University ’of Pennsylvania Library
Circulation Department

Please return this book as soon as you 1*
"”d with it. In order to avoid a ” *

 

 

 

 

 

9:93 .3 52
ozaém Eaz zoEos.

mz._._<_2um _,z._<s_o.m

‘,.R\

V \.

\.:/x

\

 

 

 

 

 

3 (Emma tn the ..
,ROMAN VILLA-

RECENTLY DISCOVERED AT MORTON,

BETWEEN

SANDOWN & BRADING, ISLE OF WIGHT.

BY

JOHN E. RRICE, F.S.A.

AND

F. G. HILTON ERIGE, F.S.A. F.G.S.

 

‘ FOURTEENTH EDITION.

 

QED he obtainw at II): villa; ant! of
BRIDDON BROTHERS,

.137, .HIGH STREET, VENTNOR, ISLE OF WIGHT.
' And z‘lze principal Bookseller; 2'7; l/ze Island.
I 1890

 

 

 

 

   

., »..,
..«' A , 1
,‘ . , \3
.4 .
[V
,
,

 

DRYDEN PRESS :' _

.- J. DAVY AND Sons, 137, LONG ACRE, LONDON, w.c.{v- ~‘,

7/337
47(73/

THE ROMAN VILLA,

NEAR BRADING, ISLE OF WIGHT.

 

THE excavations at Morton, near Brading, have
already revealed illustrations of the Roman
occupation of the Isle of Wight surpassing in interest
i, any yet previously recorded. In printing, therefore,
the followingreport of our researches, we trust that
\3 the description may prove useful to residents and
L visitors who may have both inclination and oppor-
fé tunity for the inspection of the discoveries made.
\ N‘x, Of the condition of the island in Roman times but
“3 little is actually known, that its annexation took
T I place towards the middle of the first century is, how—
9 ever, well authenticated. Vespasian, at the time
,, when Claudius was engaged in the conquest of
I Britain, was in command of the Second Legion in
g Germany, of this he was legate, and with it came to
Britain to assist in the enterprise. Suetonius records
' :3} how he engaged the enemy in thirty battles, reduced
‘3 two powerful tribes, captured twenty towns, and

, subdued the Isle of Wight.ale Similar testimony is

/,,

 

[7}]

* Sueton. de T. Fl. Vesp. cap iv.

is Texan "

4

also rendered by Eutropiusfi“ It may be assumed,
therefore, that it was the Second Legion which, as a
military force, first occupied the island, but of this at
present we have no evidence. This division of the
Roman army was longer in Britain than any other;
arriving with the distinguished general mentioned,
it continued in the province until the close of the
occupation, having at the compilation of the Notitz'a
its head—quarters at Rutupiae (Richborough) in Kent.

“ It is late in the third century that Vectis is again
mentioned, and that only incidentally,Constantius had
prepared to invade the province which Carausius had
severed from the rule of Diocletian and Maximian.
Allectus, the successor of Carausius, stationed a
portion of the Romano—British fleet off the Isle of
Wight to intercept the invaders under the praetorian
prefect Asclepiodotus, but a dense fog so obscured
the ships coming from Gaul that they passed unob-
served by those placed in ambush and gained the
coast of Britain in safety.”1L These are the only trust’-
worthy references in classical literature connected with
the island, but much has been written by various
authors whose learning and experience, entitle their
opinions to respect, to prove the identity between
Vectis and the Ictis of Diodorus Siculusqf The Greek
historian certainly speaks of an island lying off
Britain as one where the natives were accustomed to

 

“ Eutrop. lib. vii., cap. xix. ; also “Vespasian’s First Cam-
paign in Britain,” by O. Warne, F.S.A., Archaeologia, vol. 41,

+ Eumenii Panegyricus Constantio Gees, cap. xv. 1. See
Collectanea Antiqua, vol. vi., 128.

I Diddorus Siculus Lib. v., 0. 21-22.

5

convey the tin extracted from the Cornish mines in
waggons, at low tides, across to the mainland and
thence to Gaul for shipment to other lands. The
arguments for . this identification deserve careful
study and attention, especially in connection with
7 present enquiries. They have been learnedly sét
forth both by the Rev. E. Kell, F.S.A., of N ewport,*
and by Dr. Whittaker, the historian, of Manchester.

The connection of the island with Saxon rule may
be brieflyreferred to. At the collapse of the Empire
the military forces of Rome were withdrawn from its
distant provinces, and together with many other
prosperous settlements, Vectis was subdued by the
Saxons. The chronicler Bede, under the year AD.
449, and some thirty years after the Roman govern-
' iment had ceased, speaks of the various German tribes
who arrived in Britain, among them the J utes, whence
came the “Kentish men ’,’ and the “Wightwarians,”
the latter a tribe which, as he writes, “ now dwells in
Wight”, Again in AD. 530, “ Cerdic and Cynric
Conquered the island and slew many men at Wight-
garas-byrg,” (now known as Carisbrooke). In 534 AD,
it is recorded by the same writer 2—“ They gave
the whole island of Wight to their two nephews,
,Stuf and Wightgar.”

The reference to Carisbrooke indicates that at this
period it was an important position in the island, the
pioneer as it’ has been termed of Newport, and in its
Roman buildings, not yet sufficiently explored, are

the indications of its origin. Newport,_at the head
7 of the river, which‘marking a natural division in the

* Journal Brit. Arch. Association, vol. 22, p. 351.

6

island with the two hundreds of East and West
Medina defines the capital, suggests in the modern
configuration of its streets, the familiar plan so
universally adopted in the formation of a Roman
town. Saxon interments, resembling many which
have been found in Kent and other places, have been.
met with in the Island, and go far to prove the cor-A
rectness of the statement of the chronicler as to the»
identity of the Wightwarians with the men of Kent.
The local histories unfortunately contain but little-
information as to the presence of Roman antiquities,
indeed Sir Henry Englefield, writing in the year 1816,.
remarks 2—“ Of the Romans there is not a vestige in
the island, and it is singular that not even a coin
should ever have been found, excepting five men-
tioned by Mr. Warner, which were discovered in a
field near Carisbrooke, and which seem to have been
accidentally dropped there. When it is considered
that they had very considerable establishments at
Porchester and Bittern, near Southampton, and that
the Isle of Wight must have been a most convenient
station for an army, secure if its numbers were small
and affording every advantage to the most consider-
able body of forces, it is not a little extraordinary that.
it should have been so totally neglected. It appears
to have been equally free from the operations of war-
in Saxon times, as not a single vestige of any camp or
entrenchment is discoverable on it. Mr. Wyndham,
whose accuracy of research is well known,visited every
part of the island for the express purpose of investi~
gating the subject, and his research was fruitless.”*

‘9 “ The Isle of Wight,” Sir Henry Englefield, Bart, 1816, p. 90

 

7

Sir Richard Worsley, also in his “ History of the
Isle of Wight,” writes to similar purpose. Some forty
years, however, after the publication of Sir Henry
’ Englefi eld’s work, an important discovery was made by
Mr. W. Spickernell at Carisbrooke, which found an able
‘ chronicler in the late Mr. George Hillier, who published
an account of his own investigations.* A Roman villa
was discovered in the grounds of the Vicarage, and this
was announced as the first discovery of a building
associated with the occupation of Vectis. The re-
mains have not even yet been thoroughly explored,
but what has been excavated is carefully protected
and is of considerable interest. It comprises good
examples of mosaic work, a bath with its hypocaust,
wall paintings, roofing-tiles, and other objects,
the portion uncovered is 118 feet long by about 49
feet wide, and encloses several chambers with a small
semi-circular compartment which strongly resembles
one of like character now found at Brading. The
. coins were few in number, but they were of late
date, comprising examples of Gallienus, Postumus and
the Constantine family.

In 1862, while excavating for the Cowes and
N ewPort railWay, a stratum of earth was intersected
which Contained a considerable quantity of broken
urns and amphorae, together with wood ashes, and it
s is stated calcined bones. These remains were found
near to the town of N ewportrl'

In 1867 Mr. Roach Smith reported the finding of

i i * ,“ History and Antiquities of the Isle of Wight,” by George
‘Hillier ; “ Collectanea Antiqua,” C. Roach Smith, Vol. VI.
+ “Gent’s Mag.” Feb. 1862.

8

Roman remains at Combly upon the northern side of
Arreton Downs, anduponthe farm Mr. John Lock, jun,
discovered vestiges of Roman buildings. Roman urns
of large dimensions have been found at Swanmore near
Ryde, and are deposited in the museum of that town.*
In 1864 an interesting discovery was made of
Roman buildings in Gurnard Bay. It adjoined the
ancient way known as Rue Street, a road which
according to the Rev. Edmund Kell, F.S.A., proceeds
in a direct line through the island from Gurnard Bay
to N iton and Puckaster Cove. The site of the build—
ing was near to where a fort known as Gurnard
Castle had once stood, and was indeed in a state of
defence two centuries since, but now owing to the ‘
encroachment of the sea has entirely disappeared.
Some of the coins found were of a good period;
examples were present of the reigns of Vespasian and
others of the age of the Antonines. Indication of
Roman buildings have been also met with at Bright—
stone, Brixton, and Clatterford; and at Bonchurch;
though now long since washed away, were traces
of a Roman encampment. At Shanklin, coins - of
Arcadius and Honorius have been found, and recently
coins of Claudius and Vespasian were met with on
land belonging to the Poet Laureate at Freshwater.
The foregoing facts serve to illustrate the changes
which must have taken place in the physical configu-
ration of the land since the withdrawal of the Roman
legions, and in few parts of the island will this be
more apparent than in the vicinity of Brading. At
M

* “ Gent’s Mag.” Feb. 1862.

