STANDARD~LIFRARY BOOK

" 3. § 313mm (Q 60., agiiblislgc

 

UHIAS

“lus-

 

 

Jnliocted and arranged under the sanction of the surviving members of
Mr. Uluy‘s family. By. Rev. UALVIX Uom‘ux, LLJ). (In Press.)

 

in...

‘ 5
‘ friiillll

STANDARD L 1 Bit“, Louis,
' 3. Sc‘flétvucs Kl” Gimgiublislgcts.‘

MANUAL OF THE FIN‘ARTS.

. A GENERAL'VMV.‘ or 'rnr; th'ic ARTS. Grill-amt Historical. With an
Introductioug BY D. ‘Hux'n-sd'roiv, B.A., A..\I. mirth Edition;

’I
, 4V __

Frogress of thgrts and Sciences.

Délivorer‘. hefin‘é thc' Slot-jet; of Arts. Mnnnl‘n'cf’t . nnui Cummpri-e‘ m, the
suggestion of his Royal liigiittqss, Prince Albert,c>iilcnt ot‘ the Sociuty.

“ 7"" ‘ ' : ' COA'Y'IflKV'“. ‘
Dr. “'h”well—inaugural D'd’urc. p 'l’fu tr St—l’ewtuble Substancevv.
Sir H. De ln l3w:'.i{m—Jh»hh7, J‘c. ' ‘ Pm' tr V§~—J}uv}u' ey‘
Pro usSor Ow n , nima/ Prod/10th Jus. (:l lrllh'lq.—l‘lli/Ustl/Ihh'tl, I’mlrumrntx.
,eroh Ballyl‘l¢ —-4'/iem riL/ I‘rnrtxkex‘. ' R, H nsmnn ."r'vi/ /-,',,!/;;,e¢r-iz::]_
Dz. Lyor Pl 1)u| r—iudlwriaz h‘dumh’nu. li’m-l-wul- K .i/umg'aanrg. "f 1“ Via.
Professor Liuiiluy—Sldaotancex used as Food. 10:1». \Midl‘mt, ll. N.-——Lf¢—11uau

. g», \__
V THE STEAM—ENGIE.

aniliarly Explained and illustrated. With Historical Sketch of its
Invention and Progressive littpt‘M'mtmttt: its Aptttions to Ntu'iuntion nml
l-lailWays: with Plain Maximst‘or linilg'ny Specni'a" Bythc lluv, l)lt,l.\'\'.
'SIUS LAKIHER. Ll1.l).. 1“ 11.352 Fcl.‘(.\\’.nf tin: Ht Sitcluly ()l' l‘llliltlutrg .;
50f the Royal Irish 'Acnzlemy: ot‘ the '{oynl Asaoininnl simicty: ot‘ the:
Cambridge Philosophical Such-iv: of the Statisticioviiity ot‘ l'nris: ot' the,
Linn-man mill Zoologirni Societi 0' the Society,I’r’ontotin: Use-fill Arts
in Scotlnnil, .kc.’ With Additions and Notes lungs i-inxwmn. LIA)“
Professor of Natural Experintuntnl Philosophy a'ClmntistJ'y in Columbia
College, New York. illustrated by Engravings. 0]. 8m.

{Anna D‘S BABYLON AN‘DN 1.:me

'Discoveriea among the Ruins of Babylon and. ton-h :‘ with Travels in
Arytunia. Kurdistan. and the Desert: being the it of u. Sm‘otlll Expedi-
tion, undertaken to the 'l‘t'ttfitees'ot' the lh'itish‘tsenm. By AUS'I‘LLN' ll.
LAYAtzu. M. P.‘ zydllor of Nineth and its Ruling .1 vol. i2mo. V ; '

“ Fur'lMliagtfitgi --, cl n 01'! 2$4I‘eifla; of K fellafiii city it: u pul:iu€$l’utt:tng$ru to he
no city; it slmll uuvtr be built. ’ 1&qu ' , '

7 ‘Tschudi’s Travels inru. ' \

J . . .
On the coast in the Sierra. across the Cortltllet’thi the Antics. into the
primeval Forests, By Dr. J. J. Vox 'l‘scnmn. 'lilntutl from the Gcrinun
by THOMASINA Ross. - New Edition, complete in «volume, 121110.

f Tscnuot's P'E‘RU‘V‘lAN AN‘IUITIES. g

By MAntA’No Ei)\VAI’.D Rtvmo, int-ector of thitionnl Museum. Linm:
and Corresponding Member ot‘ various Scientificieties in Europe and
America: and Dr.JouN.IA.\u-‘s Vox'l‘scnunt, Dal-p Philosophy. Medicine,
and Surgery, '&c.. 81.0.. and tnctnhcr of various So‘gs ot‘ Medicine. Natural
History,— Geography. and Ag icultnre. 'l‘rnnslaénto English. from the,
original Spanish, by FRANCIS L. HAWKS, 0.0., L . 1 vol. 12mm

 

 

 

 

 

 

THE

_. HOME CYCLOPEDIA,

OR

LIBRARY OF REFERENCE.

IN EIGHT VOLUMES,

EACH COMPLETE IN ITSELF.

I. HISTORY AND CIIEONOLOGY. The World’s Progress. By G. P. PUTNAM.
11. GENERAL LITERATURE Arm THE FINE ARTS. By GEORGE Emmy and BAYARD TAYLoE.
III. TIIE USEFUL ARTS—including Agriculture, Domestic Economy, &c. By DE. ANTISELI..
IV. UNIVERSAL BIOGRAPHY—a. Record of the Names of Eminent Persons. By PARKE
Gonwm.
V. UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY—a Comprehensive Gazetteer of the World. By T. C. CALLI-
COTT.
VI. SCIENCE—including Natural History, Botany, Geology, Mineralogy, «Sac. By Professor
SAMUEL ST. JOHN, of Western Reserve College. In Press.
VII. ARCHITECTURE—Historical, Descriptive, Topographical, Decorative, Theoretical, and
Mechanical. By ROBERT STUART. I.
9' III. CYCLOPEDIA 0F EUROPE—a Manual of European Geography-embracing valuable Sta.-
tisticS concerning every important place. By F. L. UNGEWI'I'TEE.

   

*** These volumes are intended to comprise a comprehensive View of the whole circle of human knowledge—in
other words, to form a General Cyclopedia in a. portable shape, for popular reference, for Family Libraries, for
Teachers and School Libraries, and {or the general reader.

“\

WWWWWW

NEW YORK:

A. S. BARNES & 00., 51 JOHN-STREET.
CINCINNATI-~11. W. DERBY

. V 1856.

#3 m5..ue\<§‘ ‘3‘ 3'. \ LIN 9.4"

 

 

 

 
    

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

15100 I 0
":W' f‘hfl'“ 'i“7?[[Ta1_‘E:i1~ #0171111?" '7

India b’z Ilf'mpug

 

 

14100 18120
11111600,.811”- A

 

 

 

 

__,_;1‘ 1 1 11mm

aviary

Persia.

 

 

 

_ ‘ Bagbar)‘: '

 

 

Wfiench ,zmsesswm

M01 ucco
Sp 3111

 

 

Paving a1

‘\
European'fizr‘ke y -<
;3 Ctr 980 e \

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

     

 

 

 

 

  

 

 

 

 

 

f::“__1t111 Duchtes1 1—1”?
1: Ausfr I:1111p._!r~1-/1
., "1 £711 3 > 99
_____ _. __ 1, .. 1 7 ' 7 _ g 7 ardima 11:
f _, 7% Tuscany j
1-1 ._ , 7- I .E'. Popedom 1/
$1113.30 19 811311 7 Naples /
:' Swuj—L erlan __ V» _ 1 .1 : 1"? Switz er1ancl
‘ aer s A 1211111411131 110 ‘17 ND ’ETVM1‘ H011 laud f
f 11-- ‘ ‘ _‘ 7', Belgiunx ,
‘ ' ' _ V 111117011? 9% _€F1‘a11ce :
. , 1 g gt‘iét 1 E?
,1 7 / 1 I 1 § .1 11 61111 is
11 1 1 1 .500ka D5 g \
—1’ .1 [—_ _“> J ~ A
__. , , 7 _ \_ ‘1_1B3_Z11Si§7[_g__1’r115$1a J,‘
EJ251213 , u, , 3L“
EMRZ’ 1 Musm g M ia N

_!/\~ w/xv II\\ 1/\‘- vzxx /:\\ \I;‘\\‘ /

 

\

   

( 1:: (I e1‘111 a. 11 S

 

 

  

 

 

 

 

 

 
  
 
    
   
 
 
     
  
 
   

 
  

 

 

 

 

 

{EL—Z_’1‘?1’:_ ~+ u 1? , Swedén, » \

1. f -‘ (D LN‘MARK -1 1. 1 .5. Denmark

1. S S 1 1'1 W ¥_ 7; RUSS , ‘

‘ _3_ 1M1E§ITS i _‘ 1 , A 1 Russia ' \
W BriE America\‘

31 . .-

21 . 1‘15? ”F S. [:11'1Eed {

, , r Pennsflv . btates ‘ ’

V 'A V .

.' .1; . 11 gmlgg 3

21

 

 

”111-8 1
_-_ 1G _____ ~,. ,21 Mexwo
“ezueta ranaxlag. 1:: thwGrenar

__Peru B

Argentine

18 C1111; El

 

 

I!

1
1

THE HOME CYCLOPEDIA.

, OYCLOPEDIA

CHRONOLOGY;

THE WORLD$ PROGRES&

A

DICTIONARY 0F DATES,

W 1TH

TABULAR VIEWS OF GENERAL HISTORY, AND AN
HISTORICAL CHART.

&
EDITED BY GEORGE P. RUTNAM.

 

REVISED EDITION.

5 NEW YORK:

A. S. BARNES & 00., 51 & 53 JOHN-STREET.
CINCINNATI:——H. W. DERBY.

1856.

i?

a ._.4......r«ux;»...r

 

PREFACE.

'WHILE revising a chronological manual, in compiling which I had,
at the age of fifteenfi“ employed many midnight hours, I have found
material assistance in the tables prepared by my late friend, D. A.
Talboys, publisher, of Oxford, England, usually called the Oxford
Chronological-Tables. In the alphabetical part of the volume, the
comprehensive and, useful Dictionary of Dates, by Haydn,’r has been
incorporated almost entire, with such additions relating to the United
States as were necessary to its completeness, and with continuations
to the present year.

The contemporary tables which I had formerly prepared, had
cost much diligent application, and I was glad to find on collating

; them with the more recent works, that some slight additions only

were needed to make them as full and complete as was desirable for
the purpose in view, viz. : a convenient and portable volume for refer-
ence, not over-burdened with details, but indicating to the intelligent

\reader all the great landmarks of history in their order of succession ;

and showing also what was going on at the same time in different

i countries. To render this glance more comprehensive and clear,

\iilany of the details in the former tables are now omitted, as they

r l a e given more at large in the alphabetical part of the volume.

To a‘reader of history the utility of such a glance at contempo~
' rary persons and events, is too obvious to need illustration : but while

this more elaborate and ponderous works of Blair, Talboys, and
\. t

NChronology—An Index to Universal History, &c.12mo. Leavitt,Ncw-
\ rk,1833. The volume has been long out of print.

Vi 1' Fourth edit 8vo. Lond $1847. That work needs no praise here.
it"

t; a,
\3 .J,
Q

i: 1‘1 V
r. ‘9

3; s

t " t

 

.4

iv PREFACE.

others, are available to the historian or the merely literary man, they
are usually repulsive to the general reader, for the very reason
that they contain too much for ordinary purposes; their very elaborate-
ness sc1ves to puzzle and to mystify.

What 1s here aimed at is simply to indicate, in brief and sugges
tiVe terms, the succession of the prominent occurrences and of the
governments in the chief nations of the world—enough merely to
recall to the reader of history the‘full pictures of these events, and
to enable him to classify them correctly in his memory.

The alphabetical part of the volume gives, in most cases, more
full and ample references to the same historical facts; but still the
whole work is but an index to, the sources of knowledge—a Diction-~
any of Dates. It has been planned so as to facilitate access to the
largest amount of useful information in the smallest possible
compass _

There are some discrepancies among the authorities, as to names

                                                              

the dictionary varies from the tables; but these instances are not
nume1 ous or important.

The Biographical List at the close of the volume will contribute,
it 1s presumed, to render the contemporary tables far more variously
useful than would be at first supposed. By ascertaining from it

. the dates of birth and death of any eminent person, the tables will
show at a glance what events happened, and what other eminent per-
sons lived during the life-time of that individual. _

It would be superfluous to say more byway of explanation._ That
such a volume can be quite free from imperfections is not to be
supposed; but the compiler trusts that it will be found to answer all
reasonable expectations, as a compact manual of reference to the
World’s Progress in Arts, Literature, and Social Life, as well as in
Politics and Government. , G. P. 1?.

PREFATORY NOTE

TO THE TWELFTH EDITION.

THE favorable reception of the former editions of this work has
induced the new proprietors to have it revised and brought down
to the close of 1854. A slight departure from the original plan will
be observed in the continuation; the events which in the first part
were placed under the heads of their respective countries, being new
arranged in the supplement to the Chronological Tables. Of the
various sources from which the materials have been drawn, particular
mention is due to the “American Almanac,” the “State of' the
Union,” and some valuable articles in the “New York Tribune.”
The articles upon the British Museum, and Education in Europe, are
taken, with the permission of the editor, from “Norton’s Literary
Almanac,” a work which ought to be upon the table of every one

~ who feels the importance of accurate information upon education and

bibliography.

' NEW YORK, August, 1855.

 

 

CONTENTS.

TABULAR VIEWS OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY,

IN CONTEMPORARY COLUMNS.

I. ANCIENT HISTORY.

PERIOD I. -The Antediluvian (1656 years) . 2
PERIOD II —Dispersion of Mankind (427 years). —The Deluge to Abraham 4
PERIOD III. —The Abrahamic or Patriarchal (4§0 years). -—Abraham to Moses . . G
PERIOD IV.—The Mosaic or Theocratic (396 years).—Moses to Saul . . S
PERIOD V.—The Monarchical (489 years).—Saul to Cyrus . . . . l4
PERIOD VI.—The Persian (322 years).—Cyrus to Alexander . . . 21
PERIOD VII—The Grecian (184 years).-—Alexander to the Fall of Greece . . 28
PERIOD VIII.~The Roman (146 years).—Fall of Greece to the Christian Era. . 38
II. MODERN HISTORY.
PERIOD I.—(306 years).--From the Christian Era to the reign of Constantine . . 48
PERIOD II.—-(170 years.)—Constantine to Odoacer . . . . 58
PERIOD III—(146 years.)—Odoacer to Mahomet . . . . . 62
PERIOD IV.——(I78 years.)—Mahomet to Charlemagne . . . . 58
PERIOD V.—-(266 years.)—Charlemagne to William the Conqueror . . . 72
PERIOD VI.—(233 years.)—-William the Conqueror to Othman I. . . 86
PERIOD VII—154 years.)—Othman to the Fall of the Eastern Empire . . 102
PERIOD VIII—(145 years.)——Fall of Eastern Empire to the Edict of Nantes . 112
PERIOD IX.—(1‘20 years.)——Edict of Nantes to the death of Charles XII, of Sweden . 122
PERIOD X.—(97 years.)—Charles XII. of Sweden to the Fall of Napoleon . - 134
PERIOD XI.-(40 years.)—Napcileon to the year 1850 . . . . . . 146
ho.” ——
lI. DICTIONARY OF DATES . . . . . . . . 145

III. LITERARY CHRONOLOGY . . . . . . . . 600
IV. HEATHEN DEITIES, &c. . - . . . - a . 548

V. BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX . . . . o n o . . 557

 

     
       

. , _ _, em: km 3 -.
\ ,. ‘_ , \ ‘ . ‘u g' .. Mn 1 “dash? '
4 ‘ mm if '3 1W1 "mix 4'51, (139,.- r§r§31fim\fii ‘

\

Q

i

h .

3 v u , ‘ ,. vri- 931““ . ‘ws?.:_ a“ infirm:
a»: ; v -

 

 

‘1'.’ k j a. . 'kax‘fifgqfifl «is; $41.5

.,_

    
 

 

 

EXPLANATION OF THE CHART 0F HISTORY,

Representing, in a Chronological Series, the Rise, Revolutions, and Fall f the
principal Empires of Ute W'orld.

ON THE PLAN OF DR. J. PRIESTLEY.

It is necessary to notice, that the space allotted .0 each country is rather according to its relative
political Importance, than to its geographical extent.

The spaces between the vertical lines which cross the chart, represent time, viz., each a cen-
tury or 100 years; those between the horizontal lines represent countries, the names of which are
expressed at the end of the chart.

By examining the vertical columns, we ascertain the contemporary state of different nations at
the period we fix upon. For instance: about 1500 years before Christ, we see states forming in
Greece; the Israelites in Egypt (from whence they depart nine years after); the Egyptian, Assy-
rian, Persian, Chinese, and other kingdoms had been founded several centuries previous—-but their
history uncertain and obscure. At the time ofChrist, we find the Roman Empire spread over a
greater part ofthe then known world, but the Parthians, Britons, and Germans, as yet unsubdued
by them. 700 years after, this empire exists only in Turkey, and its former territories are under
barbarians: the Ileptarchy in England; the Lombards in Italy, the Franks in Gaul; the African
provinces, anda large part of Asia under the Saracens. In 1500 we find the Eastern or Greek
Empire fallen under the Turks; the Tartars powerful in Asia: many of the modern states of
Europe founded; America discovered by the Europeans, &c. &c.

On the other hand, the revolutions of each country may be seen in continuation by looking

along the chart horizontally : the Persian empire is founded in remote antiquity; united withthat
of the Modes, about 600 3. o. ; is extended by Cyrus into Assyria, Asia Minor, and Egypt, 536; falls
in turn, under the Macedonians, Parthians, Saracens, Turks, and Tartars, successively.—The
Israelites in Egypt from 1706 to 1491 B. 0.; in Canaan 1451; under the Judges about 1300; under
Kings, 1095; Ten Tribes separated, 975; they are conquered, 7‘21, and Judah, 588, by the Assyrians ;
restored by the Persians, 535; under the Macedonians, 330; restored to independence by the Mac-
cabees, 150; conquered by the Romans, 63; by the Saracens, A.D. 622; at‘tgrwards by the cru-
saders, Marnelukes, and Turks, successively—England subdued by the Romans in the first cen-
tury; relinquished by them, A.D. 410; subdued by the Saxons, 500; by the Danes, 860; by the
Normans (receiving French territories), 1066; united with Ireland, 1170; with Wales, 1280; with
Scotland, lGOO.—Ilaly in antiquity possessed by several petty tribes; by the Romans from 300—200
B. c. to 480 A. 1)., then by the Herulii, Ostrogoths, Lombards, and Franks, successively ;—in modern
times, divided into several small republics and principalities; joined to the French empire about
lSOO, and now divided chiefly between Austria, the Grand Dukes of Tuscany, Modena, &c., the
Pope, and the King of Naples.
1. “ They are rather melancholy reflections which the View of such a chart of history is apt to
exotic in the minds of persons of feeling and humanity. What a number of revolutions are
marked upon it! What torrents of human blood has the restless ambition of mortals shed, and in
what complicated distress has the discontent of powerful individuals involved a great part 01
their species! ”--Prz'estley.

 

'41.; MIA“
Saigflx‘i.‘

 

 

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

PART I.

TABULAR VIEWS OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY.

I. ANCIENT CHRONOLOGY—from the Creation to the Birth of Christ—4004 years.
II. MODERN CHRONOLOGY—from the Birth of Christ to the present time—1850 year.

I. ANCIENT CHRONOLOGY.

DIVIDED INTO EIGHT PERIODS.

1. From the Creation,
to the Deluge,

2. From the Deluge,
to the Call of Abraham,

3. From the Call of Abraham,
to the Exode from Egypt,

4. From the Exode,
to the Kingdom of Saul,

5 From Saul,
to the Captivity of Israel,

6. From the Captivity,
to Alexander the Great.

7. From Alexander,

to the Subjugati‘on of Greece,

to the Birth of Christ,

From the Subjugation of Greece,

.1

B. c.
4004

2348......"1650 years..

.The Antedilum‘an Period.

2348
1921. .. . . .. . 427 years. . . . . . . . .The Dispersion Period.
1921
1491. .. . . 430 years. .. . .The Patriarchal Period.
1491
1095. .. . . .. . 396 years ...... .. .The Theocratz'c Period.
1095
588... . . .. . 507 years. . . . ..The Mbnarchz'cal Period.
588
330... 258 years ....... ..The Persian Period.
330
146... . 184 years.........The Greezan Period.
146

0...”... 146 years.

:4.
‘v‘

. . . . . . . .The Roman Period.

‘ From the Creation to the Christian era, the dates are reckoned n.o.--
BEFORE CHRIST. They are then changed to A. D.-—the Year of our Lord.

2.“!
to
I

 

      
   
 
   

     

     

K. ”7 .~ w.
w ~eJHf

'“TV, . 'I . V If 1 * :;m*;::sz 1 1231 1mm “.fira‘nxtdzrl ”.5! 11'3th I:

' I . ' ‘ '5 ‘ ‘ ". a ‘f‘; {‘5}! “Jib-w diu’ / .L‘Jqftv ‘fimfi -§‘l

~‘ .75 40.5?) a?” fIfl I Ek' xiiI

 

" .Ef'févi'.‘:§.3‘£ii‘fi VIII} "('1- I‘E‘TéI dflkftyiu

”w,

iéiés
I, ....~.-fi?"f91”»uM-on L991}:

 

“N‘s gmimatia‘ «3;,

 

 

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. 3

FIRST PERIOD—(the Antcdilzwian)——165G years.

3. o.“
4004 THE CREATION OF THE VVORLD.——(Hel)rcw Pentateuch.) [Hales places it 5411 B. c.’
The fall of man, and the promise ofa Saviour.
The birth or" Gain, the first-born of woman—~a husbandman.
3875 The death of Abel, the first subject of death. He was a shepherd.

 

 

 

 

3874 Seth born, the third son of Adam. Enoch born, the first son of CainJ‘

3769 Enos born. Cain builds a. city, which he calls Enoch. He in-
troduces the use of weights and measures—Jo
se lzus. Tytler.

3679 Cainan born. Ira .

3609 Mahalaleel born. Mehnjael.

3544 Jared “ Methusael.

33312 Enoch “ Lamech—polygamy introduced.

33” Methuselah “ (lived 969 years.) Jabal, J uhal. Tubal-cain. Naamah.

3130|[.amech “ The first to He invent— He discov- She intro-

3074 Death of Adam, aged 930 years. buildaTent ed the Harp ed the mode duced the

3017 Enoch translated. for habita- and the OT- ofpreparing artsofS'pz'n-

2948;N<\ah born. tion, and to gamorwind and using m'ng and

2468:The building of the Ark commenced. usecattlefor‘and stringed iron, brass, Weaving.

234811113 DELUGE. [Hales places it 3154 purposes of instruments and other

B. 0.] husbandry. of music. Illelals.

 

 

* See alphabetical portion of this volume {or the various dates of the chronologists. The Sa-
maritan Pentateuch places the Creation 8. c. 4700; the Septuagint, 5872; Josephus, 4658; the
Talmudz'sts, 5344; Scaliger, 3950; Petavius, 3984; and Dr. Hales, 5411. The last named enu-
merates above 120 various opinions on this subject, the difference between the latest and remotest
date of which is no less than 3268. The Hebrew account is followed by Usher, and is here adopted
as the most generally received standard.

T No dates are assigned in Scripture to the names here placed in the right-hand column—They
are however contemporary with those in the other column.

REMARKS.—-The Antediluvian Period was nearly as long as the whole period that has elapsed
since the birth of Christ. Of the progress of knowledge and the arts, during that period, nothing
is known beyond what is given above, except that shipbuilding, calking, and the use of pitch, or
paint, of measures by cubit, &c., and of doors and windows, were known. They imply, in their
adaptation to the use of man, other arts, and a considerable advance in science and the mechanical
powers.

{Ci-THE TABr'LAIt VIEWS ARE CONTINUED Aches: TWO PAGES Ar nu
. SAME TIME.

4 THE WORLDS PROGRESS. -

SECOND PERIOD—(Mspe-rsion of Illanicina'.)— -

 

 

fl“ SACIiED HiS’i‘onY.

3.0 PROGRESS OF SOCIETY AND THE ARTS.

 

 

 

2347 W'z'ne made by Noah from the grape. 2347. The descendants of Noah dispersed
through the earth: those of Shem probably
in Asia, of Ham in Africa, and of Japhet in
Euro e.
~17. '1 he curse pronounced upon the descend-
ants of Ham.

2247 Bricks made, and cement used to unite them. 2247. The building of Babel.*

‘onfusion of [an "utz es at Babel.
L b g 2245. BABYLON founded by Nimrod, son of
Cush, and Grandson of Ham.
.2 NINEVEII founded by Ashur, son of
Shem.
2334 Astronomical observations begun at Babylon.

2122lAthotes (son of Manes) invents hieroglyphics.

Elm-Sculpture and Painting employed to com-
memorate the exploits of Osymandyas.

2095 Pyramids and Canals in Egypt. The science
of Geometry begin! to be cultivated.

1998 Ching Hong teaches the Chinese the art of
Husbandry, and the method of making
Bread from wheat, and wine from rice.

1996. Abraham born.

1921. The call of Abraham.

* The chronoloo-y here adopted is that of the Heb
Babel 531 years aftizr the deluge. Our knowledge ofrew Pentateuch. Th

-—-the first recorded Olympiad. Till then we give the

e Samaritan places
Grecian chronology begins in 776 B. 0.

most approved mythological dates.

4'»...
‘..»
O

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

427 years.-— The Deluge to Abraham.

mm
PROFANE I-IlSTORY.——(In this period traditional and uncertain.)

_.

I. c.

Asu.

 

2207 CHINA. The first imperial
dynasty of Hia begins. Fohi
(who is perhaps Noah him-
self) is mentioned as the firsti
Chinese monarch.

2124=Belus reigns in BABYLON.—
Some suppose Belus to be
the Nimrod of Scripture. If
so, there is a discrepancy of
121 years between the sacred
and profane chronologies.]
The origin of the kingdoms
of Babylon and Nineveh, and
of the Assyrian empire, is
variously stated by the chron-
ologists. See Sacred Hist.]

 

2069 Ninus, son of Belus,re1gns’1n
Nineveh.

2059 He establishes the ASSYRIAN
EMPIRE.

2017 Semiramis enlarges and embel-
lishes Babylon, and makes it
the seat of empire. [By others
placed 2107 B. 0.]

1975 Semiramis invades Lybia,Ethi-
opia, and India. 7

19371'The 'Arabs seize Nineveh. ('2)

 

 

 

AFRICA. EUROPE.

2188. Misraim (Manes), the son
of Harm, builds Memphis, in
EGYPT, and begins the E-
gyptian monarchy.

21H. THEBES founded by
Busiris.
2100. Osymandyas, the first
warlike king, passes into
Asia, and conquers Bactrla.
2089. SICYON, the first king-

dom of GREECE, founded
by Egialus, or Inachus.

2085. Egypt conquered by the
shepherd kings of Phenicia,
who hold it 260 years.

. 2048. A colony of Phenicians
land in Ireland. (2)
2042. Uranus arrives in Greece.

1938. Lake Moeris constructed.

Revolt of the Titan:
War of the Giants

6 . THE WORLD’S

-___._____.__

PROGRESS.

THIRD PERIOD—(The Abra/lame}: or Patriarchal.)—

SACRED HISTORY.

 

 

3.0 PROGRESS OF SOCIETY AND THE ARTS.

B. 0. THE Jaws.

 

1920 Gold and silver first mentioned as money.

1891 Letters first used in Egypt by Syphoas.

1822 Memnon invents the Egyptian alphabet.

1598 Atlas, the astronomer.

1582 'I‘lge chronology of the Arundelian marbles
egms.

1580 The cymbal used at the feasts of Cybele.

1534 Dancin to music introduced by Curetes.
Book 0 Job written about this time. (‘2)

1506 The flute invented by Hyagnis, a Phrygian.

1497 Amphictyon gives interpretation to dreams
and draws prognostics from omens.

149; Ericthoneus teaches the Athenians husbandry.

~

1 1921. Abraham called.

1920. —goes into Egypt.

1912. —de1ivers Lot from captivity, and re
ceives the blessing of Melchizedcc.

’1909. Ishmael born.

‘ 1897. Sodom and Gomorrah destroyed.

God renews his covenant with Abraham.
1896. Isaac born.

11871. {abraham commanded to offer Isaac in
_sacr1fice. .
1856. Isaac married.

1836. Jacob and Esau born.
1821. Abraham dies, aged 172.

1759. Jacob marries Leah and Rachel.
1739. His name changed to Israel.

1729. Joseph sold into Egypt.

1715. Is made governor un er Pharaoh.
1706. Jacob and his family settle in Egypt.
1702. End of the seven years’ famine.
1699. Death of Jacob.

1635. Death of Joseph.

 

1577. Israelites persecuted in Egypt.
1574. Aaron born.
1571. Moses born.

1531. Moses flees into Midian.
1513. The supposed era of Job.

1

w

1491. God appears to Moses in a burnino‘ bush

at Horeb, and sends him to Egypt to deliver
the Israelites.

TheTen Pla lies in Egypt.
Institution 0 the Passover.

The EXODUS of the Israelites from
Egypt.

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. 7

Aomkam to Moses.-——(430 years.)

PROPANE HISTORY—(Still fabulous or uncertain.)

 

B. c. ASIA. AFRICA. FU‘DPE.

—..._..___._________— __—_._______..._...__~___.—-._—___._.__

1856. Inachua, the Phenician
plants a colony in ARGOS.

1807. Phoroneux reigns in

Argos.
1764. Ogyges reigns m Bmotia.
1766 China. The 2d Imperial dy- 1707. Apis, king of Argos.
nasty begins. 171:2. _The Ogygezm Deluge in
‘ ttica.

1711. The city of Argos built
by Argus, the son of Niobe.
1710. A colony of Arcndians
emigrate into Italy under
(Enotrus.-—OEnotria after-
wards called Magna Gracia.

1641. Criasus succeeds hr!
father, Argus.

1618. Sesostris reigns in Egypt.

1556.Rameses-Miamumreigns 1556. ATHENS founded !y
in Egypt. Cecrops. '

1552. Triopas. king of Argos
The kingdom divided, Poly.
caon reigning in Messenia.

1546. TROY founded by Sea
mander.

1529. Deluge of Deucalion in
Thessaly.

1520. Corinth founded.

1516. Sparta founded, and the
kingdom of Laconia, or La»
cedemon.

1507. The Areopagus establish
ed in Athens.

1506. Crotopas succeeds to thi
throne of Argos.

1504. Deucalion arrives in At
tica.

The kingdom of Messt
nia commenced by Polycaon

1493. THEBES in Bmotia.
founded by Cudmus, a Phe
nician, who introduces the
alphabet into Greece.

8 THE WORLD’S

PROGRESS.

FOURTH PERIOD—(The JVIosaic 0r Theocratic.)-—

 

 

3.0. PROGRESS OF SOCIETY AND THE ARTS.

I490 Crockery made by the Egyptians and Greeks.
1486 Ericthonius introduces the first chariot.

The fabulous or traditionary Hermes-Tris-
megistus placed about this period.

Bacchus, god of wine.

1453 Olympic Games first celebrated in Greece.
Apollo, god of music and poetry.

1370 Bucklers used in single combat invented by
Praetus and Acrisius of Argos.
1356 Eleusinz‘an mysteries instituted by Eumol-
' pus.

1284 Orpheus'and Linus, sons of Apollo, skilled
in music.

1263 The teirzple of Apollo at Delphi built by the
council of Amphictyons.

1263 Jason leads the Argonautic expedition; the
first naval expedition on record.

Muswus, a poet.

1240 The are wedge, wimble and lever, also masts

and sails for ships invented by Daedalus 01
Athens.

1224 ’l be game of Backgammon invented by Pala-
mzdes of Greece.

SACRED HISTORY.

 

THE Jaws.

149l. Departure of the Israelites from Egypt.
The law given at Mount Sinai.

1471. Rebellion of Korah, Datlian, and Abiram
1453. Aaron dies. _
1451. Moses writes the Pentateuch, and dies.

1451. Israelites enter Canaan under Joshua.

1443. Joshua dies.
1405. Olhniel judges Israel.
1390. The tribe of Benjamin timost extnct.

1343. Eglon, king of Moab, enslaves Israel.

l325. Ehud kills Eglon, and delivers Israel.

1317. Shamgar kills 600 Philistines with an
ox goad.

1305. Israel subdued by Jabin, king of Canaan.

P285; Deborah and Barsz defeat the Canaan-
ites—Sisera killed by Jael.

1252. Israel enslaved by the Midiantes.

1249. Gideon, with 300 men, defeats the Mi-
dianites.

1209. Abim_elech judges Israel.
1206. Tola Judges Israel.

1183. Jair, judge of Israel. e

 

THE WORLD’S 1211061111913

396 years—Moses to Saul.

 

l

 

PROFANE HISTORY.—(Still uncertain.)

 

ASIA.

1480 Dardanus, king of Troy, builds

1449

1413

1400

1374
1314

1260
1259

1252
1240
1225
1222

1220
1215

1194
1184

Dar dania.

Ericthonius reigns in Troy.

Cushanrishathaim, kmg of
Mesopotamia. (See Scrip-
lure.)

Teucer, king of Troy.

Troas, king of Troy.
Ilus, son of Troas, founder of
Ilium.

Laomedon, king of Tro .
Phenicia: TYRE foun ed.

Second Assyrian Dynasty.
Mithreaus or Ninus 11.
T1oy taken by the Argonauts.

Hercules arrives in Phrygia.
Argon, a descendant of Hercu-
les, first king of LYDIA.

Priam, king of Troy.
’I‘autanas, king of Assyria.

The TROJAN WAR begins.
Troy taken, 408 years before
the 1st Olympiad.

1183 Teutaeus, kmg of Assyria.
1182 T1ojans migrate into Italy.

AFRICA.

1491. Pharaoh and his army
diowned in the Red Sea.

1485.' Egyptus reigns,
gives name to the country.

1376. Sethos :eigns in Egypt.

1233 Carthage founded by the
Ty rians

1

EUROPE.

and Sthenelus reigns in Argos.

1474. Danaus usurps the king
dom of Argos.

1463. Damnonii invade Ire-
land.

1457. The kingdom of Mycene
begins under Perseus, late
king of Argos.

1453. 01y ympic games first. ce-
lebiated at Elis.

1438. Pandion begins to reign
at Athens.

1400. Minos reigns in Crete.

1397. CORINTH becomes a
kingdom under Sisyphus.

1383. Ceres a1 rives in Attica.

1376. The Isthmian games in-
stituted.

1356. Eleusinian mysteries in-
troduced.

1283. Egeus reigns in Attica.

1266. (Edipus, king of Thebes.

1263. The Argonautic Expe-
dition. .

1257. Theseus unites the cities
of Attica under one govern-
ment.

1213. The Arcadians conducted
by Evander into Italy-Mu-
szeus, a poet.

1239. Latinus reigns in Italy

1225. First Theban War.—
Eutisthenes and Procles,
kings of Lacedemon.

1222. UHercules celebtates the
Olympic Games. __

1216. War of the Epigonu, 01'
2d Theban War.

1213. Helen ca1ried 011‘ by
Theseus, is recovered by
Castor and Pollux, and mar-
ries Menelaus.

1204. Helen elopes with Paris.

1182. IEneas lands in Italy.

1176. Salamis founded by
Teucer.

1170. Epirue: Pyrrhue Neop-
tolemus. ‘

10 Ian WORLD’S PROGRESS.

-.

Fourth Period.—( The Mosaic or Thematic.)—

 

 

 

'SACRED HISTORY.
n.0, PROGRESS OF SOCIETY AND THE ARTS. ' THE Jaws.

.__._.

 

 

1161. Israel enslaved by the Philistines and
Ammonites.—Samson born—Eli judges a
portion of Israel.

1143. Jephtha defeats the Ammonites, and
becomes judge of a. part of Israel.

1136. Samson slays 1000 Philistines with the
jawbone of an ass.

1117. Death of Samson and Eli.
1116. Samuel, the last judge of Israel.
1115 Mariner’s compass said to be known in
China. (’1)
1100 A standard dictionary of the Chinese contain-
ing 401,000 characters, completed by Pa—out-
s e.
( ) 1096. The Philistines defeated at Ebenezer.
1095. Establishment of the HEBREW M0-
NARCHY.—Saul anointed king of Israel.

.Qn‘n_‘__.,.;,. 1,, 1

ii if ;

 

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. 11

3-96 years.—(Continued.)—'—]|Ioses to Saul.

PROFANE HISTORY—(Still fabu[ous or uncertain.)

 

 

 

3. c. ASIA. AFRICA. EUROPE.

1152. Alba-Longa. built by
Ascamus.

1141 Tempie of Ephesus burnt. by
_ Lhe Amazons. . _
1139 . 'I‘hinaeus, king of Assyria.

_ 1124. JEolian migration.
THEBES, the Capital of
1122 China. :e—3d dynastyg—Tchcoo. Boeoua, founded.

1109 Dercylus, king of Assyria.

1104. Return of the Heraciidae.
—End of the kingdom oi
Mycene.

12 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

so PROGRESS OF SOCIETY AND THE ARTS.

1015 Minos gives his laws to Crete.

FIFTH PERIOD.——( The Monarchical.)-~

SACRED HISTORY.

THE Jews.

1095. Saul, King of Israel.
1085. David born.

1062. David kills Goliath.

1055. Death of Saul. David reigns in IIebron
over Judah; Ishbosheth reigning in Maha-
naim, over eleven tribes.

1048. Ishbosheth slain.

David made king
over all Israel.

1043. David subdues the Philistines, Moab~
ites, Syrians, and extends his dominions to ‘
the Euphrates, on the East, the Red Sea, on
the South, and Lebanon, on the North.

1036. Solomon born.

10%. Revolt and death of Absalom.
1014. Conspiracy of Adonijah.

1015. Solomon crowned in the presence of
David.

1016. David dies.

1012. Solomon lays the foundation of the
temple.

1004. DEDICATION OF SOLOMON’S
TEMPLE.

1000. Solomon extends his commerce, in con-
nection with Hiram, king of Tyre, to India,
via Red Sea, and to the shores of the Atlan~
tic, via Straits of Gibraltar : builds Tad-

mor (Palmyra) in the desert, Baalbec, and
other cities.

985. He is seduced into idolatry by his wives.

975. -—dies, and is succeeded by Rehoboam.

JUDAH.

975. Rehoboam, king.
971. Shishak plunders
the temple.

ISRAEL.

Jeroboam, king.

958. Abijah, king.

955. Asa, king.

954. Nadab, king.
953 ' Baasha, king. ‘

 

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. 13

507 years—Saul to Cyrus.

 

 

’ PROFANE HISTORY.
B. c. ASIA. AFRICA. EUROPE.

1088. End of the kingdom of
Sicyon.

1070. Heremon, from Gallicia,
conquers Ireland.

1069. Codrus devotes hlmself
for Athens.

1060. Athens governed by
Archons.

1044 The Ionian emigrants settle
m Asia. Minor.

Alliance between Solomon and Alliance between Solomon and
Hiram, king of Tyre. Pharaoh.

986 Samoa built. I 986. Utica built.

978. Sesac, (Shishak in Scrip-
ture, and supposed Sesos-

tns,) kmg 0f Egypt. 976. Capyr reigns in Alba

Longa.

971 Shfshak plunders Jerusalem.

14 THE WORLD’S

PROGRESS.

Fifi/7, Fatal—(The IVImzm‘c/zical.)—-

 

 

B. C.

PROGRESS OF SOCIETY AND THE ARTS.

937 Breastplates invented by Jason.

886 Homer’s poems brought into Greece.

884 Lymrgus reforms the constitution of Sparta.

869 Gold and silver coined by Phidon, tyrant of
Argos.

Prophecies of Jonah.

800 Carpets in use for tents.

735 The Corinthians employ triremes or vessels
with three banks 0t oars.

776 First recorded Olympiad and beginning of
authentic chronology in Greece.

772 Sculpture first mentioned in profane history—

1 an Egyptian art.

l

721 The first eclipse of the moon observed by the
Chaldeans at Babylon.

The Buddha religion introduced by Gautama
into India.

710 Roman Calendarrtfformed. The
12 months instea of 10 as before.
Augurs instituted b Numa.
685 lambic verse introt need by Archilocus, Tyr-

year divided,

teas. and Evander, poets.
68) Chess invented.

SACRED

hISTORY.

THE Jews.

J UDAH.

942. Asa defeats Ze-
rah, king of Ethio-
pia, with a million
of men.

941. —makesa1eague

with Benhadad, king

of Syria.
914. .1 ehoshaphat,
king.

898. .Iehoshaphat as-

sists Ahab.
891. War with Moab.
839. Jehoram, king.

884. Ahaziah, king.
Athaliah, queen ;
usurps the throne.
878. Jehoash, king.

The Prophet Jo-
nah.
839. Amaziah, king.
810. Azariah, king.

758. Jotham, king.
742. Ahaz, king.

717. Hezekiah, king.

712. Sennacherib m-
vades Judah.

711. His army (185,-
000) destroyed by a
pestilence.

696. Manasseh, king.

 

ISRAEL.

930. Elah, king.
929. Zimri, king.

Omri, king.
918. Auab, king.

907. Benhadad, king of
Syria, besieges Sa-

maria, but is re-
pulsed.
897. Ahaziah, king.

896.
895.

881.
S56.

Jehoram, king.
Elijah translated.

J ehu, king.

J ehoahaz, king.

811.
825.
781.
773.

Jehoash, king.
Jeroboam, king.
Inter're um.
Zachariah, king.
. Shallum, king.
77'2. Menahem. king.
770. Pul invades Is-
rael, and is bribed
to depart with 1000
talents.
762. Pekahiah, king.
759. Pekah. king.
Interregnum.
Hoshea, kin".
7‘21. CAPTWITI'? or
ISRAEL. '

 

 

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

507 mam—Saul Z0 Cyrus.—-(Continued.)

3.0.

15

 

 

 

PROFANE HISTORY. '

M

ASIA.

971 Homer born. C?)

840 Jonah preaches to the Nine-

820
797

771

767

761
747
744
736

735
721

7113

717
710

vites.

Arbaces, king of Assyria—
Media revolts.
Ardyssus, lst king of LYDIA.

Pul, king of Nineveh.

Sardznapalus, king of Nine-

ve .

Media subjected to Assyria.

Alyattes, king of Lydia. . .

ERA OF NABONAZZAR.-—
Assyrian empire destroyed.
——Meles, king of Lydia.

Pharnaces, king of Cappado-
cia.

Tiglath-Pileser conquers Sy-
ria and part of Israel.

Candaules, king of Lydia.

Shalmanezer king of Nine-
veh, takes Samaria, and car-
ries the Ten Tribes into
captivity.

Gyges usurps the throne of

ydia.

Sennacherz'b, king of Nineveh.

MEDIA. becomes a kingdom
under Dejaces. ' ‘ '

709 Ecbatana founded by Dejoces.

680 Babylon and Nineveh under,

Esarhaddon.

AFRICA.

 

869. Dido arrives in Africa,

and builds Byrsa.

825. The dynasty of the Ta-
nites in Egypt; begins with

Peterbastes.

781. The dynasty of the Saites

in Egypt.

737. Sebacon invades Egypt.

EUROPE.

 

935. Bacchus, king of Corinth.

916. Calpetus, king of Alba.

903. Tiberinus, king of Alba.
895. Tiberinus drowned in the

. river Albula, which is thence
called the Tibet.

864. Romulus, king of Alba
Longa.

845. Aventinus, king of Alba.

814. The kianom of MACE-
DON founded by Caranus.

808. Procas, king of Alba.
794. Numitor, “ “
794. Amulius, “ “

Olam Fodla, king in Ire-
land. (7)
769. Syracuse founded by
Archlas of Corinth.
753. BUILDING OF ROME.

Catania founded by a co-
lony from Chalcis.-
747. Union of Romans and
Sabines.
743. 1st Messinian War.

.716. Romulus murdered by the

senators. .
715. Numa Pompilius.
7l3. Gela in Sicily founded.

703. Corcyra builtby the Co-
rinthians.

685. 2d Messinian War.

16' THE WORLD’S PrtoGREss. ‘

Flfih Period—(Tile ZlIonarckical.)~—‘

 

 

SACRED HISTORY.

 

13.0 PROGRESS OF SOCIETY AND THE ARTS. THE Jews.

 

677. Manasseh carried to Batylon. is after
wards restored.

660 Attempt to discover the primitive language of
mankind ; Interpreters instituted by Psam-
meticus; children educated in the language
and manners of Greece.

651 Sc-Matsicn’s history of China. begins.

640 The Spherical formpf the earlh and the true 540_ Animon, king of Juffah.
cause of lunar eclipses taught by Thales, 541. Josiah. king of Judah_
who discovers the electricity of amber. '

629 Periander encourages learning at Corinth.

621 Draco frames his bloody code of laws at

AthenS- Josiah killed at Megidco, oy Pharaoh No.

cho.

610 Pharaoh-Necho begins a canal befween the
figditmanefm and filed Sea. The] lives 31‘
‘ ,000 men ost in t e attempt. I esen s _ ~ cam
out a Phoenician fleetwhich, sailing through 60%ugghoahaz, king, deposed and ed to
the Straits of Babelmandel, returned the DJehoiakim king
third year by the Straits of Gibraltar, thus ’ '
circumnavigating Africa.

606 Sappho,Alcwus,.Pittacus, Bins, Chile, My- 606. CONQUEST OF JERUSALEM by
son. Anacharszs, £3.93), Ilychz‘s. Theogms, Nebuchadnezzar. .
Stesz‘chorus, Plzacylz‘ es, and Cadmus (ol‘

Miletus), flourish at this time.

601 Thales' (prediction of a. salar eclipse accom-
plishe .—(See Asia.)

598. Jehoiachin, king, reigns three months,
and is carried captive to Babylon.
Zedekiah; king. _
591. Ezekiel begins to prophesy in Chaldeu.

694 Salon’s legislation in Athens, supersedes that
of Draco. '

591 The Pythian Games at Delphi.

588. CAPTIVITY 0F JUDAH completed.
JERUSALEM DESTROYED—thfi um
lebumm-.'-_. . .. . ,
z‘ah prophesies. ' "

 

 

 

nE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

.507 game—Saul to Cyrus—(Continued)

B. C.

676

658
648
647

634
631

6'26
624

61,9
612

606

604
601

690
596

l

ASIA.

Ardysus IL, king of Lydia.

Holofcrnes, Assyrian general.

Phraortes, king of Media.

Saracus, king of Babylon and
Nineveh.

Phraortes conquers
Armenia, &c.

Persia,

Cyaxares, king of Media.
Sadyattes, king of \Lydia.

Nabopolassar revolts from Sa-
racus.

The Seythians invade Lydia
and Media.

Alyattes 11., king of Lydia.

deeveh a second time destroy-
e .

Nabopolassar, king of Baby-
lon.

Pharaoh-Necho defeated by
Nebuchadnezzar at Circe-
sium, on the Euphrates.

Nebuchadnezzar, king of Ba-
bylon. '

Daniel interprets the king’s
dream.

A solar eclipse predicted by
Thales—separates the Medes
and Lydians in battle. (New-
ton’s Chron.,585.)

Birth of Cyrus.

Astyages of Media drives out
the Scythians.

 

PROFANE HISTORY.

AFRICA.

l7

 

EUROPE.

678. Argzeus, 1st king of Ma-
cedon.

672. Tullus Hostilius, king 01
Rome.

668. Messina in Sicily founded.

665. Alba. destroved.

550 Psammetlcus, king of 664. Sea fight'between the

Egypt.—Memphis becomes

the capital of the kingdom.

610. Pharaoh-Neeho, king of

Egypt.

600. Psammis,_king of Egypt.

Corinthians and Corcyreans.

658. BYZANTIUM founded.

640. Ancus Martins—The port
of Ostia built.——'l‘he Latins
conquered by the Romans.—

Philip, lst king of Mace-
don.

629. Periander rules at Co-
rinth.

616. Tarquinius Priscus, king
of Rome.

602. jEropus, king of Mate‘
don, conquers Illyria.

594." Pharaoh-Hophra, king of 594. Solon, Archon of Admm

Egypt.

 

 

3.6 PROGRESS OF SOCIETY.

 

§

578 1 Money coined at Rome by Ser-
Vius Tullius.

558 Depoenus and Scyllis open a
schonl 01‘ slatuary at Athens.
Naucrales given to the Greeks
by Egypt as a factor .
Egypt possesses 20,
bited cities.

inha-

562 First comedy acted at Athens
on a cart, by Susarion and
Dolon.

Dials invented by Anaximan-
det' of Miletus.
Anaximenes, Ulcobulus.

54" The Corinthian order of ar-
' chitecture invented by Cali-
inachus.
Zoroaster, the Persian Philo-
sopher.
Simonides, Anacrean, poets.

Thespz's performs the first
tngedy at Athens.

5537 Learning encouraged at Athr
ens—first pubiic library

founded.

Confucius the Chinese philo-
sopher.
The Dario issued by Darius.

THE

WORLD’S PROGRESS.

SIXTH PERIOD—(The Persian)...

Jews.

559. Handwriting on the wall
at Bclshazzar’s feast.

536. Edict of Cyrus for the RE-
TURN of the Jews.
Joshua, Zerubbabel.

535. Rebuilding of the tem-
ple begins. .
Zechariah, Haggai.

516. Dedication of the second
temple.

Asu.

582. Nebuchadnezzar invade:
Elam—takes Susa.

572. Tyre taken by Nebuchad-
nezzar.

569. Nebuchadnezzar losmg
his reason is deposed.
New Tyre founded.

562. Cruesus, king of Lydia.
Solon and IEsop at his court.

56!. Evil-Merodach, king 0]
Babylon.

559. Neriglissar or Belshazzat
killed in the night.
Cyaxares II.
king of Media.
Cyrus the Persian assists
him.

Asia. [Minor subjected to Cm!
sus.

(Darius)

546. Sardis taken by Cyrus.—
Crtrsus made prisnner.—
THE LYDIAN KINGDOM an-
ED.

538. BABYLON TAKEN by
Cyrus.

536. PERSIAN EMPIRE
founded by )YRUS, com-
used of Assyria, Media and
ersm. '

529. Cambyses, king of Per-
s1a.

522. Darius Hystaspes, king
of Persia.

. g .5122

 

 

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

19

258 years.—— Cyrus to Alexander the Great.

 

 

B. c. AFRICA.

581 Egypt invaded by Nebuchad-

nezzar.

Apries taken prisoner, and
strangled in his palace.

Amasis, king—connection be-
tween Greece and Egypt.

569

 

536 Pythagoras visits Egypt.

. 525 Psammenitus,

byses, who defeats

ta es Memphis.

EGYPT BECOMES A PERSIAN

PROVINCE.

 

last king of

Egypt—«Invasion of Cam-
the

E yptians at Pelusium, and

GREECE. ROME, ETC.

585. Death of Periander, tyrant

of Corinth.

582. Corinth becomes a repub-

lic.
578. Servius Tullius, king 61
Rome.

567. Conquest of the Etruriam

by Rome.
565. First census of Rome:
84,700 citizens.

560. Pisistratus, tyrant 01 Ath-
ens.

549. Temple of Apollo at
Delphi burnt by the Plsis-
tratida.

M7. Amyntas, king of Mace-
don.

539. The Phocians emigrate to
Gaul and build Massilia
(now Marseilles).

534.
king of Rome.

530. CADIZ built by the Car-
thaginians (near the ancient
Tarshish).

Tarquimus Superbuu,

527. Pisistratus dies.

522. l’olycrates, tyrant of Sa-
mes.
514. Hipparchns killed.

510. The Pisistratidze egrpelled.
—Democracy established at
Athens.-,—Statues erected to
Harmodius and Aristoglton,
leaders In the revolution.

20 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

Sixth Period—(The Persian.)—-

 

3.0. PROGRESS or SOCIETY. THE Jews. . ASIA.

 

ment, and establishment of 508. Darius conquers India.

509 tAbolition of the Regal Govern-
i Republic at Rome.

 

507 Heraclirus, Theano, Prota-
goras, Anam‘agoras, philoso-

phers—Corinna, poetess.

500 The Phwm‘cz‘an letters carried
to Ireland from Spain.
Pythagoras teaches the doc-
trine of celestial motions.
The temple of Minerva built.

500. The Ionians revolt from
Persia and burn Sardis.

490. Darius sends an army of
500,000 men into Greece.

487. Artahazes, king of Pon-
tus.
486. Xerxes, king of Persia.

483 The Etrurz'ans excel in music, 483. Joachim, High Priest.

the drama and architecture. 481' The expedition 0f Xerxes

into Greece.
480. The family of Archean-
actes, from Mytilene, settle

479 Eschylus,Pindar, poets. Lila I)Sosphorus (now Cir-cas-

_ 478. 'Death of Confucius.—
4‘5’7 Simonides, of Cos, obtains the China distracted by internal
prize at Olympia. for teach- wars.
mg a system ot‘Mnemonz'cs,
which he had invented.
473 Em [Tics instituted by Acron,
q/PAgrigentum.

471 Thucydides born.

468 8'0 hocles, the tragic, and
lato, the comic poet.
466. Persians defeated by sea
and land.
465. Xerxes assassinated.
464. Artaxerxes I. (Longima-
nus,) king of Persia.

450 Voyawe of the Carthaginians
to ritain for tin. 458. Esther.

457. Ezra oes to Jerusalem,
collects t e Jewish Scrip-
tures: and

453. —writes the Chronicles.

 

 

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

21

258 years.—— Cyrus to Alexander.——(Continued.)

 

n.0, AFRXCA. I

487 Egypt revolts—is subdued by
Xerxes.

480 IIamz‘lcar killed in battle.

460 Egypt, under Inarus, revolts
from Persm.

’ e
455 All Egypt reduced by Megaby-
sus.

mumps ::_ A

GREECE.

505. Lacedemonian War.
504. Lemnos taken by Milti-
ades.

497. Alexander lst, king of

Macedon.
Hippocrates,
Gela.

tyrant

ROME AND ITALY.

 

509. The Tarquins expelled
from Rome.

Bnurus AND COLLATINUS
first Cossuns of Rome.

507. Second census of Rome,
130,909 citizens.

The Capitol finished—War
against the Tarquins and
their ally Porsenna.

498. Titus Lartius, firut Dicta-
tOi‘.
Tribunes of the people.

of 496. Posthumius, Dictator.

490. Invasion of the Persians 491. Coriolanus banished.

under Datis and Artapher-

nes.
Battle of MARATHON.

489.
484.

Miltiades imprisoned.
Herodotus born.

483. Aristides banished.

480. Battle of Thermopylae.
Athens burnt by Xerxes.

Battle of Salamis.

488. At the request of his
mother, Coriolanus with-
draws the Volsci from Rome.

485. Gelon, tyrant of SYracuse.

483. Quaestors appointed.

480. The Carthaginians de-
feated by Gelon.

479. Mardonius a second time 479. Syracuse governed by

takes Athens.

Defeat of the Persians at
Platea and Mycale on the
same day.

?
476.( )Themistocles rebuilds

Athens—The Piraeus built.

470. Cimon son of Miltiades.—
Themistocles banished.—
The kingdom ofthe ()drysm

extends over the most of

Thrace.

466. The Persians twice de-
feated at the Eurymedon by
Cimon.

465. 3d Messinian War.

Hiero.

477. The 300 Fabii slain.

467. Thrasybulus succeeds
Hiero, and is expelled for
his cruelty.

Democracy in Syracuse.

461. Ostracism of Cimon.— 461, Earthquake at Rnrne_

PERIGLES rises to great
ower.
45 . Athens assumes to be the
head of Greece.
456. Cimon recalled.

456. Cincinnatus Diuahr

22 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

The Sixth Pe¢i0d.—( The Persian.)—-

"'—'.

 

 

 

 

8.0 PROGRESS OF SOCIETY, ETC. THE Jaws. ASIA.

450 The Britons inflict punish.
ment of death by drowning 449. Persians defeated at Sa~
in a quagmire. lamis in Cyprus.
Peace With Greece.

445 Emmdeclm Parmemdéis, 445. Walls of Jerusalem built
Amstzppus, and Antzs- by Nehemiah.
than“, philosophers.— Sect of Samaritans.
P/tid‘ias the finest sculp-
tor of antiquity—Euri-
pides, gains the first prize
in tragedy.
441 The Battering Ram invented
by Artemones.

438. Spartacus takes posses-
sion of the Bosphorus.

434 Aristophanes, prince of an-
cient comedy.

432 Alelon begins his lunar cycle.

Sacra/es, the greatest of hea-
then moralists.

Hippacmles, of Cos, the father
of medicine.

Thucydides, C'tesias, histo-
rians.

Democrz'tus, the laughing phl-
losopher.

425. Xerxes 11. k. of Persia.
424. Darius II. k.otl’ersra.

414 An eclipse of the sun causes
the defeat of the Athenians
at Syracuse

(10 Thucydides’ history ends, and
Xenophon’s begins.

404._Artaxerxes 1!. Cinnamon.)
king of Persia.

 

 

 

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

23

258 yea7‘s.———-Cyru$ to AZexander.—-(Continued.)

 

 

I. c.

AFRICA. GREECE.

454. Perdiccas, 11., king of Ma-
cedon.

449. Cimon dies.

448. First Sacred War.
447. Athenians defeated at Che-
ronuaa.

440. Pericles takes Samos.

437. Amphipolis planted by
Athenians.

436. Corinth at war with Cor-
cyra.

432. Revolt of Potidzea from
the Athenian conletleracy.
431. The Peloponnesian War.

Invasion of Attica.
430. The Plague at Athens.
4'29. Pericles dies, having gov-
erned Athens 40 years.

425. An earthquake separates
the peninsula of Euboea
from the main land.

424. Exile of 'l‘hucytlitles.

Campaign of Brasidas in
Thrace.
420. The 90th Olympiad.
Alcibiades etfects a treaty
between the Athenians and
Argives.

416. Nicias, general of the
Athenians.

_ _ War in Sicily .

419 Amyrtmus, king 0f 13$th 413. The Atheniansnlarmed by
Shakes off the yoke 01 Per- an eclipse—Theirarmy in
em. Sicily destroyed.

413. Archelaus, king of Mace-
don.

411. Athens governed by the
400.—-Al|iance of Sparta
with Persia.

411. Alcibiades at the court of
Tissaphernes.

410. Alcibiades defeats
Spartans.

the

107 The Carthaginians send 300,-
000 men into Sicily.

408. Capture of Byzantium.

405. Lysander defeats the
Athenians,404.takesAthens,
and establishes the 30 ty-
rants.

End of the Peloponnesian
War.
Death of Alcibiades.

 

 

ROME, ETC.

451. Decemviri~the laws of
the 12 tables. ,
Virginia. killed by her
father.

446. Syracuse reduces Agri-
gentum.

445. Military Tribunes.

444. Office of Censor
tuted.

440. Famine in Rome.

insti-

437. The Veii defeated.

434. War with the Tuscans.

433. The temple of Apollo de-
dicated.

43]. The Equi and VOISCI do
feated.

‘24

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

\

The Sixth Period.—'—(The Persian.)—

 

..___—-—

n.c. PROGRESS 011 Socmrv, ETC.

 

THE Jews.

 

399 Catapullce invented by Diony-
sius.

396 Cynics sect of hilosophers
founded by Antflthenes.

383 Plato, the philosopher.
Philozenes, the poet.

380 Treatise on conic sections by
Arzslteus.

377 Diogenes, the cynic; Isocrates
and Isceus, orators.

368 A celestial globe brought into 366. Joshua slain by Johan-
Greece from Egypt. nan in the inner court. of the

 

ASIA.

401. Cyrus the younger de-
feated.—Retreatof1he 10,000
under Xenophon.

4000 The city of Delhi found
e .

387..The Greek cities of Asia
tributary to Persia.

3S3 BITIIYNIA becomes a
,Itin‘zllom.

Mirhridates 1st, king of
PONTUS.

temple, for which a. heavy 362. Ariobarzanes king ofPon-

fine is laid on the daily sacri-
fices.

360 Philippics of Demosthenes.

Commerce of Rhodes with
Africa and Byzantium.

Hrs—Revolt. of the Persian

governor in Asia Minor.
361. Darius Ochus. or Arm:-

erxes III. king of Persia.

360. CAPPADOCIA becomes
a kingdom under Ariaxathes l.

 

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. 25

258 game— Cyrus to AZexander.—(Continued.)

 

 

 

 

I

n.c. AFRICA. GREECE. ROME AND ITALY.

u..—

 

40l. Thrasybulus expels the
30 tyrants.
Death of Socrates.

400. Siege of Vcii begun.

399. Amyntas 11., king of Ma-

cedon.
397. Lake Alba drained.

396. Agesz'laus goes into Asia.
395. Corinthian War begun.~
BattIe of Coronea, 391. CAMXLLUS,DiCiatOl‘. takes
Vcii, after a siege of ten
years.
390. Rome taken and burnt by
the Gauls, under Brennus.
—The Capitol besieged.—
Camillus delivers his coun-
tr .
386.y1)am0n and Pylhias.
384. M. Manlius Uapitolinus
thrown from the Tarpeian

382. Thebes taken by Phoebi- rock.
das.

380. Thebes delivered by Pelo— _
379 The Carthaginians land in pides and EPAMINONDAS. 379. The Volsu defeat the
Italy. 100th Olympiad. Romans.

377. Spartan fleet defeated at
Naxos.
376. Lucius Sexlus, first ple-
372. Ellice and Bula in the Pe- beian consul.

loponnesus. swallowed up .Camillus, the fifth time
by an earthquake. DICtator.
371. Battle of Leucmz. 371. The curule magistrates
dAlexander 11., king ofMa- appointed.
ce on.

Predomz'mmce (3f Thebes.
370. Perdiccas 111., king of

Macedon.
364. Pelopidas killed in-battle.
362 Tachos, king of Egypt. . 362. Battle of Mantinea, death 36?. Curtius leaps into agulf
Agesilaus, the Spartan, of Epaminondas. 1n the Forum.
aids the Egyptians.
DECLINE 0F GRECIAN
REPUBLICS.
360 360. Philip IL, king of Mace-
Voya es of the Carthaginians don. deteats the Athenians
11min: Hanna, at Methane.

The Macedonian phalanx.
War of the allies against
Athens.

358. Philip takes Amphipolis
and loses his right eye by an
‘ Brarroiv figgmsAstotiuw
" J - T 16 acre ar. 357. Dion sius t o
356. Philip conquers Thrace expellc ' fmm’ 83:31:39?”
and Illyt'ia.
The Temple of Diana at
Ephesus burnt. ‘
ALEXANDER“ the
Great” born.

 

26 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

.

SEVENTH PERIOD.-—-—(Tke Grmu.)—~

I.c PROGRESS OF SOCXETY, ETC~ THE Jews. ASIA.

 

 

343 Aristotle, the logician and phi-
losopher, founder of the Pe-
ripatetics; [Es-chines, ora-
LOP.

Demosthenes ; Icetas, ofSyra-
cuse.

312 The Lyceum built in Attica.

336 Alexander spares the house of 335. Mithridates II. has of
Pindar. ’

The revolution of eclipses first Pontus.

calculated by Calippus, the
Athenian.

335 Caustic painting or the art
of burnmg colors into wood
or ivory, ‘lnvented by Gau-

sias, a painter of Sicyon. 334. Battle of the Gramcus.

333. Battle of lssus.—Parthia,
Bactria, Hyrcania,Sogdiana
and Asxa Minor, conquered
by Alexander.
332. Tyre subdued after seven
months’ siege. ’
Datgascus taken. —Ga.za.
, surren ers.
Alexandei_enters Jerusa- 33L Battle Qf Arbela.—The
1em.—0n seeing Jaddus, the P , - ll (1 1"
High Priest, clad in his elm“ ”my ‘0“ Y e ea"

robes he declares he had . ed.
seen him in a vision, invit- 330' CONQUEST ofthe PER‘

. . . , SIAN EMPIRE.
giigifiigtfijlgegi‘gn 2:1): 329. 'I‘halestris,_queen of the
pire. DHe goes to the Tem- Amazons, Vistts Alexander,

. .. with a train of 300 women.
$33; 0‘33 31:33:20“ to Jeho 328. Alexander extends his
I ' ‘

328 The voyage of Nearchus from conquest to the Ganges.

the Indus to the Euphrates. 323. Alexander dies at Baby
Apelles, the painter; Calzs- - Ion. -

themes, philosopher. 322. Perdiccas takes Cappe-
rlIenamle-r, the InVentor of the docia.

new comedy.

Lysistratus invents moulds
from which to cast wax
figures.

3‘30 First work on mecham‘cs,writ- 320. Ptolem carries 100,000 390 Eumenea defeated “in
ten b Aristotle—Diving Jews into ygt. “€011“-
Bell rst mentioned. * Onias I.

 

 

‘ “.mmm .L-

 

 

THE \VORLD’S PROGRESS.

184 ym¢3.~Akm7uler to the Fall of Greece.

27

 

 

B. C.

AFRICA. GREECE—MACEDON.

 

353. The Phoeians defeated by
Philip.

348. End of the Sacred War.
Philip takes Olynthus.
346. Philip admitted to the
Amphictyonic Council.

349 Darius Qchus conquers Egypt,
and pillages its temples.

quake.

don. .
Aristotle appomted tutor
to Alexander.

341. Philip
Athens.

makes war upon

340 The Carthaginians defeated by

Timoleon. Timoleon recovers Syra-

cuse, expels Dionysius, the
t rant, and defeats the Car-
t aginians at Agrieentum.
338. Philip defeats the Greeks
. at Cheronea.
336. Philip is murdered by
Pausanias.

ALEXANDER III., sur-
named the Great.-—He rava-
ges Greece, destroys Thebes,
sparing the house of Pindar.

335. —is chosen generalissimo
of Greece against Persia.

 

334. —invades Persia, and after
several great battles (see
“Asz'a”) subdues the Per-
sian empire and Egypt, and
marches into India.

332 E%ypt conquered by Alexan-
er

Alexandria built.

330. JEschines, the orator,
banished.

325. Demosthenes banished.

323. Death of Alexander.—
The Grecian cities revolt
from Macedon—Demosthe-
nes recalled.

322. The Greeks defeated by
sea and land near Cranon.

Death qf Denwslhenes.

321. Antipater, regent.

323 Ptolemy L (Soter, son of La-
gus.)

319. Polysperchon succeeds
‘Antipater, and proclaims

ROME, ETC.

 

354. Dion put to death, and
Syracuse usurped by ty-
rants.

345. Duras buried by an earth- 345. Twelve cities in Campa-

nia buried by an earthquake.

343. Thrace tributary to Mace- 343. Samnian War, which con-

tinues 53 years.

340. ——-lays siege to Byzantium. 340. P. Decius devotes him-

self for his country.
All Campania is subdued.

332. The Caledonian mo-
narchy (Scotland) founded
by Fergus I.

325. Papirius Cursor, Dictator.

321. The Samnites make the
Romans pass under the yoke.

320. The Samnites defeated at
Luceria.

liberty to the Grecian cities .

28 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

The Seventh Period.—-—( The Grecian);

 

_._

3.0. PROGRESS OF SOCIETY, ETC. THE JEWS. ASIA.

 

 

317 Commerce of Macedon with
India, through Egypt.

312 The Appz'an Way constructed. 312. SYRIA. Seleticus, Nicatm‘.

-—The Gnomon invented to
measure altitudes.

311. Judea. subject to Amrgo- 311. Seleucus Nicator retake:

nus. Babylon.
Era of the Seleucz'dce.
310 Aqueducts andbaths in Rome. 310. Eumeles usurps the

throne ol'Bosphorus, putting
to death all his brothers.
After a reign of six years, is
murdered.

305. “far in India, against
Sandrocottus.

301. Judea under the domi- 301. Battleqf [jaws—Amigo-

nion of the Ptolemies. nus kllled.

300 Euclid, of Alexandria, the ALEXANDER’S EM-
celebrated mathematician— _ PIRE DIVIDED in four
Zeno, founder ofthe Stoz‘cs; parts. — Ptolemy, Seleucus,
-——Pyrrho, of the Skeptics; Cassander. Lysimachus.
Epicurus, of the Epicu- Mithridates 111., king of
reans.—Bz’mz, of Borysthe- Pontus.
nes, philosopher.

The great Chinese I’Vall built.

293 The first sun-dial. erected at
Rome by .Papn'ius CPlfSOI‘, 291. Seleucus founds Antloch,
and the 1.11116 first dIVIded Edessa, and Laodicea.

into hours.

290 Fabius Introduces painting at
RU no.
he Colossus o Rhodes
built by Chores, 0 Lindus.

285 Them-rites, the father of pas-
toral poetry.
Dionysius, the astronomer at
Alexandria begins his era.
He found the solar year to
consist of 865 days, 5 hours,
and 49 minutes.

284 The Septuagint translation of 5284. Theme: 0'1“th S’ndducue.
the Old Testament begun at ' ‘

Alexandria, by order of Pto-
lemy Philadelphus.

285. The Scythians invade
Bosphorus.

:04...

 

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

 

29

w

 

184 years.——(Continued.) 1 w
Ww—mmw- ' g.“
I. c AFRICA: GREECE.

.._.

u... 7-.

318. Phocion put to death‘wA

the Athenitms.
317. C a s s a n d e r assumes
the government 01' Macedon.
Demetrius Phalerius gov-
erns Athens.

315. Cassander rebuilds Thebes,
and founds Cussmzdrz‘a.

312. Epirus: P y 1' r h u s 11.,
the greatest hero of his time.

307 Agathocles is defeated by the
Carthaginians.

306 Peace between Sicily and Car-
thage.

306. Democracy established at
Athens by Demetrius.

304. Athenians repulsed from
Rhodes.

303. Demetrius Polz‘orceles,
general ot'the Grecian States.

 

300. Restoration of Democracy
at Athens.

‘291. Death of Cassander.—

Alexander and Antipater
succeed.

296. Siege of Athens, by De-
metrius.

294. Demetrius murders Alex-
ander, and seizes the throne
of Macedon.

287. Athens revolts from De-
metrius.

286. Pyrrhus expelled from
Macedon.

284. The Achaean Republic.

 

ROME, Ere.

 

317 finacuse and Sicily usurp-
W, I‘hegathoctes.
J-ns sube

”Ail! v
t '\I .

312. War with the Etruscans

310. The Carthaginians defeat
Agathocles, and besiege Sy-
racuse.

308. Fahius Maximus
defeats the Samnites.

303. Establishment of the

Tt‘t'bus Uw‘banw.

300.First1’lebcian High Priest.

290. End of the Samnite 'War.

286. Law of IIot-tensius, by
which the decrees of the
people had the force of thou
of the senate.

30 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

.T/[e nge‘nth Fermi—(The Grecian.)—

 

 

—_==._. “=m: ;.—..___.__.__—__—_
to, E l’itoeuEss 0F SOCIETY, rarer THE Jaws. As”,
‘1. .-

The Pharns built at It hun-
tlriu, the first lighthouse on
record. c

2S3vPhilei2erus, of Pfav‘rtmus, pa-
tron ol' the :4 0- especially

 

 

Al‘chitectl: . 282. The kingdom of PER-
Alerand-v‘a, the resort of the GAMUS founded by Phile-
leaned and centre of trade. tarus.
231 Cheri armed with scylhes, 281. Lysimachus defeated and
Jortzfied 0011112an use. killed by Seleucus.—-Antio-
chus Soter succeeds Selen-
cus.

276 First society of critics formed.

267 Ptolemy makes a .‘mzal from
the Nile to the Real Sea.

266 Silver money tirst coined. 266. Ariobarzanes 111., hi ‘g of
Pontus.
264 The Parian Chronicle com-
yosetl.
G udz‘arors first exhibited at
Rome. 1262. Antiochus Soter defeated
at Sardis.
256 Barosus, the historian of Ba- ' 256. Kingdom of PAR'I‘IIiA
bylon. ' . founded by Arsaees.
255 The armillary sphere Invented 255. The fourth imperial (ly-
by Erastoslhenes, who made nasty of China. begins.

the first attempt to determine
the length of a degree.

252. Mithridates IV., besie led

. in his ca italb the Gat . :
Greece instructs the Romans p y l

in the arts and sciences.

248. Onias 11., high priest.

 

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. 31

184 years—(Continued)

 

3.0. AFRICA. GREECE. ROME, Em.

.—..

 

283 Ptolemy Philadelphus king of 283.1.ysimachia destroyed by 283. The Gauls and Etm
Egypt. an earthquake. Tians subdued.

%l. Lysimachus defeated and 281. The Tarentine War.
slain by Seleucus.
The Achaean League of
12 states, under Aratus, of

 

 

Sicy on.

279. Irrruption of the Gauls
under Brennus.

278. —they are defeated near
Delphi.

277. Antigonus Gonattts, king
of Macedon.

274. Pyrrhus invades Mace-
don, defeats Antlgonus, and
1s proclaimed king.

27'2. Pyrrhus besieges S arta
and Argos—1s slam, an An-
tlgonus is restored.

269 Egypt first sends ambassadors

to Rome. 268. Athens taken by Antigo-

nus Gonatus.
Second incurston 0f the
Gauls 1nto Macedon.

255 Regulus invades Africa, and is
defeated by Xantippus, a 255.

Spartan general A n t i g o n u s liberates

Athens.
Athens joins the Acheean
league. 1

251. Sicyon joins the Achaean
league.

250. The Romans begin to re-

” sort to Greece for improve-

ment in knowledge-«Par-

thia revolts from Macedon.

251 Metellus defeats Asdrubal.

 

280. The Tarentines seek the
alliance of Pyt‘rhus, who
conquers the Romans at
Pantlosia, and at

279 —Asculum.

27ft. Sicily conquered by Pyrr-
ms.

275. Curios defeats Pyrrhus,
and compels him to leave
Italy.

272. Fall of Tarentum.

266. Rome mistress oi'all Italy:
census of the city 292 224.

264. The first PUNIC WAR.
——Appius Claudius drives
11mm from Syracuse.

260. 1) u i l l u s gains a vic-
tory over the Carthuginian
fleet.

256. R e g u l u s gains ano-
ther victory.

255. The Lacedemonians as.
sisting Carthage. —Xantip-
pus defeats _Regttlus, and
takes him prisoner.

254. Palermo besieged by the
Romans—«About this time
the Huns are first heard of,
governed by Teuman.

249. Naval fight at Drapan um

32 THE WORLD’S ‘PROGRESS.

The Seventh Period—(The Grecian.)—

 

 

 

3.0 PROGRESS OF SOCIETY, ETC. THE JEWS. ASIA.

___.__————__—————.______—____.__.__..—_.__~_____—_ ‘

246. Antiochus II. poisoned by
his wife.

Agrarianz’sm attenépted in
S arta but i‘ ut own.
p ’ W 241. Attalus 1., king of Perga-
mus.

 

240 Comedies first acted at Rome,
those 01 Lt‘m'us Andronz'cus.

237. Simon 11., High Priest.

$3 The original MSS. of JEschy<
lus, Euri ides and Sup/20-
cles, lent y the Athenians
to Ptolemy, on a pledge of 15
talents.

226. Seleucus 111., k. of Syria.

25 Fabius Pictor, the first Roman

historian.
Appol/onz'us Rhodius, et.—-

Chrysippus, Stoic p iloso-
pher.

224 Archimedes, the mathemati- 224 The Cologsus of Rhodes
ciunz demonstrates the pro- thrown down.
pertles ot the lever, and
(“1161' mechanical powers,
also the art of measuring
solids and surfacesantl conic
sections—constructs aplane-
[arm-m.

219 The art of Sm: ery introduced.
An edit 38 o .the. moon oh-
SGFVBL in Asia. Minor.

213. Ohi Bong Ti destroys the
records of the Chinese em-
pro.

211. Antiochus the
Great, kingofSyria.

THE - worth’s PROGRESS. 33

184 years.—-(Continued.)

W
B. C. AFRICA. GREECE. ROME, ETC.

.._9.

 

.__..__..__..

 

 

     
  
   
  

 

247. Hamilcar defeats the Ro-

247 Hamilcar Barcas, general of
mans at Lilibceum.

the Carthaginians.
245 Ptolemy Eurgetes subdues Sy-
ria.

   
  
  
    
   
    
   
    
  
   
 

243. Corinth taken by Aratus. '

242. Demetrius 11., of Mace-
don.

241. Agis, king of Sparta, put
to death forattempting to es-
tablish an Agrarian law.

240. Cleanthus, the Stoic,
starves himself.

241. End of the first Panic
War.

233 End of the Libyan War.
237 Ilamiloar with Hannibal, pass.
es into Spain.

232. Philip 111., of Macedon.

231. Sardinia and Corsica con-
quered by Rome.

228. Roman ambassadors first
appear at Athens and Co-
rmth.

The fortress of the Athe-
nzeum built.

227 Carthagena in Spain, built by
Asdrubal.

226. Cleomenes, king of Spar-
ta, defeats the Achaeans.—
Lyscades killed.~'1‘he Agra-
rian law restored.

225. The Romans send another
embassy to Greece. They
are admitted to a share in
the Isthmian games, and
granted the freedom of Ath-
ens.

225. The Gauls repulsed in
Italy.

2241. ghe Romans first cross
t .
223. Cleomenes takes Megalo- ggg‘lecoimies of p 1 a c e n .

VOHS- . tia and Cremona.
2?. Battle of Sellasxa- 222.1nsubria(Milan)andLigu-
ria (Genoa) conquered by

22l Ptolemy Philopater, king of
, Rome.

Egypt-

220. The Social War.
—Philip, of Macedon, as-
sists the Achaeans.——Cleome-
nes dies in Eyypt.—Agesi-
polis and Lycurgus elected
kings of Sparta.

218. Acanania ceded to Philip. 218. The Second 1: U N I G

W A R. .—The Romans de-
feated by Hannibal at Ti-
cinis and Trebia.

217. Fla mi n i us defeated
at Thrasymene.

21G. Vnrro at C an n a: to-
totally defeated by HannibaL

Fabius Maximus,

Dictator.

219. Hannibal takes Segun-

219 Conquests of H a. n n i b a 1, turn and crosses the Alps
, .

the Carthaginian, in Spain;
He crosses the Alps.

215. Aratus poisoned at
IEgium.
214. First Macedonian War.

212. Syracuse and Sioil can.
quered by Marceflus.

' _ _ . ~Archimedes killed.

211. Alliance of Philip With 211. The Carthagiuiansdriven
Hannibal. from Capua.

2*

W “ifimjfivu- -~ .7 “

34 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

 

 

3.0. PROGRESS or SOCIETY, are.

THE Jews.

I

 

 

207 Ennz’us, of Calabria, poet;
Sotz‘on, of Alexandria, a
grammarian.

206 Plauzus, of Umbria, the co.
mic poet; Appollonius, ol'
Perga, mathematician; Ze-
no, of Tarsus, the philoso-
pher.

Gold coined at Rome.

203. JUDEA CONQUERED m1
ANTIOCHUS nu; GREAT.

202 The art ofprz'nting in China.
201. Onias 111., High Priest.

200 Arislonymus 4th, librarian of 200. Jesus. the son of Sirach,
Alexandria. writes Ecclesiastiws.

Caius Lelt‘us, the
orator.

Roman

198 Books,wz'th leavesqf vellum, 198. The Jews assist Antio-
introduced by Attalus, king chus in expellingScopus and
of Pergamus, in lieuol‘rolls. the Egyptian troops from

Jerusalem.

First mention of a Senate or
San/tedrim.

188 A total eclipse of the sun at
Rome.

Asiatic luxuries brought to
Rome.

183 A comet visxble 80 days.
Bion and Moschus, comic
poets.

18) Statius chz'lius, comic poet.

The Seventh Period—(The Grecian.)—

 

ASIA.

205. The dynasty of 11 a u in
China.

197. Eumenes, king of Perga-
mus.

196. Hannibal joins Antiochus,
who seizes the Thracian
Chersonese.

[92. Syria at war with Roma.
190. Scipio Asiaticus defeats
Antiochus at Magnesia.

187. Antiochus killed in the
temple of Jupiter Bolus.—
Syrla becomes a
Roman province.

186. The city of Artaxata (in
Armenia) built.

185: Seleucus 1V., king of Sy-
ria.

183. Phamaces1.,king of Pon-
tus, conquers S i n o p c .

 

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

184 years—(Continued)

 

'B.C.

—.._

AFRICA.

 

208. Battle ofLamia. nearElis.

GREECE. ROME, ETC.

210. S c i p i 0 takes New
Carthage, and conquers As-
drubal.

207. Nero and Livy defeat As-
(l1'ubal at Metaurus—-Asdru~

bal killed.

—-Philip, of Macedon, de-
feats the JEtolians.

206. BATTLE of BIANTINEA ; 206. The Carthaginians driven

205 PtEl:my. Epiphanes, king of
0
ypt

21.)} The: Roman general Scipio be-
sieges Utica, and takes in
one day the camps ofAsd1u-
bal and Sy phax

Hanmbal recalled ~Sophonis-
ha poisoned by Masinissa.

2021 Hannibal defeated at Z a m a.

1 ——End of the 2d Punic War.

 

Philopmmen, the Pree- out of Spain.

tor of Achaia, defeats the

Spartans.
204. Scipio carries the war

into Anica.

201. Scipio carries Syphax in
triumph to Rome.

200. The Rhodians defeat the

199 Treaty of Carthage with Ma-
slmssa, king of Numidia.

Macedonian fleet near Chios.
—Siege of Ahydos.—-Second
Macedonian War begins.

198 Egypt loses her Syrian posses- 193, The Achggans and Spar-

sions.

197. Philip

195.

193 Masinisea harassesthe Cartha-
g1mans, and Injures their
commerce. '

)80 Ptolemy Philometer, king of
Egypt.

 

tans join the Romans agalnst

Macedon. . . _ ‘ .
197. Flammius v1ctor1ous 1n

Macedon.

C a t o in Spain.

111. defeated at Cy-

nocephalae by the Romans,

under Flarninius.
Flamimus, the Roman. 19.).

quarrels with Nabis, king of
Sparta.

190 War with Antiochus, of
Sylfiia who is totally deleat-

189. Epirus declared free by ed byL C.Scipio, and

the Romans.
188. Philoptemen ab1ogates 188. Syria is made a Roman

the laws of Lycu1gus in pr'nmince
Sparta. 187 Scip1o Africanus banish-

ed 110m Rome.

183 Philop oemendefeated and 183 Cato, the elder, sensor.

killed byp Dinocrates, king of

Messinia. 181. Plague at Rome.

180. Death of Scipio Africa.-

nus.
179. Numa’s books found in 3

stone coflin at Rome.

36,

me WORLD’S P36811133!-

T/ze Seventh Period.———( The Grecian.)—

 

 

 

I. c. Pnoom-zss on SOCIETY, ETC.

17') Paper z’nvenfed in China.

169 Polybz'us, historian of Greece
and Rome.

The comedies of Terence per-
formed.

158 An eclipse ofthe moon. which
was predicted by Q. S. Gal-
lus.

167 The first library opened at
Rome, consisting of books
brought. from Macedon.

The Roman treasury is so rich
that the citizens pay no
taxes.

102 Hz'nzarchus of Nice fixes the
gist degree of longitude and
latitude at Fcrro, whose
most western point was
made the first general meri-
dian—lays the foundation of
Trigonometry.

THE Jaws.

176. Heliodorus in Jerusalem.
175. Jason obtains the high
priesthood by corruption.

172. Jason defeated by Mene-
laus.

170. Jerusalem and the temple
plundered by Antiochus
Epiphanes, who attempts to
abolish the Jewish religion,
and commits great cruelties.

167. Matthias, High Priest.

165. JUDAS MAccAnsus ex-
pels the Syrians, and puri-
fies the temple.

161 Philosophers and rhetoricians 161. Judas kills Nicanor—is

banished from Rome.

159 The clepsydm or water clock
invented by Scipio Nascia.

succeeded by Jonathan.
First treaty with the R0-
mans.

158. Jonathan compels the Bac-
chides to withdraw—is mur-
dered by Tryphon.

150 Hipparclxus, of Rhodes, astro~ 150. Jews take Joppa.

nomer. — Aristarchus, of

Alexandria, grammarian.

ASIA.

 

172. Antiochus IV. (Epipha-
nes) king of Syria.

171 ——-declares war against Pto-
lemy Philomater.

170. An irruption of Tartar:
into China.

166. Prusias, kirgof I ithynia.

16$. dAntiochus Epiphanes
1e .
162. Demetrius Soter, king of
Syria.
Mithridates Philopater,

king of Cappadocia.

157. Mithridates V., king or
Pontus.

153. Ariarathes VIL, king of
Cappadocia.

150. Alexander Bala kills Do.
metrius,and takes the throne.

149. Prusias, of Bithynia, kill~
ed by his son Nicomedes.

 

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. 37

184 mam—(Continued)

 

 

 

B. 0‘ AFRICA. ' GREECE. ROME, ETC.

.—

 

 

 

178. Perseus, king of Mace-
don.

174 Cat: 5 embassy to Carthage.

171. Third Macedonian War.

170. Tibe rius and Cam:
Gracchus.

168. Perseus defeated at Pyd-
na, by Paulus Emilius.—
MACEDON BECOMES A Ro-

MAN PROVINCE. 167. Census 327,032.

165. Romans enter Achaia.

L

155‘ Embassy 0f Diogenes, 155. Romans unsuccessful in
Carmades, and Critolaus to Spain.

Rome.

152 Massinissa defeats the Cartha‘ 152. Andriscus usurpinz the

ginians. government of Macedon, is
151 Joint reign of Philomater and conquered by Metellus. 151. Defeat 0f Galba.
Physcon in Egypt.

149. THIRD Puma WAR.

147. Metellus defeats the Ach-
mans in Greece.

146 CARTHAGE TAKEN and 146. Corinth taken and de- QonguestofCarthage and
destroyed. stroyed by Mummius,._ of Corinth.
GREECE becomes a 110- Greece annexed to the

MAN PROVINCE under Roman empire.
I the name of Achaia.

38 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

EIGHTH PERIOD—(The Roman)?—

I.c. PROGRESS OF SOCIETY, ETC. THE Jews. ASIA.

—-—-——————-———___._._—______.____.._.___——__

 

 

 

 

146 Alexandria, the centre of com-
merce.

143 IIipparclms begins his new
cycle qf I/ie moon. [42. Simon, High Priest.

140 Toolhcd wheels applied to the
clepsytlra by Ctesibius. .
187 Learning and learned mm 137. Antiochus IV.,(Sidetes,)
liberally patronized by Pull-l king of Syria.
emy Physcon.
Diodorus and Salyrus, peri-
pnteiics; Nicamler. physi-

clan and poet; LuCilés 110‘ 135. End of the Apocrypha.-—
cuts, tragic poet; {1“8101’1“ Jerusalem besieged by Ari-
lus, the JerSil pcripatetic. tiochus IV.

 

. . . t‘ ‘
133 Equestrian order, a distinct 134 Aniochus invades Judea.

class.

130 Revival qf learning in China. 130. John Hyrcamis delivers 130. Antiochus 1v, defeated

.ludee from the Syrian oke: and killed ma, war with par.
—reduces Samaria ant ltlu- mm
mea. 1‘29. Demetrius II. (Nicator)
regains Syria.
123. Mithridates the Great,
120 The theory qf eclipses known king 01‘ Pontus.
to the Chinese.

116 L. let'tts Anh'pafer, histo-
rian; Lucilli'its, the first
Roman sulirist; Apollodu-
rats, of Athens, chronologist;
Castor, of Rhodes, chrono-
logist; A'nthemon, philoso-

pher. 111. M-ithi'idates con uers Sc -
110 First sumptuary law at Rome. thia, Bosphm‘us:I Colchiz,
103: IIyrcanus destroys Sama- 6m.
ria.

107. —-succeedeil by his son
Aristobulus, who first as~
sumes the title of king.

105. Alexander Janneus at
war with Egypt—takes Ga-
za. — Rebellion excited by
the Pharisees.

 

 

 

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

BC.

AFRXGA.

146 Commerce of the world cen-
tres at Alexandria.

145 Ptolemy Pliyscon becomes
sole king of Egypt by the
death of Philomater.

129 Ptolemy Physcon driven from
his throne for his cruelty.

128 Pestilence in Egypt.

123 Carthage rebuilt.

146 ware—Fall of Greece to the Christian Era.

 

118 Death of Micipsa, king of
Numidia and the assassina-
tion of Iliempsal by .lugur-
that.

116 Ptolemy Lathyrus, king of
Egypt.

112 J ugurthine War.

107 Alexander 1., king of Egypt.

105 Jugurtha is defeated and sur-
renders Numidia to the R0-
mans.

39

ROMAN EMPIRE.

 

In the East. In Europe.

 

 

141. Numantian War.

140. The Picts from the north
of England settle in the south
of Scotland.

135. Servile war in Sicily.

133 Numantia destroyed by
Scipio: SPAIN BECOMES A
ROMAN PROVINCE.

Death of Tiberius Grac-
chus.

133. PunGAMUS, a Roman
Provmce.

123. Tribunate of Caiua
118. DALMATIA, a. Roman Gracchus.

Province.

113. Fi1st great migration of
the German nations

109. War of the Teutoni and
Cimbri. .

105. Numidz'a becomes a Ra:
man province by the defeat
0 Jugurl/za.

104 The Teutoni defeat 80,000
Romans on the banks of the
Rhone.

102. M a r i u s victorious
over the Teutom and Ambro-
nes at Aqua Sexue.

101. Marius and Catullus de-
feat the Cimhri.

100. Marius buys his sixth con
sulate.

Banishment of Metellm.

40 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

s

The Eighth Period.—( The Roman. )—

 

a.o PROGRESS OF SOCIETY, ETC. THE Jews. ASIA.

98. China still submits to the

Han dynasty; Semat-
4 zin, Emperor.

97. )Iitliridates conquers Cap~
padocia.

95. Cappadocia declared free
by Rome. —— Ariobarzanes
elected king. ‘

94. Antiochus, king of Syria,
defeated iy Seleucus.

93. Tigranes, king of Arme-
nia.

89. Pontus at war with Rome.

’ . - S6. Mithridates takes Bytlii-
86 Libraries of Athens sent to .
nia and several Roman ro-
Rome by Sylla. vinces. P
83. 'Ijigranes made king of
82 Decline qf' Agriculture in ' Syria.
Italy; corn supplied from
the provinces.
79 Posidom'us calculates the 79. Alexandra, widow of Jan-
height of the atmosphere to neus, governs Judea.
be about 800 sladia.
7S Zeno, ofSidon, the Epicurean;
Apelliconlof Athensh; Alex-
anderPo Iu's/ort egram- _
marian; yfihon‘us, Gal/us, 75. By the death of Nicome—
rhetorician; Q. Valeri'us des .Bythima becomes a
Anlias, Roman historian; provmce.

Q. Harlem-ins, orator.
74 The cherry tree brought to
Europe from Asia. by Lu-
cullus. — Tereni‘ius Varro
writes three books on agri-
culture.
The Romans possess gold
mines in Asia Minor, Mace-
donia, Sardinia and Gaul;
and productive silver mines
in Spain.
70 The first water mill described 70. IIyrcanus II.,IIigh Priest, 70. Damascus possessed by
near a dwelling of Mithri- deposed by his brother Aris- the Romans.
dates. tobulus. 69. Mithridates and Tigranes

‘ . 67. Aristobulus and Hyrcanus defeated by Lucullus.
6t; Ebony introduced at Rome by appeal to Pompey, who en- 66. Mithridates defeated by

Pompey: . ters Judea and takes Jerusa- Pompey.

thcramquttya king of Ozene, lem, and restores Hyrcanus
in India, patron of literature to the priesthood. 65. Antiochus XII. defeated
-—at his court flourish Ame- by Pompey.—-The race of

Ta Sin/ca2 lexicographer; the Seleucidaa becomes ex-
Varq’ruchz, . grammanan; _ tinct. — Ariobarzanes 11.,
Kahdasa, poet. king of Cappadocia.--An
earthquake in Bosphorus
lays in ruins several towns.
64. pejotarus, king of Gahtia,

seizes Armenia. Minor. .

63.91%? A ROMAN no as Platinum, kins “Mu

    

4 .__.‘. _.._._.AA..._L‘,.__._A._‘_«__..-....N. .. .«_e_,_i

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. 4]

.146 years—(Continued)

 

 

 

 

ne‘ AFRICA. ROMAN EMPIRE.

——.

 

In Asia. and Africa. In Europe.

99. L 11 s i l a n i a conquered
by Dolabella, and becomes
a Roman province-Birth
of Julius Caesar.

 

 

97 By yhe death of Ptolemy 97. Annexation of Cyrene.
Apron, CYRENE becomes a
Roman province.

91. Social War in Italy.

89. Mz'thridah'c War; Sylla
commands the Roman army. .

88. The Athenians seek as- 88 Slea defeating the
sistance from Mithridates M11131 and Pehgm, puts an

against Rome. end toihe Social War.
86. Athens, reduced by famine, . Cm] qu' beLWeen Ma-
is taken by Sylla. rius and Sylla.

83. Second Mithridatic War. _
82 Revolt in Upper Egypt,—~ 82. Sylla plunders the temple 8?. Sylla defeats Marine, and
Thebes destroyed. of Delphi. is created perpetual dacZator.

8] Alexander II. ki g {E11 L.
’ n ° pr SO.JULIUSC]ESAR’S Fmsr

79. P o m p e y defeats Do- CAMPAIGN.
mitius in Africa.

77. Sertorius revolts in Spain
and defeats Metellus and

75. Bythinia a Roman P0111130)“
Province.

 

74. Third Mithridatic War
under Luoullus.

' 73. Warof Spartacus, the gla-
diator.

71. Spartacus defeated by Cras
one.

70. Pompey and Cras-
s u s Consuls.
69. Census 450,090.

66. Metellus subdues Crete.
P o n t u 5 becomes a
as 1.01.... m... k... or 65333.“. ,P 2° 2.13.3.2. .5. M. T. cm 0......

Egypt. Provxnce.

.53. Cataline’s Conspi-
'( racy detected and sup-
pressed by Cicero.

42 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

The Eighth Perioc .——-( The Roman.)—

B.c. PROGRESS or SOCIETY, ETC. THE JEWS. ASIA.

.—.

 

 

 

 

 

62 Magnificent houses of the
nobles; marble theatre of
Scan-rue, to hold 30,000 spec-
tators.

60 Cicero, stalesman and orator;
Sallust, historian; Lucre-
tius and Carulius, poets;
Apollanius, of Rhodes, rhe-
torician; Aristomedes, of
Crete, grammarian; Andro-
nicus, of Rhodes, peripate-
tic philosopher.

 

55 Iron chain cables used by the
Veneti.

53. Crassus plunder‘s the tem- 53. Parthian Wan—The Ro-
ple of 10,000 talents. nlians defeated. — Crassus
s am.

50 A water mill on the Tiber at
Rome.

49. The era of Antioch.

~18. Antipater, the Idumean, is
made lieutenant in J udea by

Caesar.
47 The Alexandr-ion library (400,- 47 Battle of Zela —Pharnacel
000 vols.) burnt. banquered by émsar
46 The year of confusion -— so '

called because the calendar
was altered by S'oszgenes.

45 Caesar reforms the Calendar,
by introducing the solar in-
stead of the lunar year.—
First Julian year.— Vitru-
U ' ‘.
:hlt‘tfzctth e breatest Roman .n 44. A comet seen in China.
013 Cornelius Ne os, historian; 43' Jud” oppressed by Cras-
Dz'ndor us iculus, histo- sus. . . .
rian. Malichus poisons Anu-
pater.
40. Herod the Great, son of
Antipater, defeats his rival, 39. The Parthians, under Par-
antizonus, and Parcel-us, Corns, defeated by Venti-
a . the Parthian—takesJerusa- dius.

lem—rnarries Mariamne—is Darius, king of Pontus.
made king by the Romans. 38. Ariobarzanes dethroned by
Marc Antony.

 

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

146 years—(Continued)

 

43

 

B. c AFRICA.

 

East.

58 Ptolemy Hgoes to Rome, Bere-
mce reigns in his absence

53. Crassus defeated and killed
in Parthia.

48. Thessaly becomes the seat
of wait—The A1henians de-
clare for Caesar against Pom-
pey.

Baffle (f lersalia:—P0m-

pey defeated by Cazsar flees

1n10l<‘qy,p1 and1sslain1l1eie

(:msai lakes Alexandria,
and conqueis Egypt —Cae-
sai viclmious at Zela, in

Asia.

45. Corimh rebuilt by Cwsar.

46 The Afiican War. --Schipi0
and Julia defeated at ’l‘h 1111- 47
1:115 —-Ca.1o kills himsell .11
Nice. ——-Pmlemy Dionysius
drowned 1n the Nile

45 Casm rebuilds Carthage.

43 Cleopatra poisons her brother
and reigns alone

 

 

ROMAN EMPIRE.

West.

 

60. First Triumm‘mte:—-
Pompey, Crassus, and Julius
Caesar.

Sciold, first king of Den-
mark—Bob, a fierce son
of Odin.

58. Clodius piocmes the ban

1shment ol Cice10.~—'l‘he
Helvetii defeated by Julius
Ceesai.

57. ClCClO recalleo. -— S a I -
lust expelled from tho.
senate—Gym king 01‘ Swe-
den.

55. Caesar passes the
Rhine, defems the Ger-
mans and Ganls, and 1N
VADES BRITAIN.

54. Cmsar’s second
of BriIain.

invasion

52. Pompey, sole consul.

51. Czesar completes the con-
quest of Gaul, which be-
comes a Roman province.

49. Caesar passes the
Rubicon, and in sixty
days makes himself master
of Italy—mmches into Spain
and fumes Pompey’ s tloops
t0 suriender

48. Battle of Dyrihachium.

45. Caesar perpetual
dictator—he subdues
the two sons of Pompey, and
acquires the sole powc_‘.1

44. Caesar assassinated in the

Senate House.

43. Second T1‘z'umm‘rate.'-—
Octavius Caesar, Marc Anv
tony, and Lepidus..—Cicem
proscribed and murdered.

42. The Battle qulzzlipz
Antony and Octavius defeat
Brutus and Cassius.

O

44 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. ‘

The Eighth Period.——-( The Roman)"

 

 

 

 

 

3.0. PROGRESS OF SOCIETY, ETC. THE JEws. Asu.

 

 

 

34. Antony takes session
of Armenia, whic becomes
a. Roman province ——l_eads
an inglorious expedition
against Parthia.
Golden age of Roman litera-
ture.
30 The revenue of the empire 30, Herod kills Mariamno.
amounts to about 40 millions
sterling. “First standing ur-
my in Rome—Direct trade
01 Rome with India.—Silk
and linen vzzamtfaclories
in the empire.
29 Temple of Janus at Rome

closed—there being now a 29_ E p h e s u s , next to

general peace. Alexandria, the chief place
of trade in the Roman em-
pire.

2? Treasures of Egyptian art
brought to Roxne.——The Pan-
theon built.

25 HORACE, VIRGIL, Tibullus,
Propcrh'us, poets; Varrus
and ’l'ucca. critics; Li'vy,
historian ; Direcenas, minis-
ter ol‘ Augustus, patron of
literature 1, Strabo‘ geogrzi
pher; J‘Lmilius Blacer, of
Verona, poet; Agrip m, war-
rior, and Jatron of Lie arts.

le’s/u‘p o Isis at Home.

Pomomimic dances intro-
tlucctl on the Roman stage.

N)
w

. 20. Porus, king of India, soli-
19 Aqueducfs .cmstructed by 19. The Temple rebuilt by cits an alliancewith Rome._
Agrippa. Hcrml~he also builds Cy< Parthians defeated by T1-
pron, Antipatris. Pharsaelis, bepjus.
17 Dedicalions QI' bnks first in- aml the tu‘wer of Phase‘l in
troduced. Jerusalem.

l4. Polemon conquers Boo
porus.

12 The legions distributed over
the provinces in fixed camps,
which \soon grew into cities
—among them were Bonn
and Mayence.

8 The calendar corrected by
Augustus.
5 Dionysi'us, of Halicafmseus,
historian; and Dzonysms, 5. Cyrenius taxes Judea.
geographer. ~
. 1 BIRTH OF OUR. SAVIOUR, JESUS CHRIST, 4 years be-
fore the Vulgar Era.
3. Archelaus succeeds Herod
with the title of Etlmarch.

 

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

146 years—(Continued)

36 Cleopatra obtains from An-
tony a grant of Phcenicia,
Cyrene and Cyprus.

34 —receives all Asia. from the
Mediterranean to the Indus.

31 Cleopatra and Marc Antony
defeated by Octavius, at
Aclium.

39 Alexandria taken by Octavius.
-—-Antony and Cleopatra de-
stroy themselves.

Egypt becomes a Ro-
man province.

ROMAN

 

21. Athens finally subjected to
Rome.

» 20. CXCth Olympiad.

 

8. Tiberius at Rhodes.

5. Q. Varru-s appointed gov-
ernor of Syria, and Cyre-
nius governor of Judea.

EMPIRE.

West.

 

36. Sextus Pompey defeated
in Sicily.

32. Antony quarrels with Oc-
tavrus.

31. By the BATTLE OF AC-
'I‘1UM Octavius acquires
the empire.

30. THE REPUBLIC BE-
COMES A MONARCHY.

29. Octanus s3 days triumph

at Rome.
Temple of Janus shut.
. llome contains 4,101,017

citlzens.

27. The titles of Augustus and
Emperor conferred on Octa-
vius for 10 years.

23. Agrippa in Spain.

22. Conspiracy ofMuraena.

21. Augustus visits Greece
and Asia.

16. Lollius defeated by the
Germans.

15. Cantabria, Austria, Rhea-
bia, Vindelencia and Moesia
become Roman provinces—-
being conquered by Dru-
sus. .

l3. Augustus assumes the
title of Pontifex Maximus.

12. Pannonia, conquered by
Tiberius, becomes a R0.
man province.

11. Germany subdued w Ger
manicus.

4. Cymbeline, king of Britain. *

 

PART II.

MODERN CHRONOLOGY,

FROM THE CHRISTIAN ERA TO THE PRESENT TIME.

Epochas or Periods.

I. From the Christian Era. _ Period Q)“ the Ten Persecution: of
to the Reign of Constantme the Great, A. D. 306 Christians.
II. 4 . , '
“ Extinction of the Western Empire, “ 476$ ‘ Northem Invaswns.
III.

. I u ' ' ~ -
u thm of Mahomet, “ Juslzman and Belzsarzue.

IV.

£

a

“ Saracen Empire.

Crowning of Charlemagne at Rome, “

“ Battle of Hastings, “ 1066 “ New Western Empire.

VI.

6‘ Founding of the Turkish Empire, “ 1299 “ The Crusades.

6222

800$

i

S
v11. “ Taking of Constantinople, “ 45$ “ Tammaneamc’clfieyandHW-

1598}

i

i

i

“ The Be ormation; Discoveries

“ Edict of Nantes, “ and nventians.

“ The English Commonwealth
and Wars of Louis XIV.

..
a

“ Death of Charles XII. of Sweden, 1718

“ American and French Revolu-
“ Battle of Waterloo, “ 1815 tz'ons.

“ Euiopean Revolutions Liter“

“ present time, (1850.) rare and the Arts.

 

48 . THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. .

MODERN CHRONOLOGY.—PERIOD 1st.——(T/ze Ten Persecutiom.)—"

 

A.D. PROGRESS or Soon-11w, mo. SACRED.

 

‘ The BIRTH OF CHRIST :-—(see p. 44.)
Herod Antipas being at this time tetrarch
of Galilee.

8. Christ reasons with the doctors.

9 Celsus, the physician; Plzzedms, the fabu-
list; VeHms Paterculus, Roman histo-
man.

25 The Druids in Germany. ‘26. John the Baptist begins his ministry.

27. Christ baptized by John

28. —at the marriage in Game. —Matthew
called.

29 Twelve disciples sent abroad, “two and
two.’ .

30. CRUCIFIXION of our SAVIOUR, Fri-
day, April 3, at 3 P. M.; Resurrection,
Sunday, April 5; Ascension, Thursday,
May 4.

33. St. Peter beptizes Cornelius.
34. St. Paul converted to Christianity.

30 Philo, Alexandrian Jew. disciple of Plato.
Seneca, moral philosopher.

33 Valerius Maximus, historian.

37 A fan, of Alexandria, grammarian, called _
{fie “ Trumpet of the World.” 39. St. .Matthew writes his gospel.
40. The disciples first called Christians at

Antioch.

41. Herod’s persecution; St. Peter imprisoned

44. St. AIarlc writes his gospel—Death of
St. James.
45. Barnabas and Paul preach in Cyprus.

48 A. census being taken by Claudius, the em-
peror and censor, the inhabitants of Rome
are found to amount to 6,900,000.—( Univ.
Hist.)-[More than three times the number
or London at present]

50 Columella, born in Spam; left twelve books
on husbandry.

50. Paul preaches in the Areopagus, at Athens.

V
I
20 Ponlius Pilate, governor of Judea.

52. Council of the Apostles at. Jerusalem.

55. Paul preaches at Ephesus, and at 038:.
rea.

57. —pleeds before Felix. .
59. -—pleads before Festus, and appeal:
Omar.

 

 

 

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. 49

306 years—From the Christian Em to the reign of Constantine.
MM

ROMAN EMPIRE.

m.
East. West.

 

1:5

   

 

 

1 Cains Cmsar makes peace with the Parthians. Tiberius returns to Rome.

3. Cinna’s conspiracy detected.
—Caius Caesar (lies.

6. Q. Varrus encamped on the Weser, gov-
erns Lower Germany like a Roman pro-
Vince.

9. The Germans,under Armim'us, defeat and
kill Varrus.

Ovid is banished to Tomos.

14 Augustus dies at Nola, aged 76, and is

succeeded by

————Tiberius.@—~—.
-l7 Germanicus conquers Cappadocia. ,
19 Germanicus poisoned at Antioch. 19. The Jews baniShed from Rome—The
Murcomauni conquered by Drusus.
21. The theatre of Pompey destroyed by fire.

26 Thrace becomes a Roman "province. 26. Tiberius retires to Capraea.

31. Sejanus disgraced and put to death.

33. Conquest of Mauritania.

3.7. Tiberius dies, aged 78.

~—.—-—-——Ca1igula, ——...__._..

’ (noted for his profligacy and folly.)

41. Caligula assassinated by Chereas.

 

Claudius

succeeds to. the tnone.
43. ~invades Britain With his general, Plan-

tius.

45. Vespasian, general in Britain.
48. Census of the City, 6,900,000.

51. Caractacus, the chief of the Britons, con-
quered and brought to Rme.
N e r o , .

54.

a profligate and bloody tyrant.
55. ——poisons Britanicus.
56. Rotterdam built.

 

 

 

59. Nero’s mother, Agrippina, put to death by
his order.

 

 

 

50 THE WORLDS‘ Pnoartuss. [filodenu Perwd I.-—806 years.
—‘—_—‘.—___._____———‘—.—_ —_ __:'_ .‘__—.—._—.—__————-.—.=_ —’ ' ' " ‘ 7'
LD. PROGRESS OF SOCIETY, are. SACRED AND Eccmsusricni.

59. Paul is shipwrecked on the Island of
Melita (Malta).
60. Paul imprisoned at Rome

63. Paul set at liberty.

64 Nero’s golden palace built; of great extent, 64- 77718 fir St persecution 9f Christians by
inclosing fields, &C.f Tlfie buildings in 1V5")-
Roine more revular a ter t 6 fire. , .
° 63 to 66. Paul ViSits Jerusalern, and travels
through the greater part or the known
world.

Pliny the elder author of the first natural 56- ,1’0130 Linus.* .
66 his/ivy; Quinli'us Curtius, historian;Per- P he Jews at war With the Romans, and

- . . .~ Paul beheaded.
szus, satiiist. A St. Peler crucified.
67 Josephus, the Jewish historian. 07. The Jews massacred by Florus.—Joscphus.

governor of Galilee. .
Pope St. Clement.-—Gama.he‘i_.
68. Vespasian invades J udea.

69 The Coliseum of Vespasian.

70. The destruction of Jerusalem,by m.

77. Pope St. Cletus

73 The Capitol rebuilt.
Circumnavigation of Scotland.
79 Destruction of Herculaneum and Pompeii.

80 Very beautiful painlin s in the Bathe of
Titus; the group oft e Laocaon. ‘

El Quintillian, orator; Valerius Flaccus, poet;
Martial, Epigrammatist; Apollo-Mus, Py-
thagorean philosopher; Epzctetus, stoic;
Dia Chrysostom, Greek rhetorician and phi-
losopher; Philo By‘ls‘us; Innatz‘us and Pa— 83. Pope Anacletus.
pias, two of the fathers of e church.

95. Second persecution of the Christians by
Domitian.
St. John writes his Gospel and Apoca-
lypse, and is banished to the isle of Pounce.
96 Tacitus, historian; Juvenal, satirist; Sta- 96- P096 Evaristus.
:i'us, poet; Aul. Gellius, Latin gramma-
rian; Plutarch, moralist and biographer;
the younger Pliny. '
97. Timothy stoned.
St. John returns from exile.

98 The Ulpz’ayt [£61119]; Public schools in all 98. Christian assembliespmhibimdby'l‘lflm
the provmces; urisprudence flourishes; .

the eitx adorned with the Mm; Pillar .

g Trajan, and baths; bride built over _* The word Pogo is used in accordun r

e Danube. ‘ With the Roman atholic usage, thong: the

name was not. adopted by their Minn til
several centuries a ter. , .

 

-—C/Lristz'an Em to Constantine] THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. 5]

 

 

 

A n. ROMAN EMPIRE.

East. \ I'V‘sl.

 

 

 

60 Corbul) subdues Armenia.

61. Revolt of the Britons under queen Baa.
dicea; they burn London. The queen.de-
feated by Suetmu'us, poisons herself.

64. Nero sets Rome on fire, and accuses the
Christians of the crime.

65 Tiridates placed on the throne of Armenia by —persecutes the Christians—Seneca, Lu-
Nero. cz‘an, and others put to death.
(as—.— G a 1 b a , W

reigns 9 months, and is put to death by

69.—————-— O t h o .
(2 months) defeated and killed by

new.
Vitellius,’

who is defeated by the arrrly of

 

 

 

70 Ju’ilea subdued and Jerusalem destroyed by 70.—-—-——- V e s p a s i a n .
‘irus.
73 Vespasian conquers Lycia, Rhodes, Thrace,
Cilicia, Byzantium and Samoa.
77 Revolt of the Parthians. 77. A great plague at Rome, 10,000 dying in
one day.

  

79.———-————-Titu s , Q
(beneficent)
Iferculaneum (md Pompeii destroyed
by an irru (ion g“ Vesuvius.
80. Julius grz‘cola, conqueror and governor
of Britain, reduces Wales, enters Caledonia.

81.———D0mitian,@————

( a cruel tyrant.) '

86. Dercebai, leader of the German hordes,
defeats Domitian, and compels him to pay a.
yearly tribute.

88. Capitoline and secular games.

War with Dacia 15 years.

96. Domitian put to death by Stephanus.

  
   

(well intentioned but enfee-led by age.)

 

 

98.——-Trajanaé
(a great sovereign an a warrior.)

The Roman Empire at its greatest extent.
J. Severus, general in Britain.

 

 

52 '1‘le WORLD’S PROGRESS.
=——._¢—*—'_———_"_—___—__:‘==—"—fl—
ECCLESIASTICAL.

PROGRESS OF SOCIETY. ETC.

P
I:

 

100. St. John dies at Ephesus, sat. 91.

7. Third persecution of the Christians by

1‘97 The first credible historian among the 10,
Chinese. I‘ruJan. .
108. St. Ignatius devoured by Wild beasts.

Pope Alexander I.

118. Fourth persecution of the Christians by
Adrian.

120 The great buildings of Palmyra.—Temple of 119' P0135 Sixtus 1‘

the Sun at Baalbec.

The Roman mosaics.
126. Quadratus, bishop of Athens.

[‘27. Pope Telesphorus. .
130. Heresy of Prodicus,ch1ef of the Add»

mites.

132 Jurisprudence improved by the publishmem

of Adrian's perpetual code. .
Ptolemy, the celebrated Egyptian astronomer

and geographer —Arrtan, Amn'tm, M’qz‘i-

mus, L1 sins and Pausanitts, Greek histo

rinns- ucz'an a satirical W1‘ii61“ Her-mo .

’ ’ ’ 134. Heresy of Marciou, who acknowledges

genes, rhetorician of Tarsus.
three Gods.
135. Pol ycarp and Aristides, Christian fathers.

139. Pope I-Iygenus.

142. Pope Pius I.
Heresy of Valentine.

150. Pope Anicetus.
Canon of Scripture fixed about this time.

154. Justin Mdrtyr publishes his 'apology for
the Christians. ‘

162. Pope Soter.

[56 7'89"“"6' Heng, the Chinese astronomer. 167. Polycmjp and Pt‘onices martyred in Asia

169 Galen, Greek physician; Athwneus, a vram~
marina; Diogenes Laertz‘us, Greek isto-
171. Pope Eleutherus.

rian.
177. The Christians persecuted at Lytus.-
Theophilus, Tatian, and [no utanas.

we The equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius.

185. 830%: Victor 1. i
' i

 

 

 

——~C/Lr£st'axt Era to CJnsmnti/th T

HE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

 

A.D.

_.

 

ROMAN

East.

 

102 Pliny2 proconsul in Bithvynia, sends Trajan his
account 01 the Christians—Great victories
01 Trajan.

114 Trajan’s expedition against the Parthians.

116 Seizure of Ctesiphon.
117 Armenia Major again governed by its own
kings dependent upon Rome.

120 Nicomedia and other cities destroyed by an
earthquake.

126 '

Adrian in Asia Minor for seven years.

130 Adrian rebuilds Jerusalem, under the name of
IElia Capitolina, and erects there a temple
to Jupiter.

132 The rebellion of the Jews crushed after a war

of five years—The Jews banished from

Judea.

 

150 E'nbassy sent by Antoninus to China.

168 War with the Parthians, lasts 3 years.

 

EMPIRE.

T’i'mt.
100. The Huns emigrate westward.
l01. Trajan reduces Dacia.

115. Massacre of the Greeks and Romans by
the Jews ol‘ Cyrcnc.

ll7.—-——A drian. @——~——
l'20. ~makes ; progress through all the

l‘21. provinces —vi.~'its Britain. Builds there
a wall from the Tyne to Sulway Frith.—A
wall built from the Rhine to the Danube.

l38.-—-Antoninus Pius, é?
(eminent for his virtues and love or peace.)

140. Lollius Urbicus extends the Roman (lo-
minion in Britain, and erects a second ram-
part, calletLthe Wall of Antoninus.

145. Antoninus defeats the Moors, Germans,
and Dacians.

1416. —introduces the worship ot'Serapis into
Rome.

 

152. —stops the persecution of the Christians.

MEL—Marcus Aurelius,§(Anfl-
ninus,)
(the stoic philosopher.)
Escape of the thundering legion.
158. Plague over the whole known world.

169. The Marcomanni at war with Rome.

180. The emperor dies at Sirmium: sue-
ceeded .by

——.Commodus,%—
(profltgate and cruel;) ma es peace
with the Germans.
GOTHS in Dacia.

 

54 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [M2dc'rn:.Pc1'iodl.—-306yewa.

 

 

 

LD.‘ l‘iiomusss 0F Socxmv, ETC. EGCLESIASTICAL.

197. Pope Zephyrinus.

202. Fifth persecution of the Christians under

208 Papmian. the greatest civil lawyer of anu- Severne-T-Tertullian. an able defender oi

quiiy—Julz'us Africanus, clironologer. Christianity.-Clemen8, 0f Alexandria. and
filinutz'us Felix, C. F.*

215 Caracalla grants the right of Roman citizen-
ship to all the provinces, that. they may be- 217. Pope Calixtus I.
come liable to the taxes, inheritances, &c. The Septuagint found in a. cask.

‘35. Pope Urban I.
2211. Pope Pontiz-mus.

235 Ammonz’ue, founder of a new >sclioo] of Pla- 22:35. —-— Auterus.
tonic philosophy at Alexandria. Driven, 0. F.
Die Cassius, Greek historian. Sixt persecution of the Christians, under

Maximinus, in which Leoriiglus, Iretmus,
Victor, Perpetua, and Fehcztas are men‘-
tyred.

/

242 Cemori'us, a critic and grammarian. - ‘ . .
244. Gregory Thaumaturgummd Dionyufl
of Alexandria, C. F.

C
249 Herodi'an, Greek historian.
. . 250. Pope St. Cornelius. -‘
250 Magnum, philosopher and critic. Seventh persecution of the CW

* Christian Father.

 

 

~Cltris‘lia7t Era to Constantine]

A.D.

East.

189 The SARACENS defeat the Romans.

 

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

 

223 PERSIA ; the new kingdom begun by Artax-
erxes ; ‘ (the dynasty of the Sassasidae).

225 Parthia tributary to Persia.

 

242 Gordian defeats the Persians under Sapor. ‘

U!

l

 

 

ROMAN EMPIRE.

{Vest

 

189.. The Capitol of Rome destroyed by light-
ning.
191. Rome nearly destroyed by fire.
192. Commodus assassinated by Martia and
Laetus.
{/5

193.——— Pertinax, "
proclaimed by the Praetorian guards—
murdered after a reign ot'3 months—The
empire bought by Didius Julianne, who
is put to death by order of the senate.
a?
—-—Septimus Severus, a: ——-———-
(governs with vigor.)
—defeats his competitors, Nigfr and Albi-
nus.

194. —besieges Byzantium.

202. —persecutes the Christians.

203 -—his sons Caracalla and Gear go to Bri-
tain, where 50,000 Roman troops died 01
plague.

The wall of Severus between the Forth
and the Clyde built.

21L Severus dies at York, in Britain.

-———Caracalla and Geta. Eg'w
Caracalla murders Geta.
212. —visits the provinces along the Danube.
——Wars with the Catti and Alemanni.
217. Caracalla is assassinated.
M a c r i n u s , ——
put to death by the soldiers.

e
218.——- netiogahaius,@m__
(a monster of vice and cruelty.)

22?.~Alexander Severusléga
(a beneficent and enlightened prince.)

The Romans agree to pay an annual tri-
bute t0 the Goths, to prevent them from

molesting the empire.
226. The Victory 01 Severus over the Persians

at Tadmor.

23-5. Severus murdered in a mutiny of the
army; succeeded by
MaXiminus,

who defeats the Dacians and garmatians.

 

236. Maxiininus assassinated by his troops
near Aquilea.

~Balbinus and Gordian,@—
241. The FRANKS first mentioned in his-
tory; they invade Gaul. _
244. —are repulsed at Moguntiacum.
Gordian put to death by

P h i 1 i p Eager“: Arabian.)—
who makes makes peace with Sapor.

247. The secular games restored.
. .

 

 

4—..—

 

 

249. D e c i u s
. persecutes the Christians.
250. ——slain by the Goths, who invade the
empire by crossing the Danube.

i
W
k l

56 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

{Modem} Pefiod-LW

.
. .
“—‘—-“—_—d-

 

 

 

AD. PROGRESS OF Socrsry, arc.

ECCLESIASTICAL.

2.31 Plotmus. 251. St 0 prz’an, bishop of Carthage—Mo-
Odin in Scandinavia. nastic Ii e originates about this time

Dispute between the churches of Rome
and Africa about. baptism.

259. Pope Dionysius.

262. Paul, bishop of Samosatia, deiios the
divinity of Jesus Christ

268 Paulus, a Roman poet.

270 Longinus at the court of Zenobia.

269. Pope Felix I.
272. Ninth persecution under Aurelian.

27-1 Rome surrounded with a wall. 274- P090 Eutychianes.

Longinus dies. Manes originates the heresy of the Maui-

chaea_ns—rejects all the sacraments; refuses
allegiance to temporal sovereigns, &c.

276 Par hyry, the Greek philosopher and opposer
0 Christianity.

277 Extraordinary naval expedition of the Thra-

cian Franks in in Mediterranean and
Northern Seas. -

283. Pope Cains.

The Jewish Talmud and Targum com-
posed.

Paul, the Theban, the first hermit—Reli-
gious ceremonies multiplied—Pagan rites
_ imitated by the Christians.
$4 Diocletian’s Oriental form of government—
the monarchy conSidered hereditary—nomi-

nation of Caesars as tic-rulers. $6. Hierax, chief of the Himsim; mm
Diocletian’s baths, containing 3,011) benches

. . that Melchizedec was the Holy Ghost, and
of white marble, while the walls Jere denies the resurrection.
adorned with paintings. '

J

’5'

 

-—C/L7‘istmn Em ta Constantine]

 

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

57

 

“ME“
A. n, ROMAN EMPIRE.

.—

 

251 IIUNS on the Caspian Sea.

r The Persians victorious in Asia Minor.
209 Persra :—Sapor’s victory over the Roman
arms.
EQO The temple of Diana at Ephesus burnt.
401 Sapor, the Persian, takes Antioch, Tarsus and
Caesarea.

264 Odenatus, king of Palmyra—he is succeeded
by his wife.
Z6 7: 0 b i a, who reigns with the titles of
‘Augusta,’ and ‘ Queen of the East.’

269 Zenobia conquers Egypt, 3. part of Armenia,

and Asia Minor.

273 Zenobia defeated at Etlessa, by Aurelian, who 273

destroys her magnificent capital, and carries
her to Rome.

t '«280 The Persians defeated by Probus.

 

mm
East. I’Vesl.

 

G a 1 l u s 15' —
purchases a peace with the Goths—Con-
federacy of the Franks between the Rhine
and Elbe.
—a great pestilence prevails in the empire.

Emilianus.§§

251.

 

 

 

 

253.
254. Valerian.fi—

 

 

—is successful against the Germans and
Goths.
256-69. Four great piratical expeditions of the
Goths into Asia Minor and Greece.
259. Valerian defeated and taken prisoner and
flayed alive by the Persians.

 

Gallienus. “2
Period of the 30 tyrants.
The Persians penetrate to Ravenna.
264. Alliance with Odenatus.
267. Cleodamus and Athenius defeat the Goths
and Scythiuns.
268. Gallienus killed at Milan.

-———C]audius II. _
defeats an army of 320,000 Goths.
209. —dies at Sirmium.

—Aureiian,@

I270.
(a great warrior.)
271. —defeats the Goths and Alemanni.

 

 

.__._

 

 

—reduces Palmyra after an heroic resist-
ance, and takes queen Zenobia prisoner.

274. France, Spain, and Britain reduced to
obedience.

The Temple of the Sun at Rome burnt.—

Dacia given up to the barbarians.

275. Aurelian killed near Byzantium.

An inlerregnum If 6 man/Its.

Tacitus, @—

(a descendant of the historian,)
reigns With wisdom 6 months.

Probus,@

277.———-—-
. (a warlike prince.)

--obtains several victories over the barba-
rians—The Franks permitted by Probus to
settle in Gaul.

282. ‘Probus slain by his soldiers.

-———-—————- Carusfi—

killed by lightning.

Carinus and Numerianus,@
(effeminate and cruel.)

288. Fingal, king of Morven, dies.
284.

 

 

 

 

Diocletian ,. -—-——
sends ambassadors to China.
“The Era of Diocletian,” or of “the
martyrs.” August 29.

287. Britain usurped by Carausius, who reigns
7 years. The empire attacked by the north-
ern barbarians, and several provinces
usurped by tyra tits—Maximiariui, a. col-
league of the Emperor.

 

   
 
  
 
 
 
    
    
 
    

58 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [Madonn- Pm'ad 11%”

w

 

 

 

Ln. Pnoensss or: Socxsn'. ere. Eccnssutsncsn.

 

 

290 The Gregorian code.

296. Monks in S ain and Egypt.
Pope Marco linus

308. Tenth Persecution of the Christians.
3“ Gregory and Hermogenes, lawyers; EIius,]30i. Arnobius, of Africa, 0. F., converted
Sparlianus, and Vopiscus, historians; Tre- from idolatry.
bellius Polio.

 

 

 

MODERN: PERIOD SECOND—170 years.—

306. Persecution of the Christians stopped by
Constantius.
3l0. Pope Eusebitrs.
Arius excommunicated.
31L Pope Maichiades.

 
 
   
 
   
   
  

312 The‘prwtorian guard broken up by Constan-

tine. 3l4. Pope Sylvester I.

319. Tolerauon of Christianity by Constantine
the Great.

323 Foundation of Constantinople by Constantine . . .
the Great.——Celebrated dome of St So hia: 335. The Gounod of Nice (from June 19th,

the splendor of the court so great t at it 3135“) AligUSl‘Zi'fib) cpnsisting‘ol'3ls bishops,
cost more than the legions. who condemn Ariamsm. —Eusebius, bishop
$0 Constantinople becomes the seat of art and 0‘ CIBSill‘ea, G F., and ecclesiastical histo-
literature. rian. — Lactanlz'us. Alhanaeiue, Arias,
Ephraim and Basil, C. F., flourish in th
reign of Constantine. -

336. Pope Marcus. ‘
337. Pope Julius.
Eleventh persecution—Saints invoiced,
the cross reverenced, and incense used by
the Christians.

340 Osaz‘tm, the Caledonian bard, supposed to

hm flourished about this time. 341- Christianity pmpagated in Ethics“: by

Frumaintius.

356. Pope Felix II.
St. Hilary and Gregory Naziamon, of *
Constantinople, an eminent writer, 0. R— _‘
Elias 'Doname, bishop of Carthage.— .
T ghpishop ofJerusalem.——Monastemlil
e 315.

357 Eutropiue and Marcellmua, historians; Jam-
bliouc and Eunapius, Greek historian.

s13

~C/Lt‘istian' Em to‘ Constantine] THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. 59'
:w—W—m ~__ __ . ._'”-————————————~———-—

Ll). ROMAN EMPIRE.

__ flm

 

 

East. I West.

 

291. The Franks make themselves masters of
Batavia and Flanders.
. . 293. The Franks expelled from Batavia.
294 Narses, king of Persia, loses Armenia, Meso-
potamia, and Assyria.
296. Britain restored to the emperor.

296 Alexandria taken by Diocletian.

301 Hormisdas, 11., king of Persia, builds Ormus.

304. Diocletian and Maximian resign the Em-
pire to
Constantz'us and Galerz'us.

 

 

From Constantine to Odaacer.

 

306.— CONSTANTINE THE GREAT, @
(first Christian em eror.)
Lz'cz'm‘us, Ilsfuxt'mz'an, an Muzentius, his
three colleagues.
Constantine defeats the Franks.
312. Maxentius defeated and killed.-
314. Civil war with Licinius.
319, Constantine favors and tolerates Chris-
Iianity.
32L —appoints the observance of Sunday.
322. —det'eats and banishes Licinius, and be-
comes sole emperor. ,
325 The first general council at Nice. 325. —abolishes the combats of gladiators and
assemblies.

328 The seat of government removed to Constan-

t' l h' l l d d' t d .
1:12? 161'“: 313351 was so emny e ice 6 on 331. Constantine orders all the heathen tem-

ples to be destroyed.

 

333 Great famine and pestilence in Syria.

334 Revolt'of Sarmatian slaves, 30U,000 are dis-

. persed over the empire.

337 Death of Constantine, and the accession of his three sons,

Constantine,’ Constans, and Constantlne.@

340 150 Greek and Asiatic cities destroyed by an 340. Constantine, the younger, defeated and
earthquake. killed by Constans at Aquilea.

350 Hermanrlc, king'of the Ostrogoths, founds an 350. Constans killed in Spain by Magnentius.
extensive empire.

354 Gallus put to death by Constantius.

357. Six German kings defeated by Julian at

 

Strasburg.
361 CotiStantiuS'dies at Tarsus. 361.— J u 1 i a n ’ the Apostate, %
—attempts in vain to rebuild t e temple

. _ _ _ at Jerusalem. . .
A disadvantageous peace thh the Forums. 363. ——-is slain in a war Wth the Persians.

—————-—- J o v i a n . g.”—

364. Death of Jovian, an the accessmn of
Valentinian and Valr‘ns, under whom the
EMPIRE is DIVIDED:

- EASTERN EMPIRE ‘WESTERN EMPIRE, ,
ox'tehfdin"}. from the lower Danube to the cow extending 1mm the (Ialedoman rampart!
'fin’e’s‘ o Persia. to the foot of Mount Atlas.

 

 

 

60 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [Moder-n: Period Ila—170 years.
L; w“ - Pecans-see; Socrsry, are. ECCLESIASTIGAL.

380 Aurelius Victor, author of lives of celebrated
Romans.

392 Prudentius and Ausonius, Latin poets;
Pappus and Theon, of Alexandria, mathe-
maticians.

395 Claudian, Latin poet.

412 Macrobius, Platonic philosopher.

425 Theodosius establishes public schools, and at»
tempts the restoration of learning.

135 The Theodosian code published.

 

373. The Bible translated into the Gothic lan-
guage.

379. The prerogatives of the Roman See much
enlarge .

381. The second general Council of Constan-
tinople.

384. Symachus pleads in the Roman Senate
for Paganism against St. Ambrose.
3S5. Pope Syricxus.

392. St. Chrysostom, patriarch of Constan-
tinople; St. Ambrose, archbishop of Milan;
St. Jerome, St. Martin, and St. Augustine,
‘ Christian Fathers.’

Image worship—The Christian hier-
archy begins.

401. Pope Innocent I.

412. Cyril, bishop of Alexandria ; Isidore and
Socrates, ecclesiastical historians; Orosz'us
a Spanish disciple of St. Augustine; and
Pelagius, a British monk, who denied origi- ‘
nal sin, &c.

416. The Pelagian heresy condemned by the
African bishops.

417. Pope Zozimus.

418. Pope Boniface I.

42. Pope Celestine I.

429. Nes'torius, bishop of Constantinople, ao-
knowledges two persons in Jesus Christ.

431. Third general Council at Ephesus.

43?. Pope Sixtus III.

St. Patrick preaches the Gospel in Ire-
land.

435. Nestoriam'sm prevails in the East.

440. Pope Leo I. (the Great).

443. The Mam'chwan books burned at Rome.
445. Flam‘an, patriarch of Constantinople.

 

 

 

--From Constantme to Cabaret]

 

A.D.

364

375

378

379

388

392

394

414

420

431
433

437

EASTERN EMPIRE.

—————Valens.@————-

HUNGARY, (ancient Pannonia.) invaded by
the lions, from whom it is named—The
Goths expelled by the Huns, are allowed by
Valens to settle in Thrace.

Valens defeated and slain by the Goths near
Adrianople.

 

a zealous supporter of Christianity.

Theodosius defeats Maximus, the tyrant ofthe
western empire.

