■gs 0ms. "so.'g 112.4 92.2 121.0 170.1 270.0 198.5 129.0 262.7 80.5 106.7 147.8 149.5 P.ct. 26.1 24.4 21.8 22.2 fa-Si c c a 2 ® H 35S Got. p. ct. 0.011 10.046 .0054 .0059 .0031 .0033 19.8 , .0095 23.4 21.8 15.2 22.6 23.4 24.0 .011 .011 .016 .008.5 .0085 .0049 23.9 .0054 .018 .026 .012 .0087 .025 .039 .0.39 .047 .034 .014 .015 O q ^i 6ms. 0.6 .6 .6 .6 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 Date (1908). Sept. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. Oct. 1... 2... 3... 4... 5... _'3 0ms. 93.7 64.4 146.2 148.6 184.0 84.6 177.0 104.5 220.3 233.5 130.1 i45.'5 J, t£).S ^ o © aJ=. P. SO' ! t>.aa W P. ct. Om. 25.8 0.0072 35.1 28.9 15.5 26.0 29.6 .0104 .051 .014 .0092 .014 31.0 31.0 18.3 28.9 28.0 .017 .019 .015 .0096 "6659 P.ct. 0.030 .046 .119 .060 .019 .055 .031 .059 .038 .054 .025 .016 ^5 rz 3 Qm^. 2.5 3.0 3.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 SUBJECT II H. Sept 5 92.5 162.5 19.5 23.3 0.006 .0069 0.033 .018 0.6 .6 .6 .6 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 Sept. 27 3.0 6 28 29 30 Oct. 1 303.0 242.4 105.0 156.1 69.1 26.6 38.1 21.4 21.7 31.9 0.045 .023 .025 .0102* .019 0.056 .025 .110 .045 .087 3.0 7 6.0 8 137.6 132.2 30.3 26.7 .0086 .013 .023 .039 6.0 9 6.0 10 2 11 12 186.5 25.7 .0073 .015 3 4 146.3 107.1 175.1 125.7 106.0 214.5 99.7 69.3 26.8 24.7 18.4 27.0 25.8 13.4 22.4 26.6 .032 .022 .017 .0078 .016 .0058 .011 .007 .082 .084 .052 .023 .060 .020 .050 .038 13 95.7 182.2 29.8 21.5 .0064 .0099 .022 .023 5 14 6 15 ' { 8 16 17 180.4 130.4 98.0 28.4 20.7 22.9 .022 .014 .011 .043 .053 .051 18 19 9 10 20 11 21 22 23 24 25 26 26i.'8 255.9 90.0 131.5 395.4 23.5 14.1 27.2 22.6 11.8 .0085 .013 .015 .016 .0076 .017 .036 .061 .036 .016 12 13 14 15 179.4 73.0 284.0 29.4 18.7 19.9 .016 .014 .031 .032 .105 .055 16 171.0 22.2 .0083 .022 U ACTION OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON THE HUMAN BODY. 761 Hydrogen sulphide in feces — Continued. SUBJECT III O. *MI 1 •W «*-! " o *.Ss -2 . 3S8 Ss O o otal weight o hydrogen sul phide in feces. 3 O 8 Date (1908). si 1 otal weigh hydrogen phide in fe< a> o 22| o o — 1 Date (1908). •ai ^ o o •3 . "3 o §1 In H H Eh M O Eh e Eh M Qms. P.rt. Qms. P.ct. Qms. Qms. p.ct. Qms. P.ct. Qms. Sept. 5 199. 7 20. 8 0. 0076 0.018 0.6 Sept. 26 79.4 31.2 . 0076 .031 2.5 t) 213.0 17.3 .0082 .022 .6 27 130.2 24.5 .012 .037 3.0 .6 .6 28 29 98.0 136.0 15.9 21.5 .0097 .050 .062 .171 3.0 8 120. 9 19.3 .011 . 046 6.0 9 168.0 20.4 .016 .048 1.0 1.0 1.0 30 6.0 10 Oct. 1 2 171.0 115.3 24.1 22.8 .020 .034 .047 .127 6.0 il 247.0 17.8 .028 063 12 385.0 12.9 .030 .061 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 3 13 . .. 4 5 147.0 22.5 .038 .115 14 16 97.5 26.3 .026 .100 6 226.7 18.9 .026 .060 16 60.0 29.2 .017 .098 1.5 7 126.5 14.6 .018 .098 17 145.5 24.5 .018 .051 1.5 8 188.4 15.7 .024 .083 18 285.0 62.5 13.7 25.2 .027 .018 .069 .114 1.5 1.5 9 19.'.'.'.'.... 10 220.3 22.0 .028 .058 20 1.5 1.5 11 12 203.0 146.0 14.9 14.8 .023 .021 .076 .0% 21 67.6 28.0 .0064 .034 22 198.0 22.9 .018 .039 1.5 13 173.0 11.3 .015 .076 23 . .. 2.5 2.5 2.5 14 15 166.7 19.5 .016 .048 » { 88.1 163.0 26.7 11.1 .0068 .014 .029 .076 16 118.0 28.4 .012 .036 25 201.0 12.3 .017 .069 2.5 Sept. 5 0.6 Sept. 26 163.5 18.8 .012 .038 2.5 6 .6 .6 .6 27 28 29 119.3 105.5 263.0 14.6 25.1 13.1 .013 .028 .041 .076 .104 .117 3 7 3.0 8 110.1 27.2 0.0081 0.027 6.0 9 190.7 21.4 .014 .034 1.0 30 78.3 18.2 .0038 .026 6.0 10... 1 1.0 1.0 Oct. 1 2 173.4 104.4 19.2 18.7 .032 .015 .096 .076 6.0 11 i3i.2 22.8 .0067 .022 12 94.5 19.5 .002 .011 1.0 3 198.0 15.8 .054 .171 13 203.7 19.6 .015 .036 1.0 4 199.0 16.2 .048 .148 14 1.0 1.0 5 16 376.6 i8.2 .046 .066 6 186.6 21.9 .029 .071 16 . ... 1.5 1.5 7 8 120.0 136.5 25.8 19.3 .017 .014 .054 .055 17 100.5 19.0 .016 .084 18 170.6 17.6 .036 .120 1.5 9 70.2 19.6 .0061 .045 19 119.0 21.2 .018 .071 1.5 10 220.0 18.2 .012 .029 20 97.5 137.3 24.6 13.1 .012 .019 .050 .105 1.5 1.5 11 21 12 155.8 27.4 .017 .039 22 107.3 18.9 .015 .072 1.5 13 97.5 18.8 .0072 .039 23 194.3 18.5 .012 .034 2.5 14 119.0 21.9 .0067 .027 24 165.0 17.2 .012 .041 2.5 15 125.5 22.1 .009 .044 26 96.8 21.0 .0014 .007 2.5 16 291.0 9.9 .012 .041 SERIES J. Graphic representation of body weights. 763 I .._ 1 — "" ~ ■ __ _ _ ^ B=: ^ ■ — _ 5S 55 — 1 t— /■^ \ — /■ " _ _ _ ~ 1 — 1 / '- ■— — V y _ _ 1 _ ^A 34 — 1 ~ ~ ~ " ... ^ ■> v^ X _ 1 ~ r ^ / s/ \ / :^ ' ^ ^ ,^ _ _ ^"S ~ ~ ~" 1 r •^ " "v J _ _ _ _ — c K^ "^ _ _ _ _ ■i? ^~ "~ ~ ■/ __. r H ~ ~ " _ _ _ _ 51 3l ~ ' ' ~ ~ r- ~ ' 1 _ _ _ _ f. 6 ^~- "~ ~ "" "~" ~ ~ ~ ' ' _ _ __ _ - s 5 - ^ ^ _ 4- i~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ _ 1 __ _ „ 3 ^ ■■ "~ ~~ ~ ' -U * _ __ _ - ? 2 ~ ~ ~ ~ ■' fp «f rl ^/^i;; In 1 1 1 1 „ _ 1 L_ aj LU \M1 la J \A M. JJ M. MX X. la. u. UL U, u. X u, UL UL LL iH IX u. X UjI^ XJ L. lJ 111 iliiUUUi IL IL 111 m m L. u u L u t u Subject ||H. ,7i.,TJeJ J^-li} ! 1 1 pL.]iAu,jit-' ' \ 1 1 Sej.'H*'<'<=r-.- ■-+--j---4^ -^J- '2£f'"'eiTr4 , i . 1 ; ^^ X ^ ^ -,^^ is.. L ,/ ^ =t5T^ H^^^^rT^-^ V^ ^ ir "■'■ .4 X A •■' \^s^ H-^T-^- - --- ^^-i A^ .-^^v j\ r\ .V A7'- / , { y^^J ^_ _^ L ^ ' oI^S^t^^^T A^-'='lj^j2=^^Lt:'T'^A ^4^ 3^' / ^ X Ji.qV-^^ " -^ ^^ ^- -^ +^^ t ! ■ " " ■ ■ ■ 4^ ' - ' + if: ifi::: ':" . i 1 illllliilllll lillllllllli llliLiLlLllliUiLllULiXLU LI 1 liJiill llllllllllilllilll 1 1 Mill -^'^'^'^- i- i--i -i-- -t&*^l*«- -4-^-^ 3- ^ ^ [ p.i^^y*.>t . Se^nj-K^i^er- j | i OcVbZ.er| ; ^ i ^ i 1; i\ ^ ^\ ^:r^>^^ '•'^ ^! •: =; U .[ ;; ;r ;! ^ S X ^i f - ^: =: i: ^r =^ w i i\ ^^ ; ^r .- ^. 4 ^; ^ i ^ ^; t ;f r j^ J; J -^ -, .> ^i H ^ ! i j ~t-v l^v J t ^"\ i i A 1. I y^y- -^""V^lI^V- — "^i _J^ / Ij— lA '"""■ "" t/sLrX-"^'^-^'" ^^ ■"" »w'S#"1— ^/^ V V'C" — h- J^-fJ -j=r-V >^ ^?^ —\ — ^-'— ■=?— ^ t ^ • "^ ! / V'' ' ' 1 ^ l_ _i_ . L- 1 1 ^ ^ ^ 4fll" ' ' 4^ inairiiiii.i.i.ii«iiiLaii*»iilitlliiiliiiii.]iri>iniimiiiiBiaii a^ 1[1ll lllllil f III III III ' I .Will 1 ! 1 J)u.\J ^■^L ^ (ti, t I ) ' r kitJin\t T I ' I 1 fl)AVlr 1 .-Isit^if f -^i • 't f^;r::> ^ M •f 1 -> ■ t ^ i- i-i ;; ;. fc ; i « ■^»l- .; t ;- \ -kii U ;?. . ■l-f • ^!' 50 r T _ l^Jllk^ r 1 1 W-n i r \^ t i J/ 1 1 i 1 rt - -' 1 K '' J 1 1 1 1 j S-^ / tv T-+ l\ 1 } - 1- '\f ic /I ^^ \ f\ M =^^ Zt- J V \, Sj / V I \ V^l- / \ > \ / \. 1 1- t / 1 ;\/ "L ^, __ / ^ \ /^\/: \ / ! 1 V 1 1 f " - J + \o' •il c (<^\ A JJll . .n. ..i..,.n.l „^. . .i. ,.1. II II 1,11, . 111 L iniiiiii 11 1 1 _ : 1 1 J LOtkoitta^' .1. i i \-^s«ss;^'«'^^«'M" ^^. t S 8 5 ' \'%»,\'h\<^'^i^%.^^ii^^^' 1) S "i 4 '^ r.* ^1 ^ ^H ;^^ ^li^v^-?^^^ J" \ ' ' ' , lAi , 1 : , 1 ^ 1 1 - n , / \, Ay I 1 ^0 / \ f \ t 1 V \ / k / ' !^>— ' 20 ' ! ! \ / L __._.,. ^ J/ : / >v. -N i / \ / -% k / ;. \ / \, 1 j ! ■/ \ J ! ^ \ ^ ^/\ r i ^ X ^ S -N .^ L y"'. \/ ' 1 V -' \ ^ K / 'K / ! 1 ■ i '' - ^ ! ( 0, « fr) ^ff)! 1 1 1 d / ■■Iiiiiiiiiiiii4iliii \x ^" .i..,....i.iii..i ii4iniiiiiii IIJ lij _ _J _ » mY^jv'^rHY^^iwfp^ ^m^-^-^J,l^-^^^ff^r.^^^^^diJ^f^^flu^ ' 1 ■ j^ / "Nl _i— j 1 J L /\ / ! V /\ / io 7 ; ' w ^«v _l ! '^ /^"■•» 1^ J I / ' 1 j/i / 1 ^ "^K ^ ^'' \ '^V S-^^ ^» l_ y'' ^^ — ^ / \_ ' \f \ n/^ ^ N^'' ^ i_ i^p' ^-^ ^ / i__S^_^ 1 ' ' ^ 1 i i i ^ 1 1 1 1 _ _ ^ -■ -HH - —1— — 1— i , 1 _toi3 »t^ _l_ 4-ji3jLal „i„J-HHIJ 1 4 4 ^ ^ - "t^-T- ^ 7±±+- ., .„.,±:^:^n.t:.t:: ;..., ., i n ?;.ii Mil 1 1 1 1 SERIES L. Clinical charts. KEY TO CHAUTS. No. I. flomplete chart of all gastric and blood work. No. II. Average of four hemoglobin estimations, six blood counts, four differentials, ^"^ two gaatric analyses in each examination of patient. No. III. (Curves showing relative weights, hemoglobin, red cells, and white cells from Chart II. No. IV. Chart, composite curves, and averages of averages of results obtained from the four test cases. 767 1^ —■"•"-' — ..,„„.. f ' CHART I rtSFcasE NUMBER ^4^. SATE, CaNlDlTloK 1 S\^ec.Vonv^Ve<.r BLSSbLX^Mo SK\«,mUit;«or QASTRICAKIALYSIS | ■)o8 kill's RPPtTITE Bswais RtMARK-S Sr h\* Pl=ETTl«.3 1 _ °i D l\\eTCnV.al . S oa w\U Murja - hV .,...»,.. '^o0.11t>eAl.ol.?,oooiUc.o."T.i 1 RtMRRKS J^'^.f %. 1' FRtE, FlKLb T2TAL «J^O,K.O TOTRL 1C1DIT,( PrttKOVTlil* v>t>A»««a oaatR "''"1. "tL, % w ^ \ \ \ ^. \ % \^ "'"* ^TL ReiCalU T'*., \ ^ \ c^ '\ \. ^' \k VER- mo 1 nr.b ■«•* ' fc3o'S.ocio' 4-000 fj ^liflhi- "a,..iu <«-^ 1 ?i* 5.iv3b,ooo' 5,H-o= fal. ft l-b l.Q-8 b 1-4- -ill^hl- ftb* 5,u.&a,ooo" 4.500 5,514.oo'i 5,000 bi-i 11-8 3- lo.J. i.t ,1 5b,U- .o58 .191 .3 45, -0B8 .191 e. H- ^.^v^ ■ft*^ W-Sltiooo' \ U4.1 ^, 1 *l' ..45b.oo+44,ooo 4. loo 3,aoo 5.388,00^* 5.111,000' b.i^-b.ooo'' 14,000 .bj.S« 3,HOo b4-i 11. a 04-1!. .3.-S. .6^1. I'k.'tf.y. .4 38.8 1.1 bi "vl S,i4i,i- Sl^Slt 91\.-.ujseraih'V.i'r«u*«z 351 ;!.oo ,oq'4 .oai .109 .I4b .iSl .o'Sl .3ab _,3.1J_ -lit .3l'« .095 .o.Bl .. ool ,131 :7Ab 104. Ill .191 - 2_^ G B /is It/ 10.8 Ci»l Macular "e," " 81.' 9°' 5,551,ooo» 5,300 1i_U 3-S -^ 11. 1 1.8 & — ak« ]^ 81* 90' 5, 411+. 00b 4.800 5,311,ood- -"*"^°° b3.1 b5.1 5-b 14 l.b lib .3Lb ^ Sllah SUai Aew QU ^^r y.\,.vr.^ :i5 - - z .109 .1I4 .311 .088 .191 ~ ~ ,, ---— — c^ 10 , 5S.^5 .1-« _L:^ bi.ciW ^^^ ».,a. b,33b 000 ...oc — — 7 331 11 ■iliqb . Stnl,-ltloa| 15 c .40 .114 14b ,_343 . .013 133 a 0. 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OiiHTwCia Qm't Rll-rafe Fret HCL Fixea HCL ToW HCL Comt, Tntnl KB ex^TAlVllM^^TlOrNS KB RtHs Uuco'5 P. T. LM. L. B, t. HCL RcffifH i!l2)4-5il89»o)( 1 lO-T 8t.7 5,t68.ooc (.,Boo 59.4 4- ^.8 3^,^ ,3 1.1 J.0O 90 .0^0 .iQi ,1-fei : ia;i .180 90 b Soo.aoo 1 1 / \ ^ - z. bci8 83.8 5,686,00 4,800 56.6 4. R.& 36,5 X 1,3 18?. 100 .o55 .M9 ,40b ,0C)3 .^03 b 000-000 --j— .^ / J a M. R+6 5.666.000 5.900 6^6 s [?M .3 \3 336 XXI .043 .105 .^19 116 .11-?. 5.500.000 l^boo — 4- 4^ ■~-< 1 -4— 4 b8.a QO. 6.?.i;i.ooo; 5, 500 (141 50 f. 6 251 3 \.x ^&4 115 ,o?.q ,153 .36? .149 .%oS 5.000 V S ig.6 8+3 'd.^XKmo 6,000 Mv4 5S « H-& .3 .3 ^43 iBo .040 .i6t .336 ,118 ^^x f , ^^ _, «. M.'S flhl 5,661.000 4.800 60,8 4-8 1, 39,^ ■3 1,5 ?.l8 155 ,06b .199 ,3-1 9 .111 .■A.13 W ^mHCL '"S ' - n1 —- — ' — ' 7 (l(),h 81.6 5.869,000 5,100 S86 5lJ 1,1 3518 ? ,. 354 104 .05S .110 -33? .10?. .188 100 ; R ■to.-r qob^ 5.194-00° t,000 6^ M ■q 30, ,5 l.A- 3 01 iq3. .0!)1 .153 ,361 .Ill .^i4 .oBo 1° ^ ^ J ^ -^ — ' =) fo.d <)0 4- 5.937.,ooo 6.900 6n 39 1.0 33,1 ,X 1.6 Hot xomm lUomi lO^e,— 060 69 ^ "■"■ ; -y -fn-r OS'S 5,g4^,ooo 6,3 63 A 3 1 1. 3oJ X \.k T.l^l V60 .1 10 ;,1^ .^11 .095 .9.15 .040 68 / ^ K- 11 95.1 5,159.<=°o 6,900 641 3. _i_ 303 ^ _u ?.X5 188 .101 .191 .311 .019 .W4 .o«.o y J — — J J U-. — — — 1 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE MORE IMPORTANT WORK ON BENZOATES. 70111— Xo. 88— 09 49 ^^^ \ I BIBLIOGRAPHY. Keller. Uber Veiwandluug der Benzoesiiure in Hippureaure. Liebig's Annalen der Chemie, 1842, XLIII, 108. Author took 2 grains of benzoic acid in evening without effec-t other than night sweat attributed to the acid. This dose was taken three times next day without other effects. Much hippuric acid was excreted. I'rea and uric acid were not decreased. Marchand. Uber die Oxydation^producte des Leims durch Chromsaure. Jomnal fiir pi-actische Cheniie, 1845, XXXV, 309. Of 5 grains of benzoic acid taken at once most was recovered as hippuric acid. Diarrhea. Dur- ing 10 days 30 grams of benzoic acid were taken. No mention of ill effects. WoHLER and Frerichs. Uber die Verilndeningen, etc. Liebig's Annalen der Chemie, 1848, LXV, 335. In experiments, mostly on dogs, benzaldehyde was transformed in the organism to Ijenzoic acid and excreted as hippuric acid. Ethyl benzoate is transformed to hippuric acid. Kt'H.vE and Hallwachs. Uber die Entstehung der Hippiirsiiure, etc. Virchow'a Archiv fiir pathologische Anatomie, 1857, XII, 386. Injection experiments on dogs. Formation of hippuric acid from introduced benzoic acid does not occur in intestines, nor in circulating blood, but in hepatic vessels in presence of constituents of bile (glycocholic acid). LrcKE. Uber die Anwesenheit der Hippursaure, etc. Virchow's Archiv fiir patho- logische Anatomie, 1860, XIX, 196. Method of detecting hippuric acid. Many specimens of normal urine from mixed diet contain no hippuric acid. It is found after taking food mostly vegetable; also after eating fruit, especially iranljerries. Fresh fruit apparently contains free benzoic acid. Lavtemaxx. Uber die Reduction der Chinasaure, etc. Liebig's Annalen der Cheihie, 1863, CXXV, 9. Autlior look S grams of the calcium salt of quinic acid, which is easily transformed into benzoic ■.wid in the laboratory. It was excreted as hippuric acid. Same results with two other subjects. Mattschewsky. Zur Entstehung der Hippursilure. Virchow's Archiv fiir patho- logische Anatomie, 1863, XXVIII, 538. In dogs, after diet of bread, meat, or milk, urine does not contain hippuric acid. Quinic and cinami? acids afford much hippuric acid. After giving benzoic acid per os, in one dog, with alka- line urine, free benzoic acid was excreted; in another, with acid urine, hippuric and benzoic acids. In man quinic acid increased the output of hippuric acid. Meissner and Shepard. Untersuchungen iiber das Entstehen der Hippursaure im thierischen Organismus. Hannover, 1866. There is no hippuric acid or benzoic acid in the blood of animals which excrete hippuric acid abundantly in the urine. According to the authors' experiments on man, ingestion of 7.0 grams of benzoic acid as sodium salt in solution after breakfast was followed suddenly, 30 minutes later, by nausea and vomiting. When 5.7 grams were taken after breakfast there was vehement vomit- ing after al)out 35 minutes. When vigorous exercise was taken after the same dose (5.7 grams) there was some nausea, but no vomiting. The nausea can be made to disappear bj' violent exercise, with deep inspirations, etc. After taking 3.S grams, when the subject was kept quiet in a warm room there was no nausea or vomiting. A stronger and heavier person repeatedly took 7.6 grams without these sjTnptoms. There was no hippuric acid in the sweat or saliva. 7.0 grams taken in two divided doses, without nausea or vomiting, failed to produce increase of urea, but rather a tendency to decrease. In man, daily outputs of hippuric acid in the urine have been obser\-ed as follows: Grams. By Weismann, on mixed diet 2. 47 By Boedeker, for nonnal healthy individuals 1. to 2. By Hallwachs, on diet not exclusively composed of meat 1.0 By Bence Jones 0. 25 to 0. 45. By Weismann, on meat diet 0. 76 By Kiihne. on diet mostly of meat Traces. By the authors, on diet not exclusively composed of meat 0. 08 to 0. 1 The amount seems to be verv constant under the same conditions. 