’2. ’Géo‘éjr'r’aph sin ‘ ,‘Nem ¥ork: SQ’EBai‘nes 8c 60.. THE MARIA HOSMER PENNIMAN LIBRARY OF EDUCATION- PRESENTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA BY JAMES HOSMER PENNIMAN AS A MEMORIAL TO HIS MOTHER. ' . NATIONAL GEOGRAPHICAL SERIES. ' a, . FIRST LESSONS G E O G R A P H Y: _PLAN OF OBJECT TEACHING: B DESIGNED FOR BEGINNERS. BY JAMES MONTEITH,‘ i AUTHOR OF A SERIES OF GEOGRAPHIES, MAPS, AND GLOBES. A. S. BARNES & COMPANY, NEW YORK, CHICAGO m1; NE’JV‘GOKLEANS. 1876.Nl€;}_wlg CONTENTS. PAGE DEFINITIONS ..... . ................ . ..... ...... .12 M A P S . PAGE PAGE WESTERN HEMISPHERE . . . . . . . 13 SOUTHERN STATES . . . ....... 42 EASTERN HEMISPHERE ....... . 20 WESTERN STATES . . . .. ....... 46 NORTH AMERICA . . . . . . . .. . . . 22 SOUTH AMERICA ............. 50 UNITED STATES. . . . . ....... . . 26 EUROPE ..................... 54 EASTERN STATES ............. 34 ASIA ........................ 58 . 62 OBJECT LESSONS. PAGE PAGE THE EARTH ...... . ........ 6—II WESTERN STATES ............ 49 NATURAL DIVISIONS ........ 15, 16 SOUTH AMERICA ............. 53 NORTH AMERICA ............. 25 EUROPE . . . . .............. . 57 UNITED STATES. . . . ...... . .32, 33 ASIA ........................ 61 ’EASTERN STATES ............. 37 AFRICA ...... . . ............. 65 MIDDLE STATES ............. 4T PLANTS ......... . . . . ...... 66, 67 SOUTHERN STATES ........... 45 GENERAL REVIEW. ........... 68 Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1862, by JAMES MONTEITH, In the Clerk’s Office of the District Court of the United States for the Southern District of New York. ' _’.I~I‘_T“; \\_/ Entered acco‘r‘ding‘td Act of Congress, in the year 1873, by O“ 0 ‘JAMES MONTEITH, , In the 056(3in tPellergrlqn of Congress, at Washington. A,“ 7 {a M Vii), | l u , i. PREFACE. THE plan of this little work is such, that the subject is pre— sented in the most simple form. It treats of GENERAL FEATURES, such as the locality and description of Continents, Countries, States, Rivers, Mountains, 810., without dwelling prematurely upon details which embarrass the learner in his first effort. The MAPS are free from all meridians, parallels of latitude, and any superabundance of names; thereby giving a greater prominence to the general divisions of land and water. The plan of Object Teaching, by which the mind re- ceives impressions through the medium of the eye, is here so combined with the Map Exercises, that a child just able to read is at once interested and instructed. NATIONAL GEOGRAPHICAL SERIES. MONTEITH’S FIRST LESSONS IN GEOGRAPHY. MONTEITH’S INTRODUCTION TO MANUAL. MONTEITH’S MANUAL OF GEOGRAPHY. Those children who have mastered the “ First Lessons” may, if the teacher elect, be put at once into the “ Manual of Geography.” MONTEITH’S COMPREHENSIVE GEOGRAPHY is a new work for intermediate and higher classes. It contains Relief Maps, Map Drawing, and Globe Segments. ~ MONTEITH’S PHYSICAL AND POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY also for intermediate and higher grades, makes Physical Geography a prominent feature, and treats it as a science. MONTEITH’S CLASS-ROOM MAPS. With names all hid down. By varying their distance from the pupils, they may be used as reference, or as outline maps. A large and a. small series. MONTEITH’S COMPLETE SCHOOL GLOBES, 6, 9, andirz inches in diameter, mounted. MONTEITH’S UNITED STATES HISTORY. i Plan of the author’wiangalgi for beginners. I ’ v é! c5013 @teateu the {heaven anu the QEartbQ‘ FIRST LESSONS GEOGRAPHY LESSON I. THIS is ,a picture of the WORLD or EARTH upon which we live. It is a GREAT BALL. The part you see is the outside or SURFACE, and is either land or water. The parts of this picture which appear smooth and light represent the WATER; the r‘Ough and dark parts, the LAND; and you may know that on the Earth’s ‘ surface, there is MORE WATER than land. \~ Look at the picture, and you will observe ships sailing on the water. That great body of water is __ called an OCEAN, and ships can sail on any part of - it, and in any direction. The spots you see in the " I Ocean are portions of land, called ISLANDS, because there is water all around them. If you look at the land, on this picture, you will notice black,’rough places in it :‘these are the highest 8 LESSON 11. parts of the land, and are called MOUNTAINS. The ‘ low places between the mountains are called VAL- LEYS On the land, you will see white places; these rep- resent LAKES, which are bodies of water surrounded by the land ; and RIVERS, which are streams of water flowing through the land. The land is higher than the rivers, and the rivers are higher than the ocean; therefore, the rain that falls. on the land runs into the rivers, and the rivers flow toward the ocean. There are FIVE OCEANS on the Earth, named the PACIFIC, ATLANTIC, INDIAN, NORTHERN, or ARCTIC, and SOUTHERN or ANTARCTIC. The largest is the Pacific or mild Ocean, which is the one you see be- fore you in the picture. The water shown at the upper part of the picture is the Northern or Arctic Ocean, and that at the , lower part, the Southern or Antarctic. There are two oceans on the side of the Earth not shown in the picture; they are the Atlantic Ocean, and the Indian Ocean. Ships sail on all these oceans, as you see them here on the Pacific—just as flies travel around an orange. A fly travels on the outside or SURFACE of‘ an orange; people and ships move on the SURFACE ‘ ‘ W LESSON III. 9 of the Earth. ’The fields, hills, roads, rivers, and A ponds, are parts of the Earth’s SURFACE. Look again at the, picture, and you will see land ‘ all along the right hand side, stretching from the upper part of the picture almost to the lower, or ' from the NORTH to the SOUTH. That land is AMER- ICA.' At the middle, or CENTER, the land is very narrow, and because it is a narrow neck of land it is called an ISTHMUS. The land from this isthmus-K toward