T h e o d 0

becomes sole emperor

. Complete down
Theodoslus defeats Eugenius, the usur
. Final division of the empire be

——-——Arcadius. %—__

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. 61

-. :

WESTERN EMPIRE.

 

364.—- Valentinian I. @—
elected by the army.
368. The Saxons invade Britain, but are de-
feated by Theodosius.

375.——Gratian@q

gains a victory over the Germans; suc-
ceeds to the eastern empire on the death ol
Valens; Maximus is proclaimed emperor.
——Gratian killed at Lyons.

T h e o d o s i u s the Great,@——— 379. The LOMBARDS first leave Scandina-

via, and defeat the Vandals.

 

383.——Valentinian 11. ~—
—is dispossessed by Maximus, but is re-
stored by Theodosius ; makes 'l‘reves his
capital.
384. —is strangled at Vienna by Arbogastes, a
Gaul, commander of the army.

 

s i u s
of the East and West.

fall of Paganism.
per of the West, and Arbogastes, the Gaul.

tween the sons of Theodosius.

————-—~—Honorius. %-—~—-
40L Europe overrun by the V1 IGOTHS.
403. Alaric defeated by Stillicho.

————T h e e d o s i u s I I .@——— 405. The Vandals permitted to settle in Spain,

a child; Athenius, minister.

Regency of the emperor’s sister, Pulcheria.

Persian War.

Armenia divided between the Persians and

Romans.

A great part of Constantinople destroyed by 433. A t t i l a ,

fire.

Pannonia, Dalmatia and Noricum gained from

the western empire.

Gaul, &c.
410. Rome sacked and burned by the Goths
underAlaric.
412, Beginning of the Vandal power in Spain.
413. Burgundian kingdom begun in Alsace.
4l4. The Visigoths plant themselves in Tou-

louse.

417. The Alani defeated and extirpated by
the Goths. _
420. FRANKS: ——P h ara mo nd, their

first king, 0n the lower Rhine.

424.~—- Valentinian III.

426. Britain evacuated by the Romans.

4‘27. Pannonia recovered from the Huns.

4‘28. jEtius, the Roman general, defeated by
the Franks and Goths. _

Franks :—-Clodion, king, extends hls con-

quests to the river Somme.

“ The scourge of God,” form:

an immense empire from China to the At-

lantic.

437. JEtius defeats the Goths. .
439. The kingdom of the V a n d a l s in

Africa, under Genseric, who
takes Carthage and plunders Italy
44L The Roman territories inva ed by the

H uns, Persians and Saxons. . .
445. The famous embassy from Britain, soli-

citing aid against the Plots.

 

 

 

62 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [Modern _- Period 11,..170 yeah.
‘- ' . _ . _ .__ . “m
Ln. PROGRESS OF SOCIETY, ETC. ECOLESIASTIGAL.

 

 

447. Eutgches asserts the existence of only
one nature in Jesus Christ.

149. Ibus, bishop of Edessa; and Eusebius,
bishop of Doryleum, deposed.
450 202ml,“ and Ofympz'odorus, Greek histo- 45?].- Saga/"en and Theodora, ecclesiastical
mans. istorxans.
45L The fourth general Council atChalcedon,
‘ at which Eutycheanis'm and Nestorianism
are solemnly condemned.

161. Pope Hilarius.
465. Pope Simplicius.

468 The principle established that every accused
person shall be tried by hispeers, or equals.

Oligarchy of the bishops of Rome, Con-

stantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jeru-

Legislation of the Visigoths in Spain—~Eric salem—all striving (0|: the supremacy—5

being king, and founder of the Gothic 1110- The church now begins to assume a pollu-
nzu'chy. cal aspect.

476 The tottering em ire of the west was finally
overthrown by doacer’s sack of Rome. the
great event which precedes the middle or
‘ dark ages.” The form of the old
Roman government remained—the senate,
the consuls, &c.—-but Italy, ravaged by a
succession of wars. plagues, families, and
every form of public tyranny and domestic
slavery, was nearly a desert.

7 ~wl

 

 

mam-A. A .

 

--F'rom Constantine to Odoaccq'

 

.] THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. 03-

 

__.._‘,..

 

vA.D. EASTERN EMPIRE.

450 ———————Marcian,@

a Thracian, refuses to pay the annual

tribute to the I] uns.

 

457

—— L e o I . , (the 'I‘hracian,)

 

first emperor ever crowned by the patriarch.

War with the Goths.

451 Peace withthe Goths; Theodoric is received

from them as a hostage.

 

474 ———- Z e n o . g . ————'
a turbulent reign: debauc terles and conspi-

racies.

475 Theodoric becomes chief of the Ostrogoths.

and invades the empire.
Thrace.

He ravages

 

WESTERN EMPIRE.

448. Franks :—-M‘erovmus 1st, king of the Me-
t‘ovinuians.
JEtius defeats the Huns.

451. The arrival of the Saxons
in Britain , under Hengist and Horsa.

452. The city of VENICE founded.

455. Valentinian assassinated by

———Petronius Maximus.%———

manage“

457.—~—a—-Majorian. IQ
458. Franks 3—Childeric 1., conquers as far
as the Loire and takes Paris.

461.—————Severus.@-—-———o
467nm Athentus.@

(The last three emperors slain by
Ricimer.)
468- Spain :——'l‘he Visigoths5 under Eric, esta.
blish their kingdom.

 

 

 

472.

 

we.
—— Olybiu's. "1f7‘———-
Eruption ot‘ Vesuvrus, seen at Constan-
tinople.

473.——G1ycerius.@—.

474.——-—Julius Nepos. @—___

4753.— Romulus Augustulus.@
476. ROME taken by ODOACER, king of
the Herulii :

END of the WESTERN EMPIRE,
1228 years after the building of Rome; and
commencement of the kingdom-(f Italy un-
der Odoacer.

64 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

MODERN: PERIOD III.——146 ycars

 

 

 

PROGRESS OF SOCIETY. ETC. ECCLESIASTICAL.

P
P

 

483. Pope Felix III.

—excommunicated by Acacius, bishop of
Constantinople.

484. Christians persecuted by IIuneric. king
of the Vandals.

486 Rise of the feudal system in France, under
Clovis.

492. Pope Ge.asius I.

493 Theodoric introduces the architecture of

Greece to improve the buildings of Italy. 494- The Roman Pontifl' asserts his supra
man

496. Christianity introduced into France.

498 Publication of the Gemara or Talmud of Ba-
bylon.

501 Burgundian laws published, being a collec-
tion of the rights and customs of the Bur~
gundians.

fill The Salic law established in France.

513 Boethius, the Roman poet and philosopher. 513. Christianity embraced by the Persian
king, Carbades.

514 Use of [burning glass in warfare at Constan- 514. Pope Hormisdas.
‘ unop e.

516 The Christian Em proposed and introduced
by Dionysius, a. monk.
519. The orthodox bishops restored by lustin.

523. Pope John I.
525. The Arian bishops depmed.
526. Pope Felix 1V.

Extreme Unclitm introduced.

J"

1“

529 The schools of Athens suppressed. 529. The. Order of Benedictine monks iny

. ‘ _ Stituted at Monte Cassino, near Naples.
530 The fables of Pilpay translated Into Persian. 530. Pope Boniface II.
531 Chess introduced into Persia from India.

533 Justinian’s pandeczs and code of laws. 533. Pope John 11.

535. P0 e Agapetus.
636. ‘P Sylvester I.

SeILaratipn of the Armenian: from the Greek
c urc .
533 Architecture :‘ the church of SI Sophia built 538. Pope Vigiliul. i
at Constantinople. ;
‘Proclus, a learned Platonist.

    
  
  
 

:
i
~.-
‘3,
i

 

. THE WORLD'S

——O:Z_z.ace7‘ to Mahomet.

PROGRESS. 65

[The “ Jm'ddle 07‘ Dark Ages” begin have]

 

A.D. EASTERN EMPIRE.

 

 

4,30 An earthquake, lasting 40 days, des110)s the
g1eater part of Constantinople
43} Zeno makes Theodoric general and consul.

  

491—— Anastas1us I.
The Green and Blue tactions.
The empe1or’ s petsecution of the Catho~
lies, and p1otection of the Manichreans, oc-
casions a rebellion headed by Vitalianus.

502 The empire ravaged and the imperial army
destroyed by Carbades, king of Persia.
507 Long walls built to protect Constantinople
from the Bulgarians.

A great insurrection in Constantinople, 10,000
killed.

Constantinople besieged by \ italianus, whose
fleet is consumed by the bummg glass of
Pioclus.

Anastasius killed by lightninv.

 

J u s t i n I. x
a peasant of Dalmatia.

55165:— Brilliant peiiod of the Byzantine empire.
527 —-——JUSTINIAN I ,%
celebrate r his code of laws and the
Victoria his generals, Belismius
and Nurses.
529 Belisarius defeats the Petsians under Chos-
roes.
532 ——-quells a conspiracy in Constantinople.
534 —def‘eats the Vandals in Africa.
535 —subdues Sicily.
535 ——takes Naples.

Italy.
—~the Huns' 1n Thrace, and

 

 

 

EUROPE, generally.

 

481. FRAN E :.—C l 0 vi s I . ,@ founder
of the French monarchy.

484. Alaric 11., king of the Visigoths in Spain.

485. F1ance z—Battle of Soissona
gained by Clovis.

487. Britain :——The Saxons defeated by Prince
A r t 11 u r and Ambtosius.

490 :—Italy :—ravaged by the barbarians.

Britain :—ki1‘1gdomof Sussex.
491. France 2—Clovis subdues Thuringia.

493. Italy :—conquered by Theo-
d o 1 1 c, kin};r of the Ostrogoths. —Odoa-
ce1 put to death.

499.

500.

France r—l—Clovis concludes 3. peace with
’I‘heodorlc in Italy.
Burgundy becomes his trlbutary.

 

507. ——Clovis defeats Alaric near Poictiers.

510.
511.

France :—Clovi_s makes Paris his capital.
France 1—Clov1s d1es.

——————Childebert I.
‘ . The HERULII settle in Thrace.

516. The Christian Era adopted.
517. Getze ravages Illyricum, Macedon, (Etc.

519. Britain :—Prince Arthur defeated a‘.
Charford by Cerdic, who begins the third
Saxon kingdom of Wessex.

522. Spain ——Amala1 1c. the first Gothic king,
who establishes his cou1tin Spain—his capi-
tal, Seville

1130. Btitain :-—kingdom of Essex.
531. pain z—T eudis succeeds Amalaric.
532. Burgundy nque1ed by Childeber'.

('1,

536. Vitiges, king of the Ostogroths, surren-
ders his possessions in GaulD to the Frami-
king.

—-takes Rome, defeats the OStl'Ogl‘OthS in 537. Italy conquered by Belisarius.

s

66 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [Zlfoderm Period III.—146 years.

LD. PROGRESS OF Socrury. ETC. ECCLESIASTICAL.

 

 

 

540. The. Alonothcli'tes, who acknowledged
but one will in Jesus Christ.

551 The manufacture of sill.- introduced from .. .
China by the monks. 552. 'll‘he Filth general Council at Constanti
no e

555. ope Pelagius I.

557. The church of St. Germain de Pres, built

553 Procopz'us, a Roman historian—the last of the at P8115-

clossic writers.
559 The Saxon laws; the king’s authority limit-

ed by the PVz'ttenagem-J. ._

Three orders; the noble, the free, and the‘ufio- Pope John “I.
seroi.’c.—’1‘rial by ordeal. The Trithez‘sls acknowledge three Godx,
and deny the resurrection.

565 Chri<tinnity Introduced among the Picts by
Coluuibi.

568 The old Roman municipal system in Italy
overthrown by the invasion of the Lonibzirds
—and the feudal system established.

I’Vri'tten laws compiled among thenations of
German origin—first by the ViSigoihs in 573. Pope Benedict I.

Spain.

Senu'-circu{ar arches introduced in the archi- 575. The first monastery founded in Bani-in.
teciure oi churches, With much grotesque Great increase of miracles.
sculpture.

57 . Pope Pelagius II.

580 The Latin language ceases to be spoken in
Italy, while it supersedes the Gothic in
Spain.

584 The origin offiefs.

586 T1; Roman Catholic faith established in
. pain.
588 Gregoryqf Tours, the father of French his-

tory. 590. Pope Gregory 1. call ‘ he Great.

The doctrine of pur '31 first taught.-
Mass introduced.

596 Bretwalda, king of Eflgland, converted to
Christianity. . _
597 Agarhus, a Green hifito‘rian.
Gildas, the first! 'iiis istoriun. 598 St Augustine first archbisho oan
q ‘. ._ . . . .. . . . n.
E tag: ”‘3" “9'3“ . “3a! h‘S‘O'm“-_Cass‘°d°‘ terbury, introduces Christianity ingi Britain.
fits, the historian of Ravenna, tutor to 504_ Pope Snbiunus, or Sahinian. .
lheodorw- 606. Pope Boniface 11!. made supreme head

The Soxone having conquered England it= ‘ ~ - _ - .
relapeed, ih a great measure, into the slide 3:33 Egg; aggfiés' The title of Uni-

of burbarism. from which it had been ar- ~ - - . . . . .
tially raised by the Romans. D My? Waldenses refuse subuiission to

if ’

 

”From 0.10ace7' [.0 1l/Ialtomet.]

A.D.

 

EASTERN EMPIRE.

TnE‘WoRLDs PROGRESS

67

EUROPE, GENERALLY.

 

540 Vitiges at Raxjenna.—Nortli Africa, Cor-
Sica and Sdl'tllllla, annexed to the Eastern

empire.

542 Plague at Constantinople ——during three
months t’rom.5,00'o to [0,000 the daily.

548 The Lombards settle in Pannonia. —The

 

_’l‘urkish monarchy founded in Asia.
549 Siege of Petra.

552 Narses defeats and kills Totila.
554 Italy governed by Greek exarchs.

558 A plague extendingy over Europe and Asia,
and lasting nearly 50 years.

56l Belisarius disgraced by Justinian.

5oz “ restored:—he quells a conspiracy.

563 Great fire in Constantinople—the city nearly
destroyed.

565 Justinian dies.

Justin 11%;???

Belisarius dies in prison.

 

 

569'The TURKS first mentioned in history.—
They send embassies to Justin, and form
an alliance.
574 Tiberius associated with Justin in the gov-
Bl'lllllel'lt.
576 Justin defeats Chosroes, king of Persia.
fl.

578 ——Tiberius 11.53?

 

 

58! Maurice. the Cappadocian, king; under his
reign the empire extends to the Araxes, and
almost to the Caspian Sea.

570— The Avars flourish under Baian—invade the
600 Eastern empire, and spread over Hungary,
Poland, and Prussia.

  

602 -—P h o c a s, ’ --a centurion, elected king.

,5

The empire invadol by the Persians.

   

 

539. Italy: War, famine, and pestilence
The City 01‘ Milan ravaged by the Goths.

5342. Britain :~Prince Arthur murdered in
Cornwall.

530. POLAND a dukedom—Lech, its first
duke and legislator. His brother, Zech.
first duke of Bohemia.

The Greeks form settlements on the
Spanish coast, from the Straits to Valencia.
556. (Jivil wars in France.

558. France:——Clotaire I. @

559. Britain :—-t h e S a x o n H e p t a r -
cliy commences.

560. Britain z—tlio kingdom of Northumbria,
formed by the union of Bernicia and Deira.
—Eihelbert, king of Kent, subdues most of
the Saxon kings.

fiLmem—Chanben Li

 

565. Europe ravaged by a pestilence.

508. Italy conquered by the. Lombards, under
Alboin. Ile fixes his capital at Pavia.

571. Britain :—Bi'etwalda 11., king of Wessex.

575. “ East Anglia formed into a king-
dom, and called Angle-hind, whence the ori-
gin of the name England.

583. Spain :—the Suevi subdued by the Visi-
goths.

Francez—Clota i re II.
586. Britain :—the kingdom ofMercia founded.
Spain 1—Rccared, king.
588. The city of Paris destroyed by fire.
589. Rome inundated by the Tiber.
59L Britain z—Eihelbert, king of Kent, gains
the pro-eminence, and becomes Bi‘etwalda

Ill.
Italy :——the Lombartls, under Autharis,

successful against the Greeks and Franks.
595. Istria, Bohemia, and Poland invaded by
the Sclavonians.
596. France z—Thierry 11., king of Burgundy.
597. Britain :—Christianity introduced by St.
Augustine. _
(300. Italy ravagedby the Sclavonians.

607. Britain :—Supremacy of the Pope ac-
knowledged.

 

 

 

 

 

68 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS [Modem .- Period LIL—146 yam-s ,1
a
4.3. PROGRESS OF SOCIETY, are. ECCLESIAeroAL. ‘ i
The aristocracy acquire great power in 7‘
France, somewhat restrained by the mayors 606. Pope Boniface Iii. ,
of the palace. 607. Pope Boniface IV. _ ,5
Rites and superstitions increase in all Europe. The Pantheon at Rome dedicated to God, 4‘
——-Reli‘cs sought for, and worshipped—Litre the Virgin, and the Saints. “Q
nies addressed to the Virgin—The burning 600. The Christians massacred by the Jews at 1

of candies by day.-—Erorclsms, &c. Antioch.

Hereditary flefs.—Aristocratic class.

l

615' Srcundus, historian of the Lombards.

6l7 Elhelbert publishes the first code of laws in
England. 6l8. Pope Boniface V.

   
  
    
   
 
 
 
 
  

“‘ ”W m

\

 

MODERN: PERIOD IV.—178ycars.

 

PROGRESS or SOCIETY, ETC. Eccmsusncnn
____________.____

 

0‘20 Isodorus, historian of Spain, grammarian and

philosopher.
625. Pope Honorius 1. He had a taste for

splendid cathedrals and processions.
Monks and monasteries increase.

Africa and Asia, with the churches of
632 Islami'sm, and the power of the Caliphs esta- Jerusalem, Alexandria, and Antioch lost to ,
blishetl in the East. in the Caliphs were the Christian world by the progress of Mo- .
united the highest spiritual and regal autho- hammedanism.
rity.

640. Pope Severinus.
610. Pope John IV.

636 Christianity introduced into China.
In England, some improvement in ecclesiasti-
cal architecture ; circular arches intro
(luced; churches built at Canterbury, Glaso
tonbury, St. Albans, Winchester, 6m.
in civil architecture, forts and castles—Cums-
borough Castle in Yorkshire; Castletown 64-2, Pope Theodoms. He assumes the nth
in.Derbyshire, (<50. . . of “Sovereign Pontifl‘."
64-1 ’Umverszty 1y" Cambridge iounded. M4. Pope Martin 1. He ordains celibacy of
the clergy.
_ Separation between the Greek and
Some of the monasteries of Europe continue Roman churches.
to be the repositories of learmng and the
a“ls. 654. Po 3 Eur! niti
Gel bacy ")f the clergy enjoined. p cc 5.
657. Pope Vitalian. He established the uni—
versal use of the Latin language is the _
service of the church. - , .

672. Pope Adeodatus.

——-Fr077t Odoacer to Illahometj

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

69

 

 

 

 

AI). EASTERN EMPIRE. EUROPE, GENERALLY.
604. Britain :—St. Paul’s Church founded by
Ethelbert, king of Kent.
610 IIeraclius takes Constantinople, kills Phocas,

and makes himself king.
MA IIOMET ublz's/zes his Koran.
Syrla ravager by the Arabs.
Jerusalem taken by the Persians.

612
614

618 Constantinople taken and pillaged by the

Avari.

 

612. Britain :—Ethelfrith, king of Northum-
bria, defeats the Britons, and destroys the
monastery of Bangor.

615. War between Lombardy and Ravenna.
617. Britain :——St. Peter’s (now Westminster
Abbey) founded by Sabert, king of Kent.

Britain :——Bretwald IV.

 

 

—-From Maltamet to Charlemagne.

[Dar/r Ages, continued]

 

EASTERN EMPIRE, ASIA, &c.

622 The IIEGIRA; or Mahomet’s Flight from
Mecca to Medina.

Era of the Mahometans.

Heraclius defeats the Persians under Chos-

1‘088.

532 Death of Mahomet.
A b u b e k e r succeeds him as caliph ofthe

Saracens.

 

 

  

633 O m a r, caliph.
6'34 “ takes Jerusalem, which is held
' by the Saracens 463 years.
636 O m a r takes Alexandria, and destroys
another famous library.
641 Constantine II'I @-—
642 Constans II.,~~—
(11 years of age.)
647 The Saracens become masters of Africa and

Cyprus.

The Saracens take Rhodes, and destroy the
Colossus.

Persia becomes a part of the empire of the
Caliphs.
659 The Saracens obtain peace from Constans, by

agreeing to pay him [00,000 crowns yearly.
Constans goes to Rome, and plunders the
Treasury.
Moawiah, caliph, makes Damascus his capi-
' tal.

'C o as t a n t in e IV . @invades Sicily.
Grand Cairo founded.

3 Siege of Constantinople by the Saracens,
whose fleet is destroyed by the Greek fire of
Callinicus. The caliph compelled to'pur-
chase a peace of thirty years, by paying a
yearly tribute.

 

 

EUROPE, generally.

628. France :—-D a g o b e rt I. ——I-Ie
builds the church of St. Deny, Lle burial
place of the French kings.

631. Same, a merchant of France, makes
himself king of Bohemia.

633. Britain:—Bretwald V.; be embraces
Christianity.

634. Britain 2—Bretwald VI.

638. France -—C 1 o v i s I I . 5 years old.
The kingdom divided, Sigebert, (18 years
old,) being king of Austrasra.
642. Britain :—Bretwa1d VII.

644. Britain :—The University of Cambridge
founded by Sigebert, king of E. Anglia.

650. Britainz—Mercia converted to Chris-
tianity.

656. Francez—Clotaire III. %

660. Francez—Childeric II.@

663. Lombardy conquered by Grimoald, duke
of Beneventura.

672. The Saracens driven from Spain, by
\Vamba, king of the Goths.

 
     
   
  
 

70 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. Jnudern: lament 178 cars.
9

 

 

 

 

A.D. PROGRESS OF SOCIETY. ere. Eccwsmsnan.

 

 

674 Stone buildings and glass come into use in

England.
676. Pope Domnus. '
The abbey of \Vhitby, and the monastery of The PCPGS become independent or film
Gilling founded. Greek emperor. ,

The Anglo-Saarons advance in civilization 579- ,Pope‘AgathO- _ ‘
and puwer, by the introducuon of C/Lz~z‘S.'bs‘0. I‘he sixth general Councrl at Constantino-

(iam'ry. ple. called by the emperor Constantine, whc

In France. the Teutonic Zanvuave supersedes . PK'BSNfiS’ . .
the Latin.——Netional assoiroibligs established, (’83- POPE L60 1L He “S“YPS the right. of 13‘

though confined to the aristocracy. _ VGSIiml‘e. _
, (>84. Pope Benedict II.

In Persia, the Magian religion gives way to 5§5- :: John V-
the Mohammedan. ~ . (39b. “ Comm.
687 Severe persecution of the Jews in Spain. W7. 561331113-

 

691 Julian, of Toledo, historian and moralist.

697 The venerable Bede, Eco. historian.

598 A king first elected in Poland.
Adhe/m, the first British writer in prose and
verse. 701. Pope John V-.
Sclaoonian republics in Bohemia. 704. The first province Igiven to the pope, ,
705. Pope John VII.
708. “ Sissinius (20 days).
Christianity greatly extended among the Ger- 708. “ Constantine.
man nations and other people in the north
of Europe; but almost exterminated in
.Africa, by the progress of Mohammedan-
ism.
709

71L Custom of kissing the Pope’s foot intro-
duced.

714. Pope Gregory II.

716 The art of making paper brought from Sa-
marcand by the Arabs.
George Syncellus, a Grecian chronologist.
718 Glastonbury Abbey rebuilt by Ina.

Leo (EasternEmperor) attempts to 1'0-
cure the assassmation of the Pope. GM
Romans defend him. '

._

wfi‘ram Alabama to Charlemagne]

Ln.

 

 

EASTERN EMPIRE, ASIA, &c.

 

The kingdom of Bulgaria founded.
Yezid, caliph of the Saracens.

Moawiah 11., caliph.
Abdallah, caliph.

————-—Justinian 11. gm
Abdulmelek, caliph. He discontinues the
tribute to the Greek emperor

695 Justinian II. deposed, and his mse cut off by
l Leonitius, who is also deposed by

697 Absimerus Tiberius.

Armenia and the provinces between the Black
and Caspian Seas subdued by Caliph Abdul-
melek.

Carthage rased, and the north coast of Africa
completely subj ugated.

698

 

Justinian II. restored.
Syria recovered, 200,000 Saracens slain.

709 Africa subdued by the Saracens.

711 Justinian. put to death by Philip Bardanes.

who reigns under the name of Philippicusfi

—————Anastasins IIQ§é——-—

é~ rim-
0 Anastasius.

—— L e o I I I . , (the Isaurian,) @-—-son
of a shoemaker.

713

714

Theodosius III.
claimed by the revolted army

 

 

 

 

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

“m“. ___—______..-—————_—____.—.—____-__

EUROPE, generally.

 

 

673. France :—T h i e 1. r y I . .-,- .,

675. Spainz—VVamba gains a naval victory
over the Arabs, who attempt to invade his
kingdom.

682. Spainz—Wamba abdicates and tum
monk.

690. Framer-Pepin (1’ He Mutabé
mayor of the Palace and duke of Austrasia,
defeats 'l‘ltierry, and becomes king.

2"
691. France z—Clovis III.@————
1.
“ —Chi1debert II.@~——-
598. Poland 2—Cracow founded—An elective

monarchy established.
Venice :—Luc Anafetto, first Doge.

695.

700. Britain z—Anglo-Saxon Octal-chy.
France :—-Aquitaine, Burgundy and Pro-
vence become separate dukedoms.
705. Britain :—Alli‘ed the Wise, in North-
umbria.

710. Spain:—R o d e r i c, king, @ (the
last of the Got/ts.)

711. France :—Dagob e rt II.@-—-

713. Spain conquered by the
S a r a c e n s under Muca. By the mar.
riage ol'Abdallah, the Moor, with the widow
of the Gothic king, the two nations are
united in interest.

714. France :—Charles Martel, duke of Aus-
trasia.

715. France2—Childeric 11. '..__..
716. Britain :~Ethelbald, king of Mercia.

718. Spain :wPelagius founds the kingdom of
Asturias.

720. France:~T hierry II.§—_

   
 
 
 
       
    
      
     

72 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [Mom-n.- Period I'V.—178 years,

 

 

 

Al}. PROGRESS OF SOCIETY, ETC. EGGLESIASTICAL.

Increasing Dark . . .

power, period 726. Image worship being forbidden by the
spiritual of emperor Leo, causes great distnrbance.

and European 7‘27. Peter’s pence first collected in England.

temporal literature. 7228. Leo orders the pope to be seized.

of the '

Popes. 730. Gregory excommunicates the emperor.

The Iconoclasts, or image breakers.

731 Winifred, an Anglo-Saxon, preaches the gos- 731. Pope Gregory lII.

pel to the Frisons.
735 The venerable Bede dies—a grammarian,phi-

losopher, historian, and theologian. 736. The images throughout the empire do-
740 The Abessidae, culiphs of the baracens, en- stroyed by order of the emperor.

courage learning. Monks persecuted.

741. Pope Zachary,

7‘12 Fredegaz're, a French historian.

748 Virgilius, a priest, is condemned as a heretic,

for believing in the existence of antipodes. 752. The Pope dethrones Childeric, king of
France, by a apal decree.

752. Pope Step en III. at war with the Lom-

bards, assisted by Pepin.

754. —he journeys to Pepin to implore his
protection.
755. Commencem ent of the Pope’s
te m p oral p O we r under the auspices
- of Pepin, who bestows on Stephen the ex—
archate of Ravenna.

757 An organ sent by Constantine to France. 737- P0133 P3111 1‘
760 John of Damascus, a founder of the scholas-
tic philosophy.
Fredegai‘re continues the history of Gregory
of Tours.
The schools of Bagdad, Cufa, Alexandria,

 

Fez, and Cordova, promoted by the Abas- 7538- Stephen IV.
sidae caliphs. 769. Conncxl Of the Lateran. .
770. The EaStern monasteries dissolved by the

em pcror. _

772. Pope Adrian I., on whom the Ecclesias-

Ignorance, profiigacy, and misery, character- tical state 13 conferred by Charlemagne.
ized the age preceding Charlemagne.

779. Imposition o Tithes enforced by Char-

783 The first palm-tree planted in Spain. lemagne, for t 3 S“ P0"- Of the clergy,
churches, schools, an the poor.

785 Golden period of learning in Arabia, under the 785- Forcible conversion 0f the Saxons by
caliph Haroun a1 Raschid. Charlemagne.

787. The seventh general Council at Nice, in

788 Pleadings in courts of justice first practised. WhiCh ‘he doctrine 0f the ICOHOClaStS was
793 Foundation of schools in monasteries and condemned.
cathedrals, by Charlemagne.

Th G ‘ I7 ‘ h t.
794 Th: S;§33r;i}“Ffi.a?,‘;fom 794. Pope Leo III. sends to Charlemagne for

Georae the monk. confirmation. .
b ’ Masses said for money.

 

--From Mat/comet to Charlemagne]

 

Ad).

EASTERN EMPIRE, ASIA, &c.

 

 

The Arabs invest Constantinople by land with
120,009 men, and by sea with 1800 ships.
The city is saved by the Greek fire~the
Arab fleet being almost entirely destroyed.

Leo confiscates Calabria and Sicily.

The Greek possessions in Italy are lost in con-

sequence of the edict forbidding image wor-
ship.

I
741 Constantine V. (Copronymus).

746 The Arabs defeated by Constantine—Rhodes,
Cyprus, and Antioch captured.

762 Almanzor, caliph; builds Bagdad and makes
it his capital.
766 Asia Minor ravaged by the Turks.

 

774 Great victory over the Bulgarians.

775 ————Leo I".@—~

  

781 C on s t an tin e V I . (P0rphyrogenetus).‘
Irene (Queen mother) restores image worship.
785 The empire is invaded b H a r o u n al
_ R a s c h i d, caliph 0 Bagdad.
78f: Constantine imprisons his mother, Irene, for
her cruelty.

 

 

188 I r e n e puts him to death,
., and assumes the sole power.

7' 793 —proposes to marry Charlemagne.

—is dethroned by Nicephorus.

The Saracens ravage Thrace.

 

 

‘1

it...

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

EUROPE, generally.

gr

M). _France:—-Cbarles Martel crosses the
Rhine, and subdues Bavaria.

7

727. Britain :—-Ina, king of Wessex, begins the
tax called Peter’s pence, to support a col-
lege at Rome.

7312.. France :—Charles Martel gains a great
Victory over the Saracens near Tours.

740. Spoletto taken by, the Normans, but re-
COVered by the Pope:

742. Francez~Childcric III. @—

752. France :—_End of the Merovingian line
of French kings.

-——Pepin lc Bref,@———-
first of the Carlovingian line.
753. Pepin [e Bref aids the Pope with a large
army against the Lombards.
Italy :—Ravenna a dukedom.

756. Spain :—Separated from the Caliphate:
Abderhama.

761. Spain z—Froila, grandson of Pelagius,
builds Oviedo, and makes it the seat of his
kingdom.

768. France :—CHARI.EMAGNE, or Charles
the Great, reigns with his brother, Carlo-

man, until 771.

774. Charlemagne invades Italy; defeats
Didier, king of Lombardy, and annexes
Italy to his empire.

End of the

d o m .
778. A part of Charlemagne’s army defeated

at Roncesvalles. _ .
779 Charlemagne conquers Navarre, Sardinia,

and the Saxons.

Lombard king-

Charlemagne conquers the Avari.
—-—attempts to unite the Rhine and the

Danube.

787. Britain :—-First recorded invasion of the
Danes :—The Sea Kings and Vikings.

794. Charlemagne extirpates the Huns.
Sweden conquered by Iva Viafamo.

 

 

74

 

 

A. D. '

 

800 Agriculture and litrrh'cul.
ture encouraved by Charle-
magne; boti flourish in
Spain under the. caliphs.

Gold mines worked in Spain.

801 Paul W'tu‘oj/‘redus (Diaconus)
the historian.

W Haroun al Raschit‘l, courting
his alliance, presents Charle-
magne with astri/cing clock.
This clock was adorned with
automaton figures, which
moved and played on Va.-
riotis musical instruments.

Fine Arabian breed of horses
introduced into Spain.

304 Alcuz‘n, of York, a pupil of
Bede, forms schools at Tours
—potr0nized by Cherie
magne.

Transient revival of learning
under Charlemagne.

Egi'nliard, historian, secre-
tary to Charlemagne.

813 The reign of Matnun (caliph) Si

is regnrtled '2‘3 the Augustine
age 01 Arabian literature.

8% St. Mark’s Church at Venice

I built.

329'Turpln, archbishop; to whom France to Sweden.

e famous - . ._
"' De Vila Carolt' Magfli et 831' Paschasms Radbertus, a. 833- LO‘th, 8 fourth m of

is attributed t

Rolandi.”

Tim \vonLD‘s meanness.

PROGRESS OF Soomrv. l

830. The Pope se arates from 800. NEW EMPIRE of the

[ICCOIIUIS supreme Bishop of

816. Pope Stephen V.

817. .. Paschal i. 817. Louis divides-tit. empire
The College of Cardinals between his three eons. »
founded. 820. Invasion of the Normans.

'8'24. Pope Eugenius II.

8‘27. Pope Valentine.
8248. “

Ratramus and Seems Eri-

PERIOD. V.— The Middle Ages.—266 year's.

 

 

 

 

Eccm-zsus-ricsn. New WESTERN Emma.

 

1

\V EST founded by Charle-
tnagne,_who is 'c‘rOwnetl at
Rome, by the pope, king of
Italy, Germany,an France.

the Eastern mpire, and

the IVestern.

\

Charlemagne reforms the
church.
802. Charlemagne receives an
embassy from Nicephorus,
and from llaroun al Ras-

Manybishoprics founded.
chid.

_—-G.reo't increase of monastic
institutions,

SOS. Charlemagne d1-
vides the empire be-
tween his three sons.

808. First descent of the NOR
MANS upon France.

3. Insurrection at

R01neiSl3. Charlemagne dies, Jump
against the pope. i8.

    
  
   
  

814. ——Louis I.
(Debonaire) an in: crime
and turbulent mega. .

.—

Christianity in Denmark
and Sweden.

. _Gregory IV.
Mtssxonaries sent from

monk of Corbey, father of Louis, associated in the gov-
the doctrine of transub- ernmeut.

st‘antiation. This doctrine
thsowned by the English 340, —L o t h o i 1- . .
Church.

wk
81!. —-det'eated by his [not re,
Loni: end Charles, nth

gem; theologians holtlintar mm.

mucii the seine opinions a: Wfifigfiw of the empire.

Luther. .
Meek-Cherie. 1..
-—-(the Bold).

Gem—L on il l.‘
——-surno.med the Gate
men.

help—Lethal: . .
-—-with impeflel .
Normal ,

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

(A. D. 800—1066.)—Cfiarl€magne to William. the Conquerm‘.

EASTERN EMPIRE.

ENGLAND.

75

THE WORLD, elsewhere

 

.____—.__._______._______.___—___.——___..—.._

802 ~Nicephorus .g—

803 The Saracens ravage Asia
Minor. capture Cyprus, and
compel Nicephorus to paya
trlbute.

 
   
      
 

8“ ———Michael I.
(Caropaltes); at war with
the Bulgari.

L e 0 V .é—che

Armenian).

 

' Earthquakes, famine, fire, &0.
ravage the empire.

—-—Michael 11.
(Balbus or the Stammerer).

821

822 Constantinople besieged by
the Saracens. The Bulge
rians raise the Siege. The

Saracens obtain priesession
of Crete, and name it Can-
dia.

829 ——Theophi1us.@—

~-—Michael III.
(the Drunkard).

 

813. Egbert, king of Wessex,
defeats the Britons.

827. The seven king-
doms of the Hep-
tarchy united by Eg-

bert, king of \Vessex,

under the name of ENG. 833. Mntnssxm,

LAND, or the Land of the
Angles.

—Egbert. @—

Invasion of the Danes.

838. —Ethelwolf,@—
a weak prince.

Scotland :——Kenneth. king
of the Scots, defeats and ex-
tirpates the Picts. and be-
comes sole monarch.

The Danes return, and
ravage the country unmo-
lestea, and burn the city of
London.

Ethelwolf makes a pilgri-
mage to Rome.

801. DENMARK become a
kingdom under Gotricus

818. A] Mamun (caliph) a pa-
tron of learning.

820. First dismvmherment of
the Arabian monarchy. The
dynasty of the ’l‘aherites
founded at Khorassan.

826. The Danish prince. Ha-
rold, is baptized at Inge}-
heim.

caliph. Ho
builds Suumora, which he
makes the seat of govern-
ment.

 

76

 

A.D.

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

 

ECCLESIASTICAL.

844. Pope Sergius III. (Bucca
Porci)
Ignatius, patriarch of
Constantinople.
1’e1secu1ion oi the Chris-
tians in Spain.
847. Pope Leo 1V.

PROGRESS OF SOCIETY.

 

The aristocratic Feudal sys-
tem in all its power. Here-
dimly 720121117], which, with
the clergy, was the domi-
nant 01de1 in the state

The [muons independent of
the king. Gradual intro-
duction of the Roman and
common law.

850. Christianity piopagated
by Auschzuius in Denmark
111y1d Sweden

8513. Pope Benedict III.

858. Pope Nicholas I.
First co1onation ol :1 pope.
859. Eulogius, zuchbishup ol
Cordova, martyr.ed
860. The schism ol the Greeks
begins.

First inciosure of lands at
Spaiding,whe1e Richard de
Rules does much to impiove
ag1iculture.

 

864. The Bible translated into
Slavonian
867. Pope Adlian II.
81h Council at Constan-
tinople —Photius, paniarch
ot Constantinople, deposed.

872 Clocks brought to Constanti- 872- Pope John VIII

nople from Venice.

The Faroe Isles, and Iceland
discovered in this century.

882. Pope Martin II.
884. Adrian III.

“

885. “ Stephen VI.

1

 

’856. Germ.

[Period V.—(.1. D. 800—1066.)-—266 years.

FRANCE, SPAIN, GERMANY.

855. Lothario retires to 8. mt»
nastery and dies.
New division of the e111-
pire at Mersen.
:~Louis11.%§
has Italy with the 1111-
peiidl dignity
—establishes his court at
Pavia.
858. France invaded by Louis
the German, who is finally
compelled to retire.

 

868. Lorraine annexed
France.

to

877. Fr. —:Louis II. @—
(the Stamme1er).

879. Louis 111. and

C_arlcman%—-—

1e1gr1 iointly.

 

884. F1ance 2—0 h :11 1e s§
the Fat, an usu1per. -
885 Paiis besieged by the
Normans; gallnutlydelend-
ed by archbishop Guslin.
886. Chmles makes a 11isg1.1ce-
lul peace with the Nonnum-
887. Ge1many :~—A 1 11 old,

emperor. o—(the im-
perial digmty transleried
irom France to Germany)

see. France :-—E 11 d a I

 

 

 

 

 

 

—-C/tm‘lemqgnc to Willimn I.] THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. 77
A.D.' EASTERN EMPIRE. ENGLAND. THE WORLD, elsewhere.

 

 

844 Decline of the Caliphate be-
gins—Jews and Christians

persecuted.—~lt‘requent wars
between the Greeks and Sa- i
racens.

849. Alfred the Great, born.

Bazil Lg

(the Macedonian), defeats 852. Ethelwolf defeats the
the Saracens. Danes in the Isle of Thanet.

 

 

851

857. Ethelbald and Ethel-
Crete and the Sicilies reco« ’

vered from the Arabs. be rt —-rcign jointly :—
increase the influence ot'the
clergy.

 

_ 866.——Ethelred.§§—
867 Basil commences the Mace- 867. The Danes conquer Nor-

donian. dynasty. . ~ _ thumberlantl.
358 Publication of the Bastlica.

. AV,

S72. ALFRED THE GREAT@
——deleats the Danes.

879. Alfred abandoned by his
subjects, retires to the Isle of
Athelney, but soon draws
together his iriends and con-
quers the Danes.

 

 

Leo VI.§——

(the philosopher .

886

 

8J5. The Normans plunder
Hamburg, and penetrate into
Germany.

846. The Saracens destroy the
Venetian fleet, and besiege
Rome.

8:9. —det‘eated by the Pope’s
allies.

85L Sardinia and Corsica. rnc
vaged by the Saracens.

856. The coasts of Holland
plundered by the Normans.

860. Gorm the Elder, (descend-
ed l'rom Odin.) unites Jut-
land antl the Danish Isles,
sand becomes king 01' Den-
mark.

86L Iceland discovered by the
Nornmns.

862. ltllSSlAz—Rnric, first
grand Prince, builds the city
of Lugoda.

868. Egypt throws off its de-
pendence on the caliphs, un-
der Ahmed.

874. Iceland. a republic, found-
ed by the Normans.

875. N 0R \VAY : —- Harold
IIarli'uge, first king.

886. The Scythians seize Cro-
atia.

889. Hungaryz—Argad lays
(tine foundation of t 0 king-
om.

78 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [1313111111 17,—(11. 1). 800—1066.)~—:.&6 yew».

 

mo. Peoeeess on SOCIETY.

8911 Otfmd [71110073111] found-

e l. —All1etl the (heat esta

blishcs :1 1“egula1 1111111111

and navy, and the 1110110 01'

t11'a1'byj1uy; institutesfairs

anl 'I/LlL?‘/\I8.’S. —-J0/1111111es

See/us Erigenu, a learned
philosophical writer.

ECCLESIASTICAL. FRANCE, GERMANY, &c.

 

 

 

 

    
    
    
 
 
    
   
   

830. Arnold, emperor of Gen
801. Pope Formosus. many, takes Rome.
3915. “ Boniface VI.
“ S:ephen VII.
898. “ John 1X. .6
Veneration for saints and 898. Fr. :—C h a tie s III.
a passion for relics prevail. ——(the Simple).

899. Ger. :—L0uis III.

9110 England divided into coun~ 900, Pope Benedict IV, Invasion of the Hunga-

ties, hundreds, and t1lh171us

rians.
The county coults held Contests between the no-
1111111111ly,bceome the meal 903. 11 Leo V, bles and bishops

saleguzird ol the civil 1ights
of Englishmen
Hzred (mops substituted for

90’. “ 1r' 1.
the feudal. " Sci-5,1113 11

912. The Normans in France 912. France z—Robert, duke
embrace Christianity. of Normandy.
’l‘he Normans, under
R o l l o establish them-
selves in Normandy.

9l4. Pope John X.
Ge1. 1—Conrad I

—(1he empire becomes

elective).

915 The Unzvcrsity (3)" Cam-
bridge founded.

91‘.) Ger. :—-1~Ienry Lg—
(1he Fowler)= first 01 the

Saxon line. I d
921 The Bwhemians e1 b . 921.11111nce:—Robe1t e-
Chhistianlity n r'icc ledted and killed by his

h1other at Soissons
9‘23. France :—ltu1lolph elect-
ed duke.
laly: -—-Hn'._m, Count of
Protonce oppress-esthe aris‘
many. who 0:111 to their aid
Be1en§zetz C l
. 1 1 11 e. — 1v1 a a.
3%; “JP“ $311,":an 929 1113.1: —Cha1levs ]£11111 :1
Eudes, monk ol Cluni. prisoner at. Pel‘onne.
1131. Pope John X1.

More children elevated to
the lttghest offices in the

The Anglo-Sixon monarchy
rises mm 1111 portance.

9'29 Azophz’, Arabian astronomer.

933 Printing invented among the church.
Chinese (’2)
936. Pope Leo VII. 936 Ger 1—0111 0 L§-
(the Great).
939 (lordova, in Spain. becomes 939. “ Stephen IX.
the seat of Arab learning, . Fr. :——Lou is IV.

science. industry, and com-
merce. Itseeleh1111edscl1ouls
ot geon1etr.y astronomy, che-
mist1y and medicine, tOj’e-
ther with its equally cele
brated poets and philoso-
phers, render it I'amuus
throughout the world.

Luitprand, the historian.

11111118 established in Kent or
Wessex.

(the Stranger).

940. Burgundy, a flat 0! to
943. Pope Martin 111. empire-

 

 

79

PROGRESS.

 

 

—____1

 

 

”Charlemagne to William 1.] THE WORLD’S
A.D. EASTERN EMPIRE. ENGLAND.

890 Southern Italy subject to the
_ Greek empire.

89/ War with the Bulgarians,

Lombards, and Saracens—

the latter take the island 01'

891. Invasion of the Danes.
The first [and tax.

 

 

Samoa
. 901. E d w a r d
‘ .. (the Elder) the first who
904iRussian expedition under takes the title of “Rex An-

Oleg, against Constantino-

glorum.”
ple.

War with the Danes.

 

910 —Constantine VII. -

aSsociates his tour sons, so
that there are five emperors.

 

 

917 Constantinople besieged by the
Bulgarians.

919 Romanus, general ofthe fleet,
usurps the empire, with his
three sons, Christopher, Ste-
phen, and

—Constantine VIII.@—

 

9'24. —Athelstan.r

934. ——-by the victory of Bru-
nanburgh. he becomes king

‘37 Romanus gainsanaval victory of all Britain.

 

THE WORLD, elsewhere.

 

900.I Scotland 2 — Constantine

II .

901.1talyz—The re p ubli es
of Venice and Genoa
founded.

908. The race of Fatimites in
ESIYDt.

9l0. Spain :——Kingdom ofLeon
founded by Garcia.

912. Spain r—Abderrahman III
the greatest Arab prince of
Spain—builds the splendid
city and palace of Zehra.

91-1. Spain 2—Ordogno 11., king

of Oviedo, makes Leon his
capital.

Commencement of the
heroic age in Spain.

9‘21. Poland :~—I.esko IV.
“ —Zemormysl.

923. Spainz—Frueln, king of
Leon.

9‘24.

9'27.

H
‘1

——Alphonzn IV.
——Ramiro II.

930. Denmark :~—IIarold VL,
firs' Christian king.

932. Arnolf of Bavaria, de-
feated near Verona. .

933. Norwayz—Eric, kingf
his cruelty leads the people
to revolt.

 

over the Russians. who, led
by Igor, enter the Black

Sea with 10,000 ships or ca-
noes. o

    
 

= a.

' ._t a I @w—
942 Naples annexed to the empire. 940' E d m u n

brother of Athelstan.

'7

U

«i
v
/

945 The empress Helen usurps the
throne.

 

940. Spain z—Ramiro, king of
Leon. defeats the Moors, un
der Abderrahman, in the bat
tle of Simancus.

80 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

[Period V.—-(.~\.

‘

D. 800—1066.);26’6‘yéer3.

 

Ln. ECCLESIASTICAL.

PROGRESS OF SOCIETY.

The mercantile cliai‘acter
raised by a law ofAthelstan,
that a merchant who made
three voyages over the high
seas with a ship and cargo
of his own, should enjoy the
rank and privileges of a
thane.

911 The figures of arithmetic ,
brought into Europe by the 945. Pope Agapetus II.
Saracens. .

Silver mines in the Hartz
Mountains.

Manulhctories of linens and
woollens in Flanders, which
becomes the seat of western
commerce.

955. Baptism ofOlga, and con-
version of Russia. to Chris-
nanny.

FRANCE, GERMANY, &c.

950. Germany :—Bohemia be.
comes tributary to (film.

953. The Hungarians sub-
dued. - ‘

9.34. Fr. z—Lothaii e Lg
—confets the dukedoms of
Burgundy and Aquitaine on
Hugh the Great.

955. Pope John XII.
Quarrel with the tamper-1957. Germany :-—0tho defeats
ors respecting investiture. l the Slavonians in Saxony.

959. St. Dunstan, archbishop
.. of Canterbury, attempts to
‘ reform the church—~enibrc-
ing clerical celibacy.
The influence of
monks greatly increased.

the
961 Geber, Arabian astronomer.
Suidus, grammarian and [mi
cographor.
Rhazes, Arabian physician. 963. Pope Leo VIII. elected by
Roman citizens.

964. Benedict V. elected by a
The Saxonfleef, consisting of council.
360 sail. in three squadrons, 965. John XIII.
makes the circuit of the Poland receives Christianity_
island, under the command under Miecislus.
of king Edgar.

964. Italy united to the empire
of Germany.
Tuscany becomes a duke-
dom.

972. Pope Benedict VI.

973. Boniface VII. : deposed 973. Ger. -__0 t ho 1]_ _.
and banis ed for his crimes. subdues the Bohemians.

'974. Domnu. I.

975. Benedict I.

978 A660, monk and astronomer.

979. Otho at war with Lo;

t ' .
981 Albirunius, Arabian geogra- barre

pher. a
982‘ Greenland discovered by the .933. _0 t h o 1 1 1 @—
Norwegians. 984. Pope John XIV. (3 years of age). ' ’

936‘ “ JohnXV. 986. Fitz—Louis V.,

(“the Slothful,”) last oi tit:
Carlovingian race.

Aimat‘n, historian.

Dublin much frequented for ' . '
trade. also many places on 989. Christianity propagated 988;]:“52’ if}! a: 33.34%
theBalttc. in Russia by Wuldimir— 65mg“ lme of French
they hold to the Greek kings.
church.

 

 

—tharlemagne to Wdliam 1.]

THE WORLD’S

PROGRESS. 81'

 

 

EASTERN EMPIRE. ENGLAND, &c.

T

l

a
946,—E 1d r e d@
governed by Dunstan, abbot
of Glastonbuiy
95: Scotland. —lVIalcolm 1.,
ing.

Constantine III. retires into a
clmster.

955. Scotland :~Indulf king.

955. ——E d wy ~—-——
insulted by Dunstan, and
deposed—his queen, Elgiva.
put to death.

 

 

 

r ——Romainus II. —— 959.-——_Edgar .
909 poisoned by his wife :1 heo- marries the beautiful El‘
pliano ’ frida, after the violent death
of Athelwold. her lover.
960. Scotland :——Duff, king.
% Wolves expelled from
- England and Wales in con-
953 —-Nicephorus 11' _ sequence of a rewai'tl being
offered for the purpose by
the king.
Violent disputes between
the monks and the clergy.
967 —he recovers Cyprus and An-
tioch from the Saracens. I
969 —-is mu1'de1ed by
—John Zimisces. @—
. - 975. -—-—E d W a r (1%
975 Basil and Constantine ,the martyi), mimeied by
\‘111 @ his stepmothe1, Ellrida.
978. -—Ethelred I I.,%—
(“ the Unieady. .”);Dunstaln
_ still minister. ——T e peop e
980 Apulia and Calabria recover become discontented

ed and united to the empiie.

Danish invasion, under

Sweyn.
The king purchases their

retreat.

985.

 

 

 

THE WORLD, elsewhere.

 

950. Spain :—Ordono III. ,king
of Leon.

955. Spain z—Sancho I. king
of Leon

958. Italy '~~War between the.
Normans and Saracens.

96]. Candia recovered from
the Saracens.

962. Poland z—Miecislas esta-
blishes Christianity.

967. Spain :—-Rami1'0.III king
of ID e011.

968. The Northmen devastate
Galicia, but are defeated and
almost exterminated.

973. IIungaryz—St. Stephen,
first heieilitaiy king, extends
the kingdom e.1stwaitl,gives
it a constitution and written
law 8

976. Spainz—Hixem, calipli
of Cordova.

Almansor, regent, obtains
many victories over the
Christians.

980. Russia: ——Waldimir I;
marries Anna, sister of the
emperor Basil II.

983. Italy z—Venice distracted
by violent commotions.

9S5. Swean., 01' Swen0,king
of Denmark, invades Eng-
land.

 

 

 

 

    
  
    
    
  
   

1
_ 1 . “
82 me worums meanness. [Perwd v..—(... n. mmeeyaasms. x:
11.0. Paouiusss or Soars-n. ‘ EGCLESIASTICAL. FRANCE, GERMANY, are. '1 x
1993. First canonization of
. i saints.
Venice anal Genoa carry on ai
lluurishilug trade between
Asia mi Western Europe. 2996. Pope Grevory V. 995, Fr. :..R obe rt I]. §
997 Siepheu. duke 0i _H_unga-*997. ‘- Joli?) XVI. —-(the Wise,) succeed; 111s
ry, pro agaies Christianity famer Iiuah. .'
among is subjects. ° f
5
998. —is excommunicated by
999. Pope Sylvester II. the pope for marrying his
cousm Bertha.
Hungary 8. fief of the I
Romish church.
1002 Paper ""14le cotton rags. 1002.Ger. :—Hen ry 11. ,§

—(duke of Bavaria).
Italy :—Ardom. inargrave
of lvrea, elected king.

1003. Pope John XVIII.

Spain,_ the seat-of Arabian and 1004. Italy :—Henry invited by
JEWISH learning. the German party —Ardoin
loses most of Italy and re-
signs. — Pavia burnt in a
quarrel between the troops

1009. Pope Sci-gins. and people.

012. .. - .
Churches first built in the l Benedm VllI

Gothic style.
Foundation of the House of Persecution of the Albi-
Wisdom at Cairo. genses in Languedoc. 1015. Germany :—The empg.

The French language first be- rnr receives an annual tri-
gins to be written. bute from Poland.

Leo, the grammarian.

The arts faintly revive in Italy
—paintings in fresco and
mosaic.

Literature. the arts and sci-
encesainil commerce flourish

at Ghizni.
1034 Musical scale,consisting of six 1024. Pope John XIX. Be 1024. Ger. :«Conrad 11.?
notes, invented by Guido gained hiseleclionby bribe~ —(the Salic.) first of t 0

Amino. . ry. He was notofthe clergy, Francon-ian line.
Avicenna, a famous Arabian but consul and senator of 1025. Expedition into Italy.
chemist and phySiclan. Rome.

Glaber Rad, historian.
Campanes, of Navarro, astro-

nomer. ' 1029. War with the Poles.
Hermannus Contractu9,monk

and mathemtician. . 1031. Fr. :—H e n ry l .éé

1032. Burgundy annexed to
1033. Pope Benedict IX., (ten the empire.
yam old).
“Peace of Gee,” pub.
fished by the hhhops.

 

~Char£emagne to Mlh’am I.]

 

Ln." EASTERN EMPIRE.

—_

1000 Basil drives the Bulgarians

from Thessaly.

1018 Bulgaria againreduced to a
‘ Greelan provrnce.

1028 —-—Romanus III.,@—
(Argyrus).

1031 -expels the Saracens from

Syria.
~—poisoned by his wife Zoe.

1034 —-Michael Iv.@—

THE wouLD’s PROGRESS.

83

 

 

ENGLAND, &c.

994. Scotland : —— Constantine
IV. slain by

THE WORLD, elsewhere.

 

995. Kenneth IV., (the Grim). 995. Norway :-Olaf I.

1002. Dreadful massacre of
all the Danes in England~
upon which Sweyn lands a
large armament, and brings
war and all its miseries upon
the country.

1003. Scotland :——Malcolm 11.,
an able, renowned prince.

1012. An annual tribute pro-
mised to the Danes.

1013. The Danes,under Sweyn,
become masters oI‘England.

1016.——Edm 11nd 11.,
(lronsides.) fights six battles
with Canute. king of Den-
mark, with whom he finally
divides the kingdom.

1016.—Canute 7
the Great. patronizes litera-
ture and the church.

 

1027. Irelandz—Brian Boru,
sole monarch.

1031. Canute penetrates into
Scotland—subdues Malcolm.

103‘2. ——performs a pilgrimage
to Rome. .
1034. Scotl’d 1—Duncan, king.

1035.—-Harold 1., ——
(Harefoota cruel an un-
popular —— ruled by Earl
Godwin.

 

 

Christianity introduced.

997. Drontheim founded

Mahmud Sultan of Ghiz.
ni, adds Transoxiania, Ca«
bul, and part of India to his
dominions; patronizes litera-
ture.

998. Spain :—-Division of tho
Mohammedan kingdom of
Cordova.

1000. Sancho 111., (the Great.)
king 01‘ Navarre, takes the
title of emperor.

1000. Savoy :—independent un-
der Bervaltl, its first count.

Poland: —- Boleslas 1.,
(the Lion-hearted).

1006. Pestilence in Europe for
three years.

1012. Spain :-—Suleiman, ca.-
hph.

1014. Denmark :-—Harold 11]..
king.

1015. Norway z—Olaf II.

1010. Denmark :——Canute 11.,
(the Great).

1019. Norway conquered by
Canute.
Venice, Genoa, and Pisa
rise into importance.
1025. Poland z—Miecislas II.

103."). Spain :——Ramiro 1 ‘king
01. Arrugon.

1037. Ferdinand 1., of Castile,
in right. of his wife succeeds
to Leon ; successful against.
the Mohammedans. ’

1036. Denmark : — Hardjca-

1 0131;1te11111.

. orwayz—M ul~
(the Good). agn 1‘

84

 

THE worth’s PROGRESS.

e

[Period V—(A. D. 800—1066.)—-266 years.

 

A.D Pnoeaess or SOCIETY, etc.

Ferd usi, the Persian Homer.
Franco, mathematician.

George Cedrenus, historian.

ECCLESIASTICAL.

1038. The Pope, {or his scan-

FRANCE, GERMANY. «Sec.

tlalous conduct, driven from 1039. Ger. 3—Hen ry 111.

Rome, but re-established by
the emperor, Conrad.

1044. -—again driven from the
throne, and succeeded by
Sylvester 111. After three
months Benedict is restored
by the Counts of Tusculum.
But finding the people will
not tolerate his crimes. he
sells the papal chair to Gre-
gory.

-—deposed for simony, by
alcouncil called by Henry
II .

1046. Pope Clement II.

1048. Damasctts11.,23 days.
“ Leo 1X., the first who
kept a regular army.

1053. —is defeated and taken
prisoner by the Normans.
1054. The papal chair vacant

one year.

Excommunication of the
Patriarch of Constantinople,
and the Greeks.

1055 Michael Psellus, a celebrated 1055. Pope Victor 11.

Greek philosopher and his-
torian.

English parents prohibited by
law from selling their chil-
dren.

First age of scholastic philoso,
phy-

Hildebrand, the real
head of the church from the
time of Leo 1X. The church
improving in piety and dis-
cipline.

1057. Pope Stephen IX.

1058. Nicholas II.
Benedict X., (antipope).
The election of pope

transferred to a conclave of

cardinals.

1039. Quarrel between the
popes and the German em-
perors. respecting,r investi.
tures and nomination to the
Holy See.

1061. Pope Alexander II.

1062. Bet-anger. a celebrated
French ecclesiastic.
Alexander forbids the
massacre of the Jews.

1066. Alexander deposes Ha-
rold, and gives England to
William the Conqueror,
duke of Normandy.

—del'eats the Bohemians
and Hungarians—claims the
right of nominating to the
papal chair.

1046. France z—Dis ute be-
tween William te Con-
queror and William of
Arques, for the duchy 0!
Normandy.

1053. Germany :—Henry 111.
causes his son, Henry, to be
proclaimed king of the R0-
mans. This title was ap-
plied, for several centuries,
to the king’s eldest son.

Ger. :-Henry “Lg
—(the Great), aged six years,
under the tutelage of his
mother.

1058. Roger, duke of Apulia,
becomes a vassal ot the

pope.

1060. Fr. :~-Ph i 1 ip I.§—.‘

 

uCharlemagne to William I.] THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. 85

A.D. EASTERN EMPIRE. ENGLAND, 550. THE WORLD, elsewhere.

 

 

 

 

1038 Earthquakes and famine at

Constantinople. 1039. ~11 a r d i c a n u te . —
Scot’d. :~—Macbeth mur-
1011 -—-—-M i c h a el V . . " ders Duncan, and usurps the

(Calaphales). throne,
The Saxon line restored
1042 —Zoe&Theodora.%-— under

-~ 1042. -—-E d w a r d@__ 1012. Denmark: — Magnus,

1042 -0 o n s t a n ti n e X , ,@_ (the Confessor). The coun- (the Good,) ofNorway,king.

 

(Monomarchus). try prospers under his mild
First liinvasion of the Seljuk sway.
’l‘ur s.

1043 The Russians invade Thrace
with 100,000 men, and are
repeatedly deteated by the
Greeks.

1047. Denmark 2—Sweyn Es-
tritson, or Suenon 11.

1050. The Pisans and Genoese

1051. Rebellion of Earl God- take Sardinia and Corsica
win and his sons. from the Saracens.
William, duke of Nor-
mandy, visits Edward.
1053. The Dane-gelt abolished.
Earl Godwin dies
The Welch and the Irish
several times invade Eng—
land, but are repressed by
Harold. son of Godwin.
1054. Macbeth defeated and 1055. The Turks reduce Bag.
the last of Macedonian dy- killed at Langfanan, by dad, and overturn the em-
nasty. Stward, earl of Northum- pjre of the caliphs.

1054 The Greek church becomes berland.
independent.

1056.—Michael v1. ,@_.
(Stra 'iotichus).

e
\ I:

Theodora,“

  

1054

 

1057 ——I s a a (3%“. __ 1057. Scotland z—Malcolm III.

(Comnenus). 1059. Sweden: -Inseldus_or
Inge 1., the first Christian
king.

1060. Robert Guiscard, the
Norman, is created by the
pope, duke of Apulia.

1062. 70,000 Europeans are

—— ' "v' 5“ killed or mate prisoners y

1059 235c22ft1ne XI" the ’I‘iirks in Palestine.

' 1065. Jerusalem taken by the

Saracens.
1065. Castile and Leon :-—-A1

1066. ——Harold 11., @_ phonzo, king.
elected king; killed at the
BATTLE of HASTINGS.

 

.. ._.._

—-—W1LI.IAMI, ;,;_ ——
duke of Normandy, styled

“the Conqueror.”
End of the Anglo-

Saxon dynasty. .
Edgar Atheling flies to
Scotland. 1

 

 

 

86

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

 

PERIOD. VI.——T/te Middle Ages.—(Continued.)—- ,~

 

A.D. PROGRESS or SOCIETY, etc.

Feudal System introduced in
England by the Normans.

in»? Surnames first used among
the English nobility.

“in! 1 Knights errant in Spain.

I

(higttlphus, historian, secre-
toiy t3 W.lltztm the Con-
[ oueror.

Marianas Scottts.
Booksellers first heard of.

London Edda-.3 and Westmin-
ster 1131) 1:1. 1.:

1081 Lanfranc, arthbismp of Can- '

terhury.

Doomsday Bock compiled by
order of Williain the Con-
queror.

' 1073. P op

 

ECCLESIASTICAL.

Popery at the height
of its power, claiming
supreme dominion, tem-
poral and spiritual, over
all the states of Christen<
dam.

e Gregory VII.,
(Hildebrand) who attempts
to tree all the clergy from
the Clvll jurisdiction. He
quarrels with the emperor.

1074. Simony and celibacy
forbidden.

1075. The pope sends legiites
to the various courts 01 Eu-
rope.

to depose the pope~is excom
barefoot to his holiness, makes
his feet.

1076. Tuscany and Genoa be
the Empress Matilda.

1078. The pope sets up Ru

grades Gregory for his in
an expedition into Italy, and
elected. The war continues

over Gregory, who flees to $3.

UB4 William of Spires, inadietia- L131. The order of the Garthu-

tictan.
A rigid police established i‘i
England—The our/kw.
Norman French taught in 1.11

the schools, and made use of

In all legal proceedings.

Bans instituted by Bruno.

Literature patronized in the 1&8“- Pope Victor 111.

East by Melek Shah.

1090 Fortress of Newcastle, and of

1092 Carlisle built.

K

1088. Urban II.

I

 

 

 

FRANCE, GERMANY, «Sc SPAIN.

1065. William. Duke of Nor.-

mandy, claims the crown of
England, and makes. war
upon Harold to obtain it.

1071. Philip engages in a
war with Robert, count of
Holland.

1072. Henry IV. of Germany,
summoned before the pope,
for selling Ihe investit-ureqf
bishops. Treats the man-
date with contempt.

1073. —stimmoned again by
Gregory V11.

1076. —sends an ambassador to
innnicated by'Gregory. Goes
humble subinisswn, and kisses

queathed to the Holy See by
1076. Spain:—The Cid. -

dolph, of Bavaria, as anti».
emperor. Rudolph dies in
1080. Ger. :—Henry IV. de-
trigues against him, and makes
pfiicures another pope to be
ti

1084, when Henry trium hs
lerno, and dies in exile inl ’.

1085. Spain :—'l‘nledo taken
from the Moors, by Don
Rodrigo, the Cid, assisted by
Raymond, count,ot‘ Tou—
louse.

1086. Spainz—The battle of
Zalaca.

1087. Francez—War with
England: Robert, duke oi
Normandy, opposes Wi1~
liam Rufus.

   

 

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

1066-1299.—— I'Vt'lliam the Conqueror to 01717711171 I.

87

 

 

 

 

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

A.D. EASTERN EMPIRE. ENGLAND & SCOTLAND. THE WORLD, elsewhere.
2:1
1056. —\V1LLIAM 1., 1r. ——
1067 ~ Eudncia. —-———— “THE CONQUEROR,” 111stof 1067. Poland: —- Boleslas 11.,
1 She marries the Norman line. —he conquers Russia
Romanus 11L,
(Dingenes.) He valiantly
hut vainly opposes the .
Turks —-— 1s defeated and 1068. Edgar Atheling, heir of 1058. Poland ;—Romanus D10-
taken piisoner bv Alp Ars- the Saxon line, takes refuge genes
1:111, Emir ot Omrah in Scotland. His sister,
Margaret, marries Malcolm
1071 Michael v11. ,@u 111. . fl ,
(Parapinaces) 1070 The feudal systeln m. 10/0.Norwayz—Bergenbutlt.
.. Iroduced by the king’ All
Andronicus 1_ $3159 the offices of the government
' placed in the 11. 111113 of Nor-
mans. The Norman lan-
guage introduced.
——Constantine XII @_ Malcolm Ill. of Scotland,
' ravages Durham.
1072. Peace between the Nor-
mans and the Scots
1074 Syria and Palestine subdued 1074- Syria. —-Melek Shah
by Melek Shah. (Emir,) extends hls domin3
ions from the Jaxartes to the
. Mediterranean.
1076. Robert. the kmg’s son. 1076. Denmark z—Harold IV.
raises a rebellion in Nor-
mandy. Palestine invaded and
subdued by Melek Shah.—
Jerusalem taken.
1077. Hungary: -—-Ladislas I.
1078 ——N1cephorus, @* 1079. Poland 2—Stanisla5, bi-
(Botoniates). shop of Cracow, murderedd
' 0' e mmumcate
l081 ———Alexius i1 ——(C0m ffified’gffifmé‘dw
nenus) "ie empire in- ~ :_ . ' _
vaded by Robert Gui~ca1d 1079. Poland Uladislasl
the Norman, who defeats
Alexius at Durazzo.
1083. Italy: ——- Rome taken

After the capture of Jerusa-
lem, by the Turks, the Chris-
tian pilgrims are insulted,
robbed and oppressed. which
gives rise to the crusades.
-——Great struggle between
Christianity and Mohamme-
danism.

 

1087. William invades France,
and is killed at Mantes.

1087 ——VVilliam 11.:
(Rufus)
Revolt of the Norman

nobles.

 

after a siege 01 two years,
b) ' Henry IV.

1084.13011EMIA erected into
a kingdom by the empereor
Henry IV.

1090. Sicily conquered by
Rogei the Nmman, after a
war of thirty years with it!
masters, the Saracens.

68’ THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [Period VI.—-T/Le hfia’dle Ages.—

FRANCE, GERMANY & SPAIN

 

LB. PROGRESS OF SOCIETY, etc.

IECCLESIASTICAL.

1093. Conrad. son of the em-
peror, rebels.

The popes continue‘ to struggle against the empire.

1094. Sp ai n :—Pedro I., k.
—-of Navarre and Arragon.

the Hermit, preaches against the Turks in all the countries of

109-3 The Crusades z—Peter,

Christendom.
THE COUNCIL OF CLERMONT.[

The FIRST CRUSADE ;— P e t e r t h e ‘ H e r m i t , and Walter, the Pennyless, set
out with a vast rabble, 300, 000 of whom perish before the warriors are ready to start.

1095

The chieftains of the first crusade were,
1. G 0d frey of Bruillor

or Boulogne.
Hugh of Vermandois.
R o b e rt of Normandy
Robert of Flanders.
Stephen of Chartres.
Raymond of Toulouse.
Bohemond.
T a n c r e d .

600,000 warriors, 100,000
cavalry.

Nathan Ben Jecht’el, learned
Jew.

@8999?“

1099 Knighlts of St. John insti- 1099. Pope Paschal II.
tute .
Anna Comnena, daughter of
Alexius 1., Eastern emperor,
historian.
1100 William of Poitou, first trou-
badour.

1104. Spain :—A1fonzo 1., king
of Navarre and Arragon.

1106. Ger. :‘—I-I e n ry V.
—ma1ntams the right of in-
vestiture.

Abelard, French scholastic.
Jefrcy of .Monmouth, histo-

nan.

1108.Fr.:—Louis VI.
”.1“? Gros. Abbé Sugar,
minister.

1109. Germany :—Henry en-
ters Italy, takes the pope
prisoner, and compels him
to crown him.

1114. Henry V. marries Ma-
tilda, of England.

1118 The Knights Templars. 1113. Pope Gelasius 11.

1119. Calistus II.

1118. Spainz—Al‘fcnso 1. cap-

“ tures Saragossa.

1120 Toérai, Hairi, and Abdallah
harfaddin, Arabian poets.

_ 1123. First Lateran or ninth
Scholastic Philosophy attains eneral council. ’

its hiWhest poxnt by the .- . ‘ ,

writings of Peter Abelard. ll Honorlus 11
Peter, the Lombard, (master

of sentences).

1120. Rivalry between Eng-
land and France com-
mences.

1125. Germany :—Lothairo

II. ——o osed b Fro-
..fi... 023..., .3... ..
Suabia.

 

1066—1229.—C entiniied.]

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

89

 

 

A.D.

EASTERN EMPIRE.

Order, learning, and com-
merce revive.

By the courage and talents of
the Comneni, the empire is
feared or respected by the
nations ofAsia and Europe.

1099 Invasion by the crusaders:

great numbers pass through
Constantinople.

Battle of Dorylaeum, which
secures the march of the
crusaders through Asia Mi-
nor.

1104 Acre taken by the crusaders.

1109 Tripolis taken by crusaders.

[111 Berytus and Sidon taken by the

1118 ————John 1.,

 

crusade rs.

'———(Comne-
nus),a noble prince; reforms
the manners 01 his people.

Tyre taken by the crusaders.

 

ENGLAND & SCOTLAND.

1093. Scotland :—Malcolm 111.
invades England, and is
slain near Alnwick Castle by
Roger de Mowbray.

1094. Scot. :—Donald Bane,

king.

William again invades
Nonnandy.

Sct’d. :—Duncaii usurps
the crown.

William quarrels with
Anselm, archbishop of Can
terbury.

1008. Scotland z—Edgar puts
out Donalt’s eyes and de-
thrones him.

1100. William 11. accidentally
shot by Sir Walter Tyrel.
gs

—IIenry I.,@——

(Beauclerc.) grants the Eng-
lish a charter, and marries
Maud, a Saxon, thus uniting
the Norman and Saxon inA
terests.

1101. Robert, duke of Nor-
mandy, invades England.

1106. Henry invades Norman-
dy; takes Robert prisoner
at the battle of Tinchebrai.

Scotland :«Alexander I.

1107. Henry quarrels with An-

selm.

1120. Shipwreck and death of 1120-

Prince William and 140 no-
blemen.

1124. Insurrection in Norman-

dy suppressed.

Scotland :»—David 1. pro-

motes civilization.

 

THE WORLD, elsewhere.

 

1095. Hungary :—~Coloman.

1096. Egyptt—Mustali, the.
eighth lt‘atimite caliph. He
takes Jerusalem.

1097. Baldwin founds the

principality of Edess’a.

1099. Jerusalem taken by the
crusaders, under Godfrey
who is elected king.

1102. Poland :—Boleslas III.

1105.

1106. Italy :—Venice, Genoa
and Pisa greatly enriched
by the crusades.

Denmark: — Nicholas.

1109. Norway :-—~Segurd’s ex-
pedition to Palestine.

1117. Persia 2—Sanjar subdue:
Khorasan and Samarkand.

1119. War between Pisa and
Genoa.
Italyz—Rise of the
house of Guelph.
Zengi, governor of M
sul, a great prince.

90 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

[Period VI.— The Illiddee 435,-:—

 

 

AJ). PROGRESS OF 30011511313113.

 

Aristotle’s logic comes into
repute.

1137 Pandecfs Qf the Roman law,
(Justiniun,) discovered at
Amaln, and the sludy Ol‘the
civil law revived.

1140 Gratian collectS the canon law.

William of (Ila/1218171171], Eng-
lish hiSturian

Vucaruts teaches civil law at
Oxford.

Othu, bishop of Friesengen,
histminn, inti'OduceS the pe
riputetic philosophy into
Ge1mnny.

Benjamin of ’I'udela, a Jew,
tranls 11mm Spain to India.
by Constantinople, and 10-
turns through Egypt.

1150 The magnetic needle known
in Italy.
Suidas. lexicograrl‘er.
Eben Ezra, of Toledo, Jewish
historian.

1155 Arnold. of Bles'cta, condemn
e-l unl burnt
Eltsla/hius, co' 11mentatm' on
Homer and Dionysius Per.

1558 Bank of Vmire established.-
Fairs 111. Leipsic.

London contains 40,000 inha-
bttants

Poem of the Cid.

College.S of theology, philoso-
phy and law at Paris.

English commeme confined to
the expouation of wool. —A
wooller. manufactury esta-
blished at Worsted, and soon
811.61 at Norwich.

____.

 

ECCLESIASTICAL. FRANCE, GERMANY & Swim.
lll2 Sp ain: —- Alfonzo VII.,
_ king, Leon and Castile.
1127. —makes war agamst

Roger, king of Sicily.
113). Innocent. II. and Anacle-
tus, rival popes. 1131. Sp ain :—GarciaIV.. king
oi Navarime
Rami1o 11., kingofAt'ra-
gon.
1135 Lothaire in Italy—cap-
ture of Amalfi.

1137. A pretended Messiah in 1137. F1. :—Louis VII.@
France. —(le Jeune).
1133. ~another in Persia. 1138. Germany: -— [I o u s e
o f S 11 a b i a :

-—C o n 1' a d 1. $—

1139. Second Lateran, or tenth 1139. Portugal becomes a. ma-

general council. (lom. --Hen1y of Besancon,
king.

il4l. Germany and Italy 7'

Dissensione of the G u e l is

1143. Pope Celestin II.
and Ghibelines.

“44. “ Luciusll.
l145. “ Eugenius III.

ll47.’l‘heSecondCrusade excited by St. Bernard,
and joined by the emperor Conrad and his nephew Fre<
deric Barbai'ossa, and Louis VII. of France.

1149. France —l’.ouis divorces
his queen, Eleanor who
mairies Henry 01 Anjou. af-
texwards king oi England;
thus Guienne and Poitou are
lost to France.

1150. Spain :—Sancho V., king
or Navarre.

1152. Germany and Italy: —-

Fiedeilc I ,@—-

(Barbarossa).

ll: '13. Pope AnastaSiuS IV.

1154. Pop eAdrian IV. (an Eng-
lislimzfn, Nicholas Breaks-
petite)

1157. Spain:— Castile and
Leon divided under Ferdi-
nand II and Sancho II

1158. Geimany: —'I‘he empe<
101' Frederic receives the
title of king of Bohemia at
the diet of Ratisbon :wcon-
quers Poland, and makes it
tributary.

1159 Pope Alexander 111.

Vicior IV. antipot )e.

1160 Quiet of the Carmelites
instiIuted.

The W 3, Id e n s e s and 1162. Fiederic destroys Miian.
Albigenses begin to ap- _ Spain: —- Alfonzc 1].,
pear king of Arragon.

1164. Pascal 111., antipope.

1167. Rome taken by Frederic Babarossn.

1168. Calistus 111., antipope.

‘4...“I

 

 

106641229.~Continued.] THE wonLD’s PROGRESS. 91

ENGLAND & SCOTLAND. THE WORLD, elsewhere.

 

A D. EASTERN EMPIRE.

-.—.__.__

 

 

Kelso, Melrose, and Holy-
rood house founded.
1127. Matilda, the king’s
rlz-tnghter. marries Geolfi'ey
Plantagenet.

   
 
  
   
  
   
  
 

l 131). Sweden 1~Ragwa1d I.
1133. “ Mugnus I.

2?!
- 1135. —SLephen@——
' of Blois.
1136. Matilda asserts her right
to the throne;
Darid, king of Scotland,
assists her.
1138. »—-is defeated in the “ bat-
tle of the Standard.”

1139. PORTUGAL becomes a
kingdom, under Alfonso 1%

 

é? 11-11. Stephen made prisoner
1143 ._ . ‘ __ at the battle of Lincoln.
Manuel Commenus Sweden :-Suerchor II.
1 L ‘ - . - Civil war: Ste )hcn and ,
Ef eqsa being retaken by the I 1147. Russia: ~— the city of

Turks, gives rise to the Matilda.

second crusade. Moscow founded.

1148 The Normans, under Roger. ,
arrive before Constantino- 1149- Henry Plantagenet 1n«

ple ; are repulsed by Manuel. vades England.

1150. Denmarkr—The coasts
infested with pirates.
1150. Sweden :r—Eric X

1151-1. ——chry II. .‘——

(Plantagenet).

1155 The Greeks reduce Apuliai
and Calabria. ,

1156 Manuel forms the design of
conqueringr Italy and the

western empire, but fails. 1157- Denmark: Waldemar I.

1158' Thomas a Becket intro- “58' Vemce a great marltlme

duced to the king’s notice by power.
1, * ’l‘heohold, archbishop of
1‘ Canterbury—becomes chan-
cellor and preceptor of the

prince.
115-9. Becket sent as ambassa-

dor to France.

1162. —made archbishop of 1162. Sweden :-—Charles VII.
Canterbury —~ opposes the

king. _ _

1164. ——re:=ists the constitutions
(If Clarendon —-—~ files to
France.

1166. Scotland :—VViIliam.
1167. Italy:—League of the
Italian cities to preserve
their liberties.

 

92

 

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

 

[Period VI.— The Middle Ages.—

 

 

 

 

 

 

AID. Pnocmrsss 0F SOCIETY, etc. ECCLESIASTICAL.
117‘5 Foundation of the military
order at Santiago.
”77 Circuit Judges appointed in
England.
i 1178. human! 111., antipope.
'17'3 The pope Alexander, by a special act, relieves the clergy

of Berkshire tron} keeping the
during his Visitation.

'l‘he \Valdenses spreztd over
circulated the Sacred Scrip
runners of Protestantism. Con
rttl Council, and severely per

Robert W’uce, first French
poet. 'l‘ranslution of his
Hist. dos Rois d’AItgleIerre,
by Laynnion, the first Eng-
lish composition.

 

John. Y'zetes Greek “ramme-
_ a a
rum.

JIat'monidcs, of Cordova, one
oi the most learned oi the
Jews.

11mm, of IIunIz’ngIon, and
HUI/tum, of 1Vewbury, his-
IUl‘lilRS.

Rainulph do Glzmville makes
a digest oi laws and customs
of England.

1189 Dreadful massacre of theJews
at the coronation of Richard
1.
1190 Teutonic order instituted.
Bonhodvli lbu Shadod,nuthor
of a. Life ot‘Suludm, in Aru-
bie.

The Jews become the princi-
pal bankers of the world.
1198 Order of the Holy Trinity in-
stituted in Germany.

 

archdeacon’s (logs and hawks

the valley of Piedmont. They
tures. They were the fore-
denmed by the Eleventh Gene-
scouted.

1179. Third Lateran, or Ele-
venth General Council.

1181. Pope Lucius III.

1185. Pope Urban III.

1187. Pope Gregory VIII.
1187. “ Clement 111.

1190. Third Crusade
France, and Richard, of Eng
rossa.

1191. Pope Celestine 111.

1198. Pope Innocent 111.

 

 

FRANCE, GERMANY, dc SPAIN.

 

1170. Fromm—The VValtlen.
ses. They derived their
name from Peter W'at’do, a.
merchant of Lyons.

1174. Frederick’s fourth expe.
dition into Italy.

1176. Frederick defeated at the
battle of Legnano.

1178. Henry, the Lion, duke
of Saxony, deposed, and
Saxony divided.

1180.Fr.:—-Philip 11.,é It
(Auguste).

    
 
 
  
 
  
  
   

1183. The Peace 0 Constance
re-establishes t e independ-
ence of Italian republics.

1188. Spain: — Alfonzo IX.
king 01' Leon.

led by Philip Augustus, of
land, and Frederick Barbe.

1190. Ger. z—II e nry VL§
emperor and king of 1 y

and the Sicilies.

1196. Richard Coaur do Lion
seized and retained in cap-
tmty. _

1198. Phili , of Suabia, and.
Otho,of xony, dispute the ‘
crown; the formersupm
ported by the Ghibelineg
and the latter by the Gu’dfit;

x

 

93

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

 

10 '6-1299.-—Continued.]

 

 

 

 

 

 

11.1). EASTERN EMPIRE.

l
1180 Alexius Hg“
1183 Andromcus I. @——
1183 -——-—lsaac Kg“

(Angelus).

The empire invaded by the
Bulgarians.

1190 Icomum taken by Frederick
Barbarossa, but afterwards
restored.

 

   

1195 ————Alexius Angelus,@——
4,, usurper and tyrant.

  

-——____._..—-——~-——__“_

THE VVoRLD, elsewhere.

 

1170. Becket returns to Eng-
land, and is murdered at the
altar.

1172.11enry conquers
11' e l a n d.

1171. Egyptt—SALADIN, sul

tan.

~—]Ie extends his (1. mi—
nions in Egypt, and con-
quers Syria, Assyria, Meso-
potamia, and Arabia.

1174. ‘ Treaty of Falaise, in 1174. Poland z—Miecislaus 111.
which William agrees to do
homage tor Scotland.

Henry makes a pilgri-
mage to the shrine ofBecket.

1175. Portugal—a fief of the

ENGLAND & SCOTLAND.
Holy See.

1178. Poland:-oCasin1ir, (the
Just

1182. Denmark z—Canute.

1183. Suladin takes Aleppo,
and (It-poses the sultan of
Mosul.

1185. Portugal I—Sancho I.
1185. Saladirt directs all his
efforts against the crusaders.

1187, ——gains the victory of
Tiberias, and takes Jerusa-
lem, which leads to

  

1190. The third crusade. .

 

11851—1“ chard 1.
(Guam de Lion). He en-
gages in the third crusade.

1191. Kingdom of Cyprus
founded.
1191. Acre taken by the cru-

saders.

1193. Richard defeats Saladin in the battle of Ascaion; but,
abandoned by his associates, concludes a truce of three

ears. . .
1,193. John attempts to seize 1193. Saladln dies.

the crown in the absence of
Richard.

94

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

[Period V1 .-——- The Midfie’tfgidé—

 

 

A.D. PROGRESS OF Soous'ri', etc.

ECCLESIASTICAL.

 

 

 

FRANCE, GERMANY & SPAIN.

 

The power of the pope supre inc—Rome mistress of the world, and kings her vassals ;

'1200 The University of Bologna 1200 The pope excommunica

contains lo 000 students.
[202. The fourth crusade by

. Venetinns under the Marquis
[203 Ville Hardouin, historian. Constantinople.
Sara Gram/nations,historian.g

1201. The Inquisition in Fran
1.306 University quaris founded.

1209 The order of F1 r'anctscan f'li ms instituted.

The works of Alistotle, im
pottel tron) Constan inople,
Condemned by the council
at Paris

Bitter persecution of the
Albigeuses.

Period of the Troubadours in
France; the [Minstrels in
England; and the filimte-
singers in Germany.

The doctrine oftrstnsub-
stantizition andA auricular
contesston established.

1215. Fourth Lateran, and
twelfth General Council
against the Albigenses, and
all heretics.

l‘21t5. l’ope Honorius Ill.

1217. The fifth crusade by
Andrew 11., king of Hun-
gai'y.

1222 Universityqfl’udua founded.

Stephen Langton, archbishop

Canterbury. 1227. Pope Gregory IX.

1229. The Inquisition atTou-

louse.
The Scripturesforbi'd-
den to all laymen.

tes Philip of France.

the French, Germans,
of

CE.

  
  
 
   
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
   
     

and

Monserrut. They take

Normandy reunited to
France.

1210. Germany :—0tho placeJ
under the ban of the pope.

l212.——Frederiekll.é

Spain: —The Chtistians
gain the battle oi Navas do
Tolosa.

1215. Otho loses the name 0!
Bovines.

[217. Spain z—Ferdinand, king
——of Casino.

1223 F12: Louis VIII. é
——(Tlie Lion)

Crusade against the Al- .
bigenses. »

1226 Fr.: Louis 1X. é .
—-—(Saint). -
1227. Germany 1—Crusade of -
the emperor after being 08‘ » '
communicated. »
1230 Spainz—Castile ant-l
Leon united by Fe ., w
111., who takes Cordon
ville. Cm,1:e.f = . '
Much. " "

 

 

 

10664299.-—~Cohtinued.] THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. 95
i1) EASTERN EMPIRE. , ENGLAND <3; SCOTLAND. I THE WORLD, elsewhere.

 

 

Richard, returningr home
in disguise, through Ger-
many, 13 imprisoned. Is
ransometl by his subjects {(11
10, 000 111.11 in

—declares war against
France.

1199.1'iicl1a1ddies.

12011— John, @——

 

 

(Lackland.)
15301 Pimce Arthur suppo1ted 1202. Denmark: —VValden1ar
by Fr.ance 11
Poland: —— Lesco, (the
white).
L1von1a :—Itistitution of
1204 Alexius IV the order of short _swords to
The crusaders plunder Con conquer the Prussmns.
stantinople.
Baldwin, count of Flandeis.
1206. Genghis Khan
1206 Henry II % subdues the north of China.

 

 

1207. The kingdomlaid under
an interdict.
1208. John excommunicated.
lontlon obtains the 1'1 rht
to elect its own Loni May or.

1210. Italy :—First war of Va-
nice and Genoa.

1213. The pope declares John 1213. Russia. :—-Jurj‘e II.
a usurper. John submits to
hold his crown as a vassal of
the pope.

1214. Scotland :—A1exanderII. 1214 F1ede1ick cedes to Den.

mark all the provinces be-

yond the Elbe and Eiser.

1215. Magma Charta signed at
Runnymede.

 
   

 

' l
1216 —— Peter @* 1216 —Henry III @— 1216. Taitary :'—Ove11un by

(41h Plantagenet ) the h01des ofGenghis Khan
Ball of Pembroke, pro- 1217 No1way z—liacoV.
tector.

 

———- Robert @“

1222. Two Greek kingdomsin
Asia, Nice and T1'eb1zond.

1224. Henry’s province of John Ducas, emperor of
Poitou seized by the king of Nice.
France. Hungary : — Charter of

Andrew ”11. Foundation of
the national liberty.

—-John of Brianne, —-
king of Jerusalem, and em 1229. Firstexpedition ofHenry 1234 Italy :—War of the I om-
peror. into France for 1he recovery bard cities with Fredenck oi

of his estates. Germany.

1233. First discovery of coal 1236. Dreadful invasion oi

.7 . .. ' , .. .@~—— at Newcastle. Europe by the Mongols. un-
til“ . BaldwinJI . der Batu Khan.

. l

 

 

 

 

 

Hanseatic

 

96 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [Period VL—T/ze Middle Ages:-
A.D. PROGRESS or SOCIETY, etc. ECGLESIASTICAL. FRANCE, GERMANY &SPA1N.
1238. Germany: —-— Frederic
. again excommunicated.
1241. Pope Celestine IV.
Robert, of Gloucester, the first
English writer in rhyme.
1213. Pope Innocent IV. 1243_ T h e
Continual struggles with 1 e a g u e—the chief towns
the emperor Frederic. are Lubec, Cologne, Bruns-
wick. and Dantzic.
‘ 1246. Henry of Thuringia set
Sect of the Flagellants. up for emperor by the pope,
and
1247 First war fleet in Spain at the ‘ 1247. William, of Holland.
conquest of Seville. 1 1248. France z—Louis sets out.
Foundation of the Alhambra ’ on the seventh crusade.
near Granada.
1.249 StaEdmund, 01' Canterbury,
res.
1250 The Universityqf Salaman- 1250. Germany:———————-
ca founded.
C o n r a d I V .
1252. Spainz—Alfonso X. --
1254. Pope Alexander IV. king 01' Castile and Leon.
The Jews every where
persecuted.
Silk manufizctory in Lucca;
woollen in .Milttn and Tus-
cany.
Peter, of Album, astrologer,
physician, and naturalist.
Rubraquis travels among the
Mongols.
1261 Private war and judicial com- 1261. Pope Urban IV.. 1261. France z—Burgundy falls
bats suppressed in France . The popes ' claim the to the crown.
by the laws of St. Louis. right of 13113581111113 '0 every
beneflce in the world.
1261 Parliament in England.

/
ope succeeds in
taly, and places

1255. The
The monastic orders, by their mutton 0‘
wealth, rigid discipline, 0‘ haples.

and opular influence be- .,_
comep owerful aids to ,pon- 12"”- Pope Clement IV-

tzfzca amoztzon. 1266. Henry of Castile, a

1268. No pope for about three
years.

1271. Pope Gregory X.

his long struggle for the d0<
Charles of ADJOU on the throne

Roman senator.

1268.

Pragmatic sanction—- .
foundation of the‘liberties of
the Galllcan church.

1270. France :—Lonis IX. sets

out on the eighth and last
crusade, and dies before
Tums—~succeeded by

—-Philip III.&—

(The Hardy).

 

 

 

 

twp;

Mlfigfir-flonfihuedfl
. .

L’o'.‘ "

THE'WORLD%

 

EASTERN EMPIRE.

 

1260 —Michael Palmologus.@——
1251 —recovers Constantinople.

The Mongols in Asia Minor.

138 The Mongols take Antioch.

 

l

ENGLAND & SCOTLAND.

1240. Richard, earl of Corn-

PROGRESS 97

THE WORLD, elsewhere.

wall, heads the sixth cru- 1241. Denmark t—Eric VI,

sade, and redeems Jerusa-
lem.

1242. Second expedition into
France~defeated and com-
pelled to make peace.

1246. Henry marries Eleanor,
of Provence.

1249. Scot. : AlexanderII.
—Repulscs Haco, king
of Norway — obtains the
Scottish Isles.

1258. Famous parliament at
Oxford. S i m o n d e
M o n t f o r t .

1259. Peace with France.

0

 

1265. First regular parlz‘w
ment.—Civil war—the king
made prisoner at Lewes—is
released, and gains the bat-
tle of Evesham.

1270. Prince Edward joins the
eighth crusade.

1249. The Hanse towns cap;
lure Copenhagen.

1250. Egyptz—The M a m e-
1 u k e s rule—take Damas-
cus and Aleppo.

1255. Nice :—Theodore Lasca-
ris, emperor.

1256. Hulaku enters Persia,
becomes sultan—takes Bag-
dad, and puts an e n d t o
the caliphate.

1258. Italyz—Dreadful naval
war between Venice and
Genoa.

1259. Chinaz—Kublai Khan
builds Pekin, and makes it
his capital.

1261. Norway :—1ce1and sub-
jected.
Italy :——Charles I.
1262. —becomes a papal fief.
Greenland tributary to
Norway.
Norway :—

 

 

 

 

Magnus II.
1265. Abaka Khan of Persia.

1266. Magnus, of Norway
cedes to Scotland the lie
brides and the Isle orl Man.

1270. Hungary :—-———.———

Stephen V. @ -——-

 

98

 

 

AJ). Pnoeasss or SOCIETY, etc.

1272 [llama Polo travels
East as tar as Pekin.

in the

1273 First patent qfnobiliiy grant-
ed to his goldsmith by the
king: of France. This was
designed as an attack upon
the feudal barons, and all
the landed and hereditary
aristocracy.

Literature and science flourish
in Spain, under Alfonzo, the
learned.

1276 Chivalry and the tournaments
introduced into Sweden.
1279 University of Lisbon founded.

Roger Bacon, of Oxford, the
most. learned man of the
middle ages.

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

 

[Period VL—T/ae Middle Ages:-

ECCLESIASTICAL.

FRANCE, GERMANY, & SPAIN.

12‘2. Languedoc falls to the
crown,

1W3. Ger. :—-Rodolph.§

founds the house of
Hapsburg.

1274. 14th General Council at Lyons; first re-union of
the Eastern and Western Churches.

1276. Pope Innocent V., 4 mos. 1276. France at war with Cu-
“ Adrian V., 1 mo. tile.
“ John XXL, 8 mos.

1277. Nicholas 111., enriching
his family at the expense of
the church—he introduces
Nepotism.

1281. Pope Martin IV.

 

235 Institution of the three great
courts of law In England.

Nicholas IV. patronizes .civil
improves and embellishes

Aloert, the mathematician, and
Provencal poet.

  
    

1283. Germany- ——Rodc. 11
makes his son, Albert, du e
of Austria.

1285. Fr. 2—Phi1ip IV.§
—(the Fair.)

1285. Pope Honorius IV.

1286. Spain z—Alfonzo [11.
king of Arragon.

1288. Pope Nicholas IV.

and religious literature, and
Rome.

 

 

 

106641299.—‘Continued.] THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. '99
- ALD. EASTERN EMPIRE. ENGLAND dz: SCOTLAND. THE WORLD, elsewhere.

 

1272.—-~ E d w a r d I @— 1272 Hungary:

——Vludislas VL@-
Andronicus, @“
(the Elder.)

 

___.

 

1273

1274 Union with the Latin church.

1276. War between England 1276. Sweden:—Magmis I.
and Wales.
ltLussia z—Hanseatic set-
tlement at Novogorod.

1279. China:—Kublia Khan
subdues the southern king-
dom, and becomes the Great
Khan.

China visited by Marco

Polo. -

1279. Poland :—Lesco II. —-

1279. Portugal :—Dennis,@
-—the father of his coun-

try.
1280. Norway z—Eric II.@-

 

1277 Perseéution of the Greeks.

-

1281 0thman establishes an inde-
pendent rule, as chief of 1282. Sicilian 'vespers.

400 families, in the noxth of 1282. Denmark 1—Parl1ament
Asia Minor. 1283. Edward has a son born at VVurtemburg.

at Caemarvon, from which First Handveste.
the title, Prince of Wales,
descends to the eldest son of
the king.
Scotland :-Robert Bruce and
John Balliol contend for the
crown.

1236. Denmark :——Eric VI.@

1289. Last payment of uibute 1289. The Mongols invade

to the pope. Hungary and Poland.
1290. Hungary : —-AndrewIII.

the Venetian. '

Poland :— Wenceslas,
king of Bohemia, takes Cra-
cow, and becomes duke o
Lesser Poland.

 

100 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [Period VL—Tite MiddleAgésn—é

 

 

A-D. PROGRESS OF Socmrr, etc. ECGLESIASTICAL. FRANCE, GERMANY «Sc SPAIN.

 

Peter, ‘qf Albmzo, astrologer, [291. Germany :-————-
phystciau, and naturalist.

 

~Adolphus,

of Nassau.
John IIonwood, of England 1292. Celestine V.—he abdi-
astronomer. rates.
1292. The papal chair vacant Spain;_.James 11. k. of

two years and three months. Arragon.
Institution 0! the order

Richard Middleton. of the Cclestines.

Cimabue, the first of modern
painters at Florence. .
1294. Pope Boniface VIII.

Arnolf dz Lupe, the father of
modern Italian architecture. 129-5. Spain : - Ferdinand IV.
in Castile a: d Leon.

The Influence of the 1296. Struggles with France.
crusades was great
——-edtpc‘t‘r£ding the
n o ‘uro 1 -—r -
fbilnningjthe 5,33,58,51 l297; Canonization of Louis
manners —~ exciting D‘- Pliilip successfully in-
a spirit of geogra- vadesFlanders.
phical research and
adventure—and pro-
mot ing improvement l298. Germany: —- Adolphus
in the arts and sci- deposed by a Diet, which
encesmthus under mining instead of elects
strengthenin the
1299 First letters of marque grant- pawsrofpapaléhme, -—-Albert 1_ __.
ed by Edward III. against by advancin libe~ son of R0dulph.—Adul,yhus
the Portuguese. r at ideas an free- slain in the struggle which
dam of thought. ensues.

mum”...

 

 

'um'W‘xel‘s by the Ma-
~melukes~end of the king-
' dom of Jerusalem.

m The Mongols drive the last
W tubal! ho? Iconium {mm his

\.

The Genoese obtain the trade
of the Black Sea, and rise to
great power

If. N' 2:. .’ ‘

Nicomedia,
Msthe Ottoman

“m. $112611
Q 33’! 1921::

Efiazalw wwommn. —T—1u: WORLD. elsewhere. -

H...

1291. Edward decides Ihs ..
Scotti~h dispute in favor ol . W
Baliol. .

3?;

1292. A pi1atical warfare be- 1292. Hungary—The p0 pa
tween England andl"1ance. sets up Charles Martel,
-—Philip gets possession ol crown prince oi Naples,”
Guienne. king

. Ins" ‘
1291. China z-Tymui‘ Khan.

1295. Poland:
~Premislas 11%?—

; I

1296. Ball 1 defeated; sub 1296. Poland :—-Less 11 fiu-
mits to Edward.

/

1297. Scotland :—-S i r W i l -
liam Wallace.—Sir
William Douglas,
Robert Bruce, and
other chiefs head a rebellion
against the English.

129.. —tl1ey are defeated at 1299 Foundation 97
Falkirk by king Edward I . (M‘OMAN'. or
EMPIRE in By
dew )thmanl.

 

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

PERIOD VII.— The i’mddle Ages—1299 to 1453.—

 

LD.

130.)

I302

[303

PROGRESS OF SOCIETY, etc.

 

1305

ECCLESIASTICAL.

 

University at Lyons founded.
-—ltapitl advances in civili-
zation—Revival of ancient
learning.—Improvements in
the arts and sciences—anti
progress of liberty.

THE MARINER’S Com-
? A s s invented at Naples,
by Giuiu, native of Atnalti.

University at Avignon.

1) ante , the father of modern
Italian poetry. flourishes.
Annel the struggles of the
Guell's antl Chibelines,
Italy becomes the cradle of
motlern literature and im-

provtng civilization.

 

University at Orleans.

1307 University at Perugia.

1308

I310 Knish/s

University at Coimbm.

of St. John at

‘ Rhodes.

I303. Pope Boniface VIII.
Council of Paris.
Bull unam sanctum.
Pope Benedict XI.
Vacancy in the papal
chair nearly eleven monhs.
_ —-’1'/te papal power de-
cluzes.

1305. Pope Clement V.
Seatot‘ the popes

311 Order of Knights Templar l3ll.GenerulCouncilatVien-

aliolishetl.—'I‘he barons in
England extort from Eti-
ward II. a retormation of
abuses. Parliaments are to
be held every year, and to
appoint to all important
offices.

na.

Another vacancy in the
papal chair of more than
two years.

1316. Pope John XXII.
Taxes imposed upon all
the countries of Europe, to
enrich the treasury of the
church.

FRANCE, GERMANY, & SPAIN

 

1302. First convocation of the
States-general in France.
Guienne restored to Eng-
land.

1304. France at war with
Flanders.

Germany :— The Swiss
towns rise into importance
—oppressed by the House of
Hapsburg.

transferred to Avig-
n on.
1306. Persecution of the Jews
in France.
Germany—Rudolf

of Austria-@

I307. Persecution

Knights Templar.

Ger.:—— William Tell
shoots Gesler.

 

of the

1308. Germany 2—“ e n r y
a

of Luxetnburag
General insurrection in
Swiizcrltnttl. .
I300. Swim—Ferdinand 1V.
takes Gibraltar.

 

1311. Lyons united to France.

13l2. Spain z—Alt‘onzo XI.

——ot‘ Castile and Leon.
[314. Fr. :-L o uis X .g—
(Ilium) -
Ger. z—Louis of Bava-
ria, and Frederick of Aus-
tria. contend for the crow n.
1315. Fr. :—Etlict for the en-

franchisement of slaves.
Battle ot~ Morgarten—the

Austrians defeated by the
Swiss.

 

1316. Fr. :—P h i I i p V. —
(the Long.) He succce '3 by
Virtue of the Sali uc .kw

now first establisheu.

 

 

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

154 years.— Jhmam to the Fall of the Eastern Empire.

103

 

AD.

 

EASTERN EMPIRE. ENGLAND «SE SCOTLAND.

1303 \Var of the Catalans, under 1303. Edward invades Scot-
Roger de Flor. land. —— Wallace betrayed

Otlmian increases his posses. and beheaded—Scotland

sions; abandons Ithe pasto- submits. .
ral life, and fortlfies towns Edward recovers Gui-
and castles. enne.

1306. Scotland : —- R o b e rt
B r u c e proclaimed king
—is obliged to flee; but.
Edward (lying, resumes his
position.

5.."
1307. Eng. :Edwardllfig
Scot. :—-Bruce strength-
ens himself by repeated ad-
:iragqiges and prudent con-
: 33:2.

 

1310 The Knights of St. John of \
Jerusalem, established at.
Rh )des.

1314. Edward invades Scot-
land, and is defeated at the
Battle of Bannock-
b u r n .

The Scots invade Eng-
land and Ireland.

 

THE WORLD, elsewhere.

1301. Hungary z—Andrew, the

 

Venetiang
Extinction of the house

of Arpad.
—W'enceslas III. of B0-

 

1304. —Otto V.‘ of Bava-

,fss.
ria.‘

 

1305. Polar r1 z—Vladislas IV.,
in Little Poland, and
Duke Henry, of Glogau,
in Great Poland.
Russia. subject to the
Khan of Tartm'y.

1307. Switzerland:—
VV m. T e l l escapes from
Gesler:

SWISS R e
founded, Nov, 7.
1308. Hungary :——Carobert, of

Anjou. fig

publics

  

 

1309. Poland united into one
monarchy under Vladislas
1V.

Naples:-——Robert, the
Good. [1e aspires to the
dominion of ltaly.

1310. Italy :—The Council of
Ten established at Venice.

1313. Italy ;-Matten Vieconti.
1314, Tunis made tributary to
Spain.

 

1316. Italy :—Caetruccio, Lord
of Lucca and Pisa

1317. Robert, the Good, asena—
tor of Rome, and

1318. —1ord of Genoa.

1319. Final establishmen 0!
the oligarchy at Venice.

0

M4

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

[Period --VII.-— T/‘te Middle Aggéii

 

A.D.

PROGRESS or Socierv, etc.

 

 

1321 Dante, dies.

1393 John de [Hart's introduces
notes ofditi‘erent length into
music—and the method of
distinguishing them.

Romance poetry of the middle
ages flourishes.

3335 Mayronis commences the cele-
brated disputations in the
Sorbonne.

1326 Clock constructed on mathe-
matical principles, by Rich-
ard Voligtbrt.

Lz'nna, a monk, and astrono-
mer ot_0xtord, constructs a.
map ol the northern seas.

'I‘homnsprradwardine, arch-
bishop of Canterbury.

1331 Giotto, a. shepherd boy, the
first who drew portraits
_ from lite.

1330 Greek lilerature revives.—
Barlamn teaches Perl-arch.
-Leontt‘us lectures on {Io-
mcr at Florence.

First comet, whose course has
been accurately described.

GUNPOIVDER in use at
the bottle of Cressy.

Lippo Memmi Giott'no, Flo-
rentine painter.

1337

1311.)

1345 First bank at Genoa.

 

1347 Democracy at Rome, under
bunes.

Alamtfactures improve in
England. — Commerce in»
creases.

1350 Barrows and Baldus, cele-
brated J urtsts

Merino shee
Spain, by star IV. of Ara.-

gon.
“56 Sir John Mandeville’s Tra-

yels, the first English book
in prose.

it...

introduced into 1354.Rienzi killed.

Eccnssmsrtcnt»

 

FRANCE, GERMANY, 6; Sum.

1322. France:—-Charles

I V.®—(the Fair.)

Germany t—Frederic, of
Austria deteated and taken
prisoner.

1331 Contest 0f the. popes 132.4. Germanyz—Louis ex-

with Louis of Bavaria.

1328. Crusade preached agztins;

Louis, who sets up Nicholas

V, as anti-pope.

1334. Pope Benedict XII.

1339. Struggles in Rome be-
tween the Colonna and the
Ursini.

1342. Pope Clement VI.

Ricnzi, the last of the Tri-

1352. Pope Innocent VI.‘

cardinal legqte, restores the
papal dominion.

communicated by John XII.
—-appeals to a general coun-
cil.

,

1338. France 2—Ph i l i p VI

of Valois. ——

l33‘2. France z—Tho Fleming:
revolt and acknowledge Ed-
ward III. as king 0| France.

1338. France :—War with Eng-
land.

Germany :—Declaration
of the Diet of Frankfort,
that the pope had no tempo-
ral power in the empire.

Louis sides with the
English against France;

l346. France: —-~ Normandy
overrun by Edward, with
his son, the Black Prince.—
French defeated at Oressy.
Germany :—0 h a r 1 es
IV., king of Bohemia.
The empire otTeretl to
Edward 111,, who declines.

1350. France :—J o h n ,g—
(the Good.)

—-Albernoz. 1355, Germanyz—Promulga- ‘

tion of the golden Bull.
1356. France z—Kiog John de-
feated and taken prisoner at
Putters—Charles the dot»
phin regent. ‘ _
Insurrection in Pans. _

taco. Frauen—40M ”W .1
hislibertv-«ce‘durpfi " f

ritory to England. .

5‘:

 

3
a
3:
:3

     
    
   
  
    
  
 
 
    
 
  

 

and"). o“.—

   

1299-1453—151yum—Continued] THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

105

 

 

 

EASTERN EMPlRE. ENGLAND &. SCOTLAND.

[1.13.1

 

THE VVORLD, elsewhere.

 

1320 Disputes and civil war be-
tween the emperor and his
son, Michael.

1322. Lancaster executed.
131:3 Conspiracy against the
mg.

1326 Orkhan, sultan of the Turks,
makes Prusa his capital.

- 1327. Peace between Scotland
and England.——’l‘he inde-
pendence 01' Scotland ac-
knowledged.

 

Andronicus, a:
(the younger.)

1328

 

—EDWARD 111.1’: ~
1329. Scotland :——David 11.

. 1332. Edward invades Scot-
land.—Balliol crowned, but
soon expelled.

1333. Battle of Halidon Hill.
—Balliol restored—does ho-
mage to Edward.

1338. Struggle for the French
crown,which lasts 120 years.

13-10. The victory of Helvoet
Sluys—gives spirit to the
English navy.

David, of Scotland, in-
vades England.

1346. Battle ofCressy.

1341 ~John Cantacuzene. @._

1117. Siege and capture of
."Jalais.

1318 War with the Genoese, defeat
01' the Greeks and Venetians.

1350. Victory over the Spanish
fleet. — Parliament divided
into two chambers, lords
spiritual and temporal.

13.5.5 ——John Palaeologus.@—

356.Edward, the
Black Prince,
gains the battle of

Poitiers.—-John made
prisoner. —-Two years’ truce.
—Edward again invades
Scotland—is obliged to re-
treat.

1358. —again invades France.

.1360 Amurath 1., Sultan of the 1360. Peace of Bretigni.
Turks. ‘

5*

1320. Russia: — The grand
duchy of VVladitnir_conier-
red on Ivan DaniJOVitsch.

1326. Tartarv :-—-—T a m e r -
l a n e born at Kesh.

1327. Italy :—-Invaded by Louis,
emperor of Germany.

1333. Polandz—Casimir the

Great.@—-

1339. Italyz—Simon Bocane-
gra, (loge of Genoa.

1340. Denmark : — Waldemar
1V. restorel' of the kingdom

1342. Hungary :——Louis the
Great.

1343. Italy : — Commercial
treaty between Venice and
the sultan 01' Egypt and
Syria.

1347. Italy:—R i e n z i , the
lastoi’ the Tribunes, rules
at Rome.

1350. Italy z—Naval war be-
tween Venice and Genoa.
1353. Establishment 01' the Ot-

tomans in Europe.
1354. Italy z—Rienzi killed—
papal power restored.

1356. First war between Hun-
gary and Venice.

1359. Hungary :——Contjuest Of
the principalities lying on
the Danube.

106 THE WORLD’S mealtimes. [Period VII.-—‘I‘-'lze mmggaSA

 

 

 

Ln. Paoonnss or Socmrv, etc. ECGLESIASTICAL. ansca, GERMANY 6L SPA‘XN.

Pelrarch and Baccacz‘o. 1352. Pope Urban V. at Avig-l
nun—beautifics the city 0| 1364. Fr. ;_0 ha rles v ,
Rome——presents the right —-—(the Wise.) ’
arm of Thomas Aquinas to
1351 Charles V. founds a. college of Charles V. of France, as an
medicine and astrology at object of worship.
Paris.

1365 Foundation of the University 1365. War with Navarre-abat-
Qf Vienna. tle of Amoy.

1370. Pope Gregory IX.
Geof. Chaucer,father
of English poetry.

1378. “ Schism of the I‘Vest :” 1378. Germany :—We nces-
Pope Urban Vl. ac- .las, (king of Bohemia),
knowledgetl in the empire emperor.
and England.

Clement VII. acknow~
1380 Mysteries played in France. ledgetl in France, Spam, and 1380. Fr. : C h a r l e s V I .é
Scotland. —(lhe Maniac).

1382. Battle of Rosbecq—the
Flemings defeated ——Ar!e-
I383 Wicklzfe’s translation of the wide killed.
Bible.

. , . , 1386. France :- Fruitless at-
1385 Uziweriszlty 9f Hezdelberg tempt to invade England.
(hum e! .

Froissarl’s Chronicles.
' John Van Eyck, invented oil
paintintr— founder of the
Flemis}: school.

1389. Pope Boniface IX. at

Rom .
1390 The first mill in Germany for e
the manufacture of linen 1391. The English clergy for-

per. biid t - m 1‘ 2. — '
1392 Cfiucer’s Astrolabe written. benefit-3:. cross 3 .8“ or laadneg‘m“ seized “‘91
1394. I‘o e Benedict XIII. 1394. German :—The em
Revival of Greek literature in ‘ p or imprisonZd by the pom
Italy. of Prague.

1400 Chaucer dies.

1400. Ger. :—R o b e r t ,i—
(Count Famine).

I402 John Gower, English poet. ~ :15 '~

 

   
    
      
  

I299‘—1453.—-154 years—Continued]

 

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

107

 

AJ'). EASTERN EMPIRE. ENGLAND & SCOTLAND.

1362. The Black Prince aids
Peter the Cruel, 0f Castile,
to recover his throne.

1369. A new war with France;
unsuccessful.

1371. Scotland :——Robert 11.—
the House of Stuart.

1376. Death of the Black
Prince.

1377.—Richard II. @—

First Speaker of the House
of Commons.

1373 Treaty with Murad, the Otto-
man emperor.

1378. Fruitless invasion of
France.
Insurrection of Wat Ty-
ler.

1382. The king marries Anne,
daughter of Charles IV.

1384. The‘Scots, assisted by
France, invade England.

1385. The English burn Edin-
burgh.

1388. Battle of Otterbourne.
1390. Scotland : Robert III.

1389 Bajazet 1., sultan of the Turks.

Manuel 11%—

 

   
 

1391 Persecution of the Wick-
emperor. Iifites.
1396 Victory; 0; Nicopolisg—Sigis-
gorfiéjgzelilitngary, efeated 1398. Henry, of Lancaster,
banished. .
House of Lancas-
t e r :—

1399. —I-Ienry IV.

Richard II. deposed.
1401. Rebellion of Owen Glen-
1402 Bajazet. defeated and made (lower, and

the battle of Angora.
Shrewsbury.

 

prisoner by Tamer-lane, at 1403. of the Percys, who are
defeated at. the battle of

THE WORLD, elsewhere.
—_—1——————.__

1362.
Pisa an

Ital :—War between
Florence.

1369. Tartary: —- Tamerlane
makes Samarcand the capi-
tal of his new empire.

1370. Poland :—Extinction oi
the royal race of Piasts.

l378. Italy :———Silvester de Me-
dici, gonfaloniere of Flo-
rence.

1380. Russia 2—Dimitri Ivano-
vitsch victorious over the
’I‘artars, near the Don.

1382. The Tartars sack Mos-
cow.

1381. Persia: ——Invaded by
Tamerlane; Ispahan taken.
—Pyramids ofhuman heads.

1385. War between Austria
and Switzerland.

1386. Battle of Sempachz—
the Austrians defeated.

1387. Denmark 6:. Norway :—

Margaret, @——~the Semi
ramis of the north.

1391. Italyz—Pisa falls under
the yoke of the Visconti.

1395. Tamerlane overruns
Kipchak and Russia.

1397. Union of Calmar, form-
ing Denmark, Sweden, and
Norway into a. single mo-
narchy.

1399. Invasion of India by
'I‘amerlane.

108 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

Eccnestnsrtcnn.

 

LO.

I’itooazss 0F SOCIETY, etc.

 

 

HO 1. Pope Innocent VII.
1-106. " Gregory XII.
1407 Rod/igo, of Zamora, Spantsh
historian.
1409 Universityqf Lez‘psz‘c found- 1409. The councilot‘ Pisa de-
e.d poses Gregory and Rene-
dict, and elects Alexander
V ;~neithet will yteld, so
that there are three popes at
once.

1410. Pope John XXIII.

Thomas 13 Kempz's.
John Hues.

Jerome, of Prague.

1414. Council Qf Constance.

1416. John Russ. and Jerome,
of Prague, burnt by the
Council of Constance.
1417. Pope Marlin V.
1420 Fitst Portuguese colonies on
the coast of Alrica, Madei-
ra, «Sec.

1423 Georgeqf Peurbach,ast1'ono-
mer at Vienna.

1425 Peter d’Az‘lly, theologian.

The atts promoted in Italy by

Cosmo de Medici. 1429. Pope Clement VIII at

Avignon, resigns, and ends
the “Schism of the West. ”

1430 England increases her trade
with the Mediterranean. I43l. Pope Eugenius IV.

Council of Baslc.

1434 Michael Walhgemuth, Ger-

man painter, (toucltet of
Duter).
Fm. Filippo Lippi, painter.

INVENTION OF PRINT-
ING at Mayence.

John Muller Regiomontanus. I438. Pragmatic sanction of Drug“, name- “I!“

German astronomer

and
mathematician. m? °f “'5 Mach clinch.

[Pew VII.-—— The Midfifigéyfii

   

FRANCE, GERMANY, do Smile?

 

1407. France: --- Murder oi
Louis, Duke of Orleans.
Spain :—John II., king
of Castile.

i
g
3
g
i
i

1410. Spain :«Ferdinand. king
01 Ar1'agon.-—Yus;el III:
king of Granada

1410. F1. :—Civilwar between
the panties oi Orleans and
Burgundy.

Germany: —-—Death of
Robert
1411. Sigismund, (king

'1
i
i
'1
i
i
i
a

of Hungary),
ror.

1-113. France2—The French
defeated by Henry V., of
England, atAgineourt.

—empe.

1416. Spain :.,—AlfonzoV king
01 Ai'ragon and Stcily.

I419. Sigismund suceeeds to
the Bohemian crown.

1422. France :«Death ofChab
les VI —-IIenry VI. pro—
claimed at Paris king of
It rance and England.

—-Charles VII. é"
at. Poitiers.

1427. Orleans besieged by the
English.

1429. 5—saved by Joan of
A 1‘ 0.

Charles crowned at
Rheims; makes a vain at- .
tern t to gain Fat 13

1431. oan of Arc taken pri-
sonet and burnt as a witch
1431. Ger:1nany — Sigismund

visits Italy, and is c1owned

Wiper-01' by Pope Eugenia ‘
1435. Peace of Airas, between

France and Burgundy.

1436. France :—Recovery of
Paris.

1- ”a. :i‘

-...o.‘. 'g

 

 

 

  
 

1299—1453r-415-4 years—Continued]

in). EASTERN EMPIRE.

1403 Solyman I., Sultan of the

Turks.

ENGLAND & SCOTLAND.

1406. Scotland :—James I.

1.113 Mohammad I., Sultan of the 1413. —H e n ry V .@——

Turks.

1421 Amurath 11., Sultan of the
Turks.

 

[4'25

John VII. %— em-

peror.

’ 1438 The emperor visits Italy to
obtain help against the
Turks-submits to the pope.

1414. ——- claims the French
crown.
1415. —— gains the b a t t l e

of Agincourt.

1420. Treaty of Troyes—Henry
marries Catharine, daughter
01' Charles VI., and is de-
clared heir to the French
crown.

1422. Death of Henry V.

—-Henry VI.%—

1424. The Duke of Bedford
defeats the French at Ver-
neuil.

1427. ——besieges Orleans.

1429. The siege raised by the
Maid of Orleans.

1431. —she is taken prisoner
and burnt.

1435.
Bedtord, followed by the
'loss of all the English pos-
sessions in France, except
Calais.

1436. War with Scotland.

1437. Scotland :—James II.

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

Death of the Duke of

109

THE WORLD, elsewhere.

1406. Italy :— Pisa conquered
by Florence.— Sulijugation
of Padua and Verona by
Venice.

1412. Italy z—Sack of Home
by Ladislas, king of Naples.
Denmark, Norway, &c. :

Eric VII., ofPomerania.
1415. Conquest of Ceuta, by
the Portuguese.
1419. Bohemia :——Hussite war.

1420. Discovery of Madeira
by the Portuguese.

1424. Bohemia :-Death of John
Ziska, the Hussite leader.
Italy 2—Warofthe Duke
of Milan against Florence.

1429. Florence :-—C o s m o d i
M e d i c i , patron of the
arts and sciences.

1431. Italy :~Sec0nd war of
Venice and Milan.

1434. Poland :—Vladislas III.

1436. Italy :—Third war be-
tween Venice and Milan.

1437. Portugal :— Expedition
into Africa.

1438. Portugal z—Alfonso V.,

kingfi—

110

(no. Pnocnms or Socm'rv, etc.

 

 

14“ Leonardo da Vr'ncz', sculptor,
architect, and painter—dis-
covers perspective.

1446 Pet. Perugr’no, founder of" the
Roman school of painting,
teacher of Raphael.

“47 Library of the Vatican, found- 1447, Pope Nicholas v,

ed.

1448 The Azores discovered.

Alain Chartica, French poet.

1450 Flourishing period of Plan-
ders’ trade—All European
nations have Warehouses at
Bruges and Ghent.—Boo/c
trade at Mar/ence.

ler.

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

1448. Concordat of Aschat’fen-

 

.

[Pctiad-VII.— The Middzuggm ; i
‘ :

 

 

Eccmsusrxcu. FRANCE, GERMANY 6r. SPAIN.

 

1438. Germany: -—Houso
of Austria:

-- A 1 b e r t I I . -—
(king of Bohemia and un-
83?!)

1440. Ger. z—Frederic III.

as

France :—The dauphin,
(Louis XL), rebels—but is
pardoned.

   
 
   
   
  
   
  

1444. —establishment of the
companies of Archers, the
first national standing army.

1446. Germanyz—VVar with
Hungary, for refusing to
give up the young prince,
Vladislas.

berg, by which the liberties
of the German church are
compromised.

1451. Expedition of Fradefl
to Rome. -

1453. Austria made an heredi.
tary duchy b Frederic.

End of t e French and

English wars.

 

1299—1453.—154years.—Continued.] THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. lll

 

 

 

 

A.D. EASTERN EMPIRE. ENGLAND & SCOTLAND. THE WORLD, elsewhere.

1440. Hungary: —- Vladislzu

chosen king. —
1441. Italy :——Peace of Marti-
1443 Insurrection of Scandeberg— “65'0-
victory over the Turks near 1443-. Alfonso V-, or Arragon,
Nissa. gnules the crown ofthe Two
. 161 105.

1444 Battle of Vama-—Vladislas, 1444, Truce With France.—

king of Poland, defeated and Marriage of Henry to Mar-
killed by the Turks. garet, of Anjou.

1445. Poland : Casimir IV.@

1446. Tai'taryz—Ulugh Beg
patron of astronomy and

geography.
[447. Gloucester arrested for
treason—dies suddenly.
1448 __Constanfine XXL @_ 1448. Denmark :—Christian I.
(Palaaolngus,) the last of the @
Greek emperors. of Odenburg. —

Sweden :—Charles Vimé

I450. Insurrection qf Jack 1450. Italy :—Francesco Sl'or-
Gaels—calling himself Mor- za, duke of Milan.

1451 Mohammed IL, Sultan or the “met. . Norway =—~— Chr‘S‘la"
Turks. ClVll Wars of
‘ ‘ t h e R o s e s : ’ ’ crowned at Drontheim.
Richard, duke of York,
claims the throne. Delhi :—Behol Lodi en-
. , larges the kingdom.
1453 S 1 e g e a n d C 4 P t u 1’ e 1453. Potand z—Confirmation
0 f C 0 n s t a n I 1 n 0 P 1 e Scotland 2—Struagles be- of the national liberty in the
b y ”1 e T u 1' k S 3 tween the king and aristo- Diet of Petrikan.

END OF THE EAST- cracy for power.
ERN EMPIRE.

 

 

 

‘

.m ..e_ e a
.....~ ~a.~ _
. m, l

 

 

1121 THE ’WORLD’S moansss.
PERIOD VIlI.—1453-1598;~§-},2
SPAIN AND
A-D- PROGRESS OF Scenery, etc. ENGLAND. SCOTLAND. FRANCE. PORTUGAL.

Philip de Comines, French
historian.

1460 'Wood engraving invented.

1461 Post-Ofices in France and
England.

1466 Faust dies at Paris, whither
he journeys twice to sell his
Latin Bible.

1470 Beerhard invents the pedal to
the organ.

1-171 Printing in England—Caz:-
tan.

1473 Printed musical notes.
Hungary :-- Mathias patroni-
zes literature and the arts.
Large library at Olen—300
copyists of manuscripts.

1476 German ballads—war songs of 1433— E d '

Veit Weber.

g England. _ defeated at
--—- Conspiracy Granson and
1477 Watches first made at Nurem- , of the no- Marat, and
hurg. RIChal‘d, bles . __ they 1477. —slain at
Mikrond and Rondemir, great “01603013 '- take’the kin" Nancy. —-
Persian historians. The king ‘35 prisoner ° Artois and
his brother ' Burgundy
murdered in united to the
1481 Lady Juliana Berners, one of the Tower. French
t¥eEealllieilt female writers Ric h crown.
o 0 . — '
n” a“ a r d I 1 I .
Hans Holbein, painter. @—
1485- Jim , use—c har-
1484 French/inc Gaftzrid, teacher in :33“ Ilhcd- I
1.18 _ rs: pu lie school 0 ‘ ‘an 5
music at Milan. f at Milford @—
Haven.
“59‘3“ dePrez, cutest mu- 0 f3; '6‘ 13°
sic ‘ '
genius of sage. w o r t h
F 1 e 1 d:
—-Richard
defeated and

 

___._._—-———

 

1455. Battle of

St. Albans.

 

1464. Spain :—
llenry 1V.of

Castile. g

1469. Marriage

XI. — of Ferdinand,

H o u s e
of York: 1460. James
1-161. ——E d - 111. 1461. L o u i s
w a r d 1V.
- gains Civil wars-l
t e battle of —Peace of
'l‘owton. Conflans.
l469.VVarwick
banished.

1471. Battle of

Bamet :—

VV 3. r w i c k

slain—Hen-

r V1. «lies in

l 8 Town 1175. War be-
tween Louis
and Charles
of Burgun-
d)"

W a r d V- 1479.\Varwith 1475- —"h° is

slain.

of Arragon,
with Isabel-
la, of Cas-
tile.

1479. Union
ofCastile
and Ana-
gon under
Ferdinand
[Landlsp
bella.

148).The1n-
quisition.
—Xime-
nes,bishop
ofToledo.

1481. Port. :—

John 11%

188 V111. 1484. Firstau-

, da-fe at Se~
ville.

2‘
E"
t

_.l

 
  
 
   
   
 
   
 
  
  
  
 
   

 

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

Othmam. to the Edict of Nantes.

113

 

 

m—w

 

 

A.D.

GERMANY.

w .

1462 The emperor besieged in his
court at Vienna—delivered
by G. Podiebrad, of Bohe-
mta.

1469 Invasions of the Turks.

1472 University of Ingoidstodt. ;; l

1477 Marriage of Maximilian and
Maria of Burgundy.

'1

4'
i
i
t
t

 

ITALY.

14-54. Struggle
between Cos-
mod da Me-
dici and the
aristocracy.

1458. The
French rule
in Genoa.

Pope Pi-
us 11.

1463. War 01‘

Venice with

1464. Pietro de
Medici at
Florence.

Pope Paul
11.

1466. Galeaz—

zo, duke of

Milan.
1469.L01‘en-
z o d e M e -
d ic i , suc-
ceeds Pietro.
147l. Sixtus
1V. pope.
Power of
the Medici
increases.
Learning
flourishes.

1478. Conspi-
racy of the
PazziaIFlo-
rence.-~Giu-
lio, brother
of Lorenzo
de Medici,
slain.

1484. Innocent
VIII., pope.

I1455. Turks re-

OT'I‘OMAN

EMPIRE. THE WORLD, elsewhere.

 

 

1454. Poland z—VVar with the
Teutonic Order.
pulsed at 13:31

 

grade.
1458. Hungary: —— Mathias
8;
Corvin, :13 makes his
country formidable to her
neighbors.
the Turks. 1462. Russia :—-1van I. «,1 - -

the Great—takes the title pf
‘Czar.

l464.VVetrwith 1466. Peace of Thorn—East
Hungary. Prussia a fie!” of Poland.—
VVest Prussia ceded to Poo
land.
1468. Uzun Husan, master of
all Persia.

1470. —forms an alliance with

the Venetians and the duke
0f Burgun dy against the Turks—con-

quers Bagdad.

1472. Russia :—1van marries
Sophia, niece of the Greek
emperor.

1474. —shakes off the Tartar
yoke, and captures Novo-
gorod.

1477. Hungary—War with
Frederic 111.

1479. Fruitless
attempt upon
Rhodes.

1480. ~capture ;
and destroy 1481. Denmark !~~i‘~ hn, —-—
Otranm. partially ackmwledged in
1481. Bajazet Sweden.

11. é?

the first un-
warltke sul-
tan.

 

1488. Hungary:— datum

takes Vienna.

:114 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

 

 

Ln. PROGRESS OF SOCIETY, etc. ENGLAND. 3.5.311).
II o u s e 0 f
T u do r :—
—IIenry VII.
I436. Impostnre of

1490 Martini Behaz‘m, (Nurem~ Lambert Symnel. 1487 :—
burg,) publishes a. map of The Star Cham- James
the world. ber established. IV.

1492 DISCO VER Y 01“

A M E R I C A .
1493 First printing press at Copen- I493. Perkin War-
hagen. beck, pretends to
, be Richard, duke
The second voyage of Colmn- of York—defeated
l bus—A Spanish colony at on Blackheath.
Hispztniola.

I497 The discoveriesof John and E497. Cabot makes

.8 Sebastian Cabot. discoveries in A-

merica.

[.193 Third voyage of Columbus.

11:: discovers Trinidad and I499. E or] of
the Continent. W a r w i c k . last
Lisbon, the great seatoftrade. of the Plantage-
—Veuit‘.e declines. nets, executed.
Mari/{me enterprises greatly
extended.
Sir Thomas hfore’s Utopia,
published.
Nicholas hIac/u'avelli, states-
man and historian.
1499 Amerigo Vespucins’s voyage.
150,: Fourth voyage of Columbus.
Raphael. .IIic/tael Angelo, Ti-
tian, Corregio, painters. 1503. :_
St. Peter’s, and other magni- 1:31.151;
ficent churches built. 1509_ ——H e n r y Marga.-
a ret, of
V l I I .@ Eng-
land.
joins the League
wol‘ Cambray.
‘ . S ll , ‘

[MS The celebrated tapestry. after Idlsiggvilufigfedrr
Raphael ;—C;trtoons Woven Flodden—lhe king,
in the Netherlands. and. chief Scot;

1517 L UTHE 1a, Eras m u s, ,5l‘gf'ed-w o l 8 e y 133,153
M? I a n ‘3 ‘ h 0 n v and 0m“ chancellor and car: V
relurmers. dinal.

Roger Ascha-m, tutor of queen 1520. The Emperor
Elizabeth.

visits England. —-
Meeting of Henry
and Francis at the
“ Field ol‘the Cloth
of Gold.”

1521. The Reformed
doctrines opposed
by Henry. in his
book tn the Seven
Sacraments — he
receives the title
of “ Defender of
the Faith.”

Hans Sachs, founder of Ger-
man drama.

Copernicus, discovers
the true system of the U ni-
verse—his great work. De
Orbium Ccelestium Revolu-
tionibus.

I522 First complete circumnavi~
gation of the globe, by Ma~
gellan

[Period VIII.—

FRANCE.

 

I491. Bretag-
no united to
the
by the king’s
marriage

' with Anne.

I494. Invasion D i sc 0 v e ry

' of Italy.

l498.—Loui31498. Vasco

. d e G a m a
XII.§— doubles the
. Cape of
I499. ——-—1n- Good Hope,
vades Italy and reaches
—conquers India.
the Milanese
Duchy. ,
1500. Treaty
with Ferdi‘
nand, ofAra-
gon, for the
conquest and
artition ol‘1506, Colum-
aples. .bus dies at
Valladolid.
1507. Cardinal
Xi-menes.
Board 01
1510- The American
Council of trade atSa-
Tours. to ville.

support the
king against
the Holy
League.

[515.—F r a n -

c i s I. ~—
Tinva es

Ita -- victory
a? Marigna~
no—- Genoa
and Milan
submit.

l516. Concor-
dat with the
pope, instead
of pragma.
tic sanction.

152l. First war
with Chub
Ies V.

crown 1492.

 

 

—.,

SPAIN AND‘
PORTUGAL.

C c n -
q u e s t o i
G ra n a. d a. , -.
by Gonzalo i
de Cordova. f

  
   
   
    
   
 
 
    
   
   
 
 
 
   

ofAmerl-
ca,byCo-
Iumbus.

1516.— ‘ harm

Ies, —-
king at all:
Spain. and -~
the NimbusE
lands. ‘ ~
1519. ' Com.
quest, of
Next‘ a,
bye“ I.

