:4 y , $1.. . $3.... .s‘... . ..._ ; J. 13,313,.»3» . | . T .551. £2.35; 3. ‘ . . 7 .. .7. . . i. . \‘ $770.7”. «PM . ., 717.7”: 1 a 1x» .. .H, HISTORICAL QUESTIONS, LOGICALLY ARRANGED AND DIVIDED. 3:11;: finmpmtimt-Em tn fiahfimtnn’fi @utlim n1 ‘fiig‘tnrg, BY ROBERT H. LABBERTON. PHEfi’AbELI‘fiiA.’ CLAXTON, RFMDEV 6’; HAFFF LFINGErfi NOS. 319 8; 321 MARKET STREEA 111372.. :L a A A . é-A Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1871, by CLAXTON, REMSEN & HAFFELFINGER, in the Office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington. STEREOTYPED BY J. FAGAN & SON, PHILADELPHIA. em...,....,,._, mamas; : .. i... am, i. A Wm“. ”I . « x mm.- PREFACE. ’ N COURAGED by the very favorable manner in which the first part of my Historical series (Outlines of History) was received, I felt it to be no less a duty than a pleasure to do all I could to improve its usefulness. Many teachers, acquainted with the practical results accomplished by the author’s method of dictating questions to his pupils, have been very urgent in their demands for a publication of the same. This explains the publication of this book. In this work, as in the Outlines, I have attempted to make a text-book in which the leading facts of History shall be stated in as concise a form as is cori- sistent with clearness and precision. : Although the plan has been strictly adhered to, to exclude all such matter as properly belongs to a book of reference, nevertheless it was indispensable to introduce such details as were necessary to show the connection between the great events. For history differs from most other studies in this, that the most perfect knowledge of the main facts is entirely secondary to the knowledge of their mutual bearing upon each other. I have, therefore, endeavored to avoid presenting the student with a mere string of separate facts, and to View the subject as a whole— as the CRYSTALLIZED THOUGHT OF GOD. Outlines, questions, and atlas are designed to supply a long acknowledged want in our educational literature—a general history of moderate size, free from sectarian and party prejudice, containing the result of the researches of the best historians, tracing more particularly the development of the Christian Church, and bringing out prominently the great benefactors of mankind, the truly classic authors. And not only authors, but great artists are also carefully oted; for author and artist are the true mirrors which show us the reflected image of the times in which they lived. For always, when an art predominates, the contemporary mind contains its essential elements; whether, as in the arts of poetry and music, these consist of ideas or of sentiments; 0r, as‘in sculpture and painting, they consist of colors or of forms. Everywhere art and intelligence encounter each other, and this is why the first expresses the second, and the second extends and improves the first. ROBERT H. LABBERTON. PHILADELPHIA, July, 1871. iii \%Q\’><‘K% ,-, . f. _ _“r. L Ms”: M»; M MMM HISTORY AND ITS GENERAL DIVISIONS. ANCIENT HISTORY. A. EASTERN HISTORY. First Period. —— Chaldcean Ascendency. QUEST. 23. CHALDEA .......... . ........... . ............. . ..... . EGYPT .................... . ........................... I. Old Empire II. Middle Empire III. New Empire ..... . ........... ........ ...... 81: 88. Second Period—Egyptian Ascendency. 92. EGYPT POLITICAL 119 EGYPT SOCIAL........................ 2 Religion ........... . ............ ........... 3 131. Government 3 13 . Science ................... ........................ 3 146. Art ......................................... .. .. ....... 4 150. Hieroglyphics ...................................... 4 165. Chronological Review of the First and Second Periods of Eastern History. Third Period. — Assyrian Ascendency. ,ASSYRIA ................................. ...... . lst division, 1700—1250 B. c ..... ....... 2d division, 1250—745 BC 3d division, 745—625 B. c Assyria social ............ ........... . ............ PH(ENICIA 5 181. 5 5 5 5 6 CANAAN 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 188. 199. 224. 251. The heroes of Israel, 1491— 1095 15.0 United Israel, 1095—975 B. C Divided Israel. 975 B. c ......................... . The Prophets of Israel 263. 270. 279. 288. 298. 310. 325. 338. Chronological Review of the First, Second, and Third Periods of Eastern History. ROME Fourth Period. ~— CONTENTS. QUEST. 353. 859. 372. 387. MEDIA............ ........... . ...... LYDIA BABYLONIA EGYPT ..................................... . .......... .. The Four Great Powers. Fifth Period.—— The Persian Ascendency. 398. 412. 430. 435. 445. 463. 489. 494. 497. 504. 516. 520. 523. 531. 547. CYRUS ............................... . ......... . ....... . ............... CAMBYSESu DARIUS I., IIYSTASPES The restoration of the mona1chy The organization of the monarchy ........ The Scythian expedition ................. . The Ionian revolt ............................. .. XERXES I ARTAXERXES I TIIE THREE SONS 0F ARTAXERXES I ARTAXERXES IL, DINEIVION ARTAXERXES III., OCIIUS ARSES. .................. BABIES III., CODONIANVUS Recupitulatlon of the Persian History FINAL BECAPITULATION 01“ THE FIRST TABLE. 8. GREEK HISTORY. First Period. — The Dawn. .THE RACE ....... . ........ ...... . .................. THE LAND The Hellenes on the coast of Asia Minor... The Hellenes on the mainland of Europe" Divisions of Greece .............................. The principal Gleek t0wn5.. The Hellenes on the islands of the E. Med- iterranean The Greek colonies The Colonies to the East of Greece The colonies to the West of Greece an“; ' THE MIGRATIONS THE GREEK STATES BEFORE THE STRUGGLE WITH PERSIA .......... . ..... Division and Unity 9 9 9 9 9 10 10 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 11 QUEST. 683. 689 703. 709. 717. 724. 733. 746. 780. 786. 793. 814. 844. 859. 872. 885. 897. 905. 933. The three principal States Argos............. ................................ Sparta ....... . ............ . ...................... Athens The royal period The aristocratical period. The oligarcl).y................ Salon’s legislation The Pisistratidos at Athens“ Pythagora5... 764. Chronological Review of the First Period of Gr eek History. Second Period. -- The Glory. THE PERSIAN WARS .......................... . The defensive war against the Persians..... General Summary The first attempt in 492 B. c The second attempt in 490 B. C.......... ..... The third attempt in 480 B. c ..... . ........... The aggressive war against the Persians Sparta loses the leadership of the war The confederacy of Delos The Empire of Athens 05traeism.. Pericles ..... Phidias Literature Chronological Review of the First and Second Periods of Greek History. 16 16 17 Third Period. —— The Decline. THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR Athens on the eve of the war General summary The ten years’ war The hollow peace The Sicilian expedition The Decelian war The historians of the warm. ................. Thucydz'des .......................... . ............ Xenophon vi QUEST. PAGE THE SPARTAN HEGEMONY .................. 21 1045. ‘The thirty tyrants ............................... 21 1063. The retreat of the 10,000 ........ . ............ 21 1082. The consequences of the expedition ........ 21 1088. The Corinthian war ............................. 21 1100. The Olynthian war ............................ .. 22 1110. The war between Thebes and Sparta ........ 22 THE MACEDONIAN SUPREMACY ........... 22 1122. Philip of Macedon .............................. 22 1132. The Phocian war ................................. 22 1149. The Locrian war ................................. 22 THE LITERARY HISTORY DURING THE SECOND AND THIRD PERIODS ...... 23 1161. The three great tragic poets .................. 23 1172. The three great historians .................... 23 1182. The four great philosophers ................ .. 23 1214. The two great orators .......................... 23 1226. Chronological Review of the First, Second, and Third Periods of Greek History ............ 24 Fourth Periocl.—— The Fall. ALEXANDER THE GREAT....... .. 24 1267. Education and accession ...................... . 24 1278. The conquest of Persia ........................ 24 1291. The Indian campaign ........................... 25 1302. Alexander’s last year ......................... . 25 THE SUCCESSORS OF ALEXANDER ...... 25 1315. The regents ....................................... 25 1327. The civil war ..................................... 25 THE FINAL DIVISION OF ALEXANDER S EMPIRE ....................................... 26 1347. General survey ................ . ........ . ......... 26 The three empires .............................. 26 1352. lilacea’onia ........................................ 26 1357. Asia, or the Empire of the Seleucidae ........ 26 1360. Egypt, or the Empire of the Ptolemies..... 26 The thI ee principal states of the 2d rank 26 1385. Atropatene ......................................... 26 1389. Galatia .......................................... 2 1392. Pergamus ........................................ 26 The three cont’ederacies ....................... 27 1398. The Etolian confederacy ..................... 27 1401. The Acheean confederacy ..................... 27 1405. The mercantile cities ........................... 27 1415. FINAL RECAPITULATION OF THE SECOND TABLE. C O N T E N T S. C. ROMAN HISTORY. 1. Race and Soil. QUEST. PAGE 1476. THE IMMIGRANTS .............................. 28 1489. ITALY ................................................ 28 1497. THE INDIGENOUS RACES OF ITALY.. 28 1512. THE NEW SETTLEMENTS .................... 29 II. The History of the Roman C'mnonun'tty. (2. DEVELOPMENT OF THE ROMAN CONSTITUTION. 1538. THE CITY OF THE RA\I\'ES ................. 29 THE SEVEN KINGS OF RONIE ............... 29 1548. The regal office ............................. 29 1557. The seven kings of Rome ..................... 29 1576. Rome and Latium ............................... 30 The reformed constitution of Servius Tullius ......................................... 30 1588. Origin of the Ptebeians ....................... . 30 1600. Plebeians admitted to military service ........ 30 1606. Formation of the a; my ....................... 80 THE POLITICAL REVOLUTION OF 510 B. C 31 The expulsion of the kings ................... 31 1626. The history ...................................... 31 1633. The legend ...................................... . 31 1651. The two consuls ................................. 31 1658. The dictator ....................................... 31 1665. The assembly of the militia .................. 31 1674. Patricians and plebeians ....................... 31 THE SOCIAL REVOLUTION OF 495 AND 31 494 13.0 ............................................ 31 1681. The secession to the Sacred Mount ........ 31 1698. The tIibunes of the multitude .............. . 32 1704. The struggle between patricians and ple— beians ........................................... 32 1713. The first Agrarian law In 486 ................ 2 THE LEGAL REVOLUTION. ....... . .......... 32 1721. The law of the XII. Tables .................. . 32 1733. Fall of the Decemvirs .......................... 32 EQUALIZATION OF THE PATRICIANS AND PLEBEIANS ........................... 32 1741. The plebeian aristocracy and the Tribunate 32 1750. The military tribunes with consular power 32 1758. The Licinian rogations ....................... . 33 1775. The Senate ........................................ 33 )5. DEVELOPMENT OF THE ROMAN TERRITORY. QUEST. 1779. CONSOLIDATION 0F LATIUM ............. . 1791. THE WARS BETWEEN ROME AND VEII 1807. THE BURNING OF ROME .................... THE CONSOLIDATION OF CENTRAL ITALY ........................................ 1830. Latins and Samnites ............................ The wars between Rome and Samnium.. 1845. General Summary ............................. 1851. The first Samnite 20hr ......................... 1864. The great Latin war ........................... 1878. The twelve years’ peace ........................ 1887. Second, or great Samnite uar 1904. The third Samnite war ................ . ........ III. The History of the Roman State. PAGE 33 33 33 34 34 34 34 34 . 34 First Period.—- The Heroic Age of Rome. 1975. 1993. 2005. 2020. 2029. 2041. 2049. 2059. 2064. 2071. 2080. 2089. 2098. 2106. 2114. 2126. 2135. RHUS ............................................ THE PUNIC WARS ................................ Rome and Carthage in 263 3.0. ..... . ........ General summary ........................ First Punic war ................................ The cause ........................................ The beginning of hostilities ................... . Duilius ........................................... Regulus .......... . ............................... Lutatius .......................................... Recapitulation ................................... Results ............................................ The twenty-three years’ peace between Rome and Carthage ....................... The foundation of the provincial system... Growth of the Carthaginian power in Spain The second Punic war Summary ......................................... Hannibal’s victorious career .................. The second and third epochs .................. The fourth and fifth epochs ................... The peace ......................................... (750-200 B. o.) 35 35 36 36 36 36 36 36 37 37 37 37‘ 37* 38 38 i 38 38 38 Chronological Review of Roman History, Second Period. —Rome the Umpire of the Nations. ansr. . PAGE THE FIFTY YEARS’ PEACE BETWEEN ROME AND CARTHAGE General summary of events The Macedonian wars The war with Antiochus the Great The Spanish war The birth of Latin Literature. ............... THE TIMES OF SCIPIO MINOR The third Punic war Scipio Minor The Greek-Macedonian war Viriathus ........ . ................................. The Roman dominion at the close of the Punic wars THE GRACCHI Social condition of Rome 133 B. 0... .. Tiberius Gracchus Cains Gracchus Social condition of Rome after the Grac- 2203. 2215. 2243. 2265. 2275. 2292. 2308. 2320. 2331. 2342. 2356. 2364. 2374. 2385. THE JUGURTHINE WAR... ............ . ..... 2394. Jugurtha 2410. 2424. THE WAR WITH THE CIMBRI AND TEUTONES .......................... . ....... .. 2444. Chronological Review of Roman History, (750-100 B. C.) ........................... Third Period. — The Civil Wars. GENERAL SURVEY OF THE PERIOD... Character of the period General Summary. . SULLA The Mar-sic, or social war" Marius and Sulla The Marian party and Sulla... The war against Sertorius 2507. 2524. 2535. 2560. 2587. 2605. 2620. The rise of Pompey The three wars against Mithradates Mithradates. . .................... . ............... Thefirst Mithradatic war.............. .. The second Mithradatic war 2645. 2656. 2666. 2674. 2785. 2800. 2811. 2821. 283' . Catiline’s conspiracy Cato, Cicero, and Caesar Caesar and Pompey The Pompeian party and Casar W or in Egg/pt W or with Pharnaces lVar in Africa......... ........................ Second war in Spain ......................... Caesar’s triumph and death OCTAVIAN. ...................................................... The civil war of Mutina The second triumvirate Civil war between the Oligarchy and the Republicans ............ . .............. . ....... . The Perusian war 52 FINAL RECAPITULATION OF THE THIRD 2856. 2898. 2907. 2916. 2924. 2936. TABLE. Chronological Review of Roman History, (750-30 B. C.) D. TH E EMPIRE. First Period.—— The Golden Age of Literature. THE CONSTITUTION OF THE EMPIRE... The Emperor The Senate ......................................... The Magistracies The Empire THE FIVE EMPERORS OF THE JULIAN HOUSE Augustus . The reign of Augustus........... The contemporaries of Augustus General summary Vi7 gilu Caligula .................. . ......................... Claudius ......................................... Nero" 54 54 54 vii PAGE. Roman literature from the death of Au- gustusm to the death of. New Seneca" Persius THE THREE EMPERORS PROCLAIMED BY THE LEGIONS THE THREE FLAVII ................ Vespasian Roman literature during the period of the Flavii Chronological Review of the First Period of the Empire. Second Period. — The Golden Age of the Empire. THE THREE STATESMEN Nerva ........... . Trajan Hadrian Classical literatme dunng the reigns of Trajan and Hadrian Tacitus. 3190. 3197. 3208. 3219. 3230. 3237. THE THREE ANTONINES , Antoninus Pius ...... . ............................ Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Commodus Condition of the Empire towards the close of the third century... Classical literature during the pe77od of the Antonznes. Ptolemy... . . Pausam‘as.. Lucian" Galen... .. . .. . . Diogenes Laertius Chronological Review of the First and Second _1’eriods of the F/mpire. 3247. 3250. 3261. 3274. , viii Third Period. —— The General Decline. Quzsr. PAGE 3348. CHARACTER OF THIS PERIOD THE ATTEMPTS TO CONFINE THE SUCCESSION TO THE HOUSE OF SEVERUS Pertinax Didius Julianus Septimius Severus Caracallus Macrinus ...................................... Elagabalus Alexander Severus THE CONTEST BETWEEN THE SENATE AND THE LEGIONS Maximin and his rivals 3355. 3361. 3369. 3382. 3392. 3399. 3407. 3415. 3428. 3434. 3439. Decius THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH, AND ITS EARLY TRIALS AND SUFFERINGS THE TIMES OF THE THIRTY TYRANTS Gallus ............................................... Emilian 3464. 3472. 3475. 3485. 3491. The thirty tyrants ............................ .. Palmyra THE PARTIAL RECOVERY OF THE EM- 3508. 3518. 3524. 3532. 3541. FINAL RECAPITULATION OF THE FOURTH TABLE. . 3550. Chronological Review of Roman History. HISTORY AND ITS GENERAL DIVISIONS. MEDIEVAL HISTORY. A. THE TRIUMPH 0F CHRISTIANITY. First Period.—— The Conversion of the Empire. 3620. GENERAL CHARACTER OF THE PERIOD 68 THE TIMES OF DIOCLETIAN v CONTENTS. PAGE The Empire during the presidency of 69 Diocletian The empire after Diocletian’s abdication. THE TIMES OF CONSTANTINE THE QUEST. 3637. 69 3653. 69 69 69 70 3662. 3682. The reforms of Constantine The conversion of Constantine THE DESCENDANTS OF CONSTANTINE. 70 The sons of Constantine 70 Julian and Jovian 70 THE FAMILY OF VALENTINIAN I 71 Valentinian I., and Valens 71 Gratian, etc., in the West. —»- Theodosius in the East 3697. 3719. 3735. 3749. 71 72 Recapitulation of the reign of Theodosius 72 Theodosius and the Church Chronological Review of the First Period of the First Division of Mediaaval History. 3763. 3774. 798. Second Period. — The Foundation of the Latin Church. 3810. DIVISIONS AND SUBDIVISIONS OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE THE BARBARIANS Alarie king of the Visigoths Gense1ic king of the Vandals ......... . ..... Attila king of the Huns THE RESULTS OF THE GREAT MIGRA- 3821. 3837. 3854. 3871. Recapitulation of the migrations The settlements of the barbarians 3876. 3880. 3885. 3888. 3891. 3894. In Africa In Italy In Weslern Illyricum In Britain THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH 3899. The Latin Church 3914. The Greek Church 3923. Chronological Review of the First and Second Pe- riods of the First Division ofMedioeval History. Third Period. —— The Conversion of the Barbarians. Qunsr. THE FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE..... The fall Review of the Empire THE BARBARIAN EMPIRES IN ITALY... The Italian Empire of Odoacer ..... . ........ The Empire of the Ostrogoths in Italy.... The Goths and their divisions ................. 76 The reign of Theodoric 76 Th eodori’c 7 6 Theodm-ic’s contemporaries ........................... 76 76 The successors of Theodoric The Byzantine dominion in Italy 77 The Eastern Empire...., ......... . ............ 77 The Exarchate of Ravenna 77 The Empire of the Longobards 77 The Longobards 77 ' 78 78 78 78 78 78 PAM: 75 75 75 76 76 76 3936. 3945. 3955. 3965. 3980. 3995. 4007. 4027. 4041. 4049. 4053. 4063. The successors of Alboin THE EMPIRES IN AFRICA The Vandel Empire in Africa The Byzantine dominion in Africa THE EMPIRES IN SPAIN The Vandal Empire in Southern Spain... The Suevic Empire The Visigothic Empire THE EMPIRES IN GAUL The Burgundian Empire The Empire of the Franks under the Merovingians ................. . ............. The Franks and their divisions Clovis ........ . .......................... . ......... 4153. The successors of Clovis 41 70. The Major—damas- FINAL RECAPIT‘ULATION OF THE FIFTH TABLE. Chronological Review of the First Division of Medioeval Histm‘y. B. THE RISE OF ISLAM. First Period.—Islam Victorious. MOHAMMED _ Mohammed and Arabia... . . Mohammed’s religion........................... 4068. 4076. 4081. 4085. 4090. 4106. 4117. 4130. 4189. 4247. 4276. QUEST. 4292. 4294. 4302. Mohammed and the world Chosroes Heraclius 83 THE FIRST FOUR CALIPHS 83 The war against the unbelievers 83 The war among themselves ......... . ......... 84 THE OMMAIAD CALIPHS 84 The founder of the race 84 The internal regulations 84 Greatest extent of the caliphate 84 The Arabs in Gaul 85 THE SAXONS IN BRITAIN The settlements of the Saxons The laws of Ina The venerable Bede. St. Boniface Chronological Review of the First Period of the Second Division of Mediwval History. 4310. 4328. 4345. 4356. 4365. 4390. 4397. 4409. 4418. 4427. 4437. . Second Period. — Islam Checked. 4468. THE WORLD AT THE BEGINNING OF THE EIGHTH CENTURY 4483. RETROSPECT OF THE HISTORY OF THE EMPIRE OF THE FRANKS THE FINAL DIVISION OF ISLAM .......... 87 The destruction of the Ommaiads.- ....... 87 The division of the Empire of the Caliphs 87 Character of the Arabic invasions THE FINAL DIVISION OF CHRISTEN— 4500. 4507. 4520. 4525. The Iconoclasts 4535. Alcuin 4540. Chronological Review of the First and Second Periods of the Second Division of Mediwval History. Third Period. -— Consolidation of the West. THE RESTORATION OF THE EMPIRE OF THE WEST 4570. Charlemagne 4599. Louis the Pious FINAL RECAPITULATION OF THE SIXTH TABLE. Chronological Review of the Second Division of Medioeval History. 461 9. CONTENTS. C. THE THREE ATTEMPTS TO UNITE CHRISTENDOM. First Attempt—By the Carlovingians. QUEST. THE TREATY OF VERDUN The reasons which led to it 4666. The treaty 4689. The breaking of the treaty 4694. THE LAST ATTEMPTS TO UNITE THE CARLOVINGIAN EMPIRE 4661. ‘4700. INTELLECTUAL CONDITION OF THE EMPIRE UNDER THE LATER CARLOVINGIANS LATIN CHRISTIANITY AFTER THE FI- NAL DIVISION OF 888 A.D.... ..... 4720. The final division of the Carlovingian 4725. 4751. 4770. 4778. Germany, or the East-Franconian Empire Italy ............ . ................................. Burgundy France, or the West-Franconian Empire... Anglia, or the Anglo~Saxon kingdoms in Britain... .. The destruction of the heplarchg/ The consolidation of England The Church at the beginning of the tenth century 4830. Chronological Review of the First Period of the Third Division of Mediwval History. 4790. 4798. 4813. Second Attempt. ——By the German Emperors. 88 i 4848. THE NORMANS THE GERMAN EMPIRE The Saxon Line ~ Henry the Fowler Otto the Great .................. . ............... . Luitprand ........................................ Summary of the history of the Saxon Em- perors ........................ . ................ The Salic Line ............................ .. ..... Conrad [L..... ................ . .......... . ..... . Henry III. ...................... . ...... ' ....... FRANCE ‘ The extinctioniof the Carlovingian race in France ......... . ..... ................. . 4878. 4893. 4926. 4933. 4970. 4985. 5000. QUEST. 5014. 5027. The first three Capetians The feudal system ENGLAND Consolidation of England Supremacy of the Danes in England....... The restoration of the Anglo-Saxon dy- nasty .......................................... 100 5088. THE CHURCH IN THE MIDDLE OF THE ELEVENTH CENTURY .................... 100 5103. Chronological Review of the First and Second Periods of the Third Division of filediceval History. Third Attempt. ——Bg/ the Papacy. EMANCIPATION OF THE PAPACY The rise of spiritual power Hildebrand —— Gregory VII The College of Cardinals ..................... 101 Pope Gregory VII Pope against Emperor The civil war The triumph of the Papacy The Papacy and the Princes of the Ein- 5046. 5064. 5081 . 101 THE NORMAN CONQUEST OF ENG— LAND .................................... . ...... Retrospect of English History The Norman Conquest Normandy and the Normans... .. The N07 man and the Saxon party in England William’s claim 5248. The invasion of Ilarald Hardrada ......... 104 5256. The conquest of England FINAL RECAPITULATION 0F THE SEVENTH TABLE. Review of the Third Division of Mediwval History. 5198. 5215. 5225. 5237. 5280. D. CHRISTENDOM AGAINST ISLAM. Age of the Crusades. First Period. — The Real Crusades. RETROSPECT ..... . ................................ 5363. The rise and spread of Islam 5376. 5386. 5398. 5407. 5417. 5433. 5454. 5468. 5491. 5514. 5534. 5551. 5558. 5575. 5602. 5612. 5631. 5649. 5675. 5691. 5712. 5723. 5740. 5753. 5783. 5798. 5804. 5819. 5835. 5869. 5895. Islam and Christendom ......................... 106 The Papacy ....................................... 106 Regeneration of Islam ......................... 106 The awakening of Christendom ............. 107 THE CRUSADES ................................... 107 First Crusade ..................................... 107 The gathering .................................... 107 The irregular can ......................... 108 The regular army .............................. 108 From Constantinople to Jerusalem ......... 108 The sources for the history of the first Crusade ........................................ 109 Between the first and second Crusades... 109 Jerusalem under the two brothers ............ 109 Baldwin II., the hero—hing .................. 110 The Sultanate of Mosul ....................... 110 Intellectual regeneration of Europe ......... 110 IVhat led to the second Crusade .............. 111 Second Crusade .................................. 11] To Constantinople .............................. 111 The campaign in Asia ......................... 111 Jerusalem after the departure of the Cru- saders ......................................... 112 Chronological Review of the First Period of the Fourth Division of Mediwval History. Second Period. — Barbarossa. Recapitulatlon of the Emperors. THE REIGN OF LOTHAR THE SAXON.... 113 THE HOHENSTAUFEN .......................... 113 Conrad III ........................................ 113 Conrad III. and Henry the Proud ......... 113 Guelphs and Ghibellines ...................... 113 Conrad’s crusade and death ................... 114 Barbarossa ........................................ 114 The first Italian campaign .................... 114 The second Italian campaign ................. 115 The great schism of 1159 ..................... 115 The third Italian journey ..................... 115 The fourth Italian campaign ................. 115 The fifth Italian campaign .................... 116 The fall of Henry the Lion ........... . ...... 117 The sixth Italian journey ..................... 117 ISLAM DURING THE REIGN OF BAR- BAROSSA ................................... 118 5915. 5930. 5949. 5960. 5985. 5998. 6009. 6022. 6043. 6053. 6067. 6081 . 6094. 6113. 6152. 6167. 6175. 6193. 6206. 6216. 6235. 6266. 6288. 6332. 6352. 6362. 6382. 6404. 6429. 6442. 6449. CONTENTS. Saladin ............................................. 118 Scholar and soldier ............................. 118 Viceroy in Egypt .............................. 118 Ruler of the East .............................. 118 Champion of the faith ......................... 119 The third Crusade ............... . ..... . ........ 119 The arming of the West ....................... 119 The counter—preparations of the East ...... 120 The siege of Ptolemais .......................... 120 Death of Barbarossa .......................... 120 Richard Caur de Lion. 120 Preparations. 121 The fall of Ptoleniai Ascalon ..................... 121 Joppa ..................... . Captivity 122 Chronological and Genealogical Review of the First and Second Periods of the Fourth Di- vision of Medicaid History. Third Period. -— Glory and Fall of the Papac'y. THE LAST CRUSADES .......................... 123 Preparations for the fourth Crusade ...... 123 The Crusaders and their historian ........... 123 The transportation treaty ..................... 123 Zara ............................................. 123 The fourth Crusade .................. ...... 123 The Latin conquerors ........................ .. 124 The dzvision of the spoil ....................... 124 The Crusade against the Albigenses“ ....... 124 Innocent III .................................... 124 The dissenters ................................... 125 The Benedictines ................................ 125 The Crusade ..................................... 126 The fifth CI usade ................................ 127 The Children’s Crusade ....................... 127 King Andrew’s Crusade ...................... 127 The expedition of Damietta ................... 127 The Crusade of Emperor Frederick II”... 128 The sixth Crusade ............................... 128 The seventh and last Crusade .............. 129 GENERAL RESULTS OF THE CRUSADES 129 Political consequences ......................... 129 Consequences to trade, etc ................... 129 REVIEW OF THE CRUSADES.. .............. 129 The real Crusades ........ . ....... . ..... . ..... . 129 6463. QUEST. 6475. 6496. The later Crusades Dschingis-Khau .............................. .................................. THE HISTORY OF THE PRINCIPAL EUROPEAN STATES 6509. 6522. 6532. 6540. 6565. 6576. 6595. 6627. 6636. 6640. 6669. 6676. 6680. 6685. 6689. 6697. 6702. 6716. 6721. 6755. 6763. 6771. 6779. 6790. 6813. 6825. 6853. 6883. 6908. DURING THE PERIOD or THE CRUSADES. ENGLAND ............................................ The race of the Conqueror William II., (Rufus) Henry 1., (Beauclerc) ........................ Stephen of Blois ....... . ........ . ........ . ..... . The first Plantagenets .......................... Henry II ., (Shortmantle) ..................... Richard I., (Caeur de Lion) John Lackland ................................. Henry III.. ( Winchester) ..................... Edward I., (Longshanks) Character of his reign ................................... Conquest of Wales ............................. .. Edward I. and Scotland FRANCE ............................................ The reign of the first Capets Hugh Capet................. Robert ....................... . .................... IIenry I ........................................... Philip I .......................................... France during the administration of Ab- bot Suger .................................... Lewis VI .................................... Lewis VII ................................ . ...... The foundation of the feudal monarchy. Philip II., (Augustus) .......... . ...... Lewis VIII Lewis [11’ Philip III..... . .. . . THE EMPIRE ....................................... Emperor Henry VI ..... . ...... ‘ ................. Recapitulation... Return of Henry the Lion Bardewyclc ....................................... First Italian expedition... The Lion’ s fall" Second Italian expedition and death Emperor Otto IV ................................ Anti—Emperor of Philip .............. Sole Emperor .................................... Emperor Frederick IL. Frederick II. and Innocent III .................... .................. ................................ ................. ..................................... 134 QUEST. 6918. 6919. 6939. 6953. 6980. 6986.- 6998. 7007. PAGE Frederick II. and Honorius III............ 138 Frederick II. and Gregory IX .............. 138 Frederick II. and Innocent IV... 139 Frederick II. as Regent... 139 Conrad IV... The Interregnum..... .. .. .. . Rudolf of Habsburg... 140 Adolf of Nassau” ... 140 THE SICILIAN KINGDOM" .. ... 140 Conrad. ................. .. .................. 140 Manfred ..... ......... . ................ Charles of Anjou .......... ..... . ......... FINAL RECAPITULATION OF THE EIGHTH TABLE. 140 140 7013 7027. 7036. 7056. c 7143. History and its General Divisions. MODERN HISTORY. A. THE FORMATION OF DISTINCT NATIONALITIES. First Period. —~During the Anglo-Scotch Struggle. THE ANGLO- SCOTCH STRUGGLE. Retrospect... ... ... ... The Aug 10- Scotch war... ........... . ......... .. The cause ............. ..................... First Period. — Success of the English... Second Period. — Reverses of the English Recapitulation... ENGLAND... Edward 1., (Lonoshanks) Edward II. ,(Caernarvon) FRANCE Retrospect Philip IV., (the Fair) The Flemish war and its consequences End of the Templars The three sons of Philip the Fair Louis X, (Hutin) 'Philzp V., (the Toll) Charles IV. (the Fair THE GERMAN EMPIR The house of Habsburg ‘ Albert I. ............................. . .......... 147 The house of Luxemburg ...... . .............. .143 143 143 143 143 144 145 .. 145 145 145 146 146 146 146 146 146 146 7163. 7173. 7181. 7219. 7233. 7248. 7264. 7283. 7290. 7304. 7322. 7328. 7334. 7340. CONTENTS. Qossr. 7350. PAGE Henry VII............... ............. ..... .. 147 The houses of Bavaria. and Hamburg..." 147 Louis IV. and Frederick ...... 3 ..... . ........ 147 ITALY . 147 7362. The times of Dante ............ .. ......... ....... 147 7396. Chronological Review of the First Period of the First Division of'fllodern History. 7356. Second Period.——During the Anglo-French Struggle. THE ANGLO—FRENCH STRUGGLE......... 148 Retrospect . 148 The cause....... 149 149 First Period.»- The times of the Black Prince........ .......... .... ....... ......... The Flemish war - Slug/3... ... The Brittany war - 02 epy .............. . ............. The Aquitaman war— Poitiers .................. ... The Casttlian war—~Naj aro Second Periodr— The times of Du Guesclin Third Period —~ The general exhaustion. ... Fourth Period. —-—The times of Henry V. and Bedford.. ... .. ... ...... Fifth Period. — The Final .Expulsion. The Maid of Orlean3.. The Tr eaty of A2 2 as 152 Retrospect of the war........ 152 The historians of the war....... ....... 152 Froissart" 152 Monstrelet 153 ENGLAND ...................... . ........... . ........ . 153 Edward 111., (Windsor) 153 ..................... 153 The government ........................... 153 English literature Origin of the English language............ .. Mandeville Wycklifi‘en Gower. Uhaucew Richard 11., (Bordeaux) Henry IV Henry V ........................... . ..... ....... ..... Henry VI ....................................... FRANCE ............................ . ................. Philip VI ............. . .......................... .. 155 John 7415. 7427. 149 149 149 150 150 150 151 7438. 7442. 7463. 7481. 7492. 7515 7522. 151 152 7567. 152 7583. 7606. 7614. 7626. H5505 It” 55“ so. nun... . a In. I 7631. 7642. 7655. 7661. 7666. 7672. 707 8. 7687. 7712 7719 729. 154 154 154 154 154 7735. 7747. xi QUEST. 7771. 7780. 7 800. PAGE Charles V. ............ .... 156 Charles VI........... ......... . ................... . 156 Charles VIIa.u.n.-..u..u ...................... 157 BURGUNDY. ... . ............ ..... ....... . .......... 157 The formation of the Burgundian Empire 157 The Anglo Burgundian ulliance...... ....... 157 15111 gundy undei Philip the Good ...... 157 GERMANY 158 The Empire........ .. 158 The Imperial ofiice...... . . 158 The Emperors. 158 Charles I 77.. 158 Wenceslaus . 158 158 158 158 158 7812. 7821. 7826. 7832. 7841. 7849. 7852. 7855. 7871. 7875. 7883. 150 The three forest cantons.............v. ......... 159 The two ues of Up pper Germany. ... .. 159 THE ITALIAN PENINSULA ........ . ....... .. The Pope . ............................ Intellectual condition of 1taly........ ....... Rienzi ...... . ....................................... . Chronological Review of the First and Second Periods of the First Division of Modern History. Third Period.—— During the IVar of the Roses. THE WAR OF THE ROSES. ... .. ... ... .160 Retrospect. .... ... .. ... ... ... 160 The decline of the house of Lancaster. .. 161 Beaufort and Gloucester Jack Code .................................. 161 The house of York ............... . .............. 161 The War of the Roses.. ......................... 161 First Period. —-— The times of York Second Period. -— The times of Warwick.. 162 Third Period. —- The times of Gloucester” 102 Recapitulalion of the war ....... . ............. 163 FRANCE AND BURGUNDY ‘ Charles VII ...... . .................... Condition of France Anjou ........... . Burgundy .. The king of France.. ........................... 163 7890. 7900. 7910. 7923. 7949. 7957. 7972. ... .. .. .. 7983. 7999. 8012. 8022. 8043. 8056. 8077. 8088. 8094. 8103. 8114. o ........................... on... xii QUEST. PAGE Louis XI ........................................... 163 8120. Character ........................................ 163 8124. League for the public good ................... 164 8142. Charles the Bold ................................ 164 8178. Burgundy absorbed ............................ 165 8192. Charles VIII ...................................... 165 ENGLAND ........................................... 165 8204. Henry VI .......................................... 165 8222. Edward IV ......................................... 166 8235. Edward V .......................................... 166 8241. Richard III ........................................ 166 8245. Henry VII ......................................... 166 8256. Caxton ............................................ 166 GERMANY .......................................... 166 8265. Geographical view of the Empire ........... 167 8301. Emperor Frederick III ........................ 167 THE PENINSULA OF THE PYRENEES... 168 8313. The three races .................................. 168 8322. The five kingdoms .............................. 168 8384. ITALY ................................................. 168 THE OTTOMAN TURKS ........................ 169 8352. The rise of the Ottoman power .............. 169 8367. Endeavors of the Turks to conquer the West ........................................... 169 8387. FINAL RECAPITULATION OF THE NINTH TABLE. B. THE AGE OF THE GREAT DISCOVERIES. The Great Discoveries. 8474. GENERAL OBSERVATIONS ......... . ......... 171 PORTUGUESE DISCOVERIES. 8491. PRINCE HENRY 0F PORTUGAL ......... 171 8501. VASCO DE (IADIA .......................................... 172 8514. ALBUQUERQUE 172 8520. TIIE EMPIRE OF THE PORTUGUESE..... 172 SPANISH DISCOVERIES. COLUMBUS 172 8529. Struggles .......................................... 172 8536. First voyage ....................................... 172 8544. The three subsequent voyages ............... 173 8555. THE SPANIARDS AT THE ANTILLES... 173 8565. CORTEZH .... 173 8584. DIAGELLAN'” .............. . ..................................... 173 8589. PIZARRO ........................................ .. ............... 173 8605. THE LINE OF DEMARCATION ..... . ......... 174 CONTENTS. ENGLISH DISCOVERIES. Quzs'r. PAGE 8613. SEBASTIAN CABOT ..................................... 174 The Franco-Italian Wars. DURING THE REIGN or FERDINAND THE CATHOLIC. 8621. THE CAUSE ........ . 174 8632. SAVONAROLA.... 174 THE WARS ........................................... 175 8650. First Period.-——Expedition of Charles VIII ............................................. 175 8661. Second Period. —-Expedition of Louis XII ............................................... 175 8666. Third Period. —Naples lost to France... 175 Fourth Period. ——-The times of Julius II. 175 8673. The Borgias .................................... 175 8682. Julius 11‘ ......................................... 176 8687. The League of Cambray ...................... 176 8692. The Holy League ............................. . 176 8703. Fifth Period—Expedition of Francis I. 176 DURING THE FIRST PART or THE REIGN or EMPEROR CHARLES V. 8711. THE CAUSE ......................................... 176 THE WARS .......................................... 177 8726. The first war between Charles V. and Francis I ....................................... 177 8753. The second war between Charles V. and Francis I ................. . ..................... 177 THE HISTORY or TIIE DIFFERENT NATIONS DURING THIS PERIOD. FRANCE ............................................. 178 8776. Charles VIII ..................................... . 178 8793. Louis XII .......................................... 178 8814. Francis I ........................................... 179 ENGLAND ............................................ 179 The first Tudors ................................. 179 8827. Retrospect ....................................... 179 8840. Henry VII .......................... . ............ 179 8853. Henry VIII ..................................... 179 GERMANY .......................................... 180 8879. Maximilian I ..................................... 180 Charles V .......................................... 180 8890. Ancestry and birth .............................. 180 8910. Indirect government ............................ 181 QUEST. PAGE 8922. The Empire of Charles V. and his claims 181 8938. The Reformation................................ 181 8965. THE SPANISH PENINSULA .................. 182 9006. INTELLECTUAL CONDITION OF EU- ROPE DURING THIS PERIOD ......... 183 9068. FINAL RECAPITULATION OF THE TENTH TABLE. TH E RELIGIOUS WARS. First Period. — The Struggle between the Creeds in Germany and England. THE STRUGGLE IN GERMANY ........... 184 9101. The Reformation becomes political ...... 184 9109. Solyman before Vienna... .184 9120. The Confession of Augsburg .................. 185 9136. Smalcaldian war. ... .185 9163. Closing years of Charles V ..................... 186 THE STRUGGLE IN ENGLAND... . . 186 9175. The divorce. .... 186 9190. SiI Thomas More... . 186 9212. Solway Moss” 186 9231. Cranmer ........................................... . 187 The children of Henry VIII .................. 187 9266. Edward VI. ..................................... 187 9296. Mary ............................................ .188 FRENCH HISTORY DURING THIS PE- RIOD ............................................ 188 9330. Retrospect ......................................... 189 The last two wars between Francis 1. and Charles V ........... .... ..................... 189 9359. The third war ................................... 189 9367. The fourth war ................................. 189 Internal situation ‘of Spain and France during the rivalry of Francis 1. and Charles V .................................... 189 9380. Spain ................... . ........... . ......... 189 9386. France .................................. . ......... 190 9410. Henry II ........................................... 190 9421. Francis II .......................................... 191 THE NORTH DURING THIS PERIOD ...... 191 9428. Retrospect ......................................... 191 9447. The house of Wasa in Sweden ............... 191 9457. The fall of Christian II ........................ 191 9466. The final settlement of the North ........... 192 9481. THE LITERATURE OF THIS PERIOD 192 Chronological and Genealogical Review of the First Period of the Third Division of modern History. Second Period.— The Struggle between the Creeds in France and Holland. PAGE CALVINISM ................. . ....................... The founder of Calvinism The spread of Calvinism THE THREE SONS OF CATHERINE DE MEDICI ..................... . ............... Francis II Charles IX.. ...... . .................... . ........... 194 Henry III ................................ . ......... 194 THE BOURBONS IN FRANCE ’ QUEST. 9519. 9541. 9552. 9566. 9601. 9613. THE RISE OF THE DUTCH REPUBLIC" The beginning of the t1 oubles The administration of Alba The administration of Requesens The paeification of Ghent The separation of the North and South.. ENGLAND DURING THE REIGN OF ELIZABETH. Retrospect Elizabeth ......... . ...... ..................... 1 9638. 9648. 9662. 9672. 9688.196 9699. 9707. 9718. 9744. INTELLECTUAL CONDITION OF EU- ROPE DURING THIS PERIOD 9772. Cervantes ........ . ................................. 9784. 9803. 9823. Third Period—During the Catholic Reaction. 9829. THE CATHOLIC REACTION ENGLAND.... ..... . ............................. James I ................. ........................ FRANCE Henry . Louis XIII . GERMANY Retrospect......... Spenser Gregorian style ............. . ........ . ............ 9835. 9845. 9866. 9870. unocoo-nouoono-no-u nu..- CONTENTS PAGE The organization of the great religious parties for political purposes The Cleve succession. INTELLECTUAL CONDITION "OF EU- QUEST. 9878. 199 9892. .199 ROPE“ .200 Shakspeare....n...n..... .. . 200 Lopez de Vega...... . 200 Galilei................. . . . 200 9912. 9923. 9933. Fourth Period. —— The Times of the Thirty Years’ lVar. THE THIRTY YEARS’ WAR Cause” General summary" .. .. . The Bohemian- Palatine war.. 200 The Danish war... . 201 Result of the conquest of Northern Ger- many” 201 The Swedish w.ar. . 201 The French war 202 Peace of Westphalla 202 FRANCE DURING THE THIRTY YEARS’ 202 202 203 200 . 200 Louis XIII ..................................... .. Louis XIV ENGLAND DURING YEARS’ WAR Charles I The political troubles ......................... The religious troubles ........................ The first civil war The second civil war......... .. . The Commonwealth Cromwell... . First Anglo— —Dutch war General character of Cromwell’s adminis- tration.. . 204 Richard Cromwell 205 FRANCE DURING THE PERIOD OF THE ENGLISH COMMONWEALTH INTELLECTUAL CONDITION OF EU- ROPE DURING THE FIRST HALF OF THE 17TH CENTURY... . 205 10323. FINAL BECAPITULATION OF THE ELEV- ENTH AND TWELFTH TABLES. THE THIRTY 203 203 203 203 203 . 204 204 . 204 204 10151. 10171. 1017 8. 1020 2.. 10214. 10230. 10243. 10251. 10257. 205 10279. C. THE SUCCESSION WARS. The Age of Louis X1 7. First Period.— The Glorious Part of the Q Reign of Louis XIV. UEST. 10375. THE CONDITION OF FRANCE THE WARS OF LOUIS XIV General summary The war of devolution John de Witt The war with Holland Position of Louis XIV. after the peace of Nimwegen .......................... . ........ ENGLAND Charles II Administration of Clarendon Second Anglo-Dutch war Intellectual condition of England during this period The beginning of the English succession troubles James II ....................................... . William and Mary NORTH— EASTERN EUROPE DURING THIS PERIOD The Great Elector Administration PAGE 10398. 10404. 10423. 10443. 10496. 10654. 10664. 10690. Second Period. — The English Succession Troubles. THE WAR OF THE LEAGUE OF AUGS— 10703. 10713. 10734. INTELLECTUAL CONDITION OF THIS PERIOD Third Period.—— The Spanish Succession Troubles. THE SPANISH SUCCESSION WAR The Spanish Succession The war 10754. 10768. xiv CONTENTS. 3233; Th 13 b _ S . . ERA or REVOLUTIONS. va- Pm . . e 0111’ OHS 111 p811] . . . __ I .' . 10814. The Gu 91 phs in England . F11 st Pemod. The Ame1 wan Revolutzon. 11778. The Continental system 11792. The peninsular war ........................... 230 y . QUEST- PAGE 11806. The Franco-Austrian war ‘ THTE SCANDchfivg-SliAXONIAlN WARS 2” THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION..... ...... 221 11817. The Franco-Russian war ............... . ..... 10832 1873"“: 011 a1 es 11359. Retrospect .................................... 222 11836. The war of the fifth Coalition 10846' Th: 3625138 of the invaders The causes which led to the Revolution 223 11861. Congress of Vienna .............. . ............ . 4 ' ,,., , . 0 10855. The retaliation of Charles 11,11 11388. The change 271 the govu nment of England 2...?) 11880. The Hundred Days ‘ .' , ., ,. , , ' 21 10869. The misfortunes of Charles JYII 11397. Taxatzon ufthmt 1(}>7esenlat10n 23 11898. FINAL RECAPITULATION OF THE LIFE . ‘ 11410. The Revolution 10884' anal settlement of the No1th 11417. First American Congress ............ . ....... . 0F NAPOLEON' . 'i 3 f0 inde endence EASTERN EUROPE DURING THE Fourth Period. —— 1V alpole’s Ascendency. 11439 FRAA'KveéEE' n war 1- p . . FRENCH REVOLUTION ......... . ........ 232 EASTERN EUROPE 215 11467. Louis XVI ........................... . ........... ' Rus'sia before the absorption of Poland. 232 10899, The Austro-TurkiSh war 215 DENMARK - 119412. Retrospect....................................... 232 The war of the Polish succession 215 11478. Ret10spect 11969. Catharma II ................................... 233 10921. Retrospect of Polish History 215 1148)- Stiuensee ,, 10934_ The deem... of 1733 215 11196 INTELLECTUAL CONDITION ........ . ...... 11919- 10944. The war ............................... . ......... 215 12000- _ _ 12018. The secondparfition 1n 1 793.. .. WESTERN EUROPE............... ............. 216 Second Per1od.— The Tunes of the French 12044. The third pa1t1t1on m 1795 _ ,,,,,,, 109_1 England I 219 Revolution. Russia after the absorption of Poland 1 . eo1‘ge ................. . ........ . ............ b ‘ 12060 Paul I. 10993. George II ...................................... 216 THE FRENCH REVOLUTION 12068 Alexandev I F (1 th . f L - XV" 216 The approach of the revolution V v 10997. 22:32:33; 6 mg" 0 Gm 216 ”521' The Asscmwy 0" ””3 M “1’1““ '“ TH'ivR'h'h'dI'iDRngggngoIhUmG THE 236 11029. The adnn'nz'shatz'on of Ca1dz'nal Fleury... 217 11530“ The States Geneml... ““1 The Revolution 1‘. 12075. The Ang lo— Ame1ican war" 2.36 11036 INTELLECTUAL CONDITION 217 11540. The Constituent National Assembly 12106'IN1ELLECTUAL CONDITION OF THIS 11549. The Legislative Assembly 22 ' PERIOD ----------- Fifth P61'iOd.—Fred6’rick the Great. 11565. The National Convention .. . 11591. The 131736107111 a Third Pe1'1'od.—— The Times of the S 11111811- THE RISE OF PRUSSIAA. ...................... 218 THE "VARS OF ’FIIE REVOLUTION - '7 Aqua/I'DiCCI’QL Revollttio’t. p 11087 Retrospect ............... . ....................... The wars of the first Coalition .. F1 ede11ck the G1 eat . 11600. The Austro-Bwssian Coalition” .......... ‘ L . THE SPANISH ‘ AMERICAN REVOLU' 11110. The Prussian Army..... 11610. The Grand Coalition ............... ..... . ‘ TION '" ~ ~ ... " m'm“""""~""° 237 The wars............. . 11619. The Coalition after thepeace ofBasle.... Retrospect: - m “" 237 11115. General summary....................... .. NAPOLEON 12160. Spam “Wide?" 'Go'doy ...... ... . .. . .238 1112(2) 5113‘? igtiifsisi'Ecz's'gz'hn 111111" 11640. Retrospect ............................... 12169. Spain under the 1nfluenoe of Napoleon.'.'.. 238 11166: Wu” muemmmrmlyunwandfwmmg- W” of 11647. Bonaparte’s expedmon against Egypt... The war of Spanish independence in the Ausnian succession" 11671. The war of the second Coalition ‘ ‘ America. ...... .. . ...... ...... u . uunn . 238 EB: if???) ‘Ifli'lbj W17“- . The war of the third Coalition ....... 2.. 12178. The wan. .......... .... ........... .... .238 11249: D'ei"'dlo;;lzi'e'11'taijt'h'e B1't't'L'sh power...... ...... ... “ ngi‘ gilt? waru'"""f";lq'l1nl'tl"v'j;:4" t ‘2 :27“ 12196'TTIESPgfiiEhElfi;Ifig%t0aEtéz11,83Nwart“"u“... 32: . ‘ 1 . . ‘ 1:. . onscquencos (1 13 a e o_ 113 e111 2:... ‘ ‘ ... ... ...-.... 11263' IN'J'LLLECI‘UAL (/ONDITION ' The war of the fourth Coalition............ .4.“ Retros eotu- uuuunnunu I n ~nnuiv"" 2'39 11303, FINAL RECAPITULATION OF THE 11736 Retrospect ...................................... 12211. Polztzeal condition of Turkey“ .... .. .239. THIR'I‘EENTH AND FOURTEENTH TABLEg 11755 The 10111...." ............... .............. ...... ' ‘ 12223. Ethnological condition of Turkey... .... ... 239 11766. _ Prussia (titer thepcace of 71131t............. u The wars for the independence of Greece 239 on nu Ittu‘t .............. I ooooo QUEST. PAGE 12231. Condition of the Greeks ..................... 239 12240. The liberation of Greece ..................... 239 12263. The Turco-Russian war ..................... 239 THE EUROPEAN REVOLUTION or 1830. FRANCE ........... . ................................. 240 Retrospect ....................................... 240 12280. The last Bourbons ............................ . 240 1.2288. The Duke of Orleans ........................ 240 12296. The Revolution... ..... .. ....... .......... 240 12318. Louis Phili e .................................. 241 BELGIUM .......................................... 241 12326. Retrospect ....... s ......................... 241 12331. The Revolution ........ . .. . .. . 241 . QUEST. 12345. 12364. 12372. 12383. 12400. 12407. 12421. 12431. CONTENTS. PAGE POLAND ............................................ 242 'Retrospect ........................ , .............. 242 The Revolution ................................. 242 THE EUROPEAN REVOLUTION or 1848. FRANCE ............................................. 242 General causes ................................. . 242 The revolution ................................... 242 The reaction. ..................................... 243 AUSTRIA. ......................................... 243 General causes .................................. 243 The Austro-Hungarian Revolution ........ 243 The outbreak ................................. .. 243 Panvslavz'sm and its consequences............ 243 XV QUEST. PAGE 12455. The Alisha—Hungarian lVar ..... . ......... 244 GERMANY .......................................... 244 12473. General causes ................................. 244* 12478. The revolution .................................. 244 12503. The reaction.... ....... . ...... ........ 244 ITALY ................................................ 244 12521. General causes ................................ . 244 The revolution .................................. 245 12532. The humiliation of the sovereign: ............ 245 12537. The Austro-Italian War .................... 245 12548. The reaction ............. . ...................... 245 12561. FINAL RECAPITULATION OF THE . FIFTEENTH AND LAST TABLE. ,12651. TEST QUESTIONS...................... 247 QUEST. 905. 1032. 1161. 1172. 1182. 1214. 2275. 2959. 3075. 3147. 3219. 3281. 3781. 3995. 4208. 4629. 4700. 5558. 7362. 7923. 7655. 9006. 9481. 9772. 9912. 10279. 10550. 10734 11036. 11263. 11496. 12106 INDEX TO THE LITERARY AND ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY. HISTORY or LITERATURE. ANCIENT LITERATURE. Greek. The contemporaries of Sophocles ..................... . .......................... The historians of the Peloponnesian War ..................................... The three great tragic poets The three great historians The four great philosophers The two great orators Latin. The contemporaries of Plantas The contemporaries of Horace The contemporaries of Seneca The contemporaries of Martial Greek and Latin. The contemporaries of Platarch..... .. . The contemporaries of Lucian MEDIZEVAL LITERATURE. The contennroraries of St. Ambrose The contemporaries of Boethins The contemporaries of Gregory the Great The contemporaries of Alcuin ................................... ............. The contemporaries of Scotus Erigena The contemporaries of St. Bernard MODERN LITERATURE The contemporaries of Dante The contemporaries of Petrarch The contemporaries of Chaucer The contemporaries of Ariosto The contemporaries of Camoens The contemporaries of Tasso The contemporaries of Shakspeare The contemporaries of Calderon The contemporaries of Milton The contemporaries of Locke The contemporaries of Pope The contemporaries of Voltaire The contemporaries of Alfieri The contemporaries of Goethe ................................ . ...... . ........... 237 19 2O 23 23 23 23 .......................................... a -cuoitoo- "- 41 55 57 59 60 61 72 76 80 89 91 110 147 147 160 154 183 192 197 200 205 209 212 217 ......................... a...".go-......o-.u----~o Queer. 3439. 3682. 3774. 3899. 3914. 4418. 4468. 4525. 4535. 4570. 4813. 5088. 5124. 5176. 5189. 5407. 5753. 6216. 6908. 7290. 7910. 8938. 9101. 9120. 9519. 9541. 9829. 10171. HISTORY or THE CHURCH. BEFORE THE DIVISION. Early trials and sufferings ....................... . ..... ..... ......... .. The conversion of Constantine ................................... . Theodosius and the Church .................................. . The beginnings of the Latin Church .................................. . ..... .. The beginnings of the Greek Church The beginnings of the English Church The Church at the beginning of the 8th century THE DIVISION OF CHRISTENDOM. The dependency of the Papacy. The Iconoclasts ............................................................ . ....... . The Church at the beginning of the 10th century ....... . .............. .. The Church in the middle ofthe 11th century............ . 10 THE EMANCIPATION OF THE PAPACY. The rise of the spiritual powor The triumph of the Papacy The Papacy and the Princes of the Empire The result of the Emancipation of the Papacy The Papacy and Barbnrossa GLORY AND FALL OF THE PAPACY. The Crusade against the Albigenses .......... . ............................... The Papacy and Frederick II The Papacy and Philip IV The Popes at Avignon ................................ . ...... . .................... THE REFORMATION. Lutheranism. The founder of Lutheranism .......................... . ...... ...... . ....... The Reformation becomes political .................................. r .......... The Confession of Augsburg ........................... . ........ . ........ . ...... Calvinism. The founder of Calvinism ............................................ . ........... The spread of Calvinism ................................ . ........................ Jesuitism .......... .. ................ . ................................................ . 198 Puritanism ........... . ............................................................. .. 203 Hb—l T‘PSDWF‘PS"? 53°F!" . Give me some instances of such states. . Give the precise situation of Chaldaea. HISTORICAL QUESTIONS. HISTORY AND ITS GENERAL DIVISIONS.—See1Wt7e 5 What is the etymological meaning of the word HISTORY ‘3 Inquiry. What meaning is especially attached to it? Into how many parts is this account of the rise, progress, and fall of nations divided ? Name these parts. What do you understand by the term ANCIENT HISTORY? Give its beginning, end, and duration. Why may the beginning of Ancient History be placed at. about 2500 B. C. ? Why does it properly terminate about 300 A. D. ? What do you understand by the term hiEDL/EVAL HISTORY? Give its beginning, end, and duration. Why does it end about 1300 A. D. ? 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. What third part of History begins about that time? What do you understand by the term MODERN HISTORY? How many years have passed since the beginning of MODERN HISTORY? Repeat the name, definition, and duration of the first pint of History. Give the names of the four divisions Of Ancient History. What do you understand by the term EASTERN HISTORY? Give its beginning, end, and duration. Into how many periods may we divide Eastern History. 9 Give the names of these periods. What is characteristic of each of these periods? What do you understand by the ascendency of a nation? ANCIENT HISTORY. EASTERN HISTORY. First Period. — Chaldaaan Ascendency. CHALD/EA,-—pp. 170, 171. .Where are to be found the earliest civilized states? .What is the reason that they are invariably found alongside of rivers? Uhalda’a, Egypt, etc. .T Which is the Oldest of these states? . TWhich state claims the priority over every empire which has grown up upon the soil of Asia? In the S. W part ofAsz'a, N. W of the Perszan Gulf. Northward it stretched as far as the alluvial plain. —Map 1. . 1-What constitutes the importance of this Chaldaean monarchy? fEnumerate the three great men of this empire. 1- Under whom did Chaldaea reach its greatest extent? 1- Give the extent of Chaldaea about 2000 13. c. — Map 1. . fDuring how many centuries was Chaldaea the ruling power in Western Asia ? . fWhen and by whom was this Chaldaean empire overturned? 1- Refers to Appendix. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. * Refers to Alphabetical List. EGYPT. I. 01.1) EMPIRE. —p. 169, and articles MEMPHIS, PYRAMIDS, and SESOSTRIS. fWhen do nations obtain historical consciousness and experience ? TIn what country do we find the earliest monumental authorities? fWhat is, therefore, the Oldest historical nation? Give the precise position of Egypt. The lower part of the Nile Valley from the last cataract to the coast. — See Map 1. What was the most important portion of Egypt? The Delta. —Map 7 (Iv ) But where were the chief towns of Egypt situated? above the “Delta Give their names and precise situation. Memphis and Thebes. ——See Map 1. *Which of them was the first capital of the entire kingdom of Egypt? *What made its position .peculiarly adapted for the capital of Egypt? *Why did its founder place it on the western side of the Nile ? *What great work had to be undertaken by Menes before he could lay the foundations of Memphis? * Describe how Menes provided an artificial area for his capital. Was this area extensive enough to contain the cemetery of Memphis? No. [] Refers to Genealogical Tables. 1 In the narrow valley ' l ANCIENT HISTORY. . *Where was the cemetery of Memphis situated? . * What are the most remarkable monuments of this burial-ground? . * Who are buried under the Pyramids '3 . *How many are yet standing on the plain of Saccara? ‘ . * Into how many groups are they divided? . *Which group contains the most celebrated Pyramid? / . *Describe the form of the Pyramid. . *When did the king commence to build his Pyramid? . * Describe the way in which the Pyramid was gradually formed. . TAbout what. time were the greater part of the Pyramids erected? . TWhat. name may be given to this subdivision of Egyptian history? . . T Of what period of Egyptian history is this a subdivision? ‘ . Tlnto how many periods is Egyptian history commonly divided? . TName these periods and give the date of the termination of each. . TGive the subdivisions of the Old Empire. . TWhy is the first called the Empire of the Pyramids? . T Why is the second called the Empire of the Obelisks? . T What are obelisks? . T Why is the third called the Empire of the Sesortasens? . * When did the greatest of the Sesortasens live? . *What was the extent of his empire? . *What memorials of his do still exist? . * What shows the honor in which his memory was held among the Egyptians? . *Is he the Sesostris spoken of by Herodotus? . *What induced the chronologist to place the Sesostris of Herodotus just here? . Who was this Manetho? An Egyptian, who (about 260 B. o.) wrote an Egyptian history in Greek, now existing only in fragments. . TWhat great works were executed during this period of the Sesortasens? . What was the Lake Moeris? 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. . Where were both situated? [n a small valley west of the Nile— the ancient Arsinoe, the modern Fag/um. The construction of Lake Maeris (i. e. lake of the inundation) was nothing but the conversion of a natural swampy lake into a basin, by bringing into it an arm of the Nile (the Bohr Josef, i.e. Joseph’s Canal). The commotion with the canal was regulated by sluices, so that in the dry season the reserved water could flow back again in the valley of the Nile, and irrigate the country around the capital. What was the Labyrinth? An immense national capitol built on the shore of this lake. T What invasion made an end to the Old Empire of Egypt? T When did this happen? What dates on your table do belong to the first period of Egyptian history? II. MIDDLE EMPIRE.—p. 169, art. ABRAHAM and Bruce. T During how many years was Egypt tributary to the Hyksos? T Refers to Appendix. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. T Do any great historical monuments exist of this period? * How may we account for their having obtained possession of part of Lower Egypt “without a battle ”? *What was the character of the rule of the shepherd kings? *By what dynasty were the Hyksos expelled? What dates on your table do belong to the second period of Egyptian history? * Who was Abraham? III. NEW EMPIRE.-——pp.169,170. TFrom what part of Egypt had the deliverance of the country from the Hyksos proceeded? T What town had been the centre of the resistance against the invaders ? TWhat king drove them finally from Egypt? TWhat was the result of the expulsion of the Hyksos by the Theban king? Second Period. —Egyptian Ascendency.——pp. 169, 170, art. RAMESES. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. 111. * Refers to Alphabetical List. EGYPT. EGYPT POLITICAL. Map II. TWhat is the third division of Egyptian History ? T Into how many subdivisions may this period be divided? T What is the first of these subdivisions? T Give the beginning, end, and duration of the Egyptian ascendency. T Are the Pharaohs of this period buried in the Pyramids? Describe the Necropolis of Thebes. Opposite Thebes the Libyan range ispierced with innumerable catacombs, which served as places of burial. A separate cleft in the rocks contains the sepulchres of the kings. Map 4 (11.) T Who were among the most remarkable kings of this period? T Whose reign was especially remarkable? * Describe theyictorious march of this great Egyptian conqueror. * Under what name is this great conqueror mentioned by Herodotus? * How had the Greeks come to write Sesostris instead of Rameses? T How long did the reign of Rameses the Great last? T What was the condition of Egypt at the end of this brilliant reign? T Upon what, then, must the greatness of this Pharaoh depend? T What towns were especially adorned by him? Map 4 (11.) T What is his principal building? T What great column was erected in its vicinity? T What great temple was erected by Rameses the Great? What canal was opened by him ? He opened a canal from the Nile above Bu- bastis to the Red Sea, and maintained afleet in these waters. Who was the last king that did maintain the Egyptian ascendency? Ra- moses III. (not connected with Rameses the Great), who was at once a great builder and a conqueror. He penetrated as far as Western Mesopotamia. T] Refers to Genealogical Tables. ANCIENT HISTORY. 3 . What was the condition of Egypt after the death of Rameses 111.? Egypt declined rapidly. . To what can you ascribe the decline of Egypt under the twentieth dynasty? To internal decay, proceeding mainly from those natural causes which are always at work, compelling nations and races, like individuals after they have reached maturity, to sink in vital force, and finally to perish. . What was the general condition of Egypt since 1170 13.0. ? For almost two centuries (1170—990 B. 0.) she scarcely undertook a single important enterprise. IIer~architectural efiorts during the whole of this time were mean, and her art without spirit or life. . Did the Egyptian power never experience any revivals? Between 990 and 525 13.0. she experienced one or two revivals; but the reaction on these occasions, being spasmodic and forced, exhausted rather than recruited her strength; nor did the efforts made, great as they were, sufice to do more than check for a while the decadence which they could not avert. . What empire took gradually the place of Egypt as the ruling power of Western Asia? , . What dates on your table belong to the period of Egyptian ascendency in Western Asia? . How many centuries did the Egyptian monarchy survive the loss of this ascendency? EGYPT SOCIAL. Religion. What was the basis of the Egyptian religion? Nature worship. The deified powers of Nature were divided into three orders of gods. . Who only among all these were worshipped throughout all Egypt? and Isis. . What was connected with this Osiris worship? Everything that was most deeply seated in the religious feeling of the people, especially the doctrine of the immortality of the soul in conjunction with the transmigration of it into the bodies of animals. ' What was the natural consequence of this last belief? Animal worship. Be- sides the Apis, or sacred bull, they worshipped also the crocodile, the ape, the ibis, the goat, and the cat. In fact, all the animals which the country produced, whether wild or domestic, were sacred. . What perhaps exhibits the highest point which this animal worship reached? The worshipof Apis, the bull consecrated to Osiris. . Describe the Apis. He was a black bull; with a square spot of white upon his forehead. . What belief was intimately connected with the Osiris worship? in the immortality of the soul. . But on what was the existence of the soul supposed to be dependent? the preservation of the corpse. . What was, therefore, absolutely necessary? Osiris The belief Upon The solemn embalming of the body. 1- Refers to Appendix. 128 129. What was done before proceeding to the embalmment? 136. 137. 138. 139. 140. 141 142 * Refers to Alphabetical List. . How was the right to these funeral honors ascertained? By an inquestper- formed by forty members, by whom his former life was strictly investigated. The bowels of the de- ceased u‘ere placed in a vessel set apart for the purpose, which was held up and exhibited to the all‘searching Helios—Ra, while one of the priests said: “Right- _, eousness to his spirit, his evil deeds to his stomach.” Then the vessel was cast into the river. ' ' . Describe the process of embalming. The brains were first extracted by a crooked iron through the nostrils ; next the body was steeped for seventy days in a solu- tion of soda. The body was then enveloped in bandages of linen which had been steeped in some resinous substance. The body having been swathed, a case was accurately fitted to it, composed of layers of cloth cemented together, and forming a substance nearly resembling pasteboard. It appears to have been moulded upon the body while moist, so as accurately to take its shape. Government. . Into how many classes was the Egyptian nation divided? priests, warriors, herds-men, artiflccrs, and husbandmen. . To whom did the land in Egypt belong ? It belonged in fee only to the king, priests, and warriors. . Whence do we know that the proprietors of the soil had surrendered their rights to the crown? Genesis xlvii. 26. . On what condition had they received their land back again? ofpaying an annual rent of% of the produce. . What was the character of the Egyptian government? It was an hereditary monarchy. When election was necessary, the priests and warriors chose from among their own numbers. If the‘ choice fell on a warrior, he was at once re- ceived into the order, and initiated into the wisdom of the priests. What was the only right enjoyed by the people? The right of acelamation. What were the prerogatives of the king? Legislation; but he was bound to rule and judge according to the law. The priests were his constant counsellors and the judges. Who were in reality the lords of Egypt? Science. For what was Egypt famous throughout the ancient world? For its knowl- edge and wisdom. How many sciences were especially cultivated in Egypt? geometry, medicine, jurisprudence, and historical learning. . State the amount of their astronomical knowledge. They knew the division of the complete day in twenty-four hours. From days they formed the decades (wee/cs of ten days), and from these the thirty-days month. They also knew the lunar months, and not only the solar and lunar, but even the sidereal year. . What circumstances forced them to study geometry? The necessity of re— measuring the fields after every inundation of the Nile. The erection of their buildings required also mathematical knowledge. Into five classes .- On condition The priests. Five : astronomy, [1 Refers to Genealogical Tables. ANCIENT . Did they practise medicine? It was practised as a science as early as in the Old Empire. There were sacred books containing medical prescriptions, and chapters on the structure of the body. . What do you know of their knowledge of jurisprudence? It embraced at once divine and human laws. It formed the highest theological education, and was, as such, only studied andpractised by the priests. . What proves the innate historical sense of the Egyptians? Not only the multitude of their sacred writings and the splendor of the public monuments, but especially the unsurpassed attention paid to their durability. Art. . What was pre—eminently the art of the Old Empire of Egypt? Architecture._ . What arts reached their culminating point in the New Empire? Sculpture and painting. . What were the principal objects of the Egyptian Art? Pyramids, obelisks, temples, palaces, sphinxcs, and the Catacombs in the Libyan range, opposite Thebes. A separate cleft of this chain contains the royal sepulchrcs, with in- numerable halls, corridors, and chambers, in which stood the sarcophagi which contained the mummies; the whole decorated with the most exquisite sculpture and painting. What constitutes the highest value of Egyptian Art? Its sterling character, its artistic truth, its faithful perception of nature, and that severe execution which is the only real way of arriving at perfect beau/y. IIieroglyphics. . What shows that the art of writing was practised by the Egyptians, not only from very early times, but also more extensively than by any contem- porary nation? All their public buildings were covered with inscriptions. The writing forms in itself an essential ornament of the architecture. . How many distinct modes of writing did they have? Three: hieroglyphic, hieratic, and demotic. . What do you understand, in general, by hieroglyphics (sacred carvings)? Figures which do not represent sounds (as our letters) but ideas. ‘ . How many things might an Egyptian hieroglyphic imply? Three: an object, an idea, a sound. If it implies an object, it is a pictorial hieroglyphic; if it implies an abstract conception, it is a symbolical hieroglyphic; if it represents a sound by the figures of those objects of which the name began with the sound in question in the ancient Egyptian tongue, it is aphonetic hieroglyphic. Give an example. The figure of a lion might represent, 1, a lion; 2, strength; 3, the sound L (the first letter of the Egyptian for lion: Labo). What do you understand by hieratic writing? It was an abbreviation. of the hieroglyphic form, and was employed by the priests in their books. 156. What do you understand by the demotic writing? It was the popular char- acter of writing, and consisted almost entirely of phonetic signs, and was em- ployed in the common intercourse of life. 154. 155. 1' Refers to Appendix. *Refers to Alphabetical List. HISTORY. 157. What led to the discovery of the hieroglyphics? stone. What is this Rosetta stone? A square slab of black basalt, named after the place where it was found (N. W. part of Egypt). It bears a triple inscription in hieroglyphic, demotic, and Greek. The Greek text showed that the tablet contained a recognition of the highest honors of the Pharaohs, in the person of Ptolemy Epiphanes, by the priesthood assembled at Memphis. . When, where, and by Whom was it found? In Aug., 1799, a French ofiicer, Bouchart, while engaged on certain fortifications at Rosetta (N. 1V. part of Egypt), discovered the stone. Where is it at present? In the British Museum. What led to the interpretation of the Rosetta stone? Thomas Young, an English physician, discovered that in the upper portion of the stone a certain group of signs was inclosed in an oval ring. IIe inferred that the characters thus inclosed must indicate some proper name. Finding that the word Ptolemy, in the Greek text, was the only one which would at all correspond with the inclosed characters in the hieroglyphic inscription, he declared that these included signs represented no longer ideas, but sounds, and he sought to assign an indi— vidual hieroglyphic to each of the letters of the word Ptolemy. . Were Young’s etforts crowned by a full success? Misled by afalse system, he had only a partial success. 0. W110 improved Young’s labors? What were the results of Chanipollion’s labors? and cannot involve any doubt. Each sign is equivalent to a single vowel or consonant. Every phonetic hieroglyphic is the image of a physical object whose name in the Egyptian language commences with the'vowel or the consonant which it is wished to represent. The discovery of the Rosetta 158. His results are clear, distinct, Chronological Review of the First and Second Periods of Eastern Ilistory. —See the first table, p. 13. When did Abraham live? How long did he live before Moses? How old were the Pyramids, at least, when Abraham came into Egypt? During what period of Egyptian history did Abraham come into Egypt? What period of Egyptian history had preceded this second period? What dates do belong to this first period? What great conqueror lived during this first period ? How many years later lived the great conqueror of the New Empire? How many years did Rameses the Great live after the completion of the Pyramids ? How many years did Moses live after their completion? What date is assigned to the Hyksos? Give the beginning, end, and duration of the reign of the Hyksos? In what period of Eastern History falls the reign of Sesostris, or Sesortasen? 165. 166. 167. 168. 169. 170. 171. 172. 173. 174. 175. 176. 177. I] Refers to Genealogical Tables. ANCIENT 178. In what period of Eastern llistory falls the reign of Rameses the Great? 179. In what period of Eastern History falls the life of Abraham? 180. In what period of Eastern History falls the life of Mos’es? Third Period. —Assyrian Ascendency. ASSYRIA. THE FIRST DIVISION OF ASSYRIAN HISTORY, 1700—1270 B. C.—p. 171. 181. Give the precise position of Assyria. The upper portion of the Mesopotamian valley. (See Map 111.) It was bounded to the east by the Zagros Mountains; to the south by Chaldwa ; to the north by the Armenian Mountains ; to the west , by the Euphrates. 182. Butwhat was considered the “true heart of Assyria” ? the Tigris and the Zab. 183. What famous cities were situated in this “heart of Assyria”? Calah, and Bit-Sargina. 184. fHow long lasted the independence of Assyria? 185. TWas Assyria, during the whole of this period, a mighty empire? 186. T At what time did Assyria become a powerful empire? 187. What do we know of this period before 1270 B. 0.? The traces which we pos- sess of this period are chiefly monumental. Asshur was the earliest seat of empire. TIIE SECOND DIVISION OF ASSY’RIAN IIIS’I‘ORY, 1270-745 B. C. —p. 171, art. SARDANAPALUS. 188. TWhen did Assyria become a powerful empire? 189. fAnd since when did it become the ruling power in Western Asia? 190. iHow long did it remain the ruling power in Western Asia? ‘ 191. fWere the limits of the Empire the same during the whole of this period? 192. *Who is the great king of this second division of Assyrian History? 193; * What country was first added by him to the Assyrian Empire? 194. *What was the extent of his conquests? 195. *Who was among the Phoenician kings that paid him tribute? 196. *Does the glory of Sardanapalus rest on his victories alone? 197. *Is this great conqueror and builder the Sardanapalus mentioned by Herodotus ? 198. Who is the Sardanapalus mentioned by Herodotus? Saracus. The district between Alineveh, Probably the last king THE THIRD DIVISION OF ASSYRIAN HISTORY, 745-625 B. 0. ——Art. SENNAHERIB, and page 171. 199. *When did the Assyrian Empire reach the height of its greatness? 200. *What were the boundaries of Assyria about that time? 201. *What city was restored by Sennaherib to its former splendor ? f Refers to Appendix. I HISTORY. 5 202. 203. 204. 205. 206. 207. 208. 209. 210. 211. 212. 213. 214. 215. 216. 217. 218. 219. 220. 22]. 222. 223. 224. 225. 226. 227. 228. 229. 230. 231. *Refers to Alphabetical List. *With whose assistance did he erect his colossal buildings? *By whom were the ruins of Sennaherib’s great palace discovered? What book contains the results of these discoveries? Layard: Monuments 0f A’ineveh, Second Series. * What do we learn from this book? 1‘ About what time was the extreme extent of the Empire reached? fWhat was done to prevent rebellion in this extended territory? J{Who were transported into Armenia? TWhither were the Israelites transported? fWhat nations were forced to settle in Palestine? iWhat were the consequences of this system of wholesale deportation? TOn what occasion did this become patent? 1- By whom was Assyria simultaneously attacked in 625 B. 0.? Jr Who directed the movements of both? 1- Who was at that time king of Assyria? TWhat was done by him to meet this double danger? TTo whom did he intrust a portion of his forces? TDid Nabopolassar justify his sovereign’s confidence? 1- On what condition did he become the ally of Cyaxares? \ TWhat was the result of the union of Nabopolassar and Cyaxares? yWhen did Nineveh fall? How many years after its fall were its ruins rediscovered? five centuries afterward. What date on your table does belong to Assyrian history ? Nearly twenty- ASSYRIA, SOCIAL. To what race did the Assyrians belong? To the Semitic race. To what widely-spread nation did they bear a close resemblance? IIebrews. What was the general character of the Assyrians? and very terrible in battle. treachery and pride. . What do you know of their mental power? They deserve to be considered as among the foremost of the Asiatic races. To appreciate them fully we should compare them with the Egyptians. How do they compare with the Egyptians? Their language and alphabet are in advance of the Egyptian; their religion is more earnest and less degraded. In courage and military genius their superiority is very striking. What is the only point of advantage possessed by Egypt over Assyria? The grandeur and durability of the Egyptian architecture. What beautiful and characteristical description of Assyria is given in the Bible? Ezekiel xxxi. 3—9. What was the character of the Assyrian religion? It resembled nearly that of Chaldeea, which was, to a certain extent, astral—the worship of the host of heavens. The Assyrians were an earnest religious people, although their war- ship was less one of prayer than one of sacrifices and offerings. (See page 169.) To the They were mighty hunters The worst features in their character were their [1 Refers to Genealogical Tables. 6 ANCIENT 232. Who was the special tutelary deity both of the kings and of the country? . What was the character of the Assyrian wars? . What was the condition of the subject countries? . What advances had been made by the Assyrians in science? . What art formed their chief glory? . What arts were subsidiary to it? . What are the most important of all the Assyrian works of art which have . In what mechanical processes did they excel? . Which of their manufactures were widely celebrated? . What language was spoken by the Assyrians? . Do we possess any documents written in that language? . What. monuments are inscribed with the chief acts of the kings? . What substances wereprincipally used for literary purposes? . What was the character of the Assyrian Writing? . Whence was it derived? . What is the sole element- of this writing? . What name is hence given to this writing? . Do the Assyrian wedges correspond to our letters? Asshur (the lord of heaven and earth). their lives in his service. They represent themselves as passing Religious. It is to spread Asshur’s worship that they carry on their wars; and after the conquest has been completed, they set up his emblems and teach the people his laws. What was the Assyrian Empire in reality ? It was a mere congeries of kingdoms. They remained. in nearly all respects, as they had been before. They only acknowledged an external suzerainty, which. bound them to pay homage and tribute to the head of the Em- pire. Revolt was generally punished by wholesale transportation. They were ac- quainted with most of the contriuances whereby heavy weights are moved and raised at the present day. Architecture. Sculpture and pointing. come down to us? Their bus-reliefs. What sculpture was to the Greeks and painting to Modern Europe, that bus~relicf was to the Assyrians. ()f shaping potleries and glass, of casting and embossing metals, and in cutting intuglios upon hard stones. Their textile fabrics. A language more or less closely allied to the Hebrew, the Syriac, and the Chaldee, which are all dialectic varieties of a single form of speech, the Semitic. We have a mass of documents consisting of long inscriptions upon the slabs of stone with which the walls of the palaces were panelled. Octagonal prisms made in extremely fine terra-colta, which the kings used to deposit at the corners of temples. Stone and moist clay. It presents no pictorial It is not hieroglyphic, but phonetic. It was evidently derived/ram the Chaltlacan. The wedge (Lat. cuneus), out under representations of objects. a great variety offorms. Cuneiform inscriptions. Not to our letters, but to our syllables. PH (INICIA, ~—— Art. CAnrnacn. 251. Give the precise position of Phoenicia. It was a narrow strip of land on the Syrian coast, between the creel of Lebanon and the sea. 1- Refers to Appendix. HISTORYI [0 CV to N to t3 N; to 0' C}! ;« Ci Ox . What was the character of the Phoenician nation? . Which of them enjoyed originally the priority and precedency? . When did this precedency devolve upon her colony Tyre? . What colonies were founded by the Phoenicians between 1000 and 800 B. C. ? ~1®GI+§O , , , _ In her the commercial spirit first showed itself as the dominant spirit ofa nation. Did Phoenicia form ever an organized confederacy? No, never. Give the names of the chief six cities. (Map IV.) Sidon. About 1050 13.0. (See Map 111. They are marked P.) . * Which of their settlements obtained the greatest prosperity? '. * What colony was by far the most prominent? ‘ . it Why did it soon outstrip its neighbors and even the motherland? ' . *Give its precise situation. . What date on your table does belong to Phoenician history? . Give the precise position of Canaan. CANAAN. TIIE HEROES 0F ISRAEL.~—-1491—1095 B. 0. Map IV. . The coast of Syria from Mount Carmel to the river of Egypt. It stretched inward to the Great Desert. Its most important part was the valley of the Jordan. . Give the names of the most important cities. . With what great event does the history of the Jewish state commence? . What approximate date is assigned to this event on your table? . How did the Jews regard themselves during this first period? The Exodus. 1500 B. c. _ As under a theocraey. The policy of the nation was directed in all digicult crises by a refer, ence to the Divine will. ' . Who were their leaders during this period? 1. How many reigns does this second period comprise? . Who was the first king in Israel, and how long did he reign? Saul, 1095- o~r ~10. 276. [)F'FV -u. 278. * Refers to Alphabetical List. . Give the names of some of these judges. Joshua, Othniel, Gideon, Jephthah, Samuel. UNITED ISRAEL.—1095—975 3.0. Art. DAVID. . What was the character of the government during the second period? Monarchical. Three. 1055. 7 . *Who was the second monarch, and what was his character ? :74. *What was the extent of David’s empire? *What was the character of his reign? *Does his glory rest only on his achievements as king? * What is the character of David’s Psalms? * Who succeeded David, and what is the character of his reign? ll Refers to Genealogical Tables. ANCIENT HISTORY. DIVIDED ISRAEL, in 975 no. 302. *What is the character of these poems? 279. What had been the character of the Jewish state during the reigns of David 303- *W hat style 0f composmon sprung up after the age 0f Homer? and Solomon? It had been a powerful state which took rank among the fore- 30‘} 7W1“) represents thls 3011091 01' group? mostpowers of Western Asia. 800. 9* pr long after Homer did he .flourish? . 280. What happened in the very year of the death of Solomon (975 B. o.) ? The 306- :llyhat two large poems are attributed to Hes10d? powerful empire was broken up. The conquered tribes reasserted their indepen- 307' *ll hat IS the. character Of these poems)? dence, and the Israelites divided into two petty kingdoms. 308- * What constitutes the” present V31“: . . What is the character of these two petty kingdoms? The interest of their his- 309' In What does he dlfier from Homer - tory is religious rather than political. ' . Give the situation and extent of the kingdom of Israel. It reached from the ROME. — 386 Quest. 1477, etc, Map X., art. ROME, andp. 179. borders of Damascus to within ten miles of Jerusalem. It included the whole of Name two towns which were founded dui‘in the Ass rian times 7 the Trans-Jordanic territory, and exercised leadership over the neighboring country ' Which was founded the latest ., g y ' of Moab. Capital, first Sichem, afterwards Samaria. . *When and where was Rome founded ? . How long lasted the kingdom of Israel? 970—721 B. c. * t ‘ . . . . . . , . When and by whom was it destroyed? In 721 by Assyria, which before that ‘ 1:111:31? it‘lgdldclhflglahiiiinme? so early attain that prominent POhtlcal pos1tion time forced some of the monarchs to pay tribute. *Wh t th 1- t d t ‘ b . f t { . t . How long did the separate kingdom of Judah outlast it? By more than a ' in :thglearrftlwdrdadilzsctioiimtons rable oundaries 0 he I oman communi 5' century. . * How far did it extend toward the coast? . Give the Situation and extent of the kingdom of Judah. It was confined to the . * At whose expense did the earliest extensions of the Roman territory take lower and less fertile portion of the Holy Land. Jerusalem was its capital. place ? ’ When and by whom was the kingdom 0f Judah destroyed? In 586 by Nebn‘ . *What communities appear to have first forfeited their independence ? chadnezzar. . * But what was the greatest achievement of the Roman arms in these times? ‘ . * What did Rome gain by this event? _ THE PBOPHETS 01 ISRAEL’ 1100—400 EAL—Am ELM” and ISAIAH' . * What were the consequences'of this presidium at the Latin festival ? 288. Under what circumstances were the new moral powers of the prophets , *What did Rome gradually become? evoked? When the priesthood sank into a state of degeneracy, and the people 2 . * With what name does the legend combine this fact? were no longer afiected by the acted lessons of the ceremonial service. . THow many kings had preceded Tullus Hostiliiis? 289. Who was the instrument used for organizing this great moral power? . TEnumcrate the Roman kings who flourished during the Assyrian times. Samuel, (1 0hr. ix. 22.) , 290. What were the prophets? Inspired preachers of patriotism, their patriotism EGYPT.-—S€8 Quest. 35464”). 170- bemg founded on the religious motive. _ . . ' . . 291_ *What great prophet lived about 900 B. 0.? . TWhat was the condition of Egypt during this period of Assyrian ascen~ 292. *Describe his character. denqy? . . _ . _ 293_ *What shows the deep impression he made on the minds of his countrymen? . TWithin what limits did the Assyrian conquerors restrict the power of the 294. * What shows the deep impression he made on the world in general? Pharaohs ? . . . 295. *What great prophet lived 200 years later? . 1'Who finally threw off the Assyrian yoke, and re—established Egyptian 296. *What does his name signify? Influence In Western time? 297. *What is the character of the prophecies of Isaiah? ' fWhat 9ity was TansaCkin by him: and when ? . TWhat image, or memorial of the conquest of Judah, was set up by him at Thebes ? GREECEleee Quest. 554, etc., Map VIL, art. HOMER and HESIOD. . 1-What new invasion made (about 715) an end not only to Egyptian influence 298. *What great Greek poet did live during the Assyrian times? in Western Asia, but even to the independence of Egypt itself? 299. *What great Hebrew poet was his contemporary? 331. fWhat was the capital of this Ethiopian empire in the Nile valley? 300. *What poems are attributed to Homer? 332. 1—By what means was the independence of Egypt restored? 301. *What is the subject of these poems? 383. 1-Who ruled over Egypt at the time of the fall of Nineveh? T Refers to Appendix. ‘ Refers to Alphabetical List. 11 Refers to Genealogical Tables. ANCIENT 334. tWho had aSSisted him in obtaining the throne of Egypt? 335. 336. 1- Whose jealousy was excited by this, and what were the consequences? 337. J{Describe the condition of Egypt at the time of the fall of Nineveh. tWhat reward was given to them? Chronological Review of the Ist, 2d, and 3d Periods of Eastern Ili8t01’y.——See the first table, 10. 13. . When was Rome founded ? . Was its foundation anterior or posterior to that of Carthage? . When was Carthage founded? . How long after the completion of the Pyramids was Rome founded? . How long after the time of Abraham ? of Moses? of David? of Elijah? . Did Sardanapalus live before or after the foundation of Rome? . Was Rome in existence during the lifetime of Homer? of Hesiod? . What prophet lived anterior, and what prophet posterior to the foundation of Rome? . What great conqueror lived before the foundation of Rome? . How many years did Sesostris live before Rameses the Great? . How many years before Sardanapalus? . What Hebrew prophet. king was a contemporary of Homer? . How many years did Da‘vid live after Abraham ? . How many years did David live before Elijah? before Isaiah? . Repeat all the dates of the lst, 2d, and 8d periods. Fourth Period. —— The Four Great Powers. MEDIA.—P~ 172- TWhat two considerable empires arose at the same time out of the ashes of Assyria ? . 1- What were the relations of these two empires? . 1‘ Did the conquest of Assyria bring a time of repose to Cyaxares? . TWhat conquests were made by Cyaxares? . f What became (about 615 13.0.) the western boundary of the Median Empire? . TWhat empire was situated to the west of this empire? LYDIA.-p- 172~ . What had been the original extent of this Lydian Empire? the IIermus. . When had it been conquered by Assyria? 1224. . What was the condition of Lydia during the Assyrian times? Assyrian vassal state under hereditary rulers of Assyrian descent. . What event made an end to the Assyrian supremacy? The invasion of the Cimmem'ans, 719 B. C. . What race of kings came about that time to the throne? race of the Mermnadae. The valley of It was an The native Lydian 1r Refers to Appendix. HI 364 365. 366. 367. 368. 369. 370. 371. 372. 373. 374. 375. 376. 377. 378. 379. 380. 381. 382. 383. 384. 385. 386. 387. 388. 389. 390. 391. 392. 393. 304. 395. 896. 397. * Refers to Alphabetical List. STORY. . Enumerate the five kings of this race? Croesus. ' What was the condition of Lydia during the reign of Alyattes? perous. fWhen and by whom was King Alyattes attacked? TWhat did happen during a conflict in this war (Sept. 610 B. 0.)? 1- What were the consequences? TWhat was done to cement the alliance? Describe the condition of Western Asia during the half century following the famous peace of 610 B. 0. Enumerate the three great monarchies that were placed, by this peace, on terms of the closest intimacy.- BABYLONIA. —-p. 171. TWhat part of the Assyrian Empire had been allotted to Nabopolassar in 625 B. 0.? 1-What was the condition of the new Empire of Babylonia during his reign? TWhen and by whom was Babylonia at length invaded? i-What territory was conquered by him? 1‘ How long did he enjoy his conquests? TWhen and by whom, and in what battle were the Egyptians driven from the soil of Asia? Gyges, Ardys, Sadyattes, Alyattes, Most pros- 1- What saved Egypt at. that time from conquest by the Babylonians? 'l‘Who succeeded Nabopolassar? 1' What was the character of the reign of Nebuchadnezzar? 1' What effect had his victories on his home administration? TWhat Assyrian system was adopted by him? T What great works were accomplished by their assistance? 1* What is the most remarkable circumstance in Nebuchadnezzar’s life? T When did he die? How long did the Empire survive him? TTell, shortly, the history of Babylonia subsequent to the death of Nebu- chadnezzar. EGYPT. -—-p. 170. Illa}? IV. f What ancient empire was not comprised in the general peace of 610 B. 0.? TWho died in that same year, and who was his successor? 1- What empire was attacked by him in the third year of his reign? fWho ventured to oppose him in the valley of Megiddo? TWhy? With what result? TIIow far did Necho extend his conquests? THow long did he enjoy his conquests? 1-Who drove the Egyptians finally out of Asia? 1- When did the Babylonians conquer Egypt itself? i What was the fate of the race of Psammetichus? fWho was placed by Nebuchadnezzar on the throne of the Pharaohs? fl Refers to Genealogical Tables. ANCIENT Fifth Period.— The Persian Ascendencr . CYRUS, 553-529 B. C.——p. 172, art. Cums. 'l-Where is Persia Proper situated? (Map II.) . TOf What empire was Persia a vassal state ? 1- What was the condition of Media during the reign of Astyages? . TWhat use was made by Cyrus, the vassal prince of Persia, of this state of affairs ? . fWhen did Cyrus bring about the substitution of Persia for Media? . 1-What empire was next attacked by him? . Who was the last king of the Lydians, and when and where was he conquered by Cyrus? Croesus, the son of Alyattes and brother—in-law of Astyages king of Media. IIe was taken prisoner by Cyrus in 554 B. 0., after the taking of Sardes. . When and with what result was Babylonia attacked by Cyrus ? It was taken by stratagem in 538. . *What historians relate to us the fall of Babylon? . * Who were freed by Cyrus from their Babylonian bondage? . * By whom was the event predicted? . *How did Cyrus govern his conquests? . *What was the end of Cyrus? . *In what way did the Persians honor the founder of their empire? CADIBYSES, 529-522 B. C. -— Art. DARIUS. . How many sons had Cyrus left behind him? Two: Cambyses and Bartya (the Smerdis ofHerodotus). . Who became the successor of Cyrus? . What inheritance had been secured by Cyrus for his younger son? inheritance of some large and important provinces. . What were the consequences of this imprudent arrangement? It cost Bartya his life, by rousing the jealousy of his brother, who, very early in his reign, caused him to be put to death secretly. . *What was the character of the reign of Cambyses? . But what important provinces were, nevertheless, added by him to the Em- pire? Phoenicia and Cyprus (the great naval powers of Asia), and also Egypt. . What other designs of remarkable grandeur were formed by him? The con. quest of Carthage and Ethiopia. Was he able to carry them out? These projects all miscarried. What were the consequences of the failure of all these projects? Egypt on the point of rebellion. 421. What was done by Cambyses to prevent this, and with what results? Severe measures were directed against the priest-caste, which had the efl'ect of thoroughly alienating Egypt, which thenceforth never ceased to detest and plot against its con- querors. 422. *What influence had this prolonged stay of Cambyses in Egypt on the afiairs of the Empire? The 419. 420. It brought 1‘ Refers to Appendix. 2 HI 423. 424. 425. 426. 427. 428. 429. STORY. *By what party was this state of things seized upon ? *What steps were taken by them? *What event contributed greatly to strengthen the Median tenure of the throne? *Who had again become the rulers of Asia? *Did the noble clans of the Persians allow themselves to be thus deprived of the sovereignty of Asia? * Who was chosen by them as the successor of Cambyses? *In what way did they make an end to the Median usurpation? DARII’S 1., IIYSTASPES, 521-486 B. C. -—Art. DARIUS. The Restoration of the Monarchy, 521-515 B. C. . *Did the assassination of the Median party restore at once unity to the Per- sian Empire? . *After how many years was the Persian ascendency again firmly established in W. Asia? . * Where was a grand monument erected by Darius in commemoration of this event? . * What is the historical signification of the monument of Bagistana? 435. 436. 437. 438. 439. On what occasions was this militia called out? 440. 441. 442. 443. 444 * Refers to Alphabetical List. The Organization of the Monarchy. . What plan was adopted by Darius to counteract the evils of disorganization? ZVative tributary kings were swept away, and in their place a single Persian ofii- cial held, in each province, the supreme civil authority. He was supported by a standing army of Persians, dispersed throughout the Empire. Into how many provinces (satrapies) did Darius divide the whole Empire? Twenty. What means were taken to remain in constant communication with the dif- ferent. provinces? Royal roads were established and a system ofports arranged. Who served exclusively in the standing army, and what was confided to them? The dominant race, the Persians. They preserved the internal tran- quillity of the Empire. Of what was the militia of the Empire composed? 0f the contingents of all the subject nations. When danger threatened, or a great expedition was to be undertaken. From what source was the navy of the Persians entirely drawn? from the conquered nations. Enumerate some of the nations who furnished contingents and crews? Phae- nicia, Egypt, Cyprus, Silicia, and‘Asiatic Greece. What became, since Darius, the ordinary royal residence? What were the two other residences of the Persian Court? Babylon. . What cities were considered the religious capitals of the Empire? sepolis and Pasargadae. Entirely Susa. Ecbatana and Per- “ Refers to Genealogical Tables. ' . Give the precise situation of Ionia. ANCIENT The Scythian Expedition, 508 B. C.—pp.172,173. . Was Darius disposed to allow the warlike qualities of his subjects to rust for want of exe1cise? N0. . VV hat was the first of the military expeditions undertaken by command of Darius? The Indian Expedition. . State its results. The southern part of the valley of the Indus (a valuable gold tract) was added to the Empire, and the revenue augmented by about one— third. The Indian mar/rel was opened to Persian traders. . TWhat was the next great expedition ? TWhat was the cause of the Scythian expedition? . TState its duiation. . T What was the chief theatre of war? '0. T What was the strength of the army collected by Darius for this expedition? ' . T VVhat g1 eat naval a1mament accompanied the expedition? ' . TFrom what source was this navy chiefly dr.awn ? r . T Dcsm 1be the march of Darius. TWhat attempts had been made dining his absence in the countries N. E. of the Danube ? TWere these attempts successful? TWho saved the bridge? TWhat reward was given by Darius to Histiaeus? . T Who was left by Darius in Thrace, to complete the conquest of this country? TWhat were, therefore, the consequences of the Scythian expedition ? The firm establishment of the Persian power on the European side of the Straits, and the rapid extension of it over Thrace, Pannonia, and Macedonia. . TGive the extent of the Persian dominion about 506 B. 0. (See Map VI.) The Ionian Revolt, 500-494 B. C. —p. 173, art. Amsraoonas. TOn whose fidelity had the fate of the whole Persian army depended during the Scythian expedition? . TWhat had been the natural results of this? . T Who persuaded the Ionians to revolt? . * Who was this Aristagoras? . * The failure of what expedition made him meditate a general revolt oronia? The western coast of Asia Minor, from Phocava in the North to Miletus in the South. . *What was the first step taken by Aristagoras? ' . * Where did he apply for assistance, and with what result? . *Where was he rather more successful? . * What assistance did he finally receive? T When did the revolt break out, and what was the theatre of war? ~. . TWhat was the object, and what was the result of this revolt? TDescribe the campaign of the confederates. " T What were the results of this campaign? T Refers to Appendix. HISTORY. 4 477. 478. 479. 480. 481. 482. 483. 484. 485. 486. 487. 488. 492. 493. T What impression made the burning of Sardes on the Greeks of Asia Minor? T Did Aristagoras prove equal to the occasion? *What was the conduct of Aristagoras at this time? * Describe the latter part of the career of Aristagoras, and his death. T What success had the Ionian revolution? TUpon what town did Persia concentrate her strength after the subjection of the Western coast? TWhat was done in her behalf by the Ionian towns, and with What result? Give the precise position of Lade. The largest ofa group of small islands close by Mile/us and opposite the mouth of the Mzeander. (See Map 13.) TWhat were the consequences of the battle of Lade ‘2 TWhat was the only thing that remained to the king after the trampling out of the Ionian levolt? THow many expeditions were sent by Darius to Greece, and with what results ? What prevented Darius from making a third attack on Greece ‘3 death. His sudden XERXES L, 486-465. —;p. 173. . By whom was Darius I. succeeded? . What was the great event of the reign of Xerxes L? . What were the consequences of this disastrous war to the Persian Empire? See Quest. 814—843. The Empire was greatly injured and exhausted. What became the character of the court during the latter part of his reign? The bloody and licentious deeds which stain the whole of the later Persian history, commence with ul’er-xes. What was the end of Xerxes 1.? He was murdered by the captain of his guard and his Chamberlain. ARTAXERXES I., MACROCHEIR (i. e. the Longhanded), 465-425 B. C. 494. By whom was Xerxes succeeded? 495. 496. What inglorious peace was made with Greece in 449 B. c. ? 497. 498. 499. * Refers to Alphabetical List. How long did he reign, and what was the character of his reign ? He was a mild prince, possessed of severalgood qualities; but the weakness of his char- acter caused a decline of the empire under his sway. The peace of Cal- lias, which made an end, for the time, to the aggressive war against the Persians (mentioned on page 174). THE THREE SONS 0F ARTAXERXES I., 425-405 B. C. By whom was Artaxerxes succeeded, and how long did this reign last? Forty-five days. What made an end to the reign of Xerxes II., and who succeeded him? He was murdered by his half~brother Sogdianus, who seized the throne. How long did Sogdianus occupy the throne, and who succeeded him ? He u Refers to Genealogical Tables. ANCIENT HISTORY. , 11 was murdered after sis: months, by another brother, Ochus, who tool: the crown and assumed the name of Darius Nothus. 4 500. When did Darius Nothus mount the throne, and how long did he reign? 501. What was the character of his reign? His reign was, on the whole, disastrous. Revolt succeeded to revolt; and though most of the insurrections were guelled, it was at the cost of what remained of Persian honor and self—respect. 502. What dangerous practices arose? That of uniting the ogtces of satrap and com— mander of the forces, and that of committing to a single governor two or even three satrapies. ' 503. What were, during this reign, the relations between Persia and the Greeks? The Persian authority was once more established over the Greek cities. ARTAXERXES IL, DINEMON, 405-362 B. C. ——Art. ANABASIS, and p.176. 504. By whom was Darius II. succeeded? 505. Who contested the succession, and on what grounds? His younger brother, Cyrus, who had been born after his father had become hing. 506. Was the revolt of Cyrus successful? Cyrus fell at Cunard (401 B. 0.), a vic- tim to his own impetuosity. 507. * Who had assisted Cyrus in his undertaking? 508. * What resolution was taken by these mercenaries after the battle of Cunaxa? 509. *Under whose conduct did they complete this enterprise? 510. *Who described this march? Under what title? 511. What were the political results of this expedition of Cyrus? Sparta had given Cyrus important assistance, and thereby irremediably ofl’ended the Persian monarch. The result of the expedition of the Ten Thousand encouraged her to precipitate the rupture which she had provoked. Sparta attached the Persians in Asia Minor. ‘ 512. T What was done by Persia to ward off the danger? 513. TWhat was the result of this policy? . 514. TWhat were the principal conditions of the peace of Antalmdas? 515. Was the reign of Artaxerxes as successful in other respects as with the \ Greeks? No; the internal condition of the empire grew worse. ARTAXERXES 111., OCHUS, 359—338 B. c. 516. By whom was Artaxerxes III. succeeded? 517. What is the character of his reign? He was aprince of more vigor and spirit than any monarch since Darius Hystaspz‘s, and the power, reputation, and general prosperity of the empire were greatly advanced under his administration. 518. What countries were recovered during this reign? Egypt and Phoenicia. 519. What was his end ? He was murdered by his chief minister, Bagoas. ARSES, 338—336 B. c. 520. Who had been placed by the murderer on the throne of Persia? The youngest son of the murdered hing. 1-Refers to Appendix. <50 *Refers to Alphabetical List. 521. With what object? To reign as minister of aprince who was little more than a boy. 522. What was done by Bagoas when he discovered that he had failed in his object? He murdered Arses. BABIES III., CODOBIANNUS, 336-330 B. C. —~p. 177. 523. On whom was the crown conferred by Bagoas after the murder of Arses? 524. In what way was Darius 111. connected with the royal house of Persia? He was descendedfrom Darius II. 525. What was his character? Superior, morally, to the greater number of his pre- decessors, Darius III. did not possess suy‘ieient intellectual ability to enable him to grapple with the difficulties of the circumstances in which he was placed. 526. fo whom was Persia invaded during his reign? 527. 1- In how many battles were the Persians conquered? 528. 1- Name them, with their dates, and give their precise situation. (See Map VI.) 529. 1- What was the end of Darius Codomannus? 530. T What ended with his death? RECAPITULATION OF THE PERSIAN HISTORY. 531. Give the date for the beginning and end of the Persian Ascendency in Western Asia. 532. Who was the founder and first king of the Persian monarchy? 533. Who was the second founder of the Persian monarchy? 534. Who was the last king of the Persian monarchy ‘3 535. How long did it last, and how many kings ruled over it? 586. How long was the throne occupied by the direct descendants of Cyrus? 537. How long was the throne occupied by the direct descendants of Darius? 588. During the reign of what king took place the first and second expeditions against Greece? 539. During the reign of what king took place the third expedition against Greece? 540. During whose reign was the peace of Callias concluded ? 541. During whose reign happened the “retreat of the Ten Thousand” ? 542. During whose reign was the peace of Antalcidas concluded? 543. During whose reign was the Persian Empire the most prosperous? 544. Under whose reign begins the decline of the Persian power? 545. Under whose reign took place a short revival of the ancient Persian power? 546. Who was the last king of Persia, and what was his fate? FINAL RECAPITULATION OF THE FIRST TABLE. 547. Recite the dates from 2500-550 B. c.‘ 548. Give the names, dates, and nationalities of all the Conquerors mentionedin the first table. 549. Give the names. dates, and periods they belong to, of all the biblical per- sons mentioned in the first table. ”Refers to Genealogical Tables. «c‘ 12 ANCIENT HISTORY. 550. Give the names, dates, and chief works of the Greek poets mentioned in the 552. How long after the foundation of Rome did Nebuchadnezzar live? Cyrus? firs" table. 553. How long lasted the Chaldaaan ascendency? the Egyptian ascendency? the 551. Ilow long did Cyrus live after Sesostris? after Rameses the Great? after Assyrian ascendency? the Persian ascendenoy? Sardanapalus? ANCIENT HISTORY. GREEK HISTORY. First Period. — The Dawn. 566. Around what seas were all their settlements situated? Around the ngan Sea and the Propontis. THE RACE, 567. Recapitulate the three great divisions of the Greeks, or Hellenes? Eolians, Ionidns, and Dorians. The main body of the people were the Pelasgians. . What may be regarded as the primitive country of the Greeks, or Hellencs? The Phrygian highlands in Asia Minor, watered [n the North by the Sangarins, > THE LAND and in the south by the Mzeandcr. - . Whither did they gradually emigrate? lVestu'ard towards the sea, and the mainland on the other side. . How many great epochs may be recognized in these migrations ? Two. . What common name did embrace all the countries inhabited by the Greeks . What name was given to the earlier current? The I’cldsyian. (Hellenes) ? IIellas. . What countries were occupied by this earlier current? The coasts of Asia . What common name did embrace originally all the Greeks dwelling on the Minor, the shores of the I’ropontis, and, on the further side, all the landfrom coast of Asia Minor? Ionians. Thrace to Cape Teenarum. . How many confederacies do we meet on this coast in historical times? Three. . What did this great migration constitute for all times? The primitive indiy- . Give their names. Eolis, Tonia, Doris. enous race, the main body of the people. ' . Give the position of onlis. (lilap l3.) . What followed subsequently to this great popular migration? Single tribes . How many cities did belong to this [Eclic confederacy? Twelve. who subsequently gamed the I’hrygz'an lay/(lands. They were called .xEollans, . How many of them were clustered around the rElaeitie gulf? Eleven. and divided afterwards in [onions and pol-ions. . Give the names of the principal of the onlic towns. Games and Smyrna. . What was the mission ot'these tribes? To awaken historic life among the mass '. Give the position of Ionia. of peoples connected with them. by descent, who had preceded them and opened . How many Ionian towns were in existence at the commencement of histor- them apath. ical Greece (777 B. c.) ? Twelve towns of note, besides some minor towns. . What routes were pursued by these tribes which followed the main migra- . Give the names of some of these Ionian towns. Ephesus, Miletus. tion? One division took the landway by the Hellespont; they passed through . Where was the federal republic of Doris situated? Thrace into Northern Greece. The others descendedfrom the Phrygian table- . How many towns were included in this confederation? Six. lands down the valleys to the coast of Asia Minor. . Name the principal Doric town in Asia Minor? . What name was given to the tribes who settled on the coast and islands of . Whence had been derived the earliest civilization of this thickly-peopled the ngean Sea? Ionians. coast? From the Phcenicians. . What name was given to the descendants of the tribes who had settled in . What was one of the first arts the Ionians learned from the Phoenicians? the mountains of Northern Greece? Dorians. ’ Navigation. Recapitulate the names of the countries which were settled by these Prhry- . What. use was made by them of this art? To insert themselves beside the Phat- gian tribes who afterwards became known in history as Greeks, or Hel— nicians in all parts of the Eastern Mediterranean, in order to deprive them of the lenes. monopoly of their commercial gains. Cu ow 0‘ THE HELLENES ON THE COAST OF ASIA MINOR. Map VII. 0' Ca CD 556 557 558 O! C: ’3 CI! menu Ur <31 C?! U! ~I-I ‘1‘1‘1 ‘1‘] K! NOO‘H-sOOlu—‘O 0‘ R1 00 ‘Y 1' Refers to Appendix. * Refers to Alphabetical List. I] Refers to Genealogical Tables. ANCIENT TIIE HELLENES ON THE DIAINLAND OF EUROPE (IN GREECE.) 585. 586. 587. 588. 589. 590. Divisions of Greece. Give the exact situation of Greece. (See Map 13.) What name was anciently given to it by its inhabitants? Ifellas. What was the meaning of Hellas in its widest acceptation? Any country settled by Hellenes. What was meant by it in its more restricted sense ? Cambam‘z' Montes. What was meant by it in its most restricted sense? The country south of the Amhractan gulf and the mouth of the Spercht'us, as far as the Isthmus of Corinth. What name was given to the countries north of the Ambracian gulf and the mouth of the river Spercheus? Northern Greece. The country south of the . And what name to the large peninsula to the south of Hellas propen‘.P The Peloponnesus. . Recapitulate the names of the three large divisions of Greece. . Give the subdivisions of North Greece. . Give the subdivisions of Hellas. . Give the subdivisions of the Peloponncsus. (Illap 13.) (flap 15.) (1110p 15.) The Principal Greek vans.—Ma.p 15. (VIII.) . What was the most famous town in the Peloponnesus? . Give the situation of Sparta, or Lacedaemon. . Of what district of Greece was it the capital? . To what race did its inhabitants belong? . What was, since 555 B. (3., the position of Sparta in Greece? 111a]; 16. To the Dorian race. It was recog- nized as the leading power. . What celebrated town was situated in Argolis? . And what famous place in Elis? . Give the precise position of Corinth. Map 19. . What was the most famous town of Central Greece? . Give the precise situation of Athens. . What celebrated town was situated in Boeotia ? . What famous oracle was situated in Phocis? . Recapitulate the two most famous towns of ancient Hellas (Greece). . Recapitulate the four principal towns in the Peloponnesus. . And also the three principal towns of Central Greece. Map 18. 111a}; 17. TIIE HELLENES ON THE ISLANDS OF THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN. — Map 13. (VII.) . Give the names of the three principal islands to the west of Greece. . What island is situated south of the Peloponnesus? . . What two islands are found in the Saronic gulf (between Attica and Argo- lis)? (Map 15.) ‘ . What large island was situated to the east of Hellas? . Give the position of the Cyclades, and give the names of some of them. f Refers to Appendix. HISTORY. 616. 617. 618. 619. 620. 621. 622. 623. 624. 625. 626. 627. 628. 629. 630. 631. 632. 633. 634. 635. 636. 637. 638. 639. 640. 641. 642. 643. 644. 645. 646 647'. * Refers to Alphabetical List. 13 Why are they called Cyclades? (cyclos) around Detos. Give the position of the Sporades, and give the names of some of them. What four islands were situated in the Northern Archipelago 'I What large island forms the southern boundary of the Archipelago? What large island is situated in the easternmost corner of the Mediterra- nean? (Map 11.) Give the names of four important islands, situated along the western coast of Asia Minor. THE GREEK COLONIES. — Map 13. In what seas were all the Greek colonies situated? Where were they most thickly sown? Into how many parts may we divide the Greek settlements? Because they are fancied to lie in a circle The Colonies to the East of Greece.—Map 13. Into how many groups are the colonies on the east coast of the Archipelago usually subdivided? Give the names of the principal onlian colonies. Give the names of the principal Ionian colonies. Give the names of the principal Doric colonies. Into how many groups are the colonies on the north coast of the Archipelago usually subdivided? Give the names of the principal colonies of the Western group. Give the names of some of the colonies of the Central group. And also of the Eastern group. What Were the principal Greek colonies of the Propontis ? What Greek colonies were found on the shores of the l’ontus Euxinus? (See Quest. 575.) (See Quest. 578.) The Colonies to the IVcst of Greece—Map 13. Into how many groups may we subdivide the colonies to the west of Greece? What were the two principal Greek settlements on the coast of Illyria? Into how many distinct groups can we divide the Greek immigration into Italy ? , Give me their names. Which of the three groups had the oldest settlements and was the most numerous? The Ionian. What common name was given to the Ionian towns? Chalcidt'an towns. Where were the greater part of the Chalcidian towns situated? Give me the names of some of the Chalcidian towns. What part of Italy was occupied by the Achaean towns? What name was given by them to that part of Italy? Magna Gracia, (Great Hellas.) How many towns did belong to the Achaean League? Give the names of some of these towns. Where were the chief settlements of the Dorians situated ? Eleven. 11 Refers to Genealogical Tables. 660 664 665 666 667 ANCIENT HISTORY. . Give the names of some of these Sicilian towns. . What was the only Doric settlement on the Italian continent? . Recapitulate the three groups of Hellenic immigrants. . What was the most important Greek colony on the coast of Gaul? . What Greek colonies were found on the northern shore of Africa? and Barca. THE MIGRATIONS. III assili a. Cyrene . What race did inhabit, about 1500 B. 0., the shores and islands of the Archi- pelago? The Ionians. . To which of the historical races did they belong? To the Arian race. . What had been their original home? The Phrygian tablelands. . When and by whom were they driven from the coasts of Greece? 1100 B. 0., by the Dorians. . Who were these Dorians ? A tribe cognate with the Ionians, who, in pre-historic times, had settled in the Thessalian Mountains. (See Quest. 564.) . What country was gradually conquered and occupied by them? part of the Greek mainland. . What became finally their chief settlement and their chief town? (cap. Sparta). . What was the result of this great Doric invasion? A general migration of the Eolic tribes (who occupied the inland districts), and of the Ionian tribes (who occupied the coast districts). . What main divisions may be distinguished in this migration? Three: Doric, Ionic, and Adobe. . What direction was taken by the Doric migration? It retained its original directionfrom north to south, and transplanted itselffrom Cape illalea to Cythera, Crete, Rhodes, and the southwest coast of Asia Minor. . What direction was taken by the Ionic migration? They returned to the shores which they had inhabited before: the estuary land of the four great rivers of T'Vestern Asia Minor, Mseander, Cayster, Hermus, and Caicus. . What direction was taken by the [Eolic migration? A north—eastern,to the Thracian sea, and the northwest peninsula of Asia Minor. . Who were these onlians? The same race as the [onions and .Dorians. The original race that had afterwards divided into Ionians and Dorians. They had come into Greece after the Pelasgians. . Who were the leaders of this 1Eolian migration? Ionian families who had settled among the dt'olic populations and had become their leaders. . What name was given to these Ionian leaders of the IEolic migration? Achaeans. (The term “ Sons of the Achaeans” is used to indicate noble descent.) . What country was the goal of this IEolic migration? (See Quest. 664.) . What empire had grown up on the soil of this peninsula. ? The Empire of Ilium, or Troy. Map 14. . Did the conquest of this empire prove an easy task to the [Eolians‘l A long and bloody struggle took place between the Dardanian rulers and the Eolic invaders. About The greater Laconica “t Refers to Appendix. 671. 672. u. * Under what name have they come to us? . What do we learn from the Homeric Epos, besides the fall of Troy? 685. 686. 687. 688. *Refers to Alphabetical List. . *What is the character of the Homeric poems? . *How long after the destruction of the Dardanian kingdom of Troy is Homer . What was the cause of this? What was done by them in order to support their courage during the long struggle ? They fortified themselves by songs of the deeds of their ancient leaders, the A tridae, and nourished their courage by recalling the heroic powers of Achilles. Have these IEolian war-songs vanished? They have lasted to our days, as the authentic reminiscences of the warlike deeds of the Achaeans in the land of the Dardanians. (See Homer.) The social condition of the Hellenic world before and during the great migrations. (Sec Homer.) said to have lived? . * When and by whom were the Homeric poems first collected and arranged? (See Pisistratus.) THE GREEK STATES BEFORE THE STRUGGLE WITH PERSIA. DIVISION AND UNITY. . Into what does the history of the Hellenes subsequently to the Dorian occu- pation of the Peloponnesus resolve itself? Into that of severalpetty states. The Dorian conquerors settled themselves in some stronghold, each of which became a separate state holding in subjection a certain tract of circung‘acent country. . Did this subdivision of Greece into a vast number of small states, constantly at war with one another, prevent the maintenance of a. consciousness of unity ? No ; they were always ready to make common cause against a foreign enemy. . What conviction lay at the root of this feeling? A conviction of identity of race. . By what was this feeling further fostered? By the possession of a common language and a common literature. THE THREE PRINCIPAL STATES. Argos. — Map 15. . What was the first state which attained to political importance under the new condition of affairs in Greece? . During what time was Argos the leading power of the Peloponncsus? 1100—700 B. G. How far did the dominion of Argos reach during that time? From the Isthmus - of Corinth to Cape Malea and the island of Cythera. What was the government of Argos? An absolute monarchy. Who was the most celebrated of the Argivian kings? Pheidon, (777 B. C.) What did happen to Argos after the death of Pheidon? Argos declined rapidly 'l‘ll power. [I Refers to Genealogical Tables. 689. 690. 691. 692. 693. 694. 695. 696. 697. 698. 699. 703. 704. 705. 706. 707. 708. 709. 710. . Since when was Sparta recognized as the leading power in Greece? ANCIENT HISTORY. Sparta. — Map 16. When did the Dorians effect a lodgment in the upper valley of the Eurotas‘.’ In the eleventh century B. C. What narrow space was at first occupied by them? the Taygetus and Parnon. Into how many classes were the Spartans divided at that time? classes. Who ‘formed the first class? The Spartans. orfree inhabitants of the capital, the sole possessors of political rights and privileges. Who formed the second class? The Perioeci, orfree inhabitants of the country towns and villages ; citizens without franchise. Who formed the third class? The Helots, or slavepopulation, mainly composed of captives taken in war. What was the character of the Spartan government? A double monarchy; being a device of those who sought to limit and curtail the royal authority. What was the result of this division of the royal authority? The regalpower, thus divided against itself, naturally became weaker and weaker. Who gave, at length (about 850 B. 0.), Sparta that constitution which raised her in a little while to a proud and wonderful eminence? Lycurgus. What was the chief object of his legislation? To create and preserve a race of vigorous and warlike men. What was the immediate effect of the adoption of the Lycurgean system? Sparta became the most warlike and most victorious power of Greece. A narrow space between Into three . What conquest made Sparta at once the dominant power in the Pelopon— nesus ? The conquest of Messene, the result of two bloody wars, (748—668 B. c.) . Was Sparta satisfied with being the dominant power on this narrow penin— sula? No ; the course of events led her to a fuller recognition of her own greatness. Since 555 B. 0. Athens. —- Map 15. THE ROYAL PERIOD. Give the precise situation of Athens. With what does the traditional history of Athens begin? With a royalperiod. During what period was Athens governed by kings? 1300-1050 B. 0. Who was the most celebrated of these kings? Theseus, who made Athens the capital of a centralized monarchy. Who was the last of the Athenian kings? Codrus. What was his end ‘3 He fell, in resisting a Dorian invasion. THE ARISTOCRATICAL PERIOD. By What was this kingly period followed ? By an aristocraticalperiod. What was substituted for the monarchy? The archonship for life, which, though confined to the descendants of Codrus, was not a royal dignity, but a mere chief magistracy. 1' Refers to Appendix. 711. 712. 713. 714. 715. 716. 717. 718. 719. 720. 721. 724. 728. 729. * Refers to Alphabetical List. . What were the consequences of this legislation? . How was this eflected? . What was a secondary object of Solon’s legislation? . What were Solon’s remedies against these evils? 15 By whom was he elected ? By the Eupatrids (the noble families), from among the .Medontidw (the family to which Codr-us had belonged). How many such Arehons did hold office before any further changes were made? Thirteen, (1050—752 B. c.) What further change was made in 752? Archons were electedfor ten years only. When was this office thrown open to all Eupatrids? In 714. What step was finally taken in 684? The supreme power was put in commission, the original royalfunctions being divided among nine archons. What was obtained by this last change? Thefull triumph of the Olzgarchs. Tun OLIGARCHY. What use was made by the Oligarchs of their power? own benefit. What was the result of this? Popular discontent began to manifest itself. What demand was made by the oppressed people? A demandfor written laws. In what way did the nobles endeavor to crush the rising democratic spirit? By an unsparing severity. What was their answer to the demands made on them? The legislation of Draco, which, by making death the penalty for almost all crimes, placed the very lives of the citizens at the disposal of the ruling order. They used it for their Dissatisfaction increased, and a regular opposition was organized. . Who was finally, by common consent, intrusted with the task of framing a new constitution? Solon, a Eupatrid, but of so poor afamily that he had him- self been engaged in trade. Soton‘s LEGISLATION. What was the main object of Solon’s legislation? To establish a government which should admit all Athenian citizens to a share of power, but give a predom- inating influence to the higher orders. The people were divided, according to the amount of their income, into four classes, and their eligibility to oflice was graduated accord- ingly. All citizens could vote in the general assembly, and elect the magistrates and the members of the Council of the Four IIundred (which initiated legislation). Solon established also trial by jury. To remedy the existing evil of wide—spreadpoverfy and distress. The abolition of debts ; the debasement of the currency; the abolition of servitude for debt; and the encour— agement of industry. Every father should teach his son a handicraft. Did Solon’s legislation satisfy his contemporaries? He was accused by one party of having gone too far, by another of not having done enough. What did suffice for a time to restrain the discontented? Hispersonal influ- ence, (until 570 B. 0.)? fl Refers to Genealogical Tables. ' . In what did this struggle in 560 B. c. terminate ? ANCIENT . But what did happen when his influence was withdrawn? revived, and a desperate struggle commenced. . What three parties contended for the supremacy? A reactionary party, a con- servalive party, and aparty of progress. The factions In the triumph of the party of progress, whose leader assumed the position of dictator (tyrant). Tm: PISISTRATIDE or ATHENS, 560—510 B. c.—A1-t. PISISTRATUS. . *Who was Pisistratus? . * What was his character? . *What policy was pursued by him? . *Was he throughout successful in his efforts to retain the supreme power? . *Were the laws of Solon abolished by him? . *What was the general character of his rule? . *What was established by him at Athens? . *When did Pisistratus die, and who did he leave to inherit his power? . * How did Hipparchus come to his untimely end? . *What influence had this on the administration of Hippias? . *What were the consequences of his tyrannical suspicion? . *When and by whom was Hippias driven from Athens? . *And what sect was at the same time driven from the towns of Southern Italy? PYTHAGORAS. —Art. PYTHAGORAS. . *Who had been the founder of this sect? . *When and where was this philosopher born? . *What do you know of his early life? . * What did induce him to quit Samos after his return from the East? . *Where did he ultimately settle? . *What plan was carried out by him there? . *Describe the society formed by Pythagoras at Crotona. . *Did this society remain confined to Crotona? *What influence was exercised by these societies? *What made an end to the influence of the Pythagorzeans? * When and where did Pythagoras die? *Enumerate his principal doctriness . *In what year had the Pythagoraeans been driven from Crotona? . * Who were driven in the same year from Rome? . *Relate the history of the expulsion of the kings from Rome? Art. BRUTUS. . *Who was driven in the same year from Athens? . *Whither did he go? . * Who was this Darius? Repeat Questions 427—487. 1' Refers to Appendix. HISTORY. Chronological Review of the First Period of Greek History. 764. 765. 766. 767. 768. 769. 770. 77]. . Who was its second founder? . Who were, during the lifetime of Pisistratus, kings of Rome? . Who were, during the lifetime of Pythagoras, kings of Rome? . Who was king of Rome during the reign of Darius I. ? pp. 13 and 14. Recite the dates from 540—500 B. c. Recite the dates from 2500—500 B. c. which belong to Greek History. Recite all the dates from 2500—500 13.0. When did Homer live, and how long after him came Pisistratus? What great philosopher was a contemporary of Pisistratus ? Who were, during the lifetime of Pisistratus, kings of Persia? And who during the lifetime of Pythagoras? Who was the founder of the Persian Empire? ‘. Enumerate the seven kings of Rome. . When were the kings driven out of Rome? . Who was, in the same year, driven out of Athens? . And who were, in the same year, annihilated in Southern Italy? Second Period. —- The Glory. THE PERSIAN WARS. (Herodotus, Book VI., Chapter 94, to the end of the work.) THE DEFENSIVE WAR AGAINST THE PERSIANS. General Svunnnary. —p. 173. . fWhat was the cause of the wars between Persia and Greece? 1' What was their duration? What was the principal theatre of war? State the object of Persia in making war on Greece? TBut what was the result? . TWhat was the number of the defensive wars of the Greeks against Persia? 786. 787. 788. 789. 790. 791. 792. * Refers to Alphabetical List. _ The First Attempt, in 492 B. C. — p. 173. Map 13. (Herodotus, VI. 43—45.) T When did the Persians make the first attempt to conquer Greece? THow long did this first war last, and where was the theatre of war? T Who commanded this first expedition? J[Describe the campaign of Mardonius. 1-What happened to his fleet? TWhat influence had this disaster on the plans of Mardonius? 1-What were the consequences of the retreat of Mardonius? I] Refers to Genealogical Tables. 793. 794. 795. 796. 797. 798. 799. 800. 801. 802. 803. 804. 805. 806. 807. 808. 809. 810. 811. 812. 813. 814. 815. 816. 817. 818. 819. 820. 821. 822. 823. 824. 825. 826. 827. ANCIENT The Second Attempt, in 490 B. C. —p. 174, art. MARATHON. (Herodotus, VI. 94—124.) TWhen did the Persians make a second attempt to conquer Greece? 1-Who were the commanders of this second Persian expedition? TWhat route was taken by them? (Map 13.) 1- What festival was celebrated by the Persians on the sacred isle of Delos? TGive the precise situation of Delos. (See Map 13.) The smallest of the islands called the Cyclades, in the zEgean sea, lying in the strait between Rheneia and Myconus, and to the North of Paros. TWhat town was attacked by them in Euboea? (Map 15.) fWhat was the reason that they attacked Eretria ? TWhat was the fate of Eretria? 1- Whither did the Persians go after the destruction of Eretria? 1- What plain was chosen by the Persians for their debarkation? * Give the precise position of Marathon. (Map 15.) *How many passes led from this plain to Athens? * Who occupied these passes ? *How long did the armies stand opposite each other? * What resolution was taken by the Persians on the tenth day ? *Who held the supreme command of the Athenian army on that day? * What was done by Miltiades on that day ? *With what result ? *What were the consequences of this glorious victory? TWhat had been the Athenian loss? J[In what way did the Athenians honor their dead? The Third Attempt, in 480 B. C. -—p. 174, art. SALAMIS and Tannnorns. (Herodotus, VL, V111,, IX., 1-105.) TWhen did the Persians make a third attempt. to conquer Greece? 1' How long lasted this third attack on Greece? TWho were at the head of the invading army ? . . 1 What was the strength of the invading army, and where was its gathering- place? (Map 11.) fWhere did they go into winter—quarters ? (Map 11.) fWhat three great preparatory works were first completed before the march was commenced? fWhat route was hereupon taken by the Persian army? 1- Where did both divisions of the army meet? (Map 13.) 1- Where did the Persians first encounter a firm resistance? * Give the precise situation of Thermopylae. (Map 15.) *Who defended Thermopylie, and what was his end? fWhat were the consequences of the Greek defeat at Thermopylae ? 