PREFATORY NOTE

 

THE first edition of this Guide was prepared and pub—
lished fir; the meeting of the American Association for
the Advancement of Science in Cambridge, in August,
1898. It was edited by Mr. Byron Satterlee Hurlbut,
A.M. (H. U. ’87), Recording Secretary of the Faculty
of Arts and Sciences.

The present edition, enlarged and with additional illus-
trations, is issued, by permission of the President and
Fellows of Harvard College, by the Harvard Memorial
Society. The object of this Society, which was founded
in 1895, is “to foster among students interest in the
historical associations of Harvard and to perpetuate the
traditions of her past.”

The editor of the Guide and compiler of the larger part
of it is Mr. William Garrott Brown, A.M. (H. U. ’91).

The account of the Student Organizations is due partly
to Mr. Harold Williams, Jr., of the Class of ’99 ; that of
the Student Publications is partly due to Mr. Henry

| ,- James, 2d, of the same class.

The new illustrations are mainly taken from photo-
; graphs made for the purpose by Mr. Walter Babcock
Swift, of the Class of 1901, President of the Harvard

iv “
Camera Club, and Mr. Wilfred G. G. Cole (H. U. ’97),
of the Graduate School.

The Memorial Society is under obligations to many
persons for assistance rendered in the preparation of
the Guide, —espeoially to Professor William R. Ware
(H. U. ’52), to Professor Morris H. Morgan (H. U. ’81)‘,
and to the officers of the University who have written
or revised the accounts of their several departments.

CHARLES ELIOT NORTON,
President of the Harvard Memorial Society.

CAMBRIDGE,
June, 1899.

A new edition of the Guide being called for, the infor-
mation contained in it has been brought up to the present
time by Mr. Brown. He has been assisted by Mr. Albert
V. de Roode, of the Class of 1904, and by Mr. Charles
Greely Loring, of the Class of 1903. Several new illus- "d
trations from recent photographs have been added.
C. E. N.

CAMBRIDGE,
May, 1903.

\\‘\

INTRODUCTION

 

THE UNIVERSITY

ARvARD UNIVERSITY is an institution of learn-
ing established under the laws of Massachusetts.
It is made up of sixteen departments and a large number
of museums, laboratories, and other establishments not
usually reckoned as separate departments. It occupies a
total area of more than 500 acres. Most of the buildings
are in Cambridge and Boston. The quick capital of the
University July 31, 1902, was $14,114,541.85. The
value of the lands and buildings devoted to education
and the advancement of learning was estimated at about
five million dollars. The enrolment of students in all
departments in 1902—03., including the Summer School of
1902, was 5,206. The officers of instruction and admin-
istration numbered 592.

FOUNDATION

The title of University dates only from the year 1780,
when the Massachusetts Constitution of that year referred
to “the University at Cambridge.” Until 1783, when
medical lectures were first given, the institution was
properly called Harvard College.

Harvard College was founded' m 1636. Oct. 2, 1636
(Old Style), the General Court, as the legislature of

2

Massachusetts Bay was called, passed the following
vote:

“The Court agree to give four Hundred Pounds
towards a School or College, whereof two Hundred
Pounds shall be paid the next year, and Two Hundred

Pounds when the work is finished, and the next Court
to appoint where and what building.”

The governor who approved this vote was Henry Vane,
afterwards, as Sir Henry Vane, much distinguished in
English history. The next year the Court voted that the
College should be at Newtowne,and committed the work
to twelve eminent men of the colony, among them John
Winthrop, who preceded and succeeded Vane as governor,
and John Cotton. The same year, the name of the town
was changed to Cambridge, in honor of the English
university where a number of the Colonists had been
educated. In 1638, John Harvard, a non-conformist
clergyman who had been in the colony about a year,
dying at Charlestown, left his library of 260 volumes,
and half his fortune, to the infant college. In his honor
it was called Harvard College. In the year 1640, the
first President, Henry Dunster, entered upon his duties.
Two years later, the first class, numbering‘nine, was
graduated.

CONSTITUTION

The institution was thus founded, placed, and named.
Its constitution has been changed several times, but two
acts of the colonial legislature, each establishing a gov-
erning board, have determined the general character of
its government throughout its subsequent history.

The first of these was passed in 1642, and, established
the Board of Overseers; the second in 1650, and estab-

6’ bar.

3

lished a board officially styled the President and Fellows

‘of Harvard College, but always more commonly known

’)

as “The Corporation.
entire University.

The Board of Overseers was at first made up of the
Governor, the Deputy Governor, and the Magistrates of
the Colony, “ together with the teaching elders of the six
next adjoining towns,—viz., Cambridge, W'atertown,
Charlesiown, Boston, Roxbury, and Dorchester,” and the
President of the College. It necessarily included all the
most prominent and powerful men of the Puritan com-
monwealth, and the College government was therefore
very like the government of Massachusetts Bay. But
this body was soon found too large for the immediate
direction of the school, and in 1650 the General Court
drew up an instrument of great interest which now hangs
in the Librarian’s room in Gore Hall. This document is
the Charter of Harvard College. It is “the veritable
source of collegiate authority” to-day, and the corpora-
tion it established is the oldest in the country.

The charter committed the property and the govern-
ment of the College to seven persons, a President, a
Treasurer, and five Fellows, who were empowered to fill
vacancies in their number. They were to elect the teach-
ing and other officers, and to make all laws and orders,
subject only to confirmation by the Overseers. The
records of the President and Fellows, preserved in the
archives of the University, are fairly continuous and com—
plete. They reveal with what patience and wisdom, for
two centuries and a half, the property of the institution
has been guarded, its activities expanded, and its high
aims adhered to. The responsibility of the Corporation

These two boards govern the

4

to the Overseers was somewhat lessened in 1657 by an
appendix to the charter, to the effect that the acts of
the smaller body should always have “immediate force,”
although they should still be “ alterable” by the Over-
seers.

In the year 1684, the colonial charter of Massachusetts
’ Bay was revoked, and it was generally held at the time
that the College charter was vacated by this act of the
crown. In consequence, the government of the College
was for years unsettled. In 1691, a province charter
was given to Massachusetts Bay, and the next year the
General Court passed a new College charter, but it was
disallowed by the home government because it did not
give the King the right to appoint visitors. No less
than three other charters passed the General Court, the
last in 1700, but none of them ever was confirmed in
England. Finally, in 17 07, the Court simply voted that
the original charter of 1650 was still in force, and on
that theory the College is still governed, and “the seven”
are still in power.

But the other governing body, the Board of Overseers,
is very different now from the original board. In early
times there was serious difficulty in getting the members
together, and this led first to the establishment of the
Corporation and then to a provision of the act of 1657 to
the effect that, if notice of a meeting should be given to
members dwelling in the “ six next adjoining towns,”
votes passed at the meeting should be valid, whether
those dwelling in remoter towns received notices or not.
The constitution of the State of Massachusetts, adopted
in 1780, changed the Overseers by substituting the Gov-
ernor, Lieutenant Governor, Council, and Senate of the

5

State for the Governor, Deputy Governor, and Council
of the Colony; and defined the “teaching elders” of
the “six towns” as “ministers of the Congregational
Churches ” in those towns.

The next important change came in the year 1810.
The Council and Senate were eliminated from the Board,
the official membership being reduced to the Governor,
the Lieutenant Governor, and the presiding officers of the
two houses of the Legislature. The body of the member-
ship was to consist of fifteen Congregational clergymen
and fifteen laymen, to be elected by the Board itself.
This law was repealed two years later, but reenacted
in 1814. Twenty years later, the Court voted that the
clerical members might be chosen from any denomina-
tion, the change to take effect whenever the Corporation
and Overseers should agree to accept it. This they did
in 1843, and the institution was thus freed from the
control of a particular denomination.

An act of 1851 struck out entirely the requirement that
a portion of the membership should be chosen from the
clergy; made the Governor, the Lieutenant Governor,
the presiding officers of the two houses, the Secretary
of the Board of Education, and the President and the
Treasurer of the College, members ea: ofiicio; and
entrusted the election of the remaining members to
the two houses in joint convention assembled, a certain
number to be chosen every year and to go out of office
at the end of a term of years.

In 1865, the Board was divorced from the State govern-
ment by an act which, with some amendments, is still in
force. The bachelors of arts of five years’ standing
were empowered to elect every Commencement Day five

members of the Board, who should hold office for six
years, the President and the Treasurer for the time being
remaining members ea; ofi‘icz’o. Candidates for member-
ship need not even reside in Massachusetts. The elec-
tions are held in Massachusetts Hall, and are conducted
according to the “Australian” system. In 1902, the
General Court empowered the Corporation and Board of
Overseers, by concurrent vote, to extend the suffrage for
Overseers to the holders of other degrees than that of
B. A. But no extension was to be made within three
years of the acceptance of this amendment by the two
governing bodies.

Thus, after many changes, the government of the
University is no longer connected with either church or
state, except that the General Court of Massachusetts
necessarily retains the power to alter it,'— a power, how-
ever, which the Court does not seek to exercise without
the consent of the University itself. It is therefore true
that neither state nor church exercises any control over
Harvard, though it was founded by the state and long
dominated by the church.

THE DEPARTMENTS

Turning now to the immediate government of the Uni-
versity, we may consider its departments as divided
into two general classes, according as they promote chiefly
the one or the other of the two general objects for which
the whole exists. These two objects are instruction
and the advancement of learning. Nine of the depart-
ments are schools, and their main work is teaching.
Seven departments, and numerous minor establishments,

7

cannot be called schools; they serve to increase and pre-
serve knowledge, rather than to instruct and train young
men, though they are all accessory to the work of teaching.

FACULTY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

The administration of . Harvard College and of two
other departments, The Lawrence Scientific School and
The Graduate School, is committed to a body called the
Faculty of Arts and Sciences, whose meetings are held in
University Hall, the central building in the College Yard.
This Faculty numbers (in 1902—03) 132. The schools
under its control, including the Summer School, offer
courses of instruction to more than thirty-five hundred
students (3,954 in 1902—03), and use in common most
of the lecture halls, laboratories, museums, libraries,
etc., in and about the College Yard in Cambridge. V
The College, the largest of all the departments, has
over two thousand students (2,109 in 1902—03).

Six degrees are awarded on recommendation of the
Faculty of Arts and Sciences. The courses offered in
the College lead, ordinarily after a residence of four years,
to the degree of Bachelor of Arts. Similarly, the courses
in the Scientific School lead to the degree of Bachelor of
Science. To properly qualified students in the Graduate
School who fulfil the requirements of work and residence”
the degrees of Master of Science, Master of Arts, Doctor
of Science, and Doctor of Philosophy are offered.

The Summer School is directed by a committee of the
Faculty of Arts and Sciences; but the Medical School
Faculty has control of the courses in medicine, which are
given in Boston, and the Divinity School Faculty of those
in theology. The total enrolment of Summer School

8

students in 1902 was 945. Women are admitted to all
the summer courses except those in medicine.

THE PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS

The five professional schools are administered by facul-
ties separate from the Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Only
two professional schools, those of Divinity and Law, are
in Cambridge.

The Divinity School has its buildings on Divinity
Avenue, Cambridge. It offers about forty courses of
instruction, covering the subjects studied in denomina-
tional schools, but is not controlled by any denomination.
The ordinary term of residence for the degree of Bachelor
of Divinity is three years. The students have many
privileges of instruction in other departments of the
University.

The Law School occupies Austin Hall, on Holmes
field, Cambridge, near the site of the house formerly
occupied by the Holmes family, to Whose estate the land
belonged. The term of residence ordinarily necessary
to obtain the degree of Bachelor of Laws is three years,
and none but graduates of colleges of good standingare

regularly admitted as candidates for the degree. About‘

thirty separate courses of instruction are offered. The
enrolment of students in 1902—03 was 640.

The Medical School occupies a building at the corner
of Boylston and Exeter Streets, Boston, adjacent to
the Boston Public Library. The term of residence for
the degree of Doctor of Medicine is four years. The
courses offered, including the advanced courses ofiered
to graduates, cover about forty-five principal subjects.
The enrolment of students in 1902-03, exclusive of sum-
mer students, was 445.

9

The Dental School occupies a building on North Grove
Street, Boston. The term of residence leading to the
degree of Doctor of Dental Medicine is three years. The
courses of instruction, some of which are given in the
Medical School, cover about twenty principal subjects.
The enrolment in 1902—03 was 111.

The Bussey Institution, a school of agriculture and
horticulture, is situated in Jamaica Plain, a suburb of
Boston. A three years’ course of study and the passing
of required examinations lead to the degree of Bachelor
of Agricultural Science. Thirty-six students attended
the school in 1901-02. Systematic instruction is given
in agriculture, in useful and ornamental gardening, and
in chemistry and natural history as applied to these arts.

OTHER DEPARTMENTS

The remaining departments of the University do not
offer regular courses of instruction leading to degrees;
but they are all intimately associated with the work of
teaching and are of incalculable value to the various
schools which have been enumerated.

The Unirersity‘ Library is justly described as the very
centre of the working life of the whole University. Its
principal strength is in Gore Hall, the College Library,
but the Librarian and the Library Council control more
than thirty department and special reference libraries in
Cambridge and Boston.

The University Museum, with which The Peabody
Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology and
The Mtseum of Comparative Zoology are connected, is
of daily use to students in various scientific courses,
many of Which could not be given adequately without its

10

collections. The Botanic Garden and Gray Herbarium
are also in Cambridge. The Astronomical Observatory
has its principal'station in Cambridge, where the bulk
of its work is done; but it maintains another station
at Arequipa, Peru, and the Blue Hill Meteorological
Observatory cooperates with it. The Arnold Arboretum,
with its Herbarium and Museum, is in Jamaica Plain, a
suburb of Boston.

MINOR ESTABLISHMENTS

The museums, laboratories, etc., not reckoned as sep-
arate departments, though some of them have separate
buildings, need not be enumerated here. They are all
described in the pages which follow.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

“afryflag/wg/ngmwafiw 6W

From the oldest known print of Harvard College, engraved in x726, and representing

the college as it appeared when ninety years old. The building on the right.
Massachusetts Hall, is still in use.

THE COLLEGE YARD

AN HISTORICAL SKETCH

 

There is, perhaps, nothing better to say to a stranger
entering the Yard of Harvard College than what Lowell said
in his oration on the two hundred and fiftieth anniversary
of the founding of the College. Having first praised the
architectural beauties of Oxford and Cambridge, and
acknowledged the fitness of their quadrangles and clois-
ters to stand before our eyes for all the past glories of
English scholarship and all the venerable associations of
those aged universities, he frankly confessed of the New
England college that its past is “ well-nigh desolate of
aesthetic stimulus. We have none,” he said, “or next
to none,A of these coigns of vantage for the tendrils of
memory or affection. Not one of our older buildingsis
venerable, or will ever become so. Time refuses to con-
sole them. TheyA look as if they meant business, and
nothing more.” The interest of these buildings is very
great; but it is entirely historical and practical, not
artistic. For beauty, one must look to the grass and
to the noble elms; for inspiration, to the story of the
hard beginnings of the College and its fidelity to high
ideals, and to the lives and characters of the men who
have studied and taught here, and from here have passed
into the service of their country, and of just causes, and
of mankind.

Nevertheless, it seems quite clear that the founders of
Harvard, poor men though they were, and in a wilderness,

off;

had in mind the English universities, and Cambridge
especially, when they set about their task. Many of
them were Cambridge men; and the first building, rude
and ill-built as it was, had much that was suggestive of
a “Hall” in an English university. We do not certainly
know where it stood, though it is thought to have stood
near the site of Grays Hall, but the early records show
that it was a home as well as a place of study. There
were in it chambers, “ studies,” a kitchen, and a buttery;
and on top there was a “turret.” We even know the
cost of the various items purchased in fitting up the
several “studies.” Here, for example, is the account,
taken from the first College Book, for the study occupied
by George Downing of the Class of 1642. In the entry

he is callec “ Sir” Downing because he was a graduate

when the account was made; later, he went into the
English diplomatic service, was knighted, and won for
himself an eminence not very admirable, for he was
reputed a miser and a turn-coat.

SIR DOWNINGS STUDY

lb s d
Impr. For boards 272 foote ......... 0 - 16 - 3 ob. (1.]
It. Ten dayes 85$ worke at 22“ a day . . . 0 - 19 - 3
It. For ye Smithe’s worke ........ O - 6 - 11
It. For glasse ............. 0 - 2 - 1
It. For nayles, locke & key ....... 0 - 3 -
lb
Suma totalis .......... 2 a 7 - 6 0b. (1.]

There is no picture of this first “ college,” but the high
ideal of the builders and their scanty means resulted in a
structure of which one writer tells us that it was “ thought
by some to be too gorgeous for a Wilderness, and yet too
mean in others’ apprehension for a college.” Itwas soon

war-"v. ~ .

13

in need of repairs, and proved inadequate to the wants
even of the scanty College population of those days.
Within ten years of its completion, the “governors ” of
the institution had begun to “purchase the neighbors’
houses ” to accommodate students. One of the houses
bought for this purpose was Mr. Edward Goffe’s, and
it came to be known as Goffe’s College. The term
“college” was at first applied to each of the separate
buildings, and this usage survived for many years. In
1653—54, the commissioners of the Association for the
Propagation of the Gospel among the Indians were per-
suaded to erect a small brick building for Indian youth,
and this was known as the Indian College. But the
experiment was not successful, and only one Indian
ever received a Harvard degree. The Indian College
was poorly built, and was a ruin before the end of the
century. So was the “Old ’ College,” which was suc-
ceeded in 1672 by the first Harvard Hall, or Harvard
“College.” This seems to have been well built, for it
lasted nearly a century.

We have a good picture of this first Harvard Hall, and
we know that it stood in the Yard, just to the left of the
main entrance. It stood alone until the year 1700, when
a new “ college,” called Stoughton, in honor of Lieutenant
Governor William Stoughton, who gave it, was built in
front of the main entrance, making a right angle with the
eastern end of Harvard. A few years later, under the
guidance of President John Leverett, the institution
entered on a new and more prosperous period in its
career, and in the year 1718 the General Court of
Massachusetts made a grant for still another hall, the
oldest of all the buildings now standing.

‘14

This is Massachusetts Hall, on the right as one enters
the Yard through the Johnston Gate, and facing the
site of the first Harvard. It made, with Harvard and
Stoughton, a very small quadrangle, and of these three
buildings we have an engraving, made near the middle
of the eighteenth century. Behind Stoughton, as it ap-
pears in that engraving, there was an old field, crossed
by a brook; probably no one dreamed of a time when it
would be covered with other College buildings. In 1720,
when Massachusetts was finished, the graduating class
numbered thirty-seven, and it was many years before any
great increase came. Cambridge was but a village, lying
chiefly between the College and the river. Boston itself
was but a small town, though thriving, and no bridge con-
nected the two places. One source of the income of the
College was the tolls of the Charlestown Ferry, which
Cambridge people crossed when they went to Boston,
unless they went by “ Roxbury Neck.” The teaching in
the College was chiefly the work of tutors. The first
professorship, the Hollis Professorship of Divinity, was
established the year after Massachusetts was built.

It is pleasant to know that the outside of Massachusetts
has not been changed at all. Every class since 1720 has
seen the same square walls of red brick, the small win-
dows, the narrow doorways. But the inside has been
much altered. At first, it was given over entirely to small
chambers and still smaller “studies.” After the fight at
Lexington, in the Revolutionary War, the chambers were
for a time occupied by American troops, the students
being sent away to Concord. Early in the present
century, in President Kirkland’s time, a part of the lower
floor was devoted to lectures and society meetings, and

15

in 1870 the remaining chambers and studies made way
for lecture halls and examination rooms. Several of the
larger lecture courses, chiefly in history, are now given
here. While the building was used as a dormitory, many
of the most eminent sons of Harvard lived in it.

During the eighteenth century, no progress whatever
was _made towards the development of the quadrangle
into which one now looks on entering the Johnston Gate.
Six years after the completion of Massachusetts, the Pro-
vince legislature appropriated money to build the President
a house; but the site chosen seems to show that it was
not meant to bear any special relation to the buildings
already standing. Wadsworth House, as it is now called,
in honor of the first President who occupied it, was the
home of every one of the Presidents who succeeded him
until President Edward Everett went out of office. It
shares with the Craigie House the distinction of having
sheltered Washington, but it was found inadequate for a
headquarters. In recent years, it has been put to many
different uses. It has been altered from time to time,
but except for the paint the outside is still suggestive of
the sober days and sober lives with which we naturally
associate it in our thought.

When the College was a century old, and had trained
hundreds of clergymen, it was still without a place of
worship of its own, although it had an interest in the
parish meeting house which stood near the site of Dane
Hall. The wife and daughter of Samuel Holden, M.P.,
who himself had been a liberal benefactor of Harvard,
gave £400 to build a chapel, and a site immediately in
the rear of the first Harvard was chosen. Holden
Chapel was the first of the buildings to take its name

16

from an English benefactor, and it is rather curious
that the others so named are very close to it. About
twenty years later, there being need of a new dormitory,
the Legislature voted the necessary sums, a site to the
northeast of Harvard was chosen, and the building was
named for Thomas Hollis, an English merchant, who died
in 1 7 31, and whose benefactions were the most remarkable
feature in the cherishing of the College up to that time.
He was a Baptist, and yet he gave sums which in those
days were considered vast to help a school which had
dismissed itsfirst President because he objected to the
baptism of infants. The Hollis Professorship of Divinity,
established more than a hundred and fifty years ago, was
never until the present time \filled by a man in sympathy
with the creed of its founder.

Hollis Hall was scarcely built when the worst disaster
the College ever met again reduced the number of buildings
to five : Harvard Hall was burned in 1764, and it was only
with the greatest difficulty that Hollis, Stoughton, and
Massachusetts were saved from the flames. The library
and the apparatus were lost, but the Province, feeling an
especial responsibility because the Legislature was holding
its sessions in the hall at the time, promptly voted the
money to replace it, and a liberal stream of private bene-
factions poured into the College treasury, so that there
was soon a new library and new apparatus. The new
Harvard was devoted to many uses. It had a kitchen and
buttery, a dining room, a chapel, a library, several lecture
halls, and the belfry. To tell how, from time to time, it
lost its various uses, until in our day it has only lecture
rooms and departmental libraries, would be to trace the J
expansion of the Colonial College into the American
University.

17

The building of Harvard Hall was, in fact, the comple-
tion of the Colonial College. The five halls standing in
1766, with the old President’s House, stood unchanged
and without increase when the Revolution came. From
them the students migrated to Concord while the British
troops held Boston, and into them American troops entered
while Washington commanded in Cambridge. We know
that the College was very patriotic. Indeed, it can claim
no small share in the Revolution. True, some of its
officers and graduates had written verses in Latin, Greek,
and English, and printed them in a volume called “ Pietas
et Gratulatio Collegii Cantabrigiensis apud Novanglos,”
and sent them to George III on his accession to the throne,
following in this the example of the English universities;
and the classes were still graded according to the social
position of the students. But, for all that, Harvard was
thoroughly American. It had drifted entirely away from
the Cambridge traditions of its founders. It had bred
Quincy and Otis and two Adamses. President Langdon
was ready to fight or to pray for independence, and John
Hancock had been chosen Treasurer because he was a
patriot, and not because he was a good man for the
place —he was, in fact, the worst Treasurer the College
ever had. When the war ended, the College, with little
or no change in its constitution or character, entered easily
on its course as an American institution, thoroughly in
sympathy.with the ideas for which the Republic stands
and commended to popular favor by the eminence of its
graduates in the public service.

As if to open the way into a larger future, the first
Stonghton Hall, being 111 a ruinous state, was taken down
in 1780, the year in which Harvard took the title “ Uni-

18

versity.” Its destruction certainly opened the way into
the present Yard. It was not rebuilt until 1804, and then
on a new site, north of Hollis, and it stood a year or more
under the name “ New Hall” ; but in the end the old name
was revived for it. The money to build it came from a
lottery, and this method of raising funds, approved by
the public opinion of those days, was again employed in
1812, when Holworthy was built. This was the last hall
to be named for an English benefactor. The man so
honored was Sir Matthew Holworthy, who died in 1678,
and left the College £1,000. Holworthy Hall is the
youngest of the buildings commonly called old, and its
site is important because with Stoughton it formed the
first corner in the main quadrangle of the Yard. From
that time there was sure to be a quadrangle very much
larger than the old one defined by Massachusetts, Har-
vard, and the first Stoughton, or the other defined by
Harvard, Holden, and Hollis. In November, 1812, the
President and Fellows appointed a committee “ to devise
the form and site of a building in the College grounds
to include a Commons Hall”; and it was voted that in
choosing a site the committee “ have reference to other
buildings which may in future be erected.” The com-
mittee chose a site directly opposite the main entrance.
Charles Bulfinch was the architect, and the Hall when
completed was called University.

University was well named, whether we consider the
uses to which it has been put or the time at which it
was built. President Kirkland was in office, and his
administration is usually taken as marking the entrance
of Harvard into the life of a true university; and of this
university life the new hall has been the centre. For

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19

years, the religious exercises and the students’ commons
made the building important to all members of the Uni-
versity community ; and the administrative machinery has
always been operated from this point. In President
Kirkland’s day, five new professorships were established,

- . and the departments of Divinity, Law, and Medicine

 

were organized in university fashion. The Massachusetts
Medical College, in Boston, and Divinity Hall, in Cam-
bridge, gave evidence that the Yard was not to be the
limit of physical expansion. They were forerunners of
' so many buildings for scientific and other purposes, built
outside of the Yard, that it was soon only a question of
time when the Yard itself would become of less practical
importance than the departments outside. It was the
beginning of a process which is still going on, and as a
result of which we see Harvard admission examinations
offered in Tokio and a Harvard Observatory on top of a
Peruvian mountain.

But the Yard was not yet finished. President Quincy,
who succeeded Kirkland, saw two very important changes
in it. On the site of the old meeting-house, south of
Massachusetts, Dane Hall was built in 1832, through the
liberality of Nathan Dane, and for fifty years it was the
University School of Law; here Greenleaf and Story and
Parsons lectured. It did not, however, look much like
the present Dane, or stand in the same spot, but farther
north. _In 1845, important changes were made in the
building. Until it was moved in 1871 to make room for
Matthews Hall, it helped to define the main quadrangle.
'- But Gore Hall, begun in 1837, does not belong to the
‘ main quadrangle at all. It was, in fact, the beginning
of a second quadrangle; but evidently not by design.

‘20,

The original Gore Hall was nothing more than the western
wing of the present building, but it was then sufficient in
size to harbor the largest library in the country more
commodiously than, with its several additions and re-
arrangements, it now harbors the third largest. Except-
ing University, it was the only stone building in the Yard,
and it shares with University the distinction of touching
the interests of more men, within and without the Uni-
versity, than any other of the Harvard buildings.

The main quadrangle as we now see it was not com-
pletely outlined until the building of Grays Hall in 1863.
Meantime, however, in 1857—58, Boylston Hall and
Appleton Chapel had risen on opposite sides of Gore,
Appleton serving to define the northern limit of the new
quadrangle. Both had their origin in the benefactions
of wealthy Bostonians, from whom they took their re-
spective names. Appleton Chapel supplanted University
Hall as the centre of the religious life of the University,
as University Hall had supplanted Holden and Harvard.
Boylston, the first of the buildings distinctly dedicated
to the physical sciences, may be regarded as a humble
beginning of an extremely potent development in the later
history of the University. Grays, an unpretentious dormi—
tory, taking its name from a family eminent in the law
and eminent in generosity to the University, was the last
building erected in the Yard before the present era of
unprecedented expansion began with the inauguration of
President Eliot in 1869.