the north is NORTH AMERICA, and that from ' ' the isthmus toward the south' is SOUTH America. North America and South America are joined to each other by the ISTHMUS OF DARIEN or PANAMA. Point to North America,——to South America. On the right hand side of this picture or illustra— tion you may observe a steamship sailing on the , Atlantic Ocean. That is but a small part of the . Atlantic. From what land doeS‘the steamship ap- pear to be sailing? To what land is it sailing? Is it sailing north, or south? The land which you see on the left hand side of i this picture is a part of Asia. The other part of Asia is on the side of the earth opposite that which is here represented; also Europe and Africa. North . , America, South America, Europe, Asia, and Africa are GRAND DIVISIONS of the land on the Earth. . , :0 LESSON IV. ABOUT DAY AND NIGHT. » The right hand side of the picture appears light, ‘ and the left hand side, dark. That is because the , Sun is represented to be shining on the right hand . side, where it is DAY; the opposite side being in the . ~ shade, has NIGHT. On the picture, in North and South America, it is day; in Asia, it is night. To cause day in Asia, the Earth must turn around so as to bring Asia toward - the Sun. Now, any little boy or girl can tell whether America will have day or night, when Asia has day. The side of the Earth which is toward the Sun has day, and the opposite side has night; therefore, as the , Earth turns around, or whirls like a top, every place will have day, then night, then day again, and so on continually. The Sun shines on one half of the Earth ‘ at a time. If the Earth did not whirl about, it would be day continually on the side toward the Sun, and . continual night in all countries on the opposite side. As Godcaused the Sun to shine upon the Earth to "i give day, what change would take place with day and night, if He should cause the Sun to cease shining? Look again at the picture, and you will notice the Sun shining on one side of the Earth, and the Moon - shining on the opposite side, Where it is night. The ' LESSON V. 11 world is at that time between the Sun and Moon, . which is always the case when you see the Moon full , and bright. The STARS you see at night are large shining bodies like the Sun, but appear smaller than the Moon or the Sun, because they are much further from us. The Earth is larger than the Moon, and the Sun is much larger than the Earth. The Moon is nearer to us than the Sun. On the picture you see CLOUDS. Very few little children know what clouds are, and how rain comes from them. So a few words will be here said about ' them. You have all seen rising from boiling water, something that appears like smoke. It is not smoke, , but VAPOR, to which the water is changed by the heat; and if you would hold a cold basin over that vapor, , you would see the vapor turn again to water. In the ‘ same way, heat causes vapor to rise from the ocean, lakes, rivers, ponds, etc., and float in the air, until it meets cold air, when it is changed back to water, and returns in the form of drops, and is called RAIN. SO the VAPOR rises from the water; and, while in the form Of clouds, the wind blows it over the dry ground, until it is turned into drops, when it comes down to water the grain, the grass, and the flowers; - which,by their bright looks and sweet odors, express their joy and thankfulness to God, who alone can do Such wonders. ‘ LES-SON VI. [79: I - 3" VI. ‘3 t {3%) g3?" What is Geography? A description of the Earth’s surface. What is the Earth ? The planet or body on which we live. What isthe shape of the Earth? ' Round, like a ball. Of what is the Earth’s surface composed? Land and water What is a Continent? The largest division of the land. How many Continents are there? Two; the Eastern and the Western. ,0 On which Continent do we live? On the Western Continent. What are the divisions of the Western Continent? North America and South America. What are the divisions of the Eastern Continent? Europe, Asia, and Africa. What is an Ocean ? , The largest division of the water. How many Oceans are there? Five; Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern or Antarctic, Northern or Arctic. Which is the largestOcean ? The Pacific Ocean. What is an Island? A portion of land entirely surrounded by water. What is a Peninsula? A portion of land 4177205! surrounded by water. What is a Lake? A body of water almost surrounded by land. I4 LESSON VIII. What is an Isthmus? A neck joining two larger portions of land. What is a Strait? ‘ A passage connecting two larger bodies of water. What is a Cape? A point of land extending into the water. What is a Mountain? A vast elevation of land. ‘What is aHill? ' A small elevation of land. , What is a Volcano? ‘ ‘ A mountain which sends out fire, smoke, and lava. What is a Valley? The low land between hills or mountains. What is a Plain? ' A level tract of land. What is a Desert? A barren region of country. What is a Sea? The division of water next in size to. an ocean. What is a Gulf or Bay? A body of water extending into the land. What is a River? A stream of water flowing through the land. By what are Rivers formed? By Springs. What is a Cataract or Waterfall? Water flowing over a precipice. LESSON IX. The pupils will, upon this illustration, point out the different divisions of land and water. 