9

high water the Haven has all the appearance of a
lake, it encloses an area of 840 acres which opens into
the Solent between the headlands of Bembridge and
St. Helens. At low water it is mostly an expanse of
mud with a narrow channel, through which the Yar
meanders to the sea. Many attempts have been made
to reclaim this valuable tract, but without avail. It
is said that in the course of an attempt to throw an
embankment across the mouth (which the sea quickly
washed away) a well cased with stone was found. It
was near to the middle of the haven, demonstrating
that its site had once been dry land and that the sea
had overflowed it Within the historical period.ale Cap-
tain Thorp of Yarbridge, who has throughout our work
been an ever zealous colleague, is under the impres-
sion that he has discovered an ancient ford in the
direction of Yaverland and the shore line. We have
recently come across important indications of a road
or way the direction of which has yet to be ascertained.
It may probably be found to have some connection
With an interesting spot known as “ Centurion’s Copse,”
a name handed down by tradition and strangely sug-
gestive of a military occupation. Associated with this
locality are remains said to belong to a mediaeva1
chapel, but which are probably to be connected with
a. much earlier period. As an illustration of how easily
a term may in time become corrupted, the dedication
is Said to be to one St. Hurion, a name possibly new
to the Romish calendar !

The site chosen for the erection of the buildings

 

* Nelson’s Isle of Wight.

10

now in course of excavation is a remarkably fine one;
centuries since it was in one holding, but at the present
time these important remains are partly on the pro-
perty of Lady Oglander of N unwell, and partly on
the property of Mrs. Munns ; indeed the line of de-
marcation runs in a direct line through three of the
apartments excavated. The two fields at Morton are
known respectively as “ Seven Acre Field ” on one
side and “ Ten' Acre Field” upon the other, they
together form an elevated site, which, looking towards
the high road which separates them from the lowlands
and marshes, appears as a gentle slope of cultivated
land which would have at once commended itself to
the attention of Roman architects. Their text books
on such matters contain many important hints as to
the selection of sites for building operations, and in
this case there is every advantage to be desired.
Looking seawards, there is to the left, Brading Down
and the bold chalk range of hills terminating in the
promontory of Culver Cliff, while to the right is the

growing town of Sandown with the picturesque hills I

and vales leading onwards to Shanklin and Ventnor.
Skirting Brading Down and marking a boundary line
to the field in which our excavations are situated, is
afosse way, which as a bridle path has in turn been
used by Celts, Romans and Saxons, and runs at the
base of the hills by Arreton to Newport and Caris-
brooke. The vast tract of land which separates this
position from the sea is at high tides mostly covered
by water, and in olden time it is probable that the
site selected by the Roman colonists was, as it were,

insulated from'Bembridge Down and the adjoining

 

11

heights, but in the indication of buildings dis-
covered at Brading Haven and the encroachments of
the sea upon certain portions of the coast, we see how
much there is to be investigated in a geographical
‘ point of view ere any opinions can be confidently
expressed.

The present explorations originated in the finding
on Mrs. Munn’s property such indications of Roman
buildings as ofl‘ered encouragement for further inves-
tigation. On this land, walls, roof tiles and traces
of pavements were discovered by Captain Thorp,
of Yarbridge, who devoted a considerable amount
of energy and zeal to a complete examination of
the ground. A description of the discoveries then
made has been printed by the Rev. S. M. May-
heW, F.S.A.,in the Journal of the British Archaeological
Association,* and Mr. C. Roach Smith in his “ Collec-
tanea Antiqua.” 1' It was subsequently suggested that
in order thoroughly to explore and ascertain the full
extent and nature of the buildings, excavations should
be started on the adjoining land belonging to Lady
Oglander. Upon the introduction of our esteemed
colleague, Mr. Roach Smith, himself a native of the
Island, and his relative, F. Roach, Esq., of Arreton,
.Lady Oglander most kindly accorded the permission
required. The co-operation was also obtained of Mr.

Micah Cooper, the former tenant, and arrangements
made,the work commencing in August, 1880, and with

, brief interruptions continuing to the present time.
,M

*5 Vol. xxxvi + Vol. vii, p.237.

12

In the illustration which forms our frontispiece we
have been enabled to include the more important of
the apartments cleared, the position of the hedge is
marked, but that portion which at present runs across
the building has been purposely excluded by the
artist. The chambers traced since this sketch was
taken, and not yet all examined, are laid down upon
the accompanying ground plan reduced from an
accurate drawing prepared to scale by Mr. W. R. J
Cornewall Jones of Ryde. Their positions indicate
how much has yet to be excavated ere any notion of
the extent or purpose of the building can be properly
obtained; we have, therefore, abstained from theoriz-
ing as to the objects of the various chambers, or from
alloting any names to them, as it would be pre-
mature until further explorations have revealed the
whole building. A number has been aifixed to each
chamber corresponding with the plan. The rooms
numbered from 1 to 5, together with parts of 6, 7
and 8 are upon the property of Mrs. Munns, and are
divided from that of Lady Oglander by the hedge,
these were excavated by Captain Th01p, of Yal-
bridge in April last, and we are indebted to him
for the list of antiquities then discovered.

CHAMBER N o. 1 measures 18 feet by 10% feet; the
outside walls are 27 inches in width, the dividing
walls, between rooms Nos. 2 and 4 are 1% feet wide—-
five flue tiles are m situ in this chamber at 'various
intervals : these tiles are 16 inches high and 4 inches
broad. The remains of an arch exists in the north- .
western corner, composed of flat tiles, the entrance
being 21'eet wide. There is no pavement in this apart- .

13'

ment. In this chamber fragments of black pottery,
known‘as New Forest ware; many broken flue tiles;
pieces of charcoal in considerable quantity; some well
faced stones, some in form of key stones; iron spikes,
and small nails, roofing slabs made of Bembridge
stone, with nails ”in situ ; portions of stags’ horns, and
bones of various kinds.

CHAMBER N 0. 2.—This is a square chamber paved
with grey marl tesserae, measuring 20 feet, the walls
are about 2 feet in thickness. There was evidence of
a large fire in the centre of this chamber. Much char-
coal was found ; a coin which is unidentifiable ; small
portions of Samian, black and Caistor pottery ; bones,
including portions of human skull; iron nails both
large and small, and some faced stones.

CHAMBER N0. 3.—This measures 15% feet by 177}
feet; the centre containing the mosaic measures
9% feet by 10% feet, and the margin of this pave-
ment is chequered. This was the first pavement
discovered; and the subject of it is very remarkable.
On the western side are two gladiators, one has a
trident and the other a net ; they are represented as
engaging in combat. The panel to correspond with
this one is destroyed. On the north side is a fox
under a tree, probably a grape vine; in the central
portion of the picture is a house with a cupola, the
remainder is destroyed. The most perfect and at the
same time most curious panel is on the south side,
it consists of a man with the head and legs of a

» cock, standing in front of a small house, with a ladder
0r flight of steps leading up to it, on the right hand
'of Which are two 'griffins, represented as moving in

14

opposite directions. The central subject is the head.
of a Bacchante with a staff, enclosed within a circle;
on the north-western side is a like figure, with a staff
over his right shoulder, having a small cross on the
top of it: it is highly probable that similar figures
occupied the other three angles, now wholly des-
troyed. In this chamber, fragments of wall plaster
with fresco, iron nails, bits of black, Samian and
other pottery, broken flue tiles, and two coins were
found.

CHAMBER N0. 4.—From the centre of the arch on
the south to the pier on the north side, this chamber
measures 11 feet 8 inches by 10% feet in width.
There was no pavement in this room. At the entrance
to the arch a quantity of plaster and mortar was
discovered, similar to that in which tesserae are laid.
In the north corner of this room is a pier of masonry,
2 feet square and 2% feet high; upon the top was a
base of apillar. There was in all probability a cor—
responding pier and pillar to the north of this, but
owing to the hedge it cannot at present be ascertained.
This was plainly an entrance as there are indications
of a step. ~ The follOwing relics were found: bones, ‘
stags’ horns, a quantity of pieces of pottery, flue tiles,
an iron hinge, iron lamp hook, iron spike, a large
number of roofing slabs and vitrified stones.

CHAMBER N o. 5.—This is a long narrow chamber,
measuring 7% feet in width by 20 feet in length, '
with an entrance out of No. 6. The walls are about
18 inches in thickness, and the pavement is com-
posed of 1 inch grey marl tesserae. There were many
fragments of wall plaster with fresco dug out of this

15

chamber; Caistor and other pottery, iron hook, small
pieces of glass, faced stones, a knife blade, bones of
animals, and a few fragments of human bones, together
with horn cores of bos longifrons.

CHAMBER N0. 6.—This is a colonnade or corridor
extending from the margin of No. 3 up to the step
leading into the Medusa room, N 0. 12, the whole
length is 50 feet. It is probable that this corridor
also included the room No. 3, just described, as we
are not at all certain whether a satisfactory wall
existed between them, in which case the whole
length would be 65% feet. From the margin of the
ornamental pavement of No. 3 to the commencement
of the guilloche border is 21 feet; then occurs an inte-
resting subject representing Orpheus seated, wearing
a red Phrygian cap and playing a lyre, by which he
is attracting several animals, 2'. e. a monkey with a red
cap, a coote, a fox and a peacock. Orpheus pavements
have been discovered at Woodchester, Withington,
Horkstow, VVinterton, Littlecote-on-Humber, and
Saltford, between Bath and Bristol, but none have
yet been noted in which a monkey forms portion
of the design. Such a representation of Orpheus
accords with the period to which the occupation of
the . Villa may be assigned. The subject was one
especially favoured by the early Christians, indeed it
has been clearly shown, that in advocating the new
faith its promoters frequently selected the divinities
of antiquity as creations familiar to the popular mind,
and in the figure of Orpheus a convenient type existed
for the illustration of the Good Shepherd and other
symbols more especially associated with Christianity.