In the Yard, three new dormitories, with Sever Hall,
the Fogg Museum of Art, Robinson Hall, and Phillips
Brooks House, indicate the eagerness with which the new
vigor presses into the spaces still left for the builder.

mum—
:HAOEQJOQ QZ<>Z<E ho mVHA<E Q<mm~>flm MASH :0 >5:> IBDOw:
ix 5:51 a. :E:< .32:

,L 527.:

 

 

21

They may serve also to indicate the chief source of energy ;
for they are all examples of a munificence unexampled
until our own times in the history of benefactions to
American universities. They are, indeed, cheering proofs
that in our Republic generous and wealthy citizens are
willing to play the part of those royal and noble patrons
to Whom, in the Old \Vorld, learning is indebted for its
stateliest temples. The three dormitories, Weld, Mat-
thews, and Thayer, have completely filled out the line of
the main quadrangle. Sever fixes the eastern limit of the
second quadiangle.

It has been said that University Hall is still the centle
of University life. That is true enough , but in another
sense Memorial Hall, though it stands outside the yard,
is also the centre. The aim of the University has always
been to train men for high services, and Memorial com-
memorates the military service which the sons of the Uni-
versity rendered in the Civil War. First conceived in the'
enthusiasm with which Harvard welcomed those of her
graduates who came back alive from the war, it was built
at last by the contributions of hundreds of alumni and
friends who wished to put into enduring form their
reverence for those who never returned. Its tower, is
the first object to catch the eye of one who approaches
the University ;_ its lesson outlasts all others in the minds
of those who go away. Without it, and that for which
it stands, Harvard might still be a great University, but
not what it aims to be, — an adornment and a support to
the Republic.

THE FENCE AND GATES

 

The fence and gates surrounding the Yard, with the
exception of the Johnston, Meyer, Class of 1890, and
McKean gates, were given by various alumni classes.
That all the sections might harmonize, the task of design-
ing the newer sections was given to a single firm, Messrs.
McKim, Mead and White. Nevertheless, an attempt has
been made to give to each section an individual character.
There is space on all the gates for suitable inscriptions,
but in some cases these have not- yet been made.

The Retaining Wall and Terrace 0f the Class of
1880, built in 1901, round off the corner of" the Yard
defined by Quincy Street and Quincy Square, and extend
westward from Quincy Street a little way beyond Plymp-
ton Street.

The Gate and Fence of the Class of 1890, built in
1901, continuing the line westward from the retaining
wall, were given by Mrs. Wirt Dexter, in memory of her
son, Samuel Dexter, of the Class of 1890. On a tablet,
under the shield, is the following inscriptionz— '

IN MEMORY OF

SAMUEL DEXTER
OF THE CLASS OF 1890

b. CHICAGO NOV 30 1867
d. BOSTON MAY 4 1894

 

 

 

THE CLASS OF 1877 GATE

 

THE CLASS OF 1890 GATE

 

23

Over the gateway, as one enters, are inscribed the
following words:—
ENTER
TO GROW 1N WISDOM

On the other side is this inscription : ——

DEPART
TO SERVE BETTER THY COUNTRY AND THY KIND

The Gate and Fence of the Class of 1877, built in
1901, continue the line from the fence of the Class of
1890. The gate opens upon the driveway leading to
Gore Hall. Connected with this gate is a porter’s lodge,
to be occupied by a bureau of information.

The Gate and Fence of the Class of 1889, built in
1901, are at the entrance to the path east of Boylston
Hall. The fence extends to a point even with the western
corner of Boylston Hall. This section balances the sec-
tion occupied by the gate and fence of the Class of 1890.

The McKean Gate section, built in 1901, occupies
the space between Boylston Hall and Wadsworth House.
"It was given by the members of the Porcellian Club.
In the left wing of the gateway is a stone tablet inscribed
as follows : —

THIS GATE IS ERECTED TO THE MEMORY OF

JOSEPH McKEAN
BY THE MEMBERS OF THE PORCELLIAN CLUB

OF WHICH HE WAS THE HONORED FOUNDER

In the right wing is a similar tablet, with this inscrip-
tion:—

24

THE McKEAN GATE
THE REVEREND JOSEPH McKEAN STD LLD

BORN AT IPSWICH MASSACHUSETTS 19 APRIL 1776
DIED AT HAVANA CUBA 17 MARCH 18I8
A GRADUATE OF THIS COLLEGE I794
TEACHER OF YOUTH MINISTER OF THE GOSPEL
BOYLSTON PROFESSOR OF RHETORIC AND ORATORY 1809—1818

The Gate and Fence of the Class of 1857, built in
1901, occupy the space from Wadsworth House to Dane
Hall, the gate being almost in the centre.

The Gate and Fence of the Class of 1875, built
in 1900, extend from Dane Hall northward a distance of

about fifty feet. On the entablature of the gate are
these inscriptions : —

OPEN YE THE GATES
THAT THE RIGHTEOUS NATION WHICH KEEPETH THE TRUTH

MAY ENTER IN
and

AEDIFICATA - ANN - DOM - CDDCCCC - COLL - HARV . CC¢XIIII

The Fence of the Glass of 1873, built in 1900,
extends from the section of the Class of 1875 to the
Johnston Gate. As there is no occasion for a gate,
there is merely an ornamental brick and stone panel,
imbedded in which is a smaller tablet of greenish slate
inscribed with the class numeral.

The Johnston Gate, at the main entrance to the
Yard, was built in 1890, and was the gift of Samuel
Johnston, of Chicago. It was designed by Charles Follen
McKim. The ironwork was given by Mrs. George von

 

 

THE CLASS OF 1857 GATE

w i
,,x\

72 “a?

 

25

L. Meyer, of Boston. On a tablet in the right wall is
the following inscription : ——

AFTER GOD HAD CARRIED VS SAFE TO NEW ENGLAND
AND WEE HAD BVILDED OVR HOVSES
PROVIDED NECESSARIES FOR OVR LIVELI HOOD
REARD CONVENIENT PLACES FOR GODS WORSHIP
AND SETTLED THE CIVILL GOVERNMENT
ONE OF THE NEXT THINGS WE LONGED FOR
AND LOOKED AFTER WAS TO ADVANCE LEARNING
AND PERPETVATE IT TO POSTERITY
DREADING TO LEAVE AN ILLITERATE MINISTARY EA
TO THE CHVRCHES WHEN OVR PRESENT MINISTERS
SHALL LIE IN THE DVST.
NEW ENGLANDS FIRST FRUITS.

A tablet in the left wall bears this inscription :—

BY THE GENERAL COURT OF MASSACHUSETTS BAY
28 OCTOBER 1636, AGREED TO GIVE 400,5
TOWARDS A SCHOALE OR COLLEDGE WHEAREOE 200,5 AA
To BEE PAID THE NEXT YEARE & 200,5
WHEN THE WORKA Is FINISHED & THE NEXT COVR’I‘ I;A
To APPOINT WHEARE & WT BVILDING
15 NOVEMBER 1637 THE OOLLEDG IS ORDERED
TO BEE AT NEWETOWNE
2 MAY I638 IT IS ORDERED THAT NEWETOWNE
SHALL HENCEEORWARD BE CALLED CAMBRIGE
IX MARCH 1638—9 IT IS ORDERED THAT THE COLLEDGE 3/
AGREED VPON FORMERLY T0 BEE BVILT AT CAMBRIDG
SHALBEE CALLED HARVARD COLLEDGE.

The Gate and Fence of the Class of 1874, built in
1900, extend from the Johnston Gate to the pathway
‘south of Holden Chapel, the gate being the entrance to
this path.

26

The Gate and Fence of the Class of 1870, built in
1901, extend from this point to the pathway senth~of
Holden Chapel. The gate is in the centre of the section,
and opens on a sun dial, also given by the Class of 1870.
This dial is surrounded by hedges. The base is inscribed :
CLASS OF 1870. Around the upper part of the pedestal
the following sentence is engraved : ON THIs MOMENT
HANGS ETERNITY. On each side of the gate is a post with
a tablet, and the two tablets are inscribed as follows : —

The tablet on the left: The tablet on the right:
GIVEN ERECTED
To THE COLLEGE BY THE CLASS OF
BY 1870
THE CLASS OF IN THE YEAR
1870 190!

The Gate and Fence of the Class of 1886, built in
1901, extend from the section of the Class of 1870 to
Phillips Brooks House, the gate opening upon the path-
way north of Holden Chapel. As yet, there are no
inscriptions.

The Gate and Fence of the Class of 1876, built in
1900, extend from the pathway west of Holworthy, to
which the gate is the entrance, about fifty feet along the
Cambridge Street side of the Yard. On an iron shield
surmounting the gate are the following inscriptions : — ‘

GIVEN HOLWORTHY
BY THE CLASS GATE
OF 1876 ON ‘

IN MEMORY OF

COMMENCEMENT DAY
DEAR OLD TIMES

1901

my; m ’§?¢.’3‘V*‘X&?&§m§§
4.
¢

”9:”

 

THE CLASS OF 1886 GATE

 

 

THE MEYER GATE

 

27

The Meyer Gate, at the Cambridge Street entrance
to the Yard, opposite the delta on which stands Memorial
Hall, was the gift of George von Lengerke Meyer, of
Boston, of the Class of 1879. It was designed by
Charles Follen McKim, and was erected in 1891.

BUILDINGS AND GROUNDS

 

University Hall, built in 1813—15, of white
Chelmsford granite, after a design by Bulfinch, cost
about $64,000. Soon after its completion, there was
added to the western facade a portico, which was, how-
ever, removed in 1842. For a while, University contained
the library, the philosophical apparatus, and the ‘hall for
ordinary chapel assembly. There were in this hall galleries,
pews for members of the Faculty and their families, and
in the east end a pulpit. The building became the centre
of University life. For some time, the students’ commons
were here; and here were entertained Presidents Monroe,
Jackson, and Van Buren, and the Marquis de Lafayette.
Of late years, the hall has undergone much alteration.
In 1849, the lower floor, and in 1867, the chapel, were cut
up into recitation rooms; and other changes have given
the building over to lectures and administrative work.
In 1896, however, the original chapel was restored with-
out the galleries and pews, and it is now used for the
meetings of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Hanging
on its walls are portraits of former officers and of bene-
factors of the University. Near this site, but somewhat
to the westward, stood the first Stoughton Hall, built in
1700; and here, also, was the spring at which Professor
Wigglesworth used to water his cow.

Massachusetts Hall was built from a grant of
£3,500 made in 1718 by the Province of Massachusetts.

Via»: >H~wvfia>~ZD

 

 

29

It was finished in 1720, and was at first used as a
dormitory. After the Battle of Lexington, it was used
as a barracks by the Continental soldiers, and somewhat
damaged. About one hundred years after the erection
of the building, the lower part was given over to rooms
for lectures and societies ; and in 1870 the whole building
was devoted to the public uses of the University. In the
lower hall,'the Phi Beta Kappa dinners were given up to
1902; and here, on Commencement morning, the Presi-
dent and other officers of the University welcome the
Governor of the Commonwealth, his staff, and the invited
guests of the day. '

,Harvard Hall, built in 17 65—66 by the Province of
Massachusetts, at a cost of $23,000, replaced the first
Harvard Hall, which was destroyed by fire in 1764.
As the older building was occupied at the time by the
Province Legislature, which had been driven from Boston
by the small-pox, the Province of Massachusetts Bay con-
sidered itself responsible for the loss, and therefore built
the present Harvard Hall. This at first contained the
chapel, the library, the philosophical apparatus, and the
dining hall of the College. Like Massachusetts Hall, it
was used and somewhat damaged by the troops in Revolu-
tionary times. Here Washington was received in 1789.
Except Holden Chapel, it is the only one of the early
College buildings which has never been used as ‘a
dormitory. It is now used for lectures and recitations,
and contains the libraries of the Departments of the
Classics, History and Government, and Economics.

The Library of the Department of the Classics (Room 3)
contains dictionaries, general treatises on grammar,

30

history, antiquities, literature, philosophy, etc., together
with all the most recent and many of the more valuable
older editions of Greek and Latin authors; in all, about
3000 volumes. The books recommended by the several
instructors of the Department for collateral reading in
their courses are all included. On the walls hang like-
nesses of professors in the Department from the beginning
of the nineteenth century.

The Principal Lecture Room of the Classical Depart-
ment (Room 1) is equipped/with an excellent (electric
light) stereopticon and about 3600 slides illustrating
Greek and Roman life, art, archaeology, etc., etc. The
Department has also in its various lecture rooms about
4000 mounted photographs and a considerable collection
of casts of Greek and Roman sculpture. A set of fac-
similes of ancient coins is at present deposited in the
Fogg Museum of Art.

The History Reading Room (Room 2) contains two
department libraries : ~—

The Library of the Department of History and Govern-
ment is made up of books on English and continental
history and government—nearly 2,000 volumes—and
half as many on American history. The collection on
American history is frequently called the Evans Library.

The Library of the Economics Department is made up
of a collection on Political Economy and one on Social
Questions -—in all, about 2000 volumes.

These four collections are especially designed to
provide copies of the books most commonly used in
connection with the courses of study in the subjects to
which they relate.

 

 

HARVARD H ALL

 

31

Hollis Hall, built by the Province of Massachusetts
Bay in 1763, at a cost of nearly £5,000, and named for
the first Thomas Hollis, contains 32 rooms. Hollis, who
established two chairs, the Hollis Professorship of Divinity
and the Hollis Professorship of Mathematics and Natural
Philosophy, was the greatest benefactor of the University
during the first century of its existence; and his example
was followed by other members of his family for several
generations. The building was from the first used as a
dormitory, but some of its rooms have been occupied by
societies, such as the Harvard Washington Corps, the
Engine Company, and the Pi Eta Society. Like the other
older buildings, it was given over to the Revolutionary
soldiers for a time, and was somewhat damaged.

Stoug‘hton Hall, built in 1805 at a cost of about
$23,000, of which three-fourths was secured by a public
lottery authorized by the State, was named for Lieutenant
Governor William Stoughton, who, as Chief Justice of
Massachusetts Bay, presided at the Witchcraft Trials. It
was he who gave the funds for the first Stoughton Hall,
built in 1700. The present Stoughton, at first called

'New Hall, was used from the beginning as a dormitory.
The Hasty Pudding Club formerly met and had reading
rooms here. Like Hollis Hall, the building has 32 rooms.

Holden Chapel. —Madam Holden, wife of Samuel
Holden, M.P., Governor of the Bank of England, ——who
was regarded as the head of the English Dissenters,——
together with her daughters, gave to the College £400.
With this money the first building designed solely for
religious uses by the University, Holden Chapel, was
built in 1744. On its west front the Holden Arms are

32

carved in wood. When the present Harvard Hall 'Was
built, Holden ceased to be used for religious services.
For a While, it contained four rooms, being divided into
two stories, each of which consisted of two apartments.
Those on the lower floor were used as chemical laboratory
and lecture room; those on the upper floor as anatomical
museum and lecture room. But after the building of
Boylston Hall each story was converted into one large
recitation room, and later these were thrown together
into a single room. In recent years, Holden has been
used chiefly for society meetings, rehearsals and trials of
the musical clubs, and by the Department of Music.

Phillips Brooks House.——This building, situated
at the northwest corner of the Yard, was erected as a
memorial to Phillips Brooks, of the Class of 1855,
Preacher to the University, Overseer, and Protestant
Episcopal Bishop of Massachusetts. The building, com—
pleted in 1899, was designed by Alexander Wadsworth
Longfellow, of the Class of 1876. Nearly six hundred
persons contributed to the fund, which amounted to
$71,046.54, with $4,790.19 interest. Of this total,
$10,000 was given in trust to the University as an
endowment to carry on the various activities to which
the House is devoted.

On the first floor, the west end is occupied by Brooks
Parlor, a large reception room for social uses. Here, on
Friday afternoons, students are welcomed at informal teas
given by the wives of University officers. Across the
hallway are the Randall Rooms, named in memory of
Belinda Lull Randall and John Witt Randall, and a
study. In the Randall Rooms are the offices of the Stu-
dent Volunteer Association; and the exhibitions of the

7,. — r

.qu ~ ..

 

HOLIJS HALL

 

 

STOUGHTON HALL

 

33

Harvard Camera Club have also been given here. In the
study are facilities for writing, and a place is provided
where students who do not live near the Yard may read
between lectures. On the second floor, in the west end,
are the Noble Rooms, named in memory of William
Belden Noble, ’85, and occupied by the St. Paul‘s Society.
One is‘a general meeting room, the other is fitted up as
a small chapel. In the east end of this story are the
Shepard Rooms, named in memory of Ralph Hamilton
Shepard, ’92, a member of thew Christian Association,
who died in 1894, and left five thousand dollars to pro-
mote Christian work at Harvard. The rooms are occupied
by the Harvard Christian Association. There is a read-
ing room where the leading daily, weekly, and monthly
papers are kept on file, a library on religious subjects, the
,. .offiq‘ef'off-the‘Secretary, and a committee room. Between
the Shepard Rooms and the Noble Rooms is a small
Committee Room. 011 thethird floor is Peabody Hall,
named in memory of the Reverend Andrew Preston
Peabody, formerly Preacher to the University. The hall,
arranged for meetings and lectures, has a seating capacity
of 220. In this story are also the rooms of the Catholic
Club and the Religious Union.

In the hallway, there is a bronze bust of Phillips
Brooks, the gift of Mr. Lorin F. Deland; and on the
walls are the following inscriptions : ——

.On the east wall, above the bust of Phillips Brooks :—

THIS HOUSE
IS DEDICATED TO
PIETY CHARITY HOSPITALITY
IN GRATEFUL MEMORY OF

PHILLIPS RRO OKS

34

To the right of the bust : —

BORN IN BOSTON DECEMBER 13 1835
AB HARVARD 1853 VIRGINIA THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY 1859
RECTOR CHURCH OF THE ADVENT PHILADELPHIA 1859—1861
CHURCH OF THE HOLY TRINITY PHILADELPHIA 1862—1869
TRINITY CHURCH BOSTON 1869—1891
BISHOP OF THE PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCH
IN MASSACHUSETTS 1891—1893
OVERSEER OF HARVARD COLLEGE 1870—1882 1883—1889
PREACHER T0 HARVARD UNIVERSITY 1886—1891
DD UNION 187C HARVARD 1877 OXFORD 1885 COLUMBIA I887
DIED 1N BOSTON JANUARY 23 1893

On the left of the. bust : —

A PREACHER
OF RIGHTEOUSNESS AND HOPE
MAJESTIC IN STATURE IMPETUOUS IN UTTERANCE
REJOICING IN THE TRUTH
UNHAMPERED BY BONDS OF CHURCH OR STATION
HE BROUGHT BY HIS LIFE AND DOCTRINE
FRESH FAITH TO A PEOPLE
FRESH MEANING TO ANCIENT CREEDS
TO THIS UNIVERSITY
HE GAVE
CONSTANT LOVE LARGE SERVICE HIGH EXAMPLE

On the north wall between the front door and the
entrance to Brooks Parlor: —

PHILIP STANLEY ABBOT

BORN 1867 DIED 1896
HARVARD A.B. 1890 A.M. LL.B. 1893
ALWAYS A LEADER
HE ON JANUARY 23 1893
STIRRED HIS FELLOW STUDENTS
TO UNDERTAKE THIS MEMORIAL BUILDING
BUT BEFORE ITS COMPLETION WAs KILLED
IN CLIMBING MOUNT LEFROY
RICH IN NATURE FRIENDS FORTUNE
' HE ADDED
WHATEVER TOIL AND CHARACTER CAN GIVE
TO MAKE SHORT LIFE COMPLETE

 

 

 

HOLDEN CHAPEL

 

 

 

BROOKS HOUSE

PHILLIPS

 

35

On the north wall, at the entrance to Randall Room :—

RALPH HAMILTON SHEPARD
BORN 1867 HARVARD A.B. 1892

ONE OF HARVARD’S YOUNGEST BENEFACTORS
STUDIOUS EARNEST DEVOUT
MEMBER OF
THE CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION
, THE RELIGIOUS UNION
THE SAINT PAUL’S SOCIETY
DYING IN 1894
HE GAVE FIVE THOUSAND DOLLARS
TO PROMOTE CHRISTIAN WORK
AT HARVARD COLLEGE

011 the east wall, at the entrance to Randall Room : —

BELINDA LULL RANDALL
BORN 1816 DIED 1897

WHO THROUGH THE TRUSTEES OF HER ESTATE
MADE PROVISION
WITHIN THE PHILLIPS BROOKS HOUSE
FOR THE ADMINISTRATION OF CHARITY
BY THE STUDENTS OF THIS UNIVERSITY

JOHN WITT RANDALL
BROTHER OF BELINDA BORN 1813 DIED 1892

A.B. HARVARD 1834 M.D. 1839
WHOSE NAME SHE WISHED
TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH HERS
IN HER MANY AND GREAT BENEFACTIONS

LOVELY AND PLEASANT IN THEIR LIVES
AND IN THEIR DEATH THEY WERE NOT DIVIDED

,36

On the south wall, at the left side of the rear entrance:

WILLIAM BELDEN NOBLE
BORN 1860 DIED 1896

HARVARD AB 1885
ARDENT JOYOUS GENEROUS
YEARNING FOR KNOWLEDGE
IMPASSIONED FOR HOLINESS

HE SOUGHT TO BE A MINISTER
AFTER THE PATTERN OF PHILLIPS BROOKS
BUT DIED BEFORE ORDINATION
MINDFUL OF HIS UNFINISHED AIMS
HIS WIFE ESTABLISHED
THE NOBLE LECTURES
IN 1898

Holworthy Hall was built in 1812, at a cost of
nearly $25,000, from the proceeds of a lottery authorized
by the State of Massachusetts. It was named for Sir Mat-
thew Holworthy, an English merchant, who at his death
in 1678 left to the College £1,000, the largest Single gift
received in the seventeenth century. Used always as a
dormitory, this hall has for many years been considered,
on account of its large rooms, the most desirable in the
Yard, and was for a while used exclusively by Seniors.
Room 12, which was visited in 1860 by the Prince of
Wales and in 1871 by the Grand Duke Alexis of Russia,
contains pictures of these personages presented by them-
selves. Holworthy has 24 suites of rooms, each consist-
ing of a study and two single bedrooms.

Thayer Hall was erected in 1869—70 at a cost of
about $100,000. It was the gift of Nathaniel Thayer, a

 

ORTHY HALL

HOLVV

 

THAYER HALL

 

37

merchant of Boston, a member of the Board of Overseers
from 1866 until 1868, and a Fellow of the College from
1868 until 1875. He gave it in memory of his father,
Nathaniel Thayer, of the Class of 1789, a tutor in the
College in 1792—93, and of his brother, John Eliot
Thayer, the founder of the Thayer Scholarships. This
dormitory, which contains 68 suites of rooms, was
designed to accommodate 116 students and three
officers.

Weld Hall, containing 54 suites of rooms, of which
22 aresingle and the rest double, was built in 1871—72,
at a cost of about $87,000. It was given by William
Fletcher Weld in memory of his brother, Stephen Minot
Weld, of the Class of 1826, a benefactor of the College,
a member of the Board of Overseers from 1858 until his
death in 1867, and one of the first to conceive the idea
of Memorial Hall.

Grays Hall, built in 1863 by the College, at a cost
of nearly $40,000, is named for Francis Calley Gray, of
the Class of 1809, a Fellow of the College from 1826 until '
1836, John Chipman Gray, of the Class of 1811, a mem-
ber of the Board of Overseers from 1847 until 1854, and
William Gray, of the Class of 1829, a member of the
Board of Overseers from 1866 until 1872, all three bene-
factors of the University. It has always been used as a
dormitory, and has 52 suites of rooms, each consisting of
a study and an alcove. Antiquarian research has made
it seem probable that the first of all the College buildings
stood on or near the site of this hall.

38

Holyoke House, on Massachusetts Avenue, oppo—
site Grays Hall, waserected by the President and Fellows
in 1870—71, at a cost of over $121,000, and contains 50
suites of rooms. The ground floor is occupied by stores.

Matthews Hall, completed in 1872, at a cost of about
$113,000, was the gift of Nathan Matthews, of Boston,
who stipulated that half the net income from the dormi-
tory should be used to aid needy and deserving scholars;
students for the ministry of the Protestant Episcopal
Church and sons of ministers of that church to be pre-
ferred. The fifteen Matthews Scholarships were thus
established. This dormitory, containing 60 suites of

rooms, is thought to stand on the site of the old Indian
College, built in 1654.

Dane Hall, built with $7,000, given by Nathan Dane,
of Beverly, of the Class of 1778, a delegate to the Con-
tinental Congress, was completed in 1832 ; but when Mat-
thews Hall was built Dane was moved a short distance
south of its original site. With the addition of 1844—45,
the hall has cost somewhat more than $23,000 (including
the Dane gift). The Law School occupied the building
until 1883, when Austin Hall was built. In 1882, certain
parts of Dane were given over to the Harvard Cooperative
Society, which occupies the entire basement and half of
the first story. The upper story of eleven rooms is now
used as a Psychological Laboratory. The Bursar’s Office
occupies the rear half of the first floor. In 1845, and
again in 1891, Dane Hall was enlarged. ‘

The Psychological Laboratory, founded in 1891, con-
sists of ten working rooms and one large lecture room.

 

WELD HALL

 

 

GRAYS HALL

 

39

It is devoted chiefly to original research work in all fields
of experimental psychology, and secondarily to courses
for beginners in psychology. The apparatus may be
classified in six groups.

The first group contains the collection of instruments
for the study of seeing, hearing, and touching. In
the service of the optical investigations two rooms are
fitted up as dark rooms, equipped with the heliostats
and with instruments for the study of color-sensations.
The second group contains the means for studying the
centrifugal processes, such as emotion, volition, action;
among them the instruments for the time measurement of
psychical processes and for the registration of expression.
The apparatus of the third group is employed in the study
of the ideas and their associations, of memory and apper-
ception, of space and time, and of attention and feeling.
The fourth group contains models of brain and sense
organs, mostly with detachable parts; microscopes, with
histological nerve preparations ; apparatus demonstrating
the functions of eye and ear. The fifth group includes
a regular workshop, with carpenter’s bench, electrical
outfit with batteries, motors, induction coils, galvano-
meters, etc.; chemical and mechanical, anatomical and
physiological outfits; and a full line of all material for
preparing the apparatus for the varying purposes of new
investigations. The sixth group contains apparatus for
the study of the mental life of animals; it includes also
aquariums, vivariums, etc.

The reference library contains full sets of the leading
psychological and philosophical magazines and a collec-
tion of philosophical, psychological, and physiological
handbooks and monographs. Large charts of the nervous

40

system, pictures of psychologists, and diagrams showing
optical illusions, etc., cover the walls of the rooms.

College House, on Massachusetts Avenue, opposite
Dane Hall, was originally called Graduates’ Hall. It was
erected at the expense of the College in 1832, and, with
additions, has cost $559,000. In 1845, when it was oc-
cupied largely by law students, an addition was made
in order to give room for a store and for the office of
the Omnibus Company. The addition was made at the
expense of a building occupied by students and called
College House, or, more familiarly, “ the old den.”
Undergraduates were first allowed to room in Graduates’
Hall in 1846—47, but it was not until 1860 that the name
was changed to College House. The upper floors contain
7 0 rooms; the ground floor is occupied by stores.