1 Point to a MOUNTAIN. Why? 14m“. Because it is a vast elevation of land. Point to a VOLCANO. Why? , ,flm. Because it is a Mountain which sends out fire, ' smoke, and lava. Point ’out the following, and give . the reason z—A» HILL——VALLEY—ISLAND—PENIN- SULA —— LAKE — ISTHMUS —-STRAIT~—CAPE——PLAIN—— . BAYeRIVER. In which of these do you see a church? Show which house stands on a hill—on a mountain. On which division are the cattle grazing? I 1/49? \‘t, , U \\ ;/M’#In‘n What is a Map? _ A picture of the whole, or a part, of the Earth’s Surface. What are the directions on a Map? Toward the top, North ; toward the bottom, South; to the right, East; to the left, West. In what direction from the. center of the picture is the Island? North. In What direction is the Volcano? The Cape? The Bay? The Lake? The Strait? The Mountains? The Isthmus? What is in the East? In the West? In the South? In the North? In the Northwest? In the Southeast? In the Northeast? In the Southwest? - 6" LESSON X. ' .iufififik ' x ' Here is shown a part of a RIVER with a sail—boat on it. A man is sitting in the stern of the boat, and, abymeans of the helm or rudder, he steers it in any direction. The forward part of a boat is called the bows. A sloop has one mast; a schooner, two. , On the BANK or edge of this river is a windmill, -.with its long arms spread, which, being broad and ‘ light, are blown by the wind round and round, like a great wheel. In the mill are two large flat stones, one of which is moved against the other,’face to face, by the arms; so that whatever the miller places be- tween the stones is ground fine like flour. ' ‘ Corn when. ripe and dry is ground into Indian meal or corn meal; oats when ground we call oat meal; wheat or rye ground, is flour. Tell how corn is planted, and when it ripens. WESTERN HEMISPHERE. ARCTIC op, NOR ‘ THER .v‘ ,. I w as . . ._\, SANDWICH ; A ,;- * cAPE VERD A: ISLANDS " ‘ a ‘ ISLANDS K‘ Ban FR|ENDLY anascficc .. SOCIETY ISLANDS :. GeoanugLANDs '7 l . NEW 3 0 a. ZEALAND STRMT or‘ V MAGELLAN « ape Horn % LESSON X11. 19 In what Division of the Earth do we live? In North America. What Division south of North America? South America. I iWhen you look at the rising I _ Sun, what Ocean is before you? The Atlantic Ocean. * ' Where does the Sun rise? In the East. Where, then, is the Atlantic Ocean? East of America. When you look at the setting Sun, what Ocean is before you? The Pacific Ocean. Where does the Sun set? In the West. Where is the Pacific Ocean? West of America. What Ocean north of America? The Northern Ocean. . LESSON XIII. What Strait connects the Pacific Ocean with the Northern Ocean? ‘ .What Ocean south of America? What Isthmus joins South Ame— ‘ ‘ ' rica to North America? Which is the most northern Country of North America? What Bay west of Greenland? What Mountains in N. America? What Mountains in S. America? Do you live in North America or in South America? What Ocean east of America? What Ocean west of America? Where is the Northern Ocean? Where is the Southern Ocean? In what Ocean are the Sandwich Islands? The Cape Verd Islands? Mention the principal products of North America,—of South America. EASTERN HEMISPHERE. 0 ; W . . ' villi/{k \\\ ' an" “ y.““ W .. mu lama m. Ca e0 5" (300% Hope LESSON XIV. What are the Divisions of the Which? is furthest south? Eastern Continent? Europe, Asia, and Af— ‘ rica; ' Which is the largest? _. Asia.- _ Which is the smallest? EurOpe. Which is furthest to the right, or east ? Asia. LESSON What Seas southeast of Europe? What Sea northeast of Africa? What Desert inAfrica? What Country in the southeast of Asia? What Country in the southwest of Asia? What Islands in the west of Eu- rope? »Which is the largest Island in the World? Auslralz’a. Africa. 'What Ocean east of Asia? Pacific Ocean. What Ocean south of ASia? Indian Ocean. What Ocean west of Africa? Atlantic Ocean. What Sea south of Europe? 1 Mediterranean Sea. ' XV. What Oceans do you find on the Eastern Hemisphere? What Division between the At- lantic and Indian Oceans? What Division west of Asia? What Division south of Europe? Between what Divisions is the Mediterranean Sea? Red Sea? Where is Cape of Good Hope? What do we get from Asia? Af- - rica? Europe ? Russell & Struthera,N. Y. mum , _. .RK hila de‘phia. LESSON XVI. - 23 What three Oceans North America? Arctic, Atlantic, and Pa- cific. around What Country furthest north? Greenland. What Country furthest south ? ' Central America. In What Country do we live? 'In the United States. What Country north of the United States? British America. What Country south of the United States? Mexico. What ‘ Territory in the north- western part of N. America. Alaska. What Peninsula in the south? Yucatan. LESSON XVII. Between what two Oceans is the United States? What Bay west of Greenland? What Bay in British America? What large Gulf south of the United States? What large sea southeast of North America? What' Mountains in America? What Isthmus south of North America? North Name the Countries of North America. and their products. Which are the largest two Coun- tries of North America? Between what two Countries is the United States? In what country is Hiidson Bay? Between what two Countries is Baffin Bay? What large Island southeast of the United States? Where is Cape Farewell? '\ __._.a_ _MAMA.__..LL__.__._.._ “W... LESSON XVIII; NORTH AMERICA. COLUMBUS DISCOVERED AMERICA, OCT. 12TH, 1492. By whom was America discovered? By Columbus; about 380 years ago. What kind of People did he find here? Dark—colored Savages. What did Columbus name them? Indians. 4, After whom was America named ? A man named Americus, or Amerigo. What can you say of the Northern part of N. America? It is very cold. ' What of the Southern part of N. America? It is very warm. ICEBERGS NEAR GREENLAND. .v This picture represents icebergs, and ships near them.‘ Icebergs are great bodies of solid ice, reach- ' ing much higher than the masts of a ship, and ex- tending downward to a great distance below the surface of the water. They will float in the water, and every year some ships are wrecked by coming in contact with them. ’ Icebergs are most numerous in the Arctic Ocean. Men have sailed through Baffin Bay, as far north as the ship you see in the map. ‘ vi The names of those men who have become famous for their adventures in the frozen regions northof :North America, are Sir John Franklin, Dr. Kane, f _Pr. Hayes, and Captain Hall. , ,\ 0 OZvJ m mz<3<17m . 