771 772 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. The authors conclude from their experiments on animals that the kidney is the only organ where benzoic acid is normally transformed into hippuric acid. When 2 grams of benzoic acid per day were fed to a rabbit during 3 days there was no decrease in urea output. In a dog of 12 to 13 kilograms, 8 grams of benzoic acid given in solution per os caused vomiting. Later 8 grams were given twice a day as dry powder packed in meat. There was apparently no decrease in urea. After several days a toxic effect was noted— diflQculty in urinating, spasms, attack of rage, attempts to bite, foana at mouth. Benzoic acid was continued 2 days more and the attacks recurred. Appetite remained good. Convulsions occurred the day after the benzoic acid administration was stopped, and then they ceased. Similar attacks were observed in a small dog which received 10 grams benzoic acid for 3 days. The authors conclude that the continued administration of large amounts of benzoic acid is not without danger, although Keller took 2 grams per day for some time without feeling any ill effects. Hippuric acid is formed from benzoic acid in all animals. Authors conclude that in herbivorous animals the excretion of hippuric acid is dependent on the cuticular substance of plants ingested. The small amount in normal human urine probably derives its origin from metabolism products. HoFMEiSTER. Beobachtungen iiber Hippursaurebildung im Pflanzenfre-sserham. Landwirtschaftliche Versuchsstationen, 1871, XIV,, 458. A study of the conditions of hippuric acid formation in herbivorous animals. BucHHOLTZ. Antiseptica und Bacterien. Archiv ftir experimentelle Pathologie iind Pharmacologie, 1875, IV, 1. Studies on the bactericidal action of benzoic acid and benzoates. Bacteria are destroyed by benzoic acid in a concentration of 1 to 250. In his media sodium benzoate inhibited development of bacteria in a concentration of 1 to 2,000; benzoic acid in a concentration of 1 to 1,000. Weiske. Untersuchungen iiber die Hippursaurebildung im Korper des Herbivoren bei Verabreichung verschiedenartiger Futtermittel. (Unter Mitwirkung von Kellner und Wienand.) Zeitschrift fiir Biologie, 1876, XII, 241. The assumption of Meissner and Shepard and Ilarten that the cuticular substance of plants is the mother substance of hippuric or benzoic acid is little probable. A small amount of hippuric acid has a normal metabolism independent of food. In rams kept on hay, introduction of 1.5 grams of benzoic acid per daydid not give rise to the appearanceof free benzoic acid in the urine. The increase in the excretion of nitrogen after benzoic acid does not occur at the expense of urea. The urine of one animal fed with beans and potatoes was found free from hippuric acid. After addition of benzoic acid to the food (for 3 days 5 grams and for 1 day 10 grams) only'free benzoic acid appeared in the urine and no hippuric acid. With same food plus glycocoU there was no hip- puric acid. With glycocoU and benzoic acid and after feeding 5 grams of hippuric acid, only free benzoic acid and no hippuric acid was found in the urine. Author concludes that hippuric acid had been decomposed in the body and that the kidneys do not always form hippuric acid from benzoic acid and glycocoU. E. Okolow. i'ber die Einwirkung der Salicyl- und der Benzoesaiu-e auf Faulnisa und Giihrung. Centralblatt fiir Chirurgie, 1876, p. 777. [Abstract by W. Grube. Original, Russian.] Both acids inhibit putrefaction and fermentation. Benzoic acid more. Afterintemal application the urine decomposes more slowly. Small doses have no influence on stomach digestion. Large doses inhibit it completely. Small doses have no apparent influence, while larger doses decrease urea. After larger doses there is increase in amount of urine. Larger doses diminish the body weight. In 2 animals with fever benzoic acid reduced the temperature more than salicylic acid. E. Salkowski. Zur Wirkung des benzoesauren Natrons. Virchow's Archiv fiir pathologische Anatomie, 1877, LXXVIII, 53. Author concludes that sodium benzoate causes considerable increase in the decomposition of body proteins and that it would be well not to regard the administration of large doses of benzoates during long j)eriods as harmless medication. He found increa.se of nitrogen and sulphur excretion. A. Hoffmann. Uber die Hippursaurebildung in der Xiere. Archiv fiir experi- mentelle Pathologie und Pharmacologie, 1877, VII, 239. Author found hippuric acid in his urine within one-hall hour after taking benzoic acid and glycocoU; neither hippuric acid nor benzoic acid in the sweat. He reports transfusion experi- ments with excised dog kidneys, using benzoic acid, etc. Various factors inhibit hippuric acid synthesis. F. Walter. Die Wirkung der Sauren auf den tierischen Organiamus. Archiv fiir experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmacologie, 1877, VII, 148. In a rabbit 9 grams of hippuric acid per kilogram produced no pronoimced acid intoxication. BIBLIOGRAPHY. 773 BuNGE and Schmiedeberg. Uber die Bildung der Hippiireiiure. Archiv iiir expori- meutellc Pathologic und Pharmacologie, 1877, VI, 233. Classii' description of estiinaliou of liippuric acid and place of its fonuation in the anlnial body. In dogs liippiiric acid is foniied in ttie kidneys, which sustained their power to transform benzoic acid into hippuric acid for hours after excision. Salkowski. Vorgang der llarnftoffbildung im Tierkorper. Zeitschrift fiir phyt^io- logische Chemie, 1877-1878, I, 1. In a rabl>it fed on potatoes and benzoic acid there was considerable increase in nitrogen e.xcTetion; the proportion of nitrogen to sulphur remained the same as before. The benzoic acid appeared mostly as hippuric acid. After introduction of hippuric acid the urine of rabbits reduced cupric oxide. Tlie nature of the reducing substance is not known. Dogs take benzoic acid with tlieir diet without injury at least for 30 days. When on 2 consecutive days between 5 and 7.5 grams of sodium benzoate were given, a definite increase in nitrogen and sulphur excretion occurred, i. e., increased protein matabolisin Lauder Bruntox. Text Book on Phannacology, Therapeutics and Materia Medica, London, 1878, 3d edition, 78. Data on tlie inhibitory action of benzoic acid and sodium benzoate upon various enzj-mes. G. Brown. Zur Therapie der Diptheritis. Archiv fiir experimentelle Pathologic imd Pharmacologic, 178, VIII, 140. A 5 per cent solution of sodiiun benzoate seems to destroy diphtheria bacilli within one hour. Klebs. tjber einige therapeutische Gesichtspuncte welche durch die parasitiire Theorie der Infectionskrankheiten geboten erscheinen. Prager medizinische Wochenschrift, 1878, III, 5, 16, 41, 54. Author has often tried 5 grams of sodium benzoate on himself and others without any disturbance of digestion. In dogs the maximal permissible dose of sodium benzoate for subcutaneous injection is 1 per mille of body weight; in rabbits 2 per mille of body weight is a fatal dose. Klebs. Uber einige therapeutische Gesichtspuncte welche dmch die parasitiire Form der Infectionskrankheiten geboten erscheinen. Prager medizinische Wochenschrift, 1S78, III, No. 1, 2, 5, 6. Sodium benzoate seems to be more advantageous than salicylic acid in bacterial infections, since it can be given in larger doses without danger. Subcutaneously the maximal permissible dose is 1 per mille of body weight: 2 per mille is a fatal dose. The largest single dose to be used is 5 grams. Klebs. Natrium benzoicum. Correspondenzblatt fiir Schweizer Aerzte, 1878, VIII, 313. In an oral communication to the editor the author states that there are absolutely no disagreeable effects when sodium benzoate is used for even longer periods of time, in doses up to 25 grams per day. The usual dose is 10 to 15 grams per day; the maximal dose up to 12 per mille of body weight, Salkowski. Uber den Einfluss der Verschliessung des Darmkanals, etc. Virchow's Archiv fiir pathologische Anatomic, 1878, LXXIII, 421. Hippuric acid is found in the urine of the starving dog and is not increased after ligating the intestines. In rabbits hippuric acid does not appear in the urine when it is free from phenol. E . Salkowski. Uber das Vorkommen von Allantoin und Hippursaiu-e imHundeharr . Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft, 1878, XI, 500. a dog on exclusive meat diet and in hunger excretes small and varying amounts of hippuric acid. Ligating the intestines has no influence on the hippuric acid excretion. Winter. Zur therapeutischen Verwendung des benzoesauren Natrons. (Abstract.) Schmidt's Jahrbiicher fiir die gesammte Medizin, 1879, CLXXXIV, 121. Report of views of others. Naumann. iJberdie therapeutische Verwendung des benzoesauren Natrons. (Nach Schiiller, Klebs, Letzerich, Hoffmann.) Schmidt's Jahrbucher fur die ge- sammte Medizin, 1879, CLXXXII, 125. Discussion of the therapeutic dosage of sodium benzoate, especially in febrile processes. Dogs can endure injections of 1 .7 grams per kilogram without any danger. A dog of 6.5 kilograms which received 11 grams of sodium benzoate injected within 90 minutes showed short vagus stimulation and a relatively long increase of arterial pressure. Qp this basis a man of 50 kilograms could with- stand a dose of 85 grams of sodium benzoate. Ilofimann gives adults 10 grams per day and gave an 11-year-old girl grams per day for 10 days without iU effect. 774 SODIUM BE^'ZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN, .Sf.vator. Uber die Wirkung dt*r IJenzoesiiuie bei der rheumatincheji Pdlyarthritis. Zeitschrift fur klinische Medizin, 1879, I, 243. The author administered sodium benzoate in doses of 4 to 6 grams per day without llie slightest ill effect, then increased it to 11 to 12 grams. In acute rheimiatism as much as 70 grams of sodium benzoate were given during the course of the disease, u.sually within 1 1 days, without any s>nnj)tonis of irritation. Soon after administration the urine acquired strong reducing properties. Fritsche. [In a discussion of a paper on inhalations of sodium benzoate in tubercu- losis of the lungs.] Berliner klinische Wochenschrift, 1879, XVI, 7G2. Untoward eiTects reported in the treatment of a tubercular patient with inhalations of sodium benzoate. M. ScHULLER. tjber therapeutische Versuche bei mit liiberculosen, scrophuloseu, Beptischen Massen inficierten Tieren. Archiv fiir experimentelle Pathologic und Pharmacologie, 1879, XI, 84. The author states that it is possible for an adult to take 20 to .30 grams of sodium l)enzoate per day internally without injurious effect. F. Kroczak. Vorlaufige Mitteilung iiber Natronbenzoicum Inhalationen am Krank- enbette. Wiener medizinische Presse, 1879, XX, 1178. Sai.omox. L'ber den Ort der Hippursaurebildung beim Pfianzenfres.ser. Zeit- schrift fur physiologische Chemie, 1879, III, 365. In rabbits benzoic acid or benzoic acid plus glycocoU given per os leads to the formation of lii])- puric acid. In herbivora the kidneys are not the onlj- organs where this sjnithesis takes place, but in dogs the idea of Bunge and Schmiedeberg that the kidney is (he only place of the sjTithasis is still valid. (Salkowski.) Vox Schroder. LToer die Bildung der Ilippursiiure im Organismus des Schafcs. Zeitschrift fiir physiologische (.'hemic, 1879, III. 323. Author took 0.5 gram of benzoic acid in KOII, with a diet of potatoes and butter. The strongly alkaline, turbid urine contained no trace of benzoic acid. In rams fed on potatoes and beans 5 to 6 grams of benzoic acid given per os as potas.sium salt reappeared in urine mostly as hippuric acid (77 to 90 per cent) with relatively small amounts of free benzoic acid (4 to 23 per cent). Only small amounts of the introduced benzoate were unac^counted for. (is. \\'eiske.) R. Demme. Sechszehnter mediz. Bericht iiber die Thiitigkeit des Jennerschen Kinderhospitals in Bern im Laufe des Jahres 1878. Schmidt's Jahrbiicher fur die ge.^ammte Medizin, 1879, CI.XXXIII, 218. Diphtheria is treated vrith 5 to 20 grams of sodium benzoate per day, besides local treatment with it and subcutaneous injections of a 50 per cent solution in retro and submaxillary region and in the tonsils. There was no drop of temperature: the heart action was improved and urine secretion increased. Stadelmaxx. Uber die Umwandlung der ('hiiia.saure in liippursaure im Organ- ismus der Saugetiere. Archiv fiir experimentelle Pathologic und Pharma- cologie, 1879, X, 317. The sodium salt of quinie acid produces an increase in hippuric acid in lierbivorous animals (rabbits), but none in carnivorous animals (doirs). The output does not account for the amount of quinie acid introduced, and appears after a relatively long time. RoKiTANSKY. Zur Behandluug der Phthisc mittelst Inhalationen von Natrium benzoicum. Wiener medizinische Presse, 1S79, XX, 1330. Inhalations of sodium benzoate are reported to be of great value in phthisis. .V patient of 50 kilograms must use at least 50 grams in 5 per cent solution per day, the dose lieing determined by the body weight. Patient must inhale 1 gram per kilograin. It is a-ssumed to reach the lung in sufTicient concentration to act bactericidally. W. KocHS. iiber eine Methode zur Bestimmung der Topugraphie des ( hemismua im tierischen Korjjer. Pfliiger's Archiv fiir die gesamrato Phy.'=iologie, 1879, XX, 64. Confirmation of the Bunge-Schmiedeberg experiments on hippuric a<'id-formation after trans- fusion of dog kidney wnth blood plus glycocoll plus benzoic acid. The s.\iithesis also takes place in the presence of comminuted kidney of dog. ox, and calf. Experiments with liver (dog, calf) were negative. BinLTOCJRAPllV. 775 ,1 AARsvKi.i) and Stokvis. i'bcr don Einfluns von NicrenafUutionen auf die liilduDg von llippursiiurc. Arcliiv fiir exporiniontollc Patholo(;io nnd Phannacologie, 1879, X, 268. The urine of u lieallhy iiKlividual never contained free I>en7,oif acid after administration of 0.4, 0.5, 1, and 2 gnun.s of Iwnzoic acid within 5 days. In a patient with healthy Itidneys and liver, after giving 1.5 grains benzoic acid, (iO per cent was recovered in the fonn of hippnric acid, 0.54 gram, and free benzoic acid, 0.34 gram. In chronic hemorrhagic pleurisy with stasis, 33 per cent of 1.2 grams of benzoic acid given was excreted as hippnric acid. There was no free benzoic afMd present. In three cases of interstitial nephritis the introduced benzoic acid (maximum dose 1.5 grams) nearly always reappeared exclusively as hippuric acid. In two cases of amyloid degenera- tion of the kidney the introduced benzoic acid appeared, with exception of one day, only as free benzoic acid. In parenchymatous nephritis introduced benzoic acid was excreted either only as free benzoic acid or in marked preponderance as free lienzoic acid; usually 50 to CO per cent of the introduced benzoic acid reappeared. Authors conclude that benzoic acid not found in urine is not absorbed. After introduction of benzoic acid there is no increase of ethereal sulphates in the urine, .\uthors conclude that in man the capacity to excrete benzoic acid as hippuric acid is dimin- ished or entirely gone in affections of the kidneys, the greatest inhibition being noted in parenchym- atous nephritis. The rabbit can fonn hippuric acid in the small intestine and liver as well as in the kidney. Wkiske. Uber Hippiusaurebildung im tierit^chen Organismus. Zeitschrift fiir Biologie, 1879, XV, 618. Author repeats experiments of feeding l^enzoic acid to a ram on a diet of beans and potatoes. Like Von Schroder, he now finds only hippuric acid in the lu-ine, and no benzoic acid. \\ i\TEU. Zur therapeutischen Verwendung der Benzoesaure und des benzoesiiuren Natrons. (Abstract.) Schmidt's Jahrbiicher fiir die gesammte Medizin, 1880, CLXXXVI, 121. Author reports failure to observe ill effects (diarrhea) after the therapeutic use of benzoates. They are strongly diuretic. H. Robert. (Nach eigenen im Verein mit Dr. Schulte ansgefiihrteii Untersuch- ungen.) Zur Kenntnis der Wirkung der Benzoesaure. Schmidt's Jahrbiicher fiir die gesammte Medizin, 1880, CLXXXV, 12. After intravenous introduction of sodium or magnesium benzoate in dogs, benzoic acid appears in the saliva. The reducing substance found in the urine after admin istration of benzoic acid occurs only definitely after giving extraordinarily high doses, and occasionally in persons who do not get benzoic acid. Salkowski thinks this is probably due to the benzoic acid content of the food. The presenceof this substance is regarded as the first sign of intoxication. It occurs only in the urine and never in saliva. In animal experiments it was found after subcutaneous and per os administration of benzoic acid and its salts, but never after intravenous injection. In man the reducing substance did not occur in the urine after subcutaneous injection of 5c. c. of a 30 percent solution; it seems to be found only after administration of benzoic acid per os. In cold-blooded animals (frogs) thefree acid and its salts produce the toxic effects in the same manner. These are: Clonic spasms of muscles; exceptionally tetanus; gradually vomiting, sometimes bloody, even after subcutaneous injection, respiration frequent, pulse not quickened nor retarded, except toward exitus. Refiex excitability was decreased to complete loss. Respiration stopped when reflex excitability was diminished to a very high degree, but by careful dosage restitution was still possible. The paralysis of the reflex excitability is the same after severing the brain, therefore paralysis of reflex excitability of the cord. In warm-blooded animals (rabbits, cats, dogs) toxic doses per os, subcutaneously or intravenously, produced trembling and convulsions at times, more often diminution of psychic functions; first atactic movements of the anterior extremities, paresis, then paralysis gradually progressing back- ward, together wnth a drop in temperature. In dogs there is usually vomiting, rarely diarrhea, k Hemorrhages and erosions of the stomach mucosa occurred even after subcutaneous or intravenous injections. Death was due to paralysis of respiration. There .seems to be a complete paralysis of brain and cord. Benzoic acid, as well as its salts, when given in doses exceeding 2 i)er cent (2 per mille?. see Wiener) of body weight causes in all animals intoxication followed by death. Post- mortem, the mucosa of the stomach may be found h>-peremic, hemorrhagic, even necrotic; there- fore large doses which can only be given per os in man should be cautiously administered to avoid erosions. The appearance of reducing substance in the urine is a valuable sign of intoxication. Therapeutically, the author gave 5 to 10 grams of sodium benzoate per day. Severe toxicsj-mptoms were avoided; but frequently very intense nausea and vomiting, sometimes with a little blood, were observed. In one case there were severe toxic sjTnptoms, due to l)leeding in the stomach. Abnormalities of pulse and blood and respiration were never seen. Larger doses, like 10 grams at one time, are not permissible on account of the stomach symptoms. Reducing substance in the urine was rarelv encoimtered. 