Wadsworth House was built partly with a grant
of £1,000 made by the General Court of Massachusetts
Bay in 1726, the year after President \Vadsworth was
inaugurated; partly with other funds, as the Court would
not grant enough to, complete it. It was finished in
1727, and cost altogether about £1,800. It is the oldest
building now standing except Massachusetts Hall. At
first called the President’s House, it was occupied by
successive presidents until 1849. It was the head-
quarters of Washington and Lee for a short time in
1775, until more spacious quarters were obtained in the
heuse on Brattle Street, now known. as Craigie House,
which was later the residence of Longfellow. Undoubt-
edly, some of the first despatches sent by Washington to
Congress, to Richard Henry Lee, and to General Schuyler,

 

 

 

KE HOUSE

HOLYO

 

MATTH EWS HALL

 

41

were written in Wadsworth. Towards the close of the
2 century, the building was enlarged, and after 1849 it was
used as a dormitory and boarding house for students.
It is at present used as a dormitory, but one room is
given over to the Preacher to the University for the time
being.

Boylston Hall was erected in 1857 with a fund
bequeathed by Ward Nicholas Boylston, which was sub-
sequently much increased by subscriptions. The building
was enlarged by the addition of a third story in 1871,
and the accommodations were still further extended in
1891, 1895, and 1902. It is occupied by the Department
of Chemistry of Harvard College, of the Lawrence Scien-
tific School, and of the Graduate School.

On the entrance floor are four laboratories. The Lab-
oratory for Quantitative Analysis (Room 2) is provided
with hoods, apparatus for electrolysis, and water-baths
of novel construction. In the weighing-room adjoining
this laboratory is acollection of 203 new compounds and
50 other substances illustrating the original work of the

department before the year 1893. The Laboratory for
Inorganic Research (atomic weights) is entered through
the laboratory for quantitative analysis.

The Laboratory for Physical Chemistry is in Room 4;
the Laboratory for Elementary Chemistry is in Room 5.

In the basement is a Laboratory for Descriptive Inor-
ganic Chemistry.

.On the second floor are the lecture rooms and the rooms
. for chemical apparatus and specimens (Rooms 7, 9, 10).
A selected collection of specimens is exhibited in two
cases in the entry for the use of the class in inorganic

42

chemistry. The library (Room 8) is also on this floor.
It contains the more important chemical text-books and
periodicals (1600 volumes and over 5000 dissertations),
to be used for consultation only. It is supplementary
to the larger collection of books on chemistry in Gore
Hall.

On the third floor is The Laboratory for Organic Chem-
istry (Room 11), with places for men studying elementary
chemistry, and for students of research. On the same
floor is The Laboratory for Qualitative Analysis, and a
Laboratory for Advanced Quantitative Analysis, with
places for from twenty-five to thirty students.

The store-rooms for apparatus and chemicals are in the
garret.

Appleton Chapel, the second building devoted
solely to religious worship, was the gift of Samuel Apple-
ton, of Boston, who left $200,000 to the College with
the direction that one-fourth of it should be spent for a
chapel. It was built at a cost of nearly $68,000, and
was completed in 1858. In the interior, a good many
changes have been made: the roof proved defective and
had to be altered; the galleries are of recent date. The
later improvements are due to the liberality of the chil-
dren of Nathan Appleton, of Boston. Here are held the
daily religious services of the University.

On the wall to the right of the pulpit is a greenish
bronze tablet erected to the memory of the Reverend
Andrew Preston Peabody, and inscribed as follows: —

 

 

DANE HALL

 

we

 

COLLEGE HOUSE

 

 

43

ANDREW PRESTON PEABODY, D.D., LL.D.
PLUMMER PROFESSOR OF CHRISTIAN MORALS AND PREACHER TO
THE UNIVERSITY
BORN AT BEVERLY, MARCH 19, 1811
DIED AT CAMBRIDGE, MARCH 10, 1893
AUTHOR, EDITOR, TEACHER, PREACHER, HELPER OF MEN
THREE GENERATIONS LOOKED To HIM
As To A BENEFACTOR, A FRIEND, A FATHER
HIS PRECEP’I‘ WAS GLORIFIED BY HIS EXAMPLE
WHILE FOR THIRTY-THREE YEARS
HE MOVED AMONG THE TEACHERS AND STUDENTS
0F HARVARD COLLEGE
AND WIST NOT THAT HIS FACE SHONE

The management Of the religious services of the Uni-
versity is entrusted to a Board of Preachers, which was
established by the following Vote of the President and
Fellows, of date May 10, 1886 : —

“That five preachers to the University be annually
appointed by the President and Fellows, with the con-
currence of the Board of Overseers, who, in conjunction
with the Plummer Professor of Christian Morals, shall
arrange and conduct the religious services of the Univer-
sity.”

The Board of Overseers at once concurred in this vote,
and in 1892 it was incorporated in the Statutes of the
University. In June, 1886, on the unanimous recom-
mendatiOn of the Preachers and the Plummer Professor,
the President and Fellows voted : “ That the statute num-
bered 15, concerning religious exercises, be amended by
striking out the clause, ‘ at which the attendance of the
students is required ’ ” ; and the Board of Overseers con-
curred in this vote also. _Attendance at the religious
services of the University was thus, by the advice of
those who conduct the services, made wholly voluntary.

44

Each member of the Board of Preachers conducts daily
morning prayers, which are held at quarter before nine
o’clock, for about three weeks in each half-year, and each
preaches on four Sunday evenings. The preacher conduct-
ing morning prayers is in attendance every morning during
his term of duty at Wadsworth House 1, and is at the
immediate service of any student who may desire to con-
sult him. On Thursday afternoons from November to
May vesper services are held in the University Chapel.
These services are brief, largely musical, with an address
by one of the Preachers. Occasionally, the Board invites
other preachers, of various communions, to conduct the
Sunday evening services. The music at all services is
by the College choir, a full male chorus of 25 sopranos
and altos and 16 tenors and basses. The Board of
Preachers for the year 1902—03 is : —

FRANCIS GREENWOOD PEABODY, D.D.,
Plummer Professor of Christian Morals.

FRANCIS BROWN, D.D., LL.D.
GEORGE FOOT MOORE, A.M., D.D.
WASHINGTON GLADDEN, D.D.
FLOYD WILLIAMS TOMKINS, D.D.
WILLIAM WALLACE FENN, S.T.B.

There have also served on the Board of Preachers since
its foundation in 1886 : —

EDWARD EVERETT HALE, D.D.
ALEXANDER MCKENZIE, D.D.
THEODORE C. WILLIAMS, D.B.
GEORGE A. GORDON, D.D.
PHILLIPS BROOKS, D.D.
WILLIAM LAWRENCE, S.T.D.
BROOKE HERFORD, D.D.
HENRY VAN DYKE, D.D.

 

 

 

WADSWORTH HOUSE

 

 

BOYLSTON HALL

 

45

LYMAN ABBOTT, D.D.

CHARLES CARROLL EVERETT, D.D.
WASHINGTON GLADDEN, D.D.
LEIGHTON PARKS, D.D.

J. ESTLIN CARPENTER, A.M.

E. WINCHESTER DONALD, D.D.
SAMUEL MCCHORD CROTHERS, D.D.
SIMON J. MoPHERSON, D.D.
' JOHN H. VINCENT, D.D.

SAMUEL D. MCCONNELL, D.D.
PHILIP S. MOXOM, D.D.

GEORGE HARRIS, D.D.

GEORGE HODGES, D.D.

WILLIAM DEWITT HYDE, D.D., LL.D.
WILLIAM H. P. FAUNCE, A.M., D.D.
WILLIAM WALLACE FENN, S.T.B.
WILLIAM J. TUCKER, D.D.
CHARLES CUTHBERT HALL, D.D.
ROBERT MACDONALD, S.T.B.
ENDICOTT PEABODY, LL.M., S.T.B.
P. R. FROTHINGHAM, A.M., S.T.B.

THE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY

History. —The nucleus of the College Library was
the little collection of 260 volumes bequeathed by John
Harvard in 1638. The Puritan scholar’s library was
naturally strongest in the theological and polemical works
of the day, but it had a good number of classics, Aesop,
Cicero, Epictetus, J uvenal, Horace, Isocrates, Lucan,
Pliny, Plutarch, Plautus, Terence, and others, and some
modern works of literature and history, such as Bacon’s
“Advancement” Essays, Chapman’s Homer, Quarles’s
Poems, Camden’s Remains. Of all these, however, there
now remains but one volume, Downame’s Christian War-
fare , the rest were destroyed in the fire of 17 64.

46

The history of the library from that day to this is a
record of generous gifts, great and small, from lovers of

learning in this country and in England. Harvard’s

bequest stirred the magistrates of the Colony to con-
tribute books to the value of £200. Peter Bulkley, the
minister settled in Concord, early gave 37 volumes; Grov-
ernor “Vinthrop gave 40 volumes; Sir Kenelm Digby, in
1658, Catholic and Royalist though he was, sent over 29
volumes, probably out of friendship for Winthrop. The
bequests of the Rev. Ezekiel Rogers, of Rowley, in 1661,
of Dr. John Lightfoot, an eminent English divine, in
1675, and of Theophilus Gale, philosopher, philologist,
and historian, in 1678, rapidly added to the value of
the collection. Beginning in 1719, Thomas Hollis, his
two brothers, John and Nathaniel, the son and the grand-
son of Nathaniel, both named Thomas, and Thomas Brand
Hollis, whom the last Thomas Hollis made his heir, in
succession devoted to the College an unremitting interest
and generosity, which showed itself in the establishment
of professorships and scholarships, in constant gifts of
. books for the library and of philosophical apparatus for
scientific work, and ended only with the death of the last
named in 1804. The elder Hollis, a strict Baptist, but

liberal-minded, was pleased with the “free and catholic ,

spirit of the Seminary,” and during the last ten years of
his life was constant in its service and constantly stirring
the interest and appealing to the generosity of others.
The last Thomas Hollis showed his interest in the College
by donations of books before the fire of 17 64, and after
the fire immediately subscribed £200 for the purchase of
books; furthermore, in the course of the next six years,
he sent hither 41 cases of books, and at his death, in
1774, left a bequest of £500.

3v,» w“ ‘r‘vfimvuw 4

am!” '

4;
‘.
$33
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A>M<MmHA MOMAAOO MIHV Ag<m HMOO

 

 

47

When Harvard Hall was burned in 1764, the library
was destroyed. This collection, amounting to about 5000
volumes, was by far the most valuable in the country,
and its loss was regarded as a public calamity. But so
great was the general sense, both here and in England,
of the importance of. replacing it, so strenuous were the
efforts of the Committees appointed by the Corporation
and the Overseers, and so lively the interest of others on
all sides, that the library soon surpassed (its former size,
‘and by 1790 it had increased to about 12,000 volumes.
The long roll of donors for 1764 is printed in Quincy’s
History (ii. 485); Besides the gifts of Thomas Hollis,
there were gifts from Governor Bernard (10 guineas and
more than 300 volumes), from John Hancock (£554),
from the province of New Hampshire (£300), from the
Archbishops of Canterbury and York, from George
Whitefield, who also by his influence procured large
numbers of books from others in England, and from
the various societies for propagating the Gospel and
promoting Christian knowledge.

In June, 1775, when Cambridge was occupied by the
Continental troops, the library was removed to Andover,
and in November of the same year a part of it was taken
to Concord whither the College had been transferred.
The students and the faculty returned to Cambridge in
June, 1776, but it was not till May, 1778, that the books
were restored to Harvard Hall. Here the library remained
‘ till the erection of Gore Hall in 1838, to which the Presi-

.dent and Fellows devoted a part of the bequest received
from Governor Christopher .Gore in 1829. In 1877,
enlargement was necessary, and the new east wing was
built at an expense of $90,000. Twenty years later, the

48

need for further enlargement was met by remodelling old
Gore Hall. In the lower half of the building a three-story
stack, estimated to hold over 200,000 volumes, in place
of the 80,000 shelved there before, was built; the upper
half was made into a reading room with seats for 218
readers. This room is regarded simply as a temporary
expedient; when a new reading room can be built, this
may be converted into a stack like the floors below it..*

Present Administration. ——— United in administration
with the College Library in Gore Hall, and together with
it forming the University Library, are 10 departmental
libraries and 28 smaller special reference libraries. The
extent of the several collections in October, 1902, was as
follows : ——-

 

Gore Hall (the College Library) ....... 400,200
Bussey Institution (Jamaica Plain) ...... 4,300
Phillips Library (Observatory) ........ 10,400
Herbarium Library (Botanic Garden) ..... 8,000
Law School ................. 67,600
Divinity School ............... 32,500
Medical School (Boston) ........... 2,300
Dental School ............... 600
Museum of Comparative Zoology ....... 34,500
Peabody Museum .............. 2,800
Arnold Arboretum .............. 8,900
Twenty-eight special reference libraries 35,000

607,100

* For references to the printed and manuscript sources for the
history of the College Library see “ The Librarians of Harvard
College” by A. C. Potter and C. K. Bolton, published as No. 52 of
the Bibliographical Contributions of the Library. The list of John
Harvard’s books and of other early gifts is printed in Mr. Andrew
McF. Davis’s “ Few notes concerning the records of Harvard Col-
lege,” Bibl. Contrib. No. 27.

WWW 4L .,

49

From 16,000 to 30,000 volumes are ordinarily added
to the whole collection by gift and purchase each year.

The annual income of the College Library for the pur-
chase of books is about $20,000; the expenses of admin-
istration are about $44,000.

The College Library in Gore Hall is open, during term
time, every week—day (except holidays) from 9 A.M. to
10 P.M., and on Sundays from 1 to 5.30 P.M. During
the summer vacation the Library closes at 5.30 P.M. (at
1 o’clock on Saturdays) and is not open on Sundays.
The College Library is for the use of the whole Univer-
sity, and books may be borrowed by students (three
volumes 3. time), and by instructors and other officers.
All other persons are free to consult books in the library,
and under certain conditions receive permission to borrow.
Professors from other colleges are always welcome. Books
are also lent to other libraries when they can be spared
without injury to work going on in Cambridge.

Officers of the University have direct access to the
shelves in all parts of the library, and students engaged
in advanced work are allowed access to those parts of
the collection with which they are occupied. All stu-
dents have the direct use of about 22,000 volumes in
the reading room and the adjoining rooms.

The Books of the Library. —No complete statement
of the strength of the library in different departments is
given here: mention is made of the chief special fields in
which the library is strong as a result of notable gifts or
collections received.

The collection relating to American history, biography,
genealogy, and geography numbers about 31, 000 volumes,
of which over 20,200 relate to the United States. The

50

basis of the collection was the libraries formed by Pro-
fessor Ebeling and David B. Warden, the former the gift
of Colonel Israel Thorndike, of Boston, in 1818, and the
latter presented by Samuel Atkins Eliot, in 1823. (See
Winsor’s Narrative and Critical History of America, vol.
I, p. 3.) Both collections are rich in early publications.

The collection on American slavery numbers 1047 vol-
umes, and is largely the result of the assiduity of Charles
Sumner and of Thomas Wentworth Higginson.

. In 1894, the private library of Francis Parkman was
received by bequest.

The family of the poet Longfellow, Smith Professor,
1836—54, have given to the library from time to time vol-
umes of American poetry, most of them presentation
copies, amounting altogether to nearly 700 volumes.

The collection of books by and relating to Dante con-
tains over 2300 volumes. In 1884, Professor Charles
Eliot Norton gave to the College Library the larger part
of his valuable collection on Dante, and in 1896 the col-
lection of Dante literature (175 volumes) of George Tick-
nor, Smith Professor, 1817—35, was given to the library
by his heirs. The Dante Society has for many years
made an annual appropriation for the purchase of books
in this department, and the library is under constant obli—
gation to foreign writers, especially Italians, who have
presented many of their works.

A collection of books by and on Milton, numbering
340 volumes, is largely made up of one formed by George

' Ticknor.

. The library received under the will of Thomas Carlyle
his collection of books on Cromwell and Frederick the
Great, numbering 422 volumes.

51

‘The collection of folklore and mediaeval romances,
numbering about 9000 volumes, is supposed to be the
largest in existence. Professor Francis James Child, who
is chiefly responsible for its collection, based upon the
material here brought together his English and Scottish
Popular Ballads.

The Slavic collection now comprises , 5800 volumes
relating to the history and literature of the Slavic
nations.

The collection of Scandinavian literature and history
is increasing rapidly from annual gifts made by a lady in
Boston, the Widow of the former Danish Consul. It
already contains about 3200 volumes.

The collection of Sanskrit literature includes about 450
printed texts, about 500' manuscripts, the gift of Fitz-
edward Hall, of the Class of 1846, and about 500 other
manuscripts purchased for the library in India by Profes-
sor Lanman. Many of the printed books were given by Dr.
Henry \Vare Wales, of the Class of 1838 ; and to increase
the collection, his brother, Mr. George Washington Wales,
gave for many years $200 a year. In 1899, a further
addition of nearly 500 volumes was received from Mr.
Hall, and at the death of Mr. Henry C. Warren, of
Cambridge, a large part of his valuable library of San—
skrit literature was added to this collection.

The collection of music, including both printed books
relating to music and musical scores, numbers over 5000
volumes.

The library is well supplied, particularly with the older
booksmin all departments of theology and Biblical criti-
cism. The collection of printed sermons probably numbers
about 10,000.

52

In 1888, John Harvey Treat, of the Class of 1862,
presented his collection of works on ritualism and doctri—
nal theology, numbering 587 titles; and lately the col-
lection of books on the catacombs and early Christian
antiquities has been largely increased at his expense.

Jared Sparks, 0f the Class of 1815, President of the
University from 1849 till 1853, left his collection of
manuscripts—mostly copies, but including some origi-
nals, such as the papers of Governor Bernard—t0 the
library, and his family has since placed in the library
his private manuscripts, correspondence, diaries, etc.

Other original manuscripts relating to American history
are the papers of Arthur Lee, which were left to the
library in 1827. Two other parts of the same collection
were given at the same time to the American Philosophi-
cal Society in Philadelphia and to the Library of the
University of, Virginia.

An extensive collection of Judaeo-Grerman (Yiddish)
books, and another of Slovak literature have been gath-
ered through the efforts of Professor Wiener.

The books on the history of the Ottoman Empire and
the relations between Turkey and Europe come in large
part from the library of Count Paul Riant, presented in
1900 by Mr. J. R. Coolidge and Assistant Professor A.
C. Coolidge. The collection already numbers over 2800
volumes, and additions are being, constantly made to it.

The collection on the Crusades and the Crusading
Knights and the Latin kingdoms of Constantinople,
Jerusalem and Greece, numbering nearly 900 volumes, is
also largely composed of books from the Riant library.

Charles Sumner bequeathed his whole library to Har-
vard in 187 4. The collection was a general one, but it

53

embraces many books of curious and bibliographical
interest, and interesting autographs. Sumner’s corre-
spondence, mounted in 171 volumes, has also come to the
library since the death of Mr. Edward L. Pierce, his
biographer.

In 1892, Mr. John Bartlett, of Cambridge, gave to the
library his collection of books 011 angling, fishes, and
fish culture, numbering 1014 volumes and 269 pamphlets.
Mr. Bartlett has also given his collection of Proverbs and
Emblems, comprising about 250 volumes.

The collection of loose maps, numbering over 20,000
sheets, is the largest in the country; the basis of the
collection is that formed by the late Professor Ebeling
of Germany, which came to the library with his collec-
tion of Americana in 1818. It has been added to from
time to time, particularly so as to complete the carto-
graphical publications of the United States government
and the topographical surveys of the principal European
countries. The collection of bound maps and atlases
numbers about 900 volumes.

Catalogues of many of the special collections mentioned
above have been printed in the series of Bibliographical
Contributions issued by the library from time to time.

The University Archives are kept in the library, the
Librarian being also keeper of the University Records.
Supplementary to the Archives is a collection of Har-
vardiana, numbering over 3500 volumes and pamphlets.

The President’s House, the central of the three
dwellings on the Quincy Street side of the Yard, was
completed in July, 1861, at a cost of over $16,000, paid
from a fund established by a gift of $10,000 received in

\

54

April, 1846, from the Hon. Peter C. Brooks. It has
been occupied by President Felton, President Hill, and
President Eliot.

Warren House, formerly the residence of Professor
Charles Beck, then of his daughter, Mrs. Moring, and
finally of the late Henry Clarke W arren, of the Class of
1879, a Sanskrit scholar and a generous benefactor of
Harvard University, was bequeathed to the University by
its last owner with the land on which it stood,——the
present site of the Harvard Union.

The house is now used by the Department of Indo-
Iranian Languages and by the Modern Languages Depart-
ment, and contains the Sanskrit Library ( 900 volumes),
The Child Memorial Library of English (4400 volumes),
The Lowell Memorial Library of Romance Literature
(1400 volumes), The Library of the French Department
(2500 volumes), and The Library of the German Depart-
ment (1100 volumes). There are also rooms for the
meeting of some of the smaller advanced courses in these
departments.

The Child Memorial Library was founded in 1897 by
a subscription among the friends and the former pupils
of Professor Francis 'James Child to perpetuate the
memory of his services to the University and to learning.
This subscription resulted in a sum of nearly $11,000,
the income of which is spent under the direction of the
Department of English for the purchase of books relating
to the study of English.

The Lowell Memorial Library of Romance Literature
includes about 700 volumes from the library of the late
James Russell Lowell, acquired in 1900 by means of

55

subscriptions received from many of Mr. Lowell’s friends
and pupils. The books all relate to the earlier periods
of the Romance literatures, modern literature not being
included in the scope of the library. It is hoped that a
fund to provide for its increase may be secured.

The Library of the Department of French is, like the
other collections in Warren House, strictly a reference
library for the use of instructors and students in the
higher courses. It comprises a careful selection of the
most useful works in French literature from the middle
ages to the present day. The books are classified, and
a card catalogue facilitates consultation.

The Library of the Department of Indo-Iram‘an Lan-
guages, in the second story of the House, contains books
on the religious, the'antiquities, and the literature of
India, in part supplementing and in part duplicating the
collection in the College Library. Here are also kept
some 500 manuscripts of Sanskrit and Prakrit texts,
purchased for the University by Professor Lanman in
India. These, with about as many more given to the
University by Dr. Fitzedward Hall, of the Class of 1846,
form the largest collection of Indie manuscripts in
America.

This library also contains maps and many large,
mounted photographs of Indic antiquities and scenery.
From these pictures there have been made nearly 250
lantern-slides, illustrating especially subjects concerning
the archaeology of India, and this collection of slides is
from time to time increased. In the hall are placed three
cases With over 340 electrotype reproductions, made from
the originals in the British Museum, of coins struck in
India before the Mohammedan invasion of 1000 A.D.

'56

The library also possesses the Siamese edition of the
Sacred Books of the Buddhists, in 39 volumes, made by
the King of Siam to commemorate the 25th anniversary
of his accession to the throne, and by him given to the
University.

Sever Hall, completed in 1880 at a cost of about
$115,000, is named for Mrs. Ann E. P. Sever, who left
$100,000 to the College. It was designed by Henry
Hobson Richardson, of the Class of 1859. It contains
37 rooms, used chiefly for recitations and lectures. The
special library of the Department of filathematics is tem-
porarily placed in Sever Hall until more suitable provision
in the College Library or elsewhere shall be made for it.
In the various rooms are displayed numerous photographic
reproductions, including portraits of literary and historical
celebrities, important paintings, and views of historical
scenes and buildings and of Paris and other French cities.
There are also numerous plaster casts of ancient and
modern objects of art. Persons interested can usually
get access to the rooms by applying to the officer in
charge, or, in his absence, to the porter of the hall.

The William Hayes Fogg Art Museum,
nearly opposite Memorial Hall, is a fire-proof building of
Indiana stone, erected at a cost of about $150,000. It
was completed in the year 1895. It was founded by Mrs.
Elizabeth Fogg, of New York, in memory of her husband,
whose name it bears. Mrs. Fogg bequeathed to the
President and Fellows for this purpose the sum of
$220,000. Out of this sum, with its accrued interest,
after the cost of the building had been paid, the expenses

 

 

APPLETON CHAPEL

 

 

SEVER HALL

 

57

of the first equipment of the Museum were met, and the
remainder (about $50,000) is reserved as a fund to defray
a part of the cost of maintenance and administration.
The building is of two stories, having a lecture-room,
with a seating capacity of about five hundred, attached.
The ground floor is divided into a large ball and five
smaller rooms. In the main exhibition hall are gathered
several important original works of Greek sculpture, as
follows: A marble statue of Meleager found in the year
1895 at San Marinella, near Rome; an Aphrodite and a
Narcissus, also in marble; a colossal head in red marble;
and several Greek and Greco-Roman reliefs. Here are,
also, casts of some of the finest examples of Greek and
Greco-Roman sculpture, illustrating the work of all periods
of Greek art. Among the important objects represented
are the colossal statue of Apollo from the temple of Zeus
at Olympia; a large portion of the frieze and the pedi-
ment sculptures of the Parthenon; the Hermes of Praxi-
teles; the Venus of Melos; various sculptures lately
found at Epidaurus; a colossal relief from the Arch of
Trajan at Beneventum ; and others. In the middle west
room is a small number of casts from Egyptian and As-
syrian sculptures; in the northwest room a classified
collection of electrotypes from Greek and Roman coins,
a small collection of fine Greek vases, ancient bronzes,
gold ornaments and glass cinerary urns, and a collection
of French and Italian medals of the Renaissance. In
the east room are a few casts from Mediaeval sculptures,
and a considerable number of casts from sculptures of
the Italian Renaissance. Among these last are the beau-
tiful recumbent statue from the tomb of Ilaria del Carretto
by J acopo della Quercia, the St. George of Donatello, the

58

David of Verrochio, and several of the finest works of
Michael Angelo—including two figures from the Medicean
tombs, the Pieta of Rome, and the Madonna of S.
Lorenzo.

On the walls of the corridor of the upper floor a large
number of photographs from drawings by the Italian and
German masters of the Renaissance will be found, together
with a number of solar enlargements of photographs from
Egyptian, Greek, and Mediaeval architectural monuments.
In the large upper gallery are several original examples
of Italian painting of high character, original works in
water-color by Turner, and a small number of water-color
drawings by artists of the early English school. The
remaining space in this gallery is at present used for the
exhibition, by relays, of photographs from works of art
of various schools and epochs. The west rooms on this
floor are devoted to the storage of photographs and to
the work of administration.

The collection of photographs numbers more than
30,000. It affords a wide range of illustrations of
the Fine Arts of all epochs and all countries, including
architecture, sculpture, and painting. These photographs, -
which are kept in dust-proof cases, are conveniently clas-
sified and catalogued for use. They are always acces-W
sible to members of the University, androther» suitable
persons, on application to the Director’s assistants. Large
tables are provided for convenient examination of the
photographs, and conveniences for tracing, copying, and
note-taking are afforded.

In the larger east room on this floor, and in a part of
the great gallery, are deposited the Gray and the Randall
collections of engravings, which together include about

 

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THE WILLIAM HAYES FOGG ART MUSEUM

 

NELSON ROBINSON JR. HALL

 

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59

30,000 prints. The Gray Collection was bequeathed to

, Harvard College, with provision for its increase and main-
tenance, by Francis Calley Gray, of the Class of 1809.
It is rich in prints from the works of the great early
German and Italian wood and metal engravers and
etchers; and contains many specimens of later forms of
engraving, including numerous examples of more modern
work. This collection is exhibited by relays in glazed
dust-proof cases; and access to the prints in the storage
cases may always be had, under suitable regulations, on
application to the Director or his assistants.