1"

 

 

 

 

1453-1598.] THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. 115
A.D. GERMANY, ITALY. 2131111211 THE WORLD, elsewhere.
1488. India :— Sekander Lodi,
king of Delhi.
149;.1’ola11112—J0hn Albert.
A
AMERICA discovered by Co
lumbus.
I492. Pietro II.
succeeds his
father, Im-
_ . renzo,in Flo- . .
149:; —Max 1 mi 1 i an 1,%_ rence. 1493, Wars 1493. Spanish colony .11 I115
I’opeAleX‘ with Egy pt, paniola.
antler VI, Huneaiy

(Borgia )
11111. Expedi
liunut'tflnlr-
Ies VIII. in
to Italy.
1-199. Amerign
Vespucius’s
voyage [(1
A111e1'ica.
151111. Partition
of Naples

 

   
 

 

 

 

 

and \ enlce.

I499. Voyage of A merigo Ves-
pucius.—— Snutli American
coast explored.

1501.P01a1.d :—Alexandcr.@

 

 

between
France and
. FS‘I’u‘mg 1502. Ismail Shah Soofi makes
[clifl‘tloierici'z . himself sole sovereign of
lseiiéifffe 011‘ 1503. Peace P013191-
S'a’te y w_i1h Veniee.
502 University of \Vittenburg. [503. Naples 150a.Wa1-w1111
annexed .to Peisla.
the Spanish 1506, Palandz~Sigismund I.
CII‘PJWD .
P01 )8 I’ius 1512 Selim I.
III ——(the Great.)
1508 Maximilian enters Italy to be P‘Il’b ég— de-
crowned by the pope. Iius ”P tlnunes and
-—joi11s the League of 021m 5103 League utstodeath ,
bray. qf Cambruy 11:: {1111101. 1509. Bohemia z—Louis, .~
I512 —divides the empire into ten again L Vé- I514.’1‘I1el’er- 3 years old.
circles. on t, sizlns deleat 15111. A1nerica:—Settlement
I510 110‘), 8d ELL Kaltle- III. Dfll‘IeI’].
League to roon.——_l\le 1511. America :——0 uba con-
VI 1 _ sopotmnla quet‘ed. . _
(Iii-mmim and Kurd1s- 1512. A111er1ca:—-—Flo rule
15“" Council tan added to discovered.
ot'Piszi the empn‘e. 1513. South Sea first reached
1513' 1’0'38 I515. CaII‘U by Balboa.
I. E 0 ‘X. taken by
‘. (de Medici.) storm.——Ma- 1516. Hungary and Bohemia:
1‘ 1517 C o M M E N c E M E N T o F patron (fli- ”he'll!“ fjo @
T H E It E F o R M A T I o N . teralure and “mom; an- “LOUIS 11-—
I518 Luiher summoned before the arts. nexetl ‘0 the '
diet of Augsburg '1‘I'lebui1d- empire. 1517. India :-—Ibrahim Lod.,
' in" of St. 1520. Soliman, king of Delhi
1519—0 H A R L E s V @_ I’gter’s conr 1517. t,Ameiica :—Fzrst patent
OfSp 11in menced. {01 importmg Ncgwes—
{52‘ Thearchduke Ferdinand, mar. 1519. Cardinal Alagnifice‘nt) granted by Spain.
fies Anne sister 01 Louis— de Medici 1521.11e11rrade 1518.0111s1111sin Algiers
whence the accession 01 holds rule in taken by 1519- MEXICO conque1ed by
Bohemia and Hungaiy to Florence. 1,35”an d the Spaniaids, under Cor-
the House or Ilapsburg 1522. Pope 0 - . 1‘0 es 165-
Dietqf 1V0? ms. Adrian VI. 639““ ates.

 

"1-16

 

11.1). PROGRESS OF SOCIETY, etc.

 

Xavier plants Christianity in
India.

Art'oslo, Italian poet.

5'37 Albert Durer. _ _
1".t‘sl work on military archi-
lecture.

1530 Jitrgens invents the spinning
wheel for spinning flag.
Rttbelat's, French humorist.

1533 Botanic Gardens at Padua.

1535 Ignatius Loyola founds the

order of the Jesuits.

1537 Papal bull declaring the Ame-
rican natives to be rational
beings.

1533 The diving bell invented.

153‘.) C A L v 1 N rounds the Univer-
sity ol‘ Geneva.

Pins first used by Catharine
Howard, queen ol‘ England.

John Knot, Scottish Retor-
mar.

15;} A commercial treaty between
Portugal and Ju pan.

i545 Needles first made.
Vasalius’s work on Anatomy.

1517 Revival of Stoicism, by Justus
Lipsius.
Palestrina, founder of Italian
church music.

Giacomo Carisimi.

1543 Orange trees introduced into
Europe.

 

 

  
  
  
  
    
  

1529. Sir

1532. The king mar-

1535. Bishop Fisher

15:35. —marries Jane

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

W

Scor-
LAND.

   
  
   
 
 
  
    
   
 

ENGLAND.

 

Thomas
Jl‘Iore. Lord Chan-
cellor. —— Rise of
Cranmer, archbi-
shop of Canter-
bury.

ries Anne Boleyn.

and Sir Thomas
More beheaded.

Henry excom-
municated by the
Pope

Sp read
ot’ the
Refor-
mat ion.
——-1’ro-
testants

Seymour.——- Sup-
pression of the
smaller monaste-
ries.

ted.

1543 Henry invades Mary.

France —- takes
Boulogne. . , ~ _
1544. French fleet. 1‘1““‘01
gain a victory over {”13“,
the English, ofl‘ regent.
the Isle of Wight.

l547. —— Edward

v1.@_

Somerset invades
Scotland ~defeats
the Scots at Pin-
kie.

_ Formal esta-
blishment of Pro-
testantisin

 

1536. :—

persec u-

1542. :—

 

~

[Periad- VIIIM; .

 

Sum AND
PORTUGAL. "

FRANCE.

 

1525. Francis
defeated and
taken pri-
soner at Pa-
via.

1527. Second
war with
Charles V.

1529. Treaty of
Cambray.—
Great en-
couragement
given to arts
and sciences.
—The Lou-
vre com-
menced.

1532. Calvin
preaches.

Third
French war.
wSiege of
Marseilles.

       
 

  
 
   
  
 
   

1536. Acqrisb
tion of Mi-
1538. Truce of 13“-

Nice—for 10

years. _ .
Attempt to 10401.1)“:{31
recover pow- ggnthe—ma:
er In Italy; ket’ol‘ the

hence the world
1542 Fourth 1542- 00m-
' mercial trea-

French war.
ty between

Portugal and x.

15”. Peace of Japan. '

Crespy. .
France gives
up ital y.

15411181”);

u. g.
The fa-
mousCatha-
rine de
Me (15 c i,
queen.

 

I 1453—1598.}

 

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS;

117

 

 

AJ).

__

GERMANY.

 

 

 

ITALY.

1523. Clement

V11., pope.

1525 General insurrections of the 1525. Spain ac-

peasantry, under Thomas

Mtinzer.

1526 Charles marries Isabella, of
Portugal.

quires the
ascendancy

by the victo-
ry of Pavia.

Death of Frederic, of Saxony. 1527. The Me-

1529 The Turks invade Germany.
—Diet of Spires-Luther-
ans first called Protestants.

League of Smulcald.

i§38 Congress of Nice between the
Emperor, the Pope, and the
king of France.

; ,-

f 1343

War in alliame with England
against France.

 

1545
1545

Diet of Worms.
War of the Smalcaldists.

 

 

 

  

5.1517 Duke Maurice, elector orSaxo-
3." “Y-

E: ,

r: _

   

dici expelled
from F10-
rence.

1530. Medici
restored. ~—
Charles V.
crowned at
Bologna.

1534. Paul 111.,
pope.

1537. Cosmo
de Medici,
dukeofTus-
cany.

1540. Investi-
ture of Mi-
lan confer-
red by Char-
les V.
Philip.

1545. Council
qf Trent.

OTTOMAN
EMPIRE.

1526. Invasion
of Hungary.

1529. Invasion
ot'Germany.
——Siege
Vienna.

The Otto-
man navy
formidable
under the
command or
Barbarossa :

1535. ——who
seizes Tu-
nis. ~——— The
emperor,
Charles V.,
restores the
Moorish
king.

on 154.1. Destruc-

tion of an ar-
mament, led
by Charles
V. against
Algiers.

1547. The
Turks in.
vade Persia,
and capture
Ispahan.

01

THE VVORLD, elsewhere.

 

1523. Sweden :—Revolt under
G usta v us Vasa.—’l‘he
Danes expelled.—-Uni0n of
Calmar dissolved.

Denmark and Norway:
—Frederic 1243?—

1525. Albert. duke of Prussia.

1530. Malta gives to the

knights of Rhodes

1532. Union of Norway and
Denmark.

Conquest of P8-

1533.
r u , by Cortes.

Russia z—Ivan IV., (the
Terrible).

1536. Cortes discovers Califor-
nia.

1543. First standing army in
Sweden.

1545. South America :—Mines
of Potosi discovered.

1518. Poland z—Sigismund IL,
@—<Augustus).. '

.

 

”8 THE WORLD’S PRoc—rmss. [Pcfioal VIII-e

.i‘
.1
u
I

 

 

 

 

 

    
   
   
   
     
    

Scor. SPAIN AN;
A-D~ PROGRESS OF SOCIETY, etc. ENGLAND. LAND FRANCE. PORTUGAL.
Sculi'ger, I’liilologist. 15K). The English '
Liturgy comple»
ted ziiiJ estziblish- l 0 Th
llamaz' e French E“a i‘t. Eli by act 01' Par- 55... Fit war
‘ gn ’ :5 y t liziment. With Char-
1-553. Northumber- les V.
land intrigues to
settle the crown on I
Lady Jane Grey,
his daughter-in- I
law.
1 —— Ma r y .é—
Catholicism re-
stored.
1554‘ The .queen 1554. C(‘rcaL
marries Philip. of in lndia,lost:
Spawn—Lord Dud- 1556. Charles
ley and Lady Jane abdicates—
lGre exelcuted.
555. Blooi y perse- - - ®
cution of Protes- Philip Il.‘
Cardan Italian hiloso her. _tants. . 1557- The 1557. Portu-
. P P 1007. War With French defeat- gal;—Sebas~

France to support 1560'03" ed at St.

Spain—Calais tholic- Quentin. tian. é~

. ~ ism abo -_.
1558 Sealing war comes into use 153.3%“; E L I z A _ lished lw8.-—at Gra-

. 5‘
iii Euro we. - . velines.
I g iiimgiilt‘ l5-59. Peace of
B E T H . — 1555- : _‘ Chateau—‘-
Foundation of Jesuit Colleges Mary (,ambrests.
in opposition to Protestant marries . .
Schools: The first at 00- Cecil Lord Lord Fiancis
imbra, in Portugal. Burleigh, S'ecreta- Datrn- II @_
taryof‘State. . 3%{5 ._ i
155‘.) Only two carriages in Paris— estafgglfjéanusm Revolt Duke 'of
horses and litters generally The Puritans ol‘Pro- 53:21.36, min-
. . ~ - b .
“sed‘ begin to rise. libiiiiliti 1560.—Char-
. . Darnley @
15W Snulgzfirstbrought into France. munler- 195 IX.
— nives first made in Env- ed—lhe ._ . . 1564. Ac 11le
land. a queen l‘ifigntghgmu: tion 01 the
marries ‘ er gran ' ' ' ‘
earl of e d '0 the Hu- Philippines.
Boih- guenors.
well—is ‘ First. civil
dethron- religious war 1.
ed and ~lliiguenots 1567. ke 0'
impri- supported by Alvfgnver.
soned al h'lgiand—d" nor 0? [h‘
Torquata Tassa Guan’m', ' LWhlB- mated 8" Netherlands.
poets. ven. Dreux.

1567. The se-
J a m e 3 mad war.—

Huguenots
v I & defeated at

Game 0 t St. Denys.
ens, P r uguese poet. 1568. —Mary, queen
of Scots, takes re-
fuwe in England—
an'fl is imprisoned. 1569- --routed 1570 W
Thomas Talia, English mu 15:3 (Evil “"3? 9f 1570-1“ g gainick— vrith t1:
- - e esmon in .
swim. in Ireland. hifitx’ killed. Twit-m"

a1
:. um!

 

. 14584598.]

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

119

FWW

A-D- GERMANY.

1551 Treaty of. Passau secures reli-
gious liberty to the Protes-

rants.
Fruitless siege of Mentz.

[556 Charles abdicates.

1558 ——Ferdinand I.

king of Hungary and Bohe-

mia.

Coronation by the pope relin-

quished.

1564 -—Maximilian II. @—

 

1555.

 

ITALY.

1550. Julius

11L, pope.

Marcel-
lus 11., pope.

Paul lV.,
(Caratfa)
pope.

1559. Pius IV.
(Medici)
pope.

Peace of
Chateau —
Cambresis
terminates
the French
wars in Italy.

Tranquil-
lity for 66
years.

1562. Council
of Trent re-
assembled.

1566. Pius V.,
pope.

1569. Florence,
a grand du-
chy.

C 0 s m o
d e M e d i -
c i , declared
grand duke
of Tuscany,
by Pius V.

1570. War ‘of Venice

1571. Cyprus

 

O'r'rOMAN
EMPIRE.

1551. Tripoli
taken from
the Maltese
knights.

1552. Invasion
of Hungary.

1553.\Var with
Persia.
Building of
the mosque
ol‘ Solyman-
yah, at Con-
stantinople.

1559. Naval
victory of
Galves, gain
ed by Dra~
gut.

Military
power of
the Turks at
its greatest
height, un
derSoliman.

1565. Unsuc-
cessful siege
of Malta.

1566. Death of
Soliman at
the siege of
Sigeth.

Selim II.

 

 

with
the Porte.
reduced by the
Turks.
Battle of
Lepamo.

THE WORLD, elsewhere.

 

1553. New Mexico discovered
by the Spaniards.

1455. Indiaz—Jelaleddin Ak-
bar, a patron of science and
literature, aided by his min-
isters, Abu Fazl and Sheikh
Faizi.

~raises the Mogul em-
pire to its greatest splendor.

1559. Denmark and Norway:

——Frederic 11%?—

Decrease of the influence
of the Hanse towns.

1560. Sweden :—Eric XIV.%

1562. W'ar with Russia and
Poland—An anlLsh am-
bassador in Pemia.

1564. Coligny sends a colony
of Huguenotfi to Florida——
destroyed by the Spaniards.

1568. Prussia: ~Albert Frede-

Iic. ——

Sweden :~ John mg"

1270. Peace of Stetin, between
Denmark, Norway, and
Sweden.

1571 Russia devastated by the
khan of Crim Tammy.—
Moscow burnt.

 

 

 

 

 

120 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS; [pm-7711;.»
Scor- SPAIN AND
A.D. Pnooimss OF Socmrv, etc. ENGLAND. LAND. FRANCE. PORTUGAL. -
1572. Massacre
of St. Bar-
tholomew.
1573 Cervantes, author of Don 1573. Peace of
Quixotte. Rochelle.
Titian, and Paolo Veronese, fl
painters. 1514. —H e n -
r y I I I .g
1 Fifth war
with the Hu-
guenots.
1576. The Ca-
tholic
League.
1577 Sir Francis Drake’s voyage 1517-.51Xih 1‘8-
round the world. [578. The queen ltgious W311 [578. Port. :-
sends help to the ,
revolted Nether- Henryée
Sir Philip Sydney’s Arcadia. lands.
1580.1 Portugal
rm . ial s under
Egkf— Spanish do- \
1582 Gregorian Reformation of the nets mtmon.
Calendar. 1583. Levant Com- conspi-
pany chartered. lie-y
1534. Raleigh’s co- “gigs;
lony in Virginia. ‘ e ”10'

1585 Greenland discovered by Sir 1585' “fa" WM]

Francis Drake.

1586 Tobacco first brought to Eu-
. rope.

1588 First newspaper in England.

1590 Telescopes invented by Jan-
sen, a German.

Tasso, Italian poet. _
The Carraccz‘, celebrated pam-
ters.

In England :—-S'penser,
SHAKSPEARE,Beau-
mont & Fletcher, Ben Jon-
son—Napier invents loga-
rithms.

Lord BACON, celebrated phi-
losopher.

Lope 'de Vega,
novels.

Kepler, Tycho Brahe, astro-
homers.

Spain.

1586. Sir Philip
Sidney killed at
Zutphen.

1587. The Queen of
Scots beheaded.
1583. The Spanish
armada destroyed.
1589. Alliance with
Henry IL in aid
of Protestantism.
—Troops sent to

France.

1593. Act for reli-
gious conformity.

1594. Sir John Haw-
kins’s Voyages.

1596. Cadiz taken,
and the S anish
fleet burnt, y the
earl of Essex.
Sir Robert Cecil,
minister.

drama “‘0‘ 1599. Troubles in

Ireland :—— Revolt

of O’Neill, earl of

Tyrone.

1588. Revolt of 1588. Defeat 0!

Paris.

1589. H o u s e 1589. English

of BOUF
bom
—HENRY

leg——

1590. :_ 1590. Siege of
The Paris, raised
king by Ellie Spa-
marries "‘31" 3-
Anne, of 1593. Henry
Den- abjures _ Pro‘
mark. testantism.

1594. Jesuits .

banished.

1595. War with
Spain con-
tinued.

1598. Peace of
Vervius.

Ministry of

S u l l y :—~—
restoration
of order.
E D I c r o F
N A N 'r E s
-—granting
toleration to
Protestants.

   
   
    
 
  

the Spanish
armada.

volunteers
under Drake
and Norris,
rep ulsed
from Lisbon.

1598. Philip

111. fi—

 

 

1453-1598.] THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. 1521
M... __
Ln. GERMANY. ITALY. (gigzgséAEN T112: WORLD, elsewhere.

 

 

1572. Gregory
XML, pope.

15 73. Cyprus
yielded to
tyhe 1’o1te; peace with Ve-

1574111111e11ce nice. 1574 Poland :—chry, of Va
—I‘1anccs Ma- 1574. —Murad @
lois. ——-

ria succeeds
Cosmo. III. @—
1575 Poland 1—Stephen Ba.-

1576. War with tho1i. @w.
Persia.

  
    
   
 

1576 ~—-Rodolph II.@——
king of Bohemia. and Hun-

gary.

1578. Alliance of Sweden and
Poland against Russia.

1.579. Commencement
of the Republic of

1580. Charles 1580War with HOLLAND, by the union

 

Emmanuel, the Druses at Utrecht:
dukeolSa- inSyria. William,P1ince
voy. o 1" 0 1 a n g e , stadthol-
1583. First (ier.
trade with
England. 1584. N o 1‘ t 11 A m e 1‘ i c a:

—FirstEng1i>l1 colony found-
ed in Viiginia, by 811 W.

 

   

Raleilrh.
1581 Sixtus 1585 Persia acq11i1es power
.110pe, undefi ilxbbais the‘gieat. 1'
active and 01am ——1 aur1ce, o
T";:§£E%;,at"h:lgh%lcig311?“: ene1getic— Oiange, stadlholdeL
empire Who wage war corrects 1586 Battieol Zutphen: death
among ,tha nselves. abuses in of 811 Philip Sidney.
the church;
rest01es the 1589 Predato 1588. Denmark. —~Christian
Vatican Ii- ry incu1- @
brzuy sions of the IV- ——'
. Cossacks.
; ‘ Revolt of
~. the Janiza‘
ries.
1 1593. War with
, the Empire
1590. Urban in Hungaiy.
2" VII. pope. 1594. The 1592. Sweden. -——Sig1smund,
’1 Gregory Giand Vi- king of Poland.
1,; XIV., pope zier takes India z—Mizam Shah, re-
3‘ 1591. Innocent Raab. pulsed from Choul, by lhe
$15,» IX. , pope, 1595. Moham- Portuguese.
two months. @ 1594. The Falklanfil Isles dis-
- - - . Clement med 111_ covered by Haw 'ins.
“94 (1111:3113! P‘mes‘ams 5“ He“ V111. pope. mm.“ 1595. The Dutch firstin IndiI.
‘ ' 1592. The lli- power in Sweden z—Tbe regent as-

alto and Pi- Hungary de. sumes independent antin-

azza d1 San . clings; de- rity.

Marco built {gated at

at Venice. Gran—re-
voltof VVal-
lachia. 1598. Russia. —Boris Godu

1597. Moham-
med leadshis nov, ————begins 3. 111.111
troops, and dynasty.

 

defeats the. Sigismund lands in Swe
Germans at den,D 50 re- establish his pow-
Agria. ei—but is defeated, and rep

tums to Poland.

 

 

 

PERIOD IX.-——120 years;-

1601. Earl 01‘ Essex be-

122 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.
AJ) PROGRESS or SOCIETY, etc. AMERICA. ENGLAND.
1002 English East India Compa- headed.

1603
1604

1606

1610

1615
1616

1618
1520

1624
1625
[0'26

1 627

1630

ny founded.

Ezpormtion of Engdsh wool 1001-? Acadia 00'

prohibited. Ionized hy the
French.

Conference at Hampton Court.

New I 'I’rnnsi’at‘ion of the Bi~
bIe 191nm; ( nhlished 1611). . ,

Dr. Gilbert disilovers the pow- 1009!- —' Discovery
er of electricity, and of con- ‘0‘ ”111150113“ Bay-
tluctors and non-conductors. “107-.” n g 1 l 3 ‘1

settlement at
Jamestown,
(lst permanent
one in N. Ame-
ricn.)

1608. -—Q,uebcc
founded.

1609. —Jesuit mis-

Telescopes invented by Gali- 51.0,“? in Para-
lea. gdd).

Cofi'ee at Venice.

1603.——J a m e s I .é-

Union of the
English and
Scotch crowns.

1605. The Gunpowder
Plot.

1612. English factories at
Surat.

Tobacco in Virginia. 1616.—The Tobac- 155- Ministry ofVilliers,

_ _ co plant introdu-
Bacon’s Inductwe Plulaso- ced into Virgi-

phy. nia.

Harvey discovers the circula-
tion of the blood.
Thermomelns invented by 1620.—Negro

Drebel. slaves first im-
Inigo Jones, celebrated archi ported to Virgi-
tect. ma.
Martin Opitz, German poet. E m i g r a. -
Nevro Slavery co Iamenced in t 1 o n o f P u -
viii-girlie. ritans to
N e w E n g -
1 a n d .

1621. ~—John Car-

duke of Buckingham.

1617. Sir Francis Bacon,
10rd chancellor.

1618. Sir Walter Ru-
1eigh’s unsuccessful
voyage to America-
he is beheaded on his
return.

ver, lst Gover-

nor of N. E.

Peter Paul Rubens, painter. 1624. N e w A m -
Alassinger, the dramatist. st e rd 9. in set-
Ke er’s “ Astronomia Nova ”ed by the Dutch.

Lelestis.”
Torricelli invents the barome-

ter.
The Parian marbles brought 1527- Boston found-

to England by the earl of ed.

AI 1116181.

1629. Wouter Van

Gaettcc‘ first published in Twiller. gover-
Vonicc. nor of New Am-
stardom.

1 .
[625,—Charles L§ of Cardinal

. Buckingham, prime
11111115161“.

1627. War with France, in sup on o!

1629. No parliament for

eleven years.
1630. Peace with France.

m:

FRANCE.

_.—-—-————

1610. Assassi-
nation of
Henry 1V.,
by Ravail.
lac.

 

   
    
  
  
 
 
 
 
  
   
 
 
    
    

 

Louis

X I 11, .
(9 years old).

Mary de Me-
dici, regent.

1614. Last as-
sembly of the
States-gene-
ral.

1615. The king
marries
Anne, of
Austria.——-
Civil war:—-
C o n d e ‘
heads the
H u g u e -

1
g3
non. 1»
i

. 1 7
6134. Ministry ‘

Riche-
lieu.

the luglte- .

 

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

123

1598—1718.——-Edict of Nantes to the death of Charles XII, of Sweden.

 

SPAIN ‘
AND

Pomo-
GAL.

A.D GERMANY.

-__.—

 

1606. T1uce of Co-
morra, tor twenty
Years, with the
1’u1te.

1608. Protestant
union, under Fre-
tle1'1c, the elector
palatine.

1609 Exp“ 1610. The Catholic

sin” of League, ontler theI
the duke ol Bavaria.
Moors.

1612. Matthias.

 

 

 

  
  
  
 
 
    

1613 War of
the
Mont-
ferret
succes- 1615. Truce 01' Co-
sion in mttrra Confirmed.
Italy. 1618. The Thirty
Years’ \Var
begins.
1619. —Ferdinand
1: @—

1621 Dutch 1620. Victory of the
war.— White Mountain,
Spain near Prague.—
sup< Massacre of
ports I’rague.~—'I‘he Pro-
Austria, testant religion to-
Philip tally suppressed.

1v@
17, .
Defeat 1626.Victory ofT i l ‘
(1| Spanv I over Christian
fleet 011' 1 ., of Denmark,
Lima, 111 Lutter.
by the 1628.Wallenstein
Dutch, recowrs all the
{525 Naval shores of the 8.11-
.. war tic, except Stral-
‘ with sund

1629 Gustavus Adol-
phus lands in Ger-
many. —- Diet of
\Ratisbon. ——-Wa1-
‘lenstein dismissed,
succeeded by T11-

13.

ITALY.

 

1605. Leo XL,
pope.
Paul V.,

pope.

1609.Tnscany:
-—-Cosmo II.

Leghorn.
the empori-
um ot’ the
Levant trade.

1618. Conspi-
racy 01~ Bed-
mur, the
Spanish en-
Vtty, to re-
duce Venice
under
jection to
Spain.

1691. Gregory
XV., pope.
'1‘usCuny ' ~
Ferdinand 11.

1623. The ['11-
mous library
of the Pale-
tine at Hei-
delberg. sent
to ane.

1628 General
Italian war
on the deal 11
of the duke
ofMamua.

sub-g

QTTOMAN
EMPIRE.

1605. Revoltin
Syria and
(Jaramania,
under the
padia of
Aleppo.

1606. Com-
merciel
treaty with
France and
Holland.

Tobacco
first brought
to Turkey.

1617. —Musta-

pha I. @—

1618. —Osman
a

u. 6‘?
Great Per-
sian victory
at Shibli.
1620 War with
Poland, and
unsuccess-
t'ttl 111vasion
01' Poland.

1623 Nut ad

1v. @—

restores nan
qutlhty.

1625. Truce
with the em-
pire renew-
ed.

 

THE WORLD, elsewhere.

 

e
1604. Sweden : Charles IX. $3

1605.
tan.

India : —-Jehangir, sub

1609.1ndia :-—Artival otHaw-

kins, first. English envoy
from the East India Com-
pany.

Sweden: —G u s t a v u s

 
 

 

Adolphus.“

1611. Sweden: ———VVa1' with
Denmark.—Cnlm>u‘ and Ris-
by lost—Axel Oxenstiern,
n1iniste1‘.—-ltussia devasta-
ted by Poles and Tartars.

1111ssia:-—-Michttel Ro-
manoff', czar.

1615. Denmark :——First. stand-
ing army.
1616.1ndi11:—~Sit"1‘ht1n‘1asRoe.
a111l1aSsadt1r from James 1.,
01' England.
Sweden predominates in
the l’lm’lh.
1618. The Synod qf Dori—-
Arm/Mitts condemned.
Settlement of Tunquebar,
in Coromttndel.

1621.1)utch West India Com-
pany i1'21t01pt11ated

1622 Petsia z—Oimuz gbztined
ftnm the Pmtugueseb ythe
help of the English.

1625. Netherlamls: - 111 try
Fl‘et1fil‘1t‘..—Bl'eda, taken by
8111110121.

1627. Persia:—~Shah 811011 I.
1629. Peace ot'Lubeck.

124

AJ}.

1630
1631

1636

1638
1639
1640

1641

161'."

THE \VORLD’S PROGRESS.

 

 

PROGRESS OF SOCIETY, etc. AMERICA.
Lotteries for money first men- The Dulqh sole
tinned. masters oi Bra-
Calico firstim )orted into En'r- 21L
land_ I a 1632. filaryland

settled by a colo-

ny under Lord

Baltimore.
1
1635. Connecticut
settled. —Guada-

loupe and Mar-
tinique, by the

French.
Edward Cake, the great ju-
rist.
Pedro Calderon de la Barca .
Spanish dramatist. ’ 15%? 1311mm 131““
Flourishing period of flower 51” , ‘1’”1’31’75
trade in the Dutch cities. 60101111611-

IIarvard Col-
lege founded.
Rembrandt, Van Dyke, pain-
ters.

The Jansem'sts, foundgd by
Jansenius bishop of pres. . . .
Printing in: America. 1539- FN‘S‘. 1mm~
ing oflice m Ame-
First Swedish manufactories. “Ga. at Lom-
Persz’n, Cazpar. Daghet, and bridge, by SduL

. '- ' ~ 1 Green.
3:15:55. mrame, Fume] 1640. Whole num.

ber of emigrams

to New England

Cqfl‘ee brought to Encland by Prevrous ‘0 UIIS,
Nat. Conopius, D 21,000.

 

ENGLAND.

1630. Ivi’entwoz‘llt, earl of
Strofibrd, minister.

[Period III.—

 

FRANCE.

 

Laud, archbishop of 1631. Treaty

Canterbury. . _
1633. "he king Visits

with Swo-
den and the

Scotland~is crowned popular prin.

at Edinburgh.

1637. Trubles in Scot-
land, caused by Char-
les’s plan to overthrow
the Scotch presbyterian
church, and enforce
episcopacy.

l63i). War with Scotland.

16-10. Parliament assem-
bled—dissolved with-
out efl‘ecting any thing.

The Scotch invade
England -take posses-
sion of Newcastle.

The Long Parlia-
ment, Nov. 3.
Impeachment ol‘Strail
ford and Laud.

1641. Strafi‘ord beheaded.
-—-Courts ofStar Chain-
ber and High Commis-
sion abolished.—Rebe1-
lion of Roger Moore in
Ireland. — Massacre of
Protestants by Irish Ca-
tholics.

1642. Civil W’nr and
Revolution.
Rise of Roundheads

 

ces against
the emper-
or.

1635. Alliance
With Holland

against Spain,
for the par-
tition of the
Austrian Ne-
therlands.

1636. Alliance
with Sweden
against Aus-
tria.

Invasion of
Gascony by
the Span-
iards, and of
Picardy, by
the Impe-
rialists. who
threaten Pa‘
ris.

1638. Invasion
of Spain,
siege 01 F011-
tarabiu.

1640. Turin ta.-
ken by the
French.

Thefirst
Louis d’ors
struck.

1641. Alliance
with Portu-
gal against
Spain—Ca-
talonia and
Rousillon re-
volt, and sub-

mit to France.

“342. Cinq
Mars and do
Thou be-
headed.

and Cavaliers, 10th of ”3434‘ 0 U I b

the popular arty.—
Bettle of EdgehiJIl, inde-
oisive.

Condé and Turenne, the great~ 1643. Confedera- 1543- Royalists victorious

est generals of the age. tion of the colo-
nies of New
England, for
mutual defence.

at Cnrlsgrane—deteated
at Newbury.~—Solomn
league and covenant be-
tween the Scotch and
English parliaments.

xw.§_
(the Great.)
Anne, of
Austria, re~
gent.
Victory of
Roscroi over
the Spam
iards, by
Uondé. ~
Minion oi
Caroling!

urine. “ ' ,

 

 

 

 

1598—1718.]

 

SPAIN
AND
PORTU-
GAL.

A.D.

1639 Loss of
the Ja-
panese
trade.

Portu‘
gal re«
trails
her in-
depen-
‘(lence,
luntler
'Johan.
tluke ol’
Bragan-

zzé

“540

 

GERMANY.

1631. Sack ol' Mag-
tleburg, by Tilly.
—Gustavus Adol-
phus takes May-
ence.

163;). Defeat and
tleath of Tilly, at
Lech. — Gustavus
takes Munich——
VVullenstein again
in c0mmaml.——But-
tle of Lutzen.—~
Victory illlll death
()l'Gustavus Adul-
phtts.

1635.1’ence of Prague
with S‘Ixnny.

1636. Swedes victo-
riuus 21L Wittstnck.

1637.—F e r tlinund

III.
Galas successful
against the Swedes.
1638. Bernhard, 01‘
Saxe Weimar, (le-
l'eats the Imperial-
ists at Bheinfield—
takes Brisac.

1639. Battles of 01.
nitz ant! Brantliez.
gained by the Swe-
dish general, Bau-
net.

1641). Prussia '—Fre-

deric William.

1642. The Swedes de-
feat the. Austrians
at Leipsic.

1643. —invade Hol-
stein, and compel
the Danes to desert
Austria.

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

x25

 

ITALY.

1631, Peace of
Jhierusctx—
The influ-

ence of France
increases.

 

 

OTTOMAN
EMPIRE.

 

1634.Muratl ir
vudes Pei -
sia —— takes
Falt'eeze.

1636. Peace
with l’nlund
renewed.

1637. Troubles
on the Tar-
tar l'runtier;
Azoph taken
by the Cos-
sucks.

Bugtlatl ta-
ken by the
Turks.

All the con-
questsol'Ab-
bus recover-
ed.

 

1640. Ibrahim.

1642. Recap-

 

ture ofAzoph
from the Cos-l
sacks.

=3

THE WORLD, elsewhere.

163;. Sweden : —— Christina,
x
queen a; —

113.212. Sweden :——— Oxenstiem,
regent.

Russia z—VVar with P0-
lnntl; twc years’ siege of
Smolenskt).~» Russian army
capitulutes, antl the Polish
kin." advances to Moscow.

1634. Peace 01' VViasma, disad-
vantageous to Russia.

1639. IIollantl.—Great naval
victory by Van ’1 '1‘0mp, over
the Spanish fleet in the
Downs.

1640. India 2~Madrus fotndcd
by the English

 

.,. . . - :“1 :_ ~ '- .~'cv:rW.-“'*~—.

     
 
 

 

 

m—‘

 

«6 mm: wmn’s..egoetmgs_s. ’. [Paiad'IX—IZQ.WM
_=

 

 

 

,.,¢ ',
.ri
Lo Pnoatmss 0F Socmnr, etc. AMERICA. GREAT BRITAIN. Fluxes \ ‘~
Des Cortes, French philoso- 1644. Battle at Marston
pher. Minor—royahsts deleat~
Gt .
1645. Battle pr Naseby. 1645. :—- Man
“346 Airguns invented. |1646. Thomas 1616. The king seeks re- §halTureuug

May/Lew, reach. t'uge in the Scuttish takes 'l‘rs veg
er to the ndians, camp.
shipwrecked. .
16-17. Peter Stuy- 1647. .—IS delivered up to
vesant, governor parliament tor £400,000.
of New Amster-
dam.

 
  
 
   
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
   
  
  
    
    

10-18 Engraving in mezzotinto, im~ 1548- Cambridge 1618. Cromwell routs the 1648. Facuons
proved by Prince Rupert. plattorm adupt- Scotch, under llamil- ut the Fron-
ed. tun.--—'l‘he preshyte- de ; dissert-
rians expelled from sions l'oment-
parliament, which re ed by Cardi-
e‘ ceives the name of“ the nal de R e trz .
. Rump.”

1649. J. Winthrop, 1649. Trial and execution 1649. Court re-
governor 0! Con- 01' the king. moves to St.
necucut. Germaine.—

THE COMMONWEALTH. Siege ut‘ Pa-

‘V’Wmllamrw m mgr-.3 91..” ’W;:‘

l'ls.
,. - , - - 1650.5enlement of 16-50. Cromwell subdues “550. Condé
‘6'” Rfig’;3“§§vfiflfjgilfi°°de" rails, North Carolina. Ireland. Conti,and
The Scots proclaim Longue-
Charles 11. He v ille . int-

165L_ enters England—is phoned.—
deteated at Worcester, I‘urenne
Jeremy Taylor, Alger. Sid- and escapes to France. flees to the

, ‘ . - Spaniards.
ncy,En=;hah write” 1652 John Cotton 1652. Naval war with I652. M an a-
died. Holland— B l a k e, ri n e retires
A s c o u g h . and In Sedan.
M | l’ e n n , English atl‘ Cundé flies
Le Sear and Le Bran, French "m“l’“ I” Spain.

pd““°‘s' 1653. Long parliament 1653Mazarine
dissolved by Urom- enters Paris
well.—-" Burehone’s pur- in triumph.
liument ” summoned.

OLIVER. Cnom.
WELL,L01‘d l’ro-

l _
1

(Hilton, private secre-
tary to Cromwell.

"554. Peace of Westmin-

srer.—Alliance with
Holland.

65! Air pumps invented.

I855 About this time flourish Mo- 1655. E. Winslow 1655.

Here, La Fontat'ne, Cor- died. Wu With Spain.—

mill}:é hiayhtme IdeIéS'evig- mil?“ 1 by .

rte, ac e oucau! (wine ‘

\Boileau, and Pineal, if: . lfiishliiaéiidernggll 163% ngu- 0‘
quce' well, Protector. nees.—'-_ at.

Vela: ex and Murillo 3 an— rte 00". ou-
tsh gamers. ’ p ‘3 ‘0

Maria 9 _

  

 

1558—1718.]

 

  
  
  

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

 

 

 

1-27

 

 

 

SPAIN
AND .
A.D. 13mm}. GERMANY. ITALY. 231:3;qu THE WORLD, elsewhere.
GAL.
1644. Invasion of 1644. Innocent 1644. Naval victory of the
Hungary, by Ra- X., pope. Swedes over the Danish
coezi— the empe- fleet.
rori'orced to yield 1645.War with 1645. Swedenz—Peace of
to the demands of Venice. Bréimsebro with Denmark.
the protestants. Candie, the
1646. Revoltof theatre of
Naples, un- war.
der M a s - 164.7. Netherlands :~Wiliium
s a n i ell o . 11.
China :~—— The Tartars
place a prince of their own
on the throne—the first 01
the present dynasty oi'Tsing.
1648. PEACE OF 1648. Moham- 164B. Poland:——’1‘he Ukraine
W E s T p H A . med 1V. Cossacks revolt, and cut the
L I A , signed at Polish army to pieces.
Munster, between A
France, the am ——-John Cassiinir, ---
pire, and Sweden.
—'1‘he principle 01
a balance 13/" pow-
er in Europe first
recognized.
1650. Moham-
med Riopri-
1i, grand vi-
zier.
: 1653.Naval de- 1653. Holland 2—..1 0 h n d e
t feat by the W i t t , Grand Pensioner] ;
i: Venetians m 1) e R u y te l , admiral.
the Archipe-
Iago.
-: 1654. Defeat and death of
‘ _ 1654 Brazil Tromp.
recover- Sweden :—Christina re-
edlfrom signs.——Charles X., 1st. of
t re
. Dutch. rr' _ the House ofDeux Poms.
,- 1655 War , 163:}. ‘fiIchan Poland :—War with Rue.
'- :7, With 1557. —L e o p 31d pope. " 1657.War with sia.

   

Env-
1:103.

1&—

Racoezi, for 1657. Denmark :—War against
aiding Swe- the Swedes, who overrun
den against Denmark, and menace Co
Pnland. penhagen.
1658. Denmark :—-—-Naval vic-
tory over the Swedes.
Denmark :——Peace efRos
kilde.

 

128

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

 

 

no. PROGRESS OF SOCIETY, etc.

 

1662 Logwood first cut in the bay‘
of Honduras.

Salvator

Rosa,
painter.

landscape

Huygens, D utch astronomer.

1665 Persecution of Jansem‘sts in
France

1550 Chum shot invented by De
Witt.

1665 CanatofLanguedoc, from the
Mediterranean to the Atlan-
tic.

1557 Gabeh‘n tapestry manufactory
1 in Paris.

1670 Bayonels invented at Bay-
otine.

Orrery invented.

1.671 Foundation of the Academy
of Architecture, and the
Iflitet des Invatidcs, at Pa-
ris.

Cassim', Italian estronomer
and mathematician.

D'Herbelot, Pascal, Bour-
daloue, La Bruy're, 111a!-
branche, French writers.

1675 Christopher W‘ren, architect,

commences St. Paul’s.

Ruyedaet, celebrated Dutch
tanner.

W itliam Temple, historian.

Butler, PValler, and Dryden.
English poets; Henry
.More, Leighton, Baxter,
Boyle.

Mansart, architect; Giradon,
sculptor, of France.

AMERICA.

1663. Canada made
a royal colony.

1663. Elliot’s In
dian Bible prin-

ted.

1664. N e w
occupied
English.

1667. —cede-'1 to
them by
peace of Breda.

167t').Conclusionof1670. The
the ‘ American
between

treat) ’

ENGLAND.

Rump parliament czill-
ed, but soon expelled.

Restoration 01
the Stuarts.

1660.—Charles 11.@
11 y d e , earl Ul
Clarendon, chancellor
and prime minister.
1661. New parliament.—
Alliatice with Portugal.
1662. Marriage with Ca.-
therine, of Portugal.
Actot Uniformity.
Dunkirk sold to
France.

1661. “far with Holland.

1665. Naval victory by the
duke of York.

Great Plague in

Y O r k London.

by the

 

1666. Great Fire in Lon-
don.

1667. Peace of Breda.—
New York ceded to
England.

Bunishment ot‘ the
earl of Clarendon.

1668.]‘1'1 ple league—Eng-
land, Sweden, and Hol-
land, against France.

Cabal min-

istry—Secret. treaty

with France.

the

England and

Spain.

1672. War with Holland
in conjunction with
France.

1673. Ministry of Danby.

'Test Act passed.

1674. Peace with Holland.

1675.King Phi-
lip’s War in
New England.

1677. Maine

chased by
chusetts.

pur-
Massa- 1678. The Popish Plot.

[Period 121—120 9.4.3,;

 

FRANCE.

16551. Richard resigns— 1661. Dcatliol

Muzariue.
Col b e rt,
comptroller-
general of
finance.
Lyonne,
Le Tellier.

15'2. Disputes

with the pope.
—6000 troops
sent against
the Turks in
Hungary.

1661. French
East India.
Company.

1566. Acade-
inie des Sci

ences Louvois

1657.Wo.r with
Spain. Lou-
is claims
Spanish Ne-
therlands for
his wile—in-
vudes Bel-
gittm.

1668. Peace 0
Aix la Clia
pelle with
Spain.

1672. War with
Holland.

1673. French
ambassador
at Ispahan.

1674. The
Dutch the
treated at the
brtttles of
Sinsheim
and Mulhau~
sen—Tu-
renne rava-
ges the Pale.-
tinate.

1675. Death 01
'l‘ut'enne at
Sttshacli.

Influence
of Pete 1a
Chaise, the
king’s con-
teesor.

1677. Victory
over the
Prince of
Orange at
Mont-Cassol.

1678. Peacd'
01- Ni me‘
g u e it With
Holland and
Spain—re—
stores tie»
quillity to
Europe.~

 

   
    
   
  
   
   
  
  
 
 
  
  
  
  

1598-1718.]
SPAIN
AND
A D POR‘I‘U
) GAL

1661 Invasion
of Por-
tugual.

1553 Vrictory

0 tie
Portu-
guese
over the
Span-
iards at
Estre-
mas.
Spain : —

665
Charles

11%-

Forum
gal :—
lieVolu-
(ion at
Lisbon.
King de-
posed.

1667

 

Peace of
Lisbon
with
Spain.
Nita 1‘11.
the .le—
suit, dri-
Ven
from
Spain.
War
with
France
to pro-
tect Hol-
land.

._.__——-—

   

GERMANY.

1663. The Diet per-
manent at Ratis-
hon.

1664. Montecuculi
victorious over the
Turks at St. Go-
thard.

1665. The Tyrol uni-
ted to Austria.

1673. War ofAustria
and France.

1675. Turenne and
Montecuculi op-
posed on the
Rhine. —— Victory
01' Consarbruck
over the French,
under Crequi.-——
Treves taken.

1676. General revolt
of Hungarians un-
der Emeric.

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. 129

m

 

0 AN
ITALY, E13311}; THE WORLD, elsewhere.
1660. Demark :—Peace of Co
1561; War penhagen. ——— The Swedes
thlh AUS- restore Bornholm, and Dron-
ma. theim.

Revolution in Denmark.

Sweden t—Charles Klé
Peace of Olive.
Prussia acknowledged in.
dependent.
1660. Poland z—Gi'eat victory
of Marshal .1 o h n S o
b i e s k 1 over the Tartars

1662. Invasion
of Hungary.

 

1667. Holland :mPeace of Bre~
da: loss of New Nether-
lands.

1668. First embassies from
Russia to France and Spain.

Intliziz—Rise ol' the Mah-
ratm power.—Sevajee takes
and sucks Surat.

1670. Den. :—Christian V.@

1667. Clement
1X., pope.
1669. Candie. taken from Ve-
nice by Kio-
prili.

Peace with the Porte.

1670. Cosmo
111., grand
duke of'l‘us-
cany.—\Var

between Ge- 1672. The Sul- 1672. Sea fight between the

Dutch fleet, under De Witt

22a and SH" Ilinlggxaales and De Ruyter, and the
Clxinent X 1673' ——defeat- English and French fleets—-
nope. I, ed by 20- Dutch deleated.

1674. Revoltof briski. at . . . @
Messina in Choezim. D811 -"W1Hlam “1-
%;%rc:r 1674. Poland z—John Sobies

1676. Messina 1676. Peace of %
blockaded by Zurawno d 111- '—

3; 35:3?le wnh Polen ' 1675. The SWedes invade
fleets Brandenburg.

Death of De 1677. Battle of the Lund. be-
Ruyter. 1578. First war tween the Swedes aneranes.
InnocentXL with Russia.

pope. . on account

'Death ofthe of the Cos-

atheist, Spi- sacks.

noza.

I30

THE \VORL‘D’S‘ PROGRESS. ~

mm:—

[Period LXI—1129 mm

m

 

 

 

Ln. PROGRESS OF Socxnn', etc.

 

Bernini, Italian sculptor.
168: Museum tor Natural History,
. at London.
Jardin des Planles, at Paris.
1683 Pclmty post established in Lon-
t on.
Kcmpfer’s travels in Japan.
John. Bunyan. " Pilgrim’s
Progress.”

586 Otto Von Guerz'cke, inven-
tor ol‘ the air-pump and
electrical mac/tine, died.

Telegraplts invented.

Net/lvt‘on’s Princt‘pia, publish-
et.

G. Butt. Lully, {tom Flo‘
rencc. founder of French
opera music.

Arc/t. Corelli’, celebrated vio~
linistandcomposeratliome.

IVhi/e paper first made in
England.

Leihm'tz, German philoso-
pher, rounds the Academy of
Sciences at Berlin.

First opera in London.

Purcell, English musician.

Bank of England.

Telescopes, first reflecting
one mode on the principles
01‘ Sir Isaac Newton.

1687

1690

1692

1693
too:

1692 Witchcraft superstition in

John Locke and Sir Isaac
Newton in England.
Boileau, Feuelon, and Boyle,
in France.
1693 Bank of England.

.599 Phosphorus discovered.

 

 

AMERICA.

 

1685. Sir Edmundl
A n'. 1 ms, 20 vernor
of New England.

1683. General sup-
pression of char-
ter govermnents.

1689. Montreal de-
stroyed by the,
Five nations.

Let'stcr usut'ps the
government of
New York.

1690. The English
settlements of
Schenectady, N.
York, Casco. Me.

and Salmon Falls,
N. 11., destroyed
by a party ol‘
French.

Port Royal, No-
va Scouti, redu-
ced by Sir Wil-
littm Phipps.—

Expedition against
Canada, unsuc-
ccsst'nl.

1691. Schuyler
defeats the French
at La. Prairie.

New-England.

1692. New Hamp-
shire purchased
by Allen.

N. York: Leis-
ler executed.

1693. N. York :—
Epz'scopacy in-
troduced.

William and
Mary’s College
founded.

1697. Kidd’s pira-
cies.

 

 
   
  
   
   
   
 

1699. French colo
ny in Louisiana.
—Gold mines in
Brazil.

GREAT BRITAIN.

 

Ftuncis.

 

Rise of the names at France, the

IV/zigs and Tories.

1683. “ Ryehouse Plot.”

Execution of Lord

Russo] and Algernon
Sydney.

In this reign the Roy-
al Society of London
was institute-.1 by “lil-
kins, bishop of Chester.

< —-Bombuy ceded to
England.

1685.—-Ja.mes IL§

Rebellion 01‘ Mon—
month, in England, and
Argyle, in Scotland,
both defeated and exe-
cured.

Judge .Iefl'ries.

1636. The king favors the
Catholics.

1687. ~1‘e-establishes the
Court of High Com
mission.

“3%. "REVOLUTION
0 F ltiSS.”—'1‘he \Vhig‘s
and 'I‘ories unite in ap-
plying to the Prince ol~
Orange, who lands in
England with 15,000
men—the king flees to
France.

1639.—VVillia.m III.

and MaryII.@——

War with France.

James II. lands in
Ireland—besieges Lon-
tlondorry.

1690. William in Ireland.
*Battle of [he Boyne.
James dcleated, returns
to France.

lSEll. Limerick taken. and
William acknowledged.

1692. Invasion of Eng-
land undertaken by the
French in favor of
James—Naval victory
by theDutch and Eng
lish. -

1693. Bank of England in-
corporated.

l694. Death of queen
Mary.

l697. General p a a c a

1698. First partition treaty,
between France. Eng
land, and the Empire to
dispose of the crown of
S ain.

16 . Visit of Peter the
Great.

 

most formi-
dable power
in Europe.

1683. Invasion
of the Span-
ish Nether-
lands.

168-1. Truce of
Ratisbon for
twenty years
with Spain.

1685. Revo-
cation of
the Edict

of Nantes.

1638. War oi
Spain ———the
Empire. Hul-
land. Savoy,
and England
against.
France.
1689. Grand a1-
liunce age-inst
Frunce, head-
ed by Wil-
liztm III.

1690 Naval
victory over
the Dutch
and English
ofi' Dieppe.
Victory ot’
Luxemburg.
at Fleurus.

169‘?“ Marshal
Luxem-
b u r 2 lie.

feats \Villiam
at Steenkirk,
,and

1693. -—at Ne-
uvinden.
Institution of
the order of
St. Louis.

0 f R. y s w it: h
—between
France and
the allies.

     
 

 

 

mr‘m‘mce

1598—1718.]

 

Spam
AND

A-D- PORTU-

GAL.

1689 Revolt

1691

 

France.
' 1686. Russia 1686. India :—The Dekkin con
1686 League Qf declares war. quered.
Augsbmg against 1687. Revolu- Golconda and Besapore.
Fiance tion in Con-
1686. Buda taken af- stantinople,
131' 1181113 119111 11>" Mohammed 1687. ——The English factories
the TUl‘kS 145 dethroned. in Bengal suppressed—after-
years. ' Solyman wards restored.
1687. Decisive victo- g 1688. Prussiaz—Frederic III.
1y of Mohaez : 11_@__ <31
Croatia and Tran- g?
sylvania subdued. Russia :—-—Ivan resigns~
Joseph 1. crown- Sophia is confined in a con-
ed king of Hun— vent:
g.ary 9 1689. PETER THE
1689. Grand alliance 1639"f‘l1[i:an lefiisgefemat .-
0" .C'dfia latlfied '11 View“ it e 1690. Mttsta- G R E 1 T. —_
101118111, The Palattnate p p ' pha [(iopri- 1692. Russia:-'-——Fii‘st trade
favor of desolated by the li drives the with China.
France. French. Austrians India —IIel°’ht of the Mo-
~ , across the gul powei. annual revenue
Danube—re. £12 (100, 000.
covers Bel- China. ——G1eat influence
1690 Joseph I.elect- grade of Jesuits.
ed Inns of the RO- 1691 Ahmud 1693. Sweden :—The king de-
mans by the Diet clured absolute.
of Augsbu1g.— 11. %_ 1695. Holland : Bombard-
Incur- Victo1ins over the 1691- 111110691“ Deteat and merit of Brussels by the
ston of Turks. XII., pOpe. death (,{KiO_F1-encli. under Villeroi.
the 111'111- 1696. Poland :——I)eath 01 So-
Ftencb 1694 Ohio 111- bieski—rsucceeded by
Mini?) ken by the 1697. —F1edet'icéaugustus I.
21 n. . :— H A R L ‘ s
° 1693. Battle of 16gifne$iflfw swwen 1’
Marsaghaf— X l I .ég—(lfi years old.)
the allies in pita 11
Italy 1131““ 1696 __ leads Russia :——Introduction 01
9‘1 yby 1113 his own ar- various manufactuies—
MH1'Sha1 Ca my _ Victo- equipment of a fleet, etc.
Peace of Ryswick. “1131- ,y ofolach
1“' 1699. Peace ofl 169:1. Den. :—Frederic IV.
trigues 1697. Victory over Cat lownz
for5 the the Sultan Musta- ' The Otto- Alliance ofDenmark, Rue .
succes- ha at Zenta, by man power sia (1111 Poland against
s10n. tie Prince Eugene. broken. Charles XII. of Sweden.

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. 131

______,___.._—.—~—-—~——-———-—-—-———-—-—-——-:..

 

 

 

 

OTTOMAN THE VVORLD elsewhere.
GERMANY. ITALY. EMPIRE. 1
1680. Great patt of 1080. Sweden :—Diet of Stock-
Alsace seized by 1682.VVarwith 11°11“.
Fiance. Austria. 1682. Russia. —Ivan and Pe-
1683. Turkish war, 1683. Total “mg—"“1113“ 513181: 50'

rout before phia tegent.
Vienna. 1683 Denmark :-—The Code of

king Christian published.

siege of Vienna by
the'l‘urks—victot'y
of the Germans
and Poles, under 1684. Alliance ofVenice with
CharleS, of Lor- Poland, and the Empire
mine, and John against the Porte.
Sobieski. I
Treaty of the‘
Hague against

 

 

 

 

 

 

132

L”.

1700

1703

1701

1708

1709
1710

1713

1714

1715

1716

1713 The cqfi'ee tree brought from

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

PROGRESS OF SOCIETY, etc.

First manufactories in RuSSia
and Denmark.

Fenelon, Bossuet, AIasilIon,
in France.

National Deb: of England
commenced.

Godfrey Kneller,
painter.

English

First Russian newspaper.—
St. Petersburgh rounded.

Flourishing period of French
literature— Great splendor
in the French court.

A newspaper in America.

Incorporation of the United
British East India Com—
pany.

Prussic acid discovered by
Diesbach.

A postoflice in America.

The famous bull “ Unfgeni-
tus ” against the FrenchJan-
senists.

Rise of commerce in Austria;
first niaiiul'actories.

Law’s bank at Paris.

The monastery of Malta. ‘ihe
wonder of Portuwal,’ built.
Prior, Steele, De i‘oe, Addi-
son. 11 urish in England.
Filrsldstanding army in Eng-

an .

Java to Surinam.

 

 

 

AMERICA.

 

1701. Yale College
founded.

1702. Rice intro-
duced into Caro
lina from Mada-
gascar.

1703. Apalachian
Indians subdued.

Maine ravaged
by French and
Indians.

1701. Captain
Church’s expe-
dition against the
Indians.

Boston News

Lelter,first Ame-
rican periodical.

1706. Carolina in-
vaded by the
French and Span-
ish.

1707. Unsuccessful
expedition against
Port. Royal.
1708.The Sag/brook
plal/‘or-m, form~
ed. _
1709. First paper
money in New‘
Jerse .
1710. .;‘irst post-
at New

Fl‘uitiess expe-
dition against Ca-
nada.

1713. “Queen
Anne’s War”
closed by the

treaty oi'UtrechL 17H. Factions at court—

1715. Indian war in 1715.1nsurreclion of Ja-

Soiith Carolina.
1717. New- Orleans

settled by the

French. '

 

[Period IX—IZO years.-‘—‘

 

GREAT BRITAIN. FRANCE.

 

1700. A British fleet sent
to assist Charles Xli.,
of Sweden.

Foundation of
national debt
reign. .

1701. War of the Spanish succession.

1702. The French invade Holland, un-
der Boufllers—repulsed by M a. r 1 ~
b o r o u g h .

the
in this

 

1702. Revolt oi
the Hugue-
IIUIS suppress-
ed by Mar-
shal Villars.
1704. Marlborough enters Germany,
gains the battle of B le n h e i m .
Gibraltar taken by
Rooke.
1706.’1‘re aty ofunion
with Scotland.
Battle of Rainillies, Villeroi
feated.
1707. Victory ofAlmanza overdhe Eng-
lish and Portuguese.
The first United

—-— A n n e.

1703. Methuen treaty of
commerce with Portu-
gal.

de-

Parliament of
Great Britain
meets.

1708. Battle of Oudenarde,'—French de-
leated.
Sardinia and Minor ca captured by
the English.
Unsuccessful attempt
of the Pretender to land
in Scotland.
1710. Victory of Vendome
Dr. Sacheverell’s trial.
—Collision of Whig
and Tory principles.

atVillaviciose

1713. Peace of Utrecht.
Perpetual separation 01 the\ crown:
of France and Spain— England no

Acadia. and

norca and Gi

the boundary

France.

1714. Peace 0
Radstadt : the
Emperor ac
knowledges
Philip on
the cession

quires Newfoundland,
Hudson’s Bay, also Mi
braltar. The Rhine is
between Germany and

disgrace 01‘ Harley,
chancellor ofthe exche-
quer.
.Death of the queen.
—-House 0 i' Hano-

v e r :—- 01' Lombar-

dy, Naples.

—G e o r g e I .é— and Sardinia.

Ilobert W'alpole, pre~ 1715. L o u 1 s
mier.

x v. fi.
cobites.~—Battles ot'She- ”Duke of
rifi‘muir and Preston. Orleans re-

Waij against Sweden. gent. — Du-
bois, minis
ter.

1718. Quadru le al liance: th‘l
Emperor, Eng and, Ho Hand, and

France against the desi gas of Spain.

 

 

 

 

  
 
 
  
  
   
 
    
  

 

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

133

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1598—1718.]
m- ____.. _._._
SPAIN
AND
Ln, Pom‘v- GERMANY. ITALY. %g:§:;:x THE WORLD, elsewhere.
GAL.

1700 Death of 1700. RusSia :—Peter the Great
the king, invades Ingria—det'eaied by
who Charles Xll., at Narva.
names War of the Northern
the duke Powers.
ol'Anjou
BS 1113 1701. Grand alliance of the Hague, 1701. PRUSSIA erected intoa
success- between England, Holland, and kingdom under'

01‘; . the Empire, to pre vent the union —'

1701 P111111) 01' France and Spa in. ———F r e d eri c Lg?“-
V g Ugerattlleis 011‘ Stgl- 1702. Victory
a on, . 00 iste t. of Luzzace ~ Charles XII. invades Po-

1704 1 he and Spires, gained gained by the “(1)131 Ahmed land—is victorious at Riga,
arch- by the French. Fiench over ‘ 1702. —enters VVarsaw~takes
(19k? the Impe- Cracow.
911M195 rialists. 1703. Victory of Pultiisk
”Wis at. Poland ;—'l‘he throne (.5-
Lisbon, clared vacant, and
$11: an 1704. Stanislas Leetzinski
Spain. .- r,

.1705 Barcelo- 170.5- _J 0 s e p h elected limo.

36.111106“ @ 1706. The Swedes victorious
aiyli s I. —— 1706. French over the Saxons and Rus-
‘ , f3 “ driven from sians at Traverstadt.

1705 lott. .— Italy by
John V" prince Eu-

' gene. 1707. Russia :—Revolt of the
1“ ”Fix 1707. All the Cossack Mazeppa. .
fits; _ Spanish [395— 1708. Charles invades Ruseia,
iguuegé‘ sesstons in crosses the Dnieper, and is
enter 3,2111%“ tibzfillle 1709. Charles 1709. defeated at Pultowa.
Madrid. allies XII. takes Sweden at war With Den-

1710. Treaty of the ' l-eyuae at mark.
Hague between Bender— Poland z—Fi'ederic Augus-
Englandalfolland, hence war tus re—ascentls the throne.
and the htnpire. wnh Russia. 1712. Victory of the Swedes at

1711 Charles 1711. — C ha 1' 1 e s Gadebusche.
leaves V 1 ' 1713. Prussia :—Frederic W11
S ain 0'1 . -.
b56011] Ministry of Count liani 1%;—
ing Em- . Innzendorf. '
peror. 1713. Pragmatic.

sanctzon, vesting

the succession to

Austria in the

daughters of Char-
Ba' elo- 63' ‘ . s'..:-— "V' V' [0'
“like“ 1714. Peace or Ras- 1714. War at Venice with 17,138,135:éi,.edi:‘f‘_fim§§afi§
by Bap tadt and Baden the Porte. Finland conquered.
wick. With France.
Albero- . 1715. Netherlands -——Barrier

ni, 1715. Corinth taken by. the treaty ol Antwerp with Aug.

prime Turks — the Emperor Joins mm
minis- quce— 5‘6 ge Of 901‘!“ Sweden :——Return of Char-
ter of raised on the news at their lesflpmssja and England
Spain. 1111). defeat at jointhe alliance against him.

    

the battle of
l’eterwar-
den.

1717. Defeat of

Crusca—loss
of Belgrade.

1718. Q 11 a d 1‘ u - 1718. Peace of Passai'oWitz,
ple allial ce between the Perle, Venice,

against Spain. and Hunga ry.

1718. Charles XII. invades
Norway; is killed at the
siege of Fredericshal .

Sweden:—Ulrica Eleo

nora. § ——

 

 

134: THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

PERIOD X.--97 years.—

. _~.—~ ... ._.____._—_..____.__._._.____ _.._—__===——-
_____._____.—__. W-A-._- _ m.

It

ILD. PROGRESS OF SOCIETY, etc. AMERXCA. ENGLAND.

—-—_

 

Conan Mather. “ flqunalia,”11719. First Philadelphia news- ”:9 Unsuccessful attempt to
and Increase IlIther, Hist. paper. invade Scotland by the Span-
01' War with Indians. lards.

“The South Sea Scheme.”
1720. “ Bursting of the South
Sea bubble.”

1721 Inoculation introduced by 1721. First New-York news- 1721; S” R01)?"- Walp"le’a
Lady Montague. The same paper. mtntstr)’ 901111111165-
yertr introduced into Boston
by Dr. Boylston.
1723. Vermont settled.
Increase {Hat/zen died.

1724 Academy ol‘Sciences at Peters- 1724. Trenton, N. J., founded. \
burg.

1725 The “Appellants,” in France, 1725. Leagt e ot‘IIerrenhausen,
headed by the Cardinal de

Noailles, appeal from the 1727. Great earthquake in 1727. George I. dies at. 03118.-

9.
. '1
i
i

  
  
    
   
   

bull “'Uuige‘nttus,” to_ it {10- New-England. burg.
neril council; but Without
effect. ~—George II. ~—

1723 Behring’s Strait discovered. 1728. Cot/on Ma'her, died. 1728. Pene of Pardo wnu
Discovery of diamond Spain
mines in Brazil.

1729 Balloons invented byGusmac. 1729. The Carolinas separated. 1729. Treaty of Seville, be

In, England : ‘In. France .'

Pu e Swi't,J. B. Rous- 1731. Treaty of Vienna with
754%,, 1 sea“, Le Holland and the Empire.
Thompson, Sage, Rollin,
IVa/ls. Lord .Manlesqm'eu.
Bo/z'n. hl‘o/ce,

gzgfiigfifiifi 1732. Birth or Washington.

1733. Savannah founded.
Halley, astronomer.

1733 First Lodge of Freemasons in America, at Boston. ‘ _
1739. War With bpaln.

1740 Irzsh linen manttfactorz'es. 1740. Tennessee firstexplored. 1740 Porto Bellotnken by Ad-
and English steel and cutlery miral Vernon—Anson’s loy-
flourish. age round the world, and

1742. Invasion of Florida by capture Of the Main“! pl-

Indians and Spaniards—re- 180n-
pulsed. ’
L.u fialberg, Danish drama.
s.

 

THE \VORL D’S PROGRESS.

135

1718—1815.—Deat/z- of Charles III]. to Battle of I/Vaterloo.

FRANCE.

 

lie-slThe king assumes
l the government.
Dulre rle Bourbon,
l minismr.

1724 Congress of Cam-
bray

between England,
France, Prussia,
and Holland.

Minis-try of Cardi-
nal F l e u r y .

179.6

Congress of Scis-
sons dissolved,
without effecting
any thing.

l728

tween Encland.
France, and Hul~
land.

733 VVai' of the Polish
succession:
France, Spain,
and Sardi: iia.

L734 Conquest of Lor-
raine.

1740'War ot the Aus-
trian succession
-Marsha|s Belle
isle and Broglio :

    
      

1743 —defeat9ri by the
allies at. Dettin-
gen.

‘ .

l

SPAIN
AND
PORTU-
GAL.

““l
l

1725. :-
Alliance
1734. :~
Con-
quest 01‘
Naples
and Sici-

liv by

Diu'i
Cat 104.

1739. :—
War
with
Eng-
land. for
intrac-
tions of
the Asi-
ento
treaty.

 

 

 

 

GERMANY.

 

ot’ Vienna, Spain,
and Austria.

 

i733. \Var ofthe Po-
ltsli succession;
Austria, Russia,
and Denmark.

l735. Preliminaries
ot‘Vienna'not con-
cluded till 1733

1740.\Vai‘ofthe Aus-
trian succession.
Maria The-
1‘ e s a succeeds to
the hereditary
States.

1741. The French,
Saxons, anti [lava-
rtsns, overrun Aus-
tria, take Prague,
and crown Charles

VI. emperor. 1%

Treaty of Bres-
lau with Austria.
1743. The French
driven acroas the
Rhine. l

 

THE VVORLD, elsewhere.

 

1719. Italy :~Sici1y the
Spanish.
1720. Peace of Stockholm.—Tranquillity
restored in the ru'rth
Sweden :—The queen abdicates in
favor of her husband.
1721. Italy :—Innocent XIII., pope.
a.
Frederic. ’2
Peace of Nystatltwttti Russia.
Russia :~1’eter assumes the title
“Emperor of all the ltussias.”
1721. Turkey z—Mahommed Effendi, am-
bassador to Paris.
1723. China :—Christians expelled.
1723 Italy :——John Gaston, (de Medici),
grand duke of Tuscany.
1723. Turkey :—The Turks and Russians
attempt to dismemher Persia.
1724. Italy z—Bcnedict XML, pope.
17125. R ussia :«Catharine 1., widow of
2"

invaded by

 

 

Peter. . ——

1725. Turkey z—Partition treaty for seiz-
ing the north and west provinces of
Persia.

1726. Russia :——Alliance with Austria.

1726. Turkey z—It‘irst printing press
brought from Paris to Turkey.

1727. Russia :——Treaty with China.

Peter II.
1727. Turkey :—I’e:ice or Bagtlad.
1728. Denmark :——Fire at Copenhagen,
destroys the public library.
—colony of Danes in Greenland.

 

 

1730. Denmark :—(:hristian VI. —
1730. Italy -—Clemerit XII., pope.

 

Russia :—~Anne.

1733. Poland :—It‘redei'ic Augustus II.
The diet elect Stanislaus, but are
compelled by the Russian army to elect
Frederic. .
1734. Stanislaus besieged in Dantztc, es‘
capes to Koningsberg
1734. Turkey z—Tttrks driven from Per~
sia by Nadir Slinh. .
1736. —war with Russia and Austria.
1737. Italy :—Fr21ncis, of Lorraine, grand
duke of Tuscany .
1739. India :—Invatletl by Nadir Shah,
who takes and plttntlers Delhi.
1739. Turkey :——'I‘urks deleated near
Choezim.
1740. Italy :——Ben‘etlict XIV., pope
Turkey :——The Turks invade Persia
-—are repulsed by Ashraf.
-peace of Belgrade.

 

136 THE WORLD’S momma». [Period X.-—97 ybwf5v~~r 5 i

._._._

_________________________—————-——'*———-—-——-_

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

   
   
  
 
    
 
 
 
   
  
 
 
  

A.D. PROGRESS OF SOCIETY, etc. AIERXCA. GREAT BRITAIN.

Frederic the Great makes 1744. Naval victory over the
great improvements in mili- French,and Spanish fleets in
tary iactics—introducesfly‘ the bay of Hieres.
ing horse artillery. 1745. Louisburg and Cape 17-1-5. ScolCh I‘ebellionj-Char-

Durante and Leo, celebrated Breton taken from France 183 Edward lands in Scot-
musicians. by the English. laml.

Handel, and Seb. Bach, must- 1746. he is defeated at Cul-
cul countesers. loden.

2742’ ”indigo first produced in Caro- 1747. David Bramerd and 1747- Victories over the French

lino. Benjamin Coleman, died. U1?" Belle-isle and Cape
F misterre.
O
1

1748 Aloclieim, ecclesiastical histo- 1748. P e a. c e o f A i x 1 ‘

. _ “an. . _ _ . 1749. English settlement in mutual restitution of con

700 Dr. Franklin’s discoveries 2/: Nova. Scotia.

_ electricity.

1702 Ensglalntljinértidgces the “New [752, Thelnew stylhe intro
_. t_v e a e tar. ducet ' tie mr erea tet

1703 British rMuseum founded. commences film 1,

1752).. Hostilities between Eng land and France on the boun

1754. Washington‘s [mission to
the French.

1755. Defeat of Braddock.

British. I 1756. 03ch0 and Ft. Granby
Alan Ram— Helvetius Fr taken by the French. 1756 “ S e y e n Y o a r a ’
say, Racine, 1dr. ‘ Subsidiary alliance with
She-listens, Gellert, Ger. Pr““§“€‘; _ . .
Gray, Winc/cle- P ihthtnhtllig 21:“le 1 1 l l a m
flgfigfiae, "‘“m’ Ge" 1757. Fort Wm. Henry cap- 1757. 'Victory of Plassey, in
Churchill. tured. India. ,

1758. llepulse of Abercrombie
at Ticon- leroga.

Fort Du Quesne taken.

1759. Invasion of Canada— 1759.Nava1 victoriesover the
death 01‘ \‘Volfe—«Quehec Lagros, and ofl‘ Brest.
taken. - Surat, in India, taken

Capture of Niagara, from the Dutch. -
Crown Point, and Ticonde-
roga. 1760.—Georgelll. —
John R abrach. sculptor. 1761. Earl of‘Bute, premier.
Hoonrt , Wilson, 13‘ Joshua 1752- War With Spain.
fieynolds, painters. ' Conquest of Hanna,

I751 Potatoes first planted in Trinidad. and Manila.

France. by 'l‘urgot. 1763. End of the “ Old French 1763- P e a 6 e o f P a ti I
Nzebuhr’s travel: in Arabia. War.”

1765. “American Siam Act ”

”a Wesley t? Whitefield preach. resisted in Massac use": - 74d \
bl Hamlin)?“ Medical School, an; Vir inlia. a1 ”:15in Benin! cedoilot‘ho 3::
,_ rs in met-tea. irst ‘o uni Congress ct in ‘om »

17% Wallis and Carteret’s voyage New-York. tmty 0f “mild-y -

of discovery in the South
seas.

 

 

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

137

 

 

 

1718-1815.]
Seam
A.D. FRANCE. p312?“ GERMANY.
‘ GAL.
1744 War declared
against England
and Austria.
1745 Battle of Fontenoy, 17 5. Charles dies at
allies defeated. Munich.
I746 The French victo- l746._ :— II o u s e o f
- rious by land, Ferdl- L o r r a i n e :
but unsuccessful nand VI. ;
bysefi. . —Francis I. ‘
1747 War With Holland. —— husband of Maria

Chapelle—
quests.

daries ofNova Sco-
tia.

I753 Influence of Me-
dame de I’ompa‘
dour.

‘V a I. ‘ i 1

Capture of Minor-
t'a from the Eng-
Iish.

Invasion of Hano—
ver.

Defeat at Crefeldt,
on the Rhine.

French 011' Cape
Attempt to invade
Ireland.

Loss ol'all Canada.
The Bourbon Fa~
mily Compact.
SieEe and capture
of Belleisle, by

the English.

between France,
Spain and Eng-
land.

Expulsion of the
Jesuits.

 

 

 

Theresa.

1748 Peace ofAix la Cha-
pelle; Spain, and Prussia
the on ly gainers by the

Will'.

1756. Seven Years’
“for of Austria
and Prussia.

Invasion and
conquest of Saxo-
ny, by Frederic II.

Alliance with
France.

I757. Prussians vic-
torious at Prague.
Rossbacli, Lessa,
and Breslau.

The French take
Verdun and Ilrev
men.

1758. French defeated
at Crel'eltlt,

1759. and at Minden

1759 : — Victory at. Max-
Charles en over the Prus-
Ill. sians.——Dresdenre-

taken.

1760. Great victory
at Torgan, by Fre-
deric.

1762.Prussians victo-
rious at Freiburg.

1763. Peace of Hu-
bertstrug.

1765. Joseph 11.

ea

 

 

 

THE WORLD, elsewhere.

 

 

$5
1740. Prussiaz—F R E D E R I c I I .@
(the Great.) Prussia increases in im-
portance.~War with Austria.
Russia :—lvan V.

1741. Sweden :——-VVar with Russia.
Swedes driven out of Finland.
Russia :—Elizabeth. -———

I743. ——Peace of Abt) with Sweden.

1743. Turkey z—VVar with Persia.

——Defeat near Erivan.

1744. India:—Ilostilities between French
and English.

1744. Italy :~Savoy occupied by French
and Spaniards, who take

I745. —l’artna, Milan. and Placentia.

—Genoa bombarded by the English.

I746. —French and Spaniards driven from

Lombardy.
E.

I746. Denmark:—lt‘rederic V. 5' ——
1747. Netherlands :—VVilliam 1V.
Persia z—Revolution: Nadir.
Shah murdered.
1751. Holland c—VVilliam V. stadtholder.
Denmark :—l\linistry of Count Bern-
storil‘.
Swedenz—Ilouse of Holstein Got-
torp :—

—-Adolphus Frederic. .. —
1754. Italy :—’I‘he Corsicans, under Paoli,
revolt against Genoa.
1754. Turkey z-Othman III.
1755. First Prussian embassy t0 Constan-
tinople.
1756.1ntlia3—Calcutta taken by the Na-
bob of Bengal.
I757. Turkey z—Mustapha III.
l757. Prussia 2—Russian invasion.
I758. —-victory of Lontlorf.
1758. Italy z—Clement XIII, pope.
1759, Prussia :——The king defeated at
Kunnersdorf.
l7t30. —Battle of Licgnitz.—Berlin taken.
Indiaz—Shah Alim II.
Siege and capture of Pondicherry,
by the English.
Kingdom of Mysore founded by
Hyder Ali.

1762. Russia :———Peter III.@—-(six
months).

————-CatharineII. ...._

I764. Poland z—Stanislaus Poniatowski.

1765. India ,—Treaty of Allahabad.

~Establishment of a British em ire

1765. Italy z—Peter Leopold, grand uka
of Tuscany.

1766. Denmark :—~Christian VII. >

1766. Power of the Mamelukes in Egypt
revived under Rodvan and Ali Bey.

._.__

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

k W

 

A.D

PROGRESS OF SOCIETY, etc.

 

1.767 F118! winning machine in England.

1133 Cook’s first voyage of discovery.

Bruce discovers the source of the Nile.

Royal Academy ofAI ts in England; Joshua

“141101113, 11151 president.

176‘.) Letters of Jum'zts.

1771) i Whitefield dies at Newhuryport.

I
l

L774 Captain Cook discovers New California.

1774 The SPINNINGJENNY, invented by Robert

Arkwright.

1774 The Improved Smut Enema, by 117111

and Bolton.

 

In. England. France. commander it1-1‘.hiel. k
eylulimilh, K011111112, Ger. Mosh~ “13.11382: LilThlelsra‘; Suzie? Johns and
ill' N. l \ ‘
Johnsfinu I, 111111115158“, Zifnrtlnennan 1770' The Brittshtroops 17:16- The Ci‘Y 01‘ LOYI'
’ evacuate Boston. on remonswates

Lin-11h, Jussten,

Garrick L.1voisier Lessing, , ~ - 5
111111113, 11.11 11111119., Wielund, S 111“,” Q [It i ‘8‘ d3 feats the English 3‘ ;
Robertson, lBauthele 11y, Herder, 11 1‘; 2318 LS :mR A _ The British army (
Butckstone. Butl‘o11.t;oej.he, T 1 0 N 0 F 1 N _ takes ossession of .
111111111 Smilll, Schiller, p

llorsley,

Littleton, lbonthllac,

Kant,
Klopstock,

Sw. Linnaus.
It. Metastasio.
Rtts. Kheras-

lernn Srnas.

1768. Boston. occupied
by the Brtush troops.

1769. Daniel Boone ex-
plores Kentucky.

1772.11ancock,s.
Adams, and Pa.-
trick Henry,
promote the revolu-
111111.

1773. Tea destroyed at
Boston.

1774. Continental Con-
gress at Philadelphia

am.-

11 l 1. AMERICAN
WAR:

April 19, Skirmish at
Lexington.

June. 17. B'utle ofBun~
bar’s Hill
Prescott, Put-
nam,&VVarren.

WASlllNHG’I‘QN,

DEPENDENCE,
July4.
A1nericans(Sulli-

B 1 van) defeated at
113:3?“ might Flathush, Aug. ‘
Fox, ”88,1,an Plugéuue 01 White
LWPGP Bogdunovich ‘ " _
Shetida’n, Kh-émnilzee ’ Battle of Ttenton,

ML- Phe1son,
Bums.
Kaimes,
Reid.

i Home 'l‘ooke,
11:1 iestley,

Dec. 26-7.
1777. Arrival of Lafay-
ette.

Capture of Ticon dero§35 by the  .

I G 1113.111 BRITAIN.

 

l765. American Stamp
Act repealed —New
ministry under the
Earl ol'C hatham.

1767. First war with
Hyder Ali in My-
sore.

1770. Lord N I rth,
prime minister.

177l. The Falkland \
Islands ceded by
Spain to Great Bri-
lain.

1774. The Boston Port
Bill 11. .15sed.

1774.\Va11e11 Hastings,
governor general 01
India.

REVOLUTIONARY

1775. Lord North’s
“ concilizttoly mea-
smes” rejected by ,
the colonies.1

 

   
  
  
  
    
  
    

against ‘he American
war.

New York. _
Hessians hlred for ‘1
serv1ce 1n Amonca.

l i

,GERMANY. THE WORLD, elsewhere.

Discipline 01‘ the Ottoman troops im:
proved by Baron de 'I‘ott.

1767. Spain :—Jesuits expelled.
India:—Hyde1‘ Ali resists the Engor

‘ lish.
738 Genoacedes Cors1ca to Trace! ' 1768. War between Russia and the Ottoman

Empire.

1769. Pope Clen: ent XIV.
’1 he Russian army occupies WaJacliia
and Muldavia.

69 Ministry of Duc d’Aiquillon

" 1 Mmiago of the dauphin w1t11

Marie Antoinette.
, 1771 Sweden :—Gustavus III.

1772 Joseph 1772. First Partition of Poland.
11.wi1h the.
1L11pe1'm‘s 111'
Russia and

Pr u:~:~iz1, dis-
m'emiiei yo. 1773. Ottoman Empiie. '—'I‘he Russians crass-

[an-1, divjd. ing the Danube, are repulsed by Ghazi

i112: it be Héssan
tween lhem- Pope Clement abulishes the order oi

salve; Jesuits
1774. I11dia-—VVarren Hastings, first British

gUVeanF -gene1al.
Russia :—Revolt of the Cossack Pugat‘r
scheil", callin” himscli Czar Peter.

‘ 73 Madame du Barri rules the
11mg.

,4 —-—Louis XVI. @—
" Marie Antaingtic, qutgcn .
- Maumpas, priim m11111ste1'.

Ottoman Empi1e z—Abdul Hamid. §~
1775 Pope Pius VI. . .
Spain :-—-Ab1e ministry of Honda Blan.
ca.

fie 0‘1: 1’1 1', Comptroller- -gene- 1776. Bassm-a surrendered to the Persians. mr
' 1’33 . ._ L ast Indies z—Lnrd Pigut, govcmor-gt
Wankiin 1n Parxs. neral, imprisoned by his own Council. .

 

 

140 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [Period X.-97 years..—

 

 

 

 

 

A.D. PROGRESS OF SOCIETY, etc. UNITED STATES. GREAT BRITAIN.

 

Battles of Bennington, Aug. 16; Brandywine, Sept.
11, and S.illwater.

Philadelphia taken by the English, under Cornwal
lis.-—-—Battle of German town, Oct. 4.—G ates. re-
ceives B u r g o y n e ’ s surrender, Uct.17.

Articles 01' confederation,
adopted Nov. 15.
1778. Alliance with France. 1778. Capture of Pondicherry.

Battle of Monmouth, in India.

\Vashington victorious, June
‘28.

Arrival of the French

fleet under D’Estaing.
Massacre of Wyoming.

Sivannah taken by the
English.

1771). \V a y n e recovers
Stoney Point.

Paul Jones’s Victory off Scotland. .
1780. Battle near Camden: 1780. War Wlth Hyder All In

    
   
 
 
    
   
    
  

1) e K a l b killed. India. . .

. Treason of Arnold. War With Holland. «

1781 Herschelfs dlscovery of the 1781. Battle of Cowpens,gain- \e‘
Georgtum Sidus. ed by M o 1- g a n .

Surrender of Cornwallis at York-

town, Oct. 17. _
1781. Victory ofi‘ the Dagger-

bank.
1782 Prussia acid obtained in a 58‘ 1782. Treaty with Holland, by
parate state, by Sc/zecle. J. Adams, Jay, F r a n k-
1 i n , and Laurens.
1783 Air balloon of Montgolfier. 1783. PEACE OF VERSA ILLES :

INDEPENDENCE of the UNITED STATES ac-
knowledged by Great Bri-
tam.

 

1784 First American vessel in 1781. New-York Chamber of 1781. Pitt, the younger,
China. Commerce founded. premier.
Ins/inttion for the deaf and Peace with Tippoo Saib.
dumb at Paris, by the Abbe
de 1’13 pee.

Sunday schools established in
England, by Robert Ruikes.

1785 Herschel’s Telescopes. 1783. J o h n A d a In s . 1st ambassador from the United
States 01' America to Great
Britain.
1786 Sienography, by Taylor. 1785. Shay’s insurrection in 1735. Pitt’s Sinking Fund.
~ Massachusetts.
1737 Panoramas In London. 1787. General Convention at
First spinning WNW/line in Philadelphia.
France. FEDERAL CON~
s r I 'r U T I o N of the [7%. The kinvinsane.--Deatn_
United States, adopted. of Charles Edward, the last % '
1783. Cotton planted in Geor~ pretender. i
la. ' . .
17 9. GEORGE WASH-
! N G T 0 N, first Presi- Trial of Wan-on Hm. ‘.
dent: ings. .

Jefferson, Ha-
milton, Knox. Ran-

Talma, the celebrated trage- (1011) 11,, and Jay 1 t'urm
dian. the cabinet.

1791. First United States Bank.

1792- K e n " u c k y admitted 1792. Provision for the [~161an

to the Union. abo 't' of thee: ‘ ‘.
United States JVIt'nt esta. 111011 - ‘ ‘

blished.

 

 

141

 

 

 

1718—1815.] THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.
==
FRANCE. GERMANY. THE VVORLD, elsewhere.
778 AthancewithAmerica.1778. War of the Bavarian!
succession—Bavaria seized
by Germany.

 
  
 
 

1779 Scheme to inyade England
from Normandy. Teschen.

86111. 10

178(_ Rochambeau
aid the Americans.

 

 

1781 I Necker resigns.
1782 Defeat of De Grasse in the ~ . »
West Indies, by Rodney. lliéoulxgishment of death
. . The Pope visits the em-
1783 P e a c e 0 f V e r S a. 11' peter, to dissuade him 110m
1 e S ' hostilities against the chu1ch.

 
  
  
   
   
  
   
  
 
  
  

1785. 2,000 religious houses
. _ ‘ 5 LI ‘ '.

gLa Percusé’s voyageqfdz'sco- supp“: sed by 1e empemi
very.

1787 Financial difficulties ——New
taxation: Colonne, Brienne,
and Necker, ministers suc-
cessively.

1789 FRENCH REVOLUTION
. begins. —Bastile taken and
razed, July 14. —-L a fa y-
e tte. commander of the
national guards— M i r a. - ;
b e a u , leading orator.

1783. The emperor attempts
to control the Unlverslties.

1790.Leopold11.@—

Congress of Reichenbach.

{179 Flight of the king to Varen- 1791.Confe1enceof Pilnitz.

nos. —Lat'ayette°1esigns. @
1792.-—FrancisII. —

War with Ge1many :——-The French take Spires, Mentz,
and Longwy—Lafayette im-
France - declared a prisonedatOlmutz.
1' e p u b 1 i c .

Giraudzsts and JIIonntainisls.

1779. Congress and Peace of

 

1780. Declaration of the armed
neutrality—to protect neu-
tral tings from the right 01
search claimed by Britain.

1782. Italy z—I’ontine ma; thee
drained.
Indiaz—Rise of Sindia—

Tip p o o, Sultan.
1783. ——alliance with the
French.

1786.P1ussia -—Frederic Wil-

11 1111 Il.
1787.1{ussiaz—War w1th the

I’orte.
1788. Spain :——-Cha1‘les IV.
1789. Ottoman Empire :—Se-

11m 11. .
1790. Tuscany ;——~Fe1‘d1nand

III.

1792. Sweden :—G ustavus IV

@

 

[4‘

 

 

A.m

i
l

1799 Pestalozzi, system of elemen-
tary education.
illungo Park‘s travels .
Africa, published.

PROGRESS OF Socer, etc.

Tom. Prime,

Alfierz', Ital inn
Fisher Antes.

poet.

 

UtmnahflIure, I Glue/c,
Gainsboru’, iHayrln,
Jilureliuid. flquart,
Albrechlsber-
Bugns.’awslcf,i gen,
Krusiki, 1’o-'Bcei‘lwt‘cn.
lish poets. i

in

1301 Iron railways in England.
Polytechnic school in Paris.

Li)? Firs! book-fair in New- York.

1804 First Locomotive Steam En-
gine used on the Merthyn
‘ydvil road in Wales.

 

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS;

   

[Period X497 tat-$.14.

 

UNITED STATES.

1793. Washington re-elected.

Neutrality in regard to

France.

m

 

 

GREAT BRYI‘AIN.

1793. First coalition against
France, directed by Eng-
land—4111 Europe, except
Sweden, Dcnniark, and Tur-
key.

1794. Commercial treaty with Englantl.

Commencement

of the navy—5 fri-
gates built.

1795. Washington resigns.

1797. John Adams.1 2d
president.

Difficulties with France.
1798 Regulurarmyorgnnized,
Washington commander-hr
chief.
1799. Death of VVnshine‘ton.
'1‘ c n n e s s e 6 becomes
a. State.

1800. Seat of government
transmi‘rcd to Washington.
1) C.

1801. Thomas Jeffer-
s o n , 3d President.
Exports of United States,
$93,000,000.
I933. Ohio joins the Union;
it has 76,000 inhabitants.

1803. Purchase of L0 uisi-
ana, for $15,000,000.
U. States frigate Philadel-
phia, taken by the Tripoli
~ tans.

1804. D e c a t u r recaptures
the Philadelphia.
P r e b 1 e bombards Tri-
poli.
Burr kills Hamilton.

1805. Jefferson res-elected Pre.

sidem:Geor eCliu-
ton, of New- au’k, Vic:-
Pruidsm. ‘

 

British army defeated
near Dunkirk.

1795. War with Holland.

1798. Second coalition against
it‘rance.—1risli rebellion. ——
N e 1 s 0 n ’ s
the B a t t 1 e
N i 1 e .

\Vilherl‘orce’s motion to
abolish the slave trade, lost,
87 to 83.

victory at
o t' t h e

 

   
   
 
  
 
 
  
  

1800. Union of Eng-
land and Ireland.
—Ma1ta taken.

1801. Battle of Alexandria.—

Pitt _ resigns, succeeded by
Addington.

1802.Peacc of Amiens.

1803. Successful war in India.
1801. Pitt again premier.

1805. N a 1 s o n defeats tit . '
French and Spanish ' i "' .
pfl' Trafalgar. ? ‘>

1 .

   
  
   
  

 

1718—1815.]

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

I43

m:fl__W~——W=amm

AJ). I FRANCE.

.—

 

1
I793 The king and queen beheaded.

Reign of Terror.

Marat assassinated by Char-
lotte Cordoy.
1794 Victories of P i c he g r 11
every where driven back. 1
Rulvolution 01. the 9th ’I‘hernii-‘
I 01’.
R o b e s p i e re guillotined.

1795 N APOLEON BONA-,
1’ A R ’1‘ E , commander of
the army; quells an insur-
rection in Paris.

 

1796 War in Italy.
Battle of Lodi.

1797 Bonaparte’s Austri

Peace of Campo F

 

1798 Bonaparte’s expedition to
Egypt is defeated by Nelson
at Aboukir, Aug. 1.

1799 The French enter Switzerland
under B e r n a d o t t e and
Jourdan—Return of Bona-
parte—R e v 01 u t i o n o t'
the 18th Brumaire
—Bonapart 6, first
c o n s u 1 .

 

 

1800 Battle of Marengo. —Moreau"s

1801 Peace, of

1802 Bonaparte elected presideit of
the ltaiian republic.
Peace of Amien s.
Legion of Honor instituted.

War with Er‘g‘and.
1803 Bank of France.

 

. 1304 Duke D’Enghien shot.
. Bonaparte crowned as NA-
POLEON 1., Emperor of
the French.

Marshals Soult, Murat,
N e y , _ &c.

GERMANY.

1793. I“ i r
ag a 1 n

Coalition

st
st France.

and J o u r d a n —tlie allies

an Campaign—Hoche
and M o r e a u ’ s cele-
brated passage ofthe Rhine.
o rm i 0 .

1798. Second Coalition against
France.

victory of

Hohenlinden.

Lunevile.

 

Tm: VVORLD elsewhere.
?

...__.

1703. Second Partition of P0-
land by Russia and Prussia.
II a y t i independent re-
public, under '1‘ o u s s a i at
L’Ouverture.

1794. Poland z—Revolt at Cra-
cow.——K o s c i u s k 0, ge-
neral-in-chiet.—Russians de-
feated at Warsaw.

17oz”). Final partition
0 1’ I" o l a n d —— extinction
of the kingdom.
Batavian Republic :—Shi-
melpennink.
1796. Russia :—Paul I.

1797. Switzerland :-— General
Revolution ———~’I‘1ie French
invade Berne —— Helvetian
Republic.

PruSsia z—Frcderic VVil

liam III.—

1798. India 2—Marquis Vt'elles-
ley, governor-general.

1799. Russians, under S u -
w a r r o w , defeated near
Milan.

1800. Armed neutrality of the

north.
Pope Pius VII.
Ionian Republic founded.

1801. Russia: Alexander. @

1802. Italian Republic—Bona-
parte president.

1803. India :——Great Mahratta
War.

1804. The emperor of Ger- 1804. Russia :——Warw1thPc:

many assumes the title of
emperor of AUSTRIA.

Batttle of Auster-

 

W Austrian Campaign,

._ - - Peace of
apoleon Protector of the

Iitz.

Presburg. .
Confederation of the Rhuw.

$18..

144 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

——___—_—————_.———————————-————————-———-——u

 

 

 

A.D. Peocnnss OF SOCIETY, etc. UNITED STATES.
1305 Planet Juno discovered.
Lewis t3~ Clark’s expedition
to the Rocky throw/trains.

1307 FULTON’S FIRST success- 1807. Embargo on all the
FUL TRIAL 01“ SIEAM- ports 01‘ the United States.
BOATS. Trial of Aaron Burr for

. treason. .

1803 General University established Slave trade abolished.
by Napoleon, to superintcnd
national education.

Lithography invented.
i
1809.1atnes Madison,
In England: 1 France: 4111 President.
$37,333,,” gggzgynget Embargo repealed; the
v , l _ y ~’ . ~ . t .
Chan trey. 11m“; noti intercoutse act passed
sculptors. .‘Bt'ot.
‘B. St. Pierre,
1 poet.

1810 First steamboat built in Ett-

rope.
1811. Engagement between
the ‘l’resident’ and the
‘ Little. Belt.’
Indittns on the \Vtibash,
defeated by Gov. Harrison.
Population 01' the United
States, 7,239,903.

181.2 Aynerz'can Board qf Cum. 1812. VVAR WITH GREAT

m-z'sst‘oners for Foreign 1111's-

 

sions, founded. ‘
(xen. Hull surrenders

The Constitution
1‘ i e r e :
(First check 01' British
naval supremacy.)
W o o l victorious at
Captain .1 o n e s , in the

1614 Sleam carriages in England.
Gas used for lighting the
streets of London.

1815 St: ery lamp invented by Sir
{gumphrey Davy.

In England: , .
The “United States,”

 

1!. K. VV/tz‘te, Biltlerdyk,
figgfsileber, Dutch. The Constitution, Captain
Shelley, German: I 0111‘1'11'10. admitt '

‘ . . ed into
Crabbe, _ W. Sclilegel, the Utiioti.
S’T‘IV- SW”: F Sclilegel, 1813. P e r r y ’ s v i c to r y
[fl/70% Richter, on Lake Erie.
00/97 'dget Kotzebue: Battle of the. Thames:
Lamb, ‘ Weber and Tecumseh killed.
gontgomel 1/7 Spohr, musi- 1814. City of Washington

”gg- cal compo- burnt by the Bni‘ish.

sers.
France :
Mad. de Stael, Russia: Peace of Ghent,
Mad. de Genlis. ‘Karamsin
ChateaubriandisQfluwoko’r, 1815. Battle of New-Orleans;
buvier. Dmitriev, British defeated by General
' ‘ - ‘ ‘ J . .

Melendez Val-Ihmw' Jackson, an 8

dez, bpamshl War against Algiers de- .

poet. clared.

Invasion of Canada under

o,

  
   
 
 
 
 
   
  
   
  
  
  
  
   
    
  

[Pm iod X.-97 years.—

GREAT BRITAIN.

 

1806. Fourth Coalition against
France.

1807. Bill for the abolition of
the slave trade, passed.

1808. The English, under
VVellesley,enter Spain
as allies.

1809. Fifth Coalition.
Walcheren expedition.

1810. \Var with Sweden.

1811 George, Prince of Wales,
Prince Regent, (the king be-
ing insane).

Population of Great Bri~
tain, 12,552,144.

BRITAIN.

Gen. Hull.
Detroit to the British.
captures the Guer-

Lord Liverpool,
premier.
Queenstown, Oct. 12.
W a s p , captures the Frolic
Oct. 18.

Captain Decatur. captures the
British frigate Macedonian.
Bainbridge, captures the Bri
tish frigate Java.

1813. Sixth Coalition against
France-—-—Prussia, Russia,
Sweden, Great Britain, and
Austria.

1814. Treaty of Chaumont be-
tween Austria, Prussia, Rus-
sia, and Great Britain.

signed Dec. 3.

1815. Candy and Almora cnpn
tured.

Wellinfiton vie
torious at Water 09,.1 an, 18»

 

 

 

 

 

 

17184815.] THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. I45“
A.i). FRANCE. GERMANY. THE VVORLD, elsewhere.
1305 Victory of .I e n a over the Prussians. 1806. Holland z—Louis Napo<

Berlin decree.

1807 \Var with Russia.
Battle ot‘Friedland.—P e a c e
01' Tilsit.
Invas1on of Portu-
g a l .
18111 t French in Spain defeated at
Vienna, by Sir Arthur Wel-
Iesley.

1809 Battle of Wagram—

[810 Napoleon marries Maria Lou-
ise—(mininenial peace ex-
cept with Spain.

1811 Birth of the emperor’s son;

created king of Rome.
Soult victorious in Spain—

takes Badajos; is defeated

by the English at Albuesa.

1812 RUSSIAN CAMPAIGN.

Battles of Smolensko and Bo-
rodino.

Moscow entered by Napoleon’s

leon, kingt
Prussia at war with France
in alliance with RUSS-III.
l8'd7.0itoniai‘i Empire :~—Musr
tapha IV.

1808. sziinz—Ferdinand VII.
“ Joseph Napoleon.
Naples 1—Murat.
Denmark :——-Fredcric VI.
Ottoman Empire :——Mah-
moud II.

P e a c e 0 f V i e n n a . l809. Sweden :—Charles XIII.

Metternich, minis-
ter.

1810. South America : —VE~
NEZUELA declared inde-
pendent

1811. NEW GRENADA de-
clared independent.

1812.Austria_in alliance with 1812. InvAsmN 012- RUSSIA
France against Russia. by Napoleon—BURNING
OF MOSCOW.

 

army—and burr ed by the
Russians.

   
   
  
   
   

Victories of L 11 t z e n ,
Bautzen,and Dres-
den, over the allies.

Battle of Leipsic—
The allies enter Paris.
Napoleon abdicates,
and retires to Elba.
House of Bourbon
restored:
—-Lo u is XV I I I .—
Bonaparte returns from Elba.
'l‘he hundred days.
Napoleon victorious at Ligny.
ATTLE 0F WATERLOO.
; he allies enter Paris. :
‘oh‘a'p'arte banish-
ed to St Helena.

 

Kutosoff pursues
the retreating French.
Poland :—Diet of War-
saw: the Poles declared a
nation by Napoleon.

18l3. War of German inde- 1813. South America r—Bo

pendence. _ . . Iivar drives the Span
Austria Joms the Coali- jams from Cal-accas
lion.
Bonaparte driven to the

14. Union of Holland and
Belgiuin.——I’eace of Kiel
Sweden, and England.

Union 01' SVveden and
Norway as two kingdoms
under one monarch,

Rhine, loses his whole army. 18

1815. German League. _ l8l5. Netherlands :——\Villiam
Congress of Vien- >
n a . I. ——

T h e ‘ ‘ H o l y A l
1 i a n c e ’ ’—Russ1a, Prue
sia, and Austria.

 

146*

A.D. PROGRESS OF SOCIETY, etc.

1815

1816

1817

1818

1819

18:21

1822

1823

1324

1825

. 826

New corn law in England.

Polytechnic institution at Vi-
enna.

Man utitctories introduced into
Poland.

The family of Rothschilds
comes into notice at Frank-
fort.

Abolition of the slave trade by
the congress of Vienna.

Second United States Bank
chartered for :21) years, capi‘
tal $35,000,001).

Public schools established
throughout Russia.

Bclzoni penetrates the second
pyramid ol‘ Gheza.

Abolition Qf predial bondage
in Bavaria and VVirtembcrg.

First passage of the Atlantic

Rise of mechanic institutions
in England.

Hieroglyphics decz‘phercd :—
C/tanzpolliom—Sir William
Herschel died.

Huskisson’sr'ee trade system
in Englant .

First mtmtgfactory in Egypt,
established by Mehemet Ali.

Inland navigation of the
United States: the great
Erie Canal opened.

Mail-posts in Prussza.—
Steam navigation on the
Rhine.

General
Englan

Vast increase of periodical
literature in England, France,
Germany, America, 656.

financial panic in

Alexander Volta dies, disco-
verer of the Voltaz'c battery.

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

. PERIOD XL—40 years.-

 

UNITED STATES. GREAT BRITAIN.

1816. United States Bank in-
corporated.
1n (1 i a n a admitted.

1816. Bombardment of Algiers.
—The Day com elled to
make peace an abolish
slavery.

1817. Lord Exmouth’s expe-

1817. James Monroe, ..
dition to Algiers.

5111 President. . ‘
IBIISSISSIPPI
mitted.

1818. I l l i n o i s admitted.
\Var With the Seminoles.

ad-

by steam, by the Savannah—
New-York to Liverpool.

 

1820. M a i n e admitted. 182(1— 3, e o r g e I V .§.

1821. Monroe re-elected.
M i s s o u r i admitted.
Slavery compromise.

1823. C a. n n in g ministry.
The Ashantees in Africa
defeated.

1824. Lafayette’s visit.
Erie canal opened.
Protective tarifii

1825. .J. Q. A d a m s, 6th 1825. Commercial treaty with
Prestdent. Prussia.

1827. Treaty of London E
favor of Greece.

1828. Wellington ministry-e _,

Disturbances in Ireland.

 

‘x

.‘I
1‘

 

  
   
    

 

M
Y

THE‘WDRLD% PROGRESS

1815—1855.

147‘

 

 

Ad). FRANCE.

 

1118 Congress of An: la Chapelle.
—-France joins the “ Holy
Alliance.”

AUSTRIA, dcc.

1&1 Death of Napoleon at St. He- 1821. Congress of monarchs

lena.

1824 ——-—Charles X.@—

 

at Laybach.——Insurrecnon
in Moldavia and Wullachia.
—Aiexander Ypsilanti de-
feated and carried prisoner
to Austria.

_ _. 2::
1
THE WORLD, elsewhere.

1816. Portugal chhn VI.%
——in Brazi;

Union of Naples and

Sicily.
1817. Republic of the Ionian
Islands.
India :—The cholera com‘
mences its ravages.
1818. Sweden :—Charles XIV.
(Bernadotte.)

India:—The Mahmlta
power completely over-
thrown, and the British suc-
ceeds.

1819. South America:—Re~
public of COLOMBIA:—
B o l i v a r, President.

1821 Hayti :—B o y e r , em-
peror. .
South America :—PERU
and GUATEMALA inde-
pendent.

 

[822. BRAZIL declared intle.
pendent.
Mexico :——lturbide, em-
peror.
Greek Revolu-
ti o n .
Declaration of Indepen-
denoe.
Massacre of Scio.
1823. lmly r—lleo X11, pope.
1824. Death of Lord Byron at
Missolonghi.
1825. Russia :—N i c h o l a. s

I.e_

1820. ——VVat‘ with Persia. _
Greece : —~ Missolonghl
taken by the Turks.

1827. Treaty between Russia
and the Porte respecting
Greece.

Greece :——B a. t t 1 e o f
N a v a r i n o .
Portugal :—-Mariu de Glo-

ria, (metamé—

—Rebellion in favor 0!
Don Miguel as regent. \ .
1828. War between Russia
and the Porte.

 

148*.

~—

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

[Period XI.—40 years:-

 

 

AJ). PROGRESS OF SOCIETY, etc.

1830

 

 

In ENGLAND : FRANCE:
Jeremy Ben- Cueier.
thant, Talma, trage-
Thomas Cltal- than,
mere, . Segzlr,
Thomas Die/c, La Place,
W’. Ifirby, Barring fr,
Hal/am. Lamurlute.
Lingo-rt],
I'Vordswoflh. GERMANY :

AV
Rout/18 y, Spa/tr,
Uampbell, lllztyerbeer,
310?” 6‘ Kutzebue,
Leigh IItmt, Gull,

1111's. Hemans, Sperzheim.
Billzoer,
“Barr? Corn- SWEDEN:

wall. ’ ,

7 egner,

RUSSI & . Dahlyren.
Kuramsin, 1T ALY ;
Samara/coo, R0" .7 .
Dinietriev, , °S‘ “A .
Kriluv. 1 ugtmim.

U. S. A.

N. W'ebsler, iV/ieaton,
Irving, Kent,
Cooper, S/ory,

‘linl, Gallatin,
l'Vi-rl, Livings/on,
Alarshall, Chuhhihg.
Liverpool and fiIanchesler

Railruad opened.
The tyvo Lenders succeed in
tracing the Niger lrom Lake

Tchad to the

0668.11.

1831 The lirst iieWspnper in Con-
smutinople. ——The Factory
Bill in England, limiting the
hours or labor for children.
18212 Reform. Bill in England :—
E rlcnsion of Siw‘rage.

Trade unions

in England,

France, ‘verman Switzer-
9

land, «Sec.

1833 Girard College, at Philadel-

1834 De Tocqueville’s History of

1.835 Slavery abolished in

filiia, and the University ol 1834. The President censured

ew-York, commenced.

Democracy in America.

Inf uisilion
'pain.

abolished

the

British colonies:

Boston and Lowell Railroad 1836. The national debt of the

completed.

3.836 James Smithson. of London,
bequeathes £100,000 to the
United States for the estu-
blishment of an Institution
“for the increase and {life-

sion of knowledge among

men.’

1836 The Luxor obelisk erected at

Paris.

in 1835. Great Fire in New-York.

..r
‘,4

 

 

UNXTED STATES. GREAT BRITAIN.

 

1827. Treaty of London ir
favor of Greece.

1828. The Wellington minis
try—Disturbances in lrc
land.

1829. G e n e r 3.1 J a c k - 1829. Catholic emancipation.

      
   
 
 

s o n , 7th President of the Captain Ross’ voyage to
United States. discover a North West pas-
sage.
\.
1830. Treaty between the 1830. —-w i 1 1 i a m H] § 5.
United States and the Porte. Eorl G r e y ,‘ inlntslel‘. 1;
Difficulties With China. A

1831. Lord John Rus-
s e 1 ’ s Reform Bill intro~
duced.

Cholera first appears in ,‘
England. ~ "

1831. The king of the Nether lands makes his award on the
North Eastern Boundary, be tween the United States and
the British provinces.

1832. War with the \Vinneba- 18-33. Reform Bill passed;
goes and other Indian tribes.
—Cholera in New~York.—
Nullificntion in South Cdl‘O-
linn.—General Jackson‘s ce—
lebrated proclamation.

1833. General Jackson re-elect-
ed to the Presidency.

Removal of the Depo-
sites of the United States
from the U. S Bank.

1833. Captain Ross returns
from his voyage of disco-
very.

1834. Sir Robert Peel,
Premier. —— Difficulties in
Canada.

by the Senate for removing
the Deposttes.

United States being paid, the
surplus revenue is divided
among the States.

Treaty with Morocco. .‘ .
1837. The independence of 1837~ '—‘V 1 3 t 0 1' l a.

T e x a s acknowledged.

Martin Van Buren,
8th President. .

i

  

1815-71855. J

THE VX’ORLD’S P ROGRESS.

149?

 

 

 

FRANCE.

p.
F‘

l

  
  
  
  
    
 

.1327 A French fleet sent to Algiers.

1829 Algiers taken.

1830Th1ee Day Revo-
5lggption, July27,28,an1l
Lafayette, commander of the
National Guard.
Chailes X abdicates.
—Louis Philippe I

(House of Orleans. )@_

1832 Ministry of Marshal S o u l t.

1833. The Em-
peror of 1111s-
sia visits the
Emperor
Austria.

1835 Death of Lafayette.

1836 Insurrection attempted by
t[’.ouis Napoleon at Stras-
urrr.

AUSTRIA, &c.

01'

4

T1113 W0 RLD, elsewhere.

 

1829. Italy z—Pius VllI., pope.
Algiers taken by the French.

VENEZUELA independent,
P a e z, President.

General

lS30. BEI GlUM revolts {10m Holland, and
is (1901211011 independent in August.

1830. Polish st1 uggle 1111 nation-
a 11 Ly , begins Novemhe1 19.

Brazil z—Revolution; Don Pedro 11%
19:.-

1831. Belgium :——L e 0 p 0111 1.2;? ——

The Poles victorious at 1’1 my 11.

Italy :—G1‘egory XVI.. pope.

. Poland :—Warsaw capitulmes to Rus-
sia.

1832. The kingdom of GREECE founded:

 

 

0 t h 0 I fit?
Polanrl;——The Insurrection crushed:
5000 families sent to Siberia.
——University of W'arsaw abolished.

1833. Spain :—Isabella. gE~
——Don Ca1los claims the th1one.
Poitugal 1~A constitutional monmchy y.
qupt:—Mel1enie1 Ali 111l1'nowledged by
the Sultan.
Mexico 1—San1a Anna, I’1esi1lei1t.
1834.Qua1l1uple allia11ce~llnglan1l ance,
Spain, and 1’111111g211,aguinst Don Miguel
and Don Ca1.los
1835. The Plague in Egypt.

1836. Spain :—The Queen Regent adopts the
constitution.

Texas :—Battle of San Jacinto, Santa
Anna taken prisoner.

China :——A decree to expel all Bfitfll
and other barbarian merchants. -

150*

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

 

 

 

 

11.1). PROGRESS OF SOCIETY, etc. UNITED STATES.
1837 S. F. B. MORSE takes
out a patent for his E 10 c- 1838. The Exploring Expedi-
tro- 11111 gnetic ’l‘ele- tion sails.
g r11 '1 h 11111311101132)
Su pen<1onolspec1e pay111e11ts| 1831!.
by the B 1111“ 111 the United "disputed tetritory ” he-
l Suites, 111 May. tween Maine 11111 New-
Brunswick.
1913“”1'he Daguer reotype
l invented in Paris
improvement. 01" the condition
111‘ the Jews in Russia.
An Antarctic Continent disco vered by the United States

Exploring Expedition.

1810 Penny Instage system in Eng-
land.

Persecution of the Jews at
Damascus.

W’lteatstone’s Electric Tele-
graph patented in England.

1811. W. 11.

91h President.

He dies April 4, just one
month at'ter his inaugura-
tion.

John Tyler, suc.
ceeds him, as 10111 President.

Congress meets in extra
session, May 31.

Sub- “‘I‘icnstny Act
pealed Anr ‘1

Bankrupt Act passed,
August 18.

181:2. The l) 1r1' Insurrection
in Rhode Island.
Treaty between the U111

Harrison,

1‘8-

f.

842 The Crct in Aqueduct in New-
Y 1111: completed.

Bath’s electromagnetic T’Ie~
graph patented in London.

    

1814 “Amivrentt‘sm‘ 0.11ac11ed 111

the State of NewYork. 1844. T e x a s annexed

the United States.
Anti-rent riots 111 New-
York.
1845. Treaty
.l a 111 e s
llth President.

18-16.War with Mexi-
c o :
Hostilities commence on
the Rio Grande, April 24.
Battle of Palo Alto,
May 8.
yBattle of Resaca de in
Palma, May 9.

to

1815 A great defection. mm the Ito-
miSh cl1u1ch. under the
preaching of Range, in Ger
many.

Lord Reese's Telescope.

_ Gut/a Percha 111 use.

[341.1 Completion 111' the Thames
.l'unnel. Mmch 25.

1&6 The Planet Neptune, pre-
dicted by Le Verrier dis-
covered by Dr. Galle, 01
Berlin, Sept. 23.

with China.
K. P o l k ,

 

[Pen'od XL—40-9m1‘33é

 

  

_. _____——E__,_..

GREAT BRITAIN.

 

Disturbances on the 1839. The British takepossee-

sion 01 Ghuzne.

1840. The uniform Penn

Postage system esta‘. 111shet

Marriage 1' Queen Vic-
1011a to Prince Albert 01
Saxe Cobou1g.

War with Chi: a, to en-
force the opium trade.

War in Syria :-—G1‘ea1
Britain taking part. with
Austria and Tulkey. L011]
Pa ' me rston’ s {omign
policy excites the ill-will 01
France.

1841. The war with China
ended: $6,000,000 received
as a ransom for Canton.

ted States and England, settling

the north-enstem boundary.

Treaty of peace with
China.

1813. Gieat. “ R e

agitation in 11111111111
The Biitishgnin posses-
sion (11 St 111111.

1811. Daniel 0 Connoll‘ 3 trial
and 1111p1'isonment—tlie sen-
tenc e reversed by the House
01 LordS.

1815. Sir John Franklin sails
111 search of the north west
passage.

peal”

 

  
   
   

 

 

18154855.]

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

151*

 

 

A.D. FRANCE. Ausritu, &c.

 

1838 Talleyrand dies. 1838. New
Difficulty with Mexico: cap- Treaty of
turc 01' San Juan d’Ulloa. commerce

with Eng-
land, July 3.

Ferdinand
crowned at
Milan, Sep-
tember 6.
19401Frince Louis Napoleon at:

tempts a hogtile descent on

the coast of France, near

Boulogne-is taken prisoner,

and imprisoned at Ham.

G u‘i z o t 7. minister for fo-
reign affairs.

The remains of Napoleon
removed from St. Helena,
and deposited with great
honors at the Invalides, in
Parts.

1812 The duke of Orleans, heir to
the throne, killed by a. fall
from his carriage.

1844 The Duke de Nemours ap-
pointed Regent, in the event
of the king’s death.

184:: Louis Napoleon escapes from
Ham, May 26.

THE W ORLD, elsewhere.

1838. Mexico :——The Castle of San Juan
d’Ulloa taken by the French.

1839. Peace between France and Mexico.
Chinaz—The Opium trade forbidden.
Turkey at war with EgVDt.

India 2—G11uzne taken by tee British.

1840. China :—Canton blockaded by the Eng-

lish, to compel the renewal of the opium

trade.

Holland :—VVilliam I. abdicates 2
\Villiam 11." 3'

 

 

Syriaz—St. Jean d’Acre taker. by the
English, Austrians, and Turks

1841. Chinaz—Canton capitulates, $6,000,000
paid in one week, as a ransom for the city.

Mexico :—Santa Anna enters the capi-
tal, and places himself at the head of the
government.

1812. India z—Insurrection in Afi‘ghanistan.

18-13. Temporary surrender of the Sandwich
Islands to Great Britain, compelled by Lord
Geo. Paulet.

Greece :—--K_ing Otho compelled to ac-
cept a constitution, Sept. 15.

The Society Islands seized by a French
squadron—restored by the government.

India :—Scinde annexed to the British
empire.

1846. Poland :—A powerful, but unsuccessful
insurrection at Cracow, Feb. 23.

Rome :—-—Pius IX., pope ; elected J line 16.

Poland :—Cracow deprived of its inde-
pendence, Nov. 16. , ,

 

 

.152“ THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

L.D.

PROGRESS OF SOCIETY, etc. UNITED STATES.

.,

[Period XL—4’0 years:—

GREAT BRITAIN.

1846. The O r e g o n T 1' ea t y with Great Britain. set-
tling the North-VVcstei-n Bo undai‘y, signed at London,

Commodore Sloat takes
possession of California,
July 6.

New Tarifl‘ bill passed.
establishing ad 'vat’orem du-
ties.

Battle ofMonterey, Sep-
tember ‘23.

Tampico occupied, No-

vember 14.
1817. Battle of Buena Vista,
Feb. 22..
Battle of Sacramento,
Feb. 26.

Vera Cruz surrenders,

March 20.
Battle of Cerro Gordo,
April 18.
Battle of Contreras, Au-
gust :30.
Armistice, Aug. 24.
IIostilities renewed, Sep-
tember 7.
Battle ofMulino del Rey,
Sept. 8.
Battle of Chapultepec,
Sep, 12.
Mexico surren-
d e l‘ s , Sept. 14.
1818. Treaty of Peace with
Mexico, signed at Guada-
loupe Hidalgo, Feb. 22.

The cultivatio.) of the Tea plant in the United States,

commenced by J. Smith, neztr Greenfield, South Caro-
lina.

Postal convention betw

_ First'deposit of Califor-
S'uspensz‘on Bridge at Nia. ma gold in the mint, Dec. 8.
gara Falls, opened July 29.

Emigration from Europe to America during this year,

300,090.

.1 tine 18.

1847. Severe famine in Ire.

land. Large supplin's of
food sent from the United
States.

The Bogue forts in China
taken and destroyed, April
b6.

1848. Civil war in Ireland.

John Mitchell, tried and
condemned to transporta-
tion, May 26.

een the United States and
Great Britain.

Habeas Corpus Act sus-
pended in Ireland, Julv 25.

Smith O’Brien arrested
and condemned, Aug. 5.

Return of Rose’s expo
dition, Nov.

 

 

l81-5-1855.] THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. 153‘
M

FRANCE. AUSTRIA, &c. THE WORLD, elsewhere.

 

 

 

l?!

 

 

 

184/ Reform Banquets in Stras- 1847. Austria [847. Prussia :—~Frederlc William grants a
l sion of Cra»

burg, Chartres, &c. takes posses- constitution, Feb. 8.
cow. Hayti :—Soulouque, President, March 2.

Miclielet’s Lectures interrupt.
ed by the ministers, Dec.
Algiers —Abd-el-Kadei made a prisoner

Abg-elKader captured, Dec. to France, Dec. 22.
2 .
1848 Debate on the Reform Bill, _ 1848. Sardinia 2—Charles Albert protests
* Feb. 8. against the encroachment of Austria, and calls out an
Proposed Banquet at Paris, army of 25,000 men, Jan 10.
abandoned, Feb. 2L Naples z—Rebellion at Palermo, Jan. 12.
It E v 0 L u r10 .\ c o M - Sardinia 2—Cliarles Albert proclaims a
M E N c E n, Feo. 22. constitution, Felt. 8.
Barricarles erected, Feb. 23. Bavaria z—Disturbances on account of
Louis Philippe abdicates and Lola Montes—tlie king abdicates in favor of
flies, Feb. 24. his son,
Provisional government esta- fig
blislied. —-—Maximilian ll. March 22.
L a m a r t i n‘e , Provisional ‘
President, 1‘ 3.1" 24' . Charles Albert enters Milan, March 23.
French Republic proclaimed, Denmark :—Revolt of Schleswig-Hol-
1‘91." 26' T . stein, March 26.
Meet-mg of the Muonal 138- Sicily declared independent, April 3.
sembly, May 4‘. . . Holland receivesa constitution, April l7.
BIOOdY insurrection In Paris, Poland t—Unsuccessful revolt at Cra-
June 23‘25‘ . . . cow. April 25.
Cavaignac, military dictator, Sicily :—The Duke of Genoa elected
June 24. , king, July ll).

Paris in a state of siege.
New Constitution adopted,
Nov. 4. The Ban Jella-
- chiclt ap-

lndia :—Insurrection in Ceylon, Aug. 16.
Armistice sinned between Denmark,
Prussia and Swe en. Apg. 26.
. India :—-Tl1e Britis 1 make an unsuc-
. painted £50m cessful attempt on Moultan.
.L 0 u 1 S N a p 0 1 e 0 n B 0 ' ernor 9 Sicily :—Messina bombarded and taken.
na p a r t e , elected Pre- HungaIYa Sept. 2_
stdcut, Dec. 10- 0°}; ‘3'. Hungary :—K o s s 11 th appointed Pre-
Wigwam“ at sidentofthc Defence Committee,an lDicta:
ienna, Oct. tor Oct
6. ’ '
[848. The Em-
peror leaves
the city. The
Hungarian
army advan-
ces within 6
miles of Vi-
enna, Oct.l l.
Windisch-
gratz ap-
pointed com-
mander of
the imperial
army.

 

 

1‘54"

Ln. Pnosnsss OF Socns'ry,etc.

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.
mm -___________.__'

UNITED STATES.

 

[Period XL—Wfim‘w

 

GREAT Bitimm.

 

1849 A new planet discovered by 1849. Z a ch :1 r y '1‘ ay 1 or, 1849. Moultan, in India, taken.

Gasparis, at Naples.

12th President.

Magnetic Telegraph lines in use in the United States in

Tubular Bridge in Anglesea,
England.

rlIarrneft'c Clock, invented by
r. Locke, at Cincinnati.

1849, 10,000 miles.
Rail Roads 6,000 “

Emigration from Europe to America, during this year, at

1350 Great agitation on the Slaver
Question .in the United
States Congress.

The Pekin Monitor, a new
paper, primed in China.
The Sultan of Turkey, grants
ermission to the Jews to
uild a temple on Mount.
Zion.
A University founded at Syd-
ney, New South Wales.

Deaths in 1850:

U. s. A. ' EUROPE.
A. Judson. Wordsworth,
s. M. Fuller, heme ,

M L. Davis. Nean er,
Zschokke,
Berzelius,
Balzac.

the rate of 1000 a day.

Washington.

Attempted invasion of
Cuba :—600 adventurers un-
der Lopez, repulsed at Car-
denas, May. »

Death of Gen. Taylor,
July 9. .

Millard Fillmore,
13th President.

California ad-
mitted, 3lst State.

Texas boundary settled,
by the payment of 10,000,000
dollars to Texas.

New-Mexico and Utah
admitted as Territories.

Bill for the arrest of

fugitive slaves passed by Con-

gress.

Slave trade in the District. of

Columbia abolished.

Jan. 8.

y 1850. John C. Calhoun died at l850. The war in Lahore fint

ished, and the Punjaub an-
nexed to the British crown.

A British fleet blocked"
the ports of Greece, to en-
force the alleged claims of
British subjects.

Sir Robert Peel dies

. July 2.

Haynau, “ the Austrian
butcher,” chastised by the
draymen in London, Sept.

    
  
    

 

[8154855.]

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

155*-

 

 

 

 

 

  
 
 

, 1850 Louis Phili

e dies in En .
land. pp ' g

AUSTRIA, &c.

The Emperor
issues a pro-
clamation
against the
city.

 

 

 

THE WORLD, elsewhere.

 

Kossuth with-draws his army from Vienna, Oct. 27.

The Imperial-

ists take pos-
enna, Nov.
2.
promulgated
March 4.

by Haynau,
March 30.

Russia comes

 

 

Rome :—M a z z i n i ’ s proclamation,
Oct. '29.

Prussiaz—The king prorogues the As-
sembly, Nov. 9.

—'l‘he Burgher Guard of Berlinirefuse to
give up their arms. The city in a state 01
siege, Nov. 12.

Rome :—-Count Rossi, the Pope’s prime
minister, assassinated, Nov. 16.

Indiaz—Great battle near Ramnuggur,
Nov. 22.

Rome :—The Pope escapes in disguise,
Nov. ‘24.

Hungary declared independent, Dec.

1849. Imlia:——Moultan taken by the British,
Jan. 3.

Italy :—-The Grand Duke of Tuscany
flies. Provisional Government proclaimed,
Feb. 9.

Rome t—Republic proclaimed, Feb. 9.

Sicily:—-A new Constitution conceded
by Naples, March 6. .

Sardinia :~Cliarles Albert defeated by
Radetsky, March Ql—again totally defeated
at Novarra, March 23, he abdicates the
throne in favor of his son,

5
Victor Emanuel. as?
Indiaz—The l’unjaub annexed to ma

British Empire, March ‘29.
Italy :—lnsurrection in Genoa, April 1.

 

 

to the aid of Austria against Hungary, April
‘26.
Rome :‘The French army arrives un-
der the walls ol‘ Rome, April 29.

Haynau ta kes command of the Austrian army in Hungary,

session 01‘ Vi-
i
Ferdinand ab-
dicates, Dec.
2.
——— F r a n c i s
J o s e p h g
1819. A new
Constitution
Brescia taken

June.

Rome surrenders to the French, July 2.
Garibaldi leaves the filly, July 3.

Rome :-«The government placed in the
hands of the Pope’s commissioners, Aug. 3.

Gorgey traitor-ously surrenders to the R ussinns, Aug. ll.

Kossuth escapes in'o Turkey.
Venice capitol-ates to Radetsky, 13113.22.
1850. Rome:—Tho Pope returns, April.

Greece disputes the claims of Great
Britain for losses of British subjects: is
forced to submit.

China :—The
dies:

——-Sze-hing @ succeeds.

Emperor Tau-Kwang,

 

156*

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

 

[Period XI.--40 years ‘4

 

 

 

A. 1).; PROGRESS or SOCIETY, etc.

1850 On the Subject of the Mobbiug
of Marshal Iluymiu during
a visit to 3 London brewery,
notes pass between Austria
and Great Britain, termi-
nating in a threat of retalia-
tiou on the. part ofthe latter,
Sept.—Nov.

 

A Memorial for the annexa-
tion of‘ Canada to the U. S.
received in five hours the
signatures of300 merchants,

landowners, and profes-
sional men, in Montreal,
Oct. 10.

Woman’s Rights Con-
vention, held at Worcester,
Mass, Oct. 23.

North- West Pa 88mm discov-
ered by Capt. McClure (Br.
Navy) in the Investigator,
Oct. 26.

The British Consul at Charles-
ton calls the attention of
the Governor of South 021-
rolina to a law of that State,
under which British sca-
men (colored) are impris-
oned when they enter her
ports for trade or in dis-
tress, Dec.

Deaths in 1850:

U. s. A.
J. 0’. Calhoun, Senator, U. S.
Sam. Miller, D.D.
Z. Taylor, President, U. S. A.

UNITED STATES.

a State, Sept.

Fugitive Slave Bill

passed, Sept.

Diszmz’onflleetz’ngs held at

Natchez (many present op-
posed to disunion); at Ynzoo
City (resolutions proposed
voted down). Oct. 7; at
Nashville (this convention
passed resolutions recom<
mending a congress of
sléivcholding States), Nov.
1 .

Union Meetings held at
Mobile, Dayton, and New

 

York, in Oct.; at Philadel-
phia. and Manchester, N.
11., in New; and at Bath,
Me., in Dec.

The Advance and Rescue.
American vessels in search
of Sir J. Franklin, com‘
pletely fastened in the ice,
Sept. 13. In their northerl
drift reach lat. 75° 23’, Oct. .

Conventions held to
amend the Constitutions of
the States of Indiana (Oct. 7).
Virginia (Oct. 14). Maryland
(Nov. 4), New Hampshire
(Nov. 6). ,

Lopez and others tried at
New Orleans for engaging
in an expedition against
Cuba, Dec. 17.

Webster replies to Hiilse-
mnnn on the rights of neu-
tral nations, Dec. 21.

GREAT BRITAIN.

‘1850. CALIFORNIA admitted as 1850. Great excitement and

agitation in England respect
ing a dispute on doctrine be
tween the Bishop of Exeter
and the Rev. Dr. Gorhnm,
one of his clergy. The Privy
Council's decision in favor
of the latter afterwards rati-
fied by the Courts.

Searches for Sir J. Frank-
lin—the North Star returns \
to Spithead unsuccessful,
Sept. 23. The Prince Albert
arrives at Aberdeen with the
intelligence that traces of
his party had been found at
Cape Reilly and Beechy _~,
Island, at the entrance to ..
Wellington Channel, Oct. 1.

 
    
    

Appointment by the
Pope of several Roman Ca-
tholic bishops and arch-
bishops in England, causes
great excitement, and an
indignant letter from Lord
J. Russell, the premier,
Nov.

English forces defeated
by the Cnffres in South
Africa, with considerable
loss, and obliged to retreat
to their fort, Dec. 29.

My

  

1315-1355.]

THE WORLD% PROGREss

157*

 

 

AUSTRIA, etc.

 

Jan.1

 

1 A pr. 15.

,.
3 f1 om London, in

 

passed, May 31.

 

 

21
Dotation Bill,
sident 2,160,000

 

‘ ($405,000) per
fr, passed, J line 24.

 

 

 

A.D. FRANCE.
—“
1,; 1850fPresident creates his uncle
i’ Jei mile a Marshal of France,

_' .800 Soldiers drowned at An-
1‘ gicrs by fall of a bridd ge,

EFrench Ambassador recalled
conse—
quence of a difficulty con-
nected with an English
claim on Greece, May 16.
New Electoral Law, restrict-

ing the right of suffrage,

Arrangement with England
on the Greek dispute, June

giving the Pre-
francs
annum,

 

,, 1‘

1850. Prussia :———The King takes.
the oath required by the Con-
stitution, Feb. 6. Attempt to
assassinate him, May 22.

Treaty signed at Munich
between Austria, Bavaria, Sax-
ony, and Wurtemburg, to main-
tain the German Union. Feb. 27

\Vurtemburg denounces the
insidious ambition of the King
of Piussia, and announces a
league between Wurtemburg,
Bavaria, and Saxony, under the
sanction of Austria, March 15.

Hesse-Darinstadt withdraws
from the Prussian league, June
30.

T1111 WORLD, elsewhere.

Treaty of Peace between Prussia and Denmark, July 2.

A Congress of Deputies from
the States included in the Prus-
sian Zollverein opened at Cas~
sel, July 12.

‘

Prussia refuses to join the
restricted Diet of Frankfort,
Aug. 25.

Difficulties occurring in
IIesse-Cassel, between the Elec-
tor and his people, in regard to
the mode of taxation, Austria
and Prussia respectively send
armies to the Electorate, to take
opposite parts in the struggle,
Sept—Nov.

Austrian ultimatum deliv-
ered at Berlin, directing that
Prussia evacuate Hesse in eight
(lays, dissolve the ErfurtLeague,
and recognize the Diet, etc, re-
plied to by the Plussian King; 5
signing the o1der calling out the
whole militai y force of? the mo-
narchy, N 0v. 6.

The Russian Ambassador at
Vienna announces that the Czar
“ would consider the continu—
ance of the Prussian policy in
the Electorate as a casus b61127,”
Nov. 11.

Treaty of Amnesty an-
nounced at Berlin. Dec. 3.

France p1',0tests and G1 cat
Britain remonstrates, at Vienna,

 

 

against the proposed extension
of the Germanic Uonfedemtion
beyond the Alps, Dec.

1850. Denmark: Bloody

but indecisive battle of
Idstedt, betueen the
D? nes and Schlesuig-
Holsteiners, July 2.").

Yucatan : —— Battle,
near close of the year,
between the White-s
and Indians; latter vic-
torious; 300 Whites
killed.

 

l 58*

AD.

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS;

 

[Period XI—éfiflyumm

 

Paoonnss or Socmrr, etc.

 

1851 Jas. Richardson, the African 1851.

traveller, (lies at the village
of Unqurta, six days distant
from liouka, the capital of
Bornou, March 4.

A Company of Gipsies from
England arrive in Cecil
county, Maryland, U. S.,
bringing with them all their
wandering habits and pecu-
liarities, March.

According to the evidence
of Mr. Baincs before a Com-
mittee of the House of Com-
mons. there were in Great
Britain 13,193 places of wor-

ship dissenting from the
tenets of the Established
Church, to which may be
added Roman Catholic Cha-
pels, 597, minor sects and
Jews. 550; total noncon-
formist churches, 14,340.

Emhibitrion of the Works
of Industry of all Nations
inaugurated by Queen Vic-
toria, May 1.

Wyld‘s monster globe
erected in London; , em-
ployed 800 men nearly 80
days in fitting up the inte-
rior.

Daguerre, the discoverer of
the Daigue/rrean or Photo-
graphic Art, dies, aged 61,
July 10.

The Oath of Abjuration (Jew)
Bill passes the British
House of Commons, with
only verbal protests from
the objecting minority, July
8; but is refused a second

reading in the House of
Lords July 17.

UNITED STATES.

 

General Quitman of
Mississippi arrested for al-
leged violation of the neu-
trality law of 1818, by set-
ting on foot a military ex-
pedition against Cuba. lie
resigns his office of Gover-
nor. Feb. 3.

Erie Canal Enlargement
Bill defeated in the N. Y.
Senate by the withdrawal or
resignation ole democratic
members, Apr. 16; but
afterwards passed by a new
Legislature.

Minot‘s Ledge Light-
house, Boston Harbor, car-
ried away. It was last seen
standing about 3 o‘clock,
PAL, April 16.

Arrest of a notorious
band of desperadoes in Mi-
chigan, Apr. :21.

Initial point of the Bonn-
dary between the United
States and Mexico establish-
ed on the right bank of the

tio Grnndc del Norte, in 82
22 north latitude, and 2i9.4
meters from the center of
the bed of the river, by the
American and Mexican
Commissioners, and a mon-
ument erected recording
the same, April 24.