16

Upon the ceiling of a chamber in the catacombs of
St. Domitilla at Rome is a painting, the central design
of which is Orpheus playing on the lyre and sur-
rounded by animals, his dress, position, and the
> general treatment of the subject forcibly reminds us
of the pavement at Morton—occupying the central
compartment, he is surrounded by figures such as
the raising of Lazarus, Daniel and the Lions, Moses
striking the Rock, and other scriptural subjects—
but the adaptation of such a group to the purposes
of Christian Art are more strikingly illustrated
by a representation to be seen in the Catacombs
of Callixtus. Upon a painting there, is a figure
of Orpheus of the usual conventional type, but in
place of the miscellaneous group of animals he is
seen between two sheep only, typifying thereby to
the Christian mind the Good Shepherd of the Gospels.
In the relations which exist between early Christian
and Pagan Art the Cavaliere de Rossi*‘6 discerns a
strong connection between figures of Orpheus and the
adoption of Christianity, he says that Eusebius and
St. Augustine speak of him much in the same way
as they speak of the Sibyls, as though he had made
some sort of prophetic manifestation of the true God
among the Gentiles. It is remarkable that when
Alexander Severus placed pictures of Abraham and
of Christ in his Lararium, he placed that of Orpheus
also. His history enjoyed great popularity in the
M

* Consult De Rossi, Bulletin 1863, pp. 33 and 34, also Mr.
Fortnum’s papers in the Journal of the Archaeological Institute
vol. 26. p. 137, vol. 28, p. 266, vol. 29, p. 305, vol. 33, p. 111.
CompareVilla at Frampton, Dorchcster, Lysons’ fol. 1808.

17

early ages of the Church, both in the East and West
his figure is often repeated on Medals of Antoninus
Pius and Marcus Aurelius which were struck at
Alexandria.

‘ In an interesting collection of Finger Rings, Mr.
C. D. E. Fortnum, F.S.A. has brought together some
valuable gems of the early Christian period. On
many the subjects clearly point to the new religion,
on others the intention is not so marked. Among
the latter however, we note a representation of
Orpheus charming the animals with his music. It
appears upon a bronze ring which is preserved in the
Dressel collection at Rome. Mr. Fortnum assigns it
to the latter half of the fourth century. The figure
is seated fully draped and holding a lyre in the left
hand which he is playing with the right. An ill-
defined covering, probably the Phrygian cap, protects
the head, in the field just above the left shoulder is
a six pointed star, upon the right appeals a monkey,
the position being treated, much 1n the same way as
on the mosaic at Morton. Theie is also a lion, and
a bull or goat, and in the left a reptile or fish, and a
hare 0r rabbit. While the general arrangement is
\such as we meet with on Pagan gems, the presence of
the star Suggests a Christian significance. This
mosaic is 8% feet wide by 9% feet broad, from
the margin of the guilloche pattern northwards
to the Medusa chamber is 21 feet, which together
with the 21 feet of pavement on the south side,
is arranged in squares of red and white tesserae,
‘ placed alternately. Beneath this pavement, in about
the centre on the north side, 1s a stone subway 6 feet 8

B

18

inches long, 2 feet wide and 3 feet deep; which when
discovered had a roof 'or covering of tiles and slabs
of stone; this probably led to the furnace for heating
the hypocaust beneath the chambers No. 9 and N o. 12,
both of which may have suspended floors. In the debris
of this subway a third brass coin of Constans A.D.
333-350 was found. Most of the wall on the eastern
side of this chamber is wanting, and on the western
side the wall is composed of rubble and irregular
sized stones; above the floor is a string course of
stone slabs, instead of the well known bonding tiles.
A considerable quantity of Samian, Upchurch,
Durobrivian and other pottery, bronze articles, glass,
bones of pig and 0X, portions of human skull, jaw-
bone and fibula, flint flakes, stone balls, marbles,
objects in bone and in iron, likewise coins of Gallienus
and Salonina A.D. 253-268, Victorinus A.D. 265-267,
and Tetricus A.D.. 267 -272 were discovered. The
wall paintings found lying face downwards on the
pavements were of great beauty, one found by Captain
Thorp having a bird of the parrot family represented,
measuring 10% inches in length.

CHAMBER N0. 7 .—This is a square room measuring
‘20 feet, the entrance to it being out of N o. 4. The
pavement consists of tesserae of red and white
arranged in squares, which are much injured by fire,
especially at the eastern end. This chamber is
intersected by the hedge. Very few antiquities of
interest were found. .

CHAMBER N0. 8.—-This measures 20 feet by 21 feet,
it contains no tesserae, nor concrete floor. It was
difficult to obtain accurate measurements, owing to the

mcm<<>< _Z Oz>gwmw <_.

1111]

mnoioz oz 0.0.

 

......................... mmodoz oz >.w.
o m 5 no 1..
Flu—5‘. .

2:92 Omdzm Em_<_>_zm.

   

         

Rubble 4% Pafiz'zg ' ‘

‘ ' 'fi-fifl-is'suaszrjh‘rmszp
£

'15.
V‘ l‘

21

      

 

o 5 NO Ga #6 mo NW0 HOD

 

km & xx. Rhimxxm‘ mains.

 

19

hedge. Near the latter is a semicircular structure 4 feet
6 inches in' diameter, formed of Bembridge stone, and
lined with salmon coloured mortar—indications of
fire existed here, in such quantities as to lead us to
. imagine that this place was used as a furnace for
smelting or baking. On the west is a wall nearly
3 feet in thickness, which may be an outer wall, as
most of the others do not exceed 27 inches. This
chamber communicates with N o. 9.

CHAMBER N o. 9.—This measures 19 feet 9 inches
square, the border consists of 1 inch red and white
tesserae ; very perfectly preserved. In the centre is
a square, measuring 5 feet 10 inches, enclosing a
diamond-shaped figure, with a central medallion of
parti-coloured tesserae. There were two squared
blocks of stone on the north side of this room, pro-
bably used for supporting the wooden uprights for
carrying the roof. Upon two sides the wall is thrown
down, but upon the others remains of wall painting
still exist. Several pieces of roof slabs, some with
‘ the iron nails still remaining, fragments of worked
stone, animal bones, nails, and an iron object much
like a strigil, were met with in clearing out this

chamber.
CHAMBER N0. 10.—The dimensions are 11 feet

6 inches by 10 feet 5 inches; the walls are 1 foot
9 inches in thickness. It has a raised bench or seat on
‘ the west side, 6 inches high by 1 foot wide, covered
over with red plaster, and on the north side is another
similar ledge, 2 feet 6 inches wide. There are a con-
siderable number of flat red tiles upon the floor,
measuring 14% inches by 11% inches, agreeing with

20

dimensions given by Pliny and Vitruvius. This room
was originally wholly paved with red tiles—there
were neither tesserae nor plaster upon the floor.
Several pieces of pottery, roofing tiles, and stones
covered with a green vitreous glaze, indicating that
either the fusion of glass objects had so covered them,
or that it was slag from a glass furnace.

CHAMBER No. 11.—Is 15 feet by 5 feet, the walls
are from 18 inches to 21 inches in thickness, and the
floor is paved with rough concrete ; no objects worth
mentioning were discovered here.

CHAMBER N o. 12.—This is the largest room yet
excavated, it measures 39 feet 6 inches from east to
west by 19 feet in the western portion, 15% feet in
the eastern portion, and 11 feet between the piers in
the centre. These projections which divide the room
are shown in the annexed diagram, they are in solid
masonry and beautifully squared and cut, with but
little, if any, mortar joints, they probably supported
columns connected with the roof, or were thus con—
structed in order to enable an aulcmom or curtain or
some other means of separation to be fixed, so as to
divide one portion of the chamber from the other.
They were met with in the Roman Villa, near to
Newton St. Loe, when constructing the line of the
Great Western Railway between Bath and Bristol.
Such a mode of separation has been also ob-
served among discoveries on the Continent as
well as in some of the villas existing at Pompeii“
The pavements in this room are of great beauty,
that at the west end is almost square, its dimen-
sions being 13 feet 6 inches by 13 feet 10 inches.

PLATE 111.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

I

AS

[Morton neaxr Branding.

\ \ ‘ > ' '
,,mm)W~»»>WWg

I

ss~§\\\\\\\\\“\§\‘\\\§

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

’I””"/””’I/””/’

«’s

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

y'x’

'*‘rail/zIII/”IIIII/rrrill/(IlllrrroI’g

\

.\..\\\.§.\\\\ \\\\\ \\\\\\&\\\\\S\s \s \\ \\ \\ §

~ s§s~v~ v\\\\\\ \ \\" I’I'O. tr
zé'eauvl‘.) ““ ‘5 '3’32.‘}~\‘A‘

yvol .... \’ ~- -’~
' ¢<{&\\\\\m\\\\\\’{<®3&é’a

-;\\\\‘V\V\\\\\\\'\\\\\\\\\\\sxxx‘\s\\

‘ . § 5 §\\\\\\.‘.

, \Q §§§tsl§

 

’3 ' ,
:\4>";\‘\\s “\““‘o

’III'IIO O O! O O 9 ““““ \‘V

ooooolo ‘01 Iv

(s\\\\\\\\, \\\\\\\\ \{\\\\\\\\\s\\\)

MOSAIC PAVEM ENT-RO MAN VILLA.

,&:‘I:‘o§‘o‘o{{‘o 0‘:¢O’IO<I‘I///IJIOI¢I’ ;

Chamber N 0. 12.

 

 

 

 

 

 

21

divided into. compartments all edged with the
guilloche in half inch tesserae of white, black and .
red. The design may be described as in three
divisions with a central circular medallion also
bordered by the guilloche, but the subject is destroyed,
sufficient however remains to show that it contained
a similar little house to that already mentioned in
‘ Chamber 3. Upon either side are oblong panels
containing mythological subjects, and at the corners
are quadrants enclosed in compartments, these being
occupied, with the exception of one which has
perished, by busts symbolical of the four Seasons,
that which is missing, at the north—west angle, being
probably Spring. Summer appears at the south-west
corner; and is tolerably well preserved, the head is that
of a female Whose hair is decked with poppies, typical
perhaps of Juno. It is enclosed by the guilloche
border. In the angle of this compartment there is a
figure of a peacock with flowing tail represented peck-
ing at flowers in a vase; the plumage of the bird is
beautifully worked in many colours. There are also
traces of a bird in the injured composition supposed
to contain “Spring.” It is therefore probable that
there Were figures of birds in each compartment
suitable to the season of the year. “Autumn” is
also a female figure treated in similar manner to the
former, her hair is decorated with ears of corn in
illustration of Ceres. She wears a torque around the
» neck, and is suggestive of a similar subject discovered
. in, the mosaic pavement from Carthage now in the
British Museumf‘e and in our own country, at Ciren-

 

* Carthage and her Remains, by Dr. N. Davis, p. 190.