1- How did Xerxes wreak his vengeance on Athens? , But whither had the greater portion of the Athenians gone for refuge? To the fleet. (Map 13.) fRefers to Appendix. 3 HISTORY. 828. 829. 830. 831. 832. 833. 834. 835. 836. 837. 838. 839. 840. 841. 842. 843. 844. 846. 847. 848. 849. 850. 851. 852. 853. 854. 855. 856. 857. *Refers to Alphabetical List. . Was Greece content with driving her foe beyond her borders? 17 TWhere had this Greek fleet first encountered the Persians? fWhat had been the result of the three battles near Artemisium? Give the precise situation of Artemisium. A promontory on the Northern coast of the island of Eabaza. TWhere did the Greek fleet meet again the Persian fleet? *Give the precise situation of Salamis? (Maps 15 and 18.) * What was the result of the battle of Salamis? TWhat were the consequences of this victory? TWhat resolution was taken by Xerxes? 1- Who was left in charge of the Persian army? it Where did the Persian troops go into winter-quarters? TDescribe the campaign of Mardonius, in the spring of 479 B. C. T Whither did he go after having ravaged Attica? THow was he received in Boeotia? TWhen, where, and with What result was he attacked by the Greeks? TWhy was the day of l’latzea the real day of the salvation of Hellas? What other victory was gained on the same day? At Mycale, a promontory in Lydia (Asia Minor). just opposite the island of Samos. (Map 13.) (Map 15.) THE AGGRESSIVE WAR AGAINST THE PERSIANS. Sparta loses the Leadership of the War. — Art. PAUSANIAS. What was the natural result of the discomfiture of the assailing force which had threatened the liberties of Greece? Greece now took the gimme. 1V0. She aimed atpressing Persia back from her advancedposition which she had occupied in the Eastern Mediterranean, regarding it as menacing to her own semritg. What was done with the Greek States which had invited or encouraged the invader ? They were severely punished. What did Greece vindicate to herself as the natural consequence of the vic- tories of Salamis and Mycale? The complete command of the Eastern Medi- terranean, and the sovereignty over all the littoral islands, including Cir/gurus. What was required by this new position into which Greece had been brought by the course of events ? It required activity, enterprise, the constant employ- ment of considerable forces at a distance from home, and the occupation of the Egean Sea with apowerfal navy. What were the natural consequences of this? The withdrawal of Sparta from the conduct of the Persian war, and the substitution of Athens as leader. Whose misconduct did make Sparta glad to retire from an unpleasant duty? * Who was this Pausanias, and to what victory did he owe his fame? *What additional success did Pausanias have in the following year? * But what drove him into treason? * State the nature of his treasonable designs. , * What was done by the Ephors when it was discovered? *Did Pausanias desist, after this, from his treasonable designs? *By whose revelation were all his plans discovered? I Refers to Genealogical Tables. m ANCIENT HISTORY. 858. What step was hereupon taken by Pausanias to avoid punishment? The Confederacy of Delos.—Art. Aarsrines. 859. Did Sparta suppose that, by her Withdrawal from the conduct of the war, . What was the original idea of this league? . What was appointed as its centre? . But in what was this acknowledged headship soon converted by Athens? . What was the next step? . What was the last step which changed the confederacy of Delos into the . What do you understand by ostracism? she was thereby yielding up her claim to the headship of all Greece at home? Sparta imagined that she could shift on to a subordinate responsibilities, which were too much for her, without changing the attitude of that subordinate toward herself. . What effect did the change, made by the transference of the leadership, have on Athens? She had obtained afrec vent for her superabundant activity, energy and enterprise. . Of what league did Athens at once become the head? She was to be at the head of a league of the naval powers of Greece, oflensive and defensive, against Persia. That of afree confederation. The island of Delos. Into a sovereignty. . What was the first step taken by Athens to change its headship into a sover- eignty? The right of the states to secede from the confederacy was denied. The treasury was transferred from Delos to Athens. Athenian Empire? The meetings of the Congress were discontinued. . *Who had the glory of obtaining for Athens the command of the confed~ eracy of Delos? . *What task was intrusted to him by general consent? . * What surname was earned by him on this occasion? . * During what time was Aristides the chief political leader of Athens? The Entpire of Athens. Ostracism,——Art. THEMISTOCLES. . What internal changes of considerable importance accompanied this exalta- tion of Athens to the headship of an Empire? Athens became a democracy. . What convenient institution diminished the violence of party struggles and preserved the state from all attempts upon its liberties? The institution of ostracism. It was a vote of banishment by the citizens of Athens against any one they disliked; 6000 votes being deemed supi- cient. The votes were inscribed on a shell (in Greek oarpaxav) ; and hence the term. . * What illustrious founder of the Empire of Athens was by this means sacri- ficed to the safety of the state? . *Who was this Themistocles, and what was his character? 1 Refers to Appendix. 877. 878. 879. 880. 881. 882. 883. 884. 885. 886. 887. 888. 889. 890. 891. 892. 893. 894. 895. 896. 897. 898. 899. 900. 901. 902. 903. 904. 'F Refers to Alphabetical List. * In what wayhad he become the real founder of the naval supremacy of Athens? *What use had he made of this fleet during the Persian invasion? * And what use did he make of his fame acquired at Salamis ? *But what was the reason that, soon after, the influence of this second founder of Athens began to wane ? *When was he banished from Athens? *Whither did he go, and how was he received? *When and Where did he die? *What was, thanks to ostracism, the character of Athenian history during the first half-century of its Empire ? It exhibits to us the exceptional specta- cle of a full—blown democracy with all the steadiness and firmness of a limited monarchy. Parlour-Art. PHIDIAS and Famous. What did Athens become during this period? It became the most splendid of Greek cities, and was the general resort of all who excelled in literature or in the arts. What public buildings were erected during this period? Theseium, the Temple of Victory, and the Propyleea. How and by whom were these edifices adorned? notus and the sculptures of Phidias. Who vied with each other in the beautifying of the city of their birth? Phidias and Pericles. * Who was Pericles? * Under whose guidance had he finished his education? * What was one of his greatest acquirements? * When did he begin to take part in public affairs? *What party soon recognized him as their chief? *When did he become the sole ruler of Athens? *What was the aim of his policy? * What were the chief results of his administration? The Parthenon, the With the painting; of Polyg- - Phidlas. *What great Greek sculptor aided Pericles in his endeavors to beautify Athens? * To what office was he appointed by his illustrious friend? * What was the most important of the temples erected by Phidias at Athens? * Where are at present some of the sculptured decorations of that unrivalled temple ? * Under what name are they generally known? Whence that name? They were bought in 1801 by the Earl of Elgin, who trans- ferred them to England. They are now in the British Museum. *What was the most magnificent of all the works of Phidias? *Is this greatest production of Greek art yet in existence? H Refers to Genealogical Tables. 926. 927. 928. 929. 930. 931. «932. ANCIENT Literature-Art. PINDAR, 11413011., 801211., Emma, HEROD. . *What great lyric poet was a contemporary of Pericles? . *Where was the usual abode of Pindar? . * What is the character of the Pindaric odes? . * Give the names of the three tragic poets who adorned Athens at this time. . * Who is the eldest among them? . *What is the character of the poetry of the soldier—poet? . *How many of his tragedies are yet extant? . * What is the most sublime and, at the same time, the most simple of all? . * What English poet has very successfully imitated the imagery of this play ? . * Who was the great rival of JEschylus? ' . *What are the characteristics of the poetry of Sophocles? . '* How does he compare with his older rival, Eschylus? . *What are the greatest of the works of Sophocles? . *Who was the youngest of the three great tragedians? . * How does he compare with [Eschylus and Sophocles? . *But what was the result of the abatement of the lofty bearing of tragedy? . * What are the principal works of Euripides ? . * What is the real character of his tragedies, and what influence was exer- cised by them? . *What historian was a contemporary of the three great tragic poets? . *How many years after the battle of Marathon did he begin to write his , history ? . * Had the great events of the Persian wars been accompanied by any con- temporaneous historical account? * What were, therefore, the sources Herodotus had to draw from? * Was the tradition either complete or impartial? * Had he any documental information in regard to the memorial estimate of the hostile heroes? * What is, therefore, the character of his great work in regard to numbers? *But what is the character of his work in other respects? *What name is given to this period of Greek history? * Why is it justly called the Age of Pericles? Chronological Review of the First and Second Periods of Greek 933. 934. 935. 936. 937. 938. 939 History.-—pp. 13, 14. *What great wars form the principal event of the second period of Greek history ? What had been the cause of these wars? Who had drawn the European Greeks into the struggle? Who was this Aristagcras, and what date is assigned to him? What great Athenian was his contemporary? What great battle was gained by Miltiades, and when? _ How long afterwards were fought the battles of Thermopylee and Salamis, and with what results? 1- Refers to Appendix. HI 940. 941. 942. 943. 944. 945. 946. 947. 948. .949. 950. 951. 952. 953. 954. 955. 960. 961. 962. ’r 968 964. 965 * Refers to Alphabetical List. '. Who was the most popular of all the Athenian leaders? STORY. 19 Who was the hero of Thermopylee, and who of Salamis? Who was the great rival of Themistocles? What confederacy was formed by Aristides? What empire grew out of this confederacy ? What Athenian leader was most instrumental in bringing this about? Why is his age called the “ Age of Pericles”? What great sculptor was his contemporary and friend? What great lyric poet lived during his time? Enumerate the three tragic poets who adorned his administration. What historian lived in Athens during his administration? How many years after Homer did Herodotus live? And how many years after Hesiodus? Who is the oldest Greek poet mentioned in your table? Give the names and dates of all the Greek poets mentioned in your table (until 440). Recite the dates from 540—440 B. C. Recite all the dates from 2500—440 B. C. Third Period. —— The Decline. THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR. (Thucydides, Boo/rs II.— VIII. ; A’enophon’s Hellenica, Books I., II.) ATHENS ON THE EVE OF THE WAR. -—p. 175. . What was the position of Athens about 434 B. 0.? tion in Greece, both by land and sea. It occupied the first posi- Pericles. . How was he enabled to carry on his various innovations? They wereprinci— pally favored by the removal of the exchcquer of the League from Dclos to Athens. . What use was now made by the Athenians of the contingents of the allies? Instead of employing the finances againsl Persia, they applied them to their own purposes. They were even used as an instrument for destroying the independence of (hose who had supplied them. What further burdens were imposed on them? raised to double the original amount. How did Pericles employ the resources at his disposal? He not only embel— lished the city with the most magnificent buildings, but also induced the poor to take part in public aflairs, by yranliny them a remuneration for their atlendance at. the public assemblies and in the courts of justice. How were these proceedings looked upon by the Athenian allies? . TWhat State nourished the discontent of the Athenian allies? TWhat became gradually the relations between Athens and Sparta? . TState the two general causes that finally brought about the Peloponnesian war? The war taxes were gradually, fl Refers to Genealogical Tables. ANCIENT GENERAL SUDIMARY. ——p. 175. . fWhat do you understand by the Peloponnesian war? . fWhence the name? . fWhat was the original cause of the war? . iWhat became the immediate cause of hostilities? . Jr What. state did instigate the Peloponnesians to declare war against Athens? . T When was war declared, and how long did the war last? . J[What was the theatre of war? . J(What was the object and what the result of the war? . fName the two contending parties. . TWhat was the character of the Athenian party, and who did belong to it? ’. iWhat was the character of the Spartan party, and who did belong to it? . Tlnto how many parts can this great war be divided? TIIE TEN I'EARS’ WAR. ——-p. 175. . TWhat name is given to the first part of the Peloponnesian war? . 7L When did it begin, and when did it end? . i- What was the theatre of war? Tl)cscribe the general character of this war. . i What did happen in Athens in the second year of this war? . Where do we find a minute description of this pestilence? In the Second Book of Mimi/(lilies, Chapters 47—5-1. . T Who were the great Athenian commanders? . 1! Who were the great Spartan commanders? . TWhen, where, and with what result was the decisive battle of this war fought ‘3 . *Give the precise situation of Amphipolis. . TWhat truce was made after this battle? THE IIOLLO‘V PEACE, 421—415 B. C.——Art. ALCIBIADES. . What were the relations between Sparta and Athens during this peace? . To what was attributable this continuance of hostilities between the two chief belligerents? To the hatred which Corinth bore to A thcns, and to the energy which she showed in forming coalitions against her delested rival. . To whose ambition-and influence was it also owing? . * Whowas this Alcibiades? . ‘K What was his character? . * What name is given to him by Aristophanes? . 7‘ By what brilliant qualities, however, were his vices redeemed? . 'X' What project was brought forward by Alcibiades about 415 ? . * What might have been the consequence of the success of this attempt? THE SICILIAN EXPEDITION. —-—p. 175, and ALCIBIADES. Map 13. (Thucydides, Boo/cs VI. and VII ) . fGive the beginning, end, and duration of the Sicilian expedition. fWhat did serve as a pretext for the expedition? (See Amphtpolis, and jllap 13.) 1' Refers to Appendix. HISTORY. 1000. 1001. 1002 1003. 1004. 1005 1006. 1007. 1008. 1009. 1010. 1011. 1012. 1013. 1014. 1013 1016. 1017. 1018. 1019. 1020. 102L 1022. 1023. 1024. 1025. 1026. 1027. 1028. 1039. 1030. 1031. 1032. 1033. 1034. 1035. 1036. 1037. 1038. * Refers to Alphabetical List. fWho did persuade the Athenians to grant the desired assistance? fWhat became the chief theatre of war? fthat was the real object of this war? i—But what was its result? * Who were at the head of the fleet sent to Syracuse ? *What accusation was brought against Alcibiades in his absence ? *What was the result of this accusation? * Did Alcibiades obey the summons ? * What were the consequences of the recall of Alcibiades from the command? TWere the Athenians able to take Syracuse? What was the fate of the besieging army? j{'By whom has this calamity been ably described? THE DECELIAN “’AR. ~11. 175, art. ALCIBIADEB. Map 15. * Whitth had Alcibiades gone after his recall from the supreme command? TWhat steps were taken by Alcibiades to revenge himself? 1- What town of Attica was seized by the Spartans? TWhat war was inaugurated by this invasion of Attica? TGive the date and duration of this Decelian war. T What became now the theatre of war? 1- What was the avowed object of this war? 1- And what was the result? *What is the general character of this Decelian war? * Who was recalled by the Athenians in the seventh year of this war? * How was he received in Athens? * But what did deprive him, soon afterwards, of this command? * Did Alcibiades return to Athens after he had lost his command? 1* What battle made finally an end to the long war? Give the precise position of [Egos Potamos. A small river of the Thracz'an Chersonncsus. TWhat did happen after the Athenian defeat at Egos Potamos? TWhat did force Athens to surrender? 7‘What council was held after the taking of Athens ? +What became now the position of Athens? THow long after the battle of Salamis did the sovereignty of Athens receive this calamitous termination? THE HISTORIANS OF THE “'AR. Thucydides. — Art. Tnucmmss. *th are the historians of the Peloponnesian war? * Who was Thucydides? *Who did counsel his father to give him the education of a philosopher? * What part of the war has been described by Thucydides? *What is the character of the work of Thucydides? * How does Thueydides compare with Herodotus? *Did Thucydides ever attain to the fame of a popular historian? I! Refers to Genealogical Tables. ANCIENT HISTORY. Xenophon. —— Art. XENOPHON. . *Who did continue the history of Thucydides? . *What part of Greek history has been chronicled by Xenophon? . What is the title of his work? . *What is the character of his “ Hellenica”? . *What commonwealth is always treated by him with particular favor? . *What other works, besides the llellenica, were written by Xenophon? THE SPARTAN HEGEMONY.—404-362 13.0. THE 'I‘IIIRTY TYRANTS. —- Art. Tnassrnutns. With whose triumph had the Peloponnesian war ended ? What was this triumph of Sparta in reality? The triumph throughout Greece of oligarchical principles. What change was made in the government of Athens? abolished. In whose hands was the entire control of the government placed? hands of a board of thirty. What ominous name has this board acquired in history? The thirty tyrants. What did they do in order to silence their political adversaries? They bani ished them. *Who was among those who were banished? *Who was this Thrasybulus? * What resolution was taken by Thrasybulus during his exile? * Who assisted him in his undertaking? *Was his undertaking successful? *What new government was appointed instead of the thirty tyrants ? *Was this new government more favorably disposed toward the anti-Spar- tan party? *Whose assistance was invoked by them? *Who did now blockade the exiles in the Piraeus? *Who did march into Attica as if to support him? *What treaty was concluded under the influence of the Spartan king Pau— sanias? 1062. What was the result of this treaty? before the capture of Athens. 1045. -1046. 1047. The democracy was 1048. In the 1049. 1050. 1051. 1052. 1053. 1054. 1055. 1056. 1057. 1058. 1059. 1060. 1061. Restoration of the democracy, as it stood THE RETREAT 01“ THE TEN THOUSAND.—Art. ANABASIS. and Map 11.) 1063. What had been the real cause of the long continuance of the war between Sparta and Athens? The Persian Satraps in Asia Minor continually con- trived that neither side should obtain a decided preponderance over the other. 1064. Whose arrival in Asia Minor did make an end to this policy? The arrival of Cyrus Minor in Asia Illinor. 1065. What was the reason that he did wish to follow a quite different policy? He (See Quest. 505.515, 1 Refers to Appendix. 1066. 1067. 1068. 1069. 1070. 1071. 1072. 1073. 1074. 1075. 1076. 1077. 1078. 1079. 1080. 1081. required the assistance of Greek troops and ships in the great enterprise that he was meditating. What was necessary for him in order to obtain such aid? friend of one belligerent or the other. What side was chosen by him for that object? He chose Sparta, as best suited to furnish him the aid he required. What was the result of the influence and gold of Cyrus? of Sparta. But what service was demanded by Cyrus? Permission to engage Greek troops in his service. Was this assistance given to Cyrus? Yes. *What was the result of the expedition of Cyrus ? * What bold attempt was formed by these mercenaries after the battle of Cunaxa ? *Under whose leadership did they accomplish this perilous undertaking? *Who has handed down to us the history of this remarkable retreat? *What is the meaning of the word Anabasis? * To what book is the title of Anabasis only appropriate? *What are the contents of the remaining books? *What is the character of the Anabasis? What important consequences had this “Expedition of the Ten Thousand ” on the after course of Greek policy? The weakness of Persia had been laid bare, and ideas of actual conquest began to float before the Greek mind. What policy was next developed in consequence of this in Persia? Persia took an active part in the Greek struggles, in order to keep the Greeks divided. Persian gold was continually employed in corrupting Greek statesmen. How became Persia to be viewed ? As the ultimate arbiter of the Greek quarrels. To make a real The final triumph IMMEDIATE C(DNSEQUENCES OF THE EXPEDITION 0F CYRUS. \1082. 1083. 1084. 1085. 1086. 1087. 1088. 1089. 1090. 1091. ‘ Refers to Alphabetical List. What was the immediate consequence of the expedition of Cyrus? War between Persia and Sparta. Who began the war? Persia. How long did this war last? Six years, (3994394 B. C.) What great general made the Persian king tremble for his empire? Agesilaus. What was done by Persia to ward off the danger? tion against the Spartans in Greece itself. What was the result of this? Civil war in Greece. Persia eflected a combina- THE CORINTHIAN WAR. —-p. 176. fState the cause of'the Corinthian war. T How long did it last, and where was the chief “theatre of the war ”‘2 'l-Who were united against Sparta? fWhat was the avowed object of the war? I Refers to Genealogical Tables. 22 ANCIENT HISTORY. 1092. TBut what was its result? THE MACEDONIAN SUPREMACY. 1003. TWho were the principal Spartan commanders? 1094. 1' And who did command the troops of the allies? PHILIP 0F MACEDON~“A”- PHILIP 01' MA!- 1095. TWhat battles were gained-by the confederates ‘3. 1122. Where is Macedonia situated? (.lfap 13 ) 1096. iAnd what battles were gamed by the Spartans? 112:3. What was the condition of Macedonia 359 13.0.? 1097. What gave the final victory to Sparta? Sparta agreed to relinquish to Persia, 1124' Who did mount the throne of Macedonia in that year? the Asiatic Greeks, and to allow the king of Persia to assume the part of final 1125_ *Who was this Philip of Macedon? arbiter in the internal Ufa/rs 0f 07‘9800- . . 1126. 94‘ What was his character, and what his outward demeanor? 1098. 1- What inglorious peace did make an end to the Corinthian war? 1137. 9e Where and by whom had he been educated? 11099. TWhy was this peace 80 Inglorious? 1128. *What did he combine with the strategical knowledge of Epaminondas? . ‘ 1129. *Ot‘ whom did he make use to carry out. his ambitious designs? THE 0LYNTIIIAN \VAR.—p. 2.24, and LPAMINONDAS. 1130. s What position was finally gained by Philip? 1100. *What were the immediate consequences of the peace of Antalcidas? The 1131. *What was this Amphictyonic council? See Amphictyonic 0. complete supremacy of Sparta over the other Greek States. 1101. What was the only part of Greece that would not submit to the Spartan THE PHOCIAN \VAR.—-p. 176. Map 15. rule? _ _ . 1132. fWhat war had given Philip a seat in the Amphictyonio council? 1102. TGrive the prectsc Situation of Olynthus. (Map 13.) 1133. TWhat had caused this war? 1103. ~1rWhat gave the Spartans a pretext to attack the Olynthian Confederacy? 1134_ 1- But what had been the real cause of the war? 1104. THow long did the war lusty? . 1135. THow long did it last, and what was the chief theatre of war? 1100. TG-ive the object. and result of this war. . . 1136. iWho were the allies of the Phocians? 1106. TWhat was the consequence 0f the crushing 0f the Olynthian Confed- 1137. TWhat had induced the Spartans to embrace the cause of the Phocians? eracy? . ' ‘ _ 1138. Who were arrayed against the Phocians? Thebes and he? allies. 1107. 1T0 what had this Olynthlan war InCidentally led? . 1139. + What had been the object of Thebes in kindling this war? 1108. TI-Iow hadthe citadel of Thebes (the Cadmea) come into the hands of the 1140. 1. But what was the result of this war? Spartans? . 1141. '1- HOW had this result been brought about? 1109. fo whom was the Cadmea recovered, and the Spartan garrison expelled 11.12. TWhat was the fate of Phocis? fl‘Om ThebeS? 33/ 1’010131‘11'18- 1143. f'l'o whom were the two votes possessed by Phocis in the Amphictyonic council given? THE “VAR BET‘VEEN THEBES AND SPARTA'_J’-176van‘la7"'EP‘M‘NOND‘S' 1144. What use was made by Philip of his position as member of the Greek con- 1110. TWhat had been the cause of this war, and how long did it last? fedcracy? 0f constituting himself the arbiter of Greece. 1111. 1- What was the “theatre of war ” ? 1145. What was the only power in Greece capable of offering him any important 1112. J{Into what parties was Greece divided during this civil war? opposition? Athens. 1113. TWhat was the object of this war? 1146. How many years after his admission into the confederacy did he openly 1114. 1 Was this object reached? What was the real result of this war? declare war against Athens? Six. 1115. TWhQ was the hero of this war? 1147. Towards what object were his efforts at first directed? Towards obtaining 1116. *Who was this Epaminondas? possession of the Bosporus and Hellespont. 1117. *What great victories were gained by him over the Spartans? 1148. TBut what war gave him a pretext for marching his forces through Ther- 1118. *What were the political consequences of each victory? mopylse into Central Greece? 1119. *But what made the day of Mantinea calamitous even to those whom it crowned with victory :3 TIIE LOCBIAN WAR.—p. 176, and art. Dnnosrnrnns and Pump or MACEDON. 1120. 1—What were the consequences of the death of Epaminondas? 1149. fWhat was the cause of this Locrian or second sacred war? 1121. TDescribe the condition of Greece after the death of Epaminondas. 1150. * Who saw through the deep—laid plans of Philip? 1151. *Who was this Demosthenes? 1152. * In what oration did he try to stir up the Greek mind against Philip? 1153. TWas he successful? 1* Refers to Appendix. * Refers to Alphabetical List. I} Refers to Genealogical Tables. ANCIENT 1154. 1* When was war declared by most of the Greek states against Philip? 1155. TWhat part of Greece became the theatre of war? 1156. 1 What was the object and what the result of this war? 1157. *When and where was the battle fought which made an end to the inde~ pendence of Greece? 1158. 1- What was the position of Philip after the battle of Chaeronea? 1159. What plans were formed by him in order to retain the fruits of his victory? 1160. iWhat did prevent him from carrying out his plans? The Literary History during the Second and Third Periods. THE THREE GREAT TRAGIC POETS.—Art.1EscsrLus, Soraocuzs, and Eunirmns. 1161. 1162. 1163. 1164. 1165. 1166. 1161 1168. 1169. 1170. *Who are the three great tragic poets of Athens 7 * How are they connected together by the battle of Salamis? *Who is the oldest among the three tragic poets ? * Who is the greatest among them? * Enumerate the principal tragedies of JEschylus. *What is the character of the poetry of rEschylus? * What are the most celebrated tragedies of Sophocles? *In what does Sophocles differ from 1Eschylus? * In what did Euripides differ from either? * But what was the consequence of his abatement of the lofty bearing of tragedy? 1171. *Enumerate some of the tragedies of Euripides. THE THREE GREAT HISTORIANS.—Art. Hsaonorus, Tsucrnmns, and XENOPHON. 1172. *Who are the three great historians of Athens? 1173. *Who was the oldest? 1174. * What portion of history has been handed down by him? 1175. *What is the character of his work? 1176. * Who is the second of the great historians of Greece ? 1177. *What portion of Greek history has been chronicled by him? 1178. * What is the character of his great work? 1179. *Who did continue his history? 1180. *Until what date does he carry the history of Greece? 1181. *In what does Xenophon differ from either Herodotus or Thucydides? THE FOUR GREAT PHILosoPHERS. — Art. ANAXAGOBAB, Secures, PLATO, and Aslsrorns. 1182. * Who was the first of the Greek philosophers who taught the existence of a Supreme Spirit? 1183. * What was his position at Athens? 1184. * Who were among his pupils? \ , 1' Refers to Appendix. * Refers to Alphabetical List. HISTORY. 23 1185. * Who was the most celebrated of all his pupils? 1186. *What do you know of the active social life of Socrates ? 1187. *In what capacity did Socrates make himself the foremost man of the ancient world? 1188. *Explain the particular character of his teaching. 1189. * What was the reason that he drew on himself the hatred of many? 1190. *Who was among those who did attack him most bitterly? 1191. *Who was this Aristophanes ? 1192. * Enumerate some of his principal works. 1193. * In which of his works did he attack Socrates most bitterly? 1194. * What charges were brought against him by Aristophanes about 419 B. 0.? 1195. *When and with what result were these charges reiterated? 1196. *When and how did Socrates leave this life? 1197. *What new era in philosophy was opened by Socrates? 1198. * Did Socrates leave anything in a written form? 1199. * In whose works is his philosophy revealed to us? 1200. * What works of Xenophon do treat of Socrates? 1201. * But who was the real expounder of the genius of Socrates? 1202. * In what form does Plato make us acquainted with Socrates? 1203. * What is the character of the dialogues of Plato? 1204. *Who was the most celebrated pupil of Plato ? 1205. *Who was this Aristotle? 1206. *What great mark of confidence did he receive from Philip of Macedon? 1207. *Where did Aristotle settle after the departure of his illustrious pupil? 1208. *What name was given to this school, and why? 1209. *What do you know of his career after the death of his pupil and friend? 1210. *What was the character and the extent of the knowledge of Aristotle ? 1211. *Which of his w rks is considered the most valuable? 1212. *By whom was e aided in his researches in Natural History? 1213. *During what part of history was the influence of his philosophy absolute? THE TWO GREAT 0RATORS.-—Ar£. Isocaarrs and DEMOSTHENEB. 1214. 1215. 1216 1217. 1218. 1219. 1220. 1221. 1222. 1223. 1224. 1225. *To whom is Athenian eloquence most deeply indebted? * Was he a practical orator? *In what does consist the great merit of Isocrates? * Who was his most celebrated pupil ? *th was this Demosthenes? * When did Demosthenes live? * What was his political position in Athens ? * Was his physical constitution originally adapted for the life of an orator ? *Did he overcome this difficulty ? *What influence had these early difliculties on his later career? * How many orations of Demosthenes are still extant? * Which of them are considered his masterpieces? || Refers to Genealogical Tables. M ANCIENT Chronological Review of the First, Second, and Third Periods 4 l—‘HHHHI—JHi—lh—lh—JHp—lHH—Ah—‘h—IL—AHL—Jt—l WC); $5. CC C; C; 35254640 [LIL [LIL [(7 to [O K. [5N [(410144 lit l; [L [L l; I; [\3 [C [L [C [L [Q H—ds».uf—u{-W—H~s03 lgapup‘pogéi—CQDOO‘IGCI»—wl;r-‘OCCOC-l of Greek History. Who is the father of Epic poetry ? Homer. . When did he live, and how many years afterward did Hesiod live? Enumerate the principal works of Hesiod. What countryman was Hesiod? What other poet was a native of Bceotia? How many years after Homer did Pindar live ? Give the names of the three great tragic poets. What year can be assigned to all three? (464.) Give the names of the three great historians. What year can be assigned to all three? (424.) What three authors give us information about Socrates? What year can be assigned to all three? (404.) Who was the teacher, and who were the pupils of Socrates? Give the date, assigned on your table, to each of them Give the names and dates of the four great philosophers. Which of them have left literary works behind them? Who was king of Persia during the first and second Persian wars ? Who was the hero of the first Persian war? When was the battle of Marathon fought? What battles were fought ten years later? Who was the hero of Thermopylee, and who of Salamis? . Who was the great rival of ’l‘hemistocles? . How many years after Marathon broke out the Peloponnesian war? . How many years after Salamis broke out the Peloponnesian war? . What. great tragic poets Wore contemporary with the Peloponnesian war? . What historians were contemporary with the Peloppnnesian war? ‘ . What historians have recorded the Peloponnesian war? . What comic poet was a contemporary of that war? And what philosophers did live about that time? Who was king of Macedonia during the latter years of the life of Plato? By whom had this king been educated? . Who was the great adversary of Philip of Macedon? . . Who was the son of Philip of Macedon? LL39. . Give the dates for the teachers of Philip of Macedon and of his son Alexander. . What dates belong to the dawn of Greek History? ‘ . What dates belong to the glory of Greek History? . What dates belong to the decline of Greek History? . What part of Roman History is contemporary with the first period of Greek To whom did Philip intrust the education of his son? History? :. What part of Roman History is contemporary with the second and third periods of Greek History? . Recite all the dates from 2500—340 B. C. ’r Refers to Appendix. HISTORY. 1267 1268 1269 1270. 1271. 1272. 1273. 1274. 1275. 1276. 1277. 1278. 1279. 1280. 1281. 1289. 1290. *Refcrs to Alphabetical List. Fourth Period.— The Fall. ALEXANDER THE GREAT,~’—p. 177, and art. ALEXANDER. EDUCATION AND ACCESSION. . fWhen did Alexander ascend the throne of Macedonia? . What was his situation on his accession? Extremely critical. . On what depended whether he would retain his father’s power or lose it? On his own energy andforce of character. What was the general inclination of the nations conquered by Philip? To test the qualities of the new and young prince by the assertion of independence. *Did Alexander prove equal to the occasion? What was his age at that. time? *What had been the result of training he had received from Aristotle? What false report induced Thebes to raise the standard of revolt? The report of Alexander’s death. What prevented the breaking out of a general insurrection? Alexander’s promptness and celerz'ty. IIe marched strazyht from I llyrz'a, and appeared sud- denly in Boeotz'a. What stern act deprived the Greeks of all hopes of establishing their in— dependence? *What dignity was now conferred on him at a National Council held at Corinth ? THE CONQUEST 0F PERSIA.—Map 20. (IX.) Jr When did Alexander pass the Hellespont to begin his Asiatic campaign ? How large was the army with which he undertook the conquest of Asia? Thirty—five thousand. TWhen, where, and with what result took place the first battle between Alexander and the Persians? Whose death allowed him, soon afterwards, to take the road to the heart of the Persian Empire? The death of Memnon, the. only able commander in the Persian army, who had prevented him from making full use of his first victory. . 1‘ When, where, and with what result was the second battle fought? ‘ . 1" Describe the march of Alexander after the battle of Issue. . How many months sutficed for the reduction of these places? months. I . TWhen did Alexander proceed to seek his enemy in the heart of his , empire ? . 1‘ When, where, and with what. result took place the final conflict? . To what was the great victory at Arbela. mainly owing? To the consummate ability of Alexander. . What were the results of the victory at Arbela? The three capitals, Babylon, Sam, and Persepolis, surrendered. and the Persian monarch became a fugitive. 1- What was the fate of the last of the Persian monarchs? ' 1' What was his name? Twenty fiRet‘ers to Genealogical Tables. ANCIENT HISTORY. THE INDIAN CAMPAIGN.—Map 20. (IX.) Was Alexander satisfied with the submission of the great capitals? No. What drew him on to the N.E. corner of the Persian Empire? First the pursuit of Darius, and then that of his murderer, Bessus. Whither did he go from Bactria and So‘gdiana‘.’ Through Afghanistan to India. . On which side did he enter India? On the north-west, the only side whence India can be entered, through the Kaboolpass. 1—When did he cross the Indian frontier? THow far did he penetrate into India? What did force him to change from an eastern to a southern advance? Where did he finally arrive? 1- What two routes were taken by Alexander’s army on its return? . TDescribe the sea route under Nearchus. . 1' Describe the land route under Alexander. ALEXANDER’S LAST YEAR. — Map 20. (IX.) 1- Give the extent of the empire of Alexander the Great in 323 B. c. fWhat city had he made the capital of his immense empire? T What was the character of Alexander’s administration? T'I‘o whom did he leave the civil government of the conquered nations? . *What great scheme did he carry out at Susa, in 324 B.C., for the perma- nent union of the conquerors and the conquered ? . it Was he able to accomplish his plans for the consolidation of Western Asia? . *1‘ When, where, and how was Alexander’s life brought to a sudden termi- nation? THow old was he at that. time? . TDid he leave any son capable of succeeding him? . * Whom had he chosen as his successor to the throne of Western Asia? 1- Where and how was he buried? . TWhat did happen to the family of Alexander? . TWhat were the immediate results of Alexander’s death ? THE SUCCESSORS 0F ALEXANDER. TIIE REGENTS. — See art. ALEXANDER. . Had Alexander left any legitimate issue? He left at his death no legitimate issue. . * Had he positively designated any successor? . Was there, among those who had the best title to the throne, any one who could be considered worthy of it? No, not one. . Who became, therefore, of necessity, aspirants to the regal dignity ? The great generals. . What was the only way in which their rival claims could be settled? It was scarcely possible that their rival claims could be settled without an appeal to arms and a long and bloody struggle. f Refers to Appendix. 4 1320. 1321. 1322. ”. Under what title did they rule? . Who had the greatest power among them? . What gave him this influential position? . But what had he to do to maintain this proud position? 25 What legal fiction was kept up for a time to prevent the breaking out. of civil war? The fiction of a united ilIacedonian empire, under the sovereignty of the old royal family. Who was proclaimed, nominally, king? Arrhz'daeus. But who became the actual rulers? Four of the generals: Antipater and C'raterus, in Europe; Perdiccas and Meleager, in Asia. Under that of regents, or guardians. Perdiccas. The sole command of the great army Alexander’s half—brother, Philip of Asia. It was necessary for him to content the other great military chiefs, who had lately been his equals, and who would not have been satisfied to remain very much his inferiors. TIIE CIVIL “HAIL—Map 20. (1x) . Had it been the intention of Perdiccas to break up the unity of Alexander’s empire? 1V0 ; he wanted to keep it together in order to rule it himself. . In whose name and under what title did he aim at the government of the v . . whole? The government was carried on in the name ofAlezander’s half—brother and his posthumous son (as joint kings). Perdiccas’s own ofiice was that ofvizier, or prime minister. .. Did the governors of the provinces (shortly ago his comrades) pay due 1330. 1331. 1332. 1333. 1334. 1335. 1336. 1337. 1338. 1339. 1340. * Refers to Alphabetical List. respect to his commands? \They declined to obey his commands. They began, more and more, to act as independent sovereigns. What step was meditated by Perdiccas in order to be able to enforce due respect to his commands? To marry Cleopatra, Alexander’s sister, and than to remove the kings, and seize the crown in the name of his wife. Was Perdiccas able to carry out his plan? No ; his designs were penetrated. What was the result of the premature discovery of the plan of Perdiccas? A league of the Satraps was made against him in 32" B. c. What did happen to Perdiccas at the very beginning of the civil war? He was murdered by his own soldiers. Who became now (320 B. C.) sole regent? Antipater. Did Antipater enjoy his new dignity for a long time? He died within ayear. Overlooking the claims of his son Cassander, he bequeathed the regency to his friend, the aged Polysperchon. Who was this son of Antipater? but as unscrupulous as he was brave. Of what countries did Cassander make himself completely master? Of Macedonia and Greece. By what marriage did he strengthen his title to the Macedonian throne ? By a marriage with Thessalonica, the daughter of King Philip. Who had established himself at the same time in Thrace? Who ruled over Caria, Lycia, and Cappadocia? Lysander. One of the greatest commanders of that time, Lysimachus. [1 Refers to Genealogical Tables. % ANCIENT 1341. And who was the ruler of Egypt? Ptolemy Lagi. 1342. What was the object of these chiefs? To make themselves independent sov— erez'gns. 1343. Who did want to prevent the disunion of the empire of Alexander? An- tz'yonus. 1344. How many wars did he wage with the Satraps? Two. Thefirst, 314—311 B. 0.; the second, 310—30l B. c. 1345. What battle made an end to the struggle? The battle of Ipsus. (In Asia Minor, N. E. of Sardz’s.) 13' . Who were the conquerors at the battle of Ipsus? Selcucus and Lysimachus. The Final Division of Alexander’s Empire. GENERAL SURVEY. —p. 177. Map 20 (IX.), and 36 (XIV.). . fInto what was Alexander’s empire changed after the battle of Ipsus? . TMention the three empires that were formed. . THow many states of the second rank were gradually formed? . TGive the names of the three principal states of the second rank. . TWhat three confederacies sprang up in the course of time? THE TIIREE EMPIRES.~p.177. 1’1 accdonia. 1352. TWhat was the capital of Macedonia? 1353. TWhat was the character of this Macedonian Empire? 1354. TWhere lay the strength of the state? 1355. J[‘What country was in general dependent on Macedonia? 1356. fWhat three important fortresses kept the country in check ? Asia, or the Empire of the Selcucidw. 1357. What were the boundaries of the Empire of Asia ? It contained, nomi— wally, all the countries between the Mediterranean and the Indus. 1358. fWhat was its capital? 1359. TWhat was its character? Egypt, or the Empire of the Ptolemies. ——Art. ALEXANDRIA, and pp. 177, 178, and 224. 1360. What were the boundaries of the Egyptian Empire of the Ptolemies? Be— sides Egg/pt proper, the N. W. coast of . fried, including Cyrenaeica. 1361. 1- What Was its capital? 1362. * When, where, and by whom had it been founded? 1363. * By whom had the ground-plan of the city been traced? 1364. *Give its form, dimensions, and boundaries. 1365. *Enumerate the advantages of its situation. 1366. TWhat use was made of this remarkable situation by the Ptolemies? 1367. TWhat was the character of the government founded by the Ptolemies in Egypt? HISTORY. 1368. What was the position of Alexandria during the time of the Ptolemies? It was the great seat of learning. 1369. *What great institution of learning was founded in Alexandria by the Ptolemies ? 1370. *When, by whom, and in what place was the collection begun? 1371. 1372. 1373. 1374. 1375. 1376. 1377. 1378. 1379. 1380. 1381. 1382. 1383. 1384. * How many volumes were contained in that library? *What supplemental library was afterwards erected? * What name was given to this library, and how many volumes did it contain ? *What measures were adopted by the Ptolemies to bring together this collection ? * What did this library therefore contain? *Did the Ptolemies pay anything for this exchange? *What sum was paid for the works of the three great Greek tragic poets? *How long did this library continue to exist in all its splendor ? What was the character of this institution during that time? It was not only a library, but also an academy, or collection of great scholars, who found there a free home. See Euclid. * What great mathematician was an inmate of this academy about 300 B. 0.? *By what books did Euclid immortalize his name ? * What is the character of his celebrated work? * Who became his pupil? *Since how many years have these books held their ground as the basis of geometrical instruction? THE THREE PRINCIPAL STATES OF THE SECOND RANK.—p. 178. 1385. 1386. 1387. 1388. 1389. 1390. 1391. 1392. 1393. 1394 Atropatene. TWhat class of states did fill the whole of Northern Asia Minor? TOf what empire were all these states fragments, and how were they ruled? ‘1- What state was the most characteristic among them? TGive its situation and particular character. Galatia. TWhat state arose (about 300 B. c.) in the interior of Asia Minor? Give the position of this state. In the centre of Asia Minor, on the middle course of the Halys. TWhat was the character of this state ? Pergarnus. 1- Who was the first who effectually checked the Celtic hordes ? TWhat reward was given to him by his fellow-citizens ? . TWhat was the character of the founder of the dynasty of the Attalidm ? 1395. TWhat was the character of the dynasty ? 1' Refers to Appendix. * Refers to Alphabetical List. [I Refers to Genealogical Tables. ANCIENT HISTORY. 1396. TWhat was the character of the state of Pergamus? 1423. W110 was his greatest pupil, and what is his date? 1397. Give the position of the state of Pergamus. The valley of the Oaicus, in the 1424. Whose bitter adversary was this Demosthenes? N. W. part of Asia Minor. 1425. What date is assigned to Philip of Macedon? 1426. Who had been the teacher of Philip of Macedon, and what is his date? THE THREE CONFEDERACIES.—p. 178. 1427. *What philosopher was a contemporary of Epaminondas? 1428. *Why was Democritus called the laughing philosopher? The Italian Confederacy. 1429. *What was the grand axiom of Democritus? . TWhat three confede-racies did arise among the Hellenes? 1430. *What do you know of the life of Democritus? , 1- Which of them was the most energetic? 1431. Who is the first philosopher mentioned on your table? . TWhat did prevent this energetic race from being of much service to Greece? 1432. What date is assigned to Pythagoras? 1433. What date is assigned to Anaxagoras? The Achaaan Confederacy. 1434. What date is assigned to Socrates? _ ‘ , 1435. What date is assigned to Plato? 1-What was the great rival of the Agtolian Confederacy? 1436. What date is assigned to Democritus? . TWhat was the character of this Achaean Confederacy? 1437. What date is assigned to Aristotle? . fBut. on what power did it become gradually dependent? ._ 1438. What date is assigned to EpicuruS? . What were the results of this policy? The gradual absorption of Greece by 1439. *Where did Epicurus teach, and what name is given to his school? Macedonia. 1440. *What is the fundamental doctrine of Epicurus? ' The Mercantile Cities. 1441. * How had, according to him, pleasure to be pursued? 1405 fWhat league did hold the most independent position 9 1442. *What was his doctrine concerning the immortality of the soul? 1406. TWhere were most of these cities situated? 1443. *What kind of life was led by Epiciirus? 1444. *‘What Latin poem does contain an exposition of his system? 1445. Recapitulate all the Greek philosophers mentioned on your table, with their dates, 1446. What family had the chief power in Athens during the lifetime of Py— thagoras ? 1447. Give all the names and dates contemporary with the rule of the Pisistra- tides, (540—510 B. C.) . policy? _ ' . . Y , ' . . 1412. fWhat position was held by the Rhodians among the mercantile Cities? 1448' Gag: tohfet.fi:1$::isi:§:tliggelflngs Of Rome W110 were contemporary With the 1413' TWhat did enable them to mn‘lfitam this proud pos1tion? 1449. Give the dates for the beginning and end of the Persian wars. 1414' lee the premise pos1tion 0f R odes. 1450. Give all the names and dates contemporary with the period of the Persian wars. _ 1451. Give the dates for the beginning and end of the Peloponnesian war. FINAL RECAPITULATION OF THE SECOND TABLE, _ 1452. Give all the names and dates contemporary with the period of the Pelo— ponnesmn war. 1415. What date is assigned to Alexander the Great? 1453. Give the dates for the beginning and end of the Spartan hegemony (400-870). 141?». How many years was that. after the burning of Rome? 1454. Give all the names and dates contemporary with the period of the Spartan 1417. How many years after the foundation of Rome was it burned ? hegemony. 1418. How many years after the expulsion of its kings was Rome burned? 1455. Repeat all the dates of the first and second periods of Greek History. 1419. How many years after the issue of the “ Law of the Twelve Tables” was 1456. Repeat all the dates of the third period of Greek History. Home burned? 1457. Repeat all the dates of the fourth period of Greek History. 1420. What great philosopher was living at the time of the burning of Rome? 1458. * What great soldier did occupy the throne of Syracuse during the lifetime 1421. What historian and what comedian were living at that time? of Alexander the Great? 1422. What great teacher of eloquence was living at that time? 1459. *What was his origin, and what was his character? 1407. TGive the names of the three most important of these cities. 1408. ‘l‘What was the source of the wealth and power of Byzantium ? 1409. 1' What was the great outlet for the products of the interior of the Asiatic peninsula? 1410. fWho had secured the greater part of the carrying trade of the East? 141]. -|-What did enable them to become the champions of a neutral commercial f Refers to Appendix. l"Refers to Alphabetical List. it Refers to Genealogical Tables. ANCIENT HISTORY. . * With what nation was he continually engaged in war? . *In what endeavor did he spend the whole of his life? . it Was he able to accomplish his design? . * What bold plan was at length conceived by him? . *When did he carry the terror of his arms to Carthage? . * Was he successful? . How many years after its foundation was Carthage attacked by Agathoeles? . How many years after the great Carthaginian attack on Syracuse and the other Greek colonies in Sicily? (Seep. 175, Synchronistic Remark.) 1468 1469. 1470. 1471. 1472. 1473. 147$ 1475. . What battle had saved, at that time, Syracuse? What battle was fought, on the same day, in Greece, and with what result? What battle was fought in the same year of the battles of Salamis and Himera? And what glorious battle was fought ten years before that time? Who was the conqueror at Marathon ? Who at Thermopyhe, and who at Salamis? What great tragic poet has immortalized that struggle in verse? And who did celebrate it in not less immortal prose? ANCIENT HISTORY. ROMAN HISTORY. I. RACE AND SOIL. TH E IMMIGRANTS. — Map 13. . What do you understand by the Indo-European family of nations? The same as by the Aryan race. (Seep. 160.) . Whence its name? Because it spreadfrom India to Europe. . What branch of that family did settle finally in the Western Highlands of Asia Minor? The Plzrg/gz‘ans. . What tribe of this branch did wander farther westward? . What country was occupied by them? Greece. . What was the chief religious centre of the Pelasgi? Dodona in Epirus. . What subdivisions of the Pelasgi dwelt around the holy grove? Greeci, or Greeks. . Into how many branches did the Greeks divide themselves? Itali and IIellenes. ’ . What was the name of those that went westward? . What does the name Itali signify? Cattle-drivers. . Describe the course of this western migration. the Adriatic. . Into how many parts did the Italians divide themselves before entering the peninsula? . Give the names of those divisions. (VII.) The Pelasgians. Into two .- I tali. They followed the shores of Latins and Umbrians. ITALY.—Mar x. . Where is Italy situated? (See Map.) . By what mountain system is it formed? By the Apennines. What is the peculiar character of the Apennines? They rise nowhere in a 1- Refers to Appendix. 1407. 1498. 1499. 1500. 1501. 1502. 1503. 1504. 1505. 1506. 1507 * Refers to Alphabetical List. precipitous chain, but they spread broadly over the land, and enclose many valleys and table-lands connected by easy passes. . Give the names of the great Italian plains. . What is the only plain on the east coast? . What are the principal plains on the west coast? . Are there any notable plains south of Campania? No. almost the base of the mountains. . Do the Apennines end in Southern Italy? No. a continuation of the Apennines. The sea washes The Sicilian mountains are THE INDIGENOUS RACES 0F ITALY. How many primitive tribes were settled in the peninsula on the arrival of the Italians? Give their names. Japygians and Etruscans. Who did inhabit the south-eastern extremity of Italy? Who did occupy the north—western and central parts of the peninsula? Where had the Etruscans come from ? From the Rheetian Alps; for the oldest traceable settlers in the Grisons and Tyrol (the Rheeti) spoke Etruscan down to historical times. What was their national appellation? Ros. What mountains do preserve their national name till the present day? Rhaetian Alps. Where was their first settlement in Italy? In the country north of the Po. Who drove them across the P0? The Celts, or Gauls. Where did they make, finally, their chief settlement? In the north-western valley of Italy, which still bears their name. . What river did form their northern boundary? The Arno. The [I Refers to Genealogical Tables. ’l . How large was the district they occupied ? "... . With which of our States can it be compared? 2 . Into how many cantons was this district divided ? .. . How was each canton subdivided? o‘ 5. What was a gens or clan? ANCIENT HISTORY. . What chain of hills did form originally the southern boundary of the Etrus- cans? The Ciminian forest. . What became afterwards their southern boundary ? The Tiber. . In which of the Italian plains was a second Tuscan settlement? puma. . Into how many states were each of those Tuscan settlements subdivided? Into twelve. In Cam- TH E N EW SETTLEM ENTS. . What part of Italy was occupied by the immigrants? . Where is Latium situated ? (See Map X.) . What was its western, what its northern border ‘3 . What mountains form its eastern border? . What mountains form its southern border? . By what is this Volscian range separated from the main chain of the Apen- nines? By the table-land of the river Sacco, the home of the Herniei. . What two rivers traverse this plain of Latium ? . What name was gradually adopted by the immigrants who had settled in Latium ? Latins. . Was the whole of the plain of Latium inhabited by the Latins? No; only the central portion of the plain, between the Tiber, the spurs of the Apennines, the Alban Mount, and the sea. The plain of Latium. 700 square miles. Rhode Island contains 1200 square miles. Into thirtg. A number offumilies who were sprung from one ancestor. . Where was the common meeting-place of the clans of a canton? hold generally situated on a hill-top, and called Capitol. . What other use was made of this stronghold? It was the market—place and the common altar of the canton. . What was the presiding canton of Latium ? . Where was Alba situated? 0n the eastern side of the lake, to which it gave the name, and on the northern declioitg of the mountain, also known as the Alban Mount. . What federal festival was yearly celebrated by all the thirty cantons on the Alban Mount? . How were these “ feriae Latinas ” celebrated? By the sacrifice of an 02:. . Where was the chief seat of justice of all Latium? , . What was also held near the source of the Ferentina? Latin Confederacy. . What were the rights of the members of this confederacy ? one Latin community had equal rights in every Latin community. A strong- The Congress of the A member of 1 Refers to Appendix. 1535 1586 1537. . What does the name Rome signify? 1548. 1549. 1550. 155] . 1552. 1558. 1554. 1555. 1556. 1557 1558 1559 1560 1561 1562 1563 1564 1565 * Refers to Alphabetical List. 29 . What were their duties? To defend their common country. . Give the names of some of the Latin cantons. Alba, Lanuvium, Aricia, etc. What was the chief occupation of the Latins ? Agriculture and grazing. II. THE HISTORY OF THE ROMAN COMMENITY. Development of the Roman Constitution. TliE CITY OF THE RARINES. . Was Latium a commercial country? No. . Which of the Latin cantons was commercial? . What was the cause of this? Its excellent situation. . Describe its situation. (See art. ROME.) . On what hill was its stronghold? 0n the Capitoline Hill. . How many tribes did live within its walls? Three: Ramnes, Titles, Lueeres. . After which tribe was the city named? After the Ramnes. The city of the Ra/nnes. . What position did Rome hold in Latium? It was the commercial metropolis of Lntium. . With what people were its commercial relations? The canton of the Ramnes. With the Etruscans. THE SEVEN IKINGS 0F ‘ROME. The Royal Oflice.—pp. 178, 179. TOut of what elements did the community of Rome arise? TWho was the master in the household of the Roman community? TWhat name was given to this master of the household? 'l-How was this royal ofi’ice constituted? TAfter what solemn act did the citizens owe fidelity and obedience to the king ? 1- Describe the extent of the royal power. 1- What alone did terminate his power? TWhat did happen if the king died without nominating a successor? TWho did nominate, in such a case, the new king? The Seven Ifings of Raina—p. 179. . Tthen and by whom was, according to the legend, Rome founded? . T What was built by the first king of Rome? . TWho was his successor, and what was his character? . 7‘ Who did succeed Numa Pompilius ? . fWhat building was erected by him? . TWho was the fourth king of Rome? . TWhat was the character of the fourth king of Rome ? . '1- What buildings were erected by him? . 1'By whom was he succeeded? I] Refers to Genealogical Tables. ' . What city held the plain between the Anio and the Alban hills? ANCIENT fWhat was the character of Tarquinius Priscus ? TWho did succeed Tarquinius Priseus ? ’ . 1- What was his character? . fWhat buildings were erected by him? . TWho was the seventh and last of the Roman kings? . TEnumerats the seven kings of Rome. . * When and where was Rome founded? (See art. ROME.) . 1- How many years after the foundation of Rome did Tullus Hostilius reign? . Name a Persian king contemporary with each of the seven kings of Rome. . What portion of Eastern History is coeval with the times of the Roman kings? ROME AND LATIUM. —Art. TULLns HosTILIUs, and Map X. . fWhat were the earliest demonstrable boundaries of the united Roman community? . What towns were situated between the Tiber and Anie? . What was the only town in that region that retained its independence? Nomentum. Gabii. . What shows the fierceness of the struggle between Gabii and Rome? Down to late times the Gahine dress was deemed synonymous with that of war, and Gabine ground the prototype of hostile soil. . * What was the greatest of the early achievements of the Roman arms? . *What was the natural result of the conquest of Alba? . *What relations subsisted between Rome and Latium? . *What temple was erected on the Aventine as testimony of these relations? . In what direction did the earliest extension of the Latin land take place? On the south frontier, in the country of the Rutuliuns and Volscians. . What communities were founded there by Rome and Latium? The so-called Latin colonies (roadfortresses). . TWhat was the great achievement of the regal period? (See p. 183.) THE REFORMED CONSTITUTION 0F SERVIUS TULLIUS. Origin of the Plebeians. —p. 179. Yes. They were the property of the household in which . Did the Romans have any slaves? . What was their condition? they lived. . Was there not an intermediate class between the freeman and the slave? 'es ,' comprising those individuals who, while they were notfree burgesses of (my commonwealth, yet lived in Rome in a condition of protected freedom. . J{What name was given to this class? . TWhat does this name signify? . How many kinds of clients were living in Rome? Two: those who lived under the protection of a household, and those who lived under the protection of the community. 1‘ Refers to Appendix. HISTORY. 1594. 1595. 1596. 1597. 1598. 1599. 1600. 1601. 1602, 1603. 1604. 1605. 1606. 1607. 1608. 1609. 1610. 161L 1612. 1613. 1614. 1615. 1616. 1617. 1618. 1619. 1620. 1621. 1622. 1623. 1624. 1625. * Refers to Alphabetical List. What arose gradually out of the clients? The Plebs. Was this change of name significant? Very. This latter name suggested merely the want of political rights, and not the relation of dependence as the former name. TWhat were the relations between the Roman citizens and the Plebeians? T By what two causes was the number of these protected continually aug- mented ? leiat did prevent the increase of the body of citizens? iWhat did grow up in Rome, by the side of the scarcely-increasing body of citizens? Ptebeians admitted to Military Service.—~p. 179. 1- Were the Plebs liable to military service ? What was the service in the army ? iln what way were the Plebeians admitted to military service 7 Of what was this the first step? 1T0 what king is this reform. in the Roman constitution attributed? 1' How many years after the foundation of the city did this probably happen? Formation of the Army. —p. 179. Tln what way was the service in the army changed from a personal burden into a burden on property? flute how many classes was the body of men, liable to service, distributed? 1- Who constituted the first class? TWhat constituted a normal farm? TWho constituted the four next classes? TWho formed the sixth class? fHad they also to perform military service? 1- What menial offices had they to perform to the army? TWhat was the proportion in which the levy was divided over the different classes? 1- What change was made in the cavalry body? TWere they also chosen indiscriminately out of all the five classes? Tlnto how many centurize was the cavalry divided? TInto how many centuries was the infantry divided? 1- Into how many centuries were the camp~followers divided? Tlnto how many centurize were the whole people divided by this military constitution? 1 How many men did form originally a centuria? TWas the number of centuries increased with the increase of the popu- lation? 1- How many votes had each centuria in the meeting of the levy of the army? TWhat name was given to this assembled levy of the militia? TWhat right was granted to this assembly ? fl Refers to Genealogical Tables. 1626. 1627. 1628. 1629. 1630'. 1631. 1632. 1633. 1634. 1635. 1636 1637. 1638. 1639. 1640. 1641. 1642. 1643. 1644. 1645. 1646. 1647 164a 1549. 1650. 1651. ANCIENT THE POLITICAL REVOLUTION OF 510 B.C. 'I‘IIE EXPULSION or TI{E KINGS. The History. —p. 180. fWhat was the central principle of all Italian constitutions? The strict conception of the unity and omnipotence of the state. TIn whom was this formidable power concentrated? T With what intention had this originally been done? fWas this power felt only by the enemies of the state? fWhat was the natural result of the oppression of the citizens? f In what way was the power of the supreme magistrate (king) limited in Rome ? fWho was the last king of Rome, and when was he expelled? The Legend. —— Art. Bsurus. *To whom was the sister of Tarquinius Superbus married? *How many children were born unto her? *What happened to the elder? * How did the younger son manage to escape his brother’s fate? * What induced Tarquin to send his sons to Delphi? *Whom did they take with them? * What question was asked by the sons of Tarquin at Delphi ? * What answer was given to them by the priestess? *Who understood the meaning of this oracular response, and acted ac- cordingly ? * What outrage happened soon after the return of the young men to Rome ? * Who accompanied the father of Lucretia to Rome? *What use was made by Brutus of this occurrence ? * What magistrates were chosen in the place of the banished Tarquin ? * Who were detected in a conspiracy to restore Tarquin? *What was their punishment? *What was the end of Brutus? * How long did the matrons mourn for Brutus? * What was done to perpetuate his memory? THE TWO CONSULS. —p. 180. 1‘ Who were placed at the head of the Roman government after the expul- sion of the king? fWhat names were given indiscriminately, in the beginning, to these year- kin vs ? Twas: the supreme power intrusted to the two magistrates conjointly ? TWas the royal office broken up into parts or given in commission? . fWhat was the consequence of this doubling of the royal authority ? 1" Who were the first consuls? . TDuring how many centuries was the year called after them ? 1‘ Refers to Appendix. HISTORY. 1658. 1659. 1660. 1661. 1662. 1668. 1664. 1665. 1666. 1667. 1668. 1669. 1670. 1671. 1672. 1673. 1674. 1675. 1676. 1677. 1678. 1679. 1680. 1681 1682. 1683. 1684. 1685. 1686 1687. 1688 * Refers to Alphabetical List. 31 THE DICTATOR. -—p. 180. Tln what case was the power of the consuls superseded? fUnder what name was the royal authority revived on such occasions? TBy whom was the dictator elected? Tin what only was the power of the dictator distinguished from that of the ing ? fWhat was the maximum duration of his office? 1- Who was the first dictator? J[When and why was he appointed? THE ASSEDIBLY OF THE MILITIA. ——-p. 180. TWhat was the assembly of the militia originally? 1- When and by whom and for what purpose had it been created? TWhat was the one right originally granted to it? 1— What other rights were conferred upon it by the political revolution of 510 n. C. ? TWhat change did this make in the position of the Plebeians? f Since when had the Plebeians shared in the burdens of the citizens? TWhen did they begin to share in the rights of the citizens? TWhat did the assembly of the multitude become in 510 B. 0.? fWhat three important rights were granted to it? PATRICIANS AND PLEBEIANS.—p. 180. TWhat had been the object of the constitution of Servius Tullius? THad this object been obtained? TBut what was one of the consequences of this amalgamation? fFrom what offices did they remain rigidly excluded? TBut to what offices had they been admitted? TWhat was their position in the Senate ? TWhat was, henceforth, the great aim of the Plebeians ? THE SOCIAL REVOLUTION OF 495 AND 494 B. C. THE SECESSION To THE SACRED MOUNT. ~p. 181. Map 23.‘ or.) fWhat threefold blow had been struck by the ruling aristocracy at the smaller landholders? TWhat was added to all this? 1 What was the natural result of this? 1' What most useful class was threatened with annihilation by all this? 1-What measure was adopted by the small farmers, in 495, in order to remedy this? 7‘Was this conceded? TBut what did happen at the end of this war? 1- What was the natural result of this, when the farmers were again called upon to fight? [1 Refers to Genealogical Tables. 32 ANCIENT 1689. 1690. 1691. 1692. 1693. 1-Who did induce the farmers to march again against the enemy? fWhat promise had induced them to march against the enemy? 1‘ Was the dictator able to make good his promises? TWho did prevent him? ‘1 What was done by the army when the opposition of the Senate was made known to them? TWhat did they threaten to do? TWhat effect had this conduct on the Senate? TWho did negotiate a peace between the Senate and the farmers? TWhat were the conditions of this peace? 1694. 1695. 1696. 1697. THE TRIBUNES OF THE DIULTITUDE. —p. 181. 1 Who were appointed guardians of the interests of the Plebeians? TWhat were they in reality? '1- Whence was their name derived? TState the essential difference between the powers of the consuls and tribunes. THow many tribunes were originally chosen ? “1 What became, finally, the number of tribunes? 1698. 1699. 1700. 1701. 1702. 1703. Tl{E STRUGGLE BET‘VEEN PATRICIANS AND PLEBEIANS. —-p. 181. 1704. 11 What was organized by the institution of the tribunes? 1705. J{Describe the two parties. 1706. 1 What was the avowed object of the patricians? 1707. fWhat attempt was made, in 491 B. 0., to annihilate the tribunate? 1708. TBy whom was this attempt made, and with what success? 1709. T What was Coriolanus obliged to do? 1710. T111 what way did he return to the city? 1711. “1 How was the city saved from conquest? 1712. Jfllow did Coriolanus expiate his double treason? THE FIRST AGRARIAN LAW IN 486. --p. 181. TWho did try to make an end to the civil dissensions. ? Tllow did he try to break down the financial omnipotence of the rich? TVVho 1ose against him, and by whom we1e they joined? TWhat made even the poor Plebeians turn against him? J{On what charge was Cassius condemned to death? fWas there not some truth in this charge? T What was the fate of the law of Cassius? TBut was his law forgotten? THE LEGAL REVOLUTION. 'l‘l'IE LAVV 0F TTIE T‘VELVE 'l‘ABLES.-—pp. 181,182. 17 21. TDid the Romans have, at this time, any written code of laws? 1722. TVVho was the fi1st to p1 opose the p1epa1ati0n of a code of laws? 1713. 1714. 1715. 1716. 1717. 1718. 1719. 1720. 1' Refers to Appendix. * Refers to Alphabetical List. HISTORY. 1723. THow many years were allowed to elapse ere this proposal was carried into efieet? 7.. . J[Whither was finally an embassy despatched to get a model for their laws? 1—Who were elected, on the return of this embassy, to frame a code of laws? . T What power was conferred on them, and for how long? TWhat was done by them during that year? .. . T What was done with these laws after they had received the assent of the nation? TWhat was, the next year, added to these ten tables ? 1- Had Rome ever any other code of laws? ' . TWhat was the real political significance of the Law of the Twelve Tables? 7 a. TWhat was ensured by the public exhibition of the law? FALL 01'“ THE DECEJIVIRS.—p.182. . tVVere any consuls or tribunes elected during the rule of the decemvirs? . 1- What was the reason that the decemvirate was prolonged by the Patricians? . fVVhat was the character of the rule of the decemvirs? . 1r What. did lead to the fall of the decemvirs? . 1- What event did hasten their fall? . What did force them to renounce their dishonored power? IWhat was revived on the fall of the decemvirs? . TVVas ever any attempt made to abolish the tribunate? EQUALIZATION OF THE PATRICIANS AND PLEBEIANS. THE PLEBEIAN ARISTOCRACY AND THE TR.IBUNATE.—p.182. 1741. TAgainst what privileges was the tribunate mainly directed? 1742. Who did share these privileges with the patricians? 1743. iWhat was, therefore, the attitude of these wealthy Plebeians towards the tribunate ? fWhat had become perfectly clear to them since 449 B. 0.? 1-Who would be naturally the gainers by all this? TWhat use was made by the rich Plebeians of the tribunate in order to gain this preponderance in the state? 1 What were the principal political disabilities of the Plebeians? TWhen were they annulled? f In what singulai form were the t11bunes1n that year admitted to the con- sulship. ? 1744. 1745. 1746. 1747. 1748. 1749. THE DIILITARY TRIBUNES “’ITH CONSULAR POVVER. ———p. 182. 1750. TWhat law had to be passed during the seventy- seven years following the year 444 B. c. ? 1 By whom was this place filled, if no consuls were to be elected? TWhat was really done by granting the consular poweis t0 the chief officers of the army? 1751. 175 2. [1 Refers to Genealogical Tables. ANCIENT 1753. fWhy was, by this device, the highest magistracy opened up alike to patri- cians and plebeians? . "I“But of what powers was the highest magistracy divested? . 1-What was, by these means, kept under the exclusive control of the patriciate ? 1T0 whom was intrusted, since 435, the adjustment of the budget and of the taxation rolls? . 'I-Why did this censorship gradually become the palladium of the Senate? 17 17 THE LICINIAN ROGATIONS. —pp. 182, 183. TWhat was the social condition of Rome during these political struggles? 1759. TBy whom was at length an honest attempt. made to relieve the poor? 1760. TWhat five proposals were submitted by them to the Senate? 1761. TWhat name is generally given to these proposals? 1762. 1' What three great ideas were striving for recognition in these proposals? 1763. TWhen did the Licinian rogations finally become law? 1764. 1- When was the first plebeian consul elected? 1765. 1- But what duties were, at the same time, detached from the consulate? 1766. 1' Under what pretext? 1767. TTo whom was the administration ofjustice confided? 1768. fWhat name was usually given to this chief~justice? 1769. 1-To whom were, about the same time, the judicial police duties assigned? 1770. TWhen were the plebeians admitted to the highestjudicial office? 1771. T How many years before this time had they been admitted to the censor- ship? . 1- And how many years before to the dictatorship? f What struggle was therefore, 337 B. 0., substantially at an end ? f What had the patriciate become by this time? 1758. 1772. 1773. 1774. THE SENATE. —p. 183. fWhat had happened to the authority of the supreme magistrate during these political and social struggles? 1-What had the consuls become in fact? fWhat position had been gradually reached by the Senate? fDescribe the character of the Roman Senate about 300 B. C. 1775. Development of the Roman Territory. CONSOLIDATION 0F LATIUM.—P-183- Map 23- 1779. TWhat was the great achievement of the regal period? 1780. TWhat did induce the Latin and Hernican nations to adhere to the contin— ued recognition of the Roman supremacy after the expulsion of the kings? 1781. TWhat was the result of this union? 1782. f What three nations were conquered in the early rephblican period? 1783. 'I-How long lasted the struggle with the Equi and Volsci? (X) 1- Refers to Appendix. 5 * Refers to Alphabetical List. HISTORY. 1784. J[Who did enable the Romans to triumph over their enemies? 1785. THow did he enable the Romans to triumph? 1786. 1‘ Of what three works is he the author? 1787. “I What were the consequences of the league of 486 B. 0.? 1788. 1- When were the Volscians, thanks to the league,'finally conquered? 1789. 1' But what was the result of the successes of the league? 1790. TDid the Romans permit the dissolution of the union? THE WARS BETWEEN HOME AND VE||.——P- 184- M71) 22- iGive the precise situation of Veii. TWhen did a furious war rage between the two rivals ? fWere the Romans very successful in that war ? 1—What catastrophe was especially remembered ? TWhat were the conditions of the armistice which terminated this war? fWhat was the duration of this armistice, and when did it expire? Jr What was the character of this war of 445? 1-The revolt of what town gave rise to a more considerable war ? T How did this war end, and for what time was an armistice concluded? TWhen did this armistice expire? TWhat was the character of this last war? 1- Does the history of this war rest on reliable evidence? fWhat made this war so remarkable for the Roman army? TWhen and by whom was Veii finally conquered? TWhat was the fate of Veii? T‘Wha9t war in Greece was partly contemporary with the last war with ’eii . (x) 1791. 1792. 1793. 1794. 1795. 1796. 1791 1798. 1799. 1800. 1801. 1802. 1803. 1804. 1805. 1806. THE BURNING OF ROME. —P- 184- Nap 24- TWhat were the two bulwarks of the Etruscan nation? 1' Give the situation of each. ‘ 1' To whom did Veii yield in 396 B.C. ? f And to what nation did Melpum yield on the same day ? 1 What was the immediate result of the fall-0f Melpum? fWhat town was besieged by the Celts ? 1' Whose help was invoked by the Etruscans? TWhat assistance was sent by the Romans ? dehat breach of the law of nations was committed by the Roman ambas- sa ors. fWhat did happen in the course of this skirmish? fWas the asked-for redress granted by the Romans? TWhat were the consequences of the refusal? 1819. TWhen, where, and with what result did the Romans encounter the Celts ? 1820. 'I' How many days after the battle did the victorious Celts march into Rome? 1821. 1- How was the city treated by the Celtic invaders ? 1822. TWhat was the only part of Rome not conquered by the Celts? (3-) 1807. 1808. 1809. 1810. 1811. 1812. 1813. 1814. 1815. 1816. 1817. 1818. [I Refers to Genealogical Tables. 1845. 1846. 1847. 1848. 1849. 1850. 1851. 1852. . Was this position affected by the burning of the city? . How may we account for the slightness of the check which the Gallic con- ANCIENT HISTORY. 1- How long did the Celts remain in Rome? 1- What did induce them finally to retreat? : t Was the city rebuilt? . Who was considered the second founder of Rome? . What had been the position of Rome among her neighbors before the 111. Furius Camillus. catastrophe ? Very little indeed. quest gave to Rome’s external prosperity? All her neighbors sufi‘ered about equally. ' THE CONSOLIDATION OF CENTRAL ITALY. LATINS AND SAMNI'rns.—pp.1s4,135. Map 22. (x.) . fWhat country had been for centuries the home of the Samnite nation? . TWhat gave them an opportunity to extend themselves farther west and south? . fWhat old Etruscan country was first occupied? . 1-What other country soon followed? . T Give the precise position of Campania and Lucauia. 1- Who did try to resist the pressure of the barbarian Samnites? : J(With what success? TWhat was the only one of the Greek cities that remained thoroughly independent and powerful ? TWhich of the two nations (Latins or Samnites) had made the more splendid conquests about 343 B. 0.? . TBut what was the character of the conquests of the Samnites? . Tin what essential point did it differ from the conquests of the Romans? 1-Were they able to resist the dangerous charm of Hellenic culture? . 1- What did powerfully contribute to relax stillmore the bond ofnational unity? . TWhat were the relations between the Samnites of the plain and the Sam- nites of the mountains? . fWhat was the result of their variance ? 'I‘lIE “'ARS BET‘VEEN RODIE AND SABINIUM. General Summary. —-p. 185. "l-lIow many wars were waged between Rome and Samnium? TWhich of them was the most remarkable? TWhat war falls between the first and second Samnite wars? TGive the beginning, end, and duration of the Samnite wars. 1- What were the two parties, and what was their theatre of war ? 1- What was the question at issue, and how was this decided? First Samnitc Wain—p. 185. Map 26. 1- Give the precise situation of the city of Capua. fWho were, about 343 B. 0., the possessors of Capua? (XL) 1- Refers to Appendix. 1853. 1854. 1855 1856. 1857. 1858. 1859. 1860. 1861. 1862. 1863. 1864. 1865. 1866. 1867. 1868. 1869. 1870. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. * Refers to Alphabetical List. TWhat were their relations with their kinsmen the Samnites of the moun— tains? 1- What offer was made by the Samnites of Capua to the Romans? 1' Did the Romans accept this offer? 1' What was the immediate consequence of Rome’s acceptance of Capua? THow long lasted this first Samnite war? TGive the date of its beginning and end. ~3- What was the theatre of war, and what were the opposing parties? 1- Who was the principal Roman commander in this war ? Jr What battles were fought, and by whom were they gained? 1- What were the results of the war after two years’ fighting? TWhat brought about a peace? The Great Latin Warn—p. 185. What was the character of the bulk of the Roman garrison sent to Capua? They were poor farmers, oppressed by debt. ’ What step was taken by the garrison? keep Capuafor themselves. On whom had now fallen the whole brunt of the Samnite war? On the Latins. How had the Latins acquitted themselves? They sustained it so ably that their consideration amongst their allies was greatly increased. What was the natural result of this conduct of the Latins? Latium, rather than Rome, began to be regarded as the most powerful member of the league. What nations began to gather themselves under the supremacy of Latium? The remains of the Volscians, the Antietam, and the Auruncans. fWhat demand was now made by the Latins? What was done by Rome to ward off the danger that threatened her supremacy? Not only peace but alliance made with Samnz'um. 1-What two parties were arrayed against each other in 340 B. 0.? 1-When did the war break out, and what was its duration? 1‘ What was the avowed object of the war? f But what was its result? fWhat was the decisive battle of this war, and who did gain it ? 1- What were the relations between Rome and Latium as established by the peace of 338 B. 0.? That) mutinied, hoping to be able to The Twelve Years’ Peace between Rome and Samnium. Map 25. (XL) What did follow the conclusion of the great struggle with Latium? A peace of twelve years. What two causes did paralyze Rome’s action during that period ? The unset- tled condition of Latium, and the invasion of Alexander of Epirus. Who was this Alexander of Epirus? The uncle of Alexander the Great, who landed in Italy, 334 B. 0., at the invitation of the Tarentines. With whom was Alexander’s quarrel mainly? With the Samnites and their dependent allies. fl Refers to Genealogical Tables. ANCIENT HISTORY. 35 1882. But what would he have probably attempted, if he had been successful against; them? The conquest of Italy. In what way did Rome, doubtful of the result, protect herself? treaty with the invader. What did induce the Romans to resume their old policy of aggression? The reverses which befell Alexander of Epz‘rus about 328 B. C. What challenge was flung down to Samnium about that. time ? The founding of the colony of 11‘7‘eyellae on land conquered by the Samnttes from the Volscians. By what was this followed? By an attack on Paleeopolis and Neapolz’s. 1883. By a 1884. 1885. 1886. Second, or Great Santnt'te War. ——pp. 185, 186. 1887. f What was the cause of the second, or great Samnite war ? 1888. TWhat was its duration, and where was the theatre of war? 1889. 1- Who were allied with the Romans ? 1890. 1- And who made common cause with the Samnites? 1891. 1' Who were the principal Roman commanders ? 1892. Tnnd who was the great Samnite commander? 1893. 1- What great battles were fought in this war? 1894. 1- What terminated the twenty-two years’ war? 1895. TWhat were the consequences of the Roman victory? 1896. 1- What region was penetrated by two military roads? 1897. 1- What road covered the line of the Tiber? 1898. 1- What road ran along the Fucine lake? 1899. fWhat road secured Apulia and Campania? 1900. TWhat were connected by these roads? 1901. 1- What was the object of these road-fortresses and military roads? 1902. '1- How were they looked upon by the Samnites? 1908. 1‘ What was the condition of Italy during the five years that elapsed between the second and third Samnite wars ? Third Samn'tte War. —p. 186. 1904. TWhat was the real cause of the Samnite war? 1905. fBut what was the immediate cause? 1906. 1- How long did it last, and what was the~ theatre of war? 1907. '1' Who were arrayed against Rome in this war? 1908. 1- Who werethe principal Roman commanders in this war? 1909. TAnd who was the Samnite commander? 1910. TWhat great victory made Rome mistress of Central Italy? III. THE HISTORY OF THE ROMAN STATE. First Pe7"1:0d.— The Heroic Age of Rome. THE ROMAN STATE. -—p. 186, and art. VENUSIA. Map 25. (XL) 1911. 1-Give the boundaries of the compact Roman domain at the close of the Samnite wars. '1' Refers to Appendix. * Refers to Alphabetical List. 1912. fWhat were the two advanced posts of this state? 1913. Give the exact position of Luceria. 1n the interior of Apulia. (See 111a]? XI.) 1914. *Where was Venusia situated? 1915. * What unprecedented number of colonists was sent to Venusia ? 1916. * Why was this done? 1917. *What great highway was prolonged to Venusia? 1918. * What was the importance of Venusia? STRUGGLE BETWEEN PYRRHUS AND ROMEr-ATLPYRRHUs,andp-185- Map XL 1919. 'l‘HOW many years did intervene between the close of the third Samnite war and the commencement of the next great struggle in which Rome was engaged? Who had, during this period, continually proved to be a covert enemy of Rome ? Tarentum. Give the position of Tarentum. In Southern Italy, on the northern shore of the Gulf of Tarentam. Map 25. (XL) What was done to inflict damage on this covert enemy (285 13.0.)? A Roman fleet was sent, contrary to the terms of an existing treaty, to cruise round the heel of Italy. TWhat did happen to this fleet in the harbor of Tarentum? fWas the asked-for satisfaction given by the Tarentines? T What were the consequences of their refusal? TWhose assistance was invoked by the Tarentines? * Who was this Pyrrhus of Epirus? * What do you know of his career previous to his coming to Tarentum? *When had he become king of Macedonia? * How long did he occupy the Macedonian throne? 3" Whither had he retired after his expulsion from Macedonia? *What was his position when his help was invoked by the Tarentines? * What was one of his first acts after his arrival in Tarentum ? yWhen did the war between Pyrrhus and the Romans actually begin? TGive its duration and the chief theatre of war. * When did the Roman legion come for the first time in collision with the Greek phalanx? *Give the precise situation of Heraclea. * What was the result of the battle of Heraclea ? *What proposals were made by Pyrrhus to the Romans? * How were these proposals received? * What was done by Pyrrhus after their refusal? * Did he go to Rome? * When, where, and with what result was the second battle fought? *When did he make a truce with the Romans? * For what purpose ? Jr Why did he go to Sicily? 1- How long did he remain in Sicily? 1920. 1921. 1922. 1923. 1924. 1925 1926. 1927. 1928. 1929. 1930. 193L 1932. 1933. 1934. 1935. 1936. 1937. 1938. 1939. 1940. 194L 1942. 1943. 1944. 1945. 1946. 1947. II Refers to Genealogical Tables. ANCIENT . fWa-s he successful in Sicily? . TBut what induced him to return to Italy? fWhen, where, and with what result did he meet the Romans again? . *Who was the conqueror of Pyrrhus? . *Whither did Pyrrhus go after his great defeat? . * Describe the career of Pyrrhus after his leaving Italy. . *When, where, and how did Pyrrhus die? . TWhat had been completely proved in this contest? . Tthat was the grand result of the Roman victory? UNITED ITALY.—I’- 186- Ma}? XI- . fWhen was the whole of Italy united under the supremacy of Rome? fWhat new names were connected with this union of the Italian nations? : 1' What had been the first step to this union? TWhat were the earliest boundaries of this great armed confederacy? TWho did constitute the members of this armed confederacy? if Into how many classes were the states divided? 1- Give the names of these three classes. . TInto how many classes were the Italian towns divided? ROME AND CARTIlAGE, 263 B. (J.—— Art. CARTHAGE, andp. 187. 1975. 1976. 1977 1978 1979 TWhat towns formed the first class? fWhat towns formed the second class? TWhat towns formed the third class? TInto how many subdivisions were the towns of the second class divided? TWhat do you understand by Latin colonies? . 1‘ What do you understand by burgess colonies? 1- What double population was always found in these colonies? TWhat did transform, gradually, this collection of nations and towns from a political unity into a national unity ? J[What position was already taken by this political unity in 270 B. 0. among the Mediterranean nations? . TName the other Mediterranean nations. THE PUNIC WARS. Map 27. (x11.) * When, where, and by whom had Carthage been founded? * What had made it outstrip not. only its neighbors, but even the mother- country? . *Give its precise situation. . At what had Carthage aimed from the beginning? sea dominion. . What territory had been acquired by Carthage within a century or two from the date of its foundation? East, the Sy'l‘zfis; west, the river Tusca ; south, Lake Triton. Al uniting a land with (1 HISTORY. 1981. 1982. 1983. 1984. 1985. 1986. 1987. 1988. 1989. 1990. 1991. 1992. 1993. 1994. 1995 1996. 1997. 1998. 1999. 2000. 2001. 2002. 2003. 2004 FIRST PUNIC WAR. ——pp. 187, 188, art. Hume, REGULUS, Demos. 2005. 2006. to bring within the scope of their influence the tracts which lay beyond it eastward and westward. What tract of country gradually acknowledged the authority of Carthage '3 The northern coast of Africa from Cyrene to the Atlantic. What were the relations of Carthage with other Phoenician colonies? So far as these settlements are concerned, we must view Carthage rather as the head of a confederacy than as a single centralized power. Did this want of complete unity at home prevent her from aspiring after an extensive foreign dominion? No. By the close of the sixth century Car~ thaginian power extended from the greater Syrtis to the Fortunate Islands, and from Corsica to the flanks of Atlas. What islands were gradually brought under her influence? Islands, Corsica, Sardinia, and Western Sicily. With whose help had Carthage effected their conquest? mercenaries. What had been necessary to make and keep these conquests”? A large navy. What had Carthage become by means of this navy? The undisputed mistress of the Western and Central Mediterranean. TWhat fundamental want was Carthage unable to supply? iWhere could Rome be only seriously attacked? TAnd where could Carthage be only seriously attacked? TBut what was the essential difference between a Roman army landing in Africa and a Carthaginian army landing in Italy ‘3 TWho had already shown the Romans the way to Africa? The Balearic ‘Wilh the help of GENERAL SUDIDIARY. —p. 187. Maps XII. and XIII. Why were the wars between Carthage and Rome called PUNIC WARS? (Punic = Phcenician.) 1‘ Give the number of the Punic wars. 1‘ Which of them was the most important? TWhen did the Punic wars begin, and when did they end? TGive the beginning, end, and duration of the first Punic war. Tllow many years did intervene between the first and second Punic wars? rGive the beginning, end‘, and duration of the second Punic war. rHow many years did intervene between the second and third Punic wars? 'f-Give the beginning, end, and duration of the third Punic war. 1' What was the theatre of war? 1-What races were striving for the supremacy of the Mediterranean ? fWhat was the question at issue, and how was this finally decided? Map 27. (XII.) The Cause. Give the precise position of Sicily. What powers had been, for many centuries, contending for the suprimacy 1980. Did these limits content the ambition of Carthage? No. They proceeded of the island? Syracuse and Carthage. fRefers to Appendix. *Refers to Alphabetical List. [| Refers to Genealogical Tables. ANCIENT HISTORY. . What king of Syracuse had almost subjected the whole of Sicily? Agathocles. . What. did happen after his death, 289 B. c. ? . . What third power arose in the island during the times of confusion that followed the death of Agathocles? The Mamertines. . it Who were these Mamertines? . By what stratagem had they made themselves master of Messana? They had asked permission to enter the city for the purpose of embarkiny in the harbor for Italy. Once admitted, they had slain the citizens and distributed their wives, children, and houses among themselves. . . Where is Messana situated? . How was this new state looked upon by the Greeks? . Who had tried in vain to dislodge them from the island ? W’ith horror. " They were the murderers of their kinsmen, the Greek inhabitants of Messana. Pyrrh-as. . *But what new adversary had they to contend with after the departure of Pyrrhus? IIiero, king of Syracuse. . *Who assisted the Syracusans in their war with the Mamertines? The Carthayinians. . *When did Hiero succeed in shutting them up in the city of Messana ? . Did Rome receive the Mamertines into her alliance? . What was the natural consequence of this? 2023. 2024. 2025. 2026. 2027. 2028. 2029. 2030. 2031. 2032. 2033. 1—To whom did the Mamertincs apply for help when they saw themselves threatened with destruction by the combined Carthaginians and Syra— cusans ? Yes. The Beginning of Hostilities. Map 27. (XII.) What formal pretext was found for supporting the Mamertines? A pretext was found in the protectorate which Rome claimed the right to exercise over all Italians. The transmarine Italians were received into the Italian confederacy. What was done immediately afterwards? Rome invaded Sicily, and by an act of treachery made herself mistress of Messana. W'ar between Rome on the one side and IIiero and Carthage on the other side. *By whom was Hiero defeated in 263 ‘2 * What did he do after this defeat? 1-Who were, after the peace of Hiero with the Romans, the only contend- ing parties ? 1-When did, therefore, the Punic wars properly begin ? 1- What became the theatre of war? fInto how many subdivisions may we divide this war? Duilius. 1- Give the date and character of the first subdivision. * Who was the hero of this first subdivision? *When was this Duilius made consul? *What was the state of afiairs at the beginning of his consulship ? *What was done by the Romans to prevent these inroads of the Car- thaginians? 1' Refers to Appendix. 2034. 2035. 2036. 2037. 2038. 2039. 2040. r . To whom was this fleet entrusted? . When, where, and with what result did the hostile fleets meet for the last 2058: 2059. . Who was the hero of this third subdivision? . 1- What was the chief theatre of war during this third subdivision ? . Give the precise position of Lilybaeum. . Give the precise position of the ZEgates. *Tc whom was the command of this fleet entrusted? *What invention was made by Duilius in order to counteract the disad- vantages under which the clumsy ships of the Romans were laboring? * What advantage was gained by this invention? *When, where, and with what result took place the first sea—fight between the Romans and Carthaginians? *What was erected in commemoration of this victory? * What had Rome suddenly become by this victory? Give the precise situation of the scene of this memorable battle? The promontory of Myles is on the northern coast of Sicily, only thirty miles westfrom C’ape I’elorus. It forms the western boundary of a bay. In this bay the battle was fought. Regulus. TGive the date and character of the second subdivision. . * Who was the hero of the second subdivision? . *Who was this Regulus? . With what success did Regulus invade Africa? Riyalus was successful at first, but in the next year he safl'ered a complete defeat, andfell into the enemy’s hands. . * But what did happen to him in the next year? . * For what purpose, and on what conditions, was he sent to Rome ? . * What was his conduct on this occasion? . *What was his fate on his return to Carthage ? Lutatius. fGive the date and character of the third subdivision. Lutatius. A city of Sicily, situated on the promontory of the same name, which forms the extreme west point of the island. . What great efl‘ort was made by Rome, in 241 B. 0., in order to make an end to the war ? A number of citizens, from their private resources, build and man a fleet of two hundred sail, which they present to the nation. To Lutatius. time in this war? In 241 B. 0., near the zEyates, where Lutatius gains agreat victory, which completely breaks the spirit of the Carthayinians. The Eyates are a group of three small islands, lying of the western extremity of Sicily, nearly opposite to Lilybseum. J[What did force the Carthaginians to accept peace? 1- On what terms were they forced to accept peace from the Romans? Recapitulation. 1- How long had this war lasted? 2060. fName the great commanders in this war. * Refers to Alphabetical List. ll Refers to Genealogical Tables. ANCIENT HISTORY. TWhat naval battles were gained by the Romans during this contest ? . 1' And What great naval victory had been gained by the Carthaginians? TWhat had been the greatest engagement during the whole war, and by whom had it been gained? Results. Map 28. (XII.) TWhat change had the policy of the Romans undergone in this great contest? , TWhat change had the army of the Romans undergone ? T What had been created during this war ? TWhat was the character, however, of this mighty creation? fo whom was this fleet manned, and by whom ofiicered? 1-What was the extent of the Italian confederacy at the close of the first Punic war ? 1- How far were these boundaries extended during the twenty-three years’ peace? 2064. 2065. 2066. 2067. 2068. 2069. 2070. THE TWENTY-TIIREE YEARS’ PEACE BETWEEN norm AND CAR’I‘HAGE. — Maps 28,29. our) The Foundation of the Provincial Systewn. — p. 188. 2071. How was this period of peace employed by both sides? to consolidate and extend their power. 2072. TWhat advantage was taken by Rome, in 238 B. 0., of the position in which Carthage was placed by the revolt of her mercenaries ? 2073. How were these new acquisitions governed ? By pro-consuls. 2074. Describe the office of the pro-consul. He was at once conzmander-in—chiefi governor, and supreme judge. 2075. By whom was the revenue administered ? to the Senate. 2076. Were the native authorities entirely set aside? great extent. 2077. Were the provinces required to furnish a regular contingent of troops? No. 2078. But what was in place of this burden claimed by Home ? One-tenth of the produce of the whole land. 2079. What other tax was levied? and exports. In energetic efforts By gueestors, who were responsible They were tolerated to a A tax of five per cent. was levied on all imports Growth of the Carthagi'nian Power in Spain. -—p. 188, and art. HANNIBAL. , TWhat was done by the Carthaginians to indemnify themselves for the loss of Sardinia and Corsica? . Who did establish the Carthaginian power over the whole of southern and south—eastern Spain? Ilamilcar Barca, during the last nine years of his l7f(’, (236—228 B. c.) . What use was made of the warlike population of Spain ? The warlike pop— ulation, Iberic and Celtic, was reduced and trained to arms under Carthaginian officers. 1- Refcrs to Appendix. 2083. 2084. 2085. 2086. 2087. 2088. 2089. 2090. 2091. 2092. 2093. 2094. 2095. 2096. 2097. 2098. 2099. 2100. 2101. 2102. 2103. 2104. 2105. * Refers to Alphabetical List. What was the condition of Spain under the Carthaginian dominion? Towns were built, trade prospered, agriculture flourished. What mines were discovered and skilfully worked? near Carthage-71a (the new capital founded by Hamilcar). fWhat did put a stop to this progress of the Carthaginians? *When and by whom was this pledge broken? * Who was this Hannibal? * When had he become commander-in—chief of the Carthaginian army? The rich silver mines THE SECO‘ND PUNIC WAR.~—Map 29. (1:11.) Summary. —p. 188. T What was the cause of the second Punic war? fHow long was its duration? TWhere was the theatre of war? 1- Who did assist Carthage during the greater part of this struggle? Jr Who were the principal Roman commanders in this war ? f Who were the principal Carthaginian commanders? TWho was the great hero of this second Punic war? TInto how many epochs can we divide this war? TName these epochs. The Victorious Career- of Hannibal. TGive the beginning, end, and duration of the first epoch of the second Punic war. Jr What plan was carried out by Hannibal? f Describe Hannibal’s march from Carthage Nova into Italy. Map 31. (XIII.) TWhat three battles did show that Hannibal was irresistible in the field? By what was the third Roman defeat (at Trasimenus) followed? By a wide-spread defection of the Roman subject-allies ; all Italy, from Samnium and Campania southwards, passed over to the side of Hannibal. What part of Italy did remain faithful to Rome? Central Italy, from sea to sea. 1 But what great battle (216 B.O.)b1‘0ught Rome to the brink of destruction? By what means did Rome contrive to maintain her ground? By immense efibrts, including the contraction of a large national debt. The. Second and Third Epochs.—p. 188. . Are these epochs of the war as fruitful in great battles as the first e’poch? They are devoid of any great battles until the one with which the third epoch closes. . What did force Hannibal to confine himself to the defensive? protect the Southern Italians who had come over to him. . By what alliances did Hannibal seek to better his position? Macedonia were induced to join him. . Did these alliances do much good to Hannibal? They did him scant service. Rome in each case meeting the new enemy on his own ground, and there keeping him fully employed. 116 had to Syracuse and [[ Refers to Genealogical Tables. ANCIENT HISTORY. . On what did the hopes of a successful issue to Carthage finally rest ? Upon the junction of the second army of Spain, under Hasdrubal, with the reduced force of Hannibal in Italy. . What battle did frustrate this junction ? The battle of the Metourus, in 207 B. c. . Give the precise locality of this turning-point of the war. . Who was the conqueror at the Metaurus 207 n. C. ? . What was the result of the battle of the Metaurus? The Metaurus is a river of Umbria flowing into the Adriatic. The battle was fought on the right bank of the Mctaurus, at no great distance from its mouth. Claudius Nero. The Fourth and Fifth Epochs.—Art. SCIPIO MAJOR. Nothing more was to be feared from IIaanbal, who had retreated into the farther corner of Bruttium. . *Who was at that time successfully warring against the Carthaginians in Spain ? . * Who was this Scipio Major ? . *At what age had he been chosen to command in Spain? . *The taking of what town did justify the confidence his countrymen had placed in him ? . *Describe his career in Spain during the three years following the taking of Carthago Nova. *When did he return to Rome, and what honor was accorded to him ‘3 * What province was assigned to him the year after ? *What use did he make of his position as pro—consul in Sicily ? a . *When did he cross into Africa? . *Who was recalled to oppose him? . *When, where, and with what result was fought the final battle of the 2126. 2127. 2128. 2129. 2130. 2131. 2132. 2133. 213£ second Punic war? The Peace. ——p. 188. Map 27. (XII.) fWhat was the condition of Carthage after the battle of Zama? 1' To what conditions was he obliged to submit ‘3 fWhat were the results of this war for Spain ? 1- What were the results of this war for Syracuse? fWhat were the results of this war for Numidia? 1- In what was Carthage converted by this war ? 1- What position had Rome acquired by this war? fHow many years later broke out the third Punic war? When was Carthage finally taken and destroyed? 146 B. c. Chronological Review of the Roman History, 750-200 B. C. 2135. 2136. 2137. 2138. During what period of Eastern History was Rome founded ? How many years after the foundation of Carthage was Rome founded ? How many years after its foundation did it become the head of Latium ? Give the dates for both these events. T Refers to Appendix. 2139. 2140. 2141. 2142. 2143. 2144. 2145. 2146. 2147. 2148. 2149. 2150. 2151. 2152. 2153. 2154. 2155 2156. 2157. 2158. 2159. 2160. 2161. 2162. 2163. 2164. 2165. 2166. 2167. 2168. 2169. 2170. 2171. 2172. 2173. * Refers to Alphabetical List. 39 How many years after its foundation did Rome adopt a republican form of government? Give the date for this event. Repeat the three dates for the foundation, the supremacy in Latium, and the expulsion of the kings. How many years after its foundation did Rome receive its first written code of laws? With what part of Greek History is this fact contemporary '3 How many years after its foundation was Rome burned? What great wars broke out nearly a half~century after the burning of the city? How long lasted these wars? What year is given on your table for the end of the Samnite wars? How many years was this after the burning of the city ? How many years was this after the foundation of the city? When did the foundation of Venusia put the seal to the conquest of Central Italy ? How long after the foundation of Venusia did Pyrrhus come into Italy? For what purpose did Pyrrhus go to Sicily in 278 B. C. ? Did he gain the crowu of Syracuse? Who was made king of Syracuse in 270? How many years afterwards did the Punic wars break out? How long lasted the first Punic war? Who was the hero of the first epoch of the first Punic war? In what year did he gain the first naval victory for the Romans ? Who .was the hero of the second epoch of the first Punic war ? In what year did he attack the Carthaginians in Africa? How many years after the foundation of Rome took place this first trans- marine expedition of the Romans? How many years after Rome became the head of Latium took place this expedition of Regulus ? How many years after the promulgation of the Law of the Twelve Tables took place this expedition to Africa? How long after this disastrous expedition of Regulus was the war carried on? What great Greek scholars were contemporaries of Regulus and Duilius? Art. ERATOSTHENES and ARCHIMEDES. *Who was Eratosthenes, and when and where did he live? * What was his chief work, and in what state has this been preserved for us? * Who was Archimedes ? *In what sciences was he especially skilled? * What mechanical inventions were made by him ? *But when did he display his genius for invention most signally ? *Who besieged Syracuse at that time ? Map 33. (XIII.) * Was the genius of Archimedes able to keep the enemies out of the city ? l] Refers to Genealogical Tables. ANCIENT . *What was the fate of Archimedes after the city was taken? ’. During what war did this happen? " . When did this second Punic war begin, and when did it end? . Who is the great hero of this Punic war? " . What date is assigned to him on your table? " . And what date is assigned to his conqueror, Scipio Major? Art. POLYBIUS. . *What Greek historian did live in 220? . *Who was this Polybius ? a. *Why and when did he come to Rome ? . * In whose house did he live there, and whose intimate friend did he become? . * What great work was written by him ? ’. *What is the character of his work? . * How many books did it originally contain? ". *How many are yet extant? Art. ARSACES. . * What empire was founded during the first Punic war in Asia? . *Who was its founder, and how long did he reign? fWhat war raged in Greece at the beginning of the second Punic war? (See p. 224.) fWhat had caused this war '1 1.. TGive the duration and the theatre of war. . TWho were the parties in this war? fWhat was the object of this war? . TAnd What was its result? . TWhat did induce Philip to make peace after a successful campaign? . 1- What splendid victory of Hannibal did dispose Philip to listen to his pro- posals? . . "i What did prevent Philip from sending an army into Italy ? (Page 188.) . Recapitulate the two dates relating to Roman History found on the first table. . Recapitulate the five dates relating to Roman History found on the second table. . Recapitulate the seven dates relating to Roman History on the first and second tables. v 2. Recapitulate all the dates belonging to the first period of the third table. Second Period—«Rome the Umpire of the Nations. THE FIFTY YEARS’ PEACE BETWEEN ROME AND CARTHAGE. GENERAL SUDIMABY OF EVENTS. —pp. 188, 189. . What had been the great result of the second Punic war? of the I‘Vestern Mediterranean basin. The subjugation T Refers to Appendix. * Refers to Alphabetical List. HISTORY. 2204. What other result did this war have on the external relations of Rome? It hastened the collision between Rome and the East. What had forced her, long before the close of the war, to send a fleet and army across the Adriatic? The alliance of Philip III., king of Macedonia, with Hannibal. ' What was, in general, the condition of the East at that time? Since the time of Alexander the Great all things had tended to corruption and decay. . What was the condition of Hellas ? The spirit of patriotism was on the point of expiring. . What was the condition of Macedonia? Luxury had made vast strides, mili- tary discipline and training had been neglected. . What was the condition of Syria and Egypt? While the barbarian element had been raised but slightly above its natural level by Hellenic influence, the Hellenic had sufiered greatly by its contact with lower types of humanity. . Where only, in the East, was vigor to be found ‘2 Among the purely Asiatic monarchics of the more remote East. . Which of the Eastern monarchies was first attacked by Rome? Macedonia. ‘ . T Give the number of the Macedonian wars. . 1- What war took place between the second and third Macedonian wars? . TWhat wars were carried on during this Whole period in the West? THE MACEDONIAN “’ARS.—p. 188. Map 36. (XIV.) . By what was the conclusion of peace with Carthage rapidly followed? By war with Macedonia. . fHad the Romans any reasons to make war on Philip III., king of Mace— donia? TWhen was war declared against Macedonia? . TWas this the first time that Rome waged war against Macedonia? . Who was the great Roman commander in this second Macedonian war? Flamininus. . “fo what proclamation did he deprive Philip of his Hellenic allies? . TWhen, where, and with what result was fought the decisive battle? ‘ 2‘ i... Give the piecise situation of Cynoscephalae. It was a range of hzlls in Thes- salg, so called from their supposed resemblance to the heads of dogs. . What was, for the first time, tried upon a. grand scale in this battle? The relative strength of the Roman legion and the Greek phalanx, and the superiority of the legion uas asserted. . 1‘0n what condition was peace granted to Macedonia? .. . Describe the conduct of Philip III. after the battle of Cynoscephalee. He endeavored to maintain the peace uith Rome as long as might be feasible, but at the same time to invigorate and strengthen Macedonia in every possible way, and so to prepare her for a third struggle. . When did Philip III. die, and who succeeded him? seus succeeded him. . What was his character, and what were his aims? He was agoung and brave prince, who wanted to re—establish Macedonia in a position of real independence. 2205. 2206. In 179. His son Per- [1 Refers to Genealogical Tables. 2228. ”099 2230. 2231. 2232 2233. 2234. 2235. 2236. 2237. 2238. 2239. 2240. 2241. 2242. ANCIENT HISTORY. fWhen did the third Macedonian war break out? 1‘ Give its beginning, end, and duration. Who was the Roman general in the third Macedonian war? Emilius Paullus. 1' When, where, and with what result was fought the decisive battle in this war? The battle was fought June 22, 168 B. 0., (an eclipse fires the date.) . Give the precise situation of Pydna. A town of Thessaly, on the Thermaic sulf- 1- In what light does Polybius consider the battle of Pydna? *Who was Polybius, and what great work did he write? What made this battle of Pydna especially remarkable ? The battle of Pydna was the last occasion upon which a cicilizcdfoe contended on something like equal terms with Rome for a separate and independent existence. fWhat was the fate of the Macedonian kingdom? How many years after the death of Alexander did his kingdom fall? 144. Recapitulate the number of the Macedonian wars. Give the date and duration of each. Who was the hero of the first Macedonian war? Sulpicius Galba. Who was the hero and what was the great battle of the second Macedonian war ? Who was the hero and what was the great battle of the third Macedonian war? WAR WITH ANTIOCIIUS 111., (the Great.)-— See art. HANNIBAL and Anrxocnus THE 2243. 2244. 2245. 2246. 2247. 2248. 2249. 2250. 2251. 2252. GREAT. Map 36. (XIV) *When, where, and by whom had Hannibal been defeated? *Did the great Carthaginian lose all hope after this crushing defeat? *Was he allowed to devote his energies to the regeneration of Carthage? *Whither did he go ? * Who was this Antiochus III., king of Asia? *When had he mounted the throne, and what was the character of his early reign? * Describe the extent and character of his empire. *What was the capital of this empire ? When did Hannibal arrive there, and how was he received? In 195 B. 0. He received Hannibal at his court with special honors. Into what negotiations did he soon enter, at the instigation of Hannibal? Into negotiations which had it for their object to unite Macedonia, Syria, and Carthage against the common foe. . When, and in what manner, did he begin actual war against the Romans ? In 192 B. 0. He proceeded with a large army from Asia into Greece. . * Was Hannibal’s advice with respect to the conduct of the war listened to? . *When did the Romans arrive in Greece, and who was their commander ? . * When, where, and with what result did Antiochus and Glabrio meet? . *Who was selected in Rome to continue the war on the Asiatic continent? *When, where, and with what result was the decisive battle of this war fought '.7 2259. *Give the precise position of Magnesia. ' ' . *On what conditions was peace made with Antiochus? . *How did Antiochus take the loss of half his realm ? " . *How lpng did Antiochus survive the erasure of Asia from the list of great states . . How many years after the feundation of the Empire of the Seleucidae was the battle of Magnesia fought ? 111 years. '/ . TBetween what wars did the war with Antiochus III. of Syria fall? T111] SPANISII ‘VAR. ~10. 189, and art. CATO. . fWhat war was contemporary with the Macedonian and Syrian wars? . Was it easy for Rome to maintain herself in Spain? It was with the utmost difficulty that she maintained herself in possession. ' . In what portion of the country had the Roman dominion never yet been established? In the northern and western portions of Spain. . What was the natural consequence of this? A perpetual border war was consequently maintained, in which the Roman armies were frequently worsted. . TWho gained a brilliant victory over the Celtiberi (196 B. 0.)? . TWhat were the consequences of this victory? . 1- What command was hereupon given by Cato to all the towns? . * Who was this Cato, where was he born, and when did he commence his career as a soldier? . * What honors were successively conferred on him, and when did he become consul ? . *What works were written by him? THE BIRTH OF LATIN LITERATURE.——See art. PLAUTUS and TERENCE. 2275. What is the character of the Roman literature ? It is entirely based upon the Greek. In the. conquered cities of Tarentum and Syracuse the Romans found a literature of unrivalled excellence (the Greek); and it was not their nature to pursue with labor what they could adopt readyvmade. 2276. When did this Greece—Roman literature arise? During and immediately after the second I’unic war “ Captive Greece too/c captive her rude conqueror.” 2277. What were especially imitated from the Greek? The comicpoets and drama~ tists. 2278. * Who is the oldest comic poet of Rome whose works are yet extant? 2279. * What do you know of his personal history? 2280. *What is the character of his comedies? 2281. *How many used to be current under his name? 2282. * How many are yet extant? Give the names of some of his plays. 2283. * Until what time were his plays still acted ? 2284. *Who was his younger contemporary? 2285. *When and where was Terence born? 2286. *What was his original condition of life? 2287. *Whose patronage and friendship did he afterwards acquire? f Refers to Appendix. * Refers to Alphabetical List. [1 Refers to Genealogical Tables. 6 M ANCIENT HISTORY. 2288. *Give the names of some of his plays. 2289. 2200. 2291. X What is the character of his plays? *In what do the plays of Terence differ from those of Plautus ? * Where and how did Terence spend the latter part of his life? TIIE TIBIES 0F SCIPIO BIINOR. The Third Panic War.—p. 189. 111111232. (XIII.) . How many years do intervene between the close of the third Macedonian and the commencement of the third Punic war? Eighteen years. " . Was the determination to destroy Carthage and to form Africa into a pro— . What was done by the Carthaginians to avert war with Rome? 2301 2302 2303 2301. 2305 2306 2307 2308. 2300. vince in any way forced upon Rome by circumstances? No; but it was decided upon, after abundant deliberation by the predominant party in the state, as the course best calculated to advance Roman interests. . What was the condition of Carthage about 151 13.0. ? The trade of Carthage had revived, and the disturbed condition of the East threw a large commerce into the hands of her merchants. . Who was secretly encouraged by the Roman Senate to attack Carthage? lilasinissa, king of Numidia, Carthage’s old rival and enemy. 1-What was done when Carthage defended herself? She was accused of breaking the treaty of peace. They com- plied with the Roman command of sending 300 hostages to meet the consuls at Lilybeeum; from them the government should learn the further commands of the Senate. . What were these “further commands”? As Carthage was now under the protection of Rome, they would no longer have occasion to engage in war; they must, therefore, give up all their arms and engines without reserve. . Was this hard condition accepted by the Carthaginians? stands of arms and 2000 catapults were delivered up. . Were the Romans now satisfied? No. The Carthaginians were informed that so long as they possessed afortified city near the sea, Home could not feel sure of their submission ,' therefore it was the will of the Senate that they must remove to some point ten miles distant from the coast: Carthage must be destroyed. . How was this new command received by the Carthaginians? The popular fury knew no bounds; all Italians found within the city were massacred. . What was now determined upon? To defend themselves to the uttermost. . 1- How long did Carthage maintain the unequal fight? When did the Romans force at length their way into the town? . TWhat was the fate of Carthage? . TWhat was done with the former Empire of Carthage ? . TWho was the conqueror of Carthage? Yes ; 200,000 146 B. C. Scipio Minor. —Art. SCIPIO anon. * Give the full name of Scipio Minor. 9" Whose son and whose adopted son was he ? 1' Refers to Appendix. 2310. 2311. 2312. 2313. 2314. 2315. 2316. 2317. 2318. 2319. * Whose instruction and friendship did he enjoy in his youth? * What was the character of Scipio Minor? * When and where did he begin his military career? * In what war did he gain his great reputation? * When was he made consul, and what province was given to him the year after ? * What city did he destroy during his first pro—consulship ? * When was he made consul again, and what province was given to him? * What city was destroyed by him during his second pro-consulship ? * What made him lose his popularity on his return to Rome? * When, where, and how did he die? The Greek Macedonian War. . What did enable Rome, during the third Punic war, to pursue in the East 2331. 2333. * Refers to Alphabetical List. . Who did raise the standard of revolt in Macedonia? . Was he successful? . But when and by whom was his career brought to a sudden close? . What use was made of this rebellion? also the new policy of annexation and absorption? The troubles which broke out in the Hellenic peninsula. A pretender, who gave out that he was the son of Perseus, the last king of Macedonia. He defeated the Romans in a pitched battle 149 B. 0., and invaded Thessaly. ' w Metellus, who, in 148 B. 0., defeated him, and made him prisoner. Macedonia was reduced to the form of a province. What league was at the same time required to dissolve itself? league. What was the result of their refusal? War. When, how, and by whom was this war brought to a close? The war was terminated by llIumanius, who plundered and destroyed Corinth 146 B. C. What was done with the territory of the Achaean league? It was practi- cally added to the Itoman dominion, though it was still allowed for some years to amuse itself with some of the old forms of freedom, from which all vital force had departed. The A chaean . What two towns were destroyed by the Romans in 146 B. 0.? . What other acceSsion to her dominion did Rome receive soon afterwards by the voluntary act of one of her allies? Attalus 111., king of Pergamus, who held under his sovereignty the greater part of Asia Minor, was found, at his death (133 B. c.) to have left his kingdom, by will, to the Romanpeople. Virtathus. — Art. VIRIATHUS. What was the condition of Spain during the third Punic war? It was the scene of constant insurrection. During what time was the gallantry and high spirit of the natives espe- cially shown? 149—140 B. C. What part of Spain was, during that time, especially the theatre of war? Lusitania (Portugal). {1 Refers to Genealogical Tables. 2334. 2335. 2336. 2337. 2338 2339 ANCIENT HISTORY. *Who was the leader of the Lusitanians? *Who was this Viriathus, and what was his character? * What did oblige him to make peace with the Romans ? * What was the end of Viriathus ? . In what other part of Spain did the desperate resistance to the Roman arms continue? In Numantia. . Give the precise situation of Numantia. The most famous city of Spain. sit- uated on an eminence of moderate height, but great steepness, not far from one of the sources of the riverDuero (in the central part of N. Spain). 2340. How long did the Numantine war last, and how did it end ? It was destroyed 2341 after a ten years’ siege. . When and by whom was Numantia destroyed? 134 B. 0., by Scipio Minor. EXTENT OF THE ROMAN DOMINION AT THE CLOSE OF THE PUNIC 2342 2343 2344. 2345. 2346. 2347. 2348. 2349. 2350. 2351. 2352. 2353. 2354. 2355. WARS. — Map 34. (XIII.) . What did the territory of Rome at this time include besides all Italy up to the Alps ? Ten provinces. . What is the meaning of the word province? providential). Give the names of the western provinces. Hispania ulterior, Ilispania citerinr, Africa, Sicily, Sardinia with Corsica, Gallia Cisalpina. and Liguria. Give the names of the eastern provinces. Macedonia, Achaia, and Asia (the kingdom of Pergamus). By whom was each province administered ? By a governor, who was either a pro-consul, a prmtor, or a pro-preetor. ' Did these governors receive any stipends? No: but they were entitled to certain contributions from the provincials for the support of themselves and their courts; and they might also receive voluntary gifts. Describe their authority. They united the chief civil and military authority of the province. , How long did their term of office last? One year; but it might beprolonged from year to year. They were irremovable during their term of oflice. Could any complaint be brought against them ? Not till their ofiicc was at an end. When and before whom could they be brought to trial? If serious com- plaints were made, they could be brought to trial, either criminally before the people, or by civil action before judges chosen from among the senators. Was there in either case much chance of condemnation ? No. And if condemned, what was the only punishment? Nothing but afine. How did this system work in the provinces? It was grievously oppressive to the provincials. What were its results at home ? Care or charge (provincial: It was fearfully corruptive of public morals. 1' Refers to Appendix. 2364. 2365. 2366. 2367. 2368. 2369. 2370. 2371. 2372. * Refers to Alphabetical List. . What was the cause of these civil troubles and commotions? . What was the cause of the cessation of all this? . What might have been done to alleviate this state of affairs ? . What were the Licinian laws? . By whom was the domain-land practically engrossed 133 12.0.? THE GRACCHI. SOCIAL CONDITION OF RORIE 133 B. C. . What was the internal condition of Rome at the end of the Panic wars? Civil troubles and commotions became more and more frequent. The gulf which had been gradually forming and widening between the poor and the rich, the nobles and the proletariate. . How had the pressure of poverty been kept. down and alleviated during the last century? Partly by the long and bloody struggles which decimated the population, and so relieved the labor—market, partly by distributions ofplunder, and, above all, by assignations of land. The lands of Italy were all occupied, and no nation within its borders remained to be conquered. The Licinian laws might have been enforced. (See p. 183. first column.) By the members of about fifty Roman families, and by a certain number of rich Italians. . Were the Roman poor even allowed to work on the domain—land as laborers? Everywhere over Italy the public domain was cultivated by gangs of slaves. TIBERIUS GRACCHITS.~—Art. GRACCBUS. Who came forward, in 133 B. 0., with aset of propositions which had for their object the relief of the existing distress among the Roman citizens ? Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus. \ What was his proposition? To improve the general condition of Italy by the substitution of free cultivators of the small yeomen class for the gangs of dis- afiected slaves who were now spread over the country. *What law was revived by Tiberius Gracchus in order to carry out his lans ? *IWho were appointed for carrying the law into execution ? *How did the great landholders look upon the revival of this law? *What was done in order to prevent the re-election of Tiberius Grac- chus ? Did the murder of Tiberius Gracchus make an end to his plans for reform? The Agrarian commission of Gracchus was renewed, and allowed to continue its labors. ' What might have secured important results for the poor from the martyr- dom of their champion? Moderation on thepart of the democratic leaders who had succeeded to the position of Gracchus. But what made the Senate bold enough to suspend proceedings under the law altogether? The arbitrary conduct of the new commissioners. Garbo and Flaccus, which disgusted not only the moderate party at Rome, but also large numbers of the Italians. Refers to Genealogical Tables. 2374. 2375. 2376. 2377. 2378. 2379. 2380. 22-381. 2382. 2383. 2384. ANCIENT HISTORY. . What. was the condition of affairs at Rome after the suspension of the Gracchian law ? It was aperiod of comparative tranquillity, during whichvonly afew mutterings were heard, indications to the wise that all was not over. CAIITS GRACCHUS. —Art. Gnaecnus. *What had become of Caius Gracchus after the death of his elder brother? *When did he return to Rome, and to what. office was he elected? * What measures were taken by him during his tribunate? *What name was given to these measures? *When was he re—elected tribune, and what proposal did he make in his second tribunate ? * What were the consequences of this proposal? * What was done with the Sempronian laws ? * In what did this irritation finally result? * Was Caius Gracchus himself killed during this tumult? *Describe‘the final fate of Caius Gracchus. * Were the Gracchi and their reform soon forgotten in Rome? 2398. 2399. 2400. 2401. 2402. 2403. 2404. 2405. 2406. 2407. 2408. Who became soon the sole ruler of Numidia (by the death of his brothers)? .Micipsa. * But what son had been left by Mastanabal? *When did Micipsa die, and to whom did he leave his kingdom? *Was Jugurtha satisfied with this division of power? *By what steps did Jugurtha finally become the sole ruler of Numidia? *Describe the character of Jugurtha. What had forced the Romans to declare war against him? Roman citizens after the taking of Cirta by J ugurtha. , Who was sent against Jugurtha, and with what result? and Emilius Scaurus. shameful peace with him. How was this peace received in Rome? What summons were sent to Jugurtha? obeys the summons. What was the conduct of Jugurtha. in Rome? He murders his hinsman Mas- siva, on whom the Romans were about to confer his crown. The murder of Calpurnius Bestia Both were bribed by Jugurtha, and concluded a most Sec di'milius Scaurus, at the end. Jugurtha is summoned to Rome, and 2409. When was war finally declared against Jugurtha? 110 B.C. SOCIAL CONDITION OF ROME AFTER ’l‘lIE MURDER OF THE GRACCHI.—Art. ZEMILIUS SCAURUS. 2385. * What was the condition of Rome from 120 to 100 B. 0.? 2386. *What was the reason that this party during the whole period was losing ground? * Who is a significant illustration of the tone and character of the Roman aristocracy during this period ? * Who was this fEmilius Scaurus ? * What offices did he fill? *In what way did he manage to immortalize his name? * Are his greatly-praised achievements capable of standing a close scrutiny? * In what did his real talent consist? * What peace negotiations did show him in his true colors? THE JUGURTHINE WAR. JUGURTlIA. — Art. JUG URTHA. Map. 34. (XIII.) . Where is Numidia situated? The central tract of country on the N. coast of Africa, which forms the largest portion of the country now occupied by the French, and called Algeria. . What had been its boundaries since the fall of Carthage in 146 B.C.? It extended front the Mulucha on the west to the Ql/rmmica on the east, completely surrounding the small strip on the coast which had been the dominion of Carthage since the second Punic war. . Who were at that time the rulers of Numidia? Mtcipsa, Mustanabal, and Gulussa. Whose sons were they? TIIE WAR. —p. 189. Art. JUGURTHA and SALLUSTXL‘S. 1-Give the cause of the Jugurthine war. 1-When did the Jugurthine war begin, and when did it end? fBut when did the war begin in earnest? TWhat was the theatre of war? TWhat parties were opposed to each other in this war? TName the principal commanders in this war? '1- What great battle really decided the war? *And what Roman commander got Jugurtha in his power? *What was the end of Jugurtha? 1-What was the fate of Numidia after the capture of Jugurtha? f’l‘o whom was the western part given? iTo whom was the eastern part given ? *Who wrote the history of the Jugurthine war? * What is the character of this work? THE WAR WITH THE CIMBRI AND TEUTONES.—Art- MARIUS,p.189. Map 31. (XML) 2424. What war had begun before the war with Jugurtha was over? 2425. Who were these Cimbri and Teutones? Cells and Germans. 2426. Whence had they come ? From the tract beyond the Rhine and Danube. 2427. What was the character of their migrations? They appeared suddenly in vast numbers in the country between the Rhine, Danube, and the A lps, ravaging it at their will, and from time to time threatening, and even crossing, the Roman frontier. 2410. 2411. 2412 2413. 2414. 2415. 2416. 2417. 2418. 2419. 2420. 242L 2422. 2423. 2387. 2388. 2389. 2390. 2°91. 2392. 2393. The sons of Musinissa. 1' Refers to Appendix. * Refers to Alphabetical List. [] Refers to Genealogical Tables. ANCIENT HISTORY. . By whom were they joined in their predatory excursions? The natives of 2457. Give the number of the Samnite wars. the region especially subject to their ravages, in y'reatpart, joined them, especially 2458. Which of them was the great Samnite war? the Ambrones, Tigurini, and Tectosages. 2459. What war did happen between the first and second Samnite wars ? 2429. When, where, and with what result did the Romans first come in contact 2460. What was the object of this Latin war ? with them? As early as 113 B. 0., a horde of Cimbri crossed the Alps and 2461. What great events in Greece were contemporary with the Samnite wars ? defeated the consul 0n. Papz'rz'as Garbo in Istrz'a. 2462. In what year were the Samnite wars fairly at an end ? 2430. When and for what purpose did they appear on the borders of Roman 2463. The foundation of what colony put the seal on the conquest of Central Gaul? 109 B. 0., to demand lands. Italy ? 2431. Who did oppose them, and with what result? Marcus Junius Silanus, who 2464. What war did result in the conquest of Southern Italy ? was attacked and defeated. . 2465. Who had attacked the Romans in that war ? 2432. What other severe defeats were sustained by the Romans in this war? In 2466. What date is assigned on your table to Pyrrhus ‘? 107 the consul Cassius Longinus was defeated, and two years later (105 B. c.) 2467. How many years after its foundation did Rome become the head of Italy? Quz'ntus Servilius Ceeplo. 2468. When was this, and who became in that year king of the Sicilian Greeks? 2433. Who was, after this last defeat, sent to oppose them? Oaz'us Marius. 2469. What victory had given him the crown ‘3 2434. *Who was this Cains Marius, and where had he first distinguished himself? 2470. Whose assistance against Hiero was finally invoked by the Mamertines? 2435. *In what war had he first acted as commander-in—chie'f? 2471. What was the result of the interference of the Romans in Sicily? 2436. *What honor was conferred on him after the subjugation of Jugurtha? 2472. Give the number and duration of the Panic wars. 2437. *On what occasion was he re-elected? 2473. Who was the hero of the first Punic war? 2438. How often was he re-elected without intermission? Four times. 2474. What island was gained by the Romans in the first Punic war? 2439. fWhen, where, and with what result did Marius meet the Teutones and 2475. What wars took place between the first and second Punic wars? Ambrones? 2476. Who was the hero of the second Punic war? 2440. By whom and with what result was Italy invaded in the following year ? 2477. What territory was gained by the Romans in the second Punic war? By the Cimbri, who defeated Lutatius on the Athesz's (.4d1ye). ‘ 2478. What wars took place between the second and third Punic wars ? 2441. For what purpose did the Cimbri ascend the valley of the Po? They 2479. Who was the hero of the third Punic war? expected to form ajmwtz'on with the Teutones. 2480. What territory was gained by the Romans in the third Punic war? 2442. Whom did they meet instead of the Teutones? The combined armies of Marius 2481. What wars were contemporary with the first Punic war? and Lutatius. 2482. What wars were contemporary with the second Punic war? 2443. 1 What was the result of the battle of Vercellae? 2483. What wars were contemporary with the third Punic war? _ - g 2484. What Egyptian historian was contemporary with the first and second Punic Chronological Review of the Roman Htstory, 7;) 0-100 B. C. wars? 2444. Was Rome founded before or after the foundation of Carthage? 2485. What great mathematician did live in Syracuse during the second Punic war? 2445 HOW many years after its foundation did it become the head of Latium? 2486. What great historian did live during the second and third Punic wars? , .- . - - - 2487. Reca itulate the dates of the first eriod f Roman histor h roic a f 2446. Duung how many years was it governed by kings? P P 0 y i e ge 0 2447. Give the names of the seven kings of Rome. Rome). . . o . ~ 9 2488. Give the number and duration of the Samnite wars. “448' Vi hen were the kings expelled ' 2489. Give the number and duration of the Punic wars. 2490. Give the number and duration of the Macedonian wars. 2491. Which of the two Scipios was opposed to Hannibal? 2402. Give the date for Hannibal. 2493. What two Roman authors did live during the second Punic war? 2494. And what great author did live in the interval between the second and third Punic wars ? 2495. How many years after Scipio Major did Scipio Minor live? 2496. What date is assigned on your table to Antiochus the Great? 2497. How long was this after Pyrrhus, and how long before Marius? 2449. Who was expelled in that. same year from Athens? 2450. How many years after the expulsion of the kings did Rome obtain a ‘ written code of law? 2451. When did it receive this code, and by what name is it known? 2452. How many years later was the old city of Rome burned? 2453. Give the date for the burning of Rome. 2454. In what period of Greek History did this happen? 2455. How long after this event did Rome begin the conquest of Central Italy? 2456. With what nation did Rome, for nearly a half-century, contend for the supremacy of Central Italy ‘3 fRefers to Appendix. *Ret‘ers to Alphabetical List. I] Refers to Genealogical Tables. ANCIENT HISTORY. . What African king was conquered by Marius? . What date is assigned to Jugurtha? . How long was this after Hannibal? . What great cities were destroyed by the Romans 146 B. 0.? . And how many years later was Numantia destroyed ? . Itecapitulate the dates belonging to the second period of Roman history. . Recapitulate the dates belonging to the first and second periods of Roman history. . Recapitulate all the dates belonging to Roman history on the first, second, and third tables. . Recapitulate all the dates from the beginning. Third Period.