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THE UNITED STATES. «A . W, ,, GEORGE WASHINGTON. Who governed this country about 100 years ago? The king of England. How did the Americans obtain their freedom? By a war which lasted nearly eight years. What great man led the American army? George Washington, who became the first Presi- dent of the United States. LESSON XXV. CAPITALS. CAPITAL OF THE UNITED STATES. _ WASHINGTON, on the Potomac River. EASTERN STATES. States. Capitals. Situation. MAINE, Augusta, on the Kemzeoeo River. NEW HAMPSHIRE, Concord, on the [Were/mac. VERMONT, Montpelier, on the Onion. MASSACHUSETTS, Boston, on Boyz‘ofl Harbor. ‘ ( Providence, on Providence Bay. RHODE ISLAND, INew t N por , on arragmzsetz‘ Bay. CONNECTICUT,* Hartford, on the Conneotz'om‘. LESSON XXVI. MIDDLE STATES. States. Capitals. Situation. NEW YORK, Albany, on the Hudson River. NEW JERSEY, Trenton, on the Delaware. PENNSYLVANIA, " Harrisburg, on the Susguelzamm. DELAWARE, Dover, on yones’ Creek. *kon-net’e-kut. LESSON XXVII. States. MARYLAND, VIRGINIA, NORTH CAROLINA, SOUTH CAROLINA, GEORGIA, FLORIDA, ALABAMA, ,MISSISSIPPI, LOUISIANA, TEXAS, WEST VIRGINIA, Capitals. Annapolis, ' Richmond, Raleigh, Columbia, Atlanta, Tallahassee, Montgomery, Jackson, New Orleans, Austin, Wheeling, on the on the near the on the near the on the on the on the on the on the SOUTHERN STATES. Situation. Severn River. 7ames. N euse. Congaree. C/zatta/iooe/zee. I nlana’. A laoama. Pearl. Mississippi. Colorado. Okio. LESSON XXVIII. States. ARKANSAS, TENNESSEE, KENTUCKY, \ OHIO, MICHIGAN, INDIANA, ILLINOIS, (oy) WISCONSIN, IOWA, MISSOURI, CALIFORNIA, MINNESOTA, OREGON, KANSAS, NEVADA, NEBRASKA, COLORADO, WESTERN STATES. Capitals. Little Rock, Nashville, Frankfort, Columbus, Lansing, Indianapolis, Springfield, Madison, Des Moines, Jeflerson City, Sacramento, St. Paul, Salem, Topeka, Carson City, Lincoln, Denver, on the on the on the on the on the on the near the on on the on the on the on the on the on the on. the on on Situation. Arkansas River. Cumberland. Kentucky. Scioto. Grand. PV. Fork of sz'te R. Sangamon. Fourtlz Lake. ' Des Moines. Missouri. Sacramento. Mississippi. Willamette. Kansas River. Carson River. Salt Creek. Cherry Creek. N arm—The capital of a state or a country is the city in which its laws are made. // , ‘N‘l'HWVIWl/{I /‘ x» 4—4.” \ 7 More than 200 years ago, this country, now called the United States, was a wilderness, inhabited by Indians, who subsisted upon fish, and the flesh of wild animals which they killed in hunting, and who lived in huts made of bark and the skins of animals. No cities were built until the country was settled by white men, who came from Europe; and, proba- bly, where your house now stands, Indians have chased the buffalo, bear, or some other wild animal. Many of the white settlers of this country suffered great cruelties from the Indians, who burned their houses, and murdered men, women, and children, as you see in the picture. At present, there are no savages. east of the Mississippi. The first inhabitants of a place are called settlers," ‘ or colonists. ' LESSON XXX. 33 The people of the United States are famous for perseverance and inventive genius. A few years ago, ' people rode in stage—coaches over rough and hilly roads; but now they travel by steamboat or railroad. A STEAMBOAT is- moved along by the two large wheels revolving in the water. The wheels are moved by STEAM, which rises from boiling water. Traveling by steamboat began about sixty years , ago; and by railroad, about forty years ago. A STEAMSHIP differs from a Steamboat in having sails besides the steam power. A SAILING VESSEL is moved by the wind blowing against the sails. The TELEGRAPH you see in the picture is a long iron wire supported by tall; poles. At each end of ‘1‘ the wire there is an instrument, by which men send _messages with lightning velocity. The telegraph was quinvented by Prof. Morse, about thirty years ago. A¢M~mr~ .A 7:31.: 'y-smur~v.,. ‘. . ‘ ‘Wn‘v‘k m: “an; : ‘ .;. my: "-—‘ .7,- - concerto ' ‘3 ‘. ~ MANOHES an g: N d } PORTLAND y 13% , . I _ re 0 l g ‘H Lowellv, M A S 34 BOSTON“ \\\\1 ‘The largest Cit letters. Ewell g- Enquirer-AMI C ‘ ., («SSAcHusI-z'n’s- ’ ' BAY -’ ape God A M , J . a 4’ § / 91%0 ‘7 1&4”! 9]- ”eq)” » ORE? ‘2. 4' I208 X y in each State is printed in large capital The Capital is designated by a. *. NORTH ATLANTIC 0R ¥ NEW ENGLAND STATES. .‘ “it: LESSON XXXI. How many Eastern or New Eng- land States are there? Szlr. rWhat two States north of Massa- chusetts? New Hampshire and Vermont. ' What two States south of Massa- chusetts? Connecticut and Rhode Island. What State west? iNew York. 35 What large River between Ver: mont and New Hampshire? Connecticut River. Through What States does it flow? Massachusetts and Con- necticut. What Rivers in Maine? Kennebec and Penob— scot. What River in New Hampshire? Merrimac River. LESSON XXXII. 1 Which of the Eastern States ‘ touch the Atlantic Ocean? , 'Which touch New York? ~What Lake between Vermont and New York? 'lWhat Country north of the East- ern States? What Country east of Maine? . hat large Island south of Con- ” necticut? ; :What water between Connecti- ' cut and Long Island? Name the Eastern States. Which is the largest? Which is the smallest? Where are the Green Mountains? Where are the White MOun~ tains? Wnat large River flows Long Island Sound? into Wnat Cape in the eastern part of Massachusetts? Wh it three Rivers flow into the ‘ Atlantic Ocean? , l n x v ‘i 4 ¢ l l 3 36 LESSON-XXXIII. _~4"”:?—~ ;. ‘ t- ———_a~_~~"‘ "$.