22

cester the Roman Corinium. The last is “ Winter,”
the most perfect of all; this is also a female figure
closely wrapped, her garment being fastened acrossthe
left shoulder by a brooch or fibula, attached to the dress
is a cucullus or hood, which could be drawn up over the-
head in rough weather, similar to that worn by
ecclesiastics at the present day. In the left-hand
she carries a leafless bough, from which is suspended
a dead bird. An example treated in like fashion
was found at the Roman villa at Bignor, Sussex, and
also at Corinium. Illustrations of the Seasons have-
likewise been noted in mosaic pavements at Thruxton,
Frampton, and Littlecote Park, near Ramsbury,
Wilts. The subject was much favored by the-
Ancients, apart from its treatment in mosaic, it has
been adopted in Architecture, upon coins, and for the-
ornamentation of objects in domestic use, upon the-
Arch of Severus at Rome, the seasons are indicated
by genii bearing baskets of flowers and fruit. On the
Imperial coins inscribed TEMPORVM FELICITAS they
appear as four boys occupied in dancing. Upon a
silver situla or bucket discovered near Tourdan, in
the South of France, and now in the British Museum,
the design is the prinCipal one employed. Spring is
represented by the nude figure of a female, young,
beautiful, crowned with flowers and seated on a
panther. She bears a basket of flowers and is sur-
rounded by Cupids; Summer is seated on a bull
reposing on the ground, she holds a sheaf of corn and
is accompanied by a Cupid carrying a sickle; Autumn
is a female crowned with grapes and seated on a
panther; she is preceded by a Cupid bearing a basket

23

of fruit, and followed by another who is holding the
panther’s tail; Winter is personified by an aged

" female seated on a boar, among the Cupids which

follow is one muffled and carrying dead game.
Upon another portion of this vessel is a com-
bination still fuither suggestive of our mosaic,
viz., a group of sea monsters with heads of lions,
horses, &c. ridden by cupids and other figures.
The centre” of the pavement is much injured, but
the central design was evidently contained in a
circular medallion bordered with the guilloche
pattern. Around this were four oblong Opanels placed
between the angles containing the figures of the
Seasons. These probably represented omythological
subjects, because in the one which is preserved
appears figures of Perseus and Andromeda; the
former is seated, and in his right hand holds aloft the
Gorgon’s head, and in the left the weapon with which
the head was severed; the latter figure is nude, and
is likewise seated, apparently upon a rock, the repre-
sentation of which has been well worked in dark
brown and other coloured tesserae—at their feet are
7 apparent indications of the monster associated with
the myth. This panel was, as were doubtless all
the others, bordered by the guilloche pattern. Be-
tween the stone piers already named and dividing
the two pavements of the apartment is a subject of
considerable interest: in the centre is a square panel
- Containing a male figure wearing a black beard,
‘ seated 1n what appears to be a chair; he 1s semi-nude,
there being but little drapery except at the lower
portion of the figure. At the left side there stands a.

24

pillar, surmounted by what some observers take to
be a gnomon or sun-dial, but which we ourselves
believe to be an illustration of the twelve houses; the
number of the compartments correspond with the
signs of the Zodiac. Beneath the pillar is a sphere
or globe which appears to be supported on three legs,
the tesserae are so arranged as to define the four
quarters of the earth, to this the figure is pointing
with a wand as though casting a horoscope; at his
right hand side is a cup or vase, in which is an object
which some consider to be a pen, but this we have
not yet identified with certainty. This illustration
of an astronomer in the exercise of his profession is
one of the most interesting of the novelties yet re-
vealed, the figure is probably intended for Hipparchus,
a celebrated student of antiquity—he it is said, was
the first to prosecute the science in a regular and
systematic manner, his observations were made
between the Years 160 and 125 3.0., his catalogue “of
the fixed stars has been preserved by Ptolemy, and
one work, the only one extant, is his commentary on
Aratus, according to Pliny he could never be suffi—
ciently commended ; he had proved the relation of the
stars to men, he attempted to express such relation
by appropriate names, and devised instruments by
which he might mark the places and the magnitudes
of each particular star. The nature of these
instruments has never been ascertained, but there
is nothing improbable in the notion that those
shown in our mosaic are those which are asso-
ciated with his discoveries. On each side of

this panel is a geometrical pattern, composed of a

25

. centre with a circle from which radiates four divisions

enclosed Within a larger circle, this is again placed.
in a diamond or lozenge-shaped figure, the Whole
being contained in a parallelogram, in the angles of
which are figures of triangles ; the border, as in other
cases consists of the guilloche pattern. These designs
are similar to those figured by Mr. H. Ecroyd Smith in
his description of the pavements at Aldborough, the
Roman'station of Isurium. The eastern division of
this chamber contains the largest and most important
of the mosaics yet discovered, in the centre is a large
medallion containing the head of Medusa, one of the
Gorgon sisters,* such as are represented both at
Bignor and Bramdean ; its position is slightly
orientated. ‘ Springing from this centre are four com-
partments arranged crosswise, as shown in the accom-
panying illustration ; each of these is bordered by the
guilloche pattern. At the angles, north and south,

. east and west, are triangular compartments illustrating

figures of b‘ucolics blowing the buccma or neatherd’s
horn; on their heads is the petasus of Mercury. Over
the left shoulder is a pall'éum or other form of cloak.
The designs which make up the four panels referred
to are of considerable interest, each containing two
figures, a male and female. The subjects appear to

\ be of a pastoral character, as evidenced both by the

* According to heathen mythology there were three, Stheino,
Euryale and Medusa. Of these the latter alone was mortal,
her looks of hair were transformed into serpents by Athena.
As an emblem in ancient art the head of Medusa is, as a rule,
significantly Pagan. ‘ It often symbolises Death, and is typical
of all that is hopeless and lost

26

costume and the objects borne by each figure. Ex-
planation of all is, however, at present deferred, as
light may be thrown upon their meaning by further
investigations. A selection is, however, made for the
purpose of illustration. The annexed woodcut repre-
sents a group in the south-west compartment of the

       
 

     

   
 

        

     
   
 
 

  

 

 

  

u: l' ' "fl: . mfg-'51:.” “EF'I'u'uunn-am ":lmflml
553-55“ fillii'tiii‘i m a" £255ng
II. 4””: , ‘-I::I%mzll:fln' . WI" :
"I" 3”- ; '4 p a . Funa- v A 3 “

E h n i u dum‘"" ' , , ,' §§m

. 4...;
1; II

I‘m“
nu 5:!

lulu-5 I;'-uurlli-ntlllu:)iҤfi3 ;
:4 -n”m Illnnulamn‘m I
l A,

I

a
.=.

..g

535%....“
lower portion of the pavement, admirably worked in
small tesserae of varied colours. There is a female figure
partially draped after the manner of the Saltatrix or
dancing girl of Greece and Italy, the musical instru-
ment upon which she is playing with the right hand,
is suggestive of some of the Pompeian paintings which
illustrate the Tympanistm’a or female player of the

27,

Tympanum or tambourine, her companion is a male
figure of more than ordinary interest, on account of
the peculiarities presented by the costume worn——he
wears a Phrygian cap, a skirted tunic with small cloak
or pallium fastened on the right shoulder, and what
is very unusual with such figures he appears with
braccw or trousers, these are loose and plainly distinct
above the ankle, and calceus or the boot or shoe
beneath. The peculiarity of this dress leads to the
opinion that it may be that in fashion at the time
the mosaic was laid down, because the form given to
the brdccoe is different to that usually met with in the
costume attributed to the “barbarians” or provincial
nations in Roman sculpture. The Pandean pipe, a
musical instrument formed from stalks of reed or
cane, which is held by the figure in the right hand,
and the presence of the shepherd’s crook denote the
pastoral meaning of the group.

A second panel comprises a design, the meaning of

i which is at once intelligible, a female figure, tall and

closely draped is seen bearing in one hand a staff, and
in the other ears of corn, which she is presenting to
a man, who though perfectly nude holds by the left-
hand the bum or bums, viz., the hinder part of the
ancient plough. The subject is clearly that of Ceres

. offering the fruits of the earth to Triptolemus, who

according to the stories of mythology was the inventor

of the plough and agriculture. In the Georgics of

the ever to be remembered Virgil we read how Ceres-

first‘ taught humanity to plough the land* with iron,
“ Prime Ceres ferro mortales vertere termm instituit.”

* Georgics, lib. 1, 147.

 

.28

and again, how the sower was both to plough and
sow naked,
“ Nudus am, sere modus”

writes the poet, a passage which from the words in
another place “leviter vestiti” may be rendered as
“lightly clad,” a condition requisite in an uncertain
climate, but in the pictorial representation before us
we note even more than a literal translation.