The Randall Collection was given to the College in
the year 1892 by Miss Belinda L. Randall in accordance
with the wishes of her brother, John Witt Randall, of
the Class of 1834, together with the sum of $30,000 to
establish a fund, the income of which is to be used, so far
as it may be needed, for the care and preservation of the
prints; any surplus income may be used at the discre-
tion of the President and Fellows for the general purposes
of “ the department of Engravings and allied branches of
the Fine Arts.” This large collection, gathered by Mr.
Randall to illustrate the history of the art of engraving,
contains some very important prints.

The Randall Collection is accessible under the same
regulations which apply to the Gray Collection.

The Museum is open to the public from 9 A.M. till
5 P.M. on week-days, and on Sundays from 1 till 5 P.M.

Nelson Robinson Jr. Hall, the Architecture
Building, in the College Yard, at the corner of Quincy
Street and Broadway, was built in 1900-01, and with the
equipment and endowment was given by the parents of

60

Nelson Robinson, J r., of New York, of the Class of 1900,.
as a memorial to him, their only child, who died in his
Junior year at College. The entire. gift — building,
equipment, and endowment—approached half a million
dollars. The building contains on the ground floor a hall
of casts, a large lecture room, a room for freehand draw-
ing, an exhibition room, a small lecture room, and a
room for modelling, besides instructors’ and coat rooms,
This 'floor is open to visitors from 1 to 5 in the afternoon.
To visit the other parts of the building, one must be
accompanied by an officer of the University. The hall of
casts, which runs through two stories, contains full size
casts of important architectural subjects. These include
the orders of the Temple of Theseus at Athens, the Mauso-
leum at Halikarnassus, and the temple of Vesta at Tivoli;
on the western wall is a cast of the balcony and window
enframement of the Cancelleria palace in Rome. This
hall also contains casts of the fountain by Verrochio in
the courtyard of the Palazzo Vecchio in Florence; of the
Roman altar found at Ostia; of an Egyptian lion from the
Vatican Museum; of the bronze statue of the charioteer
recently excavated at Delphi; of the Diadumenos of De-
los ; of a table stand from the house of Cornelius Rufus at
Pompeii; and examples of Greek capitals and of Roman
cornices, vases, Renaissance candelabra, and a few smaller
objects, besides an ancient marble Roman Corinthian capi-
tal found at Corneto, the gift of several graduates in
architecture. A full size cast of the doorway of the
Temple of Hercules at Cori serves as the enframement
of the large entrance door in this hall.

Serving in the same capacity for the door of the large.

lecture room opposite the main entrance there is a cast of

61

.a doorway in the interior of the Palazzo di Venezia in
Rome. This lecture room is provided with two stereop-
Vticons in a gallery and contains on its walls in glass cases
fine examples of textiles, prints, and embroideries, mostly
Oriental. There also hang on the rear wall some drawings
by modern artists and copies of the work of old European
masters. At the northeastern end of the corridor is the
room for freehand drawing, containing an interesting col-
lection of casts, mainly of subjects of mediaeval architec-
ture, such as capitals from the triforium gallery of Laon
Cathedral, crockets from Troyes, details from Rheims,
and Romanesque capitals from Moissac. On the walls
and in the cases provided for the purpose are especially
valuable collections of architectural drawings in water-
color and pencil by such English masters as Turner,
Prout, Cox, Girtin, Harding and Cotman, Ruskin, Hol-
land, and Burney. There is also a collection of American
drawings, the larger number of which are by Joseph
Lindon Smith. Many of these are loaned to the depart-
ment by their owner, Dr. Denman W. Ross. Mrs. David
Kimball of Boston presented to the department in 1901
the large painting of the rock-cut temple of Abu Simbel
which hangs in this room.

Just outside of the door to the freehand drawing room
in the corridor are full size casts 0f portions of the Re-
naissance choir screen in Chartres Cathedral.

At the opposite end of the building is a room for mod-
elling, containing many casts of Gr,eek Roman, and
Renaissance detail on its walls, and 1n glass cases in the
centre of the room are examples of pottery, chiefly

Oriental, loaned to the department by D1. Denman W.
Ross.

62

The second story contains the large drawing rooms, and
in close connection with these are the library and small
drawing room.

The Rogers Building, more generally known as
the Old Gymnasium, was built in 1858 at a cost of
about $9,500, of which $8,000 was given anonymously
by a graduate of the University. The name of the donor
was made known after his death; he was Henry Brom-
field Rogers, of the Class of 1822. Until the erection of
the Hemenway Gymnasium in 1878, this building was
used as a gymnasium; it then served as a storehouse
and carpenter shop till 1894, when it was occupied and
remodelled by the Department of Engineering, which
continued to occupy it until 1902, when the depart-
ment removed to the Pierce Building. At present, it is
temporarily used to house The Germanic Museum. This
Museum is intended to illustrate by means of plaster casts
and other kinds of reproduction the outward aspect of the
development of Germanic civilization.

The present collection, apart from a large number of
photographs of German architectural and sculptural
monuments chiefly from the KOniglich Preussische Mess-
bildanstalt, contains models and reproductions of repre-
sentative works of German industry and art from the 4th
to the 16th century. Among them are the following : —
A model of the Nydam Boat, from the Museum of Kiel
(5th century) ; a figure of a Frankish Warrior, from the
Museum of Mainz (7th century); the Bernward Column
0f Hildesheim Cathedral (11th century) ; Choir Screen of
St. Michael’s at Hildesheim (12th century); statues of
Emperor Henry II, Empress Kunigunde and a Sibyl from

vac-m“. .x , .

63

Bamberg Cathedral (13th century); statues of a Wise
and a Foolish Virgin and of two Virtues, and a relief of
the Death of Mary from Strassburg Cathedral (13th cen-
tury); the Praying Virgin of the Germanic Museum at
Niirnberg (15th century) ; Peter Vischer’s Tomb of Count
and Countess of Henneberg at Romhild and statue of
King Arthur at Innsbruck; statue of Emperor Maximilian
from his Tomb at Innsbruck; reliefs and statuettes from
Briiggemann’s Altarpiece at Schleswig Cathedral; Renais-
sance door from the Hirschvogel Saal, Niirnberg; gal-
vanoplastic reproductions of plaquettes by Floetner and
other masters of the 16th century.

Large and important additions to this collection have
been promised by the German Emperor, the Swiss Gov-
ernment and a Committee of German citizens at Berlin.
The Emperor’s gift comprises among other objects the
equestrian statue of the Great Elector at Berlin, the Tomb
of St. Sebald at Nuremberg, the Golden Gate of Freiberg
Cathedral, and similar monumental works.

Memorial Hall and Sanders Theatre. —When
the President and Fellows voted to accept this building,
they took occasion to say of it that it was “the most
valuable gift which the University has ever received, in
respect alike to cost, daily usefulness, and moral signifi-
cance.” The daily usefulness of the building is chiefly
due to its western end, which serves as a dining hall for
students; the eastern end is the principal place of assem-
bly ,on occasions of academic ceremonial; the moral
significance of the whole is set forth especially in the
transept, which one enters first. ,

Sanders Theatre, as the eastern end is called, is named
for Charles Sanders, of the Class of 1802, from whose

64

bequest it was built. The dining hall and the transept
were built by a committee of the alumni, with funds given
by numerous graduates and friends of the University, as
a memorial to the sons of Harvard who fought for the
preservation of the Union, and especially to those who
fell.

At a meeting of graduates in Boston, in May, 1865, a
committee of eleven was appointed to consider the subject
of a permanent memorial. They reported at the next
Commencement in favor of a memorial hall. A commit-
tee of fifty was named, with full power to act. Charles
Greely Loring, of the Class of 1812, was made chairman,
and many distinguished gentlemen were among his asso-
ciates. The plan of a memorial hall, providing a meeting
place for the alumni, a dining hall for the students, and a
commemorative monument to the soldiers of Harvard, was
adopted; William Robert Ware, of the Class of 1852, and
Henry Van Brunt, of the Class of 1854, were appointed
architects ; and a building committee and a committee on
finance were appointed to carry out the work. The old
“Delta,” long a playground, was secured for a site, the
University obtaining Jarvis Field in exchange. The
corner-stone was laid October 6, 1870; the dining hall
and the memorial vestibule were finished in the summer
of 1874; Sanders Theatre was first occupied Commence-
ment Day, 1876. The whole building was transferred to
the President and Fellows in July, 1878. The total cost
up to that time was $368,482. Many additions and
adornments have since been given by classes, individual
graduates, and friends. The extreme length of the build-
ing is 305 feet; the width through the axis of the transept
is 113 feet; the tower is 190 feet high. The clock in the
tower is the gift 'of the Class of 1872, and was placed

u—mm,..-¢.u ' - ‘
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MEMORIAL HALL AND SANDERS THEATRE

 

65

there in 1897. On the exterior of the theatre, at the east
end, are busts of seven orators —Dem0sthenes, Cicero,
St. Chrysostom, Bossuet, Pitt, Burke, and Webster, all
executed in sandstone by John Evans, of Boston; at the
west end, in the Cloister porch, are a marble statue of
, President Everett, by Hiram Powers, a bronze bust of
President Walker, by Miss Anne Whitney, and a tablet
erected to the memory of Edward Augustus Wild, of the
Class of 1844, Brigadier General, United States Volun-
teers. The iron gates of the cloister were given by a
- member of the Class of 1871. Inscription : —

c - A - GOODNOW
A-B- I871-FORES-SUA-PEC-F

The inscriptions on the outside of the building are as

follows: —
The dedicatory inscription, beginning above the south

entrance to the transept and ending above the north

entrance», is as follows : —
MEMORIAE - EORVM
er . HIS - IN - SEDIBVS - INSTITVTI
MORTEM - PRO - PATRIA - OPPETIVERVNT
vr - VIRTVTIS - EXEMPLA
SEMPER . APVD - vos - VIGEANT
SODALES - AMICIQVE - POSVERVNT

Which may be translated : —
In memory of
the men trained here
who
Gave their Lives for their Country
this Hall is built
by their Classmates and Friends 7
to the end that Ensamples of Manhood
be ever in honor among you.

66

The dates 1,861 and 1865 are inScribed on the south
front, though they form no part of the dedicatory sentence.

Above the great west window are the words HVMANITAS .
VIRTVS - PIETAS, and below it: AEDIFICATA - ANN - DOM -
MDCCCLXXI - ANN - COLL . HARV - CCXXXV -

In the interior of the transept, above the wainscoting,
the two rising to a height of 24 feet, are marble tablets
inscribed with the names of those students and graduates
who fell in the war for the Union. Of these, 97 had been
in Harvard College, 17 in the Medical School, 13 in the
Law School, 6 in the Scientific School, 2 in the Divinity
School, and 1 in the Astronomical Observatory. The
dates of their deaths and the places where they fell
are also given. Above the tablets are various inscrip-
tions, as follows : —

On the east wall, in the centre : —-

THIS HALL
COMMEMORATES THE PATRIOTISM

OF THE GRADUATES AND STUDENTS OF THIS UNIVERSITY
WHO SERVED IN THE ARMY AND NAVY OF THE UNITED STATES
DURING THE WAR FOR THE PRESERVATION OF THE UNION

AND UPON THESE TABLETS

ARE INSCRIBED THE NAMES OF THOSE AMONG THEM
WHO DIED IN THAT SERVICE

On the east wall near the south entrance, from Cicero,
Phil’ippics, 14, 34 : —
OPTIMA - EST - HAEC - CONSOLATIO
PARENTIBVS - QVOD - TANTA - REIPVBLICAE ' PRAESIDIA - GENVERVNT
LIBERIS - QVOD ' HABEBVNT ' DOMESTICA - EXEMPLA - VIRTVTIS

CONIVGIBVS - QVOD - IIS - VIRIS - CAREBVNT
QVOS - LAVDARE - QVAM - LVGERE - PRAESTABIT

Translation: This is the best comfort unto their
parents, that they have begotten such strong defences

of the Republic, unto their children that they shall have
of their own kindred examples of manhood, unto their
wives that they shall be Widows of husbands fitter for
eulogy than for weeds.

At the other end of the east wall, from the Vulgate

version of St. Luke, 17, 33 : —

QVICVNQVE - QVAESIERIT ' ANIMAM - SVAM
SALVAM - FACERE - PERDET - ILLAM
ET - QVICVNQVE - PERDIDERII‘ - ILLAM - VIVIFICABIT - EAM

“ Whosoever shall seek to save his‘life shall lose it;
and whosoever shall lose his life shall preserve it.”

Below this is the hexameter verse, adapted from Lucre-
tius, 3, 869:—
MORTALEM - VITAM . MORS - IMMORTALIS - ADEMIT
That is : —-
Immortal death hath reft their mortal life away.

On the west wall, proceeding from south to north : —

Cicero’s version of Simonides’s epigram on the Spartans
who fell at Thermopylae (Tusc. Disp. 1, 101) :—

DIC - HOSPES . SPARTAE . NOS - TE - HIC - VIDISSE - IACENTES
DVM - SANCTIS - PATRIAE - LEGIBVS - OBSEQVIMVR
Translation: ——
Tell Sparta, friend, you saw us lying here
Obedieut to our country’s holy laws.
From Cicero, Philippics, 14, 31 : —

O - FORTVNATA - MORS - QVAE - NATVRAE - DEBITA
PRO - PATRIA ~ EST - POTISSIMVM - REDDITA

Translation: 0 happy death when the debt to Nature
is paid with free choice for one’s native land I

68

Adapted from the Wisdom of Solomon, 4, 13 :———
CONSVMMATI - IN - BREVI - EXPLEVERVNT - TEMPORA - MVLTA

They, “ being made perfect in a short time, fulfilled a
long time.”

From Plautus, Amphitruo, 649 : —

VIRTVS - OMNIBVS - REBVS - ANTEIT . PROFEC’I‘O
LIBERTAS - SALVS - VITA - RES - ET - PARENTES
ET . PATRIA - ET - PROGNATI . TVTANTVR . SERVANTVR
Translation : —
In sooth, ’tis Courage that surpasseth all:
The watch and ward of freedom, safety, life,
Of fortune, parents, offspring, fatherland.

From Cicero, Philippics, 14, 30 : —
GRATA - EORVM - VIRTVTEM - MEMORIA . PROSEQVI
QVI - PRO - PATRIA - VITAM - PROFVDERVNT

Translation : W'ith grateful memory to honor them that
have yielded up life for native land.

From Cicero, Philippics, 14, 32 : ——-

BREVIS . A - NATVRA - NOBIS - VITA - DATA . EST
AT . MEMORIA - BENE - REDDITAE - VITAE - SEMPITERNA
Translation: A short life hath been given by Nature

unto man; but the remembrance of a life laid down in a
good cause endureth for ever.

From Bacon, Antithetav 5, in his De Augmentis Scientia-
rum, lib.,6 : —

BRVTORVM - AETERNITAS - SVBOLES
VIRORVM - FAMA - MERITA - ET - INSTITVTA

Compare Bacon’s Essays, 7 : “ The perpetuity by gen-

eration is common to beasts; but memory, merit, and
noble works are proper to man.”

69

Adapted from the W'z'sdom of Solomon, 4, 1 :—

IMMORTALIS - EST - ENIM - MEMORIA - ILLORVM
QVONIAM - ET - APVD - DEVM NOTA EST - ET - APVD - HOMINES

Translation: “The memorial” of these “is immortal:
because it is known with God, and with men.”

Above the small doors in the west wall : ——
ABEVNT - STUDIA . IN - MORES

From the Ovidian Epistle of Sappho to Phaon, and
meaning: Our studies breed our habits.

RECTI - CVLTVS - PECTORA ' ROBORANT

From Horace, Odes, 4, 4, 34, meaning: Right train-
ing is the strength of character.

The great nerth~window in the transept was given by ,

Martin Brimmer, of the Class of 1849, Fellow of Harvard
College 1877 -—96, in memory of the sons of Harvard who
fell in the Civil “far. It was unveiled on Commencement
Day, 1898. The artist, Sarah VVyman Whitman, writes of
it thus : “The design of this window is to commemorate
the forces which inspired these heroes. Love of the Uni-
versity is symbolized, at one end of the five lower panels,
by the Scholar; and, at the other end, love of Country,
by the Soldier. Above these‘are four cherubs, holding
tablets inscribed with the heroic virtues (Amor, Honor,
Virtus, Patientia) ; and higher still are angelic figures of
praise; While the design culminates in a Rose, wherein
the ascription of Glory to God is typified in color, with a
choir of angels circling round the centre.”

fizz/{Ii _/
,

70

The inscriptions and subordinate scenes in the design
are as follows :—

On the scrolls held by the angels on either side of the
Rose, from Psalms, 115, 1 : NON - NOBIS . DOMINE - NON -
NOBIS - SED - TVO - NOMINI - GLORIA . SIT. Translation:
“Not unto us, 0 Lord, not unto us, but unto thy name
give glory.”

On the panel next the Scholar, a picture of Sir Philip
Sidney giving the cup of water to the soldier, with an
inscription as follows: VERE - TV - ES - DIGNVS - OMNI -
SERVITIO - OMNI - HONORE - ET - LAVDE . AETERNA. From
the Imitatio Christi, Lib. III, Cap. X, 45. Translation:
Truly thou art worthy of all service, all honor, and all
praise forever.

On the panel next the Soldier, a picture of St. Martin
giving his cloak to the beggar. The accompanying inscrip-
tion contains the saying of St. Martin when, at a crisis in
his life, he dedicated himself anew to the service of God.
The Latin words are a translation by Mr. Brimmer from
the passage in a French life of the Saint : SI . TIBI - oevs -
EST - MEO . LABORE - NON - RECVSO - LABOREM. In English :
“ If my labor can serve thee, I will not withhold it.”

The inscription on the middle panel is : ——

SALVE - QVISQVIS - ADES

EORVM - ADSPICIS - NOMINA - HARVARDIANORVM

QVI - FERVIDI - ADVLESCENTES - snv- PLENIORE -VIRI - CONSILIO.
VT - INTEGRA - MANERET - RES - PVBLICA

OPPETIVERVNT - MORTEM

QVAE - MORIENTES - CONSERVABANT - ILLI

EA - TV - COLITO - DVM - VIVIS

VT . HOMINES - APVD - NOS - MAGIS ~ SIN’I‘

LIBERI - BEATI - CONCORDES

‘71

Translation: Greeting, whoe’er thou art. Thou see’st
the names of the men of Harvard who in ardent youth or
manhood’s riper resolution laid down their lives that the
Republic might live. Pattern thy life by the principles
they maintained in death, to make men freer, happier,
and more united.

At the bottom of the window:-———
MARTINVS - BRIMMER - ALVMNVS - socws . DONVM - DEDIT,

that is, The gift of Martin Brimmer, Alumnus and Fellow.
The two dates, 1829 and 1896, are those of the birth and
death of Mr. Brimmer.

In the—southwindow are the names of the Virtues. _

From the gallery above the door leading to the dining
hall hang two flags, the gift of the nation to Miss
Dorothea Dix — a gift which she herself chose— for her
services during the War. These flags she bequeathed to
the University.

From the transept two doorways lead to the floor of
Sanders Theatre, and two stairways to the balcony and the
gallery. The Theatre is polygonal; the stage is at the
west end, and the seats rise towards the eastern walls.
The seating capacity is about 1300. Above the stage is
a canopy, serving as a sounding board, and a small
gallery for musicians. The inscription on the wall above
the gallery is as follows : —

72

1-110 - IN ~ SILVESTRIBVS
ET - INCVLTIS - LOCIS
ANGLI - DOMO - PROFVGI
ANNO . POST - CHRISTVM - NATVM rem - Io - c - XXXVI
POST - COLONIAM . ch . DEDVCTAM . {7—1
SAPIENTIAM - RATI - ANTE ~ OMNIA ~ COLENDAM
SCHOLAM . PUBLICE - CONDIDERVNT
CONDITAM - CHRISTO - ET - ECCLESIAE - DICAVERVNT
QVAE - AVCTA . IOHANNIS - HARVARD - MVNIFICENTIA
A - LITTERARVM - FAVTORIBVS ~ CVM . NOSTRATIBVS - TVM - EXTERNIS
‘IDENTIDEM - ADIVTA
ALVMNORVM . DENIQVE ‘ FIDEI- COMMISSA
AB . EXIGVIS - PERDVCTa- INITIIS - AD - MAIORA - RERVM - INCREMENTA
PRAESIDVM - SOCIORVM . INSPECTORVM - SENATVS . ACADEMICI
CONSILIIS - ET - PRVDENTIA - ET - CVRA
0PTVMAS - ARTES - VIRTVTES ~ PVBLICAS - PRIVATAS

COLVIT ‘ COLIT

QVI-AVTEM -DOCTI-FVERINT-FVLGEBVNT-QVASI' SPLENDOR - FIRMAMENTI
ET ~ QVI - AD - IVSTITIAM - ERVDIVNT - MVLTOS

QVASI ~ STELLAE - IN - PERPETVAS - AETERNITATES

“hum”, A! . ,A

«my, anyvam 4. ,

73

Translation :—

Here in the woods and wilds
Englishmen, fugitives from home,
in the year of our Lord 1636,
the sixth after the settlement of the Colony,
holding that the fii st thing to cultivate was wisdom,
founded a College by public enactment
and dedicated it to Christ and his Church.
Upraised by the generosity of John Harvard,
aided again and again by patrons of learning both
here and abroad,
entrusted finally to the charge of its alumni,
from small beginnings guided to a growth of greater powers
by the judgment, foresight, and care
of its Presidents, Fellows, Overseers, and Faculties,
it has ever cultivated the liberal arts and public and
private virtues,
and cultivates them still.

The rest of the inscription is from the Vulgate transla-
tion of the book of Daniel, 12, 3: “And they that be
Wise shall shine as the brightness of the firmament; and

they that turn many to righteousness as the stars for
ever and ever.”

74

In the panel at the north side of the gallery is the
donor’s inscription:— '

CAROLVS - SANDERS
A-B-ANNLoIooIo-CCdII
THEATRVM
ALVMNIS - ACADEMICIS
SVA . PEG - F

In the south panel is the date :‘——

AEDIFICATVM - ANNO - POST - CHR - NAT

CIO - IO - 000 ° \LXXVI
POT - POPS - AMER - LIBERATVM
C

The marble statue of President Quincy, by William
Wetmore Story, of the Class of 1838, is the only piece of
statuary in the Theatre. On the basement floor there are
large dressing rooms.

The dining hall, which occupies the long western por-
tion of the building, is entered from the centre of the
transept. Another door, at the north end of the transept,
leads into the Auditor’s oflice; thence a stairway leads to
a gallery overlooking the dining hall. From this gallery
one can pass into rooms set apart for the various admin-
istrative offices, into a gallery overlooking the transept,
and by a, stairway into the tower.

The dining hall is 149 feet long, 60 feet wide, and, to
the ridge, 66 feet high. More than 1100 students, mem-
bers of the Dining Association, regularly take their meals
here. A board of directors, chosen by the members,
administer, under certain regulations of the fresident
and Fellows, the affairs of the Association.

 

75

Inside the hall are busts and portraits of alumni and
benefactors, each marked with the name of the subject
and the artist. The great western window shows the
armorial bearings of the nation, the state, and the Uni-
versity. The stained glass windows on the north and
the south are all memorial windows, most of them given
by college classes. Beginning on the left as one enters,
the figures in the windows and the inscriptions are as
follows : —

1. This Window is yet unfilled.

2. Window of the Class of 1859 ; by John La Farge.
Subject: Cornelia, mother of the Gracchi, showing her
sons to her sister, who is playing with her jewelry. In-
scription: CORNELIA - MATER - GRACCHORVM. Then follow
Cornelia’s famous words : HAEC - ORNAMENTA . MEA - svnr
— “ These are my jewels.”

3. Davis Memorial Window; byHenry Holliday; given
by the Davis family. Figures : Columbus and Blake. In-
scriptions: At the top: Port Royal—Memphis —F0rt
Pillow. In the left-hand window : Columbus, Born 1442,
Died 1506. In the right-hand window : Blake, Born 1599,
Died 1657. The memorial inscription proper, occupying
the lower part of both windows, is as follows : —

MEMORIAE - CAROLI ‘ HENRICI . DAVIS - PRAEF . NAV - VIRI
BELLI - ET - PACIS - ARTIBVS - PRAESTANTIS - NATVS - EST
A-D-XVII-K-FEB-AsCIO-IO-CCC-VII-MORTVVS
A ‘- D - XII -‘ K - MART - A - 010 ~ IO - CCC - QJXXVII - ALVMNVS
A'CIO-IO-CCC-XXV-LL-D 0 010 . IO - CCC . ¢XVIII-PER
¢V - ANNOS - SINGVLAREM - FIDEM - PRVDENTIAM - VIRTVTEM
AD - REIPVBLICAE - VTILITATEM - ET - SALVTEM - CONTVLIT
HVIC - OB . REM - BENE - NAVIBVS - GESTAM - GRATISSIMIS
VERBIS ° GRATIAS EGIT - SENATVS - POPVLVSQVE - AMERICANVS

76

Translation : To the memory of Charles Henry Davis,
Rear Admiral in the Navy, eminent in the arts of war and
of peace. He was born January 16, 1807; died Febru—
ary 18,1877; A.B. 1825; LL.D. 1868. During 55 years
he served and safeguarded the Republic with singular
loyalty, foresight, and valor. He received the grateful
thanks of Congress and the American people for his dis-
tinguished service in our fleets.

4. Window of the Class of 1844; by Henry Holliday.
Figures: Dante and Chaucer. Inscriptions: Dante, Born
1265, Died 1321. Chaucer, Born 1328, Died 1400.
Below: MEMORIAE - EORVM - QVI- HIS - EX - SEDIBVS - A -
CIo - 10 ~ 000 - quII - EGRESSI - DE ~ COLLEGIO - CONDIS-
CIPVLISQVE - BENE - SVNT - MERITI . SODALES - POSVERVN'I‘

Translation : Erected by their classmates to the memory
of the members of the Class of 1844 who have earned the
gratitude of the College and of their fellow students.

5. Window of the Class of 1857; by Cottier & C0.,
London. Subjects: Sir Philip Sidney, and, below, the
battle field of Zutphen; Epaminondas, and, below, a
mother giving her son a shield. Inscription: In Memory
of those Classmates who fell in the War. Erected
A.D. 1879.

6. Window of the Class of 1860 ; by John La Farge.
Subject: A battle scene. Inscription: IN MEMORIAM
MDCCCLX.

7. Window of the Class of 1877 ; by W. J. McPherson.
Figures: Charlemagne and Sir Thomas More.

8. Window of the Class of 1854 ; by Frederic Crownin-
shield, of the Class of 1868. Figures: Sophocles and
Shakspere. Inscription under the figure of Shakspere:

77

“ Had I a dozen sous, I had rather I had eleven die nobly
for their country than one voluptuously surfeit out of
action.” From Ooriolcmus, II, 3. Below both figures:
In memory of our classmates who fell in defence of the
Union.

9. This window is yet unfilled.

Crossing to the north side of the hall and beginning at
the west end :

1. Window of the Class of 1875; by C. E. Mills.
Figures: La Salle and Marquette.

2. Window of the Class of 1855 ; by the Church Glass
and Decorating Company of New York. Figures: Ber-
nard of Clairvaux and Godfrey of Bouillon.

The window is erected in memory of Phillips Brooks,
’55, and General Francis Channing Barlow, ’55, and their
faces are given to the figures of Bernard and Godfrey,
respectively.