President issues a procla-
mation, warning all persons
within the jurisdiction of
the United States not to aid
or engage in any expedition
against the Island of Cuba,
Apr. ‘25.

Convention of Delegates
from the Southern Rights
Associations of South Caro-
lina meets at Charleston,
May 5; and adjourns after
resolving that, ‘i with or
without cooperation, they
are for a dissolution of the
Union,” May 8.

Erie railroad opened
from New York city to
Dunkirk, 469 miles, by
President Fillmore, Daniel
W'ebster, etc., May 15.

Riot, with loss of life,
at Hoboken, N. J ., between
Germans and “short-boy”
rowdies from New York,
May 26.

Serious conflagrations in
California. San Francisco
alone suffers by them in
May and June to the amount
of $12,000,000.

 

GREAT BRITAIN.

1851. A strong force of Cafi'res
attacks Fort White, Cape of
Good Hope-repulsed, loss
20 killed. The Cuti‘re chief.
Hermanus, with a body of
Caffres and llottentots, at-
tacks Fort Beaufort, but is
repulsed, he and his son
killed, his band completely
routed. 3,000 Cafi‘res attack
the Colonists and their allies
near Fort Hare; driven
back with the loss of 100
killed, Jan. Col. Somer-
set captures and burns Fort
Armstrong, 90 Caii‘res killed,
230 taken prisoners, Feb.
23. The Hotteutots of the
Theopolis Mission Station
in Lower Albany, join in
the insurrection, May 31.
They are defeated in actions
with the English troops on
the 3d and 5th of'June.

The Russell Ministry re-
sign, Feb. ‘22; but after-
wards resume otfice, the
Earl of Derby not having
succeeded in forming a
Cabinet.

The Prohibited Atfinity
Marriage Bill lost in the
llousc of Lords, Feb. 25',
Lord Campbell and the Ec-
clesiastical Bench voting
against it.

 

 

  

‘ reassess]

A. D. Franzen.

”Wm

 

THE \VORLD‘S PROGRESS.

159*

 

 

AUSTRIA, etc.

 

Tun Wonnn, elsewhere.

 

 

1851 Ministry resign, Jan. 8.

Presidential Dotation Bill,
{,1 proposing an additional
grant of 1,800,000 francs,
rejected in the Assembly,
Feb. 18.

y.

 

The Sub-Committee of, the
Assembly appointed by the
Committee of Revision to
authenticate petitions,’ re-
ports, that up to July 1, the
petitions had been signed
by 1,123,165 persons, thus
classified : For revision.
741,011; for revision and
prolongation of powers,
370,511; for prolongation of
powers, 12,103—July 5.

The question of revision of
the Constitution again ta-
ken in the Assembly, when
a minority was declared 97
less than the threefourths
required by the Constitu-
tion, July 19.

 

 

 

l

35L

Denmark: — The Government of
Schleswig-llolstein yields to the Com-
missioners of the Germanic Confedera-
tion. Jan. 10.

The Austrians complete their mili-
tary possession of Hamburg. Jan. 31;
and the new government issues its pro-
clamation, declaring its resumption of
the. seignorial rule of the King of Don-
mark, Feb. ‘2.

Danish mining operations in Green-
land produce large quantities of copper
ore. yielding about 60 per cent.

The Austrian Government and the Ottoman I’orte come to

the following settlement respecting the Hungarian Refu-
gees: Full and entire amnesty conditioned on their not
attempting to enter Hungary. Eight excepted, among
them Kossuth and Bathyany, Feb. 17.

Charles L.
Brace, an Am-
erican. arrested
andimprisoned
in Hungary, on
a charge of
“ being a mem-
ber of the de-
mocratic com-
m i t t e e, a r.
agent of [U-
hazy and Cretz,
and of travel-
ing with revo-
lutionary writ-
ings. to spread
revolutionary
movements,”
May 23.

Inauguration
of Rauch‘s eo-
lossal statue of
Frederick the
Great at Ber
lin, May 31.

The Ger-
manic Diet, in
answer to Lord
Palmerston‘s
protest against
annexing the
non-Germanic
provinces of
Austria to the
Germanic Fe-
deration, says,
“ That no fo-
reign interfe-
rence should be
allowed in a

 

purely German
question."J 11] y
17.

Australia:——Discovery of large gold
fields near Bathurst, Feb.

East Indies :——Fort of the celebrated
pirate Sultan of Soloo dostroyed by the
Spanish Government of Manilla, Feb.
28.

Hawaiiz—The difficulties between
the Hawaiian and French Governments
are arranged according to the terms 01' a
“ mutual declaration,” published at Ho-
nolulu, signed by the minister of foreign
relations and M. Perrin, the French
commissioner, March 25.

New Granada:——Congress adjourns.
It passed a law abolishing slavery in
the republic, to take effect January 1,
1852. May 29.

Italy :—-An earthquake destroys Mel-
fl, a city of 10,000 inhabitants, about 100
miles S. E. of Naples, and other towns
in its vicinity. Seven shocks occurred
within 24 hours. Melfi was separated
by a ravine from Mount Volture, upon
which are many extinct craters. ' Not
less than 3,000 persons are said to have
perished. July 14.

Ecuador :wGen. Diego Novoa, Presi-
dent of the Republic, seized and put
on board a government vessel by Gen.
Urbina, who assumes the administra-
tion of the Government. July 17.

1 60*

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

 

[Period EXT-46 Wire-H;

 

A. I).

1 851

  
   

 

PROGRESS or SOCIETY, etc.

The lord mayor of London,
with several of the alder-
men and common council
men, the royal commission-
ers of the Exposition of In-
dustry, etc., and the execu-
tive committee of the xoyal
con1111issi0n01s,le:1ve Eng-
land for France, by imita—
tion of the prefect of the
Seine. They are entertained
with dinners, balls, sham
fights, and reviews ot‘troops
—Ang. 1.

The inaugumtion of the rail-

way between St. Peters-
burg and Moscow, in Rus-
sia, takes place Sept. 1.

 

13'

UNITED STATES. Al GREAT BRITAIN.

el. “ Vigilance committee ”
at San Francisco hang a
man for stealing, June 10,
and another, July 11.

Gov. McDougal of Cali-
fornia issues his proclama-
tion, warning the citizens of
the. State against “ vigi-
lance committees,” and
coils upon all persons to aid
in sustaining the law, July
21.

Nicaragua route, be-
tween New York and San
Francisco, opened, Aug. 12.

The people of Litchfield
county, onneeticut, cele-
binte the 200th :111nive1sa1y
of its settlement, Aug 13
and 14.

Great riot in New Or-
leans, growing out of the
Cuban expedition. Houses
of Spanish residents at-
tacked. The Spanish con-
sul is obliged to ask protec-
tion, and is placed in the
city prison for safety, Aug.
21.

Riot, with loss of life, at
Christiana, Pa, upon an at-
tempt to arrest a fugitive
slave, Sept. 11.

U. S. brig Dolphin sails
on an expedition to run a
line of soundings for tele-
graphic purposes across the
Atlantic, Oct.

Cotton-planters conven-
tion (300 members) meets
at Macon, Ga. Its object
being to prevent fluctua-
tions in the price of cotton.
Little harmony of views or
concord of action manifest-
ed. Oct.

U. S. steam fligate Mis-
sissippi sent to Turkey for
Kossuth, receives him on
board in the Dardzmelles.
The French government re-
fuses to allow Kossuth to
pass through France. The
Mississippi proceeds on her
voyage with Kossuth’s com-

anions, reaching New
ork Nov. 10.

Kossuth arrives at New
York in December. Ova-
tions are ofi‘ered him in the
principal cities of the Union.
He has an interview with
the President, Sept. to Dec.

1851

 

 

“The great aggregate
meeting" of Roman Catho-
lics. from all p.1rts oi the
United Kingdom, for the
inauguration of the Catho—
lic defense association, is
held at Dublin, Aug. 19.

The Ame1ican yacht
“Amer1c21.at the regatta
at Cow es, wins “ The cup of
all nations,” Aug. 22.

Kossuth arrives by Eng-
lish steame1 f1 om Gibraltar,
atSouthampton Eng. Ova-
tions are oti’ered him in 121.-
rious parts of the country.
He leaves for the Untcd
States, Nov.

The subnmrine tclc~
graph between Dover and
Calais completed, Oct. 17.
O3pened for public use Nov,
1 .

A fourth prmidency
contemplated for British
India, ands proposal made
to remove the seat of go-
vernment from .Caleutta
to Lahore, Nov.

   
   
 
 
  
 
 
    
  

 

 

 

 

 

 

218M61855.‘]‘ THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. 161*
A. D. FRANCE. AUSTRIA, etc. THE WORLD, elsewhere.
1851 1851. Marshal Ra- 1551. Russiaz—Iler troops repeatedly de-

 

 

REVOLUTION: L. N. Bonaparte

by a coup d’état seizes the
reins of government; dis-
solves the national assem-
bly; declares a state of
siege; arrests the principal
red-republicans and social-
ists; constitutes an entire
new ministry. The Presi-
dent orders an instant
restoration oi‘ universal suf-
frage; an immediate elec—
tion by people and army of
a President to hold oflice
for ten years, to be sup-
ported by a Council of State
and two houses of Legisla-
ture. The revolution cre-
ates an intense excitement.
The vote of the army shows
a large majority for L. N.
Bonaparte. >tesistance to
the usurpation is shown in
various parts of France, but
the‘ overwhelming power of
the army, and a “state of
siege” in 33 departments.
crushes all opposition. The
election, under various con-
trolling influences, results
iu the confirmation of L. N.
Bonaparte as President for
ten years, by a. vote of about
seven out of eight millions.
Dec. 1—20.

 

detzky, by pro-
clamation from
Mon 2a declares
the Lombardo-
Venetian king-
dom to be in a
state of siege,
July 19.

By cabinet
letters,the Ein—
peror ofAustria
declares that
his ministers
“are responsi-
ble to no other
political au-
thority than
the throne,”
that “the

{eichstadt is to
be considered
as the council
of the throne,"
and the minis-
ter president is
to take “ into
ripe and seri-
ous considera-
tion the possi-
bility of carry-
ing out the
Constitution
of March 4,
1849.” Aug. 20.

Louis Kos-
suth and 35 of
his country-
men sentenced
to death «in
contumaciam,
at Pesth, for
not appearing
after citation,
Sept. 22.

 

The ques-
tion of the ad-
mission of
Jews to judi-
cial office in
Prussia.
brought to a
partial termi-
nation by their
permission to
study law. Oct.

feated by the Circaesians. June.

Nicaraguat—Gen. Munoz, ex—minis-
tor of war. deposes President Piueda.
and sends him and most of his cabinet
prisoners to Tigre Islands and elects
Albaunaz President. The Senate assem-
bles at Grenada, and elects Montenegro
President. Aug. 4.

West Indies:—Volcanic eruptions
from eight craters in the mountains of
Martinique, Aug. 5.

Cuba :——Expedition against Cuba un-
der General Lopez, 500 strong. sails from
New Orleans Aug. 3, and Key West
10th ; effects a landingr at Cubanos, 11th;
is routed on the 20th. Lopez is taken.
29th, and publicly garoz‘ed, Sep. 1. His
followers shot or condemned to ten
years7 laborin Spain. The funeral obse-
qnies of the Spaniards and Cubans who
fell in the contest with Lopez. are cele-
brated with great pomp at the Cathedral
in Havana. $704100 are subscribed by
the inhabitants of Havana. for the bone-
fit ot' their widows and children, Sept. 9

Mexic0:—General Mariana Arista
inaugurated President, Jan. 15; Canales,
Carvajal, and others, issue 7)]‘01L’InI/("ia-
memos against the general govern-
ment. Some fiqlitinar follows, with
varied success, Sept—Oct—Nov.

Greece z—Lord Palmerston‘s note to
the Greek government produces a great
sensation at Athens. I\ov.

Chili : ~—Earthqnake at Valparaiso—-
the most violent since that of 1822, few
lives lost. but great destruction of pro-
perty, April 2. Insurrection at Santiago,
suppressed after two hours” street-fight-
ins, April 20. Rebels under Cruz de-
feated by Bnlues at Longomilla, Dec. 8.

 

162*

AD.

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

 

 

PROGRESS or SOCIETY, etc.

UNITED STATES.

1851 The town of Lagos, on the 1851. Principal room of the

coast of Africa, destroyed
by an English force, with u
loss of thirty killed, and (39
wounded, because the na-
tivo chief refused to sign it
treaty for the effectual sup—
pression of the slave trade

in his doniinions. The. chief

is deposed, and another sub-
stituted in his place, Dec.
2627.

Deaths in 1851.

U. S. } EUROPE.
J: J. Audu- J. Pye Smith,
b072, chxlcy,
S. Olin, 'JonnnaBaillie,

J. I". ('Yt‘ioper,

 

Codrington,

T. I]. Gallau-zb'heil,

8.

def, Lingnrd,

G. J[0I‘t07b. Damierre,
{Sonia
Ocrsted,
Jacobi.

 

library of Congress destroy-
ed by fire, together with
paintings, statuary, models,
and about 35,000 volumes
of books, Dec ‘24.

By joint resolution, the
Governor of Georgia. is
authorised and requested to
withdraw the block of mar-
ble contributed to theWnsh-
ington monument by the
resolution of the General
Assembly of Febr‘y, 1850,
with the inscription, “The
lonstitution as it is; the
Union as it was," and to
cause another to be pro-
parcd of Georgia marble,
with the State arms thereon,
and to be sent to the monu-
ment, Dec. 3 .

Inn‘nigration, June 1,
1350, to Dec. 31, 1851,
558,000.

1852 Immigration into California, 1852. Deputations from the

U. 5., from Asia is so large
as to rcquiro special Legis-
lation—April.

Extensive fires in the Antilles,

March 2; California, U. 8.,
June I? and Nov. 2 (nearly
destroying two cities;)
gonads, (at Montreal) July

various States, in behalf of
the Irish exiles, wait upon
President Filmore—Jan. 23.
The Ohio State House
entirely consumed by fire.
Some of the papers saved,
but a. large mass of docu~
ments destroyed—~Feb. 1.

Senor Lnbordc, the
Spanish Consu at New
Orleans at the time of the
Cuban riots, and who fled
the city from fear of vio-
lence, arrives at Now Or-
leans, is saluted, and re~
sumes his duties as consul—-
Feb. 9.

Gold Medal presented
to Henry Clay by citizens of
New York. Feb. 10.

Memorial presented to
House of Representatives
of California, from 1,218 cit-
izens of South Carolina and
Floridafi asking permission
“ to colonize a rural district
with a population of not
11%55 than 2,000 slaves.” Feb.

Hommopathic College
at Clevolund, Ohio, mobbed
and interior destroyed, in
consequence of remains of
subjects, taken from the
burial-ground, being dis-
covered near the College.
Feb. 16.

 

 

 

[Period X11440 Was jj

 

GREAT BRITAIN.

1852. Lord Granville, by his

note to the American mi-
nister, in relation to the
firing into the American
steamer Prometheus by the
British nian-of—war Ex-
press, stntes to Mr. Law—
rcuce, for the information
of his government, that
her majesty’s gorernment
entirely disavow the act,
and has no hesitation in
otfering nmple apology for
that which they consider
to have been an infraction

oftreaty engagements. Jan. .L

10.

Dl‘. R110 returns “118110"

cessfnl from his search for

Sir John Franklin, down
the McKenzie river, and

from its mouth eastward,
He was sentout .

500 miles.
in the spring of 1851 by tho

Hudson‘s Bay Company.

Feb.

   
    
   
 
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   

 

.;~181§'~1_835.] - THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. 163*

 

 

A. I). FRANCE. AUSTRIA, etc. THE WORLD, elsewhere.

1851

 

1851. Chinac—Impcrial court seriously
alarmed at the progress of the disturb-
ance in the Southern provinces. June.
A large portion of the ChinCSe part of
llong Kong destroyed by fire: from 470
to DUO houses destroyed, includingr all
the printing offices and the finest edi~
flees and public buildings. Many lives
lost. Dee.26—28.

1852. Argentine Confederation :—Gcneral ;
Urqniza, Commander of the liberating i
army, completes the passage of the l
Parana with 28.00” men, 50,000 horse, l
and 50 pieces of artillery, and prepares ‘
to approach Buenos Ayres, Jan. 8. Bal—
tle of Santos Lugares. (10 miles from
Busnos Ayres,) between Urqniza with
30,000 men and 50 cannon, and the troops
of Rosas, 25,000 men and 90 cannon ; re-
sults in the total defeat of Rosas and his
flight to England. During the night, the.
city is saved from pillage by detach-

1352 President Bonaparte orders 1852. The Empe- ments from the various ships of war of

the K - . r \r of I’ussia all. nations in the harbor, Feb. 3: The
19311523232319323 til? Or visits “I; Eni— allied army enters Boenos Ayres 1r eb. 18.
)’ ‘ “" peror of Ans- ——Urquiza, Director of the Argentine

tria at Vienna, Confederation, deposed, Sept. 10. '
May 8. —l‘he Chamber of Itcpresentatives

of Buenos Ayres declares the river
Parana open to the navigation of all na-
tions, Oct. 13.

Belgium:——Formation of a new mi-
nistry at Brussels, of the moderate party
under M. de Bronckore, Nov. 1. The
. law against the liberty of the press is
’7 adopted in the Chamber of Representa-
’ ti res, Dec. 1.

Cuba:——'l‘he police of Havana disco-
ver and capture the press of the paper,
“ The Voice of the People,” with the
materials and forms for the fourth num-
ber. The proprietors and employes are
arrested, Aug. 28. The barque Cornelia,
having cleared at Havana, is brought to
and boarded at the month ofthe llm‘l‘ml‘,
and the mail-bags rifled, Sept. 23. A few
days after, the United States mail steam-
ship Crescent City is refused permission
to land her passengers and mails at lia-
vana, and ordered to quit the port—
Captain—General Cafiedo objecting to the
pnrser of the vessel, Mr. Smith, alleged
to be the reporter of false news to the
New York papers. On Oct. 14, the Cres-
cent City again enters Havana. harbor,
with Mr. Smith as purscr. Gov. Caficdo .1
refuses to allow passengers or mails to be ‘
landed, and forbids all intercourse be- ;.
tween the ship and shore. The Captain *2
protests to the American Consul, and
leaves the harbor.

 

 

164*
P

A. D. nocurss or SOCIETY, etc.

THE WORLD’S ruoeucss.

Usrrno STATES.

 

1852

Great floods in the United
States, March, April, Sept,
and Dec; in England, Nov.
and Dec; on the conti-
nent of Europe, Sept.

blngraphs across the Eng-
lish Channel.

Earthquakes in Cuba August
2 and Nov. ‘26; in Manilla
and adjacent ports, Sept. 16,
Oct. 15; at Acapulco, Dec.
4; in the Eastern Archipe-
lam, Nov. ‘27 and Dec. 21.

At Stniford llouse, in London,
some English ladies, headed
by the Duchess of Suther-
land, adopt an address to
the women of America on
the subject ofnegro slavery.
It subsequently receives

- 576,000 signatures. Nov.
26.

Punishment Qf Death rc-
storcd in Tuscany.

Fall in England of the protec-
tionist ministry of Lord
Derby and Mr. D‘Israeli,
after an existence of nine
months—Dec. 2‘0.

Deaths in. 1852.

U. S. EUROPE.
[1. Clay, Thos. Moore,
S. Note, Schwartzen-
11!. Stuart, berg,
D. Drake, Pradier,
J. 11. Paine, Wellington,

ILGI-eenough, Dr. Mantell,

Amos Law- D'Orsay,
res-nee, Leo.
Milledoier,

J. Vundcrlyn,
D. lVebster,
J.L. Kingsley,
J. P. Norton.

1352. Southern Rights conven-
tion at. Montgomery, Ala,
passes resolutions against
nmking resistance to the
compromise measures an
issue of their party, and
against intervention, March
5.

Riot during election at
St. Louis, April 5.

First national agricultu-
ral convention assembles at
\Voshington, D. 0.. consist-
ing of 151 members, repro-
scuting 22 States, and the
District of Columbia. orga-
nized by the choice of
Marshal P. \Vilder. of M ass,
president. J uue 24.

Convention for revising
the Constitution of Louisi-
ana, July 5.

Kossuth continues to be
feted in dili‘crent cities, and
finally quits the country
under the name of Alexan-
der Smith, July 16.

Henry Clay (lies, June
29. Obscquics celebrated
at New York with great
pomp and magnificence,
July 20.

Great Britain insists upon the convention of 1818, re-
specting North American fisheries, being carried out by
the United States, and sends armed vessels to the coast
The United States government

of New Brunswick, etc.
dispatches the war steamer

Perry on board, to the disputed fishing grounds; some
sixty fishing vessels are boarded, and furnished with in‘
J uly—Aug.

formation and advice.

Commodore McCauley.
commander of the United
States naval forces in the
Pacific, by proclamation,
withdraws his protection
from American vessels pro—
ceeding to the Lobos Is—
lands for guano, Oct. 13.
This diliiculty with Peru
settled by the withdrawal
of American pretensions,
Nov. 15.

Daniel Webster dies,
Oct. 24. Funeral solemni-
ties celebrated at Boston
with much state, Nov. 15.

The United States de-
clines the tri-partite con-
vention respecting Cuba

roposed by England and
ii-ance, Dec. 1.

Immigration, 375,000.

 

 

s,

[Period XI—M) Wurst".-

 

 

 

G KEAT BRITAIN.

 

1852. Submarine telegraph
wires coated with gutta
percha, laid across St.
George‘s Channel from Ho-
lyhead, a distance ofeighty
miles, completing the com-
munication between Lon-
don and Dublin. June 1.

 
  
    
 
 
   
 
   
   
 
 
   
  
   
   
 
 
 
 
    

Queen Victoria issues
her proclamation against
“ Roman Catholic ecclesias-
tics‘ wearing the habit of
their order, exercising the
rites and ceremonies of the
Roman Catholic religion in
highways and places of
public resort.” J une 15.

Mississippi, with Commodore

Duke of Wellington dies,
Sept. 14. His funeral obse-
quies take place in London
with great pomp, Nov. 18.

Full of the Protectionist
ministry of Lord Derby and
Mr. D‘lsraeli, after an exist-

ence of nine months, Dec.
20.

By a decree of the Go-
vernor General of British
India, the province 0! Po f
gu is annexed to the British "7
dominions, Dec. 20. f

   
   
   
  

 

FRANCE.

AUSTRIA, etc.

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. 165*

Tm: XVORLD, elsewhere.

 

1852 President Bonaparte com-
mences his tour through
Southern France, Sept. 16.
Visits the Chateau D‘Am-
boise, and releases Abd-el—
Kader, who had been a
prisoner for five years, Oct.
10. Returns to Paris, ma-
king a pompous entry into
the city, Oct. 16.

A decree of the President
convokes the Senate for
Nov. 4, for the purpose of
deliberating on the restora-
tion of the empire. Oct. 19.

The. Senate decrees the re-
establislnnent of the em-
pire, subject to the ratifica-
tion of the people, Nov. 7.
The vote is taken through-
out France and Algeria.
Nov. 21 and 22: result—~
7,824.189 in favorofreéstab-
lishing‘ the empire, against
258,145 negative, and 63,326
void ballots.

The Senate goes in a. body to
St. Cloud, to announce offi-
cially the result of the elec-
tion to Louis Napoleon, and
hail him Emperor, Dec. 1.

At the Hotel de Ville, in Paris,
Louis Napoleon is publicly
proclaimed EMPEROR. 0F
.Tim FRENCH, under the

name of NAPOLEON III,
Dec. 2. '

  

A treaty of ‘p

 

fISSi’. Greece :~—-Signiug of a convention in

London by the five powers, England,
France, Prussia, Bavaria and Greece. in
reference to the ailairs of Greece. None
but a prince of the Greek religion is
hereafter to ascend the throne of Greece.
Nov. 18.

Hawaii: Eruption of Manna Loo;
lasts several weeks. Feb.

India:—The Burmese evacuate and
burn Promo, Sept. 10. The British un-
der Godwin take it with a loss of38 men,
Nov. 21.

Italy :—Thc Grand Duke of Tuscany,
refuses to give audience to an English
Protestant deputation in favor of Rosa.
and Francisco Madiai, Oct. 25.

—The punishment of death is re‘e’s-
tablished in Tuscany, for treason, crimes
against religion, murder, and robbery
with violence, Nov. 10.

—The Pope addresses a letter to the
King of Sardinia, strongly adverse to
the bill under consideration in the Pied-
montese parliament, permitting mar-
riages without religious ceremonies; it
is consequently withdrawn by the mi-
nistry, Dec. 20.

——At Rome, Bishop Ives, of North
Carolina, U. S, formerly an Episcopa-
lian, is received into the Catholic
Church by the Pope, Dec. '26.

Liberia :—- President Roberts attacks
and gains possession of the native chief
Boyer’s principal tou'n, Jan 15.

 

eace between the courts of Vienna. and

Rome is ratified, stipulating that the former shall main-
tain in the territories of the Pope, l2,000 infantry and
1,400 cavalry, for whom $18,000 monthly are to be paid
by the Papal government. Nov. 10.

1852. The Empe-
ror of Austria
visits the King
of Prussia at
Berlin, Dec. 17.

Prussia :—
The bill for bi—
ennial parlia—
ments becomes
a law, Dec. 23.

Mexico :—Carvajal attacks Camargo
and is defeated, Feb. 21.

The French Count Boulban dc Ra-
ousset, who led an enterprise upon So-
nora, is defeated at Hermosillo, and his
expedition completely overthrown, Nov.
1.

Spain :—A priest, aged 63, attacks
with a dagger, and wounds the Queen
of Spain, on‘ her return from celebrating
at the cathedral a T6 Damn. for the
birth of her child, Feb. 2. lie is tried,
convicted, degraded from his priestly
oflice, and suffers death from the garote,
7th.

—Ninety-five Americans belonging
to the Lopez expedition, who had been
sent to Spain, arrive at New York,
March 13, having been liberated by the
Queen.

-—The Cortes dissolved by royal de-
cree, for having elected De la Rosa, the
anti-ministerial candidate, their presi-
dent, Dcc. 2.

 

1 66*-

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

   

[Period X1440 year's—‘-

 

 

A. D. PROGRESS or SOCIETY, etc.

1853 Firmans accorded to all sub-
jects of the Porte (not Mus-
sulmaus) confirming their
religious rights, June 22.

1853.

 

The first Norwegian railway
opened July 4.

The American expedition un-
der Com. Perry arrives at
Japan, July 8. On the 14th
he lands and delivers to the
Imperial commissioners the
letter from the American
President; a few days after
leaves the island, to return
in the spring..

Over 60,000 pilgrims enter
Aix-la—Chapelle, to visit the
exhibition of the relics, J u-
ly 17'.

 

UNITED STATES.

Caloric ship Eriesson
makes her trial trip to the
Potomac, Jan. 11.

Adverse decision of Na-
poleon, arbiter between the
United States and Portugal,
in case of the General Arm-
strong, read at “Iashington,

 

 

Jan. 17.

Franklin Pierce and
William R. King declared
duly elected President and
Vice-President for four
years from 4th March next,
Feb. 9.

W. R. King sworn in as
Vice-President, at Cumbre.
Island of Cuba, Consul
Sharkey administering the
oath, March 24.

Second American Arctic
expedition leuves New
York, May 31.

Important amendments
to the city charter of New
York, restraining the power

 

of municipal officers in
money matters, adopted by
a vote of 36,672 in favor,
8,351 against, J 11116 7.

Crystal Palace at New
York opened in presence of
the President of the United
States, otc., July 14.

GREAT BRITAIN.

1853. Mr. Inger-sol, American

envoy, feted at Liverpool
and Manchester, Jan. 4—7.

Sandilli and other Cafire
chiefs send in their submis-
sion to General Cathcart,
thereby closing the war,
Feb. 10. Peace concluded, '\
March 9.

Doncaster church, built
in 1070, destroyed by fire,
Feb. 28.

imam-’1'. : .

4..

Warlike stores. supposed
to be for Kossuth, seized, ,
April 1-1.

 
     
  
 
     
    

Mrs. H. B. Stowe. au-
thoress of “Uncle Tom’s
Cabin,” received at Stafford
House by many of the no-

bility and statesmen of
England, May 7.

Dublin Industrial Exhi-
bition opened, May 12.

\

The “strike“ at Stock—
port ceases, and 20,000 men
resume labor, having ac-
complished their object. an
advance of ten per cent. in
their wages, August 8. Si-
milar strikes occur at Leeds,
Kidderminster, and other
cities.

 

A. D.

. mamas]

.m...

 

rnn WORLDe PROGREss

167‘

 

FRANCE.

 

1858 The Pantheon at Paris re-

  
   
   
   
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
   

opened as the Church of

St. Genevieve, Jan. 3.

Russia, Austria, and Prussia.
at last acknowledge Napo-
leon III. Emperor of the
French, Jan. 11.

Marriage of the Emperor and

Eugenie dc Montijo, Count-
ess dc Teba, celebrated at
Cathedral of Notre Dame,
Paris. Amnesty granted
to 4,312 political prisoners
and exiles, Jan. 30.

General St. Priest, and many

other legitimists, secretly
arrested in Paris, on the
charge of political commu-
nication with the Count of
Chambord, and some of
having sent false intelli-

gence to foreign journals,
Feb. 5.

Application is made by the
French government to the
English for Napoleon‘s
will, Feb. 17. Subsequent—
l y granted.

Funeral of Mme. Raspail at
Paris, the occasion of a
formidable socialist demon—
stration. 40,000 persons
march in procession to Pérc
la Chaise, March 13.

Fleet sent to Turkish waters,
March 20.

A peace address, signed by
4,000 English merchants,
bankers and traders, is pre-
sented to Napoleon III. at
the Tuilleries, by English-
men, March 28.

A bill restoring capital pun-
ishment for attempts on the
life of the Emperor, or to
subvert the Imperial go-
;grnment‘, is passed, May

F—

1853. A ustria cf-

 

 

AUSTRIA, etc.

fers herself as,
a mediator be—
tween the
Turks and
Montenegrins,
Feb. 1.

Attempt on
the life ofEm-
peror of Aus-
tria at the ram-
parts of Vien-
na, Feb. 18.

Baden:—
Prof. Gervinus
tried for high
treason,in pub~
lishinghis“ln-
troduction to
the History of
19th century."
Sentence, ten

 

months’ im-
prisonment,
and book to be
destroyed,
March 5.

Prussia :—
Democratic
conspiracy dis-
covered at Ber-
lin, March 29.

Austria re-
cals her minis-
ter from Home,
May 20.

THE WORLD, elsewhere.

 

1852. Switzerland :—'I‘hc Canton of Ticino

suppresses the order ol’Capnchin monks,
and cxpels all of that order under 65
years ot’agc, Nov. 25.

Turkeyz—War breaks out between
the Turks and Montcnegrins, Dec. 15.

1853. BelgiumI—A maritime congress as—

sembles at Brussels, Aug. 28.
~~-Marringe of the Duke of Brnbant,

heir-apparent of the throne, and the

Arch-Duchess Maria, Aug. 23.

Canada and New Bi‘iinswicl;:—Gn-
vazzi lectures at Quebec and Montreal ;
riots ensue; military called out; June
(5—9.

—-’I‘he first sod of the European and
North American Railroad turned at St.
Johns, by Lady Head, assisted by the
Lieutenant-Governor, in presence of
25,000 persons, Sept. 14.

China z—Nankin taken by the rebels;
Tartar garrison (20,000) n'iassaercil;
March 19. Amoy captured, May 19.

Denmark:—Parli:unent prorogued,
and a “fundamental” law issued, by
which the government becomes hereaf-
ter an absolute one, July 10.

Hawaii z—Small-pox rages, having
carried off since May 1,805 out of a po-
pulation of 60,000 persons, Aug. 31.

Holland :«The first chamber adopts
the much-disputed law on religious li-
berty, Sept. 8.

Indiaz—Battle of Donabew, in Bur-
mah: Sir J. Cheapo defeats Mea ’l‘oon,
March 19.

Italyz—An insurrection breaks out
at Milan, but is vigorously suppressed
by Radetsky, Feb. 0. The property of
the Lom barrio-Venetian refugees seques-
tered till they can prove they are not
implicated in this outbreak. and 10,000
’l‘icinese expelled from Austrian Italy,
Feb. 26. Protracted diplomatic contro-
versies between Austria and both Sar-
dinia and Switzerland. follow—Sardinia.
solemnly protesting. April 10.

—The Pope prohibits the circulation
of “Uncle Tom‘s Cabin“ in his domini-
ons, May l0. .

Guerazzi tried at Florence for high
treason, and found guilty, June 11.

—Conspiracy in Rome, 146 arrests,
Aug. 15. . -

—Order signed for immediate release
of Miss Cunningham at Lneca, Oct. 9.

——New churchfi-built for the \Val-
denses, opened and consecrated at Turin,
Dec. l5. .

Mexico :—-—New revolution; Arista
resigns the presidency, Jan. 5.

—Santa Anna having been elected
President, is received in Mexico with
great enthusiasm, April 17.

 

l 68*

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

 

[Period 31—4-0 yearns-s.

 

 

 

Ad). Pnoennss or SOCIETY, etc.

 

1853 A great national horse-show
at Springfield, Mass, U. 8.,
Oct. 19—21.

The first Presbyterian Chinese
church organized at San
Francisco, U. 5., Nov. 6.

Duel between Soulé and
De Turgot. American and
French ministers to Spain,
Dec. 18.

Cholera prevails in Europe.

Several new asteroids discov-
ered, raising the number to
27, between the planets
Mars and Jupiter.

Deaths in 1858:

U. S. EUROPE.

0! B. Adams, Arago,
sz'imSmith, Von Buch,
W. R. King, Dacres,

B. Bates, Mrs. Opie,
Sim. Green-
leaf. Wardlaw.

 

UNITED STATES.

    
  
   
  
   
 
   
   
   
  
    

1853. Great heat throughout
the conntry—thermometer
every where 100" Fah.
Deaths from it in New
York city in four (lays, 400,
Aug. 11—14.

lcmaining portion of
“ Tablo Rock,” at the Falls
of Niagara, breaks ofl’, Sept.
9.

“Great Republic,” ves-
sel of 4,000 tuns, largest
merchantman in the World,
launched at East Boston,
Mass, Oct. 4.

Captain Gunnison and
party massacred by the
Indians in Utah, Oct. 26.

Inauguration of the
Washington a q u e d u c 1:.
President Pierce turns the
first turf, Nov. 9.

A mob of men and wo~
men demolish the railroad
track near Erie, 1’enn., Dec.
9. and repeat the outrage,
Dec. 27.

Yellow fever epidemic
in the States bordering on
Gulf of Mexico, carries off
from 12,000 to 15,000 per—
sons.

Bedini, the Papal Nun-
cio, tries to influence the
RomanCatholic laity to give
up their church property to
the Bishops, but does not
succeed. He quits the
country ignominiously.

Immigration, 368,000.

GREAT BRITAIN.

 

1853. Naval Review at Spit-
head, in presence of the
Queen, Aug. 11.

Queen Victoria visits
- Ireland, Aug. 29.

Deputation from the
Protestant Alliance, headed
by the Earl of Shaftesbury,
waits upon Lord Clarendon,
to state the case of Miss
Cunningham, arrested at
Lucca for distributing Ita- ,
lian Bibles, etc., and to
urge the government to
procure her immediate li-
beration, Sept. 28. A depu-
tation of clergymeu and
others, headed by Sir Cul-
ling Eardley, wait upon
Lord Clarendon and thank
him and the government
for the exertions which had
been made, Oct. 27.

Bronze statue of Sir Ro~
bert Peel erected in front
of the Royal Infirmary at
Manchester, Oct. 3.

Captain Inglefleld, of the
Phoenix, arrives from the
Arctic regions, with the
news of the discovery of
the N orth-west Passage, on
Oct. 26, 1850, by Captain
McClure of the Investiga-
tor, Oct. 7.

The first stone 0? a Roe
man Catholic cathedral
laid at Shrewsbury, by
Bishop Brown—the young
Earl of Shrewsbury giving
£15,000 towards its erection
—Dec‘. 12. '

The Dublin Exhibition

' building is formally opened
as a Winter garden, by :the
Lord Lieutenant and (the

Countess St. Germ 'ns, ‘
Dec. 15. 2? ,..

   
  
    
   

 

18155-1855.]

 

THE WORLDs PROGREss

169*

._ _

AUSTRIA, etc. THE WORLD, elsewhere.

 

   

1858 Plot to assassinate the Empe-
ror, while on his way to the
Opera Comique, discovered
at Paris, July 7.

A Roman circus of great size
discovered at Tours, Aug.
31.

The Duke de Nemours. on
behalf of the entire Orleans
House, effects a reconcilia-
tion with the Count de
Chambord, Nov. 17.

Inauguration of the statue of
Marshal Ney, on the spot
where he was shot, and the
anniversary of his execu-
tion, Dec. 7..

 

1853, AnAustrian
war vessel in
the port of
Smyrna, seizes
and attempts
to curry off
Martin Koszta,
a Hungarian
refugee, travel-
in;r under an
American pass—
port, who
claims protec—
tion of Ameri-
can flag. An
American fri-
gate places the
Austrian un-
der her guns,
and Koszta‘s
release is impe-
ratively de-
manded, June
21.

Austrian go-
vernment pro-
tests against
proceedings of;
Captain Ingra-
ham at Smyr-
na, in a circu—
lar addressed
to the Europe-
an courts, Aug.
1. and through
its envoy ad-
dresses a note
to the Ameri-
can govern-
ment on the
same subject,
Aug. 29.

EASTERN AFFAIRS.——WAR BETWEEN TURKEY AND
tUSSIA.-—Prilice Menschikofi' sent by the Emperor of Bus-
sia with demands which are rejected by the Porte, May 21.
June 15. The Russians cross the Pruth, 120,000 strong,
June 21—28.—ThePorte addresses a protest to the Russian
cabinet against the occupation of the Principalities, July
14. The Conference of Vienna draw up the celebrated
“Vienna note,” for the joint acceptance of Russia and
Turkey, July 26. Russia at once accepts; Turkey re-
quires modifications. Aug. 20; which Russia Will not ac-
cede to, Sept. 14. Military congress at Olmutz, Sept. 20.
The note is dropped, Sept. 30. Turkey declares war
against RuSs-ia, Oct. 3. Hostilities commenced on the
Danube, Oct. 30. Turks capture Fort St. Nicholas m the
Black Sea, Oct. 81. Turks defeat Russians at Oltenitza,
Nov. 4. Russia declares war against Turkey, Nov. 1].
The Anglo-French fleet enters the Dardanelles, Oct. 4,
and the Bosphorus. Nov. 15. Turks beaten and massa-
cred at Sinope by Russians, N (W. 30. The Vienna Con-
ference continues its efforts to effect an arrangement be-
tween the belligerents, Dec. Decided manifestation of
the people of Constantinople in favor of _war, Dec. 21.
Russians uniformly victorious in Asia. The religious fana-
ticism of both parties is aroused.

1853. Persia—Earthquakes destroy Shi-
raz, (12,000 lives lost,) May 9; and Tehe-
ran, July 11.

Peru :—Difliculty at C'hincha Islands
between Peruvian commandant and
American shipmesters, Aug. 17.

Portugal z—Marin (Queen) dies, Nov.
10.

Spain : ——New and stringent law
against liberty of the press published,
Jan. 2. Queen Isabella, in commemo-
ration of her birth-day, orders three
serew-frigutes to be constructed, to be
called after the three queens from whom
she derives the crowns ot‘ Custile, Arm-
gon, and Navarre, Oct. 10.

Switzerland z—Insurrection in Fri-
burg by the Jesuit party speedily sup-
pressed, April 22.

Venezuela :-—Enrthquake at Cumana;
600 persons killed, July 15.

 

 

Pnoensss or Socrurr, etc.

1354 Deputntion of “ Friends" pre-
sents to the Emperor of
Russia a peace memorial,

Feb. 10.

Complete equality before the
law secured to all subjects
of the Porte, without dis-
tinction of creed, by treaty,
March 12.

Commercial treaty concluded
between the United States
and Japan, March 23.

In Turkey, the possessions of
the Mosques to be declared
the property of the State
from March 27.

The first railway is opened
in Brazil, the Emperor and
Empress being present at
the inauguration, April 30.

The changes introduced in the
Ottoman Empire by the in-
fluence of the Allied Pow-
ers, amountto a revolution
in its social condition.

Marked increase in the num-
bers and rosperity of
Christians in urkey; Mo-

, hammedan population, ex-
cept in Bosnia, rapidly dy-
ing out.

,Cross. raised in a. Catholic
burying ground belonging
' to the. French, in Turkey,

TIIE wontofs PROGRESS.

':.'_~ _.:.n :"r- N ' __

UNITED STATES.

cisco founders at sea; 240

board; the rest of 700 res-
cued by the Three Bells,
Kilby, and Antarctic, Jan.
5.

Astor Library opened
for use ofthc public, in New
York city, J an. 9.

Outrages on the railroad
near Erie, Pa., renewed by
mobs of women, Jan. 17, 31.

Skirmishes between U.
S. troops and Apache and
Utah Indians, March 5, 30.

Certain sections of the
“Maine Liquor Law” deci-
ded to be unconstitutional
in Massachusetts, March 13.

Miss Dix‘s bill for nine-
liorating the condition of
the indigent insane, vetoed,
April 20.

Great flood in the Con-
necticut river, hundreds
driven from their dwel-
lings, May 1.

Mass meetings at Bos-
ton, Feb. 23; New Market,
N. 11., Feb. 27; NewYork,
May 13, against. the Ne-
braska bill, which, how-
gger, becomes alaw, May

 

Riots inrMiehigan, A ril
17; at Boston, (attempfto
rescue a fugitive slave,)
May 26; at New York and
Brooklyn, (papist- interfe-
rence with street—preach-
ing,) May 28, J mm 4, 11.

San Juan,

therU. S. sloop-ofswar, Cy-
ano, July 13.

T
ml

U. S. troops washed over- '

‘ Queen, J uneJO.

Nicaragua. ‘
bombarded and burnt by; ,

   

[Period 1'1.er gleam...

GREAT BRITAIN.

I
1854. The steamer San Fran-lISEA. Parliament opened by

Queen, who expresses endow
sire, that exertions for an
amicable settlement of the
Eastern difficulties» should
be persevered in, Jan. 81.

The Queen reviews. the \_
fleet on its departure for
the Baltic, March 11.

A day of humiliation i
and prayer observed, April 1
26. ‘

       
 

' Launch of the “Royal
Albert," the Queen chris‘
tening the vessel, May 18.

Crystal Palace at S -
denham opened by 0

 

THE woRLD’s PROGRESS. 171*,

 

15121111011. * AUSTRIA, etc.‘

 

1854. Alliance,
offensive and
defensive, be-
tween Austria
and Prussia,
signed April
20.

 

1854 The Emperor and Empress
attend the first agricultural ~
exhibition ever held in Pa-
ris, June 9.

 

    

The Emperor reviews a di-
vision of troops about to
gamed to the Baltic, July

THE WORLD, elsewhere.

 

1854. Brazil :—-—San Salvador destroyed by
an earthquake, causing a loss, in less
than one minute, of 200 1110s, and
$4, 000,000 of ploperty, April 16.

Canada: ——Parli: tment House at Que-
bec burnt, including government library
and philosophical apparatus, Feb. 1.

India:—The Ganges Canal, 11 work
of vast magnitude opened, April 8.

—Day of humiliation and prayer for
success of the British a1 ms, obse11ed at
Bombay and all over India, by the na-
tives, as well as the Europeans, July 16.

Italyz—Shocks of earthquake in the
country between Florence and Rome,
May.

—-Railway from Lusa to Turin inau-
guratcd in presence of King and Queen
of Sardinia, etc., May 22.

Mexico :-—Battle of Guyamas, be-
tween some.Frencl1'men under Count
iaousset de Boulbon and the Mexicans,
July 13. The Count is defeated, taken
prisoner, and, Aug. 12, shot.

Russia z—An imperial ukaso calls out
nine men in 1, 000 souls in eastern por-
tion of the Empire, May 9.

Spain z—Earthquake at Fiana, crum-
bling,r down the greatest part of the Al-
cazaba, an ancient castle of the Moors,
and causing large chasms in nearly all
the streets, Jan. 13.‘

—Strike at Barcelona; 15,000 arti-
zans demand of the municipal authorities
that the price ofprovisions be reduced,
and wages increased, March 31.

—Tl. e insuriection of the people
at Madrid (July 17) triumphs,a and the
Rivas ministry resign, July 19, Espar-
tern enters the city, and is received
with great enthusiasm, July 29. 3,000
defenders of the barricades defile before
the Queen‘s palace, her Majesty present—
ing herself on the balcony, July 31.

—-Dofia Maria Christina, the Queen
Mother, leaves Madrid for Portugal, un-
der escort of troops, but against the will
of theépeople. She was indebted to the
State 71,000,000 reals, Aug. 28.

Turkey :—-Fire at Constantinople;
400 houses destroyed, Jan. 1.

——Fi1e at Salonica, destroys 600 build-
ings, April 8.

—Banquet given by the Sultan to
Prince Napoleon, May 8.

——Fire at V ama, destroys 180 houses
and vast quantities of military stores,
Aug. 10.

 

 

 

.172*

 

A. D.

 

PROGRESS or SOCIETY, etc"

1854 The Sultan issues a firman for 1854. Grisi and Mario, the two

the construction of a church
at Scutnri, Sept.

Deaths in 1854.

U. S. EUROPE.
N. B. Blunt, Anglesea,
Jacob Bur- Bodisco,
nett, Cockburn,

John Davis, Forbes,

00m. Downes, Jameson,

J. Harring- Maitland,
ton, last sur- Melloni,
vivor of bat- Montgomery,
tle of Lox- Paixhans,
ington. Pellico,

Mrs. E. Jud- Plunkett,
son. Rubini,

Schelling,
Mme. Sontag,
Mrs. 0. South-

63’,
Talfourd,
Wilson.

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

UNITED STATES.

most renowned lyric ar-
tists of the old world, arrive
at New York, Aug. 19.

Extensive drought pre-
vails several weeks.

Cholera prevails, J une—
Nov. ; yellow fever prevails,
Aug-Nov.

Immigration, about. 500,000.

[Period 111—40 year-cae-

 

 

  
    
 
   

Gsnu BRITAIN.

   

 

1855. Visit of the Emperor
and Empress of France,
April 16. '

Death of Lord Raglan,
Commander-in-chief at Se-
bastopol, June 28.

.6144 I‘.’ V

 

‘d gr“, . : - :‘V‘ i

ran 'wonm’e rnoonuss. ‘ ~ 73‘

AUSTRIA, etc. THE WORLD, elsewhere.

1854. Saxony :— 1854. Venezuela: —Sls.ves emancipated,
The King April 25.
thrown from
his carriage at
Innspruck, and
killed, Aug. 10.!

EASTERN AFFAIRSw—ThG Anglo-French fleet enters
the Black Sea, Jan. 4. Turks defeat Russians at Citate,
Jan. 6. Negotiations for peace continue through the Vi-
enna. Conference, Jan. Russian ambassadors quit Lon-
don, Feb. 6, Paris, Feb. 7. English and French embassa- »
dors dismissed St. Petersburg, Feb. 16. England and
France resolve to summon Russia to evacuate the Prin-
cipalities by the 30th April, Feb. 28. Russians cross the
Danube, March. Treaty of alliance concluded between
England, France, and the Perle, March 12. Anglo-French
ultimatum forwarded to St. Petersburg. Russia refuses
a reply. England and France declare war against Russia,
March 28. Counter declaration of war by Russia against
England and France, April 12. Convention between
England and France, April 18. Odessa hambardcd, April
22. Anglo-French fleet scours the Baltic, May,'June.
Austin-Turkish Convention, June 4. Russians raise the
siege of Silistria. June 23, and re-cmss the Danube, July
7. Russians detected by Turks at Rutschuk, July 12 and
13. Are compelled to evacuate the Principalities and re-
cross the Pruth, Aug. 16. anarsund espitulutes to the
Allied fleet and French army, Aug. 16. Austrian armies
enter the Principelities, Aug. 20. Allies land in the Cri-
mea, Sept. 14. Defeat the Russians at the Aim, Sept.
20. Commence the siege of Sebastopol, Sept. 28. Fire
opened, Oct. 17. Battle of Balaklava, Russians repulsed,
Oct. 25. Battle of Inkermann, Russians again repulsed,
Nov. 5. Siege of Sebastopol progresses, Dee. 31.

i 3.1855. Russia. :—Death of the Emperor Nicholas 1., March 2;
—The allies take possession of Kertch and the fies of
Azoph, May 24. '
—-The allies repulsed in an assault on the outpost; of
Sebastopol, J une 18.

 

.
r
.
~
~
A

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

    

 

DICTIONARY 0F DATES.

CHIEFLY FROM THAT OF JOSEPH HAYDN,’ ‘WITH REVISIONS AND ADDITIONS.

 

ABBEYS AND MONASTERIES, were first founded in the third century, near
the close of which the sister of St. Anthony is said to have retired to one.
An abbey was founded by St. Anthony at Phaim. in Upper Egypt, A. D. 305.

- The first founded in France was at Poitiers, in 360. The first in Ireland was
in the fifth century: see Cloglter, Elpiti/t, Down. The first in Scotland was
in the sixth century: see Isles. And the first in Britain was in 560: see
Bangor. The abbey of Mount Cassino, near Naples, founded by St. Benet
in 529, was esteemed the richest in the world, and furnished many thousands
of saints to the church. 110 monasteries and priories were suppressed in
England by order in council, 2 Henry V. 1414.——Salmon. The revenues of
193 abbeys which were dissolved at the Reformation amounted to £2,653,000.
These foundations were totally suppressed throughout the realm, 31 Henry
VIII. 1539. See .Monasteries.

ABDICATION or KINGS. They are numerous in ancient history. Those in
later times of most remarkable character and greatest political importance,
and to which reference may more frequently be made, are the following :—

Of Henry IV. of Germany, . . 1080 He again abdicates in favor of the B0-

Of Stephen II. of Hungary, sumamed naparte family. See Spain. May 1, 1808
Thunder, . . . , . . . 1114 Of Joseph Bonaparte of Naples, to

0f Albert of Saxony, . . . . 1142 take the crown of Spam, . June 1, 1808

Of Lestus V. of Poland, . . . . 1200 Of the same (by flying before the British

0f Uladislaus III. of Poland, . . 1206 from Madrid), . . July 29, 1808

OfBaliol of Scotland, . . . . 1306 Of Louis of Holland, . . July 1, 1810

OfOtho of Hungary, . . . . 1309 OfJerome of Westphalia, . Oct. 20, 1813

OfEric IX. ofDenmark . . 1439 Of Napoleon of France, . . April 5, 1814

Of Eric XIII. of Sweden, . . . 1441 Of Emanuel of Sardinia, . March 13, 1821

Of Charles V. Emperor, . . . 1556 Of Pedro of Portugal, . . May 2, 1826

Of Christina of Sweden, . . . 1654 Of Charles X. of France, . Aug. 2, 1830

OfJohn Casimir of Poland, . . . 1669 Of Pedro of Brazil, . . April 7, 1831

Of James II. of England, . . . 1688 Of Don Miguel of Portugal (by leaving,-r

Of Frederick Augustus II. of Poland,. 1704 the kingdom), . . . May 26, 1834

Of Philip V. of Spain, . . . . 1724 Of William I. ofHolland, . Oct. 8, 1810

Of Victor of Sardinia, . . . . 1730 Of Christina of Spain, queen dowager

0f Charles of Naples, . . . . 1759 and queen regent, . . Oct. 12, 1840

(”Stanislaus of Poland, . . . 1795 Of Louis Phillip e of France, Feb. 24, 1848
OfVictor of Sardinia, . . June 4, 1802 Of Louis, king 0 Bavaria, . March 22, 1848

Of Francis II. of Germany, who becomes 0f Ferdinand I. emperor of Austria,
em eror of Austria only, . Aug. 11, 1804 . Dec. 2, 1848

0f 0 iarles IV. of Spain, In favor of his Of Charles Albert, king of Sardinia,
son, . . . . March 19, 1808 Aug. 1849
BELARD AND HELOISE. Their amour, so celebrated for its passion and
-misfortunes, commenced at Paris, A. n. 1118, when Heloise (acanon’s daugh-
‘ -ter) was under 17 years of age. Abelard, after sufi‘erlng an Ignommious in-
. 'u'ury, became a monk of the abbey of St. Dems, and died at St. Marcel, of
}_ grief which never left his heart, In 1142. Helolse begged his body, and had

7

. ', . , .;..,..«c_-1a, a“.
‘ r!
r
4

»

£46 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [ACA

it buried in the Paraclete, of which she was abbess, with the view of reposing
in death by his side. She was famous for her Latin letters, as well as love,
and died in 1168. The ashes of both were carried to the Museum of French
Monuments in 1800; and the museum having been subsequently broken up,
they were finally removed to the burying-ground of Pere La Chaise, in 1817.

ABORIGINES, the original inhabitants of Italy; or, as others have it, the nation
conducted by Saturn into Latium, founded by Janus, 1450 B. c.— Univ. His.
tory. Their posterity was called Latiai, from Latinus, one of their kings;
and Rome was built in their country. They were called Aborigines, being
aosq’zw orig/me, the primitive planters here after the flood—St. Jerome. The
word signifies wit/tout origin, or whose origin is not known, and is generally
applied to any original inhabitants.

ABOUKIR, the ancient Canopus, the point of debarkation of the British expe-
dition to Egypt under general Abercromby. Aboukir surrendered to the
British, after an obstinate and sanguinary conflict with the French, March 18,
1801. The bay is famous for the defeat of the French fleet by Nelson, Au-
gust 1, 1798. See Nile. g ..

ABRAHAM, ERA or. Used by Eusebius; it began October 1, 2016 B. c. To
reduce this era to the Christian, subtract 2015 years and three months.

A1BSTINENCE. St. Anthony lived to the age of 105, on twelve ounces of bread,
and water. James the Hermit lived in the same manner to the age of 104.
St. Epiphanius lived thus to 115. Simeon, the Stylite, to 112; and Kenti-
gern, commonly called St. Mungo, lived by similar means to 185 years of
age—Spottiswood. A man may live seven, or even eleven, days without
meat or drink—Pliny Hist. Nat. lib. ii. Democritus subsisted for forty days
by smelling honey and hot bread, 823 B. c.—Diog. Law-t. A woman oi'Nor-
mandy lived for 18 years without food—Peoria ([e Albano. Gilbert Jackson,

_ of Carse-grange, Scotland, lived three years without sustenance. of any kind,
1719. A religious fanatic, who determined upon fasting forty days, died on
, the sixteenth, 1789.——P]Lillips. A country girl, of Osnabruck, abstained four-
years from all food and drink, 1799.—Hufela-nd‘s Practical Journal. Ann
Moore, the fasting woman of Tutbury, Stafl'ordshire, supposed to havebeen
an impostor, was said to have lived twenty months without food, N 0v. 1808.
At Newry, in Ireland, a man named Cavanagh was reported to have lived
two years without meat or drink; Aug. 1840; his imposture was afterwards
discovered in England, where he was imprisoned as a cheat, Nov. 1841. See
instances in Haller’s Elemenm Physiologia’ ,- Comaro ; PI'ic/Le'r’s Surgical

Library, &c. ; and in this volume, see Fasting.

ABSTINENTS. The abstinents were a sect that wholly abstained from Wine,
flesh, and marriage; and were a community of harmless and mild ascetics.
They appeared in France and Spain in the third century; and some autho-

, rities mention such a sect as having been numerous elsewhere in A. D. 170—-
Bossuet.

ABYSSINIAN ERA.« This era is reckoned from the period of the Creation,
which they place in the 5493(1 year before our era, on the 29th August, old
style; and their dates consequently exceed ours by‘5491 years and 125 days.
To reduce Abyssinian time to the Julian year, subtract 5492 years and
l25‘days.

H ADEMIES, or societies of learned men to promote literature, sciences, and
the arts, are of early date. Academia was a shady grove without the walls

of Athens (bequeathed to Hecademus for gymnastic exercises), where Plato
first taught philosophy, and his followers took the tit-1e of Academics '378 \ .
B. C.—-S£anley. Ptolemy Soter is said to have founded an academy at Alex- *
andria, about 314 3, c. Theodosius the Younger and Charlemagne are also _ ‘

 
   
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
    
    
 
 
 
 
  

ACE] DICTIONARY 0F 'DATES. 147

named as founders. Italy has been celebrated for its academies ; and Jarckius
mentions 550. of which 25 were in the city of Milan. The first philosophical
academy in France was established by Pere Mersenne, in 1135. Academies
were introduced into England by Boyle and Hobbes; and the Royal Society
of London was formed in 1660. The following are among the principal
academies :—

American Academy of Arts and Sciences, .
1780.

American Philosophical Society, 1769. '

Ancona, ot‘the Caglmosi, 1624.

Berlin, Royal Society, 1700; of Princes, 5
1703 ; Architecture, 1799.

Bologna, Ecclesiastical, 2637; Illatlzcmatics,
1690; Sciences and Arts, 1712.

Brescia, of the Erranlt‘, 1626.

Brest and Toulon, Militaty. 1682.

Brussels, Bel/es-Letlres, 1773.

Caen, Belles Let/res, 1750.

Copenhagen, Polite Arts, 1742.

Cortona, Antiquities, 1726.

Dublin, Arts, 17-19; Science and Literature,
1786; Painting. Sculpture, &c., 1823.

Ert‘urt, Saxony, Sciences, 1754.

Faenza, the Pln'iopom', 1612.

Florence, Belles-Lollies, 1272 ; Della Crus-
ea, 1582; Antiquities, 1807.

Geneva, Medical, 1715.

Genoa, Painting, &c., 1751 ; Sciences, 1783.

Germany, Medical, 1617; Natural History,
1652; Militaiy, 1752.

Ilaerlem. the Sciences, 1760.

Lisbon, History, 1720; Sciences, 1779.

London : its various Academies are de-
scribed through the volume.

Marseilles, Belles—Lettres, 1726.
Milan, Architecture, 1380; Sciences, 1719.
Munich, Arts and Sciences, 1750.

, Naples, Russmza, 1540; Mathematics, 1560;

Sciences, 1695; Heron/anew”, 1755.

, New York,Litcrature and Philosophy,1814.'

Nismes, Royal Academy, 168:2.

Padua, for Poetry, 1610; Sciences, 1792.

Palermo, Medical, 1645.

Paris, SON/mine, 1256; Painting, 1391; Mt!-
sic, 1543; French, 1635; Medals, 1663;
Architecture, 1671; Surgery, 1731; Mili.
tary, 1751 ; Natural Philosophy, 1796.

Parma, the Innomz‘na/i, 1550.

Perousa, Insensa/i, 1561 ; I'lz'lz'rgz'li, 1574.

Petershurgh, Sciences, 17:25; Military, 1732;
the School of Arts, 1764.

Portsmouth, Naval, 1722; enlarged, 1806.

Rome, U7Izorisrz', 1611; Faniascz'cz', 1625;
Infecondt', 1653; Painting, 1665; Arcadi,
two; English, 1752.

Spain, Royal, 1713; Military, 1751.

Stockholm, of Science, 1741 ; Belles-Lathes,
1753; Agriculture, 1781.

Toulon, Military, 1682.

Turin, Sciences, 1759: Fine Arts, 1778.

Turkey. Military School, 1775.

Upsal, Royal Society, Sciences, 1720.

l
t

Lyons, Sciences, 1700; had Physic and Ma- Venice, Medical, 610., 1701.
thematics added, 1758. Verona, Music, 1543; Sciences, 1780.
Madrid. the Royal S anish, 1713; History, Vienna, Sculpture and the Arts, 170.); Sur-
1730; Painting am the Arts, 1753. gery, 1783; Oriental, 1810.
Manheim. Sculpture, 1775. Warsaw, Languages and History, 1753.
Mantua, the Vigi/anlz', Sciences, 1704. VVoolwich, Military, 1741. r

ACCENTS. The most ancient manuscripts are written without accents, and
without any separation of words; nor was it until after the ninth century
that the eopyists began to leave spaces between the words. Michaelis. after
Wet-stein, ascribes the insertion of” accents to Euthalius, bishop of Sulca, in

Egypt, A. D. 458; but his invention was followed up and improved upon by
other grammarians in the various languages.

ACHAIA. This country was governed by a race of kings, but even their names

are all forgotten. The capital, Achaia, was founded by Achaeus, the son of
Xuthus, 1080 B. c. The kingdom was united with Sicyon or subject to the
jEtolians until about 284 no. The Achaei were descendants of Achaeus,
and originally inhabited the neighborhood of Argos; but when the Hera-
clidae drove them thence. they retired among the Ionians. expelled the na-
tives, and seized their thirteen cities, viz. Peleni, Egira, ZEgeum, Bura, Tri-
taea, Leontium, Rhypae, Ceraunia, Olenos, Helice, Patti-3e, Dymae, and Pharae.

 

The Achaean league, . . B. C. 281 Alliance with the Romans, .. . . c. 2(1 ,
Fortress of Athenaeum built, . . 228 Philopmmen defeated by Nabis, in na- F
Defeat of the Achaeans by the Spartans, val battle, . . . . 194
and Lysiades killed, . . 226 Sparta joined to the league, . . _ 19]
Battle ot'Sallacia, . . . 222 ’1‘ e Achaeans overrun Messema with
The Social war begun, . . 2'20 fire and sword, . . . . 182
The Peloponnesus ravaged by the Eto- The Romans enter Achaia, . 165
lians, . . . . . 219 Metellus enters Greece, . . 147
4 Aratus poisoned at Egium, . . 215 The Achaean lea ue dissolved, . 14‘

Battle of Mantinea; Philo oemen defeats
the Spartan tyrant Mec anidas, . 208

’ Now extinct,

Greece subjecte to Rome, and named
the province of Achaia, ._ , .. 1m 1.,

   

{'48 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [ear

The constitution of the United States of America bears some analogy to that
of the Achaean league; and the Swiss cantons also had a great resemblance
to it in their cont'ederacy.

ACOUSTICS. The doctrine of the difi'erent sounds of vibrating strings, and
the communication of sounds to the car by the vibration of the atmosphere,
was probably first explained by Pythagoras, about 500 B. c. Mentioned by
Aristotle, 330 B. c. The speaking-trumpet is said to have been used by
Alexander the Great, 335 13. C. The discoveries of Galileo were made about
A. D. 1600. The velocity of sound was investigated by Newton before 1700.
Galileo’s theorem of the harmonic curve was demonstrated by Dr. Brook
Taylor, in 1714; and further perfected by D’Alembert, Euler, Bernoulli, and
La Grange, at various periods of the eighteenth century. See Sound.

ACRE, Sr. J BAN D’. Taken by Richard I. and other crusaders in 1192, after a
siege of two years, with the loss of 6 archbishops, 12 bishops, 40 earls, 500
barons, and 300 000 soldiers. Retaken by the Saracens, when 60,000 Chris-
tians perished. 1201. This capture was rendered memorable by the murder
of the nuns, who had mangled their faces to repress the lust of the Infidels.
Acre was attacked by Bonaparte in July 1798; and was relieved by Sir Syd-
ney Smith, who gallantly resisted twelve attempts during the memorable
siege by the French, between March 6 and May 27, 1799, when, baffled by
the British squadron on the water and the Turks on shore, Bonaparte relin-
quished his object and retreated. St. Jean d’Acre is a pachalic subject to
the Porte; seized upon by Ibrahim Pacha, who had revolted, July 2, 1832.
It became a point of the Syrian war in 1840. Stormed by the British fleet

‘undcr Sir Robert Stopford, and taken after a bombardment of a few hours,
the Egyptians losing upwards of 2,000 in killed and wounded. and 3,000
prisoners, while the British had but 12 killed and 42 wounded, Nov. 3, 1840.
See Syria. and Turkey.

ACROPOLIS or ATHENS. The citadel of Athens was built on a rock, and
accessible only on one side: Minerva hada temple at the botton1.—P(ms.in
Attic. The roof of this vast pile, which had stood 2,000 years, was destroyed
in the Venetian siege, A. D. 1687.——Asp£n. The Acropolis of Mycenae was
marked by terraces, and defended by ponder-ens walls, on which were high
towers, each at the distance of fifty feet—Euripides.

ACTIUM. BATTLE or, between the fleets of Octavianus Caesar 0n the one side,
and of Marc Antony and Cleopatra on the other, and which decided the fate
of Antony, 300 of his galleys going over to Caesar; fought Sept. 2, 31 n. c.
This battle made Augustus (the title afterwards conferred by the senate
upon Caesar) master of the world, and the commencement of the Roman
empire is commonly dated from this year. In honor of his victory, the con-
queror built the city of Nicopolis, and instituted the Actian games—Blair.

ACTRESSES. Women in the drama appear to have been unknown to the an:
cients; men or eunuchs performing the female parts. Charles II. is said to
have first encouraged the public appearance of women on the stage in Eng
land, in 1662; but the queen of James I. had previously performed in a the-
atre at court—Them. Bing.

ACTS or PARLIAMENT. The first promulgated, 16 John, 1215. See Par-
liament. For a great period of years the number of acts passed has been
annually large. although varying considerably in every session. Between

» the 4th and 10th of George IV. 1126 acts were wholly repealed, and 443
repealed in part, chiefly arising out of the consolidation of the laws by Mr.
Peel (afterwards Sir Robert : of these acts, 1344 related to the kingdom at
large and 225 to Ireland so ely. ‘

ADAMITES, a sect that imitated Adam’s nakedness before the an, arose A. D

 

 

 

out j DICTIONARY OF DATES. 149

130. They assembled quite naked in their places of worship, asserting that
if Adam had not sinned, there would have been no marriages. Their chief
was named Prodicns; they deified the elements, reject-ed prayer, and said it.
was not necessary to confess Christ.—Eusebtus. This sect, with an addition
of many blasphemies, and teaching from the text “ increase and multiply,”
was renewed at Antwerp in the thirteenth century, under a chief named
Taiideme, who, being followed by 3,000 soldiers, violated females of every
age, calling their crimes by spiritual names. A Flandrian, named Picard,
again revived this sect in Bohemia, in the fifteenth century, whence they
spread into Poland and existed some time—Boyle ; Pardon.

ADMINISTRATION S. Successive administrations of the United States, since

 

 

the formation of the government :~

FIRST ADMINISTRATION ;—l789 to 1797 ;—-8 years.

George Washington, Virginia, April 30, 1789 President.
John Adams, Massachusetts, do. 1789 Vice President.
Appointed.
Thomas Jefferson, Virginia. Sept. 26, 1789
Edmund Randolph, do. Jan. 2, 1794 Secretaries ofSlate.
Tiinoth Pickering, Pennsylvania, Dec. 10, 1795
Alexant e‘r Hamilton, New York, Sept. 11, 1789 Secretaries of the
Oliver VVolcott, Connecticut, Feb. 3, 1795 i Treasury.
Henry Knox, ‘ Massachusetts, Sept. 12, 1789 )
Timothy Pickering, Pennsylvania, Jan. 2, 1795 Secretaries of War.
James M‘Henry, Maryland, Jan. 27, 1796
Samuel Osgood, Massachusetts, Sept. 26, 1789
Timothy Pickering, Pennsylvania, Nov. 7, 1791 Post Masters Gen.
loseph Hahersham, Georgia, Feb. 25, 1795
Edmund Randolph, Virginia, Sept. 26, 1789
William Bradford, Pennsylvania, Jan. 27, 1794 Attorneys General.
Charles Lee, Virginia, Dec. 10, 1795
Speakers of the IIouse of Representatives.
Frederick A. Muhlenberg, Pennsylvania, 1st Congress, 1789.
Jonathan Trumbull, Connecticut, 2d do. 1791.
Frederick A. Muhlenberg, Pennsylvania, 3d (10. 1793.
Jonathan Dayton, New Jersey, 4th do. 1795.
SECOND ADMINISTRATION ;—1797 to 1801;—4 years. -

John Adams, Massachusetts, March 4, 1797 President._
Thomas Jefferson, Virginia, 1797 Vice President.

d Appointed.
Timothy Pickerinv, ’ Pennsylvania, (continue in (1 cc.) g -
John Marshall, a Virginia, May filiB, 1800 Secretaries 0‘ Stat:
Oliver Wolcott, Connecticut, (continued in qflz‘ce.) g Secretaries of the
Samuel Dexter, Massachusetts, Dec. 31, 1800 Treasury.
James M‘Henry, Maryland, (continued in ofiice.) a '
Samuel Dexter, Massachusetts, May 13, 1800 Secretaries of War.
Roger Griswold, Connecticut, Feb. 3, 1801 S .
George Cabot,“ Massachusetts, May 3, 1798 Secretaries of the
Benjamin Stoddart, Maryland, May 21, 1798 E Navy.

Joseph Habersham, Georgia, (continued in (mice) Post Master Gen.
Charles Lee, Virginia, (continued in office.) Attorney General. .
Speakers of the House of Representatives.

Jonathan Dayton, New Jersey, 5th Congress, . 797.
Theodore Sedgw1ck, Massachusetts, 6th do. 1799.

THIRD ADMINISTRATION ;—-1801 to 1809 ;—8 years.
Thomals3 Jefferson, Virginia, March 4,1133} PreSIdent.
Aaron urr, New York, 0. _ z ' . - a
George Clinton, New York, do. _ 180;) V” Plead “"'

A fipomted.

James Madison, Virginia, Marc 5, 1801 Secretary of State.“
Samuel Dexter, Mass. (continued in oflice.) g Secretaries of the
Albert Gallatin, Pennsylvania, Jan. 26, 1802 Treasury.

5'

 

‘ Mr. Cabot declined the appointment. The Navy Department was established in 1198.7 -

150

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [ m
Henry Dearborn, Massachusetts, March 5,1801 Secretary of War.
Benjamin Stoddart, Md. (continued in oflice.) z Secretaries of the
Robeu Smith,‘ Maryland, Jan. 26, 1832 Navy.
Joseph IIabersham, Geo1gia. (contznued in olfiu'e.) Post Masters Ge-
Gideon Granger, Connecticut an. 26, 1892 neral.
Levi Lincoln, Massachusetts, March 5, 1801
John Breckenridge, Kentucky, Dec. 23, 1805 gAttorneys General.
Caesar A Rodney, Delawaie, Jan. 20, 1807
Speakers of the House of Representatives.
Nathaniel Macon, North Carolina, 7th Congress, 1801.
Joseph B.Va1'nun1, Massachusetts, 8th do. 1803.
Nathaniel Macon, North Carolina, 91h do. 1805.
Joseph B Varnum, Massachusetts, 10th do. 1807.
FOURTH ADMINISTRATION ;—1809 to 1817 ;—8 years.
James Madison, 1Virginia, I March 4,1809 President.
George Clinton ew York, 1809 (diet April 20,1812)
Elhritlge Gerry, Mass. 1813, (died Nov. 23,1814) g Vice Presidents.
Appointed
Robert Smith, Many land, March 6,1809
James Monroe, V 11(r1nia, Nov. 21,1811 Secretartes of State.
James Monroe,’r Vi15rinia, Feb 221, 1815
Albert Gallatin, Pennsylvania (continued in 0 cc. ) -
Geotge W. Cant hell, Tennessee. , Feb. fif! 1814 Secrlet‘anesof the
Alexander J. Dal as, Pennsylvania,01t 0,1814 teasuiy.
VVlilliam Eustis, Massachusetts, Mulch 7,1809?
Jo 1n Armstrong ew 1 ork Jan. 13,1813 -
James Montoe, , Virginia, Sept. 27 1814 s SecretarIes of WM‘
William 11. Crawford, georl'ria, March 2,1815
Paul Hamilton outt Carolina March 7,1809 , .
William Jones,7 Pennsylvania, ’ Jan. 12, 1813 g38e01e§r1es 0f the
Benj. W.C1'owninsl1ield, Massachusetts, Dec 19,1814) avy.
Gideon GrangeI, Connecticut, (continued in (flee) Post Masters Ge-
Return J. Meifrs, Ohio, MaIch 17 1814i 11e1'al.
Caesar A. Rodney, Delaware, (continued 2n ofiice. ) )
William Pinkney, Maryland, ' Dec. 11, 1811 1 Attorneys General.
Richard Rush, Pennsylvania, Feb. 10, 1814 ,
Speakers of the House of Representatives.
Joseph B. Varnum, Massachusetts, 11th Congr,ess 1809.
11en1'yC1ay, Kentucky, 12th do 1811.
enry C ay, Kentuc ky, 1812.
Langdon C hoves, South Carolina, 2 13th do. 3 1814.
Henry Clay, Kentucky, 14th do. 1815.
FIFTH ADMINISTRATION ;——1817 to 1825, —8 years.
James Monroe, ‘ Virginia, March 4,1817 President.
Damc I). '1 ompkins, New 11 ork, do. 1817 Vice PIesident.
Appointed.
John Q Adams, Massachusetts, Ma1ch 5,1817 Secretary of State.
\Villiam H. Crawford, (zeorgia, March 5,1817 Secretary of Treas
Isaac Shelby ,1’ Kentucky, March 5,1817
John C. Calhoun, South Carolina, Dec. 16,1817 1 Secretaries Of War.
Benj. \V. Crowninshield, Massachusetts, (continued ino ce) .
Smith Thompson, New York, Nov. ‘,0 1818 Secretarles of the ’
Samuel L Southard, New Jersey, Dec. 9, 1823 Navy.
Retuin J Meigs, Ohio, (continued in qflice.) Post Masters Ge.
fiehn Micl. 9.11111, I:lo 1 Dec. 9,1823% ' neral.
ic 1am Rus ennsy vania (continued in o 09) . .
William 1Virt, V 110111111, 7 Dec. flifi, 1817 immmeys Geneu

' Robert Smith was ap ointed Attorney General, and Jacob Crowninshield, of Massachusetts
Watery of the Nav, on no 2d of March, 1805, but they both declined these ap ointments; an

Mr. Smith continue in the otfice of Secreta1y of the Navy, till the end ot Mr. cfierson’s admi-
ustration.

T James Monroe was recommissioned, having for some tIme acted as Secretary cf War.
1 Isaac Shelby declined the appointment.

 

 

, Remy Clay, Kentucky, Ma1cl1 8,1825 Secretary of Stale.
: Richard Rush, Sennsylvania, Mla1ch 7,1825 Sec’y ofthe Tleas’y
1 James Balbour,11g1n1a ( 0. 182.3 ) - .
Peter 11. Porter: New Y oik, May 25, 1828 t Secretaries 0‘ W“
2 Samuel L. Southard, New Jersey, (continued in oflice.) Sec’y ofthe Navy
.‘ John McLean, Ohio, (vontiimed in qflice.) Post yMaster Gen
? William Wirt, Virginia, (continued in twice.) Atto1ney GeneIal.
f" Speakers of the House of Representatives.
'4; John W. Taylor, New York, 191h Congress, 1827.
E Andrew Stephenson, Virginia, 20111 do. 1828.
SEVENTH ADMINISTRATION ;—1829 to 1837 ;—8 years.
,1 Andrew Jackson, Tennessee, March 4,1829 PIesident.
=__ .10 111 C. Cal Ioun South Carolina do. 1829
E Martin Van Bureh, New York, , 1833 5 Vice Presidents.
. ' A11 ointed.
Mgrtin IVan Buren, New Y01k,Marc16,1829
E wart Livingston .ou151a11a.1831 -
Louis McLane, ’ Delaware, 1833 Secretaries Of State.
John Forsyth, Georgia, 1835
SamuelID. Ingham, Pennsylvania, , March 6, 133.191
Louis 1\ CLane Delaware 1 ' -
William J. Duhne, Pennsylvania, 1833 Secr'ti‘tfigg‘suof the
Roger B. Tnney, Maryland, 1833 3"
Levi ¥¥oodbury, New Hampshire, 1 9 1834
John . Eaton Tennessee. Marc 1 18 29 -
Lewis Cass, , Ohio, h 18’1 E Secretarles 0f WM‘
John Branch North Carolina, Marc 9, 1829 .
Levi Woodbury, New Hampshire, 1831 Secretlultgss of the
Mahlon Dickerson, New Jersey, 1834 y.
William T. Barry, Kentucky, March 9, 1829 Post Masters Ge-
Amos Kendall, Kentucky, 1835 neral.
. John McP. Berrien, Georgia, March 9, 1829
Roger B. Taney, Maryland, 1831 éAttorneys General.
Benjamm F. Butler, New York, 1834
Speakers (f the flame of Representatives.
Andrew Stevenson, Virginia, 21st Congress, 1829.
Andrew Stevenson, Virginia, 2211 do. 1831.
John Bell, Pennsylvania, 1835.
EIGHTH ADMINISTRATION ;—1837 to 1841—4 years
Martin Van Buten, New York, 1837 President.
Richard M. Johnson, Kentucky, 1837 Vice PreSIdent.
inpointed.
John Forsyth, Geo1gia, (continued in office. ) Secretary of State.
LeVI Wootlbury, New Hampshiie, (continued in often. ) Scc’y of Treasury. -‘
Joel R. 1 mnsett, South Carolina, 1837 .
Mahlon Dickerson, New Jersey, (continued in ofiice. ) Secretaries of Wax
James K. Paulding, New Y01k,1838
Amos Kendall, Kentucky, (continued in oflice. ) g Post Masters Ge-
John M. Niles, Connecticut, 1840 natal.
Benjamin F Butler, New Y ork, (continued in qfiice.)
Felix Grundy, Pennsylvanla, Attorneys General.
, Henry D. Gilpin, Pennsylvania, 1839
1 Speakers of the House of Representatives.
‘3 hikes K. I‘olk, Tennessee, 1W.
- men 1LT .Hunter, Virgufia, Am“,

 

DICTIONARY 0F DATES.

ADMINISTRATIONS (UNITED STATES) continued.
Speakers of the House of Representatives.

John C, Calhoun,

 

South Carolina,

.Ii’t»

(l0.1825
Appointed.

1431

Henry Clay, Kentucky, 15th Congress, 1817.

Henry Clay, Kentucky, 16th do 1819.

John W. Taylor, New York, ' 1820.

Philip P. Barbour, Virginia, 17th (10. 1821.

Henry Clay, Kentucky, 18th do. 1823.
SIXTH ADMINISTRATION ;—1825 to 1829 ;—4 years.

John Q. Adams, Massachusetts, March 4, 1823 President.

Vice President.

 

152 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS [ m

ADDIINISTRATIONS (UNITED STATES) continued.

NINTH ADMINISTRATION ;~1841 to 1845;——4 years.

William II. Harrison, Ohio, _ 1841 Presidtnt.
Died one month after Inauguration, and V' P ' 1
, _ ._U- - Ice Iesu ent
John ryiei, VIIDInIa, 1841 3 became acting ,Pres.
Samuel L. Southard, New Jersey,_ 1&1 Acting V. Pres. and
Willie P. Mangum, North Carolina, _ 1811 Pres. Senate.
h Appomted.41
Daniel \Vebster Massac usetts 18 .
Abel 1’. Upshur’, Virginia, ’ £43 S Secretaries ofStato.
Thomas Ewing Ohio “ ..
Walter Forward, Pennsylvania, 1841 } Secrrf‘traetaiggrof the
John C. Spencer, grew York, 13441 y.
John Bell, cnnessee _.
John 0. Spencer, Newgorkzl 131 s Secretaiies of War.
George E. Badver Nor: Caro ina 1 .
Abel P. Upshui, ’ Virginia, ’ 1341} secretfigfis 0f a”
David Henshaw, Massachusetts, 1841 y'
Francis Granger, New York, 1841 g Post Masters Gen-
Charles A. VVicklifl‘e, Kentucky, 1841 eral.
John J. Crittcnden, Kentucky, . 1841
Hugh S. Legare, South Carolina 1841 Attorneys General.
John Nelson, Maryland, 1841
Speakers of the House of Reepresematz'ves.
John White, Kentucky, 1841
John W. Jones, Virginia, 1843
TENTH ADMINISTRATION ;—1845 to 1849 ;—4 years.
James K. Polk, Tennessee, _ 1845 President.
George M. Dallas, Pennsylvania, 1845 Vice President.
. Appointed.
James Buchanan, Pennsylvania, 1845 Secretary of State.
Robert J. Walker, Misstssmpi, 1845 Secretary ol‘Treas.
William L. Marcy, New York, 1845 Secretary of War.
George Bancroft, Massachusetts, 1845 Secretaries of the
John Y. Mason, Virginia, 1847 Navy.
Cave Johnson, Tennessee, 184415 Post Master Gen.
John Y. Mason irginia 8 5
Isaac Toucey, ’ Connecticut, 1847 i Attorneys General.
Speakers of the House of Representazives.
John W. Davis, Indiana, 1845,
Robert C. Winthrop, Massachusetts, 1847.
ELEVENTH ADMINISTRATION ;—1849 to 1853;—4 years.
Zachary Taylor, Louisiana, 1849 President.
Millard Fillmore, New York, 1849 Vice President.
Appointed.
John M. Clayton, . Delaware, . 1849 Secretary of State.
William E Meredith, Pennsylvania, 1849 Sec’y of Treasury.
William B Preston, Virginia, 1849 Sec’y of the Navy.
George W'. Crawford, Georgia, 1849 Secretary of War.
Thomas Ewing, Ohio, 1849 Sec’y of Interior.'
Jacob Collamer, Vermont, 1849 Post Master Gen.
Reverdy Johnson, Maryland, 1849 Attorney General.
Speaker of the House of Representatives. V
Howell Cobb, Georgia, 1849.

ADMIN ISTRATIONS or ENGLAND, AND or GREAT BRITAIN, from the
accession of Henry VIII. The following were the prime ministers, or favor-
ites, or chiefs of administrations, in the respective reigns, viz. :—

KING HENRY VIII. Sir Thomas More and Cranmer . 1529
Bishop Fisher and Earl of Surrey . 1509 Lord Andley, chancellor; archbishop
Cardinal Thomas Wolsey . . 1513 , Cranmer . . . . 1532

' A new department, created by act of Congress, 1849. ,
Note. The datesot‘ the appointments of the principal executiye officers, in the several adminis- ‘
irations, above exhibited, are the times when the several nominations, made by the Presidents, 4

were confirmed by the Senate as stated in the “Journal of the Executive Proceedi ofthefienuto
of the United States.” Am. :lllmanac, &c. ngs

   

ml

 

  

And ord Cromwell (earl of Essex) . 1534
Duke 01 Norfolk, earl of Surrey, and

bishop Gardiner. .1540
Lord VV1iotl1esley, earl of Hartford . 1544
KING EDWARD v1.
The earl of IIc1Lfo1'd, continued
John, duke of Northumberland . I552
QUEEN MARY.
Bishop Gardiner . . . 1553
QUEEN ELIZABETH.
Sir Nicholas Bacon . . . 1558
S11 William Cecil, afterwards 101d
Burleiuh; chief minister during al-
most the whole of this long,r reir'n
Earl 01 Leicester, a favorite . 1564
Earl of Essex . . . . 1538
Lord Burkhurst . . . 1601
KING JAMES. I.
Lord Burkhurst (earl of Dorset)
Earls of Salisbury, Suffolk, and North-
ampton. 1608
Sir R. Carr, created Viscount Roches-
Ler, af'erwards earlofSomerseL . 1612
Sir George Villie1',s created ear,1 mar-
nuess, and duke of Buckingham . 1615
KING CHARLES 1.
Duke of Buckinwham continued
Eail ofPorftland archbisho Laud . 1628
Archbishop I aud, earl o Strafford,
lord Cottington . 1610
Ea1l 01 Essex . . 1640
Lord \is. Falkland, lord Digby . 1641

[The civil war commenced, yand all
went into confusion. ]

KING CHARLES 11
Edward, earl of Clarendon . 1660
Dukes of Buckingham and Lauderdale 1667
Lord Ashley y, Lord Arlington, Sir T.

Clifl‘ord, afre1wards lord Clifford 1667
Iord Arlinvton, 101d Ashley, created

earl Shaiptesbury, and Sir Thomas

Osbome . . .1673
Slr Thomas Osborne . 1674
Earl of Essex, duke of Ormond, earl

afle1 wards marquess of Halifax, sir

William Temple . .1677
Duke of York. and his friends . 1682

KING JAMES 11.
Earls of Sunde1land and Tyrconnel,
sir George afterwards lord Jeflries 1685
Lord Jefirles, earl of Tyrconnel, lord
Bellasis, lord Arundel, earl of Mid-
dleton, viscL Preston .1687
KING WILLIAM 111, AND QUEEN MARY 11.
Sir John, afterwards lord Somels, lord
Godolphin, earl of Danby, aifter-
war ds duke of Leeds, 1850.
The earl 01 Sunderland, 61c. .
Charles Montagu, afterwards earl of
Halifax, earl t’of Pembroke, Viscount
Lonsdale, earl of Oxford, &c.

.1688
1695

.1697

QUEEN ANNE.
Lord Godol phin, R. Harley, esq. , lord
' Pambroke, duke of Buckingham

7*

DICTIONARY OF DATES.

 

1 513'

Duke of Marlborough, 65c
Lord Godolphin, lord Cowper, dukes
of Marlborough and Newcastle 1707
R. Harley, aflcrwards ea1101 Oxford 171“
Eail of Rocheste1, lord Dar,tm0uth
and Hem'ySL. John, esq. a ‘Ierwards
visct. B01111gb1oke; 101d Iarcourt.
Charles, dukeD of Shrewsbury, &.c.

1706

1711
. 171‘.‘

KING GEORGE I.

Lord Cowpe1, duke of Shrewslmry,
marquess 01 VVharIon, earl oi 01'-
ford, duke of Marlbor,ough visct.
Townshend, &c. . 1714

Robert Walpole, esq. . . 1715

James, afterwards eail Stanhope . 1717

Charles, earl of Sunder,land &c. . 1718

Robert VValYole, esq. afterwards sir
Robe1t anL earl of O1'1'01d.17£’1

KIN G GEORGE II.

Lord Carteret, lord Wilmingtt. 1, lord
Bath, Mr. Sandy ys,&c .
Hon. Henry Pelham, lord Cartcret. earl
of Harriiyigton, duke of Newcastle 17 cl
Mr. Pelhamo earl of Chesterfield, duke
of BeLliord,& .1746
Duke of Newcastle, S11 Thomas Rob-
inson, Henry I1ox, &c.. lord Anson 1754
DukeolDevonshire, Mr William Pitt,

1742

earlTemple, Hon. II. B. Legge .1756
[Dismissed 1n April, 1757. Restored 111
June, same year ]
William Pitt, Mr. Legg e, earl Temple,
duke oi Newcastle, &c. .1757
KING GEORGE 111.
Earl of Bute, earl of Egremont, duke
of Bedioid . . 1761
Earl of Bute, hon. George Grenville.
sir Francis Dashwood &c.1762
Right 11011. George (xrenville, earl of
Halifax, earl 01 Sandwich, duke of
Bedf01d, &c. . 1763
Marquess of Rockingham, duke of
Glafton, earl of Shelburne, 61c. Jyul 1765
Duke of Graiton, hon. C11as.'1‘ownsy-
hend, earl of (ihatham. &c. Aug. 1766
Duke of Grafton, right hon. Frederick,
lord North, 610. . Dec. 1767
Lord Nor,th lord Halifax, &c.. 1770
Lord North 1'0111 Dartmouth, lord Stor-
mont, lord Hillsborough, lord St.
Germain,&c.17‘r'J
Marquess ofRockingham. right hon’ble
Charles James Fox, 6113. Mar. 30,1782
Earl of Shelburne, William PitL, lorod
Grantham, &c. . July ,1782
Duke of Po1tland lord Nmth, Mr. Fox, ’
&c. (The Coalition Ministry See
“ Coalition ”) April 5, 1783
Rt. hon. William Pitt, lord Grower,
lords Sidney, Carmarthen, and Thur-
low, right hon. \V. W. Grenville,
Henry Dundas, lord Mulgrave,dul1e
ofl’ ichmond, &c. . Dec.27,1783
Mr. Pitt, lord Camden, marq. of Staf- >
ford lord IIa1\l1esbu1',y &c..1786
Mr. Pitt, 101d Grenville, duke of Leeds,
101d Camden &c. . 1790
Mr. Pitt, lord Grenville, earl 01 Chat- _
ham, lord Leughb‘oiough, dub. . 1793

154:

THE WORLD'S PROGRESS.

Mr. Pitt, duke of Portland, lord Gren-
ville, Mr. Dundas, (Ste. . . 1795
Mr. Pitt, earl of Westmorland, earl
of Chadian}, lord Grenville, &c. . 1798
Right hon. llenry Addington, duke of
Portland, lord llawkesbury, lord H o-
bart, lord Eldon, &c. . Mar. 17, 1801
Mr. Pitt, lord Melville, rt. hon. George
Canning, lord Ilarrowby, lord West-
morland, duke of Portland, Mr. Dun-
das, 62c. . . May 12, 1804
Lord Grenville, lord Henry Petty, earl
Spencer, rt. hon. William Wind-
ham, Mr. Fox, lord Erskine, rt. hon.
Charles Grey, lord Sidmouth, &c.
(See “All the Talents”) Feb. 5, 1806
Duke of Portland, Mr. Canning, lord
Hawkesbury, earl Camden, rlght
hon. Spencer Perceval, 62c. Mar. 25, 1807
Duke of Portland, earl Bathurst, lord
vicount Castlereagh, lord Granville
Gower, &c. . . . . 1808
Mr. Perceval, earl of Liverpool, mar-
quess VVellesley, Viscount Palmers-
ton, Mr. Ryder, &c. Oct. 1809

REGENCY on GEORGE, PRINCE on WALES.

Mr. Perceval, the earl of Liverpool,

&c. continued.

Earl ofLiverpool, Earl Bathurst, visct.
Sidmouth, Viscount Castlereagh, Mr.
Ryder, earl of Harrowby, right hon.
Nich. Vansittart, &0. June 8, 1812

KING GEORGE xv.
Earl of Liverpool, Viscount Sidmouth;
Mr. Vansittart, &c. continued.
Rt. hon. George Canning, lord Viscount
Goderich, lord Lyndhurst, Mr. Stur-
ges Boume &c. . April 10, 1827
Viscount Goderich, duke of Portland,
right hon. William IIuskisson, Mr.
Harries, 55c. . . August 11, 1827
Duke of Wellington, right hon. Robert
Peel, earl of Dudle , Viscount Mel-
ville, earl of Aberteen, Mr. Goul-
burn, Mr. Herries, Mr. Grant, &c.
Januar 25, 1828
Duke of Wellington, earl of Abert een,
sir George Murray, lord Lowther, sir

 

 

L in:
Henry Hardinge, &c., (Mr. Huskis-

son,vtsc Palmerston, Mr. Grant, earl
of Dudley, doc. retiring) May 30, 188

KING WILLIAM IV.

Duke of Wellington and his cabinet,
continued.

Earl Grey, viscounts Althorpe, Mel-
bourne, Goderich, and Palmerston,
marquees of Lansdowne, lord Hol-
land, lord Auckland, sir James Gra-
ham, &c. . . Nov. 22, 1330

[Earl Grey resigns May 0, but resumes
office May 18, 1832.]

Viscount Melbourne, Viscount Althorp,
lord John Russel, viscts. Palmerston
and Duncannon, sir J. C. Hobhouse,
lord lIowick, Mr. S. Rice, Mr. Pou-
lett Thomson, 65c. . July 14, 1834

Viscount Melbournt’s administration
dinorcdz the duke of Wellington
takes the helm of state provisionally,
waiting the return of Sir Robert Peel
from Italy . . Nov. 14, 1834

Sir Robert Peel, duke of Wellington,
lord Lyndhurst, earl of Aberdeen,
lord Ellenborough, lord Rosslyn,
lord Wharnclifl‘e, sir George Murray,

Mr. A. Baring, Mr. Herries, Mr.
Goulburn, &.c. . Dec. 15, 1831

Viscount Melbourne and his colleaaues

return to office Aprfi 18, 1835

QUEEN VICTORIA.

Visct. Melbourne and the same cabi-
net, continued.

Viscount Melbourne resigns May 7, 1839

Sir Robert Peel receives the ueen’s
commands to form a new a minis-
tration, May 8.

This command is withdrawn, and lord
Melbourne and his friends are rein-
stated . . . May 10, 1839

Sir Robert Peel, duke of Wellington,
earl of Aberdeen, earl of Hadding~
ton, earl of Ripon, lord Stanley, Mr.
Goulburn, 65c. . Aug. 7, 1841

Lord John Russell’s administration

July 6, 18-16

ADMIRAL. The first so called in England was Richard de Lucy, appointed
by Henry III. 1223. Alfred, Atheistan, Edgar, Harold. and other kings. had

been previously the commanders of their own fleets.
1n France, in 1284. The rank of admiral of the English seas was one of

The first was appointed

great distinction, and was first given to William de Leybourne by Edward I.
in 1297.——Spelman ; Rymer.

ADMIRAL LORD HIGH, or ENGLAND. The first officer of thisrank was
created by Richard II. in December 1385 ; there had been previously high
admirals of distmcts~the north, west, and south. See Navy.

ADMIRALTY, COURT or, erected by Edward 111. in 1357. This is a civil court
for the trial of causes relating to maritime affairs:

ADRIANOPLE, BATTLE or, which got Constantine the empire, was fought July
3, A.D. 323. Adrianople was taken by the Ottomans from the Greeks in 1360:

and it continued to be the seat of the Turkish empire till the capture of

Constantinople in 1453. Mahomet IL,

sultans, and the one who took Const

one of the most distinguished of the
antinople,.swas born here- in 1480-

  
  
 

 

 

 

my 1 DICTIONARY OF DATES; 155'

Pfiestley. Adrianople was taken by the Russians, Aug. 20, 18:29; but was
restored to the sultan at the close of the war, Sept. 14, same year. See Turkey.

ADRIATIC. The ceremony of the doge of Venice wedding the Adriatic Sea
was instituted in A.D. 1173. Annually, upon Ascension-day, the doge married
the Adriaticum Mare, by dropping a ring into it from his bucentaur, or state
barge, and was attended on these occasions by all the nobility of the state,
and foreign ambassadors, in gondolas. This ceremony was intermittcd, for
the first time for centuries, in 1707.

ADULTERY, ANCIENT LAWS AGAINST IT. Punished by the law of Moses with
the death of both the guilty man and woman.~Lc'z;iticus XX. 10. This law
was repealed, first, because the crime had become common; and secondly.
because Gon’s name should not be liable to be too often erased by the ordeal
of the waters of bitterness. Leo, of Modena, says that the husband was obliged
to dismiss his wife for ever, whether he willed it or not—Calmet. Lycurgus ‘
punished the offender as he did a parricide, and the Locrians and Spartans
tore out the offenders’ eyes. The Romans had no formal law against adultery;
the emperor Augustus was the first to introduce a positive law to punish it,
and he had the misfortune to see it executed in the persons of his own chil-

. dren.—Lenglet. Socrates relates that women who were guilty of adultery
were punished by the horrible sentence of public eonstupration. In England
the legal redress against the male ofi‘ender has been refined into a civil
action for a money compensation—Lard Mansfield.

ADULTERY, ENGLISH LAWS AGAINST IT. The early Saxons burnt the adulteress,
and erected a gibbet over her ashes, whereon they hanged the adulterer.—-—
Pardon. ,King Edmund punished the crime as homicide. It was punished
by cutting off the hair, stripping the female offender naked, and whipping
her through the streets, if the husband so demanded it to be done, without
distinction of rank, during the Saxon Heptarchy, A.D. 457 to 828.—Stnwc.
The ears and nose were cut offundcr Canute, 1031. Ordained to be punished
capitally, together with incest, under Cromwell, May 14, 1650 ; but there is
no record of this law taking effect. In New England a law was ordained
whereby adultery was made capital to both parties, even though the man
were unmarried, and several suffered under it, MGR—Hardin). At present
this offence is more favorably viewed; to divorce and strip the adulteress
of her dower, is all her punishment among us; but in Romish countries they
usually shut up the adulteress in a nunnery.—Aslze.

ADVENT. In the calendar it signifies, properly, the approach of the feast of
the Nativity; it includes four Sundays, the first of which is always the nearest
Sunday to Saint Andrew (the 30th November), before or after. Advent was
instituted by the council of Tours, in the sixth century.

ADVENTURERS, MERCHANT, a celebrated and enterprising company of
merchants, was originally formed for the discovery of territories, extension
of commerce, and promotion of trade, by John duke of Brabant, in 1296.
This ancient company was afterwards translated into England, in the reign

of Edward 111., and queen Elizabeth formed it into an English corporation
in 1564.—Ande7'son. . _ _ , - - -

ADVERTISEMENTS IN NEWSPAPERS. In England, as now published, they
were not general until the beginning of the eighteenth. century. A penalty
of 501. was inflicted on persons advertising a reward with “ N o questlons to
be asked” for the return of things stolen, and on the printer, 25 Geo. II. 1754.
~Statutes. The advertisement duty was formerly charged according to the
number of lines ; it was afterwards fixed, in England at 35. 64., and in Ireland

- . 31:23. 611. each advertisement. The duty was further reduced, in England

. to 1.9. 64%., andin Ireland to 13. each, by statute 3 and 4 Will. IV. 1833.

 

 

156 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. ( Afi"

IEDILES, magistrates of Rome, first created 492 13.0. There were three degrees
of these oflicers, and the functions of the principal were similar to our justices
of the peace. The plebeian zediles presided over the more minute affairs of
the state, good order, and the reparation of the streets. They procured all
the provisions of the city, and executed the decrees of the people—17mm.

ENIGMA. The origin of the zenigma is doubtful: Gale thinks that the Jews
borrowed their zenigmatical forms of speech from the Egyptians. The
philosophy of the Druids was altogether aenigmatical. In Nero’s time the
Romans were often obliged to have recourse to this method of concealing
truth under obscure language. The following epitaph on Fair Rosamond is
an elegant specimen of the {enigma :—

IIic jacet in tomb‘a, Rosa mundi, non Rosa munda;
Non rcdolet, sed olet, quze redolere solet.

ABOLIAN HARP. The invention of‘ this instrument is ascribed to Kircher. 1653; ‘1
but Richardson proves it to have been known at an earlier period than his
time.-——D£sserlatizm on the Customs of the East. There is a Rabbinical story
of the aerial harmony of the harp of David, which, when hung up at night,
was played upon by the north wind—Baruch.

AERONAUTICS. To lord Bacon, the prophet of art, as Walpole calls him, has
been attributed the first suggestion of the true theory of balloons. The
ancient speculations about artificial wings, whereby a man might fly as well
as a bird, refuted by Borelli, 1670. Mr. Henry Cavendish ascertained that
hydrygen air is at least twelve times lighter than common air, 1777. The
true doctrine of aeronautics announced in France by the two brothers Mont-
goltier, 1782.—See Balloon.

IESOP’S FABLES. Written by the celebrated fabulist, the supposed inventor
of this Species of entertainment and instruction, about 565 13.0. [Esop’s
Fables are, no doubt, a compilation of all the fables and apologues of wits
both before and after his own time, oonjointly with his own.——Plutarch.

ZETOLIA. This country was named after fEtolus of Elis, who. having acci-
dentally killed a son of Phoroneus, king of Argos. left the Peloponnesus.
and settled here. The inhabitants were very little known to the rest of
Greece, till after the ruin of Athens and Sparta, when they assumed a con—
sequence in the country as the opposers and rivals 0f the Achaeans, to whom
they made themselves formidable as the allies of Rome, and as its enemies.
They were conquered by the Romans under Fulvius.

   
 
 
 
    
   
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
    
    
   
 
    

The JEtolians begin to ravage the Pelo- Therma, Xenia, Cyphara, and other
ponnesus . . . 3.0. 282 cities, and destroy with fire all the
They dispute the passage of the Mace- country they invade . 3.0. 201
demans at Therniopylze . . 223 l They next invite the kings of Macedon,
Acm'nania ceded to Philip as the price Syria and Sparta, to coalesce with
of peace . . . . 218 them against the Romans . . 195
Battle of Lamia; the JEtolians, com- They seize Calchis, Sparta, and Demo-
manded by Pyrrhus, are defeated by tries in Thessaly . . . 194
Philip of Macedon . . . 214 Their defeat near Thermopylss . . 193
With the assistance of allies they seize They lose Lamia and Amphissa . 192
()reum, Opus, Tribon, and Dryne . 212 Made a province of Rome . . 146

They put to the sword the people of

AFFINITY, DEGREES or. Marriage within certain degrees of kindred was
prohibited by the laws of almost all nations, and in almost every age.
Several degrees were prohibited in scriptural law, as may be seen in Leirit-i-
cus, chap. xviii. In England, a. table restricting marriage within certain
near degrees was set forth by authority. A.D. 1563. Prohibited marriages
were adjudged to be incestuous and unlawful by the ninety-ninth Canon, in
1603. All marriages celebrated within the forbidden de rees of kindred are
declared to be absolutely voidby statute 5 and 6 Will. I . 1835.

 

 

can] DICTIONARY OF DATES. 15?

AFFIRMATION or run QUAKERS. This was first legally accepted as an oath
in England 11.1). 1696. The affirmation was altered in 1702, and again altered
and modified December 1721.

AFGHANISTAN. Insurrection of the Afghans against the British power in
India, January 5, 1842.—See India.

AFRICA, called Libya, by the Greeks, one of the three parts of the ancient
world, and the greatest peninsula of the universe, first peopled by Ham. It
was conquered by Belisarius in A.D. 553 et seq. In the seventh century, about
687, the Mahometan Arabs subdued the north of Africa ; and their descend-
ants, under the name of Moors, constitute a great part of the present popu-
lation. See the several countries of Africa through the volume. Among
the late distinguished travellers in this quarter of the world, may be men-
tioned Bruce, who commenced his travels in 1768; Mungo Park, who made
his first voyage to Africa, May 22, 1795; and his second voyage, January 50,
1804, but from which he never returned. See Park. Richard Lander died
of shot-wounds (which he had received when ascending the river Nunn) at
Fernando Po, Jan. 31, 1884. The African expedition, for which parliament
voted 61,000l., consisting of the Albert, Wilberforce, and Somlan steam—ships,
sailed in the summer of 1841. The vessels commenced the ascent of the
Niger, Aug. 20; but when they reached Iddah, fever broke out among the
crews, and they were successively obliged to return. the Albert having
ascended the river to Egga, 820 miles from the sea, Sept. 28. The expedi-
tion was, in the end, wholly relinquished owing to disease, heat, and hard-
ships, Oct. 17.

AFRICAN COMPANY, a society of merchants trading to Africa. An associ-
ation in Exeter, which was formed in 1588, gave rise to this company. A
charter was granted to a joint stock company in 1618 : a third company was
created in 1631 ; a fourth corporation in 1662; and another formed by let«
ters patent in 1672, and remodelled in 1695. The rights vested in the pre-

sent company, 28 Geo. II. 1749. See Slave Trade.

AGE: GOLDEN AGE, MIDDLE AGE, &c. Among the ancient poets, an age was
the space of thirty years, in which sense age amounts to much the same as
generation. The interval since the first formation of man has been divided
into four ages, distinguished as the golden, silver, brazen, and iron ages ; but
a late author, reflecting on the barbarism of the first ages, willhave the
order assigned by the poets inverted—the first, being a time of ignorance,
would be more properly denominated an iron, rather than a golden age.
Various divisions of the duration of the world have been made by historians:
by some the space of time commencing from Constantine, and ending with
the taking of Constantinople by the Turks, in the fifteenth century, is called
the middle age; the middle is also styled the barbarous age. The ages of
the world may be reduced to three grand epochs, viz., the age of the law of
nature, from Adam to Moses; the age of the Jewish law, from Moses to
Christ; and the age of grace, from Christ to the present year.

AGINCOURT, BATTLE or, between the French and English armies, gained by
Henry V. Of the French, there were 10,000'killed, and 14,000 were taken
prisoners, the English losing only 100 men. Among the prisoners were the
dukes of Orleans and Bourbon, and 7000 barons, knights, and gentlemen,
and men more numerous than the British themselves. Among the slain
were the dukes of Alengon, Brabant, and Bar, the archbishop of Sens, one
marshal, thirteen earls, ninety-two barons, and 1500 knights, Oct. 25, 1415.
——Goldsmil/’L.

AGRA, Fonrnnss or, termed the key of Hindostan, surrendered, in the war
with the Mahrattas, to the British forces, Oct. 17, 1803. This was once the

158 TIIF WORLD’S PROGRESS. 1 am

most splendid of all the Indian cities, and now exhibits the most magnificent
ruins. . In the 17th century the great mogul frequently resided here ; his
palaces, and those of the Omrahs. were very numerous; Agra then con-
tained above 60 caravansaries, 800 baths, and 700 mosques. See Mau-
solemns.

AG-RARIAN LAW, Agraria, ch. This was an equal division among the Ro~
man people of all the lands which they acquired by conquest, limiting the
acres which each person should enjoy, first proposed by Sp. Cassius, to gain
the favor of the citizens, 486 13.0. It was enacted under the tribune 'Iibe—
rius Gracehus, 132 13.0. ; but this law at last proved fatal to the freedom of
Rome under Julius Caesarx—Livy ; Vassius.

AGRICULTURE. The science of agriculture may be traced to the period im-
mediately succeeding the Deluge. In China and the eastern countries it was,
perhaps, coeval with their early plantation and government. Of the agri-
culture of the ancients little is known. The Athenians pretended that it
was among them the art of sowing corn began ; and the Cretans, Sicilians,
and Egyptians lay claim, the last with most probability, to the honor.
Brought into England by the Romans, as a science, about AD. 27.

AGYNNIANS. This sect arose about A.D.69~1, and alleged that GOD forbade
the eating of flesh, assuming the first chapter of Genesis to be the authority
upon which the doctrine was founded. A revival of this ancient sect now
flourishes at Manchester and other towns in England, and has been public
there since 1814.

MR. Anaximenes of Miletus declared air to be a self-existent deity, and the
first cause of every thing created, 530 13.0. The pressure of air was discov<
ered by Torricelii. A.D. 1645. It was found to vary with the height by Pas-
cal, in 1647. Halley, Newton, and others, up to the present time, have
illustrated the agency and influences of this great power by various experi-
ments. and numerous inventions have followed from them; among others,
the air-gun by Guter of Nurcmburg in 1656; the air-pump, invented by
Otho Guericke at Magdeburg in 1650, and improved by the illustrious Boyle
in 1657; and the air-pipe, invented by Mr. Sutton, 3. brewer of Londbn,
about 1756. See Balloon.

AIX—LA—CHAPELLE, PEACE or. The first treaty of peace signed here was.
between France and Spain, when France yielded Franehe-Comté. but
retained her conquests in the Netherlands, May 2, 1668. The second. or
celebrated treaty, was between Great Britain, France, Holland Hungary,
Spain, and Genoa. By this memorable peace the treaties of Westphalia in
1648, of Nimeguen in 1678 and 1679, of Ryswick in 1697, of Utrecht in 1713,
of Baden in 1714, of the Triple Alliance 1717, of the Quadruple Alliance in
1718, and of Vienna in 1738, were renewed and confirmed. Signed on the
part of England by John Earl of Sandwich, and Sir Thomas Robinson, Oct. ,
7, 1748. A congress of the sovereigns of Austria, Russia, and Prussia,
assisted by ministers from England and France, was held at AiX-la-Cha—
belle, and a convention signed, October 9, 1818. The sum then due from
France to the allies was settled at 265,000,000 francs.

ALABAMA. One of the United States; most of its territory was included in
the original patent of Georgia It was made a part of the Mississippi ter-
ritory in 1817; admitted into the Union as a State in 1820. Population in
1810 was less than 10 000; in 1816 29 683; in 1820, 127,901; in 1830,
808 997 ; in 1840, 590 756, including 253,532 slaves. Exports of the State in
1840 amounted to $512 854 694; imports, to $574 651

ALBA. Founded by Ascanius, 1152 13.0.. and called Longer, because the city
extended along the hill Albanus. This kingdom lasted 487 years, and war

 

A
i

an] DICTIONARY or DATES. - 159 ‘

governed bya race of kings, the descendants of jEneas. When Amulius
dethroned his brother. be condemned Ilia, the daughter of Numitor, to a
life of celibacy. by obliging her to take the vows and office of a vestal,
thereby to assure his safety in the usurpation. His object was, however.
frustrated; violence was offered to Ilia, and she became the mother of
twins for which Amulius ordered her to be buried alive. and her ofi‘spring to
be thrown into the Tiber, 770 no. But the little bark in which the infants
were sent adrift stopped near Mount Aventine, and was brought ashore by
Faustulus, the king’s chief shepherd. who reared the children as his own, and
called tbem Romulus and Remus. His wife, Acca-Laurentia, was surnamed
Lupe ,- whence arose the fable that Romulus and his brother were suckled
by a she—wolf. At sixteen years of age, Romulus avenged the wrongs of
Ilia and Numitor, 754 13.0., and the next year founded Rome.— VILTTO.

ALBAN’S, ST. The name of this town was anciently Vcrulam; it was once
the capital of Britain, and previously to the invasion of Julius Caesar was
the residence of British princes. It takes its present name from St. Alban,
who was born here, and who is said to have been the first person who suf-
fered martyrdom for Christianity in Britain. He is hence commonly styled
the proto-martyr of this country, and was decapitated during the perse—
eution raised by Diocletian, June 23, A.D. 286. A stately monastery was

erected here to his memory by Ofi‘a, king of Mercia, in 793. St. Alban’s
was incorporated by Edward VI. 1552.

ALBAN’S, ST., BATTLES or. The first. between the houses of York and Lan-
caster, in which Richard duke of York obtained a victory over Henry VI.,
of whose army 5000 were slain, while that of the duke of York suffered
no material loss, fought May 22, 1455. The second, between the Yorkists
under the earl of Warwick, and the Lancastrians, commanded by queen
Margaret of Anjou, who conquered: in this battle 2500 of the defeated army
perished; fought on Shrove Tuesday, February 2, 1461.

ALBANY, city, capital of the State of New-York, founded by the Dutch in
1623, and by them named Beaverwyck; capitulated to the English in 1664,
and then received its present name in honor of the Duke of York and
Albany, its proprietor. Incorporated in 1686. Population in 1810, 9,356:
in 1830, 24,238; in 1840, 83,721.

ALBIGENSES. This sect had its origin about AD. 1160, at Albigeois, in Lan-
guedoc, and at Toulouse; they opposed the disciples of the Church of'
Rome, and professed a hatred of all the eorruptions of that religion. Simon
de Montfort commanded against them, and at Bezieres he and the pope’s
legato put friends and foes to the sword. At Minerba, he burnt 150 of the
Albigenses alive; and at La Vaur, he hanged the governor, and beheaded
the chief people, drowning the governor’s wife, and murdering other
women. They next defeated the count of Toulouse, with the loss of 17,000
men. Simon de Montfort afterwards came to England. See VValde‘nses.

ALBION. The island of Great Britain is said to have been first so called by
Julius Caesar, on account of the chalky cliffs upon its coast, on his invasion
of the country, 54 3.0. The Romans conquered it, and held possession about
400 years. On their quitting it, it was successively invaded by the Scots,
Picts, and Saxons, who drove the original inhabitants from the plain coun-
try, to seek refuge in the steeps and wilds of Cornwall and Wales; the
Danes and Normans also settled at various times in England: and from a
mixture of these nations the present race of Englishmen is derived. See
Britain—New Albion, district of California. was taken possession of by sir
Francis Drake, and so named by him, in 1578; explored by Vancouver in
1792.

ALBUERA, BATTLE or, between the French, commanded by marshal Soult.

 

 

 

160 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [anus

and the British and Anglo-Spanish army, commanded by marshal, now lord
Beresford, May 16, 1811. After an obstinate and sanguinary engagement, ‘
the allies obtained the victory, justly esteemed one of the most brilliant
achievements of the Peninsular war. The French loss exceeded 0000 men
previously to their retreat.

ALCHEMY. This was a pretended branch of chemistry, which effected the
transmutation of metals into gold, an alkahest, or universal menstruum, a.
universal ferment, and other things equally ridiculous. If regard may be
had to legend and tradition, alchemy must be as old as the Flood: yet
few philosophers, poets, or physicians, from Homer till 400 years after
Christ, mention any such thing. Pliny says the emperor Caligula was the
first who prepared natural arsenic, in order to make gold of it, but left it
off because the charge exceeded the profit. Others say the Egyptians had
this mystery; which if true, how could it have been lost? The Arabians
are said to have invented this mysterous art, wherein they were followed by
Ramond Lullius, Paracelsus, and others, who never found any thing else
but ashes in their furnaces. Another author on the subject is Zosimus,
about A. D. 410—524;. Bib. Gram. A license for practising alchemy with all
kinds of metals and minerals granted to one Richard Carter, 1476.—Rymer’s
Fwd. Doctor Price, of Guildford, published an account of his experiments
in this way, and pretended to success: he brought his specimens of gold to
the king, affirming that they were made by means of a red and white pow-
der; but being a Fellow of the Royal Society, he was required, upon pain
of expulsion, to repeat his experiments before Messrs. Kirwan and Woulfe ;
but after some equivocation, he took poison and died, August 1783.

ALCORAN. The book which contains the revelation and credenda of Mahomet:
it is confesscdly the standard of the Arabic tongue, and as the Mahometans
believe, inimitable by any human pen; hence they assume its divine origin.
It is the common opinion of writers, that Mahomet was assisted by Batiras,
a Jacobin, Sergius, a Nestorian monk, and by a learned Jew, in composing
this book, most of whose principles are the same with those of Arius, N es-
torius, Sabellius, and other heresiarchs. The Mahometans say, that God
sent it to their prophet by the Angel Gabriel: it was written about A. D. 610.
-—-See Koran, Ma/wmeéism, 11406641, 650.

ALDERMEN. The word is derived from the Saxon Ealdm‘mcm, a senior, and
among the Saxons the rank was conferred upon elderly and sage, as well as
distinguished persons. on account of the experience their age had given
them. At the time of the Heptarchy, aldermen were the governors of pro—
vinces or districts, and are so mentioned up to A. D. 882. After the Danes
were settled in England, the title was changed to that of curl, and the Nor-
mans introduced that of want, which though different in its original signifi—
cation, yet meant the same thing. Henry III. may be said to have given .
its basis to this city distinction. In modern British polity, and also in the
United States, an alderman is a magistrate next in dignity to the mayor.

ALE AND WINE. They are said to have been invented by Bacchus ; the for-
mer where the soil, owing to its quality, would not grow grapes.— Tooke’s
Pantheon. Ale was known as a beverage at least 404 B. C. Herodotus as-
cribes the first discovery of the art of brewing barley—wine to Isis, the Wife
of Asyris. The Romans and Germans very early learned the process of pre-
paring a liquor from corn by means of fermentation. from the Egyptians.—
Tacitus. lehouses are made mention of in the laws of Ina, king of Wes-
sex. Booths were set up in England A.D. 728. when laws were passed for
their regulation. Alehouses were licensed 1621; and excise duty on ale .
and beer was imposed on a system nearly similar to the present, 13 Charles
IL 1660. See Beer; Wine. ‘

 

 

‘53. war“ Heart“. A

 

  

aw] DICTIONARY or DATES. 161

ALEMANNI, on ALL MEN, (2'. e. men of all nations,) a body of Suevi, defeated
by Caracalla, A. n. 214. On one occasion 300,000 of this warlike people are
said to have been vanquished, in a battle near Milan, by Gallienus, at the
head of 10 000 Romans. Their battles were numerous with the Romans and
Gauls. They ultimately submitted to the Franks.— Gib/Jun.

ALEXANDER, ERA or, dated from the death of Alexander the Great, Novem-
ber 12, 323 B. C. In the computation of this era, the period of the creation
was considered to be 5502 years before the birth of Christ, and, in conse-
quence, the year 1 A. D. was equal to 5503. This computation continued to
the year 284 A. D., which was called 5786. In the next year (285 A. 1).),
which should have been 5787, ten years were discarded, and the date be-
came 5777. This is still used in the Abyssinian era, which see. The date is
reduced to the Christian era by subtracting 5502 until the year 5786, and
after that time by subtracting 5-192.

ALEXANDRIA, in Egypt, the walls whereof were six miles in circuit, built by
Alexander the Great, 832 B. 0.; taken by Caesar, 47 B. c., and the library of
the Ptolemies, containing 400,000 valuable works in MS, burnt. Conquered
by the Saracens. wlu n the second library, consisting of 700,000 volumes was
totally destroyed by the victors, who heated the water for their baths for
six months by burning books instead of wood, by command of the caliph
Omar, A. D. 642. This was formerly a place of great trade, all the treasures
of the East being deposited here before the discovery of the route by the
Cape of Good Hope. Taken by the French under Bonaparte, when a. mas-
sacre ensued, July 5, 1798; and from them by the British in the memorable
battle mentioned in next article, in 1801. Alexandria was again taken by
the British, under General Frazer, March 21, 1807; but was evacuated by
them, Sept. 23, same year. For late events, see Syria, and TILT/£63].

ALEXANDRIA, BATTLE or, between the French, under Menou, who made the at-
tack, and the British army, under Sir Ralph Abercrombie, amounting to about
15 000 men, which had but recently debarked, fought March 21, 1801. The
British were victorious, but Sir Ralph Abercrombie was mortally wounded.

ALEXANDRINE VERSE. Verse of twelve feet, or syllables, first written by
Alexander of Paris, and since called, after him, Alexandr-mes, about A. D.
1164.—Nouv. Dist. POpe, in his Essay on Criticism, has the following well-
known couplet, in which an Alexandrine is happily exemplified :—

“ A needless Alexandrina ends the song,
That like a wound-ed snake, drags its slow length a—long.”

ALGEBRA. Where algebra was first used, and by whom, is not precisely
known. Diophantus first wrote upon it, probably about A. D. 170; he is said
to be the inventor. Brought into Spain by the Saracens, about 900; and
into Italy by Leonardo of Pisa, in 1202. The first writer who used algebra-
ical signs was Stifelius of Nuremberg, in 1544. The introduction of sym-
bols for quantities was by Francis Vieta, in 1590, when algebra came into
generaluse.—Zl107'cri. The binomial theorem of Newton, the basis of the

oetrine of fluxions, and the new analysis, 1668.

ALGIERS. The ancient kingdom of Numidia, reduced to a Roman province,

44 B. c. It afterwards became independent, till, dreading thepower of the
Spaniards, the nation invited Barbarossa, the pirate, to ass1st 1t, and he
seized the government, A. D. 1516; but it afterwards fell to the lot of Tur-
key—Priestley. The Algerines for ages braved the resentment of the most
pmverful states in Christendom, and the emperor Charles V. lost a fine fleet
and army in an unsuccessful expedition against them, in 1541. . Algiers was
reduced by Admiral Blake, in 1658, and terrified into paelfic measures
with England; but it repulsed the vigorous attacks of other European pow-
ers, particularly those of France, in 1688, and 1761; and of Spain, in 1775

 

162 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. m:

I—

1783, and 1784. It was bombarded by the British fleet, under lord Exmouth,

. Aug. 27, 1816, when a new treaty followed, and Christian slavery was abol-
ished. Algiers surrendered to a French armament, under Bourmont and
Duperré, after some severe conflicts. July 5, 1830, when the dey was deposed,
and the barbarian government wholly overthrown. The French ministry
announced their intention to retain Algiers, permanently, May 20, 1834.
Marshal Clausel defeated the Arabs in two engagements (in one of which
the duke of Orleans was wounded), and entered Mascara, Dec. 8, 183 .
General Damremont attacked Constantina (which see), Oct. 13, 1887 ;” since
when various other engagements between the French and the natives, have
taken place. Abd-el-Kader surrendered to General Lamoriciere, Dec. 22,
1847. See 2170771660.

ALI, SECT or. Founded by a famous Mahometan chief, the son-in-law of Ma-
homet. (having married his daughter Fatima) about A.D. 632. Ali was
called by the Prophet, “ the Lion ofGod, always victorious ;” and the Persians
follow the interpretation of the Koran according to Ali, while other Maho— .
metans adhere to that of Abubeker and Omar. It is worthy of remark, ,
that the first four successors of B'Iahomet—Abubeker, Omar, Othman, and
Ali. whom he had employed as his chief agents in establishing his religion,
and extirpating unbelievers. and whom on that account he styled the " cut-
ting swords of God,” all died violent deaths; and that this bloody impos-
tor’s fami.y was wholly extirpated within thirty years after his own decease.

Ali was assassinated in 660.

ALIENS. In England aliens were grievously coerced up to A. D. 1377. When
they were to be tried criminally, the juries were to be half foreigners, if
they so desired, 1430. They were restrained from exercising any trade or ;
handicraft by retail, 1483. ‘;

ALL SAINTS. The festival instituted, A.D. 625. All Saints, or All Hallows,
in the Protestant church, is a day of general commemoration of all those saints 1
and martyrs in honor of whom, individually, no particular day is assigned.
The Church of Rome and the Greek church have saints for every day in the
year. The reformers of the English church provided offices only for very
remarkable commemorations, and struck out of their calendar altogether a.
great number of anniversaries, leaving only those which at their time were
connected with popular feeling or tradition.

ALLEGORY. Of very ancient composition. The Bible abounds in the finest
instances; of which' fllair gives Psalm lxxx. ver. 8. 16. as a specimen. Spen-
ser’s Faerie (5,1mg1 is an allegory throughout; Addison, in his Spectator,
abounds in allegla js; and the Pilgrim’s Progress of Bunyan, 1663, is per-
fect in its way..natiilton, among other English poets, is rich in allegory.

ALLIANCES. Tl:G the is or, between the high European Powers: See Coalition,

l
:

Treaties, &c. 531' d"-
Alliance of1.e‘%fi.ic . . April 9, 1631 l Alliance of Versailles . May 1, 1756
Alliance ot‘Viefina . May 27, 1657 Germanic Alliance . July 23, 1785
Alliance, the Triple . . Jan. 28, 1668 Alliance of Paris . . 1\Iay 16, 1795
Alliance of Warsaw . March 31, 1683 Alliance ofl’etcrsburg . April 8, 1803
Alliance, the Grand . . May 12, 1689 Austrian Alliance . , March 1.1. 1812
Alliance, the Hague Jan. 4, 1717 Alliance of Sweden . March ~24 .1412
Allance, the Quadruple . Aug. 2, 1718 Alliance of Topluz . , Sept. 9, lSl3
Alliance of Vienna March 16, 1731 Alllance, the Holy . Sept. 25, 1315

kLMANACS, The Egyptians computed time by instruments. Log calen-
dars were anciently in use. Al—mon-aght, is of Saxon origin. In the Bri-
tish Museum and universities are curious specimens of early almanacs.
Michael N ostrodamus, the celebrated astrologer, wrote an almanac in the
style of Merlin, 1566.—Dn.f2-esnoy. The most noted early almanacs were:

 

5'

P’ l

- #U] DICTIONARY or DATES. 183
ALMAN ACS, contmued.
Jol-n Somer's Calendar, written in 0x- Poor Robin’s Almanac . . 1652
ford . . . . . 1380 Lady’s Diary . . . . 1705
One in Lambeth palace, written in . 11160 Moore’s Almanac . . . 1713
First primed one, published at liuda . 1472 Season on lhe Seasons . . . 1735
First printed in England, by Richard Gentleman’s Diary . . . 1741
l’ynson . . . . 1407 Nautical Almanac . . . . 1767
Tybault’s Prognostications. . . 1533 Poor Richard’s Almanac, (Franklin’s,
Lilly’s Ephemeris . . . . ‘6441 Philadelphia) . . . . 1733

Of Moore’s, at one period, upwards of 500,000 copies were annually sold.
The Stationers’ company claimed the exclusive right of publishing, until
1790, in virtue of letters patent from James 1., granting the privilege to this
company, and the two universities. The stamp duty on almanacs was
abolished in England, 1834. -

ALMEIDA, BATTLE or, between the British and Anglo-Spanish army, com-

manded by lord Wellington, and the French army under Massena, who was
defeated with considerable loss, August 5, 1811. Wellington compelled Mas—
_sena to evacuate Portugal, and to retreat rapidly before him ; but the route
of the French was tracked by the most horrid desolation.

ALPHABET. Athotes, son of Menes, was the author of hieroglyphics, and

l
l
I

E

    
   

wrote thus the history of the Egyptians, 2122 B. c.——Blair. But Josephus
affirms that he had seen inscriptions by Seth, the son of Adam; though
this is doubted, and deemed a mistake, or fabulous. The first letter of the
Phoenician and Hebrew alphabet was alep/L, called by the Greeks tap/La, and
abbreviated by the modems to A. The Hebrew is supposed to be derived
from the Phoenician. Cadmus, the founder of Cadmea, 1493 B. 0., brought
the Phoenician letters (fifteen in number) into Greece; they were the fol-
lowing :—
A, B, I‘, A, I, K, A, M, N, 0, II, P, 2, T, '1‘.

These letters were originally either Hebrew, Phoenician, 0r Assyrian char-
acters, and changed gradually in form till they became the ground of the
Roman letters, now used all over Europe. Palamedes of Argos invented
the double characters, (9, X, <1), E, about 1224 B. 0.; and Simonides added 2,
\F, H. a, about 489 B. c.—~Arzmdclian Mzrblcs. When the E was introduced
is not precisely known. The Greek alphabet consisted of sixteen letters
till 399 B. 0., when the Ionic, of 24 characters, was introduced. The small
letters are of late invention, for the convenience of writing. The alphabets
of the different nations contain the following number of letters :—

English . . 26 ‘; German . . ‘26 Greek . . 24 Turkish . . 33
French . . 23 l Sclavonic . . 27 Hebrew . . 2'3 Sanscrit . . 50
Italian . . 20 Russian . . 41 Arabic . . 28 and

Spanish . . 27 Latin . . . 22 Persian . . 32 Chinese . . 214

 

 

ALPHONSINE TABLES' Celebrated astronomical tables, composed by com-

mand, and under the direction of, Alphonsus X. of Castile, surnamed the
Wise. This learned prince is said to have expended upwards of 400,000
crowns in completing the work, whose value was enhanced by a preface,
written by his own hand: he commenced his reign in 1252.

ALTARS, were first raised to Jupiter, in Greece, by Cecrops, who also insti-

tuted and regulated marriages, 1556 B. c. He. introduced among the Greeks
the worship of those deities which were held in adoration in Egypt—Hero—
dotus. Christian altars in churches were instituted by pope Sixtus I. in 135;
and they were first consecrated by pope Sylvester. The first Christian altar

. in Britain was in 634,—Stawe. The Church of England. and all the reformed

churches,- discontinue the name, and have abolished the doctrine that sup-
ported. their use.

$1.0M, is said to have been first discovered at Rocha, in Syria, about A. D. 1300;

itrms found in Tuscany, in 1460; was brought to perfection in England, in

I64 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [Am

1608: was discovered in Ireland, in 1757; and in Anglesey, in 1790.‘ Alum
is a salt used as a mordant in tanning; it is used also to harden tallow, and
to whiten bread. It may be made of pure clay exposed to vapors of sulphu-

ric acid, and sulphate of potash added to the lcy; but it is usually obtained
by means of ore called alum slate.

AMA ZONIA, discovered by Francisco Orcllana, in 1-580. Coming from Peru,

Orellana sailed down the river Amazon to the Atlantic, and observing corn-
panies of women in arms on its banks, he called the country Amazonia, and

gave the name of Amazon to the river, which had previously been called
Maranon.

AMAZONS. Their origin is fabulous. They are said to have been the descend-

ants of the Scythians inhabiting Cappadoeia, where their husbands having
made incursions, were all slain, being surprised in ambuscades by their
enemies. Their widows, reflecting on the alarms or sorrows they under—
went on account of the fate of their husbands, resolved to form a female
state, and having firmly established themselves, they decreed that matri-
mony was a shameful servitude ; but, to perpetuate their race, they, at stated
times, admitted the embraces of their male neighbors—antus Curtim.
They were conquered by Theseus, about 1231 B. e. The Amazons were con-
stantly employed in wars; and that they might throw the javelin with more
force, their right breasts were burned off, whence their name from the
Greek, mm and momma. Their queen, Thalestris, visited Alexander the
Great, while he was pursuing his conquests in Asia, and cohabited with
him, in the hope of having issue by so illustrious a warrior; three hundred
females were in her train—Herodotus.

AMBASSADORS, accredited agents and representatives from one court to

another, are referred to early ages, and to almost all nations. In most coun-
tries they have great and peculiar privileges; and in England, among others,
they and their servants are secured against arrest. The Portuguese ambas-
sador in England was imprisoned for debt, in 1653; and the Russian, by a
lace-merchant, in 1709, when a law, the statute of 8 Anne, passed fortheir
protection. Two men were convicted of arresting the servant of an ambas~
sador. They were sentenced to be conducted to the house of the ambassa-
dor, with a label on their breasts, to ask his pardon, and then one of them
to be imprisoned three months and the other fined, May 12, 1780.——P/Lillips.

AMBER. Of great repute in the world from the earliest time; esteemed as a

medicine before the Christian era: Theophrastus wrote upon it, 300 B. e.
Upwards of 150 tons of amber have been found in one year on the sands of
the shore near Pillau.—P/L'illips. Much diversity of opinion still prevails
among naturalists and chemists respecting the origin of amber, some refer-
ring it to the vegetable, others to the mineral, and some to the animal king-
dom; its natural history and its chemical analysis affording something in
favor of each opinion.

AMEN. This word is as old as the Hebrew itself. In that language it means

truafoithful, certain. Employed in devotions, at the end of a prayer, it im-
plies, so be it ; at the termination of a creed, so it is. It has been generally
used, both in the Jewish and Christian churches, at the conclusion of prayer.

AMEN DE HONORABLE, originated in France in the ninth century. It was first

an infamous punishment inflicted on traitors and sacrilegious persons: the
offender was delivered into the hands of the hangman; his shirt was stripped
off, a rope put about his neck, and a taper in his hand; he was then led into
court, and was obliged to pray pardon of God, the king, and the country. Death

or banishment sometimes followed. Ame/ode honorable is now a term used fl)?!

making recantation in open court, or in the presence of the injured party.

 

a
\

. “man,“ a. .1 so. A A. a,

@‘#@maéflmimmm. “gm V4); «.4. ; ..

.3 ,;$»,.-;7

é
,,

  
 
 
     

I 1".

g fl.

fr

;.

m] , DICTIONARY or DATES. 165

AMERICA: See United Sta/es. Discovered by Christopher Colombo, a Geno-
ese, better known as Christopher Columbus, A.D. 1492, on the 11th of Octo-
ber, on which day he came in sight of St. Salvador. See Bahama Islands.
This great navigator found the continent of America in 1497, and the east-
ern coasts were found by Amerigo Vespucci (Aniericus Vespucius) in 1498 ;
and from this latter discoverer the whole of America is named.