The whole of this beautiful chamber is bordered
with inch red tesserae, that portion in the western
division containing a fret pattern laid in White,
terminating at the head of the chamber in a figure of
a Swastika or Vedic cross. The presence of this
symbol upon Roman monuments has been noted
before upon remains discovered in this country. The
eastern end of the apartment is occupied by a spirited
group of Tritons. Comparatively few objects were
found While clearing the débris, they were some frag-
ments of pottery and many pieces of worked stone.
A Spindle whorl of hard wood, two inches in diameter,
was picked up on the floor. A large quantity of
plaster from walls or ceiling was lying face down-
wards on the pavement, some of the colours upon it
being particularly bright but with no indications of
any special design. There were also plaster roundels
for inlaying in the wall, quantities of iron nails for
affixing the roofing slabs, and some large spikes con-
nected with the wooden framework were also seen. ,
At the south—eastern corner of the room, at the end
of the Medusa pavement, is an earthenware drain
pipe fixed into the wall a little above the level of the
floor. So modern an appearance is presented by this

29

object that many have doubted its antiquity. Such
a channel or gutter, however, finds illustration in the
V Roman building found some years since at Bucklers-
bury, London,* placed
in the wall, possibly
for drainage purposes,
and formed of two
semi-circular tiles
about 9 inches long,
known as “ Imbrex
Supinus.” These tiles
when placed one above
1 the other might form
a pipe or could sepa-
rately be used, as seen
in the accompanying
woodcut, for connecting the flanged tiles selected for
roofing purposes. The imbrices, as here shown, were
generally a trifle smaller at one end, so that in lapping
_ the one over the other a continuous ridge would be

formed down the face of the roof. From the quantities
of such tiles of both descrip-

tions which have been observed
throughout the diggings, we
may conclude that portions of
the buildings excavated were
roofed in such a manner, while
others were covered in by the
slabs of native stone to which reference has been

 

 

 

1* “VRoman Tessellated Pavements found in Bucklersbury,”
, by John E. Price, 1870, p. 30.

30

already made. Such were collected from the Bem-
bridge beds and formed into elongated hexagons with
holes at the end, through which iron nails were
passed for‘fixing to the wooden framework. These
slabs were placed so as to overlap each other, and
thus formed a roof in lozenges or diamonds: many
examples with the nails which fixed them may b5
seen preserved at the excavations. The walls of this
apartment retain their original elevation, they average
from 3 to 4 feet high and are 2 feet thick. It would
seem from a comparison of dimensions taken that
none of the walls were constructed to a greater height
than about 4 feet; in this respect agreeing with the
plan adopted in the majority of Roman villas yet
found in Britain; such buildings were usually but one
storey high, no indications of staircases or supports
for superincumbent floors being yet recorded; but
the party walls served as foundations for a fabric of
lighter character. A structure resembling the “for-
macean ” walls described by Pliny* as being moulded
rather than built, indeed a simple enclosure of earth
and rubble within a wooden framework. “ Such
walls,” he writes, “ would last for centuries, be proof
against rain, wind and fire, and be superior in solidity
to any structure of cement or similar material.” He
also mentions the width of 18 inches as sufficient for
the support of a one storeyed building. This, as
already noted, is the width‘of many of the walls now
found at Morton.

CHAMBER No. 13.—This is a semi-circular structure,

 

‘—

* N. H. xxxv., c. 48,

 

PLATE 1V.

1!!

v

1t
M,

 

 

 

HYPOCAUST—‘ROMAN VILLA.
M ortrm near Bradi'ng. Chamber No. 15.

 

 

 

31

Q
composed of rough stones, and measures 7 feet 9 inches

in length by 3 feet 10 inches in breadth, it is 2 feet
deep, paved with large red tiles, similar to those found
on the floor of No. 10. On the eastern side this wall
projects fully 18 inches, it is coated on the inside with
salmon tinted mortar and on the east side of the com—‘
partment a wall has been inserted, which is a continua-
tion of the main wall of the building, built of rougher
masonry indicating a later date. This has been con-
sidered ‘by many a bath; at Carisbrooke a similar
structure was found of almost the same dimensions,
communicating with a hypocaust, but that had an
aperture for carrying off the waste water. We are
rather inclined to think it may have been an alcove
opening into a garden, for the reception of a large
statue'and perhaps fountain.

CHAMBER N0. ILL—This was a small chamber of
15 feet by 10 feet 2 inches with concrete floor; low
‘4 walls, and’ in certain parts the plaster still stands on
them, showing a dull blue colour; it is splashed with
red and black in imitation of. marbling, as was fully
illustrated by Mr. H. Ecroyd Smith in his book on
Isurium, the modern Aldborough, Yorkshire. There ,
were sOme very large and thick pieces of wall plaster,
ornamented with green flowers and other colours
depicted upon them, but they could only be extri‘oated
\in small fragments. Beyond roof tiles, pieCes of
coarse pottery, iron nails, bits of glass, &c., nothing
else was met with in this chamber. ‘

, _CHAMBER N 0. 15.—This is a room warmed by
a. hypocaust and of unusual interest. The cham-
ber measures 15 . feet 2 ir ches north and south,

32

10 feet 7 inches east and west. It contains
fifty-four pillars of tiles arranged upon a floor of
rough cobble stones; a large tile is placed upon the
floor to carry the others, which are 8 inches square
and 1 inch thick, with mortar joints 1 inch in thick-
ness. These pillars are 2 feet 6 inches in height, and
consist of about 13 tiles each. On the east side of
the wall are two flue tiles in situ 16 inches in length
joined together, thus making a fine of 32 inches lead-
ing to the upper portion of the room; and another on
the north side. On the west side and in the southern
corner is a neatly turned arch of large flat tiles with
wide mortar joints ; at the mouth of this arch a large
stone of massive masonry was found placed across it.
This arch represents the prwfurm'um or furnace on
the outer side of the wall of the chamber, which we
partially excavated in order to find the entrance to the ‘
arch ; it had a similar large stone across the opening as
already mentioned as occurring on the inside". This has
now been cleared and the hearth between the stones
exposed. At themouth of the furnace are two projecting
piers formed of tiles, but in other respects resembling
_ the method of construction adopted in the castrum at
J ublains,in France.* The hypocaust is invariably asso-_
ciated with Roman buildings in this country, warmth
was a necessity, and especially in the variable climate
of Britain 3 the temperature was accordingly raised
by means of hot air directed up the walls through '
tubular flues. Quantities of flue tiles have been found _
at Morton, many of them ornamented in quaint but

* “Collectanea Antiqua,” C. Roach Smith, vol. iii.

 

33

ingenious patterns, the scorings to be seen upon them
were often simply to increase the adherence of the
mortar with which they were coated, but so fanciful
sometimes are the patterns and devices, that it would
seem so much labour would hardly have been ex-
' pended unless under certain forms of construction, such
perpendicular flues were to be sometimes visible. The
pavement in this chamber appears to have been all de-
stroyed, it was probably a plain concrete floor; for if
of tesselated work we should have met With the
broken débris, but nothing save the ordinary mortar-
' like composition was discovered above the “ tile
pillars;” the presence of these is however sufficient
to prove that the pavement of this room was an
example of the “ Suspensura,” or suspended floor. In
the south of England these were generally formed of ~
brick and tile, but in the military stations of the north
greater strength was required and such floors were
constructed with massive slabs and flagstones resting
on square pillars of brick or stone. At Netherby,
some ten miles from Carlisle, an apartment was dis-
covered which singularly enough had the same number
of pillars as that now uncovered, but they were con-
structed not of tile but of solid stone.

One of the most interesting examples of the
“Sixspensura” which have been found in Britain is
that which was unearthed some years since at Ciren-
cesterfi'e It presents some peculiarities, but well
exhibits the general arrangement of a hypocaust

* See Celt, Roman and Saxon, by the late Thos. Wright,
F. S. A. ., page 165. i

D

34

beneath a tessellated floor. One of the supports is a
stone pillar, another stands upon a stone base;
between the last row of pillars and the side wall is a
row of upright flue tiles, and in the wall itself are
two apertures, intended no doubt to convey the hot
air into the upper part of the building. In the
accompanying woodcut the entrance to the furnace

 

may be at once identified; it may well compare with '
that in the chamber, which as warmed by the hypo-
caust we have recently discovered.

CHAMBER N o. 16.—This room is 1'7 feet 3 inches
by 10 feet 7 inches in width, the walls were covered
with plaster, coloured red, patches of which still re-
main in places, the floor is paved with concrete. On ‘
the south east side is an opening leading into room
No. 18, between which rooms evidently two doors, or
perhaps swing doors, hung, as the hinges, door plates,

,fl" .‘ . ,A

35

studs, key and handles have been found in the debris
mixed up with black earth containing a large quantity

of burnt wood. It is interesting to note that at the

time this house was destroyed'by fire one door was

open and the other shut, as is proved by the position

in which the hinges were found. In this room a
quantity of roofing slabs, many with nails still fixed
in them, pottery of various descriptions, iron spikes,
nails and other iron objects, worked stones, and a
third brass of Gallienus, A.D. 253-268, in fair condition.

CHAMBER N0. 17.——-—This chamber is 19 feet 5 inches
from east to west by 10 feet 3 inches north and south.
The floor is composed of concrete, and the walls are
covered with plaster, coloured with fresco of dark
blue colour, splashed with red and black; there was
a step on the south side of this room leading into
N o. 18. This room was very rich in finds of antiqui-
ties, including Samian bowls and other specimens of
pottery, iron objects, bronze, Kimmeridge shale trays,
Similar in form to papier maché; much fine glass of
various colours, and a quantity of window glass, which
is one of the most interesting features of the whole
collection; it is. of several colours, and some pieces
are, from % to a 9; of an inch in thickness. Window
glass is of great rarity in Roman buildings, it has even
been doubted whether the Romans had windows in
their houses at all, but from excavations in Pompeii
it has been ascertained that they had, and that they
were placed very high in the walls just beneath the

' caves of the roof. 'A window frame containing good

plate glass was found in a tepidarium of the Public

Baths at Pompeii; fragments of supposed window glass

36

have also been found at Uriconium, in London, at
Hartlip in Kent, Colchester in Essex, and other
places. It was interesting to find specimens of
pillar moulding upon some of the glass frag-
ments, as until a few years ago that art was
unknown and a patent was obtained by a glass manu-
facturer for the purpose of producing it. The art of
glass making is of course of great antiquity, it was
known to the ancient Egyptians 3,500 years ago, as
. glass blowers are depicted upon the walls of Beni
Hassan, and glass was generally used for domestic
vessels by the Egyptians, Phoenicians, Babylonians,
Greeks and Romans; but it ‘ is a matter of doubt
whether it was originally invented by the Egyptians
or Phoenicians. The Romans exercised the art to
perfection, and in many of the fragments before us
we have illustrations of the knowledge they possessed
of the methods still in use. It might be cast or cut,
or as we are told by Pliny* blown into various forms,
turned in a lathe or engraved like silver, Sidon he
says, was famous for glass making, and celebrated for
its manufacture of mirrors. Possibly the Romans
made glass in Britain, and the sands of Alum Bay
and Whitecliff Bay would be suitable for the purpose.
At the collapse of the Empire the art like many
others gradually declined, and though examples are
frequently met with among the graves of the Franks
and Saxons who occupied this country in the fifth
and seventh centuries, we miss much of the taste and
beauty which prevailed in earlier times. The glass

 

 

* Pliny, Nat. His, Book xxxvi., c. 66.