776 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. Weyl and Anrep. Uber die Ausscheidung der Hippursaure und Benzoesaure wahrend des Fiebers. Zeitschrift fvir physiologische Chemie, 1880, IV, 169. In patients hippuric acid and free benzoic acid were found. Rabbits fed with milk and oats always excrete hippuric acid and some benzoic acid. During fever the excretion of free benzoic acid is increased and that of combined benzoic acid is decreased. The excretion of free benzoic acid could not be altered by introduction of glycocoll, suggesting that a rabbit with fever has partly lost its capacity to synthetize hippuric acid. In dogs during fever there is less hippuric acid than before, but no increase of lienzoic acid. M'hen sodium lienzoate is fed to dogs in fever a much larger part of the benzoic acid reappears as free benzoic acid than in normal conditions. E. Salkowski. Notizen. Zeitschrift fiir physiologische Chemie, 1880, IV, 135. Author suggests that the reducing substance found in the urine after ingestion of benzoic acid may be a glucoside-like compound. ScHMiEDEBERG. tjber Oxydationen und Synthesen im Tierkorper. Archiv fiir experimentelle Pathologic und Pharmacologie, 1881, XIV, 288. Benzoic acid may be formed from benzylalcohol and dog's blood, and in transfusion through excised kidneys. In the organism toluene is transformed to benzoic acid and hippuric acid. ScHMiEDEBERG. Uber Spaltungen und Synthesen im Tierkorper. Archiv fiir experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmacologie, 1881, XIV, 379. Author concludes that hippuric acid formation probalily occurs in most or all organs of the body. A histozjTn capable of decomposing it also exists. ( '. ViRCHOW. Uber die Einwirkung des benzoesauren und salicylsavuren Natrons auf den Eiweissumsatz im Korper. Zeitschrift fiir physiologische Chemie, 1882, VI, 78. Five to 7 grams of benzoic acid admmistered to dogs of 22 and 26 kilograms on successive days produced increase of nitrogen excretion; and when sodium benzoate was given to a dog in a normal state of nutrition, considerable increase of protein decomposition (25 to 40 per cent) was observed. Salkowski. Weitere Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Harnstoffbildung. Zeitschrift fiir physiologische Chemie, 1882-1883, VII, 93. In man, dog, and rabbit amido-benzoic acid is partly transformed to uramldo-benzoic acid, the rest excreted partly imchanged, partly as amido-hippuric acid. Like benzoic acid, amido-benzoic acid causes increase of protein metabolism, but to a smaller extent. J. ScHiFPER. Weitere Beitrage zum Verbal ten des Sarkosins im tierischen Organis- mus. Zeitschrift fiir physiologische Chemie, 1882-1883, VII, 479. In animal experiments feeding of sarkosin and benzoic acid resulted only in normal hippuric acid formation, not an excretion of sarkosin hippuric acid. E. Salkowski and H. Salkowski. Uber das Verhalten der aus dem Eiweiss durch Fiiulniss entstehenden aromatischen Siiiu-en im Tierkorper. Zeitschrift fiir physiologische Chemie, 1882-1883, VII, 161. An increased output of hippuric acid was foimd in the urine of a dog after feeding 2 grams of phenylpropionic acid. E. Baumann. Zur Kenntnis der aromatischen Substanzen des Tierkorpers. Zeit- schrift fiir physiologische Chemie, 1883, VII, 553. Tyrosin fed to man and dogs in large amounts never caused an increase of hippuric acid output. ScHOTTEN. Uber die Quelle der Hippursaure im Ham. Zeitschrift fiir physiolo- gische Chemie, 1883, VIII, 60. Feeding experiments on dogs with phenolamidopropionic acid, leading to the excretion of hip- puric acid. Kronecker. Uber die Hippursiiurebildung beim Menschen in Krankheiten. Archiv fiir experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmacologie, 1883, XVI, 344. Author maintains that a nonnal individual does not excrete any free benzoic acid after its intro- duction. After feeding 0.5 gram of sodium benzoate to 6 nephritic patients, the observations of Jaarsveld and Stokvis were confirmed in affections of the kidneys. There is a decreased capacity to transform benzoic acid to hippuric acid. In 2 cases of typhoid fever, with high temperature, nearly all of the introduced benzoic acid was excreted as hippuric acid. Minkowski. Uber Spaltungen im Tierkorper. Archiv fiir experimentelle Patho- logie und Pharmacologie, 1883, XVII, 445. In nephrectomized dogs the author found free benzoic acid in the blood, liver, and muscles after subcutaneous injection of hippuric acid under the necessary precautions. In rabbits the results were negative. This shows that diflerent chemical proces,ses go on in different chemical species. The decomposition of hippuric acid is accomplished through ferment action. BIBLKKJRAIMIY. 777 Van UK Velde and Stokvih. ExpciiincntcUo Bcitriige zur Frago der Ilippursaure- zerlegung iin lobeiulen Orgaiiimmia. Archiv fiir oxperimentelle Pathologie und PharnuuoloKii', 1883, XVII, 18!). •Authors conchulo (hut the existence of a feniuMit in the living organism leiuling to a deconiposi- tion of hippurie acid into benzoic acid and glycocoU has not yet been siifliclently proved. The contradictory results of others can be e.xplained from the ease with which hippurie acid is decom- posed outside of the V)ody in animal fluids, especially at alkaline reaction, and if they contain much aibimien. E. Salkowski. liber das Vorkomineii der Phenacetursiiure im Ham und die Entste- hung dor aromatischeii Substanzcii bcim Ilerbivoren. Zeitschrift fiir physiolo- gische Chemie, 1885, IX, 229. In the horse hippurie acid may l>e formed from hydrociimamic acid, a product of protein pntre- faction in the intestinal tract. E. Salkowski. Zur Kenntnis der Eiweissfilulnis III. tJber die Bildung der nicht hydroxylierteu aroniatischen SiUiren. Zeitschrift fiir physiologische Chemie, 1885, IX, 491. Homologues of benzoic acid (hydroi'innaiiuc acid and phenylacetic acid) are a constant product of protein putrefaction. Noel Paton. On the relationship of urea formation to bile secretion. Joiu-nal of Anatomy and Physiology, 1886, XX, 114, 267. Doses of 0.51 and 0.55 gram of sodiimi benzoate per kilogram in dogs have practically no influ- ence on the amount of water excreted. The uric acid excretion is diminished, that of urea increased. The author regards sodiiun benzoate as an hepatic stimulant. E. Baumann. Die aromatischen Verbindungen im Harue und die Darmfaulniss. Zeitschrift fur physiologische Chemie, 1886, X, 123. Author concludes that the excretion of hippurie acid in carnivorous animals (dog) is exclusively dependent on putrefactive processes in the intestines. Baas. Uber das Verhalten des Tyrosins zur Hippursaurebildung. Zeitschrift fiir physiologische Chemie, 1887, II, 485. The author found no increase of hippurie acid elimination afterleeding tyrosin to man. M. KuMAGAWA. iJber die Wirkimg einiger antipyretischer Mittel auf den Eiweiss- umsatz im Organismus. Virchow's Archiv fiir pathologische Anatomie, 1888, CXIII, 134. Metabolism experiments on dogs. An animal weighing 15 kilograms and in nitrogen equilibrium received sodiimi benzoate dissolved in warm water with the food as follows: First 3 days— 3 grams; following 8 days— 5 grams; in 11 days— 41.54 grams of pure benzoic acid were given without ill effects. There was an increase of nitrogen excretion in the urine. In the last days the indican reaction was weaker. Forty per cent of the benzoic acid of the whole period was excreted as hip- purie acid ; 55 per cent as benzoic acid. A dog weighing 36 kilograms and in nitrogen equilibrium received 24 grams of benzoic acid mixed in food, within 6 days; increased protein decomposition was observed. During the last daysand in the after period the indican reaction was distinctly diminished, but never completely missed. The ethereal sulphates were also diminished about 20 per cent. The number of bacteria in the feces had decreased. The author concludes that benzoic acid manifests antiseptic properties in the intestines. MoERNER. Eine Vergiftung diu'ch Natrium benzoicum. Centralblatt fiir die medizinische Wissenschaften, 1888, XXVI, 545. More than 100 grams of sodium benzoate and a little naphthalin had been introduced into a der- moid cyst of the ovary. About 30 hours later the signs of intoxication arose and the cyst was washed out. The urine contained a consideral)le amount of hippurie acid (1.9 grams per 100 c. c.) and gave no reduction test and no albumen. No free benzoic acid was found. In urine voided 2 days later no hippurie acid was found. R. CoHN. iJber das Auftreten von Benzamid, etc. Zeitschrift fiir physiologische Chemie, 1890, XIV, 202. In dogs fed on ammonium tenzoate by far the greater part is excreted as hippurie acid, with very little benzamid. C. BiNz. Vorlesungen iiber Pharmakologie, zweite Auflage, 1891. Berlin, Hirsch- wald. p. 594. A discussion of the basis for benzoic acid therapy. Disadvantages: to 8 grams of benzoic acid or sodium benzoate cause irritation of the stomach and intestine. 778 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. K. CoHN. liber das Auftroten, etc. Zeitschiift fiir physiolosiischo Cheniie, 1H!)2, XVII, 310. In rabbits auddog-s benzaldehyde caused the appearance of free tjcnzoic acid and liippurie aeiil. and perliaps a trace of cinnamic acid in the urine. Cinnainic acid is mostly transforsipd to liip- purie acid. VoGL. Realencyclopiidie der gesammten Ileilkunde (Eulenburg). 3 Auflago. Leipzig, 1894, III, 229. Author reports that Sclireiber took 15 grams of benzoic acid in divided doses in J days. The only symptoms experienced were tickling in the throat, feeling of warmth in the abdomen, and later in the whole body, and increased frequency of pulse. Next day abundant perspiration set in. increased expiration with dullness in the head, and slight transitorj^ digestive disturbances. Author recommends 0.03 to 0.5 gram per dose as expectorant; for rlieumatism, 0.5 to 1 gram every hour or every 3 hours (10 to 12 grams per day). Doses up to 25 grams of sodium benzoate per day are recommended for various conditions. Von Jaksch. Die Vergiftungeii. Specielle Pathologie und Therapie (Nothnagel), Vienna, 1897, I, 357. Author remarks that perhaps benzoic acid and its salts are the least injurious of the whole aro- matic series for the human organism; he repeatedly gave in rheumatism iis high as 2-1 grams of sodium benzoate per dose without observing toxic effect. Cases are known where up to 00 grams per day were given. The free benzoic acid will act toxic simply as acid. SiRECi. Uber die Ausscheidung der Hippursiiure. Maly's Jahresberioht fiir Thicr- cHemie, 1897, XXVII, 325. Even on a uniform diet the daily hippuric acid excretion in the same individual varies widely. Hippuric acid given internally is completely excreted as such. Even with high doses of benzoic acid it was not possible to exceed the capacity of tlie organism to transform all the benzoic acid to hippuric acid. SiKECi. Sulla elimiuazione dell' acido hippurica. Gazetta degli Espedali c dellc cliniche, 1896, XVII, 496. Doses of benzoic acid ranging from 1 to 15 grams per day are given without noting ill effects. \\ehmer. Einige vergleichende Versuche iiber das antiseptische Verhalten der Benzoesaure, etc. Chemiker Zeitung, 1897, XXI, 73; C'hemi.sches ("entralblatt, 1897, I, 548. In concentration of 0.1 per cent benzoic acid inhibited the growth of yeast. Pfeiffer and Eber (in Verbindungen mit Gotze und Muller). Beitrag zur Frage iiber die Bildung der Hippursaure im tierischen Organismus. Die Landwirt- achaftliche Versuchstationen, 1898, XLIX, 97-144. Protein decomposition can not be the only source of the nilrogen-free component of hippuric acid, according to experiments on the horse. •T. PoHL. iiber Synthesenhemmung durch Diamine. Archiv fiir experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmacologie, 1898, XLI, 97. By feeding ethylendiamin to rabbits, hippuric acid synthesis, after introduction of benzoic acid, can be markedly inhibited without any disturbance of al).sorption or excretion of the benzoic acid. Wiener, tiber das Glykokoll als intermediiires Stoffwochselproduct. Archiv fiir experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmacologie, 1898, XL, 313. In rabbits fed with sodium benzoate it takes 4 days until all of the benzoic acid reappears in the urine, free or combined. Benzoic acid in doses of 1.7 grams per kilogram is fatal to rabbits. The values for the combined benzoic acid output are very constant, the maximum being reac'hed with 1 gram of the acid per kilogram. When small amounts of benzoic acid are given, all of it reappears in the urine; with the large doses a constant loss occurs. Feeding of benzoic acid does not decrease the urea output. There is increase of protein decomposition, so that the total nitro- gen and urea outputs are increased. When glycocoU is injected subcutaneously and benzoic acid is given per os in a fatal dose, the animal survives. Other amido acids d(-toxified benzoic acid similarly. The author assumes that they are transformed to glycocoll. KuNKEL. Uandbuch der Toxikologie. Jena, G. Fischer, 1898, p. 550. (1) The free benzoic acid, soluble in about 400 parts of water, when applied in powder form, has a strongly irritating action on mucous membranes, leading to strong local inflammations. Even with not very high doses, hemorrhages in the mucous membranes have been seen. (2) Sodium benzoate appears to be very little toxic. In its application in cases of tiiberculosis, doses up to 50 grams pro die were given to single individuals without ill effect . but not without action. Excessive doses cause nausea, vomiting, (.uUness. humming of ears, and difficulty in hearing. These symptoms disappear when the medication is stopped. lilBI.IOGRAPHY. 779 K. SiMUo. i'bor NaehweiM und X'oikomnuMi tics (Jlykokolln. Zoi(fichrift fiir pliysio- logisc-ho ( 'hcmio, 1SS)9, XXVIIl, 171. Author obtainod no syntliosis of liippuric acid from IxMizoic acid and j;lyc(x'oll with tissue press juice, and tliinks tliat survlvinf; colls arc necessary. II. Lefkmann. Diijestivc fonnonts, with especial reference to the el'lect of food ])reservalive.s. Journal of the Franklin Institute, 1899, CXLVII, 97. Benzoic iwid and sodium l)onzoate arc practically witliout influence on the diRestivc jjower of the enzymes studied (diivstiiscs, carase, pancreatic extracts), excepting higher concentrations. Tlie author adds tliat as the preser\-ative influence of sodium henzoate is iindoubted and its dis- agreeable taste in any food article will prevent its liberal use it seems well adapted for general use. s M.KdwsKi. Uber die antiseptische W'irkung von Salicylaldehyd und Benzo^•.