—- The Civil W'm's. GENERAL SURVEY OF THE [matron-12.190. Character of the Period. TWhat was the grand feature of the civil contests in the Roman common- wealth ? . T What represents the first phase of this struggle? . Tln what did this first phase of the struggle terminate? . TWhat similar distinction of classes was gradually created by the progress of external conquest? . TWhat war did bring about the crisis of the long struggle for the full fran- chisc? . TWhat were the consequences of the attempts to neutralize the fruits of the social war? . TWhat became gradually the character of this struggle between the R0- mans and the Italians? . TWith what former party did the Romans gradually become identified? . TWith what former party did the Italians gradually become identified? . T Of what party did Marius become the acknowledged head? . TAnd what party looked upon Sulla as their leader? . T Who succeeded to the position of Sulla? . T And who took afterwards the place of Marius? . T What were the objects for which the Roman party fought under the lead- ership of Sulla or Pompey? . TWhat were the objects for which the Italian party fought under Marius or Caesar? . T Which party did finally gain the victory ‘I General S'urmxmcn-y. —p. 190. ~ . . TWhat was the number of the civil wars? T When did the first civil war break out in Rome, when did it end, and how long did it last? . TWho was the prominent character in the second and third civil wars? TRefers to Appendix. r3 Or [0 CD [310 [0 CI ‘ r C,“ ' IQ ‘1 [CNN C‘CJ‘U‘ t3 C1 0 a 09 ‘. Was he able to maintain himself in that lofty position ? lle 5003 c.4009: [Lb—‘53 . What great reform had been expected from Marius? . With what. result? T What parties were contending in the second and third civil wars for the supremacy ? T Where was the theatre of the fourth civil war, and what party was repre- sented by Sertorius? T What caused the fifth civil war, and by whom was it suppressed ? , TWhat parties were contending for the supremacy in the sixth and seventh civil wars? TWhat civil war broke out after the death of Caesar? . T In what resulted the civil war of Mutina? ‘» . TWhat civil war gave a final death-blow to the cause of the old Roman aristocracy? ‘ . TWhat civil wars were caused by the quarrels of the oligarchy among themselves? . Tln what did result the civil wars? SULLA. THE MARSIC, 0R SOCIAL WAR. —p. 189. . What was the position of Marius after the victories of Aquae Sextiae and Vercellre? It raised Marius to a dangerous eminence. (See art. MARIUS.) No. Though szgfi- cicnlly ambitious, he wanted judgment and firmness. Endeavoring to please all parties, heplcased none. . What was the result of his hesitation and indecision? That he gradually lost all his popularity, and had to leave the city. . . Whither did that great general, but poor statesman, retire? IIe went to Asia. That he would extend the right of Roman citizenship to the Italians. . Who did try to grapple with this momentous question? M. Lim'us Drusus, who seems to have possessed mere good intentions combined with average ability. [1e was not only unable to procure the franchise for the Italians, but was even murdered. ' . What were the consequences of the murder of Drusus? It drove the Italians 2545. 2546. 2547. 2548. 2549. *Refers to Alphabetical List. . How many nations formed a. separate confederation? to despair. . What was done by the tribes of Central and Southern Italy when they found their champion murdered and their hopes dashed to the ground? They flew to arms. Eight nations, chiefly of the Sabine stock. What town did they choose for their capital? Apennines. (Map XI.) What name was given to the new republic? THow long did this war last ? T What. were the chief theatres of war? (Map XI.) TWho became gradually arrayed against Rome '3 Corfinium, in the Pelignian I talia. || Refers to Genealogical Tables. ANCIENT HISTORY. 47 fWho were the principal Roman commanders in this war? TWho were the principal commanders of the allies? . On What side was the victory at the beginning of the war? the allies. . What part of Italia was entirely in the power of the Confederates? The allies overran Campania. ‘“ . What did finally secure Home a triumph which she could not have accom- plished by arms ? Her sagacious policy. She passed promptly the Julian law. . What were the provisions of this Julian law? It conferred full citizenship both on such of the Italians as had taken no part in the war hitherto, and also on all such as upon the passage of the law ceased to take part in it. . What was formed in the ranks of the Confederates by this law ? party was formed; nation after nation fell away from the league. . What parts of Italy did to the last remain in arms? Samnz'um and Lucania. . What law did at length pacify them? The Lez Plotia, which granted all that the allies had ever claimed. . 1-What was, therefore, the grand result of this war ? 0n the side of A peace DIARIUS AND SULLA.—Art.MAnms. . What part had been taken by Marius in the social war? He had served as legate to the consul Rutilius in the first disastrous year, and had declined battle when the insurgent Italians Ofered it. . What was, perhaps, the reason of his conduct? Probably his sympathies were with the rcvolters, and he had no desire to push them to extremities. . But What. general had greatly increased his reputation by his campaigns of 89 and 88 B. 0.? Sulla. . *What reward was given to him, on account of this, by the Senate? . Who was deeply ofiended by this? Marius. . What step was taken by Marius in order to replace his rival? He caused the passing of a law ( the Sulpician law), by which the Italians,‘ newly admitted to citizenship, received the complete control of the comitia. . What was done by the comitia thus formed? Sulla was deprived of his post (commander-in-chief against llIithradates), and the command was transferred to Marius. . Was the insulted consul prepared to submit to his adversary? quitted Rome, and made an appeal to his legions. . * What bold step was promptly taken by Sulla? , . Had Marius taken any precautions to meet it? No. (See SULLA.) . Was Sulla able to enter Rome? Yes. (See SULLA.) . *What became of Marius ? . *Whither was the old Marius conducted? . *What did they intend to do with Marius ? . *But what saved his life? . *Whither was he finally conveyed? (Map XI.) . What was, in the meantime, the conduct of Sulla at Rome? No. He II e proscribed T Refers to Appendix. 2577. 2578. 2579. 2592. 2593. 2594. 2595. 2596. 2597. 2598. 2599. . Was Cinna successful? . When and how did Sulla land in Italy? . Who opposed him during the year 82 3.0.? his adversaries, repealed the Sulpician law, and passed various measures favorable to the nobility. What did prevent him from remaining permanently at the capital? aflairs of the East and the war with Mithradaies. What were the consequences of his departure? the flames of civil war broke out afresh. Who did endeavor to restore the exiled Marius, and to re-enact the laws of Sulpicius? The consul Oinna, who had been raised to the consuls/up by the democratic party. The No sooner was he gone than Cinna was at first forced to fly; but he threw himself upon the legionaries and Italians. With them he marched on Rome. . * Who was invited by Cinna and Sertorins to join them ? . * What was the conduct of Marius after his return to Rome? . * What honor was conferred on Marius for the seventh time? . * How long did Marius enjoy this new honor? . *What influence had the death of Marius on the Roman government? It put an end to the reign of terror which had been inaugurated by Marius, though Rome remained for two years longer under a species of dictatorship, constitutional forms being suspended. . *Recapitulate shortly the whole career of Marius. THE MARIAN PARTY AND S’ULLA.—Art. SULL'A. . *What had been, in the meanwhile, the career of Sulla? . *What resolution was taken by Sulla after he had accomplished all the objects of the Mithradatic war? Sulla landed, 83 B. 0., with no more than about forty thousand men. IIe was joined, however, almost immediately by Metellus Pius, by Crassus, and by Pompey. Carbo and the young Marius. The Lucanians and Samnites espoused the Marian cause. But the gallantry of the brave Italians was exerted in vain. . What battle did destroy the last hope of the Marian party? A battle before the Uolline Gate, where Sulla and Crassus, after a desperate struggle, succeeded in defeating the remnants of Carbo’s army, reinforced by the Italians under Tele- sinus the Samnite. (See Map 40.) *By what was the triumph of Sulla and the nobles stained? *What was the position of Sulla after the annihilation of the Marian party ? * What surname was now assumed by Sulla? *In what manner did he celebrate his victories over Mithradates ? *Mention the names of these victories. * What changes were made by him in the Roman constitution? * What was the main object of his policy- and legislation ? * Did his reforms stand the test of time? 2600. * How long did Sulla remain dictator? * Refers to Alphabetical List. fl Refers to Genealogical Tables. 48 2601. 2602. 2603. 2604. 2605. 2606. 2607. 2608. 2609. 2610. 2611. 2612. 2613. 2614. 2615. 2616. 2617. 2618. 2619. ANCIENT HISTORY. * What step was taken by him in 79 13.0.? *How long did Sulla survive his abdication? *When and how did Sulla die? *Give a short biography of Sulla from his cradle to the grave. THE “’AR AGAINST SERTORIUS. —Art. SERTURIUS. *In What part of the Roman dominion had the Marian party found an asylum during the dictatorship of Sulla ? *What Marian leader was prsetor in Spain at the time of Sulla’s return from Asia ? *Was he left undisturbed by the Sullan administration ? *What induced him to return again to Spain ? *What position was taken by him in Lusitania? What part of Spain was called Lusitania? Map 35. (XIII.) * Was he successful? *What was the character of his administration ? *What was done by him to increase the superstitious reverence of the people for his person? * Who were sent against him, and with what results? * What alliance of Sertorius caused great alarm at Rome ? *But what did gradually undermine his popularity? * When and how did Sertorius come to his end? *Describe the character of Sertorius. * What were the consequences of the murder of Sertorius? The war was after this soon brought to a close: Perpcrna having neither Sertorius’s genius for command nor hispower of awakening personal attachment, 72 B. C. POMPEY. THE RISE 0F PONIPEY.—— Art. POMPEY, and p. 189. . Who had the honor of bringing the war of Sertorius to a close? Pompey. . * At what age and where had he begun his military career? . *When and why had he received from Sulla the name of Imperator? . * When and why had he received the surname of Magnus? . * What reward had been given to him for his services to the Sullan party? IIe had been sent, in 77 B. 0., as pro-consul to Spain, where he successfully crushed the remnants of the Marian party. . What war raged in Italy on Pompey’s return from Spain? The war of the gladiators, 73—71 B. C. Spartacus was their leader. . TWho had brought this war nearly to a termination? (p. 189, at the end of the second column.) . What remnant of the insurgents was met and destroyed by Pompey? A body of five thousand men forced its way through Italy, and had nearly reached the Alps, when Pompey, on his return from Spain, fell in with it and destroyed it utterly. I received in Rome? As the great support and savior of the aristocratical party. . And who shared with him the public esteem? The rich Croesus, the con- queror of Spartacus. . What did both claim as a reward for their services? The consulsth. . But what forbade their election? . What was this “ lex annalis ”? It required all candidates for high ofiiee to have passed through all the lower grades in regular order, with fixed intervals of time between them. . Of what was this breach of the Sullan constitution the forerunner? 0f the gradually setting aside of the whole Sullan constitu/ion. . * What measures of reform had Pompey carried? . *And of what party was he considered for a while the leader? . What line of conduct was followed by Pompey after the expiration of his consulship? Apparently contented with his achievements, he waited till some great occasion should recall him to the service of the state. . What danger was growing up during that time in the eastern part of the Mediterranean ? The Mediterranean swarmed with pirates. . What height had their impndence reached about 67 B. 0.? They plundered the coast of Italy, and intercepted the corn—ships on which the food of Rome depended. . *Who was invested with the command of the expedition against them ? . *And in how many days had he completely swept them from the sea? . What extraordinary powers had been entrusted to Pompey for this purpose? He was given authority over all the Mediterranean coasts, and over every city and territory within fifty miles of the seaboard. . What law had conferred these extraordinary powers on him? The Gabinian law. . What use had been made by Pompey of these extraordinary powers? He used them quite unexceptionally, applying them solely to the purposes of the war. . By what was the precedent of the Gabinian law soon followed? In 66 13.0. the tribune Manilius moved that the entire command of the whole East should be entrusted to Pompey for an indefinite term, “until he had brought the Mithradatic war to an end.” THE THREE WARS AGAINST MITIIRADATES. Mithradates.--Art. MITHRADATES. Map 37. (XIV.) . What empire had gradually developed itself around the eastern half of the Black Sea? The Pontic Empire, comprising C'oppadocia, C’olchis, and the northern shores of the Black Sea. ' . What important Greek settlements were found on the coast? Trapezns, Amisus, and Sinope—the birthplace and residence of Mithradates~on the southern shore of the Black Sea; C’hersonesus, Panticapwum, and Phanagoria on its northern shore. . How was Pompey, after the successful termination of these two struggles, 2647. What was the condition of the remaining part of the country ? It was still T Refers to Appendix. * Refers to Alphabetical List. 1] Refers to Genealogical Tables. ANCIENT HISTORY. 49 in a very primitive condition. The country possessed nothing but strongholds, which served the peasants as places of refuge and the king as treasuries for the custody of the revenues which accrued to him. Who ruled these regions since 120 B. c. ? Mithradates VI, surnamed E'upator. To whom did he trace his lineage? 0n hisfather’s side to Darius 1., king of Persia, and on his mother’s side to Alexander the Great. . What was his character? He excelled his contemporaries in all manly sports, but also in all vices. . * Had he paid any attention to the cultivation of his mind? . What was his character as a ruler? He was a true oriental despot. . . But what did really distinguish Mithradates amidst the multitude of similar sultans? His boundless activity. . *When did Mithradates begin his great struggle with the Romans? . How long did it last ? Nearly a quarter of a century. The First Mtthradatic War. —— Art. Mirumns'rns, and p. 189. . *When did Mithradates begin to make himself the absolute master not only of Asia Minor, but of all the countries bordering on the Black Sea? . * What took away all hopes of reconciliation between him and the Romans ‘3 f How long did the first Mithradatic war last? : fWhat did become the theatre of war? Map 38. (XIV.) 1‘ What parties were contending in this war? : TWho commanded the Asiatics and Greeks under Mithradates ? fWhat Roman general was opposed to them ? fWhat battles were gained by Sulla? illap 38. (XIV.) . 1- On what conditions was Mithradates forced to make peace? . TWhat were the results of Sulla’s campaign ? The Second Mtthradatic War.‘—p. 189. . What influence had the disasters suffered by Mithradates on his empire? The Bosporanic kingdom threw of its allegiance, the Colchians rebelled, and other nations in the same quarter showed symptoms of disafiection. . What steps were taken by Mithradates for the reduction of the rebels? He proceeded to collect a large fleet and army. . On what account had this enterprise to be relinquished? second and wholly unprovoked war with the Romans. . f Who provoked this second Mithradatic war ? 1- How long was its duration, and what was the theatre of war ? fWhat disastrous battle was fought, and what were its results? . But on what condition is peace finally restored? Mithradates once more evacuates Cappadoeia, 82 B.C. , . What use was made by Mithradates of the leisure afforded him by this peace? Vast efforts were made. by him to collect and discipline aformidable army. The Roman arms and training were adopted. Nothing was left undone On account ofa 1' Refers to Appendix. 7 * Refers to Alphabetical List. towards the construction of apower which mightfi/irly hope to hold its own when the time for a final trial of strength with Rome should arrive. The Third Mithradati'c War.~—p.190, and art. Mirnasmrss. Map 37. (XIV.) . fWhose death made suddenly an end to the armed truce between Mithra- dates and the Romans? . fWhy did his death bring about a crisis? . 1- What was the principal theatre of war ? . iWhen did this war break out, and what was its duration? . To what two causes was the protraction of this war mainly owing? Firstly, to the genius and energy of Mithradates, and secondly to the participation in it of Tigranes. . Who was this new foe? The king of Armenia, who brought to the aid of Mithradates a force exceeding his own, and very considerable resources. . Was Rome capable of contending at one and the same time with two such kingdoms as those of Pontus and Armenia? Barely; and up to the close of 67 B. 0., though her generals had gained many signal victories, she had made no great impression on either of her two adversaries. 2681. But to whom was the command of this war entrusted in 66 B. 0.? To Pompey. 2682. What scheme was devised by the genius of Pompey by which an immediate and decisive result was made attainable? A treaty with Phraates, king of Parthia, which turned the balance in favor of the Romans. 2683. What were the consequences of this treaty? Tigranes was unable to give any more assistance to Mithradates. 2684. *When and where was Mithradates defeated by Pompey ? 2685. Whither did he go after this defeat? To the regions north of the Bosporus. 2686. *What bold plan was now formed by Mithradates? 2687. *Whose treason did break finally his spirit? 2688. * How did he try to make an end to his life, but why was it unavailing? 2689. * How did he come to his end? 2690. *How was the tiding of the death of Mithradates received by the Romans? 2691. *What is the real historical signification of the Mithradatic wars ‘2 2692. *Recapitulate the career of Mithradates. 2693. fWhat was the result of the conquest of Mithradates? 2694. * What other countries were conquered by Pompey in the East? 2695. What was the position of Pompey in the East between 65-61 13.0.? The newly~erected Asiatic provinces had given regal honors to their organizer Pompey, as the successor of Alexander the Great. C lESAR. CATILINE’S CONSPIRACY. —p. 190. 2696. What danger had, during Pompey’s absence, threatened the Roman state? The danger of subversion at the hands of a daring profligate. 2697. Who was this Lucius Sergius Catilina? A patrician of broken fortunes, a I] Refers to Genealogical Tables. ANCIENT HISTORY. man representing no party, unless it were that of the ruined spendthrifts and desperadoes. . What plot was formed by him and his associates 64 B. C. ? Aplot to murder the consuls, seize Rome, and assume the government. . The acquiescence of what party was counted on? Of the Marian par/y. . What influential men were‘said to have been privy to the conspirator’s designs? Cwsar and Crassus. . fWhose promptitude did frustrate the scheme? 1‘ What orations did force Catiline to leave the city? TWhither did Catiline go? fWhen, where, and how did Catiline finally meet his fate? . 1 What seems to have been the object of Catiline? CATO, CICERO, AND CrESAR.—Art. CESAR and Creme. . Who had, during Pompey’s absence, chiefly assumed the guidance of affairs at Rome? Cato, Caesar, and Cicero. . Who was Cato, and of what party was he the acknowledged head? He was a descendant of Cato Major, and a man of similar character. He was at the head of the Senatorial party. . * Who was Caesar, and what had been his career until 60 B. 0.? . Of what party was he, the nephew of Marius, the natural head? . * Who was Cicero, and what had been his career up to 63 B. 0.? . *What high oflice did he hold in 0'3 13.0., and how did he acquit himself of his duties? . *What was his position about that time ? ‘ . * Did he retain his popularity for a length of time? . What was his position about 61 13.0.? Cicero held an intermediateposition, depending for his power almost wholly on his unrivalled eloquence, and having the confidence of neither of the two great factions. . 0f the three, whose genius was the greatest, and whose influence manifestly tended to preponderate ? Caesar. . What ofl’ice did he hold in 61 13.0., and how did he acquit himself of its duties? He assumed, in 61 B. 0., the government of the Further Spain, where he completed the conquest of Lusitania, and made himself the favorite of an important army. THE FIRST TRIUMVIRATE.—Art. Tsmmvmuz. . What had become the relations between Pompey and the Senate during the latter’s victorious career in Asia? He had become more and more an object ofsuspicion to the Senate. . What was done by Pompey on his return, in 6] B. 0., to prevent a rupture between him and the Senate? He disbanded his troops as soon as he touched the soil of Italy, came to Home accompanied by only a few friends, obtained the consent of the Senate to his triunnih, and claimed no extraordinary honors. . What were the only things claimed by Pompey? He merely demanded allot- 1- Refers to Appendix. * Refers to Alphabetical List. ments for his soldiers and the ratification of his Asiatic “ acts,” which were all certainly within the terms of his commission. 2720. Was Pompey’s modest request granted by the Senate? It was refused; his “ acts ” were unconfirmed, and his veterans denied their promised allotments. 2721. *What were the consequences of this conduct of the Senate? 2722. What was the basis of this first triumvirate? Antagonism to the Senatorial party. 2725 . * What object had each of the triumvirs in view ? 2724. *Was it generally known that such an alliance had been made? 2725. *Wh'en and how did it become a matter of public notoriety? 2726. By what was the formation of the triumvirate immediately followed ? By the election of Czsar t0 the consulate. 2727. What provinces did Caesar obtain at the close of his consulship? ernment of the two Gauls and of Illyricumfor the space of five years. . What opportunity did he obtain by this ? Offorming apowerful army devoted wholly to his interests. . When was his pro—consulship prolonged for a second term of five years? In 55 B. C., during the consulsth of his associates Pompey and Crassus. . And what governorship was obtained by Crassus in 54 B. 0.? 0f the East. Crassus became pro—consul of Syria and commander-in-chiefof the Roman forces in the Oriental provinces. . *And what governorship was entrusted to Pompey at the same time? The two provinces in which the Spanish peninsula was divided. . Under What pretext did Pompey manage to cenibine the administration of a province with residence in the capital? Under the pretext that his oflice of “preefectus annonse ” (administrator of the supplies of corn) required his pres- ence at Rome. . What did be virtually acquire by this? The sole direction of afairs at the seat of empire. . Recapitulate how the triumvirs had managed to divide the Roman dominion among themselves. CJESAR AND POMPEY.——-Art. Pompm, and p. 190. (VI.) Map 36. (XIV.) The gov- . What marriage had drawn the bonds betWeen Caesar and Pompey tighter? The marriage of Pompey to Julia, the daughter of Caesar. 2m . *What were the consequences of the death of Julia? 2737. * Whose death virtually dissolved the triumvirate? , 2738. When, where, and how did Crassus come to his end? He was completely defeated, and soon afterwards treacherously seized and murdered by the Parthians in the country between the Belilc and the Khabour, in 53 B. 0. PM) 2739. What influence had the death of Crassus on Pompey? He thought that the time was at length come when, if Caesar could be disgraced, the state must fall wholly into his hands. 2740. What proposals did he therefore encourage that were made by the extreme aristocrats? To prevent Caesar from suing for the consulship until he had ceased to be the lord of legions. fl Refers to Genealogical Tables. ANCIENT . What was Pompey’s own position in 52 B, 0.? IIe held the ofiice of sole consul for the space of six months, and obtained the prolongation of his yovernorship of Spain for a further term of five years. . And to what level did he seek to reduce his partner and rival? mere rank of an ordinary citizen.- . What was done by the Senate at Pompey’s instigation? was appointed, and he was required to resign his command. . *Did Caesar yield obedience to this mandate? . *What was done by Pompey as soon as Caesar had “ crossed the Rubicon”? . TIn how many days was Caesar master of Italy? . What part of the Roman dominions did remain in the power of the adherents of Pompey? Spain, Africa, and the East. . TWhither did Caesar go first, and what was the result? . 1* But where were his troops defeated by the Pompeians? . 1- What oflice was conferred upon him on his return to Rome? . T Howlong did he hold this office? . T Whither did he go after having restored order in Rome? . *Where had Pompey entrenched himself? . Give the precise situation of Dyrrhachium. A city on the coast of Illyricum, in the Ionic gulf. It was known in Grecian History as Epidamnus. . TWas be able to take Dyrrhachium? . * When, where, and with what result took place the final conflict? . Give the precise position of Pharsalia. A city of Thessaly situated in the district Thessaliotis, near the confines of Phthiotis, upon the left bank of the Enipeus, and at thefoot of Mt. Narthacium. . *Whither did Pompey go after his defeat at Pharsalia? . *How was he received in Egypt? . * Recapitulate the career of Cneius Pompeius Magnus. To the Casar’s successor THE POMPEIAN PARTY AND CESAR.——p. 190. War in Egypt.—Map IX. . What drew Caesar, after his great victory, to Egypt? The necessity offal- lowiny up his adversary, and striking, if it were necessary, a last blow. ' . In what critical position did he find himself there? The Egyptians block- aded him in the Pharos of Alexandria, cut of his supplies of water, and endeav- ored to starve him into submission. ' . By whose timely advance was Caesar at length relieved? The advance of flIithradates of Peryamus. The Egyptian army, placed between two fires, was speedily defeated and destroyed. . What was the end of this Egyptian war of 46—47 B. 0.? Cleopatra was established sole queen on condition that she married in due time her brother. War with Pharmaces. HISTORY. 51 2766. . When, where, and with what result did Caesar meet Pharnaces? . What laconic bulletin did express the rapidity of his conquest? . Who commanded them? . In what great battle did Caesar destroy the Pompeians in this quarter? . What was the fate of the Pompeian leaders? . Who was entrusted by them with the chief command? . When, where, and with what result did they encounter Caesar? What did give him, at first, the advantage ? Thefact that Caesar was besieged in Alexandria. . But what was done by Caesar as soon as he could withdraw from Egypt? He marched with all speed to encounter this new enemy. At Zela, in Pontus, 47 B. C. Caesar victorious. Map 86. (XIV.) Veni, vidi, vici—I came, Isaw, Iconquered. "76:1- in Africa. . Where had, in the meanwhile, the Pompeians, who escaped from Pharsalia, established themselves? In the Roman province of Africa, where they had the support of Juba, kiny of Numidia. Scipio, thefather of Pompey’s widow, and Cato. At Thapsus. Map 35. (XIII.) Scipio, Cato, and Juba com- mitted suicide, and Africa submitted to the conqueror. Second War in Spain. . What had happened to the legionaries which Caesar had left 4-9 3.0. in Spain ? They had been seduced by the Pompeian spirit which prevailed in Spain (I’ompey’s oldprovince). . What important accessions came to them after the battle of Thapsus? The remnants of the Pompeian army. 3 . anus Pompeius, the eldest son of the late Pompey. In hiarch, 45 B. 0., at Manda (in S. W. Spain), where Caesar gained a complete victory. Map 85. (XIII.) CESAR’S TRIUIVIPII AND DEATH.-—— Art. CESAR. . * What was Caesar’s position after he had crushed every attempt at resist- ance on the part of the sons and friends of Pompey ? . * Into What did some of his friends Wish to alter this title? . *What did prevent Caesar from becoming absolute ruler? . *What resolve was taken by Brutus and other republicans? . *Was Caesar entirely unaware of his danger? . * When, where, and how was Caesar murdered? . *Recapitulate Caesar’s career. OCTAVIAN. THE CIVIL \VAR 0F MUTINA. . Had the.murderers of Caesar made any adequate provision for whabwas to follow ? No ; and at the exact time when resolution and quick action were 2765. Who was encouraged by the civil wars to attempt the recovery of his ‘ needed, they hesitated andprocrastinated. father’s empire ? Pharnaces, the son of the great Mithradates. T Refers to Appendix. * Refers to Alphabetical List. ]] Refers to Genealogical Tables. 2787. 2788. 2789. 2790. 2791. 2792. 2793. 2794. 2795. 2796. 2800. 2801. . What was his conduct when these demands were refused? . What other otfice had he hereupon conferred upon himself? . What use did he make of this office? ANCIENT . Who made use of their remissness to obtain the substance of supreme power for himself? consulship. Who did check Antony when he was just on the point of obtaining all that his heart desired? Octavius, the grand—nephew of Caesar, being the grandson of his sister Julia. What was his position at that time? In Caesar’s last testament he had been named as his chief heir and son by adoption. He claimed the rights and accepted the obligations which devolved on him as Owsar’s heir. Who now attacked Antony, forced him to leave Rome, and freed the Senate from his influence ? Cicero, who, by the series of speeches andpamphlets known as “ the Philippics,” crushed the popularity of Antony. Whither did Antony go? He retired to his province of Uisalpine Gaul, and there commenced the eighth civil war by besicging Decimus Brutus, the previous governor, in Malina. Who were ordered to act against Marc Antony? and Pansa. And who was, at Cicero’s instance, joined in the command with the con— suls? The young Octavius, with the title of prator. What name is given to the short war which now followed? of illutina. Who was victorious in this war? Antony’s troops were defeated in two battles, and he himself, despairing of present success, crossed the Alps to join Lepidus. But at what cost had this victory been gained? The two consuls Hirtius and Pansa had fallen, leaving Octavius the sole commander. What were the consequences of the death of the two only honest leaders of the Senate ? Octavius claimed the whole merit of the war, and boldly demanded a triumph ; finally. he sent a detachment of his soldiers to Rome to demand the consulship for him. Marc Antony, who had been the colleague of Owsar in the The new consuls, Hirtius The civil war He marched to He assumed the consulship. He was made generalissimo of all the forces of the republic, and was authorized to act against, or treat with, Antony and Lepidus. Rome, and imposed his will on the government. Antony and Lep’idus were invited to confer with Octavius on on island in the river Reno, and the result was the. second triumvirate, (Nov. 27, 43 B. C.) THE SECOND TBIUDIVIRATE. —Art. CICERO. What was this second triumvirate? A self—constituted board of three (Octavius, Antony, and Lepidus), who were conjointly to rule the state for the space of five years. What division of the Roman dominion was made by them ? Lepidus was to have Spain and Gallic Narbonensis; Antony the rest of Gaul beyond the Alps and Gallia Oisalpina; Octavius, Sicily, Sardinia, and Africa. Map 35. (X111.) 1' Refers to Appendix. HISTORY. 2802. 2803. 2804. 2805. 2806. 2807. 2808. 2809. 2810. What measure was taken to strike terror in the adverse ranks and to obtain funds for carrying on the war? A prescription on a large scale. * Who was among the victims of this relentlessly enforced prescription ? * Who had basely consented to his murder? * When and where was Cicero murdered? * How old was he at that time? *Recapitulate the principal events in Cicero's life. *On what does the fame of Cicero rest? *What are his principal works ? * Who is his latest biographer ? CIVIL WAR. BET‘VEEN THE 0LIGARCHY AND THE REPUBLICANS. 2811. 2812. 2813. 2814. 2815. 2816. 2817. 2818. 2819. 2820. 2821. 2822. 2823. 2824. 2825. 2826. 2827. 2828. 2829. 2830. 2831. * Refers to Alphabetical List. p. 190. (IX.) Map 36. (XIV) When were the military operations against the murderers of Caesar com- menced? Early in 42 B. 0. Where were Brutus and Cassius at that time? In Thrace. Describe the route taken by the combined forces of Antony and Octavius. They marched unresisted through Ep-irus and Macedonia, and had reached Thrace before they were confronted by the republican army. When and where did the two armies meet? Macedonia. In how many battles was the fate of the Roman world decided? In two battles fought within three weeks (Nov., 42 B. c.) What was the fate of Brutus and Cassius? They committed suicide. 0n the plains of Philippi, in What was the immediate consequence of the victory at Philippi ? Afresh arrangement of the Roman world among the Triumvirs. What part of the Roman dominion was given to Antony ? The East. Who undertook the direction of affairs at the seat of government? Octavius, or Octavianus, (i. e. the son of Octavius,) as he was now called. What was the share of Lepidus? The Romanprovince of Africa. THE PERUSIAN WAR. --p. 190, art. BRUNDusmM. Map 36. (XIV.) What were the relations between the Triumvirs? scarcely theirs before they began to quarrel over it. 1- What difficulties had Octavius to contend with after his arrival in Rome? J[Who began to intrigue against him and to seek his downfall? fo whom were the embers of discontent fanned into a flame? TWhere, however, were the hopes of the insurgents smbthered? Who came finally to Italy to crush Octavius? Antony. * What town was besieged by Antony? *Give the precise situation of Brundusium. *Who attempted in vain to raise the siege? * Who averted its fall? What accommodation was arrived at ? The Roman world was Octavius received the whole West, || Refers to Genealogical Tables. 5 ANCIENT HISTORY. 53 including both the Ganls and also Illyricum; Antony was obliged to content himself with a diminished East; Lepidus hept Africa. . What. put the seal to the peace of Brundusium? Fulvia having opportunely died, Octavius gave the hand of his widowed sister, Octavia, to his reconciled col- league. OCTAVIUS AND ANTONY. —p. 190. Map 36. (XIV.) . By what was the pact of Brundusium modified in the ensuing year (39 B. 0.)? By the admission of Sextus Po-mpeius into partnership with the Triumvirs. . On what conditions? IIe should retain. Sicily, Sardinia, and Corsica, and should receive Achaia (Greece). 11s, for his part, undertook to provide Rome plentifnlly with corn. . What did happen when these conditions were not. executed? A naval war broke out between Sextus and Octavius, which led to Sextus’s complete defeat and expulsion from Sicily. . What great victory, gained by Octavius’s lieutenant Agrippa, did forever make an end to the power of Sextus Pompeius? The battle of Naulochus, in IV. E. Sicily. Sextits, in despair, flies to Asia. But around whom did now the Pompeian land—forces rally? Triumvir Lepidus. What prevented a fresh and bloody struggle? The boldness of Octavius, who, entering his rival’s camp, made an eloquent appeal to the soldiers, which was suc- cessful. What was done with Lepidus? life was spared. What were the consequences of the removal of Lepidus ? War became immi- nent between Octavius and Antony. What marriage had been concluded at Brundusium for the purpose of cementing the alliance between Octavius and Antony? (See Quest. 2832.) . 1' Had this marriage had the hoped-for results? . When and for whom did he desert Antonia ? In 36 B. 0., for his old mistress Cleopatra. . What was done by him in the infatuation of his passion? He not only assigned crowns to his own children by Cleopatra, but actually ceded to her Ceele- Syria and Cyprus. . What were the consequences of the treasonable conduct. of Antony? He was declared a public enemy by the Senate, and Octavius was ordered to collect all the forces of the West against him. . 1- When, Where, and with what result did the two rivals meet? . Give the precise position of Actium. It is a promontory in Acarnania, situ— ated at the entrance of the Ambracian gulf. . 1- When did the army of Antony finally surrender to Octavius? . How long did Antony survive the battle of Actium? Nearly a year. . When did Octavius proceed to Egypt? In 80 B. C., where he defeated Antony again. Around the He was degradedfrom the triumvirship, but his 1" Refers to Appendix. 2851. 2852. 2853. 2854. 2855. 2856. 2857. 2858. 2859. 2860. 2861. 2862. 2863. 286$ 2865. 2866 2867. 2868. 2869. 2870. 2871. 2872. 2873. 2874. 2875. 2876. 2877. 2878. 2879 2880. 288L 2882. 2883. 2884. * Refers to Alphabetical List. What was the final fate of Antony and Cleopatra? They committed suicide. What may be dated from the day of Actium? From the day of Aclium (Nov. 2, 31 B. 0.), Octavius was sole master of the Roman world. The Roman Empire dates from that day. FINAL RECAPITULATION OF THE THIRD TABLE. Chronological Review of the Roman Ifistory, 750—30 B. 6'. When and where was Rome founded? During how many years was it ruled by kings ? How many kings did rule over Rome during this period? When were the kings expelled? Who was in the same year expelled from Athens? During how many years was Rome a republic ? How many years had Rome been a republic when it was burned by the Gauls? When did Rome become the head of Latium? How many years was this after its foundation? And how many years before its total destruction by the Gauls? When did Rome become the head of Central Italy ? How many years was this after its foundation ? And how many years after its destruction by the Gauls? When did Rome become the head of Italy ? How many years was this after its foundation? And how many years after its destruction by the Gauls? When did Rome become the head of the Western basin of the Mediter- ranean? How many years was this after its foundation ? And how many years after its destruction by the Gauls? When did Rome become the head of the whole Mediterranean basin? How many years was this after its foundation ? And how many years after its destruction by the Gauls ? How many wars were waged between the Romans and Samnites? What was the object and what was the result of these wars ? When did they begin, when did they end, and what was their duration ? How many wars were waged between the Romans and the Carthaginians? What name is generally given to these wars? What was the object and what was the result of these wars? When did they begin, when did they end, and what was their duration? How many wars were waged between Rome and Mithradates? What was the object and what was the result of these wars ? When did they begin, when did they end, and what was their duration ? fl Refers to Genealogical Tables. v <.r...‘.. - .. . ...~,.,... . "W1 ,. 54 2885. 2886. 2887. 2888. 2889. 2890. 2891. 2898. 2899. 2900. 2901. 2902. 2903. 2904. 2905. 2906. 2907. 2908. 2909. 2910. 2911. 2912. 2913. ANCIENT HISTORY. Were any great wars contemporary with the first Punic war? What wars were contemporary with the second Punic war? What wars were contemporary with the third l’unic war? Were any wars contemporary with the Jugurthine war ? Were any wars contemporary with the second Macedonian war? What wars were contemporary with the third Macedonian war? Recapitulate the dates of your table contemporary with the Punic wars. 2892 2895. 2896. 2897. . Recapitulate the dates contemporary with the Macedonian wars. 2893. 2894. Recapitulate the dates contemporary with the Mithradatic wars. Recapitulate the dates belonging to the first period of Roman History. Recapitulate the dates belonging to the second period of Roman History. Recapitulate the dates belonging to the third period of Roman History. Recapitulate all the dates from 2500—30 B. C. ANCIENT HISTORY. THE EMPIRE. First Period.—-Thc Golden Age of Literature. THE CONSTITUTlON OF THE EMPIRE. THE EDIPEROR. —;o. 191. What battle had made an end to the Roman republic? (Quest. 2846.) W110 had, on that day, become the sole master of the Roman world? What form did this monarchy assume? Instead of being an open and undis- guiscd despotism, it was an absolute monarchy concealed under republican forms. In what way did Octavius build up for himself a monarchical power ? By obtaining for himself, in a way generally recognized as legal, all the various ofllces of the state which had any real political significance. Give the names of some of the titles and offices assumed by him. Inn/aerator, Princeps Senalus, tribune, consul, censor, etc. TWhat name was given to the power conferred on Octavius by these differ- ent oflices ? TWhat powers were included in this imperial prerogative? T How many troops were under the control of Octavius? J[What force had his edicts and ordinances? THE SENATE. -—p. 191. 1-What was the chief apparent check on the imperial prerogative? T To how many members had the Senate been limited by Augustus? TWhat were usually the relations between Emperor and Senate ? TWhat parts of the Empire were subject to the immediate jurisdiction of the Senate? f What criminal cases were tried before the Senate? TDid the Senate possess any executive power? TDid the Senate possess any legislative power? f Refers to Appendix. * Refers to Alphabetical List. 2914. 2915. 2916. 2911 2918. 2919. 2920. 2921. 2922. 2923. 2924. 2925. 2926. 2927. 2928. 2929. 2930. 2931. 2932. 2933. 2934. 2935. fHow often, and when, were the meetings of the Senate held ? TWho did usually attend these meetings? THE MAGISTRACIES. —p. 191. TWere the ancient magistracies of the republic abolished? yWhat change was made in the election of the consuls? f To what was their office limited? TWhat new officers were created? 1* Under whose control were these three new officers? 'l‘What was confided to the prefect of the city? 1-Who had to superintend the supply of corn? TBut who were the most important among the new officers? TIIE EMPIRE. —Map 39. (xv) fWhat had been the position of Rome during the time of the republic ? “f But what was the position of Rome under the Empire? fWhat were the ordinary boundaries of this Empire? Tlnto how many distinct parts was this Empire divided? Into Italy and the twenty~seven provinces. f How were the provinces divided? ~1- What provinces yielded the largest revenues ? ‘1' But what had to be kept up in these imperial provinces? r" Tllow many legions guarded Britain? 1-Where lay the principal part of the fortified camps? Tl’low many legions guarded the Euphrates ? J[In what provinces was the domestic tranquillity maintained by one legion? Tllow was the necessary revenue raised to maintain these legions ? The two great sources of the revenue were the stale property and the taxes. were either direct or indirect. |[ Refers to Genealogical Tables. The taxes ANCIENT HISTORY. 55 THE FIVE EMPERORS OF THE JULIAN HOUSE. 2954. Did the “ good fortune ” of Augustus attach itself to his private life? Con— tinual ill—health and the excesses of his daughter and grand-daughter made his life AUGUSTUS. miserable. . __ 2955. Did he have any sons? No. His only child was Julia. The Reign of Augusms' Am AUGUSTUS. 2956. To whom was she married ? She was thrice married; her third husband was Tiberius. . Who was this Tiberius? The stepson of Augustus, son of his wife Livia. . When, where, and at what age did Augustus die? Augustus died at ZVOZa, in Campania, in the scventy~seventh year of his age, (14 A. 1).) 2936. *When did Octavius obtain the undisputed mastery of the Roman world? 2937. * What title was conferred on him by the Senate in 27 B. 0.? 2957 2938. How long did he rule the Roman state? Forty—five years. 2958 2939. * What was the character of the administration of Augustus? 2940. On what. did the chief reputation of Augustus rest? On his civil administration. 2941. But did he not engage in war ? I]; was continually engaged, either in person THE CONTEMPORARIES 0F AUGUSTUS. or by his lieutenants, in numerous an titular/ant wars. , - 2942. When and by whom was the complete subjugation of Northern and North— . . General S‘m‘mm'y' .1116. western Spain effected? Partly by Augustus himself, partly by Agrilvpa and . Did Augustus give any encouragement to literature? . Carisius, (27_19 B. C.) . What etfect had the warm encouragement he gave to literature ? The most 2943_ By whom and when were the independent tribes of the Eastern Alps brilliantperiod of each nation’s literary history is wont to take namefrom him. reduced? By the emperor’s stepsons, Drusus and Tiberius, in 16 and 15 B. C. . What great poets did adorn his court? ‘ . . 2944. But what was the most important of all the Roman wars of this period ? . What Roman historian did flourish during his times? The German war. . What eminent geographer did adorn his reign? 2945. Since what year were systematic efforts made for the subjugation of the . Who was the great patron of learning during. the reign ot' Augustus? German races east of the Rhine and north of the Danube? From 12 B. e. Maacenas, who shared with Agrippa the administration of state afiazrs. to 5 A. D. a continuous series of attacks was directed against these nations, first t ‘l —A t V by Drusus, and then, after his death (9 B. 0.), by Tiberius. 29F” *Wh V' 031? 7 rgt ' r. men“ 2946. With what results ? Vast armies penetrated deep into the interior; fleets coasted 295g * G' 0 ‘17:?le 11be - the northern shore and ascended the great rivers to co-operate with the landforce; ‘ i3)" the 1: u naane. 'h t it f l'f . V' _1 b ? 0 ‘ and the entire tract between the Rhine and the Elbe was brought into apparent 2 6" en, W ere, an m V” a conti 101} 0 1 e was ”g1 an~ n a farm subjection netlz; the village ijiflndiisjwlz )the neighborhood of Mantua, in the centre of the ’ .. . , , te oin ort tay. 2947. But what showed that the real s irit of the nation was unsubdued? After W ey of . . . ' . . . . - a brief period of sullen submissioliz (5 to 8 A. D.), revolt suddenly broke out 2998' *What dld bring him, In “If? ”119919 Of hls llfe’ on the blink 0f poverty? (9 A ‘1) ) 2969. *By whose influence was his family'estate restored to him ‘3‘ ‘ 2948. Who took the lead? Arminius, a prince of the Cherusci, who attacked the 29‘0' 9687):“. popm 15 supposed to contain the expression 0f hls gratitude to . -. - , . 'r . . d ., ' d _ CvaVIUS. 2:273:21; destroyed three entire legions under Imus, and “cove” G67 man m e 2971. * When and where did he make the personal acquaintance of Augustus ? I ‘ ' 2972. * Enumerate the principal works of Virgil. 2949. Was ever afterwards an attempt made at conquest or permanent occupation ‘ __ . . . . a . beyond the Rhine and Danube? No. The Rhine and Danube became the 3915' *thh. 0f hls works IS the 11105919115th and P19331112? recognized limits of the Fmpz're 2944. *In which of his works does he imitate Homer? ’ / ' J . Fr . n o . 2950. Was the internal tranquillity of Rome during the whole of Augustus’s long 29‘0- :lee £116 Pmfi‘npgl‘gpntfings 0f the ZEneid. 1 ? reign ever interrupted ? Never. Revolutionarypassions had to a great extent E976. *Dld t e worhs 0 ”'81 econie veryhpopu ark. h . . exhausted themselves, and the prudence and vigilance of the emperor never relaxed. “917° 13,15? mite: $0WS the great respect is wor S were em in durlng the ' ' ' ' ‘l't th r’t of Rome? 1 L e - g - . . _ _ 2951' WE:2:213:ifigznljjaggjzisofiebgiig 05.233332715316353 prospe 1 y 2978. What celebrated English poet made a translation of Virgil ‘3 Dryden. 2952. Whagt influence had it on. the pi'osperity of‘Italy and the provinces? Much 2979- What 15 the latest and best translation 0f Vlrgll? Prof. C’onington’s, 1866. attention was given to agriculture; and the productiveness of the land, both in Ital and the rovinces, increased. . . 2953 Howymust thePAuorustan age be regarded? An age ofgreat materialpros- 2980. *Who was Horace? Give his fullpame. . ’ . perity elegance anbd refinement 2981. When and where was he born? 60 13.0., at Venusta. (See this.) J 7 ' Horace. — Art. HORACE. TI Refers to Appendix. * Refers to Alphabetical List. I] Refers to Genealogical Tables. ANCIENT . * What do you know of his early life? . *What was the sad result of his havingjoined a falling cause ? . *Through whose intercession did he recover his patrimony? . *What offer was made subsequently to him by Augustus? . * What present was afterwards made to him by Mzecenas ? . * Of what do his poems consist? . *What is the character of the poems of Horace? . Who did make the best English translation of Horace ? . Who wrote an excellent life of Horace ? Dean Mil/nan. ()w'd. —Art. OVID. . *What poet was a younger contemporary of Virgil and Horace? . *Give Ovid’s full name. . When and where was he born? At Sid/n0, 43 B. C. . *For what profession was he originally destined? . * But when and why did he say farewell to his legal studies? . *What were, at first, his relations with the emperor? . *But what did afterwards happen to the poet? . *What was, probably, the cause of his punishment? . *Did he ever return from his exile? . What works were written by Ovid during his exile ? Fasti and Tristia. . What are Ovid’s Fasti? They are a sort ofpoetical Roman calendar, with its appropriate festivals and mythology, the substance of which was probably taken from the old Roman annalists. . What are his Tristia ? They were written during the first part of his exile, and are made up of descriptions of his afiticted condition and petitions for mercy. . What is the chief work of Ovid? The Metamorphoses. It consists of such legends as involved a transformation, from the Creation to the time of Julius Caesar, the last being Caesar’s change into a star. . *Who did, recently, translate the principal works of Ovid into English verse? F. W. Newman. Livy. — Art. Livr. . *What great historian did adorn the court of Augustus ? . * Give his full name. . *When and where was be born, but where did he chiefly reside ? . *What was his position in Rome, and how was he looked upon by his con- temporaries ? . * On what great work does his fame rest ? . *Do we possess the whole of this work? . *What is the character of his great historical work? Strabo. . *What eminent geographer was a contemporary of Livy? . *What countryman was Strabo, and in what language did he write ? . *When and where was he born? . *How did he collect his information? 1* Refers to Appendix. HISTORY. 3016. 3017. 3018. 3019. 3020. 3021. 3022. 3023. 3024. - 3025. . In whom did he think that he had found such a helper? . When did the influence of Sejanus reach its height? . What use did Sejanus intend to make of this position? *What is the character of his great work? * What does it in reality contain ? TIBERIUS. —Art. TIBERIUS. *Who was the second Roman emperor? *What was his relation to his predecessor? *What was his behavior after the death of Augustus? *What new system of government began gradually to display itself during his reign? That of the absolute rule of the emperor or his chief minister. * What was the character of Tiberius? *In what does his character differ from that of Augustus? What had been the original plan of Tiberius in regard to the administra- tion of the Empire? Ile had resolved to administer the entire Empire by his own unassisted exertions. What was done by him when he found the execution of his first plan to be impossible? He was led to look out for a helper, who should be too mean in origin andposition to be dangerous, while he possessed the qualities which would render him useful. In Elias Sejanus,’ the son of a Roman knight, whom he made Prwtorian Prefect, and who gradually acquired over him the most unbounded influence. When Tiberius allowed Seg'anus to persuade him to quit Rome, retire to Capreae, and yield into his hands the entire conduct of aflairs at the capital. He wished to obtain the succession to the Empire by removing the chief remaining members of the imperial family, and to obtain his own admission into it. . What was done by Tiberius when he did discover the plans of Sejanus? He degraded himfrom his command, seized and executed him (A. D. 81). . What influence had the discovery of the faithlessness of Sejanus on the . What did, therefore, follow the execution of Sejanus? aged emperor? It rendered Tiberius more suspicious than ever. A reign of terror. . *What was now his behavior towards all those who were either able 01' . From what retreat did Tiberius issue his bloody decrees? * Refers to Alphabetical List. desirous to attain to public honors? From C'apreae. How long did last the reign of terror? (31—37 A. D.) six years. * When did the death of Tiberius make an end to it? *What does the character of Roman history become since the times of Tiberius? CALIGULA. — Art. CALIGULA. What vital defect in the imperial system was revealed on the demise of Tiberius? The want of any regular and established law of succession. Had Tiberius anybody designated as his successor? No. He had left the State to shift for itself, careless whether or not there followed on his decease a deluge. fl Refers to Genealogical Tables. ANCIENT HISTORY. 3039. Who had, therefore. the succession to the throne entirely in their hands? 3040. Were they bound by any law to elect a successor? 3041. 3042. 3043. 3044. 3045. 3046. 3047. 3048. 3049. 3050. 3051. The Senate, the prwtorians, and the people. No. They might have restored the republic. But who was, by the united voice of soldiers, Senate, and people, called to the throne? Caius, the only surviving son of Germanicus and Agrippina. What made him so universally popular? His parentage. His mother was the own grand—daughter of Augustus, his father the son of the beloved Drusus (the brother of Tiberius). His father, Germanicus, had been the idol of the legions, and his early death (17 A. 1).) was universally regretted. * Give his full name. Why was he called Caligula? He received that of Caligula in the camp, from Caiigae, the foot dress of the common soldiers, when he was yet a boy with his father in Germany. *Wheu did Caligula succeed Tiberius, and what was his conduct during his first month? *But what happened to him after he had occupied the throne for about eight months? * What was one of his hugest follies? *What expeditions were projected by him, and with what results? * When, where, and how did he come to his end? CLAUDIUS. —— Art. Cmumos. Had the imperial constitution made any provision for this event, whereby the State was left wholly without a head? No. Who did assume the right of choice? The imperial lifeguard (Praetorial guard). ' . What important modification did the imperial constitution undergo by this . Who was Claudius? act of the praetorians? They asserted and established both the fixity of the Empire and the right of the army to nominate the imperator. . For how long did the nominees of the army wear the crown, and for how long was the Senate content with a mere ratification of the army’s choice? For more than half a century. . * Who was the first emperor that was raised to the throne by the voice of the prmtorians? file was the uncle of his predecessor Caligula, being the younger brother of Germanicus, and thus, though connected with the Julian house, not- by birth a member of it. . * How long did his reign last? . What was his original character? Though mild, diligent, and well-intentioned, he was by nature and education unfitted to rule. . * But who made him her tool and cat’s—paw ? . Who had the real direction of afi'airs during his reign? His freedmen Pallas and Narcissus. . *How did Claudius come to his end ? f Refers to Appendix. 8 3061. 3062. 3063. 3064. 3065. 3066. 3067. 3068. 3069. 3070. 3071. 3072. 3073. 3074. * What province had been added by him to the Empire? *What great public works were executed during his reign? NERO. —-— Art. NERO. Had Claudius left a son? Yes. years old at his father’s death. What was the reason that not he but Claudius’s adopted son Nero was chosen by the proctorians ? First, because this Nero was a direct descendant of Augustus ; and, second, because he was older than Britannicus. * Who was this Nero? *What was his conduct at the commencement of his reign? Who were his advisers during these five golden years ? Seneca and ,Burrhus. But what domestic tragedy foreshadowed Nero’s real character? He quar— relled with his mother Agrippina, which quarrel led to thepoisoning of Britannicus. *By what atrocious crime was this followed 59 A. D. ? *Ot' what other crime was he suspected 64 A. D.? *But who were charged by Nero with it? * When did a spirit of resistance begin to appear against Nero, and with what result ? *When at length was, by a successful conspiracy, made an end to Nero’s reign ? *Who had headed thiaconspiracy ? Britannicus ; who was, however, but thirteen ROMAN LITERATURE FROM THE DEATH OF AUGUSTUS TO THE 3075. 3076. 3077. 3078. 3079. 3080. 3081. 3082. 3083. 3084. 3085. 3086. 3087. 3088. 3089. * Refers to Alphabetical List. DEATH OF NERO. Seneca. — Art. SENECA. \ *Who was Lucius Annaeus Seneca? *When and where was be born? * What position did he obtain at Rome, and how did he acquit himself of his duties ? * What part did he take in the quarrels between Agrippina and Nero? *Did he retain the emperor’s favor? * When and why was he ordered to put himself to death ? *How did he make an end to his life? *What is the most remarkable work left by Seneca? *How many tragedies do we possess of him ? * in what do his works especially abound? *What is the general character of his works? * What is the character of the language in which they are written ? Persius. -— Art. PERSIUS. *Who was Aulus Persius Flacous? *Give the names of the four great Roman satirists. Who was Lucilius? The first Roman satirist lived about 11] 3.0. Horace ll Refers to Genealogical Tables. 3090. 3091. 3092. 3093. 3094. 3095. 3096. 3097. . What family became extinct on the death of Nero? . What were the consequences of this? ANCIENT HISTORY. achnowlcdges his uncompromising boldness of purpose, the fiery vehemence of attach, and the trenchant sharpness of stroke which characterized his encounters with the vices andfollies of his contemporaries. Who was Horace? ’ *What works of Persius do we possess? * What is their character? *Have they enjoyed much popularity? *Have they ever been translated into English ? * Whose translation of Persius is the most quaint? * Whose translation is the most accurate? * Whose translation is the most spirited and poetical? THE THREE EMPERORS PROCLAIMED BY THE LEGIONS. GALBA. The Julian family. It paved the wayfor fresh civil com- motions, by practically opening the prospect of obtaining supreme power to numerous claimants. . Did any family ever subsequently obtain the same hold on power or the . By whose will did Galba become emperor in April, (38 A. D.? . What was his character ? . What caused his fall? . Who was the successor of Galba? . When and where did the two claimants meet in battle? . What was the result? . What was the end of Otho? . How long had he been on the imperial throne? same prestige in the eyes of the Romans as the Julian family? 1V0. By the will of the Spanish legions, and the acquiescence of his brother commanders in Gaul and Geri/zany. IIe was a Roman cast in the antique mould— severe, simple, and unbending. His strictness and his parsimony ; and when 0tho, who had hoped to be nominated his successor, turned against him on account of his adopting 1’iso, he was almost instantly overpowered and slain (January, 69 A. D.) OTIIO. Marcus Salvius 0tho, the husband of Pop- paaa Sabina. . By whom did he find his right to the throne disputed? By the commander of the German legions, Vitcllius. At Bedriacmn (a village between Verona and Oremona), April, 69. The troops of Vitellius were victorious. By suicide he made the Empire over to his rival. Barely three months. VI'I‘ELLIUS. . Who was Otho’s successor? . Did the Roman world gain much in exchanging the rule of 0tho for that of Vitellius? It rather lost. 0tho had been profligate, but brave. Vitell'ius had all 0tho’s vices in excess, and, in addition, was cowardly and vacillating. T Refers to Appendix. 3112 3113. 3114. 3115. 3116. 3117. 3118. 3119. 3120. 3121. 3122. 3123. 3124. 3125. 3126. 3127. 3128. 3129. 3130. 3131. 3132. *Refers to Alphabetical List. . Through whose exertions had Vitellius gained the Empire? exertions of his generals Cescina and Valens. By what means did he speedily lose it? pacify. Who did raise the standard of revolt against him? Vespasian, commander in Judsea, who was supported by Mucianus, the president of Syria, and the legions of the East generally. Did Vespasian depend solely upon the East for his success? He was sup- ported also by the legions of the central provinces—troops as brave and hardy as any in the whole Empire. What battle did decide the contest? The (second) battle of Bedriacum. But what did prolong the struggle for several months? The obstinaey of the Vitellian soldiery, who would notpermit their leader to abdicate. What step had to be taken by Vespasian before he could mount the throne? IIe had to storm Rome, obtain possession of the person of Vitellius, and put him to death. When did this happen ? Through the By weakness, laziness, and inca- Deeember 21, 69 A. D. THE THREE FLAVH. VESI’ASIAN. -— Art. VESPASIAN, TITUS, and JERUSALEM. * What family did come to the imperial throne with Vespasian ? *What do you know of the early life of the founder of this family 7 *What was Vespasian’s position at the death of Nero? *What did oblige him to leave the conduct of the Jewish war to his son Titus? *How long did Vespasian’s reign last? * What is the character of his reign? * What magnificent city was destroyed by his son Titus? *Give the precise situation of Jerusalem ? Map IV. (7, 8.) *What historian has left a detailed account of this siege ? * What Roman historian has given to the world a lively abridgment of Josephus? , ‘ * When did the Jewish war come to an end? * What other war was brought to a successful end during Vespasian’s reign? What great. works were undertaken during this reign? The Temple of Peace and the Flavian Amphitheatre, or Coliseum. Map 41. (XVJ I‘ITUS. —- Art. TITUS. . * By Whom was Vespasian succeeded ? . * What was the character of Titus as a man? . But what was his character as a ruler? He cared too much for popularity, and was so prodigal of the resources of the state, that, had his reign been pro- longed, he must have had recourse to confiscations or emotions in order to re- plenish an empty treasury. [I Refers to Genealogical Tables. ANCIENT 3136. *What did cloud the latter part of his brief reign? 3137. *What great calamities did befall the city of Rome? 3138. * What great calamity did befall Herculaneum and Pompeii? (See Map X1.) 3139. * When did Titus die? How long had his reign lasted? DOMITIAN. — Art. DOMITIAN. 3140. *By whom was Titus succeeded? 3141. * What was Domitian’s character? 3142. * What wars were carried on during his reign? 3143. * What conquest was achieved during his reign? 3144. * What reward did Domitian give to the victorious general? 3145. * What was the end of Domitian? 3146. What policy had been inaugurated during his reign? It was agreed to pay the Dacians an annual tribute on condition of their undertaking to abstain from incursions into JIaesia. This was the first time that Imperial Rome had consented to purchase peace of an enemy. ROMAN LITERATURE DURING THE PERIOD OF THE FLAVII. Ju'venal. — Art. JUVENAL. 3147. *Repeat the names of the four great Roman satirists? 3148. *Who was Juvenal? 3149. *What is the character of his sixteen satires? 3150. * What great English poet has translated some of them into English? Martial. -— Art. MARTIAL. 3151. *When and where was Martialis born? 3152. *When did he go to Rome, and whose favor did he enjoy? 3153. * How did he repay this imperial kindness? 3154. * Who were among his intimate friends? 3155. *How long did he reside in Rome? 3156. * Where did he spend his declining years ? 3157. *What works did he write? 3158. *What is the character of Martial’s epigrams? Pliny the Elohim—Art. PLINY. 3159. * Who was Caius Plinius Secundus? 3160. *What great work has preserved his name and fame? 3161. *What is the character of this work? 3162. *When and how did Pliny come to his death? 3163. *What cities were destroyed in the eruption which cost Pliny’s death ? 3164. * Who was emperor at that time? Chronological Review of the First Period of the Empire. 3165. When and where was Rome founded ? 3166. During how many years was Rome governed by kings? 1' Refers to Appendix. *Refers to Alphabetical List. HISTORY. 59 3167. 3168. 3169. 3170. 3171. 3172. 3173. 3174. 3175. 3176. 3171 3178. 3179. 3180. 318L 3182. 3183 3184. 3185. 3186 3187. 3188. 3189. 3190. 3191. 3192. 3193. 3194. 3195. 3196. In what year did Rome become a republic? During how many years was Rome a republic? In what year did Home cease to be a republic? Give the names of the five emperors of the Julian house. Give the names of the three emperors proclaimed by the legions. Give the names of the three Flavii. Recapitulate the Roman emperors from Augustus to Domitian. Give the names of the three poets who adorned the reign of Augustus. Give the name of the great historian who enjoyed the favor of Augustus. What great geographer was his contemporary? What philosopher was the teacher and friend of Nero '? What satirist was his contemporary? What poets did adorn the court of the Flavii? By whom, and during what reign, was Jerusalem destroyed? Give the names of the four great Roman satirists. Give the names of the two poets who were contemporary with Horace. What epigrammatist was a contemporary of Juvenal ? What degree of relationship did exist between Augustus and Tiberius ? What degree of relationship did exist between Tiberius and Caligula? What degree of relationship did exist between Caligula and Claudius? What degree of relationship did exist between Claudius and Nero? Repeat the dates from 30 B. C. to 90 A. D. Repeat the dates from 290 B. C. to 90 A. D. Second Period.— The Golden Age of the Empire. THE THREE STATESMEN. NERVA. In what position did the Senate find itself on the death of Domitian? For the first time, since the death of Caligula, the Senate found itself in a position to claim and exercise authority, and proceeded therefore to elect a sovereign. Who was chosen by the Senate? An aged and childless man ; one whose circum- stances rendered it impossible that he should seek to impose upon them a dynasty. What was the reason that the Praetorians did make no opposition to the Senate’s selection ? They feared test, if they attempted to create an emperor, they might again provoke the hostility of the legions. On whom did the choice of the Senate fall? 0n Marcus Cocceius Nerva, a mild and lenient old man. How old was he at his accession, and how long did he rule ? He was nearly seventy years at his accession, and reigned sixteen months. By What wise step did he secure the future of the state? He publicly appointed, with the sanction of the Senate, a colleague and successor. What did become henceforth recognized as the duty of each successive emperor? To select from out of the entire population of the Empire the person most fit to bear rule, and make him his adopted son and successor. I Refers to Genealogical Tables. 6O ANCIENT TRAJAN. — Art TRAJAN. 3197. On whom had the choice of Nerva fallen? native of the colony of Italica in, Spain. What had been his former career ? He had been bred up in the camp, and had served with distinction. He had been successively consul and commander of Lower G ermany . *When did he come to the throne, and how long did his reign last? *What was the character of his reign? * What were the results of his foreign policy ? * What do you know of his domestic administration? * How was he looked upon by the different nations of the Empire? * When and where did he die? *Where was be buried, and what. monument records his fame? Who wrote a panegyric on Trajan? The younger Pliny (the nephew of the elder Pliny). What unique remnant of antiquity gives us an insight both into the char- acter of Trajan and into the general method of Roman administration? The tenth boo/c of Pliny’s letters, containing the correspondence between Pliny and Trajan. 0n .lIarcus Ulpius Trajanus, a 3198. 3199. 3200. 3201. 3202. 3203. 3204. 3205. 3206. 3207. IIADRIAN. — Art. IIADRxAN. . * Who had been adopted by Trajan as his successor? . * When did he succeed Trajan, and how long did his reign last? . * What had been his former career? . In what did he chiefly differ from Trajan? In the absence of any desire for military glory, and a preference for the arts of peace above the triumphs and trophies of successful warfare. . What two extraordinary novelties mark Hadrian’s reign ? First, the volun- tary relinquishment of large portions of Roman territory (Armenia, Mesopotamia, and Assyria) ; and, second, the continued visitation, by the emperor, of the various provinces under his dominion. Give the names of some of the provincial capitals where he resided for a prolonged period. York, Athens, Antioch, Alexandria, etc. * What work was executed by him during his stay in Britain? 3215. * What was the cause of the revolt of the Jews in 132? 3216. *What was the character of his reign? 3217. What great building was erected by Hadrian at Rome? which forms the groundwork of thepresent castle St. Angelo. * Whom did Hadrian adopt as his successor? 3213. 3214. His mausoleum, 3218. CLASSICAL LITERATURE DURING THE REIGNS 0F TRAJAN AND IIADRIAN. Tacitus. —- Art. TACITUS. 3219, *What branch of literature was especially cultivated during this period? 3220. *Give the names of the three historians who adorned the reign of Trajan. 3221. *Who was Caius Cornelius Tacitus? T Refers to Appendix. HISTORY. 3222. 3223. 3224. 3225. 3226. 322K 3228. 3229. 3230. 3231. 3232. 3233. 3234. 3235. 3236. 3237. 3238. 3239. 3240. 3241. 3242. 3243. 3244. 3245. 3246. 3247. 3248. 3249. 3250. 3251. 3252. *Ret‘ers to Alphabetical List. * What do you know of his early life? *What was his social position during the reign of Trajan? * What works were published by him during that period? *What part of Roman history is treated in his History of Rome? *And what part of Roman history in his Annals? * What smaller works were written by him ? * What is the character of his works? *And what is the character of his style? Plutarch . -— Art. PLUTARCH. *Who was Plutarch? *When and where was he born? *When did he visit Rome, and what occupation did he follow during his stay? * What is the title of his great work, and what are its contents? *What is the character of his work? *Why do they possess a special interest to all who use the English lan- guage? *In whose version were “the Lives” accessible to him? Suetoni'us. — Art. Scsronms. *Who was Cains Suetonius Tranquillus? * What emperor made him his secretary? * How many of his numerous works are yet extant? *What is the most. important of all his works? * What is the character of this work? Whose biography do we find at the beginning of the work? Caesar. Name the twelve Caesars whose lives have been described by Suetonius. * Who was the intimate friend of Suetonius? Who was this Pliny the younger, and what works were written by him? What was his relationship to Pliny the elder? THE THREE ANTONINES. Antoni-nus Pius. — Art. ANTONI‘NUS Plus. *When did Hadrian die, and by whom was he succeeded? *What was the character of the reign of Antoninus Pius? Who was adopted by him as his successor ? 0f Julius Marcus Aurelius Antoninus.——Arl. AURELIUS. *When did Marcus Aurelius come to the throne, and how long did he occupy it? ~ *What was his personal character? * What was the character of his reign? 11 Refers to Genealogical Tables. ANCIENT “. *Who was, by his own sole act, associated with him in the Empire? . What. great calamities did disturb his reign? The terrible plague and the aggressive attitude assumed by the barbarians of the East and North. . How had he to spend the last fourteen years of his reign? He had to occupy himself almost unceasingly in efiorts to check the invaders and secure the frontier against their incursions. . Was he able effectually to repel the northern nations? No: he was not. The wave of invasion which broke upon the Roman frontier was impelled by a rising tide of migration far in the rear, which forced it on, and would not allow it to fall back. What was, at the same time, the condition of the Roman national life? The race was becoming exhausted; the discipline of the legions tended to relax and, by the progress of natural decay, the Empire was becoming less and less capable of resisting attack. . * When and where did Marcus Aurelius die ? . * What most precious record of his moral and religious sentiments has been left by him? . *Who made, lately, an excellent translation of this book? COMMODUS. - Art. COMMODUs. . How many years had Rome enjoyed an excellent government when Com- modus came to the throne ? For eighty-four consecutive years. . What had been the real cause of this? The practical substitution for the hereditary principle of the power ofnominating a successor. . What had materially aided in bringing about this result? The four rulers had all been without sons ; and thus it had not been necessary for any of them to balance a sense of public duty against the feeling of parental afection. ' . But what made the case quite difl'erent with Marcus Aurelius? single dearly—loved son, Lucius Aurelius Commodus. . When had he associated his son with him in the government? In 177 A. D., at the early age of fifteen. . What was the natural consequence of this? . *How bad he been educated? . * How did he begin his reign? . *But what did happen very soon after he had come to the throne? . * In whose hands did he leave the administration ? . * How far did he go in defiance of decency? . * How long did his reign last? . *What was his end ? He had a That he succeeded his father. CONDITION OF THE EMPIRE TOWARDS THE END OF THE THIRD CENTURY. 3274. During whose rei‘gn had the disorganization of the Empire in reality com- menced ? During the reign of Galba. 3275. By what wise and firm princes had it been arrested in its natural pro- gress? By Vespasian, Trajan, Hadrian, and the two great Antonines. 1‘ Refers to Appendix. * Refers to Alphabetical List. HISTORY. 61 . But under whom had this disorganization made rapid strides again? Under Commodus. . What body, in which lay the last hope of Roman unity and greatness, was itself becoming disorganized? The army. No common spirit animated its dz'fi‘erent parts. The soldiers were tired of the military life, and engaged in trade or agriculture, or else turned themselves into banditti. . What was the condition of the population of the Empire? was declining, and production diminishing. . Where only could purity of life be found? tians. . But what shows that, nevertheless, under all this apparent weakness, there was an extraordinary reserve of strength? It resisted the most terrible attacks from withoutfor the further space of two centuries. The population Among the poor, despised Chris- CLASSICAL LITERATURE DURING THE PERIOD OF THE t ANTONINES. Ptolemy. — Art. Promnaus. . * What celebrated astronomer and geographer did flourish during the times of the Antonines ? _ n. * What is the real title of his great work, and what is it generally called? - ‘ . *How long did his particular theories hold their ground ? . *But what part of his work is still valuable? . *What other work was written by Ptolemy besides his “Syntax of As- tronomy ” ? . *What is the character of this work? 7. *During how many centuries was it considered the great geographical authority ? . *After what event was it superseded? Pausmu’as. . What Asiatic Greek did travel through Greece during this period? . In w t book does he describe his travels in Greece? . What is the character of his Periegesis? It is merely an itinerary. Pau— sanias gives no general description of a country, or even of a place, but he de- scribes the things as he comes to them. . To what does his account mainly refer? It mainly refers to objects of an~ tiguity and works of art, such as buildings, temples, statues, and pictures. . Does he make no mention of mountains and rivers? He does, but chiefly to introduce the mythological stories connected with them. . What was the condition of Greece at the time it was visited by Pausanias? It was still rich in the memorials of the unrivalled genius of the Greeks. Lucian. —Art. Lucrmcs. 3295. 3296. * Who was Lucian? *What was his original occupation? H Refers to Genealogical Tables. 3311. 3312. 3313. ANCIENT . * But to what studies did he afterwards devote himself? . * What office was given to him during the reign of Marcus Aurelius ? . *In what form have the works of Lucian mostly come down to us? . * Which of his works are the most popular? . * What is the general character of the works of Lucian? Galen. — Art. GALEN. . * What celebrated physician did live during this period? 3303. 3304. 3305. 3306. 3307. 3308. 3309. 3310. *Where did he settle, and what success did he have? *What did force him to leave Rome ? *But by whom was he recalled? *What mark of confidence did Galen receive from Marcus Aurelius? * Did Galen leave any works? * What. is their general character? * How was Galen’s system regarded during thirteen centuries? * When did his authority cease? Diogenes Laertius. —— Art. DIOGENES. *Who was Diogenes Laertius ? . *What is the title and what is the character of his work? *In what does its value chiefly consist? Chronological Review of the First and Second Periods of the 3314. Empire. —p. 191. How many kings did rule over Rome during the first two hundred and forty years of its existence? HISTORY. 30 8332 3333 3334 3335 3336. n (1.)" cool. 3338 3339 3340. 3341 3342 3343 3344 3345 3346 3347 . fWho among the seventeen emperors were assassinated in their own palace ? . 1- But did their death disturb the peace of the Empire? . T Whose death did involve the whole Empire in his ruin ? . 1‘ How long did the eruption of military license, on the death of Nero, last? . J{What was (with the foregoing exception) the character of the Empire during the first two centuries of its existence? . THow were the emperors generally elected during this period ? What author did write the lives of the first twelve emperors? When did he live, and what historians were his contemporaries? . What historian had preceded them? . During whose reign did Livy live ? What three poets did live during the same reign? . And what great geographer was their contemporary? . What. two geographers did live about a century later? . Repeat the names and dates of the three geographers who lived during the first and second centuries of our era. . Repeat the names and dates of the three satirists who lived during the first and second centuries of our era. . To what philosopher was the education of Nero entrusted ? . What celebrated physician did live in Rome during the reign of Marcus Aurelius ? . What two Greek authors were his contemporaries ? Third Period.— The General Decline. ,i . When were the kings expelled? CHARACTER OF THIS PERIOD. . What is the special character of this third period ? Military tyranny—the t ( e r 3 b 3319. 3320. 3321. 3000 0.4a. 3323. , o 6. During how many years was Home a republic? 7. Tln what year did Rome cease to be a republic? 8. Tllow many emperors did rule the Empire during the first two hundred and twenty years of its existence? TEnumerate the five emperors of the Julian house. 4f What did happen at the death of Nero? ‘ TWhat three emperors were at that time successively proclaimed by the legions? i What family came to the throne in 69 A. D. ? TGive the names of the three Flavii. . What was substituted for the hereditary principle in 96 A. D. ? . During how many years did this principle remain in full force? . When was this excellent principle (to select from out of the entire popula- tion of the Empire the person most fit to bear rule) abandoned? . By whom and in whose favor was it abandoned? . What were the consequences of this? J{What was the character of the imperial government during this long period of two hundred and twenty years? Jr Refers to Appendix. usurpation of supreme power by the soldiers, who had, at last, discovered their strength, and nominated or removed emperors at their pleasure. . What was the result of this unhappy discovery '3 Constant disquiet and dis— turbance. ' 3350. How many emperors wore the crown in the space of ninety-two years? 335 3352. By what were the emperors generally occupied? 3353. What was absolutely necessary in order to do‘this? 3354. * Refers to Alphabetical List. 1. What were the natural consequences of these short reigns ? Twenty-five. I t was impos— sible that any renovation of the Empire or restoration ofpristine vigor should be efi'ected. By the necessity of main~ taming} their own power against rival pretenders, and by resisting the attacks of the barbarians, who were continually increasing in strength and audacity. To strengthen and to invigorate the army by the re-establishment and strict enforcement of dism'pline. But what fate awaited the reformer ? He usually fell a victim to his reforming zeal. ll Refers to Genealogical Tables. ANCIENT HISTORY. 63 THE ATTEMPTS TO CONFINE THE SUCCESSION TO THE HOUSE OF SEVERUS. PERTINAX. . To whom was the crown ofl'ered by the assassins of Commodus? . Who was this Pcrtinax? An aged senator of unblemished character; one of the few remainingfriends of Marcus Aurelius. . In what condition did Pertinax find the capital of the Empire ? The treasury was empty, while a greedy soldiery and a demoralized people clamored for pres- ents and shows. . What was done by Pertinax in order to improve this state of things? Strict economy was enforced in the civil administration and strict discipline in the army. . But what was the result of his honest endeavors? He was murdered by the Praetorians. . How long had Pertinax ruled ? Hardly three months (January to March, 193). DIDIUS JULIANUS. . What was done by the Praetorians who had murdered Pertinax? They are said to have set up the office of emperor to public auction. . Who bought the imperial diadem ? The senator Didius Julianus. . How long did he enjoy it? About two months. . Did he ever establish his authority in the provinces? Never. . What three emperors were proclaimed by the legions in the provinces? Albinus, Severus, and Niger. . Of the three pretenders, who was at once the most energetic and the nearest to Rome ? Severus. . What step was taken by him? He rapidly led his army across the Alps, advanced upon Rome, and was accepted by the Senate as emperor. . What was the fate of Didius Julianus ? He was deposed and executed. SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS. —-Art. SEPTIMIUS Sevsnns. . What was the first act of Severus on obtaining the Empire? To disband the Praetorians. . What was the next step he took? He then addressed himself to the contest with his rivals. . . In what way did he, for the moment, neutralize his Western adversary Albinus ? He promised to make him his successor. . Whither did he hereupon march? Against the Eastern emperor Pescenninus Niger. . *In what battles did he conquer Pescenninus Niger? . *Who was afterwards attacked by Severus, and with what result? . What. policy was now inaugurated by Severus? The Empire became a com- plete military despotism. . What body was created in the place of the old Praetorians? A body afforty 1' Refers to Appendix. * Refers to Alphabetical List. thousand troops, selectedfrom the legionaries, formed the garrison of Rome, and acted as the Emperor’s body-guard. I’rwtorian prefect, who became the second person in the Empire, and a dangerous rival to the sovereign. . Who became their chief, and what was his position in the Empire ? The . * What wars were carried on by Severus? . * What great work was completed by him while he was in Britain? . When and where did Septimius Severus die ? He died at Eboraeum (York), 211 A. D. . *What had been his character? CARACALLUS, or CARACALLA. . How many sons did survive Septimius Severus ? Two. . Who were these sons, and what was their character? Oaracallus and Geta, who mutually hated and suspected one another. . What step had been taken by Septimius Severus in order that neither should be left at the mercy of the other? He had associated both in the .Empire with him, and had recommended both to the army as his successors. . How long did they reign conjointly? One year. . What did happen to Geta at the end of this time (Feb., 212)? Caracal/ns, under pretence ofa reconciliation, met his brother Geta in the apartments of the empress‘mother Julia Domna, and there had him murdered in her arms. . How long did Caracallus reign after this ? Five years. . What was the character of his reign? He showed himselfa most execrahle tyrant. . What war was undertaken by him 216 A. D. ? A war against the Parthz‘ans. . With what result? He crossed the Tigris, took Arbela, and drove the Parthians to seek refuge in the mountains. . But what did happen to Caracallus before he could begin a second cam- paign? He was murdered by the Praetorian prefect illacrinus, who knew his own life to be in danger. BIACRINUS. . By whom, and why, was Caracallus murdered ? . Who succeeded him? . How did Macrinus begin his reign? By attempts to undo the evil policy of Caracallus, the ruinous efiects of which were manifest. . How did the army look upon these reforms? They were disagreeable to the army. . By whom was the disafi‘ection of the soldiers artfully fomented? By Julia Maesa, sister of Julia Domna, the widow of Septimius Severus. . Whom did she induce the soldiers to raise to the purple? Her grandson Bassianus. . Did Macrinus yield without a struggle? No. He attacked the rebellious troops; but, quitting the field while the battle was still doubtful, he ruined his own cause by his cowardice. He was put to death. fl Refers to Genealogical Tables. ANCIENT ELAG ABALUS. —-— Art. ELAGABALUS. . Under what pretext was Bassianus raised to-the throne? son of Caracallus. . *What was his position before he mounted the throne? . *Under what name was the Sun-God worshipped in Syria? . * What name is, on this account, usually given to Bassianus? . *When was he proclaimed emperor, and when did he arrive in Rome? . * HOW long did his reign last, and what was its character? . *What was his end? . *Who was proclaimed as his successor? That he was the ALEXANDER SEVERUS.—Art. ALEXANDER Srvsnus. . What was the relationship between Alexander Severus and his prede- cessor? They were sisters’ children —— cousins. . *What was the character of Alexander Severus? . Who did rule him throughout his whole reign ? His mother. . What was the character of this reign? This reign, though its tendency was towards good, failedpermanently to benefit the Empire. . *What was the principal event in this reign? . *What other war was waged by him? . *What did happen during this German war? . * How long had he occupied the throne? THE CONTEST BETWEEN THE SENATE AND THE LEGIONS. MAXIMIN AND 1118 FOUR RIVALS. . At whose instigation had the mutinous soldiers (who murdered Severus) acted ? 0f Mazimin. . And who was proclaimed emperor by the mutineers? Mazimin. . Who was this Maximin? A Thracian peasant, who, by his great abilities, had acquired the command of a legion. . What was the character of his government? The cruelties of Maximin, directed against all the noble and wealthy, and still more his constant extortions, soon made him generally detested. . Who did raise the banner of revolt. against him, in 238, in Africa? Thepeo— ple of the province of Africa rose up, and made Gordian, their pro-consul, toge- ther with his son, emperor. . And who did ratify their choice? With the boldness of despair, the Senate rati- fied their choice. . What was the fate of the two Gordians? They were murdered, within a month, by their neighbor the governor of Mauretania. . But by whom did the Senate supply the place of the murdered Gordian? By two of their own body, Pupienus and Balbinus. . What bold plan was now executed by these emperors? To defend Italy against Maximin, they garrisoned the towns, laid waste the country, and pre- pared to weary out the army, which they could not venture to meet. T Refers to Appendix. HISTORY. 3424. 3425. 3426. Was it successful ? The plan succeeded. What was the end of Maximin ? He grew daily more savage on account of his want of success ; and he became hateful to his own soldiers, who slew him in his tent. \ But how was the triumph of the Senate. which seemed assured by the murder of Maximin, regarded by the soldiers? As fatal to their pretensions; and they soon came to a resolution that the senatorial emperors should not remain at the head of afiairs. . What was the fate of the two emperors, within six weeks of the fall of Maximin? They were murdered by the soldiers. PHILIP. . Who was made emperor by the soldiers after they had killed the young Gordian ? . What was celebrated during his short reign of five years (244—249)? The commemoration of the thousandth year from the founding of the city was celebrated 248 A. D. . Was Emperor Philip able of keeping the legions in order? No. . Who was sent by Philip to the Moesian and Pannonian regions to subdue 3437. 3438. . What was, however, done by the rebels? . When, where, and how did Emperor Philip come to his end? . How was Deoius received by the Senate? . For what two events is his reign chiefly remarkable? the soldiers? A senator named Decius. They placed Decius at their head, and marched on Italy against Philip. Philip was defeated and killed at Verona (Sept. 249). DECIUS. He was gladly accepted by the Senate, which was pleased to see the throne again occupied by one of its own number. For the persecution of the Christians and the invasion of the Goths. . Who were the Goths, and what part of the Empire was invaded by them? Originally they had inhabited the Scandinavian peninsula, from whence they emigrated to Southern Russia. In 250, they crossed the Lower Danube and devastated the N.E'. part of the Empire. Was Decius able to drive them back? No. When, where, and with what result did Decius meet the Gothic host? He was defeated (251) in a great battle near Forum Trebonii, in Mwsia, and lost his life. THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH AND ITS EARLY TRIALS AND SUFFERINGS. 3439. Art. DECIAN PERSECUTION. When, and under whose reign, had the persecution against the Christians begun? At the close of 64, during the reign of Nero. 3440. Was it possible for the Christians to escape from this persecution by apos- * Refers to Alphabetical List. I Refers to Genealogical Tables. 3441. 3442. 3443. 8444. 3445. 3446. 3447. ANCIENT HISTORY. tasy? JVo; it being directed against the Christians not as Christians, but as incendiaries. For how long after Nero did the Church enjoy absolute repose? For at least twenty-eight years. During what reign took place the second persecution of the Christians? During the last years of the reign of Domitian. What was the normal and habitual condition of the Christians during the eighty years following the death of Domitian? It was a condition ofpeace, but that peace was not absolutely unbroken. Under what emperor did the persecution break out afresh? ,Aurelius. What were the reasons which induced one of the best men who have ever reigned to persecute the Christians ? The Christian Church had become a state within a state, and this was incompatible with the existing system of the Empire. By whose blood was Rome stained in this reign? By the blood of Justin Martyr, the first philosopher, and one of the purest and gentlest natures in the Church. In what two distant quarters did this persecution far exceed in atrocity any that Christianity had endured since Nero? At Smyrna and at Lyons; and in each city a heroism of the most transcendent order was displayed by the martyrs. Under Marcus 3448. Who did become a victim of the persecution at Smyrna? 3449. 3450. 3451 3452 3453 3454. 3455. 3456 3457. 3458. 3459. 3460. 3461. 34e2 3463. * Who was Polycarp? See St. Polycarp. What was the character of the persecution at Lyons? This was one of the most atrocious in the whole compass of ecclesiastical history, and which has sup- plied the martyrology with some of its grandest and most pathetic figures. . Was there, however, during the reign of Marcus Aurelius, any general and organized effort to suppress Christianity throughout the Empire? N0. . What was the condition of the Christian Church during the sixty-nine years following the death of Marcus Aurelius (180—249) ? The general peace of the Church was only twice broken, in 202 and 236. . What two eminent theologians did live during that period? Origen. * Who was Tertullian, and what works were written by him? * What is the character of his works? ' . *What Father of the Church was a contemporary of Tertullian ? * Who was Origen, and what do you know of his career? *What works were written by Origen, and what is their character? * When was the first deliberate attempt made to extirpate Christianity from the world ? * What was the character of this Decian persecution ? *But by what was this persecution copiously adorned? . *What makes this Decian persecution so remarkable in Christian ar~ chaeology ? *What are these Christian catacombs, and for what purpose had they hitherto served ? Tertullian and T Refers to Appendix. 9 . What was the fate of Gallus? 3479. 3480. 3481. 3482. 3483 * Refers to Alphabetical List. . Who defeated them ? . What reward was given to the conqueror of the Goths ? He was proclaimed THE TIMES OF THE THIRTY TYRANTS. GALLUS. . What body was allowed to regulate the succession to the Empire after the death of Decius? . Who was chosen by the Senate? . With what act did Gallus commence his reign ? By purchasing apeace from the Goths, to whom he consented to pay an annual tribute, on condition of their respecting the Roman frontier, A. 1). 252. . How was this peace looked upon in Rome? rapidly unpopular. . Did this disgraceful peace make an end to the incursions of the barbarians? No. It rather increased the inroads of the barbarians. Emilian, the governor of Pannonia and Mwsia. As disgraceful. Callus became emperor by his army. He was slain by his own soldiers. EDIILIAN. . How long did JEmilian reign ? IIardly three months. . Who did dispute his title to the crown? Valerian, whom Gallus had sent to bring to his aid the legions of Gaul and Germany. . When, where, and with what result did the rivals meet? In 253, N.E. of Rome, near Spoletium, where Emilian was slain. VALERIAN AND GALLIENIIS. . What was the condition of the Roman Empire at the accession of Valerian? It was on all sides threatened by barbarians. . What formidable enemy of the Empire had arisen on the Lower Rhine? Several German tribes (Chauci, Chatti, etc.) had united themselves into (1 Con- federacy under the name of Franks (freemen). . What other confederation did threaten the Empire on the Upper Rhine? The confederacy of the Alemanni. . What enemy had the Romans to confront on the Lower Danube, and on the shores of the Euxine ? The Goths, who had now taken to the sea. What fourth enemy did confront Rome in the far East? Persia under its new monarchs the Sassanidae extended itself, at the expense of Rome, towards the N orth- west. Was Valerian able to grapple with these various dangers ? No. Whom did he, therefore, in 254, associate with him in the Empire? His son Gallienus. . How long did their joint rule last, and what was their character? It lasted nearly seven years, and was one uninterrupted series of disorders and disasters. . What was the end of Valerian ? He was taken prisoner and killed by the Per- sians (260). [1 Refers to Genealogical Tables. I ANCIENT How long did his son Gallienus remain sole ruler? he was killed by his own. soldiers, before Milan. Nearly nine years, when THE THIRTY TYRANTS. What had been the consequence of the general disorganization of the Em- pire ? Numerous independent sovereigns started up. What name is generally given to these sovereigns who arose in all quar— ters? The thirty tyrants. What was the character of these kingdoms? duration. But in what quarters was established a tendency to a permanent splitting up of the Empire ‘1 In Gaul and in Syria. How long, and under how many princes, did the Gallic monarchy of Posthumus continue ? It continued for seventeen years, under four successive prznces. How long did the kingdom of Odenathus last? They were generally of short Ten years (264—273). Palmyra. —Art. ODENATIIUS and Lonoisus. *What city was the capital of the kingdom of Odenathus? * Give the precise situation of Palmyra. *When, by whom, and under what name had it been founded? When did it become the capital of the kingdom of Odenathus‘? About 260. *Give the situation and extent of this kingdom. Until when was it ruled by Odenathus, and who succeeded him ? Odenathus was murdered by his nephew Maeonius, 267. His widow Zenobia succeeded him. *What did Palmyra become under her reign? *Who was the guide, philosopher, and friend of Zenobia? * Who was this Longinus? *What celebrated work had he published during his residence at Athens? *When, and by whom, was Zenobia conquered? * How was she treated at first by Aurelian? * But what attempt was made by her after Aurelian had withdrawn ? *Who had advised her to rebel ? * What was the result of this rebellion ? * And what punishment was given to the instigator of this rebellion ? *When did the death of Longinus happen, and what were his parting words? THE PARTIAL RECOVERY OF THE EMPIRE. CLAUDIUS AND AURELIAN. — Art. AURELIANUS. What did put a stop to the disintegration of the Empire ? Give the names of these five able emperors who ruled from 268~283. Clau- dius, Aurelian, Tacitus, J’robus, and Carus. . What two great victories were gained by Claudius? over the Goths. Over the Alemanni and 1‘ Refers to Appendix. HISTORY. 3511. 3512. 3513. 3514. 3515. 3516. 3517. *By whom was Claudius succeeded after a reign of hardly three years? What great victory was gained by him in 270? He routed an army of Goths in I’annonz’a. * What rebellious queen was conquered by him in 273 ? What regions in the West were reconquered by him? kingdom comprising Gaul, Spain, and Britain. * How long was his reign, and what was his end? *What great public work had been undertaken'by Aurelian ? Are they still in existence ? Aurelian’s walls continue to be those of the modern city. (See Map 40.) The great Western ’I‘ACITUS AND PRQBUS.-—Art. PROBUS. Who was the successor of Aurelian? What was the character of the beginning of his reign? A pleasing dream was entertained, for a few weeks, of restoring something like the old republic. But what made an end to this pleasant illusion ? Tacitus was called away from Rome by an irruption of the Alani into Asia Minor, and there perished. *Who was raised to the purple by the army of the East? *What was the character of his reign? * What was the end of Probus? CARUS AND HIS TWO SONS.—-Art. DIOCLETXAN. On whom was the purple conferred by the soldiers after the murder of Probus? 0n Marcus Aurelius Carus, prefect of the Preetorians, who pro- claimed his two sons, Carinus and Numerian, C'zesars. What was the character of his reign ? IIe restored the raspectfor the Roman arms. . What did save the kingdom of the Sassanidae? The sudden death of the victo- 3527. 3528. 3529. 3530. 3531. 3532. 3533. 3534. 3535. 3536. 3537. * Refers to Alphabetical List. rious emperor. Who was acknowledged as the successor of Carus? How long did he rule? prefect Arias Aper. *Who was now proclaimed emperor by the army of the East? Who was, at that time, still acknowledged emperor of the West? the eldest son of Carus. Was he able to cope with Diocletian ? He was defeated by Diocletian, and then killed. His son Numerian. He was murdered, within one year, by the Praetorian Carinus, D100LETIAN. —Art. DIOCLETIAN. When was Diocletian sole ruler of the Roman world? In 285. *But to whom did he, very soon, assign the command of the West? * With whom had Maximian, however, to share the government of the West? (Art. CARAUSIUS.) ’ * What further division was afterwards made ? * What was the character of the reign of Diocletian? *What was he induced to sanction in the latter part of his reign? fl Refers to Genealogical Tables. ANCIENT HISTORY. *When did Diocletian abdicate the imperial dignity ? *What champion of Christianity did adorn the reign of Diocletian? (See LACTANTIUS.) . *And what adversary of the Christians was his contemporary? (See POR- rHYnIUS.) GENERAL CHARACTER OF THIS PERIOD. What period does terminate with the accession of Diocletian? of extreme military license. What right had they generally asserted and maintained? proclaim the emperor at each vacancy of the throne ? What other right had they likewise taken upon themselves? To remove, by assassination, even the rulers of their own choice, when they became unpopular. How many emperors had thus perished by military violence in the space of sixty-six years? Ten. What did, therefore, every emperor know? That he held ofiice simply during the pleasure of the troops, and that if he offendedthem his life would be the forfeit. In what respect was such a system only tolerable? That it naturally tended to place power in the hands of able generals. But what evils far more than Counterbalanced this advantage ? sarily led to the utter de'moralization of the army. Why did the demoralization of the army, as a necessary result, involve the absolute ruin of the Empire ? The army was, under the imperial system, the “salt” of the Roman world; to corrupt it was to sap the very life of the state. What did prevent the army from sinking into utter demoralization? The powerful enemies she had upon her frontiers. The period To choose and It neces- FINAL REGAPITULATION OF THE FOURTH TABLE. Chronological Review of Roman History. Give the names of the seven kings of Rome. When did Rome cease to be a kingdom? . During how many years had Rome been ruled by kings? . During how many years was Rome a republic? . When did Rome cease to be a republic? . Who was the first emperor? . How many emperors did rule the Empire from 30 B. C. until 193 A. D. ? . And how many from 193 until 284 A. D.? , . Give the names of the seventeen emperors who did rule the Empire during the first two hundred and twenty years of its existence. . Give the names of the twenty-five emperors who wore the purple during the next one hundred years. 1- Refers to Appendix. 3560. 356]. 3562. 3563. 3564. 3565. 3566. 3567. 3568. 3569. Give the dates from 30 B. c. until 30 A. D. How many emperors did rule during that period? How many poets were flourishing during that period? Give the names of the historian and geographer of that period. Give the dates from 30 A. 1). until 90 A. D. How many emperors were ruling during that period? Recapitulate the names and dates of the poets who lived 30 B. C.—9O A. D. Give the dates from 90 until 190 A. D. Give the names of all the emperors who ruled during that period. Give the names and dates of all the historians who flourished during the first two centuries of our era. . Give the names and dates of all the geographers who lived during that time. 7 . Give the dates from 190 until 300 A. D. 5’2. Give the names and dates of the “Fathers of the Church ” who lived during that period. ' . Recapitulate all the dates from 30 B. C. until 300 A. D. ”4. When, and during whose reign, was the thousandth year from the founding of the city celebrated? . What year was therefore considered the date for the foundation of Rome? ‘. What round number is assigned to it on your table? . In what. part of ancient history does the foundation of Rome fall? . And in what particular period of this subdivision of history? . Who were at that time the ruling nation in Western Asia? . What great prophet was nearly contemporary with the foundation of Rome? . What city was founded fifty years earlier than Rome? . And when was this city destroyed by the Romans? . What other city was destroyed by the Romans in the same year? /. How many years did this happen after the destruction of Rome by the Gauls? . What period of Greek history is contemporaneous with the burning of Rome? . What great philosopher did live at that time? 3587. 3588. 3589. 3590. 3591. 3592. 3593. 8594. 3595. * Refers to Alphabetical List. And what great Greek general? Who was instructed by him in the art of war? What use was made by Philip of Macedon of this instruction? Who did conquer, with these tactics, Western Asia? What Italian wars were contemporaneous with this conquest of Western Asia? State the beginning, end, and result of these wars? What war did extend Rome’s dominion to the Gulf of Tarent? What wars did give to Rome the dominion of the western basin of the Mediterranean? From what battle does Polybius date the full establishment of the universal empire of Rome? (P. 89, first column.) [I Refers to Genealogical Tables. MEDIEVAL HISTORY. HISTORY AND ITS GENERAL DIVlSIONS. Gene-rat Introduction to Mediwval Htstory.—Sec page 5. (Repeat Questions 1~14, inclusive.) . Repeat the name, definition, and duration of the second part of History. . Give the names of the four divisions of Mediaeval History. . Into how many periods may we divide the triumph of Christianity? . During what period does the conversion of the Empire fall? . During what period does the foundation of the Latin Church fall? . During what period does the conversion of the barbarians fall? . The rise of what power marks the second division of Mediaeval History? . Into how many periods may this be divided? . During what period did Islam carry all before it? . During what period did it remain stationary? . What did prevent its further extension during the third period? . Was this consolidation of the West lasting? No. In 843 the West was again divided. . What attempts do characterize the third division of Medizeval History? 3609 3610. 3611. 3612. 3613. 3614. 3615. 3616. 3617. 3618. 3619. . How many attempts were made to unite Christendom? By whom, and during what period, was the first attempt made ? By whom, and during what period, was the second attempt made? By whom, and during what period, was the third and successful attempt made ? What was the result of the union of Christendom ? What name is generally given to this fourth and last division of Mediaeval History ? Into how many periods may this be divided? What does form the first period ? What great name does mark the character of the second period? What is the character and duration of the last period? With what great event do the Middle Ages properly commence, and with what event do they really close ? They close with the formation of distinct nationalities. THE TRIUMPH OF CHRISTIANITY. First Period.— The Conversion of the Empire. GENERAL CHARACTER OF THIS PERIOD—Map 39- (XV-) . Who did rule the Roman world at the beginning of this period? . What remarkable revival had the declining Empire experienced with the accession of Diocletian? Power passed away from the hands of the soldiers, and tended to become dynastic ; the helm of the slate was grasped by firm hands, and various new arrangemen/s were made, all favorable to absolutism. . Did Rome remain the seat of empire? No. Nicomedia, Milan, and Byzan- tium were erected into seats of government. . What influence had this on the Roman Senate? body, directing the affairs qfa single provincial town. . Were its lost privileges transferred to another assembly? No. . Who became the sole source of law, the sole fountain of honor, the one and only principle of authority? The emperor. . What did place this imperial authority almost beyond the risk of danger It became a mere municipal TRefers to Appendix. 3632. * Refers to Alphabetical List. from military violence ? The multiplication of emperors, and the care taken to secure the throne against such an occurrence as a vacancy. But what was the dark side of these partitions? It gave rise to frequent civil wars; and the local principle on which the partition was made increased the ten- dency towards a disruption of the Empire into fragments. . What other most important change was taking place whereby new life was infused into the community? Christianity found itself at length taken into favor by the civil power. . Whowas the first emperor who tolerated it? endeavored to root it out. . And by whom was it established as the religion of state? By Constantine. . Why was this, at first, such a great gain for the Empire? The intellectual and virtuous portion of the nation gradually having become Christianized, the state gained considerably by a change which enabled it to employ freely these persons. But was it so beneficial to the Empire in the length of time? No. The change came too late thoroughly to revive the declining Roman world. Galerius, after he had vainly Ii Refers to Genealogical Tables. 68 MEDIEVAL HISTORY. . And what influence did it have on Christianity itself? Christianity, which persecution had kept pure. . Recapitulate the two important changes which mark this period. . During how many years did they revivify the moribund state most wonder- fully ? During more than a century. . But what were their ultimate consequences ? The completefall of the Roman world. THE TIMES OF DlOCLETIAN. THE EMPIRE DURING THE PRESIDENCY 0F DIOCLETIAN. Art. DIOCLETIANUS. It tended to corrupt 3637. 3638. 3639. *Wheu had Diocletian been proclaimed emperor by the soldiers? *What was his first public measure? *In what way did be complete, in 292, his scheme of government? Two “ Caesars” were created, who were to stand to the two “Augusti” as sons and successors. * Who were selected for this important. office by Diocletian and Maximian? What was formed by these four princes ? An imperial board or college. Who was their president? The elder Augustus (Diocletian). What division of the Empire was made by Diocletian? It was divided into four parts. It was understood, however, that the unity of the Empire was to be preserved; the Caesars were to be subordinate to the Augusti; and the younger Augustus was to respect the superior dignity of the elder. . What part of the Empire was entrusted to Constantius? Britain. . What part to Galerius? Moesia. . What part to Maximian ? Italy and Africa. . And what part of the Empire did Diocletian reserve for himself? Macedon, Egypt, and the East. . How did this complex governmental system work at first? It worked thoroughly well while he himself retained the superintendence of the machine which he had invented. . But what were the consequences of the establishment of four courts instead of one ? It vastly augmented the expenditure, and a heavy increase of taxation was the necessary consequence. Industry sank beneath a system which left it without reward, production diminished, and the price of all commodities rose. . What futile attempt was made to meet this evil ? To fix by law a maximum of prices for all the necessaries and most of the commodities of life. . When was this celebrated “Edict of Diocletian ” issued ? In 301. . * What remarkable act followed three years after this? 3640. 3641. 3642. 3643. Gaul, Spain, and The Danubian provinces, .Noricum, Pannonia, and Thrace, THE EMPIRE AFTER DIOCLETIAN’S ABDICATloN. . Who became, hereupon, Augusti? . And who were made Caesars? Galerius and Constantius. Severus and blaximin. f Refers to Appendix. 3655. What necessitated the election of a new Caesar? 3656 3657 3658 3659 3660. 3661. 69 The death of Constantius (at York, 306). The legions proclaimed Constantine his successor, who was acknowledged as “Caesar” by Calerius. . Recapitulate the members of the imperial board in 306. Galerius and Severus ; “ Caesars,” Constantine and Marimin. . Who was dissatisfied with the arrangement? Maxentias, the son of Diocle- tian’s old colleague Maximian. IIe boldly proclaimed himself emperor. His father joined him. ' . What were the consequences of his revolt? peacefully ruling the Empire. . How long lasted the peaceful rule of these six emperors? years. And how long did civil war rage between the rivals? Fifteen years. What was the final result? Constantine, after having defeated and killed all his adversaries, was sole emperor in 325. “Augusti,” That there were six emperors IIardly two THE TIMES OF CONSTANTINE THE GREAT. THE REFORMS 0F CONSTANTINE. . In what way did Constantine the Great complete the revolution which Dio- * Refers to Alphabetical List. cletian had begun? By his entire abolition of the Pra’etor'ians, and conversion of their prefects into purely civil ofiicers, he secured the state, as far as possible, from the tyranny of the sword. . By what act did he put the finishing stroke to the degradation of the old metropolis, and destroy forever the power of the Senate? By theformal transfer of the seat of governnzentfrom Rome to Byzantium (Constantinople). . By what act did he stamp on the later Empire the character of Orientalism, which attaches to it ? By his organization of the court on a thoroughly Eastern model. . What new division of the Empire was made by Constantine? The whole Empire was divided into four prefectures, each under its Praetorian prefect. . Give the names of the four prefectures. . What countries did form the Prefecture of the Cauls .9 Spain, Gaul, and Britain. . What countries did form the Prefecture of Italy? Italy and North-western Africa. . What countries did form .the Prefecture of Illyricum .9 . What countries did form the Prefecture of the East 1? Asia. . Into how many governments were these four prefectures subdivided? 119. . What other reforms were made by Constantine ? He established throughout the Empire a graduated nobility composed of three ranks: the illustrious, the respectable, and the right-honorable class. . What changes did he make in the army? He divided the soldiers into two classes : Palatines (who formed the garrisons of the chief towns) and Borderers (who were stationed upon the frontiers). Dacia and Macedonia. Egypt, Thrace, and West [I Refers to Genealogical Tables. 7O 3674. Who were placed by Constantine at the head of the army? Two commanders—— the master of the horse and the master of the foot; but each commanding mixed armies in the field. 3675. What was the crowning reform introduced and carried through by Con— stantine? His reformation of religion. He conformed the jurisprudence of the state to its precepts and practices. 3676. Did Constantine prescribe heathenism and shut up the heathen temples? No; but he completely dissociated the state from heathenism, and, to a certain extent, allied it with Christianity. 9 3677. *Give the main facts in the career of Constantine the Great. (See art. CONSTANTINE THE GREAT.) 3678. *Who wrote a life of Constantine ? (See art. EUSEBIUS.) 3679. *Who was this Eusebius Pamphili? 3680. *When was he made bishop of Csesarea? 3681. *What other work, besides Constantine’s biography, did he write? THE CONVERSION OF CONSTAN'I‘INE.—— Art. Srmnsrm I. and ATHANASIUS. 3682. *Whose name is inseparably connected with the conversion of Constantine? 3683. *When did he become Pope? 3684. *Of what, and in what manner, was Constantine healed by Sylvester? 3685. *What recompense was given, according to the legend, to Sylvester? 3686. *When, by whom, and on what occasion, was this donation first announced to the world? 3687. * In what light is this donation looked upon now? 3688. * But with what did Constantine actually invest the Church? 3689. *Why was this far more valuable to the hierarchy than a premature and prodigal endowment? 36.90. What disputes distracted the Christian Church at the time of the conver— sion of Constantine ? The Arian controversy. 3691. What was this Arian controversy ? Arianisni is opposed to the orthodox doc— trine of the Trinity, and holds that the Son is inferior to the Father. "3692. * What council was called to decide this question ? 3603. * Who was the great champion of the orthodox dogma? 3694. *Who was this Athanasius? 3695. *Did he sutfer much for his adhesion to the Catholic doctrine? 3696. *But how was the close of his life? THE DESCENDANTS 0F CONSTANTINE. THE SONS 0F CONSTANTINE.—Art. SHAPOOR. 3697. When did Constantine die? In 337, after having reigned nearly thirty—one years. 3698. What regulations had been made by him for the succession? He had divided the Empire between his three sons and two nephews. 3699. What change was soon made in these regulations ? The nephews were mur- MEDIEVAL HISTORY: 3700 3701 3702. 3703. 3704. or L). 3706. 3707 3708 3709 3710 3711. 3712 3713 dered, and the three sons (Constantine, Constans, and Constantius) divided their dominions among them. . How long did the joint rule of the three sons of Constantine last? Hardly three years. Constantine was slain in 340, and Constans in 350. . Who was the only remaining son of Constantine in 350? *What had kept him in the East during these quarrels which cost his brothers their lives? * Who was this Shapoor, and when had he begun his lifelong war with the Romans? *In how many battles was Constantius defeated by him? *Was Constantius able to conquer him? *With how many emperors did Shapoor wage war? . *What did Shapoor obtain, when peace was finally concluded? . When did Constantius turn his eyes towards the West? In 350, after both his brothers were slain and two usurpers occupied their places. . How long did it take him to put down all opposition? Three years: from 350 until 353. . How long after the death of Constantine the Great did Constantius reunite under his sole rule the scattered fragments of the Roman world? In the sixteenth year. How long lasted the sole rule of Constantine? About eight years. . What was the character of his reign? Though the Roman arms sustained many reverses, and though the provinces sufered grievonsly from hostile inroads, yet on every side the honor of the Empire was upheld or vindicated, and no per- manent conquest of Roman territory was effected. . What were the relations of Constantine with the princes of his family? They were peculiarly unhappy. He had gradually all his relations massacred, with but one erception. 3714. Who was, in 355, the only surviving member of the family of Constantine the Great? Julian, the younger son of Constantius, brother of Constantine the Great. 3715. What dignity was conferred on him in that year? He was declared heir to 3716 the Empire, and invested with the government of the Gauls. . What were the relations between Constantius and his young kinsman and heir? Constantius was, from first to last, jealous of Julian, and harsh in his treatment of him. 3717. What step was finally taken by Julian, in 360, when he found himself about 3718 3719. to be deprived of his command? He allowed his soldiers to proclaim him emperor, and marched eastward to maintain his cause in arms. . What did prevent another civil war ? Constantius opportunely died (361), and left the throne open to his rival. JULIAN AND JOVIAN.——Art. JULIANUS. Map XVI. *Who did succeed to the undivided Empire on the death of Constantine? 3720. What. was his character? He was a man of unquestionable ability, and of f Refers to Appendix. *Ret‘ers to Alphabetical List. nearly blameless moral character. [I Refers to Genealogical Tables. MEDIEVAL HISTORY. . But why Was his reign a misfortune for the Empire ? The religious counter- revolution which he designed was altogether a mistake, and an anachronism which tended only to prolong a struggle which could only end in one way. . * Was he acquainted with the tenets of Christianity ? - *Did he show his hatred of Christianity during the life of Constantine? . * But what was his conduct on succeeding to the throne? . * What inetfectnal means were used by him to destroy Christianity? . *By what attempt was his malice further evinced? * Was this attempt successful? Was the great military expedition which Julian undertook against the Per- sians more fortunate in its results than his crusade against the faith of half his subjects? 113 had underrated the difiiculty of his undertaking, and had counted too much on all his plans being carried out successfully. . In what position did he find himself when he finally reached the Persian capital? The allies failed him; his second army never made its appearance; and he found his own forces insufiicient to undertake its siege. [[6 was obliged to retreat just as the heats of summer were coming on. . What did happen on the disastrous retreat which now followed ? Day after day the army had to fight its way, and in one of these combats Julian fell (363). . Who was chosen by the soldiers as the successor of Julian? .. How did Jovian procure himself a safe retreat from Persia with the rem- nant of Julian’s army? By relinquishing the provinces ceded to Galerius in 248, Jovian conducted Julian’s army from the eastern bank of the Tigris to Ancyra in Phrygia. . How long did the reign of Jovian last? denly in the beginning of 364. . . What edict had been issued by Jovian shortly before his death? An edict of universal tale-ration. THE FAMILY OF VALENTINIAN I. VALENTINIAN I. AND VALENS. — Map XVI. . By whom was an emperor elected on the death of Jovian? The great oficials of the Empire took upon themselves to nominate a monarch. . Who was elected by them? Valentinian, a Christian and a brave ofiicer, who had served with distinction both on the Rhine and in Persia. . By whom, but under What condition, was this desire ratified ? The army ratified the choice, but required the new emperor to associate a colleague. . Who was associated with Valentinian in the government? Valentinian con- ferred the purple on his younger brother, Valens, and committed to his hands the administration of the prefecture of the East, reserving the rest of the Empire for himself. . Where did Valentinian fix his court? . What was the character of his reign? though not without occasional cruelty, the various provinces of the West. maintained everywhere the frontier, and defended it by castles and ramparts. Hardly eight months. He died sud- At Milan. IIe governed with vigor and success, He 1' Refers to Appendix. 3741 3742. Who had been, in the meanwhile, the ruler of the East? 3743 3744 3745 3747 3748 71 . When and where did he die? nearly twelve years. 116 died on the Danube, 375, after a reign of The cruel and timid Valens, who maintained himself with dig’icully on a throne which he owed, not to his own merit, but to his brother’s afiection. . What was the great event of the reign of Valens? The irruption of the [fans (Turanian tribes from the steppes of Northern Asia). . What was the consequence of this irruption? The precipitation on the Roman Empire of the dispossessed Goths. . How were the Goths first received within the boundaries of the Roman Empire? They were first received as suppliants and fugitives who had been driven from their homes. . But what made them soon formidable enemies? The ill-treatment they re— ceivedfrom the Roman ofiicials, who stole their women and children to sell them as slaves. . In what battles did they prove their superiority over the Roman armies? In the two battles of Marcianople and Adrianople. . What-was the end of Valens? Valens was slain at Adrianople, with two-thirds of his soldiers, 378. GRATIAN, RIAXIMUS, VALENTINIAN 11.. AND EUGENIUS IN THE *Refers to Alphabetical List. WEST: THEODOSIUS IN THE EAST.~ Map XVI. . By whom had Valentinian I. been succeeded in 375? By his son Gratian. . Whom did he immediately associate with him in the government? His brother Valentinian II., a boy offive. . And to whom was entrusted the East after the death of Valens in 378? To Theodosius, whom Gratian raised from a private station to be his colleague. . What was the character of the reign of Gratian? Unworthy favorites obtained from him the direction of public affairs, and cruelly abused his confi- dence. The army was neglected, and resented its treatment. . What was the natural result of this conduct? Revolt broke out. hIaxirnus, a Roman settled in Britain, was proclaimed emperor, andpassed over into Gaul. Gratian quitting Paris, where he held his court, fled to Lyons, and was there overtaken and slain, 383. . From whom, and under what condition, did Maximns obtain an acknowl- edgment of his dignity? From Theodosius, on condition of his acknowledging in his turn the title of Valentinian IL, and leaving him in undisturbed possession of the Italian prefecture. . Did Maximus keep this engagement? out of Italy. . Who did replace Valentinian II. on the throne of the West? defeating Maximus. . For how long was Valentinian II. able to maintain himself? For about five years, during which time he left the government in the hands of Arbogastes, a Frank, who finally murdered his master (392). No. In 387 he drove Valentinian II. Theodosius, after 11 Refers to Genealogical Tab/195,, 72 MEDIEVAL HISTORY. 3758. Who was raised by Arbogastes to the throne? his own. , 3759. Was this new emperor acknowledged by Theodosius? .No. His natural indignation at the contempt shown for his arrangements was stimulated by the prayers and tears of his wife, Gallo, the sister of the murdered monarch. 3760. When and where was Eugenius defeated by Theodosius? In 394, near Aquileia. Eztyenizts was captured and beheaded. 3761. Who was, in 394, sole ruler of the Roman world? 3762. How long did he remain sole ruler? One year. THE TIMES OF THEODOSIUS THE GREAT. RECAPITULATION OF THE REIGN 0F THEOlloSIUS.—Art. Taxonosxus. Map XVI. 3763. *Where was Theodosius born, and whose son was he? 3764. *Of what province was he made governor? 3765. *What great victory was gained by him during his governorship? 3766. *When was Theodosius called upon by Gratian to assume the government of the East? 3767. * Where did he fix his headquarters? 3768. *What Were the results of his prudent and cautious measures? 3769. *What- part was taken, subsequently, by Theodosius in the quarrels of the West? 3770. *What was the condition of the Empire after Theodosius’s victory near Aquileia? 3771. *What made an end to this arrangement? 3772. *Where did Theodosius conquer the assassins? 3773. * What was the position of Theodosius after the second victory near Aqui- leia, in 394? One Eugenius, a creature of Theodosius. THEODOSIUS AND THE CllURCH.—Art. Sr. Ansaosn and Sr. Cnnrsosronr. Map XVI. 3774. What is the character of the reign of Theodosius? prises us by its wonderful vigor. 3775. Why does Theodosius truly deserve the name of “Great”? By a combina- tion ofpatience and caution, with vast military shill, he, in the course office years (379—384 B. 0.), efectually reduced the hordes of the Visiyoths to subjection, converted them from enemies into subjects, and was able to use their swords against his other adversaries. 3776. What other and more questionable vent did the vigor of Theodosius find? It found another vent in the regulation of the faith of his subjects, and in earnest and prolonged eflbrts to establish uniformity of religion. 3777. What attitude was taken by Theodosius towards heathenism ? He forbade all exercise of the chief rites of the old pagan religion under the extreme penalty of death ; shut up or destroyed the temples; confiscated the old endowments; and made every act of the worship penal. It is a reign which sur- 1- Refers to Appendix. * Refers to Alphabetical List. 3778. What attitude was taken by Theodosius towards heretics? ' Towards the heretics he acted with equal decision, but with somewhat less harshness. 3779. Describe the personal character of Theodosius. His temper was capricious; and he cannot be wholly absolved from the charge of violence and culpable severity. 3780. What is the most notable example of his severity? The infamous massacre of the Thessalonians, for which he was compelled to do penance by St. Ambrose (390 . .. 3781. *Who) was this St. Ambrose, and what do you know of his early life? 3782. *When, where, and in what manner was he chosen to be bishop? 3783. * To what were his first efforts directed after he had been made bishop? 3784. *What was his conduct during the civil war between Maximin and Theo- dosius ? 3785. *What was his conduct when Theodosius had ordered the massacre of seven hundred Thessalonians? 3786. *Did the emperor keep his promise? 3787. * How was Theodosius addressed by Ambrose shortly afterwards, when he was about to enter the great church of Milan? 3788. *What edict was the emperor forced to sign by St. Ambrose? 3789. *What celebrated divine was a contemporary of St. Ambrose? 3790. * Whence his name Chrysostome? 3791. * What do you know of his early life? 3792. *When was he made patriarch of Constantinople? 3793. *And why was he after four years deposed? 3794. *But what forced his enemies to reinstate him again ? 3795. *Did he now occupy the see of Constantinople to his end ? 3796. * What works were left by him? 3797. *Are they simply remarkable as theological works? (399.) Chronological Review of the First Period of the ‘First Division of Mediwval History. 3798. Who was the first Christian emperor? 3799. Give the names of the emperors from Constantine to Theodosius. 3800. What pope was a. contemporary of Constantine the Great? 3801. What ecclesiastical historian wrote the life of Constantine? 3802. What celebrated doctor of the Church did live about the same time? 3803. Recapitulate the dates from 310 until 340 inclusive. 3804. What great enemy of the Romans did live about 350? 3805. What Roman emperor did fall in battle against him? 3806. How long after Constantine the Great did Theodosius the Great live? 3807. What two eminent ecclesiastics did adorn his reign ? 3808. Recapitulate the names and dates of the four eminent ecclesiastics and, authors who lived during the period from 310—390. 3809. Recapitulate all the names and dates of this period. I Refers to Genealogical Tables. MEDIEVAL HISTORY. 73 Second Period. -— The Foundation of the Latin Church. DIVISIONS AND SUBDIVISIONS OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. —P« 192- Ma]? XVII- 3810. What victory had, for the last. time. reunited the whole of the Roman world under the sceptre of a single monarch? The victory of Aguileia, gained in 394 by Theodosius over the usurper Eugenius. 3811. How long did this union last? It lasted afew months. 3812. T In how many parts was the Empire divided after the death of Theodosius the Great? 3813. 'I- Who did receive the Empire of the East, and what was its capital? 3814. TWho did receive the Empire of the West, and what was its capital? 3815. fGive the divisions and subdivisions of the Empire of the East. 3816. 'I'Give the divisions and subdivisions of the Empire of the West. 3817. 1- What did exist beyond the pale of this organized society? 3818. 1' Into how many parts was this divided? 3819. T In what did the transition out of ancient into modern times consist? 3820. T What portion was first involved in this process of amalgamation ? THE BARBARIANS. ALARIC, KING OF THE VISIGOTHS.— Art. ALARIC. Map XVII. . What were the relations between the Eastern and Western Empires? The relations of friendship were soon replaced by feelings of jealousy, of mutual re~ pulsion, and of suspicion. . What was the origin of this estrangement between the East and West? The Goths in lilacsia, having revolted under Alaric, were induced to remove to Il/y- ricum, from which they threatened Italy. . What office was conferred on Alaric in 308? Arcadius, master-general of Eastern Illyricum. . What were the consequences of this step? which followed. . When did Alaric invade Italy for the first time, and with what result? In 402; but he was effectually checked by Stilicho, who defeated Alaric in the battle of Pollentia, and forced him to retire into I llgricum. . When, and with what result, did he invade Italy for the second time? In 408, when he made himself master of the whole peninsula from the walls of Ra- vcnna to the Sicilian sea. . *How often did he besiege Rome during these invasions? . *When did he take the city, and how was Rome treated by Alaric? . *What was the reason that nothing did escape but that which found shelter under Christianity? . * What was, therefore, the result of the taking of Home by Alaric ? . *What was the end of Alaric? . Who succeeded Alaric? His brother-in-law Adolphus, who had neither his talents nor his ambition. IIe was made, by Emperor The dreadful invasions of Italy 1' Refers to Appendix. 10 * Refers to Alphabetical List. 3833. On What conditions did he make peace with ‘Honorius? He received the sister of Honoriits (Galla Placidia) in marriage, and Gaul as her dowry. 3834. Whither did he hereupon withdraw his army? He withdrew his army from Italy into Gaul. 3835. When was Italy at length cleared from all her invaders? 3830. How long did Honorius survive the invasion of Alaric ‘Z In 412. Eleven gears. GENSERIC, I‘ING 0F 'I‘HE ‘YANDAIAS.—Art. GENSERIC and ST. AUGUSTINE. Map XVI. 1‘ 3837. Who did succeed Honorius (after an interregnum of two years)? Valentinian III. (the son of Constantius III. by Galla Placidia, the sister of [Ionorius and the daughter of Theodosius I.) 3838. Under whose guardianship was Valentinian placed? Under the guardian- ship of his mother, Galla Placidia, who administered the Empire from 425—450. 3839. Who was the principal minister of Gall-a Placidia? The general, .Etius. 3840. And who was the governor of the principal province (Africa)? ~Boniface. 3841. What were the relations between IEtius and Boniface? Theg,I were rivals for thefavor of Galla Placidia. .xEtius succeeded in making Boniface suspected by Galla Placidia. 3842. What was the result of the unworthy treatment of Boniface by IEtius? It drove Boniface into rebellion. 3843. *Who was invited by Boniface to cross over into Africa to his assistance? 3844. * Did the alliance between Boniface and IEtius last long? 3845. *In what city was Boniface besieged by Genseric? 3846. *Who died, during that siege, in Hippo? 3847. *Who was this St. Augustine? 3848. *Give the names of the best known of his numerous works. 3849. *What later theologians made a special study of the writings of St. Augustine ? 3850. *When did Genseric become master of Carthage? 3851. *What was his behavior toward the Catholic bishops of the province of Africa? 3852. *Were the Romans able to dislodge Genseric from Africa? 3853. *What was done, on the other hand, by Genseric? ATTILA, KING OF THE RUNS—Art. ATTILA and LEO THE GREAT. Map XVI. 3854. When was an attempt made by the united Empire of the East and West to drive the Vandals from Africa? In 450. 3855. Whose assistance was invoked by Genseric? 3856. *Who was this Attila? 3857. What ancient foes did form an alliance against the invader? The Romans and Visigoths. 