Newfoundland, the first British colony New England, the second, by the Ply-
in this quarter of the world, discover- mouth company . . . 1652‘.
ed by Cabot, and by him called New York, settled by the Dutch . . 1614
Prima Vista. . . . . 1497 [For other occurrences, see Tabular
Virginia, the first English settlement Views— United Slates. See also
on the main land . . . 1607 separate states, Jllaz'ne, &e.

 

AMERICA, SOUTH. The Spaniards, as being the first discoverers of this vast
portion of the Western World, had the largest and richest share of it. When
they landed in Peru, A. n. 1530, they found it governed by sovereigns called
Incas, who were revered by their subjects as divinities, but they were soon
subdued by their invaders under the command of Francis Pizarro. The
cruelties practised by the new adventurers wherever they appeared, will be
a reproach to Spain for ever.* Spanish America has successfully asserted
its freedom within the present century. It first declared its independence
in 1810; and the provinces assembled, and proclaimed the sovereignty of the
people in July, 1814; since when, although the wars of rival and contending
chiefs have been afflicting the country, it has released itself from the yoke
of Spain for ever. Its independence was recognized first by the United
States, chiefly through the influence of H. Clay; by England, in 1823, et seq. ,-
and by France, Sept. 80, 1880. See Brazil, Colombia, Lima, Peru, &e.

AMERICAN LITERATURE. The American Almanac for 1840 gives a list of
776 names of American authors who had died previous to that year. This
did not include authors of mere pamphlets, which would have swelled the
number three-fold; but the “authorship ” of many in the list was of very
moderate amount or value. Of the 776 names, there were writers on Theo-
logy, Sermons, &c.. 2-59; Poetry, 57; History and Biography, 80; Politics
and Law, 77. [In these numbers, writers on two or more of the subjects are
repeated]

AMETHYSTS. When thisrstone was first prized is not known; it was the ninth
in place upon the breastplate of the Jewish high priests, and the name
Issacltar was engraved upon it. It is of a rich violet color, and according
to Plutarch, takes its name from its color, resembling wine mixed with water.
One worth 200 rix dollars having been rendered colorless, equalled a dia-
mond in lustre valued at 18,000 gold crowns—Dc Boot Hist. Gemmm'um.
Amethysts were discovered at Kerry, in Ireland, in 1755.~Bu7-as.

AMIENS, PEACE or, between Great Britain, Holland, France and Spain; the
preliminary articles, fifteen in number, were signed by lord Hawkesbury and
M. Otto, on the part of England and France, Oct. 1, 1801; and the definitive

treaty was subscribed on March 27, 1802, by the marquis Cornwallis for
England, Joseph Bonaparte for France, Azara for Spain, and Schilnmelpen—
11inch for Holland.

AMMONITES. Descended from Ammon, the son of Lot; they invaded the
; land of Canaan and made the Israelites tributaries, but they were defeated .

 

t ‘ Las Casas, in describing the barbarity of the Spania rds while pursuing their conquests, records
many instances of it that fill the mind With horror. in Jamaica, he says, they hanged the unre-
3, sisting natives by thirteen at a time, in honor of the thirteen apostles! and he has beheld them
”a throw the Indian infants to their dogs for food! “I have heard them,” says Las Casas, “borrcw
‘ “finals of a human being to feed their dogs, and have seen them the next day return a quarter 01
f midi-rum.» the lender!” ' )3

An ‘

 
 

 

165 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [ Am

. by J ephthah. 1188 B. 0. They again invaded Canaan in the reign of San],
with an intention to put out the right eye of all those they subdued, but
Saul overthrew them, 1098 B. 0. They were afterwards many times van—
quished; and Antioehus the Great took Rabboath their capital, and destroyed
all the walls, 198 B. (Jr—Josephus.

AMNEST Y. The word as well as the practice was introduced into Greece by
Thrasybulus, the Athenian general and patriot, who commenced the expul-
sion of the thirty tyrants with the assistance of only thirty of his friends:
having succeeded. the only reward he would accept was a crown made with
two branches of olive. 409 n. C.———IIume’s Essays.

AMPHICTYONIC COUNCIL: Established at Thermopylae by Amphictyon, for
the management of all affairs relative to Greece. This celebrated council,
which was composed of the wisest and most virtuous men of some cities
of Greece, consisted of twelve delegates. 1498 B. c. Other cities in process
of time sent also some of their citizens to the council of the Amphietyons,
and in the age of Antoninus Pius, they were increased to the number of thirty.
—Su1§a’as.

AMPHITHEATRES. They may be said to be the invention of Julius Cmsar
and Curio: the latter was the celebrated orator, who called the former in
full senate “ O/nnimn 77Lulicrum virum, et omnium virm‘um maliercm.” In the
Roman amphitheatres, which were vast round and oval buildings, the people
assembled to see the combats of gladiators. of wild beasts and other exhi-
bitions; they were generally built of wood, but Statilius Taurus made one
of stone, under Augustus Caesar. The amphitheatre of Vespasian was built
A. D. 79; and is said to have been a regular fortress in 1312. The amphi-
theatre of Verona was next in size, and then that of Nismes.

AMSTERDAM. This noble city was the castle of Amstel in A. D. 1100 ; and its
building, as a city was commenced about 1203. Its famous exchange was
built in 1634; and the stadthonse, one of the noblest palaces in the world,
in 1618; this latter cost three millions of guilders, a prodigious sum at that
time. It is built upon 13,659 piles, and the magnificence of the structure is,
for its size, both in external and internal grandeur, perhaps without a parallel
in Europe. Amsterdam surrendered to the king of Prussia. when that prince
invaded Holland in favor of the stadtholder, in 1787. The French were
admitted without resistance, Jan. 18, 1795. The ancient government was
restored in November, 1813. See Holland.

AMULETS, on CHARMS. All nations have been fond of amulets. The
Egyptians had a great variety; so had the Jews. Chaldeans, and Persians.
Among the Greeks, they were much used in exciting or conquering the
passion of love. They were also in estimation among the Romans—Pliny.
Ovid. Among the Christians of early ages, amulets were made 'of the wood“
of the true cross. about A. D. 328. They have been sanctioned by religiou

' and astrology. and even in modern times by medical and other sciences—-
witness the anodyne necklace, &c. The pope and Catholic clergy make and
sell amulets and charms even to this day—Ashe.

ANA‘BAPTISTS. This sect arose about A. D. 1525, and was known in England
before 1519. John of Leyden, Muncer, Storck, and other German enthusi<
asts. about the time of the reformation, spread its doctrines. The anabap-
lists of Munster (who are. of course, properly distinguished from the existing
mild sect of this name in England) taught that infant baptism was a contriv-
ance of the devil, that there is no original sin, that men have a free will in

spiritual things, and other doctrines still more wild and absurd. Munster f I:
. ‘ they called Mount Zion, and one Mathias, a baker, was declared to be the]: * 7
king of Zion. Their enthusiasm led them to the maddest practices, 3“ :4,

 

  
  
 
   
   
 
 
 
   
 
  
 
 
 
   
    
 
 
 
   

‘ .96} DICTIONARY OF DATES. 167

they, at length, rose in arms under pretence of gospel liberty. Munster was
taken about fifteen months afterwards, and they were all put to death. The
anabaptists of England differ from other Protestants in little more than the
not baptizing children, as appears by a confession of faith, published by the
representatives of above one hundred of their congregations, in 1689.

ANACl'tEONTIC VERSE. Commonly of the jovial or Bacchanalian strain,
named after Anacreon, of Tees, the Greek lyric poet, about 510 13.0. The
odes of Anacreon are much prized; their author lived in a constant round
of drunkenness and debauchery, and was choked by a grape stone in his
eighty-fifth year.—-Smnlcy’s Lives of the Pacts.

ANAGRAM, a transposition of the letters of a name or sentence ; as from Mary,
the name of the Virgin, is made army. On the question put by Pilate to our
Saviour, “ Quid est writes ?” we have this admirable anagram, “ fist vir qui
attest.” The French are said to have introduced the art as now practised, in
the reign of Charles IX., about the year 1560.—Hcaault.

ANATHEMAS. The word had four significations among the Jews: the ana-
thema, or curse. was the devoting some person or thing to destruction. We
have a remarkable instance of it in the city of Jericho (set Joshua vi. 17).
Anathemas were used by the primitive churches, A. D. 387. Such ecclesias-
tical denunciations caused great terror in England up to the close of Eliza-
beth’s reign.—Ra-pin. The church anathema, or curse, with excommunica-
tion, and other severities of the Remish religion, are still practised in Catholic
countries to this day—Ashe.

ANATOMY. The structure of the human body was made part of the philoso-
phical investigations of Plato and Xenophon; and it became a branch of
medical art under Hippocrates, about 420 B. 0. But Erasistratus andHer0«
philus may be regarded as being the fathers of anatomy: they were the first
to dissect the human form, as anatomical research had been confined to
brutes only: it is mentioned that they practised upon the bodies of living
criminals, about 300 and 293 B.C. In England, the schools were supplied
with subjects unlawfully exhumed from graves; and, until lately, the bodies
of executed criminals were ordered for dissection. The first anatomical
plates were designed by Vesalius, about A. D. 1-538. The discoveries of
Harvey were made in 1616. The anatomy of plants was discovered in 1680.
——E‘reind’s History of Physic.

ANCHORITES. Paul, Anthony, and Hilarion were the first anchorites. Many

~ of the early anehorites lived in caves and deserts, and practised great aus-
terities. Some were analogous to the fakeers, who impose voluntary pun-
ishments upon themselves as atonement for their sins, and as being accept-

. able to Gen; and their modes of torture were often extravagant and crimi-
nal. The order first arose in the fourtl‘. century.

{9* ANCHORS FOR SHIPS. are of ancient use, and the invention belongs to the
t Tuscans.-—Pliny. The second tooth, or fluke, was added by Anacharsis, the
E? Scythian.——Stmbo. Anchors were first forged in England A.D. 578. The
i anchors of a first-rate ship of war (of which such a ship has four) will
weigh 90 cwt. each, and each of them will cost £450.—-P/Lillips.

} ANEMOMETER, to measure the strength and velocity of the wind, was in-
‘3 vented by VVolfius, in 1709. The extreme velocity was found by Dr. Lin
to be 93 miles per hour. See article Winds.

ANGELIC KNIGHTS OF ST. GEORGE. Instituted in Greece, A.D. 456. The
Angelici were instituted by Angelus Comnenus, emperor of Constantinople,
‘1191. The Angelica, an order of nuns, was founded at Milan by Louisa

Win, A. n 1534.

‘8‘“ 7 .

 
  
  
    

168 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [AM

ANGELS. Authors are divided as to the time of the creation of angels. Some
will have it to have been at the same time with our world; others, before
all ages, that is, from eternity. This latter is Origen’s opinion—Care’s
Hist. Litemt. The Jews had ten orders of angels; and the popes have re—
cognized nine choirs and three hierarchies.

ANGELS, 1N COMMERCE. An angel was an ancient gold coin, weighing
four pennywcights, and was valued at 63. 8d. in the reign of Henry VI., and
at 105. in the reign of Elizabeth, 1562. The angelot was an ancient gold
coin, value half an angel, struck at Paris when that capital was in the hands
of the English, in the reign of Henry VI., 1—131.-—IVood.

ANGLING. The origin of this art is involved in obscurity ; allusion is made
to it by the Greeks and Romans, and in the most ancient books of the Bible,
as Amos. It came into general repute in England about the period of the
Reformation. Wynkin de Worde’s Treaty/56 of Fysshinge, the first book
printed on angling, appeared in 1496. Isaac Walton’s book was printed in
1658.

ANIMAL MAGNETISM. l‘his deception was introduced by father Hehl, at
Vienna, about 1774 ; and had wonderful success in France, in 1788. It had
its dupes in England also, in 1789; but it exploded a few years afterwards.
It was a pretended mode of curing all manner of diseases by means of sympa-
thetic afléction between the sick person and the operator. The effect on the
patient was supposed to depend on certain motions of the fingers and features
of the operator, he placing himself immediately before the patient, whose
eyes were to be fixed on his. After playing in this manner on the imagina-
tion and enfeebled mind of the sick, and performing a number of distor-
tions and grimaces, the cure was said to be completed—Haydn.

ANGLO-SAXONS, on ANGLES. The name of England is derived from a Vil-
lage near Sleswick, called Anglen, whose population joined the first Saxon
freebooters. Egbert called his kingdom Anglesland. Anglia East was a
kingdom of the heptarchy, founded by the Angles, one of whose chiefs,
Uffa, assumed the title of king, A. D. 575: the kingdom ceased in 792.—-See
Britain.

ANNIHILATION. The doctrine of annihilation was unknown to the Hebrews,
Greeks, and Latins: the ancient philosophers denied annihilation; the first

' notions of which are said to have arisen from the Christian theology—Dr.
Burned.

ANNO DOMINI; in the year of our Lord; used by the Christian world, and
abbreviated A. D. This is the computation of time from the incarnation of
our Saviour and is called the vulgar era ; first adopted in the year 525. See

rim. Charles III. of Germany was the first sovereign who added “in the
(ear of our Lord” to his reign, in 879.

.a‘ l‘ARCTlC. The south pole is so called, because it is Opposite to the north '

or arctic pole. A continent of 1700 miles of coast from east to west, and
64 to 06 degrees south, was discovered in the Antarctic Ocean by French
and American Exploring Expeditions, under DiUrville and Wilkes, respec-
tively on the same day, Jan. 19, 1840; a coincidence the more singular, as
the diseoverers were at a distance from each other of 720 miles. It was
coasted by captain Wilkes for 1700 miles. Mr. Briscow, of the British Navy,

fell in with land, which he coasted for 300 miles in lat. 67, long. 50, in the
year 1830.

ANTEDILUVIAN S. According to the tables of Mr. Whiston, the number of
people in the ancient world, or world as it existed previous to the Flood,

reached to the enormous amount of 549,755 millions, in the year of the world
1482. Burnet has supposed that the first human pair might have left, at the

 

 

m] DICTIONARY or DATES. 169

end of the first century, ten married couples; and from these, allowing
them to multiply in the same deeuple proportion as the first pair did, would
rise, in 1500 years, a greater number of persons than the earth was capable
of holding. He therefore suggests a quadruple multiplication only; and
then exhibits the following table of increase during the first sixteen centu-
ries that preceded the Flood :—

 

 

 

I. . . 10 V. . . 2,560 IX. . . 655,360 XIII, . . 167,142,160
II. . . 40 VI. . . .10.34O X. . 2,621,440 XIV. . 671,088,640
III. . . 160 VII. . . 40,960 XI. . 10,485,760 XV. . 2,684,354,460
IV. . 640 VIII. . 163,840 XII. . 41,943,040 XVI. . 10,737,418246

This calculation, although the most moderate made, exceeds, it will be seen,

by at least ten times, the present number of mankind, which, at the highest
estimate, amounts to only a thousand millions.

ANTHEMS, on HY MN S. Hilary, bishop of Poitiers, and St. Ambrose, were
the first who composed them, about the middle of the fourth century.—
Langlet. They were introduced into the church service in 386.——Baker.
Ignatius is said to have introduced them into the Greek, and St. Ambrose

into the Western church. They were introduced into the reformed churches
in queen Elizabeth’s reign, about 1565.

ANTHROPOPHAGI. Eaters of human flesh have existed in all ages of the
world. The Cyclops and Lestrygones are represented as man-eaters, by
Homer; and the Essedonian Scythians were so, according to Herodotus.
Diogenes asserted that we might as well eat the flesh of men, as that of

other animals; and the practice still exists in Africa, and the South Sea
Islands, &c. ’

ANTIMONY. This mineral was very early known, and applied by the ancients
to various purposes. It was used as paint to blacken both men’s and we—
men’s eyes, as appears from 2 Kings ix. 30, and Jeremiah iv. 30, and in
eastern countries is thus used to this day. When mixed with lead, it makes
types for printing; and in physio its uses are so various that, according to
its preparation, alone, or in company with one or two associates, it is suffi-
cient to answer all a physician desires in an apothecary’s shop—Boyle.
We are indebted to Basil Valentine for the earliest account of various pro-
cesses, about 1410.—Pricstle_2/.

ANTINOMIANS, the name first applied by Luther to John Agricola, in 1538.
The Antinomians trust in the gospel, and not in their deeds; and hold
that crimes are not crimes when committed by them, that their own good
works are of no effect; that no man should be troubled in conscience for
sin, and other equally absurd doctrines.

3 ANTIOCH, built by Seleucus, after the battle of Ipsus, 301 B. c. In one
day, 100,000 of its people were slain by the Jews, 145 B. c. In this city, once
it the capital of Syria, the disciples of the Redeemer were first called Chris—
'i tians. The Era of Antioch is much used by the early Christian writers
.. attached to the churches of Antioch and Alexandria: it placed the creation
‘5 5492 years 13. c.

ANTIPODES. Plato is said to be the first who thought it possible that anti-
podes existed, about 368 B. c. Boniface, archbishop of Mentz, legatepf
pope Zachary, is said to have denounced a bishop as a heretlc for maintain-
ing this doctrine, A. D. 741. The antipodes of England he to the south-east
of New Zealand; and near the spot is a small island, called Antipodes
Island.—Brookes.

ANTIQUARIES, AND ANTIQUE. The term antique is applied to the produc—

‘ tions of the arts from the age of Alexander to the'time. of the‘ irruptlon
i ir-ofthe Goths into Italy, in A. D. 400. A college of antiquarles is said to have
.ifisted in Ireland 700 years B. 0.; but this has very little pretensions to

8

 
   
  
   
  
 
   
  
    

 

[70 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [356.

credit. A Society was founded by archbishop Parker, Camden, Stowe, and‘

others, in 1572.—;S‘pclmwa. Application was made in 1589 to Elizabeth for
a charter, but her death ensued, and her successor, James I., was far from
favoring the design. In 1717 this society was revived, and in 1751 it re-
ceived its charter of incorporation from George II. It began to publish its
discoveries, &c.. under the title of Arc/mologia, in 1770. The Society of
Antiquaries of Edinburgh was founded in 1780.

ANTI—RENTISM. In Renssclaer and Delaware counties, State of New-York,
an armed resistance of the tenants (chiefly those on the Van Rensselaer
estates) to the demand for the payment of rents, commenced in 1846.
See Riots. Gov. Young pardons eighteen anti—rent rioters, and releases them
from prison, .Ian. 27, 1817.

ANTI-TRINITARIANS. Theodotus of Byzantium is supposed to have been
the first who advocated the simple humanity of Jesus, at the close of the
second century. This doctrine spread. widely after the reformation, when it
was adopted by Lzelius and Faustus Socinus. Boyle—See Av‘imts, Socini-
(ms, and Urritm’ians.

ANTWERP. First mentioned in history in A. D. 517. Its fine exchange built
in 1531. Taken after a long and memorable siege by the prince of Parma,
in 1585. It was then the chief mart of Flemish commerce, but the civil wars
caused by the tyranny of Philip II. drove the trade to Amsterdam. The
remarkable crucifix of bronze, thirty-three feet high, in the principal street,
was formed from the demolished statue of the cruel duke of Alva, which
he had himself set up in the citadel. Antwerp was the seat of the civil war
between the Belgians and the house of Orange, 1830—31. In the late revolu—
tion, the Belgian troops having entered Antwerp, were opposed by the
Dutch garrison, who, after a dreadful conflict, being driven into the citadel,
cannonaded the town with red—hot balls and shells, doing immense mischief,
Oct. 27, 1880. General Chassé surrendered the citadel to the French after
a destructive bombardment, Nov. 24, 1832. See Belgium.

APOCALYPSE, the Revelation of St. John, written in the Isle of Patmos, about
A. D. 95.——Irenzc-us. Some ascribe the authorship to Cerinthus, the heretic,
and others to John, the presbyter, of Ephesus. In the first centuries many
churches disowned it, and in the fourth century it was excluded from the
sacred canon by the council of Laodicea, but was again received by other
councils, and confirmed by that of Trent, held 1545, ct seq. Rejected by
Luther, Michaelis, and others, and its authority questioned in all ages from

the time of Justin Martyr, who wrote his first Apology for the Christians in
A. D. 139.

APOCRYPHA. In the preface to the Apocrypha it is said, “ These books are
neyther found in the Hebrue nor in the Chaldé.”——Bible, 1589. The history
of the Apocrypha ends 135 B. c. The books were not in the Jewish canon,
but they were received as canonical by the Catholic church, and so adjudged
by the council of Trent, held in 1545, ct seq.—Ashe.

tPOLLINARIANS, the followers of Apollinarius, bishop of Laodicea, who
taught that the divinity of Christ was instead of a soul to him; that his
flesh was pre-existent to his appearance upon earth, and that it was sent
down from heaven, and conveyed through the Virgin, as through a channel;
that there were two sons, one born of God, the other of the Virgin, &c.
Apollinarius was deposed for his opinions in A. D. 378.

APOLLO, TEMPLES or. Apollo, the god of all the fine arts, of medicine, music, . ..

poetry, and eloquence, had temples and statues erected to him in almost

every country, particularly Egypt, Greece, and Italy. His most splendid
temple was at Delphi, built 1263 B. e.-—See Delphi. His temple at Daphnl, "

 

  
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  

l:
s‘

$1]; DICTIONARY or DATES. [71’

built 434 B. 0., during a period in which pestilence raged, was brrnf in A. n.
362, and the Christians accused of the crime—Leaflet.

APOSTLE’S CREED. The summary of belief of the Christian faith, called the
Apostle’s Creed, is generally believed to have been composed a great while
after their time.———Pa7'dmz.. The repeating of this creed in public worship
was ordained in the Greek church at Antioch, and was instituted in the
Roman church in the eleventh century; whence it passed to the church 0?"
England at the period of the reformation, in 1534.

APOSTOLICI. The first sect of Apostolici arose in the third century; the
second sect was founded by Sagarelli, who was burned alive at Parma, A. D.
300. They wandered about, clothed in white, with long beards, dishevelled
hair, and bare heads, accompanied by women whom they called their spirit-
ual sisters, preaching against the growing corruption of the church of
Rome, and predicting its downfall.

APOTHEOSIS. A ceremony of the ancient nations of the world, by which they
raised their kings and heroes to the rank of deities. The nations of the
East were the first who paid divine honors to their great men, and the
Romans followed their example, and not only deified the most prudent and
humane of their emperors, but also the most cruel and prof]igate.—~Heroditm.
This honor of deifying the deceased emperor was begun at Rome by Angus-
tus, in favor of Julius Caesar, B. c. 18.—— Tillcmont.

APPEAL OF MURDER. By the late law of England, a man in an appeal of
murder might fight with the appellant, thereby to make proof of his guilt
or innocence. In 1817. a young maid, Mary Ashford, was believed to have
been violated and murdered by Abraham Thornton, who, in appeal, claimed
his right to his wager of battle, which the court allowed; but the appellant
(the brother of the maid) refused the challenge, and the criminal escaped,
April 16, 1818. This law was immediately afterwards struck from off the
statute book, 59 George 111., 1819.

APPRAISERS. The rating and valuation of goods for another was an early
business in England; and so early as 11 Edward I. it was a law, that if they
valued the goods of the parties too high, the appraiser should take them at
the price appraised. 1282.

APRIL. The fourth month of the year according to the vulgar computation,

but the second according to the ancient Romans, Numa Pompilius having
introduced Jammn'us and Februanus before it 713 B. c.—Peac}mm.

j, AQUARIANS. A sect in the primitive church, said to have been founded by
Tatian in the second century, and who forbore the use of wine' even in the
sacrament, and used nothing but water. ‘

 

ti:
gAQUEDUCTS. Appius Claudius advised and constructed the first aqueduct,
5:;

l

which was therefore called the Appian-way, about 453 B. c. Aqueducts of
every kind were among the wonders of Roma—Livy. There are now some
' remarkable aqueducts in Europe: that at Lisbon is of great extent and
beauty; that at Segovia has 129 arches; and that at Versailles is three miles
. 1 long, and of immense height, with 242 arches in three stories. The stupen-
' dous aqueduct on the Ellesmere canal, in England, is 1007 feet in length, and
, 126 feet high; it was opened Dec. 26, 1805.
. ‘AQUITAINE, formerly belonged (together with Normandy) to the kings of
‘ England as descendants of William the Conqueror. It was erected into a.
principality in 1362 and was annexed to France in 1370. The title of duke
. of Aquitaine was taken by the crown of England on the conquest of this
‘ duchy by Henry V. in 1418; but was lost in the reign of Henry VI.

l " , A. This country is said never to have been conquered; the Arabians
, .. no figure in history till an. 622, When, under the new name of Sara.

   
   
 
  
 
   

 

uni. .
[72 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [Ana

cens, they followed Mahomet (a native of Arabia) as their general and pro‘
phet, and made considerable conquests.——Priestley.

ARBELA, BATTLE or. The third and decisive battle between Alexander the

Great and Darius Codomauus. which decided the fate of Persia, 331 13.0.
The army of Darius consisted of 1000000 of foot and 40,000 horse; the
Macedonian army amounted to only 40 000 foot and 7,000 horse—Ania».
The gold and silver found in the cities of Susa, Persepolis, and Babylon,
which fell to Alexander from this victory, amounted to thirty millions stein
ling; and the jewels and other precious spoil, belonging to Darius, sufficed
to load 20,000 mules and 5,000 camels—Plutarch.

ARCADIA. The people of this country were very ancient, and reckoned thcm~

selves of longer standing than the moon; they were more rude in their
manners than any of the Greeks, from whom they were shut up in a valley,
surrounded with mountains. Pelasgus taught them to feed on acorns, as
being more nutricious than herbs, their former food; and for this discovery
they honored him as a god, 1521 B. C. Arcadia had twenty—five kings, whose
history is altogether fabulous. The Arcadians were fond of military glory,
although shepherds; and frequently hired themselves to fight the battles of
other states—Eustatlri/us. A colony of Arcadians was conducted by (Eno-
trus into Italy, 1710 13.0., and the country in which it settled was afterwards
called ZVIagna Gracia. A colony under Evander emigrated 1244 B. c.—Idem.

ARCHBISHOP. This dignity was known in the East about A. D. 820. Atha~

nasius conferred it on his successor. In these realms the dignity is nearly
coeval with the establishment of Christianity. Before the Saxons came into
England there were three sees, London, York, and Caerleon-upon—Usk; but
soon after the arrival of St. Austin, he settled the metropolitan see at Can-
terbury, A. D. 596. ' '

ARCHDEACON S. There are sixty church officers of this rank in England,

and thirty-four in Ireland. The name was given to the first or eldest dea-
con, who attended on the bishop, without any power; but since the council
of Nice, his function is become a dignity, and set above that of priest,
though anciently it was quite otherwise. The appointment is referred to
A. D. 1075. The archdeacon’s court is the lowest in ecclesiastical polity: an
appeal lies from it to the consistorial court, stat. 24 Henry VIII. 1532.

ARCHERY. It originated, according to the fanciful opinion of the poet Clau-

dian, from the porcupine being observed to cast its quills whenever it was
offended. Plato ascribes the invention to Apollo, by whom it was commu-
nicated to the Cretans. The eastern nations were expert in archery in the
earliest ages, and the precision of the ancient archer is scarcely exceeded
by our skill in modern arms. Aster of Amphipolis, upon being slighted by
Philip. king of Macedonia, aimed an arrow at him. The arrow, on which
was written “Aimed at Philip’s right eye,” struck it, and put it out; and
Philip threw back the arrow with these words: “If Philip take the town,
Aster shall be hanged.” The conqueror kept his word.

ARCHERY IN ENGLAND. It was introduced previously to A.D. 440, and Ha

rold and his two brothers were killed by arrows shot from the cross-bows
of the Norman soldiers at the battle of Hastings, in 1066; that which killed
the king pierced him in the brain. Richard I. revived archery in England
in 1190, and was himself killed by an arrow in 1199. The victories of Crecy,
Poitiers, and Agincourt, were won chiefly by archers. The usual range of
the long-bow was from 300 to 400 yards. Robin Hood and Little John, it
is said, shot twice that distance. Four thousand archers surrounded the
houses of Parliament, ready to shoot the king and the members, 21 Rich
ard II. 1397 .—Stowe. The citizens of London were formed into companies
of archers in the reign of Edward III. : they were formed into a corporaté

 

  

    

MG] DICTIONARY 0F DATES. 1'73

body by the style of “ The Fraternity of St. George,” 29 Henry VIII. 1538.
—Nm‘lh0u/t’s History of London. -

ARCHES, TRIUMPHAL, are traced to the era of the Macedonian conquest by the
best writers. The triumphal arches of the Romans form a leading ftature
in their architecture. Those of Trajan (erected A. n. 114) and Constantine
were magnificent.

ARCHITECTURE was cultivated by the Tyrians, about 1100 B. 0. Their
King, Hiram, supplied Solomon with cedar, gold, silver, and other materials
for the Temple, in the building of which he assisted, 1015 13.0. The art
passed to Greece, and from Greece to Rome. The style called Gothic came
into vogue in the ninth century. The Saracens of Spain, being engaged
during peace to build mosques, introduced grotesque carvings, &e., and the
ponderous sublimity of bad taste; which species is known by elliptic arches
and buttresses. The circular arch distinguishes the Norman-Gothic from
the Saracenic, and came,in with Henry I. The true Grecian style did not
fully revive till about the reign of James I. 1603.

ARCHON S. When royalty was abolished at Athens, the executive govern-
ment was vested in elective magistrates called archons, whose office con-
tinues for life. Medon, eldest son of Codrus, is the first who obtained this
dignity, 1070 B. c.

ARCOLA, BATTLE or, between the French under general Buonaparte, and the
Austrians under field-marshal Alvinzy, fought N 0v. 19, 17 96. The result of
this bloody conflict, which was fought for eight successive days, was the

loss on the part of the Austrians of 12,000 men, in killed, wounded, and
prisoners, four flags, and eighteen guns.

ARCTIC EXPEDITIONS. Several have been undertaken by England, and
some by Russia and other countries. Sir Martin Frobisher was the first
Englishman who attempted to find a north—west passage to China, A. n. 1576.
Davis’s expedition to the Arctic regions was undertaken in 1585. After a
number of similar adventurous voyages, Baffin, an Englishman, attempted
to find a north—west passage, in 1016. See Bafiin’s Bag. For the subsequent
and late expeditions of this kind, including among the latter those of Buchan,
Franklin, Ross, Parry, Liddon, Lyon, Back, &c., see North— W'est Passage.

AREOPAGITZE. A famous council said to have heard causes in the dark, be-
cause the judges were blind to all but facts, instituted at Athens, 1507 B. c.
—Ar‘und. Marbles. The name is derived from the Greek Areas pagos, the
Hill of Mars, because Mars was the first who was tried there for the mur-
der of Hallirhotius, who had violated his daughter Aleippa. Whatever
causes were pleaded before them, were to be divested of all oratory and fine
speaking, lest eloquence should charm their ears, and corrupt their judg-
ment. Hence arose the most just and impartial decisions.

ARGENTARIA, BATTLE or. One of the most renowned in its times, fought in
Alsace, between the Allemanni and the Romans, the former being defeated
by the latter with the loss of more than 35,000 out of 40,000 men, A. n. 378,
~Dufi‘esnoy.

ARGONAUTIC EXPEDITION, undertaken by Jason to avenge the death of
Phryxus, and recover his treasures seized by the king of Colchis. The ship
in which Phryxus had sailed to Colchis having been adorned With the
figure of a ram, it induced the poets to pretend that the Journey of Jason
was for the recovery of the golden fleece. This is the first naval expedltlon
on record; it made a great noise in Greece, and many kings and the first
heroes of the age accompanied Jason, whose Shlp was called Argo, from Its
builder, 1263 B. c.—Dufresnoy.

'1 EGGS. This kingdom was founded by Inachus, 1856 B. c., or 1080 year: be.

 

174 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [Am

fore the first Olympiad—Blair. The nine kings from the founder were
called Inachiu’rc. of whom the fourth was Argus, and he gave his name to
the country. When the Heraclidae took possession of Peloponnesus, 3.0.
1102, Temenus seized Argos and its dependencies. Argos was afterwards a
republic, and distinguished itself in all the wars of Greece—Euripides.

Inachus founds the kingdom . B. c. 1856 I’lypermnestra, who saved her hus-
Phoroneus reigns sixty years . 180" band, while her forty-nine sisters sa-
A )is reigns thirty-five years. . . 1747 crificed theirs. (See F1ambeauz:)s.e. 1125
The city of Argos built by Argus, son Ilynceus, son of Egyptus, whose ".l‘e

of Niobe . . . . . 1711 had been preserved by his wife, {le-
Criasus, son of Argus, succeeds his thrones Danaus . . . . i125

father, and reigns

- . . . . 1641 Reign ofAbas . .
Reign of Triopas; Polycaon seizes

. l38t
Reign of Praetus, twin-brother of Aeri-

part ofthe kingdom, and calls it at- sius . . . . . . . 1361
ter his wife, Alessenia . . 1552 Bellcrophon comes to Argos; the pas-
Reign ofCrotopus . . . . 1506 sion for him ot'Sthenobrea . . 1361
Sthcnelus reigns . . . . 1485 Rebellion of Acrisius '. . . . 1314
Gelanor is deposed by Danaus . . 1474 Perseus leaves Argos, and founds My-
Feast of the Flambeaux, in honor of cenae (which see.) . . 1313

 

Argos, in modern history, was taken from the Venetians, A. D. 1686. It was
lost to the Turks in 1716, since when it continued in their hands until 1826.
Argos became united in the sovereignty of Greece under Otho, the present
and first king, January 25, 1833. See Greece.

ARIAN S. The followers of Arius, a numerous sect of Christians, who deny the
divinity ot‘CnnIsT: they arose about A. D. 315. The Arians were condemned
by the council of Nice, in 325; but their doctrine became for a time the
reigning religion in the East. It was favored by Constantine, 319. Carried
into Africa under the Vandals, in the fifth century, and into Asia under the
Goths. Scrvetus published his treatise against the Trinity, 1581, and hence
arose the modern system of Arianism in Geneva. Arius died in 336. Serve—
tus was burnt, 1553.—— Varillas, Hist (Ze Z’Hérésie. _
ARITHMETIC. Vthre first invented is not known, at least with certainty.
It was brought from Egypt into Greece by Thales, about 600 B. c. The
oldest treatise upon arithmetic is by Euclid (7th. 8th, and 9th books of his
Elemmzts), about 300 n. c. The sexagcsimal arithmetic of Ptolemy was used
A. n. 130. Diophantus of Alexandria was the author of thirteen books of
Aritlnnotical questions (of which six are extant) in 156. Notation by nine
digits and zero, known at least as early as the sixth century in Hindostan—
introduced from thence into Arabia, about 900—into Spain, 1050—into Eng-
land. 1253. The date in Caxton’s Mirrom of the World, Arabic characters,
is 1480. Arithmetic of decimals invented, 1482. First work printed in
England on arithmetic (dc Arte Supp'ntmidi) was by Tonstall, bishop of Dur-
ham, 1522. The theory of decimal fractions was perfected by lord Napier
in his It’abdolagia, in 1617.
ARK. Mount Ararat is venerated by the Armenians, from a belief of its being
the place on which N oah’s ark rested after the universal Deluge, 2347 B. 0.
But Apamea, in Phrygia, claims to be the spot; and medals have been struck
there with a chest on the waters, and the letters NOE, and two doves: this
place is 300 miles west of Ararat. The ark was 300 cubits in length, titty in
breadth, and thirty high; but most interpreters suppose this cubit to be about
a foot and a half, and not the geometrical one of six. There were, we are told,
three floors—the first for beasts, the second for provisions, and the third for
birds, and Noah’s family. It was not made like a ship, but came near the
figure of a square, growing gradually narrower to the top. There was a
door in the first floor, and a great window in the third.

ARKANSAS, one of the United States, was a part of the Louisiana, purchase.

It was made a separate territory in 1819, and was admitted into the Union
in 1836. Population in 1830, 30,388; in 1840, 97,574, including 19,935 slaves

 

 

 

HM] DICTIONARY or DATES. W5

 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
  
  
 
  
 
  
 
 
  
 
  
 
  
  
 
  
  
    
  

ARMADA, Tns INVINCIBLE. The famous Spanish armament so called con-
sisted of 150 ships, 2650 great guns, 20,000 soldiers, 8000 sailors, and 2000
volunteers, under the duke of Medina Sidonia. It arrived in the Channel,
July 19, 1588, and was defeated the next day by Drake and Howard. Ten
fire-ships having been sent into the enemies’ fleet, they cut their cables, put
to sea, and endeavored to return to their rendezvous between Calais and
Gravclines: the English fell upon them, took many ships, and admiral
Howard maintained a running fight from the 21st July to the 27th, obliging
the shattered fleet to bear away for Scotland and Ireland, where a storm dis-
persed them, and the remainder of the armament returned by the North
Sea to Spain. The Spaniards lost fifteen capital ships in the engagement,
and 5,000 men; seventeen ships were lost or taken on the coast of Ireland,
and upwards of 5000 men were drowned, killed, or taken prisoners. The
English lost but one ship—LRapin, Carla, Hume.

KRMAGH, SEE or, the first ecclesiastical dignity in Ireland, was founded by
St. Patrick, its first bishop, in 444.

ARMED N EUTRALITY. The confederacy, so called, of the northern powers,
against England, was commenced by the empress of Russia in 1780; but
its objects were defeated in 1781. The pretension was renewed, and a treaty
ratified in order to cause their flags to be respected by the belligerent p0W~
' ers, December 16, 1800. The principle that neutral flags protect neutral
bottoms being contrary to the maritime system of England, the British
cabinet remonstrated, and Nelson and Parker destroyed the fleet of Den-
mark before Copenhagen, April 2, 1801. That power, in consequence, was
obliged to secede from the alliance, and acknowledge the claim of England to
the empire of the sea; and the Armed Neutrality was soon after dissolved.

ARMENIA. Here Noah and his people resided when they left the ark, 2347
3.0. After being subject successively to the three great monarohies, Ar-
menia fell to the kings of Syria. The Armenians were the original worr
shippers of fire: they also paid great vcneration to Venus szaitis, to whose
priests even the highest classes of the people prostituted their daughters,
prior to marriage.—1Wartin’s Méwwi'res sm‘ L’Arménic. ‘

 

City of Artaxarta built . . 13.0. 186 Artaxias is deposed . . B. c. 30

Tigranes the Great reigns .. . 93 He is restored to his throne, and dies.—

He is called to the throne of Syria, as- Blair . . . . . 1
sumes the fastidious title of“ King of Reign of Venones a. n. 16
Kings,” and is served by tributary Zenon reigns . . . . 18
irinces . . . . . 83 Tigranes IV. reigns . . . 36

Tigranes defeated b Lucullus . 69 3 He is cited to Rome, and deposed . 37

Again defeated, an lays his crown at Tiridates dethroned, and Roman power
the feet of Pompey . . 66 paramount in Armenia . . 62

His son, Artavasdes, reigns . 54 Armenia reduced to a Persian province

Artavasdes assists Pompey against Ju- under Sapor . . . 365
lius Caesar . . . . 48 Subdued by the Saracens . . 687

Artavasdes assists the Parthians against lrruption of the Turks . . 755
Mare Antony . . . 36 Again made a Persian province, under

Antony subdues, and sends him loaded Uflhn Cassanes . . . 1472
with silver chains to Egypt, to grace Subdued by Selim ll. . . 1522
his triumph . . . . 31 Overrun by the Russians . . 1828

The Armenian soldiers crown his son, ; Surrender of Erzeroum . July 1829
Artaxias ‘ . . . 33 i (See Syrian)

ARMEN IAN ERA commenced on the 9th of July, A. n. 552: the Ecclesiastical
year on the 11th August. To reduce this last to our time, add 551 years
and 221 days; and in leap years subtract one day from March 1 to August
10. The Armenians use the old Julian style and months in their corre-

spondence with Europeans.

_‘ MMILLARY SPHERE- Commonly made of brass, and disposed in such a.
-. I ”manner that the greater and lesser circles of the sphere are seen in their

 

 

, 76 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [Aifii

natural position and motion, the whole being comprised in a. frame It in
said to have been invented by Eratosthenes, about 255 B. C.

ARMINIANS (the) chiefly contend for the doctrine of universal redemption,
and generally espouse the principles of the Church of England: especially
asserting the subordination of the Christian church to the civil powers.
They also contend for the (floaty of good works, as well as their necessity, in
securing man’s salvation. James I. and Charles I, favored the doctrines of
the Arminians; and the principles of the sect prevail generally in Holland
and elsewhere, though condemned at the synod of Dort (see Dart) in 1618.
Arminius, who was a divinity professor at Leydcn, died in 1609.—»—andt.

ARMORIAL BEARINGS became hereditary in families at the close of the
twelfth century. They took their rise from the knights painting their ban-
ners with different figures, and were introduced by the Crusaders, in order
at first to distinguish noblemen in battle A. D. 1100. The lines to denote
colors in arms, by their direction or intersection, were invented by Colum-
biere in 1680. Armorial bearings were taxed in 1798—and again in 1808.
ARMOR. The warliie Europeans at first despised any other defence Than
the shield. Skins and padded hides were first used; and brass and iron
armor. in plates or scales, followed. The first body-armor of the Britons
was skins of wild beasts, exchanged, after the Roman conquest, for the
well—tanned leathern cuirass.—’1‘(tcitqts. This latter continued till the Anglo-
Saxon era. Hengist is said to have had scale armor, A. D. 449. The heavy
cavalry were covered with a coat of mail, Henry III. 1216. Some horsemen
had visors, and skull caps, same reign. Armor became exceedingly splendid
about 1350. The armor of plate commenced, 1407. Black armor, used,
not only for battle, but for mourning, Henry V. 1413. The armor of Henry
VII. consisted ofa cuirass of steel, in the form of a pair of stays, about 1500.
Armor ceased to reach below the knees, Charles I. 1625. In the reign of
Charles II. otlicers were no other armor than a large gorget, which is commem-
orated in the diminutive ornament known at the present day.~Meyric/t.

ARMS. The club was the first offensive weapon; then followed the mace,
battle-axe, pike, spear, javelin, sword, and dagger. Among ancient missiles
were bows and arrows. Pliny ascribes the invention of' the sling to the
Phoenicians. See the various weapons through the volume.
ARMY. Ninus and Semiramis had armies amounting to nearly two millions of
fighting men, 2017, B. c. The first guards and regular troops as a standing
army were formed by Saul, 1093 I}. c.—Eusebiurs. One of the first standin
armies of which we have any account, is that of Philip of Macedon. The
first standing army, existing as such, in modern times, was maintained in
France by Charles VII. in 1445. Standing armies were introduced by
Charles I. in 1638; they were declared illegal in England, 31 Charles II.
1679. The chief European nations have had in their service the following
armies: Spain 150,000 men; Great Britain, 310,000; Prussia, 350,000; Tur-
key, 450 000; Austria, 500,000; Russia, 560.000; and France, 680,000.
ARMY, BRITISH. Statement of the effective military strength of the United King-
dom at the decennial periods respectively mentioned, and of the sums voted
for military expenditure, drawn from parliamentary returns and other official
records:

178-0, Time of war; troops of the line . . amount 110,000 men . . sum voted £7,847,000

1800, War . . . . . . ditto 168,000 men. . ditto 17,973,000
1810, \Var; army, including foreign troops ditto 300,000 men . . ditto 26,748,000
1815, Last year of the war . . . ditto 300,000 men . . ditto 39,150,000
1820, Time of peace; war incumbrances . ditto 89,100 men . . ditto 18,253,000
1830, Peace . . . . ditto 89,300 men . . ditto 6,991,000

In 1845, the army, of all ranks, numbered 100,011 men; and the sum voted"
was £4,487,753. See Militia and Volunteers.

 

 

All DICTIONARY 0F DATES. 177

ARTILLERY. The first piece was a small one, contrived by Schwartz, a Ger-
man cordelier, soon after the invention of gunpowder, in 1380. Artillery
was used, it is said, by the Moors at Algesiras, in Spain, in the siege of
1341; it was used, according to our historians, at the battle of Cressy, in
1316, when Edward III. had four pieces of cannon, which gained him the
battle. We had artillery at the siege of Calais, 1347. The Venitians first
employed artillery against the Genoese at sea, 1377—— Voltaire. Cast in
England, together with mortars for bomb—shells. by Flemish artists in Sussex,
15-13.—R_I/77L6)‘)S Fwdem. Made of brass, 1635; improvements by Browne,
1728. See- Iron.

ARTS. See Literature. In the eighth century, the whole circle of sciences was
composed of these seven liberal arts, namely—grammar, rhetoric, logic,
arithmetic. music, geometry, and astronomy.——Har7"/.'s. The Royal Society
ot'England (which see) obtained its charter April 2, 1668. The Society of
Arts to promote the polite arts, commerce, manufactures, and mechanics,
was instituted in 1754; it originated in the patriotic zeal of Mr. Shipley, and
of its first president, lord Folkstone. The first public exhibition by the
artists of the British metropolis took place in 1760, at the rooms of this
society, and was repeated there for several years, till, in process of time, the
Royal Academy was founded. See Royal Academy. The Society of British Art-
ists was instituted May 21, 1823 ; and their first exhibition was opened April
19,1824.——See Britt's/L Jl/Iuseum; Britt's/I, Institution; National Gallery, (9-6.

ARUNDELIAN MA RBLES; containing the chronology of ancient history from
1582 to 355 B. c., and said to have been sculptured 264 B. 0. They consist of
37 statues, 128 busts, and 250 inscriptions, and were found in the Isle of
Paros. in the reign of James I., about 1610. They were purchased by lord
Arundel, and given to the university of Oxford, 1627. The characters are
Greek, of which there are two translations: by Sclo’en, 1028; by Pridcauat,
1676.—See Kidd’s Tracts,- and Parson’s Treatise, 1789.

ASCALON, BATTLE or; in which Richard I. of England, commanding the Chris-
tian forces, defeated the sultan Saladin’s army of 800,000 Saracens and other
infidels. No less than 40000 of the enemy were left dead on the field of
battle; and the victorious Richard marched to Jerusalem, A. D. 1192— ymer.

ASH—WEDNESDAY. The primitive Christians did not commence their Lent
until the Sunday, now called the first in Lent. Pope Felix III., in A. D. 487,
first added the four days preceding the old Lent Sunday, to complete the
number of fasting days to forty; Gregory the Great introduced the sprink-
ling ot‘ ashes on the first of the four additional days, and hence the name of
Dies Ciazyerum, or Ash-Wednesday: at the Reformation this practice was
abolished, “as being a mere shadow, or vain show.”

ASIA; so called by the Greeks, from the nymph Asia, the daughter of Oceanus
and Tethys, and wife of Japhet. Asia was the first quarter of the world
peopled; here the law of GOD was first promulgated; here many of the
greatest monarchies of the earth had their rise; and from hence most of
the arts and sciences have been derived.——Pardon.

ASPERNE, BATTLE or, between the Austrian army under the archduke Charles,
and the French, fought on the 21st May, 1809, and two following days. In
this most sanguinary fight, the loss of the former army‘exceeded 20,000
men, and the loss of the French was more than 30,000: it ended in the defeat
of Bonaparte, who commanded in person, and was the severest check that he
had yet received. The bridge of the Danube was destroyed, and his retreat
endangered; but the success of the Austrians had no beneficial effect on
the subsequent prosecution of the war.

i_ ASSASSINATION PLOT. A conspiracy so called, formed by the earl of Ayles-
’ tbury and others to assassinate king William 111., near Richmond, Surrey, as
3*

   
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
   

17.8 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [m
he came from hunting. The object of the conspiracy was to have been con—
summated February 15, 1695—6, but for its timely discovery by Prendergast.
—-—I[t'st. England.

ASSASSIN S. A tribe in Syria, a famous heretical sect among the Mahometans,
settled in Persia, in A. D. 1090. In Syria, they possessed a large tract of land
among the mountains of Lebanon. They murdered the marquis of Mont—
ferrat in 1192; they assassinated Lewis of Bavaria in 1213; the khan of
Tartary was murdered in 1254. They were conquered by the Tartars in
12-57 ; and were extirpated in 1272. The chief of the corps assumed the
title of “Ancient of the IWmmtatns.”

ASSIENTO. A contract between the king of Spain and other powers, for fur-
nishing the Spanish dominions in America with negro slaves—Burke. It
began in 1689, and was vested in the South Sea Company in 1713. By the
treaty of Utrecht it was transferred to the English, who were to furnish
4800 negroes annually to Spanish America. This contract was given up to
Spain at the peace in 1748. See Guinea.

ASSIGN ATS. Paper currency, to support the credit of the republic during the
revolution, ordered by the National Assembly of France, April, 1790. At
one period the enormous amount of eight milliards, or nearly 350 millions
of pounds sterling of this paper were in circulation in France and its depen-
dencies.—Alison.

ASSUMPTION. A festival observed by the church of Rome in honor of the
Virgin Mary, who, as the Catholics believe, was taken up to heaven in her
corporeal form, body and spirit, on August 15, A. D. 45. Mary is reported to
have been in her 75th year. The festival is said to have been instituted
in 813.

ASSURANCE. See Insurance. The practice is of great antiquity. Suetonius
ascribes the contrivance to Claudius Caesar, A.D. 43. It is certain that assu-
rance of ships was practised in the year 45. The first regulations concern-
ing it are in the Lea; Olerzm, by which it appears to have been known in
Europe very generally in 1194. The custom ofLombard-street was made a.
precedent for all policies at Antwerp, and in the Low Countries; but the
first statute to prevent frauds from private assurers was made 43 Elizabeth,
1601.———]llolineaurc’s Len; filercatoria.

ASSYRIAN EMPIRE. This is the earliest recorded empire—that of Bacchus
wanting records. It commenced under Ninus, who was the Jupiter of the
Assyrians, and the Hercules of the Chaldeans, 2069 B. c. It arose out of the
union of two powerful kingdoms, Babylon and Assyria, or Nineveh, the latter
founded by Ashur, and ending with Sardanapalus, 820 13.0. When this last—
named prince was conquered by Arbaces, he shut himself up in his palace,
with his coneubines and eunuchs, and causing it to be set on fire, they all
perished in the flames. On the ruins of the empire were formed the Assy-
rians of Babylon, Nineveh, and the Median kingdom.—Lenglet.

 

The tower of Babel built—Genesis x.

6; xi. 1.—Blair - - B. c. 2247
The kingdom of Babylon begins - 2245
Astronomical observations begun by

the Chaldeans - - - 2234
Belus reigns 55 years.— Usher -
Ninus, son of Belus, reigns in Assyria,

 

 

Babylon and makes it the seat of her

dominion—Lenglet - B. c. 2017
Semiramis invades Libya, Ethiopia,

and India—Langlet - - - 1975
The Arabs seize Nineveh - - - 1937

2124 Belochus, the last king of the race of

Ninus.~— Blair - - - - 1446

and names his ca ital after himself - 2069 He makes his daughter, Artossa, sur-

Babylon taken by inns, who, having
subdued the Armenians, Persians,
Bactrians, and all Asia Minor, estab-
lishes what is pro erly the Assyrian
monarchy, of whic Nineveh was the
seat of empire.~—Bla.ir - - 2059

finnuramis enlarges and embellishes

named Semiramis 11., his associate
on the throne - - - - 1433

Belatores reigns - - . - 1421
* * 9! *

l:
The prophet Jonah a m the
streets of Nineveh ---5 air - - 840

Nineveh taken-by Arbaces . ' .2820

 

 

"W1 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. 179‘

ASSYRIA, PROPER. After the destruction of the first Assyrian monarchy, Phul,

the last king’s son, was raised to the throne by the N inevites, 777 B. c., and
the kingdom continued until 621 B. 0., when Sarac, or Sardanapalus 11., being
besieged by the Modes and Babylonians, put his wife and children to death,
and burnt himself in his palace, a fate somewhat similar to that of Sarda-
napalus I. See preceding article. Nineveh was then razed to the ground,
and the conquerors divided Assyria.——Btair. It was finally conquered by
the Turks in 1637 A. D.—Priesz'lcg/.
Phul raised to the throne, about the Sennacherib invades J udca, and his ge-
year.—-—Blui1‘ - - B. c. 777 ncral, Rabshakeh, besieges Jerusa-

lIe invades Israel, but departs without
drawing a sword—Blair ; 2 Kings
xv. 19, >20 - - - -
Tiulath~Pileser invades Syria, takes
Damascus, and makes great con-

770

lein, when the angelot' the Lord in one
night destroys 180,000 of his ariny.-—
Isaiah xxxvii. - - 13.0. 710
[Commentators suppose that this mes-
senger of death was the fatal blast

 

quests - - - - 740 known in eastern countries by the
Shalmanezer takes Samaria, transports name of Samieh]

the people, whom he replaces by a Esar-haddon invades J udea, and takes

colony of Cutheans and others, and Babylon—Blair - - - 690

thus finishes the kingdom of Israel. He invades Judea —B[az'r - - - 677
--Blaz'r - - - - - 721 Iiolofernes is slain by Judith - - 677
He retires from before Tyre, after a Saosduchinus reigns—Usher - - 667
siege of five years—Blair - - 713 Nineveh taken, and razed to the ground 6‘21

ASTROLOGY. Judicial astrology was invented by the Chaldeans, and hence

was transmitted to the'Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans. It‘ was much in
vogue in France in the time of Catherine de Medicis, 1533.—ngtault. The
early history of astrology in England is very little known: Bede was addicted
to it, 700; and so was Roger Bacon, 1260. Cecil, Lord Burleigh, calculated
the nativity of Elizabeth; and she, and all the European princes, were the
humble servants of Dec, the astrologer and conjurer. But the period of the
Stuarts was the acme of astrology in England—Sir Walter Scott has made
ample use of sir William Lilly, the noted astrologer, in his tales of this
period; and it is certain that Lilly was consulted by Charles I. respecting
his projected escape from Carisbrook castle in 1647.—Fergasmt.

ASTRONOMY. The earliest accounts we have of this science are those of

Babylon, about 2234 B. c.————Blair. The study of astronomy was much ad-
vanced in Chaldaea under Nabonassur ; it was known to the Chinese about
1100 B. 0.; some say many centuries before. Lunar eclipses were observed
at Babylon with exceeding accuracy, 720 B. c. Spherical form of the earth,
and the true cause of lunar eclipses, taught by Thales, 640 3.0. Further
discoveries by Pythagoras, who taught the doctrine of celestial motions, and
believed in the plurality of habit-able worlds, 500 B. C. Hipparchus began
his observations at Rhodes, 167 B. C.—began his new cycle of the moon in
143, and made great advances in the science, 140 13.0. The precession of
the equinoxes confirmed, and the places and distances of the planets discov-
ered, by Ptolemy, A. D. 130. After the lapse of nearly seven centuries, during
which time astronomy was neglected, it was resumed by the Arabs about 800;
and was afterwards brought into Europe by the Moors of Barbary and Spain,
but not sooner than 1201, when they also introduced geography.

The Alphonsine tables (whzch see) were The transit of Venus over the sun’s disk
composed - - - A. n. 1284 first observed by Horrox, Nov.24 AJ). 1639

Clocks first used in astronomy, about - 1500 Cassini draws his meridian line, after

True doctrine of the motions of the pla— Dante—See Bologna - - - 1655
netary bodies revived by Copernicus 1530 The aberration ol the light of the fixed

The science greatly advanced by Tycho stars discovered by liorrebow . 1659
Brahe, about - - - - 1582 Discoveries of Picart - . . 1559
True laws of the planetary motions, by Map of the moon constructed by Heve-
Kepler - - - ~ - 1619 has - - -_ . . 1570
Telescopes and other instruments used Motion of the sun round its own axis
in astronomy, about - - - 1627 proved by Halley . . . 1676

The discoveries of Galileo were made Discoveries of Huyvens . . . 1685
about. _. _. .. . - 1631 Newton’s armpit? published, mam

 

180

ASTRONOMY continued.

system as now taught incontrovertibly

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

[ A‘m“

Herschel, March 13.—See Georgium

established - - - A. D. 1687 Sidus - - - - 1781
Catalo'rue of the stars made by Flam- Mécanique Celeste, published by La.
stem - - - - - 1688 Place - - - - - 1796
Satellites of Saturn, &c. discovered by Ceres discovered by Piazzi, Jan 1 - 1801
Cassini - - ~ - — 1701 Pallas, by Dr. Olbers, March 28 . 1802
Aberration ofthe stars clearly explained Juno, by Harding, Sept. 1 - - - 1801
by Dr. Bradley . - - - 1737 Vesta, by Olbers - - - 1807
Celestial inequalities found by La Neptune, by Le Verrier - - — 1846
Grange - - - - 1780 United States astronomical expedition

Uranus and satellites discovered by

to the South Hemisphere. under Lieut.
Gillies, left Baltimore July 18 - - 1849

The distance of the fixed stars is supposed to be 400,000 times greater from
us than we are from the sun, that is to say, 38 millions of millions of miles;
so that a cannon-ball would take near nine millions of years to reach one of
them, supposing there were nothing to hinder it from pursuing its course

thither.

As light takes about eight minutes and a quarter to reach us from

the sun, it would be about six years in coming from one of those stars ; but
the calculations of later astronomers prove some stars to be so distant, that
their light must take centuries before it can reach us; and that every par-
ticle of light which enters our eyes left the star it comes from three or four

hundred years ago—Objects of Science.
ASYLUMS, on PRIVILEGED PLACES.

At first they were places of refuge for

those who, by accident or necessity had done things that rendered them

obnoxious to the law.

God commanded the Jews to build certain cities for

this purpose. The posterity of Hercules is said so have built one at Athens,
to protect themselves against such as their father had irritated. Cadmus
built one at Thebes, aud Romulus one on Mount Palatine. A while after the
coming of Christianity into England, superstitious veneration ran so high,
that churches, monasteries, church—yards, and bishops’ houses became asy-
lums to all that fled to them, let the crime be what it would; of which very
ill use was made, both by the clergy and laity. In London persons were
secure from arrest in particular localities: these were the Minories, Salis—
bury-court, Whitefriars, Fulwood’s—rents, Mitre-court, Baldwin’s-gardens,

the Savoy, Clink, D‘adman’s—placc, Montague-close, and the Mint.

This

security was abolished A.D.1696; but the last was not wholly suppressed
until the reign of George I.—See Privileged Places and Sanctuaries.

ATHANASIAN CREED AND CONTROVERSY. The great controversy regard—
ing the divinity of Christ, arose and extended between A. n. 333 and 351.
Athanasius. who was a native of Alexandria, encountered great persecution
at the hands of the Arians for his religious doctrines, and was exiled for

them again and again.

The creed which goes by his name is supposed by

most authorities to have been written about the year 340; but it is affirmed
by other writers to be the compilation of an African bishop in the fifth cen-

tury—Du, Pin.

ATHEISM. This absurd doctrine has had its votaries and its martyrs.

Spiv

nosa, a foreigner, was its noted defender in the 17th century. Lucilio Vanini
publicly taught atheism in France, and was condemned to be burnt at Tou~
louse in 1619. Mathias Knutzen, of Holstein, openly professed atheism, and
had upwards of a. thousand disciples in Germany about 1674; he travelled
to make proselytes, and his followers were called Consciencimes, because

they held that there is no other deity than conscience.

Many eminent men

of various countries have been professors of Atheism, and even in England
we have had writers tinctured with it.—Riclzm-dso-n. Ashe. “Though a small
draught of philosophy may lead a man into atheism, a deep draught will
certainly bring him back again to the belief of a God.”-—Lord Baton. “ Si

 

m] DICTIONARY or DATES. 181" '

 

Dieu n’existait pas il faudmit l’ineenter :” If a God did not exist, it would
be necessary to invent one.——- Voltaire.

I ATHENZEA. These were great festivals celebrated at Athens in honor of
Minerva. One of them was called Panathenaea, and the other Chalcea;
they were first instituted by Erectheus or Orpheus, 1397 n. 0.; and Theseus
afterwards renewed them, and caused them to be observed by all the people
of Athens, the first every fifth year, 1234 B. c.—-Platarch.

ATHENZEUM. A place at Athens, sacred to Minerva, where the poets and
philosophers declaimed and recited their compositions. The most celebrated
Athenaea were at Athens, Rome, and Lyons: that of Rome was of great
beauty in its building, and was erected by the emperor Adrian, A.D. 125.—
Tillemon-t’s sze of Adrian.

ATHENS. The once celebrated capital of ancient Attica, whose magnificent
ruins yet attest its former grandeur—the seat of science and theatre of valor.
The first sovereign of whom we have any knowledge is Ogyges, who reigned
in Boeotia, and was master of Attica, then called Ionia. In his reign a deluge
took place (by some supposed to be no other than the universal deluge, or
Noah’s floodl that laid waste the country, in which state it remained two
hundred years, until the arrival of the Egyptian Cecrops and a colony, by
whom the land was repeopled, and twelve cities founded, 1556 B. c. The first
state of Athens was under seventeen kings, comprising a period of 487 years,
but the history of its first twelve monarchs is mostly fabulous; in its second
state it was governed by thirteen perpetual archons, a period of 316 years; in
its third state by seven decennial archons, whose rule extended over 70 years,
and, lastly, in its fourth state by annual archons, who ruled for 760 years.
Under this democracy Athens became unrivalled, and her people signalized
themselves by their valor, munificence, and culture of the fine arts; and
perhaps not one other single city in the world can boast, in such a short
space of time, of so great a number of illustrious citizens. The ancients, to
distinguish Athens in a more peculiar manner, called it Astu, one of the eyes
of Greece.—PZutarc/L. The Venetians got possession of Athens in A. D. 1204, _
and the Turks in 1687.-——P7'iestleg/. It became the capital of Livadia, a pro-
vince of European Turkey; and is now that of the new kingdom of Greece,
and the seat of its legislature, established under King Otho 1., January 25th,

1833.—See Greece. For events in the history of Athens, see Tables from

f. B. o. 1556 to B. c. 21. ’

ATMOSPHERE. Posidonius first calculated the height of the atmosphere,
stating it to be 800 stadia, nearly agreeing with our modern ideas, about 79
B. c. Its weight was determined by Galileo and Terricellius, about 1630;
its density and elasticity by Boyle; and its relation to light and sound by
Hooke, Newton, and Derham. The composition of the atmosphere was
ascertained by Hales, Black, Priestley, Scheele, Lavoisier, and Cavendish;
and its laws of refraction were investigated by Dr. Bradley, 1737.

L

i

i

if ATTAINDER, ACTS or, have been passed in numerous reigns: two witnesses
E in cases of high treason are necessary where corruption of blood is incurred,
unless the party accused shall confess, or stand mute, 7 and 8 William III.
1694—5.—Blac/tstone. The attainder of Lord Russell, who was beheaded in
Lincoln’s—inn-Fields, July, 21, 1683, was reversed under William, in 1689.
The rolls and records of the acts of attainder passed in the reign of king
James II. were cancelled and publicly burnt, Oct. 2, 1695. Several acts were
reversed in subsequent reigns. Among the last acts so reversed, not the least
interesting was the attaint of the children of lord Edward Fitzgerald (who
was implicated in the rebellion in Ireland of 1798), July 1, 1819.

.:i ATTILA, surnamed the “ Scourge of God,” and thus distinguished for his eon-
quests and his crimes, ravaged all Europe, A. b. 447. He invaded the Ro-

ATV»;

 

   

182 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [AUG

man empire with an army of 500.000 Huns, and laid waste all the provinces.
He died on the night of his nuptials with a. beautiful virgin named Ildico,
about A. D. 458.——Goldsmith.

ATTORNEY-GENERAL. A great officer of the crown, appointed by letters
patent. It is among his duties to exhibit informations and prosecute for
the king in matters criminal; and to file bills in Exchequer, for any claims
concerning the crown. in inheritance or profit; and others may bring bills
against the king’s attorney. The first Attorney-General was William de
Gisilham, 7 Edward I. 1278.—Bca{son.

ATTORNEYS. The number practising in Edward III.’s reign was under 400
for the whole kingdom. In the 82d of Henry VI. 1454, a law reduced the
practitioners in Norfolk, Norwich, and Suffolk, from eighty to fourteen, and
restricted their increase. The number of attorneys now practising in Eng-
land, or registered, or retired, is about 13,000. The number sworn, and
practising or retired in Ireland, is stated at 2000. A list 0f19,527 “practis-
ing lawyers” in the United States is given in the Lawyer’s Directori , 1850.

ATTRACTION. Copernicus described attraction as an appetence or appetite
which the Creator impressed upon all parts of matter, about 1520. It was
described by Kepler to be a corporeal affection tending to union, 1605. In
the Newtonian philosophy, it is an original power which restores lost motion;
a principle whereby all bodies mutually tend to each other.—-—See Astra/1.07119.

AUCTION, a kind of sale known to the Romans. The first in Britain was
about 1700, by Elisha Yale, a governor of Fort George, in the East Indies, of
the goods he had brought home with him. Auction and sales’ tax began, 1779.

AUERSTADT, BATTLE OF. In this most sanguinary conflict between the French
and Prussian armies, they were commanded by their respective sovereigns,
and Napoleon obtained a decisive victory. The Prussians were routed on
every side, and lost 200 pieces of cannon, thirty standards, and 28,000 pri-
soners, leaving 30,000 slain upon the field, Oct. 14, 1806. The French
emperor immediately afterwards entered Berlin, from whence he issued his
memorable Berlin decree.——See Berlin Decree.

AUGSBURG CONFESSION or FAITH. The confession of articles of faith
drawn up at Augsburg by Melancthon, and by him and Luther presented to
the emperor Charles V. in 1530. It was divided into two parts, the first
consisting of twenty-one articles, and the second of seven, directly opposed
to the abuses that had crept into the Church of Rome. The elector of Sax-
ony, his son. and several other princes of Germany, signed this confession,
which was delivered to the emperor in the palace of the bishop of Augs-
burg. and hence it is called the Confession of Augsburg.

AUGSBURG, LEAGUE or. A memorable treaty concluded between Holland
and other European powers, which had for its object the causing the trea—

ties of Munster and N imeguen to be respected, 1686.———See Munster and Ni-
megaen. '

AUGURY. Husbandry was in part regulated by the coming or going of birds,
long before the time of Hesiod. Augurs instituted at Rome, with vestals
and several orders of the priesthood, by nma, 710 n. C. There was a com-
munity of them, appointed to foretell events by the flight of birds, and
other circumstances. The king Car, from whom Caria in Asia Minor is
named, was the inventor of augury by birds.——Vossius. The augurs of
Rome drew omens from the phenomena of the heavens, the chirping and
flight of birds, and various strange casualties—Livy. ’

AUGUST. The eighth month of the year. It was dedicated to the honor of
Augustus Czesar, from whom it was named in the year 8 B. 0., because in
this month he was born, was created consul, or chief magistrate, thrice

 

'1
a
V53}:
3‘.
3

 
  
 
 
 
 
    
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
  
 
 
 
   

 

 

we] DICTIONARY or DATES. 18$

triumphed in Rome, subdued Egypt to the Roman empire, and made an

.end of the civil wars. It was previously called Scrutilis, or the sixth from
March.

AU STERLIT Z, BATTLE or, between the French and Austrian armies, gained by

the former. Three emperors commanded at this battle, Alexander of Bus
sia, Francis of Austria, and Napoleon of France. The killed and wounded
exceeded 40,000 on the side of the allies, who lost, besides, forty standards,
150 pieces of cannon, and many thousands of prisoners. This decisive vic-
tory of the French led to the treaty of Presburg, which was signed Dec. 26,
same year. The battle was fought Dec. 2, 1805. See Presbmng.

AUSTRALASIA, includes New Holland, Van Diemen’s Land, New Guinea,

New Britian, New Zealand, &c., mostly discovered within two centuries. 01
a population of twenty—two millions, the native inhabitants are not supposed
to exceed one hundred thousand. Several settlements from Europe have
been made since the commencement of the present century. Act to pro-
vide for the government of Western Australia, 10 George IV. 1820. Act
to erect South Australia into a British province, 4 and 2 William IV. 1834.
New act, 5 and 6 William IV. 1835. Several companies and institutions con-
nected with Australia have lately been formed in London.

AUSTRIA, anciently the Belgic Gaul of the Romans. . It was taken from Hun-

gary and annexed to Germany, when it received its present name, about A. 1),
10—10. This was after Charlemagne had re-cstablished the Western Empire,
Austria being a part Of what was called Eastern France, which its name in
the German language implies. '

Rodolpli, count of Hapsburg, seizes i The emperor issues his declaration

Austria from Bohemia, and makes

himself archduke - - - 1273
Revolt 01' Switzerland from the house

of Austria, in the reign of Albert 1. - 1307 ,
Albert II. duke of Austria, succeeds to ‘

three crowns— the imperial, and

those of Hungary and Bohemia; his

. But restore it at the peace

against France - ~ Aug. 5, 1805
Napoleon, after many victories, enters

Vienna ~ . Nov. 14, 1805
Vienna evacuated by the French,

Jan.12, 1806
They again capture it - May 13, 1809

0a. 24, 1809

family still possess the empire, - 1438 Napoleon marries the archduchess
Burgundy accrues to Austriaby the 4‘ Maria Louisa, the daughter of the
marriage of Maximilian With the emperor - - April 1,1810

heiress of that province . - 1477 ‘ Congress at Vienna - Oct. 2, 1814
Also Spain, by the marriage of Philip Treaty of Vienna Feb. 25, 1815

I. of Austria with lheheiress of Ara- , Death of Francis I., and accession of

gen and Castile - - - 1496 l Ferdinand - - March 2, 1835
Charles V., reigning over Germany, New treaty of commerce with England

Austria, Bohemia, Hunger , Spam, July 3, 1838
the Netherlands, and their ependen- Ferdinand is crowned with great splen-
cies, abdicates, and retires from the dor at Milan - - Sept. 0, 1838

world, leaving his German dominions
to his brother Ferdinand, and Spain
and the Netherlands to his son, Philip
II.—See Spain - - -
The Protestant princes of Germany,
being oppressed b the house of Aus-
tria, call in the ai of Gustavus Adol-

Tumult at Vienna, agitation for re-
forms; Metternich resigns and flies;
freedom of the press and national

1557 guard granted by the emperor

March 13, 1848

The emperor publishes, at Milan, abo-
lition of the censorship and conven-

phus of Sweden, and this leads to the tion of the states; the people demand
treaty of Westphalia - - - 16.48 more, and are refused March 18, “

Leopold I reigns—See Germany - 1658 Milan revolts, and contends successfull

Accession of Francis, duke of Lorraine, with the soldiery - March 2 , “
who marries the celebrated queen of Austrians retire to Mantua; Milan'en-
Hungary, Maria Theresa, daughter of tered by Charles Albert of Sardinia
the deceased emperor, Charles VI. - 1745 March 23, “

Reign of Joseph 11. - - 1765 Lombardy and the Tyrol in rebellion
Religious toleration granted - - 1776 , . March, “
The emperor controls the pope - 1782 ' The emperor retires to Innsbruck
Reign of Leopold II. - - - 1790 _ May 13,, “
Reign of Francis 11. - - - 1792 ' Austrian army under Radetsky holds in

Austria becomes a distinct empire, and
Francrs H. officrmany takes the title
of 1. of Austria -

check Charles Albert of Sardinia, in
Lombardy - - May ~-— “

Aug. 9, 1804 ‘ Is defeated and driven to Mantua May 29, "

 

 

 

184 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [azo‘

AUSTRIA, continued.

Diet of the Croatian-Slavonic nation Ferdinand I. abdicates; his brother,
summoned by the Ban of Croatia Francis Charles, declines the throne;
May 20, 1848 it is taken by his son, Francrs Joseph
Insurrection at Rome; order re-csta- ‘ Dec. 2,1848
blished after bombardment, June 12-15 “ The emperor gives a new constitution
Vicenza and Padua subdued by Ra— . March 4—6, 1849
detsky - - - June “ . Haynau takes Brescia, after great
Milan retaken - - Aug. 4, “ , slaughter, and sacks it March 30, “
The emperor returns to Vienna “ 12, “ Bologna taken, after a. siege of 8 days
Insurrection at Vienna; Count Latour, May 16, “
minister of war, killed by the mob; , Haynau takes command of the Aus-
the diet demands the retraction of the trian army in Hungary June —, “
measures against Hungary, and a Ancona taken, after bombardment
new ministry; the emperor flies June 11, “
Oct. 6, “ Venice taken by Radetsky Aug. :22, “
The Hungarian army advanced within Hungarian war finished by the surren~
six miles of Vienna - Oct. 11, “ tier of Gorgey - Aug. 11, “
Prince VVindischgratz appointed com- Followed by numerous executions.
mantler-in-chiel', Oct. 16; and be- See Germany, Vienna, &c.
sieges Vienna, 17th; bombards the ,
city and masters it Nov. 2, “

Before the establishment of the Confederation of the Rhine in 1806, Fran-
cis ceased to be emperor of Germany, and became hereditary emperor of
Austria, under the title of Francis 1. Upon the formation of the Germanic

Confederation in 1815, the emperor of Austria was declared hereditary head
of that body.

AUTHORS. For laws securing copyright, see Copyright and Literary Property.

AUTO DA FE. See Inquisition. The punishment, often by burning alive, of
a heretic. This is called an act of Faith, and is coeval with the Inquisition;
and since its first practice in A. D. 1203, more than one hundred thousand
victims have been sacrificed by the sentence of the Inquisitions of Roman
Catholic countries on the burning pile. One of the last executions of this
kind was at Goa, where, for the glory of the Christian religion (1) and in
vindication of the Catholic faith, twenty sufferers perished in the flames,

1787. These horrible sacrifices have ceased in Spam—Ashe.

AVIGN ON, ceded by Philip III. of France to the Pope in 1273. The papal seat
was removed for seventy years to Avignon, in 1308. It was seized several
times by the French, by whom it was taken from the pope in 1760, but was
restored on the suppression of the Jesuits, 1773. Declared to belong to
France by the National Assembly, 1791. Horrible massacres in October of
that year. Continued to France by the Congress of sovereigns, in 1815.

AXE, WEDGE, WIMBLE, doc. These instruments, with the lever, and "ML i
one others of a coarse construction, and still in common use, are said to

have been invented by Daedalus, an artificer of Athens, to whom also is
ascribed the invention of masts and sails for ships, 1240 B. c. '

AZORES, on WESTERN ISLES, supposed to be the site of the ancient Ata- l
lantis: they were discovered by Vandenburg, A.D. 1439; and were settled ‘
by the Portuguese, in 1448. Martin Behem found one of them covered with i
beech-trees, and he called it therefore Fag/a1; another abounding in sweet 1
flowers, and he therefore called it Flores ,- and all full of hawks, and he
therefore named them the Azores. A violent concussion of the earth took l
place here for twelve days, in 1591. A devastating earthquake, in 1757.
Here are fountains of boiling water. A volcano at St. George’s destroyed
the town of Ursulina, May, 1808; and in 1811, a volcano appeared near St.
Michael’s in the sea, where the water was eiwhty fathoms deep. An island
called Sabrina gradually disappeared, Dec. 1812.

 
 
  
  

 

Ban] DICTIONARY or DATES. 185

B.

BABEL, r1111 Towsn 01', built by Noah’s posterity, 2247 B.C. The temple of
Belus, o1iginally this celebiated tower, 11 .1s the most magnificent in the
world; it had lofty spi1Ls, and 11 as emiched 111111 many statues of gold one
of them to1t) feet high. In the upper pa1t of this temple was the tomb of
the founder, Belus (the Nimrod of the sac1cd Scr‘iptmes), 11110 11 as deified
after death; and in an adjoining apartment was a magnificent bed, whither
the priests daily conducted a female, who, as they pretended, was there
honored with the company of the god—Blair.

BABINGTON‘S CONSPIRACY, formed in the cause of Mary against Elizabeth,
for which the chief conspirator, with thirteen others, suffered death. Bab-
ington was a gentleman of Derbyshire, and he associated with persons of his
own persuasion (the Roman Catholic), with a design to assassinate the
queen and deliver Maiy. He seems to have been p1incipally induced to

i this rash conspiracy by a romantic hope that Many, in g1atitude, would
‘ accept of him as a husband. 1586.

BABYLON EMPIRE or, founded by Belus supposed to be the Ninnod of holy
w1it the son of Chris and grandson of Ham, 2215 B. c. —Le/zolct. N inus of
Assyiia seized 011 Babylon, and established what was p10pc1ly the Assy—
rian empire, by uniting the two s0ve1eignties, 2059 13. 0. According to
Eusebius this empire existed 1240 years; according to Justin, 1300 years;
according to Herodotus, 500 or 600 years. Of these opinions Blair has
adopted the 111st,11hich calculates 110111 the foundation of the empire by
Ninus B. c. 2059, to the close of the reign of Sardanapalus who was de-

t111011ed by his gener,als and his kingdom divided into the Assyrian, Baby-
lonian, and Median kingdoms, 820 B. 0. —See Ass 17m;

The tower of Babel b iilt - B. c. 2247 and names his capital after himself,

The kingdom of Baby 1011 begins - 2245 Nmet'eh. —-Lenvlet - - B. 0. 2069

Ashur builds a city, alterwards called Babylon taken by‘inus - ~ - 2059
Nineveh - - 2245 The Assyrian empire ends - - 820

The asnonomical observations are be- Belesis govems in Babylon - - 766
gun at Babylon by the Chaldeans. —- Babylon taken by Esar- haddon - - 680
Blair; Leng let - - - 2234. Nebuchadnezzar 1eigns - ~ - 604

Belus, king of Assylia, extends his em~ He takes Jerusalem —Lenglet - - 587
pire over the neighbming states, de- . He is driven from among men ~ 569
feats the Babylonians, aand makes Babylon taken by the Medes and Per-
them tributary. —Ushe1' - - 2124 s1ans, under Cy1 us - 538

Ninus, son of Belus, reigns in Assy1ia, Taken by Darius. —Usher - - 511

The city of Babylon was, anciently, the most magnificent in the world; and
in later times famous for the empire established under the Seleucidae. Its
greatness was so reduced in succeeding ages, that Pliny says, in his time it
was but a desolate wilderness; and at present the place where it stood is
scarcely known to travellers. —Rollin’s Ancient Hist.

BACCHANALIA games celebrated in honor of Bacchus. They arose in
Egypt. and were brought into Greece by Melampus, and we1e there called

Diam/sia, about 1415 B. c. —Dz'odo7 us. They we1e celebrated in Rome under
the name of Bacclmnalia

BACHELORS. The Roman censors fiequently imposed fines on unmarried
men, and men of full age were obliged to marry. The Spartan women at
certain games laid hold of old bachelors, dragged them round their altars,
and inflicted on them various marks of infamy and disgrace. —Vossius. After
twenty-five years of age, a tax was laid upon bachelors 1n England 121.105.
1‘01 3. duke, and for a common peison, one shilling, 7 William III. 1695

Bachelors were subjected to a double tax on their male and female servants,
in 1785

BACKGAMMON. Palamedes of Greece is the reputed inventor of this game
(decidedly one of the oldest known to our times), about 1224 13.0. It is

 

186 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [hm

stated by some to have been invented in Wales in the period preceding the
Conquest—Henry.

BADAJ OS, SIEGE or. This important barrier fortress had surrendered to the
French, March 11, 1811, and was invested by the British under lord Wel-
lington on March 18, 1812, and stormed and taken on April 6, following.
This victory was not only a glorious military achievement in itself, but it
obliged the French, who had entered Portugal for the purpose of plunder,
to commence a precipitate retreat from that kingdom.

BADEN, HOUSE OF, descended from Herman, son of Berthold I. duke of Zah-
ringen, who died A. D. 1074. From Christopher, who united the branches
of Hoehberg and Baden, and died in 1527, proceed the branches of Baden~
Baden, and Baden-Dourlach. This family makes a most conspicuous figure in
the annals ot’Germany, and is allied to all the principal families in the empire.

BADEN, TREATY or, between France and the emperor, when Landau was
ceded to the former, Sept. 7, 1714. Baden was formerly a margravate; it
was erected into a grand duchy, as a member of the Rhenish Confederation,
in 1806. Its territorial acquisitions by its alliances with France, were gua-
ranteed by the congress of Vienna, in 1815. The grand Duke granted his
people freedom of the press, a burgher guard, trial by jury, and the right
of public meeting, Feb. 29. Troops revolt at Rastadt, May, 1849. Insur-
rection at Carlsruhe ;—the grand Duke flees, May 13, 1849. Insurrection
subdued by the Prussians, June, 1849.

BAFFIN’S—BAY, discovered by William Baffin, an Englishman, in 1616. The
nature and extent of this discovery were much doubted until the expeditions
ofRoss and Parry proved that Baffin was substantially accurate in his state-
ment. These voyagcrs returned home in 1818. See article North West
Passage.

BAGDAD, built by Almansor, and made the seat of the Saracen empire, A.D.
762—taken by the Tartars, and a period put to the Saracen rule, 1258. It

' has since been often taken by the Persians, and from them again by the
Turks—Blair. ” ‘

BAGPIPE. This instrument is supposed by some to be peculiar to Ireland and
Scotland; but it must have been known to the Greeks, as, on a piece of
Grecian sculpture of the highest antiquity, now in Rome, is represented a
bag-piper dressed like a modern highlander. Nero is said to have played
upon a bagpipe, A.D. 51.

BAHAMA ISLES. These were the first points of discovery by Columbus.
San Salvador was seen by this great navigator on the night of the 11th Octo-
ber, Mill—The Bahamas were not known to the English till 1667. Seized
for the crown of England, 1718, when the pirates who inhabited them sur—
rendered to Captain Rogers.

BAIL. By ancient common law, before and since the Conquest, all felonies
were bailable, till murder was excepted by statute; and by the 3d Edward
I. the power of bailing in treason, and in divers instances of felony, was taken
away, 1274. Bail was further regulated, 23 Henry VI; 2 Philip and Mary
and in later reigns.

BAILIFFS oa SHERIFFS, are said to be of Saxon origin. London had its shire-
’I'L’t‘c prior to the Conquest, and this officer was generally appointed for
counties in England in 1079. Sheriffs were appointed in Dublin under the
name ot'bailiti‘s, in 1308; and the name was changed to sheriff 1548. There
are still some places where the chief-magistrate is called bailiff. as the high
bailitl‘ot‘ Westminster. The term Bum-baihflis a corruption ofbound—bailifi',

every bailiff being obliged to enter into bonds of security for his good be-
havinr.—Blaokstone. -

 

 

ML] DICTIONARY or DATES. [87

BALANCE or POWER, to assure the independency and integrity of states, and
control ambition; the principle is said to be a discovery of the Italian poli-
ticians of the fifteenth century, on the invasion of Charles VIII. of France—
Robcrtson. By the treaty of Munster, the principle of a balance of power
was first recognized by treaty October 24, 1648.

BALLADS. They maybe traced in British history to the Anglo-Saxons.—
Tm'im‘. Andhelme, who died A. D. 709, is mentioned as the first who intro-
duced ballads into England. “The harp was sent round, that these might
sing who could.”——Bedc. Alfred sung ballads.—Malms/m7-y. Canute com-
posed one—Tamer. Minstrels were protected by a charter of Edward IV.;
but by a statute of Elizabeth they were made punishable among rogues,
vagabonds, and sturdy beggars.—~ Viner.

BALLADS, NATIONAL. “Give me the writing of the ballads, and you may
make the laws.”—F'letclwr qf swam. A British statesman has said, “Give
me the writing of the ballads of the country, and while I place at your com-
mand every other species of composition, I will fix public opinion, and rule
public feeling, and sway the popular sentiment, more powerfully than all
your writers, political and moral, can do by any other agency or influence.”
The beautiful and frequently touching ballads of Dibdin, particularly those

of the sea, inspired many a brave defender of his country in the late war;
Dibdin died Jan. 20, 1885 .

BALLETS. They arose in the meretricious taste of the Italian courts. One
performed at the interview between Hen. VIII. of Eng. &Francis I. of France,
in the field of the Cloth of Gold, 1520.——Gzticciardiai. In the next century,
they reached the summit of their glory in the splendid pomps of the courts
of Tuscany and Lorraine; and their most zealous patron, Louis XIV., bore
a part in one, 166-1.

BALLOON. Galien of Avignon wrote on aerostation, in 1755. Dr. Black gave
the hint as to hydrogen, in 1767. A balloon was constructed in France by
MM. Montgolfier, in 1783, when Rozier and the marquis d’Arlandes ascended
at Paris. Pilatre Desrozier and M. Romain perished in an attempted voyage
from Boulogne to England. the balloon having taken fire, June 14, 1785. At
the battle of Fleurus, the French made use of a balloon to reconnoitre the
enemy’s army, and convey the observations by telegraph, June 17, 179-1.
Garnerin ascended in a balloon to the height of 4,000 feet, and descended by
a parachute, Sept. 21. 1802. Gay-Lussae ascended at Paris to the height of
23,000 feet. Sept. 6, 1804. Madame Blanchard ascended from Tivoli at night,
and the balloon, being surrounded by fire-works, took fire, and she was pre-
cipitated to the ground, and killed, July 6, 1819.

BALLOON, Tue NASSAU. The great Nassau balloon. of immense dimensions,
and which had for some time previously been exhibited to the inhabitants
of London in repeated ascents from Vauxhall gardens, started from that
place on an experimental voyage, having three individuals in the car, and,
after having been eighteen hours in the air, descended at Weilburg, in the
duchy of Nassau, Nov. 7, 1836.

BALTIMORE, the third city in population and fifth in commerce in the United
States; founded 1729; named from lord Baltimore, the proprietor of the
Maryland patent. In 1765 it contained but 50 houses; chartered as a-city
in 1797. Population in 1790, 13 503; in 1810, 85,583; in 1830, 80,625; in
1840, 102,313, including 3,199 slaves. A handsome monument in the city
commemorates its successful defence against the attack of the British under
general Ross. Sept. 12, 1814.

BALTIMORE, BATTLE or, between the British army under general Ross and

. the Americans; the British in making an attack upon the town were untrue.

 

 

 

188 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [But

cessful, and after a desperate engagement were repulsed with "great loss;
the gallant general who led the enterprise was killed, Sept. 12, 1814.

BANK. The first established was in Italy, A. D. 808, by the Lombard Jews, of
whom some settled in Lombard-street, London, where many bankers still
reside. The name bank is derived from biz-mo, a bench, which was erected
in the marketplace for the exchange of money. The mint in the tower of
London was anciently the depository for merchants" cash, until Charles I.
laid his hands upon the money, and destroyed the credit of the mint, in 1610.
The traders were thus driven to some other place of security for their gold,
which, when kept at home, their apprentices frequently abseonded with to
the army. In 1645, therefore, they consented to lodge it with the goldsmiths
in Lombard-street, who were provided with strong chests for their own valu-
able wares ; and this became the origin of banking in England.—

Bank of Venice formed - - - 1157 Bank of Hamburgh - - 1619
Bank ol‘Geneva - - - 1345 Bank of Rotterdam - - 1635
Bank of Barcelona - - - 1401 Bank of Stockholm - - - 1688
Bank oI'Genoa - . - 1407 Bank of England - - - - ‘694
Bank of Amsterdam - - - 1607 Bank ofthe United States - 1791 and 1816

BANK or ENGLAND, (See preceding article,) originally projected by a mer-
chant named Patterson. It was incorporated by William III. in 1694, in con-
sideration of 1,200,000Z., the then amount of its capital, being lent to gov-
ernment The capital has gone on increasing from one period to another up
to the present time, as the discretion of parliament allowed; and the same
authority has also at different intervals prolonged the privileges of the bank,
and renewed its charter. When first established the notes of the bank were
at 20 per cent. discount; and so late as 1745, they were under par. Bank
bills were paid in silver, 1745. The first bank post-bills were issued 1754;
small notes were issued 1759; cash payments were discontinued February 25,
1797, when notes of one and two pounds were put into circulation. Silver
tokens appeared in January, 1798; and afterwards Spanish dollars, with the
head of George III. stamped on the neck of Charles IV., were made current.
Cash payments were resumed partially, Sept. 22, 1817, and the restriction
had altogether ceased in 1821. For a number of years the financial mea-
sures of the crown have been largely aided by loans from this great reser-

voir of wealth. The average amount of the Bank of England notes in cir-
culation is as follows:—

In 1718 (earliest account) - £1,829,930 In 1815 ~ - - - $526,803,520
1778 - - ~ - 7,030,680 1820 - . - - 27,174,000
1790 . - - - 10,217,000 1830 - - - - 20,620,000
1800 . - . . 15,450,000 1835 . . . . 18,215,220
1810 - - - - 23,904,000 1840 - - - - 17,231,000

The circulation of notes, in 1845, exceeded 27 millions, and the bullion in
the bank fluctuated between 15 and 16 millions. The returns of issues, 650.
are now made weekly. To secure the credit of the Bank it was enacted,
“that no- other banking company should consist of more than six persons,”
6 Anne 1707. There are branch banks of the Bank of England in many of
the chief towns of the kingdom; as Birmingham, Bristol, Exeter, Glouces-

ter, Hull, Leeds, Liverpool, Manchester, Newcastle, Norwich, Swansea, &e.,
all formed since 1828. See Funds.

BANK or THE UNITED STATES, first one established 1791. Cap. $10,000,000.
—A new one with cap. of $35,000,000, 1816. The act of Congress rechar-
tering it vetoed by president Jackson, July 10,1832. The “removal of
the deposits ” of the U. S. government from the bank, by order of presi-
dent Jackson, signed by R. B. ’I‘aney, secretary of the Treasury, (W. J.
Duane the late secretary having refused to sign the order,) Sept. 23, 1833.
Resolution of the Senate that the removal was uncalled for, and the respon-
sibility assumed by the president unconstitutional, &c., introduced by Mr

 

   

. w] DICTIONARY or DATES. 189

Webster and passed (26 to 20) March 28, 1834. Senate refused to enter on
their journal the president’s protest against their resolution, May 7, 1834.
Noted resolution of the Senate “ expunging ” from their journals their reso-
lution of 1834, passed 24 to 19, Jan. 16, 1837.——Sub-’1‘reasury Bill passed
Jan. 1840, repealed Aug. 9, 1841. The U. S. Bank newly incorporated by
Pennsylvania, March 20, 1836: suspended payment Feb. 5, 1841. Bill for
establishing a “Fiscal Bank of the U. S.” passed the House of Representa—
tives Aug. 6, 1841 ; vetoed by president. Tyler Aug. 16. Another bill for 3
“Fiscal Corporation ” vetoed Sept. 9, 1841, followed by a resignation of all
the Cabinet, except Mr. Webster.

BANKRUPTCY. Suspension of specie payments by the banks of New Eng-
land and N ew-York, May 10—16, 1837 ;—legalized for one year by legisla-
ture of N. Y. Banks of Philadelphia, Baltimore, &c., also suspended same
month. General bankruptcy law passed by Congress Aug. 9, 1841.

, BANKRUPTS, IN ENGLAND, first law enacted regarding them, 35 Henry VIII.

. 1543. Again, 3 of Elizabeth, 1560; again, 1 James I. 1602; again, 1706;
and more recently. It was determined by the King’s Bench that a bankrupt
may be arrested except in going and coming from any examination before
the commissioners, May 13, 1780. The lord chancellor (Thurlow) refused
a bankrupt his certificate because he had lost five pounds at one time in
gaming, July 17, 1788. Enacted that members of the house of commons
becoming bankrupts, and not paying their debts in full, shall vacate their
seats, 1812. The new bankrupt bill, constituting a new bankrupt court,
passed October 1831.——Slazfulcs at Large.

NUMBER OF BANKRUPTS IN GREAT BRITAIN AT DIFFERENT PERIODS.

1700 . - - - 381 1800 . - - 1339 1830 - - 1467
1725 - . - - 416 1810 - - - - 2000 1835 - - - 954
1750 - - - - 432 1820 - - - 1358 1840 . - 1308
1775- - - - - 520 1825 - - - - 2083 l 1844 - - - 1064

According to a return to parliament made at the close of February 1826,
there had become bankrupt in t/Lefom- moat/Ls preceding, 59 banking—houses,
comprising 144 partners; and 20 other banking establishments had been
declared insolvent. Every succeeding week continued to add from seventy
to a hundred merchants, traders, and manufacturers to the bankrupt list.
This was, however, the period of bubble speculation, and of unprecedented
commercial embarrassment and ruin.

BANNOCKBURN, BATTLE or, between king Robert Bruce, of Scotland, and

Edward II. of England; the army of Bruce consisted of 30,000 Scots, and

s that of Edward of 100,000 English, of whom 52,000 were archers. The

1‘; English crossed a rivulet to the attack, and Bruce having dug pits, which

he had covered, they fell into them, and were thrown into confusion. The

rout was complete, the king narrowly escaping, and 50,000 English were
killed or taken prisoners, June 25, 1314.——Ba7‘b0u¢.

b“ BANNS. In the feudal law, banns were a solemn proclamation of any thing,
. p and hence arose the custom of asking banns, or giving notice before marriage.
9% The use of matrimonial banns is said to have been introduced into the .Galli-
" can church, about A. D. 1210; and banns of marriage are proclaimed in the
church of England to this day.

BAPTISM. The sacrament of admission instituted by Christ and practised by
all sects professing Christianity, except Quakers. St. John, the forerunner
of our Saviour, is eminently called the Baptist, as being the first that publicly
baptized with a spiritual intention. Christ came from Galilee to Jordan,
and was baptized by J ohn, A. D. 30. Originally the people were baptized in

“rivers; but in the reign of Constantine, A. D. 319, in great cities they built

traiupels, or places specially to baptize in, which in the eastern countries was -

 

      
   
   

L90 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

by dipping the person all over. Now, in the western and colder parts, they
use sprinkling; at tirst every church had not a baptistery belonging to it;
our fonts answer the same end—Pardon.

BAP’I‘IS’I‘S, on ANABAP'l‘lSTS, a sect distinguished from other Christians by their
opinions respecting baptism, began their doctrine about A. n. 15:15, but much
earlier dates are mentioned. They suffered much persecution in England in
the sixteenth century. Rhode Island, America, was settled by Baptists in
10:35. Of Baptist missions, it may be said, that the Moravian brethren led
the way to their benevolent enterprises, about 1732.—See Anabaptists.

BARBADOES, the first English settlement in the West Indies. This mother
plantation gave rise to the sugar trade in England about 1605; and was,
with other Caribbee islands, settled by charter granted to the earl of Marl-
borough, 2 Charles I. 1627. Barbadoes has suffered severely from elemental
visitations: in a dreadful hurricane in 1780, more than 4000 of the inhabit-
ants lost their lives. A large plantation with all its buildings was destroyed,
by the land removing from its original site to another, and covering every
thing in its peregrination, Oct. 1781. An inundation, Nov. 1705; and two
great tires, May and Dec. 1796. Awful devastation, with the loss of thou-
sands ot' lives, and of immense property, by a hurricane, August 10, 1831.
The history of [Hi/rte and Yarico, which Addison, in his Spectator, has re-
corded for the detestation of mankind, took its rise in this island.

BARBER. This trade was practised at Rome in the third century B. c. In
England, barbers formerly exhibited a head, or pole, at their doors; and the.
barber's pole until lately used by them was a burlesque imitation of the
former sign.

BARBER—SURGEONS. Formerly the business ot‘a surgeon was united to that
of a barber. and he was denominated a barber—surgeon. A company was
formed under this name in 1308, and the London company was incorporated,
1st Edward IV. 1161. This union of profession was dissolved by a statute
of Henry VIII.

BARDS. The profession of hard appeared with great lustre in Gaul, Britain,
and Ireland. Demodocus is mentioned as a hard by Homer; Alexander the
Great had a bard named Cherylus; and we tind bards, according to Strabo,
among the Romans before the age of Augustus. The druids among the
English \vere philosophers and priests, and the bards were their poets.
They were the recorders of heroic actions. in Ireland and Scotland. almost
down to our own times. Ossiau flourished in the third century, Merlin in
the fifth. The former speaks of a prince who kept a hundred bards. Irish
sonnets are the chief foundations of the ancient history of Ireland—See
Ballads.

BARNET. BATTLE or, between the houses of York and Lancaster, when Ed-
ward IV. gained a decisive and memorable victory over the earl of War-
wick= Easter-day, April 14, 1471.———Br00/ts.

BAROMETERS. Torricelli, a Florentine, having discovered that no principle
of suction existed, and that water did not rise in a pump owing to nature’s
abhorrencc of a vacuum, imitated the action of a pump with mercury, and
made the first barometer, in 1613, and Descartes explained the phenomena.
Wheel barometer-s were contrived in 1668; pendant barometers in 1605;
marine in 1700.

‘iRON S. The dignity of baron is extremely ancient: its original name in
England was Vavasom', which, by the Saxons was changed into T/ume, and
by the Normans into Baron. Many of this rank are named in the his-
tory of England, and undoubtedly had assisted in. or had been summoned
to parliament; but such is the deficiency of public records, that than“

 

u

 

  
 
 
 
 
 
    

    

u] DICTIONARY or DATES. 191

precept to be tbund is of no higher date than the 49th Henry 111., 1265. The
first who was raised to this dignity by patent was John de Beauehamp,
created Baron of Kidderminster, by Richard 11., 1387. Barons first sum-
moned to parliament, 1205. Took arms against king John, and com-
pelled him to sign the great charter of our liberties, and the charter of the
forests, at Runnymede, near Windsor, June 1215. Charles 11. granted a
coronet to barons on his restoration : they attended parliament in complete
armor in the reign of Henry llI.—Bcatsour.

BARON ETS, the first among the gentry, and the only knighthood that is here-
ditary: instituted by James I., 1611. The barenets of Ireland were created
in 1619. Baronets of Nova Scotia were created, 1625.

BARRISTERS. They are said to have been first appointed by Edward I.
about 1291; but there is earlier mention of professional advocates in Eng-
land. There are various ranks of barristers, as King’s Counsel, Ser-
geants, &c.

BARROW’S STRAITS. Discovered by Parry, who penetrated as far as Mel-
ville Island, in lat. 74° 26’ N ., and long. 113° 47’ W. The strait was entered
on the 2d August, 1819. The lowest state of the thermometer was 55°
below zero of Fahrenheit.

BARTHOLOMEW, MASSACRE on ST. This dreadful massacre in France com-
menced at Paris on the night of the festival of St. Bartholomew, August 24,
1572. More than seventy thousand Hugonots, or'French Protestants. were
murdered throughout the kingdom, by secret orders from Charles TX, at
the instigation of the queen-dowager, Catherine de Medicis, his mother.
The masaacre was attended with circumstances of demoniacal cruelty, even
as regarded the female and the infant.

BASTILE or PARIS. A royal castle, built by Charles V. king of France, in

1369, et seq. for the defence of Paris against the English, completed in 1888.

It was afterwards used as a state prison, like the Tower of London, and be-

came the scene of the most deplorable suffering and frightful crimes. It

was of such strength that Henry IV. and his veteran army assailed it in

vain in the siege of Paris, during the intestine war that desolated France

between the years 1587 and 1594 ; yet it was pulled down by the infuriated

populace, July 14, 1789, and thus was commenced the French revolution.

5 On the capture of this great monument of slavery, the governor and other

officers were seized, and conducted to the Place de Greve, and having had

their hands cut off, they were then beheaded. The furious citizens having

fixed their heads on pikes, carried them in triumph through the streets.

“ The man with the iron mask,“ the most mysterious prisoner ever known,
died here, November 19, 1703.—~See Iron Mask.

‘ BATAVIA. The capital of Java, and of all the Dutch settlements in the East
Indies, fortified by that people, 1618. Twelve thousand Chinese massacred
here in one day, 1740. Taken by the English, January, 1782. Again, by
the British, under general sir Samuel Auchmuty, to whom the garrison
, surrendered, Aug. 8, 1811.

BATHS, long used in Greece, and introduced by Mzeccnas into Rome. The

' therma) of the Romans and gymnasia of the Greeks were sumptuous. The

marble Laocoon was found in the baths of Titus, and the Farnese Hercules
in those of Caracallar—Simbo.

BA‘FI‘EL ROLL. After the battle. of Hastings, whicn decided the fate of
‘ England, and subjected it to the Norman yoke, a list was taken of William’s
a . chiefs, amounting to 629, and called the Battel-roll; and among these chiefs
, the lands and distinctions of the followers of the defeated Harold were dis.
‘ i'fi'ibuted, 1966.

 
 
    
   
   
   

:r'

”W.

 

   

192 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [m

BATTLE, WAGER or. A trial by combat, formerly allowed by English laws, ,
where the defendant in an appeal of murder might fight with the appellant, "l
and make proof thereby of his guilt or innocence. In a case of appeal of 7'
murder, Ash 0rd v. Thornton, before the King’s Bench in London, April 1818,
the court a1 owed that the law gave the defendant a right to his wager of
battle; but the appellant, the brother of a lovely girl, whom Thornton had
first violated and then murdered. not accepting the challenge, the murderer

was discharged. A statute was immediately passed, putting an end to this
mode of trial, 59 George 111., 1819.—Statates at large.

BATTERING-RAM. Testudo Arietaria, with other military implements, some
of which are still in use, invented by Artemones, about 441 B. c. These
ponderous engines by their own weight exceeded the utmost effects of our
battering cannonr—Desaguliers. Sir Christopher Wren employed a batter-

ing-ram in demolishing the old walls of St. Paul’s church, previously to re-
building the new edifice in 1675.

BATTLES. Palamedes of Argos was the first who ranged an army in a regu-
lar line of battle, and placed sentinels round a camp, and excited the sol-
dier’s vigilance by giving him a watch-word.-—Lenglet. The following are

the principal and most memorable battles mentioned in general history, and
are those also that are most commonly referred to:

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
  
  

 

B. c. A. D.
Actium (the empire of Rome is con- _ Berwick - - - - - 1378
firmed to Augustus) - - - 31 Bilboa (British legion) Dec. 24, 1836
Arbela (Fall of Persia) - - - 331 Blackhea.th(Cornis/z Rebels defeated) 1497
A. n. Blackrock (Amer. ‘3‘ Brit.) - Dec. 3, 1813
Aboukir (Turks) - July 26, 1799 Bladensburg - - - Aug. 24, 1814
Acre (Siege commenced) - Mar. 18, 1799 Blenheim (Afar-thorough) Aug. 2, 1704
—— (Sir Sydney Smith) May 27, ibid Borodina - - ~ Sept. 7, 1812
— (Storming qf) - Nov. 3, 1840 Bosworth - - Aug. 22, 1485 .
Adrianople (Constantine) - - 323 Bothwell Bridge, Scotland - - ~ 1679
Albuera - - - May 16, 1811 Boyne,Ireland - - July 1, 1690
Alford (Covenanters) - July 2, 1645 Bovines (French and Germans) - - 1214
Alexandria (Abercrombie) - 111111221, 1801 Boxtel - - - Sept. 17, 1794
——— (Abercrumbie) May 17, 1799 » Brandywine - - - Sept. 11, 1777
Algiers (Exmauth) - - Aug. 27, 1816 Brechin, Scotland - - - 1452
(French) - July 4, 1830 Brenau (Austrians and Bavarians) - 1743

Altlerton Moor - - — - 1643 Breslau - - - Nov. 22, 1757
Agincourt - - Oct. 25, 1415 Briar’s Creek - - - - 1779
Aliwal (India) - - Jan. 20, 1846 Brienne - - - Feb. 29, 1814
Almanza,, in Spain - April 4, 1707 Bridgewater (Americans and British)
Amoy (City Ia/cen) - - Aug. 27, 1841 July 25, 1814
Almeida - - - Aug. 5, 1811 Buena. Vista (Amer. and Mexicans)
Anjou, or Breagne - - - - 1421 Feb. 22, 1847
Antoign - - - Aug. 13, 1792 Buenos Ayres (Papham) - June 21, 1806
Arco a

 

 

‘ - - - Nov. 19, 1796 (PVhiteloc/c) July 6, 1807
Ascalon (Richard I.) - Sept. 3, 1191 Bunker’s Hill - - June 17, 1775

 

 

Assaye ( l’Vellesley) - - Sept. 23, 1803 Busaco - - - Sept. 27, 1810
Auerstadt - - Oct. 14, 1806 Brownstown (Canada) - Aug. 8, 1812 -
Augsburg - - - Aug. 24, 1796 B. c.
Austerlitz - - Dec. 2, 1805 German (Victory quannz'bal) - 216
Badajos - - - Mar. 11, 1811 Carthage (taken by Publius Scipio) - 146
Balkan, passage of the - July 26, 1829 Choeronea (Tolmtdas) - - - 447
Baltimore - - - Sept. 12, 1814 — (Philip) - - - - 338
Bannockburn - - June 25, 1314 ——— (Sylla) - - - 86 f
Barnot (Edward IV.) - April 14, 1471 Guides (Lysander killed) - - - 394 g ,
Barrosa - ~ - Mar. 6, 1811 Cranon, in Thessaly - - - 322
Bautzen - - - May 20, 1813 Cyzicum - . . . . 406 ‘_
Bayonne - - - Mar. 19, 1794 A.D. l;
Belgrade - - - - - 1456 Calais taken - - -Jan. 7, 155 .
-—-——— - . - - - 1717 Calcutta (India) - . June 1756 .
Bennington (Amer. (5‘ Brit.) - Aug. 1777 Camden (Amer. (3‘ Brit.) - Aug. 16, 1780 ~
Bergen - - - April 13, 1759 —-— (Amer. 6' Brit.) - April 25, 1781

- Sept. 19 and Oct. 2, 1799 Campo Santo - - . - 1743
Bergen-op-Zoom (taken) 1747 Canton (Bogueforts taken) Feb. 26, 1841

 

 

. . - - 'Mar. 6, 1814 Castel Nuovo - . Sept. 29.11306 -
Beresma - . - Sept. 7, 1812 Castella - . - April 13, 1813 . _

5

w

Cl] DICTIONARY OF DATES. 193
BATTLES, continued.

A. D. A. n.

Cassano (Prince Eugene) - - 1705 J arnac - - - Mar. 3, 1569

Castlebar (French) - - Aug. 28, 1798 Jemappe - - Nov. 5, 1792

Castiglione - - July 2, 1796 Jena - - - - Oct. 14, 1806

Castiilon, in Guienne - - - 1453 Ket and Warwick ‘ - - 1549

Cliarlerm - - - - 1690 Killiecrankie, Scotland - July 27, 1689

Charleroi Fleurus . - June 17, 1794 Kowno - - - Dec. 111-, 1812

Charleston (taken by the British) Krasnoi - - Nov 16, 1812

May 12, 1780 B. o.

Chepultepcc (Am. é‘fller.) Sept. 12—14, 1848 Leuctra - ~ - - - 370

Chippewa - July 5 and 2.3, 1814 A. D.

  
  
  
   
  
    
 
  
  

t

. ; Issun (110,

.— . . . - Oct. 1814
Ciudad Rodrigo (invested) June 11, 1812
— (stormed) - Jan. 19, 1812

 

 

 

Clontarf, Ireland ~ - - 1039
Constantina (Algiers) - Oct. 13, 1837
Contreras (Amer. and Mexicans) - 1848
Corunna, (M'oore) - - Jan. 16, 1809
Cowpens (Amer. 13‘ Brit.) - - 1781

Craney island (Americans and Brit.)
June 21, 1813
Cressy (Ich Dz'en) - - Aug. 25, 134-6
Culloden (Pretender) - April 16, 1746
Cunnersdorf - - - Aug. 12, 1759
Detroit (surrendered) - Aug. 16, 1812

Dettingen (George II.) - - - 1743
Dresden - - » Aug. 26, 1813
Dreux. in France - - - - 1562

storm) - 1649

Drogheda (taken b1 .
Dumblain (Sheriff/Muir) - Nov. 12, 1715

 

 

Dunbar - - - Sept. 3, 1650
(King of Scots taken) - - 1296
- , Siege of, - - - 1337
Dungan Hill - - - July 10, 1647
Dunkirk - - - Sept. 7, 1793
Dunsinane - - - - - 1054
Durham, Nevil’s Cross - - 1346
Eastport (Americans and British)
July 1814
Edgehill tight - - Oct. 23, 1642
Erie, Fort - - - Aug. 15, 1814
Erzeroum‘ Turks and Prussians) - 1745
Eutaw Springs - - - - 1781
Evesham - - Aug. 4, 1265
Eylau - - -' Feb. 8, 1807
Fairfield (Amer. (5‘ Brit.) - 1779

Falkirk, (W’allace) - - July 22, 1298
Flatbush, L. I. (Am. (3' 37‘2".) Aug. 27, 1776

Flodden - - Sept. 9, 1513
Fontainebleau - - Feb. 17, 1814
Fontenoy - - - April 30, 1745
Fort du Quesne - - July 9, 1755
French Town, Canada ~ Jan. 22, 1813
Friedburar - . June 4, 1745
irriediami‘ . . . June 14, 1807

B. c.
Granicus- - - - - 334

A. D.
Germantown - - - Oct. 4, 1777
Gisors (Dieu et mon droit) - - 1198
Guilford - - Mar. 16, 1781

Halidon Hill, Berwick - July 19, 1333
Halle (Bernadette) - - Oct. 17, 1806
Hanau ( Wrede) - Oct. 29, 1813
Hastings (Con uest) - Oct. 14, 1066
Hexham ( Yor ists defeated) May 15, 1464
Hochkirchen - - Oct. 14, 1758

Hohenlinden . . Nov. 3, 1800
B. c.

" 'lpsus (Anti onus slain) - . . 301
Persians slain) . 333

9

 

LaiTeldt (Dulce (J Cumberland) - - 1747
Landshut (Prussians and Austrians) 1745

 

(Austrians) - April 21, 1809
Langside - - May 13, 1568
Leipzic - ~ - Oct. 16, 1813
Lepanto (Greeks) - - May 9, 1829
Lewes - - - May 14, 1264
Lexington (Amer. revolution) April 19, 1775
Ligny - — - June 16. 815
Lincoln - - - Feb. 2, 1141

 

- - - May 19, 1217
Lisle (taken by the Allies) - - 1708

Lissa - - Dec. 5, 1796
Lodi - - - May 10, 1757
Long Island - - - Aug. 27, 1776
Lutzen - - - May 2, 1813
Lutzingen (Gustavus slain) - - 16.32

13. e.
Mantinea (Epaminondas slain) - 363
Manda, in Spain - - - - 45

A. D.

McIIenry, Fort (Americans and Brit.)

Oct. 13, 1814
Malplaquet (Marlborough) - - 1709
Manheini - ~ - May 30, 1793
—- - - July 12, 1794
- - - Sept. 23, 1795
Mantua - - ~ May 29, 1796
- - - Jan, 31, 1797

 

 

 

Marengo - - - June 14, 1800
Marignan, Italy - - Sept. 15, 1515
Marston Moor - - July 3, 1644
Mexico . - Sept. 12—14, 1848

 

Milan - - - April 27, 1799
Minden - - - Aug. 1, 1759
Mittau (Swedes and Russians) - 1705
Mockern - - - April 1, 1813

— - ,_ - Oct. 14, 1813
Mohartz, Hungary - - - - 1687
Molwitz - - April 10, 1741

Monmouth (Amer. (5* Brit.)- June 28, 1778
Monterey (Mexico) - Sept. 24, 1846
Montmorenci - - Aug. 10, 1759
Moodkee, India - . Dec. 18, 1845
Morea (Castle surrenders) Oct. 28, 1828
Moscow (burnt) - Sept. 4, 1812
Moskwa - - - Sept. 7, 1812
Moscow (retaken) - Oct. 22, 1812
Narva (Charles XII. of Sweden) - 1700
Naseby - - - June 14, 1645
Newark - - - - - 1644

Newbury - - - - - 1643
—— (second battle) - Oct. 20, 164-!

New London (burnt by the British) - 1731

 

New Orleans - . Jan 8, 1815
Niagara, Fort - - - Nov. 1813
Nisbet ‘ - - May 7, 1402

Norfolk (burnt by the British) June 1779
Northallerton, (or the battle of the
Standard) - ~ - ‘ - 1138

 

194

THE VVORLD’Sv PROGRESS.

BATTLES, continued.

BAVARIA, HOUSE 01‘.

 

A. D.
Norwalk (burnt bythe Brz'l.)A ugh" N2, 1779
Novi (Suwarrow) - Aug.16, 1799
- - Jan. 8, 1800
Ogdensburg (Br 772's]; and Ame7 icans)
Feb.2 ,1813 :
Oporto - - Muyll, 1809 1
OLLerburn (Chevy Chase)- - - 1308 l
Oudenui‘d (.Marlbmough) July 11, 1708 ,
B. c.
Pliarsalia - - 48

Philippi (Roman Republic ends) - 42 .
71.1).
Palo Alto (lst qf'Amer. (3‘ 11172:.) May 8, 1846
Parma (Austrians and French) - 1734
(Suwar7ow)- - July 1' '3, 1799 '
PaLay (Joan qf' A70 and the Englzsh) 1429 1
Pav1a(F7 enc/z andAustz 22772.9) Feb 24, 1525 7
Pensacola (la/.en by genm al Jackson)

 

 

 

 

 

Nov. 20, 1814
Peterwarden - . Aug.5,1717 .
Pfaffendorf - - - Aug. 15, 17601
Pinkey - - - Sept. 10, 1547‘
Platisbui‘g (Americans and British) 7
Sept 11,1814!
Poitiers’ - - ~ Sept 19,1356
Prague ‘- - - hov.9, 1620
- - - Mayfi, 1757
Piinceton (Amer. (S7 Brzt.) Jany2, 1777 ,
Pultowa (Charles XII.) - July 8,1709
Pultusk - - Dec. 26, 18061
Pyrenees - - - July28, 1813
Quatie Bras - - June 16,1815
Quebec (07 the plains of A717 aham)
Sept. 13 1759
(death Qf71lonigo7ne7y)Dec. 21, 1775
- Ap1i128, 1760
Queenstown (Amer; 28‘ Brit.) Opct.13,1812
Ramilies (1Ma7lborough) - May23, 1706
Resaca (1e 10. Palma filllexico) \lay 9,1846
Rosbach - - Nov. 17, 1382l
- - Nov. 5 1787
Beckett’s IIaibor (Amen'cans ancl
B7z'lz'sh) - - 1813
Salamanca - - ~ July 22, 1812 7
San MareLal (Spaniards) Aug. 4, 1813 I
EaraLoga (Burgoyne’s surrender)
Oct. 17, 1777]
Savannah (taken by the B7 ilz'slz) .
Dec 29, 1778 l
Schwe1dnitz - - Aug. 16, 1762 ‘
Sedgemoor - ~ - July 5, 1685
Seidlitz (Poles) - Mar. 31, 1831 ;
Semp ach - ‘ - July 9, 1386 l
Se1ingapatam - - 1791

—(Tz'p ppao7educed) - - 1791

 

 

 

— (Tippoo killed) May 4, 17997
Shrewsbury , - Julyy 21, 1403
Skenesbor’ough - - July 7, 1777
Smolensko - - - Aug. y27, 1812!

 

 

 

 

 

The dukedom founded in the eleventh century

 

L m
A. D.
Sobraon (India) - Feb. 15., 1846
Solway Moss - - Nov. 25, 1542
St. Albans ( Yar/c and Lancasle7) - 1455
(second)- - - 1461
St. Denis (Alontmowncz') - - .1567
St Dizier, France - Jan. 27, 1814
St. SebasLian - - May 5, 1836
SLamford - - - Mar. 13, 1470
Stony PoinL (Ia/Len by the Americans) 1779
SLraLLon (poet lValler) - May 16,1643
Talavera de la Reyna. - July ,1809
Tarragona . - - Jany 24, 1812
Tewkesbury - - May4, 1471
Thames (Americaxs and Brit ) Sep L. 1813
'1‘ hermopylm ((17 ee/cs) - July 13, 1822
T11 lcnont (F7 (3720]: and Allzes) - 1705
Toplitz (Austrians and Prusszans) - 1762
— - - 7 Aug. 30, 1813
Tommy - - - May 8, 1793
Toulon - - 00L. ], 1793
Toulouse - - - April 10, 1814
Towton - - - Mar. 29, 1461
. ’1‘renton(/1mer <3” Brit.) -Dec. 26, 7, 1776
Twin (French and Germans) -1706
Ulni - - ~ - June 21, 1800
—— (sur7“_cnde2cd) - 0cL.29, 1805
Valenciennes - - May 23, 1793
Vama (suzrenders) ‘ ~ Oct. 11, 1825
V era. Cruz (taken by Amer. Gen. Scott)
March 27, 1847
Villa Franco. - April 10, 1812
Vimiera (Wellzngton) - Oct. 21, 1808
Vittoria, Spain . - - - 1702
————— '- - June 21, 1813
Wagram - - . .1uly5, 1809
Wakefield - - Dec. 31, 1460
Warsaw . - - - Oct.10, 1794
—-— - . - Nov. 8, ibid
—- (taken) - - Sept. 8, 1831
Washington (burnt by the British)
Aug. 1814
Waterloo - June18, 1815
White Plains (Amer. 23‘ B7 2! ) Oct. 28,1776
‘ Nov. 30, ibid
VVilna (Poles) - - June 12,1831
Worcester - Sept. 13, 1642
—~ (Charles II )* - -1651
Wyoming massacre - - July 1778
Ymk (Canada) Icaptuied by Amerl~
cans - - Apr11271813
Yo1k Town (sun ender qf CO7 nwallzs)
Oct.19, 1781
B. G.
Zama (Scipio and Hannibal) - - _ 202
Zela(Ca7sar. nenz' ,vidi,172'ci) - 47
A. n.
Zeuta, Hungary (P7' mce Eugene) - 1697
Zurich - - 1799
this .

house has the same origin as that of Saxony, and is a. bi anch of Lhe'Guel- ‘5
phiau family; Henry Guelph was made duke of Bavaria by Conrad 11., em- 1'

peror of Germany, who reigned in 1024.
made duke in 1179;

 

and Maximilian I. electm in 1624.

Otho, count Wittelpatch,
Ba. aria.

"‘ This battle and defeat of Charles put a. period to the civil war in England.
N. B.—Many of the above battles are described more fully under each name;

was
was "

  

 

 

m]? DICTIONARY or DATES. 1951

erected into a kingdom by Bonaparte in December 1805 ; and obtained by

the treaty of Presburg the incorporation of the whole of the Italian and

German Tyrol, the bishoprie of Anspach, and lordships in Germany. This .
kingdom joined the coalition against France in Oct. 1818. Bavarian cham-

ber recommends freedom of the press, &c., by almost unanimous vote, Oct.

17, 1847. Riots at Munich on account of Lola Montes, the king’s mistress,

Feb. 9, 1848. Violent movement at Munich; the king abdicates in favor of

his son, Maximillian IL, March 22, 1848.

KINGS on BAVARIA. . l 1825 Louis, 13th October ;—abdicated,
180-5 Maximilian Joseph, the preceding elec- March 22, 1848.
tor, created king. 1848 Maximilian II.

BAYEUX TAPESTRY. This important historical document was wrought by
Matilda, the queen of William 1., and represents the facts of the Conquest,
from the signature of the will of the Confessor down to the crowning of
William, 106ti.—Rapin. This curious monument of antiquity embroidered
by Matilda, is 19 inches wide, 214 feet long, and is divided into compart-
ments showing the train of events, commencing with the visit of Harold to
the Norman court, and ending with his death at Hastings; it is now preset red
in the town-house of Rouen.—Ag7tes Strickland.

BAYONETS. The short sword or dagger fixed at the end of a musket. This
weapon was invented at Bayonne, in France (whence the name), about 1670.
According to the abbe Lenglet, it was first used in battle by the French, in
1603, “with great success against an enemy unprepared for the encounter _
with so formidable a novelty.”

BAZAAR, OR COVERED MARKET. The word is of Arabic origin. The bazaar
of Ispahan is magnificent, yet it is excelled by that of 'l‘auris, which has
several times held 30,000 men in order of battle.

BEADS. The Druids appear to have used beads. They were early used by
Dervises and other holy men of the East. They were in general use in
Roman Catholic devotions, A. D. 1213. The bead-roll was a list of deceased '
persons for the repose of whose souls a certain nu ' ber of prayers were re-
cited, which the devout counted by a string of bea s.—Butler.

BEARDS. Various have been the customs of most nations respecting them.
The Tartars, out of a religious principle, waged a long and bloody war with
the Persians, declaring them infidels, because they would not cut their
beards after the rites of Tartary. The Greeks Wore their beards till the
time of Alexander, who ordered the Macedonians to be shaved lest the
beard should give a handle to their enemies, 330 B. c. Beards were worn
by the Romans, 297 B. 0. They have been worn for centuries by the Jews.
In England, they were not fashionable after the Conquest. A. D. 1066, until
the thirteenth century, and were discontinued at the Restoration. The
Russians, even of rank, did not cut their beards until within these few
years; and Peter the Great, notwithstanding his enjoining them to shave,

., was obliged to keep officers on foot to cut off the beard by force.

3] BEARDS 0N WOMEN. A bearded woman was taken by the Prussians at the
r. battle of Pultowa, and presented to the Czar, Peter I. 1724: her beard
it measured 1:} yards. A woman is said to have been seen in Paris with a bushy
‘, beard. and her whole 'body covered with hair—Diet. de Treating). The
* great Margaret, governess ot‘ the Netherlands, had a very long stifl beard.
1, v, In Bavaria, in the time of Wolfius, a virgin had a long black beard.

’_ BEAUVAIS, Hsaomes or. On the town of Beauvais being besieged by
Charles the Bold, duke of Burgundy, at the head of 80,000 men, the women
under the conduct of Jeanne de la Haehette, or Laine, particularly distin-
guished themselves, and the duke was obliged to raise the siege, July 1%
m“ ;n memory of their noble exploits during the siege, the females

 
  
    

.a ._

 

196 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [13m

Beauvais walk first in a procession on the anniversary of their deliverance
—Henault.

BECKET’S MURDER. Thomas, archbishop of Canterbury, was murdered at
the altar, Dec. 29, 1171. Four barons hearing Henry 11. say, in a moment
of exasperation, “What an unhappy prince am I, who have not about me
one man of spirit enough to rid me of this insolent prelate,” resolved upon
Becket’s assassination; and rushing with drawn swords into the cathedral
of Canterbury, where he was at vespers, they announced their design, when
he cried out7 “ I charge you, in the name of the Almighty, not to hurt any
other person here, for none of them have been concerned in the late trans-
actions.” The confederates then strove to drag him from the church; but
not being able to do so, on account of his resolute deportment, they killed
him on the spot with repeated wounds, all which he endured without a.
groan. The bones of Becket were enshrined in gold and set with jewels, in
1220; and were taken up and burned in the reign of Henry VIII. 1530.—

Yowe.

BED. The practice was universal in the first ages, for mankind to sleep upon the
skins of beasts.—— Whittaker. This was the custom of the early Greeks and
Romans, and of the Britons, before the Roman invasion. They were after—
wards changed for loose rushes and heather. Straw followed, and was used
in the royal chambers of England so late as the close of the fifteenth cen-
tury. The Romans were the first who used feathers.

BEER. See Ale. A beverage of this sort is made mention of by Xenophon, in
his famous retreat, 401 13.0. Beer was drunk generally in England in the
thirteenth century. By a law of James 1., when there was a kind of duty
paid on “ ale called bare,” one quart of the best thereof was to be sold for a
penny. Subjected to excise in 1660. In England the number of retailers in
1834: amounted to about 60,000. See Brewers.

BEES. Mount Hybla, on account of its odorifcrous flowers, thyme, and abun-
dance of honey, has been poetically called the “empire of bees.” Hymettus,
in Attica, is also famous for its bees and honey. The economy of bees was
admired in the earliest ages; and Eumelus, of Corinth, wrote a poem on
bees, 7 41 B. c. There are 292 species of the bee, or apis genus, and 111 in
England. Strange to say, bees were not originally natives of New England:
they were introduced into Boston by the English, in 1670, and have since
spread over the whole continent ; the first planters never saw any—Hardie’s
America.

BEET-ROOT. It is of recent cultivation in England. Margrafl' first produced
sugar from the white beet—root, in 1747. M. Achard produced excellent
sugar from it in 1799; and the chemists of France at the instance of B0-
naparte, largely extracted sugar from the beet-root in 1800. A refinery of
sugar from beet-root was lately erected at the Thames-bank, Chelsea.

BEGUINES. Nuns, first established at Liege, and afterwards at. Nivclle, in
1207. The ‘- Grand Beguinage ” of Bruges is the most extensive of modern
times—Some of these nuns once fell into the extravagant error that they
could, in this life, arrive at the highest moral perfection, even to impec-
cability. The council of Vienne condemned this error, and abolished a
branch of the order in 1311.

BEHEADIN G —or Dccollatio of the Romans, introduced into England from N or-
mandy (as a less ignominious mode of putting high criminals to death) by
William the Conqueror, 1074, when Waltheof, earl of Huntingdon, North-
ampton, and Northumberland, was first so executed. —-Salmo'n’s Chi-mo,
English history is filled with instances of this mode of execution, partim

 

_. _ 3a, . ‘~L/:.

 

  
  
  
 
 
 
   
   
 
   
   
  
  
 
   
   
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
   
 
 
 
  
   
 
 
   

in] DICTIONARY or DATES. IQ!

larly in the reigns of Henry VIII., and Mary, when even women of the noblest
blood, greatest virtues, and most innocent lives, thus suffered death.*

BEHRING’S STRAIT. Explored by a Danish navigator in the service of Bus.
sia whose name it bears. Behring thus established that the continents
of Asia and America are not unit-ed, but are distant from each other about
thirty—nine miles, 1728.

BELGIUM. Late the southern portion of the kingdom of the Nether-lands,
and anciently the territory of the Belgae, who were conquered by Julius
Caesar, 47 B. (3. Under the dominion of France so late as A. n. 1369; formed
into a kingdom in 1831.

 

Became an acquisition of the house of by the Allied Powers, announced by
Austria - - - - 1477 Van der \Veyer - - Dec. 2b, 1830
Charles V. annexed the Netherlands to ' Duke dc Neniours elected king; but
the crown of Spain - - ‘ 1556 his father, the king ofFrance, refuses
Seven provinces, under \Villiam, prince his consent - - Feb. 3, 1831
ofOrange, revolt, owing to the tyranny M. Surlet tie Chokier is elected regent
of Philip ll.; freed ~ - - 157 of Belgium - - Feb. 24, 1831
The ten remaining provinces are given Leopold, prince of Coburg, is elected
to the archduke - - - 1598i king - » - July 12, 1831
These again fall to Spain - - - 1648 He enters Brussels '- - July 19, 1831
Seven again ceded to Germany -1714 The king of the Netherlands recom-
And three to France - - - 1748 mences the war - Aug. 3, 1831
Austrians expelled; butthelr rule after- [France sends 50,000 troops to assist
wards restored - - - - 1789 Belgium, and an armistice ensues.)
The French entered Belgium Nov. 1, 1792 A conference of the ministers ol'the five
United to France - Sept. 30, 1795 great powers is held in London, which
Placed under the sovereignty of the terminates in the acceptance of the
house of Orange - - - 1814 24 articles of pacification - Nov. 15, 1831
The revolution commences at Brussels Leopold marries Louise, eldest daughter
Aug. 25, 1830 or Louis Philippe - - Aug. 9, 1832
The Provisional Government declares The French army returns to France
Belgium independent - Oct. 4, 1830 Dec. 27, 1832
The Belgian troops take Antwerp ; the Riot at Brussels (see Brussels) ; much
Dutch are driven to the citadel, from mischief ensues - - April 6, 1834
whence they cannonade the town, Treaty between Holland and Belgium,
Oct. 27, 1830 signed in London - April 19, 1839

Belgian independence acknowledged

This last treaty arose out of the conference held in London on the Belgian
question; by the decision of which, the treaty of November 15, 1831, was
maintained. and the pecuniary compensation of sixty millions of francs,
offered by Belgium for the territories adjudged to Holland, was declared in-
admissible.

BELGRADE, BATTLE or, between the German and Turkish armies, in which
the latter was defeated with the loss of 40,000 men, fought 1456. Belgrade
was taken by Solyman, 1522; and re-taken by the Imperialists in 1688, from
whom it again reverted to the Turks in 1690. Taken by prince Eugene in
1717 (see next article), and kept till 1739, when it was ceded to the Turks.

It was again taken in 1789, and restored at the peace of Reichenbach, in
1790.

BELGRADE, SIEGE OF. The memorable siege, so often quoted, was undera
taken in May, 1717, under prince Eugene. On August 5, of that year, the
Turkish army. of 200,000, approached to relieve it, and a battle was fought,
in which the Turks lost 20,000 men; after which Belgrade surrendered.
Belgrade has been frequently besieged. See Stages.

 

‘ Among other instances (besides queens of England), may be mentioned the Lady Jane Grey,

.5 Beheaded, Feb. 12, 1554; and the venerable countess of Salisbury—the latter remarkable for her

' resistance of the executioner. When he directed her to lay her head on the block, she refused to

7 deh- telling him, that she knew of no guilt, and would not submit to die like a criminal. He pur.
her round and round the scaffold, aiming at her hoary head, and at length took it oflfaftel
' ' the neck and shoulders of the illustrious victim in ahorrifying manner. She wasw
’ ,duke of Clarence, and last of the royal llne of Plantagenet. May 27, 154L—H‘ . ‘

    

 

198 - THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [m

BELL, BOOK, AND CANDLE; an ecclesiastical ceremony of the Romish

church, used in excommunication, which see.

BELLES-LETTRES, on POLITE LEARNING. We owe the revival of the belles-

lettres in Europe, after the darkness of previous ages to Brunetto, Latini,
and other learned men in different countries, about A. D. 1272.— Gen. Hist.
Learning greatly promoted by the Medici family in Italy, about 1550.—Fo-n-
2.27m. Literature began to flourish in France, Germany, and England, about
this time. The belles-lettres commenced in England in the reign of Eliza-
beth, and flourished in that of Anne.

BELLOWS. Anacharsis, the Scythian, is said to have been the inventor of

them, about 569 B. c. To him is also ascribed the invention of tinder, the

potter’s wheel, anchors for ships, &c. Bellows were not used in the furna-
ces of the Romans.

BELLS. Used among the Jews, Greeks, Roman Catholics, and heathens. The

responses of the Dodonzean oracle were in part conveyed by bells—Straw.
The monument of Porsenna was decorated by pinnacles, each surmounted
by bells—Pliny. Introduced by Paulinus, bishop cf Nole, in Campagna,
about A. D. 400. First known in France in 550. The army of Clothair II.,
king of France, was frighted from the siege of Sens by the ringing of the
bells of St. Stephen’s church. The second Excerption of our king Egbert
commands every priest, at the proper hours, to sound the bells of his church.
Bells were used in churches by order of pope John IX., as a, defence, by ring-
ing I/Lem, against thunder (ma! lightning, about 900. First cast in England
by Turkcytel, chancellor of England, under Edmund 1. His successor im-

proved the invention, and caused the first tunable set to be put up at
Croyland abbey, 960.—-Stowe.