3. Window of the Class of 1861 ; by Frank D. Millet,
of the Class of 1869. Figures: The Student and the
Soldier. Below the Student, 3. college lecture room ; below
the Soldier, a battle field. Inscription: A - LITTERIS -
LAETI . PRO - PATRIA - AD - ARMA. Translation : With light
hearts from letters to arms for our country.

4. Window of the Class of 1858; by Cottier & Co.
Figures: John Hampden and Leonidas. Inscriptions:
under Hampden: Died for the cause of civilization and
law, and the self-restrained freedom which is their result.
[From a letter of James Jackson Lowell, of this Class,
written from the field to some of his classmates. He
was mortally wounded in the battle of Glendale, June 30,
1862.] Under Leonidas: As for the chances of life or

78

death, neither is welcome without honour or duty, either
is welcome in the path of honour and duty. [From a
letter of Henry Lyman Patten, of this Class, to his
mother. Five times wounded in battle, he died from the
eifects of his last wound, September 10, 1864.] Below:
Erected Anno Domini 1882.

5. ‘Vindow of the Class of 1863 ; by Frederic Crownin-
shield. Figures: Andromache and Hector.

6. \Vindow of the Class of 1880; by John La Farge.
Figures : Virgil and Homer.

7. Window of the Class of 1879 ; by Frederic Crownin-
shield. Figures: Pericles and Leonardo da Vinci. In-
scriptions : under Pericles, from his speech in Thucydides,
2, 63: 1'13; TE 76M»; {was 62KB; Tc§ rcpwpévug aim} To?)
dpxew, (grep draws; d’ydkhcoflc, 301706111. Translation:
You are bound to support our country in the dignity of
her government, in which you all take pride. Under
Leonardo, from his Trattato, book 2: Il tesoro per se
non lauda il suo cumulatore dopo la sua vita come fa
la scienza, 1a quale sempre e testimonia e tromba del
suo creatorc. Translation (from a Class Report):
“‘ Riches in themselves bring no glory to their possessor
at his death, as knowledge does, which is an everlasting
witness and herald to its creator.”

8. Window of the Class ‘of 1878; by F. D. Millet.
Figures: General Warren, and, below, the Committee
on the Suffolk Resolves. John Eliot, and, below, Eliot
preaching to the Indians.

9. Window of the Class of 1874; by Edward Emerson
Simmons, of the Class of 1874. Figures: Themistocles
and Aristides, typifying the reconciliation of the North
with the South. Inscription, from Herodotus, 8, 79 : «is

.1.

.aw'mx arm"?

 

STATUE OF JOHN HARVARD

 

79

3E Effikeé oi @elaw'roxkéys, é’Aeye ’ApLa'TeL’an 1-6.36' fiuéas
aramdé’ew xpéov 3071. 63 e’v Ta; ORA? taupe; Kai 397 Kai e’v
71586 wept To?) 6K61'6p09 fipéwv wkéw 6.7an 1'7‘71/ warpL’Sa
E’p‘ydO’ETaL. Translation: And when Themistocles came
out to him, Aristides said: At all times and chiefly now
this should be our rivalry—which of us shall do most

good to our country.

The Statue of John Harvard, in the Delta, west of
Memorial Hall, was designed by Mr. Daniel C. French.
It was the gift of Samuel James Bridge, and was erected
- in 1884.

Randall Hall, at the corner of Kirkland Street and
Divinity Avenue, was built in 1898—99, partly to accom-
modate the overflow of students unable to obtain board at
Memorial Hall, but also with a design to furnish cheaper
board than is offered by the Memorial Hall Dining Asso-
ciation. Of the $100,000 which Randall Hall cost,
$70,000 was given by the trustees of the estate of John
Witt Randall and Belinda L. Randall, who had left a for-
tune to be devoted to charitable enterprises; the balance
was borrowed from the Corporation.

7 The dining room is large enough to contain 44 tables,

seating 528 persons at the same time; but a larger num-
ber is accommodated. In the main building there are
also an auditor’s office, a dressing room for student
waiters, and, in the basement, toilet rooms, a laundry, a
heating, lighting, and refrigerating plant. A musicians’
gallery overlooks the dining room. An extension to the
north of the main building contains the kitchen, pastry
kitchen, scullery, vegetable room, etc. The architects
were Wheelwright and Haven, of -Boston.

80

THE DIVINITY SCHOOL

That a leading purpose of the founders of Harvard Col-
lege was to provide for the churches a learned ministry
was shown in “New England’s First Fruits,” published
in 1643.

Instruction in theology has .been given at Harvard!

College from the time of its foundation. The first pro-
fessorship instituted in the University was the Hollis
Professorship of Divinity, established in 1721. The
differentiation of the Divinity School from the College
was very gradual. Its Faculty was formally organized
in 1819. A separate list of its students—previously
not distinguished from other “ resident graduates ” ——— first
appears in the Catalogue for 1819—20. The organiza-
tion of the three oldest professional departments of
the University, under the titles Theological School,
Medical School, and Law School, is first indicated in
the Catalogue for 1827—28.

The constitution of the Divinity School prescribes that
“ every encouragement be given to the serious, impartial,
and unbiassed investigation of Christian truth, and that
no assent to the peculiarities of any denomination of
Christians shall be required either of the instructors or
students.”

The administration of the School is carefully conformed
to this principle. Various denominations are represented
in its Faculty and among its students. The aim of its
management is to maintain a school in which all subjects
connected with theology shall be studied in a spirit as
free as that in which philosophy, history, and classical

'l‘Y LIBRARY

DIV I NITY HALL

THE DI 'I '1

 

 
 
 

 

81

literature are studied in colleges. At the same time,
special attention is given to preparation for the practical
work of the ministry.

Divinity Hall, erected under the auspices of the
Societylfor Promoting Theological Education in Harvard
University, which secured contributions amounting to
about $20,000, was completed in 1826. It contains 42
students’ rooms, a reading room, and a chapel. The
library formerly housed there has been removed to the
Divinity Library Building.

The Library Building of the Divinity School
was completed in 1887 at a cost of about $40,000. It
contains the library, of about 33,000 volumes; a reading
room, a faculty room; the Librarian’s office; and three

lecture rooms.

Lawrence Hall, situated on Kirkland Street, north
of Holworthy, was built in 1848 with a part of a gift of
$50,000 made in 1847 by Hon. Abbott Lawrence, of
a Boston, for the benefit of the Scientific Scheol, which had
been established shortly before in Harvard University.
The building was, at first, devoted to the chemical labo-
ratories, library, etc., of Professor Horsford, who was
the first professor chosen for the Scientific School. In
1853, rooms in this hall were assigned to Professor Eustis
for the courses in engineering. Since 1849, Professor
Eustis had shared with Professor Agassiz a square
wooden building erected for their joint use on the site
now occupied by the Hemenway Gymnasium. In 1871,
Professor Eustis occupied the Whole of the second and

82

third floors of Lawrence Hall; and from that time until
October, 1901, these rooms were the centre of the work
in engineering.

Lawrence Hall was designed as the east wing of a
much larger structure to be built for the Scientific School.
There was to be a central hall running east and west,
with a west wing, a counterpart of the present hall.

The cast wing of Lawrence Hall was built as a resi-
dence for Professor Horsford, the entrance to the main
building being then at the south end. This wing was
later devoted to purposes of instruction. It was given
over about 1893 to a Laboratory for the'Oourses in
Anatomy, Physiology, and Hygiene.

The laboratory on the first floor is devoted to instruction
in human physiology and hygiene and to the investigation
of problems in hygiene and the physiology of exercise.
One end of the room is fitted up as a workshop, with
screw-cutting lathe, and the necessary metal- and wood-
working tools for the construction of apparatus. The
laboratory contains a collection of physiological apparatus
and appliances for hygienic investigation, and apparatus
and reagents for physiological and hygienic chemistry;
there is, also, a collection of about a thousand photo-
graphs and lantern slides, together with charts, maps,
and specimens.

The north wing of Lawrence Hall was erected in 1892
with a gift of $10,000 from Mrs. Benjamin Rotch. It
was built as a laboratory for the courses in electrical
engineering; and was so used until these courses were
transferred in October, 1901, to Pierce Hall.

At present, the Department of Education occupies the
second floor of Lawrence Hall, with its lecture rooms,

 

 

 

ROGERS BUILDING

[The Germanic Museum is temporarily housed in this building]

 

LAWRENCE HALL

 

83

professors’ rooms, and library. The physiological labo—
ratory remains on the first floor of the east Wing; and the
remaining rooms are devoted to the general purposes of
University instruction.

The Hemenway Gymnasium, built and equipped
in 1878, was given by Augustus Hemenway, of Boston,
of the Class of 1875. When, on account of the increased
number of students i11'the University, the old Gymnasium
failed to meet completely the needs of the students,
‘ Mr. Hemenway, in 1895, made an extensive addition to
the building, increasing the floor area to 15,000 square
feet. The main hall on the first floor is equipped with
light and heavy gymnastic apparatus and modern develop-
ing appliances. A gallery surrounding the hall is fitted
as a running track. 011 the second floor is the trophy
room, containing souvenirs of athletic contests, a rowing
room, the Director’s ofiice, and rooms for measuring,
photographing, etc. The staircase hall is hung with
portraits of athletes. In the basement are bowling
alleys, hand-ball courts, and rooms for fencing, sparring,
wrestling, and other exercises. In the east end of the
building are the locker, the bathing, and the dressing
rooms, accommodating 2500 students. In the rear is
an area covered with asphalt. This is enclosed by a high
fence, and affords facilities for hand-ball and other gym-
nastic’games and exercises.

The New Lecture Hall, at the corner of Oxford
_ and Kirkland streets, was given in 1901 by donors who
wished their names withheld, and was first occupied in
1902—03. The building covers a space 94 X 72. feet,

84

and cost about $100,000. The architect was Mr. Guy
Lowell, ’92, of Boston. With the exception of the base-
ment, the interior is a large auditorium with a seating
capacity of one thousand: seven hundred on the floor,
and three hundred in the gallery. In the basement are
seven recitation rooms, besides the heating, ventilating,
and operating plants.

Foxcroft House, the frame dormitory on Oxford
street, just north of the new Lecture hall at the corner of
Kirkland street, contains sixteen suites. It is named for
an old Cambridge family whose homestead was on this
site.

The Rotch Building (formerly the Carey Building),
erected in 1890—91 at a cost of $38,000, was the gift of
Henry Reginald Astor Carey. When, in 1898, athletic
sports were transferred to Soldier’s Field, this building
was devoted to other uses of the University, and the
name Carey was given to the base-ball cage on Soldier’s
Field; and the President and Fellows placed thereon a
tablet commemorating the gift of Mr. Carey. The
building is now named in honor of the benefactors whom
the following tablet in the building commemorates :—

IN MEMORY or
ANNIE BIGELOW ROTCH
AND HER CHILDREN
EDITH ROTCH ARTHUR ROTCH
BENEFACTORS

Miss Rotch in 1898 left $5,000 to the Lawrence Scien-
tific School, and this sum was assigned to the Depart-
ment of Mining and Metallurgy.

RE HALL

 

\V AY GYMNASIUM

MEN
THE NEW LECTU

THE HE

 

 

 

\ . . , havkrw$. Esp. .

 

85

The building is occupied by the Department of Mining
and Metallurgy, and contains a lecture room, a library, a
reading and exhibition room, and the following labora-
tories : — i , .

The Laboratory of Metallurgical Chemistry is called
the Storrow Laboratory, Mr. James J. Storrow, ’85,
having given, in the summer of 1901, $3,000 for the equip-
ment. It occupies the west wing of the building. The
main room is 60 feet long by 30 feet wide. Adjoining
are smaller rooms for the instructor and for balances
and storage. The equipment of the laboratory is designed
for general metallurgical analysis, which demands much
hood space, facilities for rapid evaporation and filtration,
and good ventilation and light.

The Stmpktns Ore—Dressing Laboratory was fitted up
with money given in 1900 by the family of John Simp-
kins, of the Class of 1885, as a memorial to him. The
sum was later increased to $26,600. In the laboratory is
a bronze tablet, inscribed as follows : —

IN MEMORY OF

JOHN SIMPKINS
A.B. 1885

The laboratory is provided with modern machines of
full size for the crushing, amalgamation, and concentra-
tion of ores. The machines, which are driven by three
fifteen-horse-power electric motors, are so arranged that
they may be operated singly or in almost any desired
combination for experimental work.

The Stlmpkins Assay Laboratory, in the east wing of
the building, is equipped with nine two-muffle soft coal
furnaces, a melting furnace, a power sample-grinder, and
all the apparatus necessary for assaying.

86

The S-impkins fifetallurgical Laboratory, also in the
east wing, is equipped with furnaces and accessories for
the treatment of iron and steel, and for the melting and
making of alloys. It has also a reverberation furnace for
sulphide metallurgy and a cupola furnace. Heat work,
the measurement of high temperatures, and the prepara-
tion of samples for analysis and of metallic specimens
for optical investigation are carried on in this room.

The Laboratory of Metallography at present occupies
the old Infirmary building on Holmes field, a short dis-
tance east of the Rotch Building. It contains micro-
scopes and accessories for the examination of metals and
other opaque objects.

All heat treatment, pyrometric work, physical testing,
polishing, etc., required in metallographic work are carried
on in the Simpkins Metallurgical Laboratory.

The building now situated west of the Rotch Building,
and used by the Astronomical Department, is one of the
most interesting buildings of the University. It has
successively cradled the Museum, under Professor Agassiz,
the Engineering Department, under Professor Eustis, and
the Department of Architecture, under Professor Warren,
each of which now occupies far more spacious quarters.
It has been moved four times. From the present site
of the Hemenway Gymnasium, where it was originally
located, it was moved to Divinity Avenue, near the
present site of the Peabody Museum, where it was used '
as a dormitory; and from there it was moved over to
Holmes Field, where the Hasty Pudding Club occupied
it. The other two removals were for short distances,
and were occasioned by the erection of the Rotch Building
and other changes on Holmes Field.

 

 

mm,”

., w W
waww~g.m Y

«My ‘

'44;

 

WALTER HASTINGS HALL

 

 

 

87

Walter Hastings Hall, the gift of Mr. Walter
Hastings, of Boston, Whose ancestors in direct line for
three generations were alumni of the University, was built
in 1888—90 at a cost of about $243,000. It contains
61 suites of rooms.

Gannett House, the frame dormitory south of Wal-
ter Hastings, contains nine suites. The dormitory was
named after a family Whose connection with Harvard was

serviceable and honorable.

Conant Hall, built from funds bequeathed by Edwin
Conant, of Worcester, of the Class of 1829, was erected
in 1893—95 at a cost of about $109,000. It contains 45
suites of rooms, and three single rooms. Mr. Conant
also gave $5,000 to the Divinity School and $27,500 to

the College Library.

Perkins Hall, the gift of Mrs. Catharine P. Perkins,
of Boston, was built in 1893-95 at a cost of about
$160,000. It was erected in memory of three members
of her husband’s family, the Reverend Daniel Perkins,
Richard Perkins, and William Foster Perkins, all alumni
of the University. It contains 88 suites of rooms.

The Jefferson Physical Laboratory.—In 1881,
Thomas Jefferson Coolidge, of Boston, 0f the Class of
1850, gave $115,000 to the College for a new physical
laboratory, on condition that $75,000 should be raised
by subscription and the income appropriated to its sup-
port. The building was finished in October, 1884, and
was named the Jefferson Physical Laboratory. All the
instruction in physics, to students of Harvard College,

88

of the Lawrence Scientific School, and of the Graduate
School, by recitations, lectures, and experimental work,
is given in this building, which accommodates the various
physical cabinets. The building is 200 feet long and,
including the basement, four stories high. In the eastern
wing, the whole height is divided between a large lecture-
room below, capable of holding 400 students, and the
great laboratory above. In the central and western
portions of the building are three recitation rooms for
sections of forty or less; but the principal part of the
central and western portions is broken up into a large
number of small rooms, where professors, assistants,
and advanced students can pursue their separate investi-
gations, and be secured against intrusion, or any disturb-
ance of their instruments. In the basement and the first
story, stone tables, each supported by a pier which is
separated by air spaces from the floors, furnish stable
foundations for delicate instruments. Instruments, more-
over, can be placed on the walls of a large rectangular
tower standing on an independent foundation. This
tower rises inside the building and is separated from the
main walls of it by a large air space. It does not extend
to the roof, and is therefore free from disturbances pro-
duced by the movements inside the building and from
possible vibrations resulting from gusts of wind.

This tower constitutes a pier of large section, nearly 60
feet in height, and more or less stable positions for instru- '
ments can therefore be obtained on each story. It is de-
signed for investigations which demand a great height,
the different floors opening to each other by trap doors.
Small openings have been left in the brick partitions
which divide the length of the building: by means of

 

 

CONANT HALL

 

PERKINS HALL

 

 

89

4 these a long path is available for experiments in which
. this arrangement may be necessary. In the western wing,
iron nails and pipes, which would disturb delicate experi-
ments in magnetism, were excluded in the construction of
the building. All steam pipes here are made of brass,
and copper nails are used in the flooring. In the bottom
of the tower is a small underground room which may be
' used for experiments requiring a constant temperature.

A room is devoted to apparatus designed for the more
accurate standard measurements.

A comparator for the measurement and comparison of
standards of length occupies a room in the basement of
the building.

The photographic room is on the fourth floor: adjoin-
ing this is a large room especially arranged for spectrum
analysis. There are four principal laboratories. One of
these, 60 feet square, is devoted to elementary laboratory
instruction. The laboratories for instruction in static
and steady current electricity and in optics are on the
second and third floors. The laboratory for work in ‘
magnetism and alternating currents is in the basement.
A machine room is supplied with power from the city
circuit and contains a milling machine, a large machine
lathe, a smaller lathe, and other mechanical appliances
for the construction of apparatus. Power can also be
obtained from a twenty-five-horse-power engine which is
placed in a house outside of the Laboratory.

Mr. Coolidge gave in 1902 a fund for original research
. which amounts to $60,000.

Pierce Hall.—When it became evident in 1899 ‘
that the quarters then used for engineering (Lawrence

90

Hall and the Rogers Building) were overcrowded, the
Corporation of Harvard College appropriated $175,000
for a new building, to be used principally by the engineer-
ing courses. It was to be called Pierce Hall, after Henry
L. Pierce, from whose great bequest the money was
taken. In May, 1900, ground was broken on Jarvis
Field, opposite the University Museum, and the building
was completed in time for use during the college year
1901—02. The classes were moved in between the mid-
dle and end of October, and the year was spent in trans-
ferring and arranging machinery. The equipment will,
however, not be complete for several years, as it is not
to be purchased at once, the policy of the department
being to provide machinery as it can be used profitably
by the students.

The building is of brick, with limestone trimmings.
The inside is not plastered, but is finished in brick, with
oil paints in all rooms where machinery is used, and cold
water paints in the lecture rooms, draughting rooms, and
offices. The primary idea has been to construct a useful
building with no unnecessary finish on the inside. It is
intended to house the departments of civil, mechanical,
and electrical engineering, all of which are classified
under one division. The instruction in mathematics in
the Scientific School is under the charge of this division,
and therefore quarters in Pierce Hall are devoted to it.
There are accommodations for other departments in case
it is found necessary to use the rooms for other lectures
than those in engineering.

The building is planned to give a maximum amount of
light and air to every room. There are two large wings
and a central structure, connected by stair halls, contain- -

 

 

 

 

 

PIERCE HALL

 

 

91

ing lecture rooms, small draughting rooms, and offices.
There are four floors, a basement, and an attic; and the
floor surfaces available for all purposes is over 63,000
feet. This floor space is exclusive of halls, stairs, entries,
wash-rooms, and air ducts.

The draughting rooms are located on the top floor, the
two larger rooms being used -mainly for the first-year
elementary drawing and the second-year instruction in
descriptive geometry and graphical statics. The advance
work in designing is carried on in three smaller rooms,
where blue prints and books of reference can be kept.

The central structure contains four recitation rooms on
the top floor, for sections in mathematics and other sub-
jects where the number of students in a section is limited
to thirty. On the second floor, in the centre, is a lecture
room for one hundred and twenty students, and a library
in which can be placed six or seven thousand volumes.
The library now contains about 5,000 volumes. On
the lower floor is a lecture room for three hundred
students. There are eight smaller stair halls and wings.

The laboratories are mainly confined to the two wings.
The south wing contains the machinery and apparatus for
electrical engineering, and for testing materials of con-
struction. The north wing contains all the other machines
for research and experimental work. Several small rooms
are provided for special work by the instructors and ad-
vanced students.

92

THE UNIVERSITY MUSEUM

This establishment is commonly called the Agassiz
Museum, and the latter title is hardly more than a just
recognition of the share which Louis and Alexander
Agassiz, father and son, have had in its upbuilding.

The University Museum comprehends the Museum of
Comparative Zoology, the Botanical Museum, the Miner-
alogical Museum, the Geological Museum, the Peabody
Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, and
the Natural History Laboratories.

The Museum of Comparative Zoology, constructed
in 1859—88, occupies the north Wing of the quadrangle
(60 X 200 feet) and the adjoining part of the west wing
(30 X 60 feet). The laboratories are in the northwest
corner piece.

The Botanical and Mineralogical Museums, constructed
in 1888—89, occupy the central section. The Geological
Museum, constructed in 1901 as a gift from the children
of Louis Agassiz, occupies the southwest corner, and
contains large lecture rooms and laboratories for the
Departments of Geology and Geography. Its exhibition
rooms will connect the Oxford Street side of the Museum
with the Peabody Museum, which, when completed, will
form the south Wing of the University Museum building. ‘

The entrances to the Museum of Comparative Zoology
and the Peabody Museum are from Divinity Avenue. The
Natural History Laboratories and the Botanical, Minera-
logical, and Geological Museums are entered from Oxford
Street.

SDMmD—Z >HHmMH>HZD ”YEAH.

 

 

 

“Irv ""WP‘" i .
.

‘93

In general, the Museums are open as follows: —

The Museum of Comparative Zoology and the Botanical
Museum are open every week-day from 9 A.M. till 5 P.M.,
and on Sunday from 1 P.M. till 5 P.M.

The exhibition room of the Mineralogical Museum is”

open \Vednesdays and Sundays from 1 P.M. till 5 P.M.,
and Saturdays from 9 A.M. till 5 P.M.

The Museum of Comparative Zoology. —
Louis Agassiz, when he was first appointed to a profes-
sorship in the University in 1847, began a collection of
zoological specimens and soon made clear the need of a
building for housing it. In 1858, Francis Calley Gray,
of Boston, of the Class of 1809, left $50,000 for a
“Museum of Comparative Zoology,” giving his nephew,
William Gray, the option of bestowing the fund upon

Harvard University. He gave it to the University, and it

was supplemented by $100,000 voted by the Legislature,

. and by $71,000 subscribed by private citizens of Boston.

Mr. Henry Greenough, of Cambridge, and Mr. George
Snell, of Boston, volunteered to make a plan for the
museum building, and produced a design large enough
to meet all demands for space for a long time. There
was to be a main building parallel to Oxford Street with
two wings extending towards Divinity Avenue. At first,
only about two-fifths of one of the wings was erected;
this was completed in 1860. Professor Agassiz himself
dug the first spadeful of earth. In 1868, the Massachu-
setts Legislature voted $25,000 a year for three years, on
condition that as much more should be raised from pri-
vate sources. This was done, and in 1871-72 the capa-
city of the building was more than doubled. In 1876

94

the property in the hands of the Trustees was transferred
to the President and Fellows of Harvard College. In
1877, the north Wing was completed; in 1880—82, the
northwest corner of the main building, which now con-
tains the library and the laboratories of zoology, was
erected by Alexander Agassiz, of the Class of 1855, in
memory of his father. A slate tablet in the hall bears
this inscription:—

LVDOVICI -
AGASSIZ -
PATRI - FILIUS ~

ALEXANDER .
MD - CCC ' LXXX '

Louis Agassiz was Curator of the Museum from 1862
until his death in 1873. Alexander Agassiz entered the
service of the Museum in 1860, and was Curator from
1874 until he resigned in 1898, never accepting any salary
while he held that office. Besides his devoted service, he
has given great sums of money to the institution.

The Museum benefits largely from the Memorial Fund,
part of which was raised by school children throughout
the country whose interest in natural history had been
awakened by the labors of Agassiz.

The Museum is under the management of a Faculty, who
nominate the Curator and the Sturgis-Hooper Professor,
and appoint the Assistants. The Curator is charged
with the direction of the scientific and educational in-
terests of the Museum, as well as of its relations to the
public. ..

The Exhibition Rooms open to the public are the Synop- ’
tic Room, the rooms containing the various systematic

      

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Proposed Extension

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95

collections, those devoted to the various faunal collec-
tions (Europe, North and South America, Indo-Asia,
Africa, Australia, and the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans),
and also the rooms devoted to special collections and to
the Quaternary, Tertiary, and Mesozoic fossils.

The collections are open, Christmas and Fourth of
July excepted, every week-day from 9 A.M. till 5 P.M.,
and on Sunday from 1 P.M. till 5 P.M. The entrance is
on the south side of the North wing.

\ The publications of the Museum consist of an annual

Report (1861-1902), of an octavo Bulletin (vols. i.—XLI) ,
and of Memoirs in quarto (vols. i.—xxviii.) . The Bulletin
and Memoirs are devoted to the publication of original
work by the officers of the Museum, of investigations
carried on by professors, students, and others in the
different laboratories of Natural History, and of work
by specialists based on the Museum collections and
explorations .

The Library of the Museum is on the second floor of
the north end of the central section of the University
Museum. It contains over 34,000 volumes, exclusive of
a part of the Whitney Library, and of about 28,000
pamphlets. The Library is open, daily except Sunday,
from 9 A.M. till 5 P.M.

The Laboratories and Lecture Rooms of
Zoology and Palaeontology are in the northwest
section of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, and may
be reached from the steps in the northwest corner of the
, Museum quadrangle, off Divinity Avenue, or from the
north entrance to the Museum on Oxford street. The
present quarters, which were first occupied in 1885,

96

include rooms in the basement and on the first, fourth,
and fifth floors of the Museum.

In the basement is a Vivarium used for breeding ani—
mals, two dark rooms for photographic work and light
experiments, an aquarium room containing a number of
large stationary fresh-water and marine aquaria, floor-
tanks, and other necessary appliances for the study of
aquatic animals, and a work room for the construction
and repair of apparatus.

On the first floor is the Laboratory of Palaeontology,
containing collections, diagrams, and a few of the more
important reference books required by students. The
collection used in teaching general palaeontology is ar-
ranged systematically, and the collection used in teach-
ing historical geology is arranged stratigraphically. They
are contained in trays in tables or wall-cases. The whole
is freely accessible to students. Besides collections in the
laboratory, students can consult the fossils on exhibi-
tion in the Museum, where they are arranged either in
the systematic series or in rooms especially devoted to
palaeontology.

The first floor also contains a large lecturer room seat-
ing about three hundred, and a large laboratory for the
elementary courses in zoology. For the present, one of
the rooms on this floor is used for advanced zoological
work. .

On the fourth floor are laboratories for comparative
anatomy, histology, embryology, and experimental work.
These laboratories are provided with appliances for the
injection and preservation of anatomical materials, with
paraffin baths heated by electricity, microtomes, micro-
scopes, and other apparatus necessary for zoological work.

97

The lectures in the more advanced zoological work are
given on this floor in a lecture room which is also the
usual meeting place for the Zoological Club. Here, too,
are the private rooms of the Director of the Laboratory
and three of the instructors.