^au- reanhydrid. Virchow's Archiv fiir patholoj^ische Anatomio, 1899, CLVII, 41G. In concentration of 0.!S per cent benzoic acid anhydrid kept chopped meat mixture sterile more than 5 months: similarly 0.25 per cent. With 0.1 per cent a few colonies were grown after this lime, while with 0.025 per cent the mixture showed cultures after 5 days. -V.sHHURST. Certain effects of benzoic acid upon the urine. Philadelphia Medical Journal, Feb. 24, 1900. In dogs 1 to 2 grams of sodium l)enzoate administered subcutancously for several days produced slight and inconstant diuretic elTcct. A dog received 1 gram of sodium beuzoate daily during 2 months. No ill effects are mentioned. The author took grams of sodium henzoate daily during 6 days. The quantity of urine was somewhat increased, the specific gravity slightly altered, the acidity slightly diminished. Ui-UMENTHAL. Zur Methode der Ilippiirsiiiirebestimmung. Zeitschrift fiir klin- ische Medizin, 1900, XL, 339. M. Lewandowsky. Versuche iiber den Einfiuss der Benzoesaure auf die llarn- saurebildung. Zeitschrift fiir klinische Medizin, 1900, XL, 202. A patient received 35 grams of sodium henzoate in 5 days; 15.5 grams were excreted as hippuric acid. There was no decrease of uric acid. This indicates that the formation of hippuric and uric acids are independent of each other. Three patients were fed with sodium licnzoate for 2 to 7 days, and doses between 5 nnd 9 grams per day. In two cases a peculiar sleep-producing action gf benzoic acid was noted. Abelous and Ribaut. Sur I'existence d'un ferment soluble operant la synthase de I'acide hippurique aux depens du glycocolle et de I'acide benzoique. Compt&s Rendus de la Societe de Biologie, June 9, 1900. The hippuric acid synthesis by kidney tissue is due to an enzyme action. Weintraud. ijber den Abbau des Nucleins im Stoffwechsel. ( 'entralblatt fiir innere Medizin, 1900, XXI, 464. An occasional increase of hippuric acid excretion after thjanus feeding is due to increased intes- tinal putrefaction which furnishes the benzoic acid radical. Parker and Lusk. On the maximum production of hippuric acid in rabbits. American Journal of Physiology, 1900, III, 472. In fasting rabbits toxic SJ^nptoms and death resulted when 1 to 0.4 gram of benzoic acid as litliiuin salt was given for ti days. In fasting rabbits frequently fed with lithium benzoate the amount of glycocoU eliminated as hippuric acid compared with the total nitrogen output indicates that in metabolism the protein molecule may yield glycocoU to the extent of at least 3 to 4 per ami. v.. ("uRTis. Benzoic acid and Benzoates. Reference Handbook of the Medical Sciences, 1900, Vol. I. In discussing dosage the author states that a serious derangement is scarcely possible by any likely doses of benzoic acid, intentional or accidental. In urinary disorders benzoic acid may l)e given several times daily in doses from 0.(.5 to 2 grams. Sodium benzoate has been given internally in doses amounting to 5 to 20 grams a day without serious derangement, and for pronounced thera- peutic effect in rheumatism the fullest limit may be necessarj". Physiologically sodium benzoate is about as harmless as a salt can be. U. CoHN. Uber den GlykokollvoiTat des tierischen Organismus. Festschrift fiir M. Jaffe, Braunschweig, 1900 or 1901, p. 319. Feeding with proteins, and protein decomposition products which yield glycocoU. counteracts the toxic effect of Ix-nzoic acid in rabbits. 780 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. H. Ulrici. tjber pharmakologische Beeinflussung der Ilarnsaureausscheidung. Archiv fiir experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmacologie, 1901, XLVI, 321. The author took 8 grams of sodium benzoatc daily for 3 days. ThiTc was insignificant, if any, decrease of nitrogen iiu'tabolism, which the author thinks is due to the inhibiting influence of the benzoic acid on the intestinal putrefaction, so that loss nitrogen is absorbed. Phosphoric acid excretion was not influenced. Berninzone. Sulla sintesi fisiologica dell' acido ippurico. Boll. d. II. Accad. med. di Genova, }901, 16, No. VI, 47. Kidney enzymes of the pig and horse fonn hippuric acid from benzaldehyde or benzalcohol and glycocoll. K. SiEBERT. tJber die nach Benzaldehyd und Benzoesiuiredaiteichung im Ilarn auftretendeii reducierenden Stott'e. Inaugural Dissertation, Konigsberg, 1901. Author suggests that the reducing substance found in the urine after feeding dogs and rabbits with sodium Ixjnzoatc is a paired glycuronate; ho failed to find the conjugating substance after feeding largo doses of sodium bcnzoate. C Lewin. Beitrage zum Hippursaurestoffwechsel des Menschen. Zeitschrift fur klinische Medizin, 1901, XLII, 371. An attempt to refer hippuric acid excretion in man under normal conditions mostly to int<»st inal putrefactive changes. Report of the Departmental Committee appointed to inquire into the Use of Pre- servatives and (^'oloring Matters in the Preservation and Coloring of Food (together with minutes of e\-idence, appendix, and index). London, 1901. Personal testimony regarding the use of benzoic acid and benzoates. Hutchinson testifies that in 5 to 10 grain doses lie found it extremely irritating to tiie empty stomach, but that it never pro- duced vomiting. It is frequently prescribed for septic conditions of the urine. Weitzel. Tiber die Labgerinnung der Kuhmilch unter dem Einfluss von Bor- praparaten und anderen chemischen Stoffen. Arbeiten aus dem Kaiserlichen Gesundheitsamt, 1902, XIX, 126. A concentration of 0.0288 per mille of sodium benzoate marks the begiiming of distinct inhibition of the rennin coagulation of milk. The limit of distinct coagulation occurs with l.U per cent of sodium benzoate. Benzoic acid in concentrations under 0.6 per cent has an accelerating influence on the rennin coagulation. Rem-Picci. ijber eine neue Methode fiir die Bestimmung der Hippursaure im Menschenharn. Maly's Jahresbericht fiir Thierchemie, 1902, XXXII, 316, (From Archivio di farmac. speriment e scienze affini, 1902, I, 7.) Method of estimating hippuric acid in urine. R. CoHN. Zur Frage der Glykokollbildung aus Leuciu im tierischen Organismus. Archiv fiir experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmacologie, 1902, XLVIII, 177. Leucin failed to detoxify benzoic acid in feeding experiments with rabbits. E. Bashford and \V. Cramer. Uber die Synthese der Hippursaure im Tierkorper. (Preliminary Report.) Zeitschrift fiir physiologische Chemie, 1902, XXXV, 324. The formation of fiippuric acid is not dependent on intact and living kidney cells. F SoETBEER. Kontrolle der Blumenthalschen Methode der Hippursaurebestim- mung. Zeitschrift fiir physiologische Chemie, 1902, XXXV, 536. Critique of Blurnenthal's method and of Lewin's results. Salkowski. tJber die Stoftwechselwirkung der Benzoesaure, etc. Internationale Beitrage zur innere Medizin. Festschrift fur v. Leyden, Berlin, 1902, II, 27. The autlior concludes that benzoic acid and its derivatives which are transformed to benzoic acid have no constant effect on protein decomposition. The effect is dependent on the individuality of the animal besides the state of nutrition. HuPFER. Einv/irkung von Chinasiiure auf Hamsiiure und Hippursaure ausscheidung. Zeitsclirift fur physiologische Chemie, 1902-1903, XXXVII, 302. Quinic acid (20 grams per day) on 3 days increased the output of hippuric acid. A. KA.NGER. Zur Fi-age iiber die chem. Zusammensetzung und die pharmakologische Wirkung der Preisselbeere (Vaccinium vitis idaea L.). Archiv fur experi- mentelle Pathologie und Pharmacologie, 1903, L, 46. Author states lienzoic acid can easily be demonstrated in food. Fresh berries contained O.0«;76 per cent of Ijenzoic acid; dry substance, 0.451 per cent. BIBLIOGRAPHY. 781 Rem-Picci i'ber die ITniwaiullimn; der Benzooaiiuro in nippiirsiiuro bei Nieren- kraiikon. (IJollettino doUa 11. Accademia Medica do Roma, XXX, 1-21.) Maly'H Jahresboriclit fiir Thierchemie, 1903, XXXIII, 102. Author concludes that after subculanooiis injection of Ix'-nzoio iu:id In Individuals with intact kidneys the increased excretion of hippuric acid is much less than would correspond to tho Intro- duced benzoic acid. In three cases of nephritis a much larger output of hippuric a<;id wivs observed under similar conditions. Pkkif'fer, Bloch, and Riecke. Einc neuc Methodo zur Bestimmung der llippur- fiiure. Mitteilungen doa landwirtschaftlichen Instituts der Univerrfitiit Bree- lau, 1903, II, 273. Method of estimating hippuric acid. MossK and Neuberg. tJber den physiologischcn Abbau von Jodalbnminen. Zeit- schrift fiir physiologische Chemie, 1903, XXXVII, 427. The urine of rabbits fed with iodatcd ovalbumin contained o-iodo-hippuric acid. R. KoBERT. Lehrbuch der Intoxikationen. II. Band. Spezieller Teil. I. Iliilfte, p. 115. Stuttgart, Ferdinand Enke, 1904. Author concludes that protein metabolism is not always increased after doses of benzoic acid or its salts. Some individuals can tolerate doses of more than 10 grams of sodium bcnzoatc inter- nally, while sensitive patients respond with vomiting and nausea, vertigo, humming of the ears, etc. The greater part of the benzoic acid appears in the urine as hippuric acid. If larger doses are given the urine contains post-mortem a third compound, most probably a paired glycuro- nate. E. Pribram. Zur Lehre von den physiologischen Wirkungen carboeyclischef- Sauren. Arctiiv fur experimentelle Pathologie and Hiarmacologie, 1904, LI. 372. Sodium benzoate and sodium hippurate possess diuretic action resulting in increased nitrogen excretion in the urine of rabbits. Gerhardt. IJber Darmfilulniss. Ergebnisse der Physiologie, 1904, III, 138. Hippuric acid is doul)tIess partly derived from the absorption of putrefactive products of tyrosin and phenylalanin. Blumenthal and Braunstein. Uber die quantitative Hippursaurebestimmung beim Menschen. Hofmeister's Beitrage zur chemischen Physiologie, 1904, III, 385. Knoop. Der Abbau aromatischer Fettsauren im Tierkorper. Hofmeister's Beitrage zur chemischen Physiologie, 1904, VI, 150. An experimental study of the aromatic acids which yield hippuric acid in the body. Pfeiffer, Riecke, and Bloch. Die Muttersubstanzen der im Organismus der Pfianzenfresser erzeugten Hippursaure. Mitteilungen des landwirtschaft- lichen Instituts der Universitiit Breslau, 1904, II, 695-728. Experiments with rams; an attempt to find the precursor of hippuric acid in the fodder of herb- ivorous animals. R. CoHN. Zur Frage der GlykokoUbildung im tierischen Organismus. Archiv fur experimentelle Pathologic und Pharmacologie, 1905, LIII, 435. Ammoniiun acetate detoxifies the fatal dose of benzoic acid, but less eflectively than glycocoll. Magnus-Levy. Uber die Herkunft des GlykokoUs in der Hippursaure. Vor- laufige Mittheilung. Munchener medizinische Wochenschrift, 1905, LII, 2168. Author concludes from experiments on rabbits and sheep that the vital decomposition of protein furnishes much more glycocoll than the hydrolytic decomposition in vitro. H. C. Wood. Therapeutics. Principles and Practice. 12th edition. Philadel- phia, 1905, p. 859. Author states that the local action of benzoic acid, unless in large quantities, is scarcely irritant to mucous membranes, on which, however, it exerts a distinct alterative influence. The general systemic effect is very slight and the largest therapeutic doses never produce any symptoms unless they are those of slight gastric irritation. The contradictory testimony regarding the influence upon nutrition indicates that it has no constant powerful action. Doses: 0.62 gram benzoic acid; 1.3 to 3 grams of sodium benzoate. 782 )ItJM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN, G AsTOLFONi. Recherches concernant Taction de quelquen substancea diuretiquea 8ur la synthese de I'acide hippurique. (Resume de I'auteur.) Archives italiennes de biologie, 1905, XLIII, 373. Caffeine (dog), lactose (rabbit), and ciilomel (ral)l>it) increase the hippuric acid synthesis aftt-r the introduction of sodium >)enzoate. G. AsTOLFONi. Recerche inferno all' azionedi alcune soatanze diureticheauUa sin- tesi deir acido ippurico. Riviata veneta di Scienze med., 1905, XLII, 57. G. A.STOLFONi. Recerche intemo all' azione di alcune soatanze sulla ainteai dell' acido ippurico. Archives intemat. de pharmacodynamie et de therapie, 1905, XIV, 39. R. Heinz. Handbuch der experimentellen Pathologie uud Pharmakologie, I. G. Fischer, Jena, 1905. Data on the antiseptic power of benzoic acid. McGiLL. Report on Preservatives. Laboratory of the Inland Revenue Depart- ment. Ottawa, Canada. June, 1905. Government Printing Bureau, Ottawa, 1905. Review of the opinions of others concerning lienzoate of soda, etc. J. ScHMiD. tjber die quantitative Hippureaurebestimmung nach Pfeiffer, etc. Centralblatt fur innere Medizin, 1905, XXVI, 81. A patient with dystrophia muscularis, receiving 6 grams sodium benzoate, later 0.5 gram, lattr twice 0.5 gram per day, excreted 50 per cent of the introduced benzoic acid as hippuric acid or benzoic acid. PiNCHAS Feigix. tJber die Hippursaureausscheiduug beim hungernden Menschen. Inaugural Dissertation, Berlin, 1906. Benzoic acid introduced in starving man is for the most part not excreted as free tenzoic or h-j> puric acid, but probably as benzoylglycuronic acid. A. Behre and A. Segin. tJber die Wirkung der Konservaerungsmittel. Zeitschrift fiir Untersuchung der Nahrungs- und Genussmittel, 190G, XII, 461. Benzoic acid is one of the best preservatives for meat. \V. WiECHOwsKi. Die Gesetze der Hippursauresynthese. (Zugleich ein Beitrag zur Frage der Stellung des Glykokolls im Stoffwechsel.) Hofmeister's Bei- triige zur chemischen Physiologic, 1906, VII, 204-275. In rabbits the fatal dose of benzoic acid is about 1.7 grams per kilogram. Diarrhea next to diure- sis and increase of metabolism is one of the first signs of intoxication. The benzoic acid may be excreted with the diarrheal stool. The author's experiments indicate that benzoic acid causes considerable increase of nitrogen excretion in rabbits, but not always within the first 24 hours. In rabbits hippuric acid acts like benzoic acid on metabolism. It is not harmless. Like benzoic acid it has a diuretic action and an influence on peristalsis. The total e.xcretion of benzoic acid is not always quantitative. The loss is not constant. -Vs a rule rabbits excrete free benzoic acid besides hippuric acid, even when small doses of benzoic acid are given, and even if glycocoll is given in amounts more than sufficient to combine with the benzoic acid. There exists no direct relation between hippuric acid synthesis and the degree of protein metabolism. Individual vari- ations determine the extent of synthesis in the rabbit. Abderhalden and Teruuchi. Studien iiber die proteolytische Wirkung, etc. Zeitschrift fiir physiologische Chemie, 1906, XLIX, 1. The active press juice of dog's kidney can not decompose hippuric acid. Brugsch and Hirsch. Hippursauresynthese und Ausscheidung der Benzoesiiure beim Hunde. Zeitschrift fiir experiraentelle Pathologie und Therapie, 190G, III, 663. The degree of hippuric acid synthesis after introducliun of benzoic acid is mudi lower incarniv- orous than in herbivorous animals. The amount of free l>enzoic acid in the urine is much greater than the amount of benzoic acid paired with glycocoll. It is not possible to produce a considerable excretion of glycocoll in the dog by giving larger doses of benzoic acid, 0.8 to 1 gram per kilogram. The detoxification of benzoic acid in the dog occurs only in small part by hippuric acid formation, but mostly by formation of reducing substance. A not inconsiderable part leaves the organism as free benzoic acid. In starving dogs the benzoic acid caused a distinct increase in nitrogen metaboli.sm and had a diuretic effect. i BIBLIOGRAPHY. 7H.S H. voNi Fknyvesey. Uber tlcii KinfluHs experimentell erzeugter Krankheits-pro- cessoauf biocbemische SyiUbeHen. Maly's JahreHborichl fiir Thiorrhomic, 1906, XXXVI, 033. (()ri<,Miial in Hungarian.) The synthesis of hippiiric acid is considerably diminished in ral)liils poisoned witli lnuteriaj loxins. I'\ liALDi. Contiibuto alia .studio doU' ar-ido ippurico nell' organismo umano. 11 Poliflinico, Scz. mod., 1907, No. G. [AbHtract in Zentralblatt fiir die g(wammte I'hysiologie und Pathologio doe Stoffwechsels, 1907, 11, 748.] Author reports e.^porimcnls to show that part or tlic hippiiric -mUI ii\ay he, synthclized In the intestine. M.\(;\us-Levy. Uber das Auftreten einer Benzoesauro-Glycuionsiiure Verbinduiig iui llaminelharn nach Benzoesiiure Fiitterung. Biochemische Zeitschrift, 1907, VI, 502. licnzoylglycuronlc acid Is excreted after giving benzoic acid to dogs, rabbits/rams, and men. As much as 20 per cent of the introduced benzoic acid may appear in this form. .\lA(iNUS-LEVY. ijber die Neubildiuig von GlycocoU, etc. Biochemische Zeit- schrift, 1907, VI, 523. In the body more glycocoU can lie produced than exists preformed in the proUnn decomposed. There was a definite increase in protein decomposition after larger doses of benzoic acid in a starving ram. S. Amberg and A. Loevenhart. Further observations, etc. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 1908, IV, 149. Sodimn benzoale in concent rat ion of 1 per cent does not inliibit the lipolytic action of clear liver extract on ethylbutyrate. Lewinski. Uber die Grenzeii der Hippursiiurebildung beim Menschen. Archiv fiir experimentelle Pathologic und Pharmacologic, 1908, LVIII, 397. A man weighing 59 kilograms took 12 grams of benzoic acid as sodium benzoate in 12 hours on a mixed diet. He excreted no free benzole acid and the urine contained no reducing substance. The l)enzoic acid was all excreted in combination. .A man of 67 kilogram.s body weight took 20 grams of benzoic acid in 12 hours without ill effects. There was no free benzoic acid or reducing substance in the urine; but after an intake of 25 grams of l)enzoic acid without ill effects, 1.6 grams of free benzoic acid were excreted. When the same individual took in 8 hours 40 grams of benzoic acid in one-half hour doses, there was nausea and headache; 26 per cent of the introduced benzoic a<'id was excreted as free b(>nzoio acid. The urine reduced strongly and was dextro- rotatory. With a diet rich in proteins, particularly gelatine, 40 grams of benzoic acid produced no ill effects; 10 per cent of the introduced acid was excreted as free benzoic acid. The urine reduced slightly and showed slight dextro-rotation. Similarly .50 grams of benzoic acid showed no ill effects. Sixteen per cent reappeared as free benzoic acid and there was slight reduction, etc., in the urine. The author concludes that a person taking a diet rich in proteins can transform more benzoic acid to hippuric acid. The appearance of reducing substance in the urine is an expression of the impoverishment of the organism in glycocoU. In certain forms of nephritis there was a retarded elimination after ingestion of Ijcnzoic acid. In one individual 40 grams of benzoic acid and 25 grams both caused increase of nitrogen excretion. In a man of 71 kilograms on a diet poor in proteins, ?.0 grams of benzoic aci