— “Sig: SHIP-BUILDING IN MAINE—The ship with flags flying is about to be LAUNCHED,.OX‘ slid down on a wooden track into the water; after which it will receive its masts and 521115. There are more ships built in Maine than in any other State. What are these six States together called? New England. \ Who first came to New England? People from England, called Puritans, also Pil- grims. In what does Massachusetts excel every other State? In the manufacture of cotton and woolen goods, ‘ and of boots and shoes. I Where was the first cotton-mill in the United States built? In Rhode Island. For What is Connecticut noted? For the manufacture of woolen and cotton goods, iron and wooden wares, clocks and buttons. This is a View of a canal and a manufactory In the foreground are sheep and cattle, which are raised in Vermont in large numbers. - COTTON is a soft, white substance obtained from the cotton-plant, which grows in the Southern States. It is brought in bales to the manufactories of the East- ern States; where, by means of machinery, it is drawn out and twisted into threads, and then it is woven into . cloth. It can be dyed or printed in colors. Muslims 'and calicoes for ladies’ dresses are made of cotton. WOOL grows upon sheep, and is cut in warm wea— ther. It ismade into threads by spinning, then woven. Blankets and winter clothing are made of wool. So, cotton is obtained from a plant; wool, from an animal. A CANAL is like a great ditch filled with water, so _ that boats may be drawn along by horses or mules {which walk on a TOW-PATH at the side of the canal. . 'TSKILL ms. ‘,"/ ‘3: r .12 Q 1 a1. 0 . Scranton Jameaé RICHMON. LESSON XXXV. 39 How many Middle States are there? Four. Which is the largest? New York. Which is next in size? Pennsylvania. Which is next? New Jersey. Which is the smallest? Delaware. What Country north of New York? Canada. What two Lakes on the West? Ontario and Erie. What large River in the eastern part of New York? Hudson River. What large River in the west— ern part of New York? Genesee River. LESSON XXXVI. What River between Pennsyl- vania and New Jersey? What large River flows through the eastern part of Pennsyl- vania ? What two Rivers meet in the ' western part? What large River flows .north— east from Lake Ontario? What Mountains in Pennsyl- vania? What Mountains in New V'York?‘ What Bay between New Jersey and Delaware? Name the Middle States? What States south of New York? What States east of New York? Where is Lake Erie? Where is Lake Ontario? Where is the Hudson River? Where is the St. Lawrence? lnto what Lake does the Gene- see River flow? What Lake northeast of New York? LESSON XXXVII. 4 TRAIN OF CARS IN FULL SPEED. For what are the Middle States noted? For Canals and Railroads. What can you say of New York ? It has more inhabitants than any other State. For what is Pennsylvania celebrated P For Coal and Iron. What does New Jersey produce ? Fine fruits and vegetables. What does Delaware produce? Excellent wheat, Indian corn, and peaches. What does the word Pennsylvania mean P . Penn’s Woods. this country, about two hundred years ago, with many other Quakers, and formed a colony or set- tlement in Pennsylvania. Penn was very wise and kind in his dealings with the Indians, and paid them for all the land which his people occupied; consequently, the Indians respect- ed and loved the Quakers very much; and Pennsyl- vania was the only American colony forméd without bloodshed. It has now more inhabitants than any WILLIAM PENN, a Quaker, came from England to other State in the Union, except New York. . On the left of the picture are Indian women galled f, ; SQUAWS, carrying their PAPPOOSES, or babies, which “; ; ghang on their backs like soldiers’ knapsacks. ‘i 0 , *OOLUMBUS '- 6* .4 I11 9939 Z ! ~ ' I? c LESTON 'rGEORGIA?" ‘7 MONTQMERY 4; 5 SA ANNAH 'sSISSlWldxl MEX/ 6’ 0 Tam?“ 9' INDIAN TEE—i .9 C.Sabl‘e~‘. ,\ _ .399 6 5‘9?) ’ rLomD" LESSON XXXIX. 43 How many Southern States are What States north of Florida? Georgia and Alabama. there ? Elem”. Which is the largest? Texas. ' Which is furthest south? '_ ' Florida. What division of land is Florida? A Peninsula. What island south of Florida? Cuba. What Bay east of Virginia? Chesapeake Bay. What River flows through the northern part of Alabama? Tennessee River. Into what River does the Ten- ‘ nessee flow? Into the Ohio River. LESSON XL. What River between South Caro- lina and Georgia? Into what Ocean and Gulf do the Rivers of the Southern States flow? In what Mountains do most of them rise? What three ranges of Mountains on this map? tween the Southern States - and the Ohio River? Name the Southern States. Which of them touch the Atlan- tic Ocean. Name the States that touch the Gulf of Mexico. What two Southern States touch the Mississippi River? Which are the most mountainous . Between what Ocean and Gulf 1 of the Southern States? i What two Western States be— is Florida? Where is Cape Sable? HARi’ER’s FERRY is the village shown in this picture. The river on the left, running under the bridge, and disappearing in the distance, is the POTOMAC, on the left of which is Mary- land, and on the right is Virginia. The river running from the right and meeting the Poto- mac is the SHENANDOAH. You see MARYLAND HEIGHTS on the left side of the Potomac, and LOUDON HEIGHTS on the right. iWhat is the Climate of the Southern States? Very warm. What are raised on the plantations of the Southern States? Cotton, Corn, Sugar-cane, and Tobacco. What State excels in the production of Sugar? Louisiana. What Presidents were born in Virginia? Washington, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, Harri- son, Taylor, and Tyler. A :lhiAfixA: LESSON XLII. On the right of this ‘picture you see the tall SUGAR- CANE growing; in the front, COTTON; and in the cen- ter, TOBACCO. The sugar-cane is cut and taken to the crushing-mill,where the juice is pressed out, and after- wards boiled,—the sugar settling to the bottom of the kettles, and the MOLASSES remaining at the top. ‘ The leaves of the tobacco—plant are dried before ‘ lthey are ready for use. (See page 67.) 