“as“. , ., a.‘ ,,

37

cups of the Saxons were however well made, they
Were fluted and decorated with bosses, but usually
pointed at the end, so that they could not stand
upright, but would have to be held by the hand until
emptied. They were largely imported from the Rhine,
the manufacture having well nigh died out in Britain.
The chronicler Bede writing of the year AD. 674, goes
so far as to say that the art was unknown, and that it
was the. Abbot Benedict bringing over artificers from
France to glaze the windows of the church of Were-
mouth, who first taught the English the art of glass
making;
Coins of Severus Alexander and Decius were dis-
covered in this chamber.
CHAMBERNO. 18.——This chamber measures 21 feet
‘6 in. by 18 feet 6 in., the floor is of concrete with a
red fillet round the margin. The plaster on the wall
exhibits in patches the remains of colouring of a dull '
blue ground, splashed with red in imitation of marb-
‘ ling. ' Nothing of interest was discovered here.
CHAMBER N0. 19.—The dimensions of this room
are 9 feet by 10 feet, the walls have been exposed,
but nothing of importance has been found.
CHAMBER N 0. 20.——This chamber is 19 feet 8 long
by 9 feet in breadth, there was no pavement, and
beyond a few roofing slabs and pieces of pottery,
‘ little was discovered.
CHAMBER N0. 21.—This chamber is likewise on the
. northern side, and measures 21 feet 3 inches by 9 feet
in breadth, it opens on the south side into No. 23 ;
' amongst antiquities found, were fragments of pottery,
roofing slabs, pieces of iron and nails, also animal bones.

38

CHAMBER N o. 22.-—This is a large chamber situated
in the centre of the northern wing, measuring from
the east end of room No. 18, up to a cross wall.
54 feet by 21 feet 10 inches in width. Arranged
along the wall on the north side are 5 piers ;.
commencing from the west end are two blocks of
squared stone, placed at certain distances apart,
followed by three piers of rough concrete blocks,
which appear to have formed the foundation for
columns, which probably supported the roof of this.
extensive chamber or court. On the south side are:
five similar blocks, formed in the same manner as the
last three, exactly opposite to those on the north side.
The first three from the western end are placed along.
the footing of the wall, the other two are detached,
there being no traces of wall in between. The remains-
of the wall on the east side are about 18 inches in
width. The pavement was of rough concrete. In
this chamber pottery of various kinds, nails, oyster
shells and pieces of bronze were met with. ‘

CHAMBER No. 23.—-—This chamber is situate due
east of No. 22, it measures 39 feet 8 inches in length,
by 32 feet in width. The footing of the wall on the
north side is 3 feet in thickness, and the wall itself
was 2 feet thick. At a distance of 8 feet, and 8 feet.
4 inches from the north wall southwards, are three:
large square blocks of concrete let into the sandstone-
floor, as was the case of those in the previously des—
cribed chamber. These blocks, probably intended for
supporting columns, are arranged at intervals of 6 feet;
to 6 feet 10 inches apart. At the eastern end of the
north wall is another square block, and at 12 feet‘

39

. from the wall southwards is another, and at 7 feet 9
inches further south another, these two latter are
simply the basements of the blocks consisting of
lumps of upper greensand placed in an irregular
square. At the south angle of the wall of the well-
house N 0.‘ 28, is the fourth block; up the south side
of this chamber are four more blocks, arranged at
certain intervals corresponding in position to those
on the “opposite side. The entrance to No. 23 appears
to have existed between the central blocks on the
east end, and to have been approached by an outer
chamber, or vestibule, if we may so describe it, as at
distances from 13 feet '7 inches to 14 feet are three
larger blocks of stones placed edge—ways—the fact of
these existing in that position suggests the possibility
of their being likewise constructed to support columns
for carrying the roof, and as no wall has been met
with at the east end, we are led to suppose that the
entrance must have been there.

No pavements have been met with in any of the
rooms of this northern wing, they appear to have been
wholly destroyed, in fact there are very few indications

, of masonry in these last two rooms; what now exist

are sirriply the footings of the old walls.

‘- Very few relics were found in this chamber, beyond
fragments of Samian ware, black pottery, some nails
and tiles. I

CHAMBER No. 24.—This chamber measures 28 feet

' 4 inches east and west, by 10 feet 9 inches north and
- south. The footing of the external wall is 3 feet in

Width. There were no remains of pavement, and only

a few fragments of pottery and some roofing slabs

were discovered in the excavation.

4O

CHAMBER No. 25.—This chamber is 'situated east of
No. 24, and measures 15 feet 10 inches in length, by
10 feet 9 inches in breadth. Nothing but fragments
of tiles and pottery were found.

CHAMBER N0. 26.——This chamber measured from
the wall of No. 25 up to the hollow basin west of the
well-house 33 feet 4 inches in length, it may have
been part of an external corridor, as no wall is found
to the south of it. In line with the north wall of
N o. 25, three massive blocks of concrete occur, let into
the sandstone floor as before described.

CHAMBER No. 27.—This is a hollow basin, which
measured from No. 26 up to the entrance to the well-
house is 14 feet in length; this basin for which at
present no use can be assigned, is hollowed out of the
greensand rock. It may have enclosed the furnace
connected with the hypocaust, indications of which
have been more recently disclosed. On the east is the
entrance to No. 28, composed of two piers of good
masonry, with a string course of tiles.

A considerable quantity of black earth filled with
debris of black pottery, nails, stones, portions of
roofing slabs, bones, charcoal, etc. were found, all
bearing evident signs of fire.

CHAMBER No. 28.—This is a chamber of singular
structure, it is situated upon the south eastern side of
this wing of buildings. Taking an inside measure-
ment from west to east of the wall which forms the ,
southern boundary of chamber No. 23, is found to be
15 feet 8 inches. This chamber has an entrance at
the west side, and contains two semi-circular apses.
These semi-circles are of unequal dimensions—that

41

on the west being‘9 feet 10 inches from north to south,
and that on the east 9 feet 3 inches. There is evidence
~ of this chamber having been warmed by the hypocaust,
for there are remains of tile pillars yet existing, which
_ illustrate the presence of the suspensura or suspended
floor. The wall of this chamber is of good solid
masony, and in the western portion of it, two short
pieces of wall run from the main wall on the west
side, butdo not extend quite across to the opposite side.
At a distance of 6 feet 5 inches from the west side,
and 4 feet 9 inches from the east, is a well, 4 feet
3 inches in diameter. It was completely filled up
with earth and debris, the steining, if there ever had
been any, had given way, the well was cut through
the upper greensand, and the sides were firm and
hard. We found it necessary to stein the upper 5
. feet with bricks, to prevent the top soil falling into
the well, While excavations were going on.
During the clearing of the well, a great number
Lof fed tiles of various sizes, large and small worked
stones, pottery of various kinds, nails, shells of oyster,
cockle, limpet and snail, bones of domestic animals,
and the skeleton of a man were exhumed. At the
bottom, as at present ascertained, ’13. e. 78 feet, three
wooden stakes were taken out.
CHAMBER No. 29.—This chamber is situated to the
\ east of the well—house N o. 28, and is detached. It
has only three sides, the wall on the north side is
.6 feet 5 inches, the south wall is 7 feet 3 inches, and
thevwidth 4 feet 2 inches; the thickness of the walls
‘ vary from 1 feet 7 inches to 2 feet, and the chamber
is open towards the east, where is situated the southern

42

block of rubble stones, probably the foundation for a
column.

CHAMBER N o. 30.—This is a structure situated at
the north east end, the tops of the walls are level
with the floor and footing of those adjoining. It
is therefore a subway, of much the same general
appearance as that already described in Chamber No.6.

It is formed of solid masonry of well finished,
square blocks of stone, and the entrance is narrower
than it is where it opens out into a broad channel

east and west. The length of the wall from north to
south is 11 feet 11 inches; width between the walls, on
the north 3 feet 2 inches, on the south 2 feet '7 inches;
the height of the wall on the east side is 2 feet 7 inches,
and on the west side is 2 feet 2 inches; the wall
stands upon the upper greensand. The width of the
top of the east wall is 1 foot 10 inches. It is com-
posed of solid masonry, with a string course of flat
tiles 1 foot 11 inches from the top, and much of the
masonry is jointed with salmon coloured mortar.
This part leads into a narrow passage at the north
end, which passage is 1 foot 4 inches broad and is
much longer at the top than the bottom, the sides
gradually widen as though by steps—the bottom
length is 6 feet 6 inches, whereas the top length is
8 feet 8 inches. Along the north wall are the remains
of six string courses of red tiles—the height of this
portion of the structure corresponds in great measure
with the walls already described, i. e., 2 feet 6 inches
and 2 feet 2 inches respectively, east and west.