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J EFFECTS OF SODIUM BKNZOATE ON 11 KAI.'I'I I , KTC, OF MAN. 423 «5* .0.-1S !t^ Irti^S «^S :'^:28 :d :" "-^ f-H '06 * * * '^ ' ' ' oaSt^pS^co^MiSSo^S-^oc -s coo -W -iO OO^H ■ON • — )«*^(Ou5»O»O00C0--H(MO 50C"?QOO'-'QO^^OOQO^H*Vi0050Q iCM*oo^H^HOu5»ct^co^HU5o»or^»o ^§e • 10 t^ >/5 O: ■V "^ -^ I^ c^ ■v tCOM-^C^>OINM^t-t .-< coco TJ'»0:D»Or^0005t^COOC30 OSUSMOO^OOOJI— t-KO— il^cot^ cocoooo^i^coo-^^oioos^cor^ C^ .^ C^ ^H ^^ C^l C» ^ C-1 — * OS 00 Oi CO (N O "^ -^ 10 CO ■OS'^COCO ^ CO lO —l '-HCO(M.-( (N ■ W «5 IM lOOOOlt^t^ cDCOCOt^OO CJM->i'r--coe'iM'rtoci CO CD t^ O ', "5 o CI •-H c oo.-Hioc2c>)OcoMoo:i^--H050r^o t-ICOlOOt^-^COOC-JCOOIMOIMOO 00 • rt c>> »0-^^C0C0OC0t*C0»-<'-"^H cS*^ cS/i; C 3 cam S3 -^9 ■^ ~OM® • ^ "3COI»00 CO o '£ o 00 oi 00 ci ^-i'i-Jr-;''ci rH»0'^Q»0.-MT}1cOCOCJCiOOC'0 050»OQC C0t~-HO00OOOiJ500'^O'*Ortl~iOC i-i OOOOUi SOI CO'^ i-rfd uotO 00 (N ■^OO^QOOCO CO(Nt~(N 0'*cO'*cori<.-ii-H(NeOi-ii-ii-i >0OOiMO>005Q0'q<.-iC<10i(N'-iOO >C0>0OOIMO>005Q0 JCO'^Ol-HOOr-.lOt^ ■^ O CO 01 (M 00 O C WCOIMOO COO « ■* o>c-i <-* tCO«Oi-l 'rt 'r-i ' Ci eooocooor^oprHiO'-«t— osO'<»'cg050 CO-^0'0-HC2^0tOOOf-it~(NCOOO'00 i-H CI T-i CO t-H (N £:3 io>o-^ o CO 06 ^o "5 "5 COOO ■<*1 CO CO CO lO'^tC-^COt^tMNCIO'-t'^Hi-t S 3 ? C3 o J^ -5 cj C ^C3-j— ■O^^Oo?^ 424 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. GQ w 6 > 1 3 00 pajeurnsa -xa joma 2gg dciira So CO 3 CM •na3ox)!jv{ 1^ g •pooj JO jnnoLUV !5 > 1 a •aniBA lanj pajBint^sa ^ g -X3 jama dcMic o ^ -f s CM •naSoJiiN -^ O 00 S CO CM CO CM 00 -a- O C5 »-• CO .— 1 •pooj JO junouiv o t^ oi » in — 1 o rH 00 TT 00 o o -o" ?^Sg|| ►J o > o a> 3 •aniBA lenj paiBuii^sa i .cow -xa jama 1 il'^S ■0 0105 odd5D->a< eooi "3 1^ SO ■na3oj:>ijsi TT t^ cc IC * CJ ^ S?§^=;s§2 IN id ■pooj I g CI 00 O O — ■ 00 S JO lunouiv 1 (§"^ '^j.'^ .-1 CM .-1— 1 cm" d ;^ hH O 3 m •am^A pnj pajBuii^sa 42 -xa jaqia (§"2 co->r«3 K •^ •uaSoj^iK OS »0 Sec 5S8SSS2S5 ■ e-i ^ ■ « c4 S2^2 CM o •pooj JO ^unoinv ^ -i M U5 2S^ic3S§ OOOJt^OO i CM 00 d •anj'BA lanj pa^Buijisa 43 is •lOEJ^ -xa Jaqia cjdo-* ^ooS CO HH ¥ •na8ojj!N j Sesi • EFFECTS OF SODIUM BKNZOATK ON HEALTH, ETC., OF MAN. 425 CCf J0<0 00 S5S2J^2 soot I IN —1 1^ rc F-i t* X' O !D O i^ I-* t^ -^ ^H r^ CO 00 "-H ^ o> »-* cc w Od'*oooooooo« M (M 1-1— I W Oi >0 O O O - -_ -. - -, ci;oo>«3— . rt m 00 o c 2SS OO'i'Or-l C^ 00CDO5CC IM rt -"J" t^ rH C<3 N t^TOOON o6o«dc5 »0 -^ CO »M>QO(M£>'-HCqt^OCO(Mi-HC3lMCOOO T-lcocOiO—^COOt-COt^OcO'^COOiOiOOO oo u5 t^ CO0 lO ^ lO t- lO -C • $:S5S s "3 r---H »oo> • t~— leo s S : oSitSSS$Sli?iSS?} s CO • -H Cl-'l' CO ^cooiQQOior^-^co^H^i^c^iosoioo ot^-- cO C-1 -H 05 lO ■ Wi-HCO 2 c !2S5SSS2gSSg ss ^ CO • i-H l-HCO -H CO OSQlOOOCOOOf-ir^CO-^QOOO (MOO'^lOOOSiC'^l^-^t^iOl^ S2g8 ^o CO goooo-i 00 ^ ^1 ^ S c^>■<^< CO 0)r- ""i?r^ (NO OSIO ■ M i-H & itSCOOO S?SS2^gS s (M ; -«• —IN '^ ■O" Qo5>coiocoS3^ 5SS^2f^gS s ^ 113 o mioioo • O OOt^ 00 cooooo • OI-*^'Ji IT CO 00 I* l-O -^ CO >0->»'00(NCONOCO>0>0— li-HM '^ : '-^io''co"''^'' •Hi t COM s c a i! 5I| bj c (X '■2 •J: c II ill O <3 o ci a a: o E- 426 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THK HKALTH OF MAN. CO w o > S" 3 •an(BA lanj ^ : -X3 jaq;a 1^^ : t-^coodcS xooo ooi-co 00 OS 1 O oo c-i t^ oi •<»" en o o> f -< o • rt ■ ci M ■ -^ ■ -^ ■ ' ■ ■ •poo; • |g-:§?|^3S^i8gS§^|2 , joianouiy: © 1 00 < > a '3 D 02 •ontBAianj a : pajBunisa (S : 1 .t~(M -xa jama ! ^"^ oo5SS CO ^^ coiou; Ocooocor*-^cooc-H 00^ 2 jo^unouivi 1 ^ "' 0?3gO in" i o > 1 •anip.A lanj pajBuiijsa 1 i 1 1 .(MCD -xa jaq^a ^-^[J 00 •na3oJti>i S^g OS-HCO .-H -^00 5 IB" 3 M •poo; ;o !>imouiv 09«5»(M g M •anjBA lan; ^ pa^e^I^!^sa T1.Jo>5cCOO 03 3 •poo; ;o junoniv oc SS§f=g|$g|SSR § -** 2 1 1 •aniBA jan; 42 paiBiui^sa (S •1»BJ'} 1 2 =? °! -xa jama o"^" ooi"-r ^oSS : : : •na3oj!HN 1^ -^ t-i -3» CO ^^ C-) 00 C^l ooi^oooectc-cMi.-^oc— • ■poo; ;o ^nnouiy C5 "^ '^ '"'"'^ ^S288 CO ^C-l^ 5 « U 15" 3 09 ■arq'EA jan; pajBunisa 1 -xa Jama •naSoj'fiN rf ■ ci ci -; ■ ■ -^ ■ ■ ! ■ •poo, 1 iSS-^S22S5g2§g^ :S8 : 1^ ■jaBjqxa iama «1 ■ lO "3 lO -H • cooocJr-^ •naSoJitN ■S.O CO -*" C-J -1< CO •>O^>ni>C0C<3INC0(N- »-*oso .-H icocMO c5oo oococo ( Ort CO .-H i-KNi-H »0 U5 t^ 00 CO ic CO odoJi.'; •OfOOC-IiO 05rt rl 1^ r^ ' M CO lO-^OlOOO-iOiOOO tO'T-.COO c^ X 00 — ^ .-H uo o CO CO CO -.r "Tco-.T'oo C« -HCO-H IN i-H rt«-HCMO to t^ "^ C 1 c,- oS CO • •£> :Sg : : s -"s •-SiS : ■M • OS -^ . . 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EJ-'l-'KC'TS OF SODIUM liKK /OATK ON III:aL11I, KTC, OF MAN. 42^) : : : 1 1 :3?35 : : : l,Jt>; . . . . . U5 : : S : : =^ 3 : §Sg§§2S^i-^g§ :gS| :SS : : : : : 53 ; ; S : ; S I 1 CO I '. 5>' N in c? f3 ! ■ ■ lOrH §gS??3c.S Bread Buttor : ! : o : . . , a> < i i ;l i : :J2 ; : M ; ; ; ; :-3 ; ■ • : :§:;:: ■Ss :5ts cS 53 . M fe O OOOofflH ' • c „;ci ^ IS i 3 o>oo> i~o6.H t^ C^l OS ^ (M ^ iQ 1^ L§. )i~oooc?io»oco^oo^Soo rl ?S S .-H fl M CJ -1 -H CI -V >Soo omSS t^ooco oooococoi^co-^O'O O'^'^COMOCll^'O'-i— I -H ,H C^ rt »-H >o i^ Q o OS o t^ CO 1^ -*O'-l OOt^OOOOTPcOOOCOOCOOOC4» COCOOOO'^^'^'^'^'^'^^^'^^^CO.^H (M rH —1 ■a' r-i OOt^OOOOTPCOODCOCJCOOOCMOT COCO 0*0 005 00N CO OO COCO "^ 05 00 cd c^r-osi^oococoi^co CO-i— )i 'CO • • WJ • • ■eg • 'rtrl'^ !B O • • S .9 ^ ; ;=§|2 :StS^ : •==~ s S 2 5~-S a 430 SODIUM BENZOATK AND THP: HEALTH OF MAN. Q ^ •ani«A jenj -X8 J8q?:.[ •neSoj'HN . cic I- to ■«" — cr. — ' - -< — -^-Hir^QO i-oo--; ■>roo«oo M^-cacomi-oco ,-i^u3,-i&0)^0 g C-> ^ C^ -H —1 Ol 'T O -.O 1~ C<5 lO Cq 0© CC Oi — C^ C^ i-H 05 ^ ►^ -^ r-1 to ^H C^ C^ i-t ;D .r>u5co^'00i ElfrECTS OF SUDIl'M liKX ZOA 11. (>N llKALlll, ETC., i)V .MA.N. 41^1 S2 rood ro S 5 e<5 -n'coro ,..;■■■ S 2 2S c^».H^ Wt-< ^ c^ro ?! ooo n Oroc^rot^ -iod S •>* c4 OTro>oa>«i^c>»-H05C-jM«o-.c .-«'-fO>-»'«TC-.CC0-H-j;-«-H-. 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M • o ; ! 1-.: ci ifj ro 'ro c4 3 « ';0 00 >o oi c^ t^ 00 M CI -r ro f ro o-rroaO'oroc^irotoroc-i-"!- -< ■ ci ci i-H ■ 'J CSQOOOOOOi^^iCiOO'-C-^QOi-rCO oooocj;0(M05»oro-roiroaioooooc^oo 12 "O -J? o 00 »0 f-l CM~ O »H ;i O < O OO C^ 01 ;D t^ 00 "" IN C^ U5 »-l ^^ O IN 00 rH O O - 00"Q IQIO U5 to N ic OS r* 00 ro-nro'OiNooi.'jiSiroiNiNtoiorotD coc^ooorocsiotoosiooooor-i'^ t-iroOOOINOOOS>OlNOOINOOtO«3(NO> INi-H IN rt .-H^i-I rtrH,-HJ 00»f5^^.-IINO'*»0.-iO rooo o«ro o- ro (N cr rooroc-i 00 -^i -^ro 0«ro!N^W0(NO iioosoo-^iNooc^itoroi^oooo 432 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. O K d > O OOOt~t^t-OCO«'^ o 1 .iMOl^-f— icO-1<--Ot^ t— 1 o 0) 3 •9niBA lanj pa^Btnusa . t^ CD "^ Oi — < C^ CO "^ Oi ■*f -^ iM CQ ■^ CC GO CQ TT* 1— 1 C^ CO sSs S8 -X8 J9qia Sdd g s ■* g - s "co 05 CO •oaSoj^iN 60 00 CO ■ '3< £§ COIOtJI SS5 •pooj JO ^unotnv • -r io -i> o o !N gC^JrtOOOOO 05 tycoon .-tco»o (NCD 1 l-l U 3 m •aniEA tanj pa'jBuinsa r^ «^ (M f ^ r-H (N ^ CO .-KM l-H .-H ■*■ -xa jama g CC-1^ o .-1 CO"; r-:.-HOod CO (M CD g g •aaSoj^ijs: 00 CD 1" ■f lOr-« CD CS cr C35O0^t^ 0(MCOCOCO-*.-HCO-CDOoS0100t-t^t~^'CC001C^OT ^ s im" O •ani'BA janj pa^Bunijsa .00-f(NTl*.-H000000O»0i0OQ0i0500 ~ M CO O .-1 .-( M .-KM (N-H -H 05 ■f o> •^OBJI -xa jaqia .CO to t^r-iOcd s CO 1^ t^ s s ■naScjiiM .CO 1-^ O C^> t~ CO t^ t~ ^ ■ -^-H ■ (M C^g^S CO s 2 •pooj JO ^nnouiy iJ'M'S't^OOcOOlOOOTt-COTt.t^O'-HOOQ g"^".^fOOCOas^C7it^^0003rt >o 00 r^ O CO CD (M -.^ ~ '* CO (M f .-H rt OOIMOOOIOO rtOOCO-H-H (M CD -xa jsma l^'SJ o jov §8 •naSoj^iN 1^ CO 'co lOrH t^CO 'co CO CO 00 CO N 2 •pooj JO !)unouiv IgCO^OCDCD cntN-^ COOOOICDO CO GO 05 CO 05 O ••joBuxa jaqia lO >oa)0 cooooo 00 o e^ •uaaoj^iN iO-*CBOlCOCDrteOr~IMNOIM •o . o a a 1 it o a '3 o cS c cS a ■c c c« PC .E 3 II C a. s o C 5 EFFECTS OF SODIUM BENZOATK ON 11 K.VL'l'l I , KTC, OK MAN. 438 1 CO 1* C<5 OS to Oconto t^oooJ So ^?3 s S3 S3 CO s c^rr-H-^iuirocoiooico oo • ■ O •* O CO 00 O to CO IM » CO -H . . -^■tOr^""-^'''— "ji |2SgpS§S8Sf||" 00 .-ic? ^ - OCO lO-* o?05coa ^ 'tOr^ T5 "oToitN CO "OiOC CO •— 8 to lOiOcOOOOi-a-OJOcDOC^TPcOiOOO Oi oato iOeo » 05 05 Oi CO f-HSDOiCO 1 CO CON OCO t^(N C-) .-1 ooS s g CO CO ■«1' l-H (SO 05 lOCOOitOCO;^ o--l'-l 1-Hl-l.- i co~ tOtO CO "i OCOiOrt t-^OOOJ CO l-H S23 00 s s CO CO Ti> t^^co cooo-a"oot^ O'^OJC^lO'-^tOCOC^IOCO^H 00 ■^010 0^.-<05CO>CO-0 rH -H 'co CO 00 00^ t^ooo •ratCOOrH,-! .— 1 ^- .— 1 t-l ooooi-^o»o»ocot^o t^COtOOOr-iiOOOCOO CO -.-< rtCO 3 CO coooooo ■<» > O 1 lis a o c O c 3 a S > 3 C H o c 1 o -HCO eot>^ to ocooSl to 5 OS CO i-< "co'co r^i^r^rji-^cD-^coto l^COOCOI^COt^t-i^ 1^ r co- 213 80 197 200 110 91 84 190 67 65 105 136 36 226 93 129 200 400 1.36 68.04 10,-c t^ Ocooco t-:gotD o os 00 CO ^ 5;2;'«i~:^cocococoo»^;5;t-- 0**" Tl< CO 'O CO 'T 'coco ■ coco ■* 00 OS »o CO wco >rao.-i ■* OSOCOOOOOtO 1-1 t-IC35t^»f5i-l00!OO5 OCO -a" t~ CO CO OCO CO t^toco co" t^O 00 c c CO lOCO ooitd CO 00 S3 lO CO Ti> -a< rt ,-1 w t^ iot>-cocoto ■^cooor^ioocot^-^tocoi-i 'coco 'r-; to eoot^OOt'-'^'^co^-oooot^cooa*^ OOOCOO.-lOOt^f^OOtOOOCO'S'OJiOCO 1 1 -HOO lOOO cooo to lOCO t^ OCO--itO r-^oO"i o CO CO •o CO -* -^ 00 cocoto iOb*tro3r* o-^-vtotooocoi^ioto— i-H rn'cOCo'co CO ■^rcocooocotou^i^f^ooooi^iOOitooQ COOOCOOr-0 K5 O to • O cooor-Jod 'O O ■* "5 l0-*t-005<05-HC0OOC0i-li-< '"coeo'rH'''i-;''* £ a. CO E o X "5 0) > "c o o bj o a 2 > 6 M C! .« C o O a o 2 .a Oh o a 5. 1 o 70111— No. 88—09- -28 434 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. O 3- c ■-' "o §■« £ S S 5 ftS-^ o g S:^ g s ?« ; S > EFFECTS OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON HEALTH, ETC., OF MAN. 436 t^oit^^cocir*co^Ooo^cioc-^ r» lO «-' ^ 04 c^ ^ ^ c^-H Ot^O •OOobC^USCOUSrtUSV-lO'-llO • SeO'H05u5M'^>-iO'-<'^co • ■ ■» coS>copmS'H^i>.-0~-HSirt CO •-I C<" 2§ ©coo t^^oooi 03co'raoo>0(Npi — O'-i'^co — ^ -^ ^ r^ oi i-tr^050;oiocs6ioo CO Co 'kCda "^ 00 •Oi—t'" ■— ' CO 00 — ' (M >0 C5 OM- Or^co'^cocooi*co"^*'^*oo0'^0 COO'n*COC5'^'<*'COCl^COCO'T»OC^ — •-H ■!» 0000 — I o ca rt •<»• t~ 00 CO 05COQO^t^COCO»-<0^'H'^ iO^HOOpOCOOCOOi^^'^'^OS^H-' )-H00p 1— lOO CsiO'^^OOCOOO" C0C^t^'^I^0005C0^-''^'^00iO'^O rtt^tOCOOOC^OJOOOi — CO— 'OICOC^ csi _! t^ ^ ^ > — looo >-io6 OIN.a>'^'-'CO»OcDC^(N 05C0C^00'^C0C0^^Oi-''-l^ ^-N^~oco!Nooo^^'^O'»>Cli!5C2O'HO«2(M00-^!M00MO rt^ .coooo 'C-i • ij-ocd^i^iOcm'qooo 9'^'^cocop^'o^^ooi ■ Q) q; : ^M . . . . .'""-^ . : ' ; : 'is'- '•§ s § 2~ • : ■ r." ■?* • 'Sowcshci ' Si?3 p(MP^ sss l§ !3 ; 8 «3 I^C^ 00 ^ CiC^M o<5 g 55 : o5S52j:j!5:§?52S?3g?;S : ^ CO 1 -< coco-^.-f T s" O(N0C § "~ OlO'* s - g : lO =^s t^N t^ -^ c;(Nc^ 00 § «o • XT* . _OOI~(N«^COOiOiO— iT-i S5 ?< (N • -H coco '-H^ ■ "^ ■ cs 05 [^s ? 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SS2"* IN>rf o CO CO CO IN CO ' cico-J SStoSS ^3 CO gSS|S^58| •VOOCOO— 1 toooo MOM M 00 l^t^O 1-4 -^ 00 cooo-ioo jo o to ■S-^MOC-Tl-OIM-^^o" So i 1 1 i. c a 5 11 x: .1 CS c C- Q % E o 1 > > ce ■.1= E c e 1 3 a "E CO a C 5 c 3 1 o o 1 c o E- 438 SODIUM BEXZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. d S ^ H 9 CO 1 O ^ <1 r«: «J r\ : t= 12 cr: R s o s Hi CO ■naSojjiN 1.0 .14 7.2 1.42 .81 .42 .15 .22 .65 .64 1.31 So •pooj JO junouiv C5 Q o ^ w:no o cc c O CC CO Oi CJ CO (N t^ 53 11 ?3 •anrBA janj paCBunjsa -xa jaqia •naSojjiM OWOOw.^OO^-CO^'C^IClCO (M -H BUi!jsa -xa jama i {2 : up 00 lo-'fr^io S§ : • CO '• ■* t-i o« • ssS 2 CO 2.08 95.70 >C"5 eo • o t^ -^ ■ •CJr-H Til . . •41 . . : s ' i5 00 • o ■ r-o CO • lO (N l^ CO Ol ,-Kl ■ ■O --lC0r---i(N OOO ; : 'S 139 114 90 1,150 150 105 o r^»oi^iO(3i cool • X cOCTi(NiO(N COCO • ; g U5 05 or^ ■* o o ■ ■ rr ■ .• o •' ■ ; g : S8 so . C<3 • 01M(N COMO-^O CO • ■ OO .I^COIO i-HCOOO.-HC^ O • • = I ot- (NO :So^ jco.-; ^ : : • o ■ CO '. 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EFFECTS OF SODIUM BKNZOATE ON JlEALTli, ETC., OF MAN. 449 ci : O VOO'T -^C40o rtSioOc<"fl>^s o"5 .-l-HNCO-H e«!OTroooo50st^oQ NPlC^W'H-HOOlO?! i'^!0^ooiMcot^;o (NNNINOO rfOOC u5 o "O OS CO ic ^ :o (M Oi r^ CO 5»OOSCO M 1-^ (M *C C^ "O t^ t^ (N gg »-< -H O O ^ CO CO < aoira;ocooor-QO - , TOiCOIMOIOt-OO C^ .-I i-l CM ^ i-( .-I ii— i 1-1 .-li-l OC^ 00 1^ lO O^HCMOOCM-^ 000-H- cowooococDo -^ CMC-)— IrH tH rH i-IC-J r- S o o c^i CO «5 c-1 - — 1 "5 00 "O t^ ■«• O C IM ^^n OO^I^^OQC0>0 C0005:^:=; - ^_— ii c: . • eoCM?i CO {^2 IoocmS ! 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CD .-«< . .(N • • s • (M r-H .^ ■ CO r^ 05 .— 1 o • ■I^COrH c^ : : '^ : "^ : "^ : . , o> :i5 SS5J : ?g § ... . — . • 0( T "^ 't^ zoair- oo • lO lOO^ -1 • • w* •CMN O 'O h . •COCO-l .-I 00 CO t^cDOSCD COCO CO 3CO CSrt-^^OI-t^cO--^ U5 • ■ lO '^ CO t* '-' : »H U 7 rA ■ -^ -Ci '• '••O ' .... a ^ '. o 3 • la m i II; kes pudding udding. auce ' ■ -. 3 3 ; ifl-^- 2 ffi a)-M_, o • 03 c3 » • w • : -• 1^ -OSS^S >>'='SjaJa> :»§ Milk Creai Meat U O O "5 2^2 MOO Corn Ban£ Peac Toas App Eggs si 1 j 470 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. <, •aniBA lanj pajBiniisa •JOBJJ -xa aaqia •uaSojiiN •pooj JO ^unomv •eniBA lanj pa^Buinsa -xa jama •uaSoajiN TJI r-< ^J« I— t oo ^ •pooj JO lunoinv * »c -^ o o ^ »o »o o 00i0*CO--HO30CCC^^'^00CS-H*0O --* ^^ c •aniBA lanj pa^Burnsa -xa jaq:;a •na3oj!HN •pooj JO innoniv ■anj^A lanj pa^Buii^sa -xa jam a G5 ■^C4 ■00rf ■%oiei% -xa jeqia •uaSoi'j.iN uSOico OCOi-HOO So-* oco •^ icco -H 55"^ ri >Trco05^cot^cooco •pooj JO ^unouiv J C^l O CC O O CO ■«' w -.s O -J" o --< 3,— .03i''O^HO»-C0 S --J t-O to ^ •pooj JO junouiv -•r-TTCsooco -ooocoio gc-l'OI-OOO 'CO 00 CO CO <3 ■%jzi%xs jama •uaSoj'jiN lO *0 Oi o • o EFFECTS OF SODIUM BENZO.M'E ON HEALTH, ETC., OF M.\N. 471 J 5!S • i>;o6;0'0 ItO jco S jo'vJSSco S?e<3io53 :S SB ;°° jl i i ■ _ 1^00 5 CO s? -h'nco' ■■"rt"' g ii h* 1.8 89.04 inujSco -.JodiON CO S S 00 ^ OOlgCOOO "5 nSnO0Sc<5 s 2|8§ Ii5 t^ lO s? 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U3 s (Mooco-*.-((Maoco«raoscoos— irtco t^ 10 00 CO C^ -H ri* CO ^ iQCOOOSO CD t^ t^ rt > c 1 :§ : '■= : -- S C3 1 478 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. 3 a IM a P5 o W u « 1 O H O O -w H o H < <; s>> w « C) pajBuriisa -xa jama •uaSoj^jN •pooj JO junouiv 'anjBA tanj pa^BuiUsa 1^ c^i *o »o -H J^ >fl ■«< i-( C^ CO « •pooj JO ?unoniv 2o>acxoc05'-'5 ^ OSt^ NO MO*CC •joBxjxa jama •na3ox}!N OiOMCO CO 06 OS s£ t^-^ (N'^CO kO-^CSwCO C^ CO O CO C^ ^H 1-4 t^ = = ?- x= : s o 2 5f .^ s< S t S 5 5 "^t! 