3858. *When, where, and with what result did the hostile armies meet? 3859. What great question was determined on that battle-field? Whether the pre- dominance ofpower in Western Europe was to fall to the Tartars or to the Teu- The assistance of Attila. |I Refers to Genealogical Tables. . In whose favor was the decision? . When did Attila endeavor to retrieve his failure? . What part of Italy was invaded by him? . Who did dissuade Attila from marching on Rome? MEDIEVAL HISTORY. tons : —— to a savage race, heathen, anarchical. and destructive, or to one which had embraced Christianity, which had aptitudes for organization and law, and could construct as well as destroy. The decision was in favor of the Teutons. In 452. The northern part of Italy. Pope Leo the Great. . *Who was this Leo the Great? . *When, and under what circumstances, was he raised to the Papal See? . *Describe the personal character of Leo. . *What was the character of his pontiticate? . * What is the particular character of his sermons? . *What was his attitude toward the heretics. . *How many times did Leo save the city of Rome? 3876. J, 3877. t 3878. Jr 3879. 3880. 3881. 3882. 3883. 3884. 3885. 3886. 3887 THE RESULTS OF THE GREAT MIGRATIONS. RECAPITULATION 01“ THE MIGRATIONS. ———p. 192. . fWhat was the determining cause of the precipitation of the German races on the Roman Empire? . 1-What were the consequences of the establishment of a. Hunnish Empire in the ancient Gothic dominions? . 1 What nations were gradually pressed westward? . 1‘ How long did the agitations, produced by these migrations, last? . TWhen were these Germanic invasions about concluded? THE SETTLEMENTS OF THE BARBARIA‘NS. —p. 192. Map XVIII. Gaul. What had been the effect of the successive invasions in Gaul? What tribe had become dominant in the North-east? What tribe had become dominant in the South-east? J{What had become the dominant tribe from the Loire to the Pyrenees? Spain. f How many barbaric tribes had overrun Spain? TWhat tribe had settled in the South? 1- What tribe had settled in’the North? ~fAnd what tribe had settled in the middle of the peninsula, from sea to sea ? TWhat tribe did subsequently conquer the whole of the peninsula? Africa. ~l-What barbaric tribe did conquer Africa? fWhat part of Africa. was conquered by them? 1 What was the capital of the Vandalic Kingdom in Africa? 1- Refers to Appendix. 3888. 3889. Italy. + What nations had successively invaded Italy? What did result from this intermixture of barbarous nations, who disputed with the Italians every clod of their native land? They became miserably divided among themselves, and every fraternal feeling was extinguished in their unsettled minds. . What did Italy, thus lacerated byher own hands. gradually become? It became an easy prey for foreign oppressors, and daily opened in her bosom vast arenas for their sangainary contest. Western Illyricum. . . Tthat country had been among the first portions of the Western Empire overrun by the barbarians? . ~1- What barbarian Chieftain had first occupied it? 3899. 3900. 3901. 3902. 3903. 3904. 3005. 3906. * Refers to Alphabetical List. . TWhat had been the result of this occupation? Britain. . f When had Britain been abandoned by its Roman garrisons? . TWho were called in by the Romanized natives? . Jr Against whom was their assistance required? . TBut what was the conduct of these new-comers? . What name did they give to Britain? They called it, from their own. name, Anglia (England). THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH. THE LATIN CHURCH. — Art. Sr. Jason”. How many Roman worlds do we meet in this epoch of history? Two : a Greek, the centre of which was Constantinople, and a Latin, the centre of which was Rome. In what respect had Rome lost by the permanent division of the Empire? Rome was no longer the sole metropolis of the Empire, the East no longer treated her with the difference of a subject. But in what respect had Rome gained? head of her own hemisphere. Had Rome any rival in the western provinces, either as to civil or reli- gious supremacy? No. What had been the consequences for the Church of the separation of the Empire? The separation of the Church into Greek and Latin Christianity. What had been the original language of the Christian Church? Greek. But what had gradually happened to the Greek language in the Roman and Western Churches ? Greek had slowly and imperceptibly withdrawn from the services, Scriptures, and controversial writings of the Latin Church. * Who did translate the Bible into Latin, and under what name is this trans- lation known? She was the uncontested, unrivalled [l Refers to Genealogical Tables. 3907. 3908. 3909. 3910. 3911. 3912. 3913. 3914. 3915. 3916. 3917. 3918. 3919. 3920. 3921. 3922. MEDIEVAL HISTORY. *Who was this St. Jerome, and what do you know of his life? * What. other works were written by him besides this translation of the Bible? *When and where did Jerome die? * What three great Fathers had the Latin Church produced at the death of Jerome? *Who had been the founder of the theology of the Latin Church? * Who had been the founder of the sacerdotal authority of the Latin Church? * Who had been the faithful and zealous guardian of her young monasticism? THE GREEK CHURCH. ——Art. anromus. What was the condition of the Greek Church when the unity of the West was an object of admiration and envy to the rest of Christendom ? It was full of dissension. *Who had been summoned, in 428, by the younger Theodosius, to the Episcopal throne of the Greek Church? *Who was this Nestorius, and what do you know of his former life? What was his conduct as patriarch of Constantinople? He endeavored to establish his peculiar views of the incarnation in Constantinople. The greater part of the clergy, who felt their strength in the popular feeling, was against him. Did this war remain confined to Constantinople? No. It involved the whole Eastern Church. Who did stand forth as the head and representative of Eastern Christendom against Nestorius? Cyril, the patriarch of Alexandria. * Who did conquer in this strife? What was the final result of this? A schism toohplace in the Greek Church, and a Nestorian Church was established. *Is this Nestorian Church still in existence? Chronological Review of the First and Second Periods of 3923. 3924. 3925. 3926. 3927. 3928. 3929. 3930. 3931. 3932. 3933. 3934. 3935. the First Division of Mediceval History. What date is given on your table for Constantine the Great? Who wrote his biography, and when did this biographer live ? Who baptized him, and what is the date assigned to this pope? What Parthian king was the great adversary of Julian the Apostate ? Give the dates for Julian and his Parthian adversary. What is the date for Theodosius the Great? What three founders of Latin Christianity were his contemporaries? Give the names and dates of two patriarchs of Constantinople who were their contemporaries. Give the names of the three barbarian chiefs who invaded Italy during the first half of the fifth century. What pope was contemporary with Attila, and what is his date? Enumerate the dates from 310 till 390. Enumerate the dates from 400 till 460. Enumerate the dates from 310 till 460. T Refers to Appendix. , l 3936. 3937. 3938. 3939. 3940. 3941. 3942. 3943. 3944. 3945. 3946. 3947. 3948. 3949. 3950. 3951. 3952. 3953. 3954. * Refers to Alphabetical List. 75 Third Pertod.—— The Conversion of the Barbarians. THE FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. THE FALL. Who had been, since 455, the real masters of Italy and Rome? The bar- barian troops. Who was, at that time, the commander of the barbarian troops in the pay of Rome? Did Ricimer assume the imperial name and insignia? No. He saw that Rome was not yet prepared to submit herself to the rule of a barbarian. .When did Ricimer die, and who succeeded to his power and authority? Ricimer died in 472, and was succeeded as commander of the barbarian troops by the patrician Orestes. Who was invested by him with the imperial purple? Orestes raised to the throne his own son, Romulus Augustus (called, by way of contempt, Augustulus). How long did the reign of this last of the emperors of the West last? Less than a year. What demand was made on him shortly after his accession? cenaries demanded of him one—third of the lands of Italy. What step was taken by them when they met with a refusal? They re- volted under one of their chiefs, Odoacer, who slew Crestes, the emperor’s father, and deprived Romulus Augustus of his sovereignty. Who ascended the throne as the first barbarian “king of Italy”? same Odoacer. The mer- This REVIEW OF THE EMPIRE. When did the Roman Empire terminate? On August 23, 476 A. D. How long had it lasted ? Five hundred and seven years (31 B. o.—476 A. 1).). How many princes had ruled over it during that time? Seventy-seven. Who had been the first emperor? During whose reign had it attained its greatest extent? During the reign of Trajan. " Give its extent at that time. From the Pillars of Hercules and the Friths of Forth and Clyde to the Caspian Sea and the Persian Gulf. What had been the cause of its ruin? The principal and most potent cause was the common law of nature, to which moral, no less than physical, bodies are compelled to submit. What disastrous policy had been gradually adopted which hastened its fall? They had thought it excellent strategy to take the barbarians themselves into pay, and to fight Hum with Goths, and Goths with Burgundians or Vandals. But what was its natural result? The barbarians, perceiving their strength, determined to exert it, and to have Italy for themselves. What was the condition of the Empire during the last twenty years of its existence? The imperial power was existing upon suferance; the edifice was without due support; and it only needed the touch of a finger to make it fall. ll Refers to Genealogical Tables. 3905. 3966. 3967. 3968. 3909. MEDIEVAL HISTORY. THE BARBARIAN EMPIRES IN ITALY—Ma!) XVIII. TIIE ITALIAN EMPIRE 0F 0DOACER.—Art. ODOACER, andp. 192. , * Who was Odoaeer? . * What do you know of his life before 478? . fGive the extent, capital, and duration of his Empire. . * What were the prominent features of the condition of this Italian Empire? . * What was the character of the reign of Odoacer? . *When, and by whom, was Odoacer attacked? . *In how many, and what battles, was Odoacer conquered? . * Where did Odoacer find a refuge, and how long was he besieged in that town? . *What. did at length compel him to make a treaty with Theodoric? . * Did Theodoric keep his faith? THE EDIPIRE OF THE OSTROGOTIIS IN ITALY. The Goths and their Divisions—Art. ULrnILAs. Who is the great historian of the Goths? Jornandes, who lived about 550 A. D. Where was, according to him, the earliest dwelling—place of the Goths ? 1n Scandinavia. Where did they afterwards settle? The Goths afterwards spread themselves along the plains and steppes of the Ukraine, and farther on towards the Don. When had they invaded the Roman Empire? In 2-50, during the reign of Emperor Decius, the Goths traversed Dacia, crossed the Danube, spread devas— tation over Moesia, and even passed the Balkan and burst into Thrace. What was the extent of the Gothic Empire of Hermanric about 370? It extended from the Baltic to the Bloch: Sea, comprising South-western Russia, Poland, and Eastern Prussia, and extending over various cognate tribes, of which the two most important were the Ostrogoths and the Visigoths, in the tract between the Theiss and the Dnieper. . When, and by whom, was this Gothic Empire destroyed? Hans. . Into how many parts did the Gothic nation separate itself? Ostrogoths (Eastern Goths), and Visigoths ( I’Vestern Goths). . What did become of the Ostrogoths ? They were united with the Ifunnic Empire. . What was done by the Visigoths? They requested and obtained leave from Emperor Valens to cross the Danube into illocsia. . Who was their ambassador at the court of Emperor Valens? , *Who was this Ulphilas? . *What was the most memorable service which Ulphilas did render to his countrymen? . *What part of the Bible did he omit in his translation? . * Do we possess yet any part of this Gothic version of the Scriptures? . *What very high interest and importance is possessed by this version of Ulphilas ? In 370, by the Into two : Ulphilas. f Refers to Appendix. 3980. 3981. 3982. 3983. 3984. 3985. 3986. 3987. 3988. 3989. 3990. 3991. 3992. 3993. 3994. 3996. 3997. 3998. 3999. 4000. 4001. 4002. 4003. 4004. 4005. 4006. 4007. 4008. * Refers to Alphabetical List. THE REIGN 0F THEODORIC. . Theodoric.— Art. Tssonomc, and p. 192. * When had the Ostrogoths re—established their ancient independence? * What country was inhabited by them at that time? * What were their relations with the emperors of the East? * Who was among these hostages? *What influence had this sojourn in Constantinople on young Theodoric? * When did he return to his native land, and how did he gain great influ- ence over the hearts of his countrymen ? *What spirit was rekindled by him in the breasts of the Ostrogoths ? *What country was formally surrendered to Theodoric by Emperor Zeno, after he had become king of the Ostrogoths? * Was he able to conquer Italy? * In what battles did he conquer Odoacer ?. *Whither did Odoacer finally go, and how long did he maintain himself there? *Who was, in the meanwhile, the acknowledged ruler of Italy? *What was the conduct of Theodoric on the throne of Italy? j- Give the extent and capital of the Ostrogothic Empire of Theodoric. *What position was taken by Theodoric among the barbarian princes of the West? Theodoric’s Contemporaries—Art. ernms and Cassxononus. . What was the behavior of the barbarian Theodoric towards learned men? Theodoric favored science and literature, and greatly distinguished literary and learned men, heaping honors upon them, and conflding to them the principal ofiicial trusts. Give me two instances of this. X Who was this Boethius? *What did raise enemies against him, and What was the result of their machinations? *Of what was he falsely accused? *What was the end of Boethius? *What work was written by Boethius in his prison? *What is the character of this book? *Who translated it into English ? * Who was Cassiodorus, and what do you know of his career? * How and where did he spend the last thirty years of his life? *What very valuable writing did he leave to posterity ? Bazthius and Cassiodorus. Theodoric’s Successors. —Art. BELISARIUS. When did Theodoric die. and where is he buried? In 526, at Ravenna, where his daughter Amalasunta erected a noble mausoleum to her father’s memory. Is this monument still in existence? Yes. It is at present used as a church. I! Refers to Genealogical Tables. 4009. Who was the successor of Theodoric? His grandson Atalaric, under the regency of his daughter Amalasunta. 4010. Who did occupy the throne after his early death? His mother, Amalasunta. 4011. Were the Ostrogothic nobles willing to be ruled by a woman ? No; they forced her to marry Theodatus, a nephew of Theodoric. 4012. What was the end of Amalasunta? Theodatus, wishing to enjoy full and abso- lute authority, soon after shut up in a castle and then strangled the unhappy princess. 4013. Who was at that time emperor of the East? Justinian. 4014. What use did he intend to make of the troubles in Italy? He determined to take possession of Italy. 4015. Who was sent by him to conquer Italy? Belisarius, who already had con- quered Africa and reunited it with the Empire. 4016. *Who was this Belisarius, and what do you know of his career? 4017. *When did Belisarius land in Italy, and when did he take possession of Rome ? 4018. Were the Ostrogoths able to retake Rome? They besieged Rome for more than one year; but they had to raise the fruitless siege. 4019. What city was soon afterwards added to the conquests of Belisarius? Ravenna. 4020. * But what prevented him from completing his conquest? 4021. Who was, in the meanwhile, raised to the Ostrogothic throne? Baduilla, ' more noted under the name of Totila (i. e., the Immortal). 4022. How long did this brave prince sustain the falling fortunes of the Goths? )Iore than twelve years ; and with such success at first, that, in 545, the Byzan- tine dominion was confined to Placentia. V 4023. *When was Belisarius sent back to Italy to check Totila? 4024. Was Belisarius able to cope with Totila? 1V0 ; he was unsuccessful. Belisarius made himself, in 545, by stralagem, master of Rome; but Totila compelled him soon to abandon it. ' 4025. Who was, hereupon, sent in the place of Belisarius? Nurses, who was already master of Ravenna, while the Goths yet believed him arrested in Friuli, by the strong defences they had there prepared. 4026. When, where, and with what result did Totila and Narses meet? In 549, at Lentagio, in the territory of Urbino. The issue was fatal to Totila, who lost the battle and his life together. THE BYZANTINE DOMINION IN ITALY. The Eastern Empire. —-Art. Jusrmmu. 4027. What had been the condition of the Eastern Empire from 395 to 518? It had sustained itself, though with little glory, and did seem to be on the verge of destruction. 4028. Who came at length to the throne in 518? Justin I., a Thracian peasant, MEDIEVAL HISTORY. successively tribune, count, general, senator, captain of the guards, and emperor, (518—527.) 1' Refers to Appendix. 4029. What was the character of his reign? 4030. *Who was his successor? 4031 4032. What was the double end which Justinian proposed and attained? 4033 4034 4035. 4036 4037 « 4038. 4039. 4040. 4041 4042 4043 4044 4045 4046 4047 4048 4049. * Refers to Alphabetical List. 77 He. restored peace to the church and empire, and protected his frontiers against the Persians and the Bulgarians. His nephew Justinian. . What made the reign of Justinian so illustrious? He won a real glory by some great ideas, and still more by that fortunate combination of circumstances which gave him men of genius to execute his projects. T o reconstruct the old Roman Empire by wresting the Western provinces from the barbarians, and to establish its internal organization upon a surer basis by founding a complete and regular system of legislation. . What suspended for a while his enterprises against the West? A fierce war with Persia. . When was Belisarius sent to the West, and with what success? In 532, iéhere he soon conquered Africa, (the country around 0arthage,) Sardinia, and 'orsica. * When was Belisarius sent to Italy? (See BELISARIUS.) . How many years afterwards, and by whom, was this conquest completed ? Twenty years later, by Nurses. . . * What event, however, has rendered the reign ofJustinian most memorable ? * Who was commissioned by him to revive the existing laws? *What was afterwards added to the code ? * What name is given to the whole collection? The Ewen-chute of Ravenna.—pp. 192, 193. . fDuring how many years was the whole of Italy subject to the Eastern emperors? . rBut to what portions of Italy was this Byzantine dominion gradually confined ? . i What was the capital of this dominion? . TWhat name was given to the lieutenant of the Byzantine emperor who resided at Ravenna ? . tWhat name was hence given to those Byzantine possessions? . Who was the first of these exarchs, and how long did he rule? Nurses, for fourteen years. . Why was he recalled by the successor of Justinian (Justin II.) ? His exac- tions had rendered him odious to the Romans, and he was recalled at the complaint of the Senators. . What was done by Narses to revenge himself? Italy (568). THE EMPIRE OF THE LONGOBARDS. The Longobards. Who were the Longobards? A barbarous nation, dreaded throughout Germany for its ferocity. They had originally settled on the ban/cs of the Elbe and the Oder. .Map XVIII. He called the Lombards into n Refers to Genealogical Tables. MEDIEVAL HISTORY. . Who was their chief, and who were their allies? The Avars were their allies. . When did they arrive in Italy? Avars. . Did they meet with much resistance? A general terror seized on all who saw these warriors. clad in the skins of wild beasts, who fought without giving quarter, and made drinking-cups out of the skulls of their enemies. Alboin was their chief. In 568, after they had separated from the Alboin. —— Art. ALnoxN, and p. 193. . When and where was Alboin proclaimed chief king of Italy? Milan. . *What was his character as a ruler? In 568, at ’ . 1-Wliat was at first the extent of the empire of the Longobards? . THow far did it gradually spread? . 1-Within what limits did they confine the exarchate? . TWhat was made the capital of the empire of the Longobards? . 1‘ How long did it last? . In what manner was the empire of the Longobards regulated? Alboin conferred upon his captains, with the titles of counts and dukes, the government of the cities and the territories dependent upon them ; the captains in return obli- gating themselves by oath to pay tribute and military service. . What name was given to this system, which was thus permanently estab- lished? Thefeudal system. . 5“ Did Alboin enjoy long the fruits of his conquests? The Successors of Alboin. . What was the condition of the empire of the Longobards after the death of Alboin ? The country was, during more than ten years, on the verge of anarchy. . Who did draw at length the monarchy from the abyss into which the aris- tocratic confederation had precipitated it? Autharis, with whom began the brilliant period of the Longobards, which lasted nearly two centuries (585—752). . Under what king did Lombardy attain the limits of its territorial develop- ment? Under Astolphus, who took possession of Ravenna definitively, andput an end to the erarehate. . But by whom were his designs against Rome thwarted? By the king of the Fran/vs, Pepin the Short, who came to the defence of the pontiff . Who was the last of the Longobardian kings, and what was his end? Desiderias, who was dethroned by Charlemagne. THE EMPIRES IN AFRICA.—1’[ap44- (XVIL) TIIE VANDAL EDIPIRE IN AFRICA. —Art. GENSERIC, and p. 193. . Who were the Vandals? Baltic coast. . *In what part of Europe did they at first found a Vandal empire? A German tribe, whose earliest settlements were on the 1' Refers to Appendix. 4070. * Who was their king about 428? 4071. 4072 4078 4074 4075 * When, and at whose invitation, did they cross over to Africa? . 1- What part of Africa was gradually conquered by them? . TAnd what islands of the Mediterranean were subject to their sway ? . 1- What was the capital of this Vandal empire in Africa? . 1- How long did this empire last, and when and by whom was it destroyed? THE BYZAN’I‘INE DORIINION IN AFRICA.—-Art. BELISARIUS, and p. 193. 4076. 4077 4078 4079 *Who was the founder of the Byzantine dominion in Africa? . fWhat part of Africa was subject to this dominion? . 1- What was its capital? . THow long did it, last. and when and by whom was it destroyed? 4080. What arose 0n the ruins of the Byzantine dominion in Africa? The Arabian dominion. THE EMPIRES IN SPAIN—Map 44. (XVII.) TIIE VANDAL EMPIRE IN SOUTHERN SPAIN.—p. 193. . l1" what part of Europe did the Vandals first found an Empire? . TGive its extent and its capital. . T How long did it last? . * What made an end to the vandal empire in Southern Spain? (See GEN- same.) THE SUEVIC ElVIPIRE. —p. 193. . fWhat empire was contemporary with the Vandal empire in Spain ? . 1- When, why, and whither did they emigrate from Galicia? . i“ What did become their capital? . By whom were they afterwards confined to the north-western part of the Spanish peninsula? By the Visigolhs. . Tllow long did the Suevians maintain their independence against the Visi- goths? THE VISIGOTHIC EDIPIRE.—See Quest. 396543973 . Where had been, until 370, a great Gothic kingdom? . By whom had this kingdom been destroyed? * Refers to Alphabetical List. . Into how many parts were the Goths divided after the destruction of their Empire ? . What part of the Goths did consolidate with their conquerors, the Huns? . Whither did the Visigoths go? . Who had led the Visigothic host from Moesia and Dacia into Italy? . Did they remain in Italy after the death of Alaric? . What Visigothic kingdom was established by Alaric’s successor? . What step was taken by the imperial government to remove the Visigoths from Gaul, and oppose them to the barbarians in Spain ? Apart of Gaul was promised to them, if they would reconquer Spain for the Empire. ll Refers to Genealogical Tables. 4099 4101 4102. 4103. 4104. 4105. 4106. 4107. 4108. 4109. 4110. 4111 4112 4113 4114 4115 4116 . When did this Visigothic Empire reach its greatest extent? MEDIEVAL HISTORY. . Who was the founder of the Visigothic kingdom in Gaul ? Theodoric. 4100. What was its original extent, and What its original capital? The country between the Loire and the Garonne ; and Toulouse became its capital. In 485. It stretched from the Loire to the Strait of Gibraltar, comprising the whole of Spain and Southern France. When did the Visigothic kingdom lose the greater part of Southern Gaul? In 507; when it was conquered by Clovis, the founder of the Empire of the Franks. 1- What did now become its capital? 1- l-Iow long did this Visigothic kingdom of Spain last? When and by whom was the Visigothic kingcbm destroyed? Arabs. In 711, by the THE EMPIRES IN GAUL. THE BURGUNDIAN EDIPIRE.-—p. 193. Between how many nations was Gaul divided upon the fall of the Empire? Four. Who did still occupy the Western peninsulas? nations of Armorica. What nation did occupy the country south of the Loire ? Quest. 4100.) What tribes did occupy the country north of the Loire? The Franks. And who did occupy the eastern part of Gaul between Mayence and Strass— burg? The Burgundians. . Who were these'Burgundians ? A people of Vandal origin, who, in the begin- ning of the fifth century of our era, left their home on the Baltic and crossed the Rhine about 407. . What was the character of the Burgundians? They were the most humane and civilized of the barbarian tribes that settled in the Roman provinces. . TWhat country was occupied by them? . What was the capital and the finest city of Burgundy during the period of its independence? Cabilonum, now Chalons-sur-Saéne. . 1' How long did the Burgundian dominion last? . What had hastened the fall of the Burgundian power? Burgundian dynasty. The old Celtic inhabitants, the The Visigoths. (See The crimes of the THE EMPIRE OF THE FRANKS UNDER THE MEROVINGIANS. 4117 Maps XVIII and XIX. The Franks and their Divisions. . How many confederations did exist in Central Europe in the third century of our era? Three formidable confederations closed Germany from the shores of the Baltic to the sources of the Rhine and the Danube against the imperial armies and fleets. 1- Refers to Appendix. 4118. 4119. 4120. 4121. 4122. 4123. 4124. 4125. 4126. 4127. 4128. 4129. 4130. 4131. 4132. 4133. 4134. 4135. 4136. 4137. *Refers to Alphabetical List. 79 Give the names of these three confederations. The Saxons in the North, the Allemanni in the South, and the Franks in the West. What tribes did belong to the Confederation of the Franks? With the cre- ception of the Frisians, they included in their confederation all the peoples established between the Rhine and the Weser. Who drove a portion of the Franks from the banks of the Weser? Saxons. Whither did they emigrate? To the banks of the Yssel (Isala), on whose banks they encampedfor a long period. What name was given to this portion of the Franks? these Franks the name of Salics or Salic Franks. Where was also a colony formed by another portion of the Confederation of the Franks ? In the country between the Rhine and the Meuse. What name was given to the Franks who settled there? These Franks were called Ripuarii, from the Latin word ripa, because they settled on the banks of the Rhine. How far did the territory of the Ripuarian Franks extend? They gradually filled with their settlements both banks of the Rhine, extending on the west side of that river as far as the Scheldt. And what territory was occupied by the Salic Franks since the middle of the fifth century? The country between the Scheldt, the German Ocean, and the Somme— a territory which they had conquered under their king C'lodion. Into how many small kingdoms were the Salic Franks divided? Into the three kingdoms of Tournay, Cambray, and The’rouanne. To what race did the chiefs of these kingdoms belong? To the lllerovingian race. Meroveeus (from whom the race descended) was the son of the conqueror Clodion. Who was, in 481 A. 1)., elected king or chief of the Salie Franks established at Tourney? Clovis, son of Childeric, and grandson of Merovxus. The The Romans gave Clovis. — See CLOVIB, and p. 193. What portion of Gaul had remained Roman, and maintained itself, for some time after the fall of the Empire, independent of the barbarians? The country between the Somme and the Loire. *When, where, and by whom was its governor Syagrius conquered? What had become the southern limit of the kingdom of Clovis by this vic- tory? The Seine. But who did endeavor to wrest his conquests from him? The Allemanni. When and where were they conquered by Clovis? In 496, at Tolbiac. What promise had been made by Clovis during that battle? To adore the God of his wife Clotilda, ifhe gained the victory. Did Clovis keep his vow after his victory? He was baptized by St. Remi, bishop of Bheims, and three thousand Franks with him. ‘ What was the national faith of Gaul? Roman Catholicism, which had now become also the national faith of the Salic Franks of the kingdom of Tournay. fl Refers to Genealogical Tables. 4158 4163 4154. 4155. 4156. 4157. 4159. 4160. 4161. 4162. MEDIEVAL HISTORY. 80 4138. But what was the faith of the Burgundians and Visigoths who were ruling over the eastern and Southern portions of Gaul? They were adherents of the Arian heresy. (See Quest. 3691.) 4139, *What was, therefore, the position of Clovis after his conversion to the orthodox Church? 4140. And what were the consequences of this position? That he was looked upon by the native population of Gaul as a liberator from the heretical Burgundians and Visigoths. 4141. When and where did he conquer the Visigoths? In 507, on the celebrated field of Vouille’, on the banks of the C'Zain, three leagues from Poitiers. 4142. What part of Gaul was, after the victory of Vouillé, in the power of Clovis? Two-thirds of Gaul. 4143. At the head of what small tribe had he made all these conquests? At the head of his own tribe, the Salic tribe of Tournag. 4144. Was he recognized by the other tribes of his ,own nation? IIis authority was still unrecognized by his own nation, with the exception of his own tribe. 4145. What portion of the Franks was first brought under his authority? By low cunning and violence he brought about that the Itipuarians proclaimed him their king. 4146. What tribes were among the last to submit to his authority? The two tribes of his own nation, the Salic Franks,—the kingdoms of Cour-tray and The’rouanne. 4147. Give the extent of the empire of Clovis in 507. Map 49. 4148. When and where did Clovis die? In 511, at Paris. The ancient church of St. Sulpice, where he is buried, is still standing. 4149. * What title had been decreed to Clovis by the grateful church? 4150. 1-What did happen to the empire of Clovis after his death? 4151. fthre did they fix their respective residences? 4152. TUnder whom were they, for a short time, again united? The Successors of Clovis—Art. BRUNEHILDA and Gnseonr or TOURS. Map 50. (XIX) 4153. * What vast. country was ruled by Clothaire, the youngest of the sons of Clovis, who had survived all his brothers and their descendants? *But when, and among whom, was it again divided? * What part was called Neustria, and what was its capital? Soissons. * What part was called Austrasia, and what was its capital? Metz. *What was the third great division of Gaul, and what was its capital? Orleans. . What did continue to be the common capital of the three kingdoms? Paris. * What are the great and popular names of this period? *Who was Brunehilda, and to whom was she married? * Who was Brunehilda’s sister, and whose wife was she? * Who did cause her death? . Who did swear to be her avenger? Brunehilda swore to avenge her sister, and the enmity of the tw\o queens caused streams of blood to flow. TRefers to Appendix. 4164. 4165. 4166. 4167. 4168. 4169. 4170. 4171. 4172. 4173. 4174. 4175. 4176. 4177. 4178. 4179. 4180. 4181. 4182. * Refers to Alphabetical List. * What influence had Fredegonda on her husband Chilperic? *What appellation did Chilperic get through her crimes? *What means were used by Fredegonda to free herself from her enemies? *Who is the principal authority for the thrilling story of Fredegonda and Brunehilda? *Who was this Gregory of Tours, when did he live, and What work did he write? 7"? What testimony is given to Gregory of Tours by his continuator Frede- garius? The Major Domus. When and under whom was the Empire of Clovis for a second time united? Under Clothaire II. 1' * What oflice did, during this reign, acquire a power which virtually raised it above that of the king? The institution of the Major domus regiee, or Mayor of the palace. What had been originally the duties of the holder of this office? Originally, he had been simply an ofi‘icer of the king’s household, through whom petitions and representations were brought before the sovereign. What is the meaning of the word Major domus? Most likely the original name was mord—dom (judge of murderers) ; and these German words may have been easily confounded with the name of Major domus, and so the mayorship lilcened to the ofiice of the count of the imperial palace. _ What was the cause that this oflicer soon acquired an importance which was felt, not only in the palace, but throughout the monarchy? By his living constantly near the person of the king, and by his influence upon those of the king’s actions which ajfected his subjects and their most delicate private aflairs. How did he graddally come to be regarded? As the legitimate representative of the king in all hisfunctions. To whom had originally belonged the right of appointing the Major domus? To the king. But what custom was gradually established? That the Major domus was appointed by a sort of election of the nobles, the king only sanctioning their choice. Was there only one Major domus in the empire of the Franks? No; there were three, who were to represent the interests of the respective aristocracies in the three countries of Austrasia, Neustria, and Burgundy. ' What influence had this on their power? The rivalry and jealousy among them enabled the king, for a time, to protect himself against their ambitious schemes by employing one against the others. Who was the first Major domus who did exercise this ofl'ice in two of the Frankish kingdoms? Pepin of Landen, who was Major domus in Austrasia and Neustria. Who was the first Major domus who did exercise this office in all the Frankish kingdoms? Pepin of Heristal (an estate near Liege), a nephew of Pepin of Landen. Did he retain these three offices in his own hand? No. Pepin soon found [1 Refers to Genealogical Tables. 4183. What was initiated by these means? 4184. When did Pepin die, and who succeeded him? 4187. What was, at that period, the position of the kings of France? MEDIEVAL HISTORY. 81 it advisable again to give to each of the two other divisions of the kingdom its own Major domus. He retained Austrasia for himself, and gave 1Veustria and Bur- gundy to his sons. The hereditary character of the ofiice. In 714. His legitimate sons having died before him, he was succeeded by his illegitimate son Charles as Major domus of Austrasia. 4185. When did this Charles, surnamed Martel, become Major domus of the whole kingdom of the Franks '? In 720. 4186. *By’ what victory did this Charles Martel become the saviour of Christen- dom? (See CHARLES MARTEL.) The Mero- vingian kings were brutalized by indolence and debauchery. They took no part whatever in the government, and are justly branded with the title of (Io-nothings (rois faine’ants). 4188. When, by Whom, and how was made an end to this shadow-kingdom of the Merovingians? In 752, by Pepin the Short, son of Charles Martel. The last of the Merovingians, Childeric 111., was forced to retire into a monastery. FINAL RECAPITULATION OF THE FIFTH TABLE. Review of the First Division of Medelceval History. . Give the names and dates of the three Roman emperors mentioned on this table. . Who wrote the life of Constantine the Great, and by whom was he baptized? . What was the consequence of the conversion of the emperor to Christian- ity? ... What was the condition of the Christian Church about that time? That war which the Church no longer carried on against the heathen empire raged in her own bosom. . . What was the great subject of controversy between Arms and Athanasius ? Whether (in Holy Trinity) the Son is inferior or equal to the Father. . Whose opinion was adopted by the Western, or Latin Church? Anastasius (the Son equal to the FatherB. . Why was the Western Church called t 1e Latin Church ? Because Latin was the established language of the Western Church. . What did most powerfully contribute to establish Latin as the language of the Western Church? The promulgation ofa Latin verszon of the Scriptures. . Who made this Latin version of the Scriptures which became the religious code of the West. 9 . Who was this St. Jerome, and What is his date? . Who had, before this time, become the founder of the sacerdotal authority in the Latin Church? St. Ambrose. f Refers to Appendix. That of 11 4200. 4201. 4202. . By whom was Rome sacked during the reign of Innocent 1.? And who had, about that time, become the founder of the theology of the Western Church ? St. Augustine. Give the names of the three great Fathers of the Western Church who were the founders of her doctrinal and disciplinarian system. Give the name and date of the great patriarch of Constantinople who Was their contemporary. . What other patriarch of Constantinople, founder of a distinct sect, is men- tioned on your table? . Give the name of the pope who was contemporary with the patriarchate of Chrysostom. Innocent 1. . Who was the second great founder of the popedom (raised to the papal see in 440). ? Alaric. . And by whom was Rome sacked during the reign of Leo the Great? 4208. 4209. 4210. .4211. 4212. 4213. 4214. 4215. 4216. 4217. 4218. 4219. 42‘ 0. 4221. 4222. 4223. 4224. * Refers to Alphabetical List. G enseric. Art. GREGORY THE GREAT, ST. AUGUSTINE 11., and ST. BENEDICT. Who was, at the same time, the third great founder of the papal authority, and the fourth Father of the Church, the author of her popular reli- gion. 9 * What do you know of his early life? *When was he raised to the papal see? *What was his personal character, and what was the character of his pon- tificate? *Under whose direction did he send missionaries to convert the Anglo- Saxons? *When did he land in England, and what success did he have? * When and by what pope was he made Archbishop of Canterbury? * What were the relations between St. Augustine and the British converts of the second century ? How long after the great St. Augustine did the English Augustine live? Of what was the great St. Augustine the founder? 0f the theology of the Western Church. And what contemporary of the great St. Augustine was the faithful and zealous guardian of the young monasticism of the Church ? What date is assigned to St. Jerome on your table Y How many years after Jerome did the second founder of Western monas- ticism live ? * When and where was the founder of the Benedictine order born ? * What do you know of his career before his first retirement? *Describe the wanderings of Benedict from his first retirement to his settlement on Monte Casino. Give the precise situation of Monte Casino. N.E. of the Liris. part of Central Italy. In the W. fl Refers to Genealogical Tables. hHNIhEVAL HISTORY. 4225. What was the character of this Benedictine order ? It was a model republic, which gave its laws to almost the whole of Western monasticism. 4226. What three virtues did constitute the sum of the Benedictine discipline? Silence, humility, and obedience. 4227. And what were the three occupations of life of the Benedictines? worship of God, reading, and manual labor. 4228. Did the Benedictines remain confined to the monastery of Monte Casino? Five centuries after the death of the founder, there were more than 15,000 Bene- dictine monasteries in lVestcrn Europe. What influence had these numerous Benedictine convents on the civiliza- tion of Europe ? The country was covered with industrious agricultural settle- ments, which made the wilderness blossom. with fertility, and extended the arts and husbandry of civilized life into barbarous regions. . Repeat the four Fathers of the Latin Church. . Repeat the three founders of the papacy. - 2. Repeat name and date of the great man who was, at the same time, one of the Fathers of the Church and one of the founders of the papacy. The 4229. 4233. 4234. 4235. 4236. 4237. 4238. 4239. 4240. 4241. 4242. 4243. 4244. 4245. 4246. Repeat the names and dates of the three emperors mentioned on this table. Repeat. the names and dates of the three great leaders of the barbarians during the second period of this division. To what nation did each of them belong? Give the names and dates of the two barbarian Chieftains who plundered Rome. Who made an end to the Roman empire in the West, and what is his date? Who was the second barbarian sovereign of Italy ? What is his date, and what nation did he lead into Italy? Give the names of two accomplished scholars who adorned his court. Who was the third barbarian who conquered Italy? What contemporary of Theodoric founded the Empire of the Franks? Who has written the annals of theiyoung monarchy of the Franks? Repeat the dates from 310 till 390. Repeat the dates from 400 till 4130. Repeat the dates from 470 till 600. MEDIEVAL HISTORY. THE RISE. OF ISLAM. First Period.—Islam Victorious. MOHAMMED MOHAMMED AND ARABIA.— Art. MOHAMMED. . Give the position of Arabia. Sea and the Persian Gulf. . What is the character of the interior, and who do inhabit it? It is, for the mostpart, a vast desert, —— the home of the genuine Arabs, who regard Ismael, the outcast son of Abraham as their common ancestor. .What is the character ot the sea margins in the West, South and East? They have at all times formed a fertile band surrounding the table- land of the desert, and have maintained their celebrity as countries of a most luxuriant vegetation. . What kind of people inhabit these sea margins? They were not only indus- trious tillers of the soil, but skilful manufacturers; though generally belonging to the same race as the tribes of the interior, they were, nevertheless, regarded by the latter as a degenerate people, who had departed from the primitive singrlicity of the Arabs of the desert. 4251. What city was considered the religious capital of Arabia? Map XX. It is a vast peninsula situated between the Red Mecca, placed f Refers to Appendix. . What was the great object of worship in the temple of Mecca? . * Who was born, about 570 A. D. -o . Give the names of his father and mother. at the intersection of two caravan tracks, the religious and commercial centre of the whole peninsula, where the goods of India and of Africa were interchanged. The Kaaba, a black stone, said, by tradition, to have been a petrified angel, once pure white, but soon blackened by the kisses of sinners. , in the city of Mecca? His father, Abdallah, of the great tribe of Koreish, was one of the hereditary keepers of the Kaaba. His mother, Amino, was of the same noble race. . At what age did Mohammed become an orphan, and who became his 4256. 4257. 4258. 4259. 4260. 4261. * Refers to Alphabetical List. guardian ? Taleb. How did Mohammed spend his youth ? He took many journeys with the cara- cans for Syria and Yemen. Whose service did he enter in his twenty-fifth year? manage the business of a rich widow, Cadijah. How was his zeal and fidelity rewarded? He became her husband. * What had been the character of Mohammed from his early youth Y *When did he announce himself as a prophet? *What doctrine was proclaimed by him? Left an orphan at six, he passed into the care of his uncle, Abu He undertook to [1 Refers to Genealogical Tables. MEDIEVAL HISTORY. * How was his doctrine received at first by his countrymen? *What was Mohammed at length forced to do? * When did this happen, and what do the Moslems compute from that day? *When and by whom was this epoch instituted? *When and how did Mohammed re—enter Mecca? *What was one of his first acts after re-entering Mecca? * When did Mohammed die? * What had been the number of his followers in 610? Twelve. *What had been the number of his followers in 622? Two hundred. What was the number of his followers at the time of his death ? The whole of Arabia. . Give the extent of country ruled by his followers fifty years after his death. The countries between the Indus and the Atlantic. . What was the character of this teaching which had succeeded in setting the ardent imaginations of the Arabians on fire with the idea of a holy war ? His teaching was the announcement of a new rule, without dogmatic mys— tery, and without any philosophical foundation. . Was Mohammed’s mission one of instruction? No. Religion, according to Mohammed, is not to become one with God, but to obey him implicitly. . In what light did unbelievers appear to him? In the light of rebels, who were to be smitten with the edge of the sword. RIOIIAIVIDIED’S RELIGION. Into how many parts is the religion of Islam divided? Into two: Faith and Practice. How many articles of faith are there? What is the first article of faith? What is the second article? fire. 4280. What is the third article? 428]. What is the fourth article ? .4282. What is the fifth article? 4283. What is the sixth article? cablg predetermined). 4284. How"many difierent kinds of practice are enjoined by Islam? - 4285. What is the first practice ? Prayer and ablation five times a day. I - 4286. What is the second practice? To give alms to the value ofa tenth of one’s revenue. - What is the third practice ? from sunrise to sunset. What is the fourth practice? either in person or by proxy. 4289. What day was appointed for public prayers? Friday. 4277. 4278. 4279. Six. Faith in God. Faith in God’s angels, aethereal beings created by Faith in God’s revelation, the Koran. Faith in God’s prophets. Faith in the resurrection and final judgment. Faith in predestination (that every event is irrevo- Four. 4287. To fast, especially during the month Ramadan, 4288. To make one pilgrimage to Mecca during life, No. 83 NIQIIADIDIED AND THE WORLD. What arose necessarily out of the first principles of his religion? War. . What had been one of his first acts after he was acknowledged at Mecca? He sent threatening admonitions to the Persian king and the Byzantine emperor. Chosr-oes. — Art. CHosnoss. . *Who was at that time the king of the Persians? . * Whose grandson was he? . *Give the extent of his empire. . *What were his relations with the Romans, the former enemies of the Sassanidue ? . * What conquests were made by Chosroes after the murder of his friend, Emperor Maurice? . *How did Chosroes enjoy the fruits of his victories? . *Describe his palace at Artemita. . *When, where, and by whom was made an end to Chosroes and all his glory? Heraclius. —- Art. HER-ACLIUS. . *Who was this conqueror of Chosroes? . *When, and for what purpose, had he been sent to Constantinople -? . *Why, and by whom, had Emperor Maurice been murdered? . it Was Heraclius the only one who wanted to avenge the murder of Maurice? . *Did the two avengers of Maurice act in concert? . *Who was victorious in the ensuing struggle? . * But who conquered, soon afterwards, both conqueror and conquered? . Were either Roman or Persian troops able to withstand the masses of brave No. THE FIRST FOUR CALIPHSr-MEP XX- men which spread in torrents over the country? THE WAR AGAINST THE UNBELIEVERS.——p. 194, and Art. AMRU and ABDALLAH. 4310. 4311. 4312. 4313. 4314. 4815. 4316. 4317. fDid the impulse communicated to the Arabian race by the enthusiasm of Mohammed cease with his death ? 1-What was the consequence of this eagerness to continue the work which Mohammed had begun? ‘ TWhat name was given to the successors of Mohammed? '1‘ Give the names of the first four caliphs. TWhat do you know of the reign of Abu—Bekr? 1- What was collected during this reign? How, and by whom, was this collection made? Zeid (Mohammed’s secretary) collected every extant fragment of the sayings of the Prophet which was in di - ferent hands, written on parchment, on leather, on palm leaves, on bones or stones. 1- What countries were conquered during the reign of Abu-Bekr? 4290. Does Islam enjoin to abstain from work on that day? 4818. J[By whom was he succeeded, and what conquest was made during this 4291. Did Mohammed institute priests as a distinct class? No. reign? f Refers to Appendix. *Refers to Alphabetical List. 1] Refers to Genealogical Tables. MEDIEVAL HISTORY. *Who was the conqueror of Egypt? . *What reward was given to Amru, and what was the character of his administration? —~ 1- Who was the third caliph, and what conquest was made by him? *What famous commander lived during his reign? *What country was conquered by Abdallah ? 1- Who was the fourth caliph ? 1‘ What was the extent of the caliphate within thirty years after the death of Mohammed? 1- What was the capital of this great Empire? 1- And what was the holy city of the Empire? THE WAR AMONG THEMSELVES—Art. FALL or we Fumuss. * Repeat the names of the first three caliphs. * Who was at length proclaimed caliph in 656 ? *Who was this Ali? * With what were the five years of his reign chiefly occupied? * Who supported these rival claimants? *When and by whom were fresh troubles excited? * What plot. was at length formed for the rest-oration of unity? *Who was the only one of the three rivals who was slain? * When and where was Ali slain ? * Had he left any sons? * What was the fate of Hasan? *What was the fate of Hosei'n ? *What name is given to the Mohammedan sect who acknowledge neither Ali’s predecessors nor his successors as lawful caliphs? *To whom do they pay homage? * Who was the last of this race, and what is the popular belief about him? *What great nation does belong to this Mohammedan sect? *And what great nation does belong to the sect of the Sunnites (the ene- mies of Ali)? THE OMMAIAD CALIPHS. THE FOUNDER OF THE RACEc—Art. MOAWIYAE. Who did give the name to the race of the Ommaiads? Abd Shem. What were originally the relations between the Ommaiads and Moham- med? They were bitter enemies. It was by them that he was driven from filecca, 622. *What became afterwards the relations between the Ommaiads and Mo~ hammed ? * Who was the grandson of Ommaia? Abu Sophian. *And who was the great-grandson of Ommaia? Moawiyah. Omniaia, the son of 1‘ Refers to Appendix. 4350. 4351. 4352. 4353. 4354. 4355. 4356. 4357. 4358. 4359. 4360. 4361. 4362 4363. 4364 *What office was bestowed upon him by Mohammed? *What islands were conquered by Moawiyah? * What position was taken by him in 655? * When, and after what events, did he become undisputed sovereign? * What was the character of his reign? *What change in the succession to the caliphate was introduced by Moa- wiyah ? THE INTERNAL REGULATIONS.—p.194. 1-How long did the dynasty of the Ommaiads, which began in the person of Moawiyah, continue in the possession of the caliphate ? How many caliphs did it give to the Moslem Empire? Thirteen. 1-What city was the political centre of the Empire during this period? Give the precise situation of Damascus. About sixty miles east of the Medi- terranean, notfar from the eastern base of the range of Antilibanus, and at the western extremity of the great desert El-Hauran. f Who resided there? TWho led his troops or governed distant provinces? fWho administered the law of the Koran in the principal cities? 1-Who acted as the deputies of the caliph in his spiritual authority? TTo whom was intrusted the preparation of such new laws as were neces- sary to carry out the provisions of the Koran? GREATEST EXTENT OF THE CALIPIIATE.—p. 195, and Art. CAIROAN AND TARIK. 4365. 4366. 4367. 4368. 4369. 4370. 4371. 4372. 4373. 4374. 437 . * Refers to Alphabetical List. Map 51. (XX) Did foreign conquests continue to be made during the reign of Moawiyah? Yes. How far did he extend his dominions in the north? To the Caspian, the. Jaxartes, and Mt. Mustay, which for centuries remained the frontier against the Chinese. And how far in the east? As far as the Indus and Bokhara. Here and at Samaritand were the immense bazaars built, which remained the centre of the flourishing trafiie of (he Arabians with China and India. What gave him an occasiOn to send his Arabs into Asia Minor? of Sapor, in Armenia, against the Byzantine emperor. What entirely new creation Was made during the reign of Moawiyah? A navy. By whom was this commanded? sea. What English word is derived from this ? Admiral. *What conquest was made during this reign in Northern Africa? *What fortress was built to confirm this conquest? * Give its precise situation. * What did this fortress gradually become? for Northern Africa during the Middle Ages. The rise By an Amir-al-ma ; that is, a commander at It became the great emporium [I Refers to Genealogical Tables. 4376. 4377. T 4378. 4379. 4380. 4381. 4381 4383. 4384. 4385. 4386. 4387. 4388. 4389. 4390. 4391. 4392. 4393. 4394. 4395. 4396. . When had Britain been left by the Romans? . What was the immediate result of the withdrawal of the Romans from . When and where did they land? . Were they able to repel the invasion of the Picts and Scots? . Did the Saxons return home after they had repelled the invasion of the MEDIEVAL HISTORY. TUnder whom, and when, did the Mohammedan Empire attain its fullest extent ? What great exploit was carried out during his reign? *Under whose domain were Spain and the South of France yet in 710? *What was the condition of the Visigothic Kingdom at that time? * Who was invited by one of the parties to come across the straits? * Who was sent by Musa to invade Spain? * Describe the hill where Tarik did land. * What name was, since that event, given to that hill? *When, where, and with what result did Goths and Arabs meet? *Were the Arabians satisfied with the conquest of Spain? * How far did they gradually extend their conquest? *What was the character of the Arabic rule in Western Europe? THow did the Christians look upon this wondrous spread of the Arabic power ? TWhat was the extent of the caliphate at the accession of Soliman, the son of Walid? THE ARABS IN GAUL. f When and under whom was Gaul first invaded by the Arabians ? 1- What part of Gaul was gradually taken possession of by the Arabians ? TWhen and by whom were the Arabs checked in their career of conquest for a while? 1- But what tract of Gaul was soon afterwards entirely in their power? TWho was appointed by the Caliph to the Emirship of Spain and Gaul in 728? 1- How far did he penetrate into France? 1-When, where, and by whom was he checked in his victorious career? (See Quest. 4186.) THE SAXONS IN BRITAIN—Map XXII. THE SETTLEMENT OF THE SAXONS. About 400 A. D. Britain? Continually repeated inroads of the Picts and Scots. . Who were invited by the Britains to assist them in repelling the invasion? Vortigern, a British king near the Thames, invited two Saxon chiefs, Hengist and Horsa, to assist him in repelling an invasion by the Picts and Scots. They landed, in 448 A. 1)., in Thanet, the north~eastern part of Kent (south-eastern part of England). Yes. Picts and Scots? With the consent of Vortigern, the Saxon force in Thanet was increased considerably. How was this continual increase of the Saxon force looked upon by the Britons? With great distrust. 1' Refers to Appendix. 4404. 4405 4406. 4407. 4408. 4411. 4412. 4413. 4414. 4415. 4416. 4417. 4418. 4419. 4420. 4421. 4422. 4423. 4424. 4425. 4426. * Refers to Alphabetical List. . What part of England was occupied by them? 85 What was the result of this continual increase of the Saxon force? The increase of pay thus made necessary led to disputes. And in what resulted these disputes? In open war, and, after a long series of conflicts, victory declared in favor of the Saxons. What was the first kingdom established by the Saxons on Britain soil? The kingdom of Kent, established by Idengist in 473. How many Saxon states were gradually established in Britain ? Eight. The space intervening between the rise of this first state of the Saxon Octarchy and the rise of the last is a century and a half. Give their names. Kent, South Saxony (Sussex), l’Vest Saxony ( W'essex), East Anglia, East Saxony (Essex), Berniciu, Beirut, and Northumbriu. (See Map.) THE LA‘VS 0F INA.—Art. INA. . What were the most important among the Saxon kingdoms during the two centuries following the first landing of the Saxons? Nor-thumbria, Mercia, and Wessex. These states, as seen on the map, form a erescent,—one point of the curve taking its start from the part of Scotland bounded by Glasgow and Edinburgh, and the other point terminating in Cornwall. What did gradually become the most important of these kingdoms? Who was the founder of this kingdom? Cerdic. *What valiant prince and able legislator mounted the throne of Wessex in 688 ? * What was the character of the early part of his reign? * But how did he spend the latter part of his reign? *Whose laws were built upon those of Ina? *When and where did Ina die? Wessex. THE VENERABLE BEBE. * Who wrote the history of the Saxon settlements in England? * Who was this Bede, and how did he spend his life? *Give the names of some of the works of Bede. *What is his most important work, and what is its character? * In what language was it written, and .by whom was it translated? Does Bede give us much information about the important kingdom of Wes- sex? His account of afiairs in Wessex is very limited. This was a natural consequence of a residence so far north as Wearmouth. By what is this deficiency in part supplied? By the Saxon chronicle, the next great authority on this period. What period of history is embraced in the Saxon chronicle? the Roman invasion, and descends to some time below the Conquest. In what language is the greater part of the Saxon chronicle written? In Saxon. It begins with I1 Refers to Genealogical Tables. MEDIJEVAL HISTORY. ST. BONIFACE.—Art. Sr. BONIFACE. . *What celebrated missionary was a contemporary of Bede? . *When and where was Bonit‘acius (his Saxon name was Winfred) born? . * When, under whose sanction. and for what purpose did he go to Germany? . Under whose protection did he carry on his missionary labors in Germany? Under the protection of Charles Martel. . *With what success? . What reward was given to Boniface? . Did he retain his metropolitan dignity until his death? He received the pail of a metropolitan of Germany, and was empowered as primate to erect bis/unarics throayhoat Ger- many. IIe surrendered his see in 753, and set forth, if not to seek, not to shrink from martyrdom amony the savage pagans. . What was the reason that Boniface left his metropolitan throne to go again 4435. 4436. among the heathen? A revival had tahen place among the heathen. of the former 7712'ssz'onary labor of Boniface was fast disalnrcariny. heathenism forced its way across the 1th (he. Was Boniface able to stem the tide of heathenism? N0. * What was the end of Boniface? The fruit Once more Chronological Review of the First Period of the Second 4437 4444. 4445. 4446. 4441 4448. 4449. 4450. 445L 4451 4453. 4454. 4455. 4456. 4457. 4438. 4489. 4440. 4441. 4442. 4443. Division of fiIedtceval History. What date on your table is assigned to Mohammed? How many years was this before his death? What emperor of Constantinople was contemporary with Mohammed? What king of Persia was contemporary with Mohammed? What dates are assigned to them? When and by whom did Egypt become a part of the Mohammedan Empire? And who invaded, ten years later, Latin Africa (Northern Africa, west of Egypt)? What dates are assigned to Amru and Abdallah ? Give the names of the four immediate successors of Mohammed. Who was the fifth successor of Mohammed, and what is his date? What family came with him to the throne? How long did this family remain in possession of the caliphate? The fall of what family confirmed their tenure of power? What is the date for the fall of the Fatimites? What town was founded in 670, in Northern Africa, south of Carthage? During whose caliphate was this town founded ? Who was the Mohammedan conqueror of Egypt, and what is his date? Who was the Mohammedan conqueror of Latin Africa, and what is his date? Who was the Mohammedan conqueror of Spain, and what is his date? What king of the West Saxons was contemporary with Tarik ? What ecclesiastical historian lived during the reign of lna? f Refers to Appendix. 4458. 4459. 4460. 4461. 4462. 446:3. 4464. 4465. 4466. 4467. And what missionary was his contemporary? Recite the dates from 610 to 720. - Give the names and dates of the Arabs mentioned on your table during this period. Give the names and dates of the Saxons mentioned on your table during this period. Who is the only author mentioned during this period? Who is the only emperor mentioned during this period? What great town was founded during this period ? When and by whom was this town made the capital of an independent. Em- pire? About 740, by Ibrahim-Ebn—Aylab, founder of the Kingdom of the Aylabids. For how long did this Kingdom of the Aglabids sustain its independence against the caliphs of Bagdad? 1t sustained its independence by mercenary armies of negroes and Berbers for more than one hundred and fifty years. When and by whom was made an end to the Kingdom of the Aglabids? In 908, when the last Aylabid was defeated by Obeidatlah, the founder of the Fati- mite dynasty in Eyypt. Second Period— Islam Checked. THE WORLD AT THE BEGINNING OF THE EIGHTH CENTURY, A. D. 4468. 4469. 4470. 4471. 4472. 4473. 4474. 4475. 4476. 4477. 4478. 4479. 4480. * Refers to Alphabetical List. 1110]) XX. What was the condition of the world at the beginning of the eighth cen- tury? llIohammedanism threatened to overspread Italy and Gaul. Heathenism of Saxony and Friesland once more forced its way across the Rhine. What three groups of states existed, at that time, between the Atlantic Ocean and the Indus? Enumerate the Christian states. Give the extent of the Christian states on the peninsula of the Pyrenees. Give the extent of the Merovingian Empire. - Give the extent of the Longobardian Empire. Give the extent of the Byzantine Empire. What other Christian states were at that time to be found in Europe? Was the Mohammedan world subdivided like the Christian? Until 749 it was a unit. Give the boundaries of the Empire of the Caliphs in the first quarter of the eighth century. What were the principal heathen states at that time? Which of these three groups of states was the weakest. and what was the cause of this? The Christian group was the weakest. 1st, on account of its divisions; 20!, because the barbarians had become enervated by coming in contact with the Roman civilization. What danger was threatening the Christian world at the beginning of the eighth century? (See Question 4186.) [j Refers to Genealogical Tables. 4481. 4482-. jMEDTEVAliHISTORY. What saved the Christian world from utter annihilation? Christian and pagan nations against the Mohammedans. Who was the man, who, by uniting the heathen with the enervated Christians, warded off the danger? (See Quest. 4186.) The union of the RETROSPECT OF THE HISTORY OF THE EMPIRE OF THE FRANKS. 4483. 4484. 4485. 4486. 4487. 4488. 4489. 4490. 4491. 4492. 4493. 4494. 4495. 4496. 4497. 4498. 4499. Art. CHARLEs MARTEL. When and by Whom had the Empire of the Franks been founded? Quest' 4117—4188.) What name is given to this first race? The Merovingian race. Whence that name ? From Meroveens, grandfather of Clovis. How long did this race occupy the throne? 270 years (481—752). What was the cause of their rapid degeneration? They became brutalized by indolence and debauchery. What name is given to the kings of this race since 638? do-nothing kings. « In whose hands was the government since that time? Major domus. What is the meaning of the word major domus? (See Quest. 4173.) What race became especially distinguished as executors of the royal authorities? The race of the Pepinidw, or Carlovingians. Where was the cradle of this race? In the low countries in the Mense region. Who were the two great ancestors of this family? Pepin ofLanden, and Pepin of Heristal. By what scion of this house were their services far surpassed? Charles JIIartel. * Who was this Charles Martel? * What was probably the meaning of his surname, Martel? was the attribute of Thor. It shows that he was a heathen. willingness with which the heathen fought under his standard. * What. great deed of Charles Martel did save Christianity and immortalize its heroic defender? HOW many years after the death of the prophet. did his followers receive this check in their career of conquest? 100 years. What dignity was conferred on the race that, by uniting Christians and heathens, had put an effectual check to Mohammedan usurpation? It was raised to the throne in the person of the son of the hero. (See Quest. 4188.) THE FINAL DIVISION OF ISLAM. (Sec Rois faine’ants — In the hands of the By The hammer This explains the THE DESTRUCTION OF THE ODIMAIADS.—Art. ABASSIDES, and p. 195. 4500. 4501. 4502. 4503. *What was the condition of the caliphate at the time when it did receive the severe check in Central France? *What family occupied at that time the throne of the caliphs ? 1‘ What was the character of the later caliphs of the Ommaiad dynasty? TWhat was brought on by their incapacity ? 1‘ Refers to Appendix. 4504. 4505. 4500. 'I‘IIE 4507. 4508. 4509. 4510. 4511. 4512. 4513. 4514. 4515. 4516. 4517. 4518. 4519. 87 *When and by whom were the descendants of Moawiyah (the Ommaiads) displaced? * What was the name of the new dynasty, and whence that name? *What was the character of the revolution by which the Abassides were raised to the throne? DIVISION OF THE EMPIRE OF THE CALIPIIS.—Art. ABASSIDES and BAGDAD, and p. 195. Map XX. *Who was the only one of the Ommaiads who escaped destruction ? *Whither did he finally find his way, and what was there established by him ? In what year was his authority firmly established? 770. (See table, page 18.) * How many representatives of the prophets were there at that time ‘3 *Did ever afterwards all the disciples of Islam unite in allegiance to a single representative of the prophet? ‘I‘Enumerate the two distinct Mohammedan powers. TWhat name is generally given to the Eastern caliphate? *Since When had Bagdad become its capital? *Where and by whom had Bagdad been founded? TWhat was the extent of the caliphate of Bagdad ? T What name is generally given to the Western Caliphate ? ‘I-Whence this name ‘3 TGive the extent of the Caliphate of Cordova. CIIARACTER 0F TIIE ARABIC INVASIONS. —p.195. . T Were many more conquests made after the partition of the Arabic Em- pire ? . Jr What had been the character of these Arabic invasions? TWhat arts did modern Europe derive from the Arabians? fWhat influence did the Arabians exercise on the literature of modern Europe? . TWhat influence did they exercise on the development of commerce? THE FINAL DIVISION OF CHRISTENDOM. THE ICONOCLASTS. — Art. ICONOCLASTS. . What was the condition of the Greek Empire during this period? Its . What two evils were constantly increasing? existence seemed even more in peril than it had been during the age of the great national migrations. Both its internal decay and the dangers from without. . Was the succession to the crown firmly established during this period? * Refers to Alphabetical List. The death of an emperor and the accession of a new one were always accompanied by tumults and violence ; the imperial crown being generally the object of ambi- tion of several rival competitors. [I Refers to Genealogical Tables. 4535. 4536. 4537. 4538. 4539. MEDIEVAL HISTORY. Who threatened the Empire from the south-east? The Mohammedans. And who threatened the Empire from the north? The Bulgarians. . How can we account for the fact that, notwithstanding all this, the Greek Empire maintained itself for many centuries? By the advantages it still enjoyed in the szqieriority of its ancient civilization. . *But what dispute brought the Greek Empire, about 740, to the brink of destruction? ' . *What do you understand by Iconoclasm and the Iconoclasts? . *What were the most important results of this new religious dissension? . *What were the consequences of this total disruption of the bond between the east and the west? ALCUIN. — Art. ALCUIN. *Whose letters give us an insight in the inner history of this period? *Who was this Alcuin, and what do you know of his life? *What is the most important of his works? *What are the principal contents of these letters? * Why is his poem on the bishops and saints of the Church of York so very interesting? Chronological Review of the First and Second Periods of the Second Division of JIIediceval History. 4540. What is the date for Mohammed on your table? 4541. Who were the contemporary sovereigns of the Greek Empire and of Persia? 4542. Who were the two Mohammedan conquerors of Africa? 4543. 4544. 4545. 4546. 4541 4548. 4549. 4550. 4551. 4552. 4553. 4554. 4555. 4556 What caliph made the caliphate hereditary in his family? What name is given to the first hereditary race of caliphs? How long did they occupy the throne? What is the character of this period from 660—750? What race came to the throne in 750, and how long did they occupy the same? What did happen to the Mohammedan world in the second half of the eighth century? Give the names, capitals, and dynasties of the two caliphates. What did happen about the same time to the Christian world? Give the names and capitals of the two divisions of Christendom. When, by whom, and with what success, was Egypt invaded by the Mo- hammedans? What town was founded in Egypt by the conquerors? When, by whom, and with what success, was Latin Africa invaded by the Mohammedans? What town was founded by the conquerors, and did become their capital? . When, by whom, and with what success, was Spain invaded by the Mo- hammedans ? \ 1‘ Refers to Appendix. 4557 4558 4559. 4560. 4561. 4562. 4563. 4564. 4565. 4566. 4567. 4568. 4569 4570. 4571. 4572. 4573. 4574. 4575. 4576. ——— 4041. 4578. 4579. 4580. 4581. 4582. 4583. 4584. 4585. 4586. 4587 4588 * Refers to Alphabetical List. . What town did they make their capital? . When, by whom, and with what success, was France invaded by the Mo~ hammedans? When and by Whom was Islam checked in its victorious career? How long was this after the death of the prophet? What was the capital of the caliphs during the 1st, 2d, 3d, and 4th suc~ cessor of Mohammed? What was the capital of the caliphs during the reign of the Ommaiads? What was the capital of the caliphs during the reign of the Abassides? What. was the capital of the Ommaiad Caliphate in Spain? . Who was the founder of this caliphate, and what is his date ? Recite the dates from 610 till 650. Recite the dates from 660 till 750. Recite the dates from 750 till 780. . Recite all the dates from 610 till 780. Third Period.— Consolidation of the TVest. THE RESTORATION OF THE EMPIRE OF THE WEST. CHARLEMAGNE. —-Art. CHARLEMAGNE, pp. 193, 194. (Ge'neal. X. and Map XXI.) Who was the first king of the Carlovingian race? Pepin the Short, 752. How long after the great victory at Poitiers was he raised to the throne? *Who was the greatest king of the race ? * What was the relationship between Charles Martel and Charlemagne? How long did Charlemagne rule? 46 years (768—814). 1‘ *Give the extent of his empire. 1‘ *What are the great wars of his reign? What went hand in hand with the victories and conquests of Charlemagne? Hi3 wars were religious wars, conversion followed. What old Saxon sanctuary was demolished by Charlemagne? Where was the Irmensal (Hermanns—s‘aule) situated? In the neighborhood of Detmold, i. 8., to the west of the Middle Wesser. (Map XXI.) In what way did Charlemagne march to battle? Bearing the relics of the saints. Who accompanied the divisions of his army? Missionaries. By what were his victories celebrated? By the establishment of bishoprics. What was the seal of subjection and allegiance? Baptism. In what light was relapse into heathenism considered? A: a crime against the State. In what is found the consummation of all these incidents? In his coronation. *When, where, and by whom was the aged conqueror invested with the imperial crown? . fWhat was the character of the Empire of Charlemagne? . *What was modelled after the union of emperor and pope? I Refers to Genealogical Tables. 4589. 4590. 4591. 4592. 4593. 4594. 4595. 4596. 4597. 4598. 4599. 4600. 4601. 4602. 4603. 4604. 4605. 4606. ' 4607. 4608. 4609. 4610. 4611. 4612. MEDIEVAL HISTORY. 89 1-What was this great empire in reality? Did the boundaries of the empire remain the same towards the end of his reign? 2V0. They were on all sides encroached upon ; IV. E. by the Sclavo- nians, S. E. by the Avars, in Italy by the Greeks, and in Spain by the Arabs. What change took place on the N. E. boundary? It retreated westwardfrom the Oder to the Elbe. What new enemies appeared about that time? The Northmen. What was done to defend the empire against their attacks? Armed barks defended the mouths of the rivers. What other step was he obliged to take in order to provide for the safety of the empire? Charlemagne was obliged to divide his dominions between his sons. To one he intrusts Italy; to another, Germany; to a third, Aquitaine. What- happened to his two elder sons? They died before their father. [| To whom was he forced to leave this weak and immense empire? To the saintly but incapable Louis the Pious. * Who wrote the biography of Charlemagne? (See EGINHARD.) *What caliph was the contemporary of Charlemagne, and what do you know about him ? (See HAROUN AL RASCHID.) LOUIS THE PIOUS.—Art. LOUIS I. * When did Charlemagne die? For how long after his death was the throne occupied by his descendants? One hundred and seventy—three years. *Who was his immediate successor? What was the character of his reign? He was a tool in the hands of con- tending factions. *Give the principal events of the life of Louis the Pious from his birth until his coronation. *Who was, soon after his coronation, associated with him in the Empire? *What partition of his dominions was made by him at the same time? * What did, soon afterwards, become the cause of the bitter enmity between Louis and his three elder sons? When and why did the first rebellion of the sons against their father break out? In 829, when Louis. by an imperial edict, made over to his youngest son Charles the upper and middle Rhine-valley. Who made peace between the weak father and the exasperated sons? The cler i . Whafjwas the cause of the new rebellion in 833? The attempt to deprive Pepin of Aquitaine in order to give it to Charles. Was this rebellion again successful? Yes. Louis was stripped of all his powers, and compelled to do penance. 7 But what aroused Louis and Pepin to liberate and restore their father? Charles? No. In 839, after the death of Pepin. a new division was made, assigning all the countries on the southwest of the Mense to Charles, and all the eastern provinces (except Bavaria) to Lothaire. 4613. * Who did, dissatisfied with this arrangement, raise the banner of revolt? 4614. *What rescued the aged emperor from the danger of being again con- quered by his son? 4615. * When and where did he die? 4616. What happened on his death? Civil war broke out between his three sons (Lothaire, Louis, and Charles) and his grandson Pepin. 4617. On what battle-field was the first of the dynastic quarrels of modern Europe decided? At Fontenay, in the southern part of the department of Yonne, between the Yonne and the Loire. 4618. What treaty made an end to the war between the sons of Louis the Pious? The treaty of Verdun, in 843. FINAL RECAPITULATION OF THE SIXTH TABLE. Review of the Second Division of ZVIediceval History. 4619. What great event gives the name to the second division of Mediaaval History? 4620. Into how many periods is this division subdivided? 4621. Give the name of each of these periods. 4622. Enumerate all the Mohammedans mentioned in the first period. 4623. Who was the founder of Islam ? 4624. Who was the founder of the line of the Ommaia'd caliphs? 4625. Give the names of the two dynasties which ruled the Mohammedan world. 4626. Give the names of the four immediate successors of Mohammed. 4627. To what dynasty did Haroun a1 Rasc-hid belong, and what is his date? 4628. What ruler of the West was contemporary with Haroun a1 Raschid? 4629. What great English scholar lived about 780? 4630. Who was his friend and protector? 4631. * What disciple of Alcuin lived about 830? (See RABANUS MAURUS.) 4632. *What doctrine was vehemently opposed by this Rabanus Maurus? , 4633. *During whose reign did Rabanus Maurus live? 4634. When did the son and successor of Charlemagne die? 4635. How long was this after the death of his father? 4636. And how long after the death of his great—grandfather Charles Martel? 4637. *Who died in the same year with Louis the Pious? (See EGINHARD.) 4638. *Who was this Eginhard, and whose life did he write ? 4639. What other author has left us an account of Charlemagne? 4640. Give the names of the authors who have left us an account of Charle- The arrogance with which Lothaire claimed sovereign power over all the magne. . Empire. 4641. *What ruler of Spain was contemporary with Charlemagne? (See ABDER- Did Louis desist, after this, from providing for his beloved youngest son RHAMAN.) f Refers to Appendix. *Refers to Alphabetical List. I! Refers to Genealogical Tables. 12 4642. 4643. 4644. 4645. 4646. 4647. 4648. 4649. 4650. 4651. 4661. 4662. 4663. 4664. 4665. . Give the exact situation of Verdun. *What famous expedition was undertaken against him by Charlemagne? * What were the results of this expedition? Where was the usual residence of this caliph? Who was about that time the caliph of Bagdad? *When, where, and by whom had Bagdad been founded? (See BAGDAD.) *What dynasty had raised Bagdad to the metropolis of the Mohammedan world ? What had been, before Bagdad, the metropolis of Islam ? The caliphs of what dynasty had resided there? But what had been the earliest residence of the caliphs‘.’ *What city had been founded about 670 in the centre of Northern Africa? (See CAIROAN.) 4652. 4653. 4654. 4655. 4656. 4657. 4658. 4659. 4660. MEDIEVAL HISTORY. \ What city was it expected to supplant? What part of the trade of Carthage was actually monopolized by Cairoan? But what town monopolized gradually the sea-trade of Carthage? Venice. *Give the precise situation of Venice. (See VENICE.) *From what small beginnings did it gradually become the commercial metropolis of the Adriatic? Recite the dates and names of the first period of this division. Recite the dates and names of the second period of this division. Recite the dates and names of the third period of this division. lteeite all the dates and names of this division. MEDIEVAL HISTORY. THE THREE ATTEMPTS T0 UNITE CHRISTENDOM. First Attempt—By the Carlovingimzs. THE TREATY OF VERDUN. THE REASONS ‘VIIICiI LEI) TO IT. What was the condition of the Empire of the Franks about 843? threatened on all its coasts by [Vorthmen and Danes. Who were threatening the Empire from the south? The Mohammedans. Since when had the Saracens settled themselves in Italy? Since 841. Who were threatening the Empire from the north and west? The Normans. What towns were plundered by the Normans between 841 and 843? Rouen and Arantes. It was THE TilEATY.—~p.194. . fWhat step was taken by the three sons of Louis the Pious, in August, 843, to put an end to these incursions and depredations? 0n the river Mcuse, in western Lor— mine. .Map XXI. . 1- Into how many parts was the Carlovingian Empire divided at Verdun ? . 1- What part was given to Louis? . Since what time had he been actually in possession of these countries? From 833 to 838, as vice—rag or vicar of his father. . What was the only part of his former possessions that he did lose? Elzass. . What shows that he considered the treaty of Verdun simply a confirmation 1" Refers to Appendix. 4678. 4674. 4675. 4676. 4677. 4678. 4679. 4680. 4681. 4682. 4683. 4684. 4685. 4686. * Refer: to Alphabetical List. of the power granted to him by his father. Louis the Pious, in 833 ? He dated all his acts and laws from the year of his reign, beginning with 833. THow does modern Germany look upon this treaty of Verdun? What name was given to the empire of Louis, and what was its capital? Germania, or Francia Orientalis. Capital, Frankford. His title was king of the Bavarians. What was its character? It was a well—defined, compact empire, with large. natural resources and one language. f What part of the Carlovingian Empire was given to Emperor Lotharius? TWhat celebrated cities were included in the portion of Lotharius? What name was given to this empire, and what was its capital? Lotharii regnum, afterwards contracted into Lorraine. Capital, Air-la— C’hapelle. 1- What was its character? "tTo whom was the remaining portion of the Empire given? 1- What parts of the empire of Charlemagne were included in it? Give the name and capital of the empire of Charles the Bald. Franel'a Occidenralis. Capital. Laon. What was its character? Celts, Aquitanz’ans, Bases, and Goths occupied the greater part. It was exposed to the incursions of the Norzhmen. The royal authority was very weak. What country had been, from time immemorial, the central and governing part. of the Empire of the Franks? Austrasia. To whom was Austrasia given by this treaty of Verdun in 843? divided among all three. What was the reason that it was divided among the three brothers? In Gallia, or It was fl Refers to Genealogical Tables. MEDIIEVAL order that each might have a part of the district that had been so long identified with the seat of government. 4687. In what light did they pretend to consider themselves? of the Carlovingian Empire. 4688. Were they in reality the joint rulers of a common count1y? No 0; only in name. Each one acted as sovereign in his own part and each one nurtul ed the silent thought of sooner or later unitzng the whole Empire. As the joint rulers THE BREAIIING OF THE TREATY. When, why, and 110w was the treaty of Verdun broken? In 870, on the death of Lothair’s son (Lothair II.), his empire was divided between Louis the Bavarian and Charles the Bald. Italy. however, was not included in this division. It remained in the power of Louis [1,, younger son ofLot/tair II. 4690. What name is given to this treaty of 870? The treaty of Meersen, from the place where it was concluded. Where is Meersen situated? Maastricht. How long did this treaty last? Nine years. What makes this treaty of Meerson so very important? man-speaking nations into one empire. THE LAST ATTEMPT TO UNITE THE CARLOVINGIAN EMPIRE. 4694. When, and under whom, was the empire of Charlemagne for the last time united? Under Charles the Fat, son of Louis. 4695. When did it finally end? In 888. 4696. When, where, and why was Charles the Fat deposed? He was deposed at the diet of Tribur, because, instead of fighting against the Alert/tans, he made a compromise with them. 4697. What happened after his deposition at Tribur. ? A definitive partition which irrevocably completed the dismemberment of the Empire. 4698. How was the empiie finally divided in 888? Into II est Francia (France) and East Francia (Germany). Between these weiefour smaller states situated Italy, Upper Burgundy, Lou er Burgundy (Provence), and Lorraine. 4699. What was the main diderence between the division of Verdun in 843 and the final division in 888 ? In 888 was confirmed the division of 843, but instead of being separated by one state, they were now separated by a string of enmires. The absorption of these intervening states, by either of the two main empires, forms the external history of both nations. INTELLECTUAL CONDITION OF THE EMPIRE UNDER THE LATER CARLOVIN- GIANSI—Art. HINCMAR and Soorus ERIGENA. 4700. What was the intellectual and social condition of Western Europe during the times of the later Carlovingians ? It was continually degenerating. 4689. 4691. On the middle IIIeuse, a little to the north of 4692. 4693. It united the Ger- ? Refers to Appendix. *Refers to Alphabetical List. HISTORY; 91 What. was the reason that the revival of letters under Charlemagne was ephemeral? Because it had been premature. 4702. Was the decline under his successors very sudden? IVo ; very gradual. 4703. What was the intellectual condition of the Carlovingian Empire under Charles the Bald ? Several eminently learned and celebrated men adorned the various departments of literature and science. Who were the two most celebrated men that. adorned his court? and Scotiis Erigena. 4705. * Who was Hincmar? 4706. *When had Hincmar been made Archbishop of Rheims? 4707. What controversy had l’lincmar with Gottschalk? Gottschalk maintained the doctrine of absolute predestination and reprobation. 4708. * What treatises were written by him in opposition to the views of Gott- schalk? 4701. 4704. IIincmar 4709. *Was he satisfied with attacking Gottschalk in books? 4710. What memorable contest had Ilincmar with Pope Nicholas 1.? About the rights of the Gulliean Church, and the legitimate jurisdiction of its bishops. 4711. * What. was the end of Hincmar? 4712. *What great Irish scholar was a contemporary of Hincmar? 4718. *Who was this Scotus Erigena, and where did he spend the last thirty years of his life? 4714. What position was held by him? He was for many years head of the palatial school, where he taught a system ofphilosophyfounded upon Aristotle and Plato. 4715. IV hat was the chaiacter of his teaching? 11c encouraged discussions upon the most abstruse metaphysical questions —such as p/caestination and free— will. 4716. * What is Eligena s principal work? 4717. * What makes this book so veiy remarkable? 4718. *What do you know of the contents of this book? 4719. * In what estimation is his work held at present? LATIN CHRISTIANITY AFTER THE FINAL DIVISION OF 888. THE FINAL DIVISION OF THE CARLOVINGIAN EDIPIRE.—Jllap XXIII. 4720. What treaty was really the beginning of the modern state and the modern divisions of Europe? The treaty of 888. 4721. Into how many separate kingdoms was the Carlovingian Empire broken up by that treaty? Into four separate kingdoms: Germany, Italy, Burgundy, and France. 4722. How many of these have survived until the present times? Three. 4723. What modern state represents the kingdom of Burgundy? Burgundy, by that name, has vanished; but its place, as a European power, is occupied by Switzerland. 4724. How many of these four kingdoms did at once cast away their allegiance to the Carlovingian race? Two: Italy and Burgundy. I] Refers to Genealogical Tables. 92 4725. 4726. 4727. 4728. 47:39. 4730. 4731. 4732. 4733. 4734. 4735. 4736. 4737. 4738. 4739. 4740. 4741. 4742. 4743. 4744. 4745. 4746. 4747. 4748. MEDIEVAL HISTORY. Germany, or the East Franconian Empire. Who obtained the crown in Germany ? Arnulf. Who transferred the crown to Arnulf? The temporal lords (Saxons, Fran/cs, and Bavarians). The bishops were rather opposed to the measure. || Was he related to the Carlovingians? He was a son of Carloman. Genealogy, X.) H By whom was he succeeded? Do we know the date or place where the son of Arnulfmthe last of the Carlovingians who ruled over Germany—died? No; only the year, 911. What was the condition of the East Franconian monarchy in 911? It was exposed to enemies from without and to dissolution within. What barbarous nations did threaten the Empire with destruction? Hungarians, or Magyars. Had the royal power proved itself capable of defending the Empire against them? No. They penetrated yearly deeper into the country, which relapsed into its original state. What was done by the different tribes, in order to protect themselves? They chose men to organize and lead them. What. name was given to these popular leaders of the tribes? leaders. Why were they called dukes? Formerly, before the formation of the Carlo- ringian Empire, each of these tribes had enjoyed a distinct nationality, and their ruler and leader had been called Duke. What authority became gradually concentrated in these dukes? authority. Into how many duchies was the East Franconian Empire dissolved? P. 194. Which among the five duchies united itself with the West Franconian Empire? Lorraine. How many different states occupied the place of the former East. Franco- nian Empire? Four: Franconia, Suabiu, Bavaria, and Saxony. The incursions of what barbarians had brought about the division of the Carlovingian Empire ? 0f Saracens and Normans. The incursions of what barbarians had brought about the subdivision of the East Franconian Empire? Of the Hungarians, or Magyars. What was done to keep up a perpetual union between the four dukedoms? They elected a presiding oficcrm a king. Who was elected presiding oflicer amongst the dukes? Franconia. Was Conrad satisfied with the position of presiding officer? No. What was his constant endeavor? To become a sovereign. What. was the result of this? Constant troubles with his equals, the dukes. Who succeeded Conrad? Henry, duke of Saxony. What was the position of Henry before his election? Saxony. (See The Dukes - The royal Conrad, duke of He was the duke of 1' Refers to Appendix. 4749. 4750. 4760. 4761. 4762. 4763. 4764. 4765. 4766. 4767. 4768. 4769. * Refers to Alphabetical List. . To whom was the crown of Italy offered by the nobility of the realm? . When, where, and how was he crowned? . Against whom had Berengarius specially to defend himself? . What arrangement was made between Berengarius and Arnulf? . Did this arrangement last? . What had been the consequences of this long civil war in Italy? What was the position of Henry after his election? oy’icer among the dukes. What was the condition of Germany about 919? tion offour independent states. He was the presiding Germany was a confedera~ Italy. —Art. Anus IN SICILY. . What course was followed in Italy after they had cast away their allegi— ance to the Carlovingian race? Italy chose shifting kings and emperors of her own. To Berengarius, duke of Friuli. He proceeded, in 888, to Pavia, where he was crowned with the celebrated iron crown by the archbishop of Milan. . What is the character of his reign ? No reign, perhaps, ever met with so many opposing obstacles and so much adversity as that of this prince. Against Arnulf, who had not given up all hopes of reuniting the Carlovingian Empire. Berenga— rius was obliged to declare himself the vassal of Arnulf. As soon as Berengarius began to act as an inde- pendent sovereign, he was conquered by Arnulf, and confined in a Bavarian prison. . When was Berengarius finally recognized as king of Italy ? After the death of Emperor Arnulf, in 899. Hunga- rians and Saracens had made use of this state oj'afl‘airs, and had continually invaded the country. What. part of Italy was devastated by the Hungarians? The whole of Lom- hardy. And what part of Italy sufi'ered from the Saracens ? The southern part. *Since what year had the Arabians been complete masters of Sicily? * The taking of what town had completed their conquest of Sicily ‘1‘ *Who has left us a graphic account of the taking of Syracuse by the Arabians ? *Give an account of the taking of Syracuse, in 880, as an illustration of the character of these times. What were the consequences of the Arabian conquest of Sicily? began to aim at a systematic conquest of the whole of Italy. What was done by Berengarius to defend Italy against the Arabians? IIe authorized the nobility and the monasteries to fortify their residences for the l. pur- pose of securing them against the insults and rapine of the barbarians. What were the natural consequences of this? Italy soon became covered with fortresses and castles. Describe the condition of Italy about 915? lated states. That they Italy was divided into small iso- Each had its own militia, its own oficers for their guidance, and fl Refers to Genealogical Tables. MEDIEVAL HISTORY. 93 its own magistrates for the preservation of public order. Italian communities. Hence the origin of the Burgundy. . Who was the founder of the short-lived Kingdom of Burgundy? governor of Burgundy for the West Franconian (French) crown. . Why is it often called the Kingdom of Arles, or the Arelatian Kingdom? After its later capital, Arles (in south-eastern France). . Give the situation of this Arelatian Kingdom? (See Illap XXIII.) . Was King B080 8. scion of the Carlovingiau race? He was connected with that race only by marriage, being a son-in-law of Charles the Bald. . When and where had Boso received the crown of Burgundy? He was unanimously elected king by the Burgundian diet, at Montaille, in 879, and took the crown at Lyons. . What happened on the death of Boso in 887? Count Rudolph, his governor of the provinces beyond Mt. Jura, rebelled against his son and successor Louis, and established another kingdom in Wallis and Savoy. . Into how many parts was Burgundy divided about 888? Burgundy was thus split in two—Burgundia Transy‘urana (High Burgundy or 'West Switzerland) and Burgundia Cisjurana (Low Burgundy or South-eastern France). . How long did the independent Kingdom of Burgundy last? About one hun- dred and fifty years, until 1032. Boso, France, or the IVest Franconian Empire. . Who was the last Carlovingian who ruled the Empire of Charlemagne? Charles the Fat. . What had been the main cause of his deposition? His purchasz’ngfrom the Normans, with gold, a peace which he should have forcedfrom them by the sword. . What town had bravely defended itself against the invaders? Paris, in 885 and 886. . Who had been the heroic defender of Paris? Count Eudes of Paris. . What reward had been given to him on the deposition of Charles the Fat, in 888 ? IIe was elected king of France. . What was the extent, and what was the capital of his kingdom? of the Seine, with Paris for its capital. . Was this new family at once fully established on the throne? Neither the Carlovingian race nor the Carlovingian interest was as yet extinct in France. . Was there no scion of the house of Charlemagne to mount the vacant throne? Yes. Charles, the son of Louis the Stammerer. IIis age (eight years) was the cause of his exclusion. . What did, therefore, commence with the reign of Eudes? A long series of civil wars between the adherents of the Carlovingians and the family of Eudes. . How did these civil wars terminate? They were terminated, at the end of a century, by the definitive exclusion of the Carlovingian race. . When did king Eudes die, and who was his successor? He died in 898, and his rival was proclaimed king under the title of Charles III. The basin 1' Refers to Appendix. *Rct‘crs to Alphabetical List. 4789. How long did he rule, and what was the character of his reign? History, which is silent as to the majority of events in his reign of twenty—five years, has handed down to us, with his surname of Charles the Simple, the recollection of his incapacity. ANGLIA, OR THE ANGLO-SAXON KINGDOM IN BRITAIN. The Destruction of the Heptarchy.—Map XXII. . Enumerate the eight states (Octarchy) which were founded by the Saxons in Britain. . The union of what two kingdoms reduced them to a Heptarchy? . Had the native population ever proved sufficiently formidable to dispose the Anglo«Saxon states towards any combined course of action from a sense of common danger? No. . Where may be found another cause of this indisposition towards union? In the geographical positions of the several states of the IIeptarchy towards each other. . . What powerful Saxon states did fence off the whole border-land, both of the Welsh and of the Scots? . What protected the four smaller states? No forcefrom Wales or Scotland could reach those lesser states, without passing through the territory of these greater states. . But what new foe did begin to assail (about 787 B. 0.) both the greater and the smaller kingdoms? The Danes. . Were their intentions simply to possess themselves of booty? of the Danes was to secure a permanent footing in the country. The object The Consolidation of England. —Art. ALFRED ran GREAT. . In what year was the whole of Britain north of the Humber in the power of the Danes? In 867. One army of Danes was stationed at York to secure the possession, while another directed its way southward. . Who became, four years afterwards, king of Wessex? Alfred. . What was the condition of Saxon England at that time? Civilization, just as it began to rise, was met by this blow, and sank down once more. Large colonies of Danes established themselves on the eastern shores, spread gradually westward, and aspired to the dominion of the whole realm. 4801. What victory restored the Saxons, and brought eighty years of war and destruction to a close? The victory of Ethadune (in Wessex) in 878. 4802. What was the great result of the Danish invasions? The Heptarchy was completely destroyed, and the road was open for the consolidation of the whole of Britain. 4803. What became the destined centre of unity for the coming time? Wessex. 4804. How did Alfred employ the years of peace which he had won by successful war? They were sedulously and wisely employed in adding to the military strength of his dominions. 4805. When did the wars with the Danes break out again ? 894— 897. n Refers to Genealogical Tables. 94 4806. 4807. 4808. 4809. 4810. 4811. 4812. MEDIEVAL HISTORY. * After how many battles did Alfred finally secure the peace of his domin- ions ? * Were these warlike exploits the only service he rendered his country? * What was the state of learning during the first half of Alfred’s reign? *What was done by Alfred to remedy this evil? *What do you know of Alfred the Great as a lawgiver? What name did he give to his collections of laws? Dom Book, or Book of Judgment. * What do you know of Alfred the great as a scholar? THE CHURCH AT THE BEGINNING OF THE TENTH UENTURI’. 4813 4814. 4815. 4816. 4817. 4818. 4819. 4820. 4821. 4822. 4823. 4824. 4825. 4826. 4827. 4828. 4829. 4830 4831. 4832. 4833. 4834. Art. THEODORA, CLUNY, Sr. ANSGAR. . * For how long had the Church to struggle against paganism? *For how much longer had the Church to struggle against Arianism? * And for how long had she to fight against barbarism? *What was her last and most fearful contest after She had successfully conquered paganism, Arianism, and barbarism? * What marks the darkest period in the history of the Church? * What infamous name represents this dark period? *But from what famous abbey spread gradually a high moral influence over the Church? * Give the precise position of Cluny. Map 6. What division of the Church had, however, always maintained a noble atti- tude ? The Church militant ~—- the intrepid missionaries. * Who was one of the most pious among these missionaries? * Who was this Ansgar or Anschar? * Where had he begun his missionary labors, and with what success? *Whither did he finally go? *Were his zealous labors finally crowned with success? * What metropolitan see was erected with a view to regulate the Northern missions? *Who was the first archbishop of this see? it Was Ansgar allowed to regulate his archbishopric in peace? Chronological Review of the First Period of the Third Division of JVIediceval History. . What was the ruling race in Western Europe at the beginning of this period? What hopes were yet entertained by the different members of this race at the beginning of this period ? The hope of uniting Christendom. W110 was the last emperor of this race? Arnulf. (See Genealogy, X.) When did the last scion of the German branch of this race die? Louis the child, in 911. (See Genealogy, X.) How many years longer did the Carlovingians occupy the throne of France? 1 Refers to Appendix. 4835. 4886. 4837. 4838. 4839. 4840. 4841. 4842. 4843. 4844. 4845. 48.46. 4847. . Who were the Normans? Who was the last Carlovingian who united the whole of the Empire of Charlemagne? What king of Wessex was his contemporary? And what eminent Irishman was flourishing during the first part of his reign? But in what country did Scotus Erigena pass the greater part of his life? What other remarkable ecclesiastic and scholar was living at that time in France? And what zealous missionary was a contemporary of both? What was, in the beginning of the tenth century, the condition of the Church? What name recalls this deplorable state of the Church? But from what place began a reformatory movement? When and where was Cluny founded? What family occupied during this period the throne of the caliphs? What island was conquered by the Arabians about 880 A. D.? Recite the dates from 850 until 910. Second Attempt. «By the German Emperor.. THE NORMANS,——Art. Normans IN FRANCE, and p. 194. A German race inhabiting the shores of the Baltic. . * Under what different names do we meet them in history? . * What was their character? . * How far back do their piratical excursions date? . *And during how many centuries were they continued? 4857. 4858. 4859. 4860. 4861. 4862. * Refers to Alphabetical List. . What advice had been given by Charlemagne to his successors? . *What law of the country tended to perpetuate the existence of this race of pirates? . * What name was given to their leaders, and why? r . What countries were attacked by these freebooters? Every coastlmzd between the Baltic and the northern shore of Africa. To keep a vigilant guard against this enemy on every shore and river. Did they act on this precaution? During the first twenty-five yearsfollowing his death theyfollozced his advice. Since what time did the descents of the Normans become more and more disastrous ? Since 835. * What pirate made himself especially famous by his audacity and ferocity? In what. year did the first great invasion in Neustria (W. France) happen? In 841. In that year the king of France withdrew his ships from Rotten, which town, with the surrounding country, fell into the hands of the invaders. When did they repeat their invasion of Neustria? Four years later, when they recaptured Ro'uen. What city was at that time besieged and taken by the Normans? Paris was taken, and the crown of France was forced to pay its first denegelt (tribute). 1] Refers to Genealogical Tables. 4863. 4864. 4865. 4866. 4867. 4868. 4869. 4870. 4871. 4872. 4873. 4874. 4875. 4876. 4877. 4878. 4879. 4880. 4881. 4882. ., a MEDIEVAL HISTORY. When was Paris taken for a second time? In 861. What was, at that time, the position of thc Normans in France? Many of the Normans were settled on the lands which they had conquered. Large prov- inces were coded to them by treaty. They married wives from the new country. * What new power was formed at that time (861) chiefly with the object of defending Gaul from their attacks? Paris, with a large district, was granted in fief by Charles the Bald to Robert the Strong, as a Mark or Mar- quisate, -—-a border territory to be defended against the Normans. How long was Robert the Strong the defender of Gaul against the North— men? Until 866, when he was killed in battle against the Normans at Bressarthe. Who were his successors in his perilous office? His sons Eudes and Robert. What. great attack did they successfully withstand in 886? The great attack on Paris. What was, at this juncture, the conduct of Charles the Fat, the unworthy great-grandson of Charlemagne ? Charles the Fat, at the head of an army, made a cowardly compromise with the foreigners, and allowed them to pillage his richest provinces. What were the consequences of his base conduct ? (See Quest. 4778, 4779.) Who was elected king of France? Eudes, the son of Robert the Strong. He was elected as the hero of the siege of Paris, the true champion of Gaul and of Christendom. But who was Eudes forced to nominate as his successor? Simple, the last scion of the Carlooingian race. * What is the most celebrated act of his life ? * What name was henceforth given to this territory? What was the object of this grant? To create a firm bulwark against the invasions of the Normans. * Was this object attained? When was Normandy fairly settled by the Normans ? Charles the In 920. THE GERMAN EMPlRE. THE SAXON LINE.—(See Genealogy, X.) Henry the Fowler.—-Art. HENRY 1., KING or GERMANY. 918—936. * Who was elected king in Germany in 918? *Who was this Henry I.? What nations elected him as their common leader in war? the Franks. What were his relations with Franconia? conia like an ally. Franks and Saxons. What dukes of other nations were gradually induced to acknowledge his leadership? The dukes of Bavaria and Suabia. The Saxons and Henry treated the duke of Fran- Thc possibility of a monarchy depended on the relations of f Refers to Appendix. 4883. 4884. 4885. 4886. 4887. 4888. 4889. 4890. 4891. 4892. 4893. 4894. 4895. 4896. 4897. 4898. 4899. 4900. 4901. 4902. 4903. 4904. 4905. 4906. 4907. 4908. 4909. 4910. 4911. 4912. * Refers to Alphabetical List. .' er. .;.l..,w .. 95 What duchy, separated, on his accession, from Germany, was afterwards reunited with it? Lorraine. What were his relations with the dukes of the different tribes or nations? IIe was the representative of the unity of the German tribes, and their com- mander in war. Did he show himself often in Bavaria and Suabia? Bavaria, and very seldom visited Saabia. With what nations did he fight his battles? Against what nations did he fight his battles? and Danes. * In what great battle did he overcome the Magyars in 933 ? * What did he do to check their incursions for the future? What march was erected by him against the Danes? Sleszvick. *What was the condition of Germany on the accession of Henry I. ? *In what condition did he leave Germany to his son? (See O’I‘TO 1.) He never entered With the Franks and Saxons. Against the Wends, Magyars, Otto the Great, the Founder of the Holy Roman Empire—Art. O'r'ro I. 936—973. * By whom was Henry I. succeeded? * Was Otto satisfied with the position occupied by his father, Henry I. ? What were Otto’s relations with the five dukes? During his father’s reign they had been sovereigns. He made them officers of the crown. What were Otto’s relations with the clergy? He was their-friend andprotector. * What claims were revived by him? *What idea was first completely realized by him? *What were his relations with Lorraine? * What were his relations with Burgundy? *What rival factions were struggling for the possession of Italy? BERENGAR II.) *Who was this Berengar II., and what were his claims to the Italian crown? * And who was Lothair, and what were his claims to the throne? * What step was taken by Berengar II., on the death of Lothair, in order to restore unity? * Was Adelheid willing to marry her late husband’s enemy? *What was done by Berengar when she rejected his offers? * To whom did she appeal after her escape? * Did Otto listen to her appeal? * How was Berengar II. treated by Otto? * But by whom was Otto begged to re—enter and pacify Italy? * When did he receive for his succor the crown of the Western Empire? What principle obtained thus its culminating point, and was triumphantly asserted and recognized in Europe? The principle of the temporal govern- ment : the autocracy which from the earliest times had held in check the usurpations of ecclesiastical ambition. (See I] Refers to Genealogical Tables. . Was the relation in which Otto now stood to the pope the same as that ‘ MEDIEVAL HISTORY. occupied by Charlemagne? No. Charlemagne's connection with the pope was brought about by mutual need: Otto’s connection was a momentary alliance. . What event. did show the wide difference between the relations of Charle— magne and Otto with the pope? Otto obtainedfrom. the Romans the promise that no pope should be chosen without his consent. He made himself lord of Italy. . * What influence had this connection with Home on Germany? . What tendencies of Charlemagne were revived by the German imperial . What did Otto do with the countries he had subdued? government? The Germanizing and C'hristianizing of the conquered countries. He Germanized as well as converted them. . What bishoprics did he establish in order to confirm his father’s conquests on the Saale and Elbe? The bishoprics of .lfeis'sen and Osterland. . What was done to secure his own conquests across the Elbe? He established three bishoprics—POsen, Brandenburg, and Havelberg. . The foundation of what archbishopric put a seal on all his undertakings in the North ? Thefoundation of the Sec of Magdeburg. . What was done in those countries where the project of Germanizing was out of the question? their new creed. Missionaries were sent to convert them, and keep them to . From what pioneer town did Christianity find its way into Scandinavia? From Hamburg. . From what frontier town did the missionaries for Hungary start? From Passau. . Of what was the German Empire at that time the centre? . What was the necessary result of this? 4926. 4927. 4928. 4929. 4930. 4931. 4932. The centre of the conquering religion. It extended the ecclesiastico—military state of which the Church was an integral part. The Holy Roman Empire was the chief representative of the unity of Western Christendom ; hence its necessity of acquiring a decided ascendency over the 1’upacy. Luitprand. — Art. LUITPRAND. *Who is our chief authority for the times of Otto the Great? * Who was this Luitprand? *What diplomatic missions were undertaken by him? * What is the character of the narrative of his Eastern embassy? * What portion of Italian history was written by him? * But what biography was his chief work? *When and where did Bishop Luitprand die? Summary of the History of the Saxon Emperors.——Art. Orro I., and Genealogy, X. 4933. 4934. 4935. 4936. || Who had been the founder of the Saxon line? | How many monarchs followed him in direct succession? | Who was the greatest of all the monarchs of the Saxon line? * What are the most brilliant trophies of Otto the Great? 1' Refers to Appendix. 4937. 4938. 4939. 4940. 4941. 4942. 4943. 4944. 4945. 4946. 4947. 4948. 4949 4950. 4951. 4952. 4953. 4954. 4955. 4956. 4957. 4958. 4959. 4960. 4961. 4962. 4963. 4964. * Refers to Alphabetical List. * From what curse did he liberate his country for ever? of the .l/agyars, by his victory on the Lechfeld in 955. What march was, by hisvictory on the Lechfeld, added to the German ter- ritory? Austria. [I Who was the son and successor of Otto the Great, and how long did he rule? What was the character of the reign of Otto 11.? greater failures. 1| Who succeeded him after his untimely end at Home? Who were guardians of the (three years old) child? His mother (Theo- phania) and grandmother (Adelaide), both remarkable women. *What celebrated scholar was tutor of Otto 111.? (See SYLVESTER II.) ((I‘erbert.) * Who was this Gerbert? *What procured him the reputation of a. magician ? *What. is among the numerous useful inventions attributed to Gerbert? * What school was made by him one of the first places of learning in Europe? *What other royal pupil was taught by Gerbert besides Otto 11L? * Through whose influence was he named archbishop of Ravenna? * When and under what name was he raised to the papal chair? * What was his conduct as pope? ' *When did he die, and where was he buried? H How many years had he survived his royal pupil Otto III. ? How long had Otto III. reigned? What was the character of his reign? Otto III. was well instructed and witty, but wanted all qualities which make a. good ruler. What does this lineal succession of four descents, without the least opposi- tion, seem to Show? That the Germans considered their monarchy as fixed in the Saxon family. H Who was, upon the early and unexpected decease of Otto III. without issue, raised to the throne? Henry, duke of Bavaria. I] By what right? As the great-grandson of Henry I. What seems to have been the character of Henry IL? man; great as warrior, but greater as lawgiver. What was the character of his reign ? He had continually to fight, and was, in general, successful. What countries were forced by his sword to acknowledge his authority? Lombardy and Bohemia. How many wars had he to wage with Boleslav, king of Poland? Three. What was the result of his many and successful wars '2‘ The seven German duckies (Bavaria, Carinthia, Suabia, Franconia, Saxony, Upper Lorraine, and Lower Lorraine) learned to look upon each other as members of one nation. What bishopric was founded by him, and what cathedral immortalizes his name ? The bishopric and cathedral of Bamberg. This Germanized the coun- tries on the Upper Main, which hitherto had been Sclavonic. From the inroads Great pretensions and An earnest, religious l1 Refers to Genealogical Tables. 4965. 4966. 4967. 4968. 4969. 4970. 4971 4972. 4973. 4974. 4975. 4976. 4977. 4978. 4979. 4980. 4981. 4982. 4983. 4984. 4985. 4986. 4987. 4988. 4989. 4990. :MEDIEVAIiHISTORY. When did Henry II. die? i Did he leave any issue? |What line ended with him? [How many rulers had this line given to Germany ? |How long had these five rulers occupied the throne? THE SALIC LINE. — (See Genealogy, X.) Conrad 11., 1024-1039. UWhen did the last of the Saxon emperors die? Vas there any person whose pretensions could interfere with the sufl'rages of the nation? No; Henry 11. having left no issue. When and where did the electors come together? Between Mayenee and Worms, in 1024. Who were these electors? Who was elected by them? Conrad II. Who was this Conrad? A Franconian nobleman, descended from the eldest daughter of Otto the Great, and also from Conrad I. His great-grandfather fought andfell on the Lechfeld, in 955. QHow many successive emperors did spring from this Conrad ? Vhy is this line of emperors called the Salic line? Because they derived their origin from the Salic Franks. What was the personal character of Emperor Conrad 11.? earnest man; forty years old at the time of his election. What empire became, during his reign, an integral part of the German realm? The Lower Burgundian Empire, called, after its capital Arles, the Arelatian kingdom. Give the position and boundaries of this kingdom of Arles. (Map XXIII.) What was the character of the reign of Conrad II, ? He extended his family influence by the nomination of four members of his house to the vacant duke- doms of Bavaria, Suabia, Franconia, and Carinthia. Was he obeyed by the nobles, out of whose ranks and by whose will he had been raised to the throne? No. Did the Saxon race readily submit to a foreign family? ally conspiring against the Salic emperor. What was the natural result? Two factions arose (an imperial and an anti- imperial faction), which filled the Empire with their strife. The dukes and princes of the German nation. He was a quiet, They were continu- chry 111., 1039-1056. — Art. HENRY III. *Who was the son and successor of Conrad IL? * What is the character of his reign? *What were his relations with the dukes? Enumerate the duchies. (See Quest. 4963.) *What were his relations with the clergy? *How did he repress intestine feuds? 1' Refers to Appendix. 13 * Refers to Alphabetical List. 97 4991. What were his relations with Hungary? He made it almost aprovince, and compelled it to pay tribute. What were his relations with Rome? absolutely master in Rome. What disgraceful contest was going on at Rome in 1046? A contest between three claimants of the papal chair. How did Henry make an end to it? Henry set aside the three rivals, and raised a German (Clement II.) to the papal throne. What decree was passed by the Roman synod? nominating the supreme pontiff. What use was made, by the emperor, of this right of nominating the supreme pontifl"? IIe forced upon the corrupt Roman clergy German after German. What was the reason that, just at the time when the subjection of the clergy to the imperial authority was the most complete, their power did acquire the greatest extension and solidity? All powers had a tendency of becoming hereditary, and thus they did escape from the imperial control. The only honor the emperors could dispose of at pleasure was the episcopal dignity. Iienee, several powers were united with the bishopric, this being the only way to keep these powers under the imperial control. What was the natural result of this increased influence of a body which was in principle opposed to the emperor? It prevented the emperor of exerting his influence in the general aflairs of Europe. *What did happen to the ruler who possessed the requisite vigor and for- titude to deal with these complicated affairs? 4992. N0 German sovereign had ever been so 4993. 4994. 4995. The right of the emperor of 4996. 4997. 4998. 4999. FRANCE THE EXTINCTION OF THE CARLOVINGIAN RACE IN FRANCE. Map XXIII. The only son of Charles the Bald (see Genealogy, X.) was Louis 11.. the Stammerer. who died 879. Louis II. left three sons. Louis III.(died 882), Carloman (died 884), and Charles III, the Simple, (died 923.) The son, grandson, and great-grandson of Charles J l]. ruled successively after him : they were Louis 117., d’Outremer (died 954). Lothar (died 986), and the last of the Carlovingians who ruled over France, Louis 17., the Sloth ful. 5000. Who was in 923 king of the West Franconian Empire (France)? the Simple, the grandson of Charles the Bald. 5001. What was his capital? Laon, N.E. of Paris, midway between the Oise and Aisne. 5002. Who was at that time the most powerful noble in France? Hugh the Great. 5003. What was his title, and what was the extent of his power? Dux Franco- rum; and, as Duke of the French, he was a far more powerful potentate than the King of the French, who was his nominal sovereign. 5004. What was his career? His career was a strange one: he refused the ofered crown, and preferred the character of a king-maker to that of a king. 5005. What persons were consecutively raised by him to the French crown? Charles I Refers to Genealogical Tables. 98 MEDIEVAL HISTORY. First, his brother—in-law, Raoul, duke of Burgundy. IIe next passed it to Louis IV. (d‘Outremer), son of Charles the Simple. 5006. What was his behavior towards his sovereign? The Dulce of the French allowed himselffullpower of revolt, of disobeying, attacking, expelling, imp-ris— oning the King of the French, — anything, in short, but avowedly reigning in his stead. 5007. By whom was King Louis IV. (d’Outremer) succeeded in 954? King Lothar. 5008. And who did succeed to the proud position of Hugh the Great in 956? His son, Hugh Capet. 5009. What were the relations between King Lothar and Duke Hugh. Capet? The reign of Lothar (954—986) was somewhat less disturbed than the reign of Louis; but, on the whole, Lothar and IIugh Capet stand in nearly the same relation as Louis and Hugh the Great. 5010. When did King Lothar die, and who succeeded him ? succeeded by his son, Louis V. 5011. How long did the reign of the last of the Carlovingians last? Louis V. expired only one year after his father’s death, May, 987. 5012. Who was in 987 elected king of France? Hugh Capet, who founded in that year the most permanent of all dynasties— the Capctian line. 5013. Was there no one to dispute him the crown? Yes. Charles of Lorraine, the uncle of the late Icing ; but his efforts to s‘zniplant Hugh Capet were unavailing. By his son, In 986, and he was THE FIRST THREE CAPETIANS. —Art. HUGH CAPET. 5014. What were the immediate results of Hugh’s elevation? The Duke of the French became the King of the French, and the same prince reigned at Paris as at Laon. 5015. Was the first of the Capetian kings more powerful than the last of the Car- lovingians? He was undoubtedly considerably more powerful; but in the greater part of Gaul the change from the Carlovingian to the Capetian line was hardly felt. 5016. But why was, alight as may have been the immediate change, the event of 987 a real revolution ? It was the completion of a change which had been pre- paring for a century, and it was the true beginning of a new period. 5017. * Why was the change of dynasty essentially a national one? 5018. What was the position of the new king, Hugh Capet? The king was merely the head ofa body of sovereign princes, some of whom were, at least, as powerful as himself. 5019. The subsequent history of France is the history of what process? The conversion of this nominal feudal superiority into a direct sovereignty over the whole kingdom. 5020. Enumerate the six great principalities which, besides the royal domain, were contained in the kingdom of France? Flanders, Normandy, Agui— tainc, Toulouse, Burgundy, and Champagne. 1- Rcfers to Appendix. * Refers to Alphabetical List. 5021. What was the position of these great French dukes? sovereigns within their own dominions. 502... Were there any common institutions (diet or congress) which brought him into contact either with his liege lord or with his fellow-vassals? No; not any. 5023. What constituted France, properly so called, the patrimonial possession of the Capets ? The territory between the Somme and the Loire. 5024. How long did Hugh Capet reign, and what was the character of his reign? ZVi-ne years. Cruel wars between the great vassals, and fearful calamities, marked the course of his reign, and confirmed the people in the idea that the end of the world was at hand. ' i 5025. Who was the successor of Hugh Capet, and how long did he reign? His son Robert, who reigned nearly thirty-six years (996—1031). He died, lamented by the wretched and regretted by the clergy, leaving his hingdon augmented by the duchy of Burgundy, which he had united to it, in 1002, on the death of his uncle, Henry the Great. 5026. Who was the son and successor of Robert? IIenry 1., who, notwithstanding his gentle disposition, had a disturbed and stormy reign. He died in 1060, after a reign of twenty-nine years. They were nearly THE FEUDAL SYSTEM. 5027. HOW had the different parts of Gaul been governed at the time of the Frankish conquest? They had been governed by Roman oficers, named Counts (comites -— companions of the emperor) ; and sometimes commands were given to Dukes (duces— generals). 5028. Did the Frankish conquerors make any change in this? The kings continued to nominate the same civil and military functionaries, who presided over. the administration of justice, and commanded the provincial militia. 5029. What was done by these officials during the anarchical times of the last ' Carlovingians ? They rendered themselves independent of the royal power, and even wrung from his weakness an hereditary property in their functions. 5030. What had been the result of this ? By such means the government was divided amongst so many members as it had employed agents, into as many monarchies as there were provinces. 5031. Who was considered the supreme head of these provincial sovereigns? The king. 5032. But what made his power entirely illusory? Force was required to confirm it; and where force is ever necessari , it becomes a state of perpetual war. 5033. On what principle was this political system based? 0n the principle of fidelity. 5034. What name was given to the superior ? Suzerain, or lord. 5035. And what name was given to the inferiors ? Vassals. 5036. In what way did these vassals also become suzerains? These vassals dis- tributed, of their own free—will, domains among the nobles, who received them on [1 Refers to Genealogical Tables. MEDIEVAL HISTORY. 99 faith and homage; and the latter g7 anted inferior benefices to freeman on the same title. . What step was taken by a great number of independent proprietors to obtain support from their powerful neighbors? They did them homage for their lands, which they received back from the lords to whom they ofered them as fiefs, thepossession of which henceforth entailed the obligation of rendering faith- ful service to the suzerains. . What did landholders throughout the whole extent of France become? They became subjects, or vassals, to each other. . What was established by this system? It established a connecting link between all parts of the territory. . To what country or state did the first rank in this feudal hierarchy belong? To the country which bore. the title of kingdom. . What country gained this position on the coronation of Hugh Capet? The duchy of France. . Why was this country in a position eventually to obtain a real supremacy ? On account of its central position, the warlike character of its inhabitants, and the extinction of the royal title in the neighboring state. . Did this feudal system remain confined to Gaul? No ; it rapidly embraced Gaul, Italy, and Germany. and afterwards spread over the whole of Europe. . What was prepared by this feudal system? The formation of the great states of the present day. . During how many years did this feudal system take the place of the social bond and of legislation? During two hundred andforty years. ENGLANDr-Map XXII- CONSOLinATION OF ENGLAND UNDER THE “@5125 AXON KINGS. 5046. When and by what event were the lands of England transferred from the Celt to the Saxon? (Quest. 4397—4408.) How many kingdoms were established by the Saxons in England? What was the result of the continual wars between the Saxon kingdoms? The concentration of the sovereignty in the house of Cerdic, which reigned in . lVessex. 5049. But what 1nvasions did most positively point to the advantage of a common centre in Wessex 9 The Danish invasions. Who did practically rule England, as kings of Wessex? Egbert (d; 836), his grandson Alfred the Great (d. 901), and Alfred’s son, Edward the Elder (d. 925). But under whom, and since when, did Wessex absorb every other kingdom - within the limits of the country to which the name of England has since been given? Since the great victory of the Saxons at Brunanburgh, in 937. The issue of that day made Atheistan (d. 940, grandson of Alfred the Great) truly king of England. . By whom was Athelstan succeeded? Successively by his two brothers, Edmund (d. 946) and Edred (d. 955). 5047. 5048. 5050. 5051. 1- Refers to Appendix. * Refers to Alphabetical List. . And by whom w as Edred succeeded? By his two nephews, the sons of Edmund (Edwi/ and Edgar.) 5054. What was the character of the reign of Edgar? In the ballad literature of the time he was lauded as the most powerful king that England had known. 5055. How many sons were left by Edgar ? ”no Edward and EthelI ed 5056. What do we know of the three yciears’ reign of his eldest son, Edward the Martyr ? Factions embroiled the commencement of'his reign. In thisfact, together with his murder, at the bidding of his stepmother ElfI'ida, while refreshing him— self on a hunting excursion at her castle—gate, we possess nearly all we know of Edward the Martyr. " . What place became memorable from this deed? Corfe Castle, in Dorsetshire. ' . Who succeeded Edward the Martyr? His half—brother, Ethelred, the son of Elfrida. ' . How long did Ethelred rule, and what is the character of his reign? The thirty-eight years of his reign are more full of suffering and humiliation than the like interval in any other period of English history. . What at10cious deed was ordered by him on St. Brice’ 8 day, 1002? The murder of all the Danes (nearly one- -thzrd of the population) at that time in England. . Who was among the Victims? A distinguished Dane by the name of Palig. 'L. Who had been the wife of this Palig? Gunhilda, a sister of Sweyn, the great Danish chieftain. ’. Who came to revenge his death ? The next year (1003) Sweyn made his appearance in England. He had sworn to possess himself of the sovereignty of England. SUPREI‘IACY OF THE DANES IN ENGLAND.—-Art. CANU’I‘E. . When and where did Sweyn proclaim himself king of England? In 1018, at Bath. . How long did Sweyn enjoy his new kingdom ? [family a month. '. Who had been named by Sweyn as his successor? His son Canute. . Was Canute able to take possession of the throne of England? The English rallied around Ethelred, and Canute was obliged to make a precipitate retreat from the country. . But when and how did Canute return to England? In the following year Canute returned with a fleet and army, described in glowing terms by ancient writers. . By what battle did Canute procure the crown of England ? By the battle of Assington in Essex, (summer of 1016.) " . Was Ethelred yet alive at that time ? He had died in April, 1016. Edmund 1I.(Ir0nsides) succeeded him. .What compromise was now entered into between Ethelred’s son Edmund and Canute. ? Edmund agreed, by the admce of the Witan (the national con— gress), to share England with Canute—Edmund keeping Wessex, and Canute Mercia and the No‘rthr . 1 ' I! is son I] Referfi t5 Sepealbgicai' T5111 es. 5073. 5074. 5075. 5076. 5077. 5078. 5079. 5080. 5081. 5082. 5083. 5084. 5085. 5086. 5087. 5088. 5089. 5090. MEDIEVAL HISTORY. ‘ . *But what event did, soon afterwards, give the whole of England to Canute? The death of Edmund (1016). Connie now obtains, with the consent of the Wilan, the entire sovereignty of England. *What was done by Canute to strengthen his title? *What was the character of his reign? What kingdoms on the island of Great Britain were conquered by Canute? The North British kingdoms of Scotland and Cumberland. What other kingdom was conquered by him? In 1028 he also conquered Norway. Enumerate the kingdoms which composed the empire of Canute the Great. Between whom was his mighty empire divided after his death, in 1035? Between his three sons: Hardicanute (who received Denmark), Sweyn (who received Norway), and Harold (who received England). How long did Harold reign in England, and by whom was he succeeded? Four years, from 1035—1039. 110 was succeeded by his half-brother, Hardi- canute, the son of Emma. How long did his reign last? Three years (1039—1042). THE RESTORATION OF THE ANGLO-SAXON DYNASTY. Who became king of England after the sudden death, without issue, of Hardicanute? He was succeeded by an Anglo-Saxon prince, Edward the Con- fessor, youngest and only surviving son of Ethelred. Where had he been educated and spent the greater part of his life? In Normandy. ’ By Whose influence had Edward 111. (the Confessor) been raised to the throne of his ancestors ? By Earl Godwin, whose daughter (thefair Editha) was married to the king. Who was this Earl Godwin? Godwin, earl of ll’esser, the mightiest nobleman in England, who governed all the south of Englandfrorn Norfolk to Cornwall. What influence had Earl Godwin on the government of Edward 111.? He forced Edward to banish his Norman favorites from England, and to intrust the great offices of state to Anglo-Saxons. When did this Edward III. die (Jan. 1066), and who was chosen by the Anglo-Saxon population of England for their king? Harold, the son. of the champion for Anglo-Sateen rights, Earl Godwin. How long lasted the reign of this last of the Saxon kings? Early weeks. THE CHURCH IN THE MIDDLE OF THE ELEVENTH CENTURY. Art. BEBENGAR or TOURS, and DAMIANI. What had been, during the most perilous times of the Church, the great bond which kept Latin Christendom together? The unity of doctrine. Whose opinions threatened to make an end to this? The opinions of Berengar of Tours. * Who was this Berengar ofTours? _. . . .. , . ~ 5091. What position was occupied by him? He was at the head of the theological school of Tours ; andfrom this school he proclaimed a haughty, intellectual defi- ance to all the other theological schools of Christendom. 5092. * What were the characteristics of his theological teaching? 5093. By whom were the opinions of Berengar widely disseminated? By the “poor scholars,” who wandered about the country, from the school of Tours, and who were maintained at the cost of Berengar. 5094. Who was at that time the great. champion for the unity of doctrine? 5095. *Who was this Peter Damiani? 5096. * What was the great object of Peter Damiani? 5097. *What shows the great power of his influence? 5098. *On what occasion did he retire, resigning all his dignities? 5099. *Was he allowed to end his life in retirement? 5100. *When and where did Peter Damiani die? 5101. *What works were left by him? 5102. What makes his letters so very important? They give us a perfect pic— ture of the times. Chronological Review of the first and Second Periods of the Third Division of Medtwval History—p. 19, and Genealogy, VII. and X. 5103. Give the names of the rulers of Germany of the Saxon dynasty. 5104. How many of these rulers are mentioned on your chronological table? 5105. Who was the greatest of them, and what date is assigned to him? 5106. Who contested with him the sovereignty of Italy, and what date is assigned to this contestant? 5107. What author has left us a graphic account of the two rivals? 5108. What date is assigned to Luitprand? 5109. Give the names of the German emperors of the Salic dynasty. 5110. How many of these four emperors are mentioned on your chronological table? 5111. Who was king of France during the reign of Emperor Henry 111.? 5112. Whose grandson was this Henry 1.? 5113. What date is assigned in your table to Hugh Capet? 5114. How long was this after Alfred the Great ? 5115. And how long after Alfred the Great did Canute the Great rule over England ? 5116. How long were the Normans settled in France at the time of Canute the Great? 5117. Give the names and dates of three celebrated Mohammedan writers who lived during this period. 5118. *Who was Geber? 5119. *Who was Firdusi‘.’ 5120. *Who was Avicenna? ‘ . .1; Refers: as Appendix. V ”*Refers to Alphabetical List. 1| Refers to Genealogical Tables. II...- 5121. 5122. 5123. . What was re-established about that time in Thibet? . What happened to the caliphate of Bagdad about this time? . In what did this idea manifest itself? . Of what important decrees was he the author and instigator? MEDIEVAL HISTORY. *Give the names of four Christian authors who lived during this period. Recite the dates from 920 until 1050. Recite the dates from 850 until 1050. Third Attempt.——By the Papacy. EMANCIPATION OF THE PAPACY. THE RISE OF SPIRITUAL I’O‘VER. . What ideas began everywhere in the world to revive during the eleventh century? This was the age in which the various modifications of spiritual power throughout the world began to assume form and stability. Buddhism; and the hierarchy which, down to the present day, prevails over so large a portion of Eastern Asia, was founded by the Lama Dschu-Adhischa. The caliphate of Bagdad, heretofore a vast empire, then took the character of a spiritual authority, and was greatly indebted to that change for the ready reception it met with. . What similar caliphate arose about the same time in Africa and Syria? The Fatimite caliphate, founded on a doctrine of which the adherents said that it was to the Koran what the kernel is to the shell. . What was the pervading idea in the West that had taken a strong hold on all minds? The idea of the unity of the Christian faith. In the general efiorts to crash 1110- hammedanism. . Was this idea adequately presented by the imperial authority? No .° because it commanded but a limited obedience. . Who did seem to the Western nations the adequate representative of this unity of the Christian faith ? The Pope. . By What had hitherto the bishop of Rome been thrown into the shade? By the imperial power. ‘ . What favorable circumstances impelled now the papacy to claim universal and supreme dominion? The minority of the infant emperor, Henry 11’. HILDEBRAND. —— GREG ORY VII. The College of Cardinals. ——Art. CARDINALS. . *What great champion for the independent existence of the Church ac- quired supreme influence at Rome? Tuscany. Hildebrand, the son of a carpenter in Of decrees in virtue of which the papal elections were no longer to depend on the emperor, but on the clergy'of the Church of Rome and the cardinals. . *When was the decree, which intrusted the election of the pope to the cardinals, promulgated? 1 Refers to Appendix. 5137. 5138. 5139. 5140. 5141. 5142. 5143. 5144. 5145. 5146. 5147. 5148. 5149. 5150. 5151. 5152. 5153. 5154. 5155. 5156. 5157. 5158. 