At the south end, that is outside the entrance to
this subway, two large flat slabs of stone were placed

 

WW” FLT-mm .» .m . A,

43

at either side of the end of the wall in a slanting
position, the stone on the west side which now remains,
measures 2 feet 9 inches by 2 feet 6 inches; the

Opposite stone~ fell to pieces, at the back and in fact

all around the entrance to this subway, the debris

‘was composed of blackened earth and pieces of wood

charcoal, pottery and oyster shells.
Between the south wall of the northern block of
buildings and the open space, supposed to be a garden,

is a roadway; this is formed of rough rubble stones,

large Hints and pieces of upper greensand. It extends
from the wall at the west, N o. 14, and continues beyond
the limits of the well house. It is not of uniform
width, but varies as follows: by chamber N o. 14 the
width is 11 feet 3 inches, at No. 24 it is 14 feet 6 inches,
at No. 25 it is 14 feet 10 inches, and beyond it is}
16 feet.

Upon this roadway a ‘denarius of Elagabalus, A.D.
218—222 was found.

This roadway measures from the front of N o. 13
to the eastern extremity 156 feet, and it has further
been traced southwards from N o. 13 up to the sub-
way of No. 6. '

Chamber No.31 measures 23 feet 9 inches north and
south, and 18 feet 2 inches east and west. The walls
are‘composed of blocks of limestone, tolerably solid,

\ with squared blocks at the angles.

In connection with the excavation of this chamber
a bronze armlet, a fibula, and additional coins are said.
to have been found.

Since the acquisition of the property formerly in:
the possession of the late Mrs. Munns, excavations

44

have been extensively carried on, resulting in the
discovery of a long wing of buildings on the south
side, corresponding with the wing already described
upon the north. The positions of the respective
chambers in this wing are now noted on the plan,
and we are thereby enabled to indicate at a glance
what apparently was the original design of the
structure generally. The chamber last described,
viz., No. 31, appears to have formed no part of this,
it is isolated and complete in itself, there being no
Connecting wall between it and the main building;
its walls, formed of unworked water-worn blocks of
stone, doubtless selected for the purpose from the
shore, are a striking and interesting feature.

CHAMBER 32 measures 42 feet east and west by
26 feet, the footings only of its walls remain. They
were, however, evidently of greater width or thick—
ness than those in the opposite wing, and their
foundations appear to have gone to a greater depth.
They are of rough construction, being composed of
ill-shapen blocks of shelly limestone, chalk boulders,
flints, &c., and put together with an inferior mortar.
No indications of pavement, even of the coarsest
kind, have been observed; if any have ever existed,
which is very doubtful, all traces of them have long
since perished.

CHAMBER 33 is 14 feet 6 inches east and west by
9 feet 4 inches north and south, the footings of the ,
walls alone remain.

CHAMBER 34 is 14 feet 9 inches by 14 feet
2 inches; the depth of the wall on the north side
from its present level is 2 feet 7 inches. It is com-

45

. posed of large stones, flints, and chalk rubble. The
work in both. these chambers is consolidated in a more
substantial form and with more attempt at order than
is the masonry in Chamber 32. The width of the
wall on the north side is 2 feet 6 inches and 2 feet
8 inches. The wall between Nos. 33 and 34 is 2 feet
wide, that between Nos. 34 and 35 is 3 feet in
thickness.

CHAMBER 35, taken on the west, eastwards is
92 feet in length to the foundations of the columns,
which are four in number, and, as will be observed,
are noted on the plan. The width is 26 feet upon
the north side. At the east end the wall appears to
run northward. It will be observed on comparison
that there is but little resemblance between this
spacious enclosure and No. 23 on the opposite side.
Its greater length in proportion to the Width, with
apparently no dividing wall or other indications of
enclosed chambers, render both use and purpose
matter for speculation only. It may have been an
ambulatory, gallery, or simply adapted to storage
purposes. The basements of the pillars which once
supported the roof are nearly equidistant, as are the
four by which the boundary of this chamber is
marked at its east end. The wall which, as men-
tioned, appears to be continued in a northerly direc-
tion is of interest as indicating the character of the
enclosure as surrounded by the respective wings.
a At this point there is a great drop in the level of
. the land, and Whatever connection there may have
originally been~between this and the chamber next
to be referred to has been lost for ever. With the

46

exception of two blocks of groups of stones which
suggest the continuance of the whole length of wall,
until, as shown by the dotted line, it becomes lost
altogether in the sloping field. This line marks the '
course of wall, footings, &c., which have been ob—
served in the course of our investigations. They are
sufficient to show the direction taken by this range
of buildings towards both road and shore; but, al—
though many trials in the adjacent fields have been
made, no connecting links have as yet been met
with, and the result so far is unsatisfactory.
CHAMBER 36 marks the south—east end of this new
wing. It forms one of the most interesting features
of the entire building, for it encloses a group of
singular structures, the object of which is not yet
revealed. They are, however, of a much later date
than the building which surrounds them, and afford
a most important illustration of the prolonged occu-
pation of the place. This enclosure measures from the
outside edge of the wall on the west side to the outer
extremity on the east 36 feet 7 inches; the outside
measurement north and south is 24 feet; the inside
measurement east and west is 27% feet; the inside ,
on the north and south varies in thickness, as does
likewise the wall. The length of the eastern wall is
25 feet 6 inches. During the excavations a Samian
bowl, nearly perfect, was found on the outside of the
wall on the north side, ornamented by alternate
panels of vine leaves and hippocampi, this is figured in

our full description; * a considerable quantity of
* See “Description of Roman Remains at Morton, near

Brading, Isle of Wight,” plate 11, fig. 17. -

g
i.
if
f‘
:2;
iv

5;

 

F
g .
E
E? ,

   
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
  
 

.f g}?

.. All:

47

black pottery, nails, iron objects, oyster, cockle,
limpet and other shells, which had been used

,3 as food, and several roofing tiles, some measuring
14 inches by 10%.

Upon clearing out the debris within the walls

_ Quantities of mortar and wall plaster, much of which

was coloured red, blue, green, yellow and white, and
large numbers of roofing tiles, were met with. On
the northand east of this chamber the depth from
the top of the walls did not exceed’2 feet; at the
western end it was deeper, being about 4 feet. The
walls are composed of rounded flints, and at the time
of discovery thickly coated over with soot, as was
likewise the floor. This inner chamber is square,
being 11ft. 7 every way. On the east side is a '
narrow passage, paved with red tiles, which was
doubtless the praefurnium. There are indications of
the wall being covered with a thick red plaster. On
the south side are two horizontal fiues running at
right angles, formed of stones and tiles. There is no

doubt that this chamber was heated by a hypocaust.

In the centre of the chamber is an oval structure,
‘7 feet 2 inches in length by 4 feet wide in the

' broadest part, built upon the debris of the chamber.

Nearly facing itat a higher level is another similar
structure only smaller, being 4 feet 4 inches in
length by 2 feet in width ; at this level are the bases

of two stone pillars, placed at equal distances on
; : either side of the last described oval structure.

"It appears that. we here have evidence of two
periods of occupation, the first the remains of the
Roman building, probably a bath, and the second

48

these ovens or kilns, erected at a subsequent period,
composed of Roman materials, upon the debris of
the old building, which may even be of Saxon age.
Adjoining this chamber at the south-west end is a
solid square of masonry, 13 feet 9 inches by 10 feet
10 inches, containing a bath or cistern, lined with
red plaster and paved with flat slabs of stone. This
bath is 5 feet 10 inches in length by 3 feet 7 inches
in breadth, and 1 foot 8 inches in depth ; a fillet runs
round the bottom with a drain at the east end to
carry off the water; to the north-east is a deep
hollow, leading to a praefurnium, with an arch in
connection with the hypocaust, ‘ neaeh which is a
well made drain, which conducts the drainage from
the buildings on the west to the outside of the bath
buildings on the east. A quantity of pottery of
various kinds, iron, bronze and other objects, were
here met with, including a large oval-shaped stone,
1 foot high and 2 feet 6 inches in circumference, bear—
ing what appears to be the marks I M X I upon it.
There are also the remains of other of these singular
structures—possibly ovens. They are united—oval
in form—and bearng some slight resemblance to
certain of the kilns which have from time to time
been discovered in this country. Although there
have been slight indications of walls running east
and west of these remains, and relics of various kinds,
pointing to the existence, long ago, of further build;
ings within the area enclosed by our excavations, it '
.would seem that, failing some accidental discovery,
we have for the present reached the limit of our
work. Neither labour or expense has been spared in

49

making trial excavations in those of the adjoining
fields Where permission has been given, but with
_ little success.‘ That the settlement extended to the
sea, and thereby points to Brading and its haven
I g as a great centre for Anglo-Roman commerce in con—
nection With the island is beyond question, and the
site yet to be discovered which marks the last resting-
place of the thousands who for successive generations
were associated with a district so important must be
also one which will abound in interest. It is like-
-wise to be hoped that a stimulus to research will be
associated with local interest, and that with further
investigationsim.‘ igjoining districts, fresh light may
be thrown on the present discoveries. There is
doubtless much yet to be done, and one day an
accidental find will reward and encourage the local
explorer; for ourselves, we venture to hope that
the remains now preserved, may long be cherished
and protected, and that as years roll on they may
‘ continue to prove both useful and instructive alike
to the student and casual visitor. It is a matter for
congratulation that so much interest has been mani—
fested by the public in a work which has already
taken four years to develop, and that since the
‘ management has been definitely organised, no less
than 70,000 visitors have inspected the remains, and
\- during that time no less than nine editions of this
little book have been dispersed. It has been added
to and corrected as occasion required, and a tenth
edition is now called for. This of itself indicates a
'far' more general interest in such discoveries than
would have been noted some fifty years ago. The
E

50

establishment of local antiquarian societies, field
clubs and kindred institutions have done much to
foster the growing taste among the many for all that
appertains to our national history ; few countries are
richer in memorials of the past than is our own, and
in few, until recently, has there been manifested
greater apathy or indifference concerning them. In
days past there have been grander and more im-
portant illustrations of the presence of the Roman
colonists than are to be found in the buildings before
us, but from various causes they have been lost,
injured or destroyed; much remains, there is good
work yet to be done, and it is to be hoped that
with the many agencies now at hand the preservation
of everything of importance will be ensured. Of the
numerous public buildings, villas and other struc-
tures to be associated with the Romans that have
from time to time been discovered, little but record
remains; seldom, if ever, has there, been any organised
movement to save and preserve. In the present case
this has been attempted, and we may trust that what
:is now known as the Roman Villa near Brading will
not only long prove attractive to the thousands who
annually visit the island, but indirectly contribute
in no small degree to the little knowledge we have
hitherto possessed of its history as associated with
the Roman occupation of Britain.