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CMCOCM^ lOi<-.raO'-i 00 05 "5 rt •>»< ^ oi CO OtOt^SS'* c^ t~ •'o g S rf e4 'cq CO ■ COi-H t* COCOr-1 82 2 ujtooSiMoiooo —1 -^ IN t^ O t^ (N Q ■ CO in o o "3 • COod-H (N OtOO ; >o CO CO ^ CO CO CO • uj'O'oot-co (N o CO e^ o o 1-M i-H 03 i Cli C T3 3 a 2 1 1 •i i i 1 c^^l o5ooo^ •«• rt ift oB iTi S a> »-< S ^Oi-ip-HajoOcO t^OOCO-.OiOt^C^'J't^C OIM O cor- CO TT-^O QO ^ 'coco CO CO f-H O »-H 00 00 1— ( r^ w ^^ »oco-v CO "C-* -.0 •^ 'con U3r^ cooo t ocoeor- So 00 COM cooc '-Ococo-HOO^r^co ■^f-HOOCOCO-^CO— <^ ^s§ MCO coco (M« (N •VrtlMOJ Ca-V^OOOO-^C^lI'l'C i-!'coco" ■■■-<' W CO O IM 1-t — 1 1M— I ■-I -HO OCOOt>- t-^oc^o6 ©■^■^ OOi-H OQOOOQSaj ■^»O^Qi-H0000»O t— 00 i- 00 CD t- 25 ts 00 f) ^ 00 ooeSoo •pooj JO jnnouiv ■^ ^ 00^ OiOlOO ;o5POO-H 00 (NiNosOt^ -H-< M -^-1 rt 0000 •aniBA lanj -xa jam a ■na3oJ5!;f^ • lor^oi-^roooioo iCqM"3rt rt CO — < CS (M ■* 00 "O t^ «0 d 00 10 01 »o »-i o .:0 M •^ooccoi CO CD -^ CO CO CO r* c OC^COi-Hrt (M CO CO C>< ■ 00 o CO CO CO 00 e , Q Tfl ■«J1 CO o c 30005QQCK: iNUSBcOrt si "5 00 S-^co 8-; eo' O CO CO O O O gOt^MOCO'T ^ — I r-^ OS t-oocot~oo OOOCO t>- rt C^ ,-1 OC^'^ coo> . C5 W CO -^ . t^ ^H Oi , C^JOOOCO -OOiOCO tH C0»005»-Ht^.-( -X9 Jaqia •uaSoj^ijsi •pooj JO iimorav •enjBA lanj pajBTinjsa -xa jwna ■naSojjiM •pooj jo }anouiv .COIN » W OJ goo — 050 00 -^ 05 O o U3 oo'n'«r 0000 CDOC^ N N CO C<> CO ^ O »-l »0 05 (N -^ O 00 ^^ O CN ^^ CO O: ^H CO CO "^ 00 t* .t^^CO-^-Ht^lOC MC^OOCOCOOOlOiCC SC^«cOrti-ii-ii-i -H CO'-l • --< CD O O O O CO C iXCOOOOSt^f-HC 00 CO r^ 00 ^ CO o CO (M Oi "O 00 -H 1-1 00 1^ CO CO CO CO 00 OllCMCOCOCDCOQQ — coo5'^'0-2^>©o •eruBA lenj paij'BTimsa -X9 Jaqja . CO CO oc 00 rt a> 03 -^ 00 C^ CO 00 ■^ ~iOCOOM-H (N •aaSojiiN o OCOOO ■* cdo •pooj JO ^imouiv •jo'REjxaaaqja •uaSojjT^ I i« CO CO 10 CD »0 ffd T-HCONCSHO •H 06 t^cot^csos >"> •C 0! >0 iCOOC COOOOJC CT M(MINOO-H-H g •a- 'S s~ : o 03 -a ° 03 c-2 »■§ »S — o — o ® o S EFFECTS OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON HEALTH, ETC., OF MAN. 467 e<5« 00 to r^aodoo 52 ■a) CO S s CO C9 Ui ;rf |SS|SSS5S sgsss^gl OtDcoeo f2S5 COCO ^ g lO oSw^o! 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CO > 15" 3 •enjcA lanj pajBuiijsa 1 i i -X9 jaqia «g5 ■ O'S' ooo -c^ ! t-; -5 o o • -H CO • -.o o • • • • S 'NC>i • ■ ! ■ ■ ■ . o •aaaoniN «S3 : 00 to •* t-~ c-i ^ -^ ^ CO !C oa T I i-i ■ c-i CO ■ ■ ■ ■ -H •poo; ;o jnnouiv rt CO O of h4 O > 3 •aniBApn; .2 ; ; •lOTJj -X9 laq^a .■r:-*oooo • • coco • '■ox ; ; ; ;^ iNrt I 1 ! '. • : : g ! ! CO • • c5 i «S8 : •naSoijiM S^ ; o : : uo S w o '• • -^ ' 1-i CO • ?S§§2g8§ . . 00 •poo; 1 2(Ncci'Ot^co.o 1 lO C^ ^ (N w c^ Ub C» : • ^, M M O £> 3 QQ •anrBA lan; pajBnnjsa ^ : ': 5 : ; •lOBJl -xa lama iC -,c :C . . t>; ^ tT to • — CO ■ ■- :f2g : : : : • o-^ : ; : • •naSoniN 1- : oooiowcoxoot^-*-*^r^ •Cl5=1"'OOui"3 [■■c-^ : : : ; : ;• 2 ■ua2oi'i]ii ^S : 00 M "5 ■ -^ •OtCCOOl •'T ;u,?3S;S3 :§.r : : 2 •poo; ;o jtmouiv ^ C^ r-H 11 ?. 1 S" 3 OQ •aniBA lanj pa!jBui!lsa i i : -xa aaqia . . osco • > • ■ "«1 : : : ^ I : 5 5 •ua3oji!j>i S« : cj ; 3 : ; g ■ I ! CO •poo; JO lunouiv * .j2 -o ^ o o ^ ^ o :Si'S2^E.'St ■^OBJ^xa Jaqia 1 »: "50 .loiooco 'C icooood -J -c 5 • e -X ■ • • • :£ 3 loi ■ • • ■ •- •uaSaniN CO (M'^r 1" cocsc< .u5-*coocoeocococoo->o— la '. ' ' -tvin ' ci ' ' ' r^ ' ' ' r- 3 • • ■a o "3 ■a a 3 >Snsar Milk Cream Meat, roast lamb.. Meat, veal Potatoes, boiled... • ■ . 3.M o ■ M ■ ■ . O C3 O ,^ 3 ■' • ■ t : .: ^ E- :5l i EFFECTS OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON HEALTH, ETC.,- OF MAN. 469 i» —* (3> ^ ^ ;p ^ r-t oQO*^^ »-» t 9J^ S§5 oto-*o S5SJSSgS -^^3! 3»0 "^ ^ * coco ' > »-t ;0 00 OS >-» CO r- iQ o '-4 c^i o SS; t^ C^ ;p lO »0 C^ O t^ 05 '-^OQC^O C< -< ira ■# fj O) -H rt -^ THrH *00 ■t^.-H.-tOO M 'N IN -H rH jHcoS ^ 'a* lO ^ 00 c -Tr-t^T-A Sat ■ 05 * ^ CO fS (N -H i-l IM CO— ^ -^ lo r^ ^H 00 o ■^j'aO'OOQOitoo ^H 00 t^ o o :o O ^M -H ^C-l !?» i-H 1-1 00:000*0 -^ rH -.r o* CO »^ i-HOOOOOCOt^iO t^OC^lMC0'<1'OC1CO Ol-^'*OC0-H00C>l : g I ; : •a",/-^- '2 -Ss ; : • : ; • • • : o s s ffl J_, : d'^ g -a ■ • £^li£||ll-^l2ilillli : : : : : : SS : OtOiOOJ ;5^ :?isss^«5 —1^1 COO • t^^'-OC-X • IN • ■O'.r 2 : ; S3 f-H • • • f-H S : : O w CO 05 CO CO • M S CO M O «c5S : : g cc • . -H —ICO .,-< «-H •■-;:; CO S ^ • ^ Scoo CO S S S 8 • M t— ( f* 1— t "fl* ■ 1— 1 C-J — 020 ■^ 05 O'-oe^io :S§5 - N • lO-'f •CO • • lO i"^ : ; 1 2 1 ■>»• (NMCONNCOOOC^CO ■ ^l^ 1 o • 00(N-^ o • -H ^M ^ T-H-l " : : p 1 SSSSSS^S S§5-S3SS??^SSSS 13 1 IN — :gS "•00 to • ■ ' • sa _ t^tOO(M (MOS^iM . lO-^ ■ . . . • to 00 • • ■ 05 to • (N COOOO O--iC0O(N(N O ^ : CO CO . ^ - • ■ o P3 o J< lO^COOlM lOO H <1 Cf ft •00 • . — t to ••«»•• • CO SlO •■» t~OJ •Tl* •IN • • O t>- oo coooo ■ •-H -^ ■^tr~a> • ■ -H ■ r^ CO f-H lO C-) — 1 ^ ■ C) • : "^ ■-* : ^ . . 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Mo S 1 1 470 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. 3 3 > 15" 3 CQ •aniBA lanj pajBunisa § 1 \ . -X3 aaqia .t-oom050' 0) •uaSoxnN S_; : : ^ 5" 5 •pooj R^"'s8S§*^S°S^§5^ JO ^unomv i^ ^m^— — ^ ----• -^- -r 3 ►4 o > o s •eniBAianj ' ^ : : -xa jaqia O 00 lOOO ■ ^ i : : •^ • o : ; 1 •ubSoi%]s. e^ : o : :o5S :; # -^r-^ CO coco >^ C-1 CO CO -"I" .1 .-1 •pooj JO !)unouiv g ^ O M O j-i rt ; 0-H 00 • -co ■<1 ; : : :| : • • • £ ■ Uiii 3 : :J : 5g i 5 EFFECTS OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON HEALTH, ETC., OF MAN. 471 5!S ■-< ■ wro ' ■■■■-; .-I io« _ M M »0 CDCO^OO ooo IOU5 05CO 00^ MOO 288^ 0(N>0(M'<1< t>.«rtTI>rf t^OOOOOr^—*— < 00503(N— 1 t~00OO ■-iNt^O . 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S3 23g 1^ 06 - - !5 'S~ 2 gss^sssg^gssgss&i o 3 - g - - w - Is s - - - - S § - ;o;ocOiCco'VOcoc^r^oo CO * weo F-J -H ' s 1 U5 1 1 NO CO b-*oS 5 - c6 (N g=sg |^3§ t*o»o(»SS^ o-r ggS i 3S ^2 OOI^OCO N o^ 00 c4 ot to a> o -vo '-' n to IM 00 CO eoooooo s •<1< ^^omSioomSojc^i ioSmoj i OOC<5 I— 1 w g5 ■.r ;o OiOO CO So « — 00 t^ 00 TJ" OJ O 00 — i COtOC^JOO-a-OMfNCOOOOt^ IMC>«C->Ko-O00— it^lMINO-HC-lOOO S5 05t^0t~ S5 (NCO § g IN 1^ |gSSSSS8|Sg?38SS 1 oc mo lo »o o oi cood-iio O ;IN!0 -O «o o-triot^co^-^woooooos r ill 1 'c C > > z c c ■5 (1 V '1 r T c ^g Ot^S— 1 3 S s ro-fl' OS CO t 9 otoS^a SS!gSc>,2 a n -< ■■or^ c^ 0(5 gSSgS?!::^ •^ •'^ c^ 01 — ' — — — — — — — — — — — — ^S - oKc^lN g s - - ^ - og5 t>.t^05"5 CO g 00 t^TCO! Pj ■«• CO CO ■-' C) 3 -H t^« • • ei • • 3 ^S?JSS«SS ^■vcoStOOsSc i •-< C^ ^H »— « ^H »-( — 1 N »-l 1-H ^H -^ — — — — — — — — — — — — to ■* 10 oc USt^I^ •O" rtOJ OS to a> .-<■»< CO CO -H !N '^ •V TT '^ "«j« C»DOOQ*"00 ^ c^ — - — - — - — — - IN OC _ _ _ _ _ tO(M O>O00 00 OS to CJ05 OS S SS^^^SS 8 CO r-l to— 1 to (M to OS Q Q CO >f OOtOOO'-HOS^ tOCM-'TC^M'OOOC S — — — — — — — — — — ir ir Tr "55 _ ■»1< »r t-< to OS 1-1 -v 00 t~ (N rH 10 1-1 CO to ra t^o •r C^ r^ ^ 00 >n NfOOOO-Hrt ^ tOM -^ ■0 it) 1 1 1 ■0 3 • ■4^ •z e 2 S 2J > ■flake olate mas. atoos 1 oS w.=ii'^'3;-2 5^ge§isgt t« t: OJ2 « 9 1 e p: V 5 c- S u. &. d* c c C p: e c k! 1 474 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. 3 O •uaSojiifj •poo) JO tjunouiv •aniBA pnj pajeuinsa -xa jama •naSojiiN •pooj JO ^nnoniv' •aniBA lanj pa^Bunjsa -xa Jaqia •na3on!N •pooj JO ^unouiv •aniBA pnj pa:jEuiT'>sa -xa jama oeoo — Tin •-0© '^c^F- nD cDr^o*vr* ©■^"-■OXN r^ o -v r* K? ,-( c^ 1-H r^ lO «. ccCC O <5 o 09 00 ©■^ooo «0OIN S(NO Cj CO a^iO iO t^ O O Cl flc 00-^ Sc4m •uaSoj^Tj^ •pooj JO nunoorv •anjUA janj paiBun'jsa OCOO-O" c4o >c5? »0 « M (N 05 IM O lO ■^■^TrcOO"*C^II^OOQO OOOOOIN'-HMCOI--O'?5o i-i 1-1 CI "-1 r-i .-I O O-^'-'OOCO C<5ior*QOOJOco a5^F-- CO O O =5 Q r* -^ o r^ .-IIO 1/3-^ r^ 00 -^ Ol O I^ -^ O c^l r^ 00 O PJ lOO 05 CO ^ SSS? 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C3-3 D. >c«5(N 2;SiJS COC^OQlOCOt !>. to 00 IN • .-H o(i o5 -^co 5nS u5«i ^6ocbh> 5Q'^cotrCO< OQ(N--iOO ^^MCO C0>0 005»0t— osc iH CM rt S*t O Qb CM UJOO-^iO OS CM »0 CO 00 lO c OOr-iCOCM OOOOCDO O >-( CT> CM CM to - t-H^'«rrHCO t— li-H 1-H CO Ol t- to -*' o odos ■»' c<5 "''^ _CMO>'* .-I 00 CO ^ "3 -H ro CMco •rHCMO CMCOOOt— QCOCOOO OSiOt-O^cOOStOO .-I t-l i-lrH rt rt ■* OOCO-*OCM COUOOS ■•f-^t— r— CM CO ■* CO t— I IC lO to CO t-H o to -^ »o OtO OrH t- "5 ■ 1-irt ■ COOOOOO 1-H CM OS iOOS-o Oi-H cood 1-5 t-i CO CM 00 00 1-H ^H ^H S CO t>>3 -w 'S ^ "I o) g P'o.B, 476 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OE MAN. o 02 a o > o c 'S' 3 •sniBA lonj paiBun^sa 5 -xa asm a CT) cooo •«5 n ^ •aaSoj^iN 1=^ -H • ^ • « ■ ■ C^ ■ • • So ■pooj JO junoray 1 < > o 5" 3 •anrBA lanj pa^Biniisg i •40Bn -xo jama a5 S ^ •ua3oj^T{^ .00 o -o cc oi cq M (M « -H — M -; j§ •pooj JO !>unouiv gcOO-HOtO^OOOOOOt^C^rtNQO'OO i4 O > o > •^ • • • s •pooj JO nunouiv S|g52g § r* s d Id 3 02 •ani^A lanj pa!jBtmisa 1 •JOBJ? -xa jama «3^ o-.o>o "5 c5 •10 s •uaSojijiN F O CD.-H -4 '(N 1-i ■ 'rf • • • ■ •pooj JO i^unouiv ^ X) iM 00 O O GO g t^ t> r-- o ■* lOr^co^QCOOoooo 1 m ;^ I— ) 3 on •an^BA lanj pa'j'Bun'jsa i •JOBJ^ -xa joma oo o S?2 •naSoj^iM 1^' oS J^iC cs -^ • o •uaSoniN o g £ t7 i t > a I 'c 1 c A. :| C 1 1 c c c- IS c ? a c. a < 1 Eh EFFECTS OF SODIUM HKNZOATE ON HEALTH, ETC., OF MAN. 477 3S •■i ' '•id ' R^SM S^i--rteo 9Swo35-^ir5^ 050^00 cot--oc^o^ »H t^ ^ ^ M 1-^ t^ CO -H — < o> i o t~ CO o neon n .-<-h 2Sgg SSSS K9 -J5 •<»>•«• U3W10<0 C4tO90O> *?Dt^ ^ CO NrtCOW t~.--l ^^irao osooe^ T(S5 CO *A Q O «5 05 t^ U30 C^ lOW OO^OQ'-hOCC) ^COQCOiOCOCOt^ .-1— l-^Oi-H C^ ^ "OCOO l^ coco OSCOOt^ •^OOt'-'^OO M -H . O lO OS "5 (NO it^od(Nod tO-H O'fOOO'^ rtCOCO-^ OrtCOOrH •^ (30 O O -^ -^ CO t^OiO^H •^OC0{»»0 — I-H (N -H l-H "-1—1 O CS TT Oi t^ -^ M-^ W i 00 • ^O O-^CO*^.-* t^coQcoor*co • CO • c^ oa 03 r^ o co »c or~(X)>c !=OQQ'»(35 rtCO 05^ =23 OS ^ »i5 10 O "5CO"Scv|^ O CO oo^ococooo >OiO (Nt^O^OOOO (M r-KMrt iBC^ 2Su52Scooi oo»ouD oooo(X)0 >coe^N 1-irt co^ coiM >-i 006 -O T-H O U^ Su5-«l a^'-ota ■gco'^ — CO O «0 l^ CI C^ t-H ■* O O »-H iO JM'T'^OJ 0:(MC^rt ■cm'*-* COOOOh^ 0(35 • -O WCONO h-0>MrHrH ■3 (D I •J5 O CU) ,■-2 S-3 ■s -" ? ^' z,^-^- ?p ,i "p ^s - - o o g s' : gi^ 5 'S 'S -^ 51 S 5I>--HcoI^^^co*rtl-^>75(Jooc^c»^ ocot^ i>:(3-; .0'*oooo-h35oo>om«.-i "2 1: "52 (0^co(NO (»^^ 2j -^ u; ( ■*00(NO — MCO^I-^0>''30COCO< O^O'^^COQOMCOCOCOC^II^C ocodi 0-1-H,-4(M l-H «-H. 05 50 ^ CO ^ ^ 00 -O O 00 Q PI 00 t^ M OS ■^ Jo c^ .-H rt U3COCO O -O 00 O O 00 00 OS ^ ^ o ^ ^ t^ Tji-^jio-^^cO^OOOO ooor-coc^coQOi-H t^OS'^^HC^CO^C^ oco-a" t-^c5(M (NC^ "-1 O -"I" O! CO CO (N A ■■*-H(N C0OOOO'. T-l N CO CO 1-1 r-l.-l.-lf-l ■* TJ< o 00 00 (N CO ■^ "5 CO O'S0rtor-'rc)T-lrHCO-H rt rti-H'-JIC-l . in 10 ^H c co-^ •o— .cO lOi-l ooo» od'^i'oj ■<>ic4 ONt^i-l S3 " «M>. O UJ ^ -* N CO Tf-^rtOOOiOOrt S3: CO(N ^< o e^ M .-1 00(M«ON00O 00 IM ;g Q Cfl 00 t^ O W -^ 00 00 00 0(N COCJJ T-H i-H O 00 01 CO •^OnOOOCOCOOO o ST»<^ooeQt>"5?2«' <£>^HO^HOi-tOOFH ooiooio o ^ a> CO Qot^co^uo •* 55 to o IM 10 "O 05 ^ -- - - ^ (N.-l-' U50 Tt<0 iOTtOrH op o ^ CI -H CO ■* -H ■ ci cs ■ CI '^ CI O O »-< OS CO -fOOCSO^O-^Oi rH IN ^ >0 »0 UO CO cooo -^ oo-^ CO CO to »-H »0 t-H -"3* CO "1-1 IN CO iH OCO lOOO t^ c5 irfco r^ N t-H e-» 10 M •"HClCOCOrtOO CO IN CO Q " »0 C IM IN lO >S CO 10 C rH IM C4 i-H C OSO IM -i >5-5 t>.^ 10 lO 10 CO CJ CO COIMt-O CO IM IM OS M IM CO e 0-^OOSTt< ^ iC 1-H T-l d CO ^H c CICOCOOOCOUOlO OSQ^hOSCOCDCIIMO CO t^ OS CD " •* --s* CO r^ CO OS t-i 00 is " -^ o (M ^" rH "CI rH d rH d r~r~-«<_dcoiM _ dOSi-lO"rHl-llO 2^ 480 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS. The figures in the above tables speak for themselves, but the most salient points for each subject may be best brought together by a pre- sentation of certain of the results in the form of averages and ratios. Along with the data for the urine, the nitrogen and fat contents of the feces are given so as to facilitate the calculation of nitrogen and fat balances at the end of each period. The data concerning the nitrogen and fat intake are found in full in the complete food tables. Two kinds of averages may be presented with advantage; in the one case the variations in the total nitrogen, urea, ammonia, purine, and other forms of nitrogen combination may be given, while in the other the data cover the percentage distribution of these forms. The short tables given below embrace condensations of this sort, as will be explained. Each subject will be followed through separately, and for each three tables will be presented. In the first we have the average daih^ output of certain forms of nitrogen in the five general periods into which the investigation may be divided — that is, in the fore period, the low preservative period (300 mg. daily), the first high preservative period (600 mg. daily), the second high preserva- tive period (1 gm. daily), and finally the after period, with no preservative. In the same table some data for sulphur and phosphorus will be given, and also figures for nitrogen and fat in the feces. The urine averages are secured by taking the means of the daily means, as given in the footings of the columns of the above main tables. In the two tables to follow we have the average daily composition of the feces, obtained b}^ dividing the period results by the number of days in the period, and finally the very important percentage dis- tribution of the nitrogen and sulphur in the urine. The value for each constituent is expressed in terms of the total nitrogen and total sulphur excreted in each period. The total sulphur for the fore periods is omitted because of some uncertainty as to the correctness of part of the determinations. In the tables following the term period is employed in a wider sense than in the charts. Here we have condensed the 16 periods, of about one week each, into five main periods, distinguished by the amount of benzoate added to the food. SUBJECT I (H. N. B.). As the food tables will show, tliis man enjoyed a good appetite throughout the tests, with the exception of one or two occasions, and we find in the analytical results nothing to indicate any devia- tion from the normal metabolism. It is true that there are rather wide variations in the output of the several urinary constituents, but 1 EFFECTS OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON HEALTH, ETC., OF MAN. 481 tliosc arc iiTCj:;uliir and fail to disclose any relation to the benzoato <;iven with the food in the later periods. The uric acid and creatinine are particularly constant, while for the ammonia, the suli)hur, and the })hosphorus the chan<:;es are not marked and are not systematic. It will be noted that, the nitro<.(en and the fat in the feces show marked chauixcs in the after period; for the first an increase and for the secoiul a decrease. As this behavior is found in all the subjects, it will be commented on later. Dnihj means, Subject I. Deleriuination. Total nitrogen Urea nitrogen IJric acid nitrogen Ammonia nitrogen Creatinine nitrogen Purine nitrogen Total sulphur Total phosphorus Indican, Fehling=100 Total ether extract in feces grams. Ether extract as fraction of ingested fat per cent. Fraction of excreted nitrogen in feces do... Fore period. Low pre- servative. First high pre- servative. Second high pre- servative. After period. Grams. Grams. Grams. Grams. Grams. 10.05 10. 66 11.50 11.72 10.31 8.08 8.92 9. 54 9.82 8.54 .18 .18 .19 .18 .17 .47 .46 ..52 .46 .41 .59 .57 ..57 .58 .55 .072 .058 .099 .085 .093 .75 .96 .88 .93 .84 .86 .79 .91 .88 22.00 31.00 37.00 30.00 31.00 .'y.sa 5.17 3.71 3.56 3.73 5.21 4.49 3.18 2.93 2.86 21.7 19.3 15.3 14.4 24.0 Average daily composition of feces. SUBJECT I (II. N. B.). Period. Moist weight. Dry weight. Water. Nitrogen. Ether extract. Total nitrogen. Total ether extract. No preservative: 1 Grams. 243 180 199 177 224 186 167 171 149 1.52 141 172 157 149 154 233 Grams. 30.90 32.94 35.59 33.39 48.76 36.97 32.16 30.28 29.31 32.04 28.20 34.27 23. 32 29.88 30.43 47.60 Per cent. 87.27 81. 66 82.13 81. 15 78.19 80.11 80.76 82.28 80.27 78.88 79.97 80.11 a5. 16 79. 95 80.18 79.59 Per cent. 1.4 1.36 1.3 1.7 1.6 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.5 1.4 1.7 1.5 1.0 1.3 1.3 1.4 Per cent. 3.2 1.7 3.4 2.5 3.1 2.9 3.3 2.8 3.2 3.9 2.4 2.1 2.5 2.0 2.7 1.6 Grams. 3.40 2.46 2.59 3.01 3. .58 2.42 2.17 2.22 2.23 2.12 2.39 2.58 1.57 1.94 2.00 3.27 Grams. 7.77 o 3.05 3 6.77 Low preservative: 4 4.43 5 6.93 6 5.39 7 5.52 8 4.78 9 4.75 10 5.92 11 3.38 High preservative: 12 3.62 13 3.80 14 2.98 15 4.15 No preservative: 16 3.73 Mean for 16 periods 178 33.50 83.42 1.4 2.7 2.49 4.81 70111— No. S8— 09 31 482 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. Percentage dislribution of nitrogen and sulphur in urine: Average value for each period in fractions of total nitrogen and total sulphur. SUBJECT I (H. N. B.). Period. Urea nitrogen. NHa nitrogen. Purine nitrogen. Uric acid nitrogen. Creatinine nitrogen. Inorganic sulphur. Ethereal sulphur. Neutral sulphur. No preservative: 1 5.48 4.38 4.33 4.82 4. .57 4.16 3.87 4.26 4.20 4. .36 4. 