7" COtton is a plant which is extensively cultivated in the Southern States. It is formed in a kind of nut- ! shell, which bursts, and the cotton appears. It is then 1 ‘ picked from the covering, and taken to the mill, to be ‘ separated from the seeds contained inside. It is after- l wards spun into threads, then woven into cloth, The lsoft, white subStance which you have seen growing “ l on the top of a thistle, resembles cotton On the plant. i \i L§LUMBUS \_, CINéINNATI a :7" A' u. ‘.L0 ISVILLE ‘1 1.? 1 \n k , 0&6 s «‘1‘ A ”aim <9 I I ¢ R.LIT;LI'LE ROCK ‘“ ‘5 IA. . ~ I ., Pme Bluff ' ATLANTA O ’53 LESSON XLIII. How many Western States are there ? Seventeen. What three are furthest north? Minnesota, Michigan, and Wisconsin. What four are on the west side of the Mississippi River? Minnesota, Iowa, Mis- souri, and Arkansas. 'What three lie on the north side of the Ohio River? Ohio, Indiana, Illinois. 47" What two south of the Ohio? Kentucky and Tennes- 566. What Lake north of Michigan? Lake Superior. What Lake east of Michigan? Lake Huron. What Lake west of Michigan? Lake Michigan. What Lake north of Ohio? Lake Erie? LESSON XLIV._ Into what River do nearly all the other Rivers of the Western States flow? * Which flow into the western side of the Mississippi? Which into the eastern side? In what State does the Missis- sippi rise? What Rivers Ohio River? What Western States do not ap- pear on this map? (See p. 31.) flow into the What States border on Lake Superior? On Lake Michi- gan? On Lake Erie? What River in Ohio? In Illinois? What River between Indiana and Illinois? . What States south of Tennes— see? What States east of Kentucky? Which is the coldest, or most northern, of the Western States? Which is the warmest? LESSON XLV. AN APPLE—ORCHARD IN THE WEST. Which is the largest section of the Union P The Western States. In what are the people chiefly engaged? In Farming. What are raised on their extensive farms? Corn,wheat, oats, rye, and fruit; besides horses, cattle, sheep, and hogs, in large numbers. What State is noted for gold? California. Which are the most populous of the Western States? Ohio and Illinois. What State is noted for corn, wheat, and oats? Illinois. 'fl m1 LESSON XLVI. This is a picture of an overflow of the Mississippi River. ‘ Look at your map of the United States, and observe that the greater part of our country is drained by that river; that is, the rain that falls in the States and Territories between the Alleghany and Rocky Mountains, runs into rivers which flow directly or indirectly into the Mississippi. This is caused by the land sloping downward from these two chains of mountains where the land is highest, 1' to the Mississippi River where it is lowest. . To prevent inundations or freshets, which do great damage to houses, farms, and cattle, the people have raised banks, called LEVEES, along the river. Q ’1 CARIBBEAN SEA 5 NORTH a“ is -MERI A 9*?“ Saunas a9 :9 Q V‘ o? VCI‘ °§ ‘ .0 \$ q , > ‘ ‘1‘ V‘ v . . ‘9‘ Y“é é I \ ' 0 . L " x: \V E N E S 35 V y- 'i '\ . 4 v“ ‘U. TATES ‘ 0?? géa'aorsom ,5 u, § 9"“ ‘ OLOMBI‘, ‘ z , sf) :3 / w i C ~ ‘y' ‘ ’ Equinox ' LC t - ‘ ‘ Mt.Chimu 57.0 -M Doe a“ , V “‘9. i I. ‘ ‘<‘ x. I , ,, . . , V, . a“. , . Valparaiso , SANTIAG- *% STR.0F MAGEL u .° ‘° FUEGO Q 2- Cape Horn 8 o U T E LESSON XLVII. SI What natural division of land is South America? A Peninsula. What Division of the Earth is north of South America? North America? . j What Ocean east? Atlantic Ocean. What Ocean west? Pacific Ocean. What Sea north? Caribbe’an Sea. What Bay northwest? Bay of Panama. Which is the largest River in South America? Amazon River. How long is the Amazon? Pour thousand miles. What River further north than the Amazon? Orinoco River. What Rivers in the southeast? Parana and La Plata. LESSON XLVIII. Into what Ocean do nearly all the Rivers of South America . flow? Which is the largest Country in South America? Which are further north? Which further south? What great chain of Mountains _ in South America? , Near what Coast do they extend? , ‘What Mountains 1n Brazil? What precious stones are found there? Between what two Oceans is South America? Where is the Caribbe’an Sea? What Countries border on that Sea? What Countries border on the Atlantic? Which on the Pacific? Which is inland? What Cape on the North? East? South? What Strait between Patagonia and Terra-del-Fuego? For what is South America noted ? . For the largest rivers and longest mountaln-chain in the world. What precious stones are found in Brazil? Diamonds. What has been obtained in Bolivia? Silver in large quantities. What animals roam over the vast grassy plains of South America? Horses and cattle in immense numbers. What remarkable species of serpent invSouth America? The Boa Constrictor, which is able to destroy animals as large as deer or buffaloes. LESSON L. Here is a View of the Andes Mountains, which rise sixty times as high as the highest church steeple you ever saw; they are so high that their tops are contin- ually covered with snow. Some are volcanoes. EARTHQUAKES sometimes occur, and destroy whole g cities, killing many ofthe inhabitants. An earthquake is a violent shaking of a part of the Earth. ‘ Travelers cross the Andes on the backs of mules, which are much safer than horses in such dangerous places. Indians,with chairs fastened on their backs, sometimes carry travelers (liver the mountains with safety. Immense birds, called CONDORS, are found here, which often destroy sheep and cattle, tearing them with beak and claws. LESSON 'LI. What Ocean north of Europe? The Arctic Ocean. What Ocean west of Europe? The Atlantic Ocean. What Sea south of Europe? The Mediterranean Sea. What is the Mediterranean Sea? The largest Sea in the . world. What Bay west of France? The Bay of Biscay. 