51

APPENDIX.

In the description of Chambers 4, 7 and 8, the
, hedge spoken of is now removed.

On page 24 referring to Hipparchus, we Wish to
note that Mr. Roach Smith, F.S.A., is of opinion that
the figure represents Pythagoras.

Page 11, line 27, for “present” read “then.”

52

MUSEUM CATALOGUE.
POTTERY.

A considerable quantity of broken Sam/Lon, Upchurch, I
Dnrobm'm'an and New Forest pottery, amongst which
fragments were found to almost complete :—

1.

Samian bowl, 3% in. deep, 6% in. diameter at top,
egg and tassel border, medallions of Hip-
pocampus.

Samian flat bowl, 3% in. deep, 10 in. diameter at
top, plain with flat sides.

Samian shallow bowl, 4m. deep, 11in. diameter
at top, plain with curved sides.

Black New Forest ware jug, 5% in. high, narrow
neck with lip and handle, 4 in. diameter in
middle, 2 White enamel streaks on 4 sides.

. Black New Forest ware vase, with bent-in sides,

diameter of neck 2% in., height 4% in.

Black New Forest ware vase, 3% in. high, 2 in.
diameter of neck. This is the only unbroken
piece found.

Ring from handle of vase, red pottery.
Part of a strainer, in red pottery.

IRON.

. Tripod, 6%; in. high, 5% in. diameter 0 ring.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.

Boat-hook, 13 in. long.
Sockets of staves.

Strigil, with ring to suspend from waist.
Blade of knife.

Blade of short knife or cutter.

53

15. Pair of hinges, showing door to have been closed

’ 16.
17.
, 18.
19.
:20.
'21.
‘22.
23.
24.

25.
26.
27.
28.

\29. i
30.

31.

32.

‘33.

when villa was burnt.
Pair of hinges, showing door to have been half open
Pair of hook hinges for gate.

'Snaffle-bit for horse.

Shoe, of horse.

Lock, the different parts rusted together.
Binding clasp or corner for chest.
Chisel.

Gimblet.

Large number of spikes, nails, &c., showing
various desc1iptions and different forms of
construction, length from 13 1n to 2 1n.

BRONZE.
Lock plate in high relief, 8% in. by 8% in., with
circular bosses over nail holes.

Key, handle of cast bronze, shank of iron, 5% in.
long.

Key, handle 3 in. long of bronze, iron shank
destroyed.

Handle of door or chest, ends turned up to pass
through rings.

Hinge.

Bowl of spoon (Ligula), with bent—in shank to
rest on edge of cup.

Ligula, ornamented stem, 4415 1n. long, one end
spoon, the other broadened for the application
of stibium to the eyelids.

Fibula or brocch, in one piece, with pin bent for
spring, as in modern safety pin.

Fibula, the pin (iron) corroded away, bronze por-
tions ‘very perfect.

34.

35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.

43.
44.
45.
46.
47.

48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.

Volsella, pair of tweezers, 2 in. long, rounded

54

centre to hang on ring.

Ring.

Bangle (armilla) of twisted wire.

Bangle of plain plate.

Ring, ornamental, probably earring.
Pendant or locket, like modern vinaigrette.

Twisted Wire handle of casket.
Boss of buckle, with cross bar.

Fastener of door or shutter in bronze, with iron

shaft.-

Window glass of various colours.

Two bases of urns or vases, in blue glass.
Blown glass, with examples of pillar moulding.
Neck and portiOn of the handle of a vase.
Various fragments of glass.

MISCELLANEOUS OBJECTS.

Bone hair pin.
Bone ring.

Bone boss for inlaying in leather.
Bone boss of diamond form.

Bone ferule.

GLASS.

Spindle whorl of wood.

Spindle whorl

in pottery.

Part of a wooden spindle.

Tray of Kimmeridge shale.

Ditto

ditto.

 

. 58.
q 59.

60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
6’7.
68.
69.
70.
. Squared stones.
‘ 72.
73.
‘74.

75,

76.
7‘7.
78.
79.

55

MISCELLANEOUS.
Roundells of plaster for letting into walls for
decoration.

Wall plaster, a large quantity, showing a variety
of colour and design. '

Ditto, in a glass case, showing a’ bird.
Flint flakes.

Hone stone.

Vitrified stone and mortar.
Mortarium of Purbeck marble.
Querns, or millstones.

Bone counters.

Part of a shaft of a column in greensand.
Roofing slabs, hexagonal.

Parts of cornice.

Mortice stone.

Oval stone, with | M x | upon it.
Pieces of vase of Roman cement.
Piece of lead.

TILE.

Large square tile, 21?; in. by 21% in., 2% in. thick,
with the impression of human foot, 8% in. long,
also of dog’s foot.

Large square tile, 16%- in. by 16% in., 2 in. thick,
with combed pattern and impression of human
hand.

.Flat tile, 16in). by mg in., 1.]; in. thick.
Ditto 151,411. by 11% in., 1% in. thick.
Ditto 10.;_ in. by 10 in., 1:1; in. thick.

80.
81.

82.

83.

84.

85.

86.

87.
88.

89.
90.
91.
92.
93.

94.
95

56

Flat tile, 8i in. by 8 in. 11 in. thick.

Double flange tile, 141n. by 103 in. at top, and
10 1n. at bottom, to allow of one covering the
other, 1 1n. thick, flange 1 1n. deep.

Hollow box, tile face, 15% in. by 9% in., 8 in.
deepl

Lono semi-circular roofing tile, 151n. long, %in.
thick, 63 1n. diameter one end, 51 in. the other

Semi-circular drainage tile, 12111. by 5% 1n. 4 in.
thick.

BONE-S.

Man, somewhat broken, found 30 feet down the
well.
Bos Longifrons, a few bones and many teeth.

.Deer, antlers and bones.

Dog and other domestic animals.

SHELLS.

Oyster (0325mm adults).

Limpet (Patella vulgata).

Cockle (C'ardz'um edule).

Periwinkle (Littom'na littorea).

Snail (Helix nemoml/is and hortmsis).
Mussel (Mg/Mus adults).

(Tapes Pullastm).

Examples of the following coins have been found: -

DOMITIANUS AD. 81- 96

HADRIANUS ...... . .............. A.D. 117-138
ANTONINUS PIUs ............... A.D. 138-161
FAUSTINA, Senior, wife of the

above ....................................
SEVERUS ALEXANDER ......... A.D. 221-222
ELAGABALUS ..................... A.D. 218-222
TRAJANUS DECIUS ............ A.D. 249-251
GALLIENUS ..................... A.D. 253-268
SALONINA, wife of the above .........
VICTORINUS ..................... A.D. 265-267
POSTUMUS ........................ A.D. 260-267
TETRICUS (the Elder) ......... A.D. 267—272
CLAUDIUS GOTHICUS ............ A.D. 268-270
SEVERINA, Wife of Aurelianus .........
ALLECTUS ........................ A.D. 293-296
LICINIUS ...................... A.D. 307-324
CONSTANTINUS .................. A.D. 307-337
CRISPUS ., ...................... A.D. 317-326
CONSTANS .' ....................... A.D. 333—350
CONSTANTINUS II. ............ A.D. 337-361
MAGNENTIUS ..................... A.D. 350-353
VALENTINIANUS ............... A.D. 364-375
VALENS ........................ A.D. 364-378
GRATIANUS ..................... A.D. 375-383
ARCADIUS .., ........ , ............. A .D. 383-408

9 ~H0NORIUS......................... A.D. 393-423

EXPLANATION OF PLATE V.

1. Vase of black pottery, 3; inches high.
2 Jug or Bottle, 52 inches high.
3 Iron Spike.

4 Iron Spear-head, 8; inches long.
5. Iron Spike, 9 inches long.
6 Bowl of bronze spoon.

7 Bronze chain.

8 Bronze handle of door.

9 Key of door in iron, With bronze handle.
10. Iron hinge, 7 1nches long.

11. Iron tripod, 6% inches high.

PLATE 2"

 

   

A}. & WR.Emslie,lieh.

 

 

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES.
monroumm BRADINGJSLE orwmm'; leao. ‘ .

 

 

PLATE VI.

 

 

 

 

 

J.P.Em ’ . L _
shade! JP.&W.R.Emslie_1hb.,->

   
   
 
 
 
 
 

PLATE VI.

12. Bronze/stud. f

13. Bone ornament.

‘ 14. Bone ferrule. . .
15,16,17,18. Pottery with marks.
' ..-19- Socket of Sufi. '

20, 21. Red pottery.

22.. Fragments of cement vase.

Black pottery,

 

 

 

 

 

University of Pennsylvania Library

Circulation Department

Please return this book as soon as you have
finished with it. In order to avoid a fine it must
be returned by the latest date stamped below.

 

3 1198 05861 2735

||l|1||L|1||||W||LIL L|| IILI |H||||lH|||||H|L

N/lLHS/DSBEl/2735X

”35323;;‘W

L

flfififlfi9i
L
L
L

5
L
g 1.
L

E
2
L
L

3‘
-

 

   

    

|llllllml!Ill||WEI![blirflfllllilflfilfiflflWIN\IIIIJHIHHHIII ~

N/ll‘lB/USBEL/E'HSX