5159. * Refers to Alphabetical List. *Who were these cardinals to whom the election was intrusted? * Who was pope at the time of the promulgation of this decree? But who was its real author? Hildebrand. Pope Gregory VII. ——Art. GREGORY VII. *When was this Hildebrand, arch—deacon of the Church of Rome, raised to the papal chair? * Under what name did Hildebrand occupy the papal chair? Did Gregory VII. consider his plans sufliciently mature to throw off the imperial authority at once? No. He even declined to receive consecration until he had obtained the consent of the king of Germany (Henry [V.). Was this moderation of long continuance? No. What afforded him an opportunity of displaying his ambitious views? The political situation in Germany, where the emperor had estranged many by his foolish conduct. How did he begin his attack? ministers on pretence of simony. What is simony 2’ The crime of buying or selling ecclesiastical preferment. Whence the name ‘3 From Simon Magus, who wished to purchase the power of conferring the Holy Spirit. (Acts VIII.) What was done by Pope Gregory when the simonical ministers were not instantly dismissed? He made it a ground of strong remonstrance. What was his next step? He issued a decree against lay investitures. What do you understand by lay investitures? That a layman invested the bishops with their oflzce. What made it a point of vital importance to the popes to forbid these lay investitures? Reform of church or clergy was impossible so long as all the high dignitaries of the Church were dependent on a monarch. What made it so important for the emperor to retain them? Half of the land and wealth of Germany was in the hands of bishops and abbots, who would now be freedfrom the monarch’s control. (Compare Quest. 4997.) He began by excommunicating some of Henry’s Pope against Ernperon—Art. GREGORY VII., and HENRY IV. What did Henry IV. do when he saw his best prerogatives attacked and threatened with annihilation ? Although he continued the investiture, he sought to propitiate the pope. * What did Pope Gregory VII. do, on his part? * Did Henry go to Rome to vindicate himself? * What was done at the Council of Worms? *What counter-stroke was effected by Pope Gregory VIL? What result had this excommunication and deposition in Germany? The dukes conspired against the emperor, the Saxons rose again in rebellion, and the bishops withdrew from his side. *What did the emperor do when he found himself almost isolated in the midst of his dominions? ll Refers to Genealogical Tables. 102 5160. 5161. 5162. 5163. 5164. 5165. “5166. 5167. 5168. .5169. 5170. 5180. . When was he able to return to Italy? "L. What were held now in the emperor’s behalf? . Who was nominated pope under the auspices of the emperor? " . What was, in reality, the conqueror in the conquest? "9. How many years elapsed after the death of Gregory VIL, as an exile, MEDIEVAIIHISTORY 9" Where was Gregory at that time? Give the situation of Canossa. In Tuscany, near Reggio, SE. of I’arma. 7“ How was the emperor treated by the pope ? *When did the emperor receive absolution? Upon what condition was absolution granted to him ? Upon condition of appearing on a certain day to learn the pope’s decision, whether or not he should be restored to his kingdom. What was the result of the emperor’s humiliation ? It had not conciliated his adversaries, and it had made him forfeit the attachment of his friends. The Civil War. What did Henry do in this singular position between opposite dangers? He bro/cc of his treaty with the pope, preferring, if he must fall, to fall as the defender, rather than the betrayer, of his imperial rights. Who was, hereupon, chosen as emperor by the rebellious princes of Ger- many ? Rudolf, dulre of Suabia. Where did Henry IV. force his rival to accept battle? Central Germany. What was the result of the great battle on the banks of the Elster? The anti-emperor, Rudolf, conquered, butfcll by the hand of Godfrey of Bouillon. What was Henry’s position during these years of strife? His party was slowly, but continually, gaining strength. He held the banner of the Empire aloft with a steady and vigorous grasp. 0n the Elstcr, in In 1081. Synods were held in the emperor’s behalf. The excommunications of the pope were met by counter—excom~ munications. The Chan- cellor Guibert, who took the name of Clement III. . *When and from whom did he finally receive the imperial crown? "o. * What was the end of Gregory VIL? THE TRIUJIPII 0F 'I‘IIE PAPACY. ‘. Was the emperor’s triumph, although he attained all that is attainable by war and policy, as complete as we might infer? No. The idea of Gregory conquered the world, while Gregory himself was afugitive. . What was the character of the ideas of which Gregory was the champion? They established a higher unity between nations than political bounds could bestow. Public opinion. before his second successor was acknowledged the head of the Christian world ? Ten years after his death, Urban H. was able to take the initiative in the general af/‘hirs of the "rest. What great social movement was at that time guided and controlled by the supreme pontiff? The Crusades. 1' Refers to Appendix. 5181. 5182. 5188. 5184. 5185. 5186. 5187. 5188. 5189. 5191. 5193. 5194. 5195. 5195'. 5197. 5198. * Refers to Alphabetical List. *What was the sad fate of the emperor in his old age? enough to see Christendom united under the Papacy. Who were also infected with the anti~imperial ideas? revolted against their father. Were there no fluctuations in this great contest? Many. Even in Rome it was sometimes deemed impossible to force the emperor to renounce his claims. What bold idea was at one time entertained by Pope Pascal 11., in order to effect the radical separation of the Church from the State? Ofgiving back all that the emperors had ever granted to the Church, in order to eflect a radical separation of the latter from the State. What was done when this proved to be impracticable? The aflairs of the Church were again administered for a time by the imperial court under IIenry V. What concordat-e made, at length, an end to the strife? The Concordate of ll'orms in 1122. What. was settled by this Coneordate of Worms? The preponderant influence was yielded to the emperor in Germany and to the pope in Italy. What was the condition of the papacy at that time? From a state of total dependence it had now obtained complete emancipation. IIe lived long His own sons, who TIIE PAPACY AND THE PRINCES OF THE EMPIRE. From what side did the papacy receive the most important assistance in this work of self-emancipation? From the natural and tacit league subsisting between it and the princes of the Empire. . What had been once the position of the secular aristocracy of Germany towards the papacy? They had, at one time, made the strongest opposition, on behalf of the emperor, to the encroachments of the Church. What became, in the course of time, their most intolerable grievance against the imperial government? The supremacy of the imperial government over the clergy, which was employed to keep themselves in subjection. . What was the natural consequence? They at length beheld their own advantage in the evzanmpation of the papacy. What is to be observed about the power of the princes and that of the pope? The power of the German princes and that of the popes rose in parallel steps. When had both laid the foundation of their independence? Under Emperor Henry [[I., and during the minority of his successor. When did they begin their active career? On the accession of Gregory VII. What decree announced to the world the breach between emperor and pope? That the pope should be elected by the College of Cardinals. What decree announced the breach between the emperor and the princes of the Empire ? That the Empire should no longer be hereditary. THE NORMAN CONQUEST OF ENGLAND. RETROSPECT OF ENGLISH HISTORY:—Map XXII. Who were the first civilized men who came to the British Isles? niclans, who came to the south—western part of Britain to obtain tin. The Phae- || Refers to Genealogical Tables. MEDIEVAL HISTORY. 5199. Were they absolutely the first men who came to these isles? The Phoenicians did find Britain inhabited by a savage race, to whom they taught the art of working in metals. 5200. Of what race were these early inhabitants of Britain, whom the Phoenicians found here? The first inhabitants of Britain came from Gaul, and, like the Gauls, they were of the Celtic race. 5201. What effect had the Phoenician traffic on the Britons? It improved the phy— sical as well as mental condition of the native tribes. 5202. When was Britain conquered by the Romans? In 55 B. 0., by Julius Caesar, and again, in 44 A. D., by the Emperor Claudius. 5203. During how many years did it remain a Roman province? 55 13. 0.455 A. D. About five centuries since the first conquest by Cwsar. The real domination of the Romans in Britain lasted scarcely three centuries and a half. 5204. What was the effect- of the Roman rule in Britain? There are four main points, on each, of which the efiects of Roman rule are considered to have been weighty. lst. The system of municipal self-government; 2d, The general idea and recognition of a sovereign as the fountain of justice ; 3d, The germs of a rep~ resentative system of government ; and 4th, The influence of the Roman law. 5205. What was the condition of Britain after the departure of the Romans? For about fifty years after the Romans left the land, it was an almost helpless prey to the Picts and Scots. 5206. What nation made the second conquest. of Britain? (Quest. 4397—4417.) 5207. Was the Saxon conquest a war of extermination? The Saxons exterminated or expelled the men of British race whom they found in the parts of this country which they conquered; but they took wives to themselves from among the females of the vanquished population. '5208. Enumerate the various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms founded in Britain. (See Map. 5209. Who ivas the Bret-walda? There arose from time to time, among the Saxon princes, one who was ambitious enough and strong enough to claim and to exact from the other kings of the island an acknowledgment of his superiority. He was called Bretwalda. 5210. When did the period of the Heptarchy close? About 800. At the same time that the western part of the continent was united by Charlemagne, the Saxon kingdoms were united by Egbert. 5211. What nation made the third conquest of Britain? At the time when the Anglo- -Saxon conquerors were beginning to be consolidated into one nation and one state, they were assailed by the Danes. 5212. What was the result of the Danish conquest of Britain ? They threatened to crush the Saxons as completely as the Saxons had crushed the Britons. But finally they amalgamated with the Saxons. 5213. What nation made the fourth and last conquest of Britain ? The Normans, 5214. Enumerate the four conquests of Britain. + Refers to Appendix. *Refers to Alphabetical List. 5219. 5220. 5221. 5222. 5225. 5226. 5227. THE NORMAN CONQUEST.—Art. WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR. Noranandy and the Normans. . Enumerate the four main elements of the English nation. Britain, Saxon, Danish, and Norman. . How many of these races were found in England before 1066? Three. . What fourth race was at that time added to the population of England? . What was the difference between the Danes and Normans? The original seat of both was Scandinavia ; but the Danes came to England direct from Scan— dinavia, while the Norman race had been settled in France for more than a cen— tury and a half. , Since when were the Normans settled in France? Since 912 A. D. What was the distinct character of these Normans? The Normans were pre- eminent not onlyfor military daring and resolution, but also for their aptness for skilful subordination and steady discipline. What was the condition of Normandy under her dukes ? Though Normandy had its share of the wars and tumults of those times, stricter law and better order were maintained in it than in the rest of France. What name had the Norman chivalry gained for itself in Europe? The Normans had filled Christendom with their renown, by the brilliant exploits of their chivalry in distant lands, and by the power and dominion which Norman adventurers had acquired. . What influence had this fame on the youth of Normandy? The warlike youth of Normandy heard of these conquests with emulative pride. They were eager for enterprises in which they, like their kinsmen, might find wealth and glory. . *When, and by whom, were they summoned to attempt the conquest of England ? The Norman and the Saxon Party in England. *Who was this William, duke of Normandy? By what means had he assured the independence and augmented the power of Normandy ? By repeated victories over the French king, the count of Ang'ou, the duke of Brittany, and other neighboring rulers, he saw in England a tempt— ing field for aggrandizement on afar more splendid scale. What was his relationship to King Edward the Confessor? Thefathers of William and Edward were first cousins—Edward’s father (Ethelred II.) having married Emma, sister of Dulce Richard II. of Normandy and grandfather of William. . What influence had the crafty duke on the weak king? King Edward was much influenced by his cousin. On his suggestion, he advanced Normans to posts of the greatest importance in England. . What was the result of Edward’s Norman inclinations? Against this Nor- man party there arose a strong national Saxon party. . By whom was the national Saxon party headed? By Earl Godwin. (See Quest. 5084.) I] Refers to Genealogical Tables. 104 5231. 5232. 5237. 5238. 5239. 5240. 5241. 5242. 5243. 5244. 5245. 5246. 5247. 5248. 5249. 5250. . But what happened, a few years later, to Harold ? . What use was made by Duke William of this accident? MEDIEVAL HISTORY. When and by what event did the ascendency of the Norman party seem secured? By the banishment of the Godwin family in 1051. What arrangement was made by Duke William in that year? William paid a visit to the childless king, and obtained promises from him. with regard to the succession. Hereupon he made arrangements with his countrymen and partisans in Englandfor seizing the English crown immediately on Edward’s death. . What did appear likely to overthrow the schemes of the Norman duke in 1052? The return of Earl Godwin and his sons. . How long did Earl Godwin survive his recall, and who succeeded him? His son Harold succeeded to his power and influence. An accidental shipwreck Only one year. placcdHarold in the power of Duke William. He induced Harold to agree to aid him in obtaining the succession to Edward the Confessor. Willimn’s Claim. When did Edward the Confessor die? In the first days of the year 1066. Who succeeded him? (Quest. 5086.) *What was hereupon determined upon by Duke William ? *What measures were taken by William to give his cause the appearance of rioht? Whathnswer was given by Harold? “My royalty comes to me from my people, and without my people’s consent I cannot lay it down.” What. proposal was now made by Duke William? To submit their rival claims to the decision of the pope. What decision was given by Pope Alexander 11.? That Edward had be- queathed the English throne to William, that the bequest was valid, and that William, as near relative and legatee of the late king, was the lawful Icing of England, and had a right to take possession of the kingdom. What use was made of this decision by William? He lost no time in making known the pope’s adjudication in his favor, and he called on all true sons of the Church to join him in his enterprise. When and where did William collect his armament? By the middle of August, 1066, he had collected, between the mouths of the Seine and the Orme, an army of 60,000 men. What prevented him from going at once to England? Heavy N.E'. winds. *When and where did William finally land on the English shore? The Invasion of Harold Hardrada. What measures had been taken in the meantime on the opposite side of the Channel? The largest fleet and army that Saxon-England had seen were arranged along the Kentish and Sussex coast to meet the threatening invaders. *But what called Harold away from the southern to the north-eastern coast ? Who had induced them to invade England ? Tosti, Harold’s refugee brother. f Refers to Appendix. 5251. 5252. 5253. 5263. 5264. 5265. 5266. 5267. 5268. 5269. 5270. 5271. 5272. 5273. 5274. 5275. 5276. 5277. * Refers to Alphabetical List. . But at what price had he gained this success? For what ostensible purpose did the Norwegians invade England? For the ostensible purpose of restoring Tosti to his provincial government in the north of England; but the real design was of conquering England themselves. When and where did the Norwegians under Harold Hardrada land? They landed near the mouth of the Humber, and marched upon York. When, where, and with what result did he meet King Harold? Near Stam- ford bridge, on September 25, 1066. King Harold Hardrada, with the flower of Norway’s warriors, perished on the field. It was dearly bought by the necessity of leaving the south unguarded while he rescued the north. . *What had happened in this all-important interval ? The Conquest of Englandn—Map 55. (XXII.) . *When and where did the Normans land? . *Where did William immediately concentrate his army ? . *Where was King Harold at that moment? . * When, where, and with what result did Harold and King William meet? . What monument was founded by William in commemoration of his victory? He founded an abbey, the remains of which still bear the name of Battle Abbey. . *When and where was William crowned king of England? . How did he secure his mastery of Southern and Central England? By strong detachments of his army, placed in cities and other advantageous posts which he took care to have strongly/fortified. What parts of England did, as yet, remain free from the Normans? north and the west of England. *What was the character of his government at first? * But what events made William determine to make his conquest thorough ? *What measure was taken by him, in the winter of 1069, to prevent any new rising in the north? * What measures were taken by him in the other parts of England? But what testimony is given to William by the very Saxons he so cruelly oppressed? The Saxon chronicle bears witness to the domestic order which he maintained. “He made good peace, so that no man durst slay or rob another.” *What remarkable monument of the administrative genius of William do we still possess? *Narrate the events of the last year of the reign of- the Conqueror. *When, where, and how did William the Conqueror die? H By whom was William I. succeeded in England? (See Genealogy, 1.) Why is this William commonly called William Rufus? From the color of his hair and complexion. What was the character of his reign ? He was aprofligate and tyrant. When, where, and how did William 11. die? In August, 1100, in the New Forest, shot by an arrow. * Give the position of the NeW‘Forest. * When, how, and by Whom had it been made? The n Refers to Genealogical Tables. MEDIEVAL HISTORY. 5278. Why was it popularly believed to be the ordained death-scene of the princes of the Norman royal family? On. account of the cruelties which thefounder of that dynasty and of that forest had caused to be there committed. 5279. |[ Who succeeded William Rufus? FINAL RECAPITULATION OF THE SEVENTH TABLE. Review of the Third Division of flchtocval History. 5280. What is the character of this third division of Medioeval History? 5281. By whom was made the first attempt to unite Christendom ? 5282. By whom was made the second attempt? 5283. By whom was made the third attempt? See GENEALOGY, X. 5284. [[ Who had, about 800 A. D., nearly the whole of Latin Christianity united? Charlemagne. 5285. [[ What name is given to his descendants? 5286. [[ Who was his only son and successor, and when did he die? 5287. [[ Give the names of the three sons of Louis the Pious who survived him. 5288. [[ Give the names of the seven Carlovingian emperors. 5289. [[ Who was the last of the Carlovingian line in Germany? 5290. [[ From what son of Louis the Pious were the German Carlovingians descended? 5291. From what son of Louis the Pious were the French Carlovingians de- scended? From Charles the Bald. 5292. Who was the last of the Carlovingian line in France? Louis V., the Slothful, who died 987. 5293. [[ What dynasty succeeded to the Carlovingians in Germany ? 5294. [| Who was the first ruler of this dynasty ? 5295. What date is assigned to him on your table? 5296. [[ Who was the greatest ruler of this dynasty, the second founder of the Empire ? 5297. What date is assigned to him on your table ? 5298. [[ Enumerate all the sovereigns of the Saxon dynasty. 5299. [[ In what. way was this Saxon dynasty connected with the Carlovingian dynasty ? 5300. [ When and with whom did the Saxon dynasty expire ? 5301. [ Who was the founder of the Salic dynasty? 5302. [[ Who was the greatest emperor of the Salic dynasty ? 5303. What date is assigned to him on your table? 5304. [[ Enumerate all the sovereigns of the Salic dynasty. 5305. [[ In what way was this Salic dynasty connected with the Saxon dynasty? 5306. [[ When and with whom did the Salic dynasty expire? f Refers to Appendix. 14 5307. 5303. 5309. 5310. 5311. 5312. 5313. 5314. 5315. 5310. 5317. 5318. 5319. 5320. 5321. 5322. 5323. 5324. 5325. 5326. 5327. 5328. 5329. 5330. 5331. 5332. 5333. 5334. 5335. 5336. 5337. 533 . 5339. 5340. 5341. * Refers to Alphabetical List. 105 See G ENEALOGY, VI. When did the Carlovingian dynasty become extinct in France? [What dynasty succeeded to the Carldfingians in France? [Who was the first ruler of this dynasty? [ What German emperor was his contemporary? What date is assigned to Hugh Capet on your table? [ When and by whom was Hugh Capet succeeded? [ How many grandsons of Hugh Capet are mentioned on your genealogy? [Which of the two became the ancestor of the following French kings? [And of what royal family did the younger son become the founder ? [Who was the fourth king of the race of Capet? [ Enumerate the first four kings of the race of Capet. In 987. GENEALOGY, I. [What dynasty came to the throne of England in 1066? [Who was the first king of that dynasty? What date is assigned to him on your table '? [What rulers of Germany and France were his contemporaries? [[ When and by whom was William the Conqueror succeeded? What date is assigned on your table to St. Ansgar, the apostle of Scandi- navia? What ecclesiastical author lived a century later? And what theologian lived two centuries later? Who was bishop of Rheims in the times of Ansgar? What date is assigned to him on your table? What college was erected two centuries afterwards? What celebrated Irish divine and philosopher lived about 970? [[ What emperor was his contemporary and friend? [| Who was his successor on the imperial throne? What important conquest was made by the Arabians during his reign? What date is assigned to this conquest. on your table? What had been, until this time, the sole occupation of the Mohammedans? Fanatical religious warfare. What change happened in the Mohammedan world about this time? Islam, as a conquering religion, lost its terrors, and its warlike powerfell into gradual decay. Why was this change from fanaticism to culture in reality the greatest gain to Mohammedanism? To this period (880—1080) belongs nearly every thing eflectedhg Islam for the real or lasting interests of humanity, for intellect- ual progress, and the refinement of manners. What celebrated Mohammedan chemist flourished about 940? What great Persian poet lived about 1000? And what celebrated Mohammedan physician was his contemporary ? Repeat the names and‘dates of these three celebrated Mohammedans. What Christian ecclesiastic and historian was a contemporary of Geber? fl Refers to Genealogical Tables. 106 5342. 5343. 5344. 5363. 5364. 5365. 5366. 5367. 5368. 5369. 5370. 5371. MEDIEVAL HISTORY. What celebrated ecclesiastical author lived a century after Luitprand? * What times have been described by Luitprand? Who were, during that time, contending for the possession of Italy? Beren- gar I]. and Otto the Great. . W hat date is assigned to each of the 1ivals on your table? ‘. What great scholar had been the tutor of Otto III. ? . What date is assigned to him on your table? . W hat celebrated French king was a contemporary of Gerbert. ‘7 . W hat date 18 assigned to Hugh Capet on your table? . How long after Alfred the (11 eat did he live? Gerbert. And how long after Alfred the Great n as Canute the Great king of Eng— land. 3 . What date is assigned to Canute the Great? _2 5353. And how long after Canute the Great did William the Conqueror rule over England? 5354. Enumerate all the authors (With their dates) mentioned on this table. 5355. Enumerate all the ecclesiastics (with their dates) mentioned on this table. 5356. Enumerate all the rulers of England (with their dates) mentioned on this table. 5357. Enumerate all the rulers of Germany (with their dates) mentioned on this ‘ table. 5358. Enumerate all the rulers of France (with their dates) mentioned on this table. 5350. Recite the dates of the first subdivision of this table. 5360. Recite the dates of the second subdivision of this table. {'0 5361. Recite the dates of the third subdivision of this table. 5362. Recite all the dates on this table. MEDIEVAL HISTORY. CHRISTENDOM AGAINST ISLAM. AGE OF THE CRUSADES. First Period.— The Real Crusades. RETROSPECT. THE RISE AND SPREAD 0F ISLAM.——Nap XX. When and where had Mohammed, the founder of Islam, begun his career? In 609, at Illecca. Had he been successful from the beginning? No. What was the number of his 0110“ ers in 610? Twelve. What in 622, at the time of the He giia? Two hundred. And what at the time of his death, in 632? The whole of Arabia. Give the extent of country ruled by his followers fifty years after his death. The countriesbetween the Indus and the Atlantic. What was the character of this teaching which had succeeded in setting the ardent imaginations of the Arabians on fire with the idea of a holy war? It was the announcement of a new rule without dogmatic mystery and without any phi'losophzcalfoundatzon. W as Mohammed’s mission one of instruction? men obey God implicztly. In what light did unbelievers appear to him? had to be subdued. No. His mission was to make Unbelievers were rebels who f Refers to Appendix. * Refers to Alphabetical List. 5372. What did necessarily arise out of the first principles of this religion? War. 5373. What had been one of his first acts aft1e1 he had been acknowledged at Mecca? He had sent threatening admonitions to the Persian king and the By- zantine emperor. 5374. What had been the consequences of the scorn with which they answered the unknown fanatic ? Mosljurious attacks. 5375. Had either Roman or Persian troops been able to withstand the masses of brave men which spread in torrents over the country? No. ISLAM AND CIIRISTENDOM, 700-1000. — Map XX. What plan was in 715, conceived by Musa to render the whole of Christen- dom subservient to the prophet? To make two great simultaneous attacks on Christendom—one fr om the West and another from the East. Where should their tiiumphant forces unite? In the basilica of St. Peter’ 3 at Rome. What interfered with this bold project? The recall and deposition of Musa. What was the result of the attack on Constantinople? It was in vain block- aded for three years. At length (in 718) the Mohammedan fleet was destroyed by Greekfire. Was the attack on the Empire of the F1 anks made at the same time? much later (in 732), when it was impossible to succeed. 5376. 5377. 5378. 5379. 5380. No; 1] Refers to Genealogical Tables. 1 5381. 5382. 5383. 5384. 5385. 5386. 5387. 5388. 5389. 5390. 5391. 5392. 5393. 5394. 5395. 5396. 5397. 5398. 5399. 5400. 5401. 5402. 5403. MEDIEVAL HISTORY. What was the result of the attack on the Empire of the Franks? 4186. ‘ What there the results of this double failure ? The great onslaught of Islam was checked, its warlike ardor abated. Who united, soon afterwards, Christendom in his firm grasp? 4586.) Who was the Mohammedan contemporary of Charlemagne ? AL RASCHID.) What change came gradually over the Christian and Mohammedan world since the ninth century? Mohammedanism changcdfrom fanaticism to culture; Christianity from culture to fanaticism. (See Quest. (See Quest. (See HAROUN THE PAPACY.—Art. GREGORY VII. 1073—1086. What power was the only representative of the unity of Christendom? The papacy. What was the natural result of this, in an age in which'the religious feel— ings were paramount? It became the leader of Christendom. Who was the first pope who assumed this position in its full force and extent? Gregory AVII. * What was the great object of his life? * When did he ascend the throne of the Vatican ? *What was his conduct as pope? * What was the result? What was this temporal supremacy? of Christianity. To what did this power at once turn its attention? Christendom and Islam. Did Gregory count only upon the obedience of the Latin Church? A70. IIe wished to unite the Latin and Greek Churches. What would he finally do when the Latin and Greek Churches should be united under the pope? He would lead both against Islam. What furnished a motive for this attack upon the Moslems? again attacking Christianity with fanatical earnestness. The spiritual and warlike impersonation To the relations between They were REGENERATION 0F ISLAM. - Map XXIII. 1000—1100. What empire had arisen amongst the Kabyles of Northern Africa? Empire of the Morabites. Give the extent .of this empire in the latter part of the eleventh century. From Carthage to the ocean, and from the Mediterranean to the desert. Who was its ruler at that time? The old conqueror, Jusuf. ' What brought him in contact with the Christians ‘3 He had been called upon by the Moslems in Spain to defend them against the Christians. Who was this king of Castile against whom old Jusuf’s help was invoked? King Alfonso VI., who had conquered Toledo in 1085. When, where, and with what result had Christians and Morabites met? The 1' Reters to Appendix. 5404. 5405. 5406. 5407. 5408. 5409. 5410. 5411. 5412. 5413. 5414. 5415. 5416. 5417. 5418. 5419. * Refers to Alphabetical List. 107 The Morabites had conquered the Christians at Salaoa, (not far from Budajoz, IV. Spain,) October, 1086. Map XXI. What wild tribes had, before this, conquered the Arabians? Turks. Since when had they begun to drive the Christian governors out of Asia? Since 1084. What danger threatened Christianity in the last quarter of the eleventh century? 0f being attacked on two sides by barbarous nations, who, after having conquered the Islam, in its name did try to conquer Christendom. The Seldjuk— TLIE A‘VAKENING 0F CIIRISTENDODI.—Map XXIV. 1085—1095. What plan was formed by Pope Gregory VII. to avert the crushing of Christendom between the Morabites and the Seldjuks? France should assist the Christians in Spain, while Gregory himself should march eastward. What prevented him from carrying out his plans? IIis disputes with the empire, then his exile and death. Who carried it out? .. Urban II. Did he carry it out in the spirit of Gregory VII.? (1 less lofty, but craftier spirit. What embassy was received by Urban II. in the summer of 1094? From the Greek emperor, asking the assistance of Latin Christianity against the Turks, who had taken Jerusalem. When and where did he make a preliminary announcement of his inten~ tions? In a council at Piacenza, (in North-western Italy, not far from the confluence ofthe Po and Trebbia.) When and where did he hold his great council to devise measures for the delivery of the Holy Sepulchre? In the fall of 1095, at Clermont, in South- eastern France. With what result? of the pope. What was the moral condition of Christendom about that time? and manners were low in Christendom. What influence had the Council of Clermont on the morality of Christian Europe ? The religious ardor purified at once the moral atmosphere. No. IIe carried it out in More than three hundred thousand men obeyed the summons Morality ’-THE CRUSADES.—1096-1273. FIRST CRUSADE, 1096—1100. The Gathering, 1096. ——p. 196. Map XXIV. fo what two acts did Pope Urban II. secure to himself the leading posi— tion in the forthcoming expedition against Islam? In what parts of Europe were preparations made for the coming crusade? In' Lorraine, France, Aquitaine, Naples, and Normandy. Who was collecting an army in Lorraine? Godfrey of Bouillon. fl Refers to Genealogical Tables. ...-, ,4. .,. y. i i . Who was marshalling the Provencals and Gaseous? . To whom flocked the Anglo-Norman knights? . Under whom were gathered the Siculo—Vorman knights? . What was the character of this large army ? . What was the only thing that kept the whole mass together? . Who was considered their commander-in-chief? . Who would have been his representative? . What prevented him from being the leader? His utter want ofmilitary capacity. . To whom was, therefore, the command entrusted? . What did they usually elect? . llow long lasted his power? . How long did it take before the army was collected? -. Who were the most anxious of all to join the crusade? '. Were they admitted into the ranks of the knightly troops? . Who collected the peasants along the Rhine? '. By what did he begin the war for Christ’s sake? . Who preached a crusade in Northern France? . *Who was this Peter the Hermit? . * How many men did he gather around him? . What was the character of this band? . When did they break up towards Jerusalem? . T What route did they take? . Ilow were they received in Constantinople? . With what part of the army did they unite themselves? MEDIEVAL HISTORY. . Who were collecting an army in Northern France? [Iago of Vcrmandois and Robert of Flanders. Raymond of Toulouse. To Robert of Normandy, and Slop/ion of Blois. Wider Bohcmund of Tarcnt. Each knight scrvcd at his own pleasure, first under one prince and than under another, as hiyhrrpuy or greater famc attractcd them. ’ lVothing but the common impulse towards Jerusulcm. Christ. The lr’gate. To a war-committee of the leaders. A prcsidcnt or lcgder. As long as he could cnforce obcdirnce. Nearly a year. The Irregular Van—Art. PETER rue HERMIT, and p. 196. The peasants and artisans. 1V0. Count Enicho. By a dastardly massacre of the Jews. Peter the IIermit. Poor people who would do anything to escape from. their present misery. In the summer of 1096. They were welcomed with hardly concealed alarm. . Who was at. that time emperor in Constantinople? Alexius I., C’omnenus. . What. was the conduct of Alexius towards them? 110 persuaded them to go, as quickly as possible, into Asia. . TWhat happened to them in Asia? . What was done by the survivors of this defeat? They returned to Constan- tinople to await the regular army. l’Vith the camp— followers. T Refers to Appendix. 5449. 5450. 5451. 5452. 5453. 5454. 5455. 5456. 5457. 5458. 5459. 5460. 5461. 5462. 5463. 54 64. 5465. 5466. 5467. 5468. 5469. 5470. 5471. 5472. 5473. 5474. * Refers to Alphabetical List. Who became their spiritual leader and saint? Peter the Hermit. What name did they give to their military leader? Tafur, i. e. king of the beggars. What regulations were in force amongst them? No private property was allowed amongst them. How were they looked upon by the regular army? As a most dangerous crowd. Princes and knights hardly ventured in their camps. How were they looked upon by the Turks? As cannibals, who liked nothing so well to eat as the roastcdflesh of their enemies. The Regular Army. —p. 196. 1-When did the first regular crusaders arrive at Constantinople ? THow long did it take before they were all collected? TWhat route had been taken by the Northern French? 1- What route had been taken by the Provencals ? f What route had been taken by the Lorrainers? Was the Emperor Alexius quite pleased with his allies? misgivings when he saw them arrive. He was not without What gave him hope to make use of them for his own interest? Their internal divisions. Under what condition was he willing to assist them ? They should acknowl~ edge him as their sovereign, and swear fealty to him for all conquered countries. Were all willing to swear fealty to Alexius? Nearly all. Who hesitated long before taking the oath? Godfrey of Bouillon. Who was the only one who refused to take the oath? Raymond of Toulouse. How was he treated by Alexius? He tried to secure his friendship by over- whelming him with presents and letting him of the oaths. Can you explain the emperor’s conduct? He wanted to make use of him against Bohemund. When did the army of the crusaders leave Constantinople? In the begin- ning of May, 1097. Front Constantinople to Jerusalem. -—p. 196. What was the condition of Western Asia at the time of the landing of the crusaders? The ruling power (the Turks) was torn by internal dissensions, and attacked by the Arabians. What nation was awaiting their arrival with impatience? Which of the Mohammedan powers was treated with ? The coliph ongypt. Who were the common enemy of crusaders, Armenians and Arabians? The Turks. T What was the first city that fell before the crusaders? ~l-Describe their route through Asia Minor. To whom had they confided the direction of the campaign? Stephen of Blois. To Count I] Refers to Genealogical Tables. The Armenians. » MEDIEVAL HISTORY. . What route did he choose on arriving at the Taurus? Hefollou'ed the route north of the Taurus asfar as the Euphrates; then he crossed the mountains and advanced into Syria. . What was the object of this deviation? nians as possible. . By whom was Cilicia called to arms? . Who was elected sovereign at Edessa? . '1- Whither did the main army march? . 1- How long did the siege of Antioch last? . +What happened after the taking of Antioch? . TWhat freed them from the besieging army? . To whom was Antioch given? To Bohemund. . Under whose leadership did the crusaders march to Jerusalem? rushed towards Jerusalem without head or leader. . fWhen did Jerusalem fall in the power of the crusaders? . How was it treated ? The Christian fury vented itself in. a sanguinary struggle. . What was done in order to keep the conquest? A king was elected. . 1'Who accepted the sovereign power? . How many remained with him at Jerusalem? About two hundred knights and two thousand men—at—arms. i TWhat other Christian principalities were founded? To render as much help to the Arme- By Tancred and Baldwin. Baldwin, the brother of Godfrey. They The Sources of the First Crusade. . How did Europe become acquainted with the deeds of the crusaders? From letters and records kept during the campaign. . How many of such letters have been preserved? Nine. . Were any records or diaries kept during the march? Yes, several—by a Norman knight, bya Provengal priest, and by a chaplain of Baldwin. . What was done to spread these tidings as quickly as possible? publicly read at the altar. . What was naturally the character of these letters and records ? rather dry. . Where did more poetic tales arise? In the different camps. . What was born in the midst of the heroic deeds ? Heroic poetry. . What was the character of this primitive heroic poetry? Each army cele— brated its own particular leader, and did try to magnify his deeds. . Who was the hero of the Northern French? Count Hugo of Vermandois, the brother of their king, Philip I. . Who was glorified in the songs of the Lorrainers? . Who was the hero in the ballads of King Tafur’s followers? Hermit. . Are any of these soldier—ballads still remaining? Many. . When did these ballads come to Europe ? 0n the return of the Crusaders. . Who did engross, at that time, nearly all the attention ? Godfrey of Bouillon, the chosen king of Jerusalem. They were They were Godfrey of Bouillon. Peter the 1' Refers to Appendix. '. When did Albert of Aix make his collection? . What author tried to combine the legends and history of the first crusade? - . Did they receive, also, any reinforcements from Europe? 5525. 5526. 5527. 5528. 5529. * Refers to Alphabetical List. . What was the natural result of this? . Who collected all the ballads about Godfrey of Bouillon ? . When did William of Tyre compose his book? . What has been drawn from these sources by later authors? . Who did, upon them, found an immortal poem? . Who was Torquato Tasso, and when did be live? . Who translated his book into English ? . Give the names of the pope and the emperor in 1100. . Who was emperor at Constantinople? . Who ruled at Jerusalem? . Enumerate the Frankish states in Syria. . What was their condition? . What. Christian victories had, however, great effect? . When and why was the battle of Ascalon fought? . What helped the Christians also through their first period? 109 His praises were especially sung in the ballads. Albert of Aid:- la— Clzapelle. About 1125. William of Tyre, a native of Syria, educated in Paris, who became, in 1174, archbishop of Tyre. About 1184. The stories of Peter the Hermit as the originator, and of Godfrey of Bouillon as the leader, of the crusade. Torquato Tasso. (See TASSO.) (See Tasso.) BETWEEN THE FIRST AND SECOND CRUSADE, 1100-1147. Je-rusalern under the Two Brothers, 1100—1118. . Give the names of the French and English kings in 1100. Philip I. and Henry I. Pascal II. and Henry IV. Alexius Comnmus. Godfrey of Bouillon. See p. 196 Map 50. (XXIV) They were scattered among a scarcely-conquered, hostile population, and surrounded by powerful foes. The victories of An— tioch and Ascalon. . When, and against whom, had the battle of Antioch been fought? June 28, 1098, against Kerboga, who was forced to retire from Antioch. August 12, 1099. The caliph of Egypt, who wanted to reconquer Palestine, was enticed in an ambush by Godfrey, and his army annihilated. Internal dis- sensions among the Turkish potentates. Perpetual rein- forcements camcfrom Europe, but mostly for a limitedperiod. Did Godfrey derive much advantage from all this ? Very little, indeed. Who was the real ruler in Jerusalem? Dagobert, patriarch of the Holy City. When and how did Godfrey die? July 18, 1100; poisoned. Who succeeded him? His brother, Baldwin of Edessa. Did Baldwin allow himself to be ruled by the patriarch? No ; he overthrew his supremacy. [I Refers to Genealogical Tables. 110 5530. What important result was obtained by Baldwin? IIe took all the seaport towns from Tripoli to Jafa, thereby securing freedom of communication with Europe. 5531. How did he employ the last years of his life? against Egypt, by the erection offortresscs. 5532. How long lasted his reign? Eighteen years. 5533. Who succeeded him? His cousin, Baldwin II. In defending his kingdom Baldwin 11., the Hero King, 1118-1130. ——Sce Art. JERUSALEM, KINGDOM OF. 5534. *What was the character of Baldwin II. ? kings of Jerusalem. statesman. 5535. To what quarter did he wish to direct the whole of his power? East, to the vigorous Turks. 5506. Why? To prevent the union of the, as yet, dissentient emirs. 5537. What boundaries did he wish to secure to his kingdom? To the north, the Taurus Mountains; to the north-east, the Euphrates; to the south-east, the Syrian desert. 5538. Was he able to carry out his plans? During his lifetime the supremacy of the Christians was maintained in these countries. 5539. * What was the cause that he was not able to lay a lasting foundation of European power and civilization in W. Asia? Baldwin stood alone among his comrades in his political and military views. 5510. * By what did these heroes really ruin their kingdom? 5541. * What, notions prevented them from co-operating with Baldwin? 5542. * What were the results of these foolish notions? 5543. * What does generally spring from exclusive piety which holds itself superior to human reason? A complete abandonment to earthly vices. Amidst the most ardent enthusiasm for the Church, all the most earthly passions asserted their sway. . What were the relations of the Christian princes among themselves? They quarrelled fiercely among themselves, even invoking Turkish help against each other. . What good results sprung from these Turkish alliances? religious hatred gradually subsided. What idea dawned, for the first time, upon the Franks? The idea that human nature could exist under other conditions than those of their own Church. That God’s light might be reflected in a thousand diferent ways. . What was the condition of the kingdom of Jerusalem on the death of Bald- win 11. in 1130 ? The Christians were daily plunging deeper and deeper into the earthly joys of Oriental life. . Who was his successor? His son-in-law, Fulco of Anjou, a weak, infirm man, who was ruled by his wife. . Give the names of the first, second, and third of the kings of Jerusalem. . Give the character of each. [Ie was the greatest amongst the IIe u'as gifted with great energy, and was a far-seeing To the The bitterness of 1' Refers to Appendix. * Refers to Alphabetical List. MEDIEVAL HISTORY. The Rise of the Sultanate of Mosul since 1130. . Who was, in 1145, emir of Mosul? Emaleddin Zenlci. . Where is Mosul situated? (Map 6.) . What was the especial mission of Emaleddin Zenki? ating war against the Franks. . What was the result of his energy? Military unity and energy were once more established in the ranks of the Mohammedans. . What important town was taken by him in 1145? Edessa. _ . What region remained since entirely in the hands of the Turks? The whole of Mesopotamia. . What was now the -northern frontier town of the Franks? Antioch, situ- ated in the opening formed by the river Orantes, between the ranges of Mount Taurus and Mount Lebanon. To wage an extermin- Intellcctual Regeneration of Europa—See Art. ABELARD, ARNOLD or Bunsen, and Sr. BERNARD. . Upon what was the attention of Europe almost exclusively fixed in 1100? Urwn the kingdom of Jerusalem. . Did the attention of Europe remain long absorbed by Jerusalem? ten years. What was the cause of this? The general intellectual movement which had suddenly sprung up among the nations of Europe. . What form was taken by this reaction from ascetic piety? in different countries. In northern France a philosophical form. In Languedoc apoeticalform. In northern Italy a legalform. . *Who did in France dare to vindicate the' independence of philosophical speculation? (See ABELARD.) * Who was this Abelard ? What arose, at the same time, in Provence? The ardent poetry of the tran- badours, —free in tone, glowing in color, full of the joys of this world. What new study had arisen in Bologna? The study of the Roman law. Was the influence of this study widely felt? It was felt everywhere, but espe— cially in Germany and Rome. What influence had it on Germany? doned. . What influence had it on Rome? Arnold of Brescia invited the Romans to rebel against the temporal power of the pope. . *Who was this Arnold of Brescia? (See ARNOLD or Bunsen.) . * Was he able to destroy the temporal power of the Church? . *What was the final result of this rebellion? ' . * What was the end of Arnold of Brescia? *Who was the man who kept the people of France and Italy to their alle- giance towards the pope? (See Sr. BERNARD.) 5574. * Who was this St. Bernard? Hardly A difi'erent form The study of theology was nearly aban- H Refers to Genealogical Tables. c.“ m a) C) an 0‘ Cd" K] . Did the Syrian Franks themselves wish for a crusade? . *Who was at that time king of France? . *To Whom was he married? . *What dowry had she brought to her husband? . What claim of his wife did he endeavor to enforce? Her claim on Toulouse. . What vassal of the French crown refused to assist him in this undertaking? . Who was, at the same time, made archbishop of Bourges by Pope Innocent . Why was he not acknowledged by Louis VIL? . What was the result of this? . Whither did the archbishop go for refuge? MEDIEVAL HISTORY. What Led to the Second Crusade. -—-See Art. LOUIS VII. and Snow. . Was the political condition of Europe about 1145 favorable for a crusade? No ; far from it. . What was the political condition of Europe at that time? Political power had everywhere gained strength. The European states showed signs of new life, and great national interests were fermenting. They wished for the arrival of a few detached bodies of troops, but not for the presence of a whole army. . What led, notwithstanding all these unfavorable circumstances, to a new European undertaking against the Islam? following repentance of the king of France. The burning of a church, and the (See LOUIS VII.) 11.? A nephew of the pope. The king had the sole right of appointing archbishops. The archbishop was obliged to leave Bourges. To the king’s bitter enemy, the count of Champagne, who brought about that Louis was anathematized by thepope. . What was done by Louis to avenge himself? He invaded Champagne and burned Vitry. . * What happened during the sack of Vitry? . Where is Vitry situated? In north-eastern France, on the Marne. (Map XXIV.) . *What vow was made by Louis to expiate his wickedness? . *Who tried to dissuade him from this? . *Who was this Abbot Suger? . *Who preached this second crusade ? . *With what success did St. Bernard preach? . Who joined the crusade with great eagerness? King Roger of Sicily, the bitter enemy of the Greeks. What were his reasons for joining it? to make war on the Greeks. Were the Germans also eager to join? little sympathy from either king or people. He hoped to induce the French king St. Bernard found, in the beginning, . Why was the Emperor Conrad III. so strongly prejudiced against the cru- sade? He foresaw that it should lead to troubles with his friend and ally the Greek Emperor Manuel. What did finally overcome all political considerations? of St. Bernard. The fiery eloquence 1- Refers to Appendix. 5601. 5602. 5603. 5604. 5605. 5606. 5607. 5608. 5609. 5610. 5611. 5612. 5613. 5614. 5615. 5616. 5617. 5618. 5619. 5620. 5621. *Refers to Alphabetical List. 111 What was the character of the army which went with Conrad 111.? The number of German knights was very small, and the chief part of the German crusaders were nothing but rabble. THE SECOND CRUSADE, 1147-1149. To Constantinople. — p. 196. Recapitulate the names of the three sovereigns who led the second crusade. TWhen and by what route did the French and German armies march to Constantinople? What route had been taken by King Roger of Sicily ? He had gone with his fleet to the East. Did Roger’s fleet attack the Turks? He did not attack the Turks, but the sea- port towns of the Morea (i. e., the possessions of the Greek Emperor Manuel). What was the consequence of this conduct? Manuel was frightened into an alliance with the Turks against the crusaders. What increased still more the mischief and ill—feeling? The lawless con- duct of the German hordes, who were more than once attacked by the Greek troops. What was thereupon demanded by the French army ? The French (who, as allies of the Germans, were also attacked by the Greeks) were burning with desire to attack the Greeks. . Did they attack the Greeks? No. Both kings (of Germany and France) were fully agreed not to permit this. What promise was given by Conrad to the Eastern emperor ? To attack the Normans as soon as the crusade should be ended. Was Conrad able to keep this promise? No. fore it reached the Syrian coast. His army was annihilated be The Campaign in Asia.-—— p. 196. What part of the crusaders was the first to arrive at Constantinople? The Germans. What was the conduct of Conrad’s army? What was done by Conrad to put a stop to this? into Asia. TWhat happened to the German army in Asia? TWhen, where, and by whom was the German army annihilated? They committed all kinds of excesses. Ho. crossed at once over Whither did the miserable remnant of the German army go? To the lake of Nit-sea, where they joined the French army. . iWhat town was finally reached by the united armies? Antioch. Who was at that time threatening this region? Noureddin. Who was this Noureddin? The son of Zenki; and, like his father, a most im— placable enemy of the Christians. What plan of operations was proposed by the prince of Antioch? To attack N oureddin without delay. Ii Refers to Genealogical Tables. 4-.-- .t _ my ; .....,..-r,,......- .. ,4,..... .... ._.,- _. . .. i 112 5622. 5623. 5624. 5625. 5626. 5627. 5628. 5629. . flu what did it result? . With what result? . When and in what way was Damascus taken ? . Why was this such a blow for the kingdom of Jerusalem? . How did he hasten the downfall of his own kingdom? . What was the result of this suicidal policy? . When died Baldwin 111., and who succeeded him? MEDIEVAL HISTORY. Why did Louis V11. refuse to do this? He would not hear nor do anything till he had seen Jerusalem andprayed at the Holy Sepulchre. What other reason had Louis for leaving Antioch as quick as possible? The open favor of his wife bestowed on Raymond of Antioch. How was Louis VII. received in Jerusalem? He was welcomed by Queen Melesinda, andpraised that he had come with his force to defend Jerusalem. TWhat town was now attacked by Louis VIL? What was the political condition of Damascus? It was the only town whose emir had always refused to submit to either Zen/ti or Noureddin. What was, nevertheless, instantly done by Noureddin? He instantly col~ lected all his available forces to succor the besieged town against the common enemy. Did Noureddin relieve Damascus? fore Noureddin’s arrival. What was the cause of this sudden raising of the siege? The Syrian barons, hearing that Louis intended to give Damascus to a French count, not only with— drew from the king‘s army, but even secretly entered in league with the emir of Damascus. The siege was raised by King Louis be- In the return of the crusaders to Europe. After the Departurc.—p. 196. . TWhat was the result of the second crusade? . What was forcibly shown by its miserable end? The weakness of medieeval religious feeling, which was only fittedfor rapid, violent, and instant action. . What happened to the Syrian Franks after the departure of the cru- saders ? Speedy, irresistible, overwhelming retribution overtook the Syrian Franks for their folly. Noureddin arose more terrible than ever. . Which of the Frankish territories was first attacked by Noureddin? Antioch. Prince Raymond was killed in battle, and the greater part of his army was destroyed. . What principality was next attacked? The still unconqueredpart of the duke- dom of Edessa. . In 1154, without a blow. It was betrayed to Noureddin by the Christians. The eastern frontier of Jerusalem was now laid bare to the victorious arms of Noureddin. . Who was ruling at that time in Jerusalem? Baldwin I[[., the son of Fulco, and grandson of the hero Baldwin II. By his war with Egypt, which invoked the help of its enemy Noureddin. The two former antagonists, Egypt and Noureddin, were united against the kingdom of Jerusalem. In 1164. His brother Amalric succeeded him. f Refers to Appendix. 5643 5644 5645 5646 5647 5648 . What was the character of Amalric? file was afat, solemn, stammering man, with a great taste for study and a strong propensity for sensual indulgence. . What war was undertaken by Amalric, and with what result? A new war with Egypt, in which he was quite successful. . Who forced him to leave Egypt? Shirkuh, the lieutenant of Aroureddin. . How did Shirkuh behave himself in Egypt? Not as an ally, but as a con- queror ; and the caliph became a mere puppet in his hand. . What was done to establish permanently the Turkish rule in Egypt? Egyptian vizier was executed, and his place given to Shirkuh. . How long did Shirkuh enjoy his new dignity, and who succeeded him? Only a few weeks. Saladin succeeded him. The Chronological Review of the First Period of the Fourth 5649. 5650. 5651. 5652. 5653. 5654. 5655. 5656. 5657. 5658. 5659. 5660. 5661. 5662. 5663. 5664. 5665. 5666. 5667. 5668. 5669. 5670. 5671. 5672. 5673 5674 * Refers to Alphabetical List. Division of JlIecliwval History. -——pp. 20 and 196. What do you understand by the term Medieeval History? Give its beginning, end, and duration. Enumerate some English works on Mediaeval History. Give the four divisions of Mediaeval History. What name is generally given to the fourth division? i-How long lasted the age of the crusades? What do you understand by the crusades? T Give the number of the crusades. What is hitherto considered the standard work on the crusades? 1- When was the first crusade? What was the political result of the first crusade? What date is given to the “Kingdom of Jerusalem ” on your table ? Enumerate the first six kings of Jerusalem. What. was the condition of the kingdom of Jerusalem about the middle of the twelfth century? wl‘The taking of what town gave the sign for the second crusade? TWho was the preacher of the second crusade? * Who was this St. Bernard? * At what council did he persuade the king and nobles of France to go to the assistance of the kingdom of Jerusalem ? Who was king of France at that time? What date is assigned to him on your table? *And who was this Henry Plantagenet mentioned on the same date? What two adversaries of St. Bernard are mentioned on your table ? What is the date of Abelard, and what do you know about him? And what date is assigned to Arnold of Brescia? . Give a short sketch of the career of Arnold of Brescia. . Recite the dates from 1100—1150. |] Refers to Genealogical Tables. MEDIEVAL HISTORY. 113 Second Period. —— Barbarossa. RECAPITULATION OF THE EMPERORS.—(See Genealogy, X) 5675. H When and with whom did the male line of the Carlovingians die out in Germany ? 5676. Who was hereupon elected by the Germans as their king? 5677. Did this Conrad I. become the founder of an imperial line? 5678. Who succeeded him ? 5679. Of what imperial line did he become the founder? 5680. |HOW long did this line rule over Germany ? 5681. | How many emperors did this line give to Germany? 5682. I Enumerate these emperors. 5683. l When and with whom did this Saxon line become extinct? 5684. I Who succeeded the last of the Saxon emperors ? 5685. H In what way was he related to the Saxon house? 5686. || Of what imperial dynasty did he become the founder? 5687. I] Whence their name of Franconian emperors? From the country of their birth, Franconia. 5688. H Whence their name of Salic emperors? The Salic Franks were the inhabit- ants of Franconia. 5689. I How many Salic emperors reigned in Germany? 5690. ‘1 Enumerate the Salic emperors. THE REIGN 0F LOTHAR THE SAXON.—(See Genealogy, X.) Map XXIII. 5691. || When and with whom did the Salic house die out in the male line? 5692. | Who were the representatives of this house through the female line? 5693. | What was their precise relationship to the Salic house ? 5694. Who had. in virtue of this relationship, inherited the patrimonial estates of the Salic house? Frederick, the eldest nephew of the late emperor. 5695 What hopes were entertained by him on the demise of his uncle, Henry V.? To be elected emperor. 5696. Were these hopes fulfilled? No. 5697. What were the chief reasons that he was not elected? The great unpopu- larity of the last Salic emperors, and a disposition to make the empire elective. 5698. | Who was elected emperor in 1125? 5699. ho was this Lothar the Saxon? He was the son ofa Saxon nobleman, who, at the extinction of the old ducal house of Billung, had been raised to the duhedom of Saxony by Emperor Henry V. . 5700. H Was he in any way related to the former imperial house? 5701. What had been his conduct during the last reign ? He had continually fought against the late emperor. 5702. What was one of the main objects of this reign? To oppress and humble the two Suabian brothers, Frederick and Conrad. 5703 5704 5705. 5706. 5707. 5708. 5709. 5710. 5711. 5712. 5713. 5714. 5715. 5716. 5717. 5718 5719. 5720. 5721 5722. 5723 5724 . For whom did he mean to secure the succession to the Empire by these means ? For his son—in-law, Henry the Proud. . [I Who was this son—in-law, and what were his relations with the Hohen- staufen ? What dignity was held by Henry the Proud ? He was die/re of Bavaria. What ancient ducal house of Saxony did he represent through his mother? The old Saxon line of the Billunys. What dignity was conferred upon him by his father—in-law the emperor? Duke of Saxony. What countries had he received as his wife’s dowry? Hanover and Bruns- wick. Enumerate the possessions of Henry the Proud about 1130. What was the result of this amazing preponderance of the house of Guelph? It alienated the princes from IIenry the Proud. They began to favor the succes- sion of the Suabian princes. H When died the great benefactor of Henry the Proud (Emperor Lothar)? THE HOHENSTAUFEN. CONRAD III. Conrad III. and Henry the Proud. H By whom was Lothar the Saxon succeeded? H Of what house was he the first emperor? What use was made by him of the jealousy which Henry the Proud’s ag- grandizement had excited? The new emperor announced his intention to deprive him of one of his duhedoms. Under what pretence was Henry the Proud summoned to resign one of his two dukedoms? Two dukedoms could not legally be held by the same person. What decree was pronounced by the diet on his refusal to comply with this demand? He was deprived of both. Who was made duke of Saxony? Albert the Bear. Who was made duke of Bavaria? Leopold of Austria. Did Henry the Proud not endeavor to recover his possessions? He raised an army for the recovery of Saxony. When and where did he intend to fight for the recovery of Saxony? In May, 1139, near Kreuzburg, on the Werra. 1V0 battle was fought, but an arrangement was made to reconsider his case. . When and where was his case to be reconsidered by the princes of the Empire? lVithin a year, on a diet at Worms. Did he ever see that day? Henry the Proud died before that day (Oct. 20, 1139). Guelphs and Ghibellines. —(Genealogy, X.) Map XXIII. . H Did Henry the Proud leave any issue? .‘ To whom had he on his death~bed entrusted his son? To his faithful Saxons. 1* Refers to Appendix. * Refers to Alphabetical List. ll Refers to Genealogical Tables. 15 MEDIEVAL HISTORY. . Did the Saxons accept the trust? Yes. . With what result did they fight against their new duke, Albert the Bear? They forced him to abdicate. . Was the Guelphic faction as successful in Bavaria as it was in Saxony? [Vet quite. ' . What Guelphic town in Suabia was besieged and taken by Emperor Conrad III. in 1140? Weinsberg, on the Neckar. Here it was that the lives of the gar- rison were saved through the fidelity of their wives. . What famous battle-cries were heard upon this occasion for the first time? - Guelphs and Ghibellines. . Who were the Guelphs? The friends of the Guelphic house, the descendants of Henry the Proud. . Who were the Ghibellines? The adherents of the Hohenstaufen. . What old imperial house was represented by the Guelphs ? The Saxon line. . What old imperial house was represented by the Ghibellines? The Fran- conz'an or Salic line. . What event did soon afterwards seem to smooth the way for a reconcilia- tion between Guelphs and Ghibellines? The most bitter enemies of the Ghibellines died. . When, where, and by whom was hereupon a reconciliation brought about? By Marcolt, Archbishop of- Mayence, in May, H42, in a diet at Frankfort. . What was awarded to the young son of Henry the Proud? Henry the Lion became duke of Saxony. . How old was Henry the Lion at that time? Thirteen years. . Describe the possessions of Henry the Lion in 1142. He was duke ofSazony, and lord of Luneburg, Brunswick, and IItt’flO'lMT. . Compare his possessions with those of his father, Henry the Proud. (See Quest. 5705—5709.) Conrad’s Crusade and Death. —— p. 196. . What was the condition of Europe about 1142? (See Quest. 5558—5561.) . Who did what he could to counteract these influences? St. Bernard. . What great Christian undertaking was promoted by him? A new crusade. . i What was the cause of this second crusade? - . * What. sovereign was the first to take up the cross? (See Sr. BERNARD.) . Was Emperor Conrad III. at first willing to join the crusade? (See Quest. 5598—5600.) . ’r What happened to the army ofEmperor Conrad III.? . fAnd what to the French army? , . T What city was hereupon besieged by the remnants of both armies? . 1-Were they able to take the city? -}- What was the result of this crusade? . 1- When did Emperor Conrad return from his crusade? H How many years did Emperor Conrad III. survive his return from the East? About three years. f Refers to Appendix. * Refers to Alphabetical List. BARBAROSSA. The First Italian Campaign.— See BARBAROSSA. Map XXIII. . || When did Emperor Conrad III. die? . || By whom was he succeeded? . [} What was the chief reason that Conrad was succeeded by his nephew? Barbarossa was, through his mother, Judith, a Guelph; and hope was entertained that this would make an end to the strife between the two rival houses. || Explain this relationship with the Guelphs. . *IIovv old was Barbarossa when he was raised to the throne? . What were his manners and character? He was dignified, selflpossessed, just, brave, and ambitious. . What was one of the first acts of his reign ? To reconciliate the Guelphs. . * Where did Emperor Barbarossa, in accordance with time—honored custom, pitch his camp in Italy? . Where is the field of Roncaglia situated? South of the Po, and east of the Trebbia. . For what purpose was Barbarossa in Roncaglia? To hold a high court of justice. . When and by whom was he crowned emperor? By Pope Hadrian IV., June 18, 1152. . Who was this Hadrian IV.? Nicholas Breakspear, the only Englishman who ever wore the tiara. . What were the relations between Hadrian IV. and the city of Rome? They were in open enmity. Rome had shut its gates on the pope, and the pope had put Rome under the interdict. . How did the Romans behave towards pope and emperor? They attacked pope and emperor in the Leonine city, (the suburb around the cathedral of St. Peter, on the Vatican hill.) . Who preserved the German army in the great revolt in the Leonine city ? Henry the Lion. . * What great reformator was, after this revolt, delivered into the hands of his enemies? Arnold of Brescia. . * Who was this Arnold of Brescia? . *What was his end? . What were the results of this murder of Arnold of Brescia? The Romans would not allow the Germans to enter the city, neither would they give provisions ; ' and Barbarossa was obliged to disband his army. . Did he disband the whole army? He kept apart of his army under his own command, with which he commenced his return journey. . Where did he meet almost with destruction? In the Berner pass. "' . Give the precise situation of the Berner pass. 0n the bend of the Adige, eastward from the town of Gar-da. . What preserved the army from destruction ? The heroic conduct of Otto of Wittelsbach (the ancestor of the royal family of Bavaria). fl Refers to Genealogical Tables. 5776. 5778. 5779. 5780. 5781. 5782. 5783. 5784. 5785. 5786. 5787. 5788. 5789. 5790. 5791. 5792. 5793. 5794. 5795. 5796. 5797. 5798. 5799. . Was the emperor pleased with the pope’s conduct? MEDIEVAL HISTORY. What influence had the return of the emperor to Germany on the political parties in Italy? The Italians made peace among themselves to ward of the German influence in their aflairs. No. The pope had, without consulting the emperor, made peace with the Normans and Romans. Had the pope any reasons to be displeased with the emperor? Yes. The archbishop of Lund had been imprisoned in Burgundy, and the pope had reason to think that this was done not without the connivance of the emperor. What happened at the diet of Besancon, October, 1157? A papal legate brought the pope’s complaints against the emperor. What plan was, in consequence, taken up again? To separate Germany from Italy, and to make an independent national German church. What prelat-e was destined to be the head of the German church? archbishop of Treves. What was the reason that this plan was finally abandoned? what he could to prevent the schism, and was successful. The The pope did The Second Italian Campaign. When had been Frederick’s first Italian expedition? 1154—1155. What had been its object? To revive the imperial crown. Had this object been attained ? Yes. What had been the result of this expedition? The union of the Italian fac- tions against the emperor in order to dissolve the connection with the Empire. When was the second expedition? 1158. What was the object of this second expedition? thority and to punish Milan. Where did the army assemble ? 0n the Lechfeld, near Augsburg. By what passes did they enter Italy? .By fourpasses. The Great St. Ber- nard, Spliigen, Botzen, and the Semmring. What large city was besieged by this army? Milan. With what result? It was taken, deprived of its liberties, and had to recognize the imperial authority. Where was, hereupon, a great diet held? At Roncaglia. What was the result of this diet? The rights of the Empire and the emperor were settled, but not to the satisfaction of the Italians. Did Milan keep the oaths sworn at Roncaglia? No. Milan revolted. What were the consequences? After a two years’ siege, Milan was utterly destroyed (March, 1162). What was the result of this second Italian expedition? of Milan'struck terror in the hearts of all. emperor. To restore the imperial au- The terrible fate All towns opened their gates to the The Great Schism of 1159.—-See ALEXANDER III. Did Pope Adrian IV. live long enough to see the result of the second Italian expedition? He had died at Anagnis (Sept. 1159). *Who was chosen as his successor? , 1L Refers to Appendix. 5800. 5801. 5802. 5808. 5804. 5805. 5806. 5807. 5808. 5809. 5810. 581]. 5812. 5813. .5814. 5815. 5816. 5817. 5818. 5819. 5820. * Refers to Alphabetical List. 115 * What anti-pope was chosen by the imperial faction among the cardinals? Which of the two popes remained in Rome? Both were obliged to leave Rome, although Victor sometimes returned to the city. Alexander III. lived most in France. What nations declared for Alexander III. ? France, England, and Spain. What was the condition of the Church at the end of the second Italian campaign, in 1162? The Church was actually divided into two hostile parties. Third Italian Vis it. What was the condition of Lombardy after Barbarossa’s second campaign? There was little left of that freedom to which Lombardy had aspired. It was gone like a pleasant dream, and Lombardy awoke to the fears and miseries of servitude. What policy had been followed by Frederick? IIe had obeyed the dictates of his vindictive temper and of the policy usual among statesmen. What change had he made in the municipal government of the cities? He had dismissed the municipal magistrates, and established his governor (podesta) in their places, who was always a stranger, and frequently not an Italian. What was the amount of taxes in many places exacted ? Two-thirds of the produce of their lands, the only wealth that remained, were extortedfrom them. What step was taken by Frederick to allay the increasing discontent? He went himself to Italy, without an army, to redress the grievances. What. effect had this step? No efect whatever. His delegates had acted as faithful ofiicers, whom he could not be expected to punish. What was done by the Lombard towns when they received nothing but vague promises of redress? They began to rid themselves of the most obnox- ious of their oppressors. ; Who died in the midst of these troubles? The ariti—pope Victor IV., in 1164. Did this make an end to the schism? No ; for within two days the imperial- istic faction had selected another anti-pope, (Pascalis III.) What were the results of this election? The authority of Pope Alexander III. was continually on the increase, and his cause became in Italy the national cause. What league was formed in the march of Verona? The league of Verona. What mighty republic joined this league ? Venice. Did Frederick try to break this league? He did; first by promises, then by arms. With what result? He was repulsedfrom the territory of Verona. What did Frederick when he found himself repulsed from the territory of Verona? He hastened back to Germany in order to raise a large army to restore the imperial authority in Italy. Fourth Italian Campaign. When did Barbarossa begin his fourth Italian campaign? Fall of 1166. D By what route was Frederick obliged to enter Italy? The league of Verona prevented him from going through the valley of the Adige. He was obliged to go through the almost impassable valley of the Oglio. || Refers to Genealogical Tables. 116 5821. 5822. 5823. 5824. 5825. 5826. 5827. 5828. 5829. 5830. 5831. 5832. 5833. 5834. 5835. 5836. 5837. 5839. MEDIEVAL HISTORY. Describe his march through Italy in the winter of 1166—67. Brcscia, Lodi, Bologna, Faenza, Forli, to Ancona. What happened at Tusculum while the emperor was besieging Ancona? Tusculum, occupied by a German garrison, is attacked and besieged by the Roman militia. They receive a small reinforcement. Hereupon the thirty thousand besiegers are attacked and completely annihilated. It was a second Cannes. When did the Romans sustain this great defeat, and what were the con- sequences? On l'Vhitsuntide, 1167. Shortly afterwards Barbarossa came to take Home. When did Barbarossa appear before Rome? July 12, 1167. When did the Leonine city fall into his hands? After forcing the basilica of St. Peter’s, and fighting in the church, he entered St. Peter’s in triumph, August 1. Whither was Pope Alexander III. obliged to flee? To Beneventum. What was the position of Barbarossa in August, 1167 ? He was at the head of a victorious army in Rome, and the pope of his choice (Pascalis III.) was enthroned in the Lateran. What was the position of Barbarossa in September, 1167? His army was nearly annihilated. Almost like afugitive, he had arrived in Pavia. What was the cause of this? His army had been attacked by the autumnal fevers. What was the result of this destruction of the imperial army? The Lom- bardic towns rose all against the German dominion, andformcd a league. What was the avowed object of this league? To recover all the privileges which had been wrested from them in the diet of Roncaglia. Was the emperor willing to grant their demands? No. He sought to intim- idate them by severity. He inaugurated a war of destruction against them, giving up the country to the soldiers. With what success did he march against them? them in battle. What was the end of this fourth Italian campaign? from Italy. Fifth Italian Cmnpaigm—See ALEXANDER III. How many years intervened between the fourth and fifth Italian cam- paigns ? Nearly seven years. What was the condition of Germany during that time? The imperial authority was firmer than ever. What measures were taken by Barbarossa to increase the influence of the imperial dignity ? He sought to increase thcpatrimony of his house. Through IIe was not able to conquer He was glad to escape Very flourishing. . In what way did he increase his patrimonial estate? Many Suabian knights had fallen victims to the pestilence of September, 1167. united to the patrimonial estate, of the emperor. At whose cost was this increase? Mostly at the cost of the Suabian branch of the Guelphs, whose vassals they had been. Their possess-ions ' were T Refers to Appendix. 5840. 5841. 5842. 5843. 5844. 5845. 5846. 5847. 5848. 5849. 5850. 5851. 5852. 5853. 5854. 5855. 5856. 5857. 5858. 5859. 5860. 5861. 5862. 5863. 5864. 5865. * Refers to Alphabetical List. What influence had this on his relations with Henry the Lion? The rela- tions between the emperor and Henry the Lion became more and more hostile. What was the reason that, for the present, Henry the Lion did not break with the emperor ? He stood in need of the emperor’s assistance. What was the position of Henry the Lion about that time? His vassals had made a league against him. Dangerous troubles had broken out in his possessions in consequence of his tyrannical conduct. Who enabled Henry the Lion to extricate himself out of his difficult posi— tion? The emperor. What were the real relations between Henry the Lion and the emperor? Apparently they were friends. The emperor thought he had him reconciled. Henry waited for an occasion to do some harm to the emperor. What was the condition of Italy about that time? The imperial cause was constantly losing in strength. What had been the first overt act of enmity? the cont‘cderatcs of the Lombardic league. What town continued on the imperial side? Pavia. * What city was built as a check to Pavia and to the imperialistic marquis of Montferrat? Where was it built? * Why was it called Alessandria ? What places were still in the imperial power when the emperor descended the Alps for the fifth time? Only five. Genoa, Pisa, Lucca, Sienna, and Pistoja. When did he enter Italy for the fifth time? Towards the end ofll74. Through what pass did he enter? Through the pass of Mont Cents. He de- stroyed Susa. What town was at once besieged? Alcssandria. Was he able to take it? After afour months’ siege he was obliged to give it up. What forced him to abandon the siege ? A large army of the Lombardic league. Did the two armies join in battle? No. They made a truce. What had been the object of the emperor in granting the truce? He wanted to gain time in order to concentrate fresh forces. Did he receive the expected help from Germany? No. What was the reason that Henry the Lion refused to come to the assist.- ance of the emperor? He thought that now the time had come to break with him. What was the result of the treason of Henry the Lion? attacked and conquered by the Italians. .~ *When and where was Barbarossa conquered by the Loxhbardic league? * What was the result of the great imperial defeat at Leguano? * When and where were pope and emperor reconciled? What made the meeting between Frederick I. and Pope Alexander Ill. so very important ? The emperor renounced the ideas which he had earnestly and strenuously maintained for a quarter of a century. The rebuilding of Milan by The emperor was |[ Refers to Genealogical Tables. a. What forced him, however, to give up the contest? MEDIIEVAL HISTORY. . *What was fully established by the meeting at Venice? . *When, where, and how ended the schism? . * How long did Alexander III. enjoy his triumph? The Fall of Henry the. Lion—See HENRY THE LION. . Who had been the real cause of Barbarossa’s defeat at chnano? the. Lion, by his refusal to assist the emperor. . What price had he asked for granting his assistance to the emperor? imperial town of Goslar. . Where is Goslar situated, and what was its importance? Goslar is situated at the N. E. foot of the Hare mountains, (in Central Germany, between Weser and Elbe.) Goslar was the key to (Inner Saxony. . Did Emperor Frederick forgive this injury done to him in the hour of need? .No ; but he waited for an occasion to revenge himself. . What advantage did the emperor take of the complaints which Henry’s power and haughtiness had produced ? He summoned him to appear before a general diet. . How often was he summoned to answer charges in a general diet? Five times. . What was done when he refused to appear? Being adjudged cont-umacious, a sentence of confiscation fell upon his head, and the vast imperial fiefs which he possessed were shared among his enemies. . *When and where was he deprived of his possessions? . To whom was Saxony given? To Bernard of Anhalt, a son of Albert the Bear. . Was the whole of Saxony given to him? Only the south-eastern part. . To whom was Bavaria given? To Otto of li‘ittelsbach, the ancestor of the present Icing of Bavaria. . Was it suflicient to issue these sentences of confiscation? prepared himselffor resistance. IIe hadfirst to be conquered. . When, where, and with what result did Henry meet his adversaries? May 14, 1180, IIenry the Lion conquered at Weissensee. Henry The II enry the Lion IIis vassals fell, one by one, from him. . When and where did he throw himself at the feet of the emperor? ber 27, 1181, at the Diet of Erfurt. . Was he reinstated in his possessions? No. possessions were forever taken from him. . What allodial possessions was he allowed to keep? burg. . * What punishment (besides the loss of his feudal possessions) did he suffer? He was exiled. . *Whither did he go? . *What was the reason he went to England? . What was the result of the demolition of the Empire of Henry the Lion? Novem— Both dukedoms and all his feudal Brunswick and Lune- fRefers to Appendix. 117 The great IVorthern Empire founded by him was subdivided into many smaller states, not so able to withstand Sclaves and Danes. Enumerate the principal states into which it was subdivided. Saxony, 1Westphalia (the country between the Rhine and the Weser), and the bishoprics Puderborn, Ilildesheim, illagdeburg, etc. What result had the fall of Henry the Lion in Italy? The towns of Lom~ hardy were anxious to mahe their peace with the emperor. ‘ . When and where was the final peace concluded between the emperor and . What was settled by the peace of Constanz? Lombardy? At the Diet of Constanz, (1183.) The free towns were acknowl- edged as apower in the State, besides the Church and the nobility. . What great diet was now held to proclaim that peace reigned throughout 5895. 5896. 5897. 5898. 5899. 5900. 5901. 5902.. 5903. 5904. 5905. 5906. 5907. 5908. 5909. 5910. 5911. 5912. * Refers to Alphabetical List. the Empire? In May, 1184, at Mayence. SIXTH ITALIAN VISIT. What journey was undertaken by the emperor soon after his great peace festival at Mayence? A journey to Italy without an army. What was the main object of this sixth Italian journey? his eldest son Henry with Constance, heiress of Naples. How was he received in Italy? With the greatest respect and honor. Who was pope at that time? Lucius III. Where did he reside? At Verona. Why did he not take up his residence in Rome ? would not allow him. Was the pope in favor of the Sicilian marriage? No. Why was the pope against this marriage? Hitherto the Norman kings of Naples had, in all the struggles between emperor and pope, been on the papal side. Intermarriage with. the imperial family would change all this. Was the pope able to prevent it? No. When and where was the marriage between Henry and Constance cele- brated? January, 1186, at Milan. Who was pope at that time? Urban III. (since 1185), who acted entirely in the spirit of his predecessor. Was Urban III. as much against this marriage as his predecessor? Rather more. What did he do when he found himself unable to prevent this marriage? He excommunicated all clergymen who had in any way assisted in the ceremony. With whom did he make an alliance against the emperor? With the arch- bishops of Cologne and Mayence, and even with Henry the Lion. What was done in return by the imperial party in Central Italy? allied themselves with the Roman democracy. What prevented the breaking out of a war between emperor and pope? The sudden death of Urban III. When and where did Urban III. die ? What caused his sudden death? The marriage of The democracy of Rome They Oct. 1187, at Ferrara. The tidings of the fall of Jerusalem. |1 Refers to Genealogical Tables. 118 5913 5914 5922 5923 5924 5925 5926 5927 5928 5929 5930 5931 5932. Did Saladin assume himself the dignity of caliph? MEDIEVAL HISTORY. . What influence had the loss of Jerusalem on the relations between the emperor and the papacy? They made peace. United Christendom should reconquer the Holy City. . What resolution was taken by the aged emperor? the infidels. ISLAM DURING THE REIGN 0F BARBAROSSA. SALADIN. To lead an army against Scholar and Soldier. . When and where was Saladiu born? About 1137, among the Ifurds, who lived in the country to the east of the Tigris. . Where and how was he educated? In Baalbec and Damascus. a strict religious education. . What was his mode of life until his thirtieth year? between scientific studies and social pleasures. . What put a rude stop to his studios and musings ? reddin to join his uncle’s staff. . Who was this uncle, and whither was he sent? wanders of Noureddin, who was sent to Egypt. . Was Saladin anxious to go with his uncle to Egypt? that he felt as miserable as though he had been led to death. . How were they received in Cairo? They were sincerely welcomed by the in- habitants of Cairo. From what rule did they free Egypt? Quest. 5644—5648.) . What was done to establish the Turkish rule firmly in Egypt? The vizier was executed, and the caliph was forced to give the vacant office to Shir/cult. . How long did Shirkuh enjoy his new dignity? He died after afew weeks. . Who succeeded Shirkuh? Saladin. . With whose sanction ? With Noureddin’s sanction. . What was the position of Saladin in 1109? He was, in reality, sovereign of Egypt. . What was the character of his rule? He had no feelings save those of a born ruler, and all who gainsaid himfelt the whole/”orce of his resentment. . Who was, at that time, the nominal ruler of Egypt? The If'atimite caliph, Aladhed. IIe received He had divided his time He was ordered by Nou- Shirkuh, one of the com- IIe confessed, later, From the rule of the Christians. (See Viceroy in Egypt. . When did Saladin make an end to the Fatimite caliphate? When, 1171, the fliint—heartcd caliph made a feeble attempt at independence, the news suddenly spread through the land that he had ceased to live. . How long had they occupied the throne of Cairo? Two centuries. No. Egypt was united again with the caliphate of Bagdad. f Refers to Appendix. * Refers to Alphabetical List. , . When would Saladin’s absolute rule naturally cease? a. What title did Ismael assume as an open proclamation of supremacy? . Under what title did he rule Egypt? Mosul (Noureddin). . What was, in reality, the position of both Noureddin and Saladin? were both independent sovereigns. . What made Noureddin’s position so independent? was a mere man-of—straw. . What. enabled Saladin to rule independent of Noureddin ? The difiiculty of communication between Damascus and Cairo, and the necessity of quick and decisive measures in Egypt. 9 As viceroy of the prince (Atabeke) of They The sultan, his sovereign, When the two coun- tries should be directly united by the conquest of Palestine. . What policy was, therefore, pursued by Saladin? He wanted to preserve the integrity of the kingdom of Jerusalem. . Was this in accordance with Noureddin’s wishes? No. . How long did Noureddin have patience with Saladin? years. . What measures did he finally take in order to call Saladin to account? He prepared to march, in person, at the head of an army against Saladin. . What countries had been conquered by Saladin in the meantime? and part of Arabia. . What had been his object in conquering these countries? refuge there on the appearance of his angry chief. . Did Noureddin march to Egypt ? No; he died in 1174, just before his expedi- tion had started. . Who died soon after Noureddin? Amalric, king of Jerusalem. . Did both leave heirs? Both left sons not yet of age. . What was the condition of the East in 1174? In every country were either 'Inen-ojlstraw or minorities. . Who was the only man who had living force amongst all these fleeting shades? Saladin. For more than two Nubia In order to take Ruler of the East. . What was the first step Saladin took after the death of Noureddin? declared himself the natural protector of Ismael, the son of Noureddin. . What made him, however, suddenly change his policy? Ismael refused his protection, and showed by various acts that he was quite capable of taking care ofhimself. . What city did he conquer? Damascus. .He The title of Sultan of Cairo. Saladin was rudely told that he was but a subaltern. . What part was taken by the Christians in the wars that arose among the Moslems? The Christians were blind enough to take Saladin’s part. ' . When did Ismael (son of Noureddin, grandson of Zeuki) die? In 1181. . How many years did it take Saladin before his rule was acknowledged? || Refers to Genealogical Tables. ,1‘. ,. ..-. '.I came “and.“ 5956. 5957. 5958. 5959. 5960. 5961. 5962. 5963. 5964. 5965. 5966. 5967. 5968. 5969. 5970. 5971. 5972. 5973. 5974. 5975. 5976 5977 MEDIEVAL HISTORY. In the course of three campaigns he reduced all the Syrian emirs, and forced them all to acknowledge his supremacy. Give the extent of the Empire of Saladin in 1184. from the sources of the Nile to the sources of the Tigris. What state was now attacked by him ? He began the last decisive attack upon the Christians. What were his feelings towards the Christians? ness of mind, he hated them fiercely. What, in the Frankish states, foretold the near approach of dissolution? Inward decline, division and anarchy, miserable cowardice and insolent rashness. He was the sole ruler In spite of his general large- Champion of the Faith. Who was, in 1184, king of Jerusalem, and what was his condition? Baldwin I V ., who was incurably ill with leprosy. Who was expected to be his heir? His sister Sybilla. To whom was she married? To Count Guy of Lusignan, a Gascon bully, without wealth or power, and, what was worse, without understanding or character. Was this marriage very popular among the knights? It had provoked a storm of indignation throughout the kingdom. Into what parties was the kingdom divided? Into two hostile parties. Give the names of the leader of each party. Baldwin IV., with his brother- in—law, Guy 0f Lusignan, and Count Raymond of Tripoli, theformer regent. Whose mighty onslaught burst upon them amid these disputes? The attack of Saladin. From how many sides were they attacked? Simultaneously from Egypt, from Damascus, and from the sea, with armies each of them more numerous than the whole Christian force. What did for the moment ward off the danger? in which Saladin was involved. What use was made of this breathing-time by Raymond of Tripoli? used it to proclaim Sybilla’s son heir to the throne. Did the boy succeed his uncle? No. Baldwin IV. died soon afterwards, and his nephewfollowed him almost immediately. Sybilla’s husband, Guy, became king. What hastened Saladin’s attack upon the Christians? Internal dissensions among them. Who invoked his assistance? Raymond of Tripoli. Did Saladin march against the Christians? Not yet: they bought an armis- tice from Saladin. Who broke this armistice? the peaceful Arabian caravans. What were the consequences? Saladin declared war. . Who allowed the Moslem army to pass through his dominions? of Tripoli. . When and where did Saladin conquer the Christian vanguard? 1187, on the river Kishon. Young Disturbances on the Tigris, He Reginald of Chatillon, who continually attacked Raymond May 1, f Refers to Appendix. 5978: 5979. 5980. 5981. 5982. 5983. 5984. 3‘ 5985. 5986. 5987. 5988. 5989. 5990. 5991. 5992. 5993. 5994. 5995. 5996. 5997. * Refers to Alphabetical List. 119 Whither did Saladin lead his army after this victory? Towards Jerusalem. What effect had this upon the Christians? The Christians united. They collected all their forces, and even the count of Tripolijoincd his late enemies. When, where, and with what result. was the decisive battle fought? On July 5, 1188, at Tiberius, which resulted, within the first hour, in the total de- struction of the Christians. What were the results of the battle of Tiberius? their gates to the victorious Saladin. What was the‘ only town of the kingdom of Jerusalem that could not be taken? Tyre alone-was defended by the opportune arrival of an Italian fleet under the Marquis Conrad of Montferrat. When did Jerusalem capitulate? It being a holy city, Saladin did wish to take it by treaty. It capitulated October 3, 1187. What were the only Christian principalities that had not yet surrendered to Saladin? Tripoli and Antioch. But the kingdom of Jerusalem, the pride and centre of the Christian rule, was destroyed. Towns and castles opened THE TIIIRI) CRUSADE. The Armin/g of the I’Vest. What. influence had the failure of the second crusade exercised on the in— terests felt by the western nations in the kingdom of Jerusalem? It had greatly diminished their interest. What tidings reawakened this interest? City. How were the tidings of the fall of Jerusalem received in Europe? ment, anger, and grief were universal. How was it received by Pope Urban III. ? He worked day and night to bring about a crusade; prayed, sighed, and so wore himself out with grief and anger, that he sickened and died in afew weeks. Who succeeded him? Gregory VIII. ' What was done by Gregory VIII. to rekindle the mystic war of God? He sent legates through every country, and through them watched the progress of arming. What universal tax was imposed by him on all classes? Saladin’s tithe. What was the pope’s conduct? He acted as though he had been the monarch of a large, warlike, and well-administered kingdom. What was the effect of it? The efect was truly wonderful: the days of 1095 did seem to return. What old rivals vowed to abandon their quarrels and to take up the cross ? Henry II. of England, and Philip Augustus of France. What influence had this on their subjects? Nearly the whole of the nobility, and a number of the lower class ofpeople, were carried away by their example. Did Germany show as much zeal as the other nations? In Germany, now as formerly, the zeal was not so great. I What awoke among the Germans the desire to go to the Holy Country? The tidings of the loss of the Holy Excite- “ Refers to Genealogical Tables. ). Who was, at that time, emperor of the Greeks? '. What other Christian state allied itself with Saladin? .. When did the van of the West begin to arrive in Syria? ,4 MEDIEVAL HISTORY. The aged Barbarossa put on the cross, and by his ever firm and powerful will collected together a mass of nearly one hundred thousand pilgrims. The Counter-Preparations of the East. . How was this tidings of the arming of the West received in the East? At first it was hardly believed: but when it no longer could be doubted, the ferocious war-cry of Europe was answered by a voice of defiance quite as eager. . Who was, at that time, the virtual ruler of Western Asia? Saladin. . Did he undervalue his antagonists ? 111! had studied his antagonists with the eye of a true statesman, and had organized his dominions almost according to the Western system. . How had Saladin reformed his empire? IIis emirs held their towns on feudal tenure, who divided the surzounding land again under their followels. .. What was done by Saladin to oppose an armed Asia to armed Europe? He invoked the religwus zeal of the Mohammedans against the Christians. . With what results? Volunteers flocked to his standardfz om every quarter. . Did Saladin confine the arming of the East to the territories of the Islam? No. He concluded treaties with the Greeks. Isaac Angelus. The kingdom of Cyprus, ruled by Isaac Comnenus. Saladin made a treaty with him, so that the ships of Cyprus joined the Egyptian fleet in guarding the coasts of Syria. . What Christian people in the interior, whose very existence had been saved by the first crusade, did he bend to his side ? The 4rmenians. . What was opposed, by Saladin, to the united West? A united East, from the Danube to the Indus, from the Caspian Sea to the sources of the ZVile. Siege of Ptolemais. — See p. 196. Map XXIV. In 1189. . By which way did they come, and where did they disembark? and they disembarked in the Christian seaport towns. . What two military and religious orders were busily engaged in preparations for the coming struggle? The Templars, and the Knights of St. John. . What was done by them? They had collected munitions of war of every kind from all their European possessions, and increased the number of their mercenaries to fourteen thousand men. . Where and around whom collected the remnant of the Syrian barons? Around King Guy, who had ransomed himselffrom captivity. . What prompt resolution was taken by them ? To remain no longer inactive, but to begin the attack at once. . When and where did they begin the attack? August 28, 1189, King Guy commenced the siege of the strong maritime fortress of Ptolemazs. . Give the precise situation of Ptolemais. 012 a promontory on the Syrian coast, nineteen miles due west of the head of the Lake of Tiberius, andjive miles N.E. of Mt. Carmel. By sea, 1- Refers to Appendix. 6017. What was the position of the Christian army before Ptolemais? 6022. 6023. 6024. 6025. 6026. 6027. 6028. 6029. 6030. 6031. 6032. 6033. 6034. 6035. 6036. 6037. 6038. 6039. * Refers to Alphabetical. List. . What position was soon taken up by Saladin? It formed a semicircle around the besieged town, each wing of the position resting upon the sea. It was thus certain of its supplies, and able to protect the landing of the reinforcements. He surrounded, in his turn, the Christian camp. . Was Saladin able to break through the iron ring of the Christians? He was not. . Were the Christians able either to take the city or to drive away Saladin? No. ' . On whose side was the superiority in this fight around Ptolemais? 0n Saladin’s side. Death of Barbarossa. —p. 196, and Art. BAnnmossa, and Tsuromc KNIGHTS. Whose arrival was expected to turn the scales ? Barbarossa’s. TWhen and from what place had Barbarossa started for the East? * How old was he at that time, and how long had he ruled? How large was the army he led with him? Twenty thousand knights and fifty thousandfoot soldiers. What was the character of this army? With strict discipline, the imperial leader drove all disorderly and useless persons out of his camp. TDesCI 1be the march of Baibaiossa’ 8 an my. TWhat was the behavior of the Greek emperor towards the German army? Who opposed Barbarossa’s march through Asia Minor? The Seljukes of Iconium. With what result? After a drawn battle near Philomelium, the Seljukes were completely defeated in the battle of Iconium, May 18, 1190. The city of [co- nium was taken and plundered. Whither did they march from Iconium? Cilz'cia. How was he looked upon by the Turks ? Far and wide throughout Turkish Syria went the dread of Frederick’s irresistible arms. What did Saladin announce to his emirs? His intention of quitting Syria, on F rederick’s arrival, and retreating across the Euphrates. What had Barbarossa done by the mere shadow of his approach? forced from Saladin a confession of inferiority. Was Barbarossa destined to see the realization of his endeavors? No. fWhat happened to him while crossing the river Seleph in Cilicia? In what condition did the orphaned army arrive at Antioch? In a state of the deepest defection. What happened there with the greater part of his army? at once found plenty. They imprudently gave themselves up to debauch: broke out there, many died, and many returned home. With what miserable remnant did the emperor's son Frederick reach the camp before Ptolemais? With hardly five thousand men. Through the pass of the Taurus, into He had From want they sickness ll Refers to Genealogical Tables. MEDIEVAL HISTORY. . *What order of knighthood was there instituted by Frederick? . * For what purpose? . How long did Duke Frederick survive his father? About six months. died ofa murrain in the trenches before Ptolemais, January 20, 1191. He Richard Cwur do More. THE PREPARATION. . Who were now anxiously expected by the Christians before Ptolemais? The kings of France and England. . . What had materially retarded their departure? and Philip Augustus. . When died Henry 11. of England, and who succeeded him? 0.99, I. . What w)as one of the first acts of the reign of Richard 1.? to the East. . What. provision did he make for the government of England ? regency of the kingdom to the bishops of Ely and Durham. . What did he do to attach his brother John to his interest? about one-third of the whole of the kingdom. . What measures did he take in order to raise the necessary money ? ‘Money was raised by every expedient. The demesne lands, the honors and ofiices of the crown, were exposed to public sale. Jews were mulcted. . What answer did he give to those who remonstrated with him? sell London itself, if I could but find a purchaser. . When and where did he meet Philip Augustus to begin this journey? Mid- summer, 1190, in the plain of Vezelay. . How large was the army that marched under their joint banners? one hundred thousand. THE FALL or PTOLEMAIS. . When did Richard I. arrive at Ptolemais? June 8, 1191. . How was he received? His arrival was celebrated by an illumination of the camp. . What influence had his arrival on the besieging army ? He roused the whole army out of the state of apathy into which it had lately fallen. . What influence had his arrival on the Turks ‘.7 It struck terror to their hearts. . When did Saladin make his last attempt at raising the siege? On July 8. . With what results? He was unable to raise the siege. . What resolution was hereupon taken by him? To give up Ptolemais. . How long had the siege lasted? JVearly three years. . How many of the heroic defenders were still remaining? thousand. . Under what conditions were they to be exchanged? Within the space of forty days, for two thousand captive Christians and a ransom of two hundred thousand pieces of gold. Quarrels between Henry II. (See Geneal- To prepare to go He gave the He gave him I would Nearly About three 1‘ Refers to Appendix. *Refers to Alphabetical List. 121 6063. Was Saladin able to make the exchange within the allotted time? No. 6064. What cruel act was hereupon perpetrated by Richard? The three thousand prisoners of war were murdered in sight of both camps. 6065. Did Saladin indulge in reprisals ? He magnanimously refused the demands of his exasperated followers for reprisals. 6066. Who returned, soon after the taking of Ptolemais, homeward? Augustus. Philip ASCALON. 6067. What hope was entertained by many after the fall of Ptolemais? The enthusiastic and devout hoped to be led to Jerusalem. 6068. What prevented their marching on to Jerusalem? tian camp. 6069. Into what two parties was the Christian army divided? Into two: A, Richard Coeur de Lion, King Guy, and the Pisans; B, Philip Augustus, King Conrad, and the Genoese. 6070. What was done by Philip Augustus when he saw the discord rise higher? He returned to France. 6071. What expedition was soon afterwards undertaken by Richard? To Ascalon. 6072. With whom did he tall in on his route to Ascalon? With Saladin. 6073. When and where did he defeat. Saladin? At Arsuf, Sept. 7, 1191. 6074. Did he march from Arsuf straight to Ascalon? N0. Richard went very slowly, indulging in single combats, etc. 6075. In what condition did he find the town on his arrival? Saladin had destroyed Ascalon before Richard’s arrival. When were again begun negotiations between Richard and Saladin? Jan- uary, 1192. 6077. What brought them again abruptly to a close? upon Jerusalem. 6078. Where was Richard brought to a. sudden halt? Near the village of Bait- nuba, a few miles from Jerusalem, where Saladin had thrown up strong and extensive fortifications. 6079. Who deserted him here in sight of the Holy City? The duke of Burgundy deserted him with the French who remained under his command. 6080. What saying is recorded from Richard when a knight pointed out Jeru- salem to him? Veiling his face with his cloak, he exclaimed: “ My God, let me not behold thy city, since I am unable to deliver it ! ” Dissensions in the Chris- 6076. Richard’s sudden advance JOPPA. 6081. What Christian town had been, in the meanwhile, attacked by Saladin? The seaport town of Joppa, 1V. W. of Jerusalem. 6082. Was Richard quick enough to prevent its being taken? on his arrival. 6083. What did he do when he found the town in the power of the Turks? He rushed in the midst of the enemy’s superior force, and drove the Turks out of the place. The town was taken “Refers to Genealogical Tables. 122 6084. MEDIEVAL HISTORY. What fame did he earn by this and many similar deeds? Years afterward, Turkish mothers threatened their children with “King Richard is coming .’ ” 6085. Were these knightly deeds of any real advantage to the cause of Christen- 6086. 6087 6088. 6089. 6090. Was there any clause in the treaty relating to Jerusalem? 6091 6092. How was this peace looked upon by the Turks? 6093 6094. 6095 6096 6097 6098 dom? 0f no advantage whatever. What two causes combined to put an end to the strife? Saladin’s emirs were weary of the long strife, and Saladin’s health was, failing, and he wanted rest. . Were the favorable terms of the former treaty, more especially the posses- sion of Jerusalem, any longer to be obtained? .ZVo. When, and for how long. was finally an armistice agreed upon between Saladin and the Christians ? August, 1192, a three years’ armistice was con- cluded. What was, for the present, allowed to remain in the hands of the Chris- tians? The sea—coast from Antioch to Joppa. The Christians obtained permission to go to Jerusalem as unarmedpilgrims, to pray at the Holy Sepulchre. . How was this peace looked upon by the Christians? They were deeply exas- perated by such a peace. With great rejoicings. The Holy City was in their possession again. . How was this peace looked upon by Saladin? Simply as afirst step of making an end to the Christian Empire in the East. What were the consequences of this armistice? The most active andfriendty intercourse—rarely disturbed by suspicion—soon began between the two nations. CAPTIYITY. . Who had, directly after the armistice, embarked for home? King Richard. . To what. coast was he driven by a} violent storm? To the French coast. . Why did he not dare to land in France? He feared the hostility of Philip Augustus. . Where was he at length thrown ashore? In the northern part of the Adri- atic Gulf, on the Dalmatian coast, near Zara. 6099. What determination was taken by Richard and his companions? To make 6100. Were they able to make their way through Austria? 6101 6102 6103 6104 6105 6106 their way through Austria in the disguise of pilgrims. 1V0. . How and where were they found out? Near Vienna, by the gloves and ring of King Richard, which his page had taken with him to Vienna. . In accordance with what law was he made a captive? The strangers who passed through the lands of the lord without his consent belonged to him. . To whom was he handed over by the duke of Austria? To the emperor. (March, 1193.) . Where was he imprisoned by Emperor VI.? 072 the Trifels, in the Palatinate. . 110w and by whom was his prison found out ‘7 By his minstrel, Blondel. . Was the ofl‘ered ransom accepted by the emperor? No. TRefers to Appendix. *Refers to Alphabetical List. 6107. Why not? The emperor wanted to keep in his power the relation, friend, and ally of all his enemies, — of the Guelphs and the Sicilian Normans. 6108. By whom was the emperor finally prevailed upon to accept a ransom? the pope and the German barons. How large was this ransom? One hundred thousand marks of silver. How long had Richard been in captivity? Thirteen months. When did he return again to England ? .hIarch 13, 1194, after an absence of four years. What means were used in England in order to pay the enormous ransom exacted by the emperor? The plate of the churches and monasteries was melted down to pay this ransom. By 6109. 6110. 6111. 6112. Chronological and Genealogical Review of the First and Second Periods of the Fourth Division of Melliceval History. 6113. H Give the names of all the English sovereigns who ruled during the twelfth century. [| Give the names of all the French sovereigns who ruled during the twelfth century. H Give the names of all the rulers of Germany during the twelfth century. Give the names of all the kings of Jerusalam during the twelfth century. What English sovereign is mentioned on your table during the twelfth century? Who was assassinated during his reign, and on his instigation? * Who was this Becket, and what date is assigned to him? What French king was the contemporary of Henry II. of England ? What celebrated abbot was his prime minister, and what date is assigned to him? Give the names and dates of two celebrated French ecclesiastics who were contemporaries of Abbot Suger. *Give a short sketch of the life of St. Bernard. Who were vehement adversaries of St. Bernard? * Who was this Arnold of Brescia, and what date is assigned to him ? How many crusades took place during the twelfth century? TWhat crusade had just ended at the beginning of the twelfth century ? Jr What had been the political result of the first crusade? What date is assigned on your table to the kingdom of Jerusalem? How long did it last, and how many kings did rule in Jerusalem? TWhat other Christian states had been established on the Syrian coast besides the kingdom of Jerusalem ?~ Give the precise position of each. (See Map.) fWhich of them was the first to fall into the hands of the Moslems? Jr What were the consequences of the taking of Edessa? TWho was the preacher of this second crusade? 1' What sovereigns were induced by him to march to the East? 6114. 6115. 6116. 6117. 6118. 6119. 6120. 6121. 6122. 6123. 6124. 6125. 6126. 6127. 6128. 6129. 6130. 6131. 6132. 6133. 6134. 6135. 6136. 11 Refers to Genealogical Tables. MEDIEVAL HISTORY. . 1-What was the result of this second crusade? . tThe taking of what town became the cause of the third crusade? . i- What sovereigns went to rescue the Holy City? . Who was by far the oldest and most famous among them? . * Who was this Barbarossa? . *What pope was his great adversary, and what was the cause of his enmity? . . What date is assigned on your table to Barbarossa and Alexander II. ? . ii Enumerate all the English sovereigns who ruled contemporary with Bar- barossa. . H Enumerate all the French sovereigns who ruled contemporary with Bar- barossa. . Enumerate all the French, English, and German sovereigns contemporary with the first crusade. . Enumerate also all the sovereigns contemporary with the second crusade. . And all the sovereigns contemporary with the third crusade. . Repeat all the dates belonging to the first period of this division. . Repeat all the dates belonging to the second period of this division. . Repeat all the dates belonging to the twelfth century. Third Period. — Glory and Fall of the Papacy. THE LAST CRUSADES. PREPARATIONS FOR THE roman CRUSADE. The Crusaders and their Historian. . How long did Saladin survive his triumph over Christendom? He died March 3, 1193. . What were the consequences of his death? Anarchy. . How many years after his death were the nobles of France summoned again to the holy war, to take advantage of this weakness of Islam? Five years. . Who was this prophet who tried to rekindle the old fanaticism? An illit~ crate priest of the neighborhood of Paris— Foulgues of Neuilly. . What was his influence? He deelaimed with severity against the views of the age, and made many converts. . Who occupied at that time the chair of St. Peter? . Was he in favor of a fourth crusade? Yes. Christendom to free the Holy City. . Was the situation of the principal monarchs favorable to a crhsade? It was rather averse to it. Emperor Frederick II. was a child ; Philip Augustus had performed, and could not be persuaded to renew, the perilous vow; and Rich- ard was satiated with the glory and misfortunes of his first undertaking. . But who heard and obeyed the summons? The great vessels—the princes of the second order. Innocent III. He proclaimed the obligation of 1' Refers to Appendix. 6161. 6162. 6168. 6164. 6165. 6166. 6175. 6176. 6177. 6178. 6179. * Refers to Alphabetical List. . What route did they determine to take? . Had they sufficient ships to carry out this plan? . What resolution was taken in order to procure ships ? . What fare was demanded to carry the pilgrims to Syria? 123 Give the names of some of these princes of the second class who took the cross. Thibaut of Champagne, Baldwin of Flanders, and Simon of Montfort. Who became the historian of the expedition? Cejfroi dc Villardouin. What did he write ? The history of the conquest of Constantinople. This work is the first in that lengthened series of historical memoirs for which France is so specially celeb-rated. What is the character of Villardouin’s work? It is an unpretending but faithful and graphic description of events which passed under his own eyes. What is the most valued part of these memoirs? His descriptions of con- temporary manners, both among his own countrymen and in the East, are par- ticularly valuable. Has it been translated into English? The Chronicle of Ceofrey dc Ville— Hardouin, Marshall of Champagne and Romania, concerning the conquest of Constantinople by the French and Venetians, Anna 1204. Translated by T. Smith, London, 1824. 8vo. The Transportation - Treaty. By sea. No. To send six repre- sentatives to procure the necessary vessels from a maritime state. . What states were alone possessed of the means of transporting them ? The Italian states. . To which of the Italian states did they proceed to solicit their aid? To Venice. . Who was at that time the doge of Venice ? Arrico Dandolo, an old man who had passed his ninetieth year. . What proposition was made by the Venetian administration? That the cru- saders should assemble at Venice on the feast of St. John, 1202; that transports and provisions should be prepared, and that the republic should join them with fifty galleys. Eighty-five thou- sand marks of silver. THE FOURTH CR'USADE, 1203-1204. Zara. Who was chosen by the pilgrims as their commander? ferret, the brother of King Conrad. When did Boniface of Montferrat march to Venice? How were the crusaders received at Venice? fulfilled, but even surpassed, their engagements. What was the only obstacle to their departure? they gave all they had, had not money enough. How was this obstacle at length removed? The Doge Dandolo proposed, that if the crusaders would join the Venetians in reducing some revolted cities Boniface of Mont~ In the spring of 1203. The Venetians had not only The crusaders, although 1‘ Refers to Genealogical Tables. 124 6180. 6181. 6182. 6183. 6184. 6185. 6186. 6187. 6188. 6189. 6190/ 6191. 6192. 6193. 6194. 6195. 6196. 6197. 6198. 6199. 6200. MEDIEVAL HISTORY. in Dalmatia, they could wait to pay the balance until some wealthy conquest was made. Was this offer accepted? After much scruple and hesitation, they finally accepted. Against what city were the first hostilities of the fleet and army directed ? Against Zara. Give the precise situation of Zara. Was the undertaking successful? were obliged to surrender at discretion. What was the moral result of the sack of Zara? of discord and scandal. Who became the voice of the public opinion of Christendom? The Pope, who excommunicated the false Crusaders who had pillaged and massacred their brethren. What was promised in order to pacify the Pontifi? unite the Latin and Greek churches. How was this union of the Greek and Latin churches to be brought about? By the placing of Alexius, the son of Isaac II., on the throne of Byzantium, from which he had been driven by an usurper, (Alerius III.) For the help they afforded he promised to bring the whole of the Creek Church to Rome. Who was, at that time, emperor at Constantinople? Alcxius III., who had dethroned his brother, Isaac Angclus, the legitimate emperor. Did this storm, which was gathering in the Adriatic, cause much alarm to Alexius Ill. ? 1V0. Whom did he request to prevent the expedition from visiting the Byzan- tine Empire? I’opc Innocent III., who was considered the head of this Crusade. What answer was returned by Innocent III. to this letter? IIe returned an evasive answer, assuming the right of deciding to whom the Byzantine crown really belonged. When and whither did the fleet sail from Zara? tinoplc. In Dalmatia. Map XXIV. After a siege of five days, the inhabitants It had scattered the seeds That they would try to April, 1203, to Constan— Thc Latin Conquer-ora—IMap 62. (XXV.) When was Constantinople finally attacked? April 9, 1204. With what result? The Crusaders were atfirst repulsed. When was the city taken? 0n the 12th of April, 1204. What was the conduct of the conquerors ? The insolence of victors was never more haughtily displayed. What Greek historian, who was an eye-witness of the sack of Constanti- nople, has left a memoir? Nicetas. What Latin historian, also an eye-witness, has done the same? Hardouin. In what do both agree? That the sack of Constantinople exceeded everything else that had happened, both in its glory and shame. What was the first care of the victors after order had somewhat been re- Ville- 1‘ Refers to Appendix. 6201. 6202. 6203. 6204. 6205. 6206. 6207. 6208. 6209. 6210. 6211. 6212. 6213. 6214. 6215. 6216. 6217. 6218. * Refers to Alphabetical List. stored? To divide the plunder accumulated in the three churches they had selected for magazines. _ What was the amount of the booty in spite of fraud, concealment, and con- flagration? Three hundred thousand marks of silver. (Mar/c = lb. of silver.) How was this immense booty divided? First it was divided into two equal parts between Venice and the Crusaders. Then the Crusaders paid from their por— tion fifty thousand marks to the Venetians, so.that Venice received two-thirds of the spoil. Who was elected emperor after the division of the spoil? Baldwin, Count of Flanders, was elected Emperor of the East. What three causes did contribute greatly to the elevation of Baldwin of Flanders? 1st, His personal character: 2d. The connection of Baldwin with the royal house of France; 3d, The slight jealousy of the Venetians of such a petty prince. Did Baldwin succeed to the whole of the power of the ancient Byzantine emperors? No. Jllany new states were formed, three of which assumed the rank of empires, (Constantinople, Nicwa, and Trebizonde.) May 19, 1204, The Division of the Spoil. Who received the lion’s share of the conquered territory? The Venetians. What chain of factories, cities, and islands was formed by the Venetians for the furtherance of their trade? They formed a chain of factories from Ragusa to the Bosporus. What island did they purchase from the Marquis of Montferrat? Crete, or Candia, with the ruins of a hundred cities. ' What did Venice in reality become by all these possessions? power in the eastern Mediterranean. What is the only remainder of this former glory of Venice? language is still the cosmopolitan language in the East. , What kingdom was obtained by Boniface of Montferrat. Macedonia and Greece-—- called the kingdom of Thessalonica. ‘ To whom was Epirus and [Etolia given? To a bastard of the house of Angelos, with the title of Despot of Epirus. Enumerate the principal states which were formed out of the Empire. How long did this Latin Empire last? Until 1261. About half a century. How many Latin emperors ruled at Constantinople? Sir. ‘ The ruling The Italian THE CRUSADE AGAINST THE ALBIGENSES.-—Map 61. (XXV.) Innocent III. —— See INNOCENT III. Under the guidance of what Pope did Rome attain her highest power? Under the guidance of Innocent III. ' Who had prepared the way for Innocent III.? Gregory VII. (Hildebrand) Does any Pope stand out very prominent in the long interval between Hildebrand and Innocent 111.? No. I] Refers to Genealogical Tables. 6219. 622 6221. 6222. 6223. 6224. 6225. 6226. 6227. 6228 MEDIEVAL HISTORY. Who was the greatest among these eighteen popes? Alexander III. . But what was Alexander III. merely able to do? This great enemy of Barba- rossa could only bring the stubborn battle that raged between Pope and Emperor to a drawn game. What was the reason of this? The Hohenstaufen were too strong for the Papacy. * How long did Innocent III. occupy the Papal chair? *What kind of man was he at the time of his election? * With what aspirations did he mount the chair of St. Peter ? What was first firmly established by him ? The temporal power of the Papacy. *What was one of the first political acts of Innocent III. '3 He delivered Cen- tral Italy from its German tyrants. How was he looked upon by Italy ? As apatriotic delicerer. . Who reaped the real benefits of the Franco-Venetian expedition to Con— stantinople ? Innocent III., or rather the Latin Church. _6229. In which way did he reap the benefits of this expedition ? The Greek schis- matics were trampled under the feet of Western crusaders and Western bishops, and Papal authority seemed to be paramount in Constantinople. 6230. How was he looked upon by the European sovereigns? He was obeyed, but feared. They trembled at the terrible interdiet. 6231. *What was his policy with regard to England? To him England owes the promotion of Stephen Langton, the father of English liberty. 6232. * What were his relations with King John ? 6233. * What were his relations with the crafty Philip Augustus? 6234. * What flagrant breach of morality had been committed by him ? ‘ 6235 6236 6237 6238 6239 62-40 6241 6242 6243 6244 . Where had this race of dissenters originally sprung up? . What were the consequences of this lenity ?- . Who inaugurated an age of bloody reaction? The Dissernters. . What was the state of the Church at the ascension of Innocent III. ? The Church was threatened with schism and dissolution. In the border countries, where Christendom, Islam, and Persian fire—worship met. . Whither had they been forced to go ? To Bulgaria. . The course of what river was followed by them in their spread westward? The course of the Danube. . What gave them a respite from persecution? and Empire. ‘ . What was the natural result of a bitter but short persecution followed by a century of respite? Their converts increased vastly, especially in France and in Italy. . What was the leading feature of the Papacy during the twelfth century? Humanity and forbearance. The troubles between Church The rapid spread of dissent. Innocent III. . What was the belief of these dissenting sects ? They denied transubstantia- tion, rejected confession and also the sacrament of marriage. Many among them were also tainted with Manieheeism. 1' Refers to Appendix. 6245. 6246. 6247. 6248. 6249. 6250. 6251. 6252. 6253. 6258. 6259. 6260. 6261. 6262. 6263. 6264. 6265. 6266. * Refers to Alphabetical List. 125 What do you understand by Manichaeism ? The belief in two distinct powers —— one ofgood and one of evil, both eternal and of equal authority. Whence the name? From Manes, a Persian who lived in the third century. Where was the chief seat and stronghold of the heretics? In Languedoc. What was the social condition of Languedoc at that time? It was the most flourishing and most civilized part of Western Europe. Was it a part of France ? No. Did it share the horror with which non—Catholics were elsewhere regarded? Continual intercourse had taken away the horror with which misbelievers were elsewhere regarded. , What was the cause of this? They lived in habits of courteous andprofitable intercourse with the Arabians of Spain and the Greeks from Byzantium. What were the natural consequences? M’ith Eastern merchandise, bold and subtle theories were imported. What made the danger to the Church peculiarly formidable? The geo~ graphical position of the sectarians. They occupied a central region, communicat- ing directly with France, with Italy, and with Spain. . Were they satisfied with being allowed to worship in accordance with their convictions? No. They wanted to propagate their opinions. . When was the struggle imminent, and the heretical Church fully organ- ized? In 1200, when the heretical Church had its hierarchy—its priests, its bishops, and its I’ope. . What antipathies were gradually disappearing as a result of these teach- ings? 0f race, language, and opinions. . What important facts showed the disappearance of these antipathies? 1. King Sancho of Navarre asked in marriage a daughter of the Almohadcs. 2. Richard Coeur de Lion offered his sister to Male/c Adhel. 8. Henry II. had threatened to become Mussulman. 4. John promised to renounce his religion if the Almohades would take up his cause. Were these dissenters everywhere known by the same name ? Give some of their names. Albigenses, W’aldenses, I’atarines, etc. Explain the name Albigenses. The name was derived from their chief place, Alby, in Languedoc. Explain the name Patarines. From the Latin word Pater. other prayer but the Pater ZVoster. Explain the name Catharins. From the Greek word katharos (:pure). What name did some give themselves? The Perfects and the Believers.‘ Who were the Vaudois or Waldenses? Dissenting shepherds in the Western Alps. Whence their name? From Peter Waldus, who commenced to teach in 1180. No . They admitted no The Benedictincs. What had sown the seeds of hatred between the Northern and Southern races? Their deference of manners. These Southern eaters of garlic, oil, and. figs reminded the Crusaders of the Mohammedans, and Languedoc seemed to them another Judea. ll Refers to Genealogical Tables. ’ l? A 7» ' . Whither were the crusades transferred? ‘ . What had been the results? : . When was a new reformation effected in the bosom of the reformers? In 3'. What rose by the side of Cluny? 657". What was characteristical of these Cistercians? .. What was the consequence of this? ' . Who dared to upbraid him to his face with his evasion? MEDIEVAL HISTORY. . What use was made by the Church of this antipathy between the races? The Church laid hold of this antipathy as a means of retaining the South, which was slipping from her hands. , From the Infidels to the IIeretics. . Who were the preachers of the crusade against the heretics? The Bene- dictines of Citeaux or the Cistercians. . When, where, and by whom had the order of the Benedictines been insti— tuted? Sec ST. BENEDICT. . When, where, why, and by whom was first an order formed Within the order? By Odo, abbot of Cluny. See CLUNY. See CLUNY. 1008, during the first crusade. Citeaux. They declared themselves the especial servants of Rome. They wanted to pass themselves as poor, humble slaves of the Pope. . What happened to these Cistereians in spite of their self-humiliation? The more they humbled themselves the greater did they become. . What name—indicative of his wealth and power—was given to their abbot? The Abbot of abbots. He had under him eighteen hundred monasteries and fourteen hundred nunneries. . What was their condition twenty years after their foundation? nard‘s austerity was alarmed at theirpower. A third reformation took place, and St. St. Ber- Bernard went to Clairveaux. . Give the precise situation of Cluny, Citeaux, and Clairveaux. 61. (XXV.) . What means were tried at first by Innocent III. to stifle the heresy in Languedoc? Conversion. . Who were ordered by the Pope to convert the heretics? . Who was asked by the Pope to assist the Cistercians? louse, the most influential prince in Languedoc. . What was his conduct after he had promised compliance? elude the execution of his promises. See Map The Cistercians. Raymond of Tou- IIe sought to The papal legate Pierre de Castelnau. . What was the result of his daring conduct? by a retainer of the Count of Toulouse. . What pretext did this murder give to Innocent III. ? against the Albigenses. He was assassinated, in 1208, To preach a crusade The Crusade. . Who were ordered to preach the crusade throughout the north of France? The Cistercians. 1' Refers to Appendix. * Refers to Alphabetical List. 6289. What conquest had familiarized men’s minds with a holy war against Chris~ tians? The fourth crusade, directed against Constantinople. 6290. Who was king of France at that time? Philip Augustus. 6291. Did he lead the crusade against the South ? No. 6292. What was the cause of his absence from the crusade? John of England and Emperor Otto. - . What powerful duke was one of the leaders of this crusade? The duke of Burgundy. ' . But who was the real leader of the whole? Leicester. ‘ . Who was this Simon de Montfort, whose name will ever be identified with this dreadful war? A veteran of the crusades, hardened in the unsparing bat/les of the East. ’. What was the first town attacked by the Crusaders? Be’ziers. ...4. Why did they not strike their first blow against Raymond of Toulouse? They first wanted to weaken him before they dared to attack him. . What opportunity had been given to Raymond? He had been suffered to do penance for his murder of the legate; (to be scourged in church.) . But. what more terrible penance had he to go through? To lead the army of the Crusaders against his own friends. . What was the fate of Béziers ? It was pillaged and burned. . What was the next city attacked by the Crusaders? .Carcassone. ‘ ' . What saved the citizens of Carcassone from the fate of those of Béziers? ' They abandoned their town andfled to the mountains. . To Whom was the country, conquered so far, given? fort. ' . Did Count Raymond of Toulouse continue with the Crusaders after the fall of Carcassone? No. He returned to Toulouse. 6305. How was this conduct looked upon? As connivance with the Heretics. 6306. Whither did he go in order to justify himself? To Arles. 6307. What terms were proposed to him by the Council of Arles? To deliver up all heretics in his dominions, allow his country to be disarmed, and then go to the East until he should receive permission to return. 6308. Did he submit to these contemptuous terms? 6309. What was the result of his refusal? declared against him. 6310. When did Simon de Montfort arrive before Toulouse? 6311. Was he able to take the city? No. 6312. When did Montfort march for the second time towards Toulouse? In 1212. 6313. With what result? He could not take the city, but he destroyed everything around it. 6314. Who came the next year to the rescue of Raymond? King Pedro of Arragon. 6315. When, where, and with what result did Peter of Arragon and Simon de M ontfort meet? Sept. 13, 1213, near Murat. Pedro was conquered and killed. 6316. Did this battle make an end to the war? No. Simon de Montfort continued the devastation of the South. His quarrels with Simon de Montfort, earl of To Simon de Mont- He positively refused. He was excommunicated, and war was June, 1211. |[ Refers to Genealogical Tables. MEDIEVAL HISTORY. . What was done by the Pope to put an end to the devastation? He sent a legato to exhort the people to submission. . When and where was a council held to bring Languedoc again within the pale of the Church? In Dec, 1214, at Montpelier. . Who was excluded from the general amnesty? Raymond of Toulouse. . To whom were his ancestral possessions given? To his conqueror, Simon de Montfort. . How long did Simon de Montfort enjoy his conquest? . How many sons did he leave? Two. . Which of them inherited his English possessions 2’ The younger son, Simon, who, consciously or not, became the founder of English liberty. . And who became his father’s successor in Languedoc? The elder, Amalric. . To whom was Languedoc transferred by him in 1226? To Louis VIII, king of France. . Why ? He was not able to overcome the firm resistance of Languedoc. . What was, therefore, the final result of the crusade against the Albigenses? The union of Southern and Northern France. . Who was the first king who ruled over united France? Louis IX. . Give the extent of the kingdom of France in 1000. Map 75. (XXIII) . Give the extent of the kingdom of France in 1206. Map 75. . Give the extent of the kingdom of France in 1300. Map 75. I He died in 1218. THE FIFTH CRUSADE. The Children’s Crusade. . Did Pope Innocent III. forget the Eastern Christians amid all the troubles and civil wars of the West ? He did what he could to rekindle the war against the ilIohammedans. . Were his exhortations of any avail? He was not listened to, and shed tears of despair at the indifl‘erence of the nations of the West. . But who gathered together to free Jerusalem? from Germany and France. . How many arrived actually at Marseilles? Thirty thousand. . What promises were made to them? To carry them, free of charge, to the Syrian coast. . Were these promises kept? Two ships foundered at sea. The five remaining sailed straight to Africa, where the children were sold as slaves. . Did any of them reach the Syrian coast? Some reached Ptolemais. . What impression was produced by them in Syria? That all good govern~ ment in Europe was at an end, that they could not longer hope for assistance. What result did this Children’s Crusade have? It excited the Pope to do what he could for the Holy Land. What measures were taken by Innocent III. in order to rekindle the en- thusiasm of the faithful? A general council was assembled at Rome. What resolutions were taken by it for promptly succoring the Holy Land ‘3 Pope and cardinals should pay one-tenth, other ecclesiastics one-twentieth Fifly thousand children ‘ 1‘ Refers to Appendix. . What influence had the example and promises of the Emperor? 6352. 6353. 6354. 6355. 6356. 6357. 6358. 6359. 6360. 6361. 6362. 6363. * Refers to Alphabetical List. . What desire was expressed by Innocent III. ? . What prevented him from carrying out his plans? . When did Innocent III. die? . How long had he occupied the Papal chair? . Who was his successor? . Was his zeal for the delivery of the Holy Landas eager as that of his 127 of their revenues. princes. ' There should be also a four years’ truce between all Christian To assume the Cross, and go in person to take possession of the heritage of Christ. IIis sickness and death. July 16, 1216, wtate 55. Eighteen years, 1198—1216. Honorius III. predecessor? Atfirst it seemed so. . Was he able to keep up the fire kindled by the genuine enthusiasm of Innocent 111.? IIardly. The kings tools the cross, but remained at home. . What mighty potentate, who owed his all to the protection of the Church, renewed in two solemn assemblies his oath to make war against the Saracens? Emperor Frederick II. They had apowerful efiect on the nobles andpeople of Germany. Ifing Andrew’s Crusade. What powerful king became the leader of the Crusaders? King Andrew II. of Hungary. What city was appointed as the starting-place of the Crusaders ? Spalatro (midway between Zara and Ragusa, on the coast of Dalmatia.) See Map 58. (XXIV.) How were they received by the Syrian Christians? ever any crusaders had been received. What serious trouble diminished, however, their joy? droughts had caused afailure of the crops. What were the consequences? The Crusaders went around in search offood. Who had to suffer from the license of the soldiery? The Christian popula- tion (called Pullani) around Ptolemais. Were any victories gained over the Mohammedans by this expedition? Not any. What was the only exploit performed by them? They‘nzade a predatory excursion through a country not able to defend itself. They returned to the coast loaded with booty. What was the end of this expedition? Soon they were in want ofprovisions. They became discouraged and wanted to go home. How long had King Andrew been in Palestine when he left it? About three months. With greater joy than Long- continued Wee Expedition of Damietta. What new Crusaders appeared shortly after the departure of Andrew? Crusaders from Holland, Italy, and France, under John of Brienne. What had caused their late arrival? They had been detained in Portugal, where they had been conquering the Moors. ll Refers to Genealogical Tables. 6382. 6383. 6384. 6385. 6386. 6387. 6388. 6389. 6390. 6391. 6392. ' . The conquest of what country was now determined upon? ' . When did they start on this new expedition? . What town was first attacked? ‘ . Describe the peculiar situation of Damietta. . When had the Crusaders first arrived before Damietta? . When did they finally take the city? . Were they satisfied with the taking of Damietta? No. ‘ .' When did the Crusaders begin their march towards Cairo? . Where did they meet the Saracen army? . Were they attacked by them? '. Under what conditions was peace offered to the Christians? . What made their position soon still better? . And in what position did the Christians find themselves? . What were they obliged to do? To MEDIEVAL HISTORY. . What influence had their arrival on the Crusaders who had not yet re- turned ? It revived their courage. 0f Eat/rt- April, 1218. Damietta. It is situated in the N. E. part of the Delta, on the northern bank of the second mouth of the Nile. (Map 58.) April, 1218. Nov., 1219. They wanted to conquer the whole of Egypt. In the summer of 1221. Notfar from the apex of the Delta. 1V0. They ’were offered Damietta, the country around Damietta, and all towns in Palestine which had been taken from them by Saladin. ". Were these conditions accepted? No. '" . In what condition were the Saracens when they made this offer? They had ample means to carry on the war. They found an efiective ally in the rising Nile. They were soon in want of provisions, and unable either to continue their march or to retreat. implore the clemency of the Saracens, to beg for food, and to promise to evacuate Egypt. . What was the result of this expedition for the conquest of Egypt? It proved to be an entire failure. The Crusade of Emperor Frederick II.