On the fifth floor is a large, well-lighted laboratory
for research students. Each research student is usually ’
assigned a place here, though the nature of his work may
require him to do much of it in other parts of the labora-
tories. The walls of this room are decorated with busts
and portraits of distinguished zoologists. A special
laboratory for Radclifie students is also on this floor.
The Zoological Laboratories enjoy the unusual advantage
of being in the same building with the exceptionally rich
library and collections of the Museum of Comparative
Zoology.

Botanical Museum and Laboratories of Cryp-
togamic, Phanerogamic, and Economic Botany.
——The Botanical Museum includes: The Gray Herba-
rium, at the Botanic Garden; and at the University
Museum, the Cryptogamic Herbarium, the Collection of
Fossil Plants, the Economic Collection, and the Exhibi-
tion Collections.

The collections on the first floor comprise representa-
tives of the principal edible and poisonous fungi, fungi
causing disease, and illustrations of the principal types
of seaweeds, lichens, and mosses. The third floor of
the central section is devoted to an exhibition of (1)
Types of Fossil plants, ranging from the earliest to the
latest forms, (2) Specimens illustrating the useful pro-
ducts of plants, such as the principal Foods, Woods and

98

Fibres, Gums, Resins, and Rubbers, and the Medicinal
Species, (3) Galls and other malformations of plants, (4)
Fruits, seeds, and the modes of dissemination, (5) Models
to display the morphological characters and affinities of
the higher plants.

The latter collection is known as the Ware Collection
of Blaschka Glass Models of Plants and Flowers. For
this collection the University is indebted to Mrs. Charles
Eliot Ware, and her daughter, Miss Mary Lee Ware, in
memory of Charles Eliot Ware, of the Class of 1834.
These models are the artistic handiwork of Messrs.
Leopold and Rudolph Blaschka of Germany.

With the exception of certain of the axial supports
constructed of wire, each model consists of some sort of
glass. In some instances, the color of the glass has
been intensified or otherwise modified by the external
application of mineral pigments which are unaffected by
light. In cases in the gallery are displayed descriptions
of the chief features of the method of construction, and,
also, a few boxes which show how the fragile specimens
are packed for transportation from the studio in Germany
to this University.

The total number of models received up to June,
1902, is over 700, and the number of details, such as the
magnified parts, and the sections, exceeds 3,000.

The entire collection is based on the study of living
specimens. Most of these have been raised from seed
in a garden attached to the studio, but many also have
been obtained from botanical and other gardens in
Europe. A large number of the studies are based on
the results obtained by the son, Rudolph, during two
journeys to North America.

99

In the hall at the head of the stairway, a few of these
models exhibit some of the relations of plants to their
surroundings: in the larger exhibition-room, others are
arranged according to Warming’s modification of Engler
and Prantl’s System; in the long room at the left-hand
side, are models of some of the more important economic
plants.

The Department of Botany of the University occupies
the rooms in the basement, the central part, and the
adjoining southwest wing of the Museum, except the
rooms devoted to mineralogy and petrography. In
the basement are store-rooms and rooms for photography.
The Nash Botanical Lecture Room, built with the gift of
Nathaniel Cushing Nash, of the Class of 1884, in memory
of his father, is on the first floor. On the same floor are
the exhibition cases of cryptogams and the laboratory of
economic botany. On the second floor, Room 10 con-
tains the departmental library; Rooms 11 and 11A are
the laboratories of vegetable physiology and histology;
Rooms 12 and 13 are laboratories for elementary work.
In addition to these there is a special room assigned to
advanced students of physiological botany.

011 the fourth floor, Room 19 is the private room of the
Fisher Professor of Natural History; in Room 20 is a
working collection of native and exotic phanerogams;
Rooms 20A and 21A are used by students of systematic
and economic botany. The rooms on the fifth floor are
devoted to cryptogamic botany: Room 25 is used by the
assistants; Rooms :26 and 26A contain the; (/1)— )t—ggamlc
Herbarium of the Laiverp1ty ‘W‘h‘ici’i includes eollnections
of algae, fungi, and lichen-is}: ‘RJoorn _27 is devoted to the.
use of special we titers; :Remn’99 and 49acaelanoraror1es

100

for students of cryptogamic botany, the latter for advanced
students; Room 2915 is the laboratory of the assistants in
cryptogamic botany ; Room 290 and Room 30 are the pri-
vate laboratories of the Professors of Cryptogamic Botany.

Mineralogical Museum and Laboratories of
Mineralogy and Petrography. — The Minera-
logical section of the University Museum, built in 1891
with a fund of $50,000 raised by subscription, occupies
the central portion of the Oxford Street section of the
Museum. The exhibition rooms, which are open VVednes-
day and Sunday, 1 to 5 P.M., and Saturday, 9 A.M. to
5 P.M., occupy the whole of the third and fourth floors;
the laboratories occupy the first floor and the west half
of the basement and second floors.

History of the Alina-(Magical Collection. — Dr. Benjamin
VVaterhouse began the mineral collection (the oldest in
the United States) in 1784, but in 1793 the real founda-
tion of the present collection was laid by the gift from
Dr. Lettsom, a London physician, of “ a very valuable
and extensive collection of minerals,” to which he sub-
sequently made additions. The Corporation provided a
cabinet and appointed Dr. W'aterhouse keeper of the
collection. In 1795, M. Mozard, consul in Boston of
the French Republic, acting under a resolution of the
committee of public safety of the National Convention of
France, presented two hundred specimens “ as samples of
the riches of the French soil,” and solicited an interchange
of specimens between the Uni\ 9:1 sity_ and the “ agency of
the mines of the Republic“N _ g

-No impoitant additions were made until 1820, when
Dr:., Andrew" Richie puxehased and pIesented the collec-

v

101

tion of C. A. Blode, a mineralogist and chemist of
Dresden, to which were added some thousand specimens
purchased in 1824 by a subscription from several Boston
gentlemen, and the collection was then arranged by Dr.
J. W. Webster and exhibited in the second story of
Harvard Hall, where it remained for thirty-three years.
It increased slowly, and about 1840 contained 26,000
specimens, including rocks and other miscellaneous
material. It owes its present value, both in quality and
size, chiefly to the late Josiah P. Cooke, Erving Professor
of Chemistry and Mineralogy from 1850 to 1894, a
marble medallion of whom is placed in the Museum.
Professor Cooke for nearly half a century gave his
affectionate care to the collection. Starting with what
was worth preserving of the old collection, he gradually
acquired new or better material by purchase, donations,
or exchange, while several large single additions were
made from time to time. On the completion of Boylston
Hall in 1858 the mineral cabinet was placed there and it
remained there until the erection of the present miner-
alogical museum. '

The'collections open to the public are situated on the
main floor and gallery. Here in the flat cases the syste-
matic collection of minerals is arranged in the numerical
order of the cases according to Dana’s System of Miner-
alogy (6th ed.), while large plans, hung on both floors,
giVe the contents of each case. The larger specimens
are placed in the wall-cases.

Only a few features of the systematic collection can be
mentioned, such as the gold and silver case, the crystal-

lized orpiment and other sulphides», and in the adjacent
’ wall—cases the superb colored fluorites, stibnites, sulphur,

102

etc. Many fine specimens of Alpine minerals (from the
Liebener collection) will be found among the silicates and
elsewhere, such as adularia, epidotes, titanite, apatite.
The crystallized calcites from Lake Superior are note-
worthy, and the great crystals and groups of quartz and
its varieties in the wall—cases ; as is also the framed collec-
tion of microphotographs of snow crystals, hung on the
walls. Along the west wall there is a case containing a
collection of natural crystals to illustrate crystallography.
In the gallery the first rows of flat cases seen on entering
contain a synoptic collection illustrating the general prop-
erties of minerals, including optical properties, cleavage,
genesis, etc. The adjacent wall-cases contain large
specimens of the systematic collection, including the sul-
phates and hydrous silicates. The remaining flat cases
contain the Bigelow Collection of Agates (about 450 speci-
mens, mostly cut and polished, including thirty large thin
sections) collected by Dr. Henry J. Bigelow and Dr.
W. S. Bigelow, and illustrating the internal structure and
process of growth ; and the meteorites, which are arranged
as far as possible in chronological order by date of fall
and represent 291 separate falls. The cases against the
south wall contain large specimens of the carbonates and
sulphates, especially calcite and gypsum. Along the
west edge of the gallery two cases contain the Hamlin
collection of tourmalines, the largest in existence, from
the famous locality at Mt. Mica, Paris, Maine, and a
collection of gem minerals, including the well-known yel-
low diamond octahedron (833 carats), precious opals, a
large aquamarine and yellow beryl, tourmalines (many cut
and mounted), a large hiddenite crystal, topaz, apatites,
etc. The total number of mineral specimens in the exhibi-

103

tion rooms, exclusive of the meteorites, is about ten
thousand, while those worth enumerating in the teaching
and other collections bring the total up to twenty-three
thousand.

The Laboratories of Mineralogy and Petrography in-
clude, in the basement, a chemical laboratory for mineral
analysis and a workshop for preparing thin sections of
rocks and minerals. The first floor contains the lecture
room; the laboratory for determinative mineralogy; one
smaller room used as the department library, with the
principal periodicals, and another used for Radcliffe
students in mineralogy. Many thousand specimens of
rocks with thin sections are kept on this floor. The next
floor has the advanced laboratory, equipped with geni-
ometers and optical apparatus.

The Geological Museum and the Laboratories
of Geology and Geography.—The Geological Mu-
seum contains at present only one exhibit, the Model of
the Metropolitan District of Boston, deposited here by
the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. This model shows
on a very large scale all the details of the landscape
_ within 12 miles of the State House in Boston.

The Laboratory of Advanced Geology, on the upper
floor of the Geological Museum, is arranged for students
taking field work. These men are making areal surveys
in the region about Boston, and their records are pre-
served permanently in this Laboratory. Each man has a
separate desk, and ample space is provided for draught-
ing, and for the accommodation of rock collections,
notes, and manuscripts. The work will eventually be
published as the Boston City Folio of the Geologic Atlas
of the United States Geological Survey.

104

The Laboratory of Experimental Geology occupies
rooms on the upper floor of the Geological Museum.
Apparatus is provided to imitate the deformation of the
stratified rocks, the action of springs and geysers, the
deposition of deltas, the formation of ripplemark, intrusion
of volcanic lavas, etc., and erosion of the structures result-
ing from deformation or intrusion. A large compression
chest of oak, with opposed thrust pistons, indices, and a
movable bottom, is used for deforming under pressure
wax models cast to imitate various possible conditions of
stratification. Projection lanterns, with devices for ver-
tical as well as horizontal projection, are used in com-
bination with glass tanks of different shapes, to show
the action of currents in transporting and depositing
sediment.

The Laboratory of Geography, on the fourth floor of the
geological section of the University Museum, is devoted to
the needs of the various classes in physical geography and
meteorology, with special reference to laboratory exercises.
The equipment of the laboratory has been planned with
a View to furnishing material for individual study in
geography, comparable to that afforded in zoology and
botany in the other laboratories of the Museum. It
includes a variety of maps, charts, models, diagrams,
photographs, and lantern slides. Special mention may
be made of the collection of large-scale grouped map-
sheets, illustrating districts of peculiar interest in this
country and abroad. These are supplemented by a
collection of the t0p0graphical maps of the United States
governmental surveys and of nearly all the European
surveys, in the College Library. The collection of
models includes four of type forms by Heim, Pomba’s

105

Italy on a true curved surface, the Upper Moselle by the
Geographical Service of the French Army, Southern New
England by Howell, the Gulf of Mexico by the United
States Hydrographic Office, as well as a series known as
the “Harvard Geographical Models,” designed with
special reference to systematic instruction in secondary
schools.

The material for instruction in meteorology and clima-
tology includes the ordinary meteorological instruments;
a full set of weather maps from the United States Signal
Service and Weather Bureau; pilot charts of the North
Atlantic and North Pacific Oceans from the United States
Hydrographic Office; as well as a large number of
meteorological charts and diagrams from different sources,
and a number of official British, German, and French
publications. The Laboratory Library contains about
500 volumes. There is also an extensive collection of
climatological reports from all parts of the world in the
library of the Astronomical Observatory.

The Geological Laboratory, on the second floor of the
Museum, is devoted to instruction in general geology
and is. provided with collections of rocks, models, and
maps for the use of both elementary and advanced
classes. For the elementary class, sixty-four sets of
specimens are arranged systematically in trays in the
laboratory tables. A labelled collection of rocks and
models occupies several cases, which are freely accessible
to students. Adjoining the laboratory is the work-room
of the professor in charge; in this room materials relat-
ing to his geological investigations and reserved teaching
collections are temporarily stored in suitable cases.

106 ,

The Peabody Museum was founded by George
Peabody, a native of Massachusetts, who, in 1866, gave
$150,000 for the foundation of a museum and a professor-
ship of American archaeology and ethnology in connection
with Harvard University. Mr. Peabody placed the fund
in the charge of a board of trustees of which Robert
Charles Winthrop, of the Class of 1828, was chairman
until his death in 1894. The first Curator of the Museum
was Jeffries Wyman, of the Class of 1833. After his
death in 187 4, Frederic \Vard Putnam was appointed his
successor, and in 1886 Mr. Putnam was made Peabody
Professor of American Archaeology and Ethnology. On
January 1, 1897, the Trustees of the Museum transferred
the property to the President and Fellows of Harvard
College.

Mr. Peabody, by this gift, made the first foundation
in this country for special research relating to the early
or pre-Columbian history of America. Since then, how-
ever, the Museum has been enriched from time to time
by contributions of money and of specimens, and four
permanent endowments have been made; also, two other
endowments for a fellowship and a scholarship.

The arrangement of the collections is intended to
facilitate research in general anthropology, with special
reference to American and comparative archaeology and
ethnology. Here are kept material secured by explora-
tions carried on by the Curator, or under" his direction,
in various parts of America, and collections from nearly
all parts of the world obtained by gift, purchase, and
exchange.

The building, 100 feet long and 5 stories high, is' one
half of the contemplated structure which will form the

“EDWmDE >Q0m<mm HER.

 

 

107

south wing of the University Museum. The entrance is
7 on Divinity Avenue.

In the room on the left of the entrance hall is the
general office and Anthropological Library. The library
contains 647 7 volumes and pamphlets relating to all
branches of anthropology. The publications of the Mu-
seum are annual reports, special papers, and memoirs,
which are on sale at the office. At the end of the en-
trance hall is the lecture-room, with a seating capacity of
300. In cases around this hall, and in the gallery above,
are arranged the collections illustrating the life and cus-
toms of the North American Indians and Eskimo. On
the fifth floor is the students’ laboratory and class room.
On this floor, in the central hall and south room, is the
osteological collection, used in the comparative study
of human crania and skeletons. The other hall on this
floor and the gallery 011 the fourth floor are given over to
the Hemenway Collection of Archaeology and Ethnology
of the southwestern peoples. The collections of Ameri-
can Archaeology are especially important and extensive
from Peru, Colombia. Central America, and Mexico,
Southwestern United States, the Ohio, St. John’s, and
Delaware valleys, New England, and the Pacific Coast.
The Museum contains archaeological collections from the
French gravels and caves, from Denmark, from the Swiss
Lakes, and from many other regions. There are also
Ethnological collections from various parts of the world.
These collections furnish the means for making direct
comparisons between the art and culture of various
peoples.

The Museum is open to the public from 9 A.M. till
5 P.M. daily, Sundays and holidays excepted.

108

The Semitic Museum is on Divinity Avenue, nearly
opposite the Peabody Museum. It is open on week-days
from 9 A.M. till 5 P.M. The building, finished in 1892,
is the gift of Jacob H. Schilf, Esq. The money for
the purchase of most of the collections was given by
various persons: $10,000 by Mr. Schiff, in 1889; nearly
$20,000 by a number of friends, in 1899, and smaller
amounts by others. Many friends have given individual
objects or small collections of objects. The Harvard
Divinity School has placed on deposit here a collection
of Babylonian clay tablets, the gift of the Honorable
Stephen Salisbury. The Divinity School has also placed
on deposit here a collection of Palestinian objects,
gathered by the Reverend Doctor Selah Merrill, consul
at Jerusalem, and purchased for the School by the con-
tributions of many friends. A collection of Egyptian an-
tiques has been deposited by Rev. Dr. E. E. Hale. From
1890 till 1902, the Semitic collections occupied a room in
the Peabody Museum. They were transferred to the
Semitic Museum in the autumn of 1902, and the building
was formally opened on February 5, 1903. The Museum
contains three lecture rooms for the use of the Semitic
Department, a Departmental Library of some 1200 vol-
umes, a Curator’s room, and two exhibition rooms, each
about 80 X 50 feet. The Assyrian Room contains the
material from Assyria, Babylonia, and the Hittite country;
while the Palestinian Room contains objects from Pales-
tine, Egypt, Moab, Arabia, Phoenicia, Syria, and Persia.

The objects already acquired are originals and repro-
ductions. Of the former may be mentioned, from Babylon
and Assyria, stone seal cylinders, and inscriptions on
stone and on clay; from Phoenicia, glass vases, dishes,

 

 

 

THE SEMITIC MUSEUM

 

109

and bowls found in the tombs ; from Palestine, the Merrill
collection of birds, animals, plants, seeds, glass, coins,
geological specimens, and numerous articles illustrating
modern peasant and Bedouin life; from Egypt, three
mummy-cases, many antiques (in bronze, stone, and
wood), a number of photographs, and a collection of
mortuary Moslem inscriptions in the Cufic character,
some of them about 1000 years old ; from various Semitic
lands, many manuscripts, Arabic, Hebrew, and Aramaic.

The reproductions are largely plaster casts of important,
Assyrian and Babylonian monuments in the museums of"
London, Paris, and Berlin. These casts are from bas-
reliefs, statues, obelisks, winged lions, clay tablets, seals,
building bricks, commercial weights in the shape of lions
and ducks, and numerous other small objects. There are
also casts of Hebrew and Phoenician inscriptions, of a,
Phoenician sarcophagus, of Persian archers and inscrip-
tions, of Hittite hunting scenes and inscriptions, and of
the Moabite stone recording the revolt of Mesha from
the Hebrews. There are, besides, many photographs of
Semitic buildings and natural scenery, especially from
Damascus, Palestine, and Spain.

The Stillman Infirmary, a hospital for Harvard
students, was provided by Mr. James Stillman of New
York City, who gave $100,000 for this use, $50,000 in
1899 and $50,000 in 1900. The building, which is on
Mt. Auburn Street, near the Cambridge Hospital, is of
stone and brick construction, fire-proof throughout. The
architects were Shepley, Rutan, and Coolidge. Great
care has been given to the system of heating the wards
and rooms. The cold air is first drawn through cloth '

110

sacks to remove the particles of dust, and then is heated
by passing through steam radiators, after which it is
driven all over the building by an electric fan.

On the first floor are the office, operating and sterilizing
rooms, three private rooms for patients, the matron’s
suite and the nurses’ dining room. The second and third
floors each contain three private rooms and a ward. The
fourth fioOr is given over to nurses and servants. There
are bath-rooms on each floor. The basement contains
the heating plant, laundry, kitchen, servants’ dining room,
janitor-’s room, etc.

THE BOTANIC GARDEN

The Botanic Garden, situated at the corner of Garden
and Linnaean Streets, Cambridge, was established at the
beginning of the century by a few gentlemen who en-
dowed a professorship of Natural History. The com-
mittee in charge of the enterprise selected as the first
incumbent of the chair \Villiam Dandridge Peck, of the
Class of 1782, and, with the understanding that special
prominence should be given to Botany, despatched him
to Europe to examine botanic gardens in England and on
the continent, while they secured a plot of land for a
garden here. In 1807, Professor Peck laid out a por—
tion of the seven acres at the corner of what are now
known as Garden and Linnaean Streets, following as a
model the formal lines of the smaller establishments in
England. This arrangement has not since been essentially
changed in any manner. After Professor Peck’s death,
the garden passed under the charge of Thomas Nuttall,
and later of Thaddeus William Harris, as Curators, the

>M<2N=bZH Z<2AAHHW HER.

 

 

 

111

funds having dwindled so that it was no longer possible
to assign the income to a full professorship. About
1842, the income of a newly established professorship,

" endowed by Joshua Fisher, of the Class of 1766,
became available, and to this new chair Dr. Asa Gray

V was invited. The amount at Dr. Gray’s disposal for the
maintenance of the garden was inadequate, but it was
supplemented by the expenditure of untiring energy.
The garden was soon enriched by large numbers of native
and foreign plants, and shortly became the recipient of the
newer treasures coming from the West and the Southwest.
Dr. Gray was wont to place in nooks not easily accessible
to the public the rarer plants which have since become
the common property of horticulture, and in this way he
introduced some of the choicest novelties.

In 1872, the garden was placed under the charge -of
Professor Charles Sprague Sargent, of the Class of 1862,
now Director of the Arnold Arboretum. The distribution
of species was changed, and many improvements which
the poverty of the garden had hitherto forbidden were
successfully introduced. The garden has been under the
charge of the present Director, Professor George Lincoln

- Goodale, of the Class of 1863, Medical School, since
1886. Mr. Cakes Ames, of the Class of 1898, was
made Assistant Director in 1898.

The garden is conveniently divided into the area below
the terrace and that on the upper level. Below the
terrace the natural orders of flowering plants and the
genera of ferns and their allies are arranged in formal

'beds, which are so disposed as to exhibit many of the
affinities of the families. In various places below the
terrace are special beds devoted to groups of plants of

112

particular interest. Among these are plants mentioned
by Shakspere and by Virgil. One long bed contains a
large number of the species described by Parkinson as
cultivated for decorative purposes at the beginning of the
seventeenth century ; these may fairly be said to represent
the old-fashioned plants grown in “pleasure gardens ” at
the time the University was founded. Two groups which
possess more than ordinary attractions for the casual
visitor, the Australasian species and the desert plants,
are near the Linnaean Street border.

On the upper level are the large plots assigned to select
North American species. Near these are the cultivated
forms of the rarer vegetables grown for the study of
variation.

The greenhouses arevof the common composite type.
Beginning on the left and passing towards the east are
successively the succulents, the Australian, and the
Mexican houses, the fern house, the palm house and its
attached hot-house filled with exotics demanding great
heat. Behind this range is a long range largely devoted
to economic plants and to plants under the hands of
experimenters. This range has laboratories at its ex-
treme western end.

The Botanical Laboratories of the University are dis-
tributed as follows : At the Botanic Garden are the Gray
Herbarium and the Botanical Library, and the Labora-
tories of Vegetable Physiology. In the University Mu-
seum are the Laboratories of Cryptogamic, Phanerogamic,
and Economic Botany.

The Gray Herbarium is situated in the Botanic
Garden. The collection, founded and largely developed by

wi

%

 

. 113

the late Professor Asa Gray, was given by him to the Uni-
versity in 1864. At that time, the fire-proof brick building
which it now occupies was built for the Herbarium through
the liberality of Nathaniel Thayer. The collection, being
the result of more than sixty years of continuous and
carefully directed growth, contains about 350,000 sheets of
mounted specimens, including all groups of flowering
plants, ferns, and férn-allies, and representing the floras
of all countries. The fungi, lichens, algae, mosses, and
hepatics have now been wholly transferred to the Cryp-
togamic Herbarium in the Botanical Division of the Uni-
versity Museum. Among the many additions which have
been made to the original collection of Professor Gray
since it was given to the University, the following have
been the most important: the herbaria of Jacques Gay,
G. Curling Joad, and John Ball, all rich in Old \Vorld
types; the herbarium of Dr. George Thurber, especially
rich in critically identified grasses; the general herbarium
of \Villiam Boott, notable for its excellent represen-
tation of the difficult genus Oarem; the Compositae
from the herbarium of Dr. F. \V. Klatt, specialist in
that order. The Herbarium is rich in standard and
rare phanerogamic ewsz'cattae, in type specimens of new
species and varieties, and in the possession of the greater
part of the plants which have been critically examined
in the preparation of the “ Synoptical Flora of North
America.” It also contains the largest set of the valuable
collections secured by Cyrus G. Pringle during more than
fifteen seasons of field work in Mexico.

The excellent local collection of the New England Bo-
tanical Club is kept in one of the rooms of the Gray
Herbarium.

114 ' '

The Library of the Herbarium.—Together with his
herbarium, Professor Gray gave to Harvard University
in 1864 his extensive collection of botanical books. This
nucleus of the library was soon increased by some rare
and valuable floras, contributed by John A. Lowell.
Augmented also by lesser gifts and by purchases, the
library now contains more than 14,500 carefully selected
volumes and pamphlets. By the gift of Mrs. Gray it
has recently received Dr. Gray’s large collection of
autograph letters of noted botanists. These manuscripts
number more than 1100, and many are accompanied by
portrait engravings. In the rooms of the Herbarium and
its library are many other portraits of illustrious botanists,
including the bronze relief of Dr. Gray by Augustus St.
Gaudens.

One of the Laboratories of Vegetable Physiology occu-
pies the brick building extending eastward from the
Herbarium. The building also contains a lecture room
with a seating capacity of 100. This laboratory has
recently been supplemented by a larger laboratory for
research on the plateau in the rear.

IHE ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATORY

The Astronomical Observatory, situated between Con-
cord Avenue and Garden Street, Bond Street and Madison
Street, Cambridge, opposite the Botanic Garden, was
established in 1843. The annual income, used exclusively
for research, is about $50,000, and is mainly derived from
a permanent endowment of $909,000. Twenty-one men
and nineteen women are employed. The investigations
so far completed fill nearly 50 quarto volumes of annals.

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115

Discoveries made here are promptly announced by means
of circulars which are issued, on an average, once a
month. This Observatory, and that at Kiel, Germany,
have been selected by international agreement as centres
for the prompt distribution of astronomical discoveries.
Discoveries are telegraphed to one of these centres,
cabled from there to the other centre, and at once trans-
mitted to the principal observatories and newspapers of
Europe and America. The library of the Observatory
contains about 11,000 astronomical and meteorological
volumes, and about 18,000 pamphlets.

The principal objects of interest in the main building
of the Observatory are the 15-inch equatorial telescope
and attached photometers, the 8-inch meridian circle,
the meridian photometer, the astronomical and meteoro-
logical libraries, and the clock vaults. On the grounds
are the buildings containing the 11-inch Draper telescope,
with apparatus for removing and replacing the large
objective prisms, the apparatus for photographing variable
stars and eclipses of Jupiter’s satellites, and the pole star
recorder for, measuring the cloudiness at night; the 15-
inch Draper reflector for determining the exact position
of the pole, and constants of precession, aberration, and
nutation; the 8-inch Draper doublet; the 6-inch doublet
for photographing large portions of the sky; the 12-inch
horizontal telescope with photometer for measuring stars
as faint as the thirteenth magnitude; the transit photo-
meter for photographing, every clear night, all stars
. brighter than the sixth magnitude between the north pole
and declination—30°, crossing the meridian after dark.
The laboratory contains various electrical and mechanical
devices, a commutator for controlling various telescopes,

116

time signals for occultations, apparatus for enlargements,
for standard lights, and for converting prismatic into
normal spectra. The brick building contains more than
110,000 photographs, part of which were taken in Cam-
bridge, and part at the southern station of the Observa-
tory in Peru. Charts and spectra of all the stars from
the north to the south pole are represented on these
photographs for many different nights, thus furnishing
a complete history of the sky during the last thirteen
years.

Besides the station at Cambridge, the Observatory,
maintains an important station near Arequipa, Peru,
where the southern stars are studied in the same way .
that the northern stars are studied in Cambridge. Every
important investigation is thus rendered complete from
pole to pole. The elevation of the Arequipa Station is
8,060 feet, and it was selected on account of its excep-
tionally favorable atmospheric conditions. A series of
meteorological stations, crossing the Andes,-has also been
maintained, the most important being that on El Misti at
an elevation of 19,200 feet. The other stations were
Mejia (elevation 100), La Joya (4,150), Arequipa
(8,060), Alto de la Huesos (13,300), Mt. Blane Station
on El Misti (15,600), Cuzco (11,000), and Eeharati
(3000).

In 1885, a meteorological observatory was established
on Blue Hill, 12 miles south of Cambridge, by Abbott
Lawrence Rotch, and is maintained there at his expense.
To avoid duplication of work, a plan of cobperation pro-
vides for the ultimate union of the two institutions, and
the observations made on Blue Hill are published in the
Annals of the Harvard Observatory. Later, Blue Hill

117

was taken by the Metropolitan Park Commissioners for a
public park, but the land on which the Observatory is
built has been leased for 99 years to the President and
Fellows of Harvard College. This will enable the work
of the Observatory to continue under invariable conditions
of exposure. The first detailed measures of cloud heights
and velocities made'in this country were obtained at Blue
Hill in 1890. For the exploration of the upper air, kites
of various designs have been employed since 1894; in
I this way self-recording instruments have been carried to
a height of three miles.

THE LA‘V SCHOOL

Austin Hall.—Dane Hall, in the southwest corner
of the College Yard, erected in 1832 and enlarged in 1845,
was occupied by the Law School until 1883, when Austin
Hall, in Holmes Place, the present home of the School,
was finished. For this building the University is indebted
to the liberality of Edward Austin and the architectural
skill of Henry Hobson Richardson.

On the first floor are three lecture rooms, a reading
room, and three professors’ rooms. The mezzanine story
contains three more professors’ rooms. On the second
floor are the administrative offices, the library stack, with
a capacity of 60,000 volumes, and the large reading
room or workshop of the students. The library contains
upwards of 70,000 volumes.

'The Law School possesses a unique collection of por-
traits of eminent judges and lawyers. The portraits of
the Lord Chancellors, Vice-Chancellors, and Masters of
the Rolls are to be seen in the north lecture rooin, and Eng-

118

lish Common Law judges in the west lecture room. The
portraits of American lawyers and judges are in the
reading hall and in the east lecture room. In one of
the upper rooms there is another collection made up of
portraits of eminent lawyers and pictures of famous trial
scenes.

Owing to the rapid growth of the Law School an
addition must soon be made. It is proposed that it shall
contain additional lecture rooms, private rooms for pro-
fessors, and a new stack, with a capacity of 250,000
volumes.

THE MEDICAL SCHOOL

In the year 1782, Dr. John Warren, a brother of Joseph
Warren who fell at Bunker Hill, drew up a scheme for a
medical school in connection with the University. The
Corporation approved it, and in 1783 lectures were given
in Cambridge by Dr. Warren, Dr. Aaron Dexter, and Dr.
Benjamin Waterhouse. In 1810, the lectures were trans-
ferred to Boston; in 1816, a small building on Mason
Street, erected by means of a grant from the General
Court, was completed, and was called the Massachusetts
Medical College. In 1846, that building was sold and
the one now occupied by the Dental School was erected
for the medical faculty.

The present Medical School Building is situated at the
corner of Boylston and Exeter Streets, Boston. It is a
fire-proof structure of brick and terra cotta, built in 1883
by the generous subscriptions of “ friends of medical
education.”

The building is four stories high, with two half-stories
between the second and third, and the third and fourth.

 

AUSTIN HALL (THE LAW SCHOOL)

 

119

floors. The entrance, from Boylston Street, is to a large,
central hall, lighted from the roof. From this hall rises an
iron stairway to the galleries leading to the lecture rooms
and the laboratories. On the right of the entrance are the
faculty room and the office of the Dean and the Secre-
tary; on the left are the rooms of the janitor. In the
rear of the faculty room, extending along the Exeter
Street side of the building, are the laboratories for bacteri-
ology, for materia medica, pharmacology, and experi-
mental therapeutics, and also for hygiene. In a large
ball on the left, and also in the rear of the entrance hall
are arranged lockers for the students’ use. A smaller
iron stairway and the elevator shaft are placed in a fire-
proof structure behind the central hall and the galleries.

The second story is devoted to the Departments of Physi-
ology and Chemistry. On the right are the main chemical
laboratory and the private work rooms of the Professors
of Chemistry and their assistants. On the left are the
physiological laboratory and the large lecture room used
by the two departments. In the mezzanine story above
the second floor are the private laboratories of the Pro-
fessor of Physiology, appliances for special research, and
smaller laboratories for clinical microscopy and hema—
tology.

The Warren Anatomical Museum is placed in a room
occupying two thirds of the front of the third story. It
contains about 10,000 specimens, fully illustrating nor-
mal and pathological anatomy and materia medica.
Numerous dissections, corrosive preparations, frozen sec-
tions, and large models of the bones, made under Pro-
fessor Dwight’s direction, are found in the normal division.
In addition, Professor Dwight has prepared a collection of

120

bones illustrating the variation in individuals. Diseased
bones and organs which show changes in shape, size, or
structure are preserved in alcohol or dried; those in
which the color is of special importance are prepared by
the new method of Kaiserling. There are also many
skulls of different races, and rare and unique specimens.
Among the latter is the celebrated “crow-bar skull.”
This came from a man who, while tamping a blast,
received the accidental discharge of an iron, which passed
completely through his head, destroying a portion of the
left frontal lobe of the brain. He recovered, and lived
for 13 years with no impairment of his faculties. The
room is open during the day to students and'visitors, and
every facility is offered to the visitor for the study of the
specimens both in and out of the cases.

The Exeter Street side of the third story is occupied
by two large lecture rooms; on the opposite side is the
amphitheatre used for the lectures in anatomy and sur-
gery. Beneath the raised tiers of seats are the private
rooms of the Professor of Surgery and the Assistant
Professor of Anatomy; in the rear of this floor are the
rooms of the Demonstrator of Anatomy and his assist-

‘ ants.

The mezzanine story above the third floor contains only
the private room of the Professor of Anatomy; the re-
maining space is devoted to the large lecture rooms of
the third story.

The front of the fourth story is devoted to the Depart-
ment of Histology and Embryology; the remaining room
is used by the Professors of Anatomy and of Clinical
Surgery. The dissecting room occupies the Exeter Street
side. In the rear of the dissecting room is a small amphi-

AOCEUm J<Q~Qfl E 23H

 

 

 

 

 

121

theatre for lectures, and the macerating room and the
other work rooms of the Department of Anatomy. The
large anatomical amphitheatre rises through this story to
the roof of the building. The basement contains, in
addition to the heating and ventilating plant, ample
provisions for cold storage.

The building as originally planned proved to be inade-
quate for the increasing needs of the School, and in 1890
the generosity of Henry Francis Sears, an alumnus of the
College and the School, enabled the President and Fellows,
to build an addition to the main building, providing for
the special needs of the Department of Pathology. The
basement is fitted up for the care of animals and for the
storage of material. The first story is assigned to the
Professor of Bacteriology, and is used chiefly for gradu-
ate and special instruction. The second and third stories
are devoted to pathology and pathological history.

THE DENTAL SCHOOL

The Harvard Dental School was established by vote of
the President and Fellows of Harvard College, July 17,
1867. In 1865, Dr. Nathan Cooley Keep had in his
annual address before the Massachusetts Dental Society,
of which he was then President, suggested the need of a
Dental School in connection with Harvard University;
and thus began the movement which resulted in the
establishment of the School. The first session opened
on the first Wednesday in November, 1867, and con-
tinued until the following March. The first examination
of candidates for degrees was held March 6, 1869.

122

The School building, formerly used by the Medical
School, is situated on North Grove Street, Boston.
It is three stories in height. The first floor contains
the chemical laboratory, provided with 140 desks, the
janitor’s rooms, and the store room. The second floor
is used for the mechanical laboratory, the waiting room,
the anaesthesia and surgical rooms, lecture rooms, and
the office. The large lecture room has a seating capacity
of 300. On the third floor are two operating infirmaries,
B and C, an office, and a surgical room. Each of the
infirmaries has 27 operating chairs; the surgical room
is provided with a surgical chair, cases, and instruments.
The fourth floor contains a surgical clinic room.

The museum of the School is situated on the third floor
and contains, in properly arranged cabinets, specimens
Iof comparative anatomy, materia medica, pathology,
mechanical pieces, dental and surgical instruments,
plaster models of orthodontia cases, carving, etc._
Included in the specimens of comparative anatomy are
24 Hawaiian skulls, more than 1500 years old, found in
the caves of the Hawaiian Islands, which show many of
the modern diseases known to dentistry. The total
number of specimens in the museum is more than 3000.
A library of 550 volumes is open to students and grad-
uates of the School.

123

THE BUSSEY INSTITUTION

The School of Agriculture and Horticulture, known as
the Bussey Institution, was established in execution of
trusts created by the will of Benjamin Bussey, bearing
date July 30, 1835, and was opened in 1871—72. It is
situated at the outer edge of Jamaica plain, close to
the Forest Hills stations of the Electric Railway and the
Boston and Providence division of the New York, New

Haven, and Hartford Railroad.

, The large stone building of the Institution contains lec-
ture rooms, .recitation rooms, and laboratories for instruc-
tion in agriculture and horticulture, and in chemistry,
natural history, and mathematics and surveying, as
applied to those arts. It contains, also, a library of some
4500 volumes relating chiefly to agriculture and horticul—
ture. The greenhouses afford opportunity for teaching
the manual operations of horticulture and for the study of
a great variety of living plants. The nurseries and park-
like plantations'of the Arnold Arboretum are adjacent to
the buildings of the School and serve to supplement its
teaching.

Connected with the School is a farm, on which forage
is grown and animals are kept.

The students of the Bussey Institution include persons
intending to become farmers, gardeners, foresters, florists,
landscape gardeners, managers or stewards of large estates
or of parks, towns, highways, or public institutions, over-
seers of farms, and owners of rural property.

124

THE ARNOLD ARBORETUM

The Arnold Arboretum, a living museum of trees and.
shrubs, is managed by a director who is also Professor of
Arboriculture. It occupies 220 acres of land in Jamaica
Plain, near the Forest Hills station of the New York,
New Haven, and Hartford Railroad, with two entrances
from the Parkway of Boston, which forms its eastern
boundary, and others from Centre Street, Walter Street,
Fairview Street, and South Street, Jamaica Plain. It was
established in 1872 by an arrangement between the Presi-
dent and Fellows and the trustees under the will of James
Arnold, of New Bedford, the President and Fellows
furnishing about 120 acres of land which formed part of
the so-called Bussey Farm, bequeathed to them by the late
Benjamin Bussey, and Mr. Arnold’s trustees an endow-
ment of $100,000, which has since been increased by
accumulated income and other gifts to $260,000. By
another arrangement, made subsequently with the City of
Boston, the Arboretum is open to the public every day in
the year from sunrise to sunset, and the city, through its
Park Commissioners, has built roads and walks in the
Arboretum and supplies the police force necessary for its
protection. Additional land was also acquired by the
city and added to the Arboretum, which in 1894 was
further enlarged by the President and Fellows with 7 5
acres of ground belonging to the Bussey Farm.

The Arboretum is now traversed by between three and
four miles of park roads, along which all the trees hardy
in the climate of eastern Massachusetts are arranged in
great open groups of genera, American species being

 

 

 

 

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THE MUSEUM OF THE ARNOLD ARBORETUM

 

FW’

125

followed first by European and then by Asiatic species.
These tree groups are bordered by shrubs, as far as pos-
sible of the same related genera, and in a special collec-
tion, occupying several acres near the entrance from the
Forest Hills station, all the shrubs hardy in this climate
are arranged in parallel beds, according to their botanical
relationships. The Arboretum also contains large areas
of woodland,—in the management of which the object
sought is the production of the greatest natural beauty,—
and many fine native trees. From its two high hills
views of the distant country and of the City of Boston
and its harbor can be obtained.

The Arboretum is equipped with a herbarium of ligneous
plants preserved in a fire-proof building; this contains
very full sets of specimens of all North American trees
and is rich in the types of the woody vegetation of the
whole northern hemisphere; the dendrological library of
nearly 8000 volumes and several thousand pamphlets is
believed to be unrivalled in its completeness. In con-
nection with the Herbarium and Library there is a very
complete set of wood specimens representing the trees of
North America, presented to the University with the cases
in which they are arranged by Mr. Morris K. Jesup of
New York. Special students in dendrology are received
at the Arboretum, and every spring and autumn popular
lectures are given, largely to teachers ; but it is principally
managed as a station for scientific research into the
character, the distribution, and the uses of hardy trees
and shrubs, and of the best methods for their cultivation.

A BRIEF ACCOUNT OF STUDENT LIFE AT
HARVARD

In the preceding pages the grounds and buildings de-
voted to the educational aims of the University have been
described. It remains to say somewhat of the places
associated with the daily life of the University population,
particularly of the students. '

So rapid has been the recent growth of the student
body that the University no longer attempts to feed and
house the whole number of those whom it instruCts.
Memorial and Randall halls, conducted by student asso-
ciations, supply with food about half of those who live
in Cambridge. The others patronize public'cafés and
restaurants and private boarding-houses, or avail them-
selves of the accommodations which many of the clubs
afford. Now and then one also finds a poor student
preparing his food over a spirit lamp in his room. At
the private boarding houses, as in Memorial Hall, club
tables are commonly formed.

DORMITORIES

The University rarely fails to let all the rooms in those
dormitories in Cambridge which it owns, and which have
been described; but an increasingly large percentage of
the students, either from necessity or from preference,
live elsewhere. Many find quarters in private houses,
and some, whose homes are in Cambridge and the neigh-
boring towns and cities, live at home; but a still larger-
number are housed in private dormitories. some of these
private dormitories offer accommodations not substantially

‘127

better or worse than the University gives in its dormitories ;
but in recent years very luxurious quarters for the richer
students have been provided by the enterprise of capi-
talists. These expensive buildings are nearly all to the
southward of the College Yard, 011 Mount Auburn Street
or in its neighborhood; but Ware Hall, on Harvard I
‘ Street, should be numbered among them. The newest
of them have such appliances for the pleasure and com-
fort of their lodgers as are found in expensive bachelor
apartments in New York and other cities; swimming
tanks and apparatus for gymnastics are offered by some
of them. The poorer students find rooms at rentals of
seventy-five dollars, fifty dollars, or even less ; the richer
pay as much as seven hundred dollars. The rooms in the
dormitories and in most of the private houses are let un-
furnished, and a student may fit up his quarters economi-
cally or luxuriously, according to his means. Ordinarily,
a student rooming alone has a study and a small bedroom
or alcove, and two students rooming together have a study
in common and two bedrooms or alcoves.

No doubt, the chief reason why the newer private dormi-
tories have arisen between the Yard and the Charles
River is that this region has come to be the centre of
those activities in which the social spirit, the college
loyalty, and the literary, musical, and other interests of
the student body express themselves. Here are the
principal club houses, most of them in easy reach of
the dormitories. Along Massachusetts Avenue, facing the
Yard, and in Harvard Square, southwest of the Yard, are
the shops, restaurants, billiard rooms, etc. , most frequented
by the students. Across the river are the principal play-
grounds, and on its banks are the boat houses.

128

ATHLETICS

Of all the student activities, none attracts more atten-
tion from the general public than athletics, and those
branches of athletics in which Harvard teams engage in
intercollegiate contests have been for years the subject
of much discussion. The various sports are sustained
by elaborate organizations among the students, and
regulated by a committee composed of officers, graduates,
and undergraduates. The old Delta was for many years
the principal playground; when it was chosen to be the
site of Memorial Hall, Jarvis Field was secured in its
stead. Jarvis and Holmes fields accommodated all the
teams except the crews until 1895, when Soldier’s Field,
south of the Charles, became available.

SOLDIER‘S’ FIELD

This spacious playground, covering twenty acres, was

given to the College in 1890 by Henry Lee Higginson, of '

the Class of 1855. A shaft nearthe main entrance-is
inscribed as follows : ~—

TO THE
HAPPY MEMORY OF
JAMES SAVAGE
CHARLES RUSSELL LOWELL
EDWARD BARRY DALTON
STEPHEN GEORGE PERKINS
JAMES JACKSON LOWELL
ROBERT GOULD SHAW
FRIENDS COMRADES KINSMEN
WHO DIED FOR THEIR COUNTRY
THIS FIELD IS DEDICATED BY
HENRY LEE HIGGINSON

Shayna]... : .1“.

129

THOUGH LOVE REFINE AND REASON CHAFE
THERE CAME A VOICE WITHOUT REPLY

,T IS MAN’S PERDITION TO BE SAFE

WHEN FOR THE TRUTH HE OUGHT TO DIE

In 1893—94, a locker building was erected on Soldier’s
Field by subscriptions from the Alumni, the Carey build-
ing on Holmes Field being no longer available for the
teams, on account of the distance. Opposite the locker
building stands a base-ball cage, built in 1897. It is
called the Carey building, for the reason that in the same
year the Corporation took the Carey building on Holmes
Field for a laboratory, and in return contributed $15,000
to the improvement of the new playground. 0n Soldier’s
Field are the base-ball diamond, the foot-ball field,—
around which is a quarter-mile cinder track, —— a cricket
crease, and fields for lacrosse and other sports. The
Shooting Club practises here also, and has a small house
of its own. The corner entrance to the field is a gate,
on which there is the following inscription : —

THIS GATE \VAS ERECTED
IN MEMORY OF
MARSHALL NEWELL
BORN 1871 DIED 1897

>I<

AN ATHLETE
STURDY ALERT AND BRAVE
A LOVER OF BEAUTY AND
TRUTH A SIMPLE UNSELFISH
WHOLESOME FAITHFUL MAN

“SOME PEOPLE ARE LIKE SPRINGS
ALWAYS BUBBLING OVER
WITH FRESHNESS AND LIFE”

Within the gateway is the Keeper’s lodge.

130

Early in the spring of 1903, the Class of 1879 announced
that it would commemorate the twenty-fifth anniversary
of its graduation by giving $100,000 toward the building
of a stadium, or permanent grandstand, around the foot-
ball field and running track, and it was arranged that to
this sum the Committee on Athletics should add 87 5,000
from funds in its control. The plans for the stadium
contemplate a steel structure, 585 feet long by 440 feet
wide, with seats of concrete. It will accommodate ordi-
narily 27,000 persons, and on occasion 13,000 additional
seats can be provided. There will be an outer wall of
brick, with arched entrances at frequent intervals, a
covered promenade behind the topmost row of seats, and,
in the interior of the structure, locker and dressing rooms '

for contestants. It is proposed to build a separate stand
for base-ball.

ROWING

Doubtless the oldest of the athletic sports now flourish-
ing at Cambridge is rowing. As early as 1844, the Class of
1846 bought an eight—oared boat and named it the Oneida.
Several clubs were formed, each "taking the name of its
boat. The clubs raced with each other and with out-
side clubs. In 1852, the long series of Yale-Harvard
races began on a two-mile course on Lake Quinsigamond,
the Oneida of Harvard winning by four lengths from the
Shawmut of Yale. A second race was won from Yale
in 1855, and the building of a boat. house the next year
was one of the signs of the growing popularity of the
sport. In 1859 and 1860, Harvard beat Yale and Brown
on Lake Quinsigamond; the shell used by the Harvard
crews in those two races is in the Harvard Union. Dur-

131

ing‘ the Civil War, rowing languished until 1864, when
the races with Yale were resumed. In 1870, Harvard
had a record against her chief rival of seven victories out
of nine contests ; in 1869, a four-oar Harvard crew rowed
a very creditable race on the Thames against Oxford, the
Englishmen winning by six seconds.

From 1871 to 1876, Harvard rowed in college regattas,
first at Springfield and then at Saratoga. But in 1876 a
dual league with Yale was formed, and this arrangement
lasted until 1895. From 1879 until 1895, all the races
were rowed at New London. Owing to a rupture of
athletic relations with Yale, Harvard rowed in 1896 at
Poughkeepsie, and was beaten by Cornell. In 1897 and ’
1898, Cornell beat both Yale and Harvard. The dual
league with Yale has been revived within recent years.
Yale at present leads Harvard in the number of vic-
tories.

The crew or “ eight” is housed in the ’Varsity boat
house. A captain is elected at the end of each season by
the men who have rowed in the principal race, —— usually
the race with Yale. The captain, after consultation with
graduates interested in rowing, selects a coach, who is
ordinarily a Harvard graduate; but the crews of 1897
and 1898 were coached by Mr. R. C. Lehmann, a gradu-
ate of Cambridge, England, and a famous amateur expert
in rowing.

Besides the University, there are a number of other
crews at Harvard. In 1879, class crews were formed,
and the class races, rowed every spring on the Charles,
have Served to develop oarsmen for the “ ’Varsity.” In
1890, Mr. George Walker Weld, of the Class of 1860,
built and equipped a boat house for the especial benefit

132

of students not rowing on the University or class crews.
The Weld Boat Club has possession of this building,
situated on the east bank of the Charles River, at
Boylston Street, Cambridge. In 1898—99, another club
was formed and named the Newell, in honor of the late
Marshall Newell, of the Class of 1894, famous in his day
as a foot-ball player and oarsman. Until 1901, the N ewell
Boat Club had quarters in the old boathouse, a'short
distance below the 'Weld. In the spring of 1901, the
Newell moved into the new University boat house given.
by the Harvard Club of New York City. In 1899, a
new house, costing $27,500, and given by the New York
Club, was completed, but this was destroyed by fire in
December of the same year. The loss was covered by
insurance, but more money was given by the New York
Harvard Club and work was soon begun on the present
building, which was formally turned over to the Univer-
sity on November 16, 1901. It cost $42,500, and is situ-
ated on the west bank of the Charles, north of North
Harvard Street, Brighton. It is used by the University
crews and the N ewell Boat Club. There is a rowing tank
in the north end of the building.

The present system of selecting the University crew is
as follows :—

Class crews are formed at both the Weld and Newell
clubs early in the season, and race for the class cham-
pionship just before the spring recess. From these crews
the most promising men are selected by the captain and
coaches for further training and trials. Shortly after
the class races, three graded crews, senior, intermediate,
and junior, are formed at each of the clubs, and these
race for the club championship in the middle of May.

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133

From these graded crews men are taken on to the Uni—
versity squad, and the victorious crews also row against
outside crews, such as those of Annapolis, Cornell, and
other colleges.

Freshmen, as a rule, are not drawn upon for the
class 01' University crews, although frequently Fresh-
men who have been “ dropped ” in the weeding-out pro-
cess for the selection of the final Freshman crew find places

\on the graded crews. The Freshman crew which rows

against the Yale Freshmen is selected through a system
of races between the various Freshman crews at the two
clubs.

FOOT—BALL

Foot-ball, as played nowadays, is a comparative new-
comer among college sports; but foot-ball of a different
sort was played at Harvard long before the Civil War.
A rough-and-tumble match between the Freshmen and the
Sophomores used to be played every year on the Delta.
The Faculty put an end to the custom, but it is supposed
that the “rushes ” on “Bloody Monday” night—the
evening of the first Monday after term begins in the au-
tumn—are a survival of the old encounters on the Delta.

In 1873, a foot-ball association was formed, and rules
limiting the number of players to fifteen on a side were
adopted. The number was gradually reduced to eleven.
In 1880, the Rugby rules were adopted. In 1885, the

Faculty prohibited the game on account of its roughness,

but the next year the ban was removed.
The first regular game of foot-ball between Harvard

. and Yale was played in the fall of 1875 and was won by

sea:

Harvard. From that time up to and including the con-

134

test in 1894, there were sixteen games, of which Yale
won fourteen and Harvard one. The game in 1879 re-
sulted in a draw. There were no contests in the years
1877, 1885, and 1888. A display of brutality in the foot-
ball game in 1894 caused a cessation of all athletic relations
with Yale, and it was not until 1897 that another foot-
ball match was played. Since then, Harvard has won
from Yale twice, in 1898 and 1901; tied twice, in 1897
and 1899; and 10st twice, in 1900 and 1902. Both tie
games were remarkable in that neither side scored.
Harvard now plays every year with Yale and Pennsyl-
vania, besides many smaller colleges. With Princeton
there have only been two matches since 1889.

Jarvis was the foot-ball field until 1895, when the sport
was transferred to Soldier’s Field. The annual match
with Yale, played formerly at Springfield, is now played
alternately at Cambridge and at New Haven. It attracts
enormous crowds and is usually a most exciting spectacle.

BASE—BALL

Base—ball has flourished at Harvard ever since 1862,
when the base-ball club. of the Class of 1866 was formed.
It practised first on the Common, near the Washington
Elm, and later on the Delta. Yale had no club at that
time, but in June, 1863, a game was played with the
Brown Sophomores at Providence, and the Harvard nine
won. The first game with Yale was played in 1868.
Jarvis became the playground when Memorial was built,
and afterwards Holmes. In 1897, base-ball was trans-
ferred to Soldier’s Field.

Several Harvard nines have attained wide distinction.
For three years, from 1868 to 1871, A. McC. Bush was

 

135

captain, and many famous victories were won over pro-
fessional as well as amateur clubs. F. W. Thayer, ’78,
the inventor of the catcher’s mask, was also a successful
captain. Curve pitching began in his time.

In 1896, athletic relations with Yale were resumed after
a break of over a year. Of- the six series of base—ball
games played since that date, Harvard has won five, with
a total of eleven games out of sixteen. The game with
Yale the day before Class Day at Cambridge is one of
the great athletic events of every year. Harvard plays
also with Princeton, Pennsylvania, and various other
colleges.

TRACK ATHLETTCS

The Harvard Athletic Association, founded in 1874,
has in charge the track and field teams which represent
the University in the annual Mott Haven games, a meet-
ing of various colleges, and in the dual games with Yale.
Harvard has a Mott Haven cup, the trophy of eight
victories, and in 1899 the first cup offered for the dual
contests with Yale became Harvard’s property as the
result of five victories over her dearest foe.

Under the five-year agreement of 1896 with Yale,
Harvard won three out of the five dual meets, but with
a total of only 243% points to Yale’s 268%. In 1902,
Harvard won the dual meet by a score of 61% to 421}.

OTHER.SPORTS

Lawn tennis is played chiefly on Jarvis Field, which
was given over to the Lawn Tennis Association when the
foot-ball team ceased to play there. There is a golf club,
a lacrosse club, a cricket club, a fencers’ club, a shooting

136

club; and individual students indulge in various other
forms of recreation. The Hemenway Gymnasium is used

rather for general athletic exercise than for the develop-
ment of teams.

The student organizations devoted to other than athletic
purposes are many and various. To most of them the
term club may be applied; but some have not taken that
form.

Perhaps the greatest practical importance should be .
attributed to the editorial boards of the student publica-X.

tions.
HARVARD JOURNALISM

The undergraduate publications are now six in number.
The Harvard Crimson appears daily, excepting Sundays.
The Lampoon, the college illustrated comic paper, and
The Advocate, the oldest of the six, whence its sobriquet,
“ Mother Advocate,” are published fortnightly. The
Monthly, as its name implies, and The Harvard Illustrated
Magazine are published once a month. The Harvard
Engineering Journal is issued four times during the year.

The Harvard Lampoon, founded in 1876, had among
its first editors Robert Grant, F. J. Stimson, J. T. Wheel-
wright, and F. Gr. Attwood. In 1880, it ceased to appear,
and some of the men who had founded it went to New
York to write for Life, which was started at that time.
In 1881, The Lampoon began to come out again as in its
“ Second Series,” so that it is now able to boast that it
is the oldest comic paper in the country and the parent of
Life. The editors, about twenty in number, have a Sanc-
tum in the hduse next the Hasty Pudding Club on Holyoke
Street. The comical aspects of college life are set forth

137

in this paper, and a mildly satirical attitude is maintained
towards the governing powers.

The Harvard Crimson, the college daily, is a larger
and more business-like concern than any of the other col-
lege papers. The board of editérs, and the candidates,
who serve a severe four months’ apprenticeship, are
’ expected to do a really considerable amount of work dur-
ing the college year. The Crimson offices in the Harvard
Union are large and give working accommodations to the
graduate weekly, The Bulletin, and to the Harvard cor-
respondents of various newspapers. The “Sanctum,”
in the back of the office, is more or less sacred to the
editors, and is used chiefly as a clubroom.

The Harvard Advocate is more closely associated with
the undergraduate publications of the past than any other
Harvard periodical now issued. It is the immediate suc-
cessor of the short-lived Collegian, which appeared in 1866
with the motto “Dulce est periculum.” The second of
the three numbers of The Collegian contained a Socratic
dialogue, in which Socrates asked what the compulsory
chapel services really were, considering that the minister
was the only person present who was intent on his devo-
tions. After the Faculty had suppressed the paper and
threatened expulsion to any who should allow themselves
such freedom again, the Advocate appeared under the
motto “ Veritas nihil veretur.” In time, it ventured to
print the old motto “Dulce est periculum” also.

The Monthly is much like The Advocate. Both publish
stories and poems, but The Monthly is given also to rather
serious studies in literature. For example, it published
the first English translation from Ibsen, and the first
bibliography of George Meredith.

138

The Advocate and The Monthly occupy adjacent offices
and “ sanctums ” on the top floor of the Union.

The Harvard Illustrated JIIagazlne was started in 1899.
Its purpose is indicated by its title.

The Harvard Engineering Journal first appeared in
April, 1902. It is the journal of the Harvard Engineer—
ing Society, and is edited under the guidance of professors
in the Engineering Department of the University.

Of the Harvard men who in their college days served on
the editorial boards of student publications many became
eminent in later life, and a few have been famous.
Edward Everett and Samuel Gilman (the author of “ Fair
Harvard ’r’) were on the board of The Harvard Lyceum,
which appeared in 1810 and 1811. Later, in 1830,
Oliver Wendell Holmes contributed to the first Collegian.
James Russell Lowell was an editor of Harvardiana,
1835—1838. Phillips Brooks, F. B: Sanborn, and J. B.
Greenough were among the originators of The Harvard
Magazine. Roger Wolcott, ’70, and Theodore Roosevelt,
’80, were on The Advocate.

THE CLUBS

An enumeration made in 1902 shows a total of over
a hundred student organizations, other than athletic, to
each of which the term “club ” may be applied. Social
intercourse is a feature of most of them, but in many
this is subsidiary to other objects.

PRACTICAL CLUBS

There are clubs devoted to such practical work as the
management of dining halls, like the Harvard Dining
Association and the Randall Hall Association, or of a

139

store, like the Cooperative Society. But of these it is
not necessary to speak.

RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES

The religious societies have been many. Those now
flourishing are the Harvard Young Men’s Christian Asso-
ciation (Protestant), which traces its origin to the
Saturday Evening Society, founded in 1802 ; the Catholic
Club, formed in 1892 ; the Religious Union, which admits
any student interested in religious subjects without ques-
tion as to his beliefs; the St. Paul’s Society (Protestant
Episcopal) ; and the Oxford Club (Methodist Episcopal).
Phillips Brooks House is available for the meetings of all
these societies. A number of organizations devote them-
selves to the various forms of charitable work, to the
cause of temperance, and similar objects.

POLITICAL CLUBS

The interest of the student body in the affairs of the
Republic, and in particular political movements, is fre-
quently exhibited. In fact, none of the higher forces of
University life are stronger than the simple impulse of
patriotism. The presidential elections always bring into
action clubs representing two great parties; frequently,
the smaller parties, and factions of the greater, are also
represented. Organizations like the Harvard Political
Club aim at continuous agitation along certain lines.

SECTIONAL CLUBS

Sectional clubs, like the Southern, the Maine, the Cali-
fornia, and the Western New York, bring together the
men whose feeling for their home associations is strong,

140

especially those whose homes are remote from Cambridge.
Of these, the Southern Club, which has a club house
of its own at 48 Winthrop Street, is perhaps the best
organized. Similarly, the larger preparatory schools are
represented by such associations as the Exeter Club, the
Andover Club, etc.

EDUCATIONAL CLUBS

There are associations of students —graduates, under-
graduates, and professional-sc‘hools-men — based on
serious interest in nearly every important branch of study.
The Graduate Club brings together a large number of men
pursuing advanced studies and doing original work in
various departments, among them many representatives
of other American and Canadian colleges. The law
clubs are organized like courts; their members prepare
briefs, argue cases, and render decisions, all in the most
business-like way. Among the undergraduates, the clubs
interested in modern languages are particularly strong.
The Cercle Francais and the Deutscher Verein both give
dramatic performances, and in recent years the Cercle
has been enabled, through the generosity of Mr. James
Hazen Hyde, ’98, to offer the University community
courses of lectures on French literature by such eminent
French men of letters as M. Brunetiere and M. Rod.
Among the students of science, the Natural History
Society—an old organization—the Chemical Club, the
Botanical Club, and the like, attract many members.

The debating clubs should also be placed in this cate-
gory, and they have an eSpecial interest for the public
because of the intercollegiate debates in which they
engage. Debating was a feature of many of the older

141

societies which in the course of time have become purely
social. A “Harvard Union,” devoted entirely to speak-
ing, flourished in the thirties. It was revived in 1880,
and in 1891—92 it started a series of annual debates with
7 Yale. In 1893, the Union broke in two, and this resulted
in the formation of the New Union and the Wendell
Phillips Club, which became the Forum. In 1898, how-
ever, the two were united in the University Debating
. Club. At present, each of the four classes has a debating
club of its own. Every year, Harvard debates with Yale
and with Princeton. Harvard has won ten of the debates
with Yale and-lost three. Of the nine debates with
Princeton, all but two have been Harvard victories.
None of the debating clubs has a house of its own.

MUSICAL CLUBS

There are several organizations based on a love of
music. One of them, the Pierian Sodality, founded in
1806, is probably the oldest musical society in the
country. It is said that in 1832 its membership was
reduced to one man, who “ elected himself to all the
offices, attended his own rehearsals, and so carried the
club through the year.” At present, the Pierian flourishes
as a college orchestra and chorus, has a professional
coach, and frequently performs in public. The Glee
Club. dates from 1858; the Banjo and Mandolin clubs
are of later origin. These three frequently give concerts
together, and they have a pleasant custom of making
music in the Yard on warm evenings towards the close of
term time. They used to make extensive tours through
the country during the Christmas holidays, but such

expeditions are now prohibited. Dining recent years, it

\i

x,

142-

has been the custom for all three to unite with the musi-
’ cal clubs of Yale in a joint concert the evening before

the annual Yale-Harvard foot—ball game. Each of the

three has its counterpart in the Freshman class.

MISCELLANEOUS CLUBS

A set of interests, not athletic or social or literary, find
expression in such organizations as the Camera Club, the
Chess Club, and the W'hist Club. The Camera Club has
an annual exhibition, at which prizes are awarded. The
Chess Club has a fine record in the intercollegiate con-

tests, and the 'Whist Club has beaten Yale every year
since 1894, when the club was formed.

The Harvard Union. —— In March, 1880, was
founded the Harvard Union,'a debating society which,
it was hoped, would form the nucleus of a university
club, like the Unions at Oxford and Cambridge.’ It
stimulated interest in debating at Harvard, and indirectly
at other colleges, and organized the intercollegiate con-
tests which have become important events in student life;
but on the social side it failed to expand. Meanwhile,
with Harvard’s rapid growth, the need of a social centre
became more apparent, and was set forth in the Harvard
Graduates’ Magazine for June, 1895, in an article entitled
“ Shall we have a University Club?” by William Roscoe
Thayer, ’81, one of the founders and the first president
of the Harvard Union of 1880. The suggestion was so
favorably received that in the following autumn a call for
a meeting to discuss it was issued by Charles Francis
Adams, ’56, W. E. Russell, ’77, Charles C. Jackson,
’63, William Lawrence, ’71, W. A. Bancroft, ’78,

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THE HARVARD UNION

 

143

Augustus Hemenway, ’75, Henry L. Higginson, ’55,
C. P. Curtis, Jr., ’83, and W. R. Thayer, ’81. A per-
manent committee, of which Mr. Adams was chairman and
Mr. Thayer was secretary, was appointed, and through
circulars, correspondence, and personal addresses, it
brought the question before Harvard alumni in all parts
of the country. Opinion generally favored the plan, but
the financial outlook was then so unpropitious for raising
by popular subscription the $200,000 which would be
needed, that in the spring of 1896 the committee post-
poned action. What seemed at the time an injury proved
a benefit: for in the following two years the undergrad-
uates had the chance to take up the subject and grow
zealous over it, while the alumni also became convinced
that ‘the institution was needed.

After the Spanish War of 1898, a committee of grad-
uates and undergraduates was organized to raise a mem-
orial to the Harvard volunteers who had died in that war.
Through the suggestion of Professor I. N. Hollis, it was
decided to combine this memorial with a building for
social purposes, and then, in the autumn of 1899, Major
Henry L. Higginson, ’55, who had been a member of the
earlier and the later committee, offered to give $150,000
for a building. The old debating society had split up,
and the new club took the name originally intended—
Harvard Union. The Corporation assigned part of the
Warren estate, at the corner of Quincy and Harvard
Streets, as a site; J. H. Hyde, ’98, gave $20,000 to fit
up a library; Augustus Hemenway, ’75, and F. L. Hig-
ginson, ’63, gave each $10,000 towards furnishing; and
various other graduates and friends contributed smaller
sums or special decorations. The architects were Messrs.
McKim, Mead, and White, of New York.

144

The building, the plans and construction of which were
supervised by Professor Hollis, was formally dedicated
October 15, 1901. It consists of a basement and three
floors, and covers an area of quarter of an acre. In the
basement are the kitchens, store rooms, lunch counters,
engine room, billiard room, barber shop, and a suite of
rooms used for offices and composing room by the Har-
vard Crimson. On the ground floor are offices, coat
room, restaurant, and small dining room, the great
Common Room (nearly 100 feet long by 40 feet wide),
and reading, card, and writing rooms. The second story
has a beautiful library—divided into three rooms, with
a capacity for 30,000 books,——a smaller billiard room,
dining and reception rooms for ladies, a committee room,
and an assembly hall. The upper story provides quarters
for the Advocate and the Monthly, and ten bedrooms for
transient guests. The Athletic Manager has an office
under the pavilion.

The Union is managed by a board of officers chosen
annually from the active members in all departments of
the University. A board of seven trustees, appointed in
the first instance by the Corporation, holds the title to
the property, and has general oversight of its vital in- -
terests. The expense of running the Union will be not
less than $30,000 a year, which includes about $2000 for
ground rent. I Annual membership costs $10 for active,
$5 for associate, and $3 for non-resident members; life
membership for graduates is $50, and for students, $75.
On May 1, 1902, after the Union had been running seven
months, it had about 4100 members, of whom 2200 were
graduates, and of these 700 were life members. The
total cost of the Union has been nearly $250,000.

145

LITERARY AND SOCIAL CLUBS

We come finally to a long list of clubs which, as a
group, cannot be accurately described as either social or
literary; nor can they be accurately divided into literary
and social. Nearly all of them began by being literary.
The majority have ended by going over entirely to good
fellowship, but even these frequently give their convivi-
ality a traditional literary or dramatic form. Perhaps
the best way to describe them as a group is to say that
they are all social clubs, some of which retain literary
features.

In one, however, the Phi Beta Kappa, the social side
is presented chiefly to the alumni members who gather at
Cambridge the day after Commencement for the annual
address and poem, which are given in Sanders Theatre,
and for the dinner, which was eaten in Massachusetts
Hall until 1902, when it was served in the Union. To
the undergraduate, membership is desirable chiefly as a
formal reward for academic distinction. The chapter
was founded in 1779, taking its charter from the William
and Mary chapter in Virginia, and was a secret society
until 1831. Its catalogue shows a long roll of eminent
names, and many of the Phi Beta Kappa addresses and
poems have become famous; examples are Emerson’s
address in 1837, Wendell Phillips’s in 1881, and Oliver
Wendell Holmes’s poem in 1836. The speeches at the
dinner in Massachusetts are never reported. The imme-
diate members are taken from the two higher classes;
from each class twenty-five are taken entirely on the basis
of scholarship, and a few others—usually five—because
they have won distinction in other ways.

146

Other clubs which, though really social, maintain an
intellectual tone, are the O. K., which dates from 1858;
the Signet, which was founded in 1870 and in 1902
moved into its present quarters, the former A. D. Club
House, on Mt. Auburn and Dunster Streets, and the
Amphadon, a comparative newcomer. These three choose
their members from the upper classes, and are not rivals ;
membership in one of them does not debar a student from
election to the others. Also of decidedly intellectual
tone is the Harvard chapter of Delta Upsilon, a much
larger club than any of the three just described. It was
organized in 1881, and is the strongest chapter the
fraternity has. The character of its membership is indi-
cated by the fact that nearly one third of the names on
its rolls are also on the rolls of Phi Beta Kappa. Every
spring, it produces a play, usually selected from the works
of the Elizabethan dramatists.

There is also at Harvard 3. chapter of Theta Delta Chi,
with a club house on Dunster and Winthrop Streets. The
Kappa Gamma Chi Club was formerly the Harvard chap-
ter of the fraternity by that name, but has now become
local. Its club house is at 16 Prescott Street. There is
also a Harvard chapter of Sigma Alpha Epsilon, and there
are several clubs composed of men who have belonged to
the same fraternities at other colleges previous to entering
Harvard. But as a rule the Greek-letter societies at
Harvard have no connection with other chapters through—
out the country.

For example, the Delta Kappa Epsilon at Harvard,
better known as the Dickey, is the great Sophomore
secret society from whose membership the more exclusive
of the Junior and Senior societies are recruited; and the

147

Dickey is really the inner circle of a larger Sophomore
society called the Institute of 1770. The Institute is the
oldest of all the clubs now in existence, for its history
extends back under different names to the year 1770,
when the Speaking Club was founded. This was really
a debating club, and we are told that its members were
forbidden to speak in Latin. In 1801, the Speaking Club
became the Patriotic Association, and later the Social
Fraternity of 1770. In 1825, it united with two other
clubs under the present name, and in 1848 the I. O. H.
was also absorbed. Once a Senior society of literary pro-
clivities holding its meetings in Massachusetts Hall, the
Institute has gradually changed into a Sophomore society,
has eliminated its literary features, and now maintains a
club house of its own on Holyoke and Winthrop Streets.
Its hundred members are chosen in groups of ten, and
the first eight tens are members of the Dickey also. The
custom is to “ take out” each ten by marching around to
the tune of the “ Institute March” and hauling the men
out of their rooms. The Dickey is held responsible for
most of the comical initiations witnessed on the streets of
Cambridge and Boston, on the playgrounds between the
halves of important athletic contests, and in various other
places where the performances of the novitiate are sure of
adequate appreciation. The Dickey has also given a
number of dramatic exhibitions, usually comic operas.
Of all the larger social clubs, however, the Hasty Pud-
ding is doubtless the best known. Indeed, it is probably
the best known college club in the country. It was
founded in 1795, and takes its name from the frugal fare
on which its members still occasionally regale themselves.
Its meetings were held for many years in the rooms of

148

members, but in 1849 it obtained permanent quarters in
Stoughton Hall, where at length a whole floor was given
over to it. Here was a stage on which the dramatic per-
formances which have brought the club its wide reputation
used to be presented. They began in 1844, and were
possibly suggested by the usages of other clubs, long
since defunct; for we know that in the middle of the
eighteenth century there were clubs that gave plays.
There is a well authenticated story that John Adams,
H. U. 1755, later distinguished in other reles, once
appeared as a female character in a Shakesperian play
and was brought to grief by the accidental display of a
thoroughly masculine pair of boots beneath the skirts with
which he had thought to conceal them.

In 1876, the Pudding moved into the wooden building
on Holmes Field now used by the Astronomical Depart-
ment. Its present club house, on Holyoke Street, was
built in 1888. It has a theatre in the rear, and a con-
siderable library. The plays are given first in the club
house and afterwards in Boston. Nowadays, they usually
take the comic opera form, the words and music being
the work of members. Several of the Pudding “shows ”
have recommended themselves to professionals. Besides
the plays, there are various peculiar usages and customs
which give a quality of distinction to the good fellowship
which is the club’s main object and attraction. Its cata-
logues almost vie with those of the Phi Beta Kappa in
the matter of distinguished names. Its immediate mem-
bers are all Seniors and Juniors.

The Pi Eta Society was founded in 1865 by members
of the Class of ’66 who felt that the increasing size of the
College warranted the formation~ of a second large Senior

 

149

society. Its ' first quarters were on Brighton (now
Boylston) Street. In 1873, it obtained rooms in Hollis,
where it first began to give dramatic entertainments.
Three years later, a fire caused a third removal, this time
to Brattle Square. In 1894, the Society took possession
of its present club house on Winthrop Square; in 1897, a
theatre was added. Formerly, the Pi Eta drew its mem-
bers from the Everett Athenaeum, a society no longer in
existence, much as the Pudding draws its members chiefly
from the Institute of 1770. At present, however, the
Pi Eta takes in men from the three upper classes. Its
plays are produced in Cambridge and Boston, and are
usually the work of members.

There remain a number of small social clubs, most of
them with Greek-letter names, but without affiliation with
chapters in other colleges. The oldest of these small
clubs, and doubtless the best known, is the Porcellian,
whose club house is on Massachusetts Avenue, nearly
opposite Boylston Hall. It was founded in 1791 as the
Pig Club, became the Gentlemen’s Society the next year,
and in 17 94 took its present name. Its first rooms were
in Stoughton; the club house was built in 1891. As a
rule, the members are wealthy and socially prominent
students. The club has a fine library.

The A. D., whose club house is at the corner of
Plympton Street and Massachusetts Avenue, and the
Alpha Delta Phi, whose club house is at the corner of
Mt. Auburn Street and Holyoke Place, both trace their
origin to a society founded in 1836 and called the Alpha
Delta Phi. At one time, owing to Faculty opposition to
secret societies, it had to conceal its existence. It then
took the name A. D. At present, however, the two clubs

150

are entirely separate. The Zeta Psi, which has held a
place in the college social system not unlike that of the
Alpha Delta Phi, dates from 1847. Its club house is on
Church Street. Other small clubs which possess houses
of their own are the Delta Phi, on Linden Street, the
Sphinx, Calumet, and Phi Delta Psi, 011 Mt. Auburn
Street, and the Digamma, on Winthrop Street. The
number of these small and exclusive clubs, which take
their members chiefly from the rolls of the Institute and
the Pudding, seems to be increasing. Formerly, they
attached much importance to secrecy; but the building
of club houses seems to have worked a change in this
respect. There is, however, -—at least there is sup-
posed to be, and at one time there certainly was, ———a
club at Harvard whose membership, whose proceedings,
and whose very existence are shrouded in gloomy mystery.
This is the “Med. Fac.,” or Medical Faculty, an organ-
ization Whose earlier history is better known than its
more recent. Many deeds of darkness are still attributed
to it. It has conferred honorary degrees on various
individuals, from the Czar of Russia to the proprietors
of a patent blacking, and has given its distinguished con-
sideration to many venerable objects in Cambridge, but
its secrets remain unfathomed. The only inkling of its
membership the community ever gets is the black rosette,
with skull and cross-bones, worn by a few Seniors every
Class Day.

A general characteristic of all these social organizations
at Harvard is the self-sufficing way in which, as a rule,
they avoid mere noise and publicity. - In this respect, they
have a strong resemblance to the better sort of clubs in
cities. The number of students seems to necessitate

151

numerous clubs, and the tendency is to organize them on
those lines of congeniality and common interests which
determine social groupings in the great world. In the
shaping of characters, and ultimately of careers, the social
intercourse among students at Harvard plays a part
scarcely less important than the instruction offered by
the University. It breaks up the student body into
various groups, which maintain a certain cohesion and
consistency in after life.

COMMENCEMENT AND CLASS DAY

Of the student body as a whole there is little to be said.
It represents all but a very few elements of American citi-V
zenship, with a considerable foreign admixture. One
never sees the whole of it at once; but at the great
athletic exhibitions, and on a few occasions of special
academic interest, one may get a fair idea of what the ‘
whole would be like.

.The greatest occasions are Class Day and Commence-
ment. Both have frequently been described in books,
and in the main the descriptions hold good from year to
year. Commencements have lasted from the beginning,
with a single break of seven years, from 1774 to 1781,
occasioned by the Revolutionary War. The chief features
of the day are the ceremonies in Sanders Theatre, where
speeches are made and degrees conferred, the great
gathering of Alumni in the Yard and of particular
(graduate) classes in various rooms in the older build-
ings, the procession in order of classes to Memorial, and
the dinner there. The beginnings of Class Day are un-
known. It is celebrated a week before Commencement.

152

The Seniors, in caps and gowns, go to prayers together
in Appleton Chapel, and later gather with their friends
in Sanders, where an orator and an ivy orator speak, and
a poet and an odist read verses. “Spreads” are given
in many places. In the afternoon, until 1898, there was
always “ The Tree,” the most peculiar of Harvard cus-
toms, whose origin, like that of Class Day, is unexplained.
The tree itself stands in the quadrangle partly enclosed
by Harvard, Hollis, and Holden, and it stood there more
than a hundred years ago, as an old engraving shows.
On countless Class Day afternoons its trunk has been
circled by a band of flowers, for which thousands of
Seniors, attired in utterly disreputable raiment, have
striven to the applause of fair spectators, whose gowns
have exhibited, from year to year, the last refinements
of countless fashions. But for various reasons “The
Tree” was abandoned in 1898, and an entirely new set
of ceremonies was performed around the statue of John.
Harvard at the west end of Memorial Hall. ' The evening
of Class Day, except for the increase of the crowds,
remains as it was. ’There is dancing in various halls;
the Yard is bedecked with Japanese lanterns and thronged
with promenaders; and in the midst of all is the Glee
Club’s stand, whence at last the strains of “Fair
Harvard ” announce to the class whose name is gleaming
on the front of Holworthy that its college days are
numbered.

 

“ THE TREE ”

‘v,

 

3
g

 

INDEX

 

Agassiz Museum (The Uni-

versity Museum). . . . 92
Appleton Chapel . . . 20, 42
Arnold Arboretum . . . 10, 124

Architecture Building . . . 59
Archives, The University . 53
Astronomical Observatory 10, 114

Athletics . . ..... 128
Austin Hall (The Law
School) . . . . . . . 8,117

Base- ball ..... . . 134
Boat House, University. . 132
Boat House, Weld . . . 132
Botanic Garden 10,110

Botany, Laboratories of .
97, 112, 114
Boylston Hall (The Chemi-
cal Laboratory) . . . 20,41
Brooks House, Phillips . 20,32
Bursar’s Ofiice ...... 38
Bussey Institution (The
School of Agriculture) 9, 123

Carey Building (Rotch

Building) 84, 129
Chemical Laboratories

(Boylston Hall) . . . 20, 41
Class Day. . . . . . . 151
Clubs . . . . . . . . 138

“ Educational . . . 140

“‘ Literary and Social . 145
“ Miscellaneous . . . 142

“ Musical . . . . . . 141
“ Political ...... 139
“ Practical. . . . . . 138
“ Religious ..... 139
“ Sectional. . . . . . 139
College House ...... 40

Commencement . . . . . 151

 

Conant Hall. . . . . 87
Corporation (The President
and Fellows) . . . . . 3
Dane Hall . . . . . 19, 38
Dental School . . . 9, 121
Divinity School . . . . 8,80
“ Hall . . . . . 81
“ Library Building. 81
Dormitories . . . . . . . 126

Faculty of Arts and Sciences 7
Fence and Gates . . . 22
Fogg Art Museum, The

William Hayes . . . 20, 56
Foot-ball . . . . . . . . 133
Foxcroft House . . . . . 84
Gannett House . . . . _. . 87
Gates to the Yard . . . . 22

Geography, Laboratories of 103
Geology, Laboratories of . 103

Glass Flowers . . . . 98
Gore Hall (The College
Library) . . . 19, 47
Graduate School. . . 7
Gray Collection of Engrav-
ings. . . . . . . . . 59
Gray Herbarium . . . 10, 112
Grays Hall . 20, 37
Gymnasium, The Hemen— .
way . . . . . . . . . 83
Harvard College, History of 1, 7
“ Hall . 13, 29, 47
“ University,Founda-

tion, Constitution,

and Departments

of . . . . . . 1
“ Statue . . . . . 79
“ Union. . . . . . 142

154

Hastings Hall
Holden Chapel

.......

Hollis Hall . . 16, 31
Holw orthy Hall 18, 36
Holyoke House . . . 38
Hygiene, Laboratory of. 82

Jefferson Physical Labora-

tory 87
Journalism 136
Law School . . . . 8, 117
Lawrence Hall . . 81
Lawrence Scientific School 7
Libra1y . . . 9,16,45

Bussey Institutiondlg—
riculturc) ..... 123

“ Child Memorial (Eng-
~lish) 54
“ Chemistry 42

“ Classics . . . 29
“ Dental School. . 122
“ Divinity School 81
“ Economics . 30
“ Education Department 83
“ Engineering 9 1
“ French . . . . . . 55
“ Germanic Languages

and Literatures 54

“ Gray Herbarium (Bot-
any) . 114

“ History and Govern-
ment . . 30

“ Indo-IranianLanguages 55

“ Law School . . . . 117
“ Mathematics . . . . 56
“ Psychological . . . . 39
“ Romance Philology . . 54
“ Semitic ...... 108
“ Museum of Compara-
tiveZoology. . . . 95

Locker Building

Massachusetts Hall
Matthews Hall . .
Medical School . . . .

. . .14,28
. 19,21,38
8, 118

 

Memorial Hall . . . . . 21,63
Metallography, Laboratory of 86
Mineralogy and Petrography,

Laboratories of ..... 100
Museum, Botanical . 97
“ Comparative Zool-

ogy ..... 9, 93
“ Geological . 103
“ Germanic . . . . 62
“ Mineralogical . . 100
“ Peabody . . . 9,106
“ Semitic ..... 108
“ University . . . 9, 92
“ Warren Anatomi- \
cal ...... 119
Newell Gate ....... 129
New Lecture Hall, The 83
Observatory, Astronomi—
cal . 10, 114

Oxerseers, Board of . . . . 3

Palaeontology, Laboratory of 95
Peabody Museum of Ameri-

can Archaeology and Eth-

nology ........ 9, 106
Pierce Hall . . ...... 89
Perkins Hall ....... 87
Physical Laboratory, J effer-

son .......... 87
Preachers to the University . 43

President and Fellows, The . 3

President’ s House, The . 53
Psychological Laboratory 38
Randall Collection of En-
gravings ........ 59
Randall Hall ....... 79
Robinson Hall ..... 20, 59
Rogers Building ..... 62
Rotch Building (The Old
Carey Building) . 84
Rowing ......... 130
Sanders Theatre . . . . . . 63
Sever Hall . . 20,56

            

 

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