66 4. .55 4.60 3.95 4.02 3.99 0.67 .86 .65 ..59 .48 .65 .44 .55 .34 .70 .76 .90 .80 .67 .78 .90 1.92 1.78 1.75 1.90 1.75 1.76 1.63 1.71 1.70 1.62 1.61 1.62 1.75 1.46 1.62 1.63 5.96 5. 95 5.73 6.88 5.91 5.21 4.78 4.88 4.93 .5.04 5. .54 5.20 4.86 4.65 5.28 5.32 2 79.16 82.11 8,3.39 82.11 84.99 84. 58 83.50 84.31 84.90 83.10 82.71 83.92 85.09 82.24 82.84 3 Low preservative: 4 5 73.53 76.32 74.78 74.84 73. 57 74.35 63. 73 71.33 72.79 71.55 70.00 70.82 10.29 11.04 8.47 8.39 9.61 8.36 13.33 9.23 9.50 8.48 10.38 9.51 16 18 6 12 64 7. 16 75 8 16 77 9 16 82 10. 17 29 11 2^ 94 High preservative: 12 .. 19 44 13 17 71 14 15.. 19.97 19 6"' No preservative: 16 19 66 SUBJECT II (W. W. C). Much the same condition may be noted here as with Subject I. The total output of nitrogen is larger and there are marked changes in it of an irregular character. Attention is called to the increased elimination of nitrogen and decreased ether extract in the feces of the after period, but aside from this there is nothing in the figures of the three tables to i)oint to any possible connection between dosage and metabolism. If there appears to be a slight increase of purine nitro- gen, we find that this does not hold for the other subjects. The varia- tions in the uric acid and creatinine nitrogen follow just the reverse order noted in Subject I, and therefore are not sufficient to point to any systematic relationship. An apparently marked change is shown in the distribution of the total sulphur, as it seems to increase toward the end of the investigation. But this condition is continued into the after period, and besides does not hold for the other subjects throughout. Considering all points it is clearly evident that the variations found in the urines of these periods are not outside the normal limits which should be expected in work covering four months in time. EFFECTS OF SUDIURl BENZOATE ON HEALTH, ETC., OF MAN. 483 » Daily means, Subject II. Dctcriiiinutldii. loial nitrogrn I rca nilrogi'ii , I rii' acid nitrogen Anunonia nilrogen Crealiiiiric nitrogen Purine nitrou't'ti Total .sulphur Total iihosplinrus Ituliiaii, lehliiig=100. il ether extract in feces, grams iiT extract as fraction of ingested fat, i)er cent — ution of excreted nitrogen in feces, per cent Foro period. Orams. 13.39 11.05 .21 .47 .66 .07 .95 5.7 5.68 4.74 15.7 Low pre- servative. 5.49 4.69 17.9 First high] Second prescrv- high pnv alive. s<;rvatlve. Orams. 11.94 10. :V) .20 .47 .05 .096 .94 .87 12.00 Orams. 10.64 8.80 .20 .39 .63 .082 .81 .67 11.00 5.45 5.32 18.0 4.59 3.59 14.3 After period. Oramt. 9.88 8.14 .18 .30 .fJO .08 .79 .78 10.00 3.83 2.88 20.0 Average daily composition of feces. SUBJECT II (W. W. C). Period. Moist weight. Dry weight. Water. Nitrogen. Ether extract. Total nitrogen. Total ether extract. No preservative: Grams. 177 112 175 165 159 163 141 153 109 99 74 128 207 134 83 124 Grams. 42.18 32.28 38.47 41.89 42.85 52.50 39.67 39.00 36.56 32.12 27.09 33.87 44.13 31.67 26.59 36.18 Per cent. 76.11 7L11 78.07 74.68 73.10 67.82 7L84 74.47 66.33 67.51 63.32 73.48 78.71 76.37 68.00 70.72 Per cent. 1.5 2.0 1.5 1.7 1.7 1.5 1.7 1.8 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.0 1.3 1.5 1.9 2.0 Per cent. 4.5 2.8 3.4 4.3 2.8 4.3 4.5 3.3 5.2 4.4 5.4 3.5 3.1 4.5 3.8 3.1 Grams. 2.65 2.23 2.63 2.81 2.71 2.45 2.39 2.75 2.39 2.08 1.57 2.55 2.69 2.01 1.58 2.47 Grams. 7.95 2 . ... . . 3.13 3 5.96 Low preservative: 4 7.11 5 . . 4.46 6 7.02 7 8 6.34 5.04 9 5.65 10 4 35 11 3.99 High preservative: 12 4.47 13 14 . 6.43 6.03 15. 3 16 No preserv^ative: 16 3.83 Mean for 16 periods 140 37.32 71.98 1.78 3.93 2.37 5.31 I'crccntayc distribution of nitrogen and sulphur in urine: Average value for each period infractions of total nitrogen and total sulphur. SUBJECT 11 (W. W. C). Period. Urea nitrogen. NH3 nitrogen. Purine nitrogen. Uric acid nitrogen. Creati- nine nitrogen. Inorganic sulphur. Ethereal sulphur. Neutral sulphur. No preservative: 1 3.45 3.79 3.40 3.85 4.21 3.41 3.55 3.85 3.23 2.98 3.11 3.76 4.22 4.13 3.14 3.05 0.49 .63 .45 .58 .45 .65 .49 .44 .34 .55 .71 .76 .86 . 77 .76 .81 1.43 1.67 1.54 1.71 1.81 L81 1.63 1.82 1.65 L45 1.59 1.59 1.83 1.94 L78 L85 4.44 5.20 5.06 5.93 5.76 5.70 5.50 5.64 5.54 5.54 5.22 5.41 5.44 5.67 6.18 6.03 2 86.44 84.53 84.28 84.14 86.20 83.35 84.44 85.10 85.11 85.82 84.91 84.38 83.55 82.87 82.42 3 Ixiw preservative: 4 5 6 78.40 76.26 79.07 75.85 77.46 70.05 74.34 75.68 09. 84 71.82 09.78 9.22 10.79 8.07 9.52 9.06 9.49 9.48 8.43 10.31 9.77 9.53 12.37 7 12.95 8 12.86 9 14.63 10 13.48 11 14.46 High preservative: 12 16.18 13 15.89 14 19.84 15 18.42 No preservative: 16 20.68 484 aUDlUM BENZUATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. SUBJECT III (A. G.). Tliis man performed a regular part of the analytical work of the investigation and was throughout perfectly normal in his diet and habits. The diet was comparative!}^ hearty, as sliown by the food charts and the output of nitrogen. In considering the condensed data of the following tables there is nothing very striking in the nitrogen metabolism to be specially noted. The total nitrogen excretion is highest in the fore period and lowest in the after period, as was tlie case with Subject II, but as this relation does not hold for all the men it is evidently without significance. The uric acid, ammonia, creatinine, and purine excretions are very regular, both in amount and distribution, and here, as in the other cases, there is a very good correspondence between the nitrogen and the total sulphur of the urine. There appears to be a tendency toward the increase of neutral sulphur in the after period, but the ethereal sulphates remain nearly constant tlu^oughout. Wliile the neutral sulphur is liigh with the absence of preservative, it is also high in some of the periods where the preservative was high. In the case of Subject VI it will be seen that tlie highest neutral sulphur falls in a low preservative periotl. It is clear, therefore, that we can not draw any definite conclusions from this fact. The peculiari- ties in the nitrogen and fat ratios in the feces are in evidence here. The condition of metabolism shown by the tables is strictly normal. Daily means, Subject III. Detemiination. Total nitrogen Urea nitrogen Uric acid nitrogen Ammonia nitrogen Creatinine nitrogen Purine nitrogen Total sulphur Total phosphorus Indican, Fehling=100. Total ether extract in feces, grams Ether extract as fraction of ingested fat, per cent. Fraction of excreted nitrogen in feces, per cent. . . Fore period. Grams. 13.62 10.63 .20 .78 .72 .044 1.07 41.00 5.64 3.53 15.1 Low pre- servative. Grams. 11. 99 10.04 .20 .65 .68 .041 .87 .99 41.00 5.64 3.58 19.3 First Second high pre- 1 high pre- servative, servative. Grams. 12.27 10.17 .20 .m .69 .05 42.00 4.02 2.33 17.6 Grams. 12.68 10.38 .20 .71 .72 .05 .98 .93 38.00 6.57 3.76 15.4 After X>eriod. Grams. 11.28 9.19 .18 .67 .65 .0<5 .87 .70 41.00 4.26 2.44 19.5 EFFECTS OF SODIUM RENZO.VTE ON IIEALTIF, ETC., OF MAN. 485 Avenuji' daihj con ipo.fi lion »f feces. SUHJECT III (A. (.;.). Teriod. Moi.st weight. Dry wclglil. Water. Nitrogen. Ether extract. Total nitrogen. Total ether extract. No preservative: 1 Grams. 203 213 309 217 239 215 198 208 215 248 259 200 2.59 211 271 284 Grams. 30.20 32. 20 79. 05 35. 20 50.07 54. 32 35. 51 30. 20 40.89 39.20 42. 05 32. 70 40. 70 37. fxS 32.08 37. 30 Per cent 85. 19 84. 45 74.43 83.70 79. 05 75. 35 82. 09 82. 02 81.20 84.17 83. 50 83. 05 84.27 82.10 84.94 80.80 Per cent. 1.1 .99 .90 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.1 2.1 1.2 1.1 1.1 .9 .90 Per cent. 2.2 1.5 2.8 3.1 2.5 2.4 2.4 3.2 2.3 2.1 2.2 1.8 1.7 2.5 2.9 1.5 Grams. 2.23 2. 12 2.97 2.39 2.87 2.57 2.38 2.50 2.80 2.84 5.45 2.40 2.85 2.32 2.44 2.73 Grams. 4 40 3 20 3 l,t)\v pi-eservative: 73 5 98 6 5 15 7 4 70 8 07 9 4 95 10 5.21 n 5 71 1 1 igh preservative: 12 3 00 13 4 43 14 5 27 15 7 87 No perservative: 16. . 4 20 Mean for 10 periods 234 40.93 82.30 1.17 2.32 2.74 5.43 Percentage distribution of nitrogen and sulphur in wine: Average value for each period in fractions of total nitrogen and total sulphur. SUBJECT in (A. (}.). Period. Urea nitrogen. Nils nitrogen. Purine nitrogen. Uric acid nitrogen. Creati- nine ni- trogen. Inorganic sulphur. Ethereal sulphur. Neutral sulphur. No preservative: 1 5.81 5. 05 5.04 G.37 0.20 5.55 5.35 5.34 4.81 4.09 5.17 5.05 5.40 5.17 0.05 5.94 0.32 .34 .34 .40 .23 .44 .20 .23 .24 .48 .35 .42 .41 .44 .40 .39 1.49 1.54 1.54 1.87 1.71 1.04 1.08 1.03 1.70 1.70 1.59 1.04 1.01 1.55 1.07 1.57 4.98 5.15 5.84 0.02 5.78 5.70 5.08 5.53 5.48 5.72 5.83 5.73 5.50 5.81 5.(« 5.79 2 78.89 81.42 81.03 82.85 83.47 82.59 84.31 83.25 83. 98 82.89 82.15 83.75 82.35 81.31 81.54 3 Low preservative: 5 79.27 76.92 77.29 70. 08 70. 54 74.17 74.47 75.18 70.87 74.57 75.02 73.53 7.32 8.33 8.82 9.23 8.40 8.01 10.18 8.90 7.70 8.13 7.09 &33 13 41 e 14 70 7 13.89 8 14 08 9 15 00 10 17.22 11 15. 35 High preservative: 12 15.80 13 15 37 14 17.30 15 10.08 No preservative: 10 18.14 SUBJECT IV (O. F. L.). In this man the pecuUarities of diet were extremely marked, and corresponding; peculiarities of metabolism might naturally be looked for. Reference to the food tables will disclose the kind and amount of food preferred, of which milk was always a prominent item. A perfectly sullicient diet was consumed, however, throughout, with the exception of a short time in two periods, when the illness of a member of his family called him away over night. The urine and feces were saved, but for the time the food (carried with him) was 486 SODIUM BENZOATE AND TITE HEALTH OF MAN. not abundant. Thi-s will account for the apparent negative bal- ance. Aside from this the metabolism is remarkably normal and a good utilization of the food is evident. This is shown by the data for the nitrogen and the fat in the feces, as presented in the first of the following tables, and for the nitrogen elimination of all the periods, as shown in the second table following. It is not possible to dis- cover any abnormal effect of the diet at any point of the whole four months of observation. If anything of this kind should obtain we should expect to find it in the distribution of the nitrogen of the urine, but here we discover a very uniform relation running from the beginning to the end, with no break at any point corresponding to the benzoate periods. The high neutral sulphur of one of the benzoate periods is matched by the same condition in the after period, and as a general conclusion we must look upon all the urines as normal and within natural limits. Daily means, Subject IV. Determination. Total nitrogen Urea nitrogen Uric acid nitrogen Ammonia nitrogen. . . Creatinine nitrogen Purine nitrogen Total sulphur Total phosphorus Indican, Fehling=100. Total ether extract in feces, grams Ether extract as fraction of ingested fat, per cent. Fraction of excreted nitrogen in feces, per cent. . Fore Lowpr^' J^^t ' f*^""!' After period. servat^ive.j^^f^P- i^/^P- period. Grams. 11.67 10.47 .13 .49 .60 .06 .93 5.7 Grams. 11.65 9.96 .15 .53 .63 .035 .79 1.00 11.00 Grams. Grams. 12.00 10.26 10.39 8.53 .15 .13 .54 .51 .02 .64 .038 .044 .86 .76 .98 .81 7.9 9.2 2.31 3.16 1.88 1.79 7.9 9.2 Grams. 9.93 a30 .14 .47 .60 .04 .75 .88 12.7 3.15 1.81 12.7 Average daily composition of feces. SUBJECT IV (O. F. L.) Period. Moist weight. Dry weight. Water. Nitrogen. Ether extract. Total nitrogen. Total ether extract. No preservative: 1 Grams. loa. 145 109 96 142 156 118 102 131 80 74 70 98 109 99 143 Grams. 22.08 27.34 21.41 26.62 42.32 36.84 27.42 22.59 29.17 17.71 19.08 16.26 21.62 22.11 23.55 33.01 Per cent. 79.77 81.16 80.33 72. 24 70.29 76.32 76.68 77.93 77.71 77.74 74.59 76.86 77.97 79.76 76.28 76. 96 Per cent. 1.2 1.4 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.4 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 Per cerU. 2.8 1.6 3.1 2.3 3.5 3.1 4.3 4.2 3.4 3.8 2.7 2.8 2.7 2.6 3.5 2. 2 Grams. 1.31 2.03 1.20 1.15 1.57 1.71 1.65 1.23 1.70 1.03 1.03 .98 1.08 1.09 .99 1.43 Grams. 3.06 2 2.32 3 3.37 Low preservative: 2.20 4.99 6 4.82 7 6.06 8 4.30 9 4.45 10 3.02 11 1.99 High preservative: 12 1.97 13 2.65 14 2.84 15 3.48 No preservative: 16 3.15 Mean for 16 periods 112 25.57 77.04 1.2 3.04 1.32 3.35 EFFECTS OF SOr)UT^r BEN550ATE ON llEAI.Tll, ETC., OF MAN. 487 Percentage distribution of nitrogen and sulphur i)i urine: Average value for each period i)i fractions of total nitrogen and total sulj)hur. SUBJECT IV (O. V. L.). IVriod. Urea iiitroKen. NH3 nitrogen. Purine nitroKon. Uric acid nitrogen. Creati- nine ni- trogen. Inorganic siilpliur. Etliereal siilptnir. Neutral siiiplnir. No preservative: 4.72 3. 99 4.02 4.41 5. 07 4.63 4.64 4. (a 4.44 4.53 4.32 4.54 4.32 4. SO 5.14 4.69 0.02 .56 .43 . 32 . 25 .48 .58 .27 .21 .54 .28 .30 .31 .55 .42 .39 1.18 1.06 1.12 1.23 1.10 1.22 1.22 1.18 1.28 1.25 1.34 1.17 1.30 1.18 1.37 1.40 5.00 5.04 5.25 6. 18 5. 50 5. (15 5.22 5. 09 5.33 5. 54 5.61 5.00 5. 25 5.85 6.50 6.06 2 85.59 83.17 85.32 84.81 86. 56 85. 45 84.34 85.80 85.76 86.38 ■ 80.89 86.01 83.63 82.45 83.55 3 Low preservative: 4 5.. ... 6 82. 63 80. (15 80. 33 80. 25 SO. 57 79. 32 80. 13 77.04 72.42 73.72 72. 35 6. 31 (1. 25 (1.11 5. 39 6.04 (1. 20 6. 51 8.67 (1. 34 7. 55 0.03 11 05 7 13 10 8 13 56 9 14 36 10 13 39 11 14 48 High preservative: 12 13 36 13 14 29 14 21 24 15 18.73 No preservative: 16 21 0'' SUBJECT V (A. M. N.). This man carried a part of the analytical work on the urine and was kept busy through the day. His exercise was secured in playing handball and in walking, in which liis habits were very regular. The diet sheet is not in any way unusual. A consideration of the analyses shows the same general trend disclosed in the other men, with the urine nitrogen lowest in the after period, however. Corre- sponding to this we have a rather liigh percentage of nitrogen in the feces. The excretion of creatinine, ammonia, uric acid, and sulphur and phosphorus are regular. The indican figures are rela- tively high, but not the highest. There is at present no explanation for the marked variations in this factor between different individuals, but no special significance can be attaclied to it, as similar results are found in the routine analyses of urines in general. The neutral sulphur in tliis and the last case does not appear to be markedly increased in the after period, as was evident in the other men. All the results here appear to be normal, with iiothing to suggest a dependence on the ingested benzoate. The variations noted are not systematic enough to lead to any conclusion in this direction, except, perhaps, with reference to the fat and nitrogen of the feces in the after period, of which something will be said below. 488 SODIUM BfiNZOATE AND THE HEALTH OP MAN. Daily means, Subject V. Determination. Total nitrogen Urea nitrogen Uric acid nitrogen Ammonia nitrogen Creatinine nitrogen Purine nitrogen Total sulphur Total phosphorus Indican, Fehling=100. Total ether extract in feces, grams Ether extract as fraction of ingested fat, per cent. Fraction of excreted nitrogen in feces per cent,. . . Fore period. Grams. 11.28 8.61 .22 .54 .68 .063 .81 28.00 Low preserv- ative. First high Second preserv- high pre- ativc. servative. Grams. 10.33 8.43 .21 .49 .67 .059 .72 .78 32.00 Grams. 12.14 10.05 .22 .54 .68 .085 .93 .90 34.00 Grams. 11.20 9.12 .21 . 55 .70 .070 .84 .81 35.00 4.08 4.02 4.02 3.59 3.53 3.43 7.3 18.3 14.1 3.63 2.94 16.2 After period. Grams. 9.48 7.65 .18 .43 .65 .087 .75 .80 34.00 2.68 2.48 18.0 Average daily composition of feces. SUBJECT V (A. M. N.). Period. Moi.st weight. Dry weight. Water. Nitrogen. Ether extract. Total nitrogen. Total ether extract. No preservative: 1 Grams. 236 200 260 153 205 225 253 123 218 165 165 147 216 223 215 149 Grams. 33.49 28.36 34.16 27.72 34.15 42.26 34.49 24.23 34.79 27.99 31.70 24. 22 38.40 36.71 28.18 33.27 Per cent. 85.81 85.81 86.86 81.89 83.33 81.22 86.39 80.34 84.04 83.05 80.78 83.51 82.20 83.54 86.90 77.65 Per cent. 1.0 1.15 .93 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.5 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.1 1.1 1.2 .8 1.4 Per cent. 1.6 1.5 2.1 1.9 2.1 2.2 2.0 2.3 2.0 2.4 2.3 1.4 2.7 1.8 1.5 1.8 Grams. 2.36 2.30 2.42 1.99 2.46 2.56 2.79 1.85 2.83 1.98 2.14 1.62 2.37 2.68 1.72 2.08 Grams. 3 78 2 3.00 3 5.46 Low preservative: 4 2.91 4.30 6 . 4 95 7 5.07 8 2.84 9 4.36 10 11 .. 