-—See annnmcx IL, and 11.197. *Who was Emperor Frederick II. ?' *When did he receive the imperial crown at Rome? *What vow had he to renew on this occasion? *Whom did he marry in 12 25, previous to his setting out? * When did he embark for the East in 01 de1 to claim the 01 own of Jerusalem in the right of his wife. 7 *What compelled him to give up his undertaking? * How was this conduct looked upon by the Pope ? * When did he set out for the second time? *Was the Pope pacified by the departure of the Emperor? What influence had the Pope’s wrath on the Emperor’s reception in Pales- tine? It estranged him from all the clergy in Palestine. Did this debar the Emperor from pursuing his plans? No; he followed up his plans with consummate skill. 1' Refers to Appendix. 6393. 6394. 6395. 6396. 6397. 6398. 6399. 6400. 6401. 6402. 6403. 6404. 6405. 6406. 6407. 6408. 6409. 6410. 6411. 6412. 6413. 6414. 6415. 6416. 6417. 6418. 6419. 6420. 6421. 6422. 6423. 6424. 6425. 6426. 6427. 6428. * Refers to Alphabetical List. What did he win from his friend, the sultan of Egypt, by fair words and good fellowship? A truce for ten years, and the greater part of Palestine. *What was the crowning stroke of the Emperor’s Eastern policy? What was the only condition on which Jerusalem was given to him? Mosque of Omar should remain open to Moslem worshippers. Did this gaining of the object. for which the Crusaders had striven from the fi1 st fill Christendom with joy? No ; a sullen silence hung upon the clergy. *What was done by the Emperor before he returned to the West? What was the reason that he was obliged to crown himself? For want ofa priest to perform the ceremony. 1- What was the condition of the Syrian Ch1istians after the departure of F1 ederick. ? 1-What made an end to this prosperity? J{Whence had this new race of conquerors come? TWhat city was taken and pillaged by them? THow was this tiding received in Europe ? The THE SIXTH CRUSADE. —See LOUIS IX., and page 197. || Enumerate the French kings from Hugh Capet to Louis VIII. *When did Louis VIII. die, and by whom was he succeeded? * How old was the young king of France at that time ? * Who was made regent of the kingdom during his minority? *What vow had been made by him in 1244? T What had happened to Jerusalem in that very year? * When did Louis 1X. leave France for the purpose of reconquering the Holy City ? *From what port did he sail to the East? * How large was the army that accompanied him? *Where did he pass the winter 1248-49? * When did he cross over into Egypt? * What town fell immediately into the hands of the Crusaders T we What happened soon afterwards to the Crusaders? * Who was taken prisoner on that occasion? *What terms were demanded as the price of the monarch’s freedom? FZ’UC hundred thousand livres, (about two millions of dollars.) *But what was done by the Sultan? 1- How was this looked upon by the Sultan’s bodyguard? 1—What was the fate of the Sultan? 1- What dynasty ended with him? When and by whom had this dynasty been founded? (See Quest. 5949—59. ) TWho was raised to the throne of Egypt? 1- What was therefore, the sole result of the Sixth Crusade? *Whither did Louis IX. go after his ransom had been paid? * How long did he stay in the East? * Was it given to him to enter Jerusalem? ii Refers to Genealogical Tables. 6429. 6430. 6431. 6432. 6433. 6434. 6435. 6436. ' 6437. 6438. 6439. 6440. 6441. 6442. 6443. 6444. 6445. 6446. 6447. 6448. 6449. 6450. 6451. 6452. 6453. 6454. 6455. 6456. 6457. 6458. MEDIEVAL HISTORY. THE SEVENTH AND LAST CRUSADE.——- See Locus 1X., and p. 197. *What was the conduct of Louis IX. on his return to France? * Did his disastrous first crusade deter him from undertaking another? fWhat was the cause of Louis’ second crusade? *What was the object of this crusade? * What was, however, the first point of attack ? *What happened to the Crusaders while they were engaged at the siege of that place? * Who was one of its victims? *When and where did Louis IX. die? *When and by whom was he canonized? *Who wrote his life? TWas the Pope able to rekindle the Holy War after the disaster at Tunis? TWhat was the fate of the Christian fortresses in the East? TWhen did the last fortress fall into the hands of the Mohammedans? GENERAL RESULTS OF THE CRUSADES. POLITICAL CONSEQUENCES.~—p. 197. f What influence had been exercised by the Crusades on the Papal power? f What had been their influence on the wealth of the Church? 1~ Recapitulate the three consequences of the Crusades for the hierarchy. fWhat had been their influence on the sovereigns? 1- What class of people had been mainly drawn towards the East? TWhat influence had their absence on the cities? TWhat influence had their absence on the serfs? CONSEQUENCES T0 TRADE.— p. 197. 1- What North-Italian republics had been greatly enriched by the Crusades? 1' What possessions had been acquired by them during this period? 1-What had been secured to their merchants by these possessions? In what countries were colonies established by the Vene‘tians in the begin- ning of the thirteenth century ? (See Quest. 6206—10.) When and by whom were they again expelled from Constantinople? In 1261, on the re-establishment of the Greek Empire. What circumstances rendered this disaster comparatively unimportant? They secured, at that time, the monopoly of the Egypto-Indian trade. ‘ To what route had the overland track been confined in former days? From Constantinople to Germany, along the hanks of the Danube. Into what other channels was it directed during this period? seaports of Italy into Germany. When was this commercial intercourse fully developed? teenth century. What manufactures were introduced into Europe? The manufacture of silk and cotton stufls, and the production of sugar. From the Not until the four- 1‘ Refers to Appendix. 17 6459. 6460. 6461. 6462. 6463. 6464. 6465. 6466. 6467. 6468. 6469. 6470. 6471. 6472. 6478. 6474. 6475. 6476. 6477. 6478. 6479. 6480. 6481. 6482. 6483. 6484. 6485. 6486. 6487. 6488. 6489. * Refers to Alphabetical List. 129 To what countries was European produce exported during this period ? To Greece and the East. ‘ What was the result of this manufacturing prosperity ? A great increase of luxury in the cities. By what circumstances was the mass of geographical information aug- mented? By the knowledge of Eastern lands acquired by the Crusaders. To what traveller was Europe indebted for information on this subject? To the Venetian merchant Marco Polo. REVIEW OF THE CRUSADES.—PP. 196. 197- THE REAL CRUSADES. 1- What is the number of the Crusades ? ”(Give their beginning, end, and duration. ~f- When was the First Crusade, and what was its cause ? 1- Enumerate the political results of the First Crusade. 1-What was the cause of the Second Crusade ? TWhat was the object of the Crusades? TDid they obtain their object? fHow many years after the Second Crusade was the Third Crusade? fWhat had caused this Third Crusade? 1- Were they able to retake Jerusalem? TWhat was the sole result of the Third Crusade? What was incontestably shown by this Third Crusade? That the spirit of the Grasades was dead and gone. THE LATER CRUSADES. fDid the wars against Islam end with the Third Crusade? How may we designate these later Crusades ? The foreign policy of the Papal supremacy. For how long did‘the Popes strive to direct the forces of the West upon the Syrian coast? So long as the .throne of the Vatican predominated over and led the temporal powers of Europe; (nearly a century.) :When was a fourth Crusade ordered by the Pope, and for what purpose? Did it proceed, as the Pope had wished, to Jerusalem? 1- What were the actual consequences of this Fourth Crusade? 1- What was founded by the Crusaders ? 1- What were the only lasting consequences of this Fourth Crusade? 1- What three different expeditions bear the name of the Fifth Crusade? fWhich of them had any results? TState the results of the Crusade of Emperor Frederick 11. fWhen were the fruits of this Crusade once more lost? 1- Who Went to the East to reconquer the Holy City? fWas Louis 1X. able to reconquer Jerusalem ? TWhat was the real result of this Sixth Crusade? ii Refers to Genealogical Tables. MEDIEVAL HISTORY. . fWhat was soon conquered by this Mameluke power? . J{How many years after his first defeat did Louis IX. go to the East to free Palestine from the Mamelukes? . '1 Did this seventh and last Crusade ever reach the Holy Land? . T What happened to the Crusaders? . 1* How fell the last fortress into the hands of the victorious Mamelukes? . fHow many years was this after the first appearance of the Christians in the East? DSCHINGIS - KHAN. — See GENGIS-KHAN. —- Map 70. . Was, during this period of the Crusades, the difference between East and West as great as in our own days? Both East and West were then under similar conditions as to government and intellectual culture, and we may fairly doubt which excelled the other in intelligence. 6497. Which of the two had the superior system of warfare and strategy? The East. 6498. Which of the two had the better administration and police? The East. 6499. Which of the two enjoyed the most of external comforts and luxuries? They were on a higher level in Cairo and Damascus than either in Paris or in London. 6500. Which of the two cultivated science and art with the greatest success? They were cultivated with at least as much success in Syria and Persia as in Europe. ' 6501. What do we therefore find, in spite of all inherent differences, in the very midst of their hatred and warfare? lVe find a decided tendency to union and assimilation, and a strong mutual influence of each nation upon the other. 6502. * When and by whom was this highly cultivated Eastern world devastated and destroyed? 6508. * Who was this Dschingis-Khan? 6504. * What country was first invaded by him? 6505. * What extent of territory was gradually conquered by him? 6506. * What countries were comprised in this territory? 6507. * What was the character of this Mongol invasion? 6508. * What influence did it exercise on the development of Islam? The History of the Principal European States during the Period of the Crusades. ENGLAND_—GENEALOGY I. Map 55 (XXII) and 64 (XXVI.) THE RACE OF THE CONQUEROR. William IL, (Ru/his.) —GENEALOGY 1., and art. WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR. 6509. * What battle had placed the Duke of Normandy on the English throne? 6510. * When and where was this battle fought? 6511. * H Who was this duke, and how long did he rule over England? T Refers to Appendix. * Refers to Alphabetical List. 6512. * What was the character of his reign? 6513. [I Who succeeded him? 6514. What name is commonly given to William IL? color of his hair and complexion. 6515. What was his character? He was disgracefully conspicuous for the open scorn with which he mocked at the laws both of God and man. 6516. Did he succeed at once to the Whole dominion left by his father? No; only to England. 6517. Who became Duke of Normandy? His elder brother Robert. 6518. But when and how did William H. obtain possession of the Duchy of Nor— mandy ? In 1096, Duke Robert determined to join the Crusade, and in order to obtain funds for his journey, formally transferred Normandy to William 11., in consideration of a loan of ten thousand marks of silver. . How was this purchase-money of Normandy raised in England? most grinding exactions. Neither church nor lay property was spared. . What were the natural consequences of this? He became intensely unpopular. . *When, where, and how did William Rufus come to his end? (See Quest. 5275.) William Rufus, from the By the Henry 1., (Beauclerc.) . H Who succeeded William Rufus? .. . With what proclamation did he begin? He promised to remedy all abuses, and to govern according to the old laws of the land. . . What step was taken by him in order to win the affection of his Saxon sub- jects? He married Matilda, daughter of the Scotch king Malcolm C’anmore, and of hfargaret, the grand—daughter of Edmund Ironside. . What was the cause of all this show of equity and kindness towards the Saxons ? He needed the support of the Saxons against his elder brother Robert, who claimed the throne. . When was it entirely laid aside? After the battle of Tinchebray (1106), where Henry defeated his brother and took him prisoner. Map 64. . What was the character of Henry’s rule? His administration of justice was strict, but he was as merciless as the worst of his race in extorting money from his subjects. . What was the only admirable feature in his character? advancement of learning. . What surname did he earn by this? . What great scholar lived during this reign? bury. . Is this Anselm simply renowned as a scholar? pion of sacerdotal against regal authority. His zeal for the The surname of “ Beauclerc.” Anselm, Archbishop of Canter- He was also the great cham- Stephen of Blots. 6532. H When did Henry Beauclerc die, and by whom was he succeeded ? 6533. H By whom was his right to the throne contested? daughter of Henry I. By Matilda, (Maud,) [l Refers to Genealogical Tables. MEDIEVAL HISTORY. . What portion of the population acknowledged Stephen as the rightful sovereign ? The Saxonpopulation, and the inhabitants of the towns. . But who preferred the title of Matilda? The Norman lords. . What were the consequences of this state of afiairs ? A bloody civil war. . What treaty made, at length, an end to the civil war? Stephen should hold the throne during life, but Henry Plantagenet (son of Maud) should succeed him. . What was the character of the reign of Stephen? must be pronounced the very worst in the English annals. . H When did his reign come to an end? ~ The reign of Stephen THE FIRST PLANTAGENETS. Henry 11., (Sh-ortmantle.) -— Art. HENRY IL, and Bscxnr. I] When and by whom was King Stephen succeeded? . *What race came, with him, on the throne of England? . * In whose right. did he ascend the throne of England? . * What countries had he previously inherited from his father? . *And what country did he obtain by marriage? . *Describe the extent of Henry’s possessions in 1160? Map 58. (XXIV) . *Who became, in 1158, Henry’s chancellor (prime minister)? . * Who was this Thomas a Becket? . * What higher dignity was obtained by Becket four years later? . * What controversy arose between the King and his former friend? . *What punishment was inflicted on Becket for his bold assertion of the independence of the Church ? . * Whit-her did Becket go to escape persecution? . *When was he reconciled with the King ? . * What was one of his first acts after his return to Canterbury? . * How was this not looked upon by the King? . * What consequences had the King’s angry expressions? , . * When, where, and by whom was Thomas a Becket murdered? . * What conquest was made by Henry in the year after Becket’s murder? . * What embittered the remaining years of Henry’s reign? . * What was the last and fatal blow from which he could not recover? . '* When and where did Henry II. die? . * What was the personal character of Henry II. ? . *What was the character of his reign? ‘ . * What law-reform was introduced by him? , . * And what was revived by him in order to check the trial by battle? Richard L, (Cwur do Lion.) — p. 196. . H When and by whom was Henry II. succeededc? . During how many years did he occupy the English throne? years. . But how much of this time was actually spent in England? months. During ten Hardly ten 1' Refers to Appendix. 6568 6569 6570 6571 6572. 6:378. 6574. 131 . What was the great aim of Richard’s ambition? The equipment of a mag- nificent retinue, to join the King of France and the Emperor in the Crusade. . T What Crusade was joined by Richard ? . T What was the sole result of this Crusade? . T What was the reason that no greater results were obtained? What happened to Richard on his return from the Holy Country? (2. 6100. When did Richard finally return to England? In 1194. Did he spend the remainder of his life in England? 118 departed soon for France, where he uaged rear with Philip Augustus. . When, where, and how did Richard come to his end? Besieging Vidomar, Viscount 0f Limoges, a rebellious vussal, he was mortally wounded before the Castle of Chaluz, (1199.) ‘ John Lackland. . I] By whom was Richard I. succeeded? 7 . Enumerate the three memorable quarrels which make up the reign of 6590. 6591. * Refers to Alphabetical List. John. With the King of France; uith the Pope; with his men barons. . What was the cause of the quarrel with the King of France ? The murder of Arthur, Duke of Brittany, vassal to the King of ance. . Who was this Arthur? The son of John’s elder brother, Geflrey, and there- fore the rightful heir of Richard. . Why had he been murdered by order of John ? On account of his pretensions to the realms of his uncle Richard. . . What was the effect of this quarrel with the King of France ? Of all the domains of the English crown in France, the province of Guyenne alone continued in any sort of relation to it. . What was the cause of the quarrel with Pope Innocent III. ? The refusal of John to recognize Stephen Langton as Archbishop of Canterbury. . What were the consequences of John’s quarrel with the Papacy ? Pope laid the country under interdict. . What do you understand by placing the country under interdict? Divine service was stopped throughout the kingdom, the dead were denied burial, and the people debarred the use of animal food. . Who was, at the same time, stimulated to invade France? Augustus. . What step was taken by John to avert the threatening invasion? swore to hold his kingdom as a fief of the Holy See. . How was this act looked upon by the barons of England? illegal act. The King Philip John As a cowardly, . When did the disaffection of these barons ripen into open revolt? In 1215. . What induced King John to listen to their demands? and the fear of being driven by them from his kingdom. When and where took place the conference between the King and his barons? At Runnymede, on the Thames (near lVindsor), on June 19,1215. What did King John swear henceforth to observe? The great charter which received there the royal signature. Their military success, H Refers to Genealogical Tables. 1132 6592. 6593. 6594. 6595. 6596. 6597. 6598. 6599. 6600. 6601. 6602. 6603. 6604. 6605. 6606. 6607. 6608. 6609. 6610. 6611. MEDIEVAIJHISTORY. Give some of the clauses of this Magna Charta. The franchises of all towns and boroughs were declared inviolable, and freedom of commerce was guaranteed. But what. are the essential clauses of this Magma Charta? Those which protect the personal liberty and property of all free men by giving security from arbitrary imprisonment. What became, henceforth, a clear principle of English law? can be detained in prison without trial. That no man Henry 111., (Winchester.) When did the reign of John come to a close? Who was his successor? His son Henry, then only ten years of age. What was the condition of England at that time? A French army, invited by the barons to their assistance, was in England, and threatened to become dangerous. W110 became protector of the realm? The Earl of Pembroke, (died 1219.) What was brought about by his wisdom and moderation? He succeeded in reconciling many of the discontented nobles, and in compelling the French to withdraw from the country. When did Henry Ill. take the government in his own hands? In 1235. By what did he very soon manifest his incapacity? By the injudicious selection of his generals and ministers, and by the favor shown to foreign adven- turers. What was the general character of his reign? He continually oppressed his subjects, notwithstanding his assurances that their privileges should be respected. In what resulted the discontent excited by his weakness and treachery? In an insurrection of his barons in 1258. Who was at the head of this insurrection? Leicester, son of the executioner of the Albigenses. (Quest. 6294.) What was Henry compelled to do? To commit the administration of his hing— dom to a council of twenty~four barons. What were the consequences when the king attempted to resume the government? A new insurrection, and the battle of Lewes (1264), in which King Henry was taken prisoner. (Lewes: Southern coast of England, west of Hastings. — Map 55.) 2 For what price was he obliged to purchase his freedom? re-establish the Council of Barons. What change was now made in this Council? Two knights from each county, and two barons from each town, were added to the Council. Of what great English institution was thus laid the foundation? House of Commons. Who had in the meanwhile assembled the adherents of the king? Edward, the heir—apparent to the throne. When, where, and with what results did they meet the barons under Leicester? In 1265, at Evesham, where the barons were defeated and Leicester was slain. (Evesham, on the Avon, in the central part of Western Eng- land. —Map 55.) Simon de Montfort, Earl of By consenting to thhe fRefers to Appendix. 6612. What was the result of this victory? 6613. 6614. 6615. 6616. 6617. 6618. 6619. The re—establishment of peace between IIenry III. and his people. What had been the relations with France during this reign ? Continual war. How many attempts were made by Henry III. to recover the possessions of his race in France? Four: two of which (1229-1242) terminated in disgrace, and not one of them was entirely successful. When and by whom was a. permanent peace established? In 1264, by Louis IX. What was obtained by Henry by this peace? Louis restored to him four provinces south of the Charente, Henry on his part consenting to abandon his claims to all other portions ofthe French territory. What became, henceforth, his relations to the French crown? He took the oath offeudal allegiance to the King of France, and was enrolled among the peers of France as Duke of Cayenne. H How many years did Henry III. occupy the throne after this treaty with France ? What were the chief merits of Henry’s character His fondnessfor the fine arts, and the strength of his domestic afiections. . What proofs have we of his fondness for the fine arts? He rebuilt West- ..... Who was Archbishop Langton ? 6623. 6624. 6625. 6626. 6627. 6628. 6629. When did he return to England to assume the English crown? *Refers to Alphabetical List. -\ -'~...'x.....~ . ..~ minster Abbey, and Salisbury and Wells cathedrals, etc. . Give the names of some of the English worthies who adorned this reign. (Seefollowing Quest.) . On occasion of an irregularity in the nomina- tion of an archbishop of Canterbury (in 1207), Pope Innocent III. appointed a celebrated ecclesiaslic named Langton, to whom England may be said to be mainly indebtedfor Magna Charla. And who was Bishop Grossetete (Greathead)? A bishop of great learning and piety, who did much to remove abuses in the Church, and to remedy the dis- orders of the times. What illustrious father of science was a contemporary of both? The Fran- ciscan friar Roger Bacon, who pursued the study of nature by the only true mode of investigation — experimental induction. Of what discoveries of our own times does he seem to have had a fore- knowledge more than six hundred years ago ? 0f steamboats, locomotives, telescopes, balloons, suspension-bridges, and other products of modern art. What. invention is commonly attributed to him? The invention ofgunpowder, about 1270. Edward 1., (Longshankad CHARACTER or HIS REIGN. 1| When did Henry III. die, and by whom was he succeeded? Where was the new king at the time of his father’s death? He was in Italy, on his return from the East. August 19, 1274. ll Refers to Genealogical Tables. 6630. 6631. 6632. 6633. 6634. 6635. 6636. 6637. 6638. 6639. 6640. 6641. 6642. 6643. 6644. 6645. 6646. 6647. 6648. 6649. 6650. 6651. 6652. 6653. 6654. 6655. '3...» MEDIEVAL HISTORY. What important addition had been made to the Magna Charta, during his absence, by the Council of Regency? That no taxes should be levied upon the nation without the consent of Parliament. What celebrated statute was passed in February, 1275? The statute of West— minster, which deserves the name of a Code, as it provides generally but effectu- ally for the correction of abuses and for the supplying of defects. What was the general character of his reign? He ruled with a vigorous hand, and caused justice to be ivmartially executed. He favored the introduction of manufactures and commerce. What honorable surname did he gain for himself? Ile enacted a number of salutary laws, which have gained for him the appellation of the English Justinian. But what was the grand object of his life ? To push the Englishfrontiers out to the sea on every side, absorbing Wales and Scotland in the greater might of the Southern realm. What are, consequently, the great events of Edward’s reign? His wars with Wales and Scotland. CONQUEST or WALES. Give the precise situation of Wales. (See Map 55. (XXII.) What was the cause of the war with Wales? Llewellyn, Prince of Wales, refused to do homage to Edward I. His bride, on her way from France to Wales, is made prisoner by Edward. Llewellyn’s ofer to ransom her being refused, he invades England. What was the duration of this war? State the result of the Welsh war. the border warfare. Six years (1276—1282). Wales an English province. Cessation of Union of South-Britain conqoleted. EDWARD I. AND SCOTLAND. -—-See SCOTTISH SUCCESSION, and GEN. II. | When did David 1., King of Scotland, die, and by whom was he succeeded? |And by whom was this Malcolm IV. succeeded? | When, and with whom, did the race of William the Lion die out? *Did any of his children survive him? *Did he leave any grandchildren? *Where was this only grandchild of Alexander III. at the time of his death ? *Did she ever become Queen of Scotland? *What were the consequences of her early death ? *Who was appealed to as arbiter between the difierent claimants? *Was he willing to assist the Scotch in the choice of a king? * But what was previously demanded by him? * Under what pretext? * Was it granted to him ? * What was hereupon enacted by Edward from the different claimants ? *When and where did he command the attendance of all the claimants? I] Whose descendants had claims to the Scotch crown? 1‘ Refers to Appendix. 6656. 6657. 6658. 6659. 6660. 6661. 6662. 6663. 6664. 6665. 6666. 6667. 6668. =.—-~ .: ; .. V .. :_ 5 ,..._,,.. V. ., - V... n, 1.5-”... was,” » 1.» . ,.~. :-. a»: .-- “.2... . - 133 H Who represented the line of Ada, sister of William the Lion? [f Enumerate the four descendants of the Earl of Iluntingdon who claimed the Scotch crown. * Who seemed to possess the most solid reason in their claims? * Who was the nearest to the royal stock? *Who was more in the direct line? * To whom were their respective claims submitted? * In whose favor was the final decision given? Under what condition did he become king of Scotland? edge Edward I. as his sovereign. In what ditliculties did he become involved in consequence of this? Some of his subjects, dissatisfied with his measures, appealed to the decision of Edward as Superior Lord. What step was taken by Baliol when summoned to answer the charges of his vassals in a foreign court? He summoned his nobles, and renounced, in their presence, all allegiance and duty to the King of England. What were the consequences of this step? Edward marched an army into Scotland, and compelled Baliol to resign the kingdom into his hands. When and where did Edward I. conquer John Baliol? In 1296, near Dun- bar (on the Eastern coast of Scotland, south of the Frith of Forth. — Map 55.) What war was inaugurated by this battle? The Anglo-Scotch struggle, which should last thirty-three years. (See Quest. 7173.) He must acknowl- FRANCE. FRANCE UNIHER THE FIRST CAPE’I‘S.—-GENEALOGY VI. Map 64. (XXVI.) 6669. 6670. 6671. 6672. 6673. 6674. 6675. 6676. 6677. *Refers to Alphabetical List. Hugh Capet. What race occupied the French throne since the latter part of the tenth century? The Capets. Who had been the first king of that. race? Odo, son of Robert of Anjou. [[ But who was the first king of this race who transmitted the throne to his posterity ? What dukedom was annexed by him to the crown? around Paris). What measures did he adopt for conciliating the clergy and the nobles? er granted benefices to the clergy, and confirmed the lay nobles by confirming them in the hereditary possession of their fiefs. . After whose death was he generally recognized as king? After the death of Duke Charles of Lorraine, the last scion of the Carlovingian house. What was the extent of his authority? He was merely the first and most powerful of the forty great nobles of France. Map 75. (XXXI.) Francia (the country Robert. H By whom was he succeeded? What territory was added by Robert to the kingdom? Burgundy. ”Refers to Genealogical Tables. -....._.... .,... ...,....-, ~17 Lr-‘V -.v— ..._ .., 6678. 6679. 6680. 6681. 6682. 6683. 6684. 6685. 6686. 6687. 6688. 6689. 6690. 6691. 6692. 6693. 6694. 669:3. 6696. 6697. 6608. 6699. 6700. 6701. MEDIEVAL HISTORY. n whom was it conferred? f what royal family was he the ancestor? ES Ilenry I. II By whom was Robert succeeded? What was the character of his reign? Purefeudalis'm was at its height. The wholepopulatzon was divided into opp7 esso7s and 017197 essed, 7ende7 my all F7 ance one cast field of battle. What was established during this reign? By what authority was the 'I‘reuga Del established? By the decrees of several councils of the Church. What do you understand by the Treuga Del? Saturday evening to Monday morning. It prohibited all fighting from Philip I. uWho was the fourth king of the race of Capet? Vhat was the character of his reign? To the internal troubles with the nobles were added (lg/fic'ulties with the Church, brought about by the innnorality of the icing. What remarkable event occurred in England during this reign? What great movement began towards the end of this reign? The Crusades. FRANCE DURING ’I‘IIE ADNIINIS’I‘RATION 0F ABBOT SUGER. Lewis VL—See Scorn. What was the condition of France at the end of the eleventh century? France was gradually emerging out of the long anarchy. What was the condition of the towns? They had become more numerous, more populous, and more industrious, but also more i777putienl of oppression. What was the intellectual condition of France? The language was formed, and poetry arose. It was a period of high mental activity. What was the most important event of this reign? The king became the ally of the towns against the oppress-ions of the nobility. What was the consequence of this union of the crown with the people? It became the foundation on. which was erected the royalpower. What great statesman was the soul of this reform? * What do you know of this Abbot Suger? * What book gives us an account of the reign of Lewis V1,? Lewis VIL—See Scam, and Lows VII. * When did Abbot Suger become regent of France? *What was the cause of this departure of Louis VIL? *What were the consequences of his crusade? *Who was, soon afterward, married by the divorced wife ? * What were the political consequences of this marriage? 1‘ Refers to Appendix. 6702. 6703. 6704. 6705. 6706. 6707. 6708. 6709. 6710. 6716. 6717. 6718. 6719. 6720. 6721. 6722. 6723. 6724. 6725. * Refers to Alphabetical List. . H What family was established by him in Brittany? . What important foundation was made during this reign? THE FOUNDATION OF THE FEUDAL MONARCHY. Philip 11., (Augustus.) || When and by whom was Lewis VII. succeeded? What was the condition of France when the young king mounted the throne? The greater part of the provinces, at first independent, had recognized the sovereignty of some monarch. Who was the sovereign of the Western provinces? The Ifing of England. Who was the sovereign of the Eastern provinces? The Emperor. What parts of Gaul pertained to the seeptre of Arragon? Provence, and the greater part of Languedoc. What was the only part of Gaul that acknowledged his sovereignty? centre of lVorthern Gaul, (from the Somme to the Indre.) What three great events mark the course of his reign? 1st, The Crusades (the third and fouith); 2d, The seizure of the continental provinces of the King of England; 3d, The destruction of the Albzgenses. What parts of Gaul were conquered by him? Touraine, and Patton, and also Aucergne. What parts of Gaul fell to the crown by the extinction of the families Who possessed them? Valois, part of Vermandois, and Amie-7707's (the country around Amiens). The Normandy, Maine, Anjou, . What part of Gaul was re-annexed to the crown by his marriage with Isabelle of Flanders and Hainault? Artoz's. The family of Dream, and thus a Capetian dynasty was founded in that country. . Why may Philip Augustus be justly called the founder of the feudal mon- archy in France? He secured, upon afirm basis, the relations between lords and ’vassals, which until then had been only in an unsettled and arbitrary condition. The University of I’a7is was founded about 1200. . I] How long lasted the reign of Philip Augustus? Lewis VIII. 1| When and by whom was Philip Augustus succeeded? | How long did the new king occupy the throne? hat was the great event of his reign? Did he leave any children? He left a widow (Queen Blanche of Castile), with five children of tender years. W110 was the eldest of his sons? St. Louis. Lewis IX., (St. Lewis.)—-See LOUIS IX., and PASTOUREAUX. *When and at what age did Louis IX. succeed his father? * Under whose guardianship. ‘9 * What severe struggle was going on in France during this regency? *What made, in 1243, an end to this struggle? * What vow was made by the young king 1n the following year? ll Refers to Genealogical Tables. hm. . -..-.- ,1. y-..» . . a . *Who accompanied the king? MEDIEVAL HI . * When did he execute his vow ? . * What was the place of embarkation for the Crusaders? . *Where did he pass his first winter? . *What town was taken by him in 1249? . *When and where did he gain a great victory over the Saracens? . *But what happened in the following April? . * What conduct was displayed by Louis throughout this expedition ? . *On what conditions were Louis and his followers finally released? . *Whither did Louis go after leaving Egypt? 3 ‘. How long did he remain in the East? He returned to France, July 10, 1135-1. . * When did he finally quit Palestine? . *What news had he just heard which made it his duty to hasten his return to France ? . * Who were these Pastoureaux ? . * What announcement was made by them ? . * What characterized their march through France? . *Whom did they acknowledge for their leader? . *What parts of France were traversed by them? . * What was their end? . In what condition did Louis IX. find his kingdom on his return? The country was a prey to anarchy. Every noble deemed himself a sovereign in his dominions. . * What was his conduct on his return? . *What made an end to his wise administration? . *When did he undertake this new Crusade ? . * What was its object? . *What town was, however, the first point of attack? . *What happened during the siege of Tunis? . *Who was one of his victims? *Who wrote the life of this remarkable king? * And when and by whom was he canonized? . What poet has immortalized Mathilda in his songs? Philip III. [| Who was the son and successor of St. Louis? [When did he come to the throne, and how long did he rule? ho was the real ruler of France during the first part of this reign? The Chamberlain, Pierre de la Brosse, who, raised by base intrigues to the post of prime minister, had drawn upon himself the hate of all the Court. . What made an end to his tyranny? He was hanged in 1278. . What was the general character of the reign'of Philip III. 7 It contrasted greatly with the reign of St. Louis. . What frightful disaster overthrew the French government in Sicily during this reign? The Sicilian Vespers. . [I When and by Whom was Philip III. succeeded? 6781. 1‘ Refers to Appendix. * Refers to Alphabetical List. 6762. Give the extent of the French kingdom in 1000, 1200, and 1300. . Whom had he married? . What dowry did she bring him? The eventual succession to Naples and Sicily. . What was her relationship with the king of Sicily? . What were his relations with the Emperor about 1188? . What choice was given to Henry the Lion? . Whither did he go with his son? . Who was left, as his regent, in Brunswick? . What was her character? . What signalized the return of Henry the Lion? . What was the cause of its destruction ? STORY. 135 Map 75, (XXXI.) THE EMPIRE. EMPEIKOR HENRY VI. Map (XXV) [ When and with whom had the Suabian line come to the Imperial throne? Recapitulation. -— GEN. X. . | When and by whom was the first Suabian Emperor succeeded? . When was Barbarossa, in reality, succeeded by his son? 1169. (See Quest. 5914.) . H Who was this son? . What was his appearance, and what was his character? He was delicately built, but endowed with an iron will and great soul. Constance of Sicily. She was his aunt, and in case of his dying without issue, had been declared his successor. Return of Henry the I/ion. —See IIENRY THE LION. . Who was the most dangerous adversary of the Suabian house of the Hohen- staufen ? They were ap— parently friends, but really bitter enemies. To join the Emperor in his Uru- sade, or to leave Germany during the absence of the Emperor. Ife chose to leave Germany, and went to England. His wife, Mathilda, sister of Occur de Lion. She combined all feminine graces with a strong will and powerful understanding. Bertran de Born, the most celebrated of the Troubadours, (1145—1210.) . What resolution was taken by Henry the Lion when he heard of her death? Mathilda died in June, 1189, whereupon Henry the Lion immediately returned to Brunswick. Bardewyck. —— Map 60, (XXV.) The destruction. of the commercial metropolis of Bardewy'ch, (a little to the south of Hamburg.) IIenry the Lion hadfavored Liibeck, the rival of Bardewy'ck ; hence the bitter animosity of Bardewyclc towards the Lion, who, after his fall, had been repeatedly insulted by its citizens. When was that oldest mercantile metropolis of Northern Germany de- stroyed ? October 28, 1189. It is atpresent a small village. [I Refers to Genealogical Tables. 136 6782. 6783. 6784. 6785. 6786. 6787. 6788. 6789. 6790. 6791. 6792. 6793. 6794. 6795. 6796. 6797. 6798. 6799. 6800. 6801. 6802. 6803. 6804. 6805. 6806. 6807. 6808. MEDIEVAL HISTORY. What city was the heir of Bardewyck’s prosperity? IIamburg. What was the immediate result of the fall of Bardewy'ck? It aroused all the enemies of the Lion to resistance. What town was attacked by the Imperial forces? With what result? It was besieged, but in vain. Was Henry the Lion able to reconquer his former possessions? No. When and where was he obliged to make his peace with the Emperor? July, 1190, at Fulda. On What conditions? IIe had to dismantle his principal strongholds, (Bruns- wick and Lauenburg,) and had to give his two eldest sons as hostages to Emperor JIenry VI. Why was Henry VI. so anxious to make peace with his adversary? wanted to ta/re possession of his wife’s dowry. (See Quest. 5896.) Brupswiclc. He First Italian Expedition, in 1191. -—Map 58, (XXIV.) When and where did the last of the legitimate Norman rulers of Naples and Sicily die? William II. died ( 701)., 1189) at I’alermo. Who had been declared his successor? His aunt Constance. To whom was she married? To Emperor Henry VI., the son of Barbarossa. Did she succeed at once to her nephew? lVo. A large nationalparty was against acknowledging the foreigner Henry VI. Who was raised to the throne by the national party? mate son of C’onstance’s brother. Who was crowned with him as his co-regent? His son Roger. Ts. whom was this co-regent soon afterwards married ? To Irene, daughter of the Byzantine Emperor, Isaac Angelus. What was the political signification of this marriage? pire guaranteed to Roger the throne of Naples. What was done by Henry VI. when he was informed of these proceedings? He pacified Germany and went to Italy. When did he cross the Alps? Towards the end of 1190. When did he arrive in the neighborhood of Rome? In the beginning of 1191. Who was Pope at that time? Clement III. What was his political position? He had acknowledged Tancred and Roger. When did he die, and who succeeded him? March, 1191; succeeded by Cw- lestinus III. Was the new Pope willing to give Henry VI. the Imperial crown ? No. He deferred his own ordination in order to defer the coronation of IIenry VI. Who forced him to crown Henry VI.? The citizens of Rome. What induced the Romans to interfere in behalf of Henry VI. ? In order to get possession of Tusculum, which had put itself under the Emperor’s protection. When, and by whom, was Tusculum destroyed? By the Roman militia, April 17, 1191. Tancred, the illegiti~ The Byzantine Em- Whither did the Emperor go after his coronation? He went to Southern Italy to conquer it. 1‘ Refers to Appendix. 6809. 6810. 6811. 6812. 6813. 6814. 6815. 6816. 6817. 6818. 6819. 6820. 6821. 6822. 6823. 6824. 6825. 6826. 6827. 6828. 6829. 6830. 6831. 6832. 6833. 6834. * Refers to Alphabetical List. How far did he penetrate into Southern Italy? What town put a stop to his victorious career? Naples. What happened during the siege of Naples? A pestilence broke out. What was the natural result of this? The siege of Naples had to be abandoned. As far as Campania. The Lion’s Fall.—Map 60, (XXV.) When, and in what condition, did Henry VI. return to Germany? His army was gone, his health shattered, his prestige lost. What was the state of affairs in Germany on his return? roaring again. IIenry VI. Whose assistance had been expected by the Lion? brother—in-law, Richard Occur de Lion. What annihilated all his hopes of receiving assistance from that side? Richard had become aprisoner. (See Quest. 6102.) Who had made him a prisoner? (See Quest. 6102.) But in whose custody was he finally given? (See Quest. 6103.) To what prison was he sent. (See Quest. 6104.) Under what. conditions was he restored to liberty? The Princes, with Henry the Lion, should dissolve their union against the Emperor. Who were given as hostages to the Emperor ? The two sons of Henry the Lion. What was the condition of Henry the Lion after this? He was politically - annihilated, (June, 1193.) How long did he survive his political death? About two years, (Aug, 1195.) What was the last public act of the old Lion ? He made peace with Henry VI. The Lion was There was talk of a new election, and of the deposition of The assistance of his Second Italian Expedition, and Death. Whither did Emperor Henry VI. go after the pacification of Germany? IIe went, in May, 1194, to Italy. What event had wrought a radical change in the affairs of Southern Italy ? Tancred and Roger had both died. When did the Emperor enter Italy for the second time? May, 1196. Did he meet much resistance ? No. All cities opened their gates and received him. What was the only city that would not recognize him? Salerno. What was the cause of this? Salerno had betrayed a great trust. 1191, given up the Empress to her enemies. What was the fate of Salerno? It was utterly destroyed, (Sept., 1191.) When was Emperor Henry VI. enabled to enter Palermo? In the fall of 1194. Under what conditions had the family of Tanered surrendered themselves? They should not be punished in life or limb, and their patrimonial estates should be given up to them. Did the Emperor keep his promises toward them? was put, with her daughter, into a German prison. It had, in No. The late Queen [] Refers to Genealogical Tables. MEDIEVAL HISTORY. . What was the awful fate of Tancred’s second son William? IIe was blinded andput into prison at Hohen—Ems, in the Vorarlberg. . When did he see himself in the secure possession of Naples and Sicily? In 1195. . To whom did he now intrust the government of the island? Constance. . What two plans was he intent upon executing? To make the Imperial dig— nity hereditary in his family, and to conquer the East. . Was he able to change the Empire from an elective into an hereditary monarchy? 1V0. . Was he able to excite the nobles to a new Crusade? Yes. . What was the real object of this Crusade? The conquest of Constantinople. . Who was at that time Emperor at Constantinople? Alexi-us. . By what means had he acquired the throne? By driving his brother from the throne. IIe had blinded him, andput him into prison. . Whose assistance was invoked by Isaac Angelus? The assistance of IIenry VI, whose brother had married Irene, the daughter of Angelus (the widow of , Roger of Sicily). . What promises did the captive emperor make? East on Irene and her husband Philip of Suabia. . When did the vanguard of the Imperial army land in Syria? ning of 1195. . Who was expected to lead the army against Constantinople? Henry VI. . What prevented him from doing this? His sudden death. . When and where did Emperor Henry VI. die? Sept., 1197, in the neighbor- hood of Messina. . What was the cause of his death? heated. . How old was he, and how long had he ruled? had ruled eight years. . Did he leave any issue? Emperor Frederick II. To his wife To settle the crown of the In the begin— Emperor The drinking of cold water while he was IIe was only thirty-two; he An infant of three years, who became afterwards 0'1“]‘0 IV. Anti-Emperor of Philip.—-See art. INNOCENT III. . [I Who succeeded Emperor Henry VI. . Was he raised to the throne by the unanimous voice of the German princes? IVo. Many were against his election. . Who was chosen by a great part of the German princes? The Guelph Otto, Duke. of Aquitaine. . Whose son was this Otto. The youngest son of IIenry the Lion. . What was the main cause of his elevation to the throne? The fear that the Imperial dignity might become hereditary -in thefamily of the IIohenstaufen. . What part of Germany adhered to the Guelphic Otto? North- Western Germany. ’ 1' Refers to Appendix. 18 6859 6860 6861 6862 6863 6864 6865 6866. 6867. 6868 6869 6870 6871 6872 6873 6874 6875 6876 6877 6878 6879 6880. 6881 6882 6883 * Refers to Alphabetical List. 137 . What part of Germany was on the side of Philip? Southern and Central Germany. . What was the character of Philip? Originally intended for a bishop, he re- ceiveda careful education. IIe had winning manners and was thoroughly German. . What was the character of Otto? He had spent the greater part of his life in England and France, and was a rough, sensual knight. . What was Otto in reality? IIe was the head of the princes who wanted to weaken the Imperial authority. . What were the political consequences of this schism? The territorial powers gained in independence, while the central power was weakened. . Who was at that time Pope? Innocent III. . What was his character? *What were his relations with the family of Hohenstaufen? guardian of the infant-son of Emperor Henry VI. * What was the great political object of his life? . *Was he able to free Italy from foreign influence? Yes. . Had his position of guardian of young Frederick any influence on his rela— tions with the Hohenstaufcn? 1V0. IIe was unfavorable to the Hohenstaufen. . On whose side was he for a long time? On the side of Emperor Otto. . What was the cause of this? IIe wanted to prevent the establishment of an hereditary Empire. . How did the princes and people of Germany look upon the conduct of Pope Innocent III. Unfavorably. They did not like his interference in Germany. . What estate of the realm was especially against the increasing influence of Rome ? The clergy, who did not like to see the direct influence of Rome increased. . What great German prelate, hitherto on the Guelphic side, at length ac- knowledged Philip? The Archbishop of Cologne. . Did the city of Cologne follow their archbishop in his change? No. city remained true to the Guelphic interest. . Why? They had received extraordinary commercial privileges, granted to them by the English king (John), Otto’s uncle. . When and how was )ologne forced to acknowledge Philip? were conquered, and their proud city was taken. . What influence had all this on Pope Innocent 11L? IIe was afraid of losing all his influence in Germany, ifhe continued to favor Otto. . What did he do when he began to look upon Otto’s position as a “lost _ cause ”‘1 The Pope sent legates to act asjudges between the two rivals. Were these legates able to induce Otto to abdicate? No. . What bloody act made an end to all conferences, and finally gave Otto the crown? The assassination of Emperor Philip. . When, where, and by whom was Philip murdered? (Bamberg), by the Count~Palatine Otto of Wittelsbach. Sole Jt‘mperor. . What was the condition of Germany after the murder of Philip of Suabia? Anarchy prevailed everywhere —— crime was on the increase — nobody was secure. IIe was the The The citizens In 1208, at Babenberg [I Refers to Genealogical Tables. MEDIEVAL HISTORY. 138 6884. 6885. 6886. 6887. 6888. 6889. 6890. 6891. 6892. 6893. 6894. 6895 6896. 6897. 6898. 6899. 6900. 6901. 6902. 6903. 6904. What was done by the princes to make, as soon as possible, an end to the anarchy ? They o/fcred to crown Otto. What. was the conduct of Pope Innocent III. at that time? IIe said, what had happened to Philip was the finger of God. All must bow to God’s judg- ments, and acknowledge Otto. . What promise did he give to Otto? To crown him in Rome. When did Otto cross the Alps into Italy? In August, 1209. What had been the condition of Italy during the last years? The towns (especially the Lombard towns) were all independent andprosperous, butfull of civil disputes. What was the conduct of Otto in Northern Italy? parties, rather favoring (he, the Guelph) the Ghibellines. What was the cause of his conciliatory behavior? IIc wanted to be crowned as soon as possible. When was he crowned by the Pope? Peter’s. What had been his conduct towards the Pope before his coronation? had on all occasions acknowledged the Pope as his superior. What was his conduct towards the Pope after his coronation? IIe felt him- self as Emperor, and was anxious to free himselffrom Papal supervision. What not of Emperor Otto IV. changed the good understanding between Pope and Emperor into bitter hostility? In November, 1210, Otto marched into the kingdom of Naples, bent upon driving the IIo/tenstaigrcn from it and annexing it to the Empire. What was finally done by the Pope? A few days after this invasion, Emperor Otto was excomnunicated by the Pope. Had this much influence on the Emperor’s position in Italy? No. IIe con- quered very soon the whole of Naples, and was making preparations to cross over into Sicily. What results had the excommunication in Germany? IIo/icnstaii/en rose against him. Civil war broke out. What was Otto obliged to do? To return to Germany, (Feb, 1212.) Who had been elected “King of the Romans ” by his adversaries? Frederick, son of the late Emperor IIenry VI. What great defeat annihilated all the hopes of Otto IV. of retaining the Imperial crown? The defeat of his English allies and himself, by the French, at Bouvines (in Flanders, between Lille and Tournay). See Maps 60 (XXV) and 63, (XXVI) When and where was Frederick crowned “ King of the Romans ”? FREDERICK 11.) How long did ()tto IV. survive his political annihilation? Three years. When and where did he die? May, 1218, on the IIarzburg. 116 was the only Guelph that ever sat on the Imperial throne. Did he leave any direct issue? No. But his brother William left a child (Otto the Child). IIe tried to satisfy both October 4, 1209, in the basilica of St. II e The party of the Young (See 1' Refers to Appendix. 6905 6906 . What was afterwards given to this infant? Brunswick and Luneburg. Map 63, (XXVI.) . Under what form? As an hereditary duchy in the male andfemale line. 6907. Who is a lineal descendant of this Otto the Child? Victoria. (See GENE- ALOGY, V. and X.) El‘IPEROR FREDERICK IL—Art. FREDERICK II. Frederick II., and Innocent III. 6908. H Whose son was Frederick 11.? 6909. 6910 6911 6912 6913 6914. 6915 6916 6917. 6918 6919 6920 6921 6922 6923 6924 6925 6926 6927 6928 6929 * Refers to Alphabetical List. *When and where did he receive the crown? . What promises were made to Innocent. III , by Frederick, on this occasion? 1st, That thence/orward the German and Sicilian crowns should be disunited; and, 2d, That he would undertake a Crusade. . Were these promises kept? No. . What. circumstance assisted him in eluding these promises? Innocent III. (1216.) Frederick IL, and Hornorius III. . * When and on what occasion was he obliged to renew his vow to make a Crusade? * What marriage was contracted by him before his departure? . What did he become by this marriage ? King of Jerusalem (his wife’sfather abdicating in his favor). . *When did he set out on his Crusade? *What obliged him to return in a few days to Italy? . Whose death seemed to release him again from his vow? died, 1227. The death of Honorius III. Ir‘rederick IL, and Gq-cgorius IX. . Who was chosen as the successor of Honorius 111.? . How did he look upon the conduct of Frederick 11.? 110 warned him to fulfil his promises. . *What step was taken by Gregory 1X. against the Emperor? . What influence had this on Frederick? IIe determined to go to Syria. . * When did he finally embark for the Holy Country? . * What was the conduct of the Pope during the Emperor’s absence? . * What step was taken by Frederick as soon as he heard of it? . What was the condition of his Sicilian kingdom on his return from the Holy Land? He found Apnlia in the occupation of the Papal troops. He reconquered, however, the province. ' . Through whose intervention was a reconciliation effected with the Pope? Through the intervention of Herman of Salza, grand-master of the Teutonic Order. . What was done by Frederick for the better regulation of his Sicilian king- dom? IIe thoroughly reformed the legal code of Sicily. . What was, at that time, the condition of Germany? With great displeasure. His son Henry (who 1| Refers to Genealogical Tables. MEDIEVAL HISTORY. had been left by him in Germany as his lieutenant) had raised the standard of rebellion during his absence. 6930. *What was the fate of the rebellious son? 6931. Who was appointed by Frederick, in the place of Henry, as Imperial vicar? His second son, Conrad. 6932. Whither did Frederick go, after proclaiming a general peace throughout Germany? He returned to Italy, for the purpose of chastising those Lombard cities which had taken part with his eldest son. 6933. When and where did he obtain a decisive victory over the Lombard towns? At Cortenova (in the centre of Lombardy), in 1237, by the aid of his great general Ezzelino Romano. Map 63, (XXVI.) 6934. What prevented him from reaping the fruits of this victory? A misunder- standing with Pope Gregory IX., in consequence of the elevation of Frederick’s natural son Enzio to the throne of the island of Sardinia, of which the sovereignty was claimed by the Holy See, as a part of St. Peter’s patrimony. 6935. What step was again taken by the Pope? IIe was again excommunicated. 6936. What influence had this excommunication on the Lombardic revolt? They rose again in open revolt. 6937. What. council was then called together by the Pope ? all Christendom, to appear at Rome by Easter, 1241. 6938. What. prevented the Pope from opening this Council? appointed time, at the age of one hundred years. A general council of He died before the Frederick 11., and Innocent I 7. 6939. Who was elected as the successor of Gregory IX. ? 6940. How long was the Papal chair occupied by Celestine IV.? days. 6941. Who was chosen to succeed Celestine IV.? 6942. * How was Innocent’s election hailed by Frederick? 6943. * Did he, however, prove as tractable as had been expected ? 6944. * When was a sentence of deposition published against Frederick 11.? 6945. *Who tried, but in vain, to mediate between Emperor and Pope? 6946. Who was elevated to the throne of Germany as anti-Emperor? Landgrave Henry Raspe of Thuringia. 6947. Why is he known in history as the “ Parsons’ King”? Because he was raised to the throne by the votes of the clergy, without the consent of the temporal electors. 6948. How long did he enjoy his dignity? IIe died, in consequence of wounds received in battle, in 1247. 6949. Who was elected in the place of the “Parsons’ King ”? Count William of Holland. 6950. To whom had the Emperor left the task of opposing the usurpers in Ger- many? To his son Conrad. 6951. Where did the Emperor oppose his enemies? continued, with various success, until his death. *When and where did Emperor Frederick II. die? Only seventeen In Italy, where the war 6952. T Refers to Appendix. 6953. 6954. 6955. 6956. 6957. 6958. 6959. 6960. 6961. 6962. 6963. 6964. 6965. 6966. 6967. 6968. 6969. 6970. 6971. 6972. 6973. 6974. 6975. 6976. 6977. 6978. * Refers to Alphabetical List. _Where had he made the great Saracen settlement? Frederick 11. as Regent—See art. ViNEA. *What was the character of Emperor Frederick IL? * What was his character as a ruler? IIe was the most powerful sovereign of his age. file was great as law—giver, and great as ruler. Give the extent of his dominions? See Map 63, (XXVI.) dominions are colored green.) What part of his dominions did he love the best, and consider more noble than any of his possessions? His kingdom of Sicily, (containing Southern Italy and the island of Sicily.) What was the condition of the kingdom of Sicily? Many masters had left traces of themselves in that realm. There were Roman customs, Lombardfeudal laws, Greek regulations, Arab innovations, and Norman practices. What was the policy of Frederick? Ile determined to make Italians, Greeks, Arabs, Normans, Germans, and Jews alike submit to a code which should in- clude the best customs of each race. What was the policy of Frederick in regard to non~Christians? first sovereign who exercised general toleration. What was his conduct towards the Jews? permission to dwell wherever they chose. But who were especially in his favor? (His hereditary He was the They received, for the first time, Ills [Mohammedan subjects. At Lucera. What other new cities were founded by him? Give the situation of Altamura, Monteleone, Agosta. Where did he found a large Lombard settlement? At Militello. They were endowed with the privileges of Norman law. What town was celebrated for its great medical schools? Salerno. * What, new universities were founded by Frederick? What study was there revived? The study of Aristotle. What learned men were found at his Court? Leonard Fibonacci, who was the first to introduce Algebra into Christendom; Michael Scott, the great sooth- sayer; and the most famous professors of law and medicine. What branches of learning were cultivated by the Emperor? Medicine, law, and poetry. Frederick delighted also in sculpture, painting, and architecture, and gathered around him all the choicest works of art he could find. What was the character of his Court? It was an Oriental Court, but with Western habits of business. What Eastern customs had he introduced into his Court? Treading in the steps of the old Norman kings, he was the master of a harem recruited from Saracen countries. . Who was his chancellor? *Who was this Peter de Vinea? *What was the cause of his fall? * What was the consequence of this intrigue? *Describe the sad end of the great chancellor. *Who has cleared the good name of the great statesman? [1 Refers to Genealogical Tables. MEDIEVAL HISTORY. . * What English work gives the best account of Emperor Frederick H. and 6987. 6988. 6989. 6990. 6991. 6992. 6993. 6994. 6995. 6996. 6997. . Was he also heir to the Imperial dignity possessed by his father? . Who had been elected in opposition to Conrad? . What circumstance induced Conrad to quit Germany? . Where did he seek and find an asylum? . When did Conrad die, and what issue did he leave? . Who refused to recognize Rudolf? Peter de Vinca? CONRAD IV. . Who was the legitimate heir of the hereditary dominions of Emperor Fred- erick II. ? His son Conrad, who was in Germany. He had been elected, in 1237, King of the Romans. (heir-apparent t0 the Imperial dig- nity ;) but he had been deposed in 1243 at the Council of Lyons. (See Quest. 6944—48.) The mendicant friars preached a crusade against him. In his Sicilian kingdom, which was occupied by the forces of his illegitimate brother Manfred. Ile died in 1254, leaving behind him one son named Conradin (little Conrad), an infant of two years old. The Intern-egnu'm. — Sec Atrosso X. . Were the magnates of Germany anxious to fill up the place of Conrad IV., whom the supporters of his father, Frederick, had always acknowledged? No. Germany wanted peace, and they were inclined to acknowledge Conrad’s rival, l'Villiam of Holland. When did they at length proceed with a new election? in 1256. What advice was given to the electors by the Archbishop of Cologne ? To choose some one rich enough to support the dignity, but not strong enough to be feared by the electors. In whom did they think that both requisites met? In Richard Plantagenet, Earl of Cornwall, brother of the English king Henry III. Was his election unanimous? No; three of the electors chose Alfonso X. of Castile. * Who was this Alfonso? *What was the character of his reign? *But what services did he, notwithstanding, render to his country? Did he ever go to Germany to assume the duties of the Imperial office? He enjoyed the splendors of his title, white not troubling himself about it any further than to issue now and then a proclamation. * When and in whose favor was he compelled to renounce his empty title ? When had this Rudolf, Count of Habsburg and founder of the house of Austria, been chosen? In 1273. Into what had the Empire been transformed during this interregnum? Into a ducal aristocracy. 0n William’s death, RUDOLF 0F HABSBURG. The most powerful of the German princes, Ottocar of Bohemia. f Refers to Appendix. 6999. 7000. 7001. 7002. 7003. 7004. 7005. 7006. For what reason ? Because he had not been allowed to take part in the election. How was he punished for his contumacy? He was compelled to relinquish his claims to the sovereignty of Austria, Styria, Carirnthia, and Carniola. What was Ottocar’s fate? He was defeated and slain on the Marc/(field, near Vienna, (1278.) On whom were his forfeited principalities conferred? Carinthia was granted to the Count of Tyrol The remaining principalities were given by the, Em- peror to his son Albert. Thus was laid the foundation of the house of Habsburg. What part of Ottocar’s dominions was left to his son Wenceslaus? He was allowed to retain Bohemia and il/oravia. o What was the great aim of Emperor Rudolf? To make the Imperial crown hereditary in his family, and to secure the succession to his son Albert. Was he able to accomplish it? No. What influence had this refusal of the princes on the aged Emperor? chagrin produced by this refusal hastened his death (1291). The ADOLF 01“ NASSAU. Who was chosen as the successor of Rudolf of Habsburg? hrough whose influence was he placed on the throne? Through the influ— ence of his cousin the Archbishop of Magence. . By what measures did he endeavor to strengthen the influence of his family? By the purchase of Thuringia and Alisnia from the Landgrave Albert, who wanted to disinherit his sons. . How did these proceedings ultimately occasion the removal of Adolf from . Who was elected in his place? . What was the fate of Adolf? 7013. 7014. 7015. 7016. 7017. 7018. 7019. 7020. 7021. * Refers to Alphabetical List. the German throne? The sons of the Landgra've refused to recognize the com- pact, declared war againstAdolf, andfinally brought about Adolf’s deposition. Albert of Austria, son of Rudolf of Hubs- burg. He was killed in the battle of Gelheim near Worms. TH E SICILIAN KINGDOM. CONRAD. -- See Manrnnn. When had Emperor Frederick 11. died, and who had been his successor? Where was Conrad at the time of his father’s death? (Quest. 6980.) Did he at once return to his Southern kingdom? No. *To whom had the kingdom of Sicily been intrusted during his absence? What events forced him, however, to come to the Sicilian kingdom? (Quest. 6983.) What was the condition of his kingdom on his arrival? of his subjects were in open rebellion against him. With whose assistance did he recover Capua and Naples? assistance. What was the character of his administration? Severe and oppressive. What was the natural result of this? 116 alienated the minds of all. The greater part With Manfred’s l Refers to Genealogical Tables. 7022. 7023. 7024. ‘1 O O N CD [0 01 *1 7027. 7028. 7029. 7030. 7031. 7032. 7033. 7034. 7035. 7036. 7037. 7038. 7039. 7040. 7041. 7042. 7043. 7044. . But what happened to the Papal army? . What influence had this on the aged Pope? MEDIEVAL HISTORY. What made an end to his government? *Who succeeded him? Manfred. Was Pope Innocent willing to acquiesce in this arrangement? No. He resolved to maintain the rights of the Church over the Sicilian kingdom. For this purpose he collected a numerous army to expel Manfred, and to assume the guardianship himself. (Quest. 6985.) His infant son Conradin, under the guardianship of It was completely defeated and dispersed by Manfred. IIe was so much aflicted by this unlocked-for disaster that he died at Naples (1255). MANFRED. —— See MANrnsn. *When and why had Manfred crowned himself king at Palermo? *What did he do on learning that the young Prince was still living? * How was his conduct looked upon by the Pope? *What steps were finally taken by the Pope? *By whom was it accepted? Who was this Charles of Anjou? of Anjou and Provence. *What was hereupon proclaimed against Manfred ? *When and where did Charles of Anjou receive the crown ? *When, where, and with what result was the decisive battle fought between Manfred and Charles of Anjou? The brother of St. Louis, and the sovereign CHARLES 0F ANJOU. What was the conduct of the victorious Angevines? Proud and arrogant. The Neapolitans groaned under the oppressive weight of their extraordinary taxes. What was done by the deeply-disgusted Apulians and Sicilians? In concur- rence with the Ghibellines of Tuscany, Romagna, and Lombardy, they commenced secretly to plot against Charles of Any'ou, in favor of Conradin. || Who was this Conradin? The son of King Conrad. He was the only heir of the house of Suabia, and was already recognized as hing in Germany. What steps were taken by him? IIe collected what troops he could, and made a descent into Italy. By whom was he reinforced? By a great number of exiled G'hibellines and discontented Apulians and Sicilians. When, where, and with what result did he attack the Angevine army? 1268, at Scurcola, he defeated the army of Charles of Anjou. But what happened after the battle? The Ghibellines, disbanding themselves in pursuit of plunder, were suddenly assailed by the Angevine reserve and routed. What was the fate of Conradin? He fell into the hands of his enemy, and was barbarously beheaded at Naples (1268). To whom did he bequeath his claims? sonsin-law. In To Peter III. of Arragon, Manfred’s 1- Refers to Appendix. . Who became the leader of the malcontents? . What was the character of this outbreak? . By what name is it known in history? . Who was recognized king of Sicily? . Did the house of Anjou ever recover the island of Sicily? . What was the end of Charles of Anjou? 141 . What was the conduct of Charles of Anjou after the execution of Conradin? It became more and more odious and intolerable. John of Procida, a Sicilian nobleman. . What plan was formed by the conspirators? To exterminate the French in Sicily. . When was the deep~laid plan executed? 0n Easter Monday, 1282, during the vesper—service at Palermo. All the French who fell into the hands of the Sicilians were murdered. By the name of the Sicilian Vespers. Peter the Third, hing of Arragon, and son—in-law of the deceased Manfred. . What became the extent of the Arragonese monarchy by this Sicilian revo- lution? See Map 67. Never. He died of grief at the failure of his daring plans (1285). . For how long did his posterity occupy the Neapolitan throne? See GENEAL. VIII. FINAL RECAPITULATION OF THE EIGHTH TABLE. 7056. 7057. 7058 7059. 7060. 7061. 7062. 7063. 7064. 7065. 7066. 7067. 7068. 7069. 7070. 7071. 7072. 7073. 7074. 7075. * Refers to Alphabetical List. What do you understand under Crusades? What division of history is usually called the Age of the Crusades ? Into how many periods may this division be sub-divided? What name is given to this first period? Who is the representative name of the second period? And what name is given to the third period? Enumerate the Crusades which happened during the first period. What was the result of the First Crusade? What date is assigned on your Table to the kingdom of Jerusalem? How long did this kingdom of Jerusalem last? Enumerate the first, second, and third king of Jerusalem. Who were the contemporary rulers of England, France, and the Empire? What great statesman guided during this period the affairs of France? What date is assigned to Abbot Suger? What was the intellectual condition of Europe in that time? The ascetic piety, which despises the things of this world, had called forth a general reaction by its violence. Who dared to vindicate the independence of philosophical speculation? Who was this Abelard, and what date is assigned to him? Who assailed at that time the temporal power of the Church? Who was this Arnold of Brescia, and what is his date ? Who kept, in that dangerous time, the people to their allegiance towards the Pope and the Church? I] Refers to Genealogical Tables. 7088. 7089. 7090. 7091. 7091 7003. 709$ 7095. 7096. 7097. 7093 7099. 7100. 7101. 7102. 7103 7104. 7105. 7100 7107. 7108. 7109. 7110. MEDIEVAL HISTORY. . Who was this Abbot Bernard of Clairveaux. and what. is his date? . Enumerate all the dates of the first period of the eighth Table. . Give the duration of the reign of Barbarossa. . Enumerate the contemporary sovereigns of England and France. . What Pope was Barbarossa’s great adversary? . What German duke was Barbarossa's great adversary? . What. date is assigned to him? . What great ecclesiastic lived in England during this period? . When and why was he assassinated? . What Crusade falls during this period? . What religious order of knighthood was established during this period? . Enumerate the dates of the second period of the eighth Table. See CID. *What poem was first given to the world about 1200? *What are the contents of this poem? *Who was this Cid? What Crusades happened during this third period? Were the Christians able to conquer the Eastern world? By whom was the Eastern world conquered about 1220? Who was at that time Emperor of the West? Whose son, and whose grandson was he? How many Popes occupied the chair of St. Peter during his reign? What I’ope had been the guardian of his youth ? What Pope was, in 1230, his great adversary? ~ Who was his prime minister, and what date is assigned to him? When did Emperor Frederick II. die? What democratic insurrection broke out, in that same year, in France? What French king occupied at that time the French throne? What crown was offered to his brother, Charles of Anjou, in 1260? Who were that crown at that time? Who was this Manfred, and what date is assigned to him? How long did St. Louis survive his great contemporary, Frederick II.? What Castilian king was the contemporary of both? What date is assigned to him? Who occupied the English throne during the greater part of this period? By whom was he succeeded in 1272? f Refers to Appendix. 7111. 7112. 7113. 7111. 7115. 7116. 7117. 7118. 7119. 7120. 7121. 7122. 7122. 712-1. 7125. 7126. 7127. 7128. 7129. 7130. 7131. 7132. 7133. 7184. 7135. 7136. 7137. 7138. 7139. 7140. 7141. 7142. * Refers to Alphabetical List. What war broke out in Great Britain during the reign of his successor? Enumerate all the dates of the third period of the eighth Table. Enumerate all the dates of the eighth Table. Give the title of the principal work on the Crusades. Who wrote an excellent history of Emperor Frederick IL? And what great statesman and historian wrote an exquisite life of St. Louis? But what contemporary of St. Louis wrote the life of his king and friend? Map Questions.-—See Maps XXIV. XXV. and XXVI. Give the number, names, and situation of the Christian states in the East about. 1142. Give the names of the principal towns of the kingdom of Jerusalem. By what Mohammedan empire were they bounded towards the north? And by what Mohammedan empire towards the south and east? To what Caliphate did both these Mohammedan empires belong? Give the precise situation of Bagdad. What other Caliphate existed at that. time? What. part of Spain belonged to this Caliphate ? What Christian empires were at this time in Spain? Give the extent of the empire of the Plantagenets about 1160. Give the boundaries of the German Empire about that time. Enumerate the principal subdivisions of the Empire. What kingdom occupied the southern part of Italy? And what was the extent of the Byzantine Empire? In what three empires was this Byzantine Empire divided in 1204? Give the. situation and boundaries of each of these three empires. What. was, about that time, the extent of the kingdom of Jerusalem? And what islands, formerly parts of the Byzantine Empire, were in the power of the Venetians? What parts of Germany were, in 1170, in the possession of the Guelphs? And what parts in the possession of the Hohenstant‘en? Give the extent. and boundaries of the German Empire under Emperor Frederick II. Enumerate his hereditary possessions. What was the name of his Southern kingdom, and what was its capital? What part of Europe was the scene of the crusade against the Albigenses? Give the precise situation of the County of Toulouse. fl Refers to Genealogical Tables. 7143 MODERN HISTORY. HISTORY AND ITS GENERAL DIVISIONS.-— Repeal Quest. 1—14, p. 1. . Give the names of the five divisions of Modern History. 7144. What is the character of the first division? 7145. Give its three subdivisions. 7146 7147 . How long did the Anglo-Scotch struggle last? . How long did the Anglo-French struggle last? 7153. 7154. 7155. 7156. 7157. 7148. And during what period was England devastated by the War of the Roses ? 7158. 7149 7150 . What is the character of the second division? . Into how many subdivisions is it divided? 7151. Give the character and duration of each. 7152 . What is the character of the third division? THE FORMATION 7159. 7160. 7161. 7162. First Period—During the Anglo-Scotch Struggle. TH E ANGLO-SCOTCH STRUGGLE. RETROSPECT.—GENEALOGY IL, and Séorrisn SUCCESSION. . H When did Alexander III. of Scotland die? . H Who was heir to the throne? . *What happened to her in 1290? . || Name some of the aspirants to the crown who appeared cease. 7175. 7176. 7177. upon her de- 7178- . *To whose arbitrament did the contending competitors agree to refer their 7179- respective claims? . * What was demanded by him as a preliminary step to his arbitration? 7180- . *What was required by Edward from the aspirants to the throne? . *To Whom did Edward now submit the consideration of the respective claims ? 7171. * In whose favor did they give their decision? 7172. *After what ceremony was he put in possession of the kingdom? 7181 THE ANGLO-SCo'l‘CII WAR.—Map 56, (xxm Zigg- The 0ause.—-Art. SCOTTISH SUCCESSION. I . 7173. *On what condition had Baliol been crowned king of Scotland? 7184. 7174. What was involved in this condition? 1‘ Refers to Appendix. The English king’s prerogative, as * Refers to Alphabetical List. What do you understand by “religious wars”? Give its five subdivisions. Give the character and duration of each. What is the character of the fourth division ? What do you understand by “ succession wars”? Give its five subdivisions. Give the character and duration of each. What is the character of the fifth division? Give its four subdivisions. Give the character and duration of each. 0F DISTINCT NATIONALITIES feudal superior, to entertain and decide on appeals to the English Royal Court from the decisions of the Scottish King’s Court. What was Baliol, in consequence, forced to do? To answer, in the English Court, to complaints which his Scottish subjects made against him. What emboldened Baliol to endeavor to rid himself of Edward’s suprem- acy ? The hostilities between Edward and the French king, in 1295. What secret. treaty was made by Scotland? A treaty of alliance, ofi‘ensive and defensive, between Scotland and France. And what attack was decided upon ? To invade England as soon as Edward and his army should be on the seas for France. Were the Scots able to take the English king by surprise? No. Edward, having become acquainted with the treasonable design, did not leave the country. What measures were taken by Edward I. ? His brother went, in his place, to France. Edward called upon the English nation, which nobly responded to their sovereign’s appeal. First Period of the War. —Success of the English—«Art. WALLACE. When did Edward I. march towards Scotland? In the spring of 1296. What town was first taken by him? Berwich on the Tweed. What message did Edward receive at this place from Baliol? That he re- nouncedfealtg and allegiance to the king of England. What happened a few days afterwards to the Scotch army ? It was totally defeated by an English force, under Earl W arenne, at Dunbar. l Refers to Genealogical Tables. 143 MODERN . What was the condition of Scotland in the middle of 1296? All Scotland was conquered. Buliol and his chief nobles had surrendered themselves to Edward. . What was done with Scotland by the conqueror? Baliol was required to admit that Scotland was now justly forfeited to the English sovereign as its Lord. Edward himself assumed the innnediate sovereignty. . What steps were taken by him to secure the benefit of his military con- quest of Scotland? He made wise and just arrangements for Scotland’s gov- ernment under his authority. . What appeared the condition of Scotland in the middle of 1297? appeared to be in the lawful and secure possession of Scotland. . But what had happened before the close of the autumn of the same year? Nearly all Scotland was in arms against him, his troops were defeated, and Eng— land was invaded andpillaged by the insurgents. . To what was due this marvellous uprising of a seemingly subdued nation? To the enterprising spirit of one great man — ll’illiam Wallace of Ellerslie. . *What had first drawn the eyes of all Scotland upon him? . * When, where, and with what success did he attack the English? . *What was the result of this victory? . *What title was now assumed by him? . What is the meaning of this title? Governor of Scotland. . * But when and where was he conquered by Edward 1.? . *What were the consequences of this defeat? . When was Scotland again in the power of Edward 1.? July, 1304, all Scot— land was in profound submission, except the fens and morasses, where the stern spirit of Wallace was still unbent and not wholly broken. . On what condition had the Guardian Comyn surrendered Scotland to Edward I. ? The nobles obtained assurance that their lives and estates were not to be forfeited. . But who had been excepted by name from the terms granted in the treaty? Wallace. . * What did finally happen to Wallace, Aug. 5, 1305, after a glorious career of eight years? . * What was the end of Wallace? . *What was done with his remains? Edward Art. BRUCE, and GENEALOGY, II. . What measures were now taken by Edward I. to secure the tranquillity of Scotland? A national council was assembled at Perth to arrange a plan for the future government of the country. . To whom was the execution of these plans intrusted? . Qt? Who was this Robert Bruce? . Vhat plans were formed by him? . Who thwarted him in his plans? [*Who was this Red Comyn? . In what resulted this quarrel between the Bruce and the Red Comyn? To Robert Bruce. To become sovereign of Scotland. The Red Cornyn. 1' Refers to Appendix. HISTORY. 7211 7212 7213. . Where was the only place where the murderer could find shelter ? throne of his own. . What resolution was therefore at once taken by Robert Bruce? obtain it. * Was he successful ? . Where was King Edward when the news of Comyn’s murder and of Bruce’s coronation reached him? In the royal residence at Winchester. . How was this news received by him? He vowedpublicly that he would him- self enter Scotland and take vengeance upon the traitors against himself and the murderers of the Red C’omyn. . What resolution was taken? Ona To try to To march at once into Scotland. I. Did he ever enter Scotland again? Edward advanced only a few miles from 7220 2 1 2-2 7 7 7223 7224 ~qo5 t-“ 7226 7227 C’arlisle, and died at Burg-in-the—Sands, on July 8, 1807. . What period of the Anglo-Scotch war closes with his death? The first period: the success of the English. Second Period of the War. ——Recerses of the English—See BRUCE. . What was the condition of Scotland in the beginning of the reign of Edward II. 't The north of Scotland was entirely in the power of Bruce, and the south— ern fortresses were gradually conquered by him. . What was the result of Bruce’s successes? At a general council of the pre- lates and clergy, held at Dundee (Feb. 24, 1310), he was recognized as the law- ful king of Scotland. . What had aided the efforts of the Scots? Domestic disturbances in England. . But what event did reopen the prospect of reducing Scotland? The union of all parties in England, in 1314. . Give the strength of the army collected by Edward II. for the invasion of Scotland. It amounted to nearly one hundred thousand men. . How large was the army of Bruce? Hardly fifty thousand men. . * When, where, and with what result did both armies meet? . Give the precise situation of Bannockburn. The Bannock is a little creek (burn) which falls into the river Forth a little below Stirling. Map 56. _ . What were the consequences of this victory? It secured the independence of Scotland, and fixed Bruce on the throne of that kingdom. . Did this victory make an end to the struggle between Scotland and Eng— land? ]Vo. Edward II. made one morefruitless attempt against Scotland (1322). . When, and in what way, were hostilities terminated between Scotland and England? In 1823, by making a, truce for thirteen years. . Was this truce kept? During the lifetime of Edward II. (until 1327) there was no more actual war between the two countries. . When did the Scots renew the war? In 1327, during the unsettled state of England following the accession of Edward III. under a council of regency. ,. What was done by the English regency in order to make an end to this * Refers to Alphabetical List. war? It consented to resign absolutely the claim. of English. superiority over Scotland, and to acknowledge Robert Bruce as independent sovereign. This treaty was ratified by Parliament in 1328. ll Refers to Genealogical Tables. MODERN HISTORY. 145 Recapitulation. —— See p. 198, and Map 56, (XXII.) . 1-State the cause of the Anglo—Scotch war. fGive its beginning and duration. . "r What was the principal theatre of the war? if What was the object of this war? TBut what was its result? . 1' Into how many periods can this war be divided ? . 1- What was the character of the first period ? . f Who was the hero of the first period? . *Who was this Wallace ? 1-What was the character of‘the second period? . 1- Who was the hero of the second period? . * Who was this Bruce? . TWhat great battles were gained by the English? . fWhat battles were gained by the Scots? TWhat great battle made virtually an end to the war? ENGLAND.—Mar 64', (XXVU Edward I ., (L0ng8hank8.)—GENEALOGY, I. Who was the first English king of the race of Plantagenet? What was his right to the English throne? |When did he die, and by whom was he succeeded? . And who was the successor of Richard I. ? ‘ . | Enumerate the kings who ruled over England from 1066 until 1327. . [l Whose son was Edward 1., and when did he mount the throne? . What was the political condition of England at that time? The barons, exhausted with their late struggles, were not disposed to enter into any new contest, and the people were anxious for repose. . Did Edward make use of this condition in order to extend the royal power? ZVo. He wisely contented himself with moderate power, and even favored the frequent assembling of Parliament. . What necessitated his frequent assembling of Parliament? wars with W’ales, Scotland, and France. . Which Parliament is considered especially remarkable? ment of 1295, to provide means for the war with Scotland. . Why was this Parliament so remarkable ? The representatives of no fewer than 120 cities and towns were summoned to it, besides two knights for each county, and also the great nobles and prelates. . What was the character of his government? and caused justice to be impartially executed. . What did he do to promote the prosperity of his subjects? IIe favored the introduction of manufactures and commerce, and devoted much attention to the interests of the towns. H is constant The Great Parlia- He rated with a vigorous hand, f Refers to Appendix. 19 *Refers to Alphabetical List. 7261. What honorable appellation was gained by him? The appellation of the English Justinian, on account oj'his enaction of a number of salutary laws. 7262. What celebrated statute was enacted during this reign? That no tax should be levied without the consent of the Lords and Commons assembled in Parliament. 7263. What vital influence was exerted by this statute on the progress of the Constitution? From this period the Constitution, as now established, took its origin, and the monarchy then assumed the mixed form which it now wears. Edward II. , (Caernarvon.) . ' When, and by whom, was Edward I. succeeded? by was he called Caernarvon? From the place of his birth, Cuernarvon, a town in the N. W. part of lVales. . Had he inherited any of his father’s conspicuous qualities? He possessed neither the wisdom to perceive, the will to sustain, nor the courage to enforce the basis upon which the royal power had been established. . Who was the real ruler of England in the beginning of this reign? The brilliant Gaveston, a bold Gascon, who amused himself with unhorsing the barons in the tilt—yard, and gibing at them in the council-chamber. . In what did the king’s partiality for his favorite result? decapitated by the infuriated barons. . Who was Gaveston’s successor as the king’s favorite? Hugh Despenser, whose father, an Englishman of oldfamily, shared in the profits of the post. . What. was ascribed to their influence? Edward’s delay in doing homagefor his French possessions at the accession of Charles the Fair, (1322.) . What were the consequences of this? It nearly involved the loss of the French provinces by default. . In what way did Edward wish to settle all difficulties? (1325) in person to France. . Who dissuaded the king from undertaking this journey? who were afraid of the consequences of his absence. . Who went to France, and how was she received? Edward’s wife, Isabella, who was kindly received by her brother, king Charles I V. . How were the French difi‘iculties finally settled? The French possessions (Aquitaine) were made over to Edward’s son, who did homage for them to the French king. . Did the Queen now return to England? No. The Queen announced that she would never set foot in the kingdom till the Despensers were removed from the royal presence. . When, and how, did the Queen finally return to England? In 1326, with an army of 3000 men. She came (as she said) to separate her husband from the evil counsellors who were hurrying him to ruin. 7278. Did Edward oppose her coming ? No. He cowered away into Wales, Hugh Despenser sharing his flight. ‘ 7279. What was Edward obliged to do? He and his favorite had to surrender. 7280. What was the fate of Hugh Despenser? He was made to swing on a gibbet. He was (1312) He wanted to go The Despensers, fl Refers to Genealogical Tables. MODERN . And what was done with Edward II? where he was solemnly deposed (1327). . What. was the end of Edward IL? (Sept, 1827.) IIe was sent as prisoner to Kenilworth, He was murdered at Berkeley Castle, FRANCEp-AMp6t(XXVL) RETROSPECT. — GENEALOGY, VI. . I] Who was Hugh Capet, and when did he die? || Enumerate the French kings from Hugh Capet to St. Louis. H When did St. Louis die, and how many sons survived him? || Of what royal house did his younger son become the founder? . H And who succeeded St. Louis on the French throne? . Give a sketch of the reign of Philip 111. (See Quest. 6755.) . H When did he die, and by whom was he succeeded? PHILIP IV._. (THE FAIR.) The Flemish "700', and its Con/sequences. . What war broke out in the beginning of the reign of Philip IV.? The Flemish war. . Who had armed the Count of Flanders against France? Edward 1., hing of England, who had been deprived by Philip I V. of his continental possessions, ( Guyenne.) . What fatal battle almost annihilated the French nobility? Courtray, (1302.) . What was the consequence of this fatal defeat? It almost entirely annihilated the French nobility, and induced Philip 1 V. to make peace with Flanders, (1305.) . What had been the condition of France since the beginning of the war? The finances of the kingdom were utterly exhausted. . What shameful and tyrannical expedients did Philip use for filling his coffers? [1e plundered the Jews and Lombards, who carried on almost all the commerce of the kingdom. . What other step was taken by him when these expedients proved insuffi- cient ? He began to take measures to tahe the possessions of the clergy. . To what did this lead ‘3 This led to the far/ions quarrel between Philip IV. and the Pope. . To what lengths did Pope Boniface VIII. go in this quarrel? He excommu— nicated the king. . Had this excommunication the desired effect? No. chancellor, William of Nogaret, to brave the Pope in Italy. What was the end of Pope Boniface VIII? He was made prisoner, and though he was quickly liberated, he died a few days later from rage and humili— ation, (Oct, 1308.) Who was the successor of Boniface VIII? The battle of The king sent his Benedict XI. How long did he occupy the Papal chair, and by whom was he succeeded? 1" Refers to Appendix. * Refers to Alphabetical List. . What. secret condition was imposed by Philip upon him? . What celebrated edict was issued by him? HISTORY. A few weeks. He was succeeded by Bertrand dc Got, Archbishop of Bordeaux, who assumed the name of Clement V. That the Pope should give his aidfor the abolition of the order of the Templars, (whose treasures were coveted by the king.) End of the Templars. -—— See. TEMPLARS. . * To whom were the victories obtained by the Christians over the Moslems principally due? . *l'n what ecclesiastical military orders did these warriors usually enroll themselves ‘3 . '3‘ What services were performed by these orders? . *What places were occupied by the Templars and Hospitallers during a battle 1’ . * Who were the most distinguished of the Christian warriors? . * What was the cause of their great valor and desperation in battle? . *Was their bravery rewarded? . * When did they return from Palestine? . *How many manors were they said to possess at that time? . *What was considered the centre of the Order after their return from Palestine ? . *How was their great power and wealth looked upon in France ? . * What needy sovereign was especially tempted by their great wealth? . * What tyrannical step was taken by him (Oct. 13, 1307) ? . What accusations were brought against them to justify this tyrannical measure? Horrible immorality and profanity. . * Were these accusations proved ? . *What was the end of the Templars? . *Who was, at that time, the Grandmaster of the Order of the Templars? . *What was his end (March, 1314)? THE THREE SONS 0F PHILIP THE FAIR.—GENEAL., III. Louis X., Huttn, (the Stubborn.) ‘7. [I When did Philip IV. die, and how many sons survived him? a . I] Who succeeded him on the French throne, and how long did he reign? .. . What was the character of his reign ? It was characterized by vigorous measures against lawyers and financiers, the agents of the violent and tyrannical policy of his father. An edict granting the serfs of the royal domain the privilege of redeeming their freedom. . I] Did he leave any children ? . Why was his daughter Jane (who was married to the king of Navarre) excluded from the succession? For the first time it was distinctly declared that women were excluded from the throne of France by the old law of the Salic Franks, (hence called the Salic Law.) U Refers to Genealogical Tables. 7340. 7341. 73 2. 7343. 7344. 7345. 7346. 7347. 7348. 7349. . What was the general character of his reign? MODERN Philip V., (the Tall.) . I] By whom was Louis X. succeeded, and how long did this king occupy the throne ? It was almost wholly conse— crated to wise measures of administration. 1 Did he leave any children? [To whom was his eldest daughter married? : H And who was the husband of his youngest daughter? . What law did exclude them from the throne? Charles I V. , (the Fair.) . 1} Who was the successor of Philip V. ? . In virtue of what principle did he come to the throne '? . What honorable name was gained by him? . How did he earn that name? The Justiciary. By the vigor with which he punished the crimes of Baron Ile Jourdain, whom he had executed in spite of titles and alliances. . [I When did he die, and what ended with him? . Had he no children? THE GERMAN EMPIRE—GENEAL. XI. THE HOUSE OF liABSBURG. Albert I. -—- Map 66. || Who was, in the year 1300, Emperor of Germany? I' Whose son was he, and when had he mounted the throne? I Was he his father’s immediate successor? . What was the reason that he had not been elected on his father’s death? The fear of making the house of Habsburg too powerful. H How long did Albert I. occupy the Imperial throne? What was the general character of his reign? His plans for the ayyrandize- Jmeptdof his house, and for rendering the‘Imperial dignity hereditary in his family, are . ‘ ' . What attempt of Albert was ré'sisted by the three forest cantons of Switzer— lpandl? The attempt of, making 'them hereditary possessions of the Habsbury _ army. By whom were the Swiss oppressed? Landenberg. Who laid the foundation of the Swiss Confederac patriots: Staufiacher, Fiirst, and hIelchthal. What was the fate of Albert? In the midst of his preparations for a Swiss campaign, he was assassinated by his nephew, from whom he had unjustly with- held his portion of the Habsbury estates. 1298. By the Imperial governors Gessler and y in 1307? The three Swiss f Refers to Appendix. H I S T O R Y. 147 THE HOUSE OF LUXERIBURG. Henry VII. 7350. H Who was the successor of Albert I.? 7351 With what success did Henry attempt to extend the influence of his family? With great success. His family acquired Bohemia. 7852. To what circumstances was he chiefly indebted for this good fortune? The marriage of his son John with the heiress of Bohemia. 7353 What did he restore? He restored the Empire, which had been in a state of abeyance for sixty-two years. 7354 How was he enabled to effect this? A succession of victories enabled him to enter Rome in triumph. ' 7355. What project was interrupted by his death? The project of crushing the Guelphic (the anti-Imperial) party in Italy by the conquest of Naples, the stronghold of that party. THE HOUSES 0F BAVARIA AND IIABSBURG. Louis I V., and Frederick. , 7356. H By whom was Henry VII. succeeded? By Louis IV. the Bavarian, and Frederick of Austria. 7357. By what parties were the new kings respectively elected? The Bavarian by the Luxembury, The Austrian by the Habsburg party. 7358. With what nations did the house of Habsburg engage in war? With the 7362. 7363. 7364. 7365. 7366. 7867. *Refers to Alphabetical List. . What arrangement was made after the battle of Miihldorf? . How long did this arrangement last? Swiss and the Bavarians. . What were the results of the battles of Morgarten (Map 66), and Miihldorf (Map 65) ? The Austrians were defeated in both. Frederick was taken prisoner, but was reconciled to his conqueror, and the two kings shared the throne. Until the death of Frederick, in 1330. ITALY. THE TIMES OF DANTE.—See DAN’I‘E, and GIOTTO. Who was Pope in the year 1300? Boniface VIII. What was his position at that time? He eelebratedgthe first secular jubilee, which ceremony drew to Rome an infinite number of Christians. The Pope ap- peared the head of Christianity. ' Who was soon afterwards induced by him to descend into Italy? Charles of Valois, brother ofPhilip IV. and ancestor of the Valois. (See GENEAL, VIII.) What was the Pope’s object in this? He wanted to make him pacificator of Tuscany. What factions were, at that time, in Tuscany? The Ghibellines and Guelphs; the latter of which were subdivided into the factions of the Neri and Bianchi. Who were favored by Charles of Valois? The Neri. H Refers to Genealogical Tables. MODERN HISTORY. . With what results? They drove the Btancht out of the city, (1804.) . Who was involved in this catastrophe? Dante. . * Who was this Dante Alighieri? . *Give the title and character of his great work. . *What. was the source of some of the sublimest conceptions of this great poem ? . * What great painter was the friend of Dante? . * Where do we find his earliest known work? . * Where are to be found Giotto’s greatest productions ? . * Tell the story of his famous O. . What was the political condition of Italy at this time, when the light of art and science began to break through the darkness? Italy was burning with the flames of civil discord. . What war was raging in the city of Rome? A war between Pope Boniface VIII. and the house of Colonna. . By whom did Sciarra Colonna seek and find an asylum? By Philip IV. (See Quest. 7299.) . When, where, and with what result was Pope Boniface VIII. assailed by the combined Colonnese and French factions? (See Quest. 7299.) . Who succeeded to Boniface VIII., and how long did his pontificate last? (See Quest. 7301.) . And who was the successor of Benedict XI. ? (See Quest. 7302.) . What important step was taken by Clement V. ? He transferred the Papal See to Avignon. . How long did the Papal See remain in Avignon? About seventy years. . Give the precise position of Avignon. In Dauphtne’ (soulh~eastern France), near the confluence of the Rhone and Durance. . Did Clement cease to take active part in the aifairs of Italy? No. He never forgot that he was an Italian prince. . What country was added by him (1307) to the Papal possessions? Ferrara. . What party was at that time in the ascendant in Italy? The Papal or Guelphic party. . But what did revive the hopes of the persecuted Ghibellines? The arrival of Emperor Henry VII. . Was the Emperor successful? (See Quest. 7354.) . But what made a sudden end to his career? (See Quest. 7855.) . What was the condition of Italy on the sudden death of the Emperor? There was aperfect anarchy. . What party was, since the death of Henry VIL, sorely oppressed? The Glaz'bellz'nes. . Whose help was invoked by them? The help of Emperor Lam's IV. the Ba 7) arr'an . . With what result? No result whatever. He was soon forced to return to Germany. Chronological Review of the First Period of the First Division of Modern History—See ABULFEDA. . What great poet lived at the dawn of Modern History? . What is the name and what is the character of his immortal work? . What heroic epoch has been depicted by Dante in his Commediav? The struggles between the Guelphs and Ghtbelltnes in Florence, (1215—1321.) . * What celebrated Mohammedan historian and geographer was his contem- porary ? . *What is his chief work, and what is the most interesting portion of it? . What date is assigned to him on your table? . What two Scotch heroes are mentioned on your table? . What date is assigned to each of them? . What celebrated painter belongs to this period, and what is his date? . What celebrated order of knighthood was destroyed during this period? . What date is assigned to this event? . Enumerate the dates of this period. . Give the names of the Emperors who ruled during this period. . Give the name of the family or house to which each belongs. . Give the names of the English kings of this period. . State what degree of relationship exists between them. . Give the names of the French kings of this period. . State what degree of relationship exists betv‘veen them. . Who was the ruler of the Turks during this period? During the Anglo-French Struggle. THE ANGLO - FRENCH STRUGGLE. RETROSPECT. — Sec GENEAL, III. 7415. [I Give the names of the two sons of Philip III., king of France. 7416. H When did Philip IV. succeed his father, and how long did he reign? 7417. H How many children survived him? 7418. || Enumerate his three sons in their order of succession. 7419. I When did the last of the sons of Philip IV. die? 7420. [ By what right did Edward III. claim the throne? 7421. || Who was the other claimant? 7422. What decision was given by the French parliament summoned to decide between the candidates ? Women were declared to be deprived of all right to the crown, which the parliament solemnly awarded to Philip of Valoz's. 7423. Was this the first time that such a decision was given? This interpretation had been given already twice during twelve years. It received then a third and last sanction. 7424. How was this decision from that time recognized? As a fundamental law of the state. fRefers to Appendix. *Refers to Alphabetical List. I] Refers to Genealogical Tables. MODERN HISTORY. . What name was given to this law? The Salic Law. . Whence this name? It was the law of succession established among the ancient Franks for the Salic land, which was now applied to the crown of France. CAUSE OF THE ‘VAR.—-—Maps 64 and 65, (XXVI. and XXVII.) . Who was in 1328 Count of Flanders? Louis II.,father of Louis III. GENEAL, III.) . What were his relations with the royal family of France? III. . What) was the character of his reign? He was a ferocious man, who was always at war with his subjects. In 1328, he was driven from Flanders. . Who came to his assistance, and with what result? King Philip VI, who restored Louis (after the bloody battle of Cassel, where thirteen thousand Flemish were slaughtered). . Did this battle of Cassel make an end to the difficulties between Count Louis and the Flemings ? A70. Ghent revolted again. . Who placed himself at the head of the new revolt? the celebrated brewer of Ghent. . Whose help was invoked by him? The help of the Icing of England. . Who induced Edward III. to give his assistance to the Flemings? Robert of Artois, brother-in-law of Philip VI., who had been expelledfrom France for forgery. . What was done by the Flemings to bind Edward to their side? recognized Edward as the king of France. . Did Edward accept this title ? Yes; and he entered Flanders at the head of an army, to defend it against the French. . What was the result of this? War with France. (See (See GENEAL, James of Arte velde, They THE “'AR. First Period:-— Success of the English.— The Times of the Black Prince. Map 64, (XXVI) THE FLEMISH WAR. -— SLUYs. 7438. When and with what feat did the great war in reality begin? With the great naval battle of Slugs, (June, 1340,) in which the English were completely victorious. 7439. Give the position of Sluys. On the north-western coast ofFlanders; nearly due east from the mouth of the Thames. 7440. What were the consequences of the battle of Sluys? complete command of the Channel. 7441. But what prevented Edward from following up his victory? Edward’s resources were utterly exhausted, and he was obliged to agree to a truce, which was finally prolonged to 1342. It gave to England the 1 Refers to Appendix. THE BRITTANY WAR. — CnEcY. . What new disputes broke out between Philip VI. and Edward III. in 1341? . In whose favor had King Philip given his decision? . Whose assistance was invoked by the other claimant? . On what condition did he secure Edward’s help? Disputes about the succession of Brittany, in consequence of the extinction of the direct line. In favor of his nephew, Charles of Elvis, who was married to Jeanne, niece of the late Dulce. John of Montfort, half-brother of the late Dulce, invoked the assistance of Edward III. 118 acknowledged Edward as king of France, and received Brittany from him as his feudal superior. . What was the most important campaign of this war? The campaign of 1346. . Describe Edward’s march from La Hogue to within two leagues of Paris. . What prevented him from making an attack on the ,French capital? . What route was taken by Edward? IIe marched eastward, in a line nearly parallel with the coast, accompanied by the English fleet, which seized large bootyu'n the seaports. St. Lo and Owen were sacked. Thence he marched along the left bank of the Seine to Paris. ’z'ng Philip was now near him, with the full force of the French kingdom, (120,000 men.) He hastened, with his 30,000 men, north- ward, to reach Flanders. . When, where, and with what result was Edward forced to receive the attack of the whole French army? Aug. 26th, at Oressy, where the English gained a most glorious victory. . Give the precise situation of Cressy, or Crecy. In the N. W. part of France, . Who was among those that fell in that battle? north of the Somme. John of Luxemburg, the blind king of Bohemia, (the son of Emperor Henry VII.) (See GENEAL, XI.) . What was the crest of the Bohemian king on this day, when he was fighting as the soldier of the French sovereign? motto .' “10h dien ” —- Iserve. Three ostrich—feathers, with the . Who assumed, after the battle, this crest and motto as his own cognizance? . By what name is this eldest son of Edward III. generally known? . What was a natural sequel to the victory of Crecy? 74-57. 7458. 7459. 7460. 7461. * Refers to Alphabetical List. Edward, Prince of Wales; and from his time downwards they have been so worn by successive English Princes of Wales. The Black Ifrince, on account of the black armor with which he heightened the efiect of his fair complexion. The siege of Calais. Art. CALAIS. * Give the precise situation of Calais. *How long lasted the siege, and when was it finally taken by the English? *What measures were taken by Edward III. to make it permanently an English town? *Of what commodities was it made the staple? *For how long did Calais remain in the power of the English? ll Refers to Genealogical Tables. MO 7462. Did hostilities cease after the taking of Calais? 7468. 7464. 7465. 7466. 7467. 7468. . Was he able to accomplish his retreat? . When and where did the Black Prince suddenly find himself face to face . What was his only choice? . Who was made a prisoner in this battle? . On what conditions was Edward Ill. willing to give liberty to John, and . With what result? . What had been done, in the meanwhile, by the French? . What were the consequences of this? . What treaty made for a short time an end to the war? The peace of Bretigny . MODERN A truce was made, which was finally prolonged until 1855. THE AQUITANIAN WAR. —- Porrinns. What gave rise to the outbreak of fresh hostilities in 1355? The refusal of the French king (John) to restore to Edward the whole territory of Aquitaine. What part of Aquitaine was still in the power of the English? The ll’estern part. What was its capital, and who resided there as English Viceroy? Bordeaux, the residence of the Black Prince. What expedition was undertaken by him in July, 13-56? Southern and Central France as for as Bow-yes. What roused king John into vindictive action? The merciless nature of the devastation, and the smallness of the army that was inflicting it. What was done by the Black Prince when he received vague intelligence of the preparations of the French? IIe commenced a hurried retreat through. Touraine and Pinion towards Bordeaux. A campaign into 1V0 . with the French army? ()n the evening of the 17th of September, within five miles of the city of Poiticrs, (nearly in the centre of Western France.) He must either capilulate or fight. Which of these two alternatives was taken by the Black Prince, and with what result? He fought the French. on Sept. 19, 1356, and although the French army outnumbered the English in proportion. of ten to one, the English gained a complete victory. King John of France. peace to France? Aquitaine (comprising the grenterparl of Southern France) should be held by Edward, not as feudal vassal to the king of France, but in full and absolute sovereignty. Was this accepted by the French? It was scornfnlly rciected. What step ,was taken by Edward to force the French to accept his demands? He marched (1359, 1360) with an army of 100,000 men through 'IZUI'l/t-CdSlB/"IL France There were no towns to capture, no districts They were unable to take Paris. They had made an Hardly any. to ravage. They were repulsed from Hheims. attach on the English coast, and burned W inchelsea. The English nation clamored for peace. (May, 1360). Edward received in full sovereignty that part of Aquitaine which was already in his possession (included within a red line), but renounced his claims to the French throne. King John’s ransom was fixed at three millions of gold crowns. 1“ Refers to Appendix. * Refers to Alphabetical List. HISTORY. THE CASTILIAN “lAR—NAJARO. —-Art.. PETER THE CRUEL. 7481. What became a new source of dispute between France and England after the Peace of Bretigny? The ravages of the disbanded English soldiers called the “ Companies.” ‘. What opportunity seemed to otter itself for putting an end to this cause of dissension? The civil war in Castile, between Peter the Cruel and his ille- gitimate brother, Don IIenry of Trastamara. . *Under whose command did the Companies march across the Pyrenees to the assistance of Don Henry? ’. 3+ What was done by Prince Henry with their aid? dethroned Peter. He easily defeated and 7485. * Where did King Pedro seek refuge and assistance? At the Court of the Black Prince at Bordeaux. 7486. * Did he receive assistance? The Black Prince determined to restore him. In agreat battle at Najaro (near the Ebro in N. Spain), he utterly overthrew Don Henry, Du G'ziesclin, and their forces, and replaced Peter the Cruel on the throne. 7487. ~x‘How did King Pedro behave to his benefactor? He evadedpayment of the money which he had engaged to furnish for the expenses of the expedition. 7488. In what condition did the Black Prince return to Bordeaux? With ruined finances and ruined health. 7489. What step was taken by him in order to relieve himself from his pecuniary embarrassment, in which he had been placed by the cost of the Castilian expedition? He imposed new taxes on his Gascon subjects. 7490. What were the consequences of this step? It led to murrnurings on theirpart, and caused some of them to appeal to King Charles V. for redress. . 7491. How was this appeal received by the French king? King Charlesjudged that the time was now come when he might safely discard the pretendcdpacifica- tion, and renew an open war against England with a fair prospect of success. Second Period :——Rcverses of the English—The times of Du Guesclinp-Map 64, XXVI. 7492. With whom was an alliance formed by Charles V. of France against the English? With King Henry of Custile, who had regained that kingdom soon after the Black Prince had left Spain. 7493. What summons was sent by Charles V. to the Black Prince (Feb., 1369)? He summoned him to appear before the king of France at Paris, and to answer complaints which Gascon subjects of the hing of France had preferred against him. 7494. What answer was returned by the Black Prince? That he would appear at Paris, but it should be at the head of 60,000 men. 7495. What was the result of all this? Open war was now proclaimed. The French troryos entered Aquitaine, and aided by the native population, made rapid progress in th zir rcconquest. 7496. Who was sent to France at the head of a powerful English army? brother of the Black Prince, the Duke of Lancaster. (See GENEAL, I.) 7497. With what. result? The English made some unimportant ravaging marches in the .North of France, and then had to disband their army. The I] Refers to Genealogical Tables. MODERN HISTORY. What Wise and prudent policy was observed by the French? They avoided pitched battles; the war became a series of slcirmishes and sieges of isolated posts, in which they were greatly aided by the native population. What great difficulty had the English armies to contend with? They began to suffer from want of sleilful commanders. Chandos was gone; llIanny and the Black Prince were sinking into the grave. . And what was at that time the character of the French generals? They were long trained in the severe school of adversity, and they now combined caution and sleill with their national gallantry. . Who was the most illustrious of all? Bertrand Du Guesclin, Constable of France. Though deformed in person and of a fierce and untraetoble disposi— tion, he persevered in his endeavors to eclipse these defects by the brilliancy of his actions, (1314—1380.) . What was the only achievement of the English in that year (1370) ? The sack of Limoges by the Blaclc Prince. The saclc of Limoges illustrates the worst feature of chivalry in its contemptuous disregard of all that it deemed the lower orders. . Give the precise situation of Limoges. In the centre of France, on the upper course of the Vienne. . Who was, early in 1371, compelled by sickness to leave France? The Black Prince. * Did he ever return? Never; he died in England in 1376. . What was the state of France after his departure? The French, while care- fully avoiding general battles, carried on an active and successful warfare of enterprises, small if considered singly, but very important in their aggregate efi‘ect. . What final great effort. was made by the English in 1373, to recover their lost ascendcncy? The Dulce of Lancaster landed at Calais with 30,000 men. . Describe Lancaster’s march. IIe marched right across France from Calais to Bordeaux without a battle, without a siege, with much devastation of French territory, but with more sufiering and loss to his own army. In what condition did he arrive at Bordeaux? He brought into Bordeaux a mere wreck of the magnificent host with which he had marched out of Calais. . What were the only places in possession of the English at the close of 1374? Calais, Bordeaux, and Bayonne. . What truce was finally made between Edward III. and Charles V. in 1375? The truce of Brugcs. When did this truce expire? In the spring of 1377, shortly before the death of Edward III. Was it renewed? No. The French did not only attach the remnants of the English possessions on the Continent, but they swept the merchant—ships from the Channel, and even plundered the English coast. . What was the position of both parties in 1380? The English were almost entirely driven from France, and England was nzenaced with invasions. Third Pcriod:—Emhaustion of both I’m-tics. . What plan was formed by the French king (Charles VI.) in 1386? He made immense preparations for a descent upon England. . Why was this plan formed at that time? The Dulce of Lancaster, in that year, too/c with him to Spain the greater part of the English navy, and an army of 10,000 men, leaving England unprotected. . Why was this plan finally abandoned? Notwithstanding the greatprcparations, France felt itself really too much exhausted to undertake a successful invasion of England. . What happened soon afterwards in England? Civil discord broke out end— ing in the elevation of the house of Lancaster to the throne. (See Quest. 7712.) . And what in France? Charles VI. became mad. Anarchy and civil war followed. (See Quest. 7780.) . What influence had this on the war? The war languished. There was, how- ever, no regular treaty of peace, but a succession of truces, never observed at sea and frequently broken on land. . What was in general the character of the war? Armed assistance was given by the sovereign of one nation to the enemies of the sovereign of the other nation. Fourth Period:—Success of the English.— The Ttincs of Henry V. and Redford. Map 64, (XXVI) AZINC()U1t'1‘.——-Sce AZINCOURT. . Who had come to the English throne in 1413? Henry V. (See GENEAL, I. and III. 7523. What had he haughtily announced to the rulers of France within six months of his accession? That he considered himself the rightful king of France, as true heir of Isabella, daughter of Philip IV. (See GENEAL, III.) . Had Henry’s claim any foundation? Not any ; for whatever right Isabella possessed to the crown of France must have descended to Edward’s lineal repre- sentative, the descendant of Clarence, and not to the house of Lancaster. (See GENEAL, I.) . How was his claim received by the French statesmen? They repudiated his claim with indignation, and refused to admit it as even a matter of discussion. . *What proposition was hereupon made by Henry ? . What was offered by the French government? The cession of Aquitaine, and 600,000 crowns as a dowry for Catherine (daughter of Charles VI.), his intended queen. . Was this oifer accepted by Henry V. ? No. He was resolved on war. . What was clearly shown by this otter? It showed how conscious the French were of the weakness to which their country was then reduced by misgovernment and internal seditions. . What was the final result of all these negotiations ? A war for the conquest of France was announced to the English Parliament, (Nov. 30, 1414.) . How was Henry’s warlike appeal received in England? With the greatest enthusiasm. 1- Refers to Appendix. * Refers to Alphabetical List. ll Refers to Genealogical Tables. ‘ . When did Henry return to England? MODERN . What was the real cause of this martial enthusiasm? All statesmen knew that the only way to prevent civil war in England was to engage in foreign war. . When did the English armament set sail for the attack on France? 077. Sunday, Aug. 12, 1415, by which time the last truce with France had expired. . * When and where did the English land? I . * What was the first feat of the invading army ? . *But what misfortune happened to this army? . *What resolution was, anyhow, taken by the king? . *What. prevented the continuation of his journey when he had proceeded as far as Azincourt? . * Give the strength of both armies. . * When and with what result did Henry attack the French army? *Give the precise situation of the battle-field of Azincourt. Nov. 17, 1415. TREATY or TROYES.~—See TROYES. . When did llenry begin his second invasion of France? summer of 1417. . What important conquest was made by Henry ? Normandy. . What enabled him to make these conquests? The civil war in France. . * What assassination made the peace between the factions of the Armagnacs and Burgundians impossible? . * What step was taken by the new duke of Burgundy, Philip the Good? . *By what treaty was the crown of France bestowed in perpetuity on Henry and his descendants? . * Who had been especially instrumental in negotiating this treaty ? . * By what was this shameful treaty immediately sealed? . * But when should it come into effect? . * To whom was, in the meanwhile, the regency of the kingdom intrusted? . * What oath was sworn by the new regent? . *Did he keep his oath? . * What were the consequences of his not keeping his oath? . How long did Henry V. enjoy his new dignity? He died on the 318! of August, 1422, at Vincennes. . Who died soon afterwards? Less than two months afterwards died Charles VI. THE DUKE or BEDFORD. —Map 64, (XXVI.) . Who was now crowned at Paris as King of France and England? son of Henry V., Henry VI. . Who governed in the name of the infant king? The Duke of Gloucester was regent in England; the Duke of Bed/"0rd regent in France; — both brothers of Henry V. . What was the character of Bedford’s administration? It was very vigorous. What important victory was gained by him, Aug, 1424? Al Verneuil, where the Scottish auxiliary force, which had rendered very great services to the cause of Charles VIL, was almost entirely destroyed. Not before the The 1" Refers to Appendix. HISTORY. «IKI‘IKIKI‘I‘IKI \ kl H C‘CfiCIIO‘U‘CflOKU‘ ‘ ~1xl~1~l~l~l ‘1 en KI co * Refers to Alphabetical List. . When were all these disputes settled ? . What determination was now taken by Bedford? . What was the condition of Orleans in the spring of 1429? (D‘JCDP‘H-Kr‘eosé . What delayed the progress of the English conquests about this time? The dissensions between Henry VII.’s uncle, the Duke of Gloucester, and his great—uncle, Cardinal Beaufort, and the foolish conduct of Gloucester, who began to quarrel with England’s firmest supporter in France, the Duke of Burgundy. In 1428. To proceed vigorously with the conquest of those parts of France, southward of the Loire, that still achnou‘l~ edged Charles VII. . What city was besieged by the Earl of Salisbury by Bedford’s orders? The city of Orleans, which was regarded as the only important barrier to the advance of the English, (Oct, 1428.) The inhabitants felt a melancholy certainty that famine and the English sword would ultimately prevail. The fall of Orleans, and the fall, with it, of the national independence of France, seemed inevitable. Fifth Period:—Final Expulsion of the English—Map 64, (XXVI.) THE MAID or ORLEANS. — See JOAN or ARC. . * What defeat. appeared to give the finishing stroke to the fall of Orleans? . * How was this news received by Joan of Arc? . * Who was this Joan of Arc? . * What was her native hamlet? . *Whither did she go, for what purpose, and with what result? * Where was Charles the Dauphin at that time? * How was she received by Charles ? . * What important duty was intrusted to her? * Did she succeed? . * What was one of the results of the raising of the siege of Orleans? . * Under what title was he crowned? . * Did the mission of Joan of Arc end with the coronation of the legitimate king ? . *In what town was she induced to throw herself? . *What happened to her in the course of this siege? . * How was she treated by the English? . *When and where did she meet her final fate? THE TREATY or ARRAS.—- See ARRAS. . Did the martyrdom of the Maid of Orleans bring back success to the Eng— lish ? No. . What began to give great advantages to the forces of Charles VII.? The growing enthusiasm of the population for their native king, and their detes— tation of the English. . What two events occurred in 1435, which made the expulsion of the Eng- lish only a question of time? The death of the Dulce of Bedford, and the Congress of Arms. [1 Refers to Genealogical Tables. MODERN 7586. 7587. 7588. 7589. 7590. 7591. 7592. 7593. 7594. 7595. 7596. 7597. 7598. 7599. 7600. 7601. 7602. 7603. 7604. 7606. 7607. 7608. 7609. 7610. 7611. 7612. 7613. 7614. 7615. HISTORY. Give the precise situation of Arms. * What was this Congress of Arms ? * What was the first question submitted to this Congress? * Was any reconciliation possible between Charles VII. and Henry VI.? *On whom were now all eyes turned? *What had been, since 1419, the position of the Duke of Burgundy? had been the foremost supporter of the English rule. *What had induced him to side with the English? * When, where, and by whom had his father been murdered? *Did he become reconciled to his father’s murderer? * On what conditions? * What. was the result of this reconciliation ? *What city did soon afterwards open her gates to her legitimate king? *How long had it been in possession of the English? When and on what occasion did the English give up Anjou and Maine with all their towns? In 1448, according to a treaty made on Henry’s marriage with Margaret of Anjou in 1445. When did the French recover Normandy? In 1449. When did they assail with equal success the ancient English possessions in the West of France? In 1451. What endeavor was made to reconquer Gascony? was sent out in 1452, under the veteran hero Talbot. With what result? [[e at first gained several advantages, but was defeated and killed at Castillon in 1453. What period may be considered closed by his death? struggle. .Map 64, (XXVI) He An English expedition The Anglo-French . What was the only one of Edward’s conquests that remained in the hands of the English? Calais. RETROSPECT OF THE WAR. —p. 198. '1 State briefly the cause of the Anglo-French struggle. 1- Give its duration, beginning, and end. fWhat was the theatre of war? T Name the parties. TWhat was the object of the war? 1‘ But What was its result? fInto how many periods may this war be divided? TEnuinerate the periods. THE HISTORIANS OF THE “'AR. Froissart. —— See FROISSART. * Who has recorded the first part of the Anglo-French struggle? When and where was Froissart born? In 1337, at Valenciennes, which was then a town of Hainault, and not a French town. ‘ 1‘ Refers to Appendix. 20 v- 7616. 7617. 7618. 7619. 7620. 762L 7621 7623. 7624. 7625. 7626. 7627. 7628. 7629. 7630. 7631. 7632. 7633. 7634. 7635. 7636. 7637. 7638. 7639 7640. 7641. 7642. 7643. * Refers to Alphabetical List. *Who was his great patron? * When and in whose company did he go to Bordeaux? *When did he give up his connection with the English court? *At whose court did he mostly live after the death of Queen Philippa? * When did he make his last visit to England? * What event drove him from England? * Where did he spend the latter part of his life? *What period does he describe in his historical chronicle? * What does his chronicle strikingly exhibit? What is the character of his chronicle? It is habitually inaccurate as to precise dates, localities, numbers, and other details of the kind, but it is trust- worthy as to main facts. Monstrclet. —— See Monsrnntsr. *Who continued the chronicle of Froissart? *What portion of history is embraced in his chronicle? *Till what date was his work, however, afterwards continued? * What is the character of the chronicles of Monstrelet? * What renders these chronicles infinitely precious ? ENGLAND. ——]lfap c4, (XXVI.) EDWARD 111., (“'INDSOR.) 17w Wars.—See GENEAL. I., and EDWARD III. Enumerate the En lish kincrs from the Con uest down to the rei n of g c Cl g Edward 111. H When did Edward III. come to the throne? [I How long did his reign last? *In what year did he actually assume the government? *With what country did he become involved in war in 1333? * Where did he defeat the Scotch? *What greater war soon withdrew his attention from Scotland? *Were these wars popular in England? * What shows their popularity ? *But what was gained by the parliaments in return ? Does the half century comprised in this reign deserve only attention to its military history? It demands anxious attention to its constitutional and com- mercial history, but, most of all, to the history of events and laws afiecting the condition of the laboring poor of England. The Government. What are among the most important enactments in this reign? tive provisions for the frequent holding ofparliaments. What functions were exercised by the English parliaments? The legisla~ They were u Refers to Genealogical Tables. MODERN legislative bodies; faring bodies; advising bodies (on great matters of state policy). They passes-sell also judiciulpowers and duties. . What three important statutes were passed during this reign? . What was the “ First Statute of Laborers,” passed in 1349‘? Its object was to restrict the price of all kinds of labor, for both agriculturists and artisans; and to prevent them nziigratingfrom their own district. . What was the “ Statute of Treason,” passed in 1351? It limited high treason to killing or warring against the king, aiding or abetting foreign enemies, and staying theg'udges. . What was the “Statute of Provisors,” passed in 1852? power to appoint the archbishops, bishops, etc. . What became the oflicial language in courts of law in 1362? English, as the majority of the people were unacguaintcd with French. . But in what language did the laws continue to be written? Although the titles of the statutes were written in English, the statutes themselves continued to be written in lVorman- French. . What was the usual source from which the taxes were derived? custom~house duties. . What was the character of this taxation? were possessed of some property. . On what productions were the taxes voted by Parliament levied? cially on wool, but also on tin, hides, and other articles. It gave the king From It aflected those classes only which Espe— ‘ . Were these custom~house duties the only supplies that. were usually granted by the parliaments of this period to their sovereigns? N0. Sometimes grants of tenths andfifteenths were made. By this the sovereign was authorized to collect the tenth orfifteenth of a sum of money representing the aggregate value of the mooables in each township. . How was this tax generally collected? The inhabitants of each township made up the required amount by a local assessment among themselves. English Literature. ORIGIN or THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. . When did the Anglo—Saxon language begin to give place to the language since known as English? About a century after the Conquest, (1150.) . In what did this change consist for a considerable interval? It consisted much less in the adoption of anything new from the French, than in the natural simplification. and development of the Saxon, which became more easy in its struc- ture andfuller of expression. . When did the influence of the French language (spoken by the Norman conquerors) upon the English begin to be very perceptible? When the. French, in its turn, began to give place to the improved native dialect; —- at that time a mixed language sprung up. . What authors show the result of the admixture thus realized? Wye/stifle, (lower, and Chaucer. Mandeville, f Refers to Appendix. HISTORY. 76-59. 7660. 7661. 7662. 7663. 7664. 7665. 7666. 7667. 7668. 7669. 7670. 7671. 7672. 7673. 7674. 1—; 7670. 7676. 7677. 7678. 7679. 7680. 7681. 7682. 7683. 7684. 7685. 7686. 7687. 7668. * Refers to Alphabetical List. The framework of what language did, however, remain through all changes and made all adopted words conform to it ? The framework of the Anglo- Saxon language. What tended most strongly towards this severance between the languages of the two nations ? The great war between France and England in thefour- teenth andfifteenth century. MANDEVILLE. *Who is the earliest writer of English prose whose work survives? * What do you know of his life? * In what language did he publish the first account of his travels? *lnto what languages was it successively translated by him? * What is the character of his work? WYOKLIFEE. — See WYCKLIFFE. * Who was John Wycklifl‘e, and when did he live ? *What was his position towards the Church? * What did he produce in the course of this contest? *But what was by far the greatest work executed by him? * What is the character of Wycklitfe’s translation ? * Who was the great friend and protector of Wycklifi'e? Gownn. — See GOWER. * Who was John Gower, and by what. name is he generally known? *Enumeratc his great poetical works. * Which of them was written in English? it Give the general contents of this work? *What. is the most remarkable of these tales? * What hint is Shakspeare supposed to have taken from it? CHAUCER. — See CHAUCER. * But who was the true father of English literature? * During whose reign did he live? * Give the names of his principal works. *On what work does his fame as a writer chiefly rest? * Give the plan of this work. * How many tales are contained in his work? *Why are these tales so very remarkable? * What poet was a contemporary of Chaucer? * What two English prose authors were his contemporaries? RICIIARD IL, BORDEAUX.—See RICHARD II. * || When did Edward III. die, and by whom was he succeeded? * How old was he when he came to the throne? || Refers to Genealogical Tables. . What was the state of the kingdom during this minority? . What was done to meet the necessary expenses? MODERN Who ruled the kingdom during his minority? A council of rcgcncz/Hf/‘Nn which, however, his three unclcs (Lancaster, York, and Gloucester) were excluclva’. Thcrc were con- tinual wars with France and Scotland. A poll—tax of one shilling was levied on all persons, male andfcmalc, above fifteen years of age. . What made this tax so very odious? As the tax was the same for rich and . What occasioned an outbreak in 1381? 7694. 7695. 7696. 7697. 7698. 7699. 7700. 7701. 7702. 7703. 7704. 7705. 7706. 7707. 7708. 7709. 7710. 7711. poor, it pressed very heavily on the poorer classes. A collector of taxes grossly insulted the daughter of a tilcr ( Wat Tyler). * What was the conduct of the young king on that occasion? * Did his subsequent reign answer to the expectations raised by this conduct? * What was the character of his reign? *Who was among these favorites? *What were the consequences of the king’s refusal to remove him from power? *When did this happen, and who was placed at the head of the govern- ment? ' * When did Richard resume the government? *Who was made by him chancellor at that time 7 Who was this William of Wykeham? He u'as Bishop of Winchester (1366— 1404), a celebrated architect, a patron of learning, and a most able politician. What great architectural work was executed under his supervision? IVindcor Castle. * What famous quarrel broke out. in 1398? * Who died during Hereford’s exile? What was done by Richard with Lancaster’s estates? They were confiscated. *Who returned to England to claim these estates? *Where was Richard at that time? * What happened to Richard on his return? *What do you know of the end of Richard II.? H Did he leave any children? HENRY IV. ~THE FIRST LANCASTRIAN ICING.~GENEAL., I. . Who was the next heir to the throne? Edmund Mortimer, son of Lionel, Dulce . But why was Henry IV. by all classes preferred to the rightful heir? of Clarence, and brother of Philippa. The country was afraid of another regency, and therefore prcfe'rred the subtle and politic Henry to a child only seven years of age. H What house came with him on the throne? H Enumerate the three Lancastrian kings. What was the character of the reign of Henry IV.? The Scots, the I'Velsh (under Owen Glendowcr), and the Percys (who had made him Icing), made his experience of sovereignty no enviable matter. 1' Refers to Appendix. HISTORY. M5 . In what battle did Henry nearly lose the crown he had so lately usurped? In the battle of Shrc'zvsbury, (July 21, 1403.) . H llow long did Henry occupy the throne, and by whom was he succeeded? IIENRY V.—THE SECOND LANCAS'I‘RIAN IIING. .. H State the beginning, end, and duration of the reign of Henry V. . What was the condition of England at his accession? . What step was taken by him to prevent civil war at home? K! «I ~1 ~1 ‘1 q «i ~1~I~i~1~1~l~1 is to N) [to u. to to . * Describe his campaign in the summer and fall of 1415. (DTI'CTAE‘JiHAC/CJLO . When, where, and at what age did Henry die? The country was on the eve of civil war. 11c invaded France. ‘5‘“ When did Henry V. go to France? See AZINCOURT. See AZINCOUR’I‘. What town was taken by Henry during his second campaign, 1417—19? Itoucn. * What treaty made Henry the real master of France? See TROYES. *What were the conditions of this treaty? See TROYES. How long did Henry enjoy his new position? 1420—1422. 1422, at Vincenncs; thirty- four years old. HENRY Ill—THE THIRD AND LAST LANCASTRIAN KING.—GENEAL., III. 7729. i—r-v.) H0 7782. 7783. 7734. 7735. 7736. 7787. 7788. 7739. 7740. 7741. 7742 7743 * Refers to Alphabetical List. H Who had been the queen of Henry V. ? . H Who was their son, and how old was he at his father’s death? JVine months. 7731. To whom was the government of France intrusted during his minority? To his uncle, Bed/”0rd. And to whom that of England? To his uncle Gloucester. In what year was the boy-king crowned at Westminster and Paris? * Did he ever rule over France? No. See AREAS. FRANCE. —Map 64, (XXVI.) PHILIP VI. — GENEAL, VII. H Who was the ancestor of the house of Valois? Give the extent of the kingdom of France at the accession of the house of Valois. Map 75, (XXXI.) H Who was the first king of the house of Valois? What was his relation to his predecessor? How long did he occupy the throne? What was his character? This prince was brave, violent, vindictive, and cruel; slcilful in all muscular exercises, he was ignorant of the first notions of the military art, and of financial administration. What great war broke out during his reign? (See Quest. 7437.) . What great defeat was suffered by the French during this reign? (See Quest. 7450.) - . And what frightful disease spread its ravages through France in 1348—49? The Black Death. 