55 Which is the largest Country in Europe ? Russia. Which is the smallest? Switzerland. What two Countries touch Rus- sia on the southwest? Austria and Turkey. What Country south of "In key? Greece. LESSON LII. What two Countries west of the North Sea? What Country west of England? What Country south of England? What Country south of France? What Country west of Spain? _Where are the Alps Mountains? Where are the Pyrenees Mount- ai'ns? Where is the coldest part of Eu- . rope? Where is the warmest part? What two Oceans touch EurOpe ? What five large Seas do you find on the map of Europe? What four Rivers? What Strait connects the M editer— ranean Sea with the Atlantic. What Cape in the northern part of Europe? What Sea east of Italy? Where is the White Sea? Mention all the Countries of Eu- rope. ”- WILLIAM TELL, a heroic Swiss, in his efforts to obtain liberty for his country, was captured; and, for punishment, was cruelly ordered to shoot an apple placed on the head of his own little son. The arrow cut the apple in two, without injuring the child. This occurred more than 500 years ago. What can you say of EurOpe? It is the smallest Grand Division of the Earth. ‘ Which are the most important divisions of Europe? England, Germany, Russia, and France, > What are the inhabitants of Europe called? Europeans. What does the southern part of Europe produce extensively? Grapes, Oranges, Lemons, Figs, and Olives. What important School-law in Prussia and some other countries? All the boys and girls are compelled to attend school regularly. Here is a view in the northern part of Europe, which is noted for the great length of its winters, and of its winter nights and summer days. ’ FOr several weeks in winter, the people there do not see the sun; but for the same length of time in summer, the sun does not set. The men" you see in the picture are called Lap- landers, because they live in Lapland. They travel , from place to placerin sleds drawn rapidly by rein— " deer. The milk and flesh of these animals are used for food, and their skins for clothing. A Laplander’s wealth is known by the number of reindeer he owns. In the southern part of Europe the climate is mild and pleasant; oranges, lemons, figs, olives, grapes, and other fruits being raised in abundance. .wuzfufieom a Exam 45¢ . .9 9 m 9 9.... 9 9 9 9 9 9. 2350 $1. 58600.0 ’ wnz<4mil an sznaiafi 0 max... , “M. z<_m o_. o g r V x... z r W no A Z O m m m 1H LESSON LVII. THE GREAT WALL OF CHINA was built more than two thousand years ago, to protect the Chinese from their enemies on the north. It extends over hills and plains, is about thirty feet high, and so broad that six horses can walk abreast on the top of it. Its length is 1,500 miles, or about the distance between Maine and Texas. It is strength— ened by large square towers. What can you say of Asia? ' Asia is the largest and the first inhabited Grand Division of the Earth. ' Who were our first parents? Adam and Eve, who lived in Asia. Where was our Saviour born? In the western part of Asia. Of what does the Empire of Japan consist? -Of Islands, the largest of which is Hondo. What articles come from Asia? Furs from Siberia, Tea from China, and Cdffee from Arabia and Java. ' ~-.-'.muu . This is a picture of a HEATHEN TEMPLE or place of worship. It contains frightful looking objects, be— - fore which you see people falling on their knees and : faces. They are IDOLS, or false gods, which these . people worship. They are made chiefly of stone or wood. Such people are called IDOLATERS, PAGANS, or HEATHENS. They believe these idols can hear their prayers, and grant what they ask. . 7 You will be surprised to learn that there are mil- ‘ lions of idolaters. They live in Asia, Africa, and the ' islands of the Pacific Ocean. 7 ' Missionaries have been sent from the United ; . States and Europe to teach those ignorant people " about the TRUE GOD who says, in his command- ments, “ THOU SHALT HAVE NO OTHER GODS BUT ME.” GULF OF GUINEA; ‘5 O QUATOR ° b12110 L.TANGANYIKA €33; \?\ ' °Asczuswu I. t a STA-(ELENA I. O C3 T“ V _ “cox. Cape of Good Hope » -‘ ¢ .AuV‘gasl A]? B. I G A. Russell & Struthers N Y. I \ ________________.___—_———-— LESSON LIX. 63 What Division of land is Africa? What Division of the Earth? A Peninsula. Asia. Between what two Oceans is What Isthmus between Africa Africa? Atlantic and Indian. and Asia? The Isthmus of Sdez. What Division of the Earth What Gulfwest of Africa? north of Africa? (Europe. What Sea north of Africa? Mediterranean Sea. What Sea northeast of Africa? Red Sea. Gulf of Guinea. What large Island southeast of Africa? Madagascar. What Cape in the south? Cape of Good Hope. LESSON LX. Which are the largest Rivers in Africa? What Plain in the north? What Region south of the Great Desert? What Country west of Soudan? What Region east of Guinea? What Mountains in the eastern part of Africa? What Lake in Soudan? What Cities in Africa? With what Ocean is the Mediter- ranean Sea connected? With what Ocean is the Red Sea connected? What three Countries of Africa touch the Red Sea? What large River flows through them into the Mediterranean Sea? What large River flows into the - Gulf of Guinea? On which side of Africa is Gui— nea? until the storm has passed over. What can you say of Africa? It is the hottest Grand Division of the Earth. What Animals in Africa? The Elephant, Lion, Leopard, Hyena, Zebra, and others. What dangerous Reptiles in Africa? Crocodiles, and Serpents of enormous size. What Trees abound in the forests? The Cocoa-nut, Date, and other Palm-trees. Palm-oil is used in making soap and candles. i What storms sometimes overtake Caravans in the Great Desert? Storms of scorching sand, raised by the Wind. , Africa IS noted for its extreme heat, ferocious ani- mals, and Great Desert. The Great Desert is about 3,000 miles long, and 1,000 miles wide. It contains vast sandy plains which are dry, hot, and barren, except in some green places, called OASES. People cross the desert in large companies, called CARAVANS, in order to de- fend themselves from robbers. Camels are used in crossing