3.96 3.78 High preservative: 12 2.20 13 5.83 14 4.03 15 3.23 No preservative: 16 2.68 Mean for 16 periods 197 32.14 83.33 1.17 1.98 2.26 3.89 Percentage distribution of nitrogen and sulphur in urine: Average value for each period infractions of total nitrogen and total sulphur. SUBJECT V (A. M. N.). Period. Urea nitrogen. NH3 nitrogen. Purine nitrogen. Uric acid nitrogen. Creati- nine nitrogen. Inorganic sulphur. Ethereal sulphur. Neutral sulphur. No preservative: 4.59 4.60 5.29 4.38 5.55 4.86 5.26 4.82 4.71 4.14 4.12 4.29 4.50 4.68 5.01 4.58 0.50 .72 .47 .60 .56 .74 .39 .51 .33 .83 .64 .80 .61 .69 .55 .89 1.82 1.89 2.07 2.13 2.13 1.93 2.05 2.06 2.05 1.96 1.76 1.88 1.67 1.66 2.00 1.94 5.41 5.94 6.70 6.72 7.10 6.51 6.35 6.34 6.55 6.46 5.92 5.87 5.38 5.84 6.70 6.84 <) 80.54 79.75 82.33 79.23 83.16 80.85 80.89 81.21 81.60 83.04 81.96 83.68 82.19 80.69 80.75 3 Low preservative: 5 67.65 77.78 72.92 70.71 70.54 74.43 73.36 71.09 74.56 71.90 70.74 66.28 8.82 7.97 10.08 8.58 8.26 10.93 10.88 9.58 7.54 8.42 9.33 9.39 23.52 6 14.25 7 17.00 8 20 71 9 21.20 10 14 ^,4 11 15.76 High preservative: 12 19 33 13 17 90 14 19.68 15 ... . 19 92 No preservative: 16 ''4 33 EFFECTS OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON HEALTH, ETC., OF MAN. 489 SUBJECT VI (C. H. S.)- This subject is blessed with a remarkably flexible appetite, and was always ready for any kind or variation in the diet. lie had a newspaper route for the early and late hours, and during part of the time pei-formed some janitor work in the college buildings. A study of the following sheets shows an interesting regularity in the course of the urinary and fecal excretion, willi no variations of any note to point to an effect of the benzoate The excretion of the neutral sul- phur is here much more regular than with the other men, while for the ammonia, the uric acid, and the creatinine we have almost constant values throughout. The importance of such facts must not be over- looked, since any disturbances in the general metabolism would undoubtetlly show in some of these constituents of the urine or feces. The total nitrogen and the urea outputs are apparently more regular through the whole season for this man than for the others, and it will be noticed that like Subject I he shows a little increase here from the fore period to the fii-st preservative period, while for some of the others there is a decrease. As far as can be determined by the analyses of the excreta, it is evident that this man has remained in normal condition through the tests, and his metabolism has not been altered as an effect of the added preservative. Daily means, Subject VI. Detennination. Fore period. Total nitrogen Urea nitrogen Uric acid nitrogen Ammonia nitrogen Creatinine nitrogen Purine nitrogen Total sulphur Total phosphorus Indican, Fehling= 100 Total ether extract in feces, grams Ether extract as fraction of ingested fat. per cent. Fraction of excreted nitrogen in feces, per cent . . . Grams. 12.04 9.63 .21 .55 .62 .063 .83 17.00 5.08 4.06 15.6 Low preserv- ative. Grams. 12.33 10.50 .21 .52 .62 .06 .90 .92 17.00 5.21 3.80 14.6 First high Second preserv- ative. Grams. 13.75 11.72 .23 .55 .64 .073 1.07 1.00 15.00 After high pre-, p^^VJ^ iSPi-vativp P«iiou servative Grams. 13.00 10.85 .21 .54 .65 .07 .97 .91 13.00 4.65 3.28 13.3 4.92 3.31 11.5 Grams. 12.35 10.24 .20 .51 .61 .071 .94 .90 13.00 4.73 3.53 16.0 490 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. Average daily composition of feces. SUBJECT VI (C. 11. S.). Period. Moist weight. Dry weight. Water. Nitrogen. Ether extract. Total nitrogen. Total ether extract. No preservative: Grams. 175 163 163 1.58 172 189 162 137 168 124 130 158 166 134 1.38 1S2 Grams. 32.71 29.45 45. 14 31.45 32. 39 37. 53 40.39 29.83 38. 96 27.77 27.00 31.06 38. ,53 26.34 30.76 41.17 Per cent. 81.34 81.99 72.26 80.05 81.12 80.10 75.00 78.21 76.77 77.55 79.30 80.34 76.83 80.36 77.73 77.36 Per cent. 1.3 1.38 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.3 Per cent. 3.3 2.5 3.3 3.0 2.8 2.8 2.3 5.3 4.1 3.5 3.6 2.2 3.5 2.9 4.3 2.6 Grams. 2.28 2.39 2.28 2.21 2.06 2.07 2.10 2.05 2.52 1.98 1.83 2.21 2.00 1.74 1.66 2.36 Grams. 5.78 2 4.09 3 5. 37 Low preservative: 4 4.73 4.80 6 5.28 7 3.72 8 7.26 9 6.88 10 4.33 11 4.70 High preservative: 12 3.49 13 5.82 14 . 3.89 15 . . 5. 94 No preservative: 16 4.73 Mean for 16 periods 1.57 33.77 78.52 1.34 3.25 2.11 5.05 Percentage distribution of nitrogen and sulphur in urine: Average value for each period infractions of total nitrogen and total sulphur. SUBJECT VI (C. H. S.). Period. Urea nitrogen. NH3 nitrogen. Purine nitrogen. Uric acid nitrogen. Creati- nine nitrogen. Inorganic sulphur. Ethereal sulphur. Neutral sulphur. No preservative: 4.80 4.92 3.99 4.49 4.84 4.52 4.16 4.60 3.70 3.65 4.07 3.99 4.03 4.28 3.94 4.14 0.60 .61 .35 .61 .26 .61 .44 .40 .34 .63 .54 .58 .47 .63 .45 .58 1.67 1.87 1.69 1.81 1.78 1.66 1.77 1.79 1.66 1.63 1.66 1.69 1.65 1.54 1.^ L59 4.59 5.53 5.34 5.59 5.25 5.16 4.23 4.87 4.62 4.76 4.94 4.59 4.63 5.10 4.90 4.90 9 82.07 82.58 83.89 83.99 86.12 84.45 84.45 84.14 85.71 85.68 85.25 85.26 83.77 83.32 82.89 3 Low preservative: 5 74.16 79.83 77.70 77.78 77.45 76.84 77.57 78.00 78.15 74.70 74.85 74.62 5.62 6.67 6.27 6.98 7.86 6.59 5.53 5.47 5.56 6.89 6.39 6.84 20.22 6 13.50 7 16.03 8 15.24 9 14.69 10 11 16.57 16.90 High preservative: 12 16.53 13 16.29 14 .... 18.41 15 No preservative: 16 18.76 18.54 MEANS OF FECES ANALYSES. It may be a matter of some interest to have a summation of all the results from the feces tests for comparison, and such summation is given in tabular form. From this it may be easily seen just how far the period results depart from the general mean. EFFECTS OF SODIUM BKNZOATE ON HEALTH, ETC., OF MAN. 491 Average composition of feces of six men during 120 days. Subject. Moist weight. Dry weight. Water. Nitrogen. Ether extract. Total nitrogen. Total ether extract. 1 Orams, 178 140 234 112 197 157 Orams. 33. 50 37.32 40. 93 25. 57 32.14 33. 77 Per cent. 83.42 71.98 82. 3(1 77.04 83.33 78. 52 Per cent. 1.40 1.78 1.17 1.20 1.17 1.34 Per cent. 2.70 3.93 2.32 3.04 1.98 3.25 Orams. 2.49 2.37 2.74 1.32 2.20 2.11 Orams. 4.81 11 5.31 Ill 5.43 IV 3.35 \' 3.89 M 5.05 Mean 168 33.87 79.44 1.34 2.87 2.22 4.64 HIPPURIC ACID. Because of the laborious character of the work no effort was made to carry tlirough complete series of determinations of hippuric acid. But from time to time analyses of composites were made with the object of observing the increased output of this acid with the increase in the benzoate administered, and to find, further, whether the ben- zoic acid is eliminated as such, or as liippuric acid wholly. With the second object in mind more attention was given to the purity of the final extracts than to their absolute amount. In the last weeks of the preservative administration the weights of liippuric acid recovered in pure form amounted to 1.5 grams, and in some few cases to nearly 2 grams daily. In the treatment with petroleum ether for the separation of benzoic acid essentially negative results were alwaj^s obtained, from which it was evident that the whole of this acid had passed over into the combined form. That this is the normal condition is now generally admitted, and calls for no further discussion here. NITROGEN AND FAT BALANCES. Appended to the general urine and feces charts given in detail there are data concerning the nitrogen and fat balances for each period. The food charts, as given above, must be consulted to find the original figures from which the nitrogen and fat intake has been calculated. For purpose of ready comparison, however, it will be convenient to have all these figures in condensed tabular form. The next table presents such a condensation, the balances being calculated for the day instead of for the period, as above. It will be seen that the nitrogen balances are in most cases characteristically positive; the exceptions are so few as to have no special significance. The most marked negative balance is found in Subject No. IV, on account of the irregu- larities in a few meals, as referred to at the outset. For Subject No. VI we have a slight negative balance in the last period only, and for the others at earlier dates. Subjects Nos. IV and V have 492 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OP MAN. small negative balances in the after period , but of trifling value. In Subject No. II a negative balance shows in the first fore period, the reason for wliich is not apparent. The fat balances merely serve to show the abundant fat of the diet. Nitrogen and fat balances. Period. No preservative: 1 /N-- ^ \Fat. 2 /N... 3 i^-- "^ \Fat. Low preservative: " {?i.: ^ {?«: « {?it: ' \Fat. « fc: « fe: ^0 fc 11 fc High preservative: - fc 1^ fc 1^ \Fat. i» &: No preser\'ative; - fc Subject I Subject + 0.22 +101.7 + 1.71 +108.1 + 2.29 102.8 + 1.73 + 97.8 + 2.77 + 106.6 + 3.36 + 112.9 + 2.12 + 112.3 .54 ■104 9 + 2.52 + 1.83 + 110.8 + 2.23 + 125.6 + .16 + 112.6 + 2.78 + 116.9 + 111.9 + 1.34 + 126.8 + .84 + 12&6 - 1.84 + 110.6 + 1.17 + 117.6 + .91 106.7 + 1.64 + 107.2 + 1.05 + 124.7 + 2.07 + 113.7 + 1.64 113.5 + 2.58 + 1.56 + 109.8 + 1.15 + 118.1 + 1.36 + 111.5 - 1.25 + 82.1 + .38 + 97.5 + 2.57 + 138.4 + .85 + 128.9 Subject iubi« III - 0.13 -149.9 + .48 +143.6 + 1.53 143.1 + 1.17 + 146.5 + 1.77 + 152.9 + l.Sl + 153.5 + 1.99 + 160.1 + 166.6 + 2.95 + 1.53 + 156.3 - .53 + 157.8 + 2.81 + 165.9 + 1.98 + 164.5 + 2.05 + 174.8 + 1.72 + 169.5 .01 -170.4 Sul)ject IV. - 4.46 -150.9 - 3.21 + 91.2 - .58 + 93.7 + 1.69 + 110.2 + 1.82 + 135.2 + 1.82 + 142.4 + 1.24 + 153.6 + 1.65 + 165.7 + 1.78 + .! +12&; + 1.66 + 129.3 + 2.13 + 1142 + 1.69 + 127.2 + 1.41 + 174 5 - 3.03 -182.4 - ..33 + 170.3 Subject T + 0.83 + 122.8 + .02 + 9&5 + 1041 - .1 + 85.0 + 2.51 + 107.2 + .65 + 105.4 + 1.37 + 111.5 + 2.3 + 107.7 + 2.06 + 1.66 + 165.8 + 1.39 + 11&5 + 1.15 + 98.7 + 1.96 + 126.9 - .32 + 1149 + 1.46 + 120.7 - .09 + 111.1 Subject biect + 1.84 + 141.9 + 1.04 + 108.9 + .78 + 107. 1 + 1.17 + 106.1 + 2.12 + 119.9 + 1.5 + 118.9 + 2.07 + 134 9 + 2.64 + 130.5 + 1.39 + 1.68 + 136.2 + 1.65 + 1448 + 2.36 + 131.2 + 1.95 + 143.2 + 1.85 + 151.8 + 1.87 + 143.0 - .33 + 129.2 In connection with the figures in the tables showing the consump- tion of food and the excretion of nitrogen two tilings further must be noted . The nitrogen ehmination is naturally variable, but a com- parison with the food charts given above will show that in general tliis output varies closely with the nitrogen consumption. The few excep- tions to this rule do not fall in any one period of the investigation; it is therefore not possible to connect it with the presence of the ben- zoate in the food . The most marked of these exceptions occurs, in the case of Subject No. I, in the last preservative periods. The cause of this will be discussed under medical conditions. EFFECTS OF SODIUM BKNZOATK ON IIKAI/L'll, ETC., OF MAN. 493 UTILIZATION or NITROGEN AND FAT. A study of the utilization of nitrogen and fat is instructive. The figures given above, the tables of daily means, show that the per- centage amounts of fat, or crude ether extract, properly, found in the feces are variable to a liigh degree, but can not be connected with the benzoate addition, since the maximum values occur for the dilTerent individuals in difTerent periods. For Subject No. I the best utilization is in the after period and the worst in the fore period, wliile for the high-preservative periods the utilization is nearly the same as for the after period. For Subject No. II the best utilizations are found in the last high-preservative and the after period, and distinctly better than in the fore period and the other preservative periods. For Subject No. Ill the utilization is good throughout, but slightly more favorable in the first high-preservative period. In the case of Subject No. IV the results for the liigh-preservative periods and the after period are essentially the same and very favorable. A somewhat poorer utilization is found in the fore period and the low- preservative period, wliich show about the same result. In Subject No. V the poorest utilization is in the fore period and the best in the after period, with that for the second high-preservative period essen- tially the same as for the latter. For Subject No. VI the two liigh- preservative periods show the most favorable results, wliile the least favorable are for the fore-period average. In general, there is a tendency toward good utilization extending over into the after period, which is fairly distinct in most cases. For the utilization of nitrogen we have two considerations; we may take the relation of the nitrogen of the feces to the nitrogen of the food , or the relation of the nitrogen of the feces to the total excreted nitrogen. In either case we fail to find any systematic connection between tlie benzoate and the feces nitrogen. This is true, however, that the percentage of the total nitrogen excreted in the feces is always greater in the after period than in the last high-preservative period. In most cases this last high-preservative period shows the best results in tliis regard, but not always. The full meaning of these relations can be seen only by comparing the food tables at the same time, but it appears evident that no definite relation with the ben- zoate exists tliroughout ; the utilization of nitrogen is not lessened by the addition of the preservatives. QUALITATIVE URINE TESTS. In addition to the quantitative results for the urine, recited in the preceding pages, a number of special qualitative tests were regu- larly made. The tests for sugar, albumin, acetone, and glucoronic acid were throughout negative, and will not be tabulated. Tests 494 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. for aromatic oxyacids and for indolacetic acid were made twice a week for each subject, by the addition of ^Millon's reagent in the one case and of hydrocliloric acid and potassium nitrite in the other to the ether extract of the urine, prepared in the usual way. From the depth of color obtained in each case the results are reported as "slight," "moderate," or "strong." It will be noticed that the data as tabulated in tables following vary in an irregidar manner, and seem to show no sharp change with the increase of benzoate in the diet. One point only need be speciall)'' mentioned. In the earher weeks of the investigation the indolacetic acid test was frequently negative in some of the men, to turn later to positive without the addition of nitrite. In all the later tests the addition of nitrite was required to complete the test. But the behavior is not general, and we have no corresponding change in the after period. It would be difficult, therefore, to connect the phenomena in any satisfactory way with the preservative. SEDIMENTS FROM THE URINES. Weekly examinations of the sediments from the urines, obtained by use of the centrifuge, were made for each man. The results are given in tabular form. No characteristic variations are apparent, and in general the crystals and organized forms found in the fore periods continue throughout the whole series of tests. This is par- ticularly true of the hyalin casts, wliich are frequently found in the urine of two of the men, in small numbers. At one time such casts were usually described as pathological, but it is now known that their occurrence in normal urine is by no means rare. In the numbers found in these centrifuged urines there is notliing pathological, and in any event the frequency with wliich the}" occur is not increased as the administration of benzoate begins and continues. The pus cells found rather commonly tliroughout in two of the cases are doubtless due to chronic gonorrhea, contracted before going on the squad. They have no bearing on the results. EFFECTS OF SODIUM HENZOATK ON llKAI/rH, ETC., OF MAN. 495 • ooooo.!-.o .o -og . .o M SMt- 06 1 ai,a|iii>d^ iliii 000000000 _ aoo-aaootio :z; : ImIh; SmSSq :h ■gjM^ o-^o o o-^o o o o o o o o o coZh :m ■ ' ■" ° ° Sd d'^S'Sd d-§-g-|-g,d d-§ o o — ^ j a O O O 1-- ■ C3 : • 03 O »-• +j) O fc- o.£f : ; :o.£?af.yo.£f :o.s :o.£f ; ■ '^ '^ t:? h^ rs »d rs ■>«d:^ ■>rJ^ • Sw ^iiii mO d-gj?£-^.§-g,d d d d d 2 ! .'m'^mSS Tli O ^ .-T^ fll ^ O ^ 0)^3^ XrH^ O^'tJ ,: d"«--doTOt^o'^V-;rooo-;"5ooN'ggj 0-» Jo -- .-c .-H c^ IM CM M i-< •-( -H (M OJ CM 496 SODIUM BENZOATE AND THE HEALTH OF MAN. OS'S 5 s ^ S >> < o 2 >> S >> < o 2 ^ . • o o gSQQ o5aM P'm §S: « 15 • ■ :s :2m cc Z H c- Z H :Z 0) r- 0^ H a; '-< ScqScoSco ^OOOOOOO . , . -iwH !Z^?- w Hwc 2^ "s o ■^ .. j'c ^ - - - o