1431. I] Refers to Genealogical Tables. MODERN . What country was acquired by Philip VI. about that time? Dauphiné. . To whom was this country given in apanage? To the heir-amiarent. . What name did the heir—apparent to the French crown henceforth take? The name of Dauphin. JOIIN. . 1| When did Philip VI. die, and by whom was he succeeded? . uHow long did he occupy the French throne? . Vhat was the character of King John ? Ills education had made him more a valiant knight than a wise and experienced hing. . What was the condition of France on his accession? France was entirely exhausted. . What was he obliged to do in the beginning of his reign? IIe found him- self obliged to call together the states of the kingdom. . What were the principal causes which, under this reign, rendered the States-General independent of the crown, and gave them a new authority which was almost absolute? The disasters of the last war with the English; the prodigalities and exactions of King John, and the dishonest acts of his ministers. . To what. was the revolution also partly due? To the growing importance of the bourgeoisie, or of the third estate, in numbers and in wealth. . By what famous declaration did the “third estate” cause itself to be recog- nized as a. political power, equal to that of the clergy and the nobility? They carried, that no rule should have the force of law until it had been approved by the three orders, and that any order which had refused its consent should not be bound by the vote of the other two. ' . Who was the leader of the “third estate ”'3 Etienne Marcel, head-magistrate of the merchants. . What did he become when the king was taken prisoner by the Black Prince in 1356? IIe became virtually (about 1357) the ruler of Paris, and even of France. . Did he use his power for the benefit of his unhappy country? No. IIe used it for personal ends, andfor tit/ring the regency from the Dauphin. . What was the deplorable result? Civil war between the royalists and the “third estate.” . What frightful insurrection broke forth at this juncture? A general rising of the enslaved peasants (the Jacques, hence called the Jacguerie) against the nobles. . What attempt was now made by Etienne Marcel? He attempted to direct the Jaeguerie so as to serve his own purposes in his struggle with the Dauphin. . What town was, at his advice, besieged by the Jacques? Meaux, where the nife of the Dauphin, with many other ladies, had taken refuge. Were the Jacques able to take the town? No. They were totally routed, 7000 of their number being slain on the spot. . What was the result of the defeat of the Jacques near Meaux? It decided their fate. The unhappy serfs were hunted down on all sides like wild beasts. 1' Refers to Appendix. HISTORY. . What was the position of Marcel after the defeat. of the Jacques? . On what terms was liberty offered to the king of France? . How old was Charles V. when he mounted the throne? . How long had he already governed France as regent? Eight years. . How was he looked upon by the nobility? He was not much esteemed, on . What. enabled him to overcome all these difficulties? 7780. 7781. 7782. 7783. * Refers to Alphabetical List. He was in great danger. The Dauphin besieged him in Paris. ' . What plan was formed by him in order not to fall into the hands of the Dauphin ? He wanted to proclaim Charles of ZVavarre king of France, and to surrender Paris to him. . Was be able to carry out his plan ? The plot was discovered, and Marcel was assassinated, (1358.) . What treaty was concluded soon afterwards between England and France ? (See Quest. 7480.) . What concession was made by Edward III. ? He renounced the title of King of France. 0n paying a considerable ransom for his liberation; but this not being forthcoming, John returned into captivity. When and where did he die? In 1364, in London. CHARLES V. Twenty-nine years. account of his unwarlihe qualities. How was he looked upon by the “ third estate ”? He was absolutely hated, on account of his severity in 1358. . What was the general condition of the kingdom? France was overrun by the lVavarrese, the English, and the free. Companies, (lawless bands of dismissed troopers.) Ifis sngacity, with which he appreciated circumstances and men, arranged useful alliances, seized always the favorable moment to attack his enemies, and attached to himself shilful ministers and great generals. . Who was the most. illustrious of these generals? (Quest. 7499—7514.) . What was the condition of France during the latter part. of his reign? He had re-established order throughout the kingdom, and had wrested from the English crown all its possessions in France except Calais and a small part of Cayenne. . I] When did Charles V. (the Wise) die, and who succeeded him? CHARLES VI.-——See CHARLES or ORLEANS. Under whose guardianship was Charles VI. placed during his minority? Under that of the Dulce of Anjou, the eldest of his uncles, the head of the second house of Anjou. (See GENEAL, VIII.) What was the character of the young king? He was benevolent, full ofgrace and aflability, but very weak~minded. What happened to him in 1392? He became insane. Who became the regent of France? The Duke of Burgundy. ii Refers to Genealogical Tables. 7800. 7801. 7802. 7803. 7804. 7805. 7806. 7807. 7808. 7809. 7810. . By whom was his right to the regency vehemently contested? . In whose hands was the king, Charles VI? . But who sided with the Armagnacs? . What were the consequences of this murder? MODERN king’s brother, the Duke of Orleans. (See GENEAL., VII.) . What was the miserable result of these conflicting claims? Two hostile parties were formed, each bent on the destruction of the other. . *When and by whom was Louis, Duke of Orleans, assassinated ? . * Who was his eldest son, and whom did he marry? . * What name was hence given to the Orleanist party? . *What was the result of the murder of the Duke of Orleans? . *Who took advantage of these dissensions, and with what result? . *Who was among the prisoners at Azincourt? . * How long did his captivity last, and what was its character? . * What was done by him to alleviate his captivity? . What influence had the battle of Azincourt on the civil war in France? The Burgundian party obtainedpossession of the city of Paris. In the hands of the Burgun- dians. The Dauphin. What crime was committed by order of the Dauphin in 1419, on the bridge of Montereau? The Duke of Burgundy was assassinated. The Burgundians made an alliance with the English. . * What were the results of the alliance of the Burgundians with the Eng- lish? (See TROYES.) CHARLES VII. When did Charles VI. die? ho was at once declared king of France by the English? But who was considered by the French the rightful heir? * When, where, and by whose endeavors was he crowned? ARC.) *When was, at length, a reconciliation effected between the Duke of Bur— gundy and Charles VII. ? (See ARRAS.) , *What were the consequences of the reconciliation between Charles VII. and the Burgundians? (See AREAS.) What measures were taken by Charles VII. to restore order? form a standing army in 1439. How was a standing army first organized in France? The king enlisted 1500 men-at—arms, each of whom was to be followed by five men on horseback; these were disseminated through all parts of the kingdom. What extraordinary and complete change was effected at that time in the mind of Charles VII.? .4 wiil full of energy had taken the place of his indo- lent indiflerence. To whom was the honor of having etfeoted this change to be attributed? To his mistress, Agnes Sorel. How was her influence over the king’s mind looked upon by the Dauphin? l’Vith suspicion; and it occasioned an estrangement between Charles and his son. (Quest. 7558.) The Dauphin. (See J OAN or He began to 1' Refers to Appendix. By the HISTORY. 7811 1M . At whose Court did the Dauphin seek an asylum? Court. BURGUNDY,~—GENEAL,VIH. ampen,(XXiuL) THE FORDIATION OF THE BURGUNDIAN EMPIRE. 7812. What branch of the royal family of France had, by inheritance, marriage, purchase, and conquest, brought together one of the most powerful, civil— ized, and wealthy states of the fifteenth century? The. Burgundian branch. 7813. H Who had been the founder of this family? 7814. [I Whose son was this first Duke of Burgundy, and who was his brother? 7815. Give the precise extent of the duchy which was granted in 1363 to Philip the Bold? The towns of Difon, Beaune, Auxonne, and Chatillon, with their territories. 7816. Whom did he marry? Marguerite, heiress of the counties of Flanders, Artois, Rhe’tel, Nevers, and Burgundy (Franche Comte). 7817. What parts of France were acquired by Burgundy in 1435 ? In the East of France, Macon, Auxerre, and Bar,- in the North, Guignes and Ponthz'eu. 7818. What countries did it finally gain by succession, by marriages, or by pur- chase? Hainault, Brabant, In'niburg, Luxemburg, Holland, Zealand, Fries- land, Antwerp, illitlines, and Guelders. 7819. Give the whole extent of the Burgundian power about 1440. . See Map 65, XXVII. 7820. |] (When did the first Duke of Burgundy die, and by whom was he succeeded? TIIE ANGLO-BURGUNDIAN ALLIANCE.—See ARRAS. 7821. *When, where, and at whose instigation was this second Duke of Burgundy murdered ? 7822. *What influence had this murder on the politics of his son? 7823. *What were the consequences of this Anglo—Burgundian alliance? 7824. * When did the Duke of Burgundy renounce the English alliance? 7825. * What were the consequences of this renunciation ? BURGUNDY UNDER PHILIP THE GOOD. 7826. What. was the position of the Duke of Burgundy about 1440? He was one of the most powerful sovereigns of Europe. 7827. What was the condition of Philip’s Belgian provinces? They were in a con- dition of great prosperity. 7828. What cities flourished at that time in Flanders? Ghent and Bruges. 7829. What was the character of the Burgundian Court? It was the most magnifi‘ cent in Europe, and was distinguished by apompous etiquette. 7830. Was this Court distinguished by outward sumptuousness alone? Philip 7831. What art did, at that time, especially flourish in Flanders? *Refers to Alphabetical List. was apatron of literature and art. Painting, espe- cially at Bruges;—John and Hubert Van Eyck. u Refers to Genealogical Tables. ,,-...._:.._, .t. At the Burgundian “1...; w... .. MODERN HISTORY. GERMANY. ———ilfap 67, XXVIII.) THE EMPIRE. The Imperial Office. . Who was, during the period of the Anglo-French war, the chief temporal sovereign in Europe? The Emperor. . By what law was his election regulated? By the golden hull of Charles IV. (1356). which intruslcd the choice of an Emperor to seven electors. Enumerate the seven electors? The Archbishops of Mag/once, Treves, and Cologne, the King of Bohemia, the Count-Palatine, the Duke of Saxon-y, and the lllarquis of Brandenburg. -' . What city was fixed as the place of election? Franhfort—on—the—illain. . How long did these arrangements remain undisturbed ? For more than two hundred andfifly years, (until 1618.) . What title was assumed by him upon whom the choice of the electors had fallen ? King of the Romans. . Who alone could bestow upon him the Imperial crown and the title of Emperor? The Pope. . What was the political position of the Emperor? In theory he was the greatest of sovereigns, while practically he enjoyed hardly any jurisdiction. . In whom was the power of the state almost solely vested? 1n the princes and nobles, and especially in the seven electors. The Emperors. — See GENEALOGY, XI. CHARLES IV. . What family was, during the greater part of this period, on the Imperial throne ? Thefamily 0f Luxcmhury. °. N Who had been the first Emperor of this house, and when did he die? 0. Did the Imperial crown remain in this family after his death? (Quest. 73:36.) . [I With whom (lid it return again to the house of Luxemburg? ' . To what did Emperor Charles IV. devote his chief attention after he had mounted the throne ? To the removal of the evils necessarily attendant on the ill-defined form of election to the Imperial throne, which had hitherto been adopted. . What was published by him for the promotion of this object? (Quest. 7833.) . To what were all the other etforts of Charles directed? To the ayyrandize- men! of his hereditary Iciuydom of Bohemia. , . What was founded by him, in pursuance of this plan, at Prague? [16 founded there, in 1348, the first German university, which soon numbered from five thousand to seven thousand students. WENCESLAUS. \ H When and by whom was Charles IV. succeeded? What was the character of Wenceslaus? IIis utter indifference to the interests of the Empire rendered him an object of universal contempt. 1- Refers to Appendix. * Refers to Alphabetical List. 7875. . What were the consequences of this behavior? He was deprived of the Imperial throne. RUPERT. ' . Who was raised to the Imperial throne ‘3 Count-Palatine Rupert. ‘. How long did he occupy the throne? 1400—1410. . What was the character of his reign? He endeavored to restore order by measures of extreme severity, which were vehemently opposed by a confederacy of nobles and cities. SIGISMUND. —-— See Huss. . [I Who was the successor of Rupert? [I To what family did he belong ? . Wha t was the great object of Sigismund’s reign? The extermination of the schism. . What was summoned for that purpose? A general council at Constance, in 14l4. . Who was cited to appear before this council? John Huss. . * Who was this John Huss? . *To what had he vehemently opposed himself? . *Was this Huss simply a theological dreamer? . What seems to have been his real object? To found a national church in 80 hernia. . . *Did he attack the Papacy itself? ‘ . * Under whose safe-conduct did he appear at the Council of Constance? ' . *How was he treated at Constance? . * Who shared his fate? . * How was the tiding of this atrocity received in Bohemia? . *Who were the leaders of the Hussitcs ? . What influence had this Hussite war (1420—1436) on the reign of Sigis— mund? It involved him in many embarrassment-s, and compelled him to sell even his own hereditary maryraviate of Brandenburg. (Quest. 7882.) ALBnRr 11. [When and by whom was Sigismund succeeded? I Was he in any way related with Sigismund? H What family came with him on the Imperial throne? '. I] How long did he occupy the throne, and by whom washe succeeded ‘2 THE GERDIAN PRINCIPALITIES. What country was ruled by the family of Wettin? Saxony,- one ofthe most extensive and flourishing principalities of Germany. ' 7876. What family ruled in Bavaria? The family of Wittclsbach. 7877. How many duchies were in Germany besides Bavaria? Fourteen duchies. There were also more than a dozen counties, landyraviates, etc. ' fl Refers to Genealogical Tables. MODERN How many archbishoprics and bishoprics ? Archbishoprics, 6 ; bishoprics, 21. How many free Imperial cities? Ninety~five. What family had, during this period, been settled in Brandenburg? Suabian family of the IIohenzollern. . Where was the cradle of that race? Neckar and the Danube. When, by whom, and why had the electorate been conferred on them? In 1417, by Emperor Sigismund, on Frederick of IIohenzollern, Burgraf of Nurem~ berg. for services rendered at his election, and also as apledge for money lent. The In South—western Germany, between the PRUSSIA. . Was Prussia in any way connected with Brandenburg or the Hohenzollerns? IVO. . By whom was Prussia held? By the knights of the Teutonic Order, who had conquered it from the idolatrous inhabitants before the middle of the thirteenth century. . What was the character of their government? oppressed by them. . What step was taken, in 1454, by the Prussians, who were disgusted with the tyranny of the knights? They placed themselves under the protection of Poland. . What. were the consequences of this step? A bloody war ensued between the Prussian-s, aided by the Poles, and the knights, which ended unfortunately for the Teutonic Order. . What peace made an end to this contest? The peace of Thorn, Oct. 19, 1466. . What was the political condition of Prussia since 1466. The knights ceded the greater part of their dominions, and consented to hold the rest under the sovereignty of Poland. The Prussians were cruelly S‘VITZERLAND. Maps 65 and 66, (XXVII.) The Three Forest Can/tons. . Where is Switzerland situated? See Map 67. . What was the political condition of Switzerland in the beginning of the fourteenth century ? It was divided into various small districts, with diflerent forms of government. . Enumerate the four Imperial cities of Switzerland. Zurich, Bern, Basle, and Schafl‘hausen. ’ . Enumerate the principal sovereign families of Switzerland. Habsburg and Savoy. . What cantons had, since 1‘29], formed a democratic confederacy ? Schwytz, Uri, and Unterwalden. Map 66. _ . What were the relations of this league with the house of Habsburg? They resisted an attempt of Albert to render them hereditary possessions of his own family, in consequence of which they were grievously oppressed by the Imperial governor Gesler. The houses of 1' Refers to Appendix. _ HISTORY. 7896. . Was he able to subject them? 159 What were the consequences of the endeavors of Albert. of Austria to reduce the free districts of Helvetia (1308) ? The conspiracy of Stauflacher, FilI‘Sl, and Melchthal, with thirty confederatcs, including William Tell, laid the foundation of the Swiss Confederacy. In the midst of his preparations for a Swiss campaign, Albert was assassinated by his nephew Duke John (Parricida), from whom he had unjustly withheld his portion of the Habsburg estates. . When and with what result were they attacked by his son Rudolf? IIe was . What were the consequences of this victory? completely defeated by a much smaller force of the Swiss at the battle of Mor— garten, (Nov. 16, 1315.) The three cantons entei‘ed into aperpetual union (1318), which was graduallyg'oined by the rest. ' The Leagues of Upper Germany. . By what power were the three confederated cantons almost entirely sur~ rounded? By the territories of the House of Habsburg. See Map 66. . Which of the Habsburg territories was the first to join the Confederacy? . What name was now given to the Confederacy? Lucern. The Four Forest Uantons. . What cantons had joined the Helvetic confederacy before the end of 1352? Zurich, Glarus, Zug, and Bern. . When and with what result did the house of Habsburg endeavor to recon- ' . When and on what conditions was a peace concluded with Habsburg? quer some of its territories? In 1386, when they were entirely defeated near Sempach (chiefly through the patriotic self-sacrifice of Arnold of Winkelried). In 1394, when the independence of the eight cantons was acknowledged. . What name was given to this confederacy? The Leagues of Upper Germany. 7910. 7911. 7912. 7913. 7914. 7915. * Refers to Alphabetical List. . What was the object of this expedition? . But what was its result? . When and on what occasion did the names of Swiss and Switzerland come into use? After the expedition of Charles VII. of France in 1444. To assist Zurich against the other cantons. The French were met by the Swiss near Basle. The Swiss died at their posts almost to a man ; and, though the siege of‘Zurich was raised, the French did not oenture to pursue the retreating enemy into their mountains. THE ITALIAN PENINSULA—Mar 67, (XXVHL) THE POPE.-—See Poms, RETURN or THE. “B . *When did the Pdpes begin to acquire temporal dominion in Italy? * What were its natural consequences? *During what contest. did the Papacy receive its first seVere shock ? * But what conduct of his successor gave a still greater blow to the Papacy ? it Who was the successor of Benedict XI. ? *What extraordinary step was taken by him ? H Refers to Genealogical Tables. 160 7916. 7917 7918. 7919. 7920. 7921. 7922. MODERN *Give the precise situation of Avignon. (Map 67.) . ’ During how many years did Avignon remain the seat of the Papacy ? *What name is often given to this period? *What was the character of the Pontifical court at Avignon? *What influence had this residence at Avignon on the Papal authority in Rome ? * How was it looked upon by Europe? *When did the Popes return to Rome? INTELLECTUAL CONDITION OF ITALY.——See PETRARCA and Boccsccxo. 7923 . Enumerate the three principal republics. . What other sovereignties were found in the Italian peninsula besides the Papal States? The remainder of Italy teas divided among a number of inde- pendent powers. . Enumerate the two principal monarchies. Duchy of Milan. The Kingdom of Naples and the Venice. Genoa, and Florence. 26. What was the condition of Italy during the period of the Anglo-French war ? It was the highest civilized of all the European countries. . What great poets flourished during the first. part of this period? . * Who was Petrarch? . * What do you know of his education? . *What passion gave shape and color to the rest of his life? . * What was done by Petrarch to weaken the force of his hopeless passion? . *What kind of life was led by Petrarch? . *What great services did he render to literature and learning? /. *Of what famous library did he become the founder? . * What high honor was bestowed on Petrarch in 1341? '. * When and where did Petrarch die? . *In what languages are the works of Petrarch written? . *On what class of his works did his reputation in his own day rest ? . *Enumerate some of these Latin writings. . * But what class of his works gave him immortality? . *What is their general character? ,. *Which of his works are of the greatest historical value? . *Who shared with Petrarch the honor of reviving classical literature ? .- * Who was this Boccaccio? . *What do you know of his public life? '. What do you know of his services rendered to thecause of classical liter- ature? . *On what work does his fame rest? . * What is the character of this book? RIENZI. . What Roman politician was a friend of these poets? Cola di Rienzi. . What were his aims? He wished to restore Rome to her ancient greatness. i Refers to Appendix. HISTORY. . When, and under what title, was he placed at the head of the government? In 1347, with the title of Tribune. , . What were the first effects of this revolution? Tranquillity was at once re- “ stored, and the tribune was regarded by all the people as the destined restorer of [tome and Italy. " . How long did Rienzi’s power last? Hardly seven months, (May to Dec., 1347.) 7956 . What compelled him to abdicate and to retire into exile? His sudden exalta- tion intoxicated his understanding, and exhibited failings incompatible with his elevated condition. ' . Did Rienzi ever return to Rome? After several years, some of which he passed in prison in Avignon, Rienzi was brought back to Rome with the title of Senator. . What was the end of Rienzi? The Romans had ceased to respect a man who no longer respected himself, and Rienzi was killed in a tumult. Chronological Review of the First and Second Periods of 7957. 7958. 7959. 7960. 7961. 7962. 7963. 7964 7965. 7966. 7967. 7968. 7969. 7970. 7971. 7972 7973 7974 7975 7976 * Refers to Alphabetical List. the First Division of Modern History. What Italian poet was contemporary with the Anglo-Scotch struggle? What Italian poets were contemporary with the Anglo-French struggle? What English authors were contemporary with the Anglo-French struggle? What French authors were contemporary with the Anglo-French struggle ? What great painter was the friend of Dante ? Enumerate the French kings who were the contemporaries of Edward III. Enumerate the English kings who were the contemporaries of Charles VL, king of France. To what royal house did Charles VI. belong? When had this house come to the French throne? What great battle was fought in 1415? What treaty was made in 1420? And what treaty was made fifteen years later? Recite the dates of the first period. Recite the dates of the second period. Recite all the dates from 1300 till 1440. During the War of the Roses. THE TRIUMPH OF MONARCHICAL POWER OVER FEUDALISM. THE WAR OF THE ROSES—Map 64' (XXVL) BETROSPECT. — See German, I. Who was the first king of the house of Plantagenet? Who were his two sons? Enumerate the English kings who ruled between 1200-1400. Who had been the predecessor of Richard II.? Enumerate the four sons of Edward III. who attained manhood. -ll ~ll -ll ~11 -II [1 Refers to Genealogical Tables. MODERN 7977. H Was Edward 111. succeeded by any of his sons? 7978. [| Who did succeed him, and how was this reign terminated? » 7979. Who was in 1399 the rightful heir to the throne? Edmund Mortimer, great— grandson of Clarence; (he was the elder brother of Anne, who married the Earl of Cambridge.) 7980. How old was Edmund Mortimer at that time? Scarcely nine years. 7981. What formed the only valid reason for excluding him from the throne? The perils to the country of a long royal minority. 7982. Who was raised by Parliament to the throne? Henry of Bolingbroke, eldest son of Lancaster. THE DECLINE OF THE HOUSE OF LANCASTER. Beaufort and Gloucester. ——GENEAL. I., and BEAUFORT. 7983. || What house came to the throne with Henry of Bolingbroke? 7984. || Enumerate the three Lancastrian kings. 7985. || What side branch had sprung from the house of Lancaster? 7986. 7987. 7988. 7989 7990. 7991. 7992. 7993. 7994. 7995. 7996. 7997. 7998. * Who was the maternal ancestor of this family? * Who was the most influential man of this family? * What position was occupied by this Henry Beaufort? * What was his political position between 1430—32? * Who was at that time king of England? * What was the character of this king? * What two factions contended for the supreme power? * What was done by Cardinal Beaufort in order to strengthen his party? * Who had vigorously opposed this marriage? * How was this opposition looked upon by the Queen? * What happened to Gloucester in Feb., 1448? * Did his great rival, the Cardinal, survive him long ? * Why was his death such a serious event? Jack Code. — See CADE. 7999. Who succeeded to the position and influence of the Cardinal 0t Win- 8000. When and why was he banished? 8001 8002. 8008 Chester? The Duke of Sufiolk, the especial object of the people’s hatred, as the blind instrument of the queen, for whose sake the conquests of Ifenry V. were sacrificed. In 1450, for betraying the interests of England to France. . What happened to him in his passage between Dover and Calais? vessel was boarded, and he was put to death at sea of Dover. The people of what county were accused of having aided the murderers? The people of Kent. . What was threatened by Queen Margaret? the disloyal county. His To take exemplary vengeance on 8004. What were the consequences of this ? The Kentishmen rose in open insurrection. 1‘ Refers to Appendix. 21 H I S T O R Y. 161 8005. *Who headed this insurrection ? 8006. * What name was taken by him? 8007. * Where did he encamp with his followers? 8008. Who was sent against them, and with what result? Sir Ifumphrey Stafford, who was defeated at Sevenoaks, (to the S.E. of London. Map 64.) 8009. * When did they enter London, and what was their conduct at first? 8010. * What was the end of Jack Cade and his followers? 8011. What was the character of Cade’s rebellion? It was a deliberate and organ- ized rising, in which the middle classes largely participated, and which was joined by considerable numbers of the gentry. THE l-IOUSE 0F YORK.——See WAKErIELD. 8012. Who was accused of having instigated Cade’s rebellion? 8013. [I * Who was this Duke of York? 8014. H * On what. descent was based his right to the crown? 8015. * Describe York’s career until Oct., 1453. 8016. What was the position of York at that time? Henry was childless— York was his next ofkin, and stood next in succession to the throne, even if the validity of IIenry’s claim was admitted. 8017. What event seemed to doom Richard of York and his house forever to the obscurity of a private station ? The birth of a Prince of Wales in Oct., 1453. 8018. What happened to the king soon afterwards? He was visited by a severe malady, that affected both mind and body. 8019. How long lasted his malady? Nearly a year and a half. 8020. Who was, during that time, Protector of the realm? The Duke of York. 8021. What was York’s position after the king’s restoration to health ? His authority as Protector not only terminated, but his personal enemies (the Duke of Somerset) were raised tofavor, and his liberty and life were endangered. THE WAR.—Map 64, (xxvr) First Period:-The Times of York—See WAKEFIELD. 8022. When and with what event did the War of the Roses actually begin? In 1455, with the first battle of St. Alban’s. 8023. What demand had been made by York before beginning hostilities? He demanded that Somerset and certain other enemies of his should be delivered to him as prisoners. 8024. What party were the victors in this battle? The Yer/fists. 8025. Who fell in this battle? Somerset, the friend of the Queen, and the bitter enemy of York. 8026. Who had been taken prisoner? Henry VI. 8027. What was the conduct of York after his victory ? He shower/{great moderation. 8028. * Refers to Alphabetical List. What (end of 1455) caused the reappointment of York as Protector? The return of the king’s malady. ” fl Refers to Genealogical Tables. MODERN HISTORY. .. . When did York’s second protectorate end? In Feb., 1456, Henry was de- clared to have recovered. . Whither was he soon afterwards forced to retire? escape the vengeance of the Queen . What unwise and vindictive measures were taken against him by Queen Margaret? An act of attainder was passed against York, his family and friends. . What do you understand by an act of attainder? andall his heirs had forever forfeited all civil rights. . What was the natural effect of the passing of this bill against York? It made the condemned but yet uncaptured Yorhz'sts desperate and merciless. . When and with what 1esult did the Ymkists retu1n to England? beat the Lancastrians at No7thampton, (July 10,1460.) . What demand was now made by York? He claimed the crown, as the rightful heir oft/2e Dulce of Clarence. . What compromise was agreed to by Parliament? Henry was to retain the crown for his life, but was to be succeeded by the Duke of York or the Duke of York’s heir. To Ireland, in order to It declared that the person They " . By whom was this compact repudiated ? By Queen Margaret, . Was she satisfied with repudiatiug this compact? Raising an army among her partisans in the IVorth. she again marched against the Y orkists. , *When, where, and with what result did Queen Margaret’s and York’s forces meet? . *Give the precise situation of the battle-field. . * What was done with the remains of York? a. *Recapitulate the career of Richard Duke of York. Second Period : —-— The Times of Warwick. — P. 198, and art. WARWICK. . Who became, after the death of Richard Duke of York, the head of the Yorkists ? . What was the character of York’s eldest son, Edward? He was superior to his father in state craft, and was utterly untrammelled in his dealings with his enemies by any scruples of conscience, or by any feelings of mercy or offear. I. 1' What battle made him king of England? . *Who had in reality gained this battle of Towton? 7. * Who was this Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick? . * What. had originally led him to take the side of the house of York? . * What rewards were given to him for his victory at Towton? ’ . * Did Warwick retain the favor of the young king? " . *What acts of the young king drove Warwick to the Lancastrian side? ’ . *What alliance was intended to seal the union between Warwick and Lancaster? ’ . *W hat step was taken by Warwick to dethrone Edward IV.? " . * Was he successful? ’ . * But what battle made an end to his life and the Lancastrian hopes? . ”,3: WM“ 1* Refers to Appendix. "4 8056. 8057. 8058. 8059. 8060. 8061. 8062. 8063. 8064. 8065. 8066. 8067. 8068. 8069. 8070. 8071. 8072.* 8073. 8074. 8075. 8076. * Refers to Alphabetical List. Third Period. '— The Times of Gloucester. Was Edward IV. freed from all danger by the death of Warwick? Queen Margaret had landed on the Dorset coast on the very day on which Warwick fought and fell at Barnet. When, where, and with what result did he attack Queen Margaret’s army? 0n Illay 4,1471, at Tewkesbury, where the cause of the Red Rose was finally ruined. Who was killed in that battle? Lancaster. And who died suddenly, eighteen days after the battle? last Lancastrian king. What was now the position of Edward? Edward IV. reigned for twelve years . after the death of Henry, without further molestation from the Lancastrians. What was the condition of England'during this period? The commerce of England grew to a far greater height than it ever before had attained. Who had, since the beginning of this period, been the most influential man in Edward’s court? Edward’s youngest brother, Richard Duke of Gloucester. Who was this Gloucester? A young prince of great ability, who had served his brother well in the campaigns of Barnet and Tewkesbury, and afterwards in the war against the Scots. What office was given to him on his brother Edward’s sudden death (April, 1483)? Gloucester was appointed, by the Council, “Protector and Defensor of England.” What made this step necessary " The extreme youth of the new king, Edward V, eldest son of Edward IV. (thirteen yea7s). What use was made by Gloucester of his power? The sons of Edward IV. were declared illegitimate, and Parliament declared Richard III. to be the true hereditary and elected Icing. What was the fate of the two young sons of Edward IV. ? Richard com- manded them to be murdered, and they died, consequently, in the Tower, by a violent death. Who was now heiress to the rights of her father, Edward IV. ? Elizabeth, ' generally called the White Rose of York. * What p1 oposal was made by the Bishop of Ely, 1n order to unite all parties against the hated Richard III. ? *Who was this Henry of Richmond? :UTrace his descent from the Duke of Lancaster. Vhere was Henry of Richmond 1n 1484? * What day was fixed for a general rising against Richard 111.? *What prevented the execution of this plan? *When did Henry finally land. ? *When, where, and with what result did he meet Richard III. ? Edward Plantagenet, the heir of the house of Henry VI., the u Refers to Genealogical Tables. 8077. 8078. 8079. 8080. 8081. 8082. 8083. 8088. 8089. 8090. 8091. 8092. 8084. 8085. 8086. 8087. Recapitulatton of the War of the Roses. —p. 198. TState the cause of the War of the Roses. THow long did it last, and what was the theatre of war? TGive the names of the parties. fWhat wasthe object of the war? TGive the names of the three Yorkist kings who ruled over England. 1‘ What was the result of the war? i Into how many comprehensive periods may this war be divided? 1' Give the name of the leading man'of each period. fthat battles were fought in this war? 1- What was the bloodiest battle of the whole war? 1-What bafiile made an end to the war? FRANCE AND BURGUNDY.—Ma}7 65: (XXVIL) CHARLES VII. Condition of France. What was the condition of France after the retreat of the English ? The fields were untilled, the villages in ruins, and disbanded troops infested the public roads. What was the character of the feudal barons who came to aid Charles VII. to expel the English ? They were kings upon their own territories, and acknowl— edged no law, either human or divine. What was the character of the feudal system of that time? Thefeudal sys- tem, which in the tenth century had been the salvation of Europe, had now become its scourge. Since when did it seem to have regained its ancient strength? war with the English. Enumerate some of the noble houses. Foiz, Armagnac, etc. Since the Anjou, Burgundy, Brittany, Albret, 8093. What noble houses vied with royalty in its splendor and power? Anjou and Burgundy. Anjou. -— GEN., VIII. 8094. H Who was the founder of the younger house of Anjou? 8095. [I Who was his father, and who were his brothers? 8096. What was the great heritage of the house of Anjou? Provence, which was (Jivralglying—pointfor the population of the South, as Flanders was for that of the art . 8097. What other countries were joined to this rich province? Anjou, Maine, and Lorraine, thus surrounding on every side the king’s domains. 8098. What was the character of the family of Anjou? The spirit of ancient chiv- alry seemed to have taken refuge in this heroic family. 8099. I] Who was the head of this family during this period? 1‘ Refers to Appendix. l MODERN HISTORY. 8100. 8101. 8102. 8103. 8104. 8105. 8106. 8107. 8108. 8109. 8110. 8111. 8112. 8113. 8114. 8115. 8116. 8117. 8118. 8119. 8120. * Refers to Alphabetical List. 163 H Who was his daughter? Margaret of Anjou, who maintained the rights of the Red Rose in ten battles. (See Quest. 8022—8057.) [I Who was his son? John of Calabria, who took and lost the kingdom of Naples, and died at the moment when the enthusiasm of the Catalonians had raised him to the throne of Aragon. What destroyed the power of this house in France? Its vast aspirations and the character of its members. Burgundy.— See CHARLES THE BOLD, and GENEAL, VIII. Maps 66 and 65. *Who was the founder of the younger house of Burgundy? *Who was his father, and who were his brothers? *Whom did he marry, and what was her dowry? "< What hopes had been built upon this marriage? * Were these hopes realized? *Who were the three successors of the founder of the Burgundian power? *Who was Duke of Burgundy from 1419—1467? What was the character of this Duke of Burgundy? of feudalism. What was the character of his dominions ? Richer than any king in Europe, this prince united under his government French provinces and German states, an innumerable nobility, and the most important commercial cities in Europe. What were the relations between the nobility and the citizens? An impla- cable hatred existed between the nobility of the castles and the citizens. What side was always taken by the duke? The side of the nobles. He was the true head The King of France. To whom did the oppressed citizens of all the feudatories of France turn their hopes? To the king. What were the king’s relations with the citizens? ported by the cities. Who lent him the money necessary to reconquer Normandy? of Bourges, the celebrated banker Jacques Omar. What measures were taken by the king to protect the citizens against. the nobles? The jurisdiction of the parliament of Paris was extended, and a new parliament was erected at Toulouse. What was done by Charles VII. to establish quiet throughout his realm? (See Quest. 7806.) H When did Charles VII. die, and who succeeded him. He was constantly sup- A citizen (GENEAL, VIII.) LOUIS XI. Chm-acter. Did Louis XI. possess that chivalric disposition in favor of which the French had pardoned so many weaknesses in Charles VII. ? No. He liked nego- tiations better than battles, dressed himself meanly, and was surrounded by per— sons of low quality. 1| Refers to Genealogical Tables. 164 8121. 8122. 8123. 8124. 8125. 8126. 8127. 8128. 8129. 8130. 8131. 8132. 8133. 8134. 8135. 818 . 8137. MODERN Whom did he take for his immediate attendants? IIe took a footma-n for his herald, a barberfor master of ceremonies, and called the Provost Tristan his “ gossip.” What were his relations with the nobility? IIe dissatisfied all the nobles by having no regardfor their privileges of the chase. What mightiest of all French vassals was especially provoked by him? The son of Philip the Good, called, at that time, the Count of Charolais (after- wards Charles the Bold). League for the Public Good. Who placed himself at the head of the discontented nobles? of Charolais. Enumeratc some of the nobles who formed the “League for the Public Good.” The Dukes of Brittany, Bourbon, Nemours and Armagnac, Dunois, Alhret, etc. What did the king oppose to this coalition of almost the whole nobility? The cities, and particularly Paris. He there abolished all the excise duties, and formed a council composed of citizens, members of Parliament, and of the Uni— versity. Was the king successful? He overcame some, made peace with others, and gradually created division among his enemies. What treaty did he make with the rebellious nobles in order to induce them to disperse? In 1465, he made a treaty at Con/tans, in which he granted all their demands, provided that a national assembly should approve of it. Did Louis keep this treaty? JIe had thcprincipal articles of the treaty annulled by the states of the kingdom, (at Tours, 1466.) The Count Who protested against this annulling of the treaty of Conflans? Charles the Bold, since 1467 Duke of Burgundy. What step was taken by Louis XI. to appease Charles the Bold? He went himself to meet him at Peronne (1468). What happened in the castle of Peronne? treaty of Con/tans. Did Louis XI. keep this second treaty? nullcd by the states. What were the consequences of this? A more formidable league ”(WIS now formed against him, the object of which was to dethrone him, and raise his bro— ther (the Dulce of Cayenne) to the throne. What foreign princes were invited to join the angry nobles? John of Aragon, to whom they promised Roussillon, and Edward IV. of England, to whom at least Norm/Indy should be given. But whose sudden death made an end to the coalition? proposed hing, (Louis’ brother.) What happened to the other Confederates, who now wanted to divide France among them? John of Aragon was repulsed from Roussillon, and Charles the Boldfrom I’icardy. IIe was forced to confirm the IIe had this second treaty also an- Thc death of the 1- Refers to Appendix. HISTORY. 8138. 8139. 8140. 8141. 8142. 8143. 8144. 8145. 8146. 8147. 8148. 8149. 8150. 8151. 8152. 8153. 8154. 8155. 8156. 8157. 8158. 8150. 8160. 816L 8162. 8163. 8164. 8165. 8166. 8167. 8168. 8169. 8170. *Refers to Alphabetical List. .s... .~».. ,. ,. .1. .. Who landed, on the invitation of the nobles, in 1475, in Calais? EdwardIV. What claim was made by him ? He claimed his kingdom of France. On whose assistance had be counted? 0n the assistance of the Duke of Bur- gundy, who, instead of receiving the English at their arrival, had gone to make war in Germany. What was the end of the English expedition? Louis had the address to make the king and his favorites accept ofgifts and pensions, and laughed heartily at thus overcoming an army which came to conquer France. Charles the Bold.—See CHARLES THE BOLD. Map 65, (XXYIIJ *What great schemes were entertained by Charles the Bold? * What countries had been bought by him with these views? *Whither did he go in order to obtain the investiture of them? *What ancient kingdom did he intend to revive ? *What inducement was held out to the Emperor to grant him the Bur- gundian crown? *Did he receive the Burgundian crown? * What new understanding made him soon forget this disappointment? *What was the cause of this quarrel with Elzass? Why was Charles so anxious to keep Elzass in his possession? (See Map 65.) Charles wanted to consolidate his dominions by uniting his Belgian pos- sessions with his Burgundian dominion, and Elzass was one of the countries neces- sary to bring this about. (Lorraine was, for the same reason, wanted by him.) *Who was the governor of Charles the Bold in Elzass? * What was his character ? *What happened to him when he refused to receive the mortgage~money? * How did Charles revenge the death of his governor? \" Upon whom did the people of Elzass call for aid and protection? * Did they call in vain? *When did Charles receive the solemn defiance of the Swiss? *What news did he receive at the same time? *Of what war was this the beginning? *When, and with how many troops, did Charles begin the attack? *What town was taken by him, and how did he treat the garrison ? * What were the consequences of this atrocity? *When, where, and with what result did Charles and the Swiss meet for the first time in battle? *Did the Swiss make a skilful use of their advantage? *Whither was Charles enabled to march? Give the precise situation of Granson and Morat. * Was Charles able to take Morat? *What result had the valiant defence of Morat? *When, where, and with what result took place the second encounter be— tween Charles and the Swiss? * What influence had this on Charles the Bold? 111'in 65. I] Refers to Genealogical Tables. ..»_—_\.-.'.~ “ms-.4“: s: -~.:-.< um ‘ ~ . ,. .' ., ».. x 8171. 8172. 8173. 8174. 8175. 8176. 8177. 8178. 8179. 8180. 8181. 8182. 8183. 8184. 8185. 8186. 8187. 8188. 8189. 8190. 8191. 8192. 8193. 8194. 8195. MODERN *Who took advantage of his distress to attempt the recovery of his duchy of Lorraine? 9“ Whither were the Burgundians forced to retire? *When was this town taken by Rene? 9" What resolution was taken by Charles when he heard of this? * Who came to the assistance of the besieged town? A Swiss army under Rene’ II. *When, where, and with what result took place the third encounter between Charles and the Swiss? * What happened on the retreat? Burgundy Absorbed. What. were the political consequences of the death of the great Duke? The fall of the house of Burgundy gave permanent strength to that of France. What portion of the dominions of Charles the Bold was at once incorporated in the French monarchy? The due/1y of Burgundy. With what right? As part of the French soil it was subject to the Salic Law (excluding females from the succession). I] Who was the only child of Charles the Bold ? What plans were at first made by Louis XI. in order to obtain the whole heritage of Charles the Bold? He wanted to marry his son and heir with the heiress of Burgundy. By whom was this plan frustrated? By the States of Flanders who feared absorption by France. H To whom was Mary of Burgundy married? What were the political consequences of this marriage? tion of the power of the house of Austria, (Habsburg.) What began With this marriage? The rivalry between France and Austria. What was the actual fate of the realm of Charles the Bold? It was absorbed partly by France, partly by Austria. i] When did Louis XI. die, and by whom was he succeeded? It laid the founda- Give the extent of the French kingdom at the accession of Louis XI. Map 75, (XXXI.) Give the extent of the French kingdom at the death of Louis XI. Map 75. * Who is the historian of this reign? See COMINES. CHARLES VIII. Who had been appointed regent for the young king? of Beaug'eu. What demands were made by the nation? The States of 1484 wished to give their delegates the principal influence in the council of regency. What was the conduct of the regent during these troubles? She dissolved the assembly of the States in order to prevent civil war and anarchy. Who disputed the regency with her, and with what result? The Dulce of Orleans, who was conquered by her. His elder sister, Anne 1' Refers to Appendix. H I S T O R Y. 165 8196. How did she unite Brittany to the Crown? By marrying the young king to Anna, heiress of Brittany. 8197. What was the result of her vigorous policy? She finished the consolidation of France which was begun by her father. 8198. What claim had been inherited by Charles VIII.? The claim of the younger house of Anjou on Naples. (See GENEAL., VIII.) 8199. What was absolutely necessary in order to be able to enforce this claim? To be atpeace with all the neighboring states. 8200. How did he appease the jealousy of the king of England? By granting him an annuity. 8201. How did he secure the friendship of Ferdinand the Catholic? Bygiving up to him Roussillon. ‘ 8202. How was his adversary, Maximilian, pacified? By returning to his wife Artois and Franche Comte’. 8203. What were thus sacrificed in order to be secure from foreign attack during the great Italian expedition? Three of the strongest barriers of France. ENGLAND. IIENRY VI. 8204. Who was the successor of the conqueror of Agincourt? (Quest. 7730.) 8205. What was his character? His innocence and gentleness were notformed to con- tend with these troublesome times, and his feeble reason became completely de- ranged at the commencement of the civil war. 8206. What were the relative positions of the crown and the nobles? While the annual revenue of the crown amounted to only $25,000, several noblefamilies had amassed royal fortunes by marriages, or from inheritance. 8207. *Who was the mightiest of the English nobles? (See WARWICK.) 8208. What made him so beloved by the common people? Without mercy towards the nobles, in battle he spared the people. IIe was also the most hospitable man in England. 8209. What was the cause of the unpopularity of the Court at that time? The constant reverses of the English in France, which were ascribed to the incapacity of the Court. 8210. What did greatly tend to increase this unpopularity? When the hatred against France was embittered by these reverses, the Court gave them a French queen, Margaret of Ang‘ou, daughter of René. (See GENEAL, VIII.) 8211. What price was paid for her hand ? The surrender of Maine and Ang'ou. 8212. What news arrived when the nation was still indignant for the loss of Maine and Anjou? That Rouen and all Normandy were in the hands of the French, that Guyenne was lost, and that Calais was all that remained of their French possessions (Aug., 1454). 8213. What were the consequences of this increasing indignation ? The national * Refers to Alphabetical List. pride so cruelly humbled now began to seek a champion. fl Refers to Genealogical Tables. 166 8214. 8215. 8216. 8217. 8218. 8219. 8220. 8221. 8222. 8223. 8224. 8225. 8230. 8231. 8232. 8233. 8234. . What step was taken by Warwick to revenge himself? . Was be able to dethrone Edward lV.? MODERN HISTORY. * To whom were all eyes turned? FIELD.) What great family rallied around him? The ZVevilles with lVarwick. Under what name was the government of England intrusted to him ? Under the name of Protector, in 1455. (See Quest. 8017—8037.) What part. of England was dissatisfied with this arrangement? the old Lancastrian dominion. Who led them against. the South and York? Queen Margaret. With what result? She was defeated at Northampton. What were the consequences of the defeat of the Northern counties? York was declared presumptive heir to the crown. *When, where, and with what result was the struggle between North and South (Lancaster and York) renewed? (See WAKEFIELD.) To Richard Duke of York. (See WAKE— The North, ED‘VARD IV. Who was now proclaimed king by Warwick and the London populace? What step of Queen Margaret made the South and centre recognize York’s son as king? The Queen brought to the South a mass of Alert/tern borderers who were only paid by plunder. What battle freed the South from these Northern rutlians? Towton. (See Quest. 8045.) What came after the victory? the Nevilles got the lion’s share. The battle of The division of the spoil of which lVarwick and . But what became the cause of bitter enmity between Edward and the Nevilles? They soon saw their interest superseded by the relations of Elizabeth lVoodaille, whom the imprudent love of Edward had raised to the throne. He married his daughter to Edward’s brother Clarence, and endeavored to raise him to the throne. He soon saw himself compelled to fly with Clarence, and to go over to the Continent. . What was done by Warwick when he became convinced that York could only be overthrown by Lancaster? IIe became reconciled with Queen illar- garet, married his youngest daughter to the Prince of Wales, and returned to England as champion of Lancaster. ' What was Edward compelled to do on Warwick’s arrival in England at the head of the Litt’icastrians? He had to leave England. Who was now restored to the throne? Henry VI., who had been confined in the Tower. (See Quest. 8055—8064.) But what battle made an end to the hopes and intrigues of Warwick? And what battle made an end to the house of Lancaster? How long did Edward IV. survive the triumph of the White Rose ? 1‘ Refers to Appendix. 8250. 8251. 8252. 8253. 8254. 8255. 8256. 8257. 8258. 8259. 8260. * Refers to Alphabetical List. . Who was first raised against him? . With what result? . What more formidable rival was afterwards raised against him? EDVVARD V. — See Quest. 8064-8067. . Who was the eldest son of Edward IV., and what was his age on his father’s death? . Who had at once proclaimed himself Protector? . What cry was now raised against the children of Edward IV.? . What declaration was given by Parliament? . Who was hereupon declared king of England? . What was the fate of the children of Edward IV.? RICHARD IIIZ—See Boswonrn FIELD, and GENEAL, I. . * What was the position of Richard 111.? . *Who was invited to England? i . '3" When, where, and with what result did he meet his adversary? . H How long had Richard III. occupied the throne? HENRY VIL—See Eoswonrn FIELD. . *Under what condition was Henry VII. raised to the throne ? . By whose intrigues was his life for a long time disturbed? By the intrigues of the wife and sister of Edward IV. A young baker, who passed himself for the Earl of Warwick, son of the Duke of Clarence. Henry, having defeated the partisans of the impostor (at Stoke), employed him as a seullion in his kitchen. A mys- terious personage, who resembled Edward IV. Who acknowledged him for the second son of Edward IV.? of Burgundy, sister of Edward IV. How was he treated by Charles VIII. of France? of England. What token of confidence was given to him by James III. of Scotland? He gave him one of his relatives in marriage. Was he successful ? He was made prisoner, and was compelled to sign a con- fession in which he acknowledged that his name was Perkin Warbeck. What third impostor arose against Henry VIL? A man who assumed the name of the Earl of Warwick. What step was taken by Henry VII. in order to terminate all these trou~ bles? The true Earl of Warwick, only son of Clarence, who was a prisoner in the Tower, was put to death. The Duchess As aprince of the blood CAX'I‘ON. — See CAXTON. * What art was, during this period, introduced into England? * By whom ? *Where was be born, and where did he settle? *What knowledge was acquired by him during his residence in Flanders? *Who was his teacher? [1 Refers to Genealogical Tables. MODERN HISTORY. . *What book was translated into English and printed by him during his residence in Flanders ? *When and where did he set up the first printing—press in England? *When was the first book issued from this press, and what was its title? *Whose patronage was enjoyed by Caxton in the practice of the new art? THE GERMAN EMPIRE. GEOGRAPHICAL VIEW 0E THE EMPIRE DURING TIIIS PERIOD. Map 67, (xxvnr) 8265. What position was, during this period, theoretically occupied by the Em— perors of Germany ? (Quest. 7839.) Was it an hereditary dignity ? Who had been, originally, the electors? The States of the Empire. inally five Franks, Saxons, Suabians, Bavarians, and Thuringians. But to whom had, since the beginning of the 13th century, the right of election been transferred? To those dukes who held the great ofices of the Crown, together with the three archbishops of Mayence, Cologne, and Treves. Give the names of the four temporal electors since 1355. The King of Bohemia, the Duke of Saxony, the Illargrave of Brandenburg, and the Count- Palatine. Recapitulate the names of the seven electors since 1355. 67 in italic cap.'tals.) How many archbishoprics were at that time to be found in Germany (ex~ elusive of the three spiritual electorates) ? (Marked on Map 67 in italics.) Bremen, Salzburg, and Magdeburg. How many bishoprics ? Twenty—one. How many duchies were in Germany at that time? Map 67 in italics.) What were the principal duchies in the West? What were the principal duchies in the South ? 8276. What were the principal duchies in the North ? 8277. What was the number of free Imperial cities ? Ninety—five. . What do you understand by free imperial cities .1 They were not included in the dominions of any of the princes, but they depended immediately on the Emperor. What. was the condition of these cities? Art, commerce, and manufactures flourished in them. They supplied the North and East of Europe with its im- ports and products. . What was done by them to strengthen themselves ? They formed confederacies. . What was the most celebrated of these alliances? The large commercial league called the Hansa. . Where was the centre of the Hansa? 0n the coast of the Baltic. . Give the names of some of the principal Hausa—towns. Lu’beck, Hamburg, Bremen, Stralsund, Wismar, Stcttin, Dantzig, Magdeburg. 8266. 8267. (Oriya 8268. 8269. 8270. (Marked on hfap 8271. 8272. 8273. Fourteen, (marked on 8274. 8275. 8279. 1' Refers to Appendix. 167 . Where were to be found the greater number of the Imperial towns? In Suabia, on the Upper Danube and hIia’dle Rhine. . By whom were the liberties and privileges of these Imperial towns fostered? . Who were the natural enemies of these towns? 8287. 8288. 8289. 8290. 8291. 8292. 8293 8294. 8295. 8296. 8297. 8298. 8299. 8300. 8301. 8302. 8303. 8304. 8305. 8306. 8307. * Refers to Alphabetical List. By the Emperors, in order that they might afford some counterpoisc to the power of the prelatcs and nobles. The princes, prelates, and nobles, with whom they waged continual war. What town was especially noted for the resistance which it offered to the growing power of the Hohenzollerns ? Nuremberg. What was the original home of these Hohenzollerns? (See Quest. 7881.) Where had a younger branch of this family settled since 1170? In Nurem- burg, as Burgraves, or Imperial governors. When and how had they acquired Brandenburg? Emperor Sigismund had conferred it (1415) on Frederick of Ilohenzollern, Burgraf of Nuremberg, for services rendered at his election, and also as a pledge for money lent. Give the exact position of Brandenburg. What family possessed it at that time? Map 67. When was this family of Luxemburg in its glory? Map 67. Enumerate all the possessions of this family about 1400. What family succeeded to the greater part of their possessions in 1438? H In what way did the Habsburgs obtain this splendid inheritance? GENEAL, VIII. ~ 1| How long did Albert II. enjoy his triple crown (Bohemia, Hungary, and the Empire)? H By whom was he succeeded in Bohemia? By Casimir, brother of Wladislaus, King of Poland. (Casimir was the rival of Albert’s infant son Ladislaus.) || By whom in Hungary? By Wladislaus, ring of Poland, (rival of Albert’s infant son Ladislaus.) || And who became his successor on the Imperial throne? His second-cousin, Frederick III. EMPEROR FREDERICIK III. N For what is Emperor Frederick III. chiefly remarkable ? With him begins the unbroken line of IIabsburg emperors. (See GENEAL, XII.) What was the character of his reign ? It was weak and miserable. What measure did he in vain endeavor to carry through ? The establishment of an Imperial chamber of justice, to make an end to the numberless feuds. What was the political condition of Germany at that time? The feuds of the barons exhausted the energies of the nation. What were Frederick’s relations with the Swiss? He had always hopes of recovering the Habsburg provinces, which had been wrested by the Swiss from his ancestor Leopold. With what Swiss canton did Frederick form an alliance? which basely betrayed the cause of Switzerland. By what foreign troops was he supported in this undertaking? mercenaries, the Armagnacs. With Zurich, By French |[ Refers to Genealogical Tables. 8310 8311 8312 THE 8313 8314. 8315. 8316. 8317. 8318. 8319. 8320. 8321 MODERN HISTORY. . What was the result of his Swiss campaign? Ile was compelled, after sus— taining two defeats, to confirm the Swiss in the possession of the conquered ter- ritory. . What were Frederick’s relations with the Papacy? IIe assisted in the annulling of the decrees of the Council of Basle, by which the Papal power had been greatly reduced. The grateful Pope crowned him Emperor in Rome. He was the last Emperor who received the Imperial crown at Rome. . How did Frederick increase the hereditary possessions of Habsburg? By the marriage of his son Maximilian with IlIary, the only daughter of Charles the Bold. . What possessions were acquired by this marriage? All the countries pos- sessed by Charles the Bold except the duchy of Burgundy. See Map 65. . Against what country did Frederick’s son Maximilian successfully maintain possession of these territories? Against France. PENINSULA OF THE PYRENEES.—Map 67, (XXVHI ) and GENEAL» XV. THE THREE RACES. Where did the barbarians of the North and South, the Goths and Arabs, encounter each other? In the Spanishpeninsula, where they fought, as in an enclosedfield, during all the Middle Ages. . What influence had been exercised by them on the Spanish character? Their ferocious intolerance and chivalrous pride had been exalted by the violence of African passions. Since when had the Christians become the masters of the peninsula? Since the thirteenth century, (nearly three centuries after the conquest by the Arabians.) In what part had the Mohammedan population been forced to concentrate itself since the beginning of the fifteenth century? In the kingdom of Granada. ( See Map.) What was, at that time, the character of the Moors? They were a lively, ingenious, highly cultivated people, but very efl'eminate and unwarlilce. And what was the character of the Christians ? The Spanish Christians were a grave and silentpeople, who loved nothing but war, and who left commerce and the sciences to the Jews. What third national element was found in Spain? of medicine and astrology. How were they looked upon by the populace? They had amassed great riches by their skill in money-matters, which brought down upon them the hatred of the populace. . And what drew upon them the hatred of the grandees? The Jews were intrusted by the king with the raising of the taxes, and were gradually used in all kinds of diplomatic service. 1" Refers to Appendix. The Jews, who made themselves necessary by their skill and address in business, and by their knowledge 8339. 8340. 8341. 8342. 8343. 8344. 8345. 8346. * Refers to Alphabetical List. . What was the condition of Venice? . What was their character? The Five Kingdoms. . Into how many kingdoms was the peninsula of the Pyrenees divided? . What portion of the Spanish peninsula was included in Castile? . *When and by what revolution had the house of Trastamara been raised to the throne? See PETER THE CRUEL. . ‘ Who was the first king of this house, and when did he die? Who was his successor? . I] Who were his two sons, and what thrones were occupied by them? . What three states formed the kingdom of Aragon? . What islands of the Mediterranean belonged to Aragon? . What small independent kingdom was situated in the North-west of Spain ? . What kingdom occupied the greater part of the Western coast of Spain? . And where was to be found the remnant of the caliphate of Cordova? . flWhat marriage united the crowns of Aragon and Castile? |TALY_—A‘rt. MACCHIAVELLI. Map 67, (XXVIII.) . What was the condition of Italy about the middle of the fifteenth century? Italy exhibited the spectacle of an old civilization. She impressed strangers by the venerable authority of religion, and by all the pomp of opulence and of the arts. . Enumerate some of the great cities which flourished at that time. See next questions. Venice ruled in almost every part, from the extremity of the Adriatic to that of the Black Sea. . What family was at that time the ruler and benefactor of Florence? The Medici family. At once princes, citizens, merchants, and men of letters, the Medici received by the same vessels the tissues of Alexandria and the manuscripts of Greece. What other towns shared Florence’s enthusiasm for letters and the arts? Milan, Ferrara, ilIantua, Urbino, and Bologna. What Popes did, during that time, occupy the chair of St. Peter? We find erudition itself seated in the chair ofSt. Peter, in the persons of Nicholas V. and Pins II. What were the consequences of this universal cultivation of letters in Italy ? It seemed to have humanized the feelings. What was the character of the combats of this period? more than tournaments. But what was this apparent gentleness of manners in reality? It was nothing but a growing enervation of national character. What times were, to all boholders, not far distant? The times when Italy was to lose at once her commerce, her riches. and her independence. Which of the surrounding nations was feared above all? The Turks. *Who has given us a masterly picture of those times? - They were scarcely I] Refers to Genealogical Tables. 8347. 8348. *Who was this Macchiavelli? *What position was held by him at Florence? 8349. *What is the character of his historical works? 8350. * Which of all his works has excited the greatest attention? 8351. * What are its contents, and what is its character? THE OTTOMAN TURKS_—Art. OTTOMAN EMPIRE, BAJAZET. THE RISE OF THE OTTODIAN P0‘VER. *What description do the Ottomans give of their own origin? 7‘tWhere was the first seat of their power ‘l . *Who led the Ottomans into Europe? Soliman, the son of Orchan. This Orchan was succeeded by Amurath I. *Who was the conqueror of Adrianople? Give the precise position of Adrianople. confluence of the Maritza, Arda, and Tundia. *When and by whom was Amurath I. succeeded, and what was the extent of his empire? * When and where did Bajazet conquer the Western powers? * But when and where was Bajazet conquered by Timur? * Who was this Timur, or Tamerlane ? See TAMERLANE. * What was the end of Bajazet? *What date is assigned on your table to Bajazet? *Name the contemporary sovereigns of France, England, and the Empire. * Had the defeat of Bajazet destroyed his dominions? *When and by whom was the complete conquest of the Byzantine Empire accomplished? 8366. *How many years was this after the defeat of Bajazet 1.? hfap 68, (XXIX) 8352. 8353. 8354. 8355. 8356. N. W. of Constantinople, at the 8357. 8358. 8359. 8360. 8361. 8362. 8363. 8364. 8365. ENDEAVORS 01“ THE TURKS T0 CONQUER THE ‘VEST. —Map 68, (XXIX.) 8367. How was the tiding of the taking of Constantinople received in Europe? Europe was roused; the Pope preached a Crusade; all the Italian states were reconciled at Lodi (1454). 8368. Was this ardor of long duration? 8369. Who were the only champions of Christianity? and the Hungarian Hunniades. 8370. Who was this Scanderbeg? George Castriota—called by the Turks Scan.- derbeg (Bey Alexander) on account of his valor and skill—was, during the whole of his life, the most bitter and most successful adversary of the ’Turks. 8371. And who was Hunniades? The governor of Transylvania, and the acknowl- edged hero of the Christian cause. 8372. Since when was Hunniades justly celebrated as the savior of Christen- dom ? Since 1456. When the Turks were on the point of taking Belgrade, the bulwark of IIungary, IIunniades passed through their army to throw himself into that city. He repulsed, during forty days, the most furious assaults, and forced them to retire. Nothing came of all these preparations. The Albanian Scanderbcg 1~ Refers to Appendix. MODERN HISTORY. 8373. 8374. 8375. 8376. 8377. 8380. 8381. 8383. 8384. 8385. 8386. . What were the consequences of this? . What vengeance was taken by Venice? 169 Who was the son of Ilunniades? the Hungarians raised to the throne. What was the character of his reign? His reign was the glory of IIungary. lthile he was constantly engaged in war, he founded in his capital a university and a library. which was then the most considerable. Who were leagued with him against the Turks ? Pope Pius If. and Venice. What was the intention of Pius II.? To go at the head of united Christen- dom against the Turks. What made an end to these plans ? The venerable Pius II. expired upon the shore at Ancona, in sight of the Venetian galleys, which were to have borne him to Greece (1464). Matthias Corvinus, whom the gratitude of . Whither were the arms of Matthias Corvinus directed by the new Pope? Against the Bohemians, who were in arms against the Church. 'l’i’hile the Christians thus weakened themselves, Mohammed II. deprived the Venetians of the rest of their Oriental possessions. To what was Venice forced to submit? She had to give up the unequal strug— gle, which she had sustained alone during/i/teen years, and submitted to a tribute. How was this conduct of Venice looked upon by the other Italian powers? Venice was publicly accused (especially by Ferdinand, king of .Naples,) of hav- ing betrayed the cause of Christendom. A hundred Turkish vessels, under the escort of the Venetian fleet. passed into Italy and took Otranto, (1480.) Whose opportune death did arrest, however, the progress of Mohammedan conquest in Italy? The death of Mohanzrned IL, (1481.) What other step was taken by the Venetians? They took into their service Itené (see Geneal. VIII.), who was heir to the claims of the house of Anjou upon the kingdom of IVaples. With what ultimate views ? mind, the actual sovereign. What was the general condition of Italy towards the end of the 15th cen- tury? Generalfear and mistrust. They feared the Turks, and mistrusted each other. Allparties were looking for help from the other side of the Alps, and at the same time fearing barbarian interference. 0f making him king of Naples, instead of Ferdi- FINAL RECAPITULATION 01:" THE NINTH TABLE. 8387. The Formation of Distinct Nationalities. Give the names, dates, and principal works of all the Italian authors men- tioned on your table. 8388. Give the names, dates, and principal works of all the EngliSh authors of 8389. * Refers to Alphabetical List. this table. Give the names, dates, and principal works of all the French authors of this table. K Refers to Genealogical Tables. N0 8390. 8391. 8392. 8393. 8394. 8395. 8396. 8397. 8398. 8399. 8400. 8401. 8402. 8403. 8404. 8405. 8406. 8407. 8408. 8409. 8410. 8411. 8412. 8413. 8414. 8415. 8416. 8417. 8418. 8419. MODERN What Arabian author has been mentioned on this table? * When did he live, and what is the name of his principal work? * Who was Thomas a Kempis, and what celebrated work was written by him? Give the names and dates of all the Englishmen mentioned on this table. Give the names and dates of all the Scotchmen mentioned on this table. Give the names and dates of all the Frenchmen mentioned on this table. Give the names of the Sovereigns of the Empire, England, and France who were contemporary with Dante. (Remember that the numbers in brackets after each name indicate the year of birth and death.) Give the names of all the Italians (mentioned on your table) who were con— temporary with Dante. Give the name of the only English author who was a contemporary of Dante. Give the names of the sovereigns of the Empire, England, and France who were contemporary with Chaucer. Give the names of the English authors who were contemporary with Chaucer. Give the names of the Italian authors who were contemporary with Chaucer. Recite the dates of the first period of this table, (Anglo—Scotch struggle.) Give the names of the sovereigns of Germany, England, and France of this eriod. Itpecite the dates of the second period of this table, (Anglo-French struggle.) Give the names of the sovereigns of Germany, England, and France of this eriod. Bicite the dates of the third period of this table, (War of the Roses.) Give the names of the sovereigns of Germany, England, and France of this eriod. “IGive the names of the German Emperors, stating the name of their dynasty, who ruled between 1300—1500. H Give the names of the English kings who ruled between 1300—1500. (GENEAL, I.) H Who was the common ancestor of the Lancastrian and Yorkist kings ? [Enumerate the Lancastrian kings. [Enumerate the Yorkist kings. || On what descent did Henry VII. base his claim to the English crown? I] Give the names of the French kings who ruled between 1300—1500. Who was the first of the Valois kings? On what. descent did he base‘his claim to the French crown? And on what descent was Edward III.’s claim to the French crown based T H Trace the descent of Henry IV. of England from William the Conqueror. (GENEAL, I.) H Trace the descent of Edward IV. of England from William the Conqueror. (GENEAL, I.) 1' Refers to Appendix. HISTORY. 8420. [I Trace the descent of Henry VII. of England from William the Conqueror. (GENEAL, I.) 8421. H Trace the descent of Philip IV. of France from Hugues Capet. (GENEAL, VI.) 8422. || Trace the descent of Philip VI. of France from Hugues Capet. (GENEAL, VI.) 8423. || Trace the descent of Henry VI. of England and France from Hugues Capet and from William the Conqueror. (GENEAL, I., III., and VI.) 8424. [1 Trace the descent of Charles the Bold from Hugues Capet. Maps XXVII., XXVIII., XXIX. 8425. Give the extent of the dominion of Charles the Bold. 8426. 8427. 8428. 8429. 8430. 8431. 8432. 8433. 8434. 8435. 8436. 8437. 8438. 8439. 8440. 8441. 8442. 8443. 8444. 8445. 8446. 8447. 8448. 8449. 8450. * Refers to Alphabetical List. What Burgundian countries (2'. e. countries which once had formed part of the Burgundian dominion) were not included in his realm? Give their precise situation. What two bishoprics were entirely surrounded by the dominion of Charles the Bold ? Give their precise situation. Give the precise situation and principal towns of Flanders. Give the precise situation and principal towns of Artois. Of what realm was Artois a fief? Give the precise situation and principal towns of the Duchy of Burgundy. Of what realm was the Duchy of Burgundy 9. fief? Give the names of all those parts of the Burgundian dominions which were fiefs of the French crown. Give the names of all the parts of the Burgundian dominions which were fiefs of the Empire. To which crown did the greater part of the Burgundian possession owe allegiance ‘3 What country separated the Northern and Southern part of the Burgun- dian dominion? To what crown did this country belong? (to France or to the Empire?) What. three independent bishoprics were situated in this country? To what crown did these bishoprics belong? What country was situated to the East of the County of Burgundy? What river formed at that time its Northern boundary? Give the situation of the following Swiss battle-fields: Morat, Sempach, Morgarten, and St. Jacob. State when and with what result these battles were fought. Enumerate the three battles in which Charles the Bold was defeated by the Swiss. Give the precise position of each of these battle-fields. Into how many realms was the Iberian peninsula divided about. 1400? Enumerate these realms, and give the name of one town in each. What three countries constituted the Arragonian monarchy ? fl Refers to Genealogical Tables. MODERN HISTORY. ' 171 8451. What islands belonged to the Arragonian monarchy? 8462. {] When did the Hungarian branch of the house of Anjou die out in the male 8452. What family ruled at that time in Naples? line? 8453. Enumerate all the countries which, about 1400, belonged to this family. 8463. H What heiress brought the Hungarian crown to the Luxemburg family? (See GENEALOGY, VIII.) See Map 67, (XXVIII.) 8454. H Of what royal family was this house of Anjou a branch ‘3 8464. Enumerate all the possessions of the house of Luxemhurg about 1400. 8455. ll How many families of that name do we find mentioned in history ? 8465.. What was the-native. country Of this Luxemburg family? 8456. ll Who was the ancestor of the elder house of Anjou? I 846:6. Give the premse position of Luxemburg. . 8457. H What Italian kingdom was, for nearly one hundred and fifty years, ruled 8407- H Dld the Luxemhurg family remain long on the Hungarian throne? by the elder branch of Anjou? 8468. What marrlage gave the Hungarian throne to the house of Habsburg? 8458. H Who was the founder of this elder house of Anjou, and what relation was 8469- Whence had these Habsburgs originally come? (Map 6'5, XXVH') he of St, Louis of France? 8470. Give the extent of their possessions in Switzerland about 1300. (Colored 8459. H Enumerate the son and three grandsons of Charles I. of Anjou. - [27‘071’72 on Map 66.) 8460. H What throne was acquired by his eldest grandson, Charles Martel? 8411- lee the “tent 0f the Habsburg 13053035th3 about 1400- (Map 67-) 8461. ll Through how many generations was Hungary ruled by the house of 8412. Giveltllae) names and positions of all the countries which bordered on France An'ou? 1n - J 8473. What part of France did yet nominally belong to England in 1400? THE AGE OF THE GREAT DISCOVBRIES. THE GREAT DISCOVERIES_MaP XXX. 8485. In what did the English colonies differ from all the others? They were . not only commercial, but especially agricultural. General Observations. 8486. State the principal difference between the ancient and modern colonies. . Enumerate the three principal motives which have determined the Modems The ancient colonies only remained united to their mother country by a sort offilial to seek new countries and to establish themselves there. (Quest. 8475-77.) bond. The modern colonies were regarded as lheproperty oflheirpurent country. . What do you understand by MARTIAL AND ADVENTUROUS SPIRIT? The desire 8487. What were the direct results of the discoveries and establishments of the to gain by conquest andpillage. Moderns? Commerce changed both its form and route. , What do you understand by COMMERCIAL SPIRIT? The desire to gain by the 8488. What was generally substituted for land commerce ? Maritime commerce. legitimate method of barter. 8489. What was the direct result of this? The commerce of the world passed from . What do you understand by RELIGIOUS SPIRIT ? The desire either to convert the countries situated 0” the Mediterranean '50 {he Western countries. the idolatrous nations to the Christianfaith. or to escape religious persecution. 8490- What was the most remarkable 0f the lhdlre“ results ? The development . To what nations do we owe the foundation of the principal modern 0010— 0f the maritimepowers. nies? (Quest. 8479—8481.) . . . What nations held the empire of the seas during the fifteenth and sixteenth Portuguese Discover/“38' centuries? The Portuguese and Spaniards. PRINCE HENRY 0F PORTUGAL . What nation held the empire of the seas during the seventeenth century? The Dutch. 8491. What was, in the middle of the fifteenth century, the condition of Portu- . What nation holds the empire of the seas since the seventeenth century? gal? The Portuguese, restrained by the power of Spain, and always at war The English. with the Moors, from. which they had conquered their country, had to turn their . What was the principal aim of the Portuguese? Commerce, and the raising ambition towards the African coast. of tributes imposed upon the conquered. 8492. What ideas were gradually developed during their continual wars with . What was, at first, the principal aim of the Spanish colonies? The ezplor- the Moors? They conceived the project of seeking new infidel nations, in order to ing of the mines. subject and convert them. . What was the essential character of the Dutch colonies? They were purely 8493. By whom was the national ardor encouraged? By the Infant Don Henry, commercial. third son of John the Bastard. (GENEAL.,'XVI.) ['Refers to Appendix. * Refers to Alphabetical List. I] Refers to Genealogical Tables. MODERN HISTORY. . Where did he spend his life? At Segres, near the Cape of St. Vincent, where he gave instructions to the pilots whofirst visited these unknown clinics. I. What discoveries had been made already in the first half of the fifteenth century? The island of Madeira (l4l2—l3); Cape Bojador and Cape Verde were passed and the Azores discovered in 1448. . What discovery encouraged them most powerfully? in Guinea. . What further hopes were now awakened in their hearts? They now began to pay more respect to the reports of the ancient Phanziciuns, u‘hoprctended to have made the circuit of Africa; and they hoped that, by following the same route, they would be able to reach the East Indies. . When and by whom was the Southern promontory of Africa first touched? In 1486, by Bartholomew Diaz. . What name was given to this terrible promontory by its first discoverers? Cape of Tempests. . But by what name was it called by the King of Portugal ? Cape of Good Hope. The discovery of gold VASCO DE GAMA.——-Sce VASCO DE GAMA, and CAMOENS. . * When and by whom was the Southern extremity of Africa finally doubled? . * Who was this Vasco dc Gama? . *Whither did he go after doubling the Cape of Good Hope? . *When did he arrive there? . *When did he return again to Lisbon? . * Did he ever return to India? . * When and where did Vasco de Gama die? . * By what great poet was Vasco de Gama accompanied? . *What is the great work of Camoens ? . * What are the contents of this poem? . *Who is the hero of this poem? Vasco de Gama. . * By whom has the Luciad been translated into English? . * Give a short sketch of the life of Camoens. ALBUQUERQUE —-— Sec ALBUQUERQUE. . *Who was the principal founder of the Empire of the Portuguese in the Indies ? . What most brilliant and polished city was taken by him in 1507 ? situated at the entrance of the Gulf of Persia. Ormuz, . What city was made by him the chief of the Portuguese establishments in’ India? Goa, since 1520. . What conquests rendered the Portuguese masters of the Indian Ocean? The occupation of Malacca and Ceylon. . What was the end of the conqueror? Albuquerque died at Qoa, poor and dis— graced, and with him departed all thejustice and all the humanity of the conquerors. . H How was Albuquerque, long after his death, looked upon by the Indians? T Refers to Appendix. . What was their position about the middle of the sixteenth century? THE EMPIRE OF THE PORTUGUESE. . When did the Portuguese introduce themselves into China and Japan? Between 1517—42. They possessed all the maritime commerce of Asia. 2.. How far extended their sway about that time? .4 . But what were their actual possessions in this vast extent of country? 8529. 8530. 8531. 8532. 8533. 853 . 8535. 8536. 8537. 8538. 8539. 8540. 8541. * Refers to Alphabetical List. They had little more in this vast extent of country than a chain of factories and forts. . What causes accelerated the decay of this colonial empire? let, the distance of their conquests; 2d, the feeble population of Portugal; 3d, their love of plunder; 4th, the disorder of the administration; 5th, the monopoly of the crown. . What heroes did, for a while, retard the downfall of the colonial empire of the Portuguese? John de Castro (1542—48) and Amide (1568—72). . What happened during the government of Ataide? A universal rising of the Indies against the Portuguese. . What event made at length an end to the colonial empire of the Portuguese? The absorption of Portugal by the Spanish monarchy in 1582. . What nation finally acquired the greater part of the former Portuguese settlements? The Dutch. Spanish Discoveries. COLUMBUS. STRUGGLES. -—-See COLUMBUS. * When and where was Christopher Columbus born? * How did he spend his early youth? *When and where did he finally settle? *What position was, at that time, held by Lisbon? * What grand idea did here begin to take definite shape within his brain? *From what powers did he vainly seek aid for his great undertaking? *Who was at length induced to aid him in this undertaking? FIRST VOYAGE 0F COLUMBUS.—Sce COLUMBUS. * When and from what port did he set sail? * Relate some incidents of this remarkable journey. * When did they reach the Western lands? What name was given by Columbus to the island Guanahani? St. Salvador. What other islands were soon discovered by him? Cuba and Hispaniola (St. Domingo). ' After how many months did he return to Spain? He returned after seven months, with Americans of Hispaniola, curiosities, and (above all) with gold. H Refers to Genealogical Tables. MODERN 8542. How was he received by Ferdinand and Isabella? With the greatest honor. Ife was everywhere regarded as apeculiar being sent from heaven. 8543. What honors were conferred on him? He was made First Admiral and Viceroy of the New World. THE TIIREE SUBSEQUENT VOYAGES. 8544. When did he depart again? In 1493, with afleet of seventeen vessels. 8545. Give the dates and duration of this second voyage. 1493—1490. 8546. What discoveries were made on this second voyage? Jamaica and some of the Lesser Antilles. 8547. But how did he return from his second voyage? Judges sent in his own vessels, to watch over his conduct, brought him back a prisoner to Spain. 8548. By whose order had this cruel treatment been inflicted? By order of Fon- seca, Bishop of Burgos, and superintendent of the armament. 8549. What was the real cause of this treatment? Nothing but enviousjealousg. 8550. When was he sent back to the New World? 8551 8552 8553 8554 8565. 8566. After having been detained four years in Spain (1498). . What discovery was made by him on this third voyage? On this voyage he perceived the continent at ten degrees from the equator. . When did he undertake his fourth and last voyage? 1502—1504. . What discoveries were made by him on this fourth voyage? He explored the coasts of Central America (Isthmus of Darien). . Recapitulate the four voyages of Columbus, their dates, and the discoveries made on each. THE SPANIARDS AT THE ANTILLES.—See BALBOA. . When had Columbus explored the eastern coast of the Isthmus of Darien? . *Who was the first who established a colony on the Isthmus of Darien? . *What great discovery was made by him? . * In whose names did he take formal possession of the new lands and seas? . *What was the end of Vasco Nufiez de Balboa? . What was the general character of the first. conquerors of the New World? The-g were nothing but the refuse of the Old World. . Were these adventurers willing to await the slow returns from agriculture or from industry? .No; impatient to return to their own country, they knew no other riches than gold. . What were the consequences of this fatal error? The feeble natives, com- pelled to work in the mines, soon succumbed under their unhealthy labors. . What means were taken to prevent the increasing depopulation of the American islands? Strong negroes were brought over from the African coast. . Who was the most energetic protector of the poor natives? Bartholomew de las Oasas. FERNANDO C0RTEZ.-S€e CORTEZ * Who was Fernando Cortez? *When and with whom had he arrived in Cuba? 1' Refers to Appendix. HISTORY. 8567. 8568. 8569. 8570. 8579. 8580. 8581. 8582. 8583. 8584. 8585. 8586. 8587. 8588. 8589. 8590. 8591. 8592. 8593. 8594. * Refers to Alphabetical List. 173 * Of what expedition did he obtain the command in 1518? *Wlien and where did he land? *What step was taken by him in order that his soldiers might. have no other resource but their own valor ? In what condition did Cortez find the country? where the arts were honored. He found cultivated cities . What powerful republic, which flourished under an aristocratical govern- ment, opposed his passage? Tlascala. . * With what result? *Whither did he march with his new allies? *How was he received in Mexico? Describe the appearance of the city of Mexico in 1519. It was built in the middle of a great lake, which was crossed by immense causewags. It contained several temples, palaces, market—halls, and substantial stone houses. The shops were filled with works of gold and silver, engraved and carved, varnished earthen- ware, etc. ” . * Who was Emperor of Mexico? "7. What was, at first, his conduct towards the invaders? Considering them as higher beings, he did what he could to please them. . But what step was taken by Montezuma when he had become a little more familiar with his unwelcome visitors ? He gave secret orders to attach them, and either kill them or drive them away. What were the consequences of this? His troops were conquered, and he him- self was taken prisoner by Cortez. * What was done by the Mexicans after the seizure of their monarch? * Were they able to drive the invaders away? *What was the result of the daring struggle that ensued ? p *What was the fate of the Mexican Empire after the reduction of the city? MAGELLAN. —— See MAGELLAN. *Who was the first to circumnavigate the globe ? * What countryman was he? * When did he discover and pass the straits which have since been called by his name ? * What undertaking had brought about this discovery? * When, where, and how did Magellan come to his end? PIZARRO, — See PIZARRO. *Who was Francesco Pizarro ? *When did he embark for America? * Under what discoverer did he first distinguish himself? *With whom and for what purpose did he finally associate himself? *The coast of what country was reached by them? What was the character of this country ? It was a highly—cultivated country, 11 Refers to Genealogical Tables. ~- ~-;- 22-1. . ' , . .e.. . ,Jv, ""~\:"LI”~-‘hr MODERN stretching over nearly thirty degrees, and inhabited by the best governed and most industrious nation of the IVew lVorld. ' . Who ruled over this country? IIuana, who was the descendant of a race of conquerors who were called Incas. . What remarkable road (partly yet in existence) had been made during his reign? A grand road of 1500 miles, from Cuzco to Quito, over valleys filled up, precipices and mountains levelled. . *Did Pizarro, on his first arrival, make any attempt at a settlement? . *What was the only result. of his journey to Spain? . * When was he enabled to revisit Peru? . * What was the political condition of the country at that time? . *What use was made by Pizarro of these circumstances? . * Describe l’izarro’s treacherous conduct towards Atahualpa. ). * What city was founded by Pizarro in 1535? . *What was the end of Pizarro? THE LlNE OF DEMARCATlON—AMERICA. . What two nations had been hitherto especially distinguished as discoverers? . What wise measure had, during this period, prevented the rise of disputes between the two masters of the sea? I’ope Alexander VI. divided all the new discoveries by a line of demarcation. . What do you understand by Pope Alexander’s line of demarcation? The Pope traced a line on the globe which marked the limits of their reciprocal rights. It was situated 370 leagues (1110 miles) chst of the Cape Verd Islands. . Show it on your map. . Enumerate all the new discoveries situated East of this line. . Enumerate all the new discoveries situated West of this line. . What name was given to the large continent situated to the West of this line ? - . After whom was it named? After Amerigo Vespucci, a merchant of Florence, who wrote, in 1505, a description of the newly discovered countries. English Discoveries. SEBASTIAN CABOT. . Was England altogether without participation in these great maritime dis- coveries? No. cover-g]. . Who sailed, in 1497, round the Northern coast of Labrador, and penetrated into Hudson’s Bay? Sebastian Cabot. See “ BIDDLE’s MEMOIRS OF SEBAS- TIAN CABoT.” . Who was this Sebastian Cabot? A native of Bristol, and one of three sons of John Cabot, a Venetian merchant settled in that city. . What was the object of his voyage? To find a North- Westpassage to India. Henry VII. did what he could to encourage voyages of dis~ 1' Refers to Appendix. HISTORY. 8617. 8618. 8619. 8620. Was he able to accomplish it? No. He reached as far as 67:}0 North lat., but, being unable to proceed any farther, sailed to the South, along the coast of America. as far as 38°. Did his enterprise lead to any immediate advantage? No; for though some subsequent cog/ages were made, no trade or settlements were established. Do the voyages of the French to Canada fall in this period? No. next. By whom, therefore, was the navigation of the Atlantic inaugurated? By men springing from the two great maritime republics of Genoa and Venice, on whose Mediterranean commerce these discoveries were to inflict a fatal blow. THE FRANCO-ITALIAN WARS During the reign of Ferdinand the Catholic. THE CAUSE—Art. SFORZA, andp. 198. In the . What celebrated author has given us a faithful picture of the condition of L. What was the condition of Italy at that time? 8632. 8633. 8634. 8635. 8636. 8637. 863 . 8639. *Refers to Alphabetical List. Italy about 1490? (See Quest. 8847.) (See Quest. 8334.) Who ruled at that time the Central parts of Italy (the Duchy of Milan)? Who was Ludovico Sforza? The second son of Francesco Sforza (founder of the dynasty), and uncle of the legitimate duke, John Galeazzo, in whose name he ruled. ' Who threatened to make an end to his usurpation? Ferdinand, king of Naples, whose grand-daughter was married to John Galeazzo. * What resolution was hereupon taken by Ludovico Sforza? Why did he call in the aid of the French? While the French Icing claimed to be the rightful sovereign of Naples. *State the claim of the French king on Naples. (GENEAL, VIII.) Who was at that time king of France? Charles VIII., son of Louis .171. * Did the French listen to Sforza’s proposal? * When did the French pass the Alps? SAVONAROLA, —Art. SAVONAROLA. What was the first result of the approach of the French ? ments of I talg dissolved themselves. What happened at Florence ? Pisa delivered herself from the Florentines, and Florence from the Medici. *What celebrated preacher was at that time living in Florence? * How did Savonarola receive Charles VIII. ? * What do you know of the early life of this Savonarola? *What was his personal character ? * What idea pervaded all his discourses? *How was the invasion of Charles VIII. looked upon by his hearers? The old govern- [I Refers to Genealogical Tables. 8640. 8641. 8642. 8643. 8644. 8645. 8646. 8647. 8648. 8649. MODERN * Whose expulsion made Savonarola the real head of the State? * What was the character of Savonarola’s administration? *What was the result of his reforms ? *When, by whom, and on whose suggestion was the magistrate ordered to forbid his preaching? What was the real cause of this prohibition ? Savonarola and his party (the Piagnoni) had bitterly persecuted the friends of the Medici, and also attacked the excesses of Pope Alexander VI. with great freedom. What offer was made by a Franciscan monk, who wished to prove that Savonarola was an impostor? He ofl'ered to pass, with Savonarola, through a burning fire. Did Savonarola pass through the “ ordeal by fire” ? day Savonarola made some difiiculties. * What was the immediate result of this? * What was the end of Savonarola and his friends? *In what book do we find the best account of Savonarola and his times? THE WAR& No. On the appointed FIRST PERIOD.—THE EXPEDITION 01‘ CHARLES VIII.——See SFORZA. 8650. 8651. 8652. 8653. 8654. 8655. 8656. 8657. 8658. 8659. 8660. ' 8661. 8662. 8663. 8664. 8665. 8666. *When did the French begin to pass over the Alps? *Across what country did they march to Florence ? * Did they meet with any resistance ? *Was Charles VIII. able to enter Rome? *When did he make his solemn entry into Naples? * How was this rapid conquest looked upon by Sforza? *What league was now joined by Sforza? *What was the object of this league? *Was Charles able to fight his way back to France? When, where, and with what result did he meet the allies? Charles VIII, with only 9,000 men, conquered the allies, numbering 40,000, at Fornova. Give the precise position of Fornova. In Northern Italy, (Map 79.) SECOND PERIOD.—THE EXPEDITION 0F LOUIS XII. Who died on the same day of the “ordeal by fire” of Savonarola? Charles VIII, king of France. || Who succeeded him? (GENEAL, VII.) What Italian claims did he join to those of his predecessor on Naples? Those which his grandmother, Valentina Visconti, gave him upon Milan. On what were these claims based ? This Valentina Visconti had been the sister of the last legitimate duke of Milan, Philip Maria, who had died in 1447. * What was done by Louis XII. to support these claims? (See Sronza.) THIRD PERIGD.—-NAPLES LOST '1‘0 FRANCE. What was, at that time, the condition of Naples? Don Frederick, the last scion of the royal house, was king. 1' Refers to Appendix. HISTORY. 8667 8668. 8669. 8670. 8671. 8672. 8673. 8674. 8675. 8676. 8677. 8678. 867 9. 8680. 8681. * Refers to Alphabetical List. 175 . Who had the unfortunate Don Frederick called to his aid? under the “ great captain ” Consalvo de Cordova. What were the consequences of this ? When the Spaniards were in possession of the principalfortresses, they notified the unlucky Frederick that they had con— cluded a treaty of division with his enemies the French. What difference sprung up between the two parties who had made this odious conquest? The two nations (French and Spaniards) contended for the salt—tax, which was levied on the travelling flocks that in the spring passed from the Puglia into the Abruzzi, and which was the surest revenue in the kingdom. What was done by the wily Ferdinand of Aragon? He amused Louis XII. by a treaty until he had sent reinforcements to ZVaples sufficient to drive the French away. On what side was the victory in the ensuing war? thanks to Consalvo de Cordova and the Spanish infantry. When and by what defeat were the French for the second time driven from the kingdom of Naples? By their defeat at Garigliano, Dec, 1503. The Spaniards, 0n the Spanish side, FOURTH PERIOD.—THE TIRIES 0F JULIUS II. The Borgias. What was the position of the French king (Louis XII.) in Italy after the loss of Naples in Dec., 1508? He was still master of a greatpart of Italy, sovereign of Milan and lord of Genoa, ally of Florence, and of the Pope, Alex- ander VI., who relied on none but him. With whose help did he yet hope to make himself master of Northern Italy? With the help of. Pope Alexander V]. Whose death made an end to all these hopes? The death of Alexander VI. Who was this Alexander VI.? Rodrigo Borgia, a talented Spaniard, who in 1492 had become Pope under the name of Alexander V]. How long, and in what manner, had be occupied the Papal chair? During the twelve years of his Pontificate, he became notorious for his profligacy, in- humanity, and unscrupulous ambition. -Who had entertained strong hopes of succeeding him? The son of Cazsar Borgia hoped to be made Pope by the influence of eighteen Spanish cardinals. What was the position of Caesar Borgia in 1503? The dominion of Caesar Borgia had raised itself between the possessions of the French and those of the Spaniards. He had gained the lower class of nobles and destroyed the higher; he had exterminated the tyrants of the Remagna ; he had attached to himself the peo- ple of that province, who were happy under his vigorous and skilful administration. What made an end to all his hopes, and also to the hopes of Louis XII. ? The new Pope, Julius II., was the bitter enemy of the French and their ally, Borgia. Forced by Julius II., Borgia abandoned all the fortresses he possessed, and then delivered himself up to Consalvo de Cordova. What was the end of Caesar Borgia? Consolvo de Cordova sent him to Spain, where he was imprisoned. IIe escaped subsequently, and was killed in battle in 1507. H Refers to Genealogical Tables. MODERN HISTORY. Julius II. . Who had been chosen as the successor of Pope Alexander VI? Pius III., who, after a Pontificate of twenty—six days, was succeeded by Julius II. . What was the great plan of Julius II. ? IIe wished to make the Papal States the predominantpower of Italy, to deliver all the, peninsula from the barbarians (Spaniards and French), and to constitute the Swiss the guardians of Italian liberty. . What was the reason that he failed in his grand project? The barbarians could only be driven away by‘the assistance of Venice; and Venice must be humbled, in order to make the Church the preponderating power of Italy. . What was one of the first political deeds of Julius 11.? He wished to give liberty to his countrymen, the Genoese, and encouraged their revolt (1507) against Louis XII. . In what did the revolt. of Genoa end? Bayard retooh the city. It was at once suppressed by the French. League of Ca'mbray. . What league was formed, soon afterwards, to humble the other great Ital- ian republic, Venice? The League of Cambray (Dec, 1508). The Pope (who wished at any price to recover some of the cities of Ifomayna), the Em- peror, and Louis 1171., proposed to the king of Hungary to enter into if con- federation/or the purpose of retaking Dalmatia and Sclauonia. . In what. bloody battle were the Venetians defeated by the French? Agnadcllo (Map 79) in 1509. Lagunes. . . But was Louis XII. able to treat Venice as he had treated Genoa? Venice held out manfully. . Who made peace with Venice in order to turn their arms against the French? The Pope, whose claims had been satisfied. . By what were the projects of the Pope greatly assisted? By the injudicious economy of Louis .I’II., who had reduced the pay of the Swiss, and who would no longer permit them to procure provisions from Burgundy and Milan. The Swiss were summoned by the Pope to drive the French from Italy. At The balls of the French batteries flew even to the No. The 1101;] League. . What league was formed by Pope Julius II. against France? The IIoly League (Ferdinand the Catholic, Henry VIII. of England, Emperor Maximil- ian and Venice) to drive the French out of Italy. . What step was taken by the aged Pope while Louis XII, doubtful whether he could defend himself against the Pope without sinning, consulted the learned doctors ? Julius II. besieged Mirandola in person, lodged himself with. his trembling cardinals, under the fire of the city, and made his entrance there through the breach. . But whose sudden appearance disconcerted for an instant the ardor of the aged Pope and the policy of the allies? ’r Refers to Appendix. 8695 8696. 8697. 8698. 8699. 8700. 8701. 8702. 8711. 8712. 8713. 8714. 8715. 8716 8717. * Refers to Alphabetical List. . * Who was this Gaston de Foix? * When was he called to command the French army in Italy? * What name was given to him on account of his daring exploits? * Describe his victorious march through Northern Italy in 1512. * How was his career looked upon by the members of the Holy League? * With what great captain of the nineteenth century may he be compared? What. were the consequences of the death of Gaston de Foix? From that time success no longer attended Louis A’II. Had the Holy League been successful? from Italy. Yes. The French had been driven FIFTH PERIOD.—THE EXPEDITION 0F FRANCIS I. H By whom had the aged Louis XII. been succeeded on the lst of January, 1515? . Who were, at that time, guarding the passages of the Alps against the French 7 The Swiss. * . Who appeared, notwithstanding the Swiss, suddenly in Northern Italy? The French army under Francis I. . When, where, and with what result did Francis I. attack the Swiss? Iliarignano, near Milan, the Swiss were conquered by Francis I. . What were the consequences of the battle of Marignano? French. . What alliance seemed to open to Francis I. the way to Naples? ance with Venice and the Pope. joyed it. . Who had just succeeded to the kingdom of Naples? Charles of Austria (afterwards Emperor Charles V.) had just succeeded his grandfather Ferdinand the Catholic in Spain and Naples. . What treaty gave a moment of repose to Europe, and allowed the two future rivals time to prepare for a more terrible conflict? The treaty of Noyon, 1516. (Map 78.) At Milan was again The alli~ But instead of completing his victory, he en- Durtng the Reign of Charles V. THE CAUSE. || Who was Emperor at the time of the treaty of Noyon? Maximilian I. H When did the Imperial throne become vacant by his death? 1519. Who offered themselves as candidates for the Imperial crown ? Charles of Austria (grandson of Maximilian), Francis I. of France, and Henry VIII. of England. To whom did the Electors, who feared to become subjects of a. foreign power, offer the crown? To Frederick the Wise, Elector of Saxony. Did he accept? No. . To whom did he cause it to be given ? To Charles of Austria. What was the reason of this choice ? He was the only one capable of defend- ! Refers to Genealogical Tables. MODERN ing Europe against the Turks. The master of Spain, the Netherlands, Naples, and Austria was alone able to close the civilized world against the barbarians of Africa and Asia. 8718. Who had entertained great hopes of obtaining the Imperial crown? Francis I. 8719. What broke out after the election of Charles of Austria? The bloody rivalry between Francis I. and Charles V. 8720. TWhat country occupied by the Spaniards was now claimed by Francis I. ? 8721. TAnd for whom did Francis 1. claim Navarre? For his brother-in—law, Henry of Albret. 8722. fWhat Imperial fief, now occupied by the French, was claimed by Charles for the Empire ? Milan. 8723. fAnd what duchy did he claim for himself? Burgundy. 8724. With What right did he claim the duchy of Burgundy? It had been part of the dominion of his great-grandfather, Charles the Bold. 8725. What was the result of these mutual claims? War. THE WARS. THE FIRST WAR BETVVEEN CIIARLES V. AND FRANCIS I. —p. 199. 8726. fState the immediate cause of the first war between Charles V. and Francis I. 8727. ~1- What was the duration of this war? 8728. T Point out on Map XXXII. the theatre of war. 8729. fWhat was the avowed object of this war ? 8730. TWas this object reached ? 8731. 1‘ Who were leagued with the Emperor against France ? 8732. What was the internal condition of Spain at the breaking out of the war? An insurrection had broken out in Spain, and the insurgents looked towards France for assistance. 8733. Did the French derive any benefit from this state of affairs? No. The French, who penetrated into Spain, arrived too late to aid the insurgents, (1521.) 8734. What was, about that time, the condition of Northern Italy? The French rule was everywhere detested. 8735. Who was the French governor of Milan, and what was his conduct? The incompetent Lautrec, who had exiled nearly one-half of the inhabitants of Milan. 8736. The taking of what city opened the campaign? Milan was taken by the allies. ' 8737. What happened to the French when they tried to reconquer Milan? They sufiered a great defeat at Bicocca, (1522.) 8738. What great danger threatened France in 1523? Invasion. 8739. Who had promised to join the invaders? The Constable de Bourbon— the greatest general and richest nobleman in France. 8740. What had induced Bourbon to become a traitor to his country? He had obtained the greater part of his dominions by marriage. At the death of his T Refers to Appendix. 23 ‘1‘ Refers to Alphabetical List. HISTORY. 177 wife the rich inheritance was contested by the queen—mother, Louise of Savoy. The king, to please his mother, had sequestrated the property. But what was the result of this carefully~planned campaign? treason being discovered in time, the whole campaign became afailure. When did the third campaign begin, and where ? In the spring of 1524, in N. W. Italy, (on the Sesia.) What battle made an end to all hopes of the reconquest of Italy? Who fell in this battle of Gattinara ? (Map 79, N. W. of Milan.) The cele- brated French knight, Bayard. Were the Imperialists satisfied with having driven the French from Italy ? No. France was again invaded. Who led the Imperial troops into France ? ence would be the signal for insurrection. What was the result of this fourth campaign ? The Imperialists were repulsed at the siege of Marseilles, and only saved their exhausted army by a retreat which seemed more like a flight. Who followed the Imperialists across the mountains? Francis I. What was the condition of the Imperialists in the fall of 1524? The dis- pirited remains of the Imperial army were incapable of making head against the fresh and well-appointed forces of Francis. . What city was besieged by Francis in person? Pavia. 8751. But what happened when Francis was on the point of gaining the city? IIe was attacked by the Imperialists, who had been reinforced by 12,000 German lansquenets under the celebrated Frundsberg. 8752. 1' When, and with what result, was fought the battle of Pavia? 8741. Bourbon’s 8742. 8743. 8744. 8745. 8746. Bourbon, expecting that his pres- 8747. 8748. 8749. TlIE SECOND WAR BETWEEN FRANCIS I. AND CHARLES. V. —p. 199. 8753. 8754. 8755. What was done with the captive monarch? Brought as prisoner to Madrid. 1- When, and under what conditions, was he released? But who released Francis from the obligation of fulfilling his oath? Clement III. What was the reason that the Pope changed sides in the Italian contest? He feared lest the whole of Italy should become nothing but a Spanish province. fWhen and where was a league made against the Emperor? What was the condition of the Imperialists in the fall of 1526? They were threatened by the Italians with expulsion from the peninsula. The Italians now regarded the French only as liberators. 8759. What troops were sent into Italy to restore the Imperial preponderance ? German lansquenets under Frundsberg. 8760. Whither were these troops led by Bourbon, and with what result? To Rome, which was taken by the German soldiers, (May, 1527.) The Pope became a captive in their hands. 8761. What were the consequences of the sack of Rome? Great was the indigna- tion of Europe when it heard of the pillage of Rome and the captivity of the Pope. Public opinion was entirely on the side of Francis. Pope 8756. 8757. 8758. l Refers to Genealogical Tables. 178 8762. 8763. 8764. Who came to the rescue of the Pope ? A French army under Lautrec. But whither did they go when they found the Pope liberated? Why did Lautrec go to Naples? He wanted to make use of the bitter feeling against the Imperialists to regain Naples for France. Was he able to take Naples? Naples held out against him, and his army was attacked by the plague. Who kept up the intercommunication between Lautrec and France? Genocse Andreas Doria, the first naval captain of the age. But what induced Doria to leave the side of France? Francis in various ways. . What was the result of Doria’s treason? The siege of Naples had to be given. up. What was the condition of both parties in 1529? Both parties were exhausted. 1 When and where were peace negotiations commenced? fOn what condition was peace finally concluded? fWhat was the final result of this first and second war? fWhat wars were virtually terminated by this peace of Cambray? T How long had these wars lasted? 1- What had been repeatedly shown in these wars? 8765. 8766. The 8767. IIe was Ofended by 8768. 8769. 8770. 8771. 8772. 8773. 8774. 8775. The IIistory of the Difi‘erent Nations during this Period. FRANCE. CIIARLES VIII. — GENEAL, VII. H What family occupied, at the beginning of this period, the French throne? . I] Who had been the ancestor of this branch of the Capetian race? . |1 Who had been the first king of this race, and when had he come to the throne ? . || Who was the last king of this race (the Older Valois)? I] When had he come to the throne, and how long did he reign? . Who had been his guardian during his minority? His sister, Anna of Beuujeu. . What part of the Gallic soil was during her regency united with the French crown? Brittany, by marrying her brother to the heiress of that duchy, (1491). . What was the position of France about 1491? The work of humbling the great cassals was accomplished; France had attained that unity which was to make her formidable to all Europe ; and the old servants of Louis .I'I. were fol- lowed by a generation young and ardent as their king. . What was the great chnt of this reign? (See Quest. 8027-8660.) . Who had been left by Charles VIII. as his Viceroy in Naples? Montpensier (the father of the famous Constable of Bourbon). . By whom, and with what result, was he attacked? He was attacked by Gon- salvo de Cordova, who forced him to evacuate Naples. . What miserable remnant of the splendid French army finally reached France? Barely five hundred. Gilbert de 1‘ Refers to Appendix. \ 8788. 8789. 8790. 8791. 8792. MODERN HISTORY. Where (lid Charles VIII. receive the news of these disasters? and Tours, in the midst of foolish festivities. What prevented him from carrying out his projected second expedition to Italy ? He was suddenly struck with apoplexy. When, where, and at what age did Charles VIII. die ? He was hardly twenty-eight years old. What had been his personal character? One of the distinctive traits of his character was an extreme kindness of disposition. What had been his character as a ruler ? His incapacity was generally known, and his military successes were looked upon as prodigies. At I/yons In 1408, at Amboise. LOUIS XII. — GENEAL, XII. H Had Charles VIII. left any children ‘2 H Who was the nearest heir to the throne? || What house came, with him, on the throne ? | How many kings did this house give to France ? . 1 Who was the ancestor of this house of Valois~0rleans ? Whose son was this founder of the house of Valois—Orleans? What was, therefore, the relation between Charles VIII. and Louis XII.? . | When did Louis XII. come to the throne, and how long did he rule? . What was the character of the beginnlng of this reign? . The first acts of Louis XII. were wise and useful. He diminished the taxes, re-established order in the finances and administration, and created the great council (to reform the legislation). . What step was taken by the King in order to retain the duchy of Brittany 8803. 8804. 8805. 8806. 8807. 8808. 8809. 8810. * Refers to Alphabetical List. as an integral part of the French kingdom? He procured a divorce from his wife Jeanne (daughter of Louis XL), in order to marry his predecessor’s widow, who was heiress of Brittany. ' What claims were brought forward soon after this union? His claims upon the [Milanese On what were these claims based? On his descent from Valentina Visconti (his grandmother), the sister of the last legitimate Duke of Milan. But what made these claims null and void? The duchy of Milan was an Imperial masculine fief. What were the results of these claims? (See Quest. 8665.) What truce made an end to the wars of Louis XII. ? The Truce of Orleans, in 1514. What was, at that time, the condition of France? The cost and misfortunes of so many wars had compelled the king to increase the taxes, and to alienate the royal domain. What step was taken by Louis XII. in order to make a firm alliance with England? Louis A’II. (being new a widower) demanded and obtained in mar- riage the hand of Mary, sister to Henry VIII., king of England. But what happened to him a few months after this marriage? suddenly on the first of January, 1515. He died [1 Refers to Genealogical Tables. 8811. 8812. 8818. . I] What was the general character of the reign of Francis I.? . What was his age at the time of his accession ? . How and by whom had he been brought up? . What other childish notions had he derived from the same books? MODERN HISTORY. What had been his personal character ? He was a kind—hearted but shrewd man. Many brilliant sayings and traits of courage are narrated of him. What had been his character as a ruler? He was a wise andfirm ruler, who really loved his people. What name had been bestowed upon him by his grateful people? His wise regulations for the administration of justice and the finances had earned for him the name of “ Father of the People.” FRANCIS I.-—GENEAL., VII. Had Louis XII. left any children? \lho became his successor? How many kings did this house give to France? Who was the ancestor of the house of Valois-Angouléme? ] What French king was the common ancesthr of Charles VIII., Louis XII, and Francis 1.? l . [What house came with him on the throne? I l l l l -l -l I All was silence around the throne. The States- General were no more convolved, and the parliaments proclaimed the doctrine of absolute power. Twenty years. Brought up by his mother, Louise of Savoy, he was, from his infancy. absolute master of his own actions. . What influence had the romances of chivalry, which had formed his only study, exercised on his personal character? Like Charles VIII., he wished to march upon the tracks of Roland and of Amadis. IIe maintained that every order that emanated from his mouth was a decree of destiny. . To whom did he, in spite of his absolute character, abandon himself with- out reserve? To his mother and to the Chancellor Antoine Duprat, a venal and corrupt man. These two governed France for a long period in his name. . What wars form the great event of his reign? ENGLAND. THE FIRST TUDORS. Retrospect. . || Enumerate the English kings from William the Conqueror to Edward III. . “Enumerate the four sons of Edward III. whose descendants ruled over England. N What English sovereign was a descendant of the Black Prince? || What English sovereigns were descended from Lancaster? . H What English sovereigns were descended from Clarence and York? . Who was the most celebrated among the sovereigns ? . When and where did Henry V. die? 1 Refers to Appendix. 8884. 8835. 8836. 8837. 8838. 8839. 8840. 884]. 8842. 8843. 8844. . What battle placed him on the English throne? To whom had he been married? (Quest. 7726.) [I Whose wife did Henry’s widow subsequently become? How many sons had Tudor by this marriage? He had three sons. [I To whom was his son Richmond married? [I Who was this Lady Margaretha Beaufort? I] Who was her son? Henry VII. How old was young Richmond (afterwards Henry VII.) when the battle of Tewkesbury destroyed the last hope of the Lancastrians? Fifteen years. Whither was he brought at that time? Until what time did he remain a resident of Brittany? oppose himself to Richard III. What circumstances were seemingly against him ? His paternal relationship, and his being so little known in England. But why was he, for this very reason, rather more acceptable to the fac- tion that was bent upon displacing Richard 111.? They accounted it an advantage that the hing should not be allowed to feel himself so strong as to be tempted to assume independence of his nobles. Until his landing to (Quest. 8076.) . Did his reign answer the expectations of the nobles who had raised him to 8847. 8848. 8849. 8850. 8851. 8852. 8853. 8854. 8855. 8856. * Refers to Alphabetical List. the throne? Far from it. He put down with a strong hand that liveried and armed following of the nobility which had served to make them all so many petty kings. What were the consequences ? They wanted to remove him from the throne. Were the nobles successful? No. He frustrated one conspiracy after another. In what condition did he find the English throne? Without any strength, and entirely depending upon the nobility. In what condition did be hand it to his successor? He left the English throne in a much more stable condition than it had been for the last century. What had contributed largely to this result? Henry’s marriage with Eliza- beth, the eldest daughter of Edward IV. In whose person were finally the conflicting claims of York and Lancaster harmonized? In their son, Henry VIII. Henry VIII. —See WOLsnr. “When did Henry VIII. come to the English throne, and how long did he rule ? What was the age, and what was the character, of the young king? He was hardly eighteen years. He was vigorous and accomplished; and his engaging manners rendered him exceedingly popular with the mass of the people. What was one of the first acts of his reign? The trial and condemnation of Empson and Dudley, the unscrupulous and unpopular ministers of his father, Henry VII. What circumstance increased greatly his popularity? He was enabled to lower the taxes considerably, owing to the immense treasure left by his father. ll Refers to Genealogical Tables. 180 8857. 8858. 8859. 8860. 8861. 8862. 8863. 8864. 8865. 8866. 8867. 8868. 8869. 8870. 8871. 8872. 8878. 8874. 8875. 8876. 8877. 8878. 8879. 8880. 8881 . 8882. 8883. MODERN What great statesman was the real ruler of England during the first part of this reign? *Who was this Thomas Wolsey, and what do you know of his early life? * During What reign was he first employed in State affairs? * What reward was given by Henry VII. to the successful envoy? * Describe his rise in the Church. * What were the consequences of his enjoying so many emoluments? *What use was made by him of these great revenues? When was Wolsey in the zenith of his power? In 1515. *What high office was conferred upon him by Henry VIII. ? *What high dignity was obtained for him by Henry VIII. ? *And what honor was finally granted to Wolsey by the Pope? * To what dignity did he now aspire? * Was he elected Pope in 1523? What dates from this disappointment? IIis gradual loss ofpower and influence. * What circumstances combined for his overthrow? * With what result? *Were never any of his offices restored to him? * But what charge was finally brought against him? * What was the end of Cardinal Wolsey ? * What contemporary wrote his life? Who made use of this book in his masterly description of the great Cardinal? Recite Shakspeare’s description of Wolsey‘s character. “He was a scholar, and a ripe and good one; Exceeding wise, fair-spoken, and persuading; Lofty and sour to them that loved him not; But to those men that sought him, sweet as summer.” King Henry VIII., Act IV., Scene 2. GERMANY. M AXIMILIAN I. H Who was Emperor of Germany at the beginning ofthis period? What was the character of his reign ? Under him the Imperial crown reached perhaps its lowest point of degradation ; yet, notwithstmiding his impotence as a sovereign, he became, by a series of fortunate chances, the founder of the great- ness of his house. H When and by whom was he succeeded on the Imperial throne? On what condition only did the estates of the Empire grant the usual subsidy to the new Emperor? On condition that peace and order should be established on a firm footing throughout the Empire. When and where did Maximilian hold a Diet. and what important change was made in the constitution? At the Diet of Worms of 1495, the right of the nobles to make war on their own account was abolished. An Imperial Chamber was instituted to carry out this decree vigorously. fRefers to Appendix. HISTORY. 8884 8885. 8886. 8887. 8888. 8889. 8890. 8891. 8892. 8893. 8894. 8895. 8896. 8897. 8898. 8899. 8900. 8901. 8902. 8903. 8904. 8905. 8906. 8907. 8908. *Refers to Alphabetical List. With what authority was this Imperial chamber invested? It was a supreme court ofjustiee, with authority to publish the bans of the Empire against all transgressors of the Imperial laws. What other measure was adopted for the better maintenance of peace? The whole Empire was (in 1512) divided into ten circles. Name the ten circles. Map 76, (XXXI.) How many States were comprehended in these circles? hundred and fifty. Was the attendance of members at the Diet in proportion to the number of States? As the smaller States voted in groups, scarcely more than a hundred members appeared at the Diet. Were all German countries included in this arrangement? Bohemia, together with the Prussian and Livonian States, was entirely excluded from this arrange- ment. Switzerland was also exempted. More than two CHARLES V. Ancestry and Birth.—-GENEAL., VIII. and XV. H To whom had Maximilian been married? What dowry had he received with her? The dominion of Charles the Bold, with the exception of the duchy of Burgundy, which had been reunited with the French crown. H Who was their only son ? H To whom was he married ? H Who was the eldest son of Philip (the grandson of Maximilian)? When and where had Charles V. been born? At Ghent, in 1500. H Who was his father, and who his mother ? H Who were his paternal grand-parents ? || What inheritance was left to him by his paternal grandmother? What inheritance had he in prospect from his paternal grandfather? (Map XXVIII.) H Who were his maternal grand-parents? What realms did belong to his maternal grandfather? What. realms did belong to his maternal grandmother ? H When did he lose his father? To whom was the education of the fatherless boy intrusted? To a Flemish nobleman, William de Gray, whose only aim was to make the future Emperor a good Dutchman. Who was chosen as his teacher by him? A Dutch ecclesiastic, Adrian of Utrecht, who afterwards (1522), under the name of Adrian VI., mounted the Papal throne. What was the character of this teacher? IIe was a conscientious but narrow- minded man. What was the character of Charles during his early youth? quiet youth, with boorish manners. When was Charles declared of age? (imp xxvm.) (illap XXVIII.) 116 was a In 1515. [1 Refers to Genealogical Tables. MODERN What countries were at that time nominally intrusted to his care? The Burgundian countries (the Netherlands and Franche Comte). Indirect Government. Did Charles remain long in his native land ? He was soon summoned to Spain by the death of his grandfather, Ferdinand the Catholic. Who was Ferdinand’s legal successor? Juana (Crazy Joan), Ferdinand’s daughter and the mother of Charles. But what was the condition of this Juana? death, been deprived of her reason. Who was, therefore, in reality the successor? Austria. Who had been intrusted by Ferdinand with the regency ? What was the character of the administration of Ximenes? efiicient. What made an end to his administration? The arrival of the young Charles. How was Charles received in Spain? He was a Dutchman in manners and speech, and was from the first very unpopular. On what occasion did this unpopularity break out in revolt? Spain in order to go to Germany. What induced Charles to leave Spain in 1519? His grandfather, ilIaximilian, having suddenly died, he wanted to be elected emperor. Who was his rival for the Imperial dignity ? (See Quest. 8718.) What German prince procured Charles the crown? She had, since her husband’s Her young son, Charles of Vigorous and W' hen he left The Empire of Charles V. and his Claims.——Map XXXI. . Give the names of all the countries forming the Empire of Charles V. in 1520. . What countries were claimed by him as a descendant of Charles the Bold? The duchy of Burgundy and part of Picardy. . What countries were claimed by him as a descendant of the Aragonese king ? Languedoc and French Navarre. What countries were claimed by him as German Emperor? kingdom (Provence and Dauphene’). . Who was, at that time, in the possession of all these countries? of France, Francis I. What country in Northern Italy was also in Francis’ possession since 1515 ? The Milanese. By what right was Milan held by Francis I. ? But who were also claimants of Milan ? The Sforzas. Who had the only right to grant the Imperial fief of Milan? Charles V. And to whom was it granted by him? What was the result of this ? War. f How many wars were fought between Francis and Charles ? (P. 199.) The Arelation The king The Emperor To the Sforzas. f Refers to Appendix. HISTORY. 8934. 8935. 8936. 8937. @1 THow long did these wars last, and what was their final result ? (P. 199.) What part was taken by the Popes in these wars ‘3 They were sometimes on the Spanish, sometimes on the French side. What was always the object of the Papal policy? of Italy by either party. TBut were they able to reach this object? 1V0. second wars between Charles V. and Francis 1.) To prevent the subjugation (Seep. 199. The first and The Reformation. . When and by what event was the religious unity of the West broken ? By . Who occupied, at that time, the chair of St. Peter ? . What was, at that time, the position of the Papacy? the Reformation, in 1517. Leo 1?. (See Quest. 9006.) . But what was the condition of its finances? . What step had been taken by him in order to rectify this? . By whom was this sale of indulgences openly attacked ? . * Who was this Martin Luther, and what do you know of his early life? . * When and where was he made professor of philosophy? . *What was the character of his teaching? . * When and where did he protest against the sale of the indulgences? . How was his protest at first looked upon by Leo X.? Leo X. was not alarmed by it. He replied to the accusers of Luther that he (Luther) was a man of talents, and that the whole dispute was only a quarrel of monks. . * But what was Leo finally forced to do? . * Could Luther be induced, either by menaces or persuasion, to recant? . * When, where, and before whom was he at length called to defend himself? . * With what words did he conclude his elaborate defence? . * Whither was he conveyed after leaving Worms? . Why? 8955. 8956. 8957. 8958. 8959. 8960. 8961. 8962. 8963. * Refers to Alphabetical List. This friendly capture had been arranged with Luther by the Elector Frederick, who was apprehensive that when the ban of the Empire should be pub- lished, he might have some difliculty in sheltering the proscribed monk in his dominions. Where is the Wartburg situated? Weser. Map XXXI. *How long did he remain on the Wartburg? * How did he spend his time on the Wartburg? *When, where, and how did the followers of Luther receive the name of Protestants? * When, where, and by whom was a common Confession of Faith drawn up? On what was this Confession of Faith based? 0n Luther’s translation of the Bible. * When was this translation of the whole Bible given to the world? * Was this the only literary work performed by Luther? * Which of his works is (with exception of his translation of the Bible) most known ? In Central Germany, east of the Upper l Refers to Genealogical Tables. 182 8964. 8965. 8966. 8967. 8968. 8969. 8970. 8971. 8974. 8975. 8976. 8977. 8978. 8979. 8980. . What was the condition of Spain in 1492? MODERN HISTORY. *Who made this charming work the basis of his very interesting “ Life of Luther?” THE SPANISH PENINSULA. Enumerate the kingdoms of the Spanish peninsula in 1-190. (XXVIII.) [1 Who was the sovereign of Castile, and who of Aragon? (GENEAL., XV.) Enumerate all the countries which constituted at that time the Aragonese monarchy. Besides the countries mar/ted on the map, Naples (since 1505. See Quest. 8670). What were the relations between the sovereigns of Castile and Aragon? They were husband and wife; but each governed its own kingdom independent from the other. Since when had they been married? Since 1469. What policy was pursued by both States? They united their forces in order to drive the remnant of the Moorsfroni the peninsula. The taking of what city made an end to the Arabic dominion in Spain? The taking of the Moorish capital Granada (situated in Andalusia, on two spurs of the Sierra Nevada and on the river ll’enil). When and upon what condition did Granada surrender to Ferdinand and Isabella ? own nation, and thefree enjoyment of their religion. The Castilians regarded the Ara- They both saw continual enemies in the Moors and Every city had its immunities, and Map 67, gonese with a jealous eye. in the Jews, who lived in the midst of them. every grandee his prerogatives. How many years elapsed before all these heterogeneous forces were “assimilated, and could be turned towards conquest ‘3 Notwithstanding the ability of Ferdinand, and the enthusiasm that Isabella inspired, this end was at- tained only after thirty years of ezfort. The means were terrible, commensurate with the energy of such a people. What organization assisted Ferdinand in his endeavors to bring order in this chads? The Santa Hermandad, or Holy Brotherhood. What was the Santa Hermandad? It was a body of about 2,000 police, armed and mounted, for the purpose not only ofputting down the robberies and violence which everywhere aboanded, but also of forming a check upon thepower of the nobility. What tribunal was at the same time erected? lished in Castile. For what purpose ? The faith of the Jews supplied the prelextfor establishing the Inquisition; but it was their wealth that afforded the motive. When was the Spanish portion of Navarre united with Aragon? In 1518. It was claimed by Ferdinand in the name of his second wife, Germaine de Foix. What was, therefore, the number of governments in Spain since 1513? The. Inquisition was estab— Jr Refers to Appendix. In 1492. upon the assurance that they should retain judges of their- 8981. 8982. 8983. 8984. 8985. 8986. 8987. 8988. 8989. 8990. 8991. 8992. 8993. 8994. 8995. 8996. 8997. 8998. 8999. 9000. 9001. 9002. 9003. 9004. 9005. * Refers to Alphabetical List. [I Who inherited all these realms? (GENEAL, XV.) What prevented her from governing her inheritance? (Quest. 8911.) Who was, in 1516, the actual heir of Ferdinand and Isabella ? (Quest. 8913.) THE OTTOMAN TURKSI—See Monkez, and GENEAL, VIII. What may be considered as the last invasion of the barbarians ? guest of the Byzantine Empire by the Ottoman Turks. When had they taken Constantinople? In 1453. What. had been the principal causes of the progress of the Turks? 1st, Their fanatical and military spirit; 2d, their disciplined troops; and, 3d, the discards of the Christian world. But what happened about the beginning of this period? At the accession of Bajazet I[. the Turks were threatened by civil war. His brother Zizim, who had disputed the throne with him, fledfor refuge to the knights of Rhodes, and became, in the hands of the king of France, and afterwards of the Pope, apledye for the li’est. What made an end to this state of affairs? The death of Zizim in 1499, fol- lowed in 1512 by the murder of Bajaeet II. by his own son Selim. What were the consequences of Selim’s accession? The accession of Selim, the most cruel and martial of all the Sultans, spread terror both over the West and the East. 7 What country was the bulwark of Christendom against the attacks of the Turks ? Hungary. With what country was it united in 1512? With Bohemia. What was the character of this union of the two crowns? They wasted their strength in domestic quarrels. What was the natural result of this? Hungary was ravaged with impunity by the warlike Selim. *By whom was Sultan Selim, after an enterprising reign of eight years, succeeded? * What name did this son receive from the Turks? * And what name from the Europeans? * What town did he take from the Persians? * What island (the possession of the Knights of St. John) was conquered by him in 1522? * At what cost? * But what was his greatest victory ? * Who was vanquished in the battle of the Mohacz? * By what was the defeat of King Louis followed? * What crowns became vacant by his death? * On whose head were these crowns finally united ? * What was, therefore, the result of the battle of the Mohacz? The con- ll Refers to Genealogical Tables. - .wx . MODERN iNTELLECTUAL CONDFHON OF EUROPE DUMNG'THB PEWOD. See ERASMUS, Aniosro, MICHAEL ANGELO, VINCI, Diinnn, and COPERNICUS. 9006. 9007. 9008. 9009. 9010. 9011. 9012. 9013. 9014. 9015. 9016. 9017. 9018. 9019. 9020. 9021. 9022. 9023. 9024. 9025. 9026. 9027. 9028. 9029. 9030. 9031. 9032. 9033. 9034. 908 5. 9036. What was, at the beginning of this period, the centre of European civiliza- tion? The Papal Court at Rome, which was at that time the meetingvplace of all the distinguished men of Europe. What was the real character of the learning of this period? The conviction had spread that the learning of the Middle Ages was founded on a fantastic view of the world, little answering to the realities of things. What stands out the prominent object of observation and ridicule in the literature of this period? Fooldom. The number of attacks on folly and fools is surprising. Enumerate some of these attacks on folly and fools. “ Ship of Fools,” Erasmus’s “ Praise of Folly,” etc. * Who was this Desiderius Erasmus? * When and Where was he born? *What do you know of his early life? *To what celebrated university was he sent to complete his studies? *Whither did he go from Paris? * How was he received in England? *Who invited him to come to Rome? * What do you know of his character and attainments? * Enumerate some of his works. * How were his “ Colloquia ” looked upon by the monks? How did the Pope and higher clergy look upon them? They viewed without apprehension opinions which they shared themselves. What proofs have we of the amicable relations between Erasmus and Leo X. ? The correspondence between Leo X. and Erasmus. * When and where did Erasmus die? What Italian poet was the contemporary of Erasmus? * Who was this Ludovico Ariosto? *What do you know of his early life? *What great epic was written by him amidst the constant pressure of ofli~ cial duties ? * How long did this great work occupy his leisure ? * State the general contents of the “Orlando Furioso.” * How was it received? ' * Has it ever been translated into English? *What other works were written by Ariosto ? What three celebrated artists were the contemporaries of Erasmus and Ariosto ? Who was the greatest among them? *Who was this Michael Angelo? *In what city did he pass his early life? *Who was his first patron? Sebastian Brandt’s 1% Refers to Appendix. HISTORY. 9037. 9038 9039. 9040 9041. 9042. 9043. 9044. 9045. 9046. 9047. 9048. 9049. 9050. 9051. 9052. 9053. 9054. 9055. 9056 9057. 9058. 9059. 9060. 9061. 9062. 9063. 9064. 9065. 9066. 9067. *What celebrated sculptures were executed by him? * Was he only a painter and sculptor? *What is the greatest architectural work of Michael Angelo? * Describe the character of his plan for St. Peter’s. * What do you know of his poetical genius? *What was the personal character of Michael Angelo? *When and where did Michael Angelo die, and where is he buried? * Who has written an excellent life of Michael Angelo ‘7 What painter and sculptor was a contemporary and Iival of Michael Angelo? *Who was this Leonardo da Vinci. ? *What do you know of his early life? 4 *What do you know of the range and character of his attainments? * To whom did he offer his services about 1482 ? *What g1 eat service did he render to Milan soon after his settling there 7 * What celebrated equestrian statue was executed by him? *What is the greatest of all his works? * Describe its character . What great German artist was a contemporary of Michael Angelo and Leonardo da Vinci? *Who was this Albert Diirer? * What German emperors made use of his talents? * Enumerate some of the paintings executed by Diircr. * In what other arts did Albert Diirer excel? What celebrated astronomer was a contemporary of Albert Diirer? *Who was this Nicholas Copernicus? * What great work contains the fruit of his researches? *What does he show in this work? *What' did Copernicus become by this work? * How long did this work remain in manuscript? * Why? *When was a printed copy presented to him? *In what year did this happen? FINAL RECAPITULATION OF THE TENTH TABLE. 9068. 9069. 9070. 9071. * Refers to Alphabetical List. The Age of the Great Discoveries. What name is truly given to this age? What great discovery happened in the beginning of this period? Columbus gave a world to Spain. And what wonderful discovery closes this period? planetary motions by Copernicus in 1530. What was in reality established by these two grand discoveries which crowned the research and labor of centuries? The true magnitude of the heavens and earth. In 1492 The discovery of the I] Refers to Genealogical Tables. MODERN HISTORY. . What nation had led the van in the great discoveries? . Enumerate the Portuguese discoverers mentioned on your table. .. Enunierate the Spanish discoverers. . Enumerate the Italian authors. . Enumerate the German authors. . Enumerate the great artists. . Give the names of the sovereigns of the Empire, England, France, and Spain who were contemporaries of Columbus. . And also the names of the sovereigns who were contemporary with Wolsey. . Give the names of all the Italians mentioned on this table. . Of all the Spaniards. . Of all the Portuguese. . Of all the Germans. . Of all the Frenchmen. . Of all the Englishmen. . What family occupied, during this period, the Imperial throne? 9087. 9088. 9089. 9090. 9091. 9092. 9093. 9094. 9095. 9096. 9097. 9098. 9099. 9100. What family occupied the English throne? What families occupied the French throne? What families occupied the Spanish throne? What family came, towards the end of this period, on the Swedish throne ? *Who was the first king of the house of Wasa ? * Whose son was he? *Why was he seized and imprisoned by Christian I., king'of the three Scandinavian realms? * Did he remain long in prison? * When was he able to expel Christian? *When did he receive the crown of Sweden? * When was the crown declared hereditary in his family? * When did this family become extinct in the male line ? *What had been one of his first acts after his coronation? * What was the character of his reign? MODERN HISTORY. THE RELIGIOUS WARS. First I’eriod.— The Struggle between the Creecls in Germany and England. THE STRUGGLE IN GERMANY. THE REFORMATION BECODIES POLITICAL. 9101. What events gave to the Reformation a most threatening political charac- ter ? The secularization of Prussia and the revolt of the Anabapiisls. 9102. What do you understand by the “ Secularization of Prussia”? The Teutonic Order (which had governed Prussia since 1283) was entirely suppressed, when the grand—master, Albert, became a Lutheran, and received at the Diet of Urcwow, in 1525, Eastern Prussia as a temporal (lucky, to be held as a fief of Poland. 9103. Who were the Anabaptists? A sect which had appeared before the commence— ment of the Reformation, and which tang/Ll that the riches and goods of Christians are common. They were the precursors of our modern Communists. 9104. Who were their leaders? John Matt/Legs of Ham-lent, and John Bockelson of Lcyden. f Refers to Appendix. 9105. 9106. 9107. 9108. 9109. 9110. 9111. * Refers to Alphabetical List. In what year did Mattheys visit Miinster? In 1534. He esfablished himself as irresponsible ruler of the city, which he soon filled with violence and bloodshed. What was his fate, and by whom was he succeeded? Having fallen in a desperate sally against the army of the Bishop of Milnster, which closely blockaded the city, his lieutenant, John Bockelson, was proclaimed king of Zion. What was the first act of the new leader? To send apostles to dijferent coun- tries, and to permit a plurality of wives. He was the precursor of Brigham ’onng. What was his fate? The city was taken, and John, with his coadjutors Knip- perdolling and Heftig, was tortured to death. SOLYMAN BEFORE VIENNA. What were the results of this? The two religious opinions became two political parties (Uri/holic at liaiisbon, 152-1; Protestant at Torgau, 1526). Who was at that time Emperor of Germany? Page 23. How did he look upon these proceedings? He watched for the proper moment to overthrow one by the other, and at the same time to subject bolh Catholics and Prolestants. ‘ fl Refers to Genealogical Tables. MODERN HISTORY. 185 ‘ 9112. When did he believe that the moment had arrived for subjecting both PROTESTANTISM AGAIN SAVED BY SOLYMAN- Catholics and Protestants? In 1525, when the victory of Pavia had made his 9130. When and with what army had Solyman ”343ther Hungary ‘3 In 1532, rival (who?) a captive. with 300,000 men. 9113- Bht what prevented hhh from carrying out his plans? I” 1526 a universal 9131. What influence had this on the Imperial policy? Charles V. hastened to league wasformed against him. (What league?) qfler to the Protestants all that they had demanded—religious toleration, the 9114- What dreWa at the same time, the house 0f Austria into the 01"“ wars 0f preservation of secularized property until the next Council, and admission to the Hungary? The election of the Emperor’s brother, Ferdinand, to the thrones Imperial Chamber. of Bohemia and Hungary. 9132. What arrested, in the meanwhile, the march of Solyman? On Aug. 1 he 9115~ What other enemy had Germany now to contend With? thh Solyman, arrived before the little town of Guns, in Styria. IIere Solyman was detained the Sultan of the TWhS~ more than three wee/rs by a garrison of hardly 700 men. 9116- Who had invoked the help 0f Solyman? John Zapolya, who contested the 9133. Vilmt decided his retreat? This delay, and the defeat ofa body of 15,000 crown of Hungary with Ferdinand, and who, after being defeated bl] Ferdinand Turkish horse who were to enter Austria by the Sb'mmering Pass. at Tohay, formed an alliance With the Turks (1528)~ Solyman caused him to 9134. What prevented the Emperor from pursuing the retreating enemy? The be crowned at Buda, and marched “PO” Vienna. lateness of the season, the want prrovisions, the sichness which began to prevail 9117- When did the Turks arrive before Vienna? 171 Sept, 1529 among his troops. and the desire of several of the princes to return to their homes. 9118- Was Solyman able to take the city? NO- At the end of tu‘e77tt/‘ehe (tel/3, 9135. When and on what terms was peace made between Ferdinand and Soly— and of twenty assaults, Solyman pronounced an anathema against the sultan man? Jane 22, 1533, at Constantinople. Ferdinand was to retain all that he who should again attack thatfatal city. held in [[ungary, and make what terms he pleased with Zapolya. 9119. What was Germany doing while the Turks were breaking through all the ancient barriers? Its most illustrious warriors were seated in the Diets, and SDIALCALDIAN “*AR._p. 200, and art. PASSAU, were interrogating the theological dOCtOTS- 9136. iWhen, where, and for what purpose had been formed the league of Smal~ calde ? THE CONFESSION 0‘" AUGSBURG° 9137. ioive the precise position of Smalcalde. ~ 9120. What influence had this war with the Turks on the Protestants? It had 9138. TDuring how many years were the Protestants left in peace by the Em— so entirely occupied Charles V. and his brother, that the Protestants obtained peror? ‘ toleration until the next Council. 9139. What was the cause of this ? The numerous wars of the Emperor. 9121. When and where did Charles undertake to try the great cause 0f the Re- 9140. TWhen did the Emperor Charles V. prepare to restore Catholicism in Ger- formation? In 1530, after the peace of Cambray at Augsburg. many by force of arms 7 9122. What name was adopted by the disciples of Luther? The name of Protes- 9141. iWith what did he begin? tants, since they protested against the prohibition of innovation (Spire, 1529)- 9142. 1-What step was hereupon taken by the Protestant Princes? 9123. Who had drawn up their Confession of Faith? The learned and peaceable 9143. lh’h‘eh was, therefore, the cause of the Smalcaldian war? Melanethon. 9144. 1-What was the duration of this war? 9124. How was their Confession received by the Emperor? It was repulsed as 9145. TWhat was the principal theatre of war? heretical. They were commanded to renounce their errors under pain of being 9146. TState the object of this war. put under the ban of the Empire. 9147. T But. what was its result? 9125. What was the result of the Emperor’s behavior? The Diet was scarcely dis- 914g 1' With whom was the Emperor in league? solved when the Protestant Princes reassembled at Smalcalde, and there 0012- 9149_ +w110 were the leaders of the Protestants? eluded a defensive league, by which they were to form one body (Bea, 1530). 9150. 1' What was the decisive battle hf this war 1? 9126- To what sovereigns did they apply to aid them? To the sovereigns of End“ 9151. 1 Who were defeated, and who were captured in that battle? land and France. 9152. TTo whose treachery did the Emperor owe this victory? 9127. Who were, at that time, the sovereigns of England and France ? (P. 23.) 9153. 1' What reward was given to him? 9128. What was the condition of Germany in 1531? The Catholics and Protestants 9154. i—Whm was the subsequent conduct of Maurice of Saxony ? / were both ready for a combat. 9155. 1‘ What peace made an end to the Smalcaldian war? 9129' But what event postponed the struggle for the present? A new attack of 9156. * When and between whom was the peace of Passau concluded? the Turks. 9157. *What was obtained by this peace? 94 'f Refers to Appendix. * Refers to Alphabetical List. fl Refers to Genealogical Tables. 186 9158. 9159. 9160 9161. 9162. 9163. 9164. 9165. 9166. 9167. 9168. 9169. 9170. 9171. 9172. 9173. 9174. MODERN HISTORY. *State the chief articles of this celebrated peace. *Who was invited to state his grievances against the Emperor, that he might be included in the general pacification ? . Who was at that time king of France? *What was, therefore, the real result of the Smalcaldian war? * Who had greatly contributed to this result? CLOSING YEARS OF CHARLES V. ——- Art. CHARLES V. When was concluded the peace of Passau? *How many years after this humiliating peace did Charles continue to reign ? *When and to whom did he resign his hereditary states of the Nether- lands? *When and to whom did he give up Spain? *And when and to whom did he give up the Imperial dignity ? *Where and how did he spend his closing years? *When and where did he die ? *Recapitulate the career of Charles V. *What were his attainments? *What was his character? * Who wrote a well-known biography of the great Emperor? *When and by whom was this work republished? THE STRUGGLE IN ENGLAND. THE DIV0R(1E.—GENEAL., I. Art. BOLEYN. [I Who was king of England in 1530? '. ‘ To what family did he belong? . Enumerate the rulers of the Empire and of France in 1630. . What were his relations with Francis 1.? . *Who had advised Henry to refer this question to the universities? . What step was now taken by Henry? . Who pronounced the sentence of divorce against Catharine? . What anSWer was returned by the universities? When and to whom had he succeeded to the throne? (p. 23.) . What were the relations between Henry VlII. and the Emperor? Ilenry VIII” who was married to the Emperor’s aunt, Catharine of Aragon, was med— itating a divorce. The Emperor espoused warmly his aunt’s part. Every enemy of the Emperor was looked upon as afriend by Francis I. Francis employed himself in procuring a favorable verdict for the English monarch from the universities to which the ques- tion of the divorce had been submitted. (See CRANMER.) They pronounced in favor of the divorce. He, privately, celebrated his nuptials with Anne Boleyn. Cranmer, now Archbishop of Canterbury. f Refers to Appendix. 9185. 9186. 9187. 9188. 9189. 9190. 9191. 9192. 9193. 9194. 9195 9196. 9197. 9198. 9199. 9200. 9201. 9202. 9203. 9204. 9205. 9206. 9207. 9208. 9209. 9210. 9211. 9212. 9213. * Refers to Alphabetical List. . What were the consequences of this step? Who was, hereupon, declared queen of England? * Who was this Anne Boleyn? *How long did she share the throne with Henry VIII.? *Describe her melancholy end. * Who was her daughter? Anne Boleyn. SIR THOl‘IAS MORE.— Art. MORE. *Who was Chancellor of England at the time of the divorce ? *Who was this Sir Thomas More 7 * At what age had he entered Parliament? *What was the conduct of the young legislator? * By whose interest did he receive a place in the Privy Council? * When did he succeed his protector as Lord Chancellor? * How long did he occupy this position? *When and why did he resign? * What caused his committal to the Tower? *When was this “ Act of Supremacy ” passed? See ACT. *What was Henry declared by this “ Act of Supremacy”? See ACT. * State succinctly the meaning of this “Act of Supremacy.” See ACT. *What consequences had Sir Thomas More’s refusal? * When and where was he beheaded? *What was his behavior during his long imprisonment? * Relate the death-scene of Sir Thomas More. *0n what does More’s fame as the earliest writer of classical English prose rest? * What is the character of this work? *What political romance had been published by him in 1518? * What eminent scholar was his intimate friend? *Who was this Erasmus? *Recapitulate the career of Sir Thomas More. SOLW'AY MOSS—See SOLWAY Moss. By what act had Henry declared himself “ Head of the Church” ? What. was Henry’s first. act. as head of the national Church? The dissolu- tion of the monastic houses, and the appropriation of their immense wealth, esti- mated (it no less than $8,000,000 yearly, besidesplate and jewels to an enor- mous amount, to the Crown. Instead of one fourth of the people being shut up from all the ordinary employments of life, the occupants of the religious houses were again brought into society; and thus great increase in the amount of available labor produced an unprecedented activity in trade and com- 7)lt‘7‘('t?. Whom did Henry wish to engage in the same measures of ecclesiastical reform as he had himself adopted in England? His nephew, James V. of Scotland, who did not seem disinclined to enter into his views. 9 Refers to Genealogical Tables. MODERN HISTORY. 187 9216. By whom were these plans of Henry defeated? By the opposition of the 9249. *Who was this Lady Jane Grey? Scottish clergy and the intrigues of the French Court, whz'ehfm-esaw the loss ()f’il's 9250. * What do you know of her character and accomplishments ? influence in Scotland in the event ofa union between that eonn/ry and England. 9251. * To whom was she married? 9217. What party became the leading power in Scotland? The French or Catholic 925-2. 9“ When was she proclaimed Queen of England ? party. ' 9253. *How long lasted her reign? ~ 9218. * What was done by King James while under the influence of that party? 9254. * What were the chief causes of this sudden termination of her reign? 9219. *What were the consequences of this foolish conduct? 92:35. * What revenge was taken by Mary? . 9220. * What English nobleman was sent to retaliate? 9256. * Who was this Mary, and when did she come to the English throne? 9221. * What was done by James to revenge this raid? 9257. 9“ What was the position of Cranmer on the accession of Mary? 9222. * What. was the character of this Scottish army? 92:38. * Did he suffer punishment for his share in the proclamation of Lady Jane? 9223. * What happened when they found themselves suddenly attacked by a small 92:39. N But what other accusation was brought against him ? body of English? 9260. What was the cause of this? The re-eslablz'shme'nt 0f the Catholic Church 9224. * What was the result of this false alarm? was the object nearest to her heart, and in order to accomplish it she wanted the 9225. * What fresh difficulty arose during their retreat? see of Canterbury in the hands ofa thorough Catholic. 9226. * Give the precise situation of Solway Moss. 9261. * What was, at first, the behavior of Cranmer? 9227. *What happened there to the Scottish army? 9262. * Where was he ordered to read his recantation? 9228. * How was the tiding of this disaster received by James V.? 9263. *Did he do this? 9229. * When did King James V. of Scotland die? 9264. *What was the end of Cranmer? 9230. * To whom did he leave the crown? 9265. * Recapitulate the life of Cranmer. CRANMER. — See art. CRANMER and GREY. THE THREE CHILDREN OF IiENRY VIII- 9231. [I How many years did Henry VIII. survive the death of his nephew Edward VL—e'm" 1' and IV“‘“‘”" GREY' James V.? 9266. How often had Henry VIII. been married? Six times. 9232. H By whom was he succeeded? 9267. Who was his first wife, and what was her child? Catharine of Arayon; 9233. Whose son was the young king? Offane Seymour, whom Henry VIII. had Mary was her daughter. married the next day after the public execution of Anne Boleyn. 9268. *Who was his second wife, and what was her child? (See BOLEYN.) 9234. Who had been chosen regent during the minority of the young king? The 9269. Who was his third wife, and what was her child? Jane Seymour ; her son _ uncle of the young Icing, the Duke of Somerset. was Edward VI. 9235. But who was the most influential man during this administration? 9270. Enumerate the other wives of Henry VIII. Anna of Cloves, Catharine 9236. *Who was this Thomas Cranmer? IIoward, and Catharine Parr. 9237. * What had originally recommended him to the king? 9271. I] When did Henry VIII. die, and who succeeded him? ‘ 9238. *Whither‘ had he been sent in 1530? 9272. Who had been appointed guardian during Edward’s minority? (Quest. 9239. *What had been the result of this mission? , 9234.) 9240. * To what high dignity was he raised shortly after his return? 9273. What was the character of the Protector Somerset? He was a mild, well- 9241. *What was his character as Archbishop of Canterbury? inlenlioned man, especially favorable to the poorer classes. 9242. *What translation was made through his influence and under his super- 9274. What was the reason that, notwithstanding his mild government, he was vision? far from popular among the people? He was an earnest favorer of Pro— 9243. *What sentence was pronounced by him afew weeks after his appointment? testantism, and in the rural districts the people were still attached to the religion 9244. * What other sentence of divorce was promoted by Cranmer in 1536? of their fathers. 9245. *What were the consequences of this and other compliances with the royal 9275. What influence had the suppression of the monasteries on the rural dis— will? tricts? The estates of the Church, which hadformerly been devoted to tillage, 9246. *What mark of confidence did Cranmer receive ? were turned into pastures by their new owners. This change made many tenants 9247. *What use was made by him of his position during the regency? homeless. 9248. *In whose favor was the succession altered, when the boy-king felt that 9276. In what did this discontent finally culminate? An insurrection broke out his end was drawing near? 1' Refers to Appendix. * Refers to Alphabetical List. in the Western and Eastern counties. fl Refers to Genealogical Tables. 9278. 9279. 9280. 9281. 9282. 9283. 9284. 9285. 9286. 9287. 9288. 9289. 9290. 9291. 9292. 9293. 9294. 9295. 9296. 9297. . Was this insurrection easily suppressed? MODERN 1V0. The royal troops were at first dcfeated, and compelled to retreat. At length they were dispersed, and some of the ringleadcrs executed. What use was made of these disturbances by Somerset’s enemies? They accused him of complicity with the rebels in order to extend the royal authority. When was the protector deprived of his power, and who succeeded him? Oct., 1549. Six Lords were chosen to be the king’s governors, and the chief administration was committed to the Duke of Northamberland. Were his enemies satisfied with his degradation? No. January, 1552, he was led to Towerhill and there executed. What party had greatly contributed to the fall of Somerset? party, which was still very powerful. With what. hopes had they assisted Northumberland? That he should restore the ascendency of the Catholics. Did Northumbcrland remain faithful to the party which had helped him to power? Finding the king passiona/ely devoted to the Protestant doc- trines, he deserted the party which had helped him to power. What were the consequences of this? IIe became the object of the deepest hatred of the Catholic party. \ What was Northumberland’s only protection against his enemies? good will and confidence of the young king. What step was taken by him when it. became evident that the king’s health was gradually declining? He endeavored to change the. succession to the throne. What was the reason that he wanted to prevent the accession of Mary to the throne? Mary was a Catholic; with her accession the Catholic party (his bitter enemies) should become the ruling power. Of what statute did he think to avail himself to exclude Mary from the throne? 0f the “ Statute of Illegitimacy,” which had bastardized the princesses Mary and Elizabeth. What other reason did he give in order to induce the king to exclude his sister from the throne? Mary’s Catholicism, which was the strongest reason for the Protestant boy-king. Who was declared Edward’s successor? Lady Jane Grey. H What was her right to the crown? (GENEAL., 111.) *To whom had Lady Jane been married? (Quest. 9251.) What hopes were secretly entertained by Northumberland? That the suc- cession of his son’s wife would make him the virtual ruler of England. N When did Edward VI. die? What was his age at the time of his death? 0n the 22d of The Catholic The Sixteen years. IIary.—- Art. Gum and CALAIS. Who was crowned on the fourth day after Edward’s death? Lady Jane Grey. How was this proceeding looked upon by the vast majority of the English nation? The cause ofillary was strong in the popular notion of her right. 1‘ Refers to Appendix. HISTORY. 9298. 9299. 9300. 9301. 9302. 9303. 9304. 9305. 9306. 9307. 9308. 9309. 9310. 9311. 9312. 9313. 9314. 9315. 9316. * Refers to Alphabetical List. *What step was taken by Lady Jane when she found the nation rallying around Mary? She resigned the crown. *Did this save her life? Who had been executed before her? IIerfizther-in—law, Northumbcrland. What change was made by Mary in the religion of the country? The Catholic religion was restored as the religion of the state. How was this received by the English people? By some with indifierencc, but by the majority rather with joy. What proof have we of this? The Parliament immediately proceeded to revoke all the statutes of the late reign concerning religion. But what determination of Mary filled the whole nation with consternation? Iler marriage with Philip of Spain, son and heir of the Emperor Charles V. What was the cause of the antipathy of the English to the Spanish match? They knew well that neither treaties nor promises would bind Philip, if he had the power, from trampling on the constitution, and establishing the tribunal of the Inquisition. Into what had this discontent ripened by the spring of the following year (Feb.. 1554) ? Into open rebellion. The men of Kent, under the command of Sir Thomas Wyatt, entered London. What was Mary’s conduct on this trying occasion? courage of her race, and resolved toface the danger. What was the result of Mary’s firm behavior? The citizens rallied around her. When the insurgents found that the citizens were resolved to oppose them, they gradually dispersed. - But what estranged Mary gradually from the English people? Her con- stant endeavors to settle the crown of England on her husband Philip, to the exclusion of the next heir, which would have rendered England a province of the Spanish monarchy. What was the condition of England about 1554? A general sentiment of mistrust pervaded England, and many of the gentry sold their estates and went over to France. Who arrived at that time in England ? Philip of Spain. Under what conditions did Parliament sanction the marriage? That in the event of the Queen‘s death without issue, Philip should have no right or title to the crown. What began soon after the Queen’s marriage? The commencement of the year 1555 was marked by the lighting of the fires of religious persecution. Hooper, Rogers, Ridley, and Latimer were among the first who were brought to the stake. How many persons are said to have perished in the flames in the short space of four years? At least 290. In what war was England involved bythe Queen’s Spanish husband? the French war. Was Philip successful ? Aided by his English auxiliaries, he defeated the 0071‘ stable of France and took St. Quentin. She exhibited all the In H Refers to Genealogical Tables. 9317. 9318. 9319. 9320. 9321. 9322. 9323. 9324. 9325. 9326. 9327. 9328. 9329. 9330. 9331. 9332. 9333. 9334. 9335. 9336. 9337. 9338. 9339. 9340. 9341. 9342. 9343. 9344. 9345. 9346. 9347. 9348. 9349. 9350. 9351; 9352. MODERN But what loss was sustained by the English ? Calais was lost. *Give the precise position of Calais. *When and by whom had Calais been conquered? * What had been done by the conqueror in order to make Calais thoroughly English ? * Of what chief English commodities was Calais the staple? * How was this occupation of Calais looked upon by France? *When and by whom was it retaken? *Was this, in reality, such a great loss for England? But how was the tiding of it received in England? that time, regarded it as a public disgrace. Who felt it most acutely? Queen Mary. What was one of the noblest traits of Mary’s character? the national honor. What words did she utter in her dying hour? urillfind Calais engraved on my heart. When did Mary die? She died of an epidemicfever on. the 17th of Nov., 1558. FRENCH HISTORY DURING THIS PERIOD. RETROSPECT. —GENEAL., VI. and VII.,p.199, I] Who was king of France at the beginning of this period? || When had he come to the throne, and whose successor was he? TWho was the great adversary of Francis, and what were the causes of their hostility ? 1-When broke out the first war between the two rivals? 1-What. was the cause of this war? fState its duration, object, and result. f What great battles were gained during this war by the Spaniards? 1* And what misfortune befell Francis at Pavia? Tthat peace made an end to this war? 1' On what conditions was the peace concluded? T Were the conditions of this peace executed by Francis? 1- What were the consequences of this? fWhen broke out this second war, and how long did it last? i Where was the chief theatre of war? 1- State the object and result of this war. 1‘ Who were allied With Francis in this war ? TWhat was the great event. of this war? +Who died during the sack of Rome? Who was this Constable of Bourbon? ‘1~ What peace made an end to this war? 1-What were the conditions of this peace ? 1- What was the conduct of Francis on this occasion? 1- And what. that of Emperor Charles? The English nation, at H er concern for If you open my breast, you 1' Refers to Appendix. HISTORY. * Refers to Alphabetical List. 189 9353. i What wars were virtually terminated by this peace? 9354. 1' How long had they lasted? 9355. TGive the names of all the French monarchs who were contemporary with these Franco—Italian wars. 9356. tWhat had been repeatedly displayed in this war? 9357. TWho were the masters of Italy at the end of these wars? 9358. T What portions of,Italy belonged to the Emperor? See Map 78. THE TWO LAST WARS BETWEEN FRANCIS I. AND CHARLES V. The Third War. ——p. 199. 1-What was the cause of the third war between Francis and the Emperor? fGive its beginning, end, and duration. 1- What was the double object of this war? Jr But what were the results? J{What odious alliance had been entered into by Francis? TWhat truce made an end to this war? rlnto what was this truce soon afterward converted? TWhat promise was given by the Emperor to Francis ? 9359. 9360. 9361. 9362. 9363. 9364. 9365. 9366. The Fourth War. ——p. 199. TDid Charles keep his promise? 'l-Who was invested by him with the duchy of Milan? 1- What was the consequence of this? TGive the beginning, end, and duration of this war. 1- Who was again the ally of Francis in this war? TAnd who assisted the Emperor? i- What was the object of this war? j- Were they able to divide France between them? TWhere was the theatre of war? 1- What peace made an end to the wars between Charles V. and Francis 1.? TWhat were the conditions of this peace? 1- What wars were ended by this peace ? TState the beginning, end, and duration of these wars. 9361 9368. 9369. 9370. 937L .372. 9373. 9374. 9375. 9376. 9377. 937. 9379. His own son Philip. INTERNAL SITUATION OF SPAIN AND FRANCE DURING THE RIVALRY 01“ FRANCIS I. AND CHARLES V. Spain. 9380. What was the character of the internal government of Charles V. in Spain? Rog/ally was speedily verging to wards that absolute power which it had attained in France. 9381. When did he cease to convoke the Cortes? In 1538. 9382. What was the cause of this? They had refused agencral tax on the retail sale ofprovisions. 9383. What was done by Charles when he became more and more apprehensive fl Refers to Genealogical Tables. 190 9384. 9385. 9386. 9387. 9388. 9389. 9390. 9391. 9392. 9393. 9394. 9395. 9396. 9397. 9398. 9399. 9400. MODERN for the political consequences of religious innovations? IIe increased the power of the Spanish Inquisition. What right was given to this tribunal? jurisdiction. Who was in reality the ruler of Spain in 1539? The Inquisitor-general Tobera, who governed Spain during the absence of the Emperor, in the name of the Infante (afterwards Philip 11.). The right of exercising the royal France. What is the general character of the reign of Francis 1.? The reign of Francis 1. was the most brilliant era in the history of the royal power in France before the ministry of Cardinal Richelieu. By what means had he, in the beginning of his reign, concentrated the ecclesiastical power in his own hands? By means of the Concordat of1515. What were his relations with the parliaments of France? They were grad- ually deprived of allpolitical importance. Enumerate the parliaments of France. The original Parliament (that of Paris) had been weakened under Charles VII. and Louis XI. by the forma- tion of the parliaments of Grenoble (1451), Bordeaux (1462), and Dijon (1477) ; under Louis JUL, by the parliaments ofh’oucn (1499), and Air (1501). What had been the natural consequence of this multiplication of parlia- merits? Their political power and influence on the general afiairs of the hing— dom had disappeared. When did the Parliament of Paris endeavor to recover some importance? During Francis’s captivity, in 1525. But. what happened after the king had returned from captivity ? 11!: for- bade them to interfere with political aflairs, and again deprived them of their influence. What. was now the boast of Francis? from henceforth beyond control. But what augured new troubles? The increasing agitation of men’s minds, directed against the Church and the Clergy. What was first. attacked by the Reforniers ? The manners of the Clergy. What book renionstrated fiercely against the manners of the Clergy? Colloquia of Erasmus, of which there were 24,000 copies sold. *Wlio was this Erasmus? (See ERASMUS.) By whom and how were the Psalms translated at that time? The Psalms, translated by Marat, were adapted to the airs of romance, and sung by the ladies and gentlemen at Court. Who was this Clement Marot? A French poet. the author of many lyric poems, which were greatly admired for their grace and vivacity. His style (style Ma- rotique) has been imitated by La Fontaine and other French writers. How did Francis look, at first, upon these religious innovations? apprehension. Clergy. That he hadplaced the French kings The Without [[8 had protected the first Protestants of France against the 1‘ Refers to Appendix. HISTORY. 9401. 9402. 9403. 9404. 9405. 9406. 9407. 9408. 9409. 9410. 9411. 9412. 9413. 9414. 9415. 9416. 9417. *Refers to Alphabetical List. What was favored by him ? of Calvinism, (1535.) But. what changed his policy towards them ? The fermentation caused by the new doctrines being manifested by outrages towards the images of the Saints and by placards afiired to the Louvre, several Protestants were burned in presence of the whole Court, (1534.) What ordinance was given by him, in 1535, in order to put a stop to the spread of the new opinions? He ordered the suppression of the printing- ofiices, underpain of death. But into what was it changed, in the same year, upon the remonstrance of the Parliament of Paris? He established the censorship of the press. What frightful event. marked the end of the reign of Francis 1.? extermination of the llr'aldenses. Who were these Waldenses ? Inhabitants of some of the inaccessible valleys of Provence and Dauphine’ who had retained the doctrines of Arius and were about to adopt those of Calvin. (See Quest. 6284—5.) What was ordered, in 1540, by the Parliament of Aix? That their twoprin- cipol rillages should be burned. When and how was this barbarous decree executed? In 1545 the inhab— itants of two valleys were exterminated, and the whole country converted into a desert. Of what may this terrible catastrophe be considered as one of the first causes? Of the civil wars in France. The revolution of Geneva, which became the focus The HENRY II. —— GENEAL, VII. [[ When did Francis 1. die, and by whom was he succeeded? By what favorites was the young king governed ? The Duke of Guise, the Cardinal of Lorraine (his brother), Montmorency, Diana the Poitiers, and the Queen Catharine de Medici. What war was renewed by him? The war with Charles V., in 1551. What reasons did he give for recommencing the war? Henry II. declared himself the defender of German independence, and protector of the captive princes. (See Quest. 9151.) What was the ostensible reason, and how do you prove its utter inconsis- tency ? IIe professed to draw his swordfor the protection of the Protestants: but condemning at home that which he encouraged among foreigners, he caused the edict of Clutteaubriand to be published, which aggravated all the punishments ofheretics. authorized secret persecutions, and established an inguisitor of thefai/h. What cities were betrayed into the hands of the French? Henry hadgranted his support to the German Protestants on condition that he should occupy the town of Cambray, and the three bishOprics of ilIetz, Tout, and Verdun, to guard them as Vicar of the Empire. The soon seized them. When and where was peace concluded? In 1558, at Cateau Cambrésis. On what terms? Henry II. gave up his conquests, with the exception of‘Metz, Toul, Verdun, and Pignerol in Piedmont. )1 Refers to Genealogical Tables. 9418. 9419. 9420. 9421. 9422. 9423. 9424. 9425. 9426. 9427. 9428. 9429. 9430. 9431. 9432. 9433. 9434. 9435. 9436.' 943 7. 9438. MODERN HISTORY. What town was also retained by the French? Calais. From whom had it been recaptured? (See CALAIs.) How did Henry II. come to his end ? Wounded in the eye, at ajoust, he died of the wound, after a reign of twelve years, in 1559. FRANCIS II. ”Who was the successor of Henry 11.? How old was Francis II. when he ascended the throne? Sixteen years. Whom did he marry ? ilIary Stuart, the young Queen of the Scots. What was his character ? He was nothing but a weak, vacillating boy. To what parties was the regency an object of ambition? To the Lorraine party (Guise, the Cardinal of Lorraine, and the Queen-mother) ; and the Bour- bons (Antony of Navarre, Louis of Conde’, and Montmorency). On what grounds did each of these parties claim the office ? The Lorraines claimed it as uncles of the young queen, the Bourbons as princes of the blood royal. Which of them was successful? The Lorraine party. THE NORTH DURING THIS PERIOD. RETROSPECT. Give the names of the three Scandinavian kingdoms. and Norway. When and by whom had they been united? Margaret. ( Union of Calmar.) Was the power and tranquillity of Scandinavia promoted by this confed- eracy? No; it proved the source of much discontent and jealousy, and of several bloody wars. When was this Union of Calmar dissolved? In 1448, when the Danes elected for their king Count Christian of Oldenburg. (See GENEAL., XIV.) But who united, soon afterwards, for a second time the three realms? John of Oldenburg. What union was renewed during this reign? The Swedes, in 1483, acknowl- edged the supremacy of Denmark by renewing the Union of Calmar. With what result? In spite of all his efi'orts and the domestic dissensions pre- vailing in Sweden, John could never firmly establish himself in that country. QWhen did King John die, and who succeeded him? (GENEAL, XIV.) Vhat was the character of the young king? He was the enemy of the nobles and the clergy, and opposed the oppressions which they exercised in Denmark, and especially over the peasants, who, in Jutland and the Danish islands, were at that time nothing but serfs. What was the great object of Christian II. ? The reduction of Sweden. What favorable opportunity presented itself at length to him? The Arch- bishop of Upsala having been deposed by a Swedish diet, proceeded to Rome to complain of this. The .Pope laid all Sweden under an interdict. Denmark, Sweden, In 1397, by the Danish queen 1' Refers to Appendix. a a . . - .7 - ‘ * ..n" 9439. 9440. 9441. 9442. 9443. 9444. 9445. 9446. 9447. 9448. 9449. 9450. 945L 9452. 9453. 9454. 9455. 9456. 9457. 9458. 9459. 9460. 9461. 9462. 9463. * Refers to Alphabetical List. 191 What pretence did this afford to Christian 11. ? For get/ing up a sort of cru— sade against Sweden, and levying money both on clergy and laity. When was Sweden invaded by the army of Christian ? In 1520. With What result? The Swedes were defeated in two battles, after which a treaty was concluded to the efiect that Christian should reign in Sweden, agreeably to the Union of Calmar, but on condition of granting an entire amnesty. Was this treaty kept by Christian ? He had no sooner received the crown than he took the most inhuman vengeance on his conjiding subjects. What name did he procure for himself by this behavior? North. What were the consequences of his mad behavior? tions in all his dominions. The JVero of the It occasioned insurrec- THE HOUSE OF ‘VASA IN SWEDEN.—-See WASA. *Who roused the peasants against the Despot? *Who was this Gustavus Wasa? *What town was taken by him in 1521? *What title did he now receive from the States of Sweden? *When was he proclaimed king ? *But how many years elapsed before he received the crown? * What was established by him in the year after his coronation? * When was the kingdom of Sweden declared hereditary in his family ? *What was the character of his reign ? * What services had he rendered to his country? * When did he die? * In what condition did he leave the country to his successor? THE FALL 0F CHRISTIAN II. What happened in Denmark at the same time that Sweden revolted from Christian II. Christian had chosen precisely this critical moment to attempt a revolution which was sufficient to shake the strongest throne. What armed against him the two most powerful orders in the kingdom, the clergy and the nobility ? He suppressed the temporaljurisdiction of the bishops, took from the lords the right to sell their peasants, andpermitted the ill—treated peasant to quit the domain of his lord. || Who was called to the Danish crown? Did Christian 11. defend his throne ? IIe fled to the Netherlands. When did he make an attempt to reconquer his throne? In 1531, when he landed in Norway, where he was proclaimed king. With what result ? The Danes and Swedes combined against him, and Christian, whose men were daily deserting, because he had no means to pay them, was com- pelled to shut himself up in the Castle of Opslo. _ What treaty did he make with the Danish commander? Christian should be carried into Denmark, to treat in person with his uncle Frederick, and that he should be at liberty to quit the kingdom if no agreement should be concluded. [I Refers to Genealogical Tables. MODERN HISTORY. . Was this treaty kept? The Danish nobles compelled Frederick to condemn him to perpetual imprisonment. . What was the fate of the unhappy Christian ? _He was immured in the Castle of Sonderburg ; all the windows of his vaulted chamber were walled up, except one through which his food was conveyed. THE FINAL SETTLERIEN'I‘ OF THE NORTII.-——GENEAL., XIV. . I] How long did Frederick I. survive the capture of his nephew? one year. . Was he at once succeeded by his eldest son? No. The elec/ion ofa hing was deferredfor a year by the ruling council, or oligarchg, who during the inter- regnum exercised supreme power. . Who seized this opportunity to endeavor to place a protégé of their own on the throne of Denmark? Two enterprising democrats (Merger and Wullen- weber), who ruled at that time the city of Lilbeeh. . For What purpose? They entertained vast plans for reviving the waning power of the Hansa. . What was their plan? They wanted to restore the immured Christian, who was known to be now feeble-minded. They expected to rate Denmark in his name. . Were they successful? Atfirst they were. All the peasants rose and demanded the liberation of their old idol, Christian II. . Who was now chosen king of Denmark? Alarmed at these proceedings, the oligarchg now chose the Duke of Ifolstein (eldest son of Frederick) for their king, with the title of Christian III. (July, 1534). . What was the character of his reign? He put the finishing hand to the Re- formation. In 1536 Christian 111. caused all the Danish bishops to be arrested on the same day, and then proceeded to confiscate ecclesiasticalproperty. H How long lasted his reign, and who succeeded him ? I Who died in the same year? Christian H. [How long did Gustavus Wasa survive his former adversary ? . What was the condition of the North at the end of this period (in 1560)? The religious and political revolution of Denmark was everywhere confirmed. . What decided the Emperor (the brotlier—invlaw of the unhappy Christian 11.) to acknowledge the Scandinavian revolution? The threatened alliance of Christian IV. with the Protestants of Germany and Francis 1. . What did he obtain in return for his subjects of the Netherlands? liberty to navigate the Baltic sea. . Who were greatly affected by this concession? This privilege was the last blow aimed at the Hanseatic League, and one from which it did not recover. THE LITERATURE OF THIS PERIOD. Art. RABELAIS, MONTAIGNE, CAMOENS, Mons. . * What celebrated French authors lived during this period? . *Who was Francois Rabelais? . *Who was his patron, and what did he obtain through his influence? Hardly The 1’ Refers to Appendix. 9484. 9485. 9486. 9487. 9488. 9489. 9490. 9491. 9492. 9493. 9494. 9495. 9496. 9497. 9498. 9499. 9500. 9501 . What was Surrey’s chief work? * What is his principal work? *What is the character of this work? * What celebrated French essayist was his younger contemporary? *Who was this Michel Montaigne? *What do you know of his life? * What is the character of Montaigne’s Essays? * What are the subjects of these Essays? * What great English poet was acquainted with these Essays? *By whom was recently published an interesting biography of Montaigne? *What celebrated Portuguese poet was a contemporary of Rabelais and Montaigne? * Give a short account of the life of Camoens. * What is the title, and what are the contents of his great poem? *Who translated the Lusiad into English? *Who is the most celebrated English author of this period? * Enumerate the chief works of Sir Thomas More. What English poet lived during this period? Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, who was beheaded on a charge of treason in 1546. In what consists Surrey’s true merit? He restored to English poetry a cor- rectness, polish, and general spirit of refinement, such as it had not known since Chaucer’s time. A translation into English blank verse of the Second and Fourth books of Virgil’s flt‘neid. Chronological and Genealogical Review of the First Period 9502. 9503. 9504. 9505. 9506 9507. 9508. 9509. 9510. 9511. 9512. 9513. 9514. 9515. 9516. 9517. 9518. * Refers to Alphabetical List. of the Third Division of Modern History.——— Art. LOYOLA. State the general character of this division of Modern History. What countries were convulsed by religious troubles during the first period of this division ? Who was Emperor during this period? And who were the contemporary sovereigns of England and France? Enumerate all the Englishmen mentioned in this period. Enumerate all the Frenchmen mentioned in this period. What German is mentioned in this period ? What. Portuguese? And what Spaniard ? * Who was this Ignatius Loyola? * What do you know of his early life? *What was the character of the original plan of the Order of Jesuits? * By whom was this plan afterwards improved? * What was the character of this improved order? *What were the consequences of the activity of the Jesuits? *What date is assigned to Loyola on your table? * Enumerate all the dates of this period. It Refers to Genealogical Tables. MODERN HISTORY. 193 Second Period. —— The Struggle between the (Weeds in France 9543. Who were the first to rally around the new doctrine? The remainder of and Holland. the Waldenses, and all the restless and ingenious population of the South of France. CALVlNISM. 9544. Whither did it spread from Geneva and Navarre? To the great commercial centre of La Rochelle, and from thence to the then literary cities of the interior, Poitiers and Orleans. 9545. With what did it associate itself in the Netherlands ? With the associations of the Rederylcers, who overran the country preaching against abuses. 9546. Whither did it go from the Netherlands ? It passed over into England, and seated itself on the throne of England with Edward VI. 9547. What friend and pupil of Calvin introduced it into barbarous Scotland? Knox. 9548. Where was its victorious march only stopped? At the entrance of the moun- tains, where the Highlanders preserved the faith of their ancestors with their hatred of the Saxon heretics. 9549. Give the number of Reformed churches in France in 1550. Only one. 9550. But what was their number in 1561 ? More than two thousand. . 9551. When and by what edict was the existence of Calvinism formally recog- TIIE FOUNDER 0F CALVINISDI.— GEN., XII, and art. CALVIN. 9519. | Who was the only legitimate son of the Emperor Charles V. ? 9520. l Did he, like his father, unite the Empire with the crown of Spain? 9521. Enumerate all the countries which owed allegiance to Philip in 1559. Spain, the Netherlands, Franche Comte’, Milan, Naples, Sicily, Sardinia, and the Balearic Islands. He was also the possessor of the mines of America. 9522. Who was in that year king of France? Henry II. 9523. What were the relation between the kings of France and Spain in 1559? The Peace of Cateau Cambre’sis had made an end to the war, and IIenry II. and Philip II. had become fast friends. 9524.,.~What was this reconciliation of the kings of France and Spain in reality ? It was nothing but a league against the Reformation, which daily took a more alarming character. 9525. 9526. 9527. 9528. 9529. 9530. 9531. 9532. 9533. 9534. 9535. 9536. 9537. 9538. 9539. 9540. 9541. 9542. What was the character of this second Reformation? The first Reformation (the Lutheran) had been the work of princes, to whom it subjected the Church; the second Reformation was thoroughly democratic. Who was the soul and spirit of this second Reformation? *Who was this John Calvin? - * What do you know of his early life? * In whom did he find a protector? Who was this Margaret queen of Navarre? The sister of Francis I. king of France, and grandmother of Henry IV. of France. She was the most accom- plished princess of her age; very gay in her youth, and very pious in her old age. * When and where did he publish his great theological work ? *What is its title? \ *Where did he find occasion to make a practical application of his ideas about Church government? * Was his experiment successful from the beginning? * But when did he get his system of Church government firmly established? * What was the character of his Church government? * In what act was the terrible rigor of his ecclesiastical rule most strikingly shown ? * What are the great distinguishing features of Calvinism? * What became Geneva through Calvin? Give the precise position of Geneva. THE SPREAD 0F CALVINISM. What country had been conquered by the first or Lutheran Reformation ? Germany. And what countries were‘subdued by the second or Calvinistic Reforma- tion? The Netherlands, England, and Scotland. 1 Refers to Appendix. 25 9552. 9553. . Who was the first king of this family, and how long did he reign? | 9554 9555. 9556 9557 . To whom was this king married? . How long did she survive her husband? nized? By the famous Eorcr or JANUARY, or Emcr or TOLERA'I‘ION. This law, which formed the basis of the privileges which Calvinism has subsequently enjoyed in France, was the work of the Chancellor L’IIopital. THE THREE SONS 0F CATHERINE DE MEDlCl. FRANCIS II. —GENEAL., VII. H What family occupied the French throne during the greater part of the 16th century (1515—1589)? | Who was the ancestor of this family? When and by whom was he succeeded? To the sagacious, crafty, and courageous Catherine de llIedici, the daughter of Lorenzo de Medici, Duke of Urbino. She died in 1589. 9558. What was her position during the reign of her eldest son, Francis II. ? She 9559. Who were, during this reign, the real rulers of France? 9560. What was the character of their administration? was treated with studied indignity. The great Guise and his brother the Cardinal of Lorraine. They ruled France despot- ically. The demand for a meeting of the States— General was scornfulty rejected. 9561. To What led the refusal of the Guises to assemble the States—General? To 9562. What was its object? * Refers to Alphabetical List. the conspiracy of Amboise. (Amboise is on the Loire, between Orleans and Tours.) To seize the king and the Guises at Blois, to bring the latter to trial, to summon the States, and to confer the regency on Antony of Navarre. ll Refers to Genealogical Tables. 194 9563. 9564. 9565. 9566. 9567. 9568. 9569. 9570. 9571. 9572. 9573. 957$ 9575. 9576. 9577. 9578. 9579. 9580. 9581. 9582. 9583. 9584. 9585. 9586. MODERN HISTORY. Was it successful? The plot was betrayed by one of the conspirators, and frustrated by removing the Court from Blois to the Castle of Amboise. What were its consequences? Guise was proclaimed the king’s Lieutenant- General, an office which conferred upon him an almost dictatorial power. What was done with the conspirators? Guise caused a great many of those who had been connected with the conspiracy to be executed. CHARLES IX. —Art. Vassr, and Sr. BARTHOLOMEW. What made, however, an end to the absolute power of Guise? The death of Francis II., who had always been ofa feeble and sickly constitution. 1| When did Francis II. die, and who was his successor? How old was the new king? Hardly ten years of age. He was of a nervous and bilious temperament, but with considerable ardor and imagination. Who became regent during the minority of Charles IX. ? The queen-mother, Catherine de Medici. What was the character of her regency? At first she tried to keep the balance between the two parties—the Catholics, led by the Guises, and the Protestants, headed by the Bourbons. Was she able to keep the balance between the two parties? 1%. seized again, as chief of the party, the power which he had lost. * What happened in 1562 at Vassy? * What was done by Guise after this dreadful slaughter? *What reply was given to him by the magistrate of Vassy? * Was Guise satisfied with this explanation? What edict was alluded to? (See Quest. 9551.) * Of what was this massacre the prelude ? When did the first civil war break out? 1562. Whose death made an end to it? The assassination of Guise in 1563, which was followed by the Edict of Amboise, by which the Calvinistic worship was allowed everywhere in the country, and also in all the suburbs of the large towns, with the exemption of Paris and its neighborhood. But when did the second civil war break out? In 1566. It was ended in 1568, by the Edict of Longjumeau, the terms of which were very favorable to the Calvinists, but they were constantly violated. And when the third? In 1568. The Huguenots (as the Calvinists generally were called) were defeated in two battles : Jar-nae (1568), and Moncontour (1569). What treaty seemed to make an end to the civil wars? The treaty of St. Germain in 1570. What were the conditions of this treaty? The Calvinistic worship was to be free in two cities of a province. The H uguenots received, as places of security, La Rochelle, Montauban, Cognac, and La Charite’. What marriage should seal the peace ? The marriage of Henry of Navarre with Margaret of Valois. * Who was at that time the most influential leader among the Calvinists? *What were, in 1572, his relations with the boy—king? Guise TRefers to Appendix. 9587. 9588. 9589. 9590. 959L 9592. 9593. 9594. 9595. 9596. 9597. 9598. 9599. 9600. 9601. 9602. 9603. 9604. 9605. . What was the ostensible, and what the real object of the league? *Refers to Alphabetical List. . By Whom was it headed, and what was his motive? . What prevented him from carrying out his plan? . Who shared his fate? . What line of policy was now pursued by Henry 111.? *What use had Coligny made of this influence? * What plan was formed by Catherine de Medici when she became aware of this plan? * What opportunity was seized upon? *How was this marriage looked upon by the Calvinists? * What happened two days before the marriage? * What were the natural consequences of this outrage? * What use was made by the king’s relatives of these threats of vengeance? *What horrible order was hereupon given by the king? * What house was first attacked ? * How many persons were butchered in Paris? * Was this massacre confined to Paris? * Give the precise date of this horrible butchery ? What circumstance was as horrible as the murder itself? The joy which it excited. They struck medals of it at Rome, and Philip II. congratulated the Court of France. How long did Charles IX. survive that bloody night? Eighteen months. HENRY III. — GENEAL, VII. | Who was the successor of Charles IX. ? t‘ what country had he been previously king? 0f Poland. What was his character? His character presented aystrange mixture of the most efi‘eminate luxury and the most abject superstition. By whom was he influenced, and what policy did he pursue? He was en— tirely under the control of his mother, and by her advice he endeavored to rule the great by all the allurements of vice. To what circumstances may the formation of the Catholic league be attrib~ uted? To the shameful conduct of the king, which rendered him an object of contempt even in the eyes of his own friends, and made even his most zealous friends forget his exploits in St. Bartholomew. The ostensible aim was the maintenance of Catholicism, the safety of the king, and the destruction of Protestants. Its real aim was to depose the unworthy Henry IIL, and to shut him up in a monastery. By Henry of Guise, surnamed the Balafre’ (on account of having a scar on his forehead), son of the great Francis of Guise. He intended to claim the crown as the descendant of Charlemagne. He was assassinated at Blots by order of the king, (Dec. 28, 1588.) His brother, the Cardinal of Guise, who perished by assassination in the tower ofMoulins, (Dec. 24, 1588.) In order to defend himself against the enraged Catholics, he joined the Protestants and Henry of ' Navarre. 1| Refers to Genealogical Tables. 9611. 9612. MODERN What was his fate ? IIe was assassinated by a Catholic fanatic, Jacques Clement. Whom did he recommend as his successor? His former enemy and present ally, King Henry of Navarre. THE BOURBONS IN FRANCE. HENRY IV. —Arts. Bousnons IN FRANCE, and Emcr or NANTES. . * What race ascended now the French throne? . * Who was the ancestor of this race, and when did he live? . *How many years elapsed before his descendants ascended the French throne ? . *How many years did they rule over France ? . * Who was the first king of this race? . How long did the struggle continue between him and the league? . What change took place in his religious profession? Until ,1595. He abjured Protes- tantism, 1593. . *What edict terminated the struggle between the creeds in France? . *What was granted by this edict to the Protestants? .. *What was established in each parliament? . *What was their principal place of safety? . *But what were they compelled to do ? . * What wars were terminated by this edict? . *How long had they lasted? . * When and by whom was this edict revoked? . * What was the character of this revocation? . *Were the Protestants allowed to emigrate? . *Could this emigration be prevented? . * What had been the consequences of the Edict of Nantes? . * And what were the consequences of the revocation of this edict? . ”Enumerate the sovereigns who ruled over France during the sixteenth century. . Give the names of the Emperors who were contemporary with each reign. . Give the names of the English sovereigns who were contemporary with each reign. . And also the names of the Spanish sovereigns. . Give the extent of the French kingdom at the accession of the house of Bourbon. (Map 75.) THE RISE OF THE DUTCH REPUBLIC. THE BEGINNING OF THE TROUBLES.——See ICONOCLASTS, 1566. . Who occupied, during the whole of this period, the Spanish throne? (p. 23.) . What countries were subject to his sway? . Who was his representative in the Netherlands ? (Quest. 9520.) His sister Margaret. She 1' Refers to Appendix. HISTORY. 9642 9643 9644. 9645. 9646. 9647. 195 was a natural daughter of Charles V. and wife of Ottavio Farnese, Duke of Parma. . What neutralized her popular measures? The constant interference of Philip, especially his intended revolution in the Flemish hierarchy, (the erection of several new hishoprics.) The whole scheme was regarded only as aprelude to the intro- duction of the Spanish Inquisition. ' . On whom was the archbishopric of Malines conferred? 0n the detested prime minister Granvella, who was to be primate of the Aretherlamls. . What systematic opposition was gradually formed against Granvella? In March, 1563, the nobles formed themselves into a league, in which they were sup- ported by thepeople. * What movement was, at that time, rapidly spreading in the Netherlands? *When and where did the Iconoclasts begin their work of destruction? *How many churches were, in less than a fortnight, sacked in Flanders alone ? *Of what did this prove to be the prelude? THE ADMINISTRATION OF ALBA.—Art. ALBA, and WILLIAM THE SILENT. 9648. 9649. 9650. 9651. 9652. 9653. 9654. 9655. 9656. 9657. 9658. 9659. 9660. 9661. 9662. 9663. 9664. 9665. 9666. 9667. 9668. * Refers to Alphabetical List. What were the consequences of this Iconoclasm? bounds. He swore to avenge the insulted religion. Who was then appointed sole governor of the Netherlands? *Who was this Duke of Alba? * Describe his career during the reign of Charles V. * When and for what purpose was he sent to the Netherlands? * How did he execute his task ? * Was he able to repress the revolt ? Who was the great adversary of Alba? *Who was this William the Silent, Prince of Orange? *Enumerate his possessions. , ,. *What was his position when he placed himself at the head of the in- _- surgents ? ‘ i *What was his only object in espousing the cause of the oppressed people? *How did he gradually obtain the confidence of the fickle multitude ? *Describe William’s character. THE ADMINISTRATION OF REQUESENS. —- Art. GHENT, and LEYDEN. *When and by whom was Alba superseded as governor of the Netherlands? * Was this new governor able to make an end to the insurrection ? * What famous siege was undertaken by the Spaniards during this admin- istration ? *Give the precise position of Leyden. *Who was the heroic defender of Leyden? ‘ *What answer was given by him when he was implored to surrender the town ? *What measures were finally taken by the Prince of Orange in order to relieve the town? Philip’s rage knew no 1| Refers to Genealogical Tables. MODERN . * With what results? . * How long had the siege lasted? ' . . * What was established at Leyden as a memorial of the Siege? THE PACIFICATION OI“ GHENT.—See Gnsnr. . *When did Don Louis de Requesens die? . *On whom did now the government of the Netherlands devolve? . *Who was made by them commander-in-chief? . *What was the condition of the army? . *Was Mansfeld able to restrain them? . * What step was taken by the council to repress the violence of the soldiers? . *Were they able to conquer the mutinous soldiers? . *What town was at length attacked by them? . *By what name is this sack of Antwerp known in history ? . *What advantage was taken by William of Orange of the alarm created by this? . *What was effected by this assembly? . *What induced the Southern (Catholic) provinces to join the Northern (Protestant) countries? . * What town was hereupon freed from the Spaniards? . *Into what was now the proposed alliance converted 7 . *What name was given to this treaty, and when was it signed ? . *Enumerate the principal articles of this treaty. TIIE SEPARATION OF THE NORTH AND SOUTH. Art. PARMA, and WILLIAM or ORANGE. . *Who was now sent to the Netherlands to re—establish the power of Spain? . *Who was this Duke of Parma? . *In what battle had be greatly distinguished himself? . *When did he arrive in the Netherlands 7 . *Who found means to frustrate both his power and his military talents? . *What was William of Orange able to accomplish in 1579? . *Describe the constitution of these seven united provinces? . *What happened in 1581 to the father of this famous league? . *What was the reason that the Southern provinces did not follow the ex- ample of the Northern countries? . * What part of the population was entirely gained by Parma? . *Describe the closing years of Parma‘s career? ENGLAND DURING THE REIGN OF ELIZABETH. RETROSPECT. — See Quest. 9266—9329. . H0w many children did Henry VIII. leave at his death, and from which wives? . Who was the successor of Henry VIII., and who was his mother? f Refers to Appendix. * Refers to Alphabetical List. HISTORY. 9701. What was the cause of Protector Somerset waging war against the Scots? 9702. What led to the execution of the Protector Somerset? 9703. By whom was Edward VI. induced to make a will bequeathing the crown to Lady Jane Grey ? 9704. What were the first acts of the reign of Queen Mary? 9705. Relate the death of Cranmer. 9706. What French town was retaken by the French, under the Duke of Guise, after having been possessed by England during two hundred years? ELIZABETH. Internal Regulations. — Art. Bunnies. . |[ Who succeeded Mary, 1558 ? . What were the first acts of Elizabeth? The first measures of this reign were to restore religion to the some state as in the time of Edward VI., and to estab— lish the royal supremacy. . What was the origin of the “Court of High Commission ” ? It seemed mon- strous that a woman should be the chief bishop of a Church in which an apostle had forbidden her even to let her voice be heard. The exercise of the queen’s supremacy was therefore intrusted to a court called the “ Court of High Com- ’mtSSlOfl.” 9710. What was the “ Act of Uniformity” ? An Act bgrwhich the use of any but the established liturgy was prohibited under severe penalties. 9711. *Who was the principal adviser of Elizabeth ? 9712. *What do you know of his career before the accession of Elizabeth ? 9713. *What positions were filled by him during her reign? 9714. To what circumstances do you attribute the prosperous condition of Eng- land during Burleigh’s administration ? To the undisturbedpeace, the result of his wise policy. 9715. By what invention were the operations of manufacturing industry ex— tended? By the invention of the stocking-loom. 9716. How was foreign commerce promoted? By voyages of discovery. 9717. What great commercial company was incorporated ? The East India Company. Mary Stuart. —Arl. STUART. 9718. * Who had assumed, in 1558, the title and arms of Queen of England? 9719. * Who was this Mary Stuart? 9720. *In what country had she received her education? 9721. * When and to whom was she married? 9722. * Whither did she return on her husband’s death? 9723. * When did she re-marry, and who was her second husband? 9724. 7‘“ Was this a happy marriage? 9725. * What was the constant cause of trouble? 9726. * In what did this trouble culminate? 9727. * Did Mary forgive her husband the murder of her friend? I] Refers to Genealogical Tables. MODERN * What happened to Darnley in February, 1567 ? *Who was wedded by Mary in the month of May following? . *What made this third marriage so very scandalous? . *What were the consequences of this marriage? . * What happened to Mary? . * What effort was made by Mary for the recovery of her power? . * But what battle insured the triumph of her enemies? . *What step was taken by Mary to avoid falling again into the power of her enemies ? . On what grounds was she deprived of liberty by Queen Elizabeth? Partly on the grounds of her having been pronounced by the English courts an accom- plice in the murder of Darnley, andpartly because she refused compliance with the demands of Elizabeth, to renounce her pretensions to the English crown. . * How long was she detained in prison? . * What was her political position during the whole of that time ? . *Did Mary countenance the plots of her Catholic friends? . *What were the consequences of this? . * When and where did Mary suffer decapitation? . *What used to be the popular view about Mary? . * What modern historians have made this view no longer tenable ? The Spanish Armada. -— Art. SP. ARMADA. . *Who had continually remonstrated against the captivity of Mary ? . *How did he receive the news of her execution? . * What resolve was now taken by Philip II. ? . *What other reasons had he, besides the execution of Mary? . * When had he completed his preparations? . * How large was this fleet, and what name was given to it? . *By whom should this fleet be joined otf the coast of Holland? . *What was the conduct of Elizabeth in this hour of trial? -. *Under whose command was placed the English fleet? . * Who served under him? . *Who was this Drake? . *By what was the arrival of the Spanish armament delayed ? . * What prevented the junction with the troops of the Duke of Parma? . *When and in what way was the Armada attacked? . *What resolution was hereupon taken by the Spanish admiral? . *What forced them to sail round the north of Scotland? . * What happened to the fleet when near the Orkneys? . What measures were adopted by England immediately after this victory? An English fleet was built of forty-two ships, the germ of the later naval power of England. What country was more closely united to England than before? Ireland. What portion of this country had previously belonged to England? The English pale (the country around Dublin). 1 Refers to Appendix. HISTORY. 197 . What promise was made to the Irish by the Earl of Essex? The free exercise 7 : . Was this promise fulfilled? ' . What was the condition of England at this period? of the Catholic religion. After the fall of Essex, this promise was broken. While all the other nations of Europe were becoming daily more enfeebled and inszgni/icant, Eng— land graduallg raised herself to the ran/c ofafirst—rate power. . What was the position of Elizabeth? The enthusiasm of Europe, roused by such success, assumed aform the mostflattering to women— that ofingenious flattery. ' . How was she addressed by the great poet who adorned her reign? 9772. 9773. 9774. 9775. 9776. 9777. 9778. 9779. 9780. 9781. 9782. 9783. 9784. 9785. 9786. 9787. 9788. 9789. 9790. 9791. 9792. 9793. 9794. 9795. * Refers to Alphabetical List. “ The fair Vestal, seated upon the throne of the West.”—- SHAKSPEARE. . I] When did Elizabeth die, and who succeeded her? . What realms became now united? . Enumerate all the sovereigns who were contemporary with the reign of Elizabeth. INTELLECTUAL CONDITION OF EUROPE DURING THIS PERIOD. CERVANTES. — Art. CERVAN’I‘ES. What three great poets adorned the second half of the sixteenth century? * Who was Cervantes? * Where did he receive his education? *What do you know of his early life? * Where did he finally settle? *How many dramas were published by him in the course of ten years? * Was he successful? *Who was the successful dramatist of Spain at that time? *When appeared the first part. of that extraordinary work which has immortalized his name? * Give its name and character. * How was the work received at first? * What did it finally become? TASSO. —— Art. Tasso. What great Italian poet was the contemporary of Cervantes? * Who was this Torquato Tasso? * When and where did he receive his education? *What sovereign made him his familiar associate ? * How did he requite the Duke’s kindness? * When and under what pretext was he arrested and confined in a convent? * Did he ever return to Ferrara? * On what conditions? * Describe the later part of his career. *When, where, and from whom did he receive the poet’s crown? *When and where did Torquato Tasso die ? * What is Tasso’s masterpiece ? II Refers to Genealogical Tables. 9816. 9817. eels. 9819. 9820. 9821. 9822. 9823. 9824. 9825. 9826. 9827 9828. MODERNIHSTORY *When was it published, and how was it at first received by the critics? *Did the severe attacks of the critics injure its popularity ? . * But what influence had these criticisms on the poet? . * What name did he give to this altered poem? . * Had it been improved by these alterations? . * Is this altered manuscript yet in existence? . * What other poems were written by Tasso? SPEHSER. . * Who was the English contemporary of Cervantes and Tasso? . *Who was this Edmund Spenser? . * Who was his early patron? . *What position was obtained by him in 1580? . *What reward did he receive for his faithful services (against the Irish)? . 7"‘Where did he now fix his residence? . *Who was at that time his firm friend and patron? . 9(- Under what name is he celebrated by Spenser? . *What great work was written by him at Kilcolman? . *Was this work ever completed? . * To whom was it presented in 1-590? . What object had he in view in writing this book? IIis object was, follow- ing the example of Homer, Virgil, Ariosto, and Tasso, to write a book which should “fashion a gentleman or noble person in virtuous and gentle disczpline.” . What are the contents of the poem? Prince Arthur falls in love with the Fu'e'rie Queene, and, armed bg/ Merlin, sets out to seek her in Fuerg Land. IIere she holds her annual feast for twelve dogs, during which twelve adventures are achieved by twelve knights who represent twelve virtues. 4 What is characteristic of the poem? Spenser attempted to inlerweave with his allegories the history of his own day. The Faerie Queene is Elizabeth; Envy is Mary Stuart, etc. * What was Hume’s opinion about Spenser? *What Pope’s? * And what Milton’s? What modern poets have proved the power of the grand Spenserian stanza? Thomson, Campbell, and Byron. *What other remarkable work was written by Spenser? *When was this masterly work finally printed? GREGORIAN STYLE.—See GREGORIAN CALENDAR. *Who occupied the Papal chair in 1582 ? * For what is the Pontificate of Gregory XIII. chiefly memorable? *Who suggested the easiest method of overcoming the dilficulty? * How was the Calendar amended by him? . * What years have, according to this arrangement, 366 days? * What is the number of days in all other years? + Refers to Appendix. 9845. 9846. 9847. * Refers to Alphabetical List. . What order arose, and what was its object? Third Period. —— During the Catholic Reaction. THE CATHOLIC REACTION. . What had been the final effect of the great outbreak of Protestantism? It produced an equally violent outbreak of Catholic zeal. . What was the ditference between the two reformations which were pushed on at once with equal energy and effect? The Protestant reformation was a reformation of doctrine; the Catholic reformation was a reformation of manners and discipline. . What happened to the Church of Rome in the course of a single genera— tion ? All the institutions ancientlg devisedfor the propagation and defence of the faith were furbished up and made ejficrient. The Theatine order, whose great object was to supply the deficiencies of the parochial clergy. . *But what order reflected especially the spirit which animated the whole Catholic world? (See LOYOLA.) .. . What were the consequences of this zeal ? The Catholic reaction was on every point successful. ENGLAND DURING THIS PERIOP. JAMES I. —GENEAL., I., and art. STUARTS IN ENGLAND. . [[ What was the origin of the Stuarts, and what was their connection with the Tudors? . * How many Stuarts have reigned in England from James I. to Anne ? . *What had been the general character of the Tudors? . *But what was the character of the Stuarts? . * Were these qualities congenial to the majority of the English nation ? . * What political mistake was made by the Stuarts? . *What were the consequences of these foreign connections? . How was James I. looked upon in England? England beheld with evil eye a Scottish king, surrounded by Scotchmen more versed in theology than politics. . By what did he greatly displease the Protestant part of his subjects? By his toleralion towards the. Catholics. . How did the Catholics repay his kindness? By conspiring against him. (The Gunpowder Plot, in 1605, the object of which was to blow up the king and Par- liament.) FRANCE DURING THIS PERIOD. HENRY IV. ——Art. SULLY. Who was in the beginning of the seventeenth century king of France? What was the condition of France at that time? Both internal commotions and foreign war were ended, and France made rapid improvement in population, wealth, and greatness. To whom was this condition especially due ? l] Refers to Genealogical Tables. 9848. 9849. 9850. 9851. 9852. 9853. 985i 9855. 9856. 9857. 9858. 9859. 9860. 9861. 9862. 9863. 9864. 9865. 9866. 9867. 9868. 9869. 9870. 3871. 9872. 9873. 9874. 9875. 9876. 9877. MODERN *Who was this Duke of Sully ? * Whose service had he entered at an early age ? * In what way did he distinguish himself in his youth ? *Was he simply a daring soldier? *When was he placed at- the head of the department of finance? *What was the character of his administration ? *What became the object of his particular care? *In what way did he nearly double the price of land? * What saying is recorded of him about the value of tillage and pasturage ? *Did he also pay attention to manufactures? *Was he successful in his financial administration? *What enormous debt was paid off by him in ten years? *By what was he, however, frequently thwarted in his purposes? * What were his relations with his sovereign ? What happened to this sovereign in 1610? Francis Ravaillac. *Did Sully continue at the head of the finances after the murder of his sovereign ? *When did Sully die ? *What highly important “ Memoirs ” did he leave ? He was murdered in 1610 by LOUIS XIII. || By whom was Henry IV. succeeded? Under whose guardianship did the new king commence his reign ? that of his mother, Mariazde Medici. What was the character of this new government? Sully was very soon squandered. When was the young king declared of age? Under The treasure amassed by In 1614. GERMANY. BETROSPECT. —GENEAL., XI. and XII. [Who had succeeded Charles V. on the Imperial throne? hat was his character ? He reigned with prudence and moderation. unable to reconquer Hungary from the Turks. How did he propose to effect a reconciliation of the two confessions? By conceding to the laity the use of the cup in the Holy Eucharist, and permitting the marriage of priests. ll When and by whom was he succeeded ? What was his character? He was still more forbearing in matters of religion than his father. [I How long did he occupy the Imperial throne, and who succeeded him ? What was the character of this Emperor? He was afeeble-minded man. By what disputes was his reign distracted ? By the disputes of the Romanists, Lutherans, and Calvinists. 116 was t Refers to Appendix. HISTORY. 199 TIIE ORGANIZATION OF THE GREAT RELIGIOUS PARTIES FOR 9878. 9879. 9880. 9881. 9882. 9883. 9884. 9885. 9886. 9887. 9888. 9889. 9890. 989L 9892. 9893. 9894. 9895. 9896. 9897. 9898. 9899. 9900. 9901. 9902. 9903. 9904. 9905. 9906. 9907. 9908. 9909. 9910. 9911. * Refers to Alphabetical List. POLITICAL PURPOSES.—See EVANGELICAL UNION. *What alliance had been formed by the German Protestant princes in 1603? *What had caused the formation of this alliance? *Enumerate some of the princes who joined this alliance. *What agreement was made between them? * Who was the director of the union in time of peace? *But what should be done in case of war? * Who joined eventually this Evangelical union? * What was provoked by this Protestant alliance? * Who organized the Catholic union? *When and where was this union definitively formed ? *What name did it afterwards obtain? * Who was the head of this league? * And who commanded under him? *What was the condition of Germany in 1609? THE CLEVE SUCCESSION. —p. 200. Map 77, (XXXI.) fWho had died in that same year without issue? TGive the precise extent of his possessions. TFrom what circumstance did the question of this succession derive its chief importance? TWho was at that time Emperor of Germany ? TBefore what tribunal was the cause evoked by him? J{But what had happened before a definitive judgment was pronounced? "fWhat title did they assume ? fWho governed Juliers for both the princes in possession? TWho succeeded him as such in 1613? TWas this arrangement satisfactory to the Count Palatine of Neuburg and his son? TWhat step was now taken by the latter? TWhat request was made by him in order to maintain himself in Diissel- dorf? 1- Who marched, in answer to this request, into Germany? *Who was this Spinola? *Give a short account of Spinola’s career. fBut who came now to the assistance of the house of Brandenburg? i- What great parties were now in array against each other? TWhat party represented the Holy League, and by what foreign power were they assisted? 1-What party represented the Evangelical Union, and what foreign power had come to their aid ? ‘ TWhen and how was the dispute about the Cleve inheritance finally termi— nated ? I Refers to Genealogical Tables. a. *What was this Copernican system? ‘ . *How often was he compelled to abjure this system? MODERN INTELLECTUAL CONDITION OF EUROPE DURING THIS PERIOD. SHAKSPEARE. —- Art. SHAKESPEARE. 2.. *What great poet was a younger contemporary of Spenser, Tasso, Cer- vantes, and Camoens? . *When was William Shakspeare 1n the zenith of his fame? '. *W hat do you know of his early life ? ’. *How did he gain his livelihood In London? . *Whose favor and patronage did he enjoy ? . *And what celebrated author was his warm friend? . * What is the character of the works of this myriad-minded man? . *What celebrated authors have led, at different times, the chorus of his praise ? . *What places the revolution which his genius wrought upon the English drama, in the clearest light? . . * Was Shakspeare merely a dramatist? ‘ ‘. * What is the character of his poetry. LOPEZ DE VEGA. -— Art. VEGA. - . *Enumerate two Spanish poets who were contemporaries of Shakspeare. - . * Who was Lopez de Vega? .1". *What was one of his earliest productions, and at whose instance was it written ? .1 . * What great expedition was joined by him in 1588 ? -7. * What poem was written by him in the course of this voyage? n . *What was afterwards added to this? *Against whom was this Dragontea written? ° . *When did he enter into the order of St. Francis? . *Did this make an end to his literary activity? ... * In what estimation were his plays held? GALILEI. —- Art. GALILEI. t 9. *Whnt illustrious astronomer was a contemporary of Shakspeare? *At what age was he appointed mathematical professor? ‘35. *What obliged him, however, to resign his professorship? . * Whither did he go ? . *With what success? . *When and by whom was he recalled to Pisa? . *What was constructed by him in 1609, and with what result? . *Enumerate some of his most important discoveries. . *What was the result of his discoveries? (See COPERNICUS. ) . *What power forced him to do this? ’. * When did Galileo Galilei die? 1 Refers to Appendix. HISTORY. 9946. 9947. 9948. 9949. 9950. 9951. 9952. 7 9953. 9954. 9955. 9956.f 9957. 9958. 9959 9960. 9961. 9962. 9963. 9964. 9965. 9966. 9967. T 9968. 9969. t 9970. 9971 9972. T 9973. 9974. t 9975. T 9976. 9977. 997a * Refers to Alphabetical List. *Who was born in that same year? *W hat 15 the greatest work of Galileo '? * W hat valuable monument of the labors of Galileo has been recently dis- covered? Third Period. — The Times of the Thirty Years’ War. THE THIRTY YEARS’ WAR.—-P- 900- M917 80, (XXXHL) CAUSE. TState the general cause of the Thirty Years’ War. TState the four particular causes. Tthat was the immediate cause which produced an outbreak at Prague? What was done at the instigation of Count Thnrn? fWhat was now organized in Bohemia? 1‘ What further steps were taken? TIn what year did all this happen? GENERAL SUDIDIARY. Give the beginning. end, and duration of this war. 1- What became gradually the theatre of war? fthat was the character of this war? TWhat was its original object? TBut what were its sad results? 1-What States and powers were on the side .of the Catholics ? 1-A11d who were on the Protestant side ? 1- What Catholic power joined, in 1632, the Protestants? TWhat influence had this on the character of the war? 1-Into how many periods may this war be divided? J[Enumerate these periods. TIIE BOIIEDIIAN-PALATINE WAR. What was the immediate cause of the Bohemian-Palatine war? || Who was this Ferdinand IL, and whom did he succeed on the Bohemian throne ? On whom did the Bohemians confer their crown ? J[How long did he occupy the Bohemian throne? fWhat name was hence given to him? When and where was Frederick’s army utterly routed? Jr Whither did he go ? How was he treated by the enraged Emperor? Give the beginning. end, and duration of this Bohemian-Palatine war. 1- Where was the principal theatre of war? - 1- What was the object of the war? Give the precise position of the Palatinate? Map 77. fl Refers to Genealogical Tables. 9979. 9980. 9981. 9982. 9983. 9984. 9985. 9986. 9987. 9988. 9989. 9990. 9991. 9992. 9998. 9994. 999a 9996. 9997. 9998. 9999. 10000. 10001. 10009 10003. 10004. 10005. 10006. 10007. 10008 10009. 10010. 10011. 10012. 10013. MODERN 1-What was the result of this war? 1" On whom was the vacant Electorate conferred? TWhy was this of such great political importance? TEnumerate the principal Catholic commanders. 1- And who led the Protestants? 1' What two battles were gained by the Catholics? THE DANISH \VAR. —— p. 201, and arts. TILLY and WALansTmN. 1 What caused the breaking out of the Danish war? TWhat do you understand by the Circle of Lower Saxony? TWhat declaration was issued by Christian IV.? 1- Give the beginning, end, and duration of the Danish war. TWhere was the theatre of war? ‘ TWhat was the object of this Danish war? TBut what was its deplorable result? 1- What great Catholic commanders had brought about this result? * Who was this Tilly? *Where had he learned the art of war? * Of what confederacy was he the commander—in—chief? * What great battle was gained by him in 1620? * After what great battle was he made a Count of the Empire? * When was he made commander-in-chief of the Imperial armies? *What was the appearance of Tilly, and what was his character ? *Who was his great rival commander in the Danish war? * Who was this Wallenstein? *What do you know about his early life? * What position was given to him on the outbreak of the war in Bohemia? * Did he serve the Emperor only with his sword? *What was his conduct in 1626? * But when did he make his most memorable campaign? * What peace was negotiated by him? 'f-What were the conditions of this peace of Liibeck? TWhat was the reason that the king of Denmark obtained such favorable conditions? *With what duchy was Wallenstein invested after this peace '? * But what happened to Wallenstein soon afterwards? *Who received his command? *What was the cause of the fall of Wallenstein? flfqp 76. RESULT OF THE CON QUEST 0F NORTHERN GERMANY. p. 201, and PASSAU. TWhat use did the Emperor make of his victory? 1- With what country did he begin? fWas he successful ? .. TWhat other plans were entertained by Emperor Ferdinand II. ? 1' Refers to Appendix. HISTORY. 10018 10019 10020. 10021 10022 10023 10024 10025 10026 10027. 10028. 10029. 10030. 10031. 10032 10033 10034 10035 10036 10037 10038 10039. 10040. 10041. 10042 10043. 10044. 10045. 10046. 10047. 10048. 10049. 10050. 10051. 10052. 10053. 10054. * Refers to Alphabetical List. . fWhat did he order, as a step to the accomplishment of this? . * When had this peace of Passau been concluded? * What had been the principal articles of this treaty ? . THow were these proceedings of the Emperor looked upon? . TBy whom were these measures carried out? . 1* But what compelled the Emperor to dismiss Wallenstein from his service? S‘VEDISH “7111}. p. 201, GENEAL. XIV., and arts. WASA, Gusmvus ADOLPHUS, TILLY, and WALLENSTEIN. . I] What family occupied, since the first quarter of the sixteenth century, the Swedish throne? . H W110 had been the first king of this race? . H Give the names of his three sons who successively wore the Swedish crown. * || Who was the son of Charles IX., and when did he succeed his father? * Who was his chief minister and faithful friend? *What measures did he take by his advice? *Who invoked his assistance? *What power gave him the means to undertake an expedition into Germany ? . THad Gustavus Adolphus any reasons of his own to make war on the Emperor? . '1 Enumerate these three reasor‘is. . TState the beginning, end, and duration of the Swedish war. . TWhat became gradually the theatre of war? . 1- What was the avowed object of this war? . TBut what was its result? . 1' Enumerate the great commanders of both parties. * When did Gustavus Adolphus land in Germany? * What countries were first occupied by him? * How many fortified towns were taken by him in eight months? . * Who was sent by the Emperor to check his victorious march? *Who was this John Szerclaas Tilly? *What town was besieged by him? * What was its fate? *But when, where, and by whom was Tilly defeated? *When and Where was Tilly again defeated by the Swede? *How long did he survive this second defeat? * Who was, after the death of Tilly, restored to the command of the Im- perial armies? *On what condition did Wallenstein accept command ? *Where was Gustavus Adolphus at that time? * What step was now taken by Wallenstein? * Was he able to wear out his strong foe? * But was the Swede able to drive away Wallenstein? fl Refers to Genealogical Tables. m2 10055. 10056. 10057. 10058. 10059. 10060. 10061. 10062. 10063. 10064. 10065. 10066. 10067. 10068. 10069. 10070. 10071. 10072. 10073. 10074. 10075. 10076. 10077. 10078. 10079. 10080. 10081. 10082. 10083. 10084. 10085. 10086. 10087. 10088. 10089. 10090. 10091. MODERN *What became very soon the condition of both armies? *What was the natural consequence? *Whither did the Swedes go? *And whither Wallenstein? *When and where did they next meet? *With whom was the victory? *But who fell on that battle-field? *What was the character of Gustavus Adolphus as man, as king, and as warrior? *What was Wallenstein’s conduct after the battle of Liitzen? *What was evidently his aim? *What step was finally taken by the Emperor? *What happened to Wallenstein in February, 1634? *Was Wallenstein a traitor? *What brought about his fall? *Who made the story of Wallenstein the subject of a splendid trilogy ? *Who translated this trilogy into English ? +What peace was made the year after Wallenstein’s murder? TWhat was the Emperor obliged to do in order to oppose the Swedish and French troops? THE FRENCH “HAIL—P. 202, and arts. Marxism, and OXENSTIERN. fWho influenced the Swedish government not to accede to the peace of Prague ? *Who was this Richelieu? *Who was at that time the virtual ruler of Sweden? *During whose minority was he regent of the realm? What was the great object of his foreign policy? To retain possession of the Northern part of Germany. 1-Who had pledged himself to assist in driving the Swedes from Germany? fBut who wished to prevent their expulsion? J{How long lasted this last struggle ? JrWas the war confined to one portion of Germany? fWhat was the character of this last struggle? fWhat was the real object of France and Sweden? ~i-Was this object gained? TName some of the great commanders of this part of the war? TAnd what decisive battles were fought ? fWhat peace made finally an end to the long struggle? PEACE OF \VES’I‘PHALIA.——Sce WESTPHALIA, and Map 80, (XXXIII.) *When and by what peace was the “Thirty years’ war” terminated? * How long had the negotiations lasted? *Into how many heads may we divide the object of this peace? *What was granted by the Emperor? T Refers to Appendix. HISTORY. 10092. 10093. 10094. 10095. 10096. 10097. 10098. 10099. 10100. 10101. 10102. 10103. 10101. 10105. 10106. 10107. 10108. 10109 10110. 10111. 10112. 10113. 10114. 10115 10116. 10117. 10118. 10119. 10120. 10121. 10122. 10123. 10124. 10125. 10126. * Refers to Alphabetical List. * But what was by far the most important article of the treaty ? it What was consolidated by this article ? *Why was the year 1624 called the decretory or normal year? *What two ancient German countries were declared independent of the Empire? What part of the German soil was ceded to France? Upper Elzass. And what was left in the hands of the Swedes ? A consz'derableportion of Pommerania, and the secularized bishopn'cs of Bremen and Verden. * Did Sweden retain these possessions for any considerable space of time? * What state had gained the most in this struggle? * To whose genius and policy was this mainly owing? Enumerate the sovereigns of the Empire, of England, France, and Spain, who were contemporary with the “Thirty years’ war.” FRANCE DUMNG THE THmTY YEAR9 WAR. LOUIS XIII. —-Art. chnrmrn. H What family occupied, during this period, the French throne ? H Who had been the first king of this race? [| When, where, and by whom had he been assassinated? 1| By whom was he succeeded? \ *How old was this boy at the time of his father’s assassination ? Hardly ten years. *When was he declared to be of age? In 1614. * Who became, soon afterwards, the virtual ruler of France ? * Who was this Armand Jean du Plessis? *For what profession had he been originally destined? *What was the cause of his entering the Church? * When was he consecrated bishop of Lucon ? *What was his conduct as bishop? * At what did he especially aim? *What made, however, an end to his episcopal career? *What office was first given to him? *But what more congenial position was given to him two years after- wards? *Who was at that time his protector? * What were the consequences of his connection with the Marshal d’Ancre? * How did he employ himself during his exile? *What was afterwards brought about by him ? * What high dignity was now conferred upon him? * When did he become prime minister and virtual ruler of France ? * How long did he preside over the destinies of France? *What was his character as a statesman? * What was the great object of his administration? 1] Refers to Genealogical Tables. 10127. 10128. 10129. 10130. 10181. 10132. 10133. 10134. 10185. 10136. 10137. 10138. 10139. 10140. 10141. 10142. 10143. 10144. 10145. 10146. 10147. 10148. 10149. 10150. MODERN * How did he curb the insolence of the nobility? *What policy did he follow in dealing with the Protestants? * Was Richelieu a patron of letters and arts? * What was founded by him in 1635? *What institution was greatly improved by him? * What buildings were erected by him? *Was his administration very popular in France? What were the boundaries of France at the beginning of his administra- tion ? And what in 1648 (the result of his foreign policy)? (Map 75.) *When did Cardinal de Richelieu die, and where was he buried? *What happened to his remains during the first French revolution? *Who had been recommended by Richelieu as his successor? [[ How long did Louis XIII. survive his great minister? LOUIS XIV. —Art. MAZARIN. How old was the new king when he ascended the throne? About five years. *By whom was the government avowedly administered during his minority ? *But by whom in reality? *Who was this Cardinal Mazarin 'I *To Whom did he owe his promotion? * For what circumstance is his administration most remarkable ? *What was the object of that struggle? *In what respects may it be compared with the contemporaneous English struggle ? *In what points of vast importance do these two great events coincide? *What was the general character of the administration of Mazarin? *In what condition was France at the end of his administration ? ENGLAND DURING THE THIRTY YEARS’ WAR. CHARLES I. The Political Troubles. —Arts. CHARLES I., and PETITION or RIGHTS.—GENEAL., I. 10151. 10152.| 10153.[ 10154. 10155. 10156. 10157. What family occupied the throne of England at the beginning of the Thirty Y ears’ War? [When had they come to the English throne ? J Who was the first king of this race who ruled over all the British islands? [When and by whom was he succeeded? *“What was the condition of the kingdom on his accession? *Against whom were the people ve1y much embittered? *What was the reason that Charles found himself, from the very first, in sharp collision with his subjects ‘3 1‘ Refers to Appendix. HISTORY. 10158. 10159 203 *State the main elements of the conflicts which filled up the years pre- ceding the ontbreak of actual war? . * What grand statute was passed by his third Parliament in 1628? 10100. *Give its precise contents. 10161. *Why was it called “ Petition of RIGHTS ”? 101(‘2. * What had been the object of this statute? 10163. * Was this object gained? 10164. *What was the fate of Charles’ s principal adviser, Buckingham? 10165. * Who we1e now the chief advisers of the king? 10166. * What endeavor was made to raise money without the consent of Par- liament ? 10167. What was this shipemoney? It was an assessment which had originally only been levied on the maritime counties for the maintenance of the navy, but which was now extended to the inland districts and made an ordinary source of revenue. 10168. *By whom was its legality contested? 10169. With what result? Judgment was given against Hampden, and the king was thus enabled to enforce the payment of ship—money with greater striclness than had been done before. 10170. What were the consequences of this decision ? It proved ofmore advantage to the king’s enemies than 10 the king himself, by eslranging those who had formerly been friendly to his cause. and teaching men to believe and afirm that the fountains of justice were corrupted. The Religious Troubles. —Art. NATIONAL COVENANT. 10171. By what were these causes of discontent further augmented? By thefervor of religious enthusiasm. 10172. *What had happened in Scotland? 10173. *What step was taken to give union and strength to their resistance? 10174. * When and where was this memorable bond first signed? 10175. * What were its principal contents ? 10176. * What were the consequences of the signing of this bond? 10177. * From what was Scotland saved by this National Covenant? The First Civil War. —-.4rts. CHARLES I. and CROMWELL, and p. 202. V 10178. What led Charles I. to the convocation of the fifth Parliament since called the “Long Parliament” (1640—1660)? An invasion of the Scots who had possessed themselves of the Norihern coal district, which enabled them to distress the city of London at pleasure. 10179. *What was one of the first acts of this Parliament? 10180. What other acts were passed by this Parliament? It voted ship»money illegal. and abolished the Star Chamber. 10181. What was this Star Chamber? [is name was derived from the apartment in * Refers to Alphabetical List. the king’s palace in which this court held its sittings. The jurisdiction had become very tyrannical and ofensive as a means of asserting the royal prerogative. [I Refers to Genealogical Tables. 10183. 10184. 10185. 10186. 10187. 10188. 10189. 10190. 10101. 10192. 10103. 10191. 10195. 10196. 10197. 10198. 10199. 10200. 10201. 10202. 10203. 10201. 10205. 10206. 10207. 10208. 10200. 102 l 0. 10211. 10212. 10213 MODERN Was this Parliament satisfied with removing abuses? The Parliament now required the dismissal of the king’s ministers (Land and Strajford, both of whom were q/‘terwortls executed), assumed the royal prerogative, expelled the bishops from the Upper IIousc, andjoz'ned the Scotch in their rebellion. * When, where, how, and by whom was finally war proclaimed? 1' Enumerate the four causes which led to the civil war. TGive the duration, beginning, and end of the first civil war. TWhat was the character (if this war? 'f What was the object of the war? TBut what was its result? TEnumerate some of the royalist commanders. 1- Who were the most famous among the anti-royalist commanders. * Who was Oliver Cromwell? *When was his first appearance on the political arena? *Describe his parliamentary career? * At what battle did he greatly distinguish himself by his military skill? *And what decisive victory was gained by him in 1645? * What was the position of the king after the battle of Naseby? *What step was taken by him? * What was the conduct of the Scottish army? * Where was he detained by Parliament? *And how was he treated? * What caused his confinement in Carisbrook Castle? Second Civil "’ar. —-Art. CHARLES I., and p. 202. 1-What resolution was taken by Parliament in the beginning of 1648? TWhat were the consequences of this refusal? 1- llcw many Scotchmen crossed, in March, 16-18, the English border? 1- With what intention? TWere they able to reinstate Charles on his throne ? T When, where, and by whom were they defeated? 9“ What was now resolved on by the Commons, December, 16-18? '7' What was constituted for the occasion ? *When and where took place the trial of the king ? * With what result? * When and where was Charles I. beheaded? * What were his parting words? THE CODIDIONWEALTII.—Art. CROMWELL, and p. 202. Crmnwell. . TEnumerate the first acts of the Commons after the execution of the king. 1-111 whom was the executive authority vested? . 1-Who was its president and who its secretary? . *Who was this Milton? f Refers to Appendix. HISTORY. 10218 10219. 10220. 10221. 10222. 10223. 10224. 10225. 10226. 10221 10228. 10220 10230. 10231. 10232. 10233. 10234. 10235. 10230. 10237. 10233 10239. 10240. 1024L 10242. 10243. 10244. 10245. . What was the character of Cromwell’s foreign policy? * Refers to Alphabetical List. 1-What form of government was now adopted? Tthat was nominally the supreme power of the state? TBut where was the real power? J[Who was at the head of the army? * When and under what title had he been sent to Ireland? * What was the result of this Irish campaign? *Why was he recalled from Ireland ? *When, where, and with What result did he meet the Scots? *When and where did he conquer the united Scots and royalists again? *What office was conferred on him soon afterwards? *Did he prove equal to the hard task? *What was the character of his administration? First Anglo-mach IVar. -—p. 203, and art. CROMWELL. f What was, in the middle of the seventeenth century, the great commer- cial State? 1- What Act was passed by Cromwell’s government to cripple their carrying trade? 1- What was this Navigation Act ? 1- Give the beginning, end, and duration of this war? 1- What was the theatre of war? 1- What. was the object of the war? fAnd what was its result? TEnumerate the great commanders on both sides. 1- How many great battles were fought? 1' What party was nearly always victorious? T When and where was peace made? fState the conditions of the peace of Westminster. 1" What was this Act of Seclusion ? General Character of Cromwell’s Administration. —Art. Cnonwnu. What was the general character. of Cromwell’s administration? The administration of Cromwell (lasting four years and eight months) was very vigorous. What reformation was made in the dispensation of justice ? All laws should be written, and all proceedings before courts of justice conducted in English, and not in French or Latin. In what spirit was the representative system reformed? It was reformed on the same principles on which Pitt, one hundred and thirty years later, attempted to reform ii, and on which it was at length reformed in 1832. Small boroughs were disfranchised, and the number of county members was greatly increased. All the reformed churches scattered over Catholic kingdoms acknowledged Cromwell as their guardian. The Pope himself was forced to preach humanity and moderdtion to Catholic princes. I] Refers to Genealogical Tables. 10247. 10248. 10249. 10250. 10251. 10252. 10253. 10254. 10255. 10256. MODERN HISTORY. 205 What rich island'was obtained in the contest with Spain? Jamaica. *Describe the closing years of Croniwell’s life. * When and Where did the great Protector die ? Enumerate all the sovereigns of Germany, France, and Spain, who were contemporary with Cromwell. Richard Cromwell. By whom was Cromwell succeeded? By his weak-minded son, Richard Cromwell. How long did he reign? From September 4, 1658, till May 25, 1659. What measure was he compelled to adopt? He was compelled by the army to dissolve his Parliament, whereupon he abdicated. By whom was terminated the state of anarchy which followed his resig- nation? Bg/ Monk, who at this time commanded in Scotland. and who, although he had served under Cromwell, belonged to a royalist family. Who was invited by him to return to England? The son of the executed monarch, who in 1660 mounted the throne under the name of Charles 11. What name is generally given to this event? The Restoration. FRANCE DURING THE PERIOD OF THE ENGLISH COMMONWEALTH. 10257. 10258. 10259. 10260. 10261. 10262. 10263. 10264. 10265. 10266. 10267. 10268. 10269. 10270. 10271. 10272. 10273. 10274. 10275. 10276. p. 202, and Corina. What civil war was contemporary with the English civil war? The Fronde. (See Quest. 10145—10148.) In what foreign war was France involved at the same time? TWhen had this Franco-Spanish war begun? fWhat had originally led to this war? 1-Why was this act (naming Richelieu his coadjutor) looked upon as treason? . fWhat happened to the Elector? TWhat demand was immediately made by Richelieu ? What was the consequence of the refusal of this demand? Give the beginning, end, and duration of this war. Where was the theatre of this war ? What was the object of this war? 1- Did France gain her object? Give the boundaries of France at the beginning, and also at the end of this war. (Map 75.) fWho were the allies of France in this war? 1' And who were allied with the Spaniards ? 1- Enumerate the principal commanders of this war. *Give a short sketch of the life of Turenne. 1- Enumerate the four victories of Condé. f But when, where, and against whom did he suffer a severe defeat? 1-What peace made an end to this war? 10277. iGive the principal articles of this peace. 10278. TWhat marriage should seal the peace between France and Spain? INTELLECTUAL CONDITION OF EUROPE DURING THE FIRST HALF OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. Art. BACON, CALDERON, ConNEILLE, Mano. or WORCESTER, and RUBENS. 10279. What. great English poet lived in the beginning of the 17th century ? 10280. When did he die, and what great Spanish author died in the same year? 10281. *What great English philosopher survived them ten years ? 10282. *Who was this Francis Bacon? 10283. * Relate his political career. 10284. *What was his conduct as Lord Chancellor? 10285. *What were the consequences? 10286. * How did he spend his time after his fall? 10287. * What was the great aim of this extraordinary man ? 10288. * Enumerate his principal works. 10289. * But on what work will forever rest his fame ? 10290. * When was this published? 10291. *Enumerate three Spanish authors who were the contemporaries of Bacon. 10292. *Who was Cervantes? 10293. *Who was Lopez de Vega? 10294. *And who was Calderon ? 1029-5. * When did Calderon begin to write? 10296. *At what age did he write his last piece '? 10297. *What is the character of his plays? 10298. *Enumerate some of his dramas. 10299. *What French dramatist was a contemporary of Calderon ? 10300. *Who was Pierre Corneille? 10301. * What was his first comedy, and how was it received? 10302. *What was the result of this success? 10303. * Enumerate some of his tragedies. 10304. * What celebrated mediaeval work was translated by him into French verse? 10305. * Recapitulate the Spanish, Italian, French, and English poets who were contemporary with Bacon. 10306. *What English author and inventor followed in the footsteps of Bacon? 10307. *When did he compose his famous book, and what is its title? 10308. *For what invention, mentioned in that book, is he deservedly remem« bered? 10309. * Was much attention paid to this invention? 10310. *What modern author has admirably illustrated his character, abilities, and inventions ? 10311. * What distinguished painter was a contemporary of Bacon? 10312. *When and where was he born? 1' Refers to Appendix. * Refers to Alphabetical List. I] Refers to Genealogical Tables. 206 10313. 10314. 10315. 10316. 10317. 10318. 10319. 1032 10323. 10324. 10325. 10326. 10327. 10328. 10329. 10330. 10331. 10332. 10333. 10334. 10335. 10336. 10337. 10338. 10339. 10340. 10341. MODERN HISTORY. 0 *But Where did he receive the better part of his education? *What old master was chiefly copied by him? *By Whom was he employed during his stay in Italy? * What palace was especially adorned by him? * Whose acquaintance was formed by him at that time? * To what did this acquaintance afterwards lead? *that pictures were executed by him for Charles I. . *What had brought him to England ? 10321. 10322. *What opinion had Sir Joshua Reynolds of Rubens? *What work of Rubens is generally considered his masterpiece ‘1 FINAL RECAPITULATION 01-" THE ELEVENTH AND TWELFTH TABLES. The Religious W'm's. What is the general character of this third division of Modern History ? Enumerate its five subdivisions. Enumerate the Emperors who ruled from 1530 till 1660. Enumerate the English sovereigns. Enumerate the French kings. And also the Spanish monarchs. Give the names and dates of all the Frenchmen mentioned during this period. Do the same of all the Englishmen. And of all the Spaniards. And of all the Germans. And of all the Portuguese. And of all the Italians. Enumerate all the English authors with their dates and principal works mentioned during this period. Do the same with the French authors. Also with the Spanish authors. And with the Italian authors. Give the names and works of all the authors who were contemporary with Shakspeare. What family occupied, at the beginning of this period, the Swedish throne? And what thrones were occupied by the Ilabsburgs? 1‘ Refers to Appendix. 10342. 10343. 10344. 10345. 10346. 10347. 10343 10349. 10350. 10351. 10352. 10353. 10354. 10355. 10356 10357. 10358. 10359. 10360. 10361. 10362. 10363. 10364. 10365. 10366. 10367. 10368. 10369. 10370. 10371. 10372. 10373. 10374. * Refers to Alphabetical List. What family mounted, during this period, the French throne? What family succeeded to the‘ English crown? And what family obtained the Russian throne? Who was the first. Czar of the house of Romanow? Recite all the dates which occur during the reigns of: Elizabeth. James I. Charles I. Cromwell. Philip II. of Spain. Philip III. Philip IV. Henry II. of France. The three sons of Henry II. Henry IV. Louis XIII. Trace the descent of the following sovereigns: Of Charles V. from Rudolf of Habsburg. Of Charles V. from St. Louis. Of Elizabeth from the Conqueror. 0f James I. from the Conqueror. 0f Charles I. from Edward III. Of Philip II. of Spain from Hugues Capet. Of Philip III. of Spain from Henry of Trastamara. Of Henry II. of France from the Viscontis of Milan. Of Henry IV. from Hugues Capet. Give the names of all the literary characters (giving their date and prin- cipal work), mentioned on your table, who were contemporary with: Elizabeth. James I. Charles I. CrontWell. Henry IV. of France. Louis XIII. Give the precise position of the following places, stating also their his- torical importance: Solway Moss, Smalcalde, Passau, Calais, Vassy, Leyden, Ghent, Nantes, and Westphalia. When, where. and by whom was New-Amsterdam founded? What is its present name? [I Refers to Genealogical Tables. MODERN HISTORY. THE SUCCESSION WARS. THE AGE OF LOUIS XIV. First Period. —— The Glorious Part of the Reign of Louis XIV. THE CONDITION OF FRANCE—p. 203, GENEAL, VII., and art. COLBERT. 10375. 10376. 10377. 10378. 10379. 10380. 10381. 10382. 10383. 10384. 10385. 10386. 10387. 10388. 10389. 10390. 10391. 10392. 10393. 10394. 10395. Give the extent of the French territory at the beginning of this period. 1- What was the general character of this territory? TWhat was the character of its inhabitants? TAnd what was the character of its government? 1- What was the condition of the great fiefs? f By what two great cardinals had this been brought about? 1-What was the character of the despotism which had been established by them ? fWhat means had been placed, by their policy, at the disposal of the sovereign? H What was the strength, and what the character of the French army ? [I Who was, in 1660, the absolute head of this state? [| Whose son and whose grandson was he? H How long did his cold and solemn figure hover over France? What was his character during the first thirty years of his reign? He sat eight hours daily in the councils —- connecting business with pleasure— hearing, consulting, but judging for himself. He went through duties, ceremonies, feasts of royalty, with the regularity of the sun, which he had chosen for his emblem. What was one of the glories of Louis XIV. ? To have retainedfor twenty- two years, as minister, one of those men who have done the most for the glory of France. *Who was this Jean Baptiste Colbert? * Who had recommended him to the king as intendant of the finances? * What was he made soon afterwards ? *And what did he subsequently become? What was his character? His mind was not brilliant, but solid, active, and indefatigable. What was the character of his administration ? He reorganized the aflairs of the interior, of commerce, of the finances, and of the navy. What measures were taken by him for the development of the trade? He appointed consulting committees of merchants, established free bonded ware- houses, made public roads, and gave security to commerce at sea by destroying pirates. T Refers to Appendix. 10396. 10397. 10398. 10399. 10400. 10401. 10402. 10403. 10404. 10405. 10406. 10407. 10408. 10409. 10410. 10411. 10412. 10413. 10414. 10415. 10416. 10417. 10418. 10419. 10420. 10421. 10422. 10423. 10424. * Refers to Alphabetical List. *Did he give any encouragement to literature and the arts? * What does Paris owe to him? THE WARS 0F LOUIS XIV. GENERAL SUMMARY. —-p. 203. iWhat was the original cause of the wars of Louis XIV. ? fGive their beginning, end, and duration. T Over what part of Europe did these wars gradually spread? i- What was the avowed object of these wars? 1L But what was their result? TEnumerate the four wars of Louis XIV. THE WAR OF DEVOLUTION. ~17. 204. 1- When and whom had Louis XIV. married ? TWhat was her dowry? 1- But what stipulation had been made ?. TWhat claims were, however, set up on the death of Philip IV.? 1‘ What were his pretexts? TWhat was this right of devolution ? TWhat were the consequences of the refusal of the Spanish government of admitting his claims? fWhen did the war break out, and how long did it last ? +What became the theatre of war? 1-What was the object of this war? TWas Louis successful? TWho were the great commanders in this war ? TWas there any great commander 0n the Spanish side ? TDescribe the first campaign. TDescribe the second campaign. fHow were these rapid successes looked upon? JrWhat league was formed against Louis? T What treaty was Louis forced to sign by this league? TWhen was the treaty signed, and what were its conditions? JOHN DE ‘VITTw—Arl. Dr: Wm. *What was the Triple Alliance ? * Who was the author and soul of this league ? fl Refers to Genealogical Tables. 207 MODERN . *Who was this John de Witt? . *At what age did he direct already the councils of the Dutch republic ? . *What was his political conduct during the first Anglo-Dutch war? . *By what edict did he, four years later, confirm the Act of Seclusion? . 9“ What was the character of the government of Holland at that time? . * Who had the chief influence? . *What were the manners of the people? . What were the relations between the Dutch and the Belgians? 10434. 10435. 10436. 10437. 10438. 10439. 10440. 10441. 10442. 10443. 10444. 10445. 10446. 10447. 10448. 10449. 10450. 10451. 10452. 10453. 10454. 10455. 10456. 10457. 10458. 10459. 10460 . What was the character of the Dutch nation? It was an avaricz'ous. reserved people, which—lilac another nation of the present day ——- did many great things without greatness. Spain had been forced to consent to the closing of the Scheldt and the ruin of Antwerp. Holland was already a vampire couched on Belgium, sucking her life and grow- ing fat upon her leanness. What were the relations between the Dutch republic and the other na- tions? Formerly it had been hated, butfeared. It had ceased to be feared. *In what was, gradually, the military spirit lost? *What was all that remained of Holland’s former victories? * What foolish thing was done by Holland, dazzled by these memories of the past ‘3 *What were the consequences of this foolish policy? *Who was chiefly to blame for all this? * What penalty had he to pay? * When, where, and how did John de Witt perish? *Who perished with him? THE WAR WITH IlOLLANI). p. 204, and arts. Comm, TURENNE, MONTECUCULI, Messxxs, and NIMWEGEN. TBy whom had Louis been robbed of the fruits of the campaign of 1668? '1' When did he prepare to punish Holland? TGiv'e the beginning, end, and duration of the war which now ensued? fDid this war remain confined to Holland? fWhat had been the original object of this war? TWas Holland annihilated? TBut what solid advantage was gained by France? 1-By how many enemies was Holland attacked in 1672? 1* Describe the campaign of May, 1672. TWhat desperate step was taken by the Dutch? TWhat princes came also to their assistance ? 1- What were the consequences of this rising of Europe against France? “i What country was entered by Louis XIV. in person? 1- With what result? TWho opposed the Prince of Orange in Belgium? *Who was this Condé? * What was the last exploit of the great warrior ? *Where and how did he spend the closing years of his life ? 1' Refers to Appendix. HISTORY. 10461. 10462 10463. 10464 10465. 10466. 10467. 10468. 10469 10470. 10471. 10472. 10478 10474. 10475 10476. 10477. 10478. 10479. 10480. 10481. 10482. 10483. 10484. 10485. 10486. 10487. 10488 10489. 10490. 10491. 10492. 10493. 10494. 10495. * Who held the Imperialists in check on the Rhine? * Who was this Turenne ? * When, where, and under whom had he learned the art of war? * When did he enter the French army? *What had been one of his most famous exploits? *When was he placed at the head of the French armies? * By what did he sully his reputation in 1674? *When, where, and how did he come to his end? * Who had been his adversary in his last campaign? *Who was this Montecuculi? * In what memorable battle had he saved Christendom? *Give the precise situation of the Cistercian Convent of St. Gothard. *What was his success in the campaign of 1675? *Whose death enabled Montecuculi to cross the Rhine and enter Alsace? *Who was sent to hold him in check? . * With what result? *Name the three great commanders who closed their career in 1675. * What great French admiral was the contemporary of Condé and Turenne? * When and why was he sent in the summer of 1674 to Messina? *Were the Spaniards willing to allow the French to retain so important a position ? * Who came at length to the assistance of the Spaniards? *When, where, and with what result did Duquesne meet the Hispano- Dutch fleet ? * When was another engagement fought ? * Whose death occurred in this last battle? *What third battle made the French complete masters of the sea? 1- What peace made finally an end to this war? * What countries were definitively ceded to France? * What duchy remained for the present in the possession of the French? *What stipulation had been made in the treaty? *What use was made by Louis XIV. of this stipulation? *What were accordingly established by him? *With what powers? By what were the decisions of these chambers supported? The decisions of these courts were supported by force ;— Europe was dis-armed, and Louis X I V. remained armed. . What German city was by one of these decisions annexed to France? Strasburg. » How long did Strasburg remain in the power of France? as Calais remained in the power of the English. 190 years. Nearly as long POSITION 0F LOUIS XIV. AFTER THE PEACE OF NIDIWEGEN. 10496. 10497. * Refers to Alphabetical List. 1). 204, and Monies. 1 Describe the position of Louis XIV. after the peace of Nimwegen. J[Enumerate some of the great architects that adorned this reign. fl Refers to Genealogical Tables. MODERN HISTORY. fWhat great sculptors flourished at that time? TAnd what great painters? . fWhat great thinkers and moralists were contemporaries of Louis XIV.? iAnd what masters of eloquence ? i What celebrated authors were living at that time ? . * Who was Pierre Corneillc ? . *And who was Moliere? . *What was his real name? . * Why had he taken the name of Moliere? . * When did he settle in Paris ? . * What two great comedies had he produced at that time? . * By what comedy did he greatly increase his reputation in 1659? . *What was his social position about that time? . *By what had he excited the animosity of the medical profession ? . * And by what comedy that of the priests? . *Were the plots of all his comedies original? . *But in what was Moliere always thoroughly original ? . *What name is accorded to him by Voltaire? . *What are the characteristics of his comedies? . *Describe his tragical end. . * Was he ever a member of the French Academy? \ . * But what compliment was paid to his memory a century after his death? THE HISTORY OF ENGLAND DURING THIS PERlOD. ClLiRLES/ II. The Administration of Clarendon. . When were the Stuarts restored? May, 1660. . How were the Stuarts received in England on their restoration? Charles entered London amid the cheers of the soldiers and the shouts of the populace. . But how did he, very soon, disgust the people? He was extremely jealous of the royal prerogative, and greatly wasted the national resources. . What political not especially excited their indignation? When the Com- mons refused to vote him money, Charles threw himself into the arms of France, and sold Dunkirk to Louis XI V. for the sum of two millions of dollars. . Who was generally believed to be the author of this act? Lord Clarendon, the principal adviser of the Crown. . What was Charles obliged to do ? faithful friend. . By whom was Clarendon’s place supplied? By the Cabal ministry. . Whenee their name ? From the accidental circumstance that the initial letters of the names of the five ministers who composed it formed that compound, which has since been adopted into the English language as a term of reproach. . Give the names of the members of the Cabal ministry. Clifl‘ord, Arlington, Buckingham, Ashley, and Lauderdale. He was obliged to exile this old and 1* Refers to Appendix. 27 ' 10529. 10530 209 The Second Anglo—Dutch lVar. —-p. 203. fWhat unfortunate war had also contributed to the fall of Clarendon? . TWhat reasons had Charles for beginning this war? 10531. TAnd what made the king’s brother (the Duke of York) wish for war? 10532. fWhat made the war at first popular among the English people? 10533. 1’ When was war declared, and how long did it last? 10534. TWhat was the theatre of war? 10535. "'fWhat do you understand by the “narrow seas”? 10536. J{What was the object of the war? 10537. TState its result. 10538 . TWhat English commanders fought in this war? 10539. TAnd what brave men commanded the Dutch fleet? 10540. 1‘ What victories were gained by them? 10541 10542. 10543. 10544. 10545. 10546. 10547. 10548. 10549. 10550. 10551. 10552. 10553. 10554. 10555. 10556. 10557. 10558. 10559. 10560. 1056L 10562. 10563. 10564. * Refers to Alphabetical List. . fAnd what victory was gained by the English? TWhat peace made an end to this war? f What Dutch settlement on the Atlantic coast of America became English? * Give the precise position of New Amsterdam. * What name was given to it by the English? * How long after its settlement did it become an English colony? + What important modification was made in the Navigation Act? T What influence had this modification on the Dutch commerce? How was this stipulation about the Navigation Act received in England? It was looked upon as a national disgrace, and the popular fury fell upon Lord Clarendon. It contributed largely to his condemnation and exile. Intellectual Condition of. England during this Period. Arts. ANNUS MIRABILIS, MILTON, and DRYDEN. *What great disaster befell London in the midst of the Anglo—Dutch war? *When did it. break out, and how long did it last? *Describe the progress of the conflagration. *What put, at length, a stop to the conflagration ? From what great calamity had London. however, been freed by the con- flagration ? From the great plague, which had carried of above 100,000 of its inhabitants. * What name was given to this year (1666) of war, pestilence, and fire? * Who has immortalized this year in an historical poem? *What is the character of Dryden‘s Annus Mirabilis? *Who was this Dryden? *When did he come to London, and what position did he hold? *What proof did he give of his attachment to Cromwell? *But what was his conduct after the Restoration ? *What office did he receive after his publication of the Annus Mirabilis? * When did he commence his career of political satire ? *What famous satire was composed by him at the express desire of Charles II. ? " ~11 Refers to Genealogical Tables. flO 10565. 10566. 10567. 10568. 10569. 10570. 1057L 10572. 10573. 10574. 10575. 10576. 10571 10578 10579 10580. 10581. 10582. 10583. 10584. 10585. 10586. 10587. 10588. 10580. 10500. 10591. 10592 10503. 10504. 10595. 10596. 10597. 10598. 10599. 10600. MODERN 9“ What step was taken by Dryden at the accession of James II. ? * What poem was written by him in defence of his new faith? 7‘ By whom, and in what poem, was this ridiculed? *What event deprived Dryden of all his official emoluments? * What is the character of his poetry produced after this time ? * What alone would be sufficient to immortalize his memory ? *Enumerate some other works of Dryden. * What is the general character of his poetry ? it What greater poet was D ‘vden’s elder contemporary ? * Where and how was he e ucated? * Where did he spend three years of his early manhood? *When and why did he return to England ? * Enumerate the first of the long series of writings by which he showed himself the earnest and accomplished champion of freedom. * What side was taken by him in the English troubles? *What book was written by him in vindication of their cause? 9“ What appointment was given to him in 1649? X‘ What were among the duties assigned to him? * What position was given to him on the establishment of the Protectorate? * How long did he retain this position? * What was his physical condition at that time? * What became his position at the Restoration ? *What great poem was written by Milton in the midst of all his misery ? * Was it easy for him to find a publisher? *When did it appear, and how was.it received? * What other poems were written by him during this period? * What poems had been written by him in his younger days? *Give the names of some of his most important prose works. * When did Milton die, and where is he buried? *In what estimation are his works held at present? *Who have given words to this verdict of mankind? * Who has published a very elaborate life of Milton? The Beginning of the English Succession Troubles. What were the religious convictions of Charles 11.? He was (as all the Stuarts more or less) a Catholic in his heart. What. plan was formed by him about 1670? Catholic religion in England. With whose assistance did he expect to bring this about? once of Louis XIV. What treaty was accordingly concluded in 1670? to establish the Catholic religion in his States. during half a century. What was to follow immediately after the work of conversion should have been effected in Great Britain ? France and England united should attach, conquer, and divide the Dutch Republic. The re—establishment of the With the assist- Charles bound himself This treaty remained secret T Refers to Appendix. * Refers to Alphabetical List. HISTORY. 10601. What was promised by Louis XIV. to enable Charles to effect the conver- sion of his subjects ? He undertook to give the king of England one million of dollars, payable quarterly. 10602. Did the conversion of England prove as easy as was expected? was soon forced to recognize the extreme difficulty of his task. 10603. What was the first step ? Charles published a “Declaration of Indulgence,” which granted liberty of conscience equally to all. How was this “Declaration of Indulgence” received? intense sensation throughout the whole nation. 10605. What was the character of the Parliament Which assembled shortly after- wards (Feb., 1673)? Ultra-Protestants had been returned to the vacant seats, and the Commons exhibited a firm and independent spirit. 10606. What forced Charles to cancel his Declaration? Parliament decided “that penal statutes in matters ecclesiastical cannot be suspended but by Act of Par~ liament.” 10607. Were the Commons satisfied with the cancelling of the Declaration? No. They passed an Act to test the religious professions of every person hold- ing any public ofiice, whence it was called the Test Act. 10608. What was required by this Test Act? Every person holding any oflice of trust or emolument should, besides taking the oaths of allegiance and su- premacy, receive the sacrament according to the rites of the Church of Eng- land, and should subscribe a declaration against transubstantiution. . Who was, at that time, the presumptive heir to the throne? of Charles 11., James Duke of York, (afterwards James II.) . What were his religious convictions? He was an avowed Catholic. . What bill was therefore introduced in the Parliament. of 1679? The Exclusion Bill, which formally declared that the Duke of York was disquali- fled from succeeding to the Crown. . What was done to prevent this bill from becoming an Act (law)? king first prorogued, and then dissolved the Parliament. . What Act was passed by this Parliament before its dissolution? Hubeas Corpus Act. . Whence the name of this famous Act? Charles 10604. It produced an The brother The The From the first words in which the writ ran: “ Habeas Corpus” (:you may have the body). . What was this Habeas Corpus Act? No judge must refuse to any prisoner a writ of habeas corpus, by which the jailer was directed to produce in court the body of the prisoner, and to certify the cause of his detainer and imprison- ment. . What was the result of the long continued opposition between the Parlia- ment and the Crown, on so important a subject as the succession? It had wrought the public mind into such a fervor that the whole nation seemed divided into two hostile camps. . What name was given to the country party who were opposers of the Crown? They were called by their opponents, Whigs, as being ahin in their sentiments to the Scottish fanatics who were thus named. . [I Refers to Genealogical Tables. 10618. 10619. 10620. 10621. 10622. 10623. 10624. 10625. 10626. 10627. 10628. 10629. 10630. 10631. 10632. 10633. 10634. 10635. 10636. 10637. 10638 10639 10640. 1064L 10642. 10643. 10644. 10%5. MODERN HISTORY. How did the Whigs retaliate? By styling the conservatives or courtparty Tories, as resembling the robbers of that name in Ireland. What strengthened the conservative party and prevented the breaking out of a revolution? The detection of a conspiracy to kill the king; (the Rye House Plot, June, 1681.) When did Charles die ? He died in February, 1685, from apoplexy. JADIES II. [I When and by whom was Charles II. succeeded? By whom was his succession contested? By the Duke of Monmouth, the son of the late hing by Lucy Walters. With what result? Monmouth. landed at Lyme, in Dorsetshire, and pro- claimed himself the “Defender of the Protestant Religion.” He was defeated at Sedgmoor, and beheaded within nine days. What plans were now eagerly pursued by James? That of rendering the authority of the Crown absolute, and of re-establishing Catholicism. To what grievances do you ascribe the discontents which terminated in the English Revolution ? To the appointment of Catholics to important civil and military ofiices, and to “A declaration of liberty of conscience,” against which the primate and six bishops protested. From what event may its commencement be dated? From the birth of James Prince of Wales (June, 1688), which event seemed to foreshadow the perpetuation of the. Catholic rule. WILLIAM AND MARY. —— Arts. ENGL. REVOL, and WILLIAM III. *Who was William Prince of Orange? 1| Trace his descent from Charles I. of England. *To whom was he married? *To what had William (and the Whigs with him) long looked forward as the solution of the English troubles? *What event seemed to make an end to this hope? *What was William’s conduct on that occasion ? *Who warned James against his son—in-law? * What was done by James when open disafl'ection broke out in London? *Was James able to regain the confidence of his subjects? * Who was now invited to come over to England? *When and where did he land? *How was he at first received ? *Whose treason emboldened him to proceed? *What was the position of James at that moment? * Describe the flight of King James. * Was he able to leave the country? *When did James endeavor to escape for the second time? * Whither did he go ? * How long did King James II. survive his fall? T Refers to Appendix; \ 10646. 10647. 10648. 10649. 10650. 10651. 10652. 10653. 10654. 10655. 10656. 10657. 10658. 10659. 10660. 10661. 10662. 10668. 10664. 10665. 10666 10661 10668. 10669. 10670. 10671. 10672. 10673. 10674. 10675: 10676 * Ret‘grs to Alphabetical List. 211 *When had William arrived in London ? * When was the crown accepted by him and his wife? * What defeat made an end to the resistance in Scotland? * But in What island did a more serious conflict rage? *How was this conflict ended? ' *Who refused to acknowledge William as sovereign of Great Britain? 9“ What was, on that account, the principal aim of William ? *When was William at length recognized as king of England? NORTH-EASTERN EUROPE DURING THIS PERIOD. 'I‘IIE GREAT ELECTOR. General Sum’mary of his Administration.——Art. FREDERICK WILLIAM. *Who was the great Elector? Out of what provinces did he form one State? See Map 88, (XXXIII.) By whom was this State raised to a high rank among the nations? '33] his son. (GENEAL, XIII.) Under whom did it become a first~rate power? (GENEAL, XIII.) By what means was this eminent position attained? By the consummate skill with which they made use of the dizficalties which disturbed N. E. Europe. *Who was the founder of this system of politics, and thereby of the Prussian greatness? *From what was Prussia freed by him? * What country did he conquer from the Swedes? *Was he only great in war? * In what way did he gain 20,000 industrious manufacturers as citizens of the State? The Wars of the Great Elector. —p. 206. TWhat was, in the middle of the seventeenth century, the great power of the North? T Whose exertions had given this position to Sweden? T How and by what peace had Sweden been rewarded for these exertions? {When did Gustavus Adolphus die, and by whom was he succeeded? | When did she abdicate? H By whom was she succeeded? 4f Who protested against his accession, and why? i What were the consequences of this protest ? J[How long did this war last, and what was the chief theatre of war? 1- State its object and result. To whom did both parties appeal? Under his great— grandson. To the Elector. What advantage was taken by the Elector of this circumstance? He threw of his feudal allegiance to Poland (for Eastern Prussia). With Sweden. With whom did he form an alliance? H Refers to Genealogical Tables. 10690. 10691. 10692. 10693. 10694. 10695. 10696. 10697. 10698. 10699. 10700. 10701. 10702. . And what was gained by the Great Elector? . 'I' Who had brought about this result? . 1- What battle was gained by the Elector in 1675? . TWhat was the result of this victory? . What was the position of the Great Elector after this victory? MODERN When and where were the Poles utterly defeated by the united armies? In the three days" battle of Warsaw. fWhose death made finally an end to the war? 1- When, where, and on what conditions was peace concluded? TWhat had Sweden gained by the Peace of Oliva? The independence of Prussia was finally] established. fWhat other treaty of peace was made in the year 1660? 1- What wars were terminated by this peace? . 1- State the object and result of the first war between Sweden and Denmark. . Jr State the object and result of the second war between Sweden and Den— mark. The Great Elector. The Swedes were compelled hastily to evacuate the Electoral donn'm'ons. He was considered one of the great captains of the age. JOIIN SOBIESIKI. — Art. SOBIESKI. What was the condition of Hungary in 1678? the Austrians. Who placed himself at the head of the malcontents? Count Tekelz'. By Whom were the insurgents encouraged ? By the Turks. When did the Turks openly join the Hungarians? [n the spring of 1683. Who commanded this army ? The grand—vizier Ii'ara flIustap/zav. Where did he form a junction with the Hungarians under Tekeli? Essek. Whither did the united armies march? To Vienna. *How large was the Turkish army before Vienna? *Who came to the relief of the city? * When did he come in sight of the besieging host? *When and with what result were the Turks attacked ? *Who was this John Sobieski, whose victory filled trembling Europe with joy? * When and why had he been elected king of Poland? It was cruelly oppressed by At Second Per