the desert. Lions, elephants, and other wild animals are found in Africa as well as Asia. Elephants are hunted for the ivory, of which their t,11$ks are composed. Many have been tamed, and are very gentle. I ~ LESSON LXII. 65 1 66 LESSON LXIII. COFFEE TREE. TEA PLANT. The Tea Plant grows to the height of five or six feet, and is cul— tivated in Chi— na and Japan. The leaves are gathered when green, and dried on heated pans. The color of green tea is due to a coloring matter that is dusted over it in the pans. The branches of the Cofi'ee Tree are loaded with berries, which look like red cherries. Each berry contains two grains or seeds of a light green color, which resemble beans cut into halves. These are roasted and ground before the coffee is ready for use. Coffee comes from Arabia, Java, South America, and the West Indies. W h e a t, ‘ Rye and Oats grow on the top of the plants or stalks. When ripe they are cut something like grass; then the grain is removed from the husk, by being thrash- ed or beaten. The stems or stalks we call rtraw. OATS. LESSO'N LXIV. INDIAN CORN. TOBACCO-PLANT. Indian Corn, or Maize, grows upon a stalk higher and thicker than that of the other grains. It is found in ears on the plant. When ripe and dry, the grain is ground into Indian, or com meal. The T o b a c c 0 Plant, when fully A a 4 ; The Cotton Plant lhung up to dry. From , -. ' ’ produces a pod which )1, tthe leaves are made . contains the white , [smoking and chewing ‘1 , downy substance called , obacco, cigars, and ‘, cotton, which is spun Q -nufl”. Tobacco was into threads, then wov- s first used'in America. " ’ en into cloth. SPINNING-WHEEL. Flax is a plant which has a slender stalk, and grows to the height of two or three feet. The skin or bark consists of fine fibers that may be separated “ and spun into thread, \\ then woven or made in- K to cloth, called Linen, Camérz'c, Lawn, Lace, , &c. The seeds yield ,, an oil called Linseed ’ Oil. ' "“3933 w COUNTRIES. Where situated? Bound them. United States? Brazil ? Greenland ? Spain ? Russia? Siberia? China ? Mexico ? England ? Persia? Venezuela ? Hindoostan ? Arabia ? Turkestan ? Patagonia ? Austria ? France ? British America? Central America? German Empire? Scotland ? Ireland ? Turkey ? Argentine Republic? Italy ? Egypt? MOUNTAINS. Where are they situated? Rocky ? Himalaya ? Andes ? Alleghany ? Sierra Nevada ? Blue Ridge? White ? Altai? Pyrenees ? Ural ? 01310123. Where are they .9 I nto what water: do , they project .9 ' Cod ? Farewell ? Good Hope? Horn? Hatteras ? St. Roque ? ISLANDS. Where are they .9 By what waters are they surrounded? Greenland ? Australia ? West 1ndies? Cuba ? Terra del Fuego? Iceland ? Madagascar? ‘ Japan 15.? Sicily ? I SEAS, GULFS AND BAYS. Where are they .9 Into what waters do they open .9 Mediterranean S. ? G. of Mexico ? Arabian S. ? Hudson 3.? 1. i Black S.? ’ 01mm .‘ in.“ B. of Biscay " S. of Ja an? ,. ( White .? ‘ ‘ ' ’ G. of Guinea? 3. of Panama? G; of California? Yellow S. ? S. of Kamtschatka? ' BaffinB‘? Delaware ‘B. ? Gr. pf St. Lawrence? Baltic S. ? GENERAL REVIEW. STRAITS. Between what lands are they .9 What water: do they connect .9 Davis’ ? Magellan ? Florida ? Hudson ? Behring ? Gibraltar ? RIVERS. Where do they rise .9 What courses do they take 5’ Into what waters do they flow ,0 Amazon? Mississippi? Nile? Delaware? Missouri? Rio Grande? Susquehanna? . Ohio ? Genesee? Hudson? Mackenzie? ' Savannah? St. Lawrence? La Plata? Potomac ? Columbia ? Kennebec ? Tennessee? Niger? Cumberland? Orinoco? Danube? Connecticut? Arkansas? LAKES. Where are they .9 What are their outlets." Superior? Huron ? Great Bear? Champlain ? Great Salt? Maravi? Ontario ? Michigan? Great Slave ? Erie ? ' CITIES. In what Countries or States are they .9 Oh i or near what waters? London? Rio Janeiro? New York? St. Louis? Constantinople ? Galveston ? Mexico ? St. Paul? ' Lima ? Atlanta ? ’ Lisbon ? ..Montpe1ier? Boston ? Harrisburg? Washington ? Havana ? ‘ Paris ? Cincinnati ? Buffalo ? Charleston ? Montgomery? Nashville ?_ f Madrid ? San Francrsco ? Dublin? New Haven? Albany ? Calcutta? . St. Petersburg? Jefierson City? Montreal ? Annapolis? . New Orleans ? Trenton? Philadelphia? Santa Fe ? ‘ Cairo ? Tallahassee ? ’ Richmond? Pittsburg ? i It 1/1/11lelilil/I/I/WIWWMI1/1/11 * Sass/asanx By. CHARLES DAVIES” AUC'JOR OF TH.” WEST PnIlT GDURSE or?1 MATHEMA These are NOT new Editions o f old Books, but entirely new ; bringing the Science to its '11 most perfection, as in stood Til-DAY. . THE SERIES... 1 DAVIES’ NEW PRIMARY ARITHMETJC ll. DAVIES’ NEW INTELLECTUAL ARITHMETIC. ill. DAVIES NEW PRACTICAL ARITHME‘” 01' with supplementary and optional books, also new, as follows . DAVIES’ PRIMARY ARI’I‘HMETIC. . Tr1‘11nge t pupils Object teaching gradually introduces the abstract ' preheusion of numbers. In each lesson, a picture, a practical exam , 3111311941157 the abstract table, follow each other in this natural order on pages facing: DAVIES’ INTELLECTUAL ARI’I‘IIMETIC. , A'thorough Analysis, referring all operations to the Unit. . ' 7 simplicity and easy gradation, as well as scientific arrangem connection. , ,j ., "#1 DA’ ‘5'" ELEMENTS OF WRITTENAEITI‘IME “1’; _ Lamp-1M1 '- 3.141» fly of practical examples, accompanied byiri'm'p‘o‘ g 1 if of operaimo and ve1y simple, co: "i ~ Rules—the moving princip '7 ' E - the rule, 1.1a 5, be used as an inn auction to the Practical Anthm a substitute for it in shorter courses. ” ~~ . DAVIES’ PRACTIGAL ARI'I‘IIMETIQ’T‘ . DAVIES’ UNIVERSITY AEI’I‘IIMETIG. * " ”111'er scientific. The simpler operations are now discarded, \ the abstract language ofifigures, their varying significations, the unity of all arithmetical processes. DAVIES’ GRAMMAR. QI‘ AEITIIMETIE ‘ ,» For the teacher. A plan nsistent instruction, scientific andpra ._ ‘ " ' , all grades; being an anatysi .f the whole subject. ‘ * KEYS may be obtained by Teachers only'. ‘1