Great Bellof St. Pauls, weighs - lbs. 8,400 St. Peter’s, at Rome - - lbs. 18,607
Great Tom 01' Lincoln - . 9,891 Great Bell at Erfurth - - 28,224
Great Tom of Oxford - - - 17,000 St. Ivan’s Bell, Moscow - - 127,836
Bell ol'the I’alazzo, Florence - 17,000 1 Bell ol'the Kremlin - - 443,772

The last is the great unsuspended bell, the wonder of travellers. Its metal

alone is valued, at a very low calculation, at £66 565 sterling. In its fusion ,

great quantities of gold and silver were thrown in as votive offerings by the
people.

BELLS, BAPTISM or. They were early anointed and baptized in churches.—

Du Fresnoy. The bells of the priory of Little Dunmow, in Essex, were
baptized by the name of St. Michael, St. John, Virgin Mary, Holy Trinity,
&c., in 1501.—— Weaver. The great bell of N otre Dame, in Paris, was bap-
tized by the name of Duke of Angouléme, in 1816. On the Continent, in

the Catholic states, they baptize bells as we do ships, but with relivious
solemnity.—Alec.

BENEDICTINES. An order of monks founded by Benedict, who was the

first that introduced the monastic life into the western part of Europe, in
the beginning of the sixth century. N 0 religious order has been so remark-
able for extent, wealth. and men of note, as the Benedictine. It spread
over a large portion of Europe, but was superseded in the vast influence it
possessed over other religious communities, about A.D. 1100. The Bene-
dictines appeared early in England; and William I. built them an abbey on
the plain where the battle of Hastings was fought, 1066.

William de Warrenne. earl of Warren, built them a convent at Lewes, in
Essex, in 1077. At HammerSmith is a nunnery, Whose inmates are denomi-
nated Benedictine dairies—Leigh. Of this order, it is reckoned that there
have been 40 popes, 200 cardinals, 50 patriarchs, 116 archbishops, 4600
bishops, 4 emperors, 12 empresses, 46 kings, 41 queens. and 3600 saints.
Their founder was canonized.—Baronius.

 

v.4.

2443“,.” 4.4.5..” v.21 a”.

‘4
J
-.1

   
   
  
  
 
 
   
  
 
 
 
 
 
   
   

    

me'rmmav or. DATES. 199

BENEFICES. Clerical benefices originated in the twelfth century; till then
the priests were supported by alms and oblations at mass. All that should
become vacant in the space of six months were given by pope Clement VII.
to his nephew, in 1534.—N0titia Monastica. The number of benefices in
England, according to parliamentary returns. is 10,533, and the number of
glcbe-houses 5,527; these are exclusive of bishoprics, deaneries, canonries,
prebendaries, pricst—vicars, lay—vicars, secondaries, and similar church pre—
ferments. The number of parishes is 11,077, and of churches and chapels
about 12,000. The number of benefices in Ireland is 1456, to which there
are not more than about 900 glebe-houses attached, the rest having no
glebe-houscs.—See Church of England.

BENEFIT or CLERGY. A privilege first enjoyed only by clergymen, but
afterwards extended to lettered laymen, relating to divers crimes, and par—
tieularly manslaughter. The ordinary gave the prisoner at the bar a Latin
book, in a black Gothic character, from which to read a verse or two; and
if the ordinary said “ Legit at claims,” the offender was only burnt in the
hand, otherwise he suffered death, 3 Edward 1., 1274-. This privilege was
abolished with respect to murderers and other great criminals. as also the
claim of sanctuary, by Henry VIII.,1513.——S!nwe. Benefit of clergy was
wholly repealed by statute 7 and 8 George IV., June 1827.

BENEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS, PUBLIC CHARITIES, &c., IN THE UNITE-X}
STATES. The known voluntary contributions by citizens of Boston alone,

during 45 years, ending 1845, was ascertained to be (see details in American
Almanac, 1846) as follows:

 

 

For theological education and other For miscellaneous objects (such as

religious objects - - $1,054,966 monuments, &c.) - - - 438,321
For purposes of instruction - 1,095,594 —————-
For charitable purposes - - 2,162,412 Total - $4,751,293

1 _- [Exclusive of the contributions in churches, for the poor, doc. The popula—

‘ 'f tion of Boston, in 1800, was about 25.000; in 1845, about 114,000. Few

‘ ._ cities can boast of such munificence, in proportion to the number of in-

habitants.]

, '. BENEVOLENT SOCIETIES—some of the principal in the United States.

1 ; ' Formed. Income, Formed. Income.

1 * Amer. Board of Com. Foreign 1849. , 1849.

l j} Missions - - - 1810 4260.897 Amer. Education Society - 1816 - $32,754
1; Amer. Sunday Sch. Union - 1824 207,764 “ Colonization Society 1819 17.414
, “ Bible Society - - 1816 - 284,514 “ Seamen’s Friend Society - 23,497

“ Tract Society - - 1814 - 308,423 Miss. Soc. Methodist Church 1819 - 99,635
“ Home Miss. Society - 1826 - 157,460 Presbyterian Board Missions - 126,013

.4
‘o
a.
“ .

United States ship, Jamestown, sailed from Boston for Cork, loaded with provisions, to be
1given to the distitute Irish, March 28th, 1&7. The frigate Macedonmn sailed from
New York on same errand. July 8, 1847. , _

Abbott Lawrence gave $50,000 to Harvard College, for scientific department, June, 1847.

BENGAL. Of‘ the existence of Bengal as a separate kingdom, there is_no
record. It was ruled by governors delegated by the sovereigns of Delhl in:

1340, when it became independent, until 1560. It afterwards fell to the
Mogul empire—See India.

 

   
 
    
   
  

The English were first permitted to Calcutta taken by Surrjah Dowla; and
trade to Bengal - - A. n. 1534 the dreadful afi'air ofthe Black-hola- 1756
Factories of the French and Danes - 1664 Retaken by Colonel .Chve - - 1757
First factory at Calcutta - - 1690 Imperial grant, vesting the revenues of
The settlements first placed in a state Bengal 1n the Company, by wind}
of defence - - . - 1694 the virtual sovereignty of the count?
Calcutta bought, and fortified - - 1700 Was obtained -. - Auo: 1,, 17%
Its artisan consisted of only 129 501- Celebrated India-bill; Bengal madame "
rs,nfwhom but 55 were Europeans 1706 chief presxdency - . . Juno m

See India:

 

/

 

200 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [stir

BERESINA, BATTLE or. Total defeat of the French main army by the Rus—
sians on the banks of the Beresina. followed by their disastrous passage of
it when escaping out of Russia. The French lost 20,000 men in the battle,
and in their retreat the career of their glory was closed, N 0V. 28, 1812.

BERGEN, BATTLE or, between the French and allies, the latter defeated, April
141, 1759. The allies again defeated by the French with great loss, Sept. 19,
17 99. In another battle, fought Oct. 2, same year, the allies lost 4000 men;
and on the 6th, they were again defeated before Alkmaer, losing 5,000 men.
On the 20th, the duke of York entered into a convention by which he
exchanged his army for 6,000 French and Dutch prisoners in England.

BERGEN—OP-ZOOM, whose works were deemed impregnable, taken by the
French, Sept. 16, 1747, and again in 1794. Here a gallant attempt was
made by the British, under Graham, to carry the fortress by storm, but it
was defeated; after forcing an entrance their retreat was out off, and a
dreadful slaughter ensued; nearly all were cut to pieces or made prisoners,
March 8, 1814.

BERLIN. Founded by the margrave Albert, surnamed the Bear, in 1163. Its
five districts were united under one magistracy, in 1714; andit was subse-
quently made the capital of Prussia. This city was taken by an army of
Russians, Austrians, and Saxons, in 1760, but they were obliged to retire in
a few days. On Oct. 27. 1806, thirteen days after the battle of Jena, the
French entered Berlin, and from its palace Napoleon issued his famous
Berlin decree—See mast article.

BERLIN DEGREE. a memorable interdict against the commerce of England.

» It declared the British islands to be in a state of blockade, and all English-
men found in countries occupied by French troops were to be treated as
prisoners of war; the whole world, in fact, was to cease from any commu-
nication with Great Britain: issued by Bonaparte from the court of the
Prussian king, shortly after the battle of Jena (which, for the time, decided
the fate of Prussia), Nov. 21, 1806.—See Jena.

 

BERMUDAS, on SOMMERS’ ISLES, discovered by J oao Bermudas, a Spaniard,

in 1527; but they were not inhabited until 1609, when sir George Sommers"

was cast away upon them. They were settled by a statute of 9 James 1.,
1612. Awful and memorable hurricane here, October 31, 1780. Another,
by which a third of the houses was destroyed, and all the shipping driven
ashore, July 20, 1813.

BERNARD, MOUNT S'r. Hannibal, it is said, conducted the Carthaginian

army by this pass into Italy; and it was by the same route that Bonaparte

led his troops to the plains of Lombardy, before the battle of Mai-engo,
fought June 14, 1800.

BERNARDlNE MONKS. This order was founded by Robert, abbot of Mo—
leme, in the twelfth century. On, the summit of the Great St. Bernard is a.
large community of monks, who entertain in their convent all travellers
gratis for three days—Brooke.

BERVVICK. This town was the theatre of many bloody contests between the
English and Scots; and while England and Scotland remained two king-
doms, was always claimed by the Scots as belonging to them, because it
stood on their side of the river. Berwick was burned in 1173, and again in
1216. It was taken from the Scots, and annexed to England, 1333; and
after having been taken and retaken many times, was finally ceded to Eng—
land in 1502. The town surrendered to Cromwell in 1648, and afterwards
to general Monk. ' Since the union of the crowns (James I. 1603), the forti-
fications, which were formerly very strong, have been much neglected.

BETHLEHEM, the birth-place of CHRIST. The Bethlehemite monks, who

DICTIONARY 0F DATES. 20f

  
  
  
   
  
  
  
   
  
  
  
   
   
   
  
   
    
    
  
   
   
  
 
    
  
  
   
 
  
  
    
  

had an order in England in 1257, are named from this once distinguished
city. It- now contains a church, erected by the famous St. Helena, in the
form of a cross; also a chapel, called the Chapel of the Nativity, where
they pretend to show the manger in which Christ was laid; another, called
the Chapel of Joseph; and a third, of the Holy Innocents. Bethlehem is
much visited by pilgrims—Ashe.

BEYROUT. This city, which was colonized from Sidon, was destroyed by an
earthquake, A. D. 566. It was rebuilt, and was alternately possessed by the
Christians and Saracens; and after a frequent change of masters, fell into
the power of Amurath IV., since when it remained with the Ottoman em-
pire up to the revolt of Ibrahim Pacha, in 1832. Total defeat of the Egyp-
tian army by the allied British, Turkish, and Austrian forces, and evacua-
tion of Beyrout, the Egyptians losing 7000 in killed, wounded, and prisoners,
and 20 pieces of cannon, Oct. 10, 1840.

BIARCHY. When Aristodemus, king of Sparta, died, he left two sons twins,
’ Eurysthenes and Procles; and the people not knowing to whom precedence
should be given, placed them both upon the throne, and thus established

the first biarchy, 1102 B. c. The descendants of each reigned alternately
for 800 years—Herodotus.

BIBLE. The first translation from the Hebrew into the Greek was made by
. . seventy-two interpreters, by the order of Ptolemy Philadelphus; it is thence
called the Septuagint version, and was completed in seventy-two days, at
Alexandria, 277 B. C.—Jasspims. It was commenced 284 B. c.——Levzglet. In
283.~Blair. The Jewish sanhedrim consisted of seventy or seventy-two
members; and hence, probably, the seventy or seventy-two translators of
Josephus—Hewlett. The seventy-two were shut up in thirty-six cells, and
each pair translated the whole; and on subsequent comparison, it was
found that the thirty-six copies did not vary by a word or a letter—Justin
, Martyr.
.BIBLE, ANCIENT corms or run. The oldest version of the Old and New Tes-
’ tament belonging to the Christians, is that in the Vatican, which was writ-
ten in the fourth or fifth century, and published in 1455. The next in age
is the Alexandrine MS., in the British Museum, presented by the Greek
patriarch to Charles I., and said to have been copied nearly about the same
time. The most ancient copy of the Jewish Scriptures existed at Toledo,
. about A. D. 1000; and the copy of Ben Asher, of Jerusalem, was made about
' 1100.
‘ BIBLE, BIsnops’. Bishop Alley prepared the Pentateuch; bishops Davis and
.2 Sandys, the Historical Books: bishop Bentham, the Psalms, &c.; bishop
Horne, the prophets; bishop Grindal, the Minor Prophets; bishops Park-
hurst and Barlow, the Apocrypha; bishop Cox, the Gospels and Acts; and
archbishop Parker, the remainder. Printed A. D. 1568.

-LE, DIVISION or THE. The Bible was divided into twenty—two books by the
Jews, the number of letters in their alphabet. The Christians divided the
Bible into thirty-nine books. The Hebrew division into chapters was made
by the rabbi Nathan, about 1445. Our Bible was divided into chapters, and
a part into verses, by archbishop Langton, who died in 1228; and this
. division was perfected by Robert Stephens, about 1534.

‘ ”BLE. EDITIONS or THE. The vulgate edition, in Latin, was made by St. Je-
' rome, A. D. 405; and is that acknowledged by the Catholic church to be
. authentic: it was first printed by Guttenberg at Mayence, 1450~55. (See
it" Books.) The first perfect edition in English was fimshed, as appears from,
the c010phon, by Tindal and. Coverdale, Oct. 4, 1585. A revisron of this”
i rm Was made, 1538—9. This last was ordered to be read in churches,

94'

‘Q

 

s

202 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [fit 3

1549. In 1604, at the conference at Hampton-court (see Conference), 3. new
translation was resolved upon, which was executed 1607—11, and is that now
generally used in Great Britain. .1. Eliot’s Indian Bible. one of the first
books printed in North America. at Cambridge. 1663. The Bible was first
printed in Ireland. at Belfast, in 1704. Permitted by the pope to be trans-

lated into the language of the Catholic states, 1759. The Bible was printed
in

 

 

Spanish - - 1478 Russian - - - 1581 Manks - - - 1771
German - - - 1522 Hungarian . - - 1589 Italian - - - 1776
English 1534 Polish . - - 1596 Bengalee - - 1801
French - ~ - 1535 Modern Greek' - - - 1638 Tartar - - - 1813
Swedish - - 1541 Turkish - - - 1666 Persian - - 1815
Danish . - - 1550 Irish - - - - 1685 African - - - 1816
Dutch - - 1560 | Portuguese - - - 1748 Chinese - - 1820

Editions of the Old and New Testament, separately, appeared in several in—
stances at earlier dates, particularly in European languages. The Polyglot
Bible, edited by Walton, bishop of Chester, in the Hebrew, Syriac, Chaldee,
Samaritan, Arabic, Ethiopic, Persic, Greek, and Latin languages, 1657.—
I'de’s Fast'i. 013071,.

BIBLE SOCIETIES. Among the principal and oldest societies which have

made the dissemination of the Scriptures a collateral or an exclusive object,
are the following :—The Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge was
formed 1698; Society for Propagating the Gospel in Foreign Parts, 1701;
Society, in Scotland, for Promoting Christian Knowledge. 1709; French
Bible Society, 1792; British and Foreign Bible Society, 1801; Hibernian
Bible Society, 1806; City of London Auxiliary Bible Society, 1812; American
Bible Society (which now has numerous branches), founded 1816; Ameri-
can and Foreign Bible Society (Baptist), founded at New-York, 1838. A
bull from the pope against Bible Societies appeared in 1817.

BIGAMY. The Romans branded the guilty parties with an infamous mark:
with us, the punishment of this offence. formerly, was death. The first act
respecting it was passed '5 Edward I. 1276—- Viner’s Statutes. Declared to
be felony, without benefit of clergy, 1 James I. 1602. Subjected to the
same punishments as grand or petit larceny, 35 George III. 1794.—Statutes
at large. ‘

BILL or RIGHTS. One of the great foundations of the British constitution,
was obtain ad from Charles I. by parliament, 1628. This bill recognized the
legal privileges of the subject; and notwithstanding the employment of all
manner of arts and expedients to avoid it, Charles was constrained to pass
it into a law. The Bill of Rights. declaratory of the rights of British subjects,
passed 1 William and Mary, February 1689. This is the only written law
respecting the liberties , of the people, except Magnet Chartm—Vi-ner’s
Statutes.

BILLS or EXCHANGE. Invented by the Jews, as a means of removing their

property from nations where they were persecuted, A. D. 1160.—A7Lderszm.
Bills were used in England, 1307.——The only legal mode of sending money

from England, 4th Richard II., 1381. Regulated, 1698—first stamped, 1782
—duty advanced, 1797—again, June 1801 ; and since. It was made capital
to counterfeit bills of exchange in 1734. In 1825, the year of disastrous

speculations in bubbles, it was computed that there were 400 millions of 1

pounds sterling represented by bills of exchange and promissory notes.
The present amount is not supposed to exceed 50 millions. The many
statutes regarding bills of exchange were consolidated by act 9 George IV.

1828. A new act regulating bills of exchange, passed 3 Victoria, July 1839. ' \

BILLS or MORTALITY FOR LONDON. These bills were first compiled about

A. D. 1536, but in a more formal and recognized manneriin 1593, m the

l
I
El
0,5

  
   
  
   
  
   

  

PMOMAR-Y or name. $95

  
 

, great plague of that year; and however imperfect they still are, they yet
afford valuable materials for computation on the duration of life; no com-
plete series of them has been preserved. The following are returns, show—
ing the numbers at decennial distances, within the last sixty years :——

In the year 1780, Christenings - 16,634 In the year 1780, Burials - - 20,507
1790, Christenings - 18,980 1790, Burials - - 18.038
1800, Christenings - 19,176 1800, Burials - - 23,068
1810, Christenings . 19,930 1810, Burials - - 19,892
1820, Christenings - 26,158 1820, Burials - 19,348
1830, Christenings - 27,028 1830, Burials - - 23,524
1840, Christenings - 30,387 1840, Burials - - 26,774

' BILLIARDS. Invented by the French, by whom, and by the Germans, Dutch,

, and Italians, they were brought into general vogue throughout Europe——

¥= New. Diet. The French ascribe their invention to Henrique Devigne, an

_, artist, in the reign of Charles IX., about 1571. Slate billiard-tables were
introduced in England in 1827.

BIRDS. Divided by Linnaeus into six orders; by Blumenbach into eight; and
by Cuvier into six. Man is especially enjoined not to harm the nest of the
bird: “If a bird’s nest chance to be before thee in the way in any tree, or
on the ground, whether they be young ones or eggs, and the dam sitting upon

. the young, or upon the eggs, thou shalt not take the darn with the

. young.”—Dutermwmy,xxii. 6.
.4 BIRMINGHAM, ENGLAND. This town existed in the reign of Alfred, A. D. 872;
; , but its importance as a manufacturing town commenced in the reign of Wil-
liam III. Birmingham was besieged and taken by prince Rupert in 1643.

~ g The great works of Soho were established by the illustrious engineer, Mat-
: thew Boulton, in 1764.

" BIRTHS. Parish registers of them, and of marriages and burials, were insti-
tuted by Cromwell, earl of Essex, 28 Henry VIII. 1536. The births of chil-
dren were taxed in England, viz. : birth of a duke, 30l.—of a common,
person, 2s.—7 William III. 1695. Taxed again, 1783. The instances of.
four children at a birth are numerous; but the most extraordinary delivery

, ; .- recorded in modern times is that of a woman of Konigsberg, who had five

in children at a birth, September 3. 1783.—Pin'll£ps. The wife of a man named
"‘ ‘ Nelson, a journeyman tailor, of Oxford-market, London, had five children at
a birth, in October BOG—Annals of London.

"BISHOPS. The name was given by the Athenians to those who had the in-
spection of the city. The Jews and Romans had also a like officer; but
' now it means only that person who has the government of church affairs in
f i ' a certain district. In England, the dignity is coeval with Christianity. St.
Peter, the first bishop of Rome, was martyred ’A.D. 65. The bishops of
' Rome assumed the title of pope in 138, the rank was aneiently assumed by
' all bishops; but it was afterwards ordained that the title of pope should

belong only to the occupant of St. Peter’s chair.— Warner.

BISHOPS or ENGLAND. The first was appointed in A.D. 180. See York,
London. They were made barons, 1072. The Co'ngé d’ Elire of the king

~' ‘ to choose a bishop originated in an arrangement of king John with the
.7 '7 clergy. Bishops were elected by the king’s Congé d’ Elire, 26 Henry VIII.
’ 1535. Seven Were deprived for being married, 1554. Several suffered mar-
_ ‘ tyrdom under queen Mary, 1555-6. See Cranmer. Bishops were excludedg;
‘ . ' from voting in the house of peers on temporal concerns, 16 Charles I. 1640. 5
+Twelve were committed for high treason, in protesting against the legality
of all acts of parliament passed while they remained deprived of their votes,
1611. Regained their seats, Nov. 1661. Seven were sent to the tower for rapt
, . leading the king’s declaration for liberty of conscience, contrived to; , '
V " ' 1 imp ecclesiastical and civil poWer, and were tried and ‘ i“

  
 
 
  
   
  
   
 
 
  
  
  

 

204 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [ELI

ted, June 29—30, 1688. The archbishop of Canterbury (Dr. Sancroft) and
five bishops were suspended for refusing to take the oaths to William and
Mary, 1689, and were deprived 1690— [Warner’s Eccles. Hist. The sees of
Bristol and Gloucester were united, and that of Ripon created. in 1836. An
order in council, in Oct. 1838, directed the sees of Bangor and St. Asaph to
be united 0n the next vacancy in either, and Manchester, a new see, to be
created thereupon. This order, as regarded the union of the secs, rescinded
in 1846.—See Manchester.

BlSHOPS or IRELAND. Bishops are said to have been consecrated in this
country as early as the second century. The bishopric of Ossory, first
planted at Saiger, was founded A. D. 402. thirty years before the arrival of
St. Patrick.

BISHOPS or SCOTLAND. They were constituted in the fourth century. The
see of St. Andrew’s was founded by Hergustus, king of the Picts, who, ~-
according to a legendary tale of this prelacy, encouraged the mission of
Regulus, a Greek monk of Patrae, about A. D. 370. The bishops were deprived

of their sees, and episcopacy abolished in Scotland at the period of the revo-
lution, 1688—9. Warner’s Eccles. Hz‘sL—There are now, however, six bishops

belonging to the Scotch Episcopal Church, viz: Aberdeen, Brechin, Edin-
burgh, Glasgow, Moray, and St. Andrew’s.

BISHOPS, PRECEDENCY or, was settled by statute 31 Henry VIII. to be .ext to
viscounts. they being barons of the realm, 1540; and they have the title of
Lord, and Rig/it Rev. Father in God. The archbishops of Canterbury and
York, taking place of all dukes, have the title of Grace. The bishops of
London, Durham, and Winchester have precedence of all bishops; the
others rank according to the seniority of consecration. A late contest in
Ireland between the bishops of Meath and Kildare for precedency was de—

cided in favor of the former. who now ranks after the archbishop of Dublin.
The. others rank according to consecration.

BISHOPS iN'AMERICA. The first was the Right Rev. Doctor Samuel Sea—
bury, consecrated bishop of Connecticut by four nonjuring prelates, at
Aberdeen, in Scotland, N 0V. 14. 1784. The bishops of New-York and Penn-
sylvania were consecrated in London, by the archbishop of Canterbury,
Feb. 4. 1787; and the bishop of Virginia in 1790. The first Catholic bishop
of thc United States was Dr. Carroll of Maryland, in 1789.

BISSEXTILE OR LEAP YEAR. An intercalary day was thrown into every
fourth year to adjust the calendar, and make it agree with the sun’s course.
It originated with Julius Cwsar, who ordered a day to be counted before
the 24th of February, which among the Romans was the 6th of the calcnds,
and which was therefore reckoned twice, and called bisserctz'le: this added

day we name the 29th of February every fourth year, 45 13. c.—See Calen~
dw)‘ and Leap Year.

BITHYNIA. Conquered by Croesus, about 560 B. 0.; and again by Alexander,
332 13.0. It afterwards recovered its liberty; but its last king bequeathed
it to the Romans, 40 B. C. In modern history Bithynia makes no figure,
except that from its ruins mm the Othman Turks, who, in A. D. 1327, took
Prusa. its capital, and made it the seat of their empire before they possessed
Constantinople.

BLACK BOOK, a book kept in the English monasteries, wherein details of the
scandalous enormities practised in religious houses were entered for the

inspection of visitors, under Henry VIII, 1535, in order to blacken them and

hasten their dissolution; hence the vulgar phrase “ I’ll set you down in the
black book.”

BLASPHEMY. This crime is recognized both by the civil andcanon law of

 

" ‘maLcma.’auz.,.. Ar... ., n A

 

 

m] DICTIONARY or DATES. 20!?

England. Justinian adjudged it the punishment of death. In Scotland, the
tongue was amputated. Visited by fine and imprisonment, 9 & 10 William
111., 1696—7.—Slalates at large. In England this offence has been subjected,
on some late occasions, to the Visitation of the laws. Daniel Isaac Eaton.
was tried and convicted in London of blasphemy, 13th March, 1812. A pro«
testant clergyman, named Robert Taylor, was tried in London twice for the
same crime, and as often convicted. Taylor was last brought to the bar,
and sentenced to two years’ imprisonment, and largely fined, for (among
other things) reviling the Redeemer in his discourses, July, 1831. Even as
late as in Dec. 18-10, two prosecutions against publishers of blasphemous
writings, subjected the offenders to the sentence of the court- ot'Queen's
Bench.

BLAZONRY. The bearing coats—of-arms was introduced, and became heredi- .;
tary in families in France and England, about A.D. 1192, owing to the:
knights painting their banners with different figures, thereby to distinguish 2
them in the crusades.——-Dugdale.

BLEACHING. This art was known early in Egypt, Syria, and India. Known

. in ancient Gaul—Pliny. In the last century an improved chemical system

was adopted by the Dutch, who introduced it into England and Scotland in

1768. There are now immense bleachfields in both countries, particularly

in Lancashire, and in the counties of Fife, Forfar, and Renf'erew, and in the

vale of the Levcn, in Dumbarton. The chemical process of Berthollet was
introduced in 1795.~Blanclriment des Toiles.

BLENHEIM, BATTLE or; between the English and confederates, commanded
by the duke of Marlborough, and the French and Bavarians, under marshal
Tallard and the elector of Bavaria, whom Marlborough signally defeated
with the loss of 27,000 in killed, and 13,000 prisoners, Tallard being among
the latter: the electorate of Bavaria became the prize of the conquerors.
The nation testified its gratitude to the duke by the gifts of the honor of
Woodstock and hundred of Wotton, and erected for him one of the finest

seats in the kingdom, known as the domain and house of Blenheim.
Fought Aug. 2, 1704.—-Hame.

\

l
E, BLINDING. by consuming the eyeballs with lime or scalding vinegar, a punish-
E: ment inflicted anciently on adulterers, perjurers, and thieves. In the mid-
E dle ages they changed the penalty of total blindness to a diminution of
e sight. Blinding the conquered was a practice in barbarous states ; and a
whole army was deprived of their eyes by Basilius, in the eleventh century.
See Bulgarians. Several of the Eastern emperors had their eyes torn from
their heads. See article Eastern Empire.

BLISTERS. They were first made, it is said, of cantharides.~F/-eiad. Blisters
are said to have been first introduced into medical practice by Aretaeus, a
physician of Cappadocia, about 50 B. c.——Lc Clerc’s Hist. of Physic.

BLOOD, CIRCULATION on THE, through the lungs, first made public by Michael
Servetus, a Spanish physician, in 1553. Cisalpinus published an account of
the general circulation, of which he had some confused ideas; improved
afterwards by experiments, 1569. Paul of Venice, commonly called Father
Paolo, whose real name was Peter Sarpi, certainly discovered the valves
which serve for the circulation; but the honor of the positive discovery of
the circulation of the blood belongs to Harvey, an English physician, by
Whom it was fully confirmed. 1628.-——Frei7ul’s Hist. of Physic.

BLOOD, DRINKING OF. Anciently a mode was tried of giving vigor to the svs-
‘ tem by administering blood as a draught. Louis XI., in his lastillness,
1 drank the warm blood of infants, in the vain hope of restoring his decayed

   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  

206 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS; Dante"

strength, 1438—Henault. Eating blood was prohibited to Noah, Gen. iii,
and to the Jews, Lev. xvii. The prohibition repeated by the apostles at
the council of Jerusalem, Acts xv. .

BLOOD, TRANSFUSION’ or. In the fifteenth century an opinion prevailed that
the declining strength and vigor of old people might be repaired by trans—
fusing the blood ofyoung persons, drawn from their veins, into those of the
infirm and aged. It was countenanced in France by the physicians, and
prevailed for many years, till the most fatal effects ensued from the opera-
tion. Some of the principal nobility having died, and others turned rax ing
mad, it was suppressed by an edict. Attempted in France in 1797. l’rac-
tised more recently there, in a few cases, with success; and in Englan‘l
(but the instances are rare) since 1823.—-—.Mcd. Jom'. “One English physi-
cian, named Louver, or Lower, practised in this way; he died in 1691.”—
Iv'v/‘cind’s Hist. of Pity/sic.

BLOOD'S CONSPIRACY. Blood, a discarded officer of Oliver Cromwell’s
household, and his confederates, seized the duke of Ormond in his coach,
and had got him to Tyburn, intending to hang him, when he was rescued
by his friends. Blood afterwards, in the disguise of a clergyman, stole the
regal crown from the J ewel-oflice in the Tower: yet, notwithstanding these

and other offences, he was not only pardoned, but had a pension of £500
per mum/m settled on him by Charles II. 1673.

BLUE STOCKING. This term is applied to literary ladies, and was originally
conferred on a society of literary persons of both sexes. One of the most
active promoters of the society was Benjamin Stillingfleet, the distinguished
naturalist and miscellaneous writer, who always wore blue worsted stock-
ings, and hence the name: the society existed in 1760, et seq.—Aaec. of
Bowyer. The beautiful and fascinating Mrs. Jerningham is said to have
worn blue stockings at the con/versaz’imws of lady Montague; and this pecu-
liarity also fastened the name upon accomplished women.

BOARD or TRADE AND PLANTATIONS. Charles IL, on his restoration,
established a council of trade for keeping a control over the whole com-
merce of the nation, 1660; he afterwards instituted a board of trade and
plantations, which was remodelled by William III. This board of superin-
speetion was abolished in 1782; and a new council for the affairs of trade
was appointed, Sept. 2, 1786.

BOATS. Their invention was so early, and their use so general, the art cannot
be. traced to any age or country. Flat-bottomed boats were made in Eng-
land in the reign of the Conqueror: thefiatbottomed boat was again
brought into use by Barker. 3. Dutchman, about 1690. Theilife—boat was
first suggested at South Shields; androne was built by Mr. Greathead, the
inventor, and was first put. to sea, Jan. 30, 1790.

BOCCACCIO’S BOOK, IL DECAMERONE, a collection of a hundred stories or

novels, not of moral tendency: feigned to have been related in ten days, and,
as is said by Petrarch, “possessing many charms.” A copy, of the first
edition (that of Valdafer, in 1471) was knocked down, at the duke of Rox-
burgh’s sale, to the duke of Marlborough, for £3260, June 17, 1812. This
identical copy was afterwards sold, by public auction, for 875 guineas,
June 5. 1819. ‘ , .

B(EOTIA, the country of which Thebes was the capital. Thebes was equally
celebrated for its antiquity. its grandeur, and the exploits and misfortunes
of its kings and heroes. The country was known succeSsively as Aonia,
Messapia Hyantis Ogygia Cadmeis, and Boeotia; and it gave birth to Pin-'

dar, Hesiod. Plutarch, Demoeritus, Epaminondas, and the accomplished
and beautiful Corinna. ‘ '

 

 
   
  
   
   
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
    

 

 
   

'DICTIONARY 0F DATES.

BfEOTI A continued.

Here the greatness of this country ends.

Arriva‘. of Cadmus, the founderof Cad-

mea - - - B. c. 1493
Reign ofI’olydore . - - - 1459
Lnbdacus ascends the throne - 1430

Amphion and Zethus besiege Thebes,
and dethrone LLHUS - - - 1388
fEdipus. not knowing his father La't'us,
kills him in an afi'ray, confirming the
oracle as to his death by the hands of

his son - - - - - 1276
Gfidipus encounters the Sphinx, and re-

solves her enigmas - . 1266
War of the Seven Captains - - 11225

W

Thebes besieged and taken - 3. c. 1216
'I‘hersander reigns in Thebes - - 1215
The Thebitns abolish royalty, and ages

ofobscurity follow - - - 1125
at a: -x- ’k :1:
Battle of Chaaronea, in which the The-
bans defeat the Athenians - . 447

Epaminondas tleieats the Lacedemo-
nians at Leuctra, restores his country
to independence, and puts it in a con-
dition to dictate to the rest of Greece 371
Philip, king ol‘Macedon, defeats the The-
bans and Athenians, near Chaerouea - 338

Alexander destroyed Thebes, the

capital, 335 13.0., when the house of Pindar alone was left standing, and all
the inhabitants were either killed or sold as slaves—Strum).

BOGS. Commonly the remains of fallen forests, covered with peat and loose

soil.
water.

Moving bogs are slips of land carried to lower levels by accumulated
Acts relating to Ireland, for their drainage, passed, March, 1830.

The bog-land of Ireland has been estimated at 3,000,000 acres; that of Scot-
land, at upwards of 2,000,000; and that of England, at near 1,000,000 of acres.

~BOH, a fierce barbarian general, son of Odin, lived 60 B. c.

The exclamation

of his name petrified his enemies, and is yet used to frighten children.

BOHEMIA. This country was originally governed by dukes: the title of king
was obtained from the emperor Henry IV. The kings at first held their
territory of the Empire, but they at length threw off the yoke : the crown
was elective till it came into the house of Austria, in which it is now here-
ditary.—~See Germany.

The Sclavonians, seizing Bohemia, are
ruled by dukes - - A. n. 550
City of Prague founded - - - 795
Introduction of Christianity - - 894
Bohemia conquered by the emperor
Henry 111., who spreads devastation
through the country - ~ - 1041
The regal title is conferred on Uratislas,
the first king - - - 1061
The regal title is farther confirmed to
Ottoacre I. - - ~ - - 1199
Reign of Ottoacre II’., who carries his
arms into Prussia - ., - 1258
Ottoa :re, refusing to do homage to the
emperor Rodol hus, is by him van-
quished, and eprived of Austria,
Styria, and Carniola - - - 1282
In the reign of VVinceslas III. mines of
silver are first discovered, and agri-
culture is encouraged and improved
(et se .) - - - - 1284
Winces as TV. becoming odious for his
vices, is assassinated - - - 1305
John, count of Luxemburgh, is chosen
to succeed - - - - 1310
Silesia is made a province of Bohemia 1342
King John slain at the battle of Crecy,
fought with the English - - - 1346

John Huss and Jerome of Prague, two
ofthe first Reformers, are burnt for
heresy, which occasions an insurrec-
tion; when Sigismund, who betrayed
them, is deposed. and the Imperialists
are driven from the kingdom 1415 & 1416

Albert, duke of Austria, marries the
daughter of the late emperor and
king, and receives the crowns of B0-
hemia and Hungary - - - 1437

The succession infringed by Ladislas,
son of the king of Poland, and George
Podiebrad, a protestant chief 1440 to 1458

Ladislas V1,, king of Poland, elected
king of Bohemia, on the death ofI’o-
diebrad _- ~ - . - 1471

The emperor Ferdinand I. marries
Anne, sister of Louis the late king,
and obtains the crown - - 1527

The elector palatine Frederick is driven
from Bohemia - - -_ - 1618

The crown is secured to the Austrian

 

family by the treaty of - - 1648
Silesia and Glatz ceded to Prussia - 1742
Prague taken by the Prussrans - - 1744
The memorable siege of Prague - 1757
Revolt of the peasantry - - - 1775
The French occupy Prague » . 1305

See Germany.

BOILING TO DEATH. A capital punishment in England, by statute 23 Henry
VIII.,1532. This act was occasioned by seventeen persons having been

poisoned by Rouse, the bishop of Rochester’s cook, when the offence of

poisoning was made treason, and it was enacted to to be punished by boil—
ing the criminal to death ! Margaret pai’le, a young woman, suffered in the
; We manner for a similar crime, m 1041. , :

 

Marni

a

208 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [306%

BOLOGNA. Distinguished for its many rare and magnificent specimens of
architecture. Its ancient and celebrated university was founded by Theos
dosius, A. D. 433. Pope Julius 11., after besieging and taking Bologna, made
his triumphal entry into it with a pomp and magnificence by no means fitting
(as Erasmus observes) for the vicegerent of the meek Redeemer. Nov. 10,
1506. Here. in the church of St. Patronius, which is remarkable for its
pavement, Cassini drew his meridian line, at the close of the seventeenth
century. Taken by the French, 1796; by the Austrians, 1799; again by the
French, after the battle of Mai-engo, in 1800; restored to the pope in 1815;
Austrians expelled by the people, August 8, 1848.

BOMBAY, INDIA. Given as part of the marriage-portion of the princess Cath-
erine of Portugal, on her marriage with Charles II., 1661. Granted by VVil-
liam III. to the East India Company in 1688, and it new forms one of the

three presidencies. An awful tire raged here, and a number of lives were
lost, Feb. 27, 1803.——See India.

BOMBS, invented at Venlo, in 1495, but according to some authorities near a
century after. They came into general use in 1634, having been previously
used only in the Dutch and Spanish armies. Bomb—vessels were invented in
France, in 1681.—-— Voltaire. The Shrapnel shell is a bomb filled with balls,
and a lighted fuse to make it explode before it reaches the enemy; a thirteen-
inch bomb—shell weighs 198 lbs.

BONDAGE, OR VILLANAGE, was enforced under William I. A villain in
ancient times meant a peasant enslaved by his lord. A release from this
species of servitude was ordered on the manors of Elizabeth, in 1574. See
Villain.

BONE—SETTING. This branch of the art of surgery cannot be said to have
been practised scientifically until 1620, before which time it was rather im-
perfectly understood.—Bell. The celebrity obtained by a practitioner at
Paris, about 1600, led to the general study of bone-setting as a science
—F'rcind’s Hist 0f Pkg/sic.

BOOKS. Ancient books were originally boards, or the inner bark of trees; and
bark is still used by some nations, as are also skins, for which latter parch-
ment was substituted. Papyrus, an Egyptian plant, was adopted in that
country. Books whose leaves were vellum, were invented by Attalus, king
of Pergamus, about 198 B. c., at which time books were in volumes or rolls.
The MS’S. in Herculaneuin consist of papyrus, rolled and charred, and matted
together by the fire, and are about nine inches long, and one. two. or three
inches in diameter, each being a separate treatise. The Pentateueh of
Moses, and the history of Job, are the most ancient in the world; and in

profane literature, the poems of Homer, though the names of others still
more ancient are preserved.

BOOKS, PRICES or. Jerome states that he had ruined himself by buying a copy
of the works of Origen. A large estate was given for one on cosmography,
by Alfred, about A. D. 872. The Roman de la Rose was sold for above 30L ,-
and a Homily was exchanged for 200 sheep and five quarters of wheat; and
they usually fetched double or treble their weight in gold. They sold at
prices varying from 101. to 401. each, in 1400. In our own times, the value
of some volumes is very great. A copy of [Martha’s Bible, ornamented by
Mr. Temkins, has been declared worth 500 guineas.—Butlm'. A yet more
superb copy is at present insured in a London office for 3,000l.— Times. 12
Dccamerone of Boccaeio, edition of 1471, was bought at the duke of Rox-
burgh’s sale by the duke of Marlborough for 22601.. June 17. 1812.—P/Ldlips.
A copy of the “ Mazarin Bible,” being the first edition and first book ever
printed (by Guttemberg at Mentz in 1455) was sold at auction in London

.- _ VJ
, 134W

 

gluon] DICTIONARY or DATES. 269

in April 1846 for 500l. This copy, the only one known to exist except 19
in public libraries, is now in a private library in New York.

  

i. BOOKS, PRINTED. The first printed books were trifling hymns and psalters, and
being printed only on one side, the leaves were pasted back to back. The
first printing was, as a book, the Book of Psalms, by Faust and Schaefier, his
son—in-law, Aug. 14, 1457. Several works were printed many years before;
but as the inventors kept the secret to themselves, they sold their first printed
works as manuscripts. This gave rise to an adventure that brought calamity
on Faust; he began in 1450 an edition of the Bible, which was finished in
1480. See article Devil and Dr. Faustus. The second printed was Cicero de
Qfiieiis, 1460.—Blai7'. The first book printed in England was The Game arid
Play 0 the Cheese, by Caxton, 1474. The first in Dublin was the Liturgy,
in 155 . The first classical work printed in Russia was Com. Nepotis Vztce,
in 1762. Lucian’s Dialogues was the first Greek book printed in America
(at Philadelphia), 1780. Books of astronomy and geometry were all de-
stroyed in England as being infected with magic, 6 Edward VI. 1552.—
Slowe’s Chronicles.

The above is from Haydn ,- but according to Pettigrew, (Billie. Sussex.)
the first book printed with movable types was the Latin Bible, printed by
John Guttemberg at Mayenee, about 1455. It was in two folio volumes;
and so excellent was the workmanship, both in type, ink, paper, and press—
work, that it has scarcely been surpassed since. The succeeding editions
for 200 years were much inferior. This edition is called the Mazai'in Bible,
as a copy was first found in the library of cardinal Mazarin. Only 20 copies
, are now known to exist-«all but one being in public libraries in Europe.
1" [See previous article] Specimens of the black boo/ts, printed with engraved
wooden blocks, instead of type, are now very rare. Of the Biblia Pauperum,
done in this way, only two copies exist, one of which belongs to a citizen of
New York.

BOOK-BINDING. The book of St. Cuthbert, the earliest ornamented book, is
supposed to have been bound. about A. D. 650. A Latin Psalter in oak boards
was bound in the ninth century. A MS. copy of the four evangelists, the
book on which our kings from Henry I. to Edward VI. took their coronation
oath, was bound in oaken boards, nearly an inch thick, A. D. 1100. Velvet
was the covering in the fourteenth century; and silk soon after. Vellum
was introduced early in the fifteenth century; it was stamped and orna—
mented about 1510. Leather came into use about the same time. Cloth
binding superseded the common boards, generally, about 1831. Caoutchouc,
or India-rubber backs to account—books and large volumes introduced 1841.

BOOK—KEEPING. The system by double~entry, called originally Italian book-
keeping, was taken from the course of algebra which was published by
Burgo, at Venice, then a great commercial state, in the fifteenth century.
It was made known in England by James Peele, who published his Book-
keeping in 1569.—«Ande¢so7t.

,BOOK TRADE of Great Britain, France, and Germany. The number of new
- works published in successive years is thus stated:

1'" ”-er —’ a»...

4T”? "W???“WWTF‘?“ fifw’f,‘ "r“

 
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
    
    
   
 
 
 
  

Gt. Brit. France. Germany. Gt. Brit. France. Germany.
1828 - 842 - — - 5,654 1836 - 1,332 - — . 7,891
1830 - 1,142 - -- - 5,926 1849 - —- - —— - —
1834 - 1,220 - — - 6,074 1850 - — - 7,208 - -—

The number of printed books received from 1814 to 1847 inclusive, under
;Vg the copyright acts, from the trustees of the British Museum, amount to
7;“? 55,474, or 1681 each year.

; 7 England—The Whole number of books printed in England during 14 yea,“
ion 1666 to 1680, was 3,550; equal to 253 yearly ;—but deducting the

 

 
  

..

'210 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [€80

reprints, pamphlets, single sermons, and maps, the annual average of new I '

books may be computed at much less than 100.

The number of new works, exclusive of “all pamphlets and other tracts,”
issued during 56 years, as appears from a “Complete Catalogue of Modern
Books published from the beginning of the century (1700) to 1756,” was
5,280; equal to a yearly average of 94.

The number of new works, exclusive of reprints and pamphlets, issued
during eleven years, from 1702 to 1802 inclusive, was 4,096; equal to 372
each year.

The number of new publications issued in 27 years, from 1800 to 1827, in*
eluding reprints altered in size and price, but excluding pamphlets, was,
according to the London Catalogue, 10,860 2—deducting one fifth for reprints,
we have 15,888, equal to 588 each year.

Mr. MeCulloch estimates the number of volumes of new publications pro-
duced annually in Great Britain (exclusive of reprints, pamphlets, and
periodical publications not in volumes) at about 1,500; and the average
impression of each volume at 750 copies ;—annual total, 1,125 000 volumes:
——value at 03. a volume, £506,250. “The number of reprinted volumes,
particularly of school—books, is very great; and if to these we add the
reviews, magazines, pamphlets, and all other publications, exclusive of news-
papers, the total publication value of the new works of all sorts, and new

copies of old works that are annually produced, may be estimated at about
£750,000.” '

Framer—The activity of the French press has been very greatly increased
since the downfall of Napoleon. The count Daru, in a very instructive
work (Notions Statisttques sm~ la Librarie), published in 1827, estimated the
number of printed sheets, exclusive of newspapers. produced by the French
press in 1816 at 66 852 883; and in 1825, at 128,011,483; and we believe
that the increase from 1825 down to the present period has been little if any
thing inferior. -

The first six months of the year 1837, as stated by the “Foreign Quarterly
review,” there were printed in France, 3,413 works, in French and other
languages; also 571 engravings and lithographs. ‘

Gcrmmz.;z/.—~Tlie book-trade of Germany is greatly facilitated by the book-
fairs held at Leipsic at Easter and Michaelmas, which are attended by the
booksellers of Germany, and by many of those of the neighboring countries,
as France, Switzerland, Denmark, &c. This trade began to flourish in 1814;
the number of works then annually offered for sale was about 2,000; but

the number has been gradually increasing, having for the first time exceeded
5,000 in 1827; and it nowacxceeds 7,000.

“ An Augsburg paper states.” (says the “Foreign Quarterly Review,” 1836,)
“ that, on a moderate calculation, 10,000,000 of volumes are annually printed
in Germany. and as every half-yearly fair catalogue contains the names of
more than 1000 German writers, it may be assumed, that there are now:
living upwards of 50 000 persons who have written one or more books. The
total value of all the books published annually in Germany is estimated
from 5 to 6,000,000 dollars.” '

Russia—In the year 1836, 674 original works, and 124 translations were a

published in Russia, exclusive of 46 periodicals.

Sew/ew—T‘here are only 28 or 30 printing presses in Sweden; 10 in Stock- 3
helm 3 in Gottenburg, 2 in Upsal, 2 in N erkoping, and 1 in several other :

places.

BOOK-TRADE or THE UNITED STATES. The number of new, works which

appeared in the United States, in 1834 and 1835, amounted to 1,013, forming

.. . #W__na&mummmxmux as.“summw-mmakaan11s¢b¢u; ‘ng'vj‘a. .m.z...w,.: emceeu. . 1 n a ‘i

   
    
 
 

flag" . 4, ., 7'1"!” . ‘ ,

' DICTIONARY OF DATES. 21:1

  
  
  
 
  
   
   
  
  
   
  
   
  
  
   
   
  
   
  
   
  
   
  
   
  
  
  
  
  
   
  
 
  
 
  
  
   
  
  

1,300 volumes, and the cost of which may be estimated at $ 1. 220, 000. In
1836 the number was considerably inc1eased, and the cost of the books
published in that year cannot be computed ”at less than $ 1,500 000. Boston,
New York. Philadelphia, and Hartfind furnished 19 20ths of the amount

Anothei statement for the yea1s 1833, 1834, and 1835, is as follows r—originals

1 030, 1Lp1 nits 854; total, 1 ,884- ;——nuniber of volumes printed (1, 000 for
each edition), 1,884,000.

In most cases the editions of one and the same work are lar get and more
fr'equent 111 the United States than in any other country. Many reprinted
English works have here passed tlnee or form editions while the publishers
of the original 1n England have but one. In one instance, the sale :f a
book in Alneliea amounted to 100, 000 copies, whereas in England only four
editions, of 1,000 copies each, were disposed of.

The amount of literary productions in America. has more than doubled
duiing the last ten years The sales of fi1e book- selling establishments
amounted' in 1836 to $ 1 350 000.

The following statement will show the 1e1ative proportion of native and im-
ported literary productions 111 1834:

011‘ 111111. Re 1'1'nt. .‘)91 mal. Re int.
Education - - g7'3 - p 9 Poetry - - - jg W3
Divinity - - - 37 - 18 Travels - - - 8 - 10
Novels and Tales - 19 - 95 Fine Arts - - - 8 - 0
History and Biography - 19 - 17 Miscellaneous works - 59 - 43
Jurisprudence - - 20 - 3

Thus it appears in American literature the scientific and p1actically useful
predominate, and that works of imagination a1e chiefly d01 1ved from
foreign sour.ces The school— books are almost all written or compiled in the
United States; and some idea of the extensive business done in them may
be formed from the ci1cun1stance,tl1at, of some of the most popular com-
pilations in geography, from 100,000 to 300 000 copies have been sold in ten
years; so that, in many instances, works of this kind produce a permanent
income, as well to the author as the publisher During the last five years,

the numbe1 of American original w orks' in proportion to reprints, has nearly
doubled

[The pieceding paraglaph is deiived {10m statistics in {re Booksellms’ Advertise», edited 11
G. P. Putnam, New York, 1835. Since then, no complete register has been ke tof publi-

cations 111 successive years: but the iollowing list 1s compiled from the semi- mont ly register
In the LitermmeLd. ]

AMERICAN PUBLICATIONS—January to June, 1849.

Original. Reprint. Original. Reprint.

Education - - 36 - 7 i Travels - - - 21 - 7
Divinity - - - 25 - 25 i Metaphysics - - 3 - 8
Novels and Tales - 18 - 23 } Miscellaneous - - 25 - 10
History - - 20 - 12 1 Law

Biog1aphy - - 15 ' - 6 {Juvenile not ascertained.

Political Economy - 3 - 0 l Periodical

Medicine - - 12 - 11 l —— —
Science - - - ll - 9 J For six months - 200 - 128
Poetry - - ll - Total, 328.

y. The number of new publications for the year 1849 would thus be 056, exclu-
' 'sive of law and juvenile books, and occasional pamphlets and periodicals.

“Li'fiOOTS. ' They are said to have been the invention of the Carians. and were
’ made of iron, brass, or leather; of the last material some tune. after their
invention, boots were known to the Greeks, for Homer mentions them about
907 B. c.

ORODINO on MOSKWA, BATTLE or one of the most sanguinary in the
1* records of the world, fought Sept. 7 1812, between the French and Russians;
. Wed on the one side by Napoleon, and on the other by KutuSofl’.

 

 

212 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [m

240,000 men being engaged. Each party claimed the victory, because the
loss of the other was so immense; but it was rather in favor of Napoleon,
for the Russians subsequently retreated, leaving Moscow to its fate. The
road being thus left open, the French entered Moscow, Sept. 14, with little
opposition. But a signal reverse of fortune now took place, which preserved
the Russian empire from ruin, and paved the way to the downfall of the
French military power over Europe. See 114036010.

BOROUGH. Anciently a company of ten families living together. The term
has been applied to such towns as send members to parliament, since the
election of burgesses in the reign of Henry III. 1265. Burgesses were first
admitted into the Scottish parliament by Robert Bruce, 1326—and into the
Irish, 1865.

BOROUGH ENGLISH. This was an ancient tenure by which the younger son ,
inherits. Its origin is thus explained: in feudal times the lord is said to ;
have claimed the privilege of spending the first night with the vassal’s bride,
and on such occasions the land was made to descend to the next son, in con-
sequence of the supposed illegitimacy of the elder. This kind of tenure is

mentioned as occurring A. n. 834. It existed in Scotland, but was abolished
by Malcolm III. in MGR—Haydn.

BOSPHORUS, now called Circassia. The history of this kingdom is involved
in obscurity, though it continued for 530 years. It was named Cimmerian, »‘
from the Cimmcri, who dwelt on its borders. The descendants of Archean- 33,
actes of Mytilene settled in this country, but they were dispossessed by
order of the emperor Spartacus, in 438 B. c. Mithridates conducted a pris-
oner to Rome, by Claudius, and his kingdom soon afterwards made a pro—
Vince of the empire, A. D. 40. The strait of the Bosphorus was closed by the

Turks, Sept. 8, 1828. It was blockaded by the Russian squadron under ad-
miral Greig, Dec. 31, same year. See Dardanelles.

i

‘l

l

l

i

v

BOSTON, the capital of Massachusetts founded in August 1630. Here com- 1

menced the American Revolution. British soldiers fired on the people, 1770. ‘

The celebrated “ Tea—party” here, took place 1773. The port closed'by par- 3

liament 1774. British army evacuated Boston in March 1776. [See Lexing— v
ton and Bunker HZZL] The cause of American freedom was nowhere more
actively sustained than by the people of Boston. Benjamin Franklin was
born here, Jan. 17, 1706. John Hancock, the first signer of the Declaration
of Independence, was a Bostonian. Boston incorporated as a city, 182 .
Population in 1700, 7000; in 1700, 18,038; in 1810, 33,250; in 1820, 43,298;
in 1880, 61,391 ; in 1845, 114,366. Tonnage of vessels in 1840, 220,243 tons.

BOSWORTH FIELD, BATTLE or, the thirteenth and last between the houses
of York and Lancaster, in which Richard III. was defeated by the earl of
Richmond, afterwards Henry VII, the former being slain, Aug. 22, 1485.
The crown of Richard was found in a hawthorn bush, on the plain where the
battle was fought, and Henry was so impatient to be crowned, that he had
the ceremony performed on the spot with that very crown. In the civil cen-
tests between the “Roses,” many of the most ancient- families in the king-
dom were entirely extinguished, and no less than 100,000 human beings lost
their lives.

,BOTANY. Aristotle is considered the founder of the philosophy of botany.
The Historz'a Plantamm of Theophrastus, written about 320 B. c. Authors
on botany are numerous from the earlier ages of the world, to the close of
the 15th century, when the science became better understood. The study '3
was advanced by Fuchsius, Bock, Bauhin, Caesalpinus, and others. between t
1535 and 1600.——Melchior Adam. The system and arrangement of Linnaeus,
the first botanist of modern times, made known about 1750. J ussieu’s sys- .

 

 
  

.mfl DICTlONARY OF DATES. 2137.:

.. tern, in 1758. At the time of Linnaeus’s death, A.D. 1778, the species of
plants actually described amounted in number to 11,800. The number of
species of all denominations now recorded cannot fall short of 100,000.

BOTANY BAY, originally fixed on for a colony of convicts from Great Britain.
The first governor, Phillips, who sailed from England in May, 1787, arrived
at the settlement in January, 1788. The bay had been discovered by cap—
tain Cook in 1770, and the place took its name from the great variety of
herbs which abounded on the shore. The colony was fixed at Port Jackson,
about thirteen miles to the north of the bay. See New South Wales and

g Transportation.
a

\

BOTTLES, of glass, were first made in England, about 1558.——See Glass. The
art of making glass bottles and drinking glasses was known to the Romans
at least before 79 A. D., for these articles and other vessels have been found
in the Ruins of Pompeii. A bottle which contained two hogsheads was
blown, we are told, at Leith, in Scotland, in January, 1747—8.

BOULOGN E, FRANCE. Taken by the British in 1542, but restored to France
upon the peace, 1550. Lord Nelson attacked Boulogne, disabling ten vessels,
and sinking five. Aug. 3, 1801. Prince Louis Napoleon made a descent here
with about fifty followers, Aug. 6, 1840.——See next article and France.

BOULOGNE FLOTILLA. This celebrated armament against England excited
much attention for some years, but the grand demonstration was made in
1804. In that year, Bonaparte had assembled 160,000 men and 10.000 horses,
and a flotilla of 1300 vessels and 17.000 sailors to invade England. The
coasts of Kent and Sussex were covered with martello towers and lines of

Q defence; and nearly half the adult population of Britain was formed into

volunteer corps. It is supposed that this French armament served merely

for a demonstration, and that Bonaparte never seriously intended the inva-
sion.

- BOUNDARY QUESTIONS, IN THE UNITED STATES. Award of the king of the
Netherlands on the boundary between Maine and the British possessions,
Jan. 10, 1831 (rejected by both parties). Collisions between the people of
Maine and New Brunswick in the disputed territory on the Aroostock. 1838—9,
suspended by a mutual agreement between sir J. Harvey, Governor of New
Brunswick, governor Fairfield, of Maine, and general Scott, of the U. S.
army. March 21, 1839. This boundary settled by the Treaty of Washing-
ton, 1842. Oregon boundary—49th parallel agreed upon as the northern
boundzgry of the United States, in Oregon, by treaty signed at Washington,
June 1 46.

'~ BOUNTIES. They were first granted on the exportation of British commodi-
" ties—a new principle introduced into commerce by the British parliament.
The first bounties granted on corn, were in 1688. First legally granted in
England for raising naval stores in America, 1703. Bounties have been
granted on sail-cloth, linen, and other goods.—~Elements of Commerce.

‘, BOUNTY, MUT IN EERS on THE SHIP. Memorable mutiny on board the Bounty,
' armed ship returning from Otaheite, with bread-fruit. The mutineers put
their captain, Bligh, and nineteen men into an open boat, near Annamooka,
one of the Friendly Islands, April 28, 1789, and they reached the Island of
Timer, south of the Moluccas, in June, after a perilous voyage of nearly
4000 miles, in which their preservation was next to miraculous. The muti-
‘ neers were tried Sept. 15, 1792, when six were condemned, of whom three
were executed. See Pitcairn’s Island.

fiQURBON, HOUSE OF. Anthony de Bourbon was the chief of the branch of
€- st,Bs‘aurbon, sopcalled from a fief of that name which fell to them by marr' e
;J§th;the,,heiress of the estate. Henry IV. of France and Navarre, j ' y

A
t
K
r
,
y
r
"i
i

m

{e
w.

 

  
  
    
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
   
  

 

1.

‘214 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS: [ Edi ‘

styled the Great, was son of Anthony, and came to the throne in 1589. The

crown of Spain was settled on a younger branch of this family. and guaran-
teed by the peace of Utrecht. 1713.~~1{npin. The Bourbon Family Compact
took place, 1761. The Bourbons were expelled France, 1791. and were
restored, 181-1. Re-expelled. and again restored, 1815. The elder branch
was expelled once more, in the persons of Charles X. and his family in 1830,
a consequence of the revolution of the memorably days of July in that
year. ——See Flame.

BOURBON Isms or, discove1ed by the Portuguese in 1545. The French
first settled here 111 1672. and built several to1v.ns The island surlendered
to the British. July 2, 1810. It is near the Isle of F1anee, and the two are .
styled the Mauritius. There occurred an awful 11urr1cane here in February
1829,11y which immense mischief was done to the shipping, and in the
Island. See diacritics.

BOURDEAUX (or BORDEAUX) was united to the dominions of Henry II. of
England, by his marriage with Eleanor of Aquitaine. Edward the Black
Prince brought his royal captive, John. king of France, to this city after the
battle ot‘Poitiers in 1356, and here held his court during eleven years: his son,
Richard II., (ofE11g.) was born at Bourdeaux, in 1862. The fine equestrian
statue of Louis XV. was erected in 1743. Bourdeaux was entered by the
victorious British army, after the battle of Orthes, fought Feb. 25, 1814.

BOURIGNONISTS a sect founded by Madame Antoinette Bmorigmm a fanatic,
who, in 1658 took the habit of St. Augustin and travelled into France,
Holland England and Scotland In the last she made a strong party and
some thousands of sectarists, about 1670. She maintained that Christianity
does not consist in faith or practice but 1n an inward feeling and supernatu-
ral impulse. This visiona1y published a book entitled the Light of t/Le\
I’led in which and 1n several other 11 orks, she maintained and taught her
pe1nicious notions. A disciple of hers named Cour,t left her a good estate.
She died in 1680.

BOWLS, on BOWLING, an English game, played as early as the thirteenth
century, and once in great 1epute among the higher 1anks.Cha1les I.
played at it. It fo1med a daily sha1e in the dive1sions of Charles II. at
Tunbiidge. ~Zl1emoz) as de Glammont.

BOWS AND ARROWS. See Awhew. The invention of them is ascribed to
Apollo Known 111 England previous to A. D. 450. The use of them was
again int1oduced into England by the Conqueror 1066; and g1eatly encour-
aged by Richard I.,1190 ~Ba/t'c7’ s C/nonicle. '1he usual range of the long-
bow 1111s 110m 300 to 400 yards; the length of the bow was six feet and
the a11owth1ee C1oss- bo11s 1ve1e fixedb to a stock of hen 01 wood, and
were disel1a1ged by a trigger.

BOXING on PR1? F FIGHTING, the p11 ”(la/1L8 of the Romans and a favorite

sport with the B1 itish, who possess an ext1aordinaiy st1e11gth 1n the arm an
advantage which gives the British soldier gieat superiority' 1n battles decid-

ed by the bayonet. A century ago boxingb fo1 med a regula1 exhibition and ’ ‘

a theat1e was erected for it in Tottenham- court—Broughton’ s amphitheatre,
behind Oxfo1d- road, built 1742 Schools were opened 1n Englampi to teach
boxing as a science in 1790. O111nu to the dishonest practices 1n the “ ring,”

selling the victory, and one combatant allowing the other to beat him &c.,

the fights have been fewer of late, and the nun1be1 of the pat1ons of boxing
have declined

BOYLE LECTURES. Instituted by Robert Boyle (son of the great earl 01 -
C0111) an exceedinOIy good man and philosopher, distinguished by his
genius, virtues, and unbounded benevolence. He instituted: eight lect s
in vindication of the Christian religion, which were delivered at St: Mary-e-

 

nema-1:1. eumnwxgmmmarnmhaw

. ammo... }.

1

 

 

‘ O

DICTIONARY or DATES. . 2315

  
   
 
 
 
 
 
   
   
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
    

Bow church, on the first Monday' in each month, 11 om January to May, and
Septembei to November—endowed 1691.

‘ BOYNE BATTLE or, between king William III. and his father-indaw, James II.,
fought July 1, 1690. The latter was signally defeated, his adherents losing
1500 men, and the Protestant army about a third of that number. James
immediately afterwards fled to Dublin, thence to Waterford, and escaped to
France. The duke of Schomberg was killed in the battle.

f BRABANT. It was erected into a duchy A. D. 620, and devolved upon Lam-
E. bert I. count of Louvain, in 1005, and from him descended to Philip II. of
$5" Burgundy, and in regular succession to the emperor Charles V. In the
5'; seventeenth century it was held by Holland and Austria, as Dutch Brabant,
f and Walloon. These provinces underwent many changes in most of the
, great w 31s of Europe. '1 he Austrian division was taken by the French 1746
E —again in 1794 by their Republic; and it new forms pa1t ot the kingdom
of Belgium, under Leopold, 1831. See Belgium.

BRACELETS They w ere early worn and prized among the ancients, we read
of them 1n almost all nations; those that were called mmilla: weie usually
distributed as rewards for valor among the Roman legions.-—N01w. Diet.
Those of pearls and gold were worn by the Roman ladies; and armlets are
female ornaments to the present day.

BRAGANZA, HOUSE OF, owes its elevation to royalty to a remarkable and
bloodless revolution in Portugal, A. D. 1640, when the nation, throwing off
the Spanish yoke, which had become intolerable, advanced John, duke of
Braganza, t0 the throne, on which this family continues to reign.—Abbé
Vcnfiot.

BRAHMINS, a sect of Indian philosophers, 1eputed to be so ancient that Py-
thagoras is thought to have learned from them his doctrine of the Metemp—
syciwsis; and it is affirmed that some of the G1eek philosophers went to
India on purpose to converse with them. The modern Brahmins derive
their name from Brahme, one of the three beings whom God, according to
their theology, created, and with whose assistance he formed the world.
They never eat flesh and abstain f1 om the use of wine and all carnal enjoy-
meme—18711150. The modem Indian priests 2116 still considered as the de-
pos1ta11es of the whole learning of India. ———Holwell.

BRANDENBURGH, FAMILY or, is of great antiquity, and some historians say
it was founded by the Sclav onians who gave it the name of 80.7sz which
signifies Gumd of the Furesls.Hen1y I.,su1named the Fowle1,f01tified
Brandenburgh, A.D. 923, to serve as a rampart against the Huns. He be-
stowed the government on Sifroi, count of Ringelheim, with the title of

Margrave, which signifies protector of the marches or frontiers, in 927. i
The empei or Sigismund gav e perpetual investitme to Frederick IV of N urem-
berg, who was made elect01 in 1417. See P11133111.

‘ BRANDYWIN E, BATTLE or, between the British ioyalist forces and the Ameri-
cans, in which the lattei were defeated with great loss, and Philadelphia fell
to the possession of the viet01s, September 11,1777.

: :E.BRASS Its formation was p1ior to the Flood and it was discovered in the
seventh generation from Adam. ——Bible. Brass w as known among all the
early nations— Uslm. The Britons from the 1e1notestpe1iod were acquainted
with its use.—Whittakc.r When Lucius Mumonius blunt Co1inth to the
ground, 146 B. 0., the riches he found were immense and d111ing the confla-
gration, it is said, all the metals in the city melted and Mining together,
formed the valuable composition since known undei the name of Corinth:
,1 fan Brass. This, however, may well be doubted, for the Coxinthian artists
< m long before obtained great credit for their method of combining gas

 

if

216 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [Erie—

and silver with copper; and the Syriac translation of the Bible says, that
Hiram made the vessels for Solomon’s temple of Corinthian brass. Articles
made of this brilliant composition, though in themselves trivial and insig-
nificant, were yet highly valued—Du Fresnoy.

BRAZIL. It was discovered by Alvarez de Cabral, a Portuguese, who was
driven upon its coasts by a tempest in 1500. He called it the Land of the
Holy Cross; but it was subsequently called Brazil on account of its red
wood, and was carefully explored by Amerige Vespucci, about 1504. The
gold mines were first opened in 1684; and the diamond mines were discov—
e1 ed 1730 (see Dimnomls). The French having seized on Portugal in 1807,
the royal family and most of the nobles embarked forBrazil. A revolution
took place here in 1821. Brazil was erected into an empire, when Don
Pedro assumed the title of emperor, in November 1825. He abdicated the
throne of Portugal, May 2, 1826; and that of Brazil, in favor of his infant
son, now emperor, April 7, 1881, and returned to Portugal, where a civil
war ensued.—~—See Portugal.

BREAD. Ching-Noung, the successor of Fohi, is reputed to have been the
first who taught men (the Chinese) the art of husbandry, and the method
of making bread from wheat, and wine from rice, 1998 B. c.—Unz'v. HZSL.
Baking of bread was known in the patriarchal ages; see Exodus xii. 15.
Baking bread became a profession at Rome, 170 B. C. During the siege of
Paris by Henry IV., owing to the famine which then raged, bread, which
had been sold whilst any remained for a crown a pound, was at last made
from the bones of the charnel—house of the Holy Innocents, A.D. 1594.—
Hemmll. In the time of James I. the usual bread of the poor was made of
barley ; and now in Iceland, cod-fish, beaten to powder, is made into bread;
and the poor use potato—bread in many parts of Ireland. Earth has been
eaten as bread in some parts of the world: near Moscow is a portion of
land whose clay will ferment when mixed with flour. The Indians of Lou—

isiana (7.) eat a white earth with salt; and the Indians of the Oronooko eat
a white unctuous earth.— Graig ; Phillips.

BREAKWATER AT PLYMOUTH. The first stone of this stupendons work
was lowered in the presence of the army and navy, and multitudes of the
great, August 12. 1812. It was designed to break the swell at Plymouth,
and stretches 5280 feet across the Sound; it is 360 feet in breadth at the
bottom, and more than thirty at the top, and consumed 3,666,000 tons of
granite blocks, from one to five tons each, up to April, 1841; and cost a
million and a half sterling. The architect was Rennie. The first stone of
the lighthouse on its western extremity was laid Feb. 1, 1841.

BREAST-PLATES. The invention of them is ascribed to Jason, 937 B. C. The
breast-plate formerly covered the whole body, but it at length dwindled in
the lapse of ages to the diminutive gorget of modern times. See Armor.

BREDA. Thiseity was taken by prince Maurice of Nassau in 1590; by the
Spaniards in 1625; and again by the Dutch in 1637. Charles II. resided
here at the time of the Restoration, 1660. See Restoration. Breda was
taken by the French in 1793, and retaken by the Dutch the same year. The
French garrison was shut out by the burgesses in 1813, when the power of
France ceased here,

BREECH‘ES. Among ,the Greeks, this garment indicated slavery. It was
worn by the Dacians, Parthians, and other northern nations; and in Italy,
it is said. it was \VOrm in the time of Augustus Caesar. In the reign of Ho-
norius, axout A. D. 394, the [Jo-accari, or breeches-makers, were expelled from
Rome; in t soon afterwards the use of breeches was adopted in other coun—
tries, and at length it became general. ‘ ‘ '

 

   

 

DICTIONARY 0F DATES. 217‘

BREMEN, a venerable Hanse town, and duchy, sold to George I. as elector of
Hanover, in 1716. It was taken by the French in 1757; they were driven
out by the Hanoverians in 1758; and it was again seized in 1806. Bremen

was annexed by Napoleon to the French empire in 1810 ; but its indepen—
dence was restored in 1813. See Heme Towns.

BRESLAU, BATTLE or, between the Austrians and Prussians, the latter under

,rince Bevern, who was defeated. but the engagement was most bloody on

0th sides, Nov. 22,1757, when Breslau was taken; but was regained the
same year. This city was for some time besieged by the French, and sur-
rendered to them January 5, 1807, and again in 1813.

BREST. It was besieged by Julius Czesar, 5-1 B. c.—possessed by the English,
A. n. 1378—given up to the duke of Brittany, 1391. Lord Berkeley and a
British fleet and army were repulsed here with dreadful loss in 1694.
The magazine burnt, to the amount of some millions of pounds sterling,
174-1. The marine hospitals, with fifty galley-slaves, burnt, 1766. The
magazine again destroyed by a fire, July 10, 1784. From this great depot
of the French navy, numerous squadrons were equipped against England
during the late war.

BRETHREN IN INIQUITY. The designation arose from persons eovenanting
formerly to share each other’s fortune, in any expedition to invade a coun—

‘ try, as did Robert de Oily and Robert de Ivery, in William I.’s invasion of
England, 1066.

. BRETIGN Y, PEACE OF, concluded with France at Bretigny, and by which Eng-
land retained Gascony and Guienne, acquired Saintonge, Agenois, Perigord,
Limousin, Bigorre, Angoumois, and Rovergne, and renounced her preten-
sions to Maine, Anjou, Touraine, and Normandy; England was also to

receive 3,000,000 crowns and to release king John, who had been long
prisoner in London, May 8, 1360.

BREVIARIES. The breviary is a book of mass and prayer used by the church
. of Rome. It was first called the custas, and afterwards the breviary; and
both the clergy and laity use it publicly and at home. It was in use among
the ecclesiastical orders about A. D. 1080; and was reformed by the councils
,. of Trent and Cologne, and by Pius V., Urban VIII, and other popes. The
1‘ quality of type in which the breviary was first printed gave the name to the
’ type called brevier at the present day.
BREWERS. The first are traced to Egypt. Brewing was known to our Anglo
i Saxon ancestors— Tindal. “ One William Murle, a rich maultman or bruer,
of Dunstable, had two horses all traped with gold, 1414.”—St0wc. There
are about 1700 public brewers in England, about 200 in Scotland, and 250 in
Ireland: these are exclusively of retail and intermediate brewers, of which
there are in England about 1400; there are, besides, 28,000 victuallers, &c.,
who brew their own ale. , In London. there are about 100 wholesale brewers,
many of them in immense trade. Various statutes relating to brewers and
the sale of beer have been enacted from time to time. See Beer.

‘ RIBERY. In England an indictable offence to bribe persons in the adminis-
’ trat-ion of public justice. Thomas de Weyland, ajudge, was banished the
, land for bribery, in 1288; he was chief justice of the Common Pleas. .VVil.
' , liam de Thorpe, chief justice of the King’s Bench, was hanged for bribery
in 1351. Another judge was fined 20,000l. for the like offence, 1616. Mr.
. Walpole, secretary-at—war, was sent to the tower for bribery in 1712. Lord
~ Strangford was suspended from voting in the Irish House of Lords, for soli-
, ._ citing a bribe, January 1784.
BERY AT ELECTIONS, as in the preceding cases, made an indictable
.~;,9‘fi‘ence. Messrs. Sykes and Rumbold fined and imprisoned for bribery at

10

  
   
 
 
   
   
 
 
  
  

 

 

 

218 THE WOR LD’S PROGRESS. . L all; '

an election, March 14, 1776. An elector of Durham convicted, July 1808 ;-
and several similar instances have occurred since.

BRICKS, for building, were used in the earliest times in Babylon, Egypt,
Greece, and Rome. Used in England by the Romans, about A. n. 44. Made
under the direction of Alfred the Great, about BBQ—Saxon Citron. The
size regulated by order of Charles I. 1625. Taxed, 1784. The number of
bricks which paid duty in England in 1820 was 949,000,000; in 1830, the
number exceeded 1,100,000,000 ; and i111810 it amounted to 14,000,000,000.

' See Building.

BRIDAL CEREMONIES. Among the more rational ceremonies observed by
the ancients, was the practice of conducting the bride to the house of her
spouse on a chariot, which was afterwards burned; it originated with the
Thebans, and was intended as a symbol of the bride’s future dependence on
her husband, from whom there was no chariot to convey her back to her
parents; it is mentioned 880 B. c.

BRIDEWELL. Originally the name of a royal palace of king John, near
Fleet-ditch, London; it was built anew by Henry VIII. in 1522, and was
given to the city by Edward VI. in 1553. There are several prisons of this
name throughout England. The first London Bridewcll was in a locality
near to Bride’s well; but this is no reason, as is justly observed, why simi-
lar prisons, not in a similar locality, should have this name.

BRIDGES. So early and general, and the expedients for their construction so
various, their origin cannot be traced ; they were first of wood. The ancient
bridges in China are of great magnitude, and were built of stone. Abydos
is famous for the bridge of boats which Xerxes built across the Hellespont.
Trajan’s magnificent stone bridge over the Danube, 4770 feet in length, was
built in A. D. 103. The Devil’s bridge in the canton of Uri, so called from its
frightful situation, was built resting on two high rocks, so that it could
scarcely be conceived how it was erected, and many fabulous stories were
invented to account for it. At Shaffhausen an extraordinary bridge was
built over the Rhine, which is there 400 feet wide: there was a pier in the
middle of the river, but it is doubtful whether the bridge rested upon it; a
man of the lightest weight felt the bridge totter under him, yet wagons
heavily laden passed over without danger. This bridge was destroyed by
the Frgnch in 1799. Suspension bridge at Niagara Falls completed July
49, 18h.

BRIDGES IN ENGLAND. The ancient bridges in England were of wood, and
were fortified with planks and mcrlined; the first bridge of Stone was built
at Bow, near Stratford, A. D. 1087. Westminster bridge, then the finest
erected in these realms, and not surpassed by any in the world, except in
China, was completed in twelve years, 1750. The other London bridges are
Blackfriars, completed 1770; London, (rebuilt) 1831; Southwark, of iron,
1819. The first iron bridge, on a large scale, was erected over the Severn,
in Shropshire, 1779. The finest chain suspension bridge is that of the
Menai Strait, completed in 1825. Hungerford suspension bridge, 1845. ‘

BRIDGEWATER CANAL, the first great work of the kind in England, was
begun by the duke of Bridgewater, styled the father of canal navigation in
that country, in 1758: Mr. Brindley was the architect. The canal com-
mences at Worsley, seven miles from Manchester; and at Barton~bridge is
an aqueduct which, for upwards of 200 yards, conveys the canal across the
navigable river Irwell; its length is twenty-nine miles.

BRIEF. A written instrument in the Catholic church, of early but uncertain
date. Briefs are the letters of the pope dispatched to princes andothers on 1
public affairs, and are usually written short, and hence the name, and are ..
Without preface or preamble, and on paper; in which particulars they are r

 
 
   
   
   
  
  
  

_.menomm 0r- "mms. 219'

   
 

distinguished from bulls. The latter are ample, and always written on
parchment; a brief is sealed with red wax, the seal of the fisherman, or St.

Peter in a boat, and always in presence of the pope ; they are used for graces
and dispensations, as well as business.

BRIENN E, BATTLE or, between the allied armies of Russia and Prussia, and
the French, fought on the lst, and resumed on the 2d February, 1814. ' The
allies were defeated with great loss ; this was one of the last battles in which
the French achieved victory, previously to the fall of Napoleon.

BRlSTOL. This city, one of‘ the principal in England, was built by Brennus,
a prince of the Britons, 880 B. e. It was granted a charter and became a
distinct county in the reign of Edward HI. Taken by the earl of Glouces-
ter. in his defence of his sister Maude, the empress, against king Stephen,
1138. Bristol was attacked with great fury by the forces of Cromwell, 1655.
Riot at Bristol, on the entrance of sir Charles Wetherell, the recorder, into
the city, attended by a large police and special force, to open the sessions.
He being politically obnoxious to the lower order of the citizens, b. riot en—
sued, which was of several days’ continuance, and which did not terminate
until the mansion-house, the bishop’s palace, several merchants’ stores, some
of the prisons (the inmates liberated), and nearly 100 houses were burned,
and many lives lost. Oct. 29, 188 . Trial of the rioters, Jan. 2, 1832; four
were executed, and twenty-two transported. Suicide of col. Brereton during

‘ , his trial by court-iiiartial, Jan. 9, same year.

BRITAIN. The earliest- records of the history of this island are the manu-

1‘" scripts and poetry of the Cainbrians. The Celts were the ancestors of the

Britons and modern Welsh, and were the first inhabitants of Britain. Bri—

.. tain, including England, Scotland. and Wales, was anciently called Albion,

, the name of Britain being applied to all the islands collectively—Albion to

_ only onc.——P[i-ny. The Romans first invaded Britain under Julius Caesar,

55 B. 0.. but they made no conquests. Tho emperor Claudius, and his gen-

erals Plaiitius, Vespasian. and Titus, subdued several provinces after thirty

pitched battles with the natives, A. D. 43 and 44. The conquest was com,

pleted by Agricola, in the reign of Domitian, A. D. 85.

First invasion ofBriiain by the Romans,

 

 

 

 

~. it“

 

     
  
   
  

Constaniius, emperor of Rome, dies at
1,, under Julius Caesar - - B. c. 55 York - - - - A. I). 306
'. Cymbeline, king of Britain - - 4 The Roman forces are finally with-
Expedition ol‘Claudius ll’liO Britain, A. D. 40 drawn from Britain - 420 to 426
London founded b the Romans - 49 The Saxons and Angles are called in to
1,; Caraeiaeus carrier in chains to Reine - 51 aid the natives against their northern
,j The Romans defeated by Boadieea; neighbors the Piers and Scots - 449
‘ 70,000 slain, and London burnt. - 61 Having expelled these, the Anglo-Sax-
, A vast army of Britons is defeated by ons attack the natives themselves,
Suelonius, and 80,000 slain - - 61 driving them into \Vales - - 455
1 Reign of Lucius. the first Christian king Many of the natives settle in Armorica,
' an ofBritain, and in the world - - 179 since called Brittany - - - 457
.~: Severus keeps his court at York, then The Saxon Hepiarchy; Britaindivided
,‘fl called Eboracum - - ~ 207 into seven kingdoms - - - 457
‘ ' He dies at York - - - - 211 Reign of the renowned Arthur -' - 506
Carausius, a tyrant, usurps the throne Arrival of St. Augustin (or Austin), and
of Britain - - - - 286 establishment of Christianity -‘ - 596 ‘
,1' He is killed by Alectus, Who continues Cadwallader, last king of the Britons
-: the usurpation - - - - 293 began his reign - - - 678
Constantius recovers Britain by the de- The Saxon Heptarehy ends - . - 828
feat of Alectus - - - - 296 See England, and also Tabular Views, 1).

 

75, 620.
That Britain formerly joined the Continent has been inferred from the Sinai-j
lar ciifi's of the opposite coasts of the English Channel. and from the con—
stant encroachments of the sea in still widening the channel. For inStaiiee,

a. large part of the cliffs of Dover fell, estimated at six acres, Nov. 27, 1810.
’ dlz'ps’s Annals. -

‘ MUSEUM. The origin of this great national institution wadthg

 

 

220 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS; [Baa

grant by parliament of 20,0002. to the daughters of sir Hans Sloane, in pay-
ment for his fine library, and vast collection of the productions of nature
and art, which had cost him 50,000l. The library contained 50,000 volumes
and valuable MSS., and 69,852 articles of vertt‘i were enumerated in the cat-
alogue of curiosities. The act was passed April 5, 17-53; and in the same
year M ontagu—house was obtained by government as a place for the recep-
tion of these treasures. The museum has since been gradually increased
to an immense extent by gifts, bequests, the purchase of every species of
curiosity, MSS., sculpture and work of art, and by the transference to its
rooms of the Cottonian, Harleian. and other libraries, the Elgin marbles,
61c. George IV. presented to the museum the library collected at Bucking-
ham—house by George III.—See Cottonian Library, and other collections.

BROAD SEAL or ENGLAND, first affixed to patents and other grants of the
crown, by Edward the Confessor, A. D. 1048.—Baker’s Citron.

BROCADE. A silken stuff variegated with gold or silver, and raised and en-
riched with flowers and various sorts of figures, originally made by the Chi-
nese—Johnson. The trade in this article was carried on by the Venetians.
—Andcrson. Its manufacture was established with great success at Lyons,
in 1757.

BROCOLI: an Italian Plant—Pardon. The white and purple, both of which
are varieties of the cauliflower, were brought to England from the Isle of
Cyprus, in the seventeenth century—Anderson. About 1603.——Burns. The
cultivation of this vegetable was greatly improved in the gardens of Eng-
land and came into great abundance about 1680.—A2derson.

BROKERS. Those both of money and merchandise were known early in Eng-
land. See Appraisers. Their dealings were regulated by law, and it was
enacted that they should be licensed before transacting business, 8 and 9
William III. 1695—6. The dealings of stock-brokers Were regulated by act
6 George 1.1719, and 10 George II. 1786.—S[atutes at large. See Pawn-
brokers.

BRONZE, known to the ancients, some of whose statues, vessels. and various
other articles, made of bronze, are in the British Museum. The equestrian
statue of Louis XIV., 1699, in the Place Vendéme at Paris, (demolished Aug.
10, 1792,) was the most colossal ever made; it contained 60000 lbs. weight

of bronze. Bronze is two parts brass and one copper, and the Greeks added
one fifteenth of lead and silver.

BROTHELS, were formerly allowed in London, and considered a necessary evil,
under the regulation of a good police. They were all situated on the Bank-
side, Southwark, and subject to the jurisdiction of the bishop of Winches-
ter; and they were visited weekly by the Sheriff’s Officers. and the severest
penalties being enacted against keeping infected or married women. 8 Henry
II. 1162.——Sm"veg/ of London. Brothels tolerated in France, 1280. Pope
Sixtus IV. licensed one at Rome, and the prostitutes paid him a weekly tax,
which amounted to 20,000 ducats a year, 1471.——Ital. Citron.

BROWNISTS, a sect founded by a schoolmaster in Southwark, named Robert
Brown, about 1615. It condemned all ceremonies and ecclesiastical distinc-
tions. and affirmed that there was an admixture of corruptions in all other
communions.» But the founder subsequently recanted his doctrines for a.
benefice in the church of England—Collins’s Eccles. Hist.

BRUCE‘S TRAVELS. undertaken to discover the source of the Nile. The
illustrious Bruce. the “ Abyssinian Traveller,” set out in June 1768, and pro-
ceeding first to Cairo, he navigated the Nile to Syene, thence crossed the
desert to the Red Sea, and. arriving at J idda, passed some months in Arabia
Felix, and after various detentions, reached Gondar, the capital of Abys~

 

  
   
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
   
 
 
 
  
  

'Nc] DICTIONARY OF DATES. 221

sinia, in Feb. 1770. On Nov. 14th, 1770, he obtained the great object of his

wishes—a sight of the sources of the Nile. Bruce returned to England in
1773, and died in 1794.

BRUNSWICK, House or. This house owes its origin to Azo, of the family of
Este. Azo died in 1055, and left, by his wife Cunegonde (the heiress of
‘ Guelph III., duke of Bavaria), a son who was Guelph 1V., the great-grand-
father of Henry the Lion. This last married Maude, daughted of Henry II.
of England, and is always looked upon as being the founder of the Bruns—
wick family. The dominions of Henry the Lion were the most extensive of
any prince of his time ; but having refused to assist the (emperor Frederick
Barbarossa in a war against pope Alexander 111., he drew the emperor’s re—
sentment on him, and in the diet of Wurtzburg, in 1179, he was prescribed.
The duchy of Bavaria was given to Otho, from whom is descended the family
of Bavaria; the duchy of Saxony, to Bernard Ascanius, founder of the
house of Anhalt; and his other territories to different persons. On this, he
retired to England; but on Henry’s intercession, Brunswick and Lunenburg
were restored to him. The house of Brunswick has divided into several
branches. The present duke of Brnnswick—Wolfenbuttel is sprung from the
eldest; the duke of Brunswick-chl was from the second; and from this
last sprang the royal family of England. A revolution took place at Bruns-
wick, when the ducal palace was burnt, and the reigning prince obliged to
retire and seek shelter in England, Sept. 8, 1830.

BRUSSELS, founded by St. Gory of Cambray, in the seventh century. The
memorable bombardment of this city by Marshal Villeroy. when 14 churches
and 4000 houses were destroyed, 1695. Taken by the French, 1746.
Again, by Dumouriez. 1792. The revolution of 1830 commenced here, Aug.
25.~—See Belgium. This town is celebrated for its fine lace, camlets, and
tapestry. There is here a noble building, called the Hdlcl de Ville, whose tur-
ret is 864 feet in height; and on its top is a copper figure of St. Michael, 17
feet high, which turns with the wind. Riot in Brussels, in which the costly
furniture of 16 principal houses was demolished, in consequence of a dis-
play of attachment to the house of Orange, 5th April, 1834.

BUBBLE COMPANIES, in commerce, a name given to projects for raising
money upon false and imaginary grounds, much practised, often with disas-
trous consequences, in France and England, in 1719 and 1721. Many such

projects were formed in England and Ireland in 1825. See Companies, and
Law’s Bubble.

BUCCANEERS. These piratical adventurers, chiefly French, English, and
Dutch, commenced their depredations on the Spaniards of America, soon
after the latter had taken possession of that continent and the West Indies.
The principal commanders of the first expedition were, Montbar, Lolonois,
Basco, and Morgan”. who murdered thousands, and plundered millions. The
expedition of Van Horn, of Ostcnd, was undertaken in 1603 , that of Gramont,

, in 1685; and that of Pointis, in 1697.

‘ BUCHANITES. Hundreds of deluded fanatics, followers of Margaret Buchan,
who promised to Conduct them to the new Jerusalem, and prophes1ed the

end of the world.~ She appeared in Scotland in 1779, and died in 1791, When
her followers dispersed.

BUCHAREST, TREATY OF. The preliminaries of peace ratified at this place
between Russia and Turkey, it being stipulated that the Pruth should be
the frontier limit of those empires, signed May 28, 1812. The subsequent
war between those powers altered many of the provisions of this treaty.

GKINGHAM PALACE, LONDON. Buckingham-house, built 1703, 'wan
wpnileddown. in; 1825, and the new palace commenced on its site; and after

 

 

..

2‘22 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [not

expenditure which must have approached a million sterling, it was com~
pleted, and was taken possession of by queen Victoria, July 13, 1837.

BUCKLERS. Those used in single combat were invented by Proetus and Aeri-
sius, of Argos, about 1370 13.0. When Lucius Papirius defeated the Sam-
nites, he took from them their bucklers, which were of gold and silver, 309
B. C. See article Armor.

BUCKLES. The wearing of buckles commenced in the reign of Charles II.;
but people of inferior rank, and such as alfected plainness in their garb.
wore strings in their shoes some years after that period: these last were,
however, ridiculed for their singularity in using them.

BUDA; once called the Key of Christendom. It was taken by Solyman 11. at
the memorable battle of Mohatz, when the Hungarian king, Louis, was killed,
and 200,000 of his subjects were carried away captives, 1526. Buda was
sacked a second time, when the inhabitants were put to the sword, and Hun-
gary u as annexed to the Ottoman empire, 1540. Retaken by the Imperial-
ists, and the Mahometans delivered up to the fury of the soldiers, 1686. See
IIa-ngary.

BUENA VISTA, BATTLE or, between the American force, of about 5000 men, un-
der general Taylor and general Wool ; and the Mexicans, about 20,000, under
Santa Anna: the latter defeated with the loss of 2500 killed and wounded.
American loss. 264 killed, 450 wounded. This victory securing to the Ameri-
cans the whole of the northern provinces of Mexico, Feb. 22, 1847.

BUENOS AYRES. The capital was founded by Pedro Mendoza, in 1535. It
was taken by the British under sir Home Popham, June 21, 1806; and was
retaken. after an attack of three days, Aug 12. the same year. The British
suffered a great repulse here under general VVhitelock, who was disgraced,
July 6, 1807. Declaration of independence of this province, July 19, 1816:
the treaty was signed February 1822. To put a stop to a war between Bue-
nos Ayres and Monte Video, England and France blockadcd the port of Bue-
nos Ayres, Oct. 21, 18-15; the troops of Buenos ,Ayres under general Rosas,
defeated by the combined forces, Nov. 20, 1845.

BUF F OON S. These were originally mountebanks in the Roman theatres. The
shows of the buti‘oons were discouraged by Domitian, and were finally abol-
ished by Trajan, A. D. 98. Our ancient kings had jesters, who are described
as being. at first, practitioners of indecent raillery and antic postures; they
were employed under the Tudors. Some writers state that James I. con-
verted the jestcrs into poet—laureates; but poet-laureates existed long before;
Selden traces the latter to 1251.—— Wartoa.

BUILDING. The first structures were of wood and clay, then of rough stone,
and in the end the art advanced to polished marble. Building with stone
was early among the Tyrians; and as ornaments and taste arose, every
nation pursued a different system. The art of building with stone maybe
referred in England to Benedict, or Benet. a monk. about A. n. 670. The first
bridge of this material in England was at Bow, in 1087. Building with brick
was introduced by the Romans into their provinces. Alfred encouraged it
in England, in 886. Brick—building was generally introduced by the earl of
Arundel. about 1598, London being then almost built of wood. The increase
of building in London was prohibited within three miles of the city gates by
Elizabeth, who ordered that one family only should dwell in one house, 1580.

BULGARIANS. They defeat Justinian, 1.1). 687; and are subdued by the
emperor Basilius, in 1019. On one occasion, this emperor having taken
15,000 Bulgarians prisoners, he caused their eyes to be put out, leaving one
eye only to every hundredth man, to enable him to conduct his countrymn“

   
 
   
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  

  

DICTIONARY or DATES. 2Q

 
   

home. Bulgaria was governed by Roman dukes till 1186; subdued by
Bajazet, Mild—Univ. Hist. vol. xvii.

,' BULL, on EDICT on THE POPE. This is an apostolical rescript, of ancient
use, and generally written on parchment. The bull is, properly, the seal,
deriving its name from lmlla, and has been made of gold, silver, lead, and
wax. On one side are the heads of Peter and Paul; and on the other, the
name of the pope, and the year of his pontifieate. The celebrated golden
bull of the emperor Charles IV. was so called because of its golden seal;
and was made the fundamental law of the German empire, at the diet of
Nuremburg, A.D. 1356. Bulls denouncing queen Elizabeth and her abet—
tors, and consigning them to hell-fire, accompanied the Spanish Armada,
1588.
BULL—BATTING, on BULLFIGHTING. This atrociously criminal sport of
,k Spain and Portugal is somewhat equivalent in those countries to the fights
‘ of the gladiators among the Romans. It is recorded as being an amuse-
. ment at Stamford so early as the reign of John, 1209. Bull-running was a
‘ sport at Tutbury in 1374. In the Spurls qf England, we read of the “Easter
fierce hunts, when foaming boars fought for their heads, and lusty bulls and

huge bears were baited with dogs ;” and near the Olin/g, London, was the
g . Paris, or Bear Garden, so celebrated in the time of Elizabeth for the exhi-
1 bition of bear-baiting, then a fashionable amusement. A bill to abolish
bull-baiting was thrown out in the Commons, chiefly through the influence
1'; of the late Mr. Windham, who made a singular speech in favor of the cus-

: tom, May 24, 1802.~—Bazle7‘. It has since been declared illegal. See Cm-

clly to Animals. BulLfights were introduced into Spain about 1260: ab01~

'9 ished there, “ except for pious and patriotic purposes,” in 1784. There was

3 a bull—fight at Lisbon, at Campo de Santa Anna, attended by 10,000 specta-
tors, on Sunday, June 14, 18—10.

BULLETS. Those of stone were in use A.D. 1514; and iron ones are first

mentioned in the Fwdem, 1550. Leaden bullets were made before the close

, of the sixteenth century, and continue to be those in use in all nations for

musketry. The cannon-ball in some Eastern countries is still of stone,
instead of iron—Ashe.

BUNKER HILL, BATTLE or, (near Boston) between the British under Howe,

, and the Americans under Prescott and Putnam, June 17, 1775. British loss,
1054 killed and wounded; American, 453. The latter obliged to retreat for
want of powder. But this. the first important battle of the revolution, has
always justly been regarded as a great victory for the American cause, and
is so commemorated by the granite obelisk on the battle-ground, of which
the corner—stone was laid by general La Fayette, in 1825. It was finished
July 23, 1842, at the cost altogether of about $100,000, raised by voluntary
contributions. The height is 220 feet. Its completion celebrated by a pro-
cession, &c., and an oration by Daniel Webster ; president Tyler and 50,000
people present, June 17, 1843.

i5 ' BUONAPARTE‘S EMPIRE OP FRANCE. Napoleon Bonaparte, the mo“
" extraordinary man of modern times, ruled over France, and subdued most
of the nations of the Continent, in the early part of the present. century.
See his various military and other achievements under their respective heads
throughout the volume :— 7 '
Napoleon born at Ajaccio, in Italy, Deposes the French directory, and be- “
Aug. 15, 1769 comes first consul - Nov. 173‘
lie first distinguishes himself in the Sends overtures of peace to the king ‘

. command of the artillery at Toulon - 1793 England - - _ . Jan. 1,“ 330
He embarks for Egypt - May 10, 1798 His life attempted by an “ infernal man“

it ukedbefore Acre - May27 1799 chine” . , Dec; '
fiomEgypt - Aug.23;1799 Km __

0..

  
  
    
      
    

"FT-

  

 

 

 

 
    
   
   

£24

THE VVORLD’S PROGRESS.

 

BUONAPARTE’S EMPIRE or FRANCE, continued.

Elected president of the Italian, late
Cisalpine, republic -
Elected consul for 10 years -
Made first consul tor lit'e - Aug. 2, 1802
Accepts the title of emperor from the
senate in name of the people May 18, 1804

Crowned emperor by the pope Dec 2, 1804 ,
May 26, 1805

Crowned king of Italy -
Divorced from the empress Josephine
Dec. 16, 1809
Marries Maria Louisa - April 7, 1810
A son, the fruit of this marriage, born,

and styled king of Rome - March 20, 1811
His overtures of peace to England re-

jected - - - April 14, 1812
[The reverses of Bonaparte now follow

in quick succession]
IIe renounces the thrones of France

and Italy, and accepts of the Isle of

Elba for his retreat - April 5, 1814
Embarks at Frojus - - April 28, 1814
Arrives at Elba - - May 3, 1814
Again appears in France ; he quits Elba

and lands at Cannes - March 1, 1815
Enters Lyons - - March 10, 1815
Arrives at Fontainebleau March 20, 1815
Joined by all the army — March 22, 1815
The allies Sign a treaty for his exter-

mination - - - March :25, 1815
He abolishes the slavetrade March 29, 1815
Leaves Paris for the army - June 12, 1815

BURGESS, from the French Bom‘geois, a

its corporations.

See Borough.

0 ‘)

Ada-l]

Jan. 25, 1802 1 Returns to Paris -

May 8, 1802 1

1s defeated at. Waterloo - June 18, 1815

J une 20, 1815
And abtlicates in favor of his infant
son - - - June ‘22, 1815
Intending to embark for America, he
arrives at Rochclort - July 3, 1815
He surrenders to Capt. Maitland, of the
Bellcroplzon - - July 15, 1815
Transferred at Torbay to the Northum-
berland,and sails [or St. Helena Aug. 8, 1815
Arrives at St. Helena (where it is de-
creed by the allied sovereigns he shall
remain for life) - Oct. 15, 1815
The family of Bonaparte excluded for
ever from France by the law of am-
nesty - - - Jan. .‘2, 1816
Death of Bonaparte - May 5, 1821
His will registered in England - Aug. 1824
His son, ex~king of Rome, dies July 22, 1832
The French chambers decree, with the
consent ot‘England, that the ashes of
Napoleon be removed from St. Hele-
na, and brought to France - May 12, 1840
They are exhumed - Oct. 16, 1840
The Belle Paula, French frigate, arrives
at Cherbourg with the ‘emains of
Napoleon, in the care of .‘he prince
de Joinville - - Nov. 30, 1840
They are interred with great solemnity

 

Burgesses were called to parliament in
in Scotland, in 1326; and in Ireland. about 1865.
in the places which the

1413:— Vt'ncr’s Statutes.

BURGLARY. Until the rei
ished with death.

BURGOS, SIEGE or.
which was fought July

in the Hotel des Invalides - Dec. 15, 1840

distinction coeval in England with

England A. n. 1265;
Burgesses to be resident

y are elected to represent in parliament, 1 Henry V.
gn Of George IV. this crime, in England, was pun—

Wellington entered Burgos after the battle of Salamanca,

1812, and the castle was besieged by the British
and allied army, and several attempts were made to carry it by assault, but
the siege was abandoned in October, same year.

tions were blown up by the French in J true 1813.

The castle and fortifica-

 

BURGUNDY. This kingdom begins in Alsace, A.D. 413. Conrad 11. of Ger-
many being declared heir to the kingdom, is opposed in his attempt to an—
nex it to the empire, when it is dismembered, and on its ruins are formed
the four provinces of Burgundy, Provence, Viennes, and Savoy, 1034. Bur-
gundy becomes a circle of the German empire, 1521. It falls to Philip H.
of Spain, whose tyranny and religious persecutions cause a revolt in the
Batavian provinces, 1566. After various changes, Burgundy annexed to
France, and formed into departments of that kingdom.

BURIAL. The earliest and most rational mode of restoring the body to earth.
The first idea of it was formed by Adam, on his observing a live bird cover-
ing a dead one with leaves. Barrows were the most ancient graves. See
Barrows. Places of burial were consecrated under pope Calixtus I. in 210.—
Easebitzs. The first Christian buriaLplace was instituted in 506; burial in
cities, 742; in consecrated places, 750; in church-yards, 758. Vaults were
erected in chancels first at Canterbury, 1075. Woollen shrouds used in Eng-
land, 1666. Linen scarfs introduced at funerals in Ireland. 1729; and woollen
shrouds used, 1733. Burials were taxed, 1695—again, 1673.. See Cemetwies.

BURIALS. Parochial registers of them, and of births and marriages, were in«

nrc'rromnv or DATES. 225

 

stituted in England by Cromwell, Lord Essex, about 1536.——Stowe. A tax
was exacted on burials in England: for the burial of a duke, £50, and for
that of a common person 43., under William III., 1695, and Geo. III. 1783.—
Statutes See Bills of Modality.

BURKING A new and ho1rible species of murder committed 1n Eng land. It
was thus named 11 om the first known criminal by whom the deed was perpe-
t1ated being called Bun/re. His victims 11 e1e strangled or made lifeless by
pressure, or other modes of suffocation, and the bodies, which exhibited no
marks of violence, were afterwards sold to the surgeons for the purpose
of dissection. Burke was executed at Edinburgh in February, 1829. The
crime has been more recently perpetrated by a gang of murderers in London.
The monster named Bishop was apprehended in November 1831, and exe-
cuted with Williams, one of his accomplices, for the murder of a poor Italian
~. boy, named Carlo Ferrari, a friendless wanderer, and therefore selected as
Z . being less likely to be sought afte1 (they confessing to this and other similar
If murders), December 5, same year.

BURMESE EMPIRE. Founded in the middle of the last century by Alom-
pm, the first sovereign of the present dynasty. —See India

‘3 BURNI ING ALIVE. This punishment was inflicted among the Romans, Jews,

,. and other nations, on the betraye1s of councils ineendiaries, and for incest
in the ascending and descending deg 1ees The Jews had two ways of burn-
ing alive: one with wood and faggots to burn the body, the other by pour—
ing scalding lead down the throat of the criminal combustio am'mcc, to burn
the soul. —See Suttees

BURNING ALIVE, IN ENGLAND. Even 1n England (see paradingmticle) burn-
ing alive 1v as a punishment upon the statute— book. The B1itons punished
heinous crimes by burning alive in 11 101er baskets. See Stonehenge. This
punishment was countenanced by bulls of the pope; and witches:7 suffered
in this manner.—See Witches. Many persons have been burned alive on ac-
count of' religious principles. The first sufferer was sir William Sawtree,
parish priest of St. Osith, London, 3 Henry IV., February 9, 1401. In the
reign of the cruel Mary numbers were burned, among others, Ridley, bishop

 

of London; Latimer, bishop of Rochester; and Cranmer. archbishop of I

Canterbury, who were burned at Oxford in 1555 and 1556. Numerous others
suffered this d1 eadful death in Mary’s reign. *

BURNING THE DEAD. The antiquity of this custom rises as high as the The-
ban war; it was practised among the Greeks and Romans and the poet Ho-
mer abounds with descriptions of such funeral obsequies. The practice was

,1 very geneIal about 1225 13. c., and was 1evived by Sylla, lest the relics of the
dead in graves should be violated; and to this day the burning of the dead
”' ' is p1act1sed 1n many pal ts of the East and West Indies.

BURNING GLASS AND CONCAVE MIRRORS. Their pow er was not unknown
. , to Archimedes, but the powers of these instruments ale rendered wonderful
by the modem 1mp1ovements of Settalla: of Tchir,nhausen 1680; of Bufi'on,

 
   
  
 
    
   
  

ments of the fusion of substances made with Mr. Parker’s lens, or burning
minor:

 

' It is computed, that during the three years of Mary’ s reign in which these shocking violenoes
ha1bariiies wele carried on, there were 277 persons brought to the stake; besides those who
_, punished by imprisonment, fines, and confiscations. Among those who sufiiared by fire were
, lshops. 21 clergymen, 8 lay gentlemen, 84 tradesmen, 100 husbandmen, servants, and laborers,

women, and 4 child1en. The unprincipled agents of this merciless queen were the bisho s-Gar.

~ pleasure in witnessing the torture of the sufferers.

10*?”

1747; and of Parker and others, more recently. The following are experi— '

. and Bonner. The latter especially was a man of brutal character, who seemed to elite: I

Janina/Adina 31's»; 1".

:51

at

(.1
,

 

 

226 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [m

BURNING—GLASS AND CON CAVE MIRRORS, continued.
Substances fused. IVez‘g/zt. Time. Substances fused. Weight. Time.

Pure gold - - 20 grams 4 seconds. A topaz - - . 3 grains 45 seconds.
Silver - - - 20 grains 3 seconds. An emerald - - 2 grains 25 seconds.
Copper - - - 33 grains 20 seconds. A crystal pebble - 7 grains 6 seconds.
Plauna - - - 10 grains 3 seconds. Flint - - - - 10 grains 30 seconds.
Cast iron - - 10 grains 3 seconds. Cornelian - - 10 grains 75 seconds.
Steel - - - 10 grains 12 seconds. Pumice stone - - 10 grains 24 seconds.

Green wood takes fire instantaneously; water boils immediately; bones are
calcined; and things, not capable of melting, at once become red-hot like iron.

BURYING ALIVE. A mode of death adopted in Boeotia, where Creon ordered
Antigone, the sister of Polynices, to be buried alive, 1225 B. c. The Roman
vestals were subjected to this horrible kind of execution for any levity in dress
or conduct that could excite a suspicion of their Virtue. The vestal Minutia.
was buried alive on the charge of incontinence, 337 B. c. The vestal Sextilia
was buried alive 274 B. C. The vestal Cornelia A. D. 92. Lord Bacon gives
instances of the resurrection of persons who had been buried alive ; the fa-
mous Duns Scotus is of the number. The assassins of Cape d’Istria, Presi-
dent of Greece, were (two of them) sentenced to be im-mured in brick walls
built around them up to their chins, and to be supplied with food in this
species of torture until they died, October, 1881.—~See Greece.

BUSTS. This mode of preserving the remembrance of the human features is
the same with the [Lemme of the Greeks. Lysistratus, the statuary, was the
inventor of moulds from which he cast wax figures, 328 B. e.-——Plim/. Busts

from the face in plaster of Paris were first taken by Andrea Vei‘rochi, about
A. D. 1466— Vasm‘i.

BUTCHERS. Among the Romans there were three classes: the Suam'i pro-
vided hogs, the Buarii oxen, and the Lam'i, whose office was to kill. The
butchers’ trade is very ancient in England; so is their company in London,

although it was not incorporated until the second year of James I. 1604.—
Annals of London.

BUTTER. It was late before the Greeks had any notion of butter, and by the
early Romans it was used only as a medicine—never as food. The Chris-
tians of Egypt burnt butter in their lamps, instead of oil, in the third cen-
tury. In 1675, there fell in Ireland, during the winter time, a thick yellow
dew, which had all the medicinal properties of butter. In Africa, vegetable
butter is made from the fruit of the shea tree, and is of richer taste, at Kebba,
than any butter made from cow’s milk.——Mzmgo Park.

BUTTONS. of early manufacture in England; those covered with cloth were
prohibited by, a statute, thereby to encourage the manufacture of metal but—
tons, 8 George I. 1721. The manufacture owes nothing to encouragement
from any quarter of late years, although it has, notwithstanding, much im-
proved—Phillips.

BYRON’S VOYAGE. Commodore Byron left England, on his voyage round
the globe, June 21, 1764, and returned May 9, 1766. In his voyage be dis
covered the populous island in the Pacific Ocean which bears his name. Au-
gust 16, 1765. Though brave and intrepid. such was his general ill fortune

at sea, that he was called by the sailors of the fleet, “ Foul-weather J aek.”——
Bellclzambers. ‘

BYZANTIUM. Now Constantinople, founded by a colony of Athenians, 715

B. c.-—Eusebius. It was taken by the Romans, A. D. 73, and was laid in ruins i

by Severus in 196. Byzantium was rebuilt by Constantine in 338; and after
him it received the name of Constantinople. See Constantinople. '

 

  

C

c

e
t

  

 

 
  
   
 
  
    
 
   
   
 
 
 
  
 
 
   
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
   
    
   

i W] .moammar or paras. w

C.

ABAL. A Hebrew word, used in various senses. The rabbins were cabalists,
and the Christians so called those who pretended to magic. In English his-
tory, the Cabal was a council which consisted of five lords in administration,
supposed to be pensioners of France, and distinguished by the appellation
of the Cabal, from the initials of their names: Sir Thomas Clifford, the lord
Ashley, the duke of Buckingham, lord Arlington, and the duke of Lauder-
dale, 22 Charles II. 1670.—Hame.

ABINET COUNCIL. There were councils in England so early as the reign
of Ina, king of the West Saxons, A. D. 690; Ofl‘a, king of the Mercians, 758,
and in other reigns of the Heptarchy. The cabinet council, in which secret
deliberations were held by the king and a few of his chosen friends, and the
great oflieers of state, to be afterwards laid before the second council, now
styled the privy council, was instituted by Alfred the Great, about A. D. 896.
Spelmwn. The modern cabinet council, as at present constituted, was recon-
structed in 1670, and usually consists of the following twelve members :*

Lord president. Home, foreign, and colonial secretaries of state.
Lord chancellor. I‘resident ol the board of control.

Lord privy seal. President of the heart of trade.

First lord of the treasury. Master of the mint.

Chancellor of the exchequer. First lord of the admiralty.

In 1841 the number was 14, and included the Secretary at War, the Woods
and Forests, and Chief Secretary for Ireland, the Mint and the Board of
Trade being united in right hon. H. Labouchere. The cabinet ministers of
the various reigns will be found under the head Administrations of England.

CABLES. Their use was known in the earliest times: a machine for making

the largest. by which human labor was reduced nine-tenths, was invented
in 1792. This machine was set in motion by sixteen horses, when making
cables for ships of large size. Chain cables were introduced into the British
navy in 1812.

CADDEE, on LEAGUE or Gon’s House. The celebrated league of independence

in Switzerland, formed by the Grisons, to resist domestic tyranny, A. D. 1400
to 1419. A second league of the Grisons was called the Grise or Gray
league, 1424.

CADE’S IN SURRECTION . Jack Cade, an Irishman, a fugitive from his coun-

try on account of his crimes, assumed the name of l‘vlortimer, and headed
20,000 Kentish men, who armed “ to punish evil ministers, and procure a
redress of grievances.” Cade entered London in triumph, and for some time
bore down all opposition, and beheaded the lord treasurer, Lord Saye, and
several other persons of consequence. The insurgents at length losing,
ground, a general pardon was proclaimed; and Cade, finding himself de-
serted by his followers, fled: but a reward being offered for his apprehen-
sion, 'he was discovered, and refusing to surrender, was slain by Alexander
'Iden, sherifl‘ of Kent, 1451.

CADIZ, formerly Gades, was built by the Carthaginians 580 B. c.—Priestley.

One hundred vessels of the armament preparing, as the Spanish Armada,

 

' The term cabinet council is of comparatively modern date, and originated thus: “19.31, %
of state, in the reign of Charles I. were principally managed by the archblshop of Canterb a 1;

er] of Strati‘ord, and the lord Cottington; to these were added the earl of Northumberland, Or 01'-

Ement; the bishop of London for his place, being lord treasurer; the two secretaries, Veng- and

‘indebank, for service and intelligence; only the marquis of Hamilton, by his skill and interest,
eddled just so far, and no further, than he had a mind. These persons made up the comm} e of

» $reproachfully called the junta, and afterwards, enviously, the cabinet councils-Loan” .

9x. w

 

1'
(j
.. v.
‘ 1

 

<1 I
'71

228 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [CAL

against England, were destroyed in the port by sir Francis Drake, 1587.
Cadiz was taken by the English, under the earl.of Essex, and plundered,
September 15, 1506. It was attempted by sir George Rooke in 1702, but he
failed. Bombarded by the British in 1797, and blockaded by their fleet,
under lord St. Vincent, for two years, ending in 1790. Again bombarded by
the British, on board whose fleet were 18,000 land forces, October 1800.
Besieged by the French, but the siege raised after the battle of Salamanca
in 1812. Massacre of the inhabitants by the soldiery, March 10, 1820.
Cadiz was declared a free port in 1820.

CESARS, ERA OF THE; OR SPANISH ERA, is reckoned from the first of January
38 B. 0., being the year following the conquest of Spain by Augustus. It was
much used in Africa, Spain, and the south of France; but by a synod held
in 1180 its use was abolished in all the churches dependent on Barcelona.
Pedro IV., of Arragon, abolished the use of it in his dominions in 1850. John
of Castile did the same in 1383. It continued to be used in Portugal till
1455. The months and days of this era are identical with the Julian calen.
dar, and to turn the time into that of our era, subtract thirty-eight from the
year; if before the Christian era subtract thirty-nine.

CAI—FONG, in China. This city being besieged by 100,000 rebels, the com—
mander of the forces who was sent to its relief, in order to drown the enemy,
broke down its embankments: his stratagem succeeded, and every man of
the besiegers perished; but the city was at the same time overflowed by

the waters, and 500,000 of the citizens were drowned in the overwhelming
flood, A. D. 1612.

CAIRO, 0R GRAND CAIRO. The modern capital of Egypt, remarkable for
the minarets of its mosques, and the splendid sepulchres of its caliphs in
what is called the city of the dead: it was built by the Saracens, in A. D.
969. Burnt to prevent its occupation by the Christian invaders, called Cru-
saders, in 1220. Taken by the Turks from the Egyptian sultans, and their
empire subdued, 1517. Ruined by an earthquake and a great fire, June,
1754, when 40.000 persons erished. Set on fire by a lady of the beglerbeg,
.Dec., 1755. Taken by the irench under Napoleon Bonaparte, July 23, 1798.

Taken by the British and Turks, when 6000 French capitulated, June 27,
1801.

CALAIS. Taken by Edward III. after a year’s siege, Aug. 4, 1347, and held
by England 210 years. It was retaken in the reign of Mary, Jan. 7, 1558,
and the loss of Calais so deeply touched the queen’s heart, historians say it
occasioned her death, which occurred soon afterwards. Calais was bom—

barded by the English, 1694. Here Louis XVIII. landed after his long
exile from France, April 24, 1814. See France.

CALCUTTA. The first settlement of the English here was made in 1689. It
was purchased as a Zemindary, and Fort William built in 1698. Calcutta
was attacked by a large army of 70,000 horse and foot, and 400 elephants,
in June, 1756. On the capture of the fort, 146 of the British were crammed
into the Black-hole prison, a dungeon about 18 feet square, from whence
twenty-three only came forth the next morning alive. Calcutta was re-
taken the following year, and the inhuman Soubah put to death. Supreme
court of Judicature established 1773. College founded here 1801.—See
Bengal and India.

CALEDONIA. N ow Scotland. The name is supposed by some to be derived
from Gael or Gaelmen, or Gadel-dm’ne, corrupted by the Romans. Tacitus,
who died A. D. 99, distinguishes this portion of Britian by the appellation of
Caledonia; but the etymology of the word seems undetermined. Vener-
able Bede says, that it retained this name until A. D. 258, when it was invaded
by a tribe from Ireland, and called Scotia. The ancient inhabitants appear

1".

 

m] DICTIONARY or DATES. 229

to have been the Caledonians and Picts, tribes of the Celts, who passed
over from the opposite coasts of Gaul. About the beginning of the fourth
century of the Christian era, they were invaded (as stated by some autho-
rities), by the Scuyths or Scythians (since called Scots), who, having driven
the Picts into the north, settled in the Lowlands, and gave their name to
the whole country. Hence the origin of that distinction of language, habits,

customs, and persons, which is still so remarkable between the Highlanders‘
and the inhabitants of the southern borders.

Caledonian monarchy, said to have been The country is invaded by the Scuyths,
founded by Fergus 1., about - B. c. 330 0r Scots, and the government is over-

The Flats from the north of England thrown, about - - A. D. 306
settle in the southern borders - - 140 The Caledonian monarchy is revived by

Agricola carries the Roman arms into Fergus II. - - - ~ ' 404
Caledonia, with little success, in the After manv sanguinary wars between
reign of Galdus, otherwise called Cor- the Caledonians, Picts, and Scots, Ken-
brcd II. - - ~ A. D. 79 neth lI. obtains a victory over the Picts,

He is signally defeated by the forces of unites the whole country under one
Corbred — - - - - 80 monarchy, and gives it the name of
Christianity is introduced into Caledonia Scotland - - - 838 to 843

in the reign of Donald I. - - 201 See SCOTLAND.

The origin of the Scots, it should be stated, is very uncertain; and the his—
tory of the country until the eleventh century, when Malcolm III., surnamed

. Canmore, reigned (1057) is obscure, and intermixed with many and improb—
able fictions.

CALEDONIAN CANAL, from the North Sea to the Atlantic Ocean, By means

C

   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
   

it:

of this magnificent canal, the nautical intercourse between the western
ports of Great Britain, and those also of Ireland, to the North Sea and Bal-
tie, is shortened in some instances 800, and in others, 1000 miles. A sum
exceeding a million sterling was granted by parliament from time to time ;
and this safe navigation for ships of nearly every tonnage was completed,
and opened in 1822. -

ALEN DAR. The Roman calendar, which has in great part been adopted by
almost all nations, was introduced by Romulus, who divided the year into
ten months, comprising 304 days, A. D. 7 38 B. c. The year of Romulus was
of fifty days less duration than the lunar year, and of sixty-one less than
the solar year, and its commencement did not, of course, correspond with
any fixed season. Numa Pompilius, 713 B. C. corrected this calendar, by
adding two months; and Julius Caesar, desirous to make it more correct,
fixed the solar year as being 365 days and six hours, 45 B. c. This almost
perfect arrangement was denominated the Julian style, and prevailed gener-
ally throughout the Christian world till the time of pope Gregory XIII.
The calendar of Julius Caesar was defective in this particular, that the solar
year consisted of 365 days, five hours, and forty-nine minutes: and not of
365 days six hours. This difference, at the time of Gregory XIII. had
amounted to ten entire days, the vernal equinox falling on the 11th, instead
of the 21st of March. To obviate this error, Gregory ordained, in 1582,
that that year should consist of 365 days only; and to prevent further irregu-
larity, it was determined that a year beginning a century should not be bis—-
sextile, with the exception of that beginning each fourth century: thus,
1700 and 1800 have not been bissextile, nor will 1900 be so; but the year
2000 will be a leap year. In this manner three days are retrenched in 400
years, because the lapse of eleven minutes makes three days in about that
period. The year of the calendar is thus made as nearly as possible to

correspond with the true solar year; and future errors of chronology are .
avoided. See New Style.

ALICO. The well-known cotton cloth, is named from Calicut, a city of India,
which was discovered by the Portuguese, in 1498. Calico was first brought
to England by the East India Company, in 1631. Calico printing, and the

 

 

 

230 THE VVORLD’S PROGRESS. [03."

Dutch loom engine, were first used in 1676.—Anderson. calicoes were .pro-
hibited to be printed or worn, in 1700; and again, in 1721. They were first
made a branch of manufacture in Lancashire, in 1771. See Cotton.

CALIFORNIA, LOWER, discovered by Grigalon, sent by Cortes, the conqueror

of Mexico, 1534; explored by Cortes himself, 1536, and by his subordinate
Ulloa, 1538. First settlement by Viscaino and a small colony sent out~by
Philip H. of Spain, 1-596. Viscaino explored the coast and founded St. Diego
and Montcrey, and was the first Spaniard in Upper California, 1602.

CALIFORNIA, UPPER, discovered by sir Francis Drake, and named New Al-

bion, 1506. The Spanish colonists having been expelled by the ill—used
natives, the country was granted by Charles II. of Spain to the Jesuits. in
1697. Jesuit missions and Presidios established in New California 1769.
Eighteen missions established up to 1798. California a province of Mexico,
1824; the Mexican governor expelled from Monterey, 1886. California ex-
plored by the United States expedition, under Wilkes, co—opcrating with
that of Fremont, overland, in 1841—3. Another expedition under Fremont,
18415-6. Mexican war began 1845. San Francisco taken possession of by
Com. Montgomery, July 8. 1845. Com. Stockton takes possession of Upper
California May—August, 1816, and institutes United States military govern-
ment. Movements of general Kearney, lieutenant Emery, &c., 1846. Cali-
fornia secured to the United States by the treaty with Mexico, 1&8. Gold
placers first discovered on the grounds of captain Suter, February, 1848.
Great emigration from the United States commenced November, 1848. Con-
vention at Monterey for forming a state constitution, Aug. 81, 1849. Con—

stitution adopted by popular vote, and P. H. Burnet chosen first governor,
Dec. 1849.

CALIPH. In Arabic, vicar, or apostle; the title assumed by the Sophi of
Persia, in the succession of Ali, and by the Grand Seigniors as the succes-
sors of Mahomet. The caliphat was adopted by Abubeker, the father of
the Prophet’s second wife, in whose arms he died, A. D. 681. In process of
time the soldans or sultans engrossed all the civil power, and little but the
title was left to the caliphs, and that chiefly in matters of religion—Sir. T,
IIcrbm‘t. ‘
CALLIGRAPHY. Beautiful writing, in a small compass, invented by Callicra-
tes, who is said to have written an elegant distich on a sesamum seed, 472
B. C. The modern specimens of this art are, many of them, astonishing and
beautiful. In the sixteenth century, Peter Bales wrote the Lord’s Prayer,
creed, decalogue, two short Latin prayers, his own name, motto, day of the
month, year of our Lord, and of the reign of queen Elizabeth, to whom he
presented it at I'Iampton-court, all within the circle of a silver penny,
enchased in a ring and border of gold, and covered with crystal, so accu-
rately done as to be plainly legible, to the great admiration of her majesty,

the whole of the privy council, and several ambassadors then at court, 1.574.
——Holivzs}ted. -

CALLAO, IN PERU. Here, after an earthquake, the sea retired from the shore,

and returned in mountainous waves. which destroyed the city, A.D. 1687.
The same phenomenon took place in 1746, when all the inhabitants perished,
with the exception of one man, who was standing on an eminence, and to
whose succor a wave providentially threw a boat.

CALOMEL. The mercurial compound termed calomel is first mentioned by _:
Crollius, early in the seventeenth century, but must have been previously I
known. The first directions given for its preparation were those announced ,1-
V.

centuries before.

by Beguin, in 1608. It is said that corrosive sublimate was known some?

5J
i
.g
i
it

    
 
  
 
 
   
  

  

DICTIONARY OF DATES. 231

   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
  

]

CALVARY, MOUNT. The place where the REDEEMER suffered death, A. D. 33.
Calvary was a small eminence or hill adjacent to Jerusalem, appropriated
to the execution of malefactors. See LIL/£0 xxiii. 33. Adrian at the time
of his persecution of the Christians erected a temple of Jupiter on Mount
Calvary, and a temple of Adonis on the manger at Bethlehem, A.D.142.
Here is the church of the Holy Sepulchre, Whither pilgrims flock from all
Christian countries.

C ALVINISTS. Named after their founder, John Calvin, the celebrated re-
former of the Christian church from the Romish superstition and doctrinal
errors. Calvin was a native of Noyon, in Picardy; but adopting the princi-
ples of the Reformers, he fled to Angouléme, where he composed his Insti-
tutio Christie-are Rcl'igionis, in 1-533, published about two years afterwards. He
subsequently retired to Basle, and next settled in Geneva. Although he
differed from Luther in essential points, still his followers (lid not consider
themselves as different on this account from the adherents of Luther. A
formal separation first took place after the conference of Poissy, in 1561,
where they expressly rejected the tenth article of the confession of Augs-
burg, besides some others, and took the name of Calvinists.

CAMBRAY. The town whence the esteemed manufacture called cambric
takes its name. This city was taken by the Spaniards by a memorable sur-
prise, in 1595. Cambray was taken and retaken several times. In the war
of the French revolution it was invested by the Austrians, August 8, 1793,
when the republican general, Declay, replied to the Imperial summons to
surrender, that “ he knew not how to do that, but his soldiers knew how to
fight.” In the late war it was seized by the British under general sir Chas.
Colville. June 24,1815. The citadel surrendered the next day, and was
occupied by Louis XVIII. and his court.

CAMBRAY, LEAGUE or. This was the celebrated league against the republic
of Venice, comprising the pope, the emperor, and the kings of France and
Spain; and whereby Venice was forced to cede to Spain her possessions in
the kingdom of Naples, entered into Dec. 10, 1508.

CAMBRICS. Afabric of, fine linen used for ruffles—Shahpmre. Cambrics
were first worn in England, and accounted a great luxury in dress, 22 Eliza-
beth, ESQ—Stowe. The importation of them was restricted, in 1745; and

' was totally prohibited by statute of 82 George II. 1758. Readmitted in

' 1786, hint afterwards again prohibited: the importation of cambrics is now

allowe .

CAMBRIDGE, once called Granta,, and of most ancient standing, being fre~
quently mentioned in the earliest accounts of the oldest British historians.
Roger de Montgomery destroyed it with fire and sword to be revenged of
king William Rufus. The university is said to have been commenced by
Sigebert, king of East Angles, about A. D. 631 ; but it lay neglected during
the Danish invasions, from which it suffered much. Cambridge now contains
thirteen colleges and four hails, of which first, Peter—house is the most
ancient, and King’s College the noblest foundation in Europe, and the
chapel one of the finest pieces of Gothic architecture in the world.

CAMERA LUCIDA. Invented by Dr. Hooke, about 1674.— I/Voud’s Ath. 0.1:.
Also an instrument invented by Dr. Wollaston, in 1807. The camera ob-
scura, or dark chamber, was invented, it is believed, by the celebrated Roger
Bacon, in 1297; it was improved by Baptista Porta, the writer on natural
,magic, about 1500.—Morevri. Sir 1. Newton remodelled it. By the recent
invention of M. Daguerre, the pictures of the camera are rendered perma.
nent, the lastwas produced in 1839.

_ ‘4‘ MERONIAN S. A sect in Scotland which separated from the Presbyterians,
I, _ 8f and continued to hold their religious meetings in the fields—Baruch

 

 

232 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. tom?“

CAMP. All the early warlike nations had camps, which are consequently
most ancient. The disposition of the Hebrew encampment was, we are
told, at first laid out by God himself. The Romans and Gauls had in-
trenchcd camps in open plains ; and vestiges of such Roman encampments
are existing to this day in numerous places in England and Scotland. -The
last camp in England was formed at Hyde Park in 1745.

CAMPEACHY—BAY. Discovered about A, D. 1520; it was taken by the Eng-
lish in 1659 ; and was taken by the Buccaneers, in 1678; and by the free-
booters of St. Domingo, in 1685. These last burnt the town and blew up
the citadel. The English logwood cutters made their settlement here, in
1662.

CAMPERDOWN, BATTLE OF. Memorable engagement off Camperdown, south
of the Texel, and signal victory obtained by the British fleet under admiral
Duncan, over the Dutch fleet, commanded by admiral de Winter; the latter
losing fifteen ships, which were either taken or destroyed, Oct. 11, 1797.

CAMPO FORMIO, TREATY or, concluded between France and Austria, the
latter power yielding the Low Countries and the Ionian Islands to France,
and Milan, Mantua, and Modena to the Cisalpine republic. This memor-
able and humiliating treaty resulted from the ill success of Austria on the
Rhine. Bya secret article, however, the emperor took possession of the
Venetian dominions in compensation for the Netherlands, Oct. 17, 1797.

CANADA. This country was discovered by John and Sebastian Cabot, A. D. '
1499, and was settled by the French, in 1608. but it had been previously
visited by them. Canada was taken by the English, in 1628, but was re-
stored in 1631. It was again conquered by the English, in 1759, and was
confirmed to them by the peace of 1763. This country was divided into two
provinces, Upper and Lower Canada, in 1791 ; and it was during the debates
on this bill in the British parliament, that the quarrel between Mr. Burke
and Mr. Fox arose.

CANADIAN INSURRECTION. The Papineau rebellion commeneed at Mon-
treal, Dec. 6, 1837. The Canadian rebels came to an engagement at St.
Eustace, Dec. 14, following. The insurgents surrounded Toronto, and were
repulsed by the governor, sir Francis Head, Jan. 5, 1838. Lord Durham,
governor general, Jan. 16,1838. Lount and Mathews hanged as traitors,
April 12, 1838. Lord Durham resigned, Oct. 9, 1838. Rebellion again man- , g
ifested itself in Beauharnais, Nov. 3, 1838. The insurgents concentrated at '
Napierville under command of Nelson and others. Nov. 6; some skirmishes
took place, and they were routed with the loss of many killed and several
hundred prisoners. Sir John Colborne announced the suppression of the re—
bellion in his dispatches dated Nov. 17,1838. Lord Gosford, governor of
Lower Canada, proclaims martial law, and a reward of £1 000 for Papi-
neau, Dec. 5, 1837. M'Leod (charged with the destruction of the Caroline,
American steamer, at Schlosser, Dec. 30, 1837) acquitted at Utica, Oct. 12,
1841. President Van Buren’s proclamation warning citizens of the United
States against meddling with the Canadian insurrection. Sir Charles Met-
calf‘e, governor-general, 1844. Earl of Elgin appointed governor-general,
took the oath, Jan. 30, 1847. Riots at Montreal, and burning Of the Parlia-
ment House by a mob (caused by the dissatisfaction about the act for paying
losses by the late rebellion to some of the rebels themselves). Aug. 15, 1849.
Movements in favor of annexation to the United States.’ Warning against
such movements as high treason, proclaimed in the dispatch of earl Grey,
the British colonial secretary, Feb. 1850.

CANALS. The most stupendousin the world is a, canal in China, which passes i- ‘
over 2000 miles, and to 41. cities, commenced in the tenth century. The f
canal of Languedoc which joins the Mediterranean with the Atlantic Ocean “ ’

   

   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
  
   
   
  
    
   
   
     
 
  
   
    
    
   
  
  
  
   
  

; w] , DICTIONARY or DATES. 233

was commenced in 1666. That of Orleans, from the Loire to the Seine, com-
menced in 1075. That between the Caspian Sea and the Baltic, commenced
1709. That from Stockholm to Gottenburg. commenced 1761. That between
the Baltic and North Sea at Kiel, opened 1785. That of Bourbon, between
the Seine and Oise, commenced 1790. The first canal made in England was
by Henry I., when the river Trent was joined to the Witham, A. D. 1134.
That from the Durance to Marseilles, France. 83000 metres, of which 17,000
are subterranean passages through the Alps, finished July 8, 1847. In Eng-
land, there are 2800 miles of canals, and 2500 miles of rivers, taking the
length of those only that are navigable—total, 5300 miles. In Ireland, there
are but 300 miles of canals; 150 of navigable rivers, and 60 miles of the
Shannon, navigable below Limerick, making in all 510 1niles.——Wz'tliams. ' ’

-. CANALS IN THE UNITED STATES. Act for commencing the great Erie canal
’ ,- in New York, passed chiefly through the influence of De Witt Clinton, 1817.
The canal (863 miles long) completed; a grand celebration, 1825. Chesa-
7' peake and Delaware canal opened, &c., July 4, 1829.

-_ CANARY ISLANDS. These islands were known to the ancients as the Form-
mug Isles. The first meridian was referred to the Canary isles by Hipparchus,
about 140 n. 0. They were re—discovered by a Norman, named Bethencourt,
A.D. 1402; and were seized by the Spaniards, who planth vines, which
flourish here. about 1420. The canary~bird, so much esteemed in all parts
. of Europe, is a native of these isles; it was brought into England in 1500.

CAN DIA, the ancient Crete, whose centre is Mount Ida, so famous in history.
It was seized by the Saracens, A. D. 808, when they changed its name. Taken
by the Greeks, in 961 ; , sold to the Venetians, 1194, and held by them till the
Turks obtained it, after a '24 years’ siege, during which more than 200,000
men perished, 1669.
CANDLE. The Roman candles were composed of strings surrounded by wax,
or dipped in pitch. Splintcrs of wood, fatted, were used for light among the
lower classes in England about A. D. 1800. At this time wax candles were
little used, and esteemed a luxury, and dipped candles usually burnt. The
‘ wax-chandlers’ company was incorporated, 1484. Mould candles are said
to be the invention of the sieur Le Brez of Paris. Spermaceti candles are of
modern manufacture. The Chinese candles (see Candlcberry Myrtle) are

made from the berries of a tree, and they universally burn this wax, which
is fragrant, and yields a bright light.

NDLEMAS—DAY. A feast instituted by the early Christians, who conse—
crated on this day all the tapers and candles used in churches during the
year. It is kept in the reformed church in memory of the purification of
the Virgin Mary, who, submitting to the law under which she lived, pre-
sented the infant Jesus in the Temple. Owing to the abundance of light,
this festival was called Candlemas, as well as the Purification. The practice
of lighting the churches was discontinued by English Protestants by an order
of council 2 Edward VI. 1548; but it is still continued in the church of Rome.

iCANNfE, BATTLE OF. One of the most celebrated in history, and most fatal to
the Romans. Hannibal commanded on one side 50,000 Africans. Gauls, and ‘ s
Spaniards; and Paulus Emilius and Terentius Varro, 88,000 Romans, of ‘
whom 40,000 were slain—Livy. The victor, Hannibal, sent three bushels
of rings, taken from the Roman knights on the field, as a trophy to Carthage.
Neither party perceived an awful earthquake which occurred during the
v , battle. The place is now denominated the field of blood; fought May 21,
' 216 B. c.—Bossuet.

- IALISM has prevailed from the remotest times. The Greeks inform
113,61“ it was a primitive and universal custom, and many of the South

.j CA

 

£34 THE \VORLDS raoennss. TM.

American tribes and natives of the South Sea Islands eat human flesh at the '
present day, and the propensity for it prevails more or less in all savage '
nations. St. Jerome says, that some British tribes ate human flesh; and the
Scots from Galloway killed and eat the English in the reign of Henry I.
The Scythians were drinkers of human blood. Columbus found cannibals in 2‘"
America. See All-t/LTopflp/Lagi.

CANNON. They are said to have been used as early as A. D. 1338. According '~ ,
to some of our historians they were used at the battle of Cressy in 1346; but 1
this Voltaire disputes. They are said to have been used by the English at 3
the siege of Calais, 1817. Cannon were first used in the English service by '
the governor of Calais, 6 Richard II. 1383.~Rymcr’s Faerlem. Louis XIV., ,
upon setting out on his disastrous campaign against the Dutch, inscribed ,.
upon his cannon, “The last argument of kings.” See Arlillcry. ;

CANNON, REMARKABLE. The largest known piece of ordnance is of brass, cast f
in India in 1685. At Ehrenbrcitstein castle, one of the strongest forts in ‘
Germany, opposite Coblentz on the Rhine, is a prodigious cannon eighteen ‘g
feet and a half long, a foot and a half in diameter in the bore, and three feet i
four inches in the breech. The ball made for it weighs 1801bs. and its charge '
of powder 941bs. The inscription on it shows that it was made by one Simon,
in 1529. In Dover castle is a brass gnu called queen Elizabeth’s pocket-
pistol, which was presented to her by the States of Holland; this piece is 24
feet long, and is beautifully ornamented, having on it the arms of the States,
and a motto in Dutch, importing thus,

“Charge me well, and sponge me clean,
I’ll throw a ball to Calais Green.”

Some fine specimens are to be seen in the Tower. A leathern cannon was
fired three times in the King’s Park, Edinburgh, Oct. 23, 1788.—P/zillips.

CANON. The first ecclesiastical canon was promulgated, A. D. {ESQ—Usher. '
Canonical hours for prayers were instituted in 391. The dignity of canon _
existed not previously to the rule of Charlemagne, about 768.—Pasc/Lie'r.
Canon law was first introduced into Europe by Gratian, the celebrated canon - ,
law author, in 1151, and was introduced into England, 19 Stephen, 1154.— .
Stowe.

CANONIZATION of pious men and martyrs as saints, was instituted in the
Romish church by pope Leo III. in 800.~’1‘alleat’s Tables. Saints have so ,‘
accumulated, every day in the calendar is now a saint’s day.-—chaull.

CANTERBURY. The Damnemam of the Romans, and capital of Ethelbert,
king of Kent, who reigned A. D. 560. Its early cathedral was erected during f
the Hcptarchy, and was several times burnt, and rebuilt. It was once famous 3‘"-
for the shrine ot‘Becket (see Bee/rel) and within it are interred Henry IV. and 3,
Edward the Black Prince. at

CANTERBURY, Ancnnisnormc or. This see was settled by St. Austin, who
preached the gospel in England A. D. 596, and converted Ethelbert, king of ,
Kent. The king, animated with zeal for his new religion, bestowed great "
favors upon Austin, who fixed his residence in the capital of Ethelberth :1:
dominions. The church was made a cathedral, and consecrated to Christ, ,‘
although it was formerly called St. Thomas, from Thomas a Becket, mur- Z.
dered at its altar, December 1171. The archbishop is primate and metropo—
litan of all England, and is the first peer in the realm, having precedency of
all ofiicers of state, and of all dukes not of the blood royal. Canterbury had :5
tbrmerly jurisdiction over Ireland, and the archbishop was styled a patriarch. ;
This see hath yielded to the church of‘ Rome, 18 saints and 9 cardinals; egg ,
to the civil state of England, 12 lord Chancellors and 4 lord treasurers. .1,
Austin was the first bishop, 596. The see was made superior to York, 1073.:

  

 

DICTIONARY or DATES. ‘23

   
   
    
 

~—See York. The revenue is valued in the king’s books at £2816. 1’} 5. 9d.—

j Beatson.

ANTHARIDES. A venomous kind of insects which, when dried and pulver-
ized, are used principally to raise blisters. They were first introduced into
medical practice by Arctaeus, a physician of Cappadocia, about 50 13.0.—

. Freiad’s History of Pity/sic.

CANTON. The only city in China with which Europeans have been allowed

up to the present time to trade. Merchants first arrived here for this pur-

pose in 1517. Nearly every nation has a factory at Canton, but that of Eng-
land surpasses all others in elegance and extent. Various particulars relating
to this city will be found under the article China. In 1822, a fire destroyed

3 15,000 houses at Canton; and an inundation swept away 10,000 houses and
j‘ - more than 1000 persons in October 1833.

PCAOUTCHOUC, or INDIAN RUBBER, is an elastic resinous substance that exudes
. by incision from two plants that grow in Cayenne, Quito, and the Brazils,
called vaz‘a caoutclwm and Simone elastica, and vulgarly called syringe

trees. It was first brought to Europe from South America, about 1733.—
See I mlia Rubber.

T-, CAP. The Romans went for many ages, without regular covering for the bead,
f, ' and hence the heads of all the ancient statues appear bear. But at one
‘ ‘ period the cap was a symbol of liberty, and when the Romans gave it to their
slaves it entitled them to freedom. The cap was sometimes used as a mark
of infamy, and in Italy the Jews were distinguished by a yellow cap, and in
France those who had been bankrupts were for ever after obliged to wear
a green cap. The general use of caps and hats is referred to the year 1449;
the first seen in these parts of the world being at the entry of Charles VII.
into Rouen, from which time they took the place of chaperons or hoods. A
statute was passed that none should sell any hat above 20d. (40 cts.) nor cap
above 23. 8d. (66 cts.) 5 Henry VII. 1489.

T'CAPE BRETON, discovered by the English in 1584. It was taken by the
' ‘2. but was afterwards restored; and again taken in 1745; and

 

  

f a

  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
   
     
     
 
  
  
   
   
 
 
    
  

French in 16:)
re-takcn in 1748. It was finally possessed by the English, when the garrison
and marines, consisting of 5600 men, were made prisoners of war, and eleven

ships of the French navy were captured or destroyed, 758. Ceded to Eng
land at the peace of 1763.

APE COAST CASTLE, settled by the Portuguese, in 1610: but it soon fell to,
the Dutch. It was demolished by admiral Holmes, in 1661. All the British
settlements, factories, and shipping along the coast were destroyed by the
Dutch admiral, de Ruyter, in 1665. This Cape was confirmed to the English
by the treaty of Breda, in 1667.

APE OF GOOD HOPE; the geographical and commercial centre of the East
' Indies: it was discovered by Bartholomew Diaz, in 1486, and was originally
called the “ Cape of Tempests.” and was also named the “ Lion of the Sea.”
and the “Head of Africa.” The name was changed by John 11., king of
Portugal, who augured favorably of future discoveries from Diaz having
reached the extremity of Africa. The Cape was doubled, and the paasage
to India discovered by Vasco da Gama, Nov. 20. 1497. Planted by the
Dutch. 1651. Taken by the English. under admiral Elphinstone and general
Clarke, Sept. 16, 1795., and restored at the peace in 1802; again taken by
. sir David Baird and sir Home Popham. Jan. 8, 1806; and finally cededtq
1' , England in 1814. Emigrants began to arrive here from Britain in March;
1820. The Caffres have made several irruptions on the. British settlement;

- ; and they committed dreadful ravages at Grahamstown, in Oct. 1834..
6 between the English and the Boers, Aug. 26, 1848. ' -‘

  

, a”

 

sfsésiifinaeaéhmuasa... . ‘- ..m at. . .. .

  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  

236

THE VVORLD’S PROGRESS.

    

CAPE DE VERD ISLANDS. These islands were known to the ancients under

"’3:

[at 5

CAPE ST. VINCENT, BATTLES or.

CAPET, House or, the third race of the kings of France.

the name of Gorgades; but were not visited by the moderns till discovered
by Antonio de N oli, a Genoese navigator in the service of Portugal, A. D. 1416.

Admiral Rooke, with twenty ships of war,
and the Turkey fleet under his convoy, was attacked by admiral T ourvillc,
with a force vastly superior to his own, otI' Cape St. Vincent, when twelve
English and Dutch men—oflwar, and eighty merehantmen, were captured or
destroyed by the French, June 16, 1693. Battle of Cape St. Vincent, one of
the most glorious achievements of the British navy. Sir John Jervis, being
in command of the Mediterranean fleet of fifteen sail, gave battle to the
Spanish fleet of 27 ships of the line off this Cape, and signally defeated the .
enemy, nearly double in strength, taking four ships, and destroying several
others, Feb. 14, 1797. For this victory Sir John was raised to the English

peerage, by the titles of baron Jervis and earl St. Vincent, with a pension of
30005. a year. '

Hugo Capet, count
of Paris and Orleans, the first of this race (which was called from him Cape-

vigians), was raised to the throne for his military valor, and public virtues,
A. D. 987.—Hmmtlt.

CAPITOL, the principal fortress of ancient Rome, in which a temple was built

to Jupiter, thence called Jupiter Capitolinus. The foundation laid by Tar-
quinius Priscus, 616 B. c. The Roman Consuls made large donations to ,
this temple, and the emperor Augustus bestowed 2000 pounds Weight of 5
gold. of which precious metal the roof was composed, whilst its thresholds
were of brass, and its interior was decorated with shields of solid silver. ' De-
stroyed by lightning, 188 B. 0.; by fire, A. D. 70. The Capitoline games in«
stituted by Domitian, A. D. 86.

CAPPADOCIA. This kingdom was founded by Pharnaces, 744 B. c. The suc-

CAPRI.

 

cessors of Pharnaces are almost wholly unknown, until about the time of

Alexander the Great, after whose death Eumenes, by defeating Ariarathes II.
became king of Cappadocia.

Pharnaces is declared king - B. c. 744
His successors are unknown for nearly

three centuries.

ing the throne, poisons five of her own
children, the SlXth and only remaining
child is saved, and the queen put to

 

* * * * * * death - ~ - — . 153
Reign of Ariarathes I. - - - 362 This young prince reigns as Ariarathes
Perdiccas takes Cappadocia, and Aria- VII. - - . . ' . 153

rathes is crucified - - - - 322 Gordius assassinates Ariarathes VII. - 97
Defeat of the Parthians - - . - 217 Ariarathes VIII. assassinated - - 96
Irruption of the Trocmi - - - 164 Ca padocia declared a free country by
lVIithridates, surnamed Philopator, as- tiie senate beome - - . 95

cemls the throne - - - 162 The people electa new king Ariobar-
Orephernes dethrones Philopator - 161 zanes I. - - - . . 94
Attalus assists Philopator, and Oro- His son, Ariobarzanes 11. reigns - 65

phernes dethroned - - - - 154 He is dethroned by Marc Antony - 38
Philopator joins the Romans against Archelaus, the last king of Cappadocia,

Aristonicus, and parishes in battle - 153 dies, and bequeathes his kingdom to
His queen, Laodice, desirous of usurp— the Roman empire .4. n. 17

The Capreae of the Romans, and memorable as the residence of Tibe- ‘5
rius, and for the debaucheries he committed in this once delightful retreat,
during the seven last years of his life: it was embellished by him with a.
sumptuous palace, and most magnificent works. Capri was taken by sir .
Sidney Smith, April 22, 1806.

(IAPUCHIN FRIARS. A sort of Franciscans to whom this name was given, "5

from their wearing a great Capaciton, or cowl, which is an odd kind of cap, or [g
hood, sewn to their habit. and hanging down upon their backs. The Cap!»
chins were founded by Matthew Baschi, about A. D. 1525. Although the,

  

      

DICTIONARY or DATES. 23?

1

‘ . rigors of this order have abated, still the brethren are remarkable for their
extreme poverty and privations—As/w.

' Its invention is ascribed to Ericthonius of Athens, about 1486 13. c. The
covered cars (cmrus arouati) were in use among the Romans. Triumphal
cars were introduced by Romulus, according to some; and by Tarquin the
Elder, aeco1d1no' to otheis

ARACCAS One of the early Spanish discoveiies, ,1 D. 1498. The province
declared its independence of Spain, May 9,1810. In 1812 ,it was visited by
a violent convulsion of11atu1e; thousands of human beings were lost; rocks
and mountains split, and rolled into valleys; the rivers were blackened or
their courses changed; and many towns swallowed up, and totally destroyed.

RBONARI. A dangerous and powerful society in Italy, a substitute for
ficemasoni y, which'committed the most d1 eadful outrages, and spread te1 ror

i in several states; they were suppressed, however, by the Austrian govern-
ment 1n Sept. 1820.

,iARDINALS. They are prope1ly the council of the pope, at d constitute the
‘ conclave o1 sacred college. At first they were only the principal priests, or
incumbents of the parishes 1n Rome On this footing they continued till the
, eleventh century. They did not acquire the exclusive power of electing the
‘ popes till ,1. D. 1160. They first wore the red hat to remind them that they
ought to shed their blood, if 1equired, forreligion, and weie declared princes

of the church by Innocent IV. 1243 Paul 11. gave the scarlet habit, 1464;
and Uiban VIII. the title of Eminence in 1630; some say in 1623 .——Du Cange.

ARDS Thei1 invention 1s referred to the Romans, but it is generally supposed
that they we1e invented 1n France about the year 1390, to amuse Challes V1.
‘ 5* d111 mg the 111te1vals of a melancholy disorder which in the end b1 OLght
9 him to his grave.——Mezérai, Hist. de France. The universal adoption of an
, ‘ amusement which was invented fo1 a fool, is no 1ery favorable specimen of
i _ wisdonr—Jllal/cin. Cards me of Spanish, not of Flench origin —Daines
Barringtmt. Picquet and all the eaily games ale 1‘1 ench C11ds fi1st taxed
in Eng land. 17 56. 428, 000 packs were stamped 1n 17 75, and 986 ,'000 1n 1800.
In 18 25 the duty being then 25. 6d per pack, less than 150, 000 packs were
> stamp ed; but 1n 1827, the stamp duty was reduced to 15. ,and 310 854 packs
a paid duty in 1830. Duty was paid on 239, 200 packs, in the year ending 5th
Jan. 1840. —Pa7l. Repolts.

:-ARICATURES originated it is said, with Bufalmaco an Italian paintei: he
' first put labels tob the mouths of his figures with sentences since followed by
f bad masters but n1o1e particula1ly 1n ea11eature eng1avings, about 1330. ——
‘ De Piles. A new and much improved style of caricatures has lattelly. set In;
and the preductions 1n this way of a clever but concealed artist, using the
“ initials H. B., are political satires of considerable humm and n1eiit. ——Ha3/dn.

‘ ' LISLE The frontie1 town and key of Eng land, wherein for many ages a '
strong garrison was kept. The castle founded 1n 1092, by William 11. was
made the prison of the unfortunate Mary queen of Scot-5y, in 1568. Taken
1 by the parliament forces 1n 1645. and by the pretender in 1745.

' LSBAD, CONGRESS OF,OI1 the affairs of Eu1 ope The popular spi1it of
{emancipation that prevailed' 1n many of the states of Europe against despotic
government, led to this congress, in which various resolutions 11 ere come
',to denouncing the press, and liberal opinions, and 1n which the great conti-
nental powels decreed measures to rep1ess the rage for limited monarchies
and free institutions, August 1,1819.

1 ' LITES, 0R Wnrre Farms, named from Mount Carmel, and one of the
[orders of mendicants, distinguished by austere rules, appeared in 1141.
1 ‘ rigor was moderated about 1540. They claim their descent in an un-

:1

 

1
1
1
1
l
1

  
   
 
  
  
   
  
   
   
 
  
  
   

 

VV (—1 w. w. “MW V. ‘_.. . WWWYjW—W.

t
r
i
i

 

238 THE won LD’s PROGRESS. [0119}?

interrupted succession from Elijah, Elisha, &c. Mount Carmel has a monas-
tery, and the valley of Sharon lies to the south of the mount, which is 2000

feet high. shaped like a flatted cone, with steep and barren sides: it is often

referred to in Jewish histories.

“ See spicy clouds from lowly Sharon rise, _
And Carmel’s flowery top perlumes the skies.”—Pops.

CAROLINA, discovered by Sebastian Cabot, in 15-30. A body of English,

amounting to about 850 persons, landed and settled here in 1667; and Caro- _

lina was granted to lord Berkeley and others a few years afterwards. See
N. (f. S. Carolina.

CARPE’J‘S They were in use, at leastin some kind, as early as the days of
Amos, about 800 B. C.—Am0.s ii 8. Carpets were spread on the ground, on
which persons sat who dwelt in tents; but when first used in houses,
even in the East, we have no record. In the 12th century carpets were arti-
cles of luxury; and in England, it is mentioned as an instance of.Becket’s

splendid style of living, that his sumptuous apartments were every day in ‘.

winter strewn with clean straw or hay; about A. D. 1160. The manufacture
of woollen carpets was introduced into France from Persia, in the reign of
Henry 1"., between 1589 and 1610. Some artisans who had quitted France

in disgust went to England. and established the carpet manufacture, about‘

1750. There, as with most nations, Persian and Turkey carpets, especially
the former, are most prized. The famous Axminster, Wilton, and Kidder-

   

minster manufacture is the growth of the last hundred years. The nianu- ‘

facturc of Kidderminster and Brussels carpets has much advanced within

fifteen years, at Lowull, Mass. and Thomsonrille Conn.

CARRIAGES. The invention of them is ascribed to Ericthonius of Athens, who
produced the first chariot about 1186 n. e. Carriages were known in France '5

in the reign of Henry II. A. D. 15-17; but they were of very rude construction,

and rare. They seem to have been known in England in 1555; but not the ,

art of making them. Close carriages of good workmanship began to be used

by persons of the highest quality at the close of the sixteenth century. Hen-
ry 1V. had one, but without straps or springs. Their construction was va— 5

rious: they were first made in England in the reign of Elizabeth, and were
then called whirlicotes. The duke of Buckingham, in 1619, drove six horses;

and the duke of N orthuinberland, in rivalry. drove eight. They were first
let for hire in Paris, in 1650, at the Hotel Fiacre; and hence their name,

See Coaches.

CARTESIAN DOCTRINES. Their author was René des Cartes. the French I
philosopher, who promulgated them in 1617. He was an original thinker: '-;
his u'ietaphysical principle “ I think, therefore I am,” is refuted by Mr. Locke; I?
and his physical principle, that “nothing exists but substance,” is disprov— ‘;
ed by the Newtonian philosophy. His celebrated system abounds in great. .
singularities and originalities; but a spirit of independent thought prevails.
throughout it, and has contributed to excite the same spirit in others. - Des .
Cartes was the most distinguished philosopher of his time and country.—-‘ .

[)Irfz‘esnoy.

_ a
CARTHAGE, founded by Dido, or Elissa, sister of Pygmalion, king of Tyre, '
86S) 13. 0. She fled from that tyrant, who had killed her husband, and took '
refuge in Africa. Carthage became so powerful as to dispute the empire of .
the world with Rome. which occasioned the Panic wars and the total demos-.2"
lition of‘ that city. Taken by Scipio, and burned to the ground 14.6 B. off
when the flames raged during seventeen days, and many of the inhabitant "
perished in them, rather than survive the subjection of their country. That»!
Roman senate ordered the walls to be razed, that no trace might remain, w 1:~_J

this once powerful republic—Eusebius.

 

14%;:‘5 ~

   
 
    
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
    
 
 
  

      
 

may or; name. 239

,. 'THAGE, continued.

 

, Dido arrives in Africa, andbuilds Byrsa. ' Hannibal, at the age of nine years,
——Blaz'r - - - n. c. 809 having first made him swear an eter-
First alliance of the Carthaginians with nal enmity to the Romans - B. c. 237
the Romans - - - - 509 Hamilcar is killed in battle by the Vet-
Thc Carthaginians in Sicily are defeated tones - - - - - 227
by Gelo; the elder Hamilcar pcrishes. Asdrubal is assassinated - - - 2‘20
, Herodotus, l. vii. - - 480 Hannibal subjects all Spain, as far as
a, They send 300,000 men into Sicily - 407 the lberus - - - - 219
f The siege of Syracuse - - - 306 l The second Punic war begins - - 218
.V The Carthagiuians land in Italy - 379 First great victory of Hannibal - - r217
‘t Their defeat by Timoleon - - 340 Hannibal crosses the Alps, and enters
They are defeated, by Agathocles, and ‘ Italy with 100,000 men - - - 217
,, immolate their children on the altarof lreat battle of Cannze (which see) - 216
Saturn.thereby to propitiate the gods - 310} New Carthage taken by Pub. Scipio - 210
' The first Punic war begins - - “64 Asdrubal, brother of Hannibal, defeated
The Carthaginians defeated by the R0‘ . and slain in Italy - - - 207
mans in a naval engagement - - 260 ' The Carthaginians expelled Spain - - 206
- Xantippus defeats Regulus - - 255 Scipio arrives in Africa, and lays siege
‘; Reeulus is crucified - - - - 256 to Utica - - - - - 204
* Asdrubal defeated by Metellus - - 251 Hannibal recalled from italy - 203
Romans defeated before Lilyboeum - 250 Great battle of Zama (which see) - 202
End of the first Punic war - - 241 An ignominious peace ends the second
War between the Carthaginians and Punie war - - - - 201
_ African mercenaries - - - 241 The third Punic war begins - - 149
'1 Ilatnilcar Barcas is sent into Spain; he Destruction ofCarthage, which is burned
-‘ takes with him his son, the famous to the ground - - - - 146

   

 

EQARTHAGENA, or N ew CARTHAGE, in Spain; built by Asdrubal, the Ca; tha—
ginian general, 227 B. C. From here Hannibal set out in his memorable
' ' march to invade Italy, crossing the Alps, 217 B. c. Carthagena, in Colombia,

' was taken by sir Francis Drake in 1584. It was pillaged by the French of
. £1,200,000 in 1697; and was bombarded by admiral Vernon in 1740—1, but
'- he was obliged, though he took the forts, to raise the siege.

"CARTHUSIANS. A religious order founded by Bruno of Cologne, who retired
- from the converse of the world, in 1081, to Chartreuse, in the mountains of
Dauphiné. Their rules were formed by Basil VIL, general of the order, and
were peculiarly distinguished for their austerity. The monks could not
leave their cells, nor speak, without express leave; and their clothing was
two hair cloths, two cowls, two pair of hose, and a cloak, all coarse. The
general takes the title of prior of the Chartreuse, the principal monastery,
from which the order is named—Auberti; Mimi Origines Carlhus.

. ‘51,, ARTOON S or RAPHAEL. They were designed in the chambers of the Va-
tican, under Julius II. and Leo X.., about 1510 to 1515. The seven of them
that are preserved were purchased in Flanders by Rubens for Charles I. of
England, for Hampton-court palace, in 1629. These matchless works repre-
. sent—1, The miraculous draught of Fishes; 2, the Charge to Peter; 3, Peter
and John healing the Lame at the gate of the Temple; 4, the Death of Ana-
nias; 5, Elymas, the Sorcerer, struck with Blindness; 6, the Sacrifice to
w. Paul and Barnabas, by the people of Lystra; 7, Paul preaching at Athens.

,ARVING. We have scriptural authority for its early introduction. See Es-
. 00171.3 xxxi. The art of carving is first mentioned in profane history 772 B. c.
, and is referred to the Egyptians. It was first in wood, next in stone, and
f; - afterwards in marble and brass. Dipoenus and Scyllis were eminent carvers
3and sculptors, and opened a school of statuary, 568 B. c.—Pli7z.y. See arti-

' ' ole Sculptures. Carvers of meat, called by-the Greeks dmt‘hitares, are mention- ' s
‘ ed by Homer.

HMERE SHAWLS. The district from whence come these costly shawls
1s described as being “the happy valley, and a paradise in perpetual spring.”
‘ he true Cashmere shawls can be manufactured of no other wool than that
‘ it. They were first brought to England in 1666; but they were well
ted by the spinning at. Bradford, and the looms of Huddersfield.

  
    
    
 
  
   
   
   
 
   

 
 
   
  
 
   

l
i

 

 

240 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [exit ‘

Shawls for the omrahs, of the Thibetian wool, cost 150 rupees each, about
the year 1650.—Bev~nier. .

CASTEL NUOVO, BATTLE OF. The Russians defeated by the French army,
Sept. 29, 1806. Castel N uovo has several times sufi’ered under the dreadful
visitation of earthquakes: in the great earthquake which convulsed all Na-
ples and Sicily, in 1783, this town was almost obliterated. It is recorded
that an inhabitant of Castel N uovo, being on a hill at no great distance,
looking back, saw no remains of the town, but only a black smoke; 4000
persons perished; and in Sicily and Naples, more than 40,000.

CASTIGLIONE, BATTLE OF. One of the most brilliant victories of the French
arms, under general Bonaparte, against the main army of the Austrians,
commanded by general VVurmser: the battle lasted five days successively,
from the 2d to the 6th July, 1796. Bonaparte stated the enemy’s loss in
this obstinate conflict at 70 field—pieces, all his caissons, between 12 and 15,-
000 prisoners, and 6000 killed and wounded.

CASTILE. The most powerful government of the Goths was established here
about A. n. 800. Ferdinand, count of Castile, assumed the title of king in
1020. Ferdinand of Arragon married Isabella of Castile, and nearly the
whole of the Christian dominions in Spain were united in one monarchy, 1474.
See Arragon and Spat/1t.

CASTLES. Ancient-1y British castles were tall houses, strongly fortified, and
built on the tops of hills, with gates and walls. The castle of the Anglo
Saxon was a tower-keep, either round or square, and ascended by a flight 01
steps in front. There were eleven hundred castles built in England by the
nobles, by permission of king Stephen, A. D. 1185, and 1154: most of these

were demolished by Henry 11., who deprived the barons of such possessions,
on his accession, in 1154.

CATACOMBS; the early depositories of the dead. The name first denoted
the tombs of Saints Peter and Paul at Rome, and afterwards the burial-places
of all martyrs. They were numerous in Egypt; and Belzoni, in 1815 and 1818,
explored many catacombs both in that country and Thebes, built 3000 years
ago: among others, a c/Lszj’ld’wmrre of ancient sculpture, the temple of Psam-
maticus the Powerful, whose sarcophagus, formed of the finest oriental
alabaster, exquisitely sculptured, he brought to England. Many other na-
tions had their catacombs; there were some of great extent at Rome. The
Parisian catacombs were projected A. D. 1777. The bodies found in cata-
combs, especially those of Egypt, are called mummies. See Embalmiag.

CATANIA, on CATANEA. At the foot of mount Etna. Founded by a colony
from Chalcis, 753 B. c. Ceres had a temple here, in which none but women
were permitted to appear. This ancient city is remarkable for the dreadful
overthrows to which it has been subjected at various times from its vicinity
to Etna, which has discharged, in some of its eruptions, a stream of lava
four miles broad and fifty feet deep, advancing at the rate of seven miles in.
a day. Catania was almost totally overthrown by an eruption of Etna, in
1669. By an earthquake which happened in 1693, Catania was nearly swal—
lowed up, and in a moment more than 18,000 of its inhabitants were buried
in the ruins of the city. An earthquake did great damage, and a number
of persons perished here, Feb. 22, 1817.

CATAPHRYGIANS. A sect of‘ heretics, so called because they were Phry—
gians, who followed the errors of Montanus. They made up the bread of
the eucharist with the blood of infants. whom they pricked to death with
needles, and then looked upon them as martyrs—Pardon.

CATAPULTZE. Ancient military engines for throwing stones of immense
Weight, darts, and arrows; invented by Dionysius, 399 B- c.—Jaseplms. They

Féuv-‘H . m», » ,

w} maternity or DATES. 241

were capable of throwing darts and javelins of four and five yards length.»
Pardon.

CATHOLIC MAJESTY. The title of Catholic was first given by pope Gre-
gory III. to Alphonsus I. of Spain, who was thereupon surnamed t’w Cat/lo-
lic; A. D. 739. The title of Catholic was also given to Ferdinand V., 1474.
See Spain.

CATILINE’S CONSPIRACY. Sergius L. Catiline, a Roman of noble family,
having squandered away his fortune by his debaucheries and extravagance,
and. having been refused the consulship, he secretly meditated the ruin of
his country, and conspired with many of the most illustrious of the Romans,
as dissolute as himself, to extirpate the senate, plunder the treasury, and set
Rome on fire. This conspiracy was timely discovered by the consul Cicero,
whom he had resolved to murder; and on seeing five of his accomplices
arrested, he retired to Gaul, where his partisans were assembling an army.
Cicero punished the condemned conspirators at home, while Petreius
attacked Catiline’s ill—disciplined forces, and routed them, and the conspir-
ator was killed in the engagement, about the middle of December, 63 B. C.
His character has been branded with the foulest infamy, and to the violence
he offered to a vestal, he added the murder of his own brother; and it is

said that he and his associates drank human blood to render their oaths
. more firm and invielable.—Sallust.

CATO, SUICIDE or. Termed as the “era destructive of the liberties of Rome.”
Cato, the Roman patriot and philosopher, considered freedom as that which
alone “ sustains the name and dignity of man :” unable to survive the inde—
pendence of his country, he stabbed himself at Utica. By this rash act of
suicide, independently of all moral considerations, Cato carried his patriot—
ism to the highest degree of political frensy; for Cato, dead, could be of
no use to his country ; but had he preserved his life, his counsels might
have moderated Czesar’s ambition, and have given a different turn to public

; affairs. Feb. 5, 45 n. C. ——]lIontcsquiezo.

iCATO-STREET CONSPIRACY. The mysterious plot of a gang of low and
. desperate politicians, whose object was the assassination of the ministers of
the crown, with a View to other sanguinary and indiscriminate outrages,
and the overthrow of the government: the conspirators were arrested Feb.
23, 1820 ; and Thistlewood and his four principal associates, Brunt, Davison,
lugs, and Tidd, after a trial commenced on April 17th, which ended in their

co :Viction, were executed according to the then horrid manner of traitors,
on May 1, following.——Haydn.

UCASUS. A mountain of immense height, a continuation of the ridge of
' Mount Taurus, between the Euxine and Caspian seas, inhabited anciently

by various savage nations who lived upon the wild fruits of the earth. It
was covered with snow in some parts, and in others was variegated with
’ ‘ fruitful orchards and plantations: its people were at one time supposed to
. gather gold on the shores of their rivulets, but they afterwards lived with-
~ ,- out making use of money. Prometheus was tied on the top of Caucasus by
‘ Jupiter, and continually devoured by vultures, according to ancient authors,
1548 B. c. The passes near the mountain were called Caucasize Parke, and
it is supposed that through them the Sarmatians, called Huns, made their

way, when they invaded the provinces of Rome, A.D. 447.——Stmbo. Hero-
data/,3.

USTIC lN PAINTING. The branch of the art so called is a method of
.. burning the colors into wood or ivory. Gausias, a painter of Sicyon, was
,e inventor of this process. He made a beautiful painting of his mistress
‘ 'aere, whom he represented as sitting on the ground, and making gar-
' of flowers; and from this circumstance the picture, which was

11

   
 
   
  
   
 
 
 
  
   
  
  
  
  

13.96“-

 

 

 

   
   
  
  
   
    
  
    
  
   
    
  
   
   
     
    
   
   
  
   
  
  
   
   
  
  

242 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [03*t .

bought afterwards by Lucullus for two talents, received the name ‘of Stepha-
noplocovn, 335 B. C.—Pli7tii Hist. Nat.

CAVALIERS. This appellation was given as a party name in England to those
who espoused the cause of the king during the unhappy war which brought
Charles I. to the scaffold. They were so called in opposition to the Round-
heads, or friends of the parliament, between 1642 and 1649.——Hume.

CAVALRY. Of the ancient nations the Romans were the most celebrated for
their cavalry, and for its discipline and efficiency. Attached to each of the
Roman legions was a body of horse 300 strong, in ten turmze; the com-
mander was always a veteran, and chosen for his experience and valor. In the
early ages, the Persians brought the greatest force of cavalry into the field:
they had 10,000 horse at the battle of Marathon, 400 B. c.: and 10,000
Persian horse were slain at the battle of Issus, 333 B. c.—Pluta¢ch.

CAYENNE. First settled by the French in 1625, but they left it in 1654. It
was afterwards successively in the hands of the English, French, and'Dutch.
These last were expelled by the French in. 1677. Cayenne was taken by
the British, Jan. 12, 1809, but was restored to the French at the peace in
1814. In this settlement is produced the capsicum baccatum, or cayenne
pepper, so esteemed in Europe.

LELESTIAL GLOBE. A celestial sphere was brought to Greece from Egypt,
358 B. c. A planetarium was constructed by Archimedes before 212 B. c.
The celestial globe was divided into constellations after the age of Perseus.
The great celestial globe of Gottorp, planned after a design of Tycho Brache,
and erected at the expense of the duke of Holstein, was eleven feet in
diameter: and that at Pembroke-hall, Cambridge, erected by Dr. Long, is
eighteen feet. See Globes.

CELESTINS.‘ Areligious order of monks, reformed from the Bernardins by

pope Celestine V. in 1294. The order of nuns was instituted about the
same period.

CELIBACY, and the monastic life, preached by St». Anthony in Egypt, about~
A.D. 305. The early converts to this doctrine lived in caves and desolate
places till regular monasteries were founded. The doctrine was rejected at
the council of Nice, A.D. 325. Celibacy was enjoined on bishops only in
692. The Romish clergy generally were compelled to a vow of celibacy in
1073. Its observance was finally established by the council of Placentia,
held in 1095. Among the illustrious philosophers of antiquity, the follow- ~
ing were unfriendly to matrimony :~—Plato, Pythagoras, Epicurus, Bion,
Anaxagoras, Heraclitus, Democritus, and Diogenes; and the followin
among the moderns :—Newton, Locke, Boyle, Gibbon, Hume, Adam Smith,
Harvey, Leibnitz, Bayle, Hobbes, Hampden, sir F. Drake, earl of Essex, ,-
Pitt, Michael Angelo, the three Caraccis, sir Joshua Reynolds, Haydn, «

Handel, Wolsey, Pascal, Fenelon, Pope, Akenside, Goldsmith, Gray, Collins, 3
Thompson, and Jeremy Bentham.

CEMETERIES. The ancients had not the unwise custom of crowding all
their dead in the midst of their towns and cities, within the narrow pre .
cincts of a place reputed sacred, much less of amassing them in the bosom
of their fanes and temples. The burying places of the Greeks and Romans :
were at a distance from their towns; and the Jews had their sepulehres in f
gardens—Joint, xix. 41; and in fields, and among rocks and mountains—1‘
Alan/Lew xxvii, 60. The present practice was introduced by the Romish,
clergy, who pretended that the dead enjoyed peculiar privileges by being
interred in consecrated ground. The burying-places of the Turks are hand-
some and agreeable, and it is owing chiefly to the many fine plants my ‘

_ grow in them, and which they carefully place over their dead. It is :7‘

me'rxomar or was; 243

   

within a very few years that public cemeteries have been formed in these
countries, although the crowded state of our many churchyards, and the
. . danger to health of burial—places in the midst of dense populations, called
., ~ for some similar institutions to that of the celebrated Pére la Chaise at
’ Paris. Six public cemeteries have been recently opened in London
f, suburbs. The inclosed area of each of these cemeteries is planted and laid
out in walks after the manner of Fibre la Ciiaise.* There are similar ceme-
teries in Manchester, Liverpool, and other towns; and in Ireland, at Cork,
Dublin, 620. Some of the rural cemeteries of the United States, especially
that at Mount Auburn, near Boston (opened 1831), Laurel Hill, Philadelphia.
: (183—), and Greenwood, near New-York (1839), are far more beautiful in
their natural features than any of those near London or Paris.

: " CENSORS. Roman magistrates, whose duty it was to survey and rate, and

' correct the manners of the people; their power was also extended over
private families, and they restrained extravagance. The two first censors
were appointed 443 B. c. The office was abolished by the emperors.

CENSUS. In the Roman polity, a general estimate of every man’s estate and
personal effects delivered to the government upon oath every five years:
established by Servius Tullius, 566 B. C.—chal Polity of the Roman State.
In England the census, formerly not periodical, is now taken at decennial

periods, of which the last were the years 1811, 182.1, and 1831; and the new
census, 1841.

., CENSUS or THE UNITED STATES, has been taken at six different periods,”
- viz. 1790,1800, 1810, 1820,1030, and 1840. The seventh census is taken
this year, 1850.—See Population.

CENTURION. The captain, head, or commander of a subdivision of 8. R0-
man legion, which consisted of 100 men, and was called a centuria. He was
distinguished by a branch of vine which he carried in his hand. By the »
Roman census, each hundred of the people was called a centum‘a, 566 B. c.

CENTURY. The method of computing by centuries was first generally
observed in ecclesiastical history. and commenced from the time of our

Redeemer’s incarnation, A. D. 1. It is a period that is particularly regarded
by church historians—Pardon.

. CERES. This planet, which is only 160 miles in diameter, was discovered by

M. Piazzi, astronomer royal at Palermo, on the 1st. of Jan. 1801. To the
naked eye it is not visible, nor will glasses of a very high magnifying
power show it with a distinctly defined diameter. Palms, discovered by
Dr. Olbers, is still smaller.

EYLON. The natives claim for this island the seat of paradise; it was dis-
covered by the Portuguese A. D. 1505; but it was known to the Romans in
the time of Claudius, A. D. 41. The capital, Colombo, was taken by the
Hollanders in 1603; and was recovered by the Portuguese in 1621. The
Dutch again took it in 16:36. A large portion of the country was taken by
the British in 1782, but was restored the next year. The Dutch settlements

 

 
   
  
    
  
   
 
 
 
  
  
  
   
   
   

 

‘ Pére Ia Chaise takes its name from a. French Jesuit, who was a favorite of Louis XIV., and
's confessor. He died in 1709; and the site of his house and grounds at Paris is now occupied by

beautiful cemetery. It was a practice of high antiquity to plant herbs and flowers about the
yes of the dead. The women in Egypt go weekly to pray and weep at the sepulchres. and it is
n- usual to throw a sort of herb (our sweet-basil) upon the tombs; which in Asia Minor, and
- key in Europe, are also adorned either with the leaves of the palm-tree, boughs of myrtle,~or

. es lanted at the head and feet. Between some of the tombs is placed a chest of ornamented
fine with earth, in which are planted herbs and aromatic flowers. These are regularly em.
.. . by females, who assemble in groups {or that duty. At Aleppo, there grow many my (lap,
* mam ntly prazgate, because they are beautiful, and remem 10:3 green, to 13va
5‘ mfg“; W; B'ukr. '- V ' d ‘ I '-

 

 

%
l
E

 

   

244 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [oifi‘

were seized by the British; Trincomalee Aug. 26, 1795, and Jaffnapatam, in
Sept. same year. Ceylon was ceded to Great Britain by the peace of Amiens
in 1802. The British troops were treacherously massacred, or imprisoned
by the Adigar of Candy, at Colombo, June 26, 1803. The complete sove-
reignty of the island was assumed by England in 1815.

CHERONEA, BATTLES or. The Athenians are defeated by the Boeotians,
and Tohnidas, their general, is slain, 447 13. C. Battle of Chzeronea, in which
Greece lost its liberty to Philip, 32,000 Macedonians defeating the confed-
erate army of Thebans and Athenians of 30,000, Aug. 2, 338 B. 0. Battle
of Chaeronea in which Archelaus, lieutenant of Mithridates, is defeated by
Sylla, and 110,000 Cappadocians are slain, 86 B. C. .

CHAIN BRIDGES. The largest and oldest chain-bridge in the world is said to
be that at Kingtung, in China, where it forms a perfect road from the top of
one mountain to the top of another. The honor of constructing the first
chain—bridge on a grand scale belongs to Mr. Telford, who commenced the
chain-suspension bridge over the strait between Anglesey and the coast of
Wales, July 1818.—See M’cnaz’ Bridge.

CHAIN—CABLES. PUMPS, AND SHOT. Iron ehaineables were in use by the
Veneti, a people intimately connected with the Belgae of Britain in the time
of Caesar, 55 B. C. These cables came into modern use, and generally in the
royal navy of England, in 1812. Chain—shot, to destroy the rigging of an
enemy’s ships, was invented by the Dutch admiral De Witt, in 1666. Chain-
pumps Were first used on board the Flam, British frigate, in 1787.

I CHAISE 0R CALASH. The invention of the chaise, which is described as a

light and open vehicle, is ascribed to Augustus Caesar, about A. D. 7. Aure-
lius Victor mentions that the use of post—chaises was introduced by Trajan,
about A. D. 100. The chariot was in use fifteen centuries before. See Chariot.

CHALDEAN REGISTERS. Registers of celestial observations were commenced
2234 B. 0., and were brought down to the taking of Babylon by Alexander,
331 B. 0., being a period of1908 years. These registers were sent by Callis-
thenes to Aristotle. CHALDEAN CHARACTERS: the Bible was transcribed
from the original Hebrew into these characters, now called Hebrew, by Ezra.

CHAMP DE MARS , an open square space in front of the Military School at
Paris, with artificial embankments raised on each side, extending nearly to
the river Seine, with an area sufficient to contain a million of people. Here
was held, on the 14th July, 1790, the famous “ federation,” or solernnity of
swearing fidelity to the “patriot king” and new constitution. In the even—
ing great rejoicings followed the, proceedings; public balls were given by
the municipality in the Champs Elyséas and elsewhere, and Paris was illumi-
nated throughout. 1791, July 17. a great meeting of citizens and others held
here, directed by the Jacobin clubs, to sign petitions on the " altar of the
country”—-—left standing for some time afterwards~praying for the enforced
abdication of Louis XVI. Another new constitution sworn to here, under
the eye of Bonaparte, May 1, 1815, a ceremony called the Champ de .Mai.

CHAMPION or ENGLAND. The championship was instituted at the corona—
tion of Richard II. 1377. At the coronations of English kings the champion
still rides completely armed into Westminster-hall, and challenges any one
that would deny their title to the crown. The championship is hereditary
in the Dymocke family.

CHANCELLORS LORD HIGH, or ENGLAND. The Lord Chancellor ranks
after the princes of the Blood Royal as the first lay subject. Formerly, the .
office was conferred upon some dignified clergyman. Maurice, afterwards- ,.
bishop of London, was created chancellor in 1067. The first personage who ““3

 

  

i
a
7

f!
9.
.r

.5:

‘il.

  
 
 
    
 
 
  
  

    

CHANCELLOR OF SCOTLAND. In the laws of Malcolm II. who reigned

. fl .Wanr or DATES. ' éfig

; . ~ was qualified by great legal education, and who decided causes upon his ovm

judgment, was Sir Thomas More, in 1530, before which time the office was
more that of a. high state functionary than the president of a court of justice.
Sir Christopher Hatton, who was appointed chancellor in 1587, was very
ignorant, on which account the first reference was made to a master in 1588.
In England, the great seal has been frequently put in commission; but it

was not until 1813 that the separate and co-existent oliice of Vice— Chancellor
was permanently held.

LORD CHANCELLons on ENGLAND, 169?. Sir John Somers, afterwards 10rd
(I"rom the time of Cardinal W'ulsey.) Somers.

1530 Sir Thomas More (beheaded). 1705 Lord Cowper, L. K.

1515 Cardinal Wolsey. i 1702 Sir Nathan Wright, L. K.
1533 Sir Thomas Audley. i 1710 In commission.

1534 Thomas, bishop oi Ely. 1713 Lord Harcourt.

1545 Lord W'riothesley. l 1714 Lord Cowper again.
1547 Lord St. John. 3 1718 In commission.
1547 Lord Rich. 1 1718 Viscount Parker, afterwards earl of
1551 Bishop 01' Ely again. “ Macclesfield.
1551 Sir Nich. Hare, Lard Keeper. i 1725 Sir Peter King, L. K. aflerwards lord
1653 Bishop of \Vinchester. 1 King.
1555 Archbishop ol'York. ‘ 1733 Lord Talbot.
1559 Sir Nicholas Bacon. 3 1737 Philip, lord Hardwicke.
1579 Sir Thomas Bromley. , 1761 Sir Robert Ilenley, afterwards lord
1587 Sir Christopher llatton. l Henley, and earl of Northington.
1592 Sir John I’ackering. 1766 Charles Pratt, lord Camden.
1596 Sir Thomas Egerlon. . 1770 Hon. Chas. Yorke, Jan. 18; died next
1616 Sir Francis Bacon, afterwards lord " day.
Verulam. . 1770 In commission.
1625 Sir Thomas Coventry. 1771 Henry Bathurst, lord Apsley, succeed-
1639 Sir John Finch. |_ ed as earl Bathurst.
1640 Sir Edward Littleton, afterwards lord ! 1778 Lord Thurlow.
Littleton. i 1783 Lord Loughborough and others
1645 Sir Richard Lane. (in commission) - - April 9
1648 In commission. i 1’83 Lord Thurlow again - - Dec.23
1653 Sir Edward Herbert. l 1792 In commission.
1658 Sir Edward Hyde, afterwards earl of ‘ 1793 Lord Loughborough again.
Clarendon. 1801 Lord Eldon. - - April 14
1667 Sir Orlando Bridgeman, L. K. . 1806 Lord Erskine. - - Feb. 7
1672 Earl ofShaftesbury. ‘, 1807 Lord Eldon again. - March 25
1673 Sir Heneage Finch, afterwards earl of l 1827 Lord Lyndhurst. - - April 20/
Nottingham. i 1830 Lord Brougham. - Nov. 22

1682 Lord Guilt'ord, L. K.

1685 Sir George Jefi'reys, 10rd Jefl‘reys.

1690 In commission.

1690 Sir John Trevor, Sir William Rawlino
son, and Sir Geo. Hutchins, L. K.

. 1834 Lord Lyndhurst again - Nov. 14
1835 In commission.

1836 Lord Cottenham. - - Jan. 16
1841 Lord Lyndhurst again. - Aug. 31
1846 Lord Cottenham again - July 6

9;; CHANCELLOR or IRELAND, LORD HIGH. The earliest nomination was by

Richard I. A. D. 1186, when Stephen Ridel was elevated to this rank. The
office of vice-chancellor was known in Ireland, but not as a distinct appoint-

ment, in the reign of Henry 111., Geffrey Turville, archdeacon of Dublin,
being so named, 1232.

A. n. 1004, this officer is thus mentioned: “The Chancellar sal at al tymes
assist the king in giving him counsall mair secretly nor of the rest of the
nobility. The Chancellar sall be ludgit near unto the kingis Grace, for
keiping of his bodie, and the seill, and that he may be roadie, baith day and
nicht, at the kingis command.”—Sir James Balfour. James, earl of Seafleld,

afterwards Findlater, was the last lord high‘Chancellor of Scotland, the
7‘ , ’ office having been abolished in 1708.——Scott. ?

f HANCERY, COURT or. Instituted as early as A. D. 605. Settled upon,
‘ better footing by William I., in 1067 .~—Stowe. This court had its origib in

the desire to render justice complete, and to moderate the rigor cg,
We that are bound to the strict letter of the law. It gives reli’, "

;- infants, notwithstanding their minority; and to or against‘ina

 

l.‘

 

 

o.

246 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [on

women, notwithstanding their coverture; and all frauds, deceits, breaches
of trust and confidence, for which there is no redress at common law, are
relievable here—Blackstone.

EFFECTS OF SUITORS LODGED IN COURT AT THE FOLLOWING DECENNIAL PERIODS.

1770 - Amount lodged - £5,300,000 l 1810 - Amount lodged - $526,212,000
1780 - ditto - - 7,741,000 1820 - ditto - - 34,208.783
1790 - - ditto - 13,338,000 1830 - ~ ditto - 38,885,135
1800 - ditto - - 19,834,000 1840 - ditto - - 39,772,746

There are about 10,000 accounts. By the last official returns the number

of committals for contempt was ninety-six persons in three years.—-Par2.
Returns.

CHANTRY. A chapel endowed with revenue for priests to sing mass for the
souls of the donors—S/takspcare. First mentioned in the commencement of
the seventh century, when Gregory the great established schools of chant-
ers.~See Chanting.

CHAOS. A rude and shapeless mass of matter, and confused assemblage of
inactive elements which, as the poets suppose, pre-existed the formation of
the world, and from which the. universe was formed by the hand and power
of a superior being. This doctrine was first advanced by Hesiod, from whom
the succeeding poets have copied it; and it is probable that it was obscurely
drawn from the account of Moses, by being copied from the annals of San—
ehoniatlion, whose age is fixed antecedent to the siege of Troy in 1193 B. (1.
See Geology.

CHARIOTS. The invention of chariots, and the manner of harnessing horses
to draw them, is ascribed to Erichthonius of Athens. 1486 B. c. Chariot
racingr was one of the exercises of Greece. The chariot of the Ethiopian
officer, mentioned in Acts viii. 27, 28, 31, was, it is supposed, something in
the form of our modern chaise with four wheels. Caesar relates that Cassi-
belanus, after dismissing all his other forces, retained no fewer than 4000
war chariots about his person. The chariots of the ancients were like our
pheetons, and drawn by one horse. See Carriages, Coaches, ($36.

CHARITIES in the United States—See Benevolence. In England there are tens
of thousands of charitable foundations ; and the charity commission reported
to parliament that the endowed charities alone of Great Britain amounted to
£1 500,000 annually, in 1840.——Parl. Rep. Charity schools were instituted
in London to prevent the seduction of the infant poor into Roman Catholic
seminaries, 3 James II. 1687.—Ra[1tn.

CHARLESTON. S. C., was first settled in 1680. In 1690 a colony of French
refugees, exiled in consequence of the revocation of the Edict of Nantes,
settled in Carolina, and seine of them in Charleston: from them are de—
scended many of the most respectable of the inhabitants. At the close of .
1779, the city was taken by the British. and held by them until May follow- ,9
ing. Population in 1790, 16 350; in 1810. 24.711; in 1820, 24,780; in 1830, '
310 289; in 1810, 29,261—(a decrease of 1,028 in ten years) including 14,673
s aves.

CHARTERS or RIGHTS. The first charters of rights granted by the kings of
England to their subjects, were by Edward the Confessor, and by Henry I
A. D. 1100. The famous bulwark of English liberty, known as Magma Charm
or the great charter. was granted to the barons by king J ohn, June 15., 1215'.
The rights and privileges granted by this charter were renewed and ratified
by Henry III. in 122%, ct seq. Sir Edward Coke says that even in his days it
had been confirmed above thirty times. Charters to corporations were of
frequent grant from the reign of William I. See Magna Clam-m.

CHARTERS, to the American colonies. That to Virginia granted by James 1.,
1606; to Massachusetts, by the same, 1620, but withdrawn by Charles IL,

 

,TVEMV’“ 0.9 .; .,. =11 - ‘ , , v v ,- . . -. .. 'ml'l"

  
 
     

DICTIONARY or DATES. m

1684; that granted to Connecticut by Charles 11., 1665, was concealed in an

mk to preserve it from the tyrannical Andros. General suppression of
charter governments in America 1688.

CHARTER PARTY The same species of deed or agreement as the ancient
‘ chirog1aph. A covenant between merchants and masters of ships relating

to the ship and cargo. It was first used in England in the reign of Henry
111., about 1213.

CHARTISTS. The agitators for radical political reforms in England were so
called from the Charter which they drew up and urged for adoption as the
law of the land, 1838. The petition for it, signed by about 5,000,000 names.
Proclamation against tumultuous assemblies of the Chartists, Dec. 12, 1838.
Chartist attack on Newport, Wales, headed by John Frost, an ex-magistrate,
defeated, Nov. 4, 1839. Frost and others taken prisoner, tried, and trans-

ported. Another Chartist demonstration on Kennington Common, near

. London, exciting great alarm (chiefly because of the recent revolution in

Paris), April 10, 1818. The six chief demands of the Chartists are: 1. Uni-
versal suffrage. 2. Vote by ballot. 3. No property qualification. 4. Annual
parliaments. 5. Payment of members. 6. Equal electoral districts.

CHARTS Anaximander of Miletus 11 as the inv ent01 of geographical and celes-

, ' tial charts about 570 B. C Modern sea— charts 1v e1e brought to England by

.. Ba1tholon1e1v Columbus. W ith a view to 1llust1atc his b1 other s theory respect-

' ing a western continent 1489 Me1cat01s chart, in which the 11' orld is taken
as a plane, 11' as drawn, 1556. '

CHARYBDIS, a dangerous 111111111001 on the coast of Sicily. opposite another
whirlpool called Scylla on the coast of Italy. It was very dangerous to sail-
ors, and it proved fatal to part of the fleet of Ulysses. The exact situation
of the Charybdis is not discovered by the moderns, as no whirlpool sufli—
ciently tremendous is now found to correspond to the description of the
ancients. The words Izzrcidit in Scyllam qui cult vitm-e Chan/Mint, became a
proverb, to show that in our eagerness to avoid an evil, we fall into a greater.

CHANTING, Chanting the psalms was adopted by Ambrose from the pa-

9.

x» gan ceremonies of the Romans, about A. D. 350.—nglet. Chanting in
1 churches was introduced into the Roman Catholic service in 602, by Gregory

1, the Great, who established schools of chanters, and corrected the church
‘ song. —Dufrcsnog/.

CHEATS The convicted cheat punishable by pillory (since abolished). impri-
sonment, and fine, 1 Hawk. L. C. 188. A rigorous statute was enacted
against cheats, 33 Henry VIII. 1542. Persons cheating at play, or 11inning
at any time more than 10l., or any valuable thing, were deemed infamous,

and were to suffer punishment as in cases of perjury, 9 Anne, 1711.—Black—
stone’s Comm.

CHEESE. It is supposed by Camden and others that the English learned the
process of making cheese from the Romans (who brought many useful arts
with them) about the Christian era., Cheese is made by almost all nations.
Wilts, Gloucester, and Cheshire, make vast quantities; the last alone, annu-

' ally, about 31000 tons. The Cheddar of Somerset and Stilton of Hunting-
(lon, are as much esteemed as the cheese of P511 ma and Gruyere of Swim-1
.erland. In 1840 England imported, chiefly f1 0111 the U. States, for home use,
a. quantity exceeding 10,000 tons.

.CHEMISTRY AND DISTILLING. Int1oduced into Europe by the Spanish
Moors, about A. D. 1150; they had learned them from the African Moon,
and these from the Egyptians. In Egypt, they had, in very early agesffia

Wt]. salts from their bases, separated oils, and prepared vinegar andwm

   
 
    
   
   
  
  

 

  

248 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [cm ~'

and embalming was a kind of chemical process. The Chinese also claim an
early acquaintance with chemistry; but the fathers of true chemical philo-
sophy were of our own country; Bacon, Boyle, Hooke, Mayow, Newton, 8110.
The modern character of chemistry was formed under Beecher and Stahl,
who perceived the connection of the atmosphere and the gases, with the
production of phenomena. Bergman and Schecle were cotemporary with
P1 iestley 111 England and Lin osier in F1 ance then followed Thomson, Davy,
and othe1 distinguished men.

CHERRIES. They were brought from Pontus, to Lucullus, to Rome, about 70
B. c. Apricots from Epirus: peaches from Persia; the finest plums from
Damascus and Armenia; pears and figs from Greece and Egypt; citrons
from Media; and pomegranates from Carthage; 114 B. c. The cherry tree
was first planted in Britain, it is said, about A. D. 100. Fine kinds were
brought from Flanders, and planted in Kent, and with such success that an
orchard of thirty—two acres produced in one year £1000, A. D. 1540. See
Gardcning.

CHESAPEAKE, BATTLE on. At the mouth of the bay of that name, between
the Biitish admiral G1eaves. and the Fiench admiral De Grasse, with the
naval f01 ce sent to assist the United States, the fo1 mer was obliged to retire,
1781. The Chesapeake and Delawaie VV ere blockaded by a bBritish fleet
in 1812. The Chesapeake American frigate struck to the Shannon British
frigate, commanded by captain Broke, after a severe action, June 2, 1813.

CHESS. GAME or. Invented, according to some authorities, 680 B. 0.; and ac-
eo1ding to other,s in the fifth century of our em. The leained Hyde and
Si1 William Jones concu1 in stating (as do most writers on the subject) that
the Oiigin of chess is to be traced to India. The automaton chess- player
was exhibited in England 1n 1769.

CHEVALIER D’EON. This extraordinary personage, who had been acting in
a diplomatic capacity in several countries, and who was for some time a
minister plenipotentiary from France in London, was proved upon a trial
had in the King’s Bench, in an action to recover wagers as to his sex, to he
a woman, July 1, 1777. He subsequently were female attire for many years;
yet at his death, in London, in 1810, it was manifest, by the dissection of
his body, and other undoubted evidence, that he was of the male sex.—
Bz'n. Die.

CHILDREN. Most of the ancient nations had the unnatural custom of expos—
ing theii infmts—the Egyptians on the banks of rivers, and the Greeks on
highways—when they could not s11ppo1t 01 educate them, in such cases
they won: taken caie of, and humanely p1 otected by the state. The custom
which long previously existed of English parents selling their children to
the Iiish for slaVes was prohibited in the 1cign of Canute, about 1017. ——
Mat. Pam‘s. At Da1ien, it was the p1actice whena “1(10“ died, to bury
with hei, in the same g1avc, such of her children as were unable, from their
tendc1 yea1s, to take care of themselves. And in some pa1ts of China, Su-
perstition has lent her hand to sanction the horrid deed of offering infants
to the spirit of an adjoining river, first attaching a gourd to their necks to
prevent them from immediately drowning

CHILI. Discovei ed by Diego de Almagio, one of the conquerors of Peru, A. D.
1535. Almagro c1ossed the Co1dille1as and the natiVes, regarding the Span-
iaids on their fast visit as allied to the Divinity collected ior them gold and
silv<r amountingt o 290, 000 ducats a present which led to the subsequent
c1 neltlcs and rapacity of the im aders. Chili was subdued, b it not wholly,
in 1546. The Chilians fought for liberty at various times, and with various
success, until 1817, V1 hen, by the decisive victory gained by“ can Mart-in over

 

 
  
  
  
   
   
 
 
 
 
  
  
  
 
 
 
  

Eél

. pressors, and declared independent. .
I. HILTERN HUNDREDS. An estate of the crown in England, on the chain

mummy or DATES. 24$

the royal forces, Feb. 12, in that year, the province was released from its op-

of chalk hills that pass from east to west through the middle of Bucking-
hamshire, the stewardship whereof is a nominal oflice, conferred on members
of parliament when they wish to vacate their seats, as, by accepting an
ofi‘ice under the crown, a member becomes disqualified, unless he be again
returned by his constituents: this custom has existed time immemorial.

CIiIhINEYS. Chafing—dishes were in use previous to the invention of chim-

neys, which were first introduced into these countries in A. D. 1200, when
they were confined to the kitchen and large ball. The family sat round the
stove, the funnel of which passed through the ceiling, in 1300. Chimneys
were general in domestic architecture in 1310. The ancients made use of
stoves, although Octavio Ferrari affirms that chimneys were in use among
them; but this is disputed.

IINA. This empire is very ancient, and the Chinese assert that it existed
many thousands of years before Noah’s flood; but it is allowed by some author--
ities to have commenced about 2500 years before the birth of Christ. By
others it is said to have been founded by Fohi, supposed to be the Noah of
the Bible, 2240 B. c. We are told that the Chinese knew the periods of the
sun, moon, and planets, and were acute astronomers, in the reign of Yao,
which is set down 2357 B. 0. But dates cannot be relied upon until towards
the close of the seventh century, B. 0. when the history of China becomes
more distinct. In the battle between Phraates and the Scythians 129 B. c.,
the Chinese aided the latter, and afterwards ravaged the countries on the
coasts of the Caspian, which is their first appearance in history—Leaflet.

   
   
  
 
   
    
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
   
  
  
 

The Chinese state their first cycle to
have commenced - - 13.6 2700

The first of the 22 Chinese dynasties
commenced - - - - 2207
i- * it * 3k i-

In the history of China, the first dates
which are fixed 10 his narrative, by

“ .; Se-ma-Isien, begin - - 651
Confucius, the rather of the Chinese
‘5 philosophers, born - - - 551
7'11» Stupendous wall of China completed - 211
”g The dynasty ot'Han - ' - - - 206
" {1 Literature and the art of printing encou-
‘» raged - - - - - 202
W Religion of Ta tse commenced - - 15
L. Religion of the followers of Fo, com-
menced about - - A. n. 60
" Embassy from Rome - - - 166
” Nankin becomes the capital - - 420
The atheistical philosopher, Fan~Shin,
flourishes . - - - 449
The Nestorian Christians permitted to
preach their doctrines - - - 635
They are proscribed, and extirpale — 845
The seat of the imperial government is
transferred to Pekin - - - 1260
Wonderful canal, called the Yu Ho,
completed about. - - - 1400
Eur)" sans first arrive at Canton - 1517
Macao is granted as a settlement to the
* Portuguese - - - - 1536
\ , Jesuit missionaries are sent. bysthe pope
from Rome - — - - 1575
The country is conquered by the East-
, em Tartars, who establish the pre-
, sent reigning house - ‘ - . - 1644
“earthquake throughout China burle:
marshmallow, _-l662

firm

   

11*

 

Jesuit missionaries endeavor to esta-
blish Christianity - - - - 1692

The Jesuits are expelled through their
own misconduct - - - 1724
ENGLISH INTERCOURSE WITH CHINA.

Earl Macarmey’s embassy; he leaves

England - - Sept. 26, 1792
He is ordered to depart from Pekin,

Oct. 7, 1793

Edict against Christianity - - 1812

Lord Amherst’s embassy; he leaves
England - - - Feb. 8, 1816
gHis lordshi failed in the objects of

is mission, aving refused to make
the prostration of the Icou-[ou, lest he
should thereby compromise the ma-
jesty of England]

The exclusive rights of the East India
Company cease . April 22, 1831

Lord Napier arrives at Macao, to super-
intend British commerce — July 15, 1834

Opium trade interdicted by the Chinese,

Nov. 7, 1834

Commissioner Lin issues an edict for
the seizure of opium - March 18, 1839 ,

British and other residents forbidden to , ,
leave Canton - - March 19, 1839"

The factories surrounded, and outrages
committed - - March 24. 1839 .

The opium destroyed during several
days by the Chinese - June 3, 1839

The British trade with China ceases, by
an edict of the emperor, and the last
servant of the company leaves the
country this day - - Dec. ' 1*

Edict of the emperor interdictin , r
trade and intercourse with Eng ‘ '

for ever - - ~ , Jim W

 

250

CHINA, continued.

Blockade of Canton by a British fleet of
15 sail and sevetal w a1 steamers, hav-
ing 4 ,00011'00 s on board, by ordexs

110111811 G01 011 Brenner - June 28, 1840
Seizute 01011 t. Anstruther - Sept 16,1840

Lin deprive of his authority, and
finally (legiaded; Keshin appointed
imperial commissioner -

Cap t. Elliott declares a truce With the

Chinese - - Vov.6,1840

Hong Kong ceded by Keshin to Great
Britain, a11116,000,000 dollars agreed to
aid within ten days to the a'B1itish

aut o1ities - - Jan 20,1841

Impe1ial edict from Pekin rejecting the
cpnditions 01 the treaty made by Ke-
s 1111 — - -
Hostilities are in consequence iesumed
against the Chinese -
Chusan evacuated - -
Rewards proclaimed at Canton 101' the
bodies 01 Englishmen, dead 01 alive;
50, 000 dollars to be given for ring‘
leaders and chiefs -
Bogue Forts taken by Sir Gordon B1e
mer' , admiral Kwan killed, and 459

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

Sept. 16, 1840

Feb 11,1841

- Feb. 23,1841
Feb. 24, 1841

Feb 25, 1841

Treaty of peace signed before Nankin,

on boa11l the CO1 nwallz's by si1 Henry

Pottingei for England, and Keying

Elepoo and Neu DKien on the part of

the Chinese emperor - Aug. 29, 1842
CONDITIONS OF THE rnnAer

Lasting peace and 1riendship between
the two empires.

China to pay y‘Zl ,000, 000 of dollars, part
forthwith and the remainder within
three years.

The ports of Canton, Amoy, Foo~choo-

1'oo, Ning- -p0, and Shanw- hae to be
thrown open to the Britis1.

Consuls to 1eside at these cities.

’1‘a1itls of import and export to be esta-
blished, &c &c

The emperor signifies his assent to the
conditions - - Sept. 8, 1842

Mr Davis succeeds Sir Henry Pottinger
as B1itish commissioner Feb 16,1844

Bogue Forts captured by Gen. Aguilar
and Sir John Davis, 836 pieces 01 ar-
tillery seized and spiked- April 5,1847

Treaty between China and the Unz-
ted States negotiated by Caleb

 

 

guns captured - - Feb. 26, 1841 ,,

Sir Hugh Goueh takes the command oi $332?“ American 0051111131; 1844
the aimy - March 2,1841 ratified at Washington

Heights behind Canton taken, and 94 chm 16 1845

guns captured - - May 25,1841

The cit ransomed for6, 000, 000 dollars,
of w ich 5,000,000 the paid down,
and hostilities cease -

British trade 1e- opened - July

Arlival at Macao 01 Sir Henry Pottin-
ger, who, as plenipotentiary, pro-

May31,1811
16,1841

Alexander II. Everett appointed
commissioner to China from the
United States - - - 1845

John W. Dav is appointed commis-
sioner 110m the United States - 1847

cnrnnsn animations.
The followmr.r 1s a 11st of those who have

 

 

claims the objects of his mission;

Capt. Elliott supe1se11cd - Aug. 10,1841 reigned for the last two centuries :—

': <e¢umicu41unrzgwm5¥311 a; A 1.

  
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
    
 
   
   

 

Amoy taken, and 296 guns found and Chwang-lei - - - - - 1627
destryo ed - Aug. 27, 18411 Shun-che - - - - - 1644 ,
The Rogue forts destroyed - Sept. 14, 1841 Kang-he - . . .- - 1669"
The city of Tinghae taken, 136 guns Yung-ching - - - - 1693 f
captured, and :’the island of Chusan Keen-lung - - - - - 1736
re- occupied by the British - Oct. 1,1841 Keading - - . - - 1796
Chin- hae taken, with 157 guns, many Taou-kwang - - - - - 1821

. Oct 10,1841 1850 .7

The embassy of lord Macartney from England procured the first authentic
information respecting this empire: it appears that itis divided into 15 pro— 1
vinces, containing 4402 walled cities; the population of the whole country is '
given at 333 000,000; its annual revenues at £66,000,000; and the army, in— 2“
cluding the Tartars, 1,000,000 of infantry, and 800,000 cavalry; the religion ‘-
is pagan, and the governnient is absolute. Lealning, with the arts and sci- j
ences in general, are encouraged, and ethics ate studied profoundly, and :
influence 23the manners of theb people. See details in IVilliams’s “ Middle
Kingdom.”

CHINA PORCELAIN. This manufacture is first mentioned in history in 1531 ;
it “as introduced into England so early as the sixteenth century. Porcelain "
was made at Dresden' in 1706; fine were in Eng land, at Chelsea, 1752; at
Bow 111 1758; in various other parts of Eng land, about 1760; and by the '
ingenious Josiah Wedgwood, who much improved the British manufacture, .‘f
in 2:Staflordshire, 1762 et seq.

CHINESE ERAS They are very numerous, fabulous, and mythologicak:
Like the Chaldeans, they 1epresent the world as having existed some hut
dreds of thousands of years; and their annals and histories tensed even

01 them brass - Sze-Hing, present emperor -

  

o ] \ DICTIONARY or DATES. 2M

   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
 
   
 
 
 
  
  
  
  
  

said to have occurred, and name philosophers and heroes said to have lived,
more than 27,000 years ago. By their calculation of time, which must, of
course, differ essentially from ours, they date the commencement of their
empire 41,000 years 13. c.—Ablzé Lenglet.

CHIPPEWA, BATTLES or. The British forces under general Riall were de-
feated by the Americans under general Brown, July 5, 1814. Another ac-
tion with the British, commanded by generals Drummond and Riall; the
latter taken prisoner at Bridgwater, near Chippewa, July 25, 1814.

CHIVALRY. Began in Europe about A.D. 912. From the twelfth to the fif-
teenth century it had a considerable influence in refining the manners of
most of the nations of Europe. The knight swore to accomplish the duties
of his profession, as the champion of God and the ladies. He devoted him-
self to speak the truth, to maintain the right, to protect the distressed, to
practise courtesy, to fulfil obligations, and to vindicate, in every perilous
adventure, his honor and character. Chivalry, which owed its origin to the
feudal system, expired with it.—Robcrtson; Gibbon.

CHIVALRY, COURT or. It was commonly after the lie-direct had been given,
that combats took place in the court of chivalry. By letters patent of
James I. the earl-marshal of England had “the like jurisdiction in the court
of chivalry, when the office of lord high constable was vacant, as this latter
and the marshal did jointly exercise,” 1623. The following entries are
found in the pipe-roll of 31 Henry 1., the date of which has been fixed by
the labors of the record commission :——“ Robert Fitz Seward renders account
of fifteen marks of silver, for the 015766 and wife of Hugh Chivill. Paid into
the exchequer four pounds. And he owes six pounds,” p. 53. “William
de Hocton renders account of ten marks of gold that he may have the wzfe of
Geoflrcy de Faucre in marriage, with her land, and may have her son in,
custody until he is of age to become a knight; he paid into the exchequer
ten marks of gold, and is discharged.”—Parl. Reports.

CHOCOLATE. First introduced into Europe from Mexico about A. D. 1520. It
is the flour of the cocoa-nut, and makes a wholesome beverage, much used

in Spain. It was sold in the London coffee-houses soon after their establish-
ment, 1650— Trailer. ‘

7- CHOIR. The choir was separated from the nave of the church in the time
- of Constantine. The choral service was first used in England at Canter-
bury, A. D. 677. The service had been previously in use at Rome about 602.

¥ —'See Chanting. The Choragus was the superintendent of the ancient
-‘—- chorus.—— Warbm‘ton.

-‘ CHOLERA MORBUS. This fatal disease, known in its more malignant form
' ’ as the Asiatic cholera, after having made great ravages in many countries
of the north, east, and south of Europe, and in the countries of Asia, where
alone it had carried of more than 900,000 persons in its progress withln two
years, made its first appearance in England, at Sunderland, October 26, 1831.
Proclamation, ordering all vessels from Sunderland to London, to perform
quarantine at the N ore, December 4, 1831. Cholera first appeared at Edin-
burgh, Feb. 6, 1832. First observed at Rotherhithe and Lnnehouse, London,
February 13; and in Dublin, March 3, same year. The mortality was very
reat, but more so on the Continent; the deaths by Cholera in Paris were
8,000 between March and August, 1832. Cholera first appeared on than
* continent at Quebec, June 8, 1832; and at New-York, June 27, 1832. Cho-
: lera again raged in Rome, the Two Sicilies, Genoa, Berlin, &e. 1n 1836—75 If
, again appeared in Asia and the east of Europe 1n 18458, and raged in Lon.
' d031, Edinburgh, Liverpool, and Paris at intervals, in 1848—9. First ,
mg, again on this continent in 18119, on the MISSISSIPPI, m New Egg g

 

    
  
  
   
  
   
 
  
   
    
  
 
 
  
   
 
 
 
   
    
 
 
  
  
  
  
   
   
  
   

252 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. L7 cifif

May, and continued more or less in various parts of the United States
until November of that year.

CHRIST. See J ssus Cnnis'r. This name, so universally given to the Redeemer
ot‘ the World. signifies, in Greek, T/Le Anni/wed, being the same with 1148.5—
sia/L in the Hebrew. which the Jews called that Saviour and'jl)eliverer whom
they expected, and who was promised to them by all the prophets. This
appellation is commonly put to our Jesus (signifying Saviour), the name of
the great object of our faith, and divine author of our religion. St. Clement,
the earliest father, according to St. Epiphanius, fixes the birth of CHRIST on
the 18th of‘ November, in the 28th year of Augustus, 2 6. two years before
the Christian era as adopted in the sixth century. Cerinthns was the first
Christian writer against the divinity of Christ, about A. D. 67. The divinity
of Christ was adopted at the council of Nice, in A. D. 325, by two hundred
and ninety-nine bishops against eighteen.

CHRISTIAN. This name was first given to the believers and followers of‘
CHRIST'S doctrines at Antioch, in Syria, Acts xi. 26, in the year 38, accord-
ing to Butler ; in the year 40, according to Tacitus ; and according to other
authorities in the year 60. The Christians were divided into episcopoi,
presbytcroi, diaconoi, pistoi, catachumens, or learners, and energumens who
were to be exercised.

CHRISTIAN ERA. The era which is used by almost all Christian nations; it
dates from January 1st, in the middle of the fourth year of the 194th
Olympiad, in the 753d of the building of Rome, and 4714th of the Julian
period. It was first introduced in the sixth century, but was not very
generally employed for some centuries after. We style the Christian era
A. D. 1. It was first used in modern chronology in 516.

CHRISTIAN KING; Mosr CHRISTIAN KING; Christianissimus. This title was
given by pope Paul II. to Louis XI. of France in 1469; and never was a
distinction more unworthily conferred. His tyranny and oppressions
obliged his subjects to enter into a league against him; and 4,000 persons
were executed publicly or privately in his merciless reign—Henault ; Flemy.

CHRISTIANITY. Founded by the Saviour of the world. The persecutions of
the Christians commenced A. D. 64,—See Persecution; Christianity was first
taught in Britain about this time; and it was propagated with some success
in 156.—Bede. Lucius is said to have been the first Christian king of Bri-
tain, and in the world: he reigned in 179. But the era of Christianity in"
England commenced with the mission of St. Austin in 596, from which time
it spread rapidly throughout the whole of Britain.* It was introduced into
Ireland in the second century, but with more success after the arrival of St.
Patrick in 432. It was received in Scotland in the reign of Donald 1. about
201, when it was embraced by that king, his queen, and some of his nobility.

Constantine the Great made his solemn In Sweden, between 10th and 11th centuries.
declaration of the Chrlsuan rellglonnm. 312 In Prussia, by the Tentor ic knights,
Christianity was established in France when they were returning from the

under Clovis the Great - - 496 holy wars - - - A. n. 1227
In Helvetia, by Irish missionaries - 643 In Lithuania, where Paganism was ab0<
In Flanders in the seventh century. lished, about . . . . 1386
In Denmark, under Harold . - - 827 In China, where it made some progress
In Bohemia. under Borziv01 - - 894 (but was afterwards extirpatcd, and
In Russia, by Swiatoslaf ~ - 940 thousands of Chinese Christians were
In Poland, under Meicislaus I. - - 992 put to death) - - ~ - 1575
In Hungary, under Geisa ‘ - 994 In Greece, where it was once more re-
In Norway and Iceland, under Olaf I. - 1000 established - . . . 1628'

MW_

 

’ It il said that Gregory the Great, shortly before his elevation to the apal chair, chanced one
day to pass through the slave-market at. Rome, and perceiving some children of great beauty who
were set up for sale, he inquired about their country, and finding they were English Pagansthe is. '2
land to have cried out, in the Latinlanguage, “ Non Angli, sad Angeli,forem, sz' essent Christmm‘," ‘ . .‘

  

DICTIONARY or DATES. an

  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
    
 
   
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
   
  
   
 
  
  
   
    
  

Christianity was propagated in various parts of Africa, as Guinea, Angola,
and Congo, in the fifteenth century; and in America and India it made some
progress in the sixteenth, and now rapidly gains ground in all parts of the
world.

-. CHRISTMAS-DAY. A festival of the church, universally observed in com-
‘ memoration of the nativity of our Saviour. It has been denominated Christp
mass, from the appellative Christ having been added to the name of Jesus to
express that he was the Messiah, or The Anointed. It was first observed as a
festival A. D. 98. Ordered to be held as a solemn feast, and Divine service to be
performed on the 25th of December, by pope ’I‘elesphorus, about A. D. 1372“
In the eastern primitive church, Christmas and Epiphany (which see) were
deemed but one and the same feast; and to this day the church universally
keeps a continued feast within those limits. The holly and mislctoe used
at Christmas are remains of the religious Observances of the Druids, and so
with many other like customs. r

CHRONICLES. The earliest chronicles are those of the Chinese, Hindoos, 1
Jews, and perhaps those of the Irish. After the invention of writing, all
well—informed nations appear to have kept chroniclers, who were generally
priests or astrologers, and who mingled popular legends with their records.

~. . —-Phillips.

CHRONOLOGY. The Chinese pretend to the most ancient, but upon no cer-

Z tain authority. The most authentic, to which all Europe gives credit, is the

Jewish; but owing to the negligence of the Jews, they have created abun-
dance of difficulties in this science, and very little certainty can he arrived
at as to the exact time of many memorable events. The earliest epoch is
the creation of the world. 4004 B. C. Theophilns, bishop of Antioch, was the
first Christian chronologist, about A. D. 169. See the d’ifierent ems through the
volume. ‘

CHURCH. It is said that a church was built for Christian worship in the first
century; and some will have it that one was built in England, A. D. 60. See
Glastonbury. In the small island of Whitehorn, Scotland, are the remains of
an ancient church, which was the first place of Christian worship, it is be-
lieved, in that country, and supposed to have been built before the cathedral
at Whitehorn, in Wigtonshire, where Nenian was bishop in the fourth cen—
tury. The Christians originally preached in woods, and in caves, by candle—
light, whence the practice of candle—light in churches. Most of the early
churches were of wood. The first church of stone was built in London, in
1087. The first Irish church of stone was built at Bangor, in the county of
Down, by Malachy, archbishop of Armagh, who was prelate in 1134.—— Gor-
don’s Ireland. Church towers were originally parochial fortresses. Church-
yards were permitted in cities in 742.

3 CHURCH or ENGLAND. (the present). Commenced with the Reformation,
- and was formally established in the reign of Henry VIII. 1584. This church
, consists of two archbishops and twenty—four bishops, exclusively of that of
'4 Sodor and Man; and the other dignitaries are Chancellors, deans (of cat-he-
drals and collegiate churches), archdeacons, prebendaries, canons, minor,
canons, and priest vicars; these, and the incumbents of rectories, vicarages,

,3.
l
. i
"5
2:4
*5.

film is, “ they would not. be English, but angels, if they were Christians.” From that time he was

. ck With an ardent desire to convert that unenlightened nation, and ordered a monlij, named

stin, or Augustin, and others of the same fraternity, to undertake the mission to Britain, in the
,3!“ Enid—Goldsmith.

', ‘ Diocletian, the Roman emperor, keeping his court at Nicomedia. being informed thattho
gamgstians were assembled on this day in great multitudes, to celebrate Christ’s nativny, ordered; .
r; .r robe shut, and the church to be set on fire, and sixhundred perished in the burning“ " f.
. “fingent of the tenth persecution, which lasted ten years, a. D 303. .. . a

 

   

._

254 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [ em

and chapelries, make the number of preferments of the established church, ;
according to the last official returns, 12.327. The number of churches for "a
Protestant worship in England was 11,742 in 1818. ‘

CHURCH or IRELAND. Called, in connection with that of England, the ‘1}
United Church of England and Ireland. Previously to the Church Tempo— i
ralities Act of William IV. in 1833, there were four archbishoprics and
eighteen bishoprics in Ireland, of which several have since ceased; that act
providing for the union of sees, and for the abolition of certain sees, accord-
ingly as the present possessors of them die. There are 1,659 places of Prot-
estant worship, 2,109 Catholic chapels, 452 Presbyterian, and 414 other
houses of prayer. See Bishops.

CHURCH or SCOTLAND. Presbyterianism is the religion of Scotland. Its ‘
distinguishing tenets seem to have been first embodied in the formulary of
faith attributed to John Knox, and compiled by that reformer in 1560. It
was approved by the parliament and ratified in 1567; was finally settled by
an act of the Scottish senate in 1606, and was afterwards secured by the
treaty of union with England in 1707. Previously to the abolition of episco-
pacy in Scotland in 1688, there existed two archbishoprics and twelve bish-
oprics, which were then dissolved; but there are now six bishops. The
Church of Scotland is regulated by four courts—the General Assembly, the
Synod, the Presbytery, and Kirk Session. See Presbytm-imzs.

CHURCH MUSIC. was introduced into the Christian church by Gregory the
Great, in A. n. 602. Choir service was first introduced in England, at Can— ,
terbury, in 677. Church organs were in general use in the tenth century. 3:
Church music was first performed in English in 1559. See Choir; Chanting. ‘

CHURCH-WARDENS. Officers of the parish church, appointed by the first 3
canon of the synod of London in 1127. Overseers in every parish were also \
appointed by the same body, and they continue now nearly as then consti- '
tutcd.—Jo/z7bson’s Canons.

CHURCHING or WOMEN. It originated in the Jewish rite of purification,
A. D. 214. Churching is the act of returning thanks in the church for any
signal deliverance, and particularly after the delivery of women.— W/Leatécy.
It was a Jewish law that a woman should keep within her house forty days
after her lying in. if she had a son, and eighty if she had a dau hter, at the
expiration whereof she was to go to the temple, and offer a amb with a.

young pigeon or turtle. and in case of poverty, two pigeons or turtles.
See Purification.

CIDER. Anciently this beverage. when first made in England, was called wine,
about A. n. 1284. When the earl of Manchester was ambassador in France,
he is said to have frequently passed off cider upon the nobility of that coun-
try for a delicious wine. It was subjected to the excise regulations in
England, 1763, et seq. A powerful spirit is drawn from cider by distillation.—
Butler.

CIMBRI. The. war of the Cimbri. 113 B. 0. They defeat the consul Marcus
Silanus,109 B. 0. They defeat the Romans under Manlius. on the banks of
the Rhine. where 80,000 Romans are slain. 105 B. c. The Teutones are dew
feated by Marius in two battles at Aqnze Sextiae (Aix) in Gaul, 200,000 are
killed, and 70 000 made prisoners, 102 B. c. The Cimbri are defeated by
Marius and Catullus as they were again endeavoring to enter Italy; 120,000
are killed. and 60000 taken prisoners, 101 s. 0. Their name afterwards sunk
in that of'the Teutones or Saxons.

JINCINNATI. OHIO, the most populous city west of the Alleghanies in the 3i
United States, was founded in 1789, by emigrants from New England and '

 

  
 
   
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
  
 
   
 
   
  

g ] DICTIONARY or DATES. %
New Jersey. Population in 1795, 500; in 1800, 750; in 1810, 2,540; in 1820,
9,612; in 1830, 21,831; in 1810, 46,338.

CINCINNATI, SOCIETY or. Established by the officers of the American army,
in 1783. after the Revolution, and still continued by them and their descend-
ants. There was at one time a popular jealousy of this society as suggest-
ing a sort of hereditary nobility or aristocracy; but this has long since passed
away, and the society is now but seldom mentioned.

CIRCA SSIA. The Circassians are descended from the Alanians. They contin-
ued unsubdued, even by the arms of the celebrated Timur; but in the six-
teenth century the greater part of them acknowledged the authority of the
Czar, Ivan II. of Russia. About A D. 1745, the princes of Great and Little
Kabarda took oaths of fealty to that power. One branch of their traffic is
the sale of their daughters, famed throughout the world for their beauty,
and whom they sell for the use of the seraglios of Turkey and Persia : the
merchants who come from Constantinople to purchase these girls are gener—
ally J ews.——Klaprot/t’s Trends in the Caucasus and Georgia.

CIRCULATING LIBRARY. The first in England, on a public plan, was opened
by Samuel Fancourt, a dissenting minister of Salisbury, about 1740. He had
little encouragement in the undertaking, which in the end failed—Fergu-

. son’s Bing.

CIRCULATION or run BLOOD, and the motion of the heart in animals, con-
firmed experimentally by William Harvey, the celebrated English physician
and anatomist, between 1619 and 1628. See article Blood. By this dis-
Covery the medical and surgical art became greatly improved, to the benefit
of mankind—Frez'nd’s Hist. of P/Lysic.

CIRCUMCISION. A rite instituted 1897 B. c. It was the seal of the covenant
made by God with Abraham.~Jasephus. Even to the present day many of
the Turks and Persians circumcise, although not regarding it as essential to
salvation; but in some eastern and African nations it is rendered necessary
by a peculiar conformation, and is used without any reference to a religious
rite.-—Bell. The festival of the Circumcision was originally called the Octave
of Christmas. The first mention found of it is in A. D. 487. It was instituted
by the church to commemorate the ceremony under the Jewish law to

which Christ submitted on the eighth day of his nativity; it was introduced
into the Liturgy in 1550.

CIRCUMNAVIGATORS. Among the greatest and most daring of human en-
terprises was the circumnavigation of the earth at the period when it was
first attempted, A. D. 1519 * The following are the most renowned of this

illust1ious class of men; their voyages were undertaken at the dates affixed
to their names. See Navigators.

Magellan, a Portuguese, the first who Clipperton, British - - A. D. 1719
cnte1ed the Pacific ocean - A. D. 1519 Roggewein, Dutch - - - 1721
Groalva a Spanish navigator - - 1537 Anson (alterwards L01d) - - - 1740
Avalradi, a Spaniard - - - 1537 Byron (grandfather of Lord Byron) - 1764
Mendana, a. Spaniard - - - - 1567 \Vallis, British - - - 1766
Sir Francis D1ake, first English - 1577 Caiteret, an Englishman - - 1766
Cavendish, his first voyage - . 1586 Cook, the illustr1ous captain -
Le Maire a Dutchman - - - 1615 On the death of Captain Cook. h 5 last
Quiros, a Spaniard - - - 1625 voyage was continued by King -_T'79
Tasman, Dutch - - - .1642 Bougainville, F1ench - - - 1776
Cowley, British - - - - 1683 Portlocke,B1itish - - - 1788
Dampier, an Englishman - - 1689 \Vilkes, American - - - -'1837
Cooke, an Englishman - - - 1708 D’Urville, French - - . 183T

 

' The first ship that sailed round the earth, and hence de1e1 mined its being odglobulnr, was
Magellan’s, or Magelhoen’ s; be was a native of Portugal, in the sei v11 e of Spain, an by keeping a
Vesterly course he returned to the same place he had set out horn in 1519. The voyage wanton:-
111 three years and twenty-nine days; but Magellan was killed on his homeward passage, at

I Maia—Bums

 

 

   
  

256 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [ch

Several voyages have been since undertaken, and, among other nations, by
the Russians. The early navigators, equally illustrious, are named else-
where.

CIRCUS. There were eight (some say ten) buildings of this kind at Rome;
the largest of them was called the Circus M'aximus, which was built by the
elder 'l‘arquin, 605 B. c. ; it was of an oval figure; its length was three stadia
and a half, or more than three English furlougs, and its breadth 960 Roman
feet. This circus was enlarged by Caesar so as to seat 150,000 persons, and
was rebuilt by Augustus. All the emperors vied in beautifying it, and
Julius Czesar introduced in it large canals of water, which on a sudden could
be covered with an infinite number of vessels, and represent a sea-fight.—
Pliny.

CISALPINE REPUBLIC. Founded by the French in June 1797. It was ac-
knowledged by the emperor of Germany to be independent, by the treaty of
Canipo Formio (which see), Oct. 17, following. Received a new constitution
in Sept. 17 98. It merged into the kingdom of Italy in March, 1805; Napo-
leon was crowned king in May following, and was represented by his vice~
roy, Eugene Beauharnois. See Italy.

CISTERCIAN S. An order founded by Robert, a Benedictine, in the eleventh
century. They became so powerful that they governed almost all Europe
in spiritual and temporal concerns. They observed a continual silence, ab-

stained from flesh, lay on straw, wore neither shoes nor shirts, and were most
austere—Dc Viln’.

CITIES. The word city has been in use in England only since the Conquest, at
which time even London was called Ln'ndohburgh, as the capital of Scotland
is still called Edinburgh. The English cities were very inconsiderable in
the twelfth century. Cities were first incorporated A. D. 1079. The institu-
tion of cities has aided much in introducing regular governments, police,
manners, and arts—Robertson. ‘

CITIZEN. It was not lawful to scourge a citizen of Rome—Livy. In England
a citizen is a person who is free of a city, or who doth carry on a trade
therein—Camden. Various privileges have been conferred on citizens as
freemen in several reigns, and powers granted to them. The wives of citi-
zens ofLondon (not being aldermen’s wives, nor gentlewomen by descent)
were obliged to wear minever caps, being white woollen knit three-cornered,
with the peaks projecting three or four inches beyond their foreheads; alder-
men’s wives made them of velvet, 1 Elizabeth, 1558.—Stowe. The title of
citizen, only, was allowed in France at the period of the revolution, 1792, 615 $64.

CIUDAD RODRIGO. This strong fortress of Spain was invested by the French
June 11, 1810; and it surrendered to them July 10, following. It remained
in their possession until it was gallantly stormed by the British commanded
by Wellington, Jan. 19, 1812. Wellington had made a previous attack upon
Ciudad Rodrigo (Sept. 25, 1811), which ended in his orderly retreat from
the position.

CIVIL LAW. Several codes come under this denomination of laws. A body
of Roman laws, founded upon the laws of nature and of nations, was first
collected by Alfrenus Varus, the Civilian, who flourished about 66 B. c. ; and
a digest of them was made by Servius Sulpicius, the Civilian, 53 B. c. The
Gregorian laws were compiled A. D. 290; the Theodosian in 435; and the
Justinian, 529-534. Many of the former laws having grown out of use, the
emperor Justinian ordered a revision of them, which was called the J ustiniau
code, and this code constitutes a large part of the present civil law. Civil
law was restored in Italy, Germany, &c. 1127.—Blwir. Civil law was intro-
duced into England by Theobald, a Norman abbot, who was afterwards

A

  

DICTIONARY or nuns. 2M

 
 

IV")
a.

archbishop of Canterbury, in 1138. It is now used in the spiritual courts
only, and in maritime atl'airs. See Laws.

C IVIL LIST IN ENGLAND. This eomprehends the revenue awarded to the
kings of England. partly in lieu of their ancient hereditary income. The
entire revenue of Elizabeth was not more than 600 000i. and that of Charles I.
was but 800,000l. After the Revolution a civil list revenue was settled on
._ the new king and queen of 700,000L, the parliament taking into its own
‘ hands the support of the forces, both maritime and military. The civil list
, of George II. was increased to 800,000[.; and that of George III. in the 55th
' year of his reign, was 1,080,0005. By the act 1 William IV. 1831, the civil
.». list of that sovereign was fixed at 510,000l. By the act of 1 Victoria, Dec.
1837, the civil list of the queen was fixed at 885,000l.; and Prince Albert

obtained an exclusive sum from parliament of 30,0005. per mm 4 Victoria,
1840.

r .CLANSHIPS. These were tribes of the same race, and commonly of the same
‘ name, and originated in feudal times—See Feudal Laws. They may be
said to have arisen in Scotland, in the reign of Malcolm 11., about 1008.
Clanships and other remains of heritable jurisdiction were abolished in Sect-
land (where clans were taken to be the tenants of one lord), and the liberty
~ of the English was granted to clansmen. 20 George 11., 1746.—Rufi7wad.
The chief of each respective clan was, and is, entitled to wear two eagle’s

feathers in his bonnet, in addition to the distinguishing badge of his clan.—
C/Lambeis.

.5,

  

CLARENDON, STATUTES or These were statutes enacted in a parliament
. , held at Clarendon, the object of which was to 1et1ench the then enormous
power of the clergy. They ale rendered memo1 able as being the ground of
Becket’s quarrel with Henry II. A number of regulations were drawn up
under the title of the statutes or constitutions of Clarendon, and were voted
without opposition, A. D. 1164. These stringent statutes were enacted to
prevent the chief abuses which at that time prevailed in ecclesiastical
affairs and put a stop to church usurpations which, gradually stealing on,
threatened the destruction of the civil and royal p011 er. —-Hume.

'7 CLARION. This instrument originated with the Moors, in Spain, about A. n.
800; it was at first a trumpet, serving as a treble to trumpets sounding their

tenor and bass—Ashe. ’ Its tube is narrower, and its tone shriller than the
common trumpet—Pardon.

\ECLASSIS. The name was first given by Tullius Servius in making divisions of .

the Roman people. The first of six classes were called classici, by way of‘

eminence, and hence authors of the first rank came to be called classics,
573 B. c.

CLEMENTINES Apocryphal pieces, fable and error, attributed to a primi-
'? tive father, Clemens Romanus, a c0tempo1ary of St. Paul, some say he
succeeded Peter as bishop of Rome. He died A. D. 102 —Nice'ron. Also the
dec1etals of pope Clement V, who died 1314, published by his successor. —v .
Boa ym. Also Augustine monks, each of whom having been a supelior nino
years, then me1 ged into a common monk.

” ,LEMENTINES AND URBANISTS. Parties by whom Europe was distracted
' for several years. The Urbanists We1e the adherents of pope Urban VI., the
others those of Robert, son of the count of Geneva, who took the title of
Clement VII. All the kingdoms of Christendom according to their various
. interests and inclinations were divided between these two pontiffs; the courts
France, Castile, Scotland, &0. adhering to Clement, and Rome, Italy and

    
 
   
   
  
   
 
  

:3?
1:

g‘

 

  
  
   
 
    
  
  
    
  
  
  
   
  
    
   
  
   
  
 
  
  
  
  
 
   
    
   
  
   

258 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [ cit

England declaring for Urban. This contention was consequent upon the
death of Gregory XI. 1378.-——Hzmw. "

CLERGY. In the first century the clergy were distinguished by the title 0! 4,
presbyters or bishops. The bishops in the second century assumed higher : .
functions, and the presbyters represented the inferior priests of the Levites:
this distinction was still further promoted in the third century; and, under '.

Constantine, the clergy attained the recognition and protection of the secu- .2
lar power.

CLERGY IN ENGLAND. They increased rapidly in number early in the seventh
century, and at length controlled the king and kingdom. Drunkenness was L.
forbidden among the clergy by a law, so early as 747 A. D. The first fruits V'
of the then clergy were assigned by parliament to the king, 1534. The cler’ ;
gy were excluded from parliament in 1586. The conference between the '
Protestant and Dissenting clergy was held in 1604. See Conference. Two
thousand resigned their benetiees in the church of England, rather than f
subscribe their assent to the book of common prayer, including the thirty— ~.;
nine articles of religion, as enjoined by the Act of Uniformity, 1661—2. The
Irish Protestant clergy were restored to their benefices, from which they had v
been expelled, owing to the state of the kingdom under James 11., 1689. i:
The Clergy Incapacitation act passed, 1801. See Church of England.

CLERK. The Clergy were first styled clerks, owing to the judges being chosen L
after the Norman custom from the sacred order; and the oflicers being cler-
gy; this gave them that denomination, which they keep to this day—Black-
stone’s Comm.

CLOCK. That called the clepsydra, or water-clock, was introduced at Rome “
158 n. c. by Scipio N asica. Toothed wheels were applied to them by Ctesi-
bins, about 140 n. c. Said to have been found by Caesar on invading Britain,
55 B. c. The only clock supposed to be then in the world was sent by pope
Paul I. to Pepin, king of France, A. D. 760. Pacificus, archdeacon of Verona, \
invented one in the ninth century. Originally the wheels were three feet in ‘-
diameter. The earliest complete clock of which there is any certain record, ..
was made by a Saracen mechanic, in the 13th century.

The scapement, ascribed to Gerbert, A.D.1000' den) and the younger Galileo-con-

A clock constructed by Richard, abbot structed the pendulum - A. D. 1641
ofSt. Alban’s, about - - - 1326 ' Christian Huygens contested this disco-

A striking clock in Westminster - 1368 ‘ very, and made his pendulum clock ‘

A perfect one made at Paris by Vick - 1370 1 some time previously to - . - 1658 ..

The first. portable one made - - 1530 . Fromantil, a Dutchman, improved the ‘

In England no clock went accurately pendulum, about - . -1659
before thatset up at Hampton-court Repeating clocks and watches invented ‘
(maker’s initials, N. O.) - - 1540 by Barlow, about - - - 1676

Richard Harris (who erected a clock in ! The dead beat, and horizontal escape-

the church ol'St. Paul s, Covent-Gar- | merits, by Graham, about. - - ‘ 1700

The subsequent improvements were the spiral balance spring suggested, and
the duplex scapement invented by Dr. Hooke; pivot holes jewelled by Facio;
the detached scapement invented by Mudge, and improved by Berth‘oud,
Arnold, Earnshaw and others.

CLOCK, MAGNETIC. Invented by Dr. Locke of Cincinnati, 1817—8.

CLOTH. Both woollen and linen cloth were known in very early times. Coarse
woollens were introduced into England A. D. 1191; and seventy families of
cloth-workers from the Netherlands settled in England by Edward 111’s in«
vitation. and the art of weaving was thereby introduced. 1331.—R_7/mer’s Fw-
dera. Woollens were first made at Kendal, in 1890. Medleys were manu- ,
fact-ured. 1614. Our fine bread cloths were yet sent to Holland to be dyed, .
1654. Dyed and dressed in England, by one Brewer, from the Low Coun~ r;
tries, 1667. The manufacture was discouraged in Ireland and that of linen

mermmar or name. m

  
  
   
 
 
 
 
 
    
   
  
  
   
   
  
   
   
 
 
   
  

‘7 ,1 countenanced, at the request of both houses of parliament, 1698. See
1' ' Woollen Cloth.

'rj’ CLOVIS, FAMILY OF. Kings o’France. The real founder of the French me-
E' narchy was Clovis I., who commenced his reign A. D. 481, and was a warlike
prince. He expelled the Romans. embraced the Christian religion, and pub-
ished the Salique law. On his being first told of the sufferings of Christ,
he exclaimed, “0, had I been there with my valiant Gauls, how I would
have avenged him l” Clovis united his conquests from the Romans, Germans,
and Goths, as provinces to the then scanty dominions of France: removed
the seat of Government from Soissons to Paris, and made this the capital of
his new kingdom; he died in 511.—H87Larult.

COACH. The coach is of French invention. Under Francis 1., who was a co-
temporary with our Henry VllI., there were but two in Paris, one of which
belonged to the queen, and the other to Diana, the natural daughter of
Henry 11. There were but three in Paris in 1550; and Henry IV. had one, but
without straps or springs. The first courticr who set up this equipage was
John de Laval dc Bois—Dauphin, who could not travel otherwise on account
of his enormous bulk. Previously to the use of coaches the kings of France
travelled on horseback, the princesses were carried in litters, and ladies rode
behind their squires. The first coach seen in England was in the reign of

- Mary, about 1553.—Priesllcy’s Lect. They were introduced much earlier.—
Audrcws’ Hist. Great Brit. They were introduced by Fitz-Allen, earl of
Arundel, in 1580.——S/0we. And in some years afterwards the art of making
thenr—Amlcrson’s Hist. of Commerce. A bill was brought into parliament
to prevent the effeminacy of men riding in coaches, 43 Eliz. 1601.*~—Carlc.
See Carriages, Hackney Coaches, M'ail Coaches, &e.

COALITIONS. The great coalitions against France since the period of the
French revolution, have been six in number; and they generally arose out

of the subsidizing by England of the great powers of the Continent. They
were entered into as follows:

t.

'~'!1r87-**’ gym—sffl-v— ava- cry,m,~.~.~.§»rv :7

1st. The king of Prussia issues his ma~ 4th. By Great Britain, Russia, Prussia,
nil‘esto - - - June 26, 1792 and Saxony - - Oct. 6, 1806
2nd. By Great Britain, Germany, Rus— 5th. By England and Austria - April 6, 1809
' sia, Naples, Portugal, and Turkey, 6th. By Russia and Prussia; the treaty
signed ~ - - June 22, 1799 ratified at Kalisch - March 17, 1813
3rd. By Great Britain, Russia, Austria, See Treaties.
and Naples - - Aug. 5, 1805

" COALITION MINISTRY. This designation was given to the celebrated min-
~ istry of Mr. Fox and 10rd North, and which was rendered memorable as an
extraordinary union in political life, on account of the strong personal dis-
like which had always been displayed by these personages, each towards
the other. The ministry was formed April 5, 1783, and dissolved Dec. 19,
same year. See Administrations.

' COALS. It is contended, with much seeming truth, that coals, although they
‘ are not mentioned by the Romans in their notices of Britain. were yet in use
by the ancient Britons—Brandt. They were first discovered at Newcastle—
upon-Tyne in 1234, some say earlier; and others in 1239. Sea—coal was pro-
hibited from being used in and near London, as being “ prejudicial to human
health; ” and even smiths were obliged to burn wood, 1273.—Stml:c. Coais
Were first made an article of trade from Newcastle to London, 4 Richard H.
1381.—Rg/mer’s Fwdem. Notwithstanding the many previous complaints

 

’ In the beginning of the year 1619, the earl of Northnrnberland, who had been imprisoned ever
‘ the antrowder Plot, obtained his liberation Hearing that Buckingham was drawn about
six horses in his coach (being the first that was so), he put on eight to his, and in that manna]
‘ , Earn the tower through the city.—Rapz'n. _

 

 

   
     
    

~.

a

260 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [m
against coal as a public nuisance, it- was at length generally burned in Lon-
don in 1400 ; but coals were not in common use in England until the reign
of Charles 1., 1625.

NUMBER OF CHALDRONS OF COALS CONSUMED IN LONDON IN THE FOLLOWING YEARS: ‘\
1650 - ~ 160,000 chald. 1800 - - 814,000 chald. ' 1830 - - 1,588,360011ald. '3
1700 - 317,000 ditto. 1810 - - 980,372 ditto. 1835 - 2,299,816 tons.
1750 - - 510,000 ditto. 1820 - - 1,171,178 ditto. 1840 - - 2,638,256 ditto. ‘ .
The coal-fields of Durham and Northumberland are 723 square miles in 5
extent; those of Newcastle, Sunderland, Whitehaven, and other places, are
also of vast magnitude ; and there are exhaustless beds of coal in Yorkshire. ,
The coal in South Wales alone, would, at the present rate of consumption,
supply all England for 2000 years—Blakewell. It is supposed that there are
new about 25,000,000 of tons consumed annually in Great Britain—Phillips. .4
Scotland teems with the richest mines of coal, and besides her vast collieries
there must be vast fields uneXplored.—J’emmnt. Fine coal is found in Kil- _;
kenny, Ireland. The first ship laden with Irish coal arrived in Dublin from '
Newry, in 17 (ii—Bums.

COALS IN THE UNITED STATES. Lehigh coal from Maueh Chunk, Pennsylva.
nia, first mined and used, 1806. According to Mr. Lyell, the coal strata in _
Pennsylvania, Ohio, 62.0., extend 700 miles. ~ f

COCCEIAN S. _ A sect founded by John Cocceius of Bremen ; they held, §
amongst other singular opinions, that of a visible reign of Christ in this world, f,
after a general conversion of the Jews and all other people to the Christian 1,
faith, 1665. ~ ‘

COCHIN EAL. The properties of this insect became known to the Spaniards
soon after their conquest of Mexico, in 1518. Cochineal was not known in
Italy in 1548, although the art of dyeing then flourished there—See Dyeing. :
The annual import of this article into England was 260,000 lbs. in 1830; and _;
1,081,776, in 1815. “

COCK—FIGHTIN G. Praetised by the early barbarous nations, and by Greece.
It was instituted at Rome after a victory over the Persians, 476 B. 0.; and ,
was introduced by the Romans into England. William Fitz-Stephen, in the
reign of Henry 11., describes cock-fighting as the sport of school-boys on ,
Shrove Tuesday. Cock-fighting was prohibited, 39 Edward 111., 1365; and '

1

again by Henry VIII. and Cromwell. Till within these few years there was 3
a Cock-pit Rog/(ll, in St. James’s-park: but this practice is happily now dis— ;;
couraged by the law. é:
COCK-LANE GHOST. A famous imposition (92 practised upon the credulous i
multitude by William Parsons, his wife, an daughter. The contrivance 7;
was that of a female ventriloquist, and all who heard her believed she $3
was a ghost: the deception, which arose in a malignant conspiracy, was i

carried on for some time at the house, No. 88 Cock-lane, London; but" ‘
it was at length detected. and the parents were condemned to the pillory f5
and imprisonment, July 10, 1762. , s
COCOA. Unknown in Europe until the discovery of America, about 1500. 5
The cocoa—tree supplies the Indians with almost whatever they stand in need i
of, as bread, water, wine, vinegar, brandy, milk, oil, honey, sugar, needles, 3
clothes, thread, cups, spoons, basins, baskets, paper, masts for ships, sails,;“"i
eordage, nails, covering for their houses, &C.—R((_7/. , ,,
CODES or LAWS. The laws of Phoroneus were instituted 1807 B. 0.: those *5
of Lycurgus, 884 B. 0.; of Draco, 623 B. 0.; of Solon, 587 B. 0. Alfrenus-fl
Var-us, the civilian, first collected the Roman laws about 66 B. 0.; and Ser- pi
vius Sulpicius, the civilian, embodied them about 53 B. 0. The Gregoriw_
and Hermoginian codes were published A. n. 200; the Theodosian code. ,
435' the celebrated code of the emperor Justinian, in 529—a digest 00$

 
    

   
  
   
   
    
 
   
 
   
  
   
  
 

mil last was made in 533.——Blair. Alfred’s code of laws is the foundation
, 1; of the common law of England, 887.—See Laws.

DICILS 'ro WILLS. C. Trebatius Testa, the civilian of Rome, was the

V‘ _first who introduced the use of this supplementary instrument to wills,
about 31 B. c. -

:1! UR DE LION, on THE LION-IIEARTED. The surname given to Richard Plan-
I, tagenet I. of England, on account of his dauntless courage, about A. D. 1192.
g This surname was also conferred on Louis VIII. of France, who signalized
himself in the crusades and in his wars against England, about 1223. This
:j latter prince had also the appellation of the Lion given ‘cim.

' FFEE. It grows in Arabia, Persia, the Indies, and America. Its use as a
‘- beverage is traced to the Persians.* It came into great repute in Arabia

in 1511, to Constantinople, where coffee-houses were opened in 1554. M.
~ Thevenot, the traveller, was the first who brought it into France, to which
country he returned after an absence of seven years, in 1662.——C/mmbers. Cof-
fee was brought into England by Mr. Nathaniel Canopus, a Cretan, who
“v made it his common beverage at Baliol College, Oxford, in Mall—Anderson.
, OFFEE AND TEA. The consumption in the United States at different periods
’1‘ ,. . is reported by the secretary of the treasury (see American Almanac, 1848)
... thus :—

18'21 - - - Tea, 4,586,223 lbs. - - - Cofl‘ee, 11,886,063 lbs.
1830 - - - “ 6,873,091 lbs. - - - “ 38,363,687 lbs
1. 1885 - . . “ 12,331,638 lbs. . - - 4‘ 91,753,002 lbs.
‘Ly ~ 1812 - ~ - “ 13,482,645 lbs. - - - “ 107,387,567 lbs.
- 1816 - ~ - “ 16,891,020 lbs. - - - “ 124,336,054 lbs.

OFFEE-HOUSES. The first in England was kept by a Jew, named Jacobs,
[ r in Oxford, 1650. In that year, Mr. Edwards, an English Turkey merchant,
brought home with him a Greek servant named Pasquet, who kept the first
house for making coffee in London, which he opened in George-yard, Lom-
bard-street, in 1652. Pasquet afterwards went to’Holland, and opened the
first house in that country—Anderson. The Rainbow coffee-house, near
Temple-bar, was represented as a nuisance to the neighborhood, 1657.
Coffee-houses were suppressed by proclamation, 26 Charles IL, 1675. The
; proclamation was afterwards suspended on the petition of the traders in tea
. and coffee.

33‘! FFEE-TREES. These trees were conveyed from Mocha to Holland in 1616;
and were carried to the West Indies in the year 1726. First cultivated at

Surinam by the Dutch about 1718. The culture was encouraged in the
'Z: -, plantations about 17 32.

FFIN S. The Athenian heroes were buried in coffins of the cedar tree; ow-
- ing to its aromatic and incorruptible qualities.—T/mcydidcs. Cofiins of

 
  
  
 
  
   
  
   
  
  
   
   
    
  

‘ . buried in one of gold: and glass coffins have been found in England—Gough.
’ The earliest record of‘ wooden coffins amongst us, is that of the burial of
1 king Arthur, who was buried in an entire trunk of Oak, hollowed, A. D. 542.
a ——Asscr. The patent coffins were invented in 1796.

“IN. Homer speaks of brass money as existing 1184 B. c. The invention of

y

 

,. .
‘5, _,Some ascribe the discovery of coffee as a beverage to the prior of a monastery, who, being in-
, r by a goat-herd that his cattle sometimes browsed upon the tree, and that they would then
' night and s ort and bound upon the hills, became curious to prove its virtues. II A -
' {in on ' monks, toprevent their sleeping at matins, and he found that it “19%:

' ' . . -11;

' c

-mr aromas. ‘ W

Felix about A. D. 1454; and passed thence into Egypt and Syria, and thence,»

1 marble and stone were used by the Romans. Alexander is said to have been

coin is ascribed to the Lydians, Who cherished commerce, and whose money ,

 

a?
,

   
  
 
   
  
  
 
   
  
  

    

2,62 TIIE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

    

[Ga '1
.-‘l
was of gold and silver. Both were coined by Phidon tyrant of Argos, 303
13. 0. Money was coined at Rome under Servius Tnllins, about 573 B. c. 1
The most ancient known coins are Macedonian,~of the fifth century 13. 0.; but};
others are believed to be more ancient. Brass money only was in use at
Rome previously to 269 13. 0. (when Fabius Pieter coined silver), a sign that
little correspondence was then held with the East, where gold and silver, 1
were in use long before. Gold was coined 200 B. 0. Iron money was used
in Sparta, and Iron and tin in Britain—Duflesnoy. Julius Caesar was the ,
first who obtained the express permission of the senate to place his portrait
on the coins, and the example was soon followed. In the earlier and more
simple days of Rome, the likeness of no livincr personage appeared upon

23
their money: the heads were those of their deities, or of those who had re-

ceived divine honors.

(JOIN 1N ENGLAND. The fist coinage in England was under the Romans at
Camulodunum, or Colehester. English coin was of different shapes, as ‘
square, oblong, and round, until the middle ages, when round coin only was
used. Groats Were the largest silver coin until after A. n. 1351. Coin was
made sterling in IZIS. before which time rents were mostly paid in kind, and
maney was found only in the coti‘urs of the barons—8.0206

The first gold coins on certain record, end to the circulation ofprivate lead-

struck, 42 Henry III. - 11.1). 1%7 en pieces, etc. - - - - 1620
Gold liorin first struck, Ed. 111. (Cam- Hall'pence and l'arlhings coined - 1665
den) - - - - - 1337 Guineas first coined, 25 Char. II. - 1673
First large copper coinage, putting an Sovereigns, new coinage - - 18l6

Hallllarthings - . . . 1843
Gold coin was introduced in six shilling pieces by Edward III. and nobles
followed, at six shillings and eightpenee, and hence the lawyer‘s fee: after~
wards there were half and quarter nobles. Guineas were of the same size;
but being made of a superior gold from sovereigns guineas pasSed for
more. See Guineas. English and Irish money were assimilated Jan. 1. 182 .

See Galzl. .
MONEYS COINED IN THE FOLLOWING REIGNS, AND THEIR AMOUNT.
Elizabeth - - £5,832,000 James II. - » £3,740,000 George III. and regency, _ I
James I. . . 2,500,000 VVillialn III. - - 10,511,900 gold - . $74,501,586
Charles I. - - - 10,500,000 l Anne - - - 2,691,026 George IV. - - 41,782,815 .,
Cromwell - - 1,000,000 George I. - - 8,725,920 William IV. - - 10,827,603 {
Charles II. - - 7,524,100 George II. - - 11,966,576 Victoria, to 1848, 32.370.814 j,

 

The coin of the realm was about tivelve millions in 1711.—1)arenmlt. It was
estimated at sixteen millions 1702.—A7t(le7‘so7t. It. was supposed to be twen-
, ty millions in 1786.—C/zalmm~s. It amounted to thirty-seven millions in 1800.
—-—P/tilll‘ps. The gold is twenty-eight millions, and the rest of the metallic ‘
currency is thirteen millions, while the paper largely supplies the place of

coin,1830.——Du/t‘e of Wellington. In 1841, it may be calculated as reaching
forty-live millions. See Gold.

 

i
.l
.:
COIN on THE U. S. The U. S. Mint was established in 1792. The coinagefrom '

that time to 1836 was thus:—- ‘ ,

  
   
 

 

 

 

 

Pieces. Value.
Gold - - 4,716,325 - - 0%,102935
Silver - - - 115,421,762 - - 46,739,182
Copper '- - 77,752,965 - - 740,331
Total - 197,891,502 - - $69,581,549
1837 to 1848 inclusive 145,389,748 - - $81,436,165
Total in 56 years - 343,281,250 pieces. - $151,017,714

The gold coinage consists of double eagles $520., eagles, llalf' eagles, quarter
eagles and dol ars. Gold dollars were first coined in 1849. The first do»?

pom 0f califomi“ gold for coining, was made by Mr. David Carter, :r‘ ,-
ounces. Dec. 8, 1848; ,. .. ,

 

.aw'rtomnr or 11111115. 263

   

QOINING. This operation was originally pe1 fo1 med by the metal beingp laced
' between two steel dies, and st1 uck by a hammer. In 1553, a mill was
invented by Antonie B111cher, and inti oduced into England in 1562. An en-
gine for coining was invented by Balancier in 1617. The great improvements
of the a1t were effected bv Boulton and Watt, at Soho 1788, and subsequently.

The alt vs as 1ende1 ed pcifeet by the creation of the p1 esent costly machine1y
at the mint, London, commenced in 1811.

1 “OLD The extremes of heat and cold the found to produce the same percep-
tions on the skin and when memory is 1‘1 oaen at fo1ty degrees below ze1o,
the sensation is the same as touching ied hot 11 on D111 mg the hard f1 0st

1740, a palace of ice was built at St. Petersburg, after an elegant model, and’

in the just proportions of Augustan architecture.— Graig. Perhaps the cold-
est day ever known in London was Dec. 25, 1796, when the thermometer was
16° below zero. Quicksilver was frozen hard at Moscow Jan. 13, 1810. See

_ Frosts, Ice. '

COLISZEUM. The edifice of this name at Rome was built by Vespasian, in
the place whele the basin of New s gilded house had p1eviously been A. D.
72. '1 he splendid Colisaeum of London, and one ot its most V1 01thy objects
of admiiation, is built near the Regent’s Park, and was completed in 18 )7 8.

2. COLLEGES. University education pieceded the erection of colleges, which
were munificent foundations to relieve the students from the expense of liv-
ing at lodging~houses and at inns. Collegiate or academic deg1ees me said
to have been fi1 st conferred at the University of Pa1is, A. D. 1140; but some
autho1 1t1cs say, not bef01e 1215. In England, it is contended that the date
is much higher, and some hold that Bede obtained a deg1ee feimally at

Cambridge, and John de Beverley at Oxford, and that they were the 111st
doctors of those univeisities. Cambridge, Oxford, 610.

Cheshunt College founded - A. 1). 1792 Mareschal College, Aberdeen - A< D. 1593
Doctor’s Commons, elvil law - - 1670 May nooth College ~ - - 1795
.Durham Unive1sity - - - * ‘ l’hy ysieians, London - - - - 1518
Edinbmgh University - . - 1580 $1011 College - - - 1329
Eton College- - ~ - - 1441 Sion College, re- ~founded - ~ - 1630
Glasgow University - - - 1451 Surgeons, London - - - 1745
Hauow -' - - - - 1585 Trinity College, Dublin - - - 1591
Highbury College - - ,- 1826 University, London - ' - - 1826
King ’5 College, Aberdeen - . - 1494 Winchester College - - - - 1387
King’s College, London - - - 1829

‘ COLLEGES IN THE UNITED SIATES. The first established was Hartarzl, at
; Camblidge, Mass, by John Harvard, 1638; and this is now the most im-
' po1tant and best endowed in the United States. The second was William
and Mary, in Virginia, 1693. Thlld, Yale at New Haven. 1700. Fourth,
3* College 0/ New Jerser, Princeton, 1746. Fifth Columbia, New—York, 1754.
5: Sixth, University of Pennsylbama Philadelphia, 1755. Seventh Brown
Unitersity, Providence, 1764. Eighth, Darlmpouth, at Hanover, N. H., 1769.
Ninth, Rutgers, New Brunswick, N. J., 1770. These were all prior to the
Revolution. The first medical school was that at Philadelphia, founded
1764 The first law school was founded at Litchfleld, Conn, 1782. In
1849 there were 118 colleges in the United States; 42 theological schools;

12 law schools, 36 medical schools. See list in American Almanac. Girard
College opened Jan. 1, 1848.

( OLOGNE A member of the Hanseatic league, 1260. The Jew s were expelled
" from here 1n 1485, and the Protestants in 1618 and it has since fallen into
ruin. Cologne was taken by the French, under Jourdan, Oct. 6, 1794. In
the cathedral are shown the heads of the three Magi; and in the church of
St. Ursula is the tomb of that saint, and bones belonging to the 11,000 vir-
>'u said to have been put to death along with her.

a In“ A republic in South America, formed of“ states which have

  
 
  
   
 
  

 

 

.4
34

 

 

   

264. THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [ems

declared their independence of the crown of Spain; but its several chiefs 5;
have been contending one against another, and each state has been a prey '2
to civil war, and the stability of the union is far from assured.

 

New Grenada, discovered by Colum- Battle of Carabobo, the Royalistswholly
bus - - - - A. D. 1497 overthrown - - June 24, 1821
Venezuela discovered - - - 1498 Bolivar is named Dictator by the Gen
'1 he Caraccas formed into a kingdom, gress of Peru - - Feb. 10, 1824
under a captain-general - - 1517 Alliance between Colombia and Mexico
The history of those provinces under formed - - - June 30, 1824
the tyranny and oppression of the Spa‘ Alliance with Guatimala - March 1825 1
niards, presents but one continuous Coneress at Lima names Bolivar Pre- ‘
scene of rapine and blood. sident of the republic - Aug. 1825 .
* * "‘ * * * * Bolivar’s return to Bogota. ~ Vov. 1836 '
Confederation of Venezuela - - 1810 He assumes the dictatorship - Nov. 2‘3, 1826
Independence formally declared - - 1811 Padilla’s insurrection - April 9, 1828
Defeat of General Miranda - - 1812 Conspiracy of Santander against the
Bolivar defeated by Boves - - - 1816 life of Bolivar - Se t. 25, 1828
Bolivar defeats Morillo in the battle of Bolivar resigns his office of presit ent of
Sombrero - - - Feb. 1818 the republic - - April 11, 1829
Union ofthe States ofGrenada and Ve- , He dies - — - Dec. 17, 18.30
nezuela > - - Dec. 17, 1819 Santander dies - - May 26, 1810

COLON. This point was known to the ancients, but was not expressed as it
is in modern times. The colon and period were adopted and explained by
Thrasymachus about 878 B.c.—Sztidas. It was known to Aristotle. Our
punctuation appears to have been introduced with the art of printing.

The colon and semicolon were both first used in British literature, in the
sixteenth century.

COLONIES or GREAT BRITAIN. They are described under the name of each.
The white and the free colored population, as far as it has been ascertained,
amounts to about 2,500,000, and the slaves at the period of their emancipa-
tion, were 770.280. The number of convicts in New South Wales and Van
Diemen’s Land. is 36,257 ,- the aborigines of the latter place have not been
ascertained. The act for the abolition of slavery throughout the British
colonies, and for compensation to the owners of slaves (£20,000,000 sterling)
was passed 3 dz 4 William IV. 1833. By the provisions of this statute all

the slaves throughout the British colonies were emancipated on August 1,
1834.

COLONIZATION. The American Colonization Society, for colonizing free
people of color on the coast of Africa, founded December, 1816, at Wash- "
ington, chiefly through the exertions of Rev. Robert Finley. [Plan adv0w
cated by Jefferson as early as 177 7 . urged by Dr. Thornton, 17 7, and by the
legislature of Virginia, 1801.] First president of the society, Bushrod
Washington; succeeded by Charles Carroll, James Madison, and Henry
Clay Liberia purchased 1821. -

COLOSSIJS or RHODES. A brass statue of Apollo, seventy cubits high,

‘ erected at the port of Rhodes in honor of the sun, and esteemed one of the
wonders of the world. Built by Chares of Lindus, 290 B. c. It was thrown
down by an earthquake 221 B. c. ; and was finally destroyed by the Saraeens
on their taking Rhodes in A. D. 672. The figure stood upon two moles, a leg
being extended on each side of the harbor, so that a vessel in full sail could
enter between. A winding staircase ran to the top, from which could be
discerned the shores of Syria, and the ships that sailed on the coast of Egypt.
The statue had lain in ruins for nearly nine centuries, and had never been 7 3
repaired; but now the Saracens pulled it to pieces, and sold the metal,
Weighing 720,900 lbs, toa Jew, who is said to have loaded 900 camels in ii
transporting it to Alexandria~Uw Fresnny.

COLUMBIA, DISTRICT or. A tract of country 10 miles square, ceded by Vir—
ginia and Maryland to the United States, for the purpose of forming “the --
seat of government. It included the cities of Washington, Georgetomii?

   
    

V . pi

 
  
 
  
  
 
  
  
  
  
  
   
   
   
  
 
 
  
   
 
 
  
     
  
   
  
  
   
  
   
   
  
   
   
   
   
  
  

,.mcr10NARY or DATES. 265

y, and Alexandria; but in 1843 the latter was re-eeded to Virginia. Popula-
pf tien in 1800, 14,093; in 1840, 43,712, including 8,361 free colored persons,
“ ' and 4,694 slaves. ’
COMEDY. Thalia is the muse of comedy and lyric poetry. Susarion and
Dolon were the inventors of theatrical exhibitions, 56:: B. e. They performed
the first comedy at Athens, on a wagon or movable stage, on four wheels,
for which they were rewarded with a basket of figs and a cask 01' Mint—-
Arundelian Marbles. Aristophanes was called the prince ot'aneient comedy,
434 B. (3., and Menander that of new, 320 B. 0. Of Plautus, 2U comedies are
extant; he flourished 220 B. c. Statius Czecilius wrote upwards of 30 come-
dies; he flourished at Rome, 180 B. c. The comedies of Laelius and Terence
Were first acted 15-1 13. C. The first regular comedy was performed in Eng~
land about A. D. 1551. It was said of Sheridan, that he wrote the best comedy
(the So/Lool for Scandal), the best opera (the Duerma), and the best after—
piece (the Critic), in the English language—See Drama.
COMETS. The first that was discovered and described accurately, was by
1., _ Nicephorus. At the birth of the great Mithridates two large comets
appeared, which were seen for seventy-two days together, and whose splen-
dor eclipsed that of the mid-day sun, and occupied forty-five degrees, or
., the fourth part of the heavens, 135 B. c.—Justin. A remarkable one was
. ,- seen in England, 10 Edward 111., 1831—8202063. These phenomena were first
rationally explained by Tycho Brache, about 1577. A comet, which terri-
fied the people from its near approach to the earth, was visible from N 0v.
3, 1679, to March 9, 1680. The orbits of comets were proved to be ellipses,
by Newton, 1704. A most brilliant comet appeared in 1769, which passed
within two millions of miles of the earth. One still more brilliant appeared
in Sept, Oct., and Nov., 1811, visible all the autumn to the naked eye.
Another brilliant comet appeared in 1823.—See the three newt articles.

"L COMET, BIELA’S. This comet has been an object of fear to many on account
‘7? of the nearness with which it has approached, not the earth, but a point of
the earth’s path: it was first discovered by M. Biela, an Austrian officer,
Feb. 28, 1826. It is one of the three comets whose reappearance was pre~
dicted, its revolution being performed in six years and thirty-eight weeks.
, Its second appearance was in 1832. when the time of its perihelion passage
. was N 0v. 27. Its third appearance was in 1839, and its fourth in 1845.

SOMET, EN CKE’S. First discovered by M. Pens, Nov. 26, 1818, but justly
’ :~ named by astronomers after professor Encke, from his success in detecting
its orbit, motions, and perturbations; it is, like the preceding, one of the

three comets which have appeared according to prediction, and its revolu-
tions are made in 3 years and 15 weeks.

.OMET, HALLEY’S. This is the great and celebrated comet 0f the greatest
2, astronomer ofEngland.——Lalande. Doctor Halley first proved that many of
the appearances of comets were but the periodical returns of the same bodies,
and he demonstrated that the comet of 1682 was the same with the comet
of 1456, of 1531, and 1607, deducing this fact from a minute observation of
the first mentioned comet, and being struck by its wonderful resemblance to
, the comets described as having appeared in those years: Halley, therefore,
first fixed the identity of comets, and first predicted their periodical returns.
——Vince’s Astronomy. The revolution of Hallcy’s comet is performed in
~ about seventy-six years: it appeared in 1759, and came to its perihelion on
March 13; and its last appearance was in 1835.
"llMMERCE. Flourished in Arabia, Egypt, and among the Phoenicians in
the earliest ages. In later times it was spread over Europe by a confed-
Voracy of maritime cities A. D. 1241.—See Home Towns. The discoveries of
" u umbus and the enterprises of the Dutch and Portuguese, enlarged the

12

I!
'l
1
l
l,
l
i
4
l

 

 

 

s

266 ‘ THE WORLDS race-sass. Loci j

sphere of commerce, and led other nations, particularly England, to en age
extensively in its pursuit.—-See the various articles connected with this su ject.

COMMERCE. See Navigation.
COMMERCE, NEW-YORK CHAMBER OF, instituted 1783.

COMMERCIAL TREATIES. The first treaty of commerce made by Eng~
land with any foreign nation, was entered into with the Flemings, 1 Edward

1., 12”2. The second was with Portugal and Spain, 2 Edward 11.1308.-—-7

Anderson. See Treaties.

COMMON COUNCIL or LONDON. Its formation commenced about 1208.
The charter of Henry I. mentions the folk—mote, this being a Saxon appella-
tion, and which may fairly be rendered the court or assembly of the people.

COMMON LAW or ENGLAND. Custom, to which length of time has
given the force of law, or rules generally received and her-.1 as law, called
Zero non scripm, in contradistinction to the written law. Common law
derives its origin from Alfred’s body of laws (which was lost), A. D. 890.

The common law of the United States is founded on that of England—See
Custom. Lat/:3.

COMMON PRAYER. Published in the English language by the authority of

parliament, in 1548. The Common Prayer was voted out of doors, by par- ‘

iament, and the Directory (which see), set up in its room in 1644. A pro-
clamation was issued against it, 1617. See Direclory.

COMMONS. House or. The great representative assembly of the people of
Great Britain, and third branch of the Imperial legislature, originated with
Simon dc Montfort, earl of Leicester, who ordered returns to be made of
two knights from every shire, and deputies from certain boroughs, to meet
the barons and clergy who were his friends, with a view thereby to strengthen
his own power in opposition to that of his sovereign Henry 111. This was
the first confirmed outline of a house of commons ; and the first commons
were summoned to meet the king in parliament 42 & 43 Henry 111. 1258.
——Goldsmiéh. Stowe. According to other authorities. the first parliament
formally convened was the one summoned 49 Henry 111., Jan. 23, 1265; and
writs of the latter date are the earliest extant. Some historians date the
first regularly constituted parliament from the 22d of Edward I. 1294. The
first recorded speaker, duly chosen, was Petre do Montfort in 1260; he was
killed at the battle of Evcsham, in 1265. The city of London first sent
members to parliament in the reign of Henry 111., while Westminster was
not represented in that assembly until the latter end of Henry V111’s life,

      

or rather in the first House of Commons of Edward VI. The following °

is the constitution of the House of Commons since the passing of the

 

Reform Bills (which 568,) in 1832 2——
ENGLISH.—C0unty members - 144 English and Welsh - 500 =
Universities - . - 4 Scorcn.-County members 30 ‘
Cities and boroughs - - 323—471 Cities and Boroughs - - 23—:53 1‘
\VELsn.——County members - - 15 lama—County members - 64
Cities and Boroughs - - 14—29 Universit - - - ‘2
—— Cities an boroughs - ~ 39—105 :
English and \Velsh ~ 500 1-
Total (see Parliament) - 658 1

COMMONWEALTH or ENGLAND. This was the interregnum between the
decollation of Charles 1. and the restoration of Charles 11. The form of the |

government was changed to a republic on the execution of Charles 1. Jan. 30.

1649. Oliver Cromwell was made Protector, Dec. 12, 1653. Richard Crom} -
well was made Protector, Sept. 1658. Monarchy was restored in the person J

of Charles 11., who returned to London May 29, 1670. See England

COMMONWEALTH OF ROME. See ROME. The greatest and most renown-
.ed republic of the ancient world. 11; dates from 509 B. c., when the govern 2.3}

V

'i

i

‘1
. 2?}
'. 1t

 

 

mermmnr or Dares. 23:3

   
 

. ment of kings ceased with the expulsion of Tarquinius Superbus, the seventh
and last king of Rome, and the election of consuls. After this revolution Rome
advanced by rapid strides towa1ds unive1sal dominion. The whole of Italy
reee1ved her laws Sicily Sa1dinia, Spain, Ca1tl1agc Af11ea Gr,cece Asia, Sy-
ria. Egypt, Gaul, B1itain, and even a pa1t of Ge1many, wcle SUCCL\S1V€lySUb-
(med by he1 a1 ms so that in the age of Julius Caesar this republic had the
Euphrates, Mount Taurus, and Armenia, for the boundaries in the east;
Ethiopia, in the south; the Danube, in the north; and the Atlantic Ocean,
in the west. The republic existed under consuls and other magistrates un~
til the battle of‘ Actium f1 0111 which we commonly date the commencement
of the Roman empire, 31 13. c

COM’V1UN ION It 01igi11ated 1n the Lord’s supper, and was practised early in

. the p1in1itive church. Communicating under the form of bread alone is
said to have its rise in the west, under pope Urban II. 1096. The fourth
Lateran council decreed that every believer shall receive the communion at
least at Easter, 1215. The communion service, as now observed in the
church of England was instituted by the authority of council, 1548.

‘fiCOMPANIES. Among the ea1liest commercial companies in England may be
. named the Steel- ya1d society, established A. D. 12-32. The second company
was the merchants of St. Thomas a Becket, in 1248—8501416. The thiid was
the Merchant Adventurers, incorporated by Elizabeth, 1564. T11. rc are
ninety-one city companies in London; the first twelve are

.. 1 Mercers - - - A.D. 1393 7 Merchant Tailors - ~ 11.11. 1466
1 2 Grocers - - - - - 1345 8 Haberdashers - - - 1447
.- 3 Drapers - - - - 1489 9 Salters - - - - - 1558
4 Fishmongers ~ - - -1384 10 lronmongers - - - - 1464
5 Gildsmiths - - - - 1317 ll Vir'cnneis - - - - - 1437
6 Skinners - - - - - 1327 1:2 Clothwo1ke1s- ~ - - 1482

COMPANIES, BUBBLE. Ruinous speculations coming under this name have
’ been formed commonly bv designing persons. Law’s Bubble in 1720—],

was pe1haps the most extraordinary of its kind and the South Sea Bubble,

in the same yea1, was scaicely less memorable for its ruin of thousands of
families Many companies were established in G1eat Britain in 1821 and
18 .35 and most of them turned out to be bubbles; and owing to the rage for
taking sha1es' 1n each scheme as it was projected, immense losses we1e in-
curred by individuals and the families of thousands of speculato1s were
totally ruined. See Law 5 Bubble and Bankmjzts

1| IMPASS, THE MARINER S. It 1s said to have been known to the Chinese,
1115 B. c. but this seems to be a mistake. They had a machine which self-
moved, pointed towards the south and safely guided tlavellers by land or
water; and some autl1o1s have mistaken it for the ma1ine1’s compass, the
invention of which 1s by some ascribed to Ma1cus Paulus, a Venetian, A. D.
1260;Wl1ile others. with more seeming justice, assign it to Flavio Gioja, of
Pasitano, a navigator of Naples. Until his time the needle w as laid upon a
. couple ot' pieces of straw, or small split sticks, ina vessel of W';ate1 Gioja 1n-
‘, troduced the suspension of the needle as we have it now, 1302. Its variation
was discovered by Columbus, in 1492. The compass-box and hanging com-
pass used by navigators were invented by William Barlowe. an English di—
vine and natural philosopher, in 1608 —Biog. Die. The measuring compass
’ was invented by J ost Byng of Hesse, in 1602

{iNCEPTlON or THE VIRGIN. This is a feast in the Romish church in
honor of the Virgin Mary having been conceived and born immaculate or

 
   
 
 
  
 
   
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
 
  
  

by the church in 1389. CONCEPTIONISTS, an order of nuns, estabhshod

’3‘

thout originalg sin. The festival was appointed to be held on the 8th of ‘

 

.4
’

 

 

268 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [con ‘

  
  

CONCERT. The first public subscription concert was performed at Oxford, in
1665, when it was attended by a great number of personages of rank and
talent from every part of England. The first concert of like kind perform-
ed in London was in 1678. Concerts afterwards became fashionable and
frequent.

CONCHOLOGY. This branch of natural history is mentioned by Aristotle and
Pliny, and was a favorite with the most intellectual and illustrious men. It
was first reduced to a system by John Daniel Major of Kiel, who published
his classification of the 7l:stacca in 1675. Lister’s system was published in
1685; and that of Largius in 1722.

CONCLAVE FOR rm: ELECTION or POPES. The eonc‘ave is arange of small
cells in the hall of the Vatican, or palace of the pope at Rome, where the
cardinals usually hold their meetings to elect a pope. The word is also used
for the assembly, or meeting of the cardinals shut up for the election of a
pope. The conclave had its rise in A. D. 1271. Clement IV. being dead at
Viterbo in 1268, the cardinals were nearly three years unable to agree in the
choice of a successor, and were upon the point of breaking up, when the
magistrates, by the advice of St. Bonaventure, then at Viterbo, shut the
gates of their city, and locked up the cardinals in the pontifical palace till
they agreed. Hence the present custom of shutting up the cardinals while
they elect a pope.

CONCORDANCE To THE BIBLE. An index or alphabetical catalogue of all
the words in the Bible, and also a chronological account of all the transac-
tions of that sacred volume. The first concordance to the Bible was made
under the direction of Hugo de St. Charo, who employed as many as 500
monks upon it, A. D. EMT—Abbe Lenglet.

CONCORDAT. The name given to an instrument of agreement between a
prince and the pope, usually concerning benefices. The celebrated concordat
between Napoleon Bonaparte and Pius VIL. whereby the then French consul
was made, in effect, the head of the Gallican Church. as all ecclesiastics
were to have their appointments from him, was signed at Paris, July 15,
1801. Another concordat betWeen Bonaparte and the same pontiff was sign-
ed at Fontainbleau Jan. 25, 1813.

CONCUBINES. They are mentioned as having been allowed to the priests, A. D.
1132. Cujas observes, that although concubinage was beneath marriage,
both as to dignity and civil effects, yet concubine was a reputable title, very
different from that of mistress among us. This kind of union. which is
formed by giving the left hand instead of the rig/Lt, and called half-marriage,
is still in use in some parts of Germany.

CONFEDERATION AT PARIS. Upwards of 600,000 citizens formed this
memorable confederation. held on the anniversary of the taking of the has
tile. at which ceremony the king, the national assembly, the army. and the

people, solemnly swore to maintain the new constitution, July 4, 1790. See
Champ 116 Mars, Bastile.

CONFEDERATION OF THE RHINE, or League of the Germanic States form-
ed under the auspices of Napoleon Bonaparte. By this celebrated league,
tl~e minor German princes collectively engaged to raise 258,000 troops to
serve in case of war and they established a diet at Frankfort, July 12, 1806.
See Gx'mmnic Confederation. ‘

CONFERENCE. The celebrated religious conference held at Hampton Court
palace, between the prelates of the church of England and the dissenting
ministers, in order to effect a general union, at the instance of the king, 2 a;
James I. 1604. This conference led to a new translation of the Bible, which '

”Lucfivealrrxfi'WHJ; -- ', ' '» ' 1

  
   
    
  
 
 
   
   
   
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
    
 
  
  
    
    
    
  
   
    
  

. ] DICTIONARY 0F DATES- 25709

was executed' 1n 1607—11, and' 1s that now in gene1al use in England and the
United States; and du1ing the meeting some alterations 111 the church litu1gy
were ag1eed upon, but this not satisfying the dissenters, nothing more was
done. A conference of the bishops and presbyterian ministers with the same
view was held in 1661.

CONFESSION. Aurieular confession in the Romish church was first instituted
; about A. 1). 1204. and was regularly enjoined in 1215. It is made to a priest,
in order to obtain absolution for the sins or faults acknowledged by the pe-
nitent, who performs a penance enjoined by the priest; and if this be done
with a contrite heart, the sins thus absolved are supposed to be absolved in
heaven. At the reformation, the practice was at first left wholly indifferent,
by the council; but this was the prelude to its entire abolition in the church
of England. ——B1u net.

; CONFIRMATION. One of the oldest lites of the Cluistian h111';ch it was
used by Pete1 and Paul; and was general according to some church au—
tho11t1es, in A. D. 190. It 15 the public p1ofession of the Ch1istian1eligion
by an adult person, who was baptized in infancy. It is still retained in the
ch mob of Fug -;land but to make it more solemn, it has been advanced into
a sac1a1nent by the chulch of Rome.

. CONGE D ELIRE. The license of the kingr ,as head of the church, to chap-
. 1118 and other bodies to (lect dignitmies: particularly bishops. After the
interdict of the pope upon England had been removed in 1214, king John had
an arrangement with the clergy for the election of bishops. Bishops were
elected by the king’s Gauge d’Elire, 26 Henry VIII., 1535.

‘ CONGRESS. An assembly of princes or ministers or meeting for the settle-
ment of the affairs of nations or of a. people. Several congresses were held
during the continental wars; but the following were the most remarkable
congresses of Europe :—

(Yongress of Soissons - June 14, 1728 Congress of Carlsbad - Aug. 1,1819
Congress of Antwerp - April 8, 1793 Congress ofTroppau - Oct. 20, 1820
Congress of Rads1a1 t - Dec. 9, 1797 Congress of Lay bach - May 6: 1821
Congress of Chatillon - - Feb. 5,1814 Congress of Verona - Aug. y;25 1822
Cong1ess 01 Vienna - Nov. 3: 1814 See Alliances, Conventions, 6'0.

CONGRESS U. S. A. The first Colonial Co71g1ess, composed of the deleg ates
. fxom nine of the colonies (Mass, R. I. Conn, N. Y.. N. J. Pa., Del. Md. S.
091.), met atN. Y. Dec. 7, 1765 .—Tih1. Ruggles P1est. The Continental Congwss
met at Phila.Se1.151774: again May 10, 17 7:5 adopted Dec. Indep. Ju1y4,
1776: met at Bait. ODec. 20, 1776; at Phila. March 4 I1777; at Lancaster. Pa.
p.27, 1777; at Yo1k, Pa. Sep.30. 1777; at Phila. July 2,1778; at Prince-
ton June 30, ’1783; at Annapolis, Nov. 26, 1783; at Trenton, Nov. 30, 1784;
at N. York, Jan. 1785; and that continued to be the place of meeting until
the adoption of the constitution, 1789: removed to Phila.1790: to Wash-
ington, 1800.

CONVENTION, THE, f01 felming the Constitution of the U. S. met at Phila.
" May 10,1787; in session till Sep. 17, same year.

’1 CONGREVE ROCKETS. Invented by general sir William Congreve in 1803.
' They were used with great efi'ect' 1n the attack upon Boulogne, in Oct. 1806,

' when they set a part of the town on fire, which burned for two days; they
‘ were employed' in various operations in the late war with much success, dis—
charged by a corps called rocket-men.

‘t' » UNIC SECTIONS. Their most remarkable properties were probably known
' to the Greeks four or five centuries before the Christian era. The study of
13111 was cultivated in the time of Plato 390 B. c. The earliest treatise
Minimal by Aristaeus, about 380 B. c. Appolonius’s eight books were

  
  
   
   
  

 

l
i
:1
,1
.1

.. .ra.....:.;.... 111'“); l-_ Am a..-

 

  
 
  
   
  
   
  
  
   
   
  
  
  
 
  
  
  
  
   
  
   
    
  
  
  
   
   
  
   
   
   
  
  

éJ-‘ZO » THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [eefl

written about 240 B. c The parabola was applied to projectiles by Galileo;
the ellipse to the orbit of planets, by Kelper.

CONJURATION AND WITCHCRAFT. They were declared to be felony by ,
various statutes, and the most absurd and wicked laws were in force against E
them in England in former times. See article I‘Vitc/Lcmft. Conjuration was '
felony by statute 1 James I., 1603. This law was repealed 9 George 11.,
1735; but pretensions to Such skill was then made punishable as a misde-
meanou—English Statutes.

CO TNECTICUT. One of the U. States: first settled in 1633, at Windsor, by
a colony from Massachusetts. Hartford, settled by the English in 1685, the
Dutch having previously built a fort there, which they did not permanently
hold. English colony founded at New Haven, 1688. The two colonies of New
Haven and Hartford united by a charter of Charles 11., in 16-55. This char-
ter, when in danger from the tyranny of Andros, was preserved in an oak,
near Hartford, since called the Charter Oak. Conn. took an active-part in
the revolution; a number of its towns, Danbury, N. London, &c., burnt by
the British during that struggle. It became one of the original 18 states,
adopting the constitution of the Union in 1788. by a vote of 128 to 40. Pop- j,
ulation 1713, 17,000: 1790, 237,916; 1810, 261,912; 1830, 297,655; 1810, .
809,078.

CONQUEST, THE. The memorable era in British history, when William duke
of Normandy overcame Harold 11., at the battle of Hastings, and obtained the
crown which had been most unfairly bequeathed to him by Edward the
Confessor (for Edgar was the rightful heir) Oct. 15, 1066. William has been
erroneously styled the Conqueror, for he succeeded to the crown of England
by compact. He killed Harold, who was himself a usui‘per, and defeated
his army, but a large portion of the kingdom afterwards held out against
him, and he, unlike a conqueror, took an oath to observe the laws and cus-
toms of the realm, in order to induce the submission of the people. For—
merly the judges were accustomed to repreliend any gentleman at the bar
who casually gave him the title of William the Conqueror, instead of Wil-
liam I.—Seldea. ‘

CONSCRIPT FATHERS. Patres conscripti was the designation given to the 1
Roman senators, and used in speaking of them, in the eras of the rep ublic ‘
and the Caesars: because their names were written in the registers of the
senate.

CONSECRATION. Tha‘ of churches was instituted in the second century,
the temple of worship being dedicated with pious solemnity to God and a
patron saint. Tl)? consecration of churches, places of burial, &c., is admit-

ted iu the reformed religion. The consecration of bishops was ordained in
the latter church in Mia—Stowe.

CONSISTORY COURT IN ENGLAND. Anciently the Consistory was joined with
the Hundred court, and its original, as divided therefrom, is found in a law
of William I. quoted by lord Coke, 1079.‘ The chief and most ancient Con-
sistory court of the kingdom belongs to the see of Canterbury, and is called
the Court of Arches.

CONSPIRACIES AND IN SURRECTIONS 1N GREAT BRITAIN. Among the
recorded conspiracies, real or supposed, the following are the most remark-
able. They are extracted from Camden, Temple, Hume, and other authori-
ties of note:—-—

:Teitmfléfliyx“!w;‘114.11h_-;;14u»\_tu,2i .. . . ..:

Of Anthony Babington and others, the Duke of Orinond, wounded him.
against Elizabeth - - A. D. 1586 and would have hanged him; and u;

The Gunpowder Plot (which see) - 1605 who afterwards stole the crown - 1671 .»

Insurrection oi the fifth monarchy men The pretended conspiracy of the French, '
against Charles II. - - - 1660 Spanish, and English Jesuits L0 assas-

Of Blood and his associates, who seized smate Ch. 11. revealed by the ma-

     

monomer or mms. 9H

mous Titus Oates, Dr Tongue, and Of Colonel Despard and others, to over-
others - - - - 1678 tum the government - - - 1802
The Meal tub plot - - - - -1679 Of 1tobe1t Emmett in Dublin, when
The Rye-house plot to assassinate the lord Kilwa1den was kiltled- July 23,1803
king on his way to Newmarket. (See 0t Moreau, l’ichegru, and Georges
Rye- housep/ol) - - - - 1683 against Bonaparte - 1 ch. 15, 1804
01 Simon Fraser, lord Lovat, against 01 ’1‘histlewood,to assassinate the
Queen Anne. - .. - - 1703 king’ s ministers. (See Cato-street)—1820
CONSPIRACIES in 01 1elating to the United States.
1 Bur1’ s trial {01 conspi1acy to divide the John Henry’ s secret mission from the
- United States - - - - 1807 B1itish gove1nn1ent,to unde1mine

the Ame1ican union, exposed, Feb. 25, 1812

:CONSTAN CE, COUNCIL or. The celeblated council of dirt/Les (! ) which con-
demned the pious ma1tyrs John Huss and Jerome of Prague, to be burnt
alive a sentence executed upon the first on July 6,1415, and 011 the other,

‘ ' 011 May 30, following Huss had complied with a summons from the coun—
cil of Constance to defend his opinions before the clergy of all nations in
. that city, and though the emperor Sigismund had given him a safe—conduct,

he was cast into prison. Jerome of Prague hastened to Constance to defend
him. but was himself loaded with chains, and in the end shared the fate of
his friend. This scandalous violation of public faith, and the cruelty and
tieachery which attended the punishment- ot' these unhappy disciples of
Wickliife, our great reforn1e1, piove the melancholy t1utl 1, that toleration
1s not the virtue of p1 rests in any fo1n1 of ecclesiastical gove1nment. —Hume.

C.ONSTANTINA The former capital of Numidia. It has become known to
Europeans but ve1y recently, they being strangers to it until the French
occupation of Algiers. Here was fought a great battle between the French
and the Arabs Oct. 13, 1837, when the foimer carried the town by assault,

but the F1eneh general Daremont, was killed Achmet Bey retired with

‘ 12 ,000 men as the vict01s entered Constantina.

CONSTANTINOPLE. So called from Constantine the Great, who removed the
, seat of the Eastern Empire here, A. D. 328. Taken by the western crusaders
‘ who put the emperor Mourzoufle to death, first tearing out his eyes, 1204.
Retaken by Michael Palaeologus, thus restoring the old Greek line, 1261.
Conquered by Mahomet II, who slew Constantine Palaeologus, the last
Christian emperor, and 60,000 of his peoplc,1453. The city, taken by as-
sault, had held out for fiftv— eight days. The unfmtunate emperor on seeing
the Turks enter by the breaches, threw himsclt into the midst of the enemy,
and W as cut to pieces, the children of the 1mpe11al house we1e massacred
by the soldier,s and the women 1eserved to gratify the lust of the conquer-
, or. This put an end to the Eastern Empire, which had subsisted for 1125
1 years and was the foundation of the present empire of Turkey in Europe
See Eastern Empbe and TIM/reg.

CONS'] A1\TIN OPLE, ERA or. This out has the creation placed 5508 years B c.
' ' It was used by the Russians until the time of Peter the Great, and is still used
in the Greek church. The civil year begins September 1, and the ecclesias-‘
tical year towards the end of March; the day is not exactly determined.

To 1educe it to ou1 e1a, subtract 5508 years from January to August, and
5509 f1om September to the end

CONSTELLATIONS. Those of ATHZ‘J ms, Orion, the Plciadcs, and .Mazzaroflt,
‘ are mentioned by Job, about 15:. 0 13. 0. Homer and Hesiod notice constel—
lations; but though some mode of grouping the visible stars had obtained
in very early ages, our first direct knowledge was derived from Gland,
Ptolemaeus, about A D. 140.

. 11 ITUTION or ENGLAND. See Magma Cluma. It comp prehenda$ho
' Eels body of laws by which the Britisho people a1e governed, and to which

4.111.; n... .'

xixshwghéflmlfiiflJanmm‘t; “Jammie 4'. .1 .1.th

    
   
 
  
   
  
   

   
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
 
 
   

272 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [_ con

   
 

it is presumptively held that every individual has assented—Lord Samara.
This assemblage of laws is distinguished from the term government, in
this respect—that the constitution is the rule by which the sovereign ought
to govern at all times: and government is that by which he does govern at
any particular time—Lard Buli/ngro/re The king of England is not seated
on a solitary eminence of power; on the contrary, he sees his equals in the
coexisting branches of the legislature, and he recognizes his superior in
the l,A\V.—S/t(f7”id(l/L.

CONSTITUTION or 'rnr: U. S. Adopted by the general convention of dele-
gates from all the (then) states, May, 1787. Ratified by the several states
at different times. See the respective states.

The 50th anniversary of VVashington’s inauguration, was celebrated in New

York as ajubilee of the constitution, and John Quincy Adams pronounced
an oration before the Hist. Soc’y, April 30, 1840.

CONSTITUTION AND GUERRIERE. The American frigate Constitution,
capt. Hull, after an action of 80 minutes, captured the British frigate Guer-
riere, capt. Dacres. Aug. 20, 1812. American loss 7 killed, and 7 wounded,
British less 100 killed and wounded. The English attribute the victory to
the superior force of the American frigate. As this was the first important
naval victory of the U. 8., it caused a strong sensation. For others see
Naval Battles.

CON SULS. These officers were appointed at Rome, 509 B. 0. They possessed
regal authority for the space of a year: Lucius J unius Brutus, and Lucius
Tarquinius Collatinus, the latter the injured husband of Lucretia. were the
first consuls. A consular government was established in France, November
9, 1709, when Bonaparte, Cambacére, and Lebrun, were made consuls; and
subsequently Bonaparte was made first consul for life, May 6, 1802. Com-
mercial agents were first distinguished by the name of consuls in Italy, in
1485.

CONTRIBUTIONS, VOLUNTARY. In the two last wars voluntary contributions
to a vast amount were several times made by the British people in aid of
the government. The most remarkable of these acts of patriotism was that
in 1708, when to support the war against France, the contributions amount-
ed to two millions and a half sterling. Several men of wealth, among others,
sir Robert Peel, ot‘Bury, Lancashire, subscribed each 10,0002. ; and 2100,0001.
were transmitted from India in 1709.

' CONVENTICLES. These were private assemblies for religious worship, and
were particularly applied to those who differed in form and doctrine from
the established church. But the term was first applied in England to the
schools of Wicklifi‘e. Conventieles, which were very numerous at the time,
were prohibited 12 Charles 11., 1661.

CONVENTIONS. See Alliances, Treaties, &c. in their respective places through-
out the volume. ' ’

CONVENTS. They were first founded, according to some authorities. in A. D'.
270. The first in England was erected at Folkstone, by Eadbald. in 630.—
Cebu/en. The first in Scotland was at Coldingham, when Ethelreda took
the veil, in 670. They were founded earlier than this last date in Ireland.
Conveuts were suppressed in England in various reigns, particularly in that
of Henry VlIL and comparatively few now exist in Great Britain. More
than 3000 have been suppressed in Europe within the last few years. The
emperor of Russia abolished 187 convents of monks, by a ukase dated July
3]. 1832. The king of Prussia followed his example, and secularized all
the convents in the duchy of Posen. Don Pedro put down 300 convents in
Portugal, in 1834, and Spain has lately abolished 1800 convents. ' ’

 

     
  
    

. l

7.1N‘ICTS. The first arrival of transported convicts from England, at Botany
Bay, was in 1788. Convicts are now sent to Van Diemen’s Land, Norfolk

Island, Sydney, in New South Wales, &c. See New South Wales and Trans—
’ portalion.

W OK’S VOYAGES. The illustrious captain Cook sailed from England in the
Endeavor, on his first voyage, July 30, 1768 ;* and returned home after hav-
ing circumnavigated the globe, arriving at Spithead, July 13, 1771. Sir
Joseph Banks, afterwards the illustrious president of the Royal Society,
accompanied captain Cook on this voyage. Captain Cook again sailed to

, explore the southern hemisphere, July 1772, and returned in July 1775. In

his third expedition this great navigator was killed by the savages of O-whyv

1’ hee, at 8 o’clock on the morning of February 14, 1779. His ships, the Reso-

lution and Discover-y, arrived home at Sheerness, Sept. 22, 1780.

OOPERAGE. This art must be coeval with the dawn of history, and seems

j to have. been early known in every country. The coopers of London were

incorporated in 1501.

;' OPEN HAGEN . Distinguished as a royal residence, A. D. 1443. In 1728 more

than seventy of its streets and 3785 houses were burnt. Its famous palace,

a» valued at four millions sterling, was wholly burnt, Feb. 1794, when 100 per-
” sons lost their lives. In a fire which lasted forty-eight hours, the arsmal,

monomer or ones. 27‘35

‘ , barded by the English under lord Nelson and admiral Parker: and in their
engagement with a Danish fleet, of twenty—three ships of the line, eighteen
were taken or destroyed by the British, April 2, 1801. Again, after a bom-
1? bardment of three days. the city and the Danish fleet surrendered to admi-
i ral Gambier and lord Cathcart, Sept. 7, 1807. The capture consisted of
eighteen sail of the line, fifteen frigates, six brig-s, and twenty—five gun-
. boats. and immense naval stores—See Denmark.
;» OPERNICAN SYSTEM. The system of‘ the world wherein the sun is sup-
: posed to be in the centre, and immovable, and the earth and the rest of the
, planets to move round it in elliptical orbits. The heavens and stars are
here imagined to be at rest, and the diurnal motion which they seem to
-} have from east to west. is imputed to the earth’s motion from west to east.
{i- This system was published at Thorn, A. D. 1580; and may in many points be
‘ regarded as that of Pythagoras revived—Gassendus.

' TIPPER. It is one of the six primitive metals; its discovery is said to have
: preceded that of iron. We read in the Scriptures of two vessels of fine
. copper, precious as gold—Ezra, viii. 27. The great divisibility of this

s‘

metal almost exceeds belief; a grain of it dissolved in alkali, as pearl ashes,

. soda &-c., will give a sensible color to more than 500,000 times its weight in
~ water; and when copper is in a state of fusion, if the least drop of water
touch the melted ore, it will fly about like shot from a gun—Boyle. The
mine of Fahlun in Sweden, is the most surprising artificial excavation in the
a world. In England, copper-mines were discovered in 1561, and copper now

1 forms an immense branch in the British trade: there are upwards of fifty

  
 
 
 
 
  
  
    
    
  
 
  
  

- ' A memorial was resented to the king by the Royal Society in 1768, setting forth the advan‘
, WhICh would be erived to science if an accurate observation of the then approaching transit
enus over the sun were taken in the South Sea. The ship Endeavor was, in consequence
.. . red for that purpose, and the command of her given to Lieutenant James Cook. He sailed
; t ly 1763, touched at Madeira and Rio de Janeiro, doubled Cape Horn, and after a prosperous
“ "6 reached Otaheite, the place of destination, in April 1769. By a comparison of the observa-
made on this transit (June 3, 1769) from the various parts of the globe, on which it was Viewed
en of science, the system of the universe has in some particulars, been better understood; the
fifth} sun from the earth, as calculated by this and the transit in 1761, is now settled“

' ‘ mines, instead of the commonly received computation, of%,000,UOO.—Butler.
12*

admiralty, and fifty streets were dcstroyed,1795. Copenhagen was bom- "

 

. “.4... sum.- .. mummu

.L.._1.‘..aut'.-. __:_.. .. ;

 

274 THE WORLD’S racemes. ‘ f "

mines in Cornwall, where mining has been increasmg smce the re1gnofWiI3 3,
Iiam III. “

COPPER-MONEY. The Romans, prior to the reign of Servius Tullius, used
rude pieces of copper for money—See Coin. In England, copper-money is 1
of extensive coinage. That proposed by sir Robert Cotton was brought into
use in 1609. Copper was extensively coined in 1665. It was again coined
by the crown, 23 Charles II., 1672. Private traders had made them previ-
ously to this act. In Ireland copper was coined as early as 1339; in Scot—
land in 1400 ; in France in 1580. Wood’s coinage in Ireland (which see) com- .
menced in 172-3. Penny and two-penny pieces were extensively used, 1797.

COPPER~PLATE PRINTING. This species of printing was first attempted in
Germany, about A. D. 1450. Rolling-presses for working the plates were in- .
vented about 1545. Messrs. Perkins of Philadelphia, invented, in 1819, a. .
mode of engraving on soft steel which, when hardened. will multiply cop-

per-plates and fine impressions indefinitely.——See Engraving.
COPPERAS. First produced in England by Cornelius de Vos, a merchant, in 1587.

COPYRIGHT 0N BOOKS, &c. IN ENGLAND. The decree of the Star-chamber
regarding it, A. D. 1556. Every book and publication ordered to be licensed,
1585. An ordinance forbidding the printing of any work without the
consent of the owner, 1649. Copyright further secured by a statute en-
acted in 1709. Protection of copyright in prints and engraving, 17 George
III., 1777. Copyright protection act. 54 George III, 1814. Dramatic au-
thors’ protection act, 8 William IV., 1883. The act for preventing the pub—
lication of lectures without consent, 6 William IV.. 1835. The act of the
17th George III., extended to Ireland, 7 William IV., 1886. International
copyright bill, 1 Victoria, 1838. Copyright of designs for articles of manu- .
facture protected, 2 Victoria, 1839. For important act of 1842, see Literary '
P-roperly.——Hayda.

COPYRIGHT IN UNITED STATES. The first act for the protection of literary '
property in the United States passed chiefly through the influence of Noah .
Webster, the lexicographcr, May 81, 1790. Another act in relation to it,
April 29, 1802~granting copyright for 14 years, subject to renewal for 14 :
years if the author is living. Memorial of 56 British authors asking for '
International Copyright, presented in the Senate by Mr. Clay, Feb. 1, 1837.
Act to establish the Smithsonian Institute, requiring that copies of books :

to secure the copyright must be deposited in there as well as in the library ‘
of Congress and office of See. State, Aug. 10, 1846.

COPYRIGHT, PRODUCE or. The following sums are stated to have been paid
to the authors for the copyright of the works mentioned. ‘
HISTORY.

POETRY. _
. . B ron’s Works i all - - 20.000 ‘1
Fragmepts of English History, by‘ _ Mbore’s Lalla Rgdlkh )- _ f: 3,000. ,
.C'J; I 0’.‘ ' ‘ . ' £5>000 Rejected Addresses - - ~ 1,0“) J
IIlstmy 01 England by SIr J. Mackin. Campbell’s Pleasures of Hope (after j
DitSZth-Linmr-d - . - $233 ten years’ publication) - - 1,000 I
_ c‘ ' ~ ' ‘ , i . ‘ ‘ _ r
L'fe of Napoleon, giy Sinrlw. Scott 1' 18,000 campbe“ ‘5 ““2333,“ 6"” 1"“) ;
History Of Englan ab acaulay,vo. It was estimated that Scott’s novels :9
ll’ozirtgnreyfggi‘gdgy £600 per annum_ 3 000 produced {or co yright at least - 250,000 I
Prescott’s IIistér‘icafiWorEs are shaid to I Bulwer received or hls novelsi (3.3.0020 1 500.4
have produce tot eaut 0r(w oyet . . tt ’ ’ i
owns the copyright) before 1850 - $100,000 1543333,,ps..dV°-,c,,,,,,agg;,,d§;3°3,{° 1’20” "43'
Johnson for - . . . 53 i
BIOGRAPHY. Goldsmith “w. d f “ . ' ‘
54% OEEVilberforce - - - £4,000 Naium» receive (31 Animated 3m
.1 e o yron by Moore - - 4,000 . - ' - '3.
Lockhart’s 80th (two years’ use) - 12,500 Ngfigg‘gebswl is said to have derived 7

 

Irving’s Columbus (paid by Murray) - 4,000 Book. per annum from ms Spelling a

 

i.‘ .ttv .'
wwé.’ '

    
   

', a] monomer or mares 2‘78
, ORDAGE. The naval cordage in early ages was, probably, merely thongs of
‘ leather; and these primitive ropes were retained by the Caledonians in the
third century, and by some northern nations in the ninth. Cordage of weed

w and of horse—hair was also used aneiently before that made of hemp. See
‘ Hemp.

‘ CORFU. So celebrated in mythology and poetry, and capital of the island of
‘ the same name, was placed under British administration, by the treaty of
‘ Paris in N ov. 1815. It is the chief of the Ionian Isles, which see.

CORINTH. This city was built in 1520 and the kingdom founded by Sisyphus
f in 1376 B. c. In 146 13. c. the capital was destroyed by the Romans, but was

. rebuilt by Julius Caesar; and was among the first cities of Greece that em-

: '. braced the Christian religion. It was defended bya fortress called Acro-
corinth, on a summit of a high mountain, surrounded with strong walls
The situation of this citadel was so advantageous, that Cicero named it the

Eye of Greece, and declared, that of all the cities known to the Romans,
Corinth alone was worthy of being the seat of a great empire.

  
    
    
  
 
    
   
   
   
    
  
 
 
  

; Corinth built on the ruins of Ephyra, A colony goes to Sicily, and they build
: (Abbe Lenglet) . - B. c. 1520 Syracuse - - - 3. c. 732

a Rebuilt by the king of Sicyon, and first Sea fight between the Corinthians and
called by its name - - - 1410 Cprcyreans - - . . 664

j,” . Sisyphus, a ublic robber, seizes upon Periander rules and encourages genius
the cit (1' em) - - - - 1375 and learning - . - . G29
3 The Pyt ian games instituted, it is said Death of l’eriander - - - . 585
1f by Sisyphus - ~ - - 1375 The Corinthians form a republic - 582
i The reign ofBacchus, whose successors War with the Corcyreans - . 439
i are called Bacchidae, in remembrance The Corinthian war (which see) - - 395
of the equity of his reign - - 935 Acrocorinth (citadel) taken by Aratus . 242

3 The Corinthians invent ships callet The Roman ambassadors first appear

g. ' . triremes ; vessels consisting of three 5 at Corinth - - . .

benches of oars - - - 786 ‘ Corinth destroyed by Lucius Mummius

Thelestes deposed, and the government who sends to Italy the first. fine paint-

, of the Prytanes instituted: Autos ings there seen, they being part ofthe
1,, menes is the first on whom this dig- spoil (Livy) - - - . 146

‘ nity is conferred - - - 757

 

CORINTHIAN ORDER. The finest of all the orders of ancient architecture,
aptly called by Scamozzi, the virgina‘l order, as being expressive of the deli-

cacy, tenderness, and beauty of the whole composition. The invention of it
is attributed to Callimachus, 540 B. c.

» ‘ "CORINTHIAN WAR. The war which received this name, because the battles
were mostly fought in the neighborhood of Corinth, was begun B. c. 395, bya
confederacy of the Athenians, Thebans, Corinthians, and Argives, against

‘ the Laeedaemonians. The most famous battles were at Coronea and Leue—
T, tra, which see.

CORN OR GRAIN. The origin of its cultivation is attributed to Ceres, who

‘ having taught the art to the Egyptians, was deified by them, 2409 B. c.—
Ammdelian [Warblesg The art of husbandry, and the method of making
bread from wheat, and wine from rice, is attributed by the Chinese to Ching
Noung, the successor of Fohi, and second monarch of China, 1998 B. c.—~
Univ. Hist. But corn provided a common article of food from the earliest
ages of the world, and baking bread was known in the patriarchal ages.‘—v"
_, See Exodus xii. 15. Wheat was introduced into Britain in the sixth century.
’ by Cell ap Coll Frewi.—Roberts’ Hist. Ana. Briton-s. The first importation

_. of corn of which we have note, was in 1347. Bounties were granted onjits
‘ importation into England, in 1686.

’NRN LAWS IN ENGLAND. Various enactments relative to the duty on “com"
ergrain passed 1814. Riots, caused by the passing of the act permitting-fits
awortation when corn should be 805. f‘per quarter,” 1,1815. . WM .
“ minutiae passed July‘15,-1828. ‘Arrother,'Apri1‘29, 1 ; act fixing '

1

 

 

n

276 THE WORLD’S PROGPsz [con V

the duty on wheat at 43. until Feb. 1819 and art-ct that at . per quarter,
passed June 26 1846. This was the virtual abo ition of the Corn Laws——
and the Anti-Corn Law League ~—whieh had been formed in 1841 was there-
fore t‘oi'maliy dissolved, July 2, 1816.

CORONATION. The first coronation by a bishop, was that of Majocianus, at
Constantinople, in A. D. 457. The ceremony of anointing at coronations was
introduced into England in 872., and into Scotland in 1037. The coronation
of Henry III. took place, in the first instance, without a crown, at Gloucester,
October 28, 1216. A plain circle was used on this occasion in lieu of the
crown, which had been lost with the other jewels and baggage of king John,
in passing the marshes of Lynn, or the Wash, near Wisbeach.——Ahtt/'Lew
Par-L's. Ri/mer.

CORONATION FEASTS, AND OATH. The oath was first administered to the

kings of England by Dunstan (the archbishop of Canterbury, afterwards

canonized), to Ethelred II. in 979. An oath, nearly corresponding with that
now in use, was administered in 1377; it was altered in 1689. The fetes
given at coronations commenced with Edward I. in 1273. That at the cor-
onation of George IV. rivalled the extravagances and sumptuousness of
former times.

CORONERS. They were officers of the realm in A. D. 925. Coroners for every
county in England were first appointed by statute of Westminster, 4 Edward
I. 11276—830100. Coroners were instituted in Scotland in the reign of Mal-
colm IL, about 1004. By an act passed in the 6th and 7th of queen Victoria,
coroners are enabled to appoint deputies to act for them, but only in case of
illness. Aug. 22, 1843.

CORONETS. The caps or interior crowns, of various forms, that distinguish
the rank of the nobility. The coronets for earls were first allowed by Henry
III. ; for viscounts by Henry VIII. ; and for barons by Charles IL—Baker.
But authorities conflict. Sir Robert Cecil, earl of Salisbury, was the first of
the degree of earl who wore a coronet, 160l.—Beatsan. It is uncertain when
the coronets of dukes and marquesses were settled—Idem.

CORPORATIONS. They are stated by Livy to have been of very high anti-
quity among the Romans. They were introduced into other countries from
Italy. These political bodies were first planned by N uma, in order to break
the force of the two rival factions ot‘Sabines and Romans. by instituting sep-
arate societies of every manual trade and profession.~Pl/1tta2‘c/L. -

CORPORATIONS. MUNICIPAL, IN ENGLAND. Bodies politic, authorized
by the king’s charter to have a common seal, one head officer, or more, and
members, who are able, by their common consent, to grant or receive, in
law, any matter within the compass of their charter.—Cowel. Corporations
were formed by charters of rights granted by the kings of England to vari-
ous towns, first by Edward the Confessor. Henry I. granted charters, A. D.
1100; and succeeding monarchs gave corporate powers, and extended them

to numerous large communities throughout the realm, subject to tests, oaths,
and conditions—Blackstone.

CORSICA. Called by the Greeks Cyrms. The ancient inhabitants of this
island were savage, and bore the character of robbers, liars, and atheists,
according to Seneca, when he existed among them. It was held by the Car—
thaginians; and was conquered by the Romans, 231 B. c. In modern times,
Corsica was dependent upon the republic of Genoa, until 1730; and was sold
to France in 1733. It was erected into a kingdom under Theodore, its first
and only king, in 1736. He came to England, where he was imprisoned in
the King’s Bench prison for debt, and for many years subsisted on the be-
nevolence of private friends. Having been released by an act of insolvency

 

t
l
i
a;
i

 
 
 
   
   
 
 
  
    

.i
'4
l
l
l
i
1
,

m] DICTIONARY or DATES. 27V

   
   
  
 
    
   
   
  
  
   
   
 
    
  
   
  
   
   
   
  
  
   
 
   
   
  
   
  
  

in 1756, he gave in his schedule the kingdom of Corsica as an estate to his
creditors, and died the same year, at his lodgings in Chapel-street, Soho.
The earl of Oxford wrote the following epitaph, on a tablet erected near his
grave, in St. Anne’s church, Dean—street:—

“The grave, great teacher! to a level brings
Heroes and beggars, galley-slaves and kings.
But Theodore this moral learn’d ere dead;
Fate pour’d its lesson on his living head,
Bestow’d a. kingdom and denied him bread.”

The celebrated Pascal Paoli was chosen for their general by the Corsicans,
in 1753. He was defeated by the. count de Vaux, and fled to England, 1769.
The people acknowledged George III. of England for their king, June 17,
1794, when sir Gilbert Elliott was made Viceroy, and he opened a parliament
in 1795. A revolt was suppressed in June 1796; and the island was ~'elin-
quished by the British, Oct. 22, same year, when the people declared for the.
French. i
CORTES or SPAIN. A deliberative assembly under the old constitution ot
: Spain; several times set aside. The cortes were newly assembled after a
long interval of years, Sept. 24, 1810; and they settled the new constitution,
March 16, 1812. This constitution was set aside by Ferdinand VIL, who
banished many members of the assembly in May, 1814. The cortes or states-

general were opened by Ferdinand V11. 1820, and they have since been reg-
ularly convened.

I CORUNNA, BATTLE or, between the British army under sir John Moore (who
was killed) and the French, Jan. 16, 1809.

COSMETICS. Preparations for improving beauty were known to the ancients,
and some authorities refer them even to mythology, and others to the Gre—
cian stage. The Roman ladies painted ; and those of Italy excelled in height-
ening their charms artificially, by juices and colors, and by perfumes.
Rouge has always been in disrepute among the virtuous and well-ordered
women of England, though some simple cosmetics are regarded as innocent,
and are in general use—Ashe. The females of France and Germany paint
more highly than most other nations—Richardson. A stamp was laid on
cosmetics, perfumery, and such medicines as really or suppositiously beau-
tify the skin, or perfume the person, and the venders were obliged to take
out licenses, 26th Geo. 111. 1786.

? COSMOGRAPHY. The science which teaches the structure, form, disposition,
’ and relation of the parts of the world, or the manner of representing it on a
plane—Semen. It consists of two parts, astronomy and geography: the
earliest accounts or" the former occur 2234 B. c.——Blair. The first record
of the latter is from Homer, who describes the shield of Achilles as rep-
resenting the carth.——Iliad. See the articles on Astronomy and Geogmgw/Ly
; respectively. '

COSSACKS. The warlike people inhabiting the confines of Poland, Russia,
Tartary, and Turkey. They at first lived by plundering the Turkish galleys
and the people of Natolia: they were formed into a regular army by Ste-
phen Batori, in 1576, to defend the frontiers of Russia from the incursions
of the Tartars. In the late great war of Europe against France, a vast body
of Cossacks formed a portion of the Russian armies, and fought almost in-
vincibly.

‘ ()STUME. See Dress. Accounts of magnificent attire refer to very remote
' antiquity. The costume of the Grecian and Roman ladies was comely and
1 _ graceful. The women of Cos, whose country was famous for the silkworm,
' m“ 'wore a. manufacture of cotton and silk of so beautiful and delicate a texture,

.-_ t and their garments, which were always white, were so clear and thin, that

 

 

2.78

 

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

[may

their bodies could be seen through theni.——0vid. As relates to costume
‘worn on the stage, Escliylus the Athenian was, it is said, the firs-t who

erected a regular stage for his actors, and ordered their dresses to be suited
to their characters, about 436 B. c.-—-Pm'ian Afarbles.

COTTON. The method of spinning cotton formerly was by the hand; but

about 1767, Mr. Hargreaves, of Lancashire, invented the spinning-jenny
with eight spindles; he also erected the first carding-machine with cylin-
ders. Sir Richard Arkwright obtained a patent for a new invention of
machinery in 1769; and another patent for an engine in 1775. Crompton
invented the mule, a further and wonderful improvement in the manufac-
ture of cotton, in 17 79, and various other improvements have been since
made. The names of Peel and Arkwright are eminently conspicuous in con-
nection with this vast source of British industry; and it is calculated that
more than one thousand millions sterling have been yielded by it to Great

 

Britain.

ed in ”Ti—Haydn.

Cotton manufacturers’ utensils

were prohibited from beingexport-

HISTORY OF COTTON, FOR OVER ONE HUNDRED YEARS.

The following brief items of the history of cotton,f1‘om1730 to 1836, are taken from a South
Carolina paper .' —

1730. Mr. Wyatt spins the first cotton yarn
in England by machinery.

1735. The Dutch first. export cotton from
Surinam.

1742. First mill forspinning cotton erected
at Birmingham, moved by mules or horses;
but not successful in its operations.

1749. The fly shuttle generally used in
England.

1756. Cotton velvets and quiltings made
in England for the first time.

1761. Arkwright obtained the first patent
for the s inning frame, which he further
improve( .

1768. The stocking frame applied by
Hammond to makinrr oflace.

1773. A bill passed to prevent the export
of machinery used in cotton factories.

1779. Mule spinning invented by Hargrave.

1782. First import of raw cotton from
Brazil into England.

1782. Watt took out his patent for the
steam-engine.

1783. A bounty granted in England on the
export of certain cotton goods.

1785. Power-looms invented by Dr. (fart-
wright—steam engitcs used in cotton fac-
tories.

1785. Cotton imported into England from
the United States.

1786. Bleaching first performed by the
agency of the oxymuriatic acid.

1787. First machinery to spin cotton put
in operation in France.

1789. Sea Island cotton first planted in the
United States; and upland cotton first cul-

tivated for use and export about this time.

1790 Stator, an Englishman, builds the
first American cotton lactory, at Pawtucket,
Rhode Island.

1793. Eli Whitney, an American, invents

the cotton. gin. which he patents.
1798. First mlll and machinery for cotton
erected in Switzerland.

1799. Spinning by machinery introduced
into Saxony this year.

 

1803. First cotton factory built in New
Hampshire.

1805. Power-looms successfully and widely
introduced into England.

1807. The revolution in Spanish America
begins to furnish new markets for cotton
manufactures.

18H). Digest of cotton manufactures in the
United States by Mr. Gallatin, and another
by Mr. Tench Coxc, of Philadelphia.

1811. Machinery to make bobbin lace pa-
tented by John Burn.

1813. The India trade more free, and more
British manufactures sent thither.

1814. The power-loom introduced into the
United States; first at \Valtham.

1818. Average price of cotton 34 cents—
highcr than since 1810. New method of
preparing sewing cotton by Mr. Holt.

1819. Extraordinary prices for Alabama
cotton lands.

1820. Steam power first applied with suc-
cess extensively to lace manufactures.

1823 First cotton factory in Lowell erected.

1823. First export ot'raw cotton from Egypt
into Great Britain.

1825. In New Orleans cotton at from % to
25 cents per pound.

1826. Self-acting mule spinner patented
in England by Roberts.

1827. American cotton manufactures first
exported to any considerable extent. ~

1829. Highest duty in the United States on
foreign cotton manufactures.

1830. About this time Mr. Dyer introduced
a machine from the United States into Eng-
land for the purpose of making cards.

l832. Duty on cotton goods imported into
the United States reduced; and in England
it is forbid to employ minors in cotton mills,
to work them more than ten hours per (la ,
or more than nine hours on a Saturday; in
Consequence they work at something else.

1834. Cotton at 17 cents.

1835. Extensive purchases made of cotton
lands by speculators and others.

1836. Cotton at from 18.10.20 cents.

  

 

1w, w 1», 4'5"“

   
  
 
   
   
   
  
  
  
 
  
   
 
  
   
 
  
 
  
 
  
   
 
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
  
 
  
   
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
  
  
  
 
  

: fl] monomer or DATES. m

1 w‘

SOTTONIAN LIBRARY. Formed by g1eat labor and with great judgment
by si1 Robert Cotton, A. D. 1600 et seq. This vast treasu1y of knowledge,

aftei having been with difficulty 1escued 110m the fui y of the republicans
duiing the protectorate 11 as seemed to the public by a statute, 13 William
III. 1701. It 11 as lemoved to Essex- house in 1712; and in 1730 to Dean S.
ya1d WestminsteI wheic, on Oct 23, 1731, a pa1t of the books sustained
damage by tire. The 11bra1y was iemovcd to the B1itish Museum in 1753.

COUNCILS. An English council is of very early 01ig111.The wise Alfred to
whom we are indebted 1'01 many excellent institutions so a11anged the busi-
ness of the nation that all 1esolutions passed tlnough tliiee councils. T he first
was a select council, to which those only high in the king’s confidence were
admitted hete \1e1e debated all afi'ahs that 11' etc to be laid before the
second council, which consisted of bishops and nobles and resembled the
piesent p1ivy council, and none belonged to it but those whom the king was
pleased to appoint. The thi1d was a general council o1 assembly of the na-
tion, called' 111 Saxon, Wittenagemot to 11 hich quality and offices gave a right
to sit independent of the king In these thiee councils we behold the origin
of the cabinet and privy councils, and the antiquity of parliaments; but the
term cabinet council is of a much more modern date, according to lord Clar-
endon—See Cabinet Council, Common, Council, Privy Council, &c.

COUNCILS on THE CHURCH, The following are among the most memorable
Ch1istian councils, or councils of the Church of Rome. Most other councils
(the list of which would make a volume) eithci respected national churches
or ecclesiastical goveinmcnt. Sir Hm 71's Nicolas enume1 ates 1604 councils.

Ofthe Apostles at Jerusalem - A 1) 50 The second Lateran, tenth Geneial, 111-
Of the western bishops at A1Ies, in nocent II. presided; the preservation
F1ance, to suppress the Donatists; ol the tempoml ties of ecclesiastics,
three fathers of the English church the principal subject, which occa-
went over to attend it - - - 314 sioned the attendance of 1000 fa-
The 111st (Ecumenical or Geneial Ni thers ofthe church - - A. 11. 1139
cone, held at Nice, Constantine the The third Lateran, eleventh General;
Great p1esided; Aiius and Eusebius held against schismatics - - 1179
condemned lorl1e1esy. This council Fouxth Lateran. twelfth General; 400

composed the Nicene Creed - - 325 bishops and 1000 abbots attended,

At Ty1e, when the docttine of Athana— Innocent III presided - - - 1215
sius was canvassed - - 335 Of Lyons, the thiiteenth General, under

The first held at Constantinople, when pope Innocent IV. - - - 1245
the Arian he1esy gainedg friound - 337 01 Lyons, the foutteenth General, under

At Rome, concerning Athanasius, which Gregory X. - - - 1274
lasted eighteen months - 342 Of Vienne in Dauphiné, the fifteenth

At Saldis; 370 bishops attended - 347 General, Clement V. tesided, and

0f Rimini; 400 bishops attended, and the kings of France ant Arragon at~
Constantine obliged them to sign it tended. The o1der of the Knight

new confession 0! faith - - 359 Templars suppressed- - - 1311
The second General at Constantinople, 0f Pisa, the Sixteenth General; Gre-
350 bishops attended, and pope Da- guiy X11. and Be11ed1c1XIII deposed.
masius p1esided - 381 and Alexander elected -1409
The third at Ephesus, when pope 013- Of Constance the seventeenth General,

lestine preesn 431 Martin V is elected pope; and John
Fourth at Chalcedon; the emperorl Mar- Russ and .le1ome of Prague con-

cian and his empress attended - 451 damned to be burnt - - - 1414
The fifth at Constantmople when pope 0f Basil, the eighteenth General -l43l

Vigilius presided 553 The fifth Lateran, the nineteenth Gene-
The s1xth at Constantinople, when pope ral, begun by Julius II. - - 1513

Agatho presided — - 680 Continued under Leo X for the sup-
Authority of the six general councils re- pression of the P1agmatic sanction of

established by Theodosius - - 715 Itrance, against the council of Pisa,
The second Nicene council, seventh Ge— &c. till - - - - 151,

neral; 350 bishops attended - - 787 Of Tient, the twentieth and last Gene-
OfConstantinoplc, eighth General; the ral council, styled(Ecumenical, asm‘

em eror Basil attended - - 869 garding the affairs of all the Chitifla
The rst Lateran, the ninth General, tian w01ld; it was held to condemn

the right of investitures settled by the doctrmesof the reformers, Luther,

treaty between pope Calixtus II. and Zuinghus, and Calvin.——Abbé Laugh! 15%

. >§

«ammo: .Henry V - ~ 1122

    
   
   
  
 
 
   
  
   
  

  

280 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [CW

COUNCILS, FRENCH REPUBLICAN. The council of ANCIENTS was an assembly
of revolutionary France, consisting of 250 members, instituted at Paris, N 0v.
1, 1795, together with the council of FIVE HUNDRED; the executive was a
Directory of FIVE. Bonaparte dispersed the council of Five Hundred at St.
Cloud, Nov 9, 1799, declaring himself, Roger Ducos, and Siéyes, consuls pro-
”wires—See Frame.

COUNSEL. See Barristers. Counsel who were guilty of deceit or collusion
were punishable by the statute of Westminster, 13 Edward 1., 1284. Coun-
sel were allowed to persons charged with treason, by act 8 William III. 1696.

Act to enable persons indicted of felony to make their defence by counsel,
6 & 7 William IV., Aug. 1836.

COUNTIES. The division of England into counties began, it'is said, with king
Alfred ; but some counties bore their present names a century before. "1‘ he
division of Ireland into counties took place in 1562. County courts were
instituted in the reign of Alfred, 896. Counties first sent members to par-
liament, before which period knights met in their own counties, 1259.—See
Commons, and Parliament.

COURIERS on POSTS. Xenophon attributes the first couriers to Cyrus; and
Herodotus says that they were common among the Persians. But it does
not appear that the Greeks or Romans had regular couriers till the time of
Augustus, when they travelled in cars, about 24 B. c. Couriers or posts are
said to have been instituted in France by Charlemagne, about A. D. 800.
The couriers or posts for letters were established in the early part of the
reign of Louis XI. of France, owing to this monarch’s extraordinary eager-
ness for news. They were the first institution of the kind in Europe, A. D.
1463.—He-7mult.

COURTS. Courts of justice were instituted at Athens, 1507 B. C.—~See Areopa-
gitce. There were courts for the distribution of justice in Athens, in 1272
13. c.—Blair. They existed under various denominations in Rome, and other
countries.

COURT or HONOR. In England, the court of chivalry, of which the lord high
constable was a judge, was called Curie Mditav'is in the time of Henry IV.,
and subsequently the Court of Honor. In the States of Bavaria, in order to
prevent duelling, a court of honor was instituted in April, 1819. In these
countries, Mr. Joseph Hamilton has ardently labored to establish similar in-
stitutions.

COVENANTERS. The name which was particularly applied to those persons
who in the reign of Charles I. took the solemn league and covenant, thereby
mutually engaging to stand by each other in opposition to the projects of
the king; it was entered into in 1638. The covenant or league between
England and Scotland, was formed in 1643; it was declared to be illegal by
parliament, 14 Charles II., 1662.

COVENTRY, PEEPING TOM or. The great Show fair of Coventry owes its
origin to the following tradition :—Leofric, earl of M ercia, had imposed such
heavy taxes on the citizens, his lady, Godiva, moved by their entreaties,
importuned her 10rd to remit them, and he consented on the condition of her
riding naked through the city at mid-day. Her humanity induced her to
consent, and she so disposed her flowing tresses as to hide her person; and
ordering all the inhabitants, on pain of death, to close their doors and. win-
dows, she rode quite naked through the town. One person, yielding to
curiosity, stole a glance at the countess, and was struck dead; and has been
famed ever since under the name of Peeping Tom, and his effigy is shown
to this day. To commemorate this event, A. n. 1057, at the great show fair
the mayor and corpOration walk in procession through the town, accom-

 

  
  
 
 
   
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
   
   
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
    
  
   

DICTIONARY or DATES. 2'81

Etnied by a female on horseback clad in a linen dress closely fitted to her
mbs

'ICOW-POCK INOCULATION. This species of inoculation as a security
I . against the small-pox, was 1nt1oduced by Dr. Jenner, and it beeanre gener 1:11
in 1799. The genuine cow -pox appears in the form of 1esrclcs 011 the
teats of the cow and “as first noticed by Dr. Jenner in 1796. He was re-
warded by parliament with the muniticent grant of £10, 000, June 2,1802.—
See Inoculation, Small— Pox, Vacciaahon.

‘ "_ ’CRACOW. The Poles elect Craeus for their duke, and he builds Cracow with
1' the spoils taken from the Franks, A. D. 700, ct seq. Taken by Charles XII.
in 1702; taken and retaken by the Russians and confederates 011 the one
side and the patriotic people on the other several times. Kosciusko expel-
led the Russian garrison t'rom the city, March 24, 1794. It surrendered to
the P1 ussians. June 15, same year. F 0r1ned into a republic In 1815 Occu-
pied by 10 000 Russians who followed there the defeated Poles Sept. 1831.
Its independence extinguished; seized by the emperor of Austria lOand in—
corporated with the Austrian empire November, 1846. —See Poland.

. j CRANES. They are of very early date for the engines of Archimedes may
‘ ‘ be so called. The theory of the inclined plain, the pulley 6140.318 also his,
220 B. e. -—Li’L':I/.

. CRAN IOLOGY. The science of animal propensities. Dr. Gall, a German,
L, started this new doctrine respecting the brain, in 1803. Dr. Spurzheim fol-
lowed, and by his expositions gave a consistency to the science, and it seems
'» to be rapidly gaining ground; it has now many professors, and in almost all
countries craniology is countenanced by learned and enlightened men. The
science assigns the particular locations of certain organs, or as many differ-
ent seats of the most prominent operations of the mind.

‘_ CRANMER, LATIMER, AND RIDLEY. Illustrious names in the list of Eng —
> lish martyrs of the reformed religion. Ridley, bishop of London, and Lati-
mel, bishop of Worcester, were burnt at Oxford, Oct. 16, 15551- and Cran-
rner, archbishop of Canterbury, March 21,1556. His love of life had in-
duced Cranmer, some time previously, in an unguarded moment, to sign a
paper wherein he condemned the Reformation; and when he was led to the
stake, and the fire was kindled round him, he stretched forth his right hand,
with which he had signed his recantation, that it might be consumed before
the rest of his body, exclaiming from time to time, " This unworthy hand i”
- Raising his eyes to heaven, he expired with the dying prayer of the first
_ martyl of the Chlistian church, “Lord Jesus, receive my spirit '”

CRAPE. A light kind of stuff like gauze, made of raw silk gumrned and
' twisted on the mill. Its manufacture is of very early date, and it is said
some erape was made by St. Badour, when queen of France, about A. D. 680.
It was first made at Bologna, and in modern times has been principally used
~ for mourning.

EVCRAYONS. They were kno vn in France before A. D. 1422—in1proved by

_, L;Oriot, 1748.

CREATION 01‘ THE WORLD. It was placed by Usher, Blair, and Dufresnoy,
~ 4004 B. C. Josephus makes it 4658 years— Whiston. The first date agrees
with the common Hebrew text, and the vulgate Latin translation of the Old
Testament. There are about 140 different dates assigned to the creation:
some place it 3616 years before the birth of our Sa1.i0ur Plato, in his dia-
logue entitled Cr'itias, asserts his celebrated Atolantzs to ha1e been buried .
in the ocean about 9000 years before the age in which he wrote. The Chi-
nese represent the world as having existed some hundreds of thousands of
2 gears , and we are told that the astronomical records of the ancient Chi)

 

 

 

   
    
   
 
 
  
  
  
   
  
   
  
     
   
   
    
  
  
   
   
  
   
 
 
 
   
   
   
  
  

282 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

E
l

deans carried back the origin of society to a period of no less than 473,000
years.

CREATION, ERA on THE. In use by many nations. This era would be found»;
convenient, by doing away with the difficulty and ambiguity of counting
, before and after any particular date, as is necessary when the era begins at 7
a later period; but, unfortunately, writers are not agreed as to the right
time of commencing. This epoch is fixed by the Samaritan Pentateuch at '
4700 B. c. The Septuagint makes it 5872. The authors of the Talmud '.
make it 5844; and different chronologers, to the number of 120, make it
vary from the Septuagint date to 3268. Dr. Hales fixed it at 5411; but the :
Catholic church adopted the even number of 4000, and subsequently, a cor-
rection as to the birth of Christ adds four years: therefore, it is now gener-
ally considered as 4001 years, which agrees with the modern Hebrew text.

CREED. The Apostles’ Creed is supposed to have been written a great while .
after their time—Pardon. It was introduced formally into public worship -
in the Greek church at Antioch, and subsequently into the Roman church.
This creed was translated into the Saxon tongue, about A. D. 746. The
Nicene Creed takes its name from the council by whom it was composed, in

A. D. 825. The Athanasian Creed is supposed to have been written about .

{HQ—See Apostles’, Nicene, and other creeds.
CRESSY, on CRECY, BATTLE or. Edward Ill. and his son, the renowned Ed-
ward the Black Prince. obtained a great and memorable victory over Philip,
king of‘ France, Aug. 26, 1846. This was one of the most glorious triumphs,
ever achieved by English arms. John, duke of Bohemia; James, king of l
Majorca; Ralph, duke of Lorraine (sovereign princes); a number of French .
nobles. together with 80,000 private men, were slain, While the loss of the .
English was very small. The crest of the king of Bohemia was three ostrich
feathers. with the motto “Io/L Dim,” in English, “I serve ;” and in memory '
of this victory it has since been adopted by the heirs to the crown of Eng— -
land—Froz'ssart, Carte, Hume.
CRESTS. The ancient warriors wore crests to strike terror into their enemies
by the sight of the spoils of the animals they had killed. The origin of :
crests is ascribed to the Carians. In English heraldry, are several 'represen- -
tations of Richard I., 1189, with a crest on the helmet resembling a plume =
of feathers: and after his reign most of the English kings have crowns :
above their helmets, that of Richard II., 1377, was surmounted by a lion .
on a cap of dignity. In later reigns; the crest was regularly borne as well .
on the helmet ot‘ the kings, as on the head-trappings of their horses.

CRETE. Now Candia, which see. This island was once famous for its hundred .
cities, and for the laws which the wisdom of Minos established about 1015
B. e. Some authors reckon the Labyrinth of Crete as one of the seven won-
ders ot‘ the world. Crete became subject to the Roman empire, 68 B. c. It ~
was conquered by the Saracens, A. n. 808; taken by the Greeks, 001 ; passed
into the hands of the Venetians, 110—1: and was taken from them by the
Turks, in ESQ—Priestley. -

CRIME. “At the present moment,” observes a popular English writer, “a
one-fifteenth part of the whole population of the United Kingdom is sub-'
sisting by the lowest and most degrading prostitution; another fifteenth
have no means of support but by robbery. swindling, pickpocketing, and ;
every species of crime; and five-fifteenths of the people are what are denomi-
nated poor, living from hand to mouth. and daily sinking into beggary. and, , ;
as an almost necessary consequence, into crime.” A comparative view of
foreign countries with Great Britain demonstrates the effects of poverty and i
ignorance on the great mass of the population. In North America pauper—
ism is almost unknown, and one fourth of the people are educated; pre fi

.20..

f

   
  

.1 Norman? or mm. QC

meditated murder is alone capital; imprisonment for debt has, in several
states, been abolished, and crimes, particularly of enormity, are exceedingly
rare. The Dutch, who possess a competency, and are generally educated,
are comparatively free from grave offences; and France affords a remark-
able illustration in the same way. But in the United Kingdom, the differ-
ence is painfully exemplified :—

. Scotland. England. Ireland.
Instructionto the people- - - lin 11 - lin 20 - lin 35

Criminals among the people - l in 5093 - 1 in 920 - 1 in 468

There was recently a revision of the English criminal code, and several
acts have been passed calculated to reduce the amount of crime, and initi-
gate the severity of its punishment. An act for improving the criminal law
' of England, passed 8 George IV., I827. An act for consolidating and

revising the laws relating to crime, conformably with Mr. Peel’s digest,
, . passed 9 George IV., 1828. Hanging criminals in chains was abolished by
’1 statute 4 William IV., 1834. See E.1;eculions, Hanging, '1‘rial;,&c.~——Haydn.

CRIMEA. The ancient ’I‘aurica C/Lcrsoaesus. Settled by the Genoese, in 1193.
, The Genoese were expelled by the Crim Tartars, in 1474. The khans were
. tributary to the Turks until 1774. The Russians, with a large army, took
’- possession of this country, in 1783; and it was ceded to them the following
year; and secured to them in 1791.

l." CRISPIN. The name sometimes given to shoemakers. Crispin and Crispianus
1 were two legendary saints, born at Rome, from whence, it is said, they tra—
.jr Veiled to Soissons, in France, about A. D. 303, to propagate the Christian
" religion; and because they would not be chargeable to others for their main—
tenance, they exercised the trade of shoemakers; but the governor of the
town discovering them to be Christians ordered them to be decollated. On

this account, the shoemakers, since that period, have made choice of them
as their tutelar saints.

CRITICS. The first society of them was formed 276 B. c.—Blair. Of this class

_, were Varro. Cicero, Appolonius, and many distinguished men. In modern
"1 times. the szrnal ale Scat-ans was the earliest work of the system of period-
» ical criticism, as it is now known, It was originated by Dennis de Sallo,
ecclesiastical counsellor in the parliament of France, and was first published

at Paris, May 30, 1665, and continued for nearly a century. The first work

 

 

. l

4, of this kind in England, was called the Rcriew of Daniel Defoe (the term
being invented by himself) published in Feb. 1703. The Waics q/‘Lilera-
'“ji ture was commenced in 1714, and was discontinued in 17 22. The [Monthly

Review, which may be said to have been the third work of this nature in
England, was published 1749. The Crilical Review appeared in 1756; the
a; Erli'nb-M‘gli Review, in 1802; and London Quarlerlg/ in 1809. The American
Review, established in N. Y. 1799, was the first Review in the U. S. "be
North American Review was established by Wm. Tudor in 1818; the Ameri—
can Quarterly, by Robert Walsh, at Phila, 1827; the New Yuri; Review. by
Prof. C. S. Henry, 1835; the Soul/tern, Quarterly, at Charleston, 1842. See
, Periodicals. The legality of fair criticism was established in the English
’ ' courts, in Feb 1794, when an action that excited great attention. brought.
' l by an author against a reviewer for a severe critique upon his work, was de-
termined in favor of the defendant, on the principle that criticism, however
sharp, if just and not malicious, is allowable. See Reviews, &0.

‘;,UROCKERY. In use, and made mention of. as produced by the Egyptians and
" Greeks. so early as 1390 B. c. The Romans excelled in this kind of' ware,
_ many of their domestic articles being of earthen manufacture. Crockery,
” - of a fine kind, in various household utensils, was made at Faenza, in Italy,
;,.,about .‘~ D. 1310; and it is still called fayence in French. See Earthen-wan

 

     

284 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [cut *1

CROWN. “The ancientest mention of a royal crown is in the holy story
of the Amalekites bringing Saul’s crown to David.”—Sela’en. The first Ro~
man who wore a crown was Tarquin, 616 B. c. The crown was first a fillet.
tied round the head; afterwards it was formed of leaves and flowers, and
also of stufl’s adorned with jewels. The royal crown was first worn in En—
gland by Alfred, in A. D. 872. The first crown or papal cap was used by
pope Damasius 11., in 1053; John XIX. first encompassed it with a crown,
1276; Boniface VIII. added a second crown in 1295; and Benedict X11, form-
ed the tiara, or triple crown, about 1831. The pope previously wore a crown
With two circles—Rat'naldi. 3

CRUCIFIXION. A mode of execution common among the Syrians, Egyptians, l
Persians, Greeks, Romans, and Jews, and esteemed the most dreadful on 3
account of the shame attached to it: it was usually accompanied by other 3
tortures. Among early accounts may be mentioned, that Ariarathes pf Cap~
padocia, when vanquished by Perdiccas, was discovered among the prison- .3
ers; and by the conqueror’s orders the unhappy monarch was flayed alive, j
and then nailed to a cross, with his principal officers in the eighty-first year '
of his age, 822 B. c. Crucifixion was ordered to be discontinued by Constan-
tine, A. D. 830.——Le7zglet. See Beat/L, Punishment 0f.

(IRUSADES, 0R HOLY WARS. (In French, Croisades.) Undertaken by the Chris-
tian powers to drive the infidels from Jerusalem, and the adjacent countries,
called the Holy Land. They were projected by Peter Gautier, called Peter
the Hermit, an enthusiast, and French officer of Amiens, who had quitted _
the military profession and turned pilgrim. Having travelled to the Holy 3
Land, he deplored, on his return, to pope Urban II. that infidels should be in 3
possession of the famous city where the author of Christianity first promul—
gated his sacred doctrines. Urban convened a Council of 310 bishops at
Clermont in France, at which the ambassadors of the chief Christian poten-
tates assisted, and gave Peter the fatal commission to excite all Europe to a
general war, A. D. 1094. The first crusade was published; an army of 300,-
000 men was raised, and Peter had the direction of it, 1095— Voltaire. The
holy warriors wore a red cross upon the right shoulders. with the name of
Croisés, Crossed, or Crusaders; their motto was Volmzté (1e Diem-“God’s
will.” The epidemical rage for crusading now agitated Europe, and in the
end, these unchristian and iniquitous wars against the rights of mankind,
cost the lives of 2 000,000 of men.—— Voltaire.

CUBA. Discovered by Columbus on his first voyage, in 1492. It was conquered
by Valasquez, in 1511. and settled by the Spaniards. The Buccaneer Mor-
gan took Havana in 1669. See Buccaneers. .The fort here was erected by
admiral Vernon, in 1741. Havana was taken by admiral Pococke and lord
Albermarle in 1762, but was restored at the peace, in 1763. Attempt of

Lopez and his 400 followers, landing at Cardenas, to stir up a revolution.
defeated May, 1850.

CUBIT. This was a measure of the ancients, and is the first measure we read
of ; the ark of Noah was made and measured by cubits.——H0Z.Zen. The Pe- if
brew sacred cubit was two English feet, and the great cubit eleven Eng‘ i811 '

feet. Originally it was the distance from the elbow, bending inwards to the
extremity of the middle finger.——- Calmet.

(lUCUMBERS. They grew formerly in great abundance in Palestine and
Egypt, where, it is said, they constituted the greater part of the food of the
poor and slaves. This plant is noticed by Virgil, and other ancient poets.
It was brought to England from the Netherlands, about 1538.

CULLODEN. BATTLE or. In which the English, under William duke of Cum-
berland, defeated the Scottish rebels headed by the young Pretender, the
last of the Stuarts, near Inverness, April 16, 1746. The Scots lost 2500 men

 

    
  
   
   
 
   

I 3:1giagmrwmét‘.e:'.<‘;a::.;.a:_a.uaa M... Ami-W.- ,,:‘- . . ‘..;

    
  

DICTIONARY or DATES. 2m

in killed upon the field, or in the slaughter which occurred in the pursuit,
while the loss of the English did not far exceed 200. The duke’s army prac-
tised great cruelties upon the vanquished, as well as upon the defenceless
inhabitants of the adjacent districts after the battle—Smollett. Immediately
after the engagement, Prince Charles sought safety by flight, and continued
wandering among the frightful wilds of Scotland for six months, while 30,-
000!. were offered for taking him, and the troops of the conqueror were
constantly in search. He at length escaped from the Isle of Uist to Morlaix,
and died at Rome, in 1788.

CURACOA. In the Caribbean Sea, seized by Holland, in 1634. In 1800, the
French having settled on part of this island, and becoming at variance with
l the Dutch, the latter surrendered the island to a single British frigate. It
L, was restored to the Dutch by the peace of 1802, and taken from them by a
t British squadron, in 1807, and again restored by the peace of 1814.

* .CURFEW BELL. From the French oeuvre fen. This was a Norman institu-
i, tion, introduced into England in the reign of William I., A. D. 1068. On the
ringing of the curfew at eight o’clock in the evening, all fires and candles

i- were to be extinguished, under a severe pe11alty.-—Rapia. The curfew was
i; abolished 1 Hen. I., A. D. 1100.

1

a CURRANTS. They were brought from Zante, and the tree planted in England

' 1533. The hawthorn currant-tree (Rites oxyacantltoides) came from Canada
in 1705.

:5 CUSTOM. This is a law, not written, but established by long usage and con-

? sent. By lawyers and civilians it is defined lax amt scripta, and it stands

1

1

opposed to let; scripta. or the written law. It is the rule of law when it is
derived from A. D. 1189, downwards. Sixty years is binding in civil law,
and forty years in ecclesiastical cases.

CUSTOMS. They were collected upon merchandise in England, under Ethel-
: _ red 11., in 979. The king’s claim to them by grant of parliament was estab-
pt’ lished 3 Edward I., 1274. The customs were farmed to Mr. Thomas Smith,
for 20 000i. for several years. in the reign of Elizabeth—Slam. They were

farmed by Charles II. for 390,000l. in the year 1666.—I)(wenanz.
In 1530 they amounted to - - £14000 | In 1748 they amounted to - £2,000,000

 
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
   
    
 
 
    
  

 

in 1592 ditto . - - 50,000 In 1808 ditto - . 9,973,240
In 1614 ditto . - 148,000 In 1823 ditto - . . 11,498,762
in 1622 ditto - . - 168,000 in 1830 United Kingdom . . 17,540,823
In 1642 ditto . . 500,000 1n1895 ditto . - . 18,612,906
1111720 ditto . - - 1,555,600 In 1840 ditto . . 19,915,296

' The customs in Ireland were. in the year 1224, viz., on every sack of wool,
371.; on every last of hides, 671.; and 2d. on every barrel of Wine—Annals
of Dublin. Custom-house officers, and officers of excise, were disqualified
from voting for the election of members of parliament, by statute 22 George
III., 1782. See Revenue.

{CUSTOMS (DUTIES) IN THE UNITED STATES. The amounts collected
_. were. in ,

1789-91 - 84,399,473 1820 . . $15,005,612 1845 - - 927,528,113
1800 . . 9,080,938 1825 . - - 20,098,714 1846 . . - 26,712.668
1305 - 12,936,487 1830 . . 21,922,39111847 . - 23,747,864
1810 . . 8,583,309 1835 - - . 19,391,311 1848 - - - 31.757070
1815 . - 7,282,942 1840 - - 13,499,940! Sec Tarif

 

ZJYCLE. That of the sun is the twenty—eight years before the days of the
‘7 week return to the same days of the month. That of the moon is nineteen
lunar years and seven intercalary months. or nineteen solar years. The
‘ cycle of Jupiter is sixty years, or sexagenary. The Pasehal cycle, or the
a time of keeping Easter, was first calculated for the period of 532 years by

‘Victorius, 1.». 463.-—Blai7.

 

 

%3 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

 

CYCLOl’fEDlA.—See Encyclopedia.

CYMBAL. The oldest musical instrument of which we have certain record.
It was made of brass. like a kettle drum, and some think in the same form,
but smaller. Xenophon makes mention of the cymbal as a musical instru-
nient. whose invention is attributed to Cybele. by whom, we are told, it was
used in her feasts. called the mysteries of Cybele, about 1580 B. c. The
festivals of Cybele were introduced by Seamander, with the dances of Cory:
bantes, at Mount Ida, 15%6 B. c.

CYNICS. The sect of philosophers founded by Antisthenes, 396 B. e.—wDiog.
Laeré. He lived in the ninety-fourth Olympiad—Pardon. These philoso-
phers valued themselves for contenining all worldly things, and even all
sciences, except morality; they were very free in reprehending vice, and did
all their actions publicly, and practised the greatest Obscenities Without
blushing.——Idem. Diogenes was one of this sect. They generally “slept on
the ground—Ding. Laert.

CYPRUS. An island, whose inhabitants anciently were much given to love
and pleasure—Pliny. It was divided among several petty kings till the
time of Cyrus, who subdued them; it ranked among the proconsular pro-
vinces in the reign of Augustus. Conquered by the Saracens, A. D. 648; but
recovered by the Romans, in 957. Cyprus was reduced by Richard I. of
England, in 1191. Taken by the Turks from the Venetians, in 1570:—
Priestley.

CYRENAIC SECT. Aristippus the Elder, of Cyrene, was the founder of
the Cyrenaici, 392 B. 0. They maintained the doctrine that the supreme
good of man in this life is pleasure, and particularly pleasure of a sensual
kind; and said that virtue ought to be commended because it gave pleasure,
and only so far as it conduced thereto. The sect flourished for several ages.
—L«m‘. Ar. Cicero.

CYRENE. Founded by Battus, 630 B. c. Aristaeus, who was the chief of the
colonists here. gave the city his mother’s name. It was also called Pentap-
olis. on account of its five towns, namely, Cyrene, Ptolemais, Berenice Apol-
lonia, and Arsinoe. Cyrene was left by Ptolemy Apion to the Romans, 97
B. c. It is now a desert—Priestley.

CZAR, From Czcsar, a title of honor assumed by the sovereigns of Russia.
Ivan Basilowitz after having achieved great triumphs over the Tartars, and
made many conquests, pursued them to the centre of their own country, and
returning in triumph took the title of Tzar, or Czar (signifying Great King).
~—Aspia’s C/L7‘07L. The courts of Europe consented to address the Russian
Czar by the title of Emperor in Hill—Idem.

D.

DAGUERREOTYPE. The name given to a process invented by M. Daguerre of
Paris, in 1839, by which perfect fac—similes of objects are transferred upon
thin copper plates, plated with silver. The images are produced by the ac-
tion of light upon the iodine, through the focus of the camera obscura. An
apparatus somewhat kindred in design, was in contemplation about the same
time by M. N iepcé. and about 5 years previously by Henry Fox Talbot- of Lon«
don: the original idea. however. is traceable as far back as. the days of Roger
Bacon. By means of the Talbotype. a recent improvement upon the above
process pictures in colors are produced both on paper and plates. So im-
portant a discovery in the fine arts, was the Daguerreotypc deemed by the
‘French government, that it awarded to its inventor a life pension of .6000
francs.

 

”'3'?” ’ ' : ‘5} ' ,’»‘¥"‘.‘~;“4'-’h"'. 4;”?33

  

'DAMASCUS- This city was in being in the time of Abraham—Gen. xiv. It
. is, consequently, one of the most ancient in the world. From the Assyrians,

  
  

L, Damascus passed to the Persians, and from them to the Greeks under Alex~
i; ander; and afterwards to the Romans, about 70 B. c. It was taken by the
i Saracens, A. D. 633; by the Turks in 1006; and was destroyed by Tamerlane
if g in 1400. It was in a journey to this place that the apostle Paul was miracu-
‘u lously converted to the Christian faith, and here he began to preach the
F gospel, about A. D. 50. Damascus is now the capital of a Turkish pachalic.

DAMASK LINENS AND SILKS. They were first manufactured at Damascus,
and hence the name, their large fine figures representing flowers, and being
raised above the groundwork. They were beautifully imitated by the
Dutch and Flemish weavers; and the manufacture was brought to England
by artisans who fled from the persecution of the cruel duke of Alva, between
the years 1571 and 1573.—Ande~7‘son.

" DAMON AND PYTHIAS. Pythagorean philosophers. When Damon was con-
. demned to death by the tyrant Dionysius of Syracuse, he obtained leave to
go and settle some domestic affairs, on a promise of returning at the a ppoint-
ed time of execution, and Pythias being surety for the performance of his
engagement. When the fatal hour approached, Damon had not appeared,
and Pythias surrendered himself, and was led away to execution; but at
this critical moment- Damon returned to redeem his pledge. Dionysius was .
so struck with the fidelity of these friends, that he remitted the sentence,

and entrcated them to permit him to share their friendship, 387 B. C.

. DANCING. The dance to the measure of time was invented by the Curetes,
. . 1534 B. C.—Eusebius. The Greeks were the first who united the dance to
their tragedies and comedies. Pantomimic dances were first introduced on
the Roman stage, 22 B. c.— Usher. Dancing by cinque paces was introduced
into England from Italy A. D. 1541. In modern times, the French were the
first who introduced ballets analogues in their musical dramas. The country
dance (contra-dame) is of French origin, but its date is not precisely known.
—S])elmaot.

-DANES, INVASIONS or THE. The invasions of this people were a scourge to
~ England for upwards of two hundred years. During their attacks upon
Britain and Ireland, they made a descent on France, where, in 895, under
Rollo, they received presents under the walls of Paris. They returned and
ravaged the French territories as far as Ostend in 896. They attacked Italy
in 903. N eustria was granted by the king of France to Rollo and his N or-
mans (Northmen), hence Normandy, in 912.

,DANTZIC. A commercial city in A. D. 997.—Busching. It was built, accord-
: ing to other authorities, by Waldemar I. in 1169. Seized by the king
of Prussia, and annexed to his dominions in 1793. It surrendered to the
French after a siege of four months, May 5, 1807; and by the treaty of Til-
sit, it was restored to its former independence, under the protection of
Prussia and Saxo'ny. Dantzie was besieged by the allies in 1812; and after
a. gallant resistance, surrendered to them Jan. 1, 1814. By the treaty of Paris
it again reverted to the king of Prussia. Awful inundation here, owing to
the Vistula breaking through its dykes, by which 10.000 head of cattle

and 4,000 houses were destroyed, and a vast nnmber of lives lost, April 9,
1829.

ARDANELLES, PASSAGE on THE. The Dardanelles are two castles, one called
Sestos, seated in Romania, the other called Abydos, in Natolia, commanding
the entrance of the strait of Gallipoli. They were built by the emperor

»’ Mahomet IV., in 1659, and were named Dardanelles from the contiguous

'~ Wm: of'Dardanus. The gallant exploit of forcing the passage of the Ben

  
  
 
 
 
   
   
 
   
  
 
   
  
   
 
 
 
    
  
 
 
  

.. 4...... g... ”awn-4--.... -.-..—.....--.r- 1

i
g
a
l

 

  

288 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [DEA

danelles was achieved by the British squadron under admiral sir John

Duekworth, Feb. 19, 1807; but the admiral was obliged .to repass them,

which he did with great loss and immense damage to the fleet, March 2,
following, the castles of Sestos and Abydos hurling dow.n rocks of stone,
each of many tons weight, upon the decks of the British ships.

DAUPHIN. The title given to the eldest sons of the kings of France, from
the province of Dauphiné, which was ceded by its last prince, Humbert H.
to Philip of Valois, on the condition that the heirs of the French throne
should bear the arms and name of the province, A. D. 1343.—Priesfley.

DAVIS’S STRAIT. Discovered by the English navigator, John Davis, whose
name it bears, on his voyage to find a N orth—west passage, in 1585.

DAY. Day began at sunrise among most of the northern nations, and at sun-
set among the Athenians and Jews. Among the Romans day commenced
at midnight, as it now does among us. The Italians in most places, at the
present time, reckon the day from sunset to sunset, making their clocks’
strike twenty—four hours round. instead of dividing the day, as is done in all
other countries, into equal portions of twelve hours. This mode is but par”
tially used in the larger towns of Italy, most public clocks in Florence, Rome,
and Milan, being set to the hour designated on French or English clocks.
The Chinese divide the day into twelve parts of two hours each. Our civil
day is distinguished from the astronomical day, which begins at noon, and is
the mode of reckoning used in the Nautical Almanac. At Rome, day and
night were first divided in time by means of water-clocks, the invention of
Scipio N asica, 158 13. c.—— Vassius ale Scien. Mat/L.

DEACON. An order of the Christian priesthood, which took its rise from the
institution of seven deacons by the Apostles, which number was retained a
long period in many churches, about A. D. 51. See Acts, chap. vi. The
original deacons were Philip, Stephen, Prochorus, Nicanor, Timon. Parme-
nos, and Nicolas. The qualifications of a deacon are mentioned by St.
Paul, 1st ’l'z'mot/Ly iii. 8—13.

DEAF AND DUMB. The first systematic attempt to instruct the deaf and dumb
was made by Pedro de Ponce, a Benedictine monk of Spain. about A_. D. 1570.
Bonet, who was also a monk, published a system at Madrid, in 1620. Dr.
Wallis published a work in England on the subject, in 1650. The first

regular academy for the deaf and dumb in Great Britain was opened in
Edinburgh in 1773.

DEAF AND DUMB, BLIND, AND INSANE PERSONS. IN THE UNITED STATES. \
In 1840 there were 6 016 blind persons. or 1 in 2.467 of the population;
7,659 deaf and dumb. or 1 in 2- 228; 17,434 insane and idiotic, or 1 in 979.
There were in the United States 23 asylums for the insane, with about
2,840 patients. _

Among the most prominent and successful of the philanthropists who have
promoted the education and good treatment of the above persons in the

United States, are Dr. Amariah Brigham, of Hartford; Dr. S. G. Howe, of
Boston; Rev. T. H. Gallaudet, Hartford.

DEATH, PUNISHMENT or. Death by drowning in a quagmire was a punish- .

mcnt among the Britons before 450 B. e.-Stowe. The most eulogized
heroes of antiquity inflicted death by crucifixion, and even women suffered
on the cross, the victims sometimes living in the most excruciating torture
many days. A most horrifying instance of death by torture occurs in the
fate of Mithridates. an assassin of Xerxes. See a note to the article Persia ;
see also Renz'llac ,- Boiling to Death ; Burning [0 Deal/i, &c. Maurice, the
son of a nobleman, was hanged, drawn, and quartered for piracy, the first
execution in that manner in England, 25 Henry 111., 1241. The punishment

 

,
l
r

l

l

   

monomer or DATES. 289

i h i of death was abolished in a great number of cases by Mr. Peel’s acts, 1824—9,
in other cases 1832. for forgery 1837. Capital punishment, except in cases

of martial law, abolished by Prussia, and by German parliament, at Frank-
fort, same day, August 4, 1848.

DECEMBER. In the year of Romulus this was the tenth month of the
year. called so from decem, ten, the Romans commencing their year in
March. N uma introduced January and February before the latter month,
in 71 5 B. c., and from thenceforward December became the twelfth of the
year.

DECEMVIRI. Ten magistrates, who were chosen annually at Rome to go-
vern the commonwealth instead of consuls; first instituted 450 B. C.—Li'vy.
The decemviral power became odious on account of their tyranny, and the
attempt of Appius Claudius to defile Virginia, and the office was abolished,
the people demanding from the senate to burn the decemviri alive. Con-
suls were again appointed, and tranquillity restored—See Virginia.

DEEDS. They were formerly written in the Latin and French languages: the
earliest known instance of the English tongue having been used in deeds. is
that of the indenture between the abbot and convent of Whitby, and Robert,
the son of John Bustard, dated at York, in the year 1343. The English

tongue was ordered to be used in all law pleadings in 1364. Ordered to be
used in all law—suits in May, 1731. '

§7 DEFENDER or THE FAITH. Fidei Dcfinsor. A title conferred by Leo X.
;_’ on Henry VIII. of England. The king wrote a tract in behalf of the Church
‘: of Rome, then accounted Dmnicilivmzfldei Cal/Lolita, and against Luther,
gt who had just begun the Reformation in Germany. upon which the pope gave
g him the title of Defender of the Faith, a title still retained by the monarchs
E of Great Britain: the bull conferring it bears date Oct. 9, 1521.

E.

DEGREES. The first attempt to determine the length of a degree is recorded
as having been made, by Eratosthenes, about 250 B. C.—S/tellius. The first
degree of longitude was fixed by Hipparchus of Nice (by whom the latitude
was determined also). at Ferro, one of the Canary islands, whose most westp
ern point was made the first general meridian. 162 B. c. Several nations
have fixed their meridian from places connected with their own territories;
and thus the English compute their longitude from the meridian of Green-
wich. See Latitude, Longitude, and the various Collegiate degrees.

DEISM. This denomination was first assumed about the middle of the six-

f ~teenth century by some gentlemen of France and Italy, in order thus to
disguise their opposition to Christianity by a more honorable appellation

‘ than that of Atheism.—Vi7‘0t’s Instruction C/Lrétiemie,1563. Deism is a
rejection of all manner of revelation: its follOWers go merely by the light
of nature. believing that there is a God. a providence, vice and virtue, and
an after state of punishments and rewards: it is sometimes called free-think-
ing. The first deistical writer of any note in England, was Herbert, baron
of Cher-bury, in 1624. The most distinguished deists were Hobbes, Tindal,
Morgan, lord Bolingbroke, Hume, Holcroft, and Godwin.

,ELAWARE. The smallest of the U. States except R. Island. First settled
1 in 1630, by the Swedes and Fins under the patronage of Gustavus Adolphus
. and received the name of New Sweden. They were subdued in 1655 by the
Dutch, who in turn surrendered it, with New Netherlands, to the English in
7.1664, and then named Delaware. The duke of York granted it to Wm.
. 'Penn, in 1682, and it remained nominally united to Pennsylvania. until 1775.
IThis state bore an honorable part in the revolution, and suffered much, in
' ‘the struggle, She adopted the Constitution of the U. S. by a unanimoug

13

    
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
    
  
  
  

 

”.2, mi iii: .ruh‘a‘uuvhiu‘mn: ~ .1)

 

   

 

 

- 390 . THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. t

   
   
  
   
   
  
   
  
 
    
 
    
   
    
  
 
  
   
 
 
  
  
   
  
  
 
 
   
 
    
  

vote in convention, Dec. 3, 1787. Population,—— 1790, 59,094; 1840, 78,085}
including 2,605 slaves. ' *'

DELHI. The once great capital of the Mogul empire: it is now in decay, but 11
contained a million of inhabitants, in 1700. In 1738, when Nadir Shah :
invaded Hindoostan, he entered Delhi, and dreadful massacres and famine “
followed: 100 000 of the inhabitants perished by the sword; and plunder to ‘ p.
the amount of 62,000,000l. sterling was said to be collected. ~

DELPHI. Celebrated for its oracles delivered by Pythia, in the temple of '
Apollo, which was built, some say, by the council of the Amphictyons, g
1263 B. c. The priestess delivered the answer of the god to such as came ‘
to consult the oracle, and was supposed to be suddenly inspired. The tem— 5
pic was burnt by the Pisistratidze, 548 B. c. A new temple was raised by the ,
Alcmaeonidze, and was so rich in donations that at one time it was plundered -'
by the people of Phocis of 20,000 talents of gold and silver; and Nero ear—
ried from it 500 costly statues. The first Delphic, or sacred war, concerning
the temple was 449 13. c. The second sacred war was commenced ( n Delphi
being attacked by the Phocians, 856 B. c.—Du Fresnoy.

DELUGE, THE GENERAL. The deluge was threatened in the year of the ,
world 1536; and it began Dec. 7, 1656, and continued 377 days. The ark
rested on Mount- Ararat, May 6, 1657; and Noah left the ark, Dec. 18, follow-
ing. The year corresponds with that of 2848 B. C.-—Blai7‘. The following
are the epochs of the deluge, according to the table of Dr. Hales.

 

Septuagint 13.6. 3:346 Persian - 13. e. 3103 Playfair - B. c. 2352 Petavius - n. e. 2329 '3
Jackson - 3170 Ilindoo - - 3102 Usher - - 2348 Strauchuis - 2293 ,
Hales - . 3155 Samaritan - ~ 2998 English Bible - 2348 Hebrew ~ ~ 2288 ‘,
Josephus - 3146 | Howard - - 2698 Marsham - - 2344 | Vulgar Jewish 2104 “

Some of the states of Europe were alarmed, we are told, by the prediction
(l) that another general deluge would occur, and arks were every where built.
to guard against the calamity; but the season happened to be a very fine ‘
dry one, A. D. 1524.

DELUGE or DEUCALION. The fabulous one, is placed 1503 B. 0. according .
to Euscbi'us. This flood has been often confounded by the ancients _with the
general flood: but it was 845 years posterior to that event, and was merely
a local inundation, occasioned by the overflowing of the river Pincus, whose
course was stopped by an earthquake between the Mounts Olympus and ,
Ossa. Deucalion, who then reigned in Thessaly, with his wife Pyrrha, amt,- '
some of their subjects, saved themselves by climbing up Mount Parnassus.“ ..

DELUGE or OGYGES. In the reign of Ogyges was a deluge which so inun— '-
datcd the territories of Attica that they lay waste for near 200 years; it '_
occurred before the deluge of Deucalion, about 1764 B. c.——Blair. Bufl‘on »'
thinks that the Hebrew and Grecian delugcs were the same, and arose from ’
the Atlantic and Bosphorus bursting into the valley of the Mediterranean.

DEMERARA AND ESSEQUIBO. These colonies, founded by the Dutch, were .‘
taken by the British, 1796. but were restored at the peace of 1802. Demarara .
and Essequibo again surrendered to the British under general Grinfield and, :
commodore Hood, Sept. 20, 1803. They are now fixed English colonies. ;

HEN MARK. The most ancient inhabitants of this kingdom were the Cimbri, ‘
and the Teutones, who were driven out by the J utes or Goths. The Tent-ones? ;
settled in Germany and Gaul; the Cimbrians invaded Italy, where they were: ‘
defeated by Marius. The peninsula of Jutland obtains its name from they
lutes; and the general name of Denmark is supposed to be derived from;
Dan, the founder of the Danish monarchy, and mark, a German word signi-gifi
fying country, 2'. e. Dan-mark, the country of Dan. ‘ ' g;

  

"mm“ or mrtrs.=

5"

' - ARK, continued.

Reign ofSciold, first king -
The Danish chronicles mention 18 kings
to the time of Ragnar Lodbrog - A. D.
[Ragnor is killed man attem ttoin-
vade England, an'i for more t an 200
years from this time the Danes were
a terror to the northern nations of Eu-
rope, and at length conquering all
England. See Dares]
Reign of Canute the Great - - 1014
Reign of Waldemar the Great - - 1157
\Valdernar 11., with a fleet of 1000 sail,
makes immense conquests - - 1223
Gothland conquered - - - 1347
Denmark, Norway, and Sweden are
united into one kingdom - - 1397
Revolt ofthe Swedes - - - 1414
The nations reunited - - - 1439
Copenhagen made the capital - - 1440
Accession of Christian 1., from whom
the present royal family springs . 1448
Christian 11. is deposed, and the inde-
, pendence of Sweden acknowledged - 1523
1' Lutheranism established by Christian
111. - - - - - 1536
Danish East India Company established
by Christian 1V. - - - - 1612
Christian IV. chosen head of the Pro-
testant league - - - - 1629
Charles Gustavus of Sweden invades
Denmark, besieges Copenhagen, and

o

3. c. 60

750

makes large conquests - . 1658
The crown made hereditary and abso-
lute - - < - - 1660

Frederick 1V. takes Holstein. Sleswick,
Tonnmgen, and Stralsund; reduces
Weismar, and drives the Swedes out
of Norway - - - 1716 et seq.

Copenhagen destroyed by a fire which
consumes 1650 houses, 5 churches, the
university, and 4 colleges - - 1728

The peaceful reign of Christian VI.,
who promotes the happiness of his
subjects - - - - 1730

Christian VII. in a fit of jealousy sud-
denly confines his queen. Caroline
Matilda, sister of George 111. who is
afterwards banished. See Zell Jan. 18, 1772

   
 
  
   
     
  
   
 
    
   
  
   
  
   
    

i. D. 14 Gormo 1.

.. [50 Ragnor Lodbrog.

770 Sigefrid.

801 Godefrid.

809 Olaus I.

811 Hemming. _

812 Siwurd and Ringon. killed in a sea-fight.

814 llaroid and Regner; the latter made
prisoner in Ireland, and died in a
dungeon there.

849 Siward II.deposed.

856 Eric ; killed in battle

858 Eric 11. 'v

873 Canute I.

915 Frothon

92.0 Gormo II.

9‘25 Harold.

928 Hardicanute.

so Gorm‘o III.

Harold III.

. non. ‘

KINGS OF DENMARK.

at

 

The counts Struensee and Brandt are
seized at thesame time,on the char 3
of a criminal intercourse with t e
queen; and the former confessing to
avoid the torture, both are beheaded ,.
for high treason - April 28, 1779 - '

The queen Caroline Matilda dies at 5*
Zell - - - May 10, 1775

Christian VII. becomes deranged, and
prince Frederick is appointed regent 1734

One-fourth of Copenhagen is destroyed ~_
by fire - - - June 9, 1795 ‘;

Admirals Nelson and Parker bombard
Copenhagen, and engage the Danish ';_“
fleet, taking or destroying 18 ships of 'f
the line, of whose crews 1800 are kill-
ed. The Cont'ederacy of the North
(see Armed Neutrality) is thus dis-
solved - - - April 2, 1801

Admiral Gambier and Lord Cathcart
bombard Copenhagen, and seize the .
Danish fleet 0t 1" ships of the line, 15 f,
11 gates, and 37 brlgs, &c. - Sept. 7, 1807 3

Pomerania and Rngen are annexed to
Denmark, in exchange for Norway - 1814

Commercial treaty with England - [8234

Frederick bestows a new constitution
on his kingdom - - - 1831

A new constitution offered by Christian
V111. - - - Jan. 20, 1848

Duchies of Schleswig and Holstein de-
mand separation from Denmark

March, 1848

The king grants freedom of the press
and ofpublic meetings - March, 1848

Duchies of Schleswig and Holstein re-
volt and join the great German na-
tion - - - March 26, 1848

Prussia aids the duchies, and reorgan-
izes the Grand Duchy of Posen

March 26, 1848

Danes victorious over the Germans,

April 10; butdriven out of Schleswig
April 23, 1848

Truce agreed upon (provisional govern-
ment Off) to rule the duchies mean-
while) - - - July 10, 1848

Armistice till March 1, 1849. signed Aug. 1848

(See Copenhagen.)

Jung‘s-Mm .. «M

 

.. 2“: am: a. ,r. ,

     
     
   
   
 
  

1014 Canute II. the Great.

1036 Hardicanute II.

1041 Magnus I.

1048 Suenon II.

1079 Harold 1V. .

1080 Canute III. assassinated.

1086 Olaus II.

1097 Eric III.

1106 Nicholas, killed in Sleswick.

1135 Eric IV., killed at Ripen.

1138 Eric V. -

1147 Suenon 111., beheaded by Waldemar
for assassinating prince Canute.

1157 Waldemar the Great.

1182 Canute V.

1202 Waldemar II

1240 Eric VI.

1250 Abel 1., killed in an expedition agafian

1252 crii1e Fritsomi' d that“ ’

isto er ., toisonehb V ' ’

ofAr uS. -1 I

 

292 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

 

DENMARK, continued.

 

1259 Eric VII. assassinated. 1523 Frederick.

1286 Eric VIII. , 1534 Christian III. ,

1319 Christopher II. (An interregnum of 1559 Frederick II. 3
seven years.) 1588 Christian IV.

1340 V’Valdemar III. 1648 Frederick HI.

1375 Olaus III. 1670 Christian V.

1375 Margaret 1., queen of Denmark and 1699 Frederick IV.
Norway. 1730 Christian VI.

1411 Eric IX., abdicated. 1746 Frederick V.

1439 Christopher III. 1766 Christian V11.

1448 Christian I. ofthe house ofOldenburgh. 1808 Frederic VI.

1481 John. 1839 Christian VIII. died Jan. 20,1648.

1513 Christian II., confined 27 years in a
dungeon, where he died.

DENIS. Sr. An ancient town of France, six miles Irom Paris to the north~
ward, the last stage on the road from England to that capital,~famous for
its abbey and church, the former abolished at the Revolufion; the latter
desecrated at the same epoch, after having been the appointed place of
sepulture to the French kings, from its foundation by Dagobert, in 513.

“ DEVIL AND DR. FAUSTUS.” Faustus, one of the earliest printers, had the
policy to conceal his art, and to this policy we are indebted for the tradition
of "The Devil and Dr. Faustus.” Faustus associated with John of Gut-
temberg; their types were cut in wood, and fixed, not movable, as at
present. Having printed off numbers of copies of the Bible, to imitate
those which were commonly sold in MS., he undertook the sale of them at
Paris, where printing was then unknown. As he sold his copies for sixty
crowns, while the scribes demanded five hundred, he created universal as-
tonishment; but when he produced copies as fast as they were wanted. and
lowered the price to thirty crowns, all Paris was agitated. The uniformity
of the copies increased the wonder; inforinations were given to the police
against him as a magician. and his lodgings being searched. and a great
number of copies being found, they were seized. The red ink with which
they were embellished was supposed to be his blood. and it was seriously
adjudged that he was in league with the devil; and if he had not fled, he
would have shared the fate of those whom superstitious judges condemned
in those days for witchcraft, .14). 1-160. wa. Diet. See Printing.

DIADEM. The band or fillet worn by the ancients instead of the crown, and
which was consecrated to the gods. At first, this fillet was made of silk or
wool, and set with precious stones, and was tied round the temples and
forehead, the two ends being knotted behind, and let fall on the neck.

Aurelian was the first Roman emperor who wore a diadem, A. D. 272.—
Tillemont.

DIALS. Invented by Anaximander, 550 B. c.—Plim/. The first dial of‘ the
sun seen at Rome, was placed on the temple of Quirinus by L. l’apirius
Cursor, when time was divided into hours, 293 B. c.—Blai7'. In the times
of the emperors almost every palace and public building had a sun-dial.
They were first set up in churches in A. D. 613.—Lenglet.

DIAMONDS. They were first brought to Europe from the East, where the
mine of Sumbulpour was the first known; and where the mines of Golconda
were discover-d in 1584. This district may be termed the realm of diamonds.
The mines of Brazil were discovered in 1728. From these last a diamond,
weighing 1680 carats. or fourteen ounces, was sent to the court of Portugal,
and was valued by M. Romeo de I’Isle at the extravagant sum of 29.4 mil-
lions, by others it was valued at fifty-six millions: its value was next stated
to be three millions and a half; but its true value is 400.0001. The diamond
called the “mountain of' light,” which belonged to the king of Cabul, was
the most superb gem ever seen; it was of the finest water, and the size of

 

 

  
 
 
    
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
   
 
 
 
    
  
 
   
  
  

mama? or DATES. 2%

an egg, and was also valued at three millions and a halt‘. The great dia-
mond of the emperor of Russia weighs 103 carats, or 107.. 12 dwt. 4gr.,
troy. The empress Catharine lI. otfered for it 10-1 1065. besides an annuity
for life. to the owner, of 104”. which was refused; but it was afterwards
sold to Catharine’s favorite. count Orlofl", for the first mentioned sum, with-
out the annuity, and was by him presented to the empress on her birth-
day. 1772; it is now in the sceptre of Russia. The Pitt diamond Weighed
136 carats, and after cutting 10-6 carats; it was sold to the king of France
for 125 0006. in 1720.

DIANA, TEMPLE or, 111‘ EPHESUS. One of the seven wonders of the world,
built at the common charge of all the Asiatic States. The chief architect
was Ctesiphon; and Pliny says that 220 years were employed in completing
this temple, whose riches were immense. It was 4:25 feet long, 225 broad,
and was supported by 127 columns, (60 feet high. each weighing 150 tons
of Parian marble,) furnished by so many kings. It was set on tire on the
night of‘ Alexander’s nativity, by an obscure individual named Eratostralus,
who confessed on the rack, that the sole motive which had prompted him
to destroy so magnificent an edifice. was the desire of transmitting his name
to future ages, 356 B. e. The temple was rebuilt, and again burned by the
Goths, in their naval invasion, A. D. 256.. Univ. Hist.

DICTATORS. These were supreme and absolute magistrates of Rome, in-
stituted 498 13.0.. when Titus Larcius Flavus, the first dictator, was ap-
pointed. This office, respectable and illustrious in the first ages of the
Republic, became odious by the perpetual usurpations of Sylla and J.
Caesar; and after the death of the latter, the Roman senate, 0n the motion
of the consul Antony, passed a decree, which for ever forbade a dictator to
exist in Rome, 44 B. c.

DICTIONARY. A-standard dictionary of the Chinese language, containing
about 40,000 characters, most of them hieroglyphic, or rude representatioi‘is
somewhat like our signs of the zodiac, was perfected by Pa-out—she, who
lived about 1100 B. e.—1’Wurrismi. Cyclopaedias were compiled in the fif-
teenth and sixteenth centuries. The first dictionary of celebrity, perhaps
the first, is by Ambrose Calepini. a Venetian friar, in Latin; he wrote one
in eight- languages, about A. D. 1500.~—N£ce7‘0n. The Lemma Hcptaglotton
was published by Edmund Castell, in 1659. Bayle’s dictionary was pub-
lished in 1696, “the first work of the kind in which a man may learn to
think.”— Voltaire. Chambers’ Cyclopaedia, the first dictionary of the circle
of the arts, sciences, &c., was published in 1728. The great dictionary of
the English language, by Samuel Johnson, appeared in 1755. Francis
Grose‘s Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue. was compiled in 1768; and from
this period numerous dictionaries have been added to our store of literature.
Noah Webster’s great American Dictionary of the English language, in two
quarto volumes, was first published at New Haven in 1828. It was re-

printed in London, under the supervision of'E. H. Barker, 1832. Numerous 7’ I

abridgments and a new edition of the whole work have since been published.
See Encyclopedia.

’ __ DIET or THE GERMAN EMPIRE. The supreme authority of this empire

may be said to have existed in the assemblage of princes under this name.
The diet, as composed of three colleges, viz. :——the college of (rectors, the
college of princes, and the college of imperial towns, commenced with
the famous edict of Charles IV. 1356.———See Golden Ball. Diets otherwise
constituted had long previously been held on important occasions. The
diet of Wurt-zburg, which proscribed Henry the Lion, was held in 1179.
_‘ The celebrated diet of Worms, at which Luther assisted in person, was
. held in 1521. That of Spires, to condemn the Reformers, was held in 1629;

 

 

 

»* "ewes

    

294 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. (W‘s;

and the famous diet of Augsburg, in 1580. In the league of the Qerman
princes, called the confederation of the Rhine, they fixed the diet at Frank-
fort, July 12, 1806. A new diet at Frankfort, for the purpose of com
solidating the government of the German States, 1848. See Germany.

DIEU ET MON DROI T, “God and my right.” This was the panic of
the day, given by Richard I. of England, to his army at the battle of Gisors,
in France. In this battle (which see) the French army was signally defeated ;

and in remembrance of this victory, Richard made “Dim et 7mm droit”

the motto of the royal arms of England, and it has ever since been retained,
A. D. 1198.—R.ymer’s Fade/“a.

lllGEST. The first collection of Roman laws under this title was prepared
by Alfrenus Varus, the civilian of Cremona, 66 B. c.—Quiatil. Inst. Orat.
Other digests of Roman laws followed. The Digest, so called by way of
eminence, was the collection of laws made by order of the emperor‘Justi-
nian : it made the first part of the Roman law, and the first volume of the
civil law. Quotations from it are marked with a fit—Pardon.

DIOCESE. The first division of the Roman empire int-o dioceses, which were
at that period civil governments, is ascribed to Constantine, A. D. 32.3; but
Strabo remarks that the Romans had the departments called dioceses long
before —~S;rczbo, lib. xiii. In England these circuits of the bishops’ juris-
diction are coeval with Christianity; there are twenty-four dioceses, of
which twenty—one are sufi‘ragan to Canterbury, and three to York.

DIOCLETIAN ERA. Called also the era of Martyrs, was used by Christian
writers until the introduction of the Christian era in the sixth century. and
is still employed by the Abyssinians and Copts. It dates from the day on
which Diocletian was proclaimed emperor at Chaleedon, 29th August, 284.
It is called the era of martyrs, on account of the persecution of the Chris-
tians in the reign of Diocletian.

 

 

 

DIORAMA. This species of exhibition, which had long previously been an ;
object of wonder and delight at Paris. was first opened in London, Sept. 29, ,1»,
1823. The diorama differs from the panorama in this respect, that, instead
of a circular view of the objects represented, it exhibits the whole picture
at once in perspective, and it is decidedly superior both to the panorama
and the cosmorama in the fidelity with which the objects are depicted, and
in the completeness of the illusion.

DIPLOMACY‘ or rm: UNITED STATES. List of ministers plenipotentiary to
Great Britain and France.
GREAT BRITAIN. FRANCE. l

1783 John Adams. 1776 B. Franklin, S. Deane, 6; A. Lee. com’rs
1789 Gouv. Morris, commissioner. 1790 Wm. Short, of Va, charge d’afi'aimes. i
1792 Thomas Pmckney, (HS. 0., min. plen. 179.2 Gouv. Morris, N. J., minister plen. .1
1704 John Jay, of N. Y. do. 1799 James Munroe. Va. do. {,3
1796 Rufus King, do. do. 1796 C. C. Pinckney, S. C. 7“
1803 James Monroe, Va. 2 Jointly, 1797 E. Gerry & John Marshall, i do. '1
1806 Wm. Pmckney, Mass. in 1806. . 1799 01. Ellsworth, Patrick Henry,
1808 Wm. Pinckney, do. alone do. and W. Vans Murray, do. fl
1815 John Quincy Adams, Mass. do. 1801 James A. Bayard, Del. (0. d
1817 Richard Rush, Pa. do. 1801 R. R. Livingston, N. Y. (o. l
1826 Albert Gallatin, N. Y. do. 1804 John Armstrong, do. (10. ' f
1828 James Barbour. Va. do. 1811 Joel Barlow, Conn. do.
1830 Louis McLane, Del. do. 1813 Wm. H. Crawford. Geo. do.
1831 M. Van Buren. N. Y.. do. 1815 Albert Gallatin. Pa. do.
1832 Aaror. Vail. charge d’afi‘aires. 1823 James Brown, La. 11%).
1836 And. Stevenson, Va., minister plen. 1830 Wm. C. Rives, Va. do.
1841 Edward Everett, Mass. do. 1833 Edward Livingston. La. do.
1815 Louis McLane, Mil. do. 1836 Lewis Cass, Mich. no.
1846 George Bancroft, Mass. do. 1844 Wm. R. King, Ala. do.

 

1849 Abbott Lawrence, do. do. 1849 W. C. Rives, Va do. ,

   

     
  

DIQTEDNARY O? DATES.

DIRECTORY, THE CHURCH. The book so called was published in England
-‘ at the period of the civil war. It was drawn up at the instance of the par—
; liament, by an assembly of divincs at Westminster, with the object that the
ministers might not be wholly at a loss in their devotions after the suppres-
sion of the Book of Common Prayer. There were some general hints given,
which were to be managed at discretion, for the Directory prescribed no
form of prayer, nor manner of external worship, nor enjoined the people to
make any responses, except Amen. The Directory was established by an
ordinance of the parliament in lost—Bishop Taylor.

DIRECTORY, FRENCH. The French Directory was installed at the little Lux- .,
‘ embourg, at Paris, under a new constitution of the government, November ‘
1, 1795. and held the executive power four years. It was composed of five
members, and ruled in connection with two chambers, the Council of An— x:
eients and Council of Five Hundred, which are. Deposed by Bonaparte, who, «3
with Cambacéres and Siéyes, became the ruling power of France, the three '3
. governing as consuls, the first as chief, Nov. 9, 1799.
1 DISSENTERS. The “ Dissenters ” from the Church of England arose early in
the Reformation, contending for a more complete departure from the Remish
models of church government and discipline. They were reproached with v,
the name of Puritans, on account of the purity they proposed in religious . ,
worship and conduct; and the rigorous treatment they endured under Eliza- _.
beth and James I. led multitudes of them to emigrate to this country in ,‘
those reigns. The first place of worship for Dissenters in England was '
established at VVandsworth, near London, Nov. 20, 1572; and now, in Lon—
don alone, the numbcr of chapels, meeting-houses, &c., for all classes of Dis-
senters, amounts to near 200. The great act for the relief of‘ Dissenters
from civil and religious disabilities, was the statute passed 9 George IV.
C. 17. By this act, called the Corporation and Test Repeal Act, so much of
the several acts of parliament of the preceding reigns as imposed the neces-
sity of receiving the sacrament of the Lord‘s Supper as a qualification for
certain offices, &c. was repealed, May 9, 1828. Several other acts of ameli-
» crating effect have been since passed.
’ DIVINATION. In the Scriptures we find mention made of different kinds of .g
. ' divination; and it is mentioned by most of the ancient authors. It was re- f;
tained in the hands of the priests and priestesses. the magi, soothsayers, i
augurs. and other like pro essors, till the coming of Christ, when the doc- ;
trines of Christianity and the spirit of philosophy banished such visionary a:
opinions. The oracles of Delphi began 1263 n. c. Augurs were instituted g
' by N uma at Rome, 710 B. C. See Augmy, Witchcraft, (he. ' ' »‘
DIVING-BELL. First mentioned, though obscurely, by Aristotle, 325, B. C.
‘ The diving-bell was first used in Europe, A. D. 1509. It is said to have been
used on the coast of Mull, in searching for the wreck of part of the Spanish
Armada. before A. D. 1669. Halley greatly improved this machine, and was,
it is said, the first who, by means ot‘a diving—bell, set his foot on dry ground
at the bottom of the sea. Smeaton applied the condensing—pump to force
down air. Mr. Spalding and his assistants going down in a diving-bell in
Ireland, were drowned, June 1. 1783. The Royal George man-of-war, which
was sunk ofi‘ Portsmouth in 1782, was first surveyed by means of a diving.
bell, in May 1817. Lately, and particularly in 1840, it has been employed '
in sub—marine surveys. The first diving-belle was the wife of Captain Mor-
‘ ris, at Plymouth, who descended in one a few years ago.
'DIVORCES FOR ADULTERY. 0f the earliest institution, both in ecclesiastim
' i 09.1 and civil law, among the ancients. First put in practice by Spurius Car;
« vilius at Rome, 231' 13. c.—Blair. At this time morals were so do '
“Shit 3000 prosecutions for adultery were enrolled. Divorces were attem ‘

 

n
w
l

413.; .. .

   
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
  

 

 

296 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

to be made of more easy obtainment in England, in A.D. 1539. The bill to »

prevent women marrying their scducers was brought into parliament in
1801.

DOCKS or LONDON. They are said to be the most extensive and finest con-
structions ot' the kind, for the purposes of commerce, in the world. In Lon-
don there are a number of these docks, of which the following are the
principal:—'l‘he West India docks. the act for whose formation passed in
July 1709; they were commenced February 3. 1800, and were opened Aug.
2", 1802, when the Henry Addington West Indiaman first entered them,
decorated with the colors of the different nations of Europe. The London
docks were commenced June 26, 1802, and were opened January 31,, 1805.
The East India docks were commenced under an act passed July 27, 1803,
and were opened August 4, 1806. The first stone of the St. Katherine docks
was laid May 3, 1827 ; and 2,500 men were daily employed upon them until
they were opened, Oct. 25, 11828.

DOCTOR. This rank was known in the earliest times. Doctor of the church
was a title given to SS. Athanasins, Basil. Gregory Nazianzen, and Chrysos-
tom, in the Greek church ; and to SS. Jerome, Augustin, and Gregory the
Great, in the Romish church. A. D. 373, ct seq. Doctor of the law was a title
of honor among the Jews. The degree of doctor was conferred in England,
8 John. 1207.‘Spel7lzan. Some give it an earlier date, referring it to the
time of the Venerable Bede and John de Beverley. the former of Whom. it
is said. was the first that obtained the degree at Cambridge, about A. D. 725.
See Collegiate Degrees.

DOCTORS’ COMMONS. The college for the professors of civil and canon law
residing in the city of London; the name of Commons is given to this col-
lege from the civilians commoning together as in other colleges. Doctors’
Commons was founded by Dr. Henry Harvey, whose original cpllege was de-
stroyed in the great fire of 1666, but after some years it was rebuilt on the
old site. The causes taken cognizance of here are, blasphemy, divorces,
bastardy, adultery, penance, tithes, mortuaries, probate of wills, &0. See
article Civil Law.

DOG. The c/r‘wn de berg‘cr, or the shepherd’s dog, is the origin of the whole
racc.——Bujf0n. Buffon describes this dog as being “the root of the tree,”
assigning as his reason that it possesses from nature the greatest share of
instinct. The Irish wolf—dog is supposed to be the earliest dog known in
Europe, if Irish writers be correct. Dr. Gall mentions that a dog was taken
from Vienna to England; that it escaped to Dover, got on board a vessel,

landed at Calais, and after accompanying a gentleman to Mentz, returned
to Vienna.

DOG—DAYS. The canicular or dog-days. commence on the 8d of July, and end
on the 11th of' August. Common opinion has been accustomed to regard
the rising and setting of Sirius, or the dog—star,* with the sun, as the cause
of excessive heat. and of consequent calamities, instead of its being viewed
as the sign when such effects might be expected. The star not only varies
in its rising, in every one year as the latitude varies, but is always later and
later evvry year in all latitudes, so that in time the star may, by the same
rule, come to be charged with bringing frost and snow—Dr. Hutton.

DOGE. The title of the duke of Venice, which state was first governed by a

 

 

' Mmhematicians assert that Sirius, or the Dog Star, is the nearest to us of all the fixed stars;
and lllt‘Y compute its distance lronrour earth at 2,200,000 millions of miles. They maintain that
a sound would not reach our earth lrom Sirius in 50,000 years, and that a cannon ball, flying with

its usual velocity of 450 miles an hour, would consume 523,211 years in its passage thence to our
globe.

 

.F“,fivfiwfy.;q W7,qu§r,;w- m: _ ””7’ , ‘. -. ,7 g .~mu§»r7a-» .3

   
  
  
  
  

WY 0!“ DATES. a

 

:5, inee so named. Anafesto Paululio, A. D. 697. The Genoese revolted against -
‘ ' heir count, and chose a doge from among their nobility, and became an
aristocratic republic, 1030—4. The ceremony of the doge of Venice marrying ‘
the sea, “ the Adriatic wedded to our duke,” was instituted in 1173, and was
observed annually on Ascension-day, until 1797, when the custom was dis-
pensed with. See Adriatic.
MINGO, ST. Discovered by Columbus in his second voyage, in 1493. The
city was founded in 1494. The town of Port-au-Prince was burnt down, and
nearly destroyed by the revolted negroes, in Oct., Nov., and Dec., 1791.
- Toussaint L’Ouverture governed the island, on the expulsion of the French
colonists, after this till 1802, when he was entrapped by Bonaparte, and died 5
in prison. His successor, Dessalines, recommended the blacks, by proclamae
tion, to make a general massacre of the whites, which was accordingly ex.
ecut-ed with horrid cruelty, and 2500 were butchered in one day, March 29,
1804. Dessalines proclaimed himself emperor, Oct. 8, 1804. See Hag/ti, in
which article particulars will be found up to the independence of St. D0-
mingo, acknowledged by France, in April, 1825. .
DOMINICA. Discovered by Columbus in his second voyage, in 1493. This
. island was taken by the British in 1761, and was confirmed to them by the
peace of 1768. The French took Dominica in 1778, but restored it at the
subsequent peace in 1783. It suffered great damage by a tremendous hur-

ricane in 1806; and several devastating hurricanes have more recently
occurred.

DOMINICAL LETTER. Noting the Lord’s day, or Sunday. The seven days
. ofthe week, reckoned as beginning on the 1st of January. are designated as
by the first seven letters of the alphabet. A, B. C. D, E, F, G; and the one
of these which denotes Sunday is the Dominical letter. If the year begin
on Sunday. A is the dominieal letter; if it begin on Monday, that letter is
G; if' on Tuesday, it is F, and so on. Generally to find the dominical letter
call New Year’s day A. the next day B. and go on thus till you come to the
first Sunday, and the letter that answers to it is the dominical letter; in leap
years count two letters. , "

DOMINICAN S. A religious order Whose power and influence were almost uni-
versal. They were called in France Jacobins, and in England Blackfi'iars,
and were founded by St. Dominick approved by Innocent III. in 1215; and
the order was confirmed by a bull of Honorius III. in 1216. under St. Austin’s
rules, and the founder’s particular constitutions. 1111276 the corporation
of London gave them two whole streets by the river Thames, where they
erected a large and elegant convent, and whence that part is still called 31

». Blackfriars. 7‘4

d IOM’S—DAY 0n DOME’S~DAY BOOK. Libcr Jadicz’arius eel Censualis

. Anglia. A book of the general survey of England, commenced in the reign

of William I. A. D. 1080. The intent of this book was, to be a register
whereby to determine the right in the tenure of estates ; and from this book
the question whether lands be ancient demesne or not, is sometimes still

. decided. The book is still preserved in the Exchequer, fair and legible,

consisting of two volumes, a greater and lesser, wherein all the counties of
England, except Northumberland and Durham. are surveyed. It was fin-
ished in A. D. 1086, having been completed by five justices. “This dome’s~

, day book was the tax-book of kinge William.”—Camden. The taxes were:

, . levied according to this survey till 13 Henry VIII. 1522. when a more accu-

" rate survey was taken, and was called by the people the new Doom’s—day

» a.
.ka .

book.

RIC ORDER or ARCHITECTURE. The most ancient of the five, the invention
’, . %_porigns, a, people of Greece. The Dorians also gave the inmate
13*

Eu 0

,4.“ .4. .._._.‘§1.'.:.._.n_n L .. Z. .

 

(”LUV,
’lea. I

   
     

 

   

THE WORLDS FROG , . 1‘ l '
w ’ mass 11W .

the Doric muse. The migration of this people to the Peloponnesun tool: l-

place 1104 B. 0. They sent, in their vast spirit of enterprise, many colonies
into different places, which afterwards bore the same name as their native
country.

DORI. Here happened an awful inundation of the sea, A. D. 1446. It arose in
the breaking down of the dykes; and in the territory of Dordrccht 10.000
persons were overwhelmed and perished; and more than 100,000 round Dul-
lart, in Friesland and in Zealand. In the last two provinces upwards of 300
villages were overflowed, and the tops of their towers and steeples were for
ages after to be seen rising out of the water. Dort is famous for the Prot-
estant synod held in 1618; a general assembly, to which deputies were sent
from England, and from all the Reformed churches in Europe, to settle the
differences between the doctrines of Luther, Calvin, and Arminius, princi-
pally upon points of justification and grace. The synod condemned the
tenets ofArminius.—Aitzema. ' ‘

DOUAY. IN FRANCE. Erected into a university by Philip H. of Spain. who r ,

founded here the celebrated college of Roman Catholics, A. D. 1569. Douay
was taken from the Spaniards by Louis XIV. in person, in 1667. It was
taken by the duke of Marlborough, in 1710; and retaken by the T«‘rench
next year. This town gives its name to the Catholic edition of th, Bible,
which continues in almost universal use by the consent of the successive
popes among the members of that communion, as the only English version

authorized by Catholics ; its text being copiously explained by the notes
of Catholic divines.

DRACO, Laws on. Draco, when he exercised the office of archon, made a
code of laws, which, on account of their severity, were said to be written
in letters of blood : by them idleness was punished with as much severity as
murder; the smallest transgression, he said, deserved death, and he could

not find any punishment more rigorous for more atrocious crimes, 623 B. c.—
S'ig'onius de Repub. Al/Lcn.

DRAKE‘S CIRCUMNAVIGATION. Sir Francis Drake sailed from Plymouth,
No. 13, 1577, and sailing round the globe, returned to England, after: many
perilous adventures. Nov. 3, 1580. This illustrious seamau was vim—admiral
under lord Howard, high—admiral of England, in the memorable conflict
with the Spanish Armada, July 19, 1588. His expeditions and victories over
the Spaniards have been equalled by modern admirals, but not his gene—
rosity; for‘he divided the booty he took in proportional shares with the
common sailors, even to wedges of gold given‘him in return for his presents
to Indian chiefs.——Stowe. Regain.

DRAMA. We owe both forms of composition, tragedy and comedy, to the
Greeks. The first comedy was performed at Athens, by Susarion and Dolon,
on a movable scaffold, 562 13.11. See Comedy. The chorus was introduced
556 B. 0. See Chm-us. Tragedy was first represented at Athens, by Thespis,
on a wagon, 536 B. c. Amati. Marb. Thespis of Icaria. the inventor of tra-
gedy, performed at Athens Alcestis, this year, and was rewarded with a
goat. 586 B. (Jr-Pliny. Anaxandrides was the first dramatic poet who in-
troduced intrigues and rapes upon the stage. He composed about a hun-
dred plays, of which ten obtained the prize; he died 340 B. C.

DRAMA IN’ ROME. The drama was first introduced into Rome on occasion
of a plague which raged during the consulate of C. Sulpicius Peticus and

C. Lucinius Stole. The magistrates to appease the incensed deities instis

tuted the games called Scenici, which were amusements entirely new
Actors from Etruria danced, after the Tuscan manner, to the flute 364 B. c

 

Subsequently came satires accompanied with music set to- the flute; and

 

    
 
  

' l»

’ D

i

[afterwards plays were represented by Livius Andronicus, who, abandoning
satires, wrote plays with a regular and connected plot, 240 B. c.—Livy.

Andronicus was the first person who gave singing and dancing to two ‘diff'er- _

cnt performers; he danced himself: and gave the singing to a younger
exlnbitor.—Liry. - '

‘3 DRAMA, MODERN. The modern drama arose early in the rude attempts of

minstrels and buffoons at fairs in France, Italy, and England.—— Wartun.
Stories from the Bible were represented by the priests, and were the origin
of sacred comedy—Idem. Gregory N azianzen, an early father of the
church, is said to have constructed a drama about A. D. 364, on the Passion
of Christ, to counteract the profanities of the heathen stage, and thus to
have laid the foundation of the modern romantic drama, but this is not
clearly proved. Fitzstephen, in his Life of T/wmas (‘z Becket, asserts that
“ London had for its theatrical exhibitions holy plays, and the representa-
tion of miracles wrought by holy confessors.” The Chester Mysteries
were performed about 1270. Plays were performed at ClerkenWell by the
parish clerks in 1397, and miracles were represented in the fields. Allege-
rical characters Were introduced in the reign of Henry VI. individual
characters were introduced in Henry Vll.’s reign. The first regular drama
acted in Europe was the “Sophonisba” of Trissino, at Rome, in the pre—
sence of pope Leo X., 1515).— Voltaire. The English drama became perfect
in the reign of Elizabeth. The first royal license for the drama in England
was to master Burbage, and four others, servants to the earl of Leicester,
to act plays at the Globe, Banksidc, 1574. A license was granted to Shak-
speare, and his associates, in 1603. Plays were opposed by the Puritans in
1633, and were afterwards suspended until the Restoration in 1660. Two
companies of regular performers were licensed by Charles IL, Killegrew’s
and Davenant’s, in 1662. Till this time boys performed women’s parts.
RESDEN, BATTLE or, between the allied army under the prince of Schwar—
zenberg, and the French army commanded by Napoleon, Aug. 26 and 27,
1813. The allies, who were 200,000 strong, attacked Napoleon in his posi-
tion at Dresden, and the event had nearly proved fatal to them, but for an

error in the conduct of general Vandamme. They were defeated with‘

dreadful loss, and were obliged to retreat into Bohemia; but Vandamme
pursuing them too far, his division was cut to pieces, and himself and all

his staff made prisoners. In this battle general Moreau received his~mortal
wound while in conversation with the emperor of Russia.

DRESS. Excess in dress was restrained by a law in England, in the reign of

I.

   
 
    
  
   
  

Edward IV., 1465. And again in the reign of Elizabeth, 1574—8501/15).
Sir Walter Raleigh, we are told, wore a white satin-pinked vest, close
sleeved to the wrist, and over the body a brown doublet finely flowered,
and embroidered with pearls. In the feather of his hat, a large ruby and
pearl drop at the bottom of the sprig, in place of a button. His breeches,
with his stockings and ribbon garters, fringed at the end, all white; and

buff shoes, which on great court days, were so gorgeously covered with .

precious stones, as to have exceeded the value of 66005. ; and he had a suit
of armor of solid silver, with sword and belt blazing with diamonds,
rubies, and pearls. King James’s favorite, the duke of Buckingham, could
afford to have his diamonds tacked so loosely on, that when he chose to
shake a few of on the ground, he obtained all the fame he desired from the

pickers-up, who were generally [as Dames de la, Cour.

, 'OWNING PERSONS. Societies for the recovery of drowning persons
‘ _, were first instituted in Holland, A. D. 1767. The second society is said to,
‘ .have been formed at Milan, in 1768; the third in Hamburg, in 1771; this.

w .1! fiatgli’arisfin 1772 5 and the fifth in London, in- 1774. Similas' “I

may or name. all.

'1 mm’Mhzmhm 2m; ..

 

, l
l.

f ‘m‘Ix xv"

. and“;

*1"
f

 

 

380 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [M

have been instituted in other countries. The motto of. the Royal Humane
Society in England is very appropriate z—Lateat scintillrula jorscm—a small
spark may lurk unseen.

DRUIDS. A celebrated order among the ancient Germans, Gauls, and BritonsI
who from their veneration for the oak (Drys) were so called. They acted
as priests and magistrates; one of them was invested occasionally with
supreme authority. In England they were chosen out of the best families,
that the dignity of their station, added to that of their birth, might pro-
cure them the greater respect. They were versed in sciences; had the
administration of all sacred things; were the interpreters of the gods; and
supreme judges in all causes. The Druids headed the Britons who opposed
Caesar‘s lirst landing, 55 B. 0. They Were cruelly put to death, defending
the freedom of their country against the Roman governor, Suetonius Pau-
linus, who totally destroyed every mark of Druidism, A. D. 59,—Rowlaad’s
Ala/La Antigua. “

DRUNKARDS. The phrase “ Drunk as a lord,” arose out of an older proverb,
“ Drunk as a beggar ;” and we are told that it was altered owing to the vice
of drunkenness prevailing more among the great of late years. Drunken-
ness was punished in many-of the early nations with exemplary severity.
In England, a canon law restrained it in the clergy so early as A.D. 747.
Constantine, king of Scots, punished this offence against society with death.
He used to say, that a drunkard was but the mimic of a man, and differed
from the beast only in shape, A. D. 870. Drunkenness was restrained in the
commonalty in England in 975; and by several later laws.

DUBLIN. This city, anciently called Aschcled, built A. D. 140.

DUCAT. First coined by Longinus, governor of Italy—Prowpius. First
struck in the duchy of' Apulia.——Dzo Cange. Coined by Robert, king of
Sicily, in A. D. 1240. The ducat is so called because struck by dukes—Ju/m-
son. It is of silver and gold, the value of the first being 45. 6d,, and that of
the gold 95. (Stir—Pardon.

DUELLIN G AND KNIGHT—ERRANTRY, took their rise from the judicial com-
bats of‘ the Celtic nations. The first duel in England, not of this character,
took place A.D.1006. Duelling in civil matters was forbidden in France,
1305. The present practice of duelling arose in the challenge of Francis I.
to the emperor Charles V., 1527. The fight with small swords was intro-
duced into England. 29 Elizabeth 1587. Proclamation that no person should
be pardoned who killed another in a duel, 30 Charles 11., 1679. Duelling
was checked in the army, 1792.—See Battle, Wager of ,- Combat, ‘3. As
many as 227 official and memorable duels were fought during my grand cli-
macteric.——Sir J. Barri/Lyon. A single writer enumerates 172 duels,,in
which 63 individuals were killed and 96 wounded: in three of these cases
both the combatants were killed, and 18 of the survivors suffered the sen-
tence of the lawn—Hamilton.

DUKE, originally a Roman dignity, first given to the generals of armies. In
England, during Saxon times, the commanders of armies were called dukes.
drama—Camden. The title lay dormant from the Conquest till the reign of
Edward 111., who conferred the title on his eldest son, Edward the Black
Prince, by the style of duke of Cornwall, A. D. 1386. Robert de Vere was
created marquis of Dublin and duke of Ireland, 9 Richard II., 1385. The
first duke created in Scotland was by king Robert III, who created David,

prince of Scotland, duke of Rothsay, a title which afterwards belonged to
the king’s eldest son, A. D. 1398.

DUKE, GRAND. The Medici family was one of extraordinary greatness and
immense wealth. Of this family, Alexander (16 Medicis was acknowledged

 

  
    
   
    
  
 
 
   
   
 
 
    
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
   
  
 
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
    

BICTIONARY ‘DF DATES;

. the chief of the republic of Tuscany in 1531; he was stabbed in the night;
and his son. Cosmo, was created grand duke, the first of that rank, by pope

Pius V. in 1569.

. DUN BAR, BATTLE or, between the Scottish and English armies, in which John
Baliol was defeated by the earl of Warrenne, and Scotland subdued, by Ed-
ward I., fought April 27, 1296. Battle between the Scots and English under
Cromwell, who obtained a signal victory, September 3, 1650.

'DUNKIRK. This town was taken from the Spaniards by the English and
’ French. and put into the hands of the English, June 24, 1658, the last year
of Cromwell’s administration. It was sold by Charles II. for 5000005. to
Louis XIV., in 1662. The French king made Dunkirk one of the best for-

tified ports in the kingdom; but all the works were demolished, and the
basins filled up, in consequence of the treaty of Utrecht in 1713.

‘ » DUNSINANE, BATTLE OF. Celebrated in dramatic story by the immortal,

i Shakspeare. On the hill of Dnnsinane was fought the renowned battle "
between Macbeth, the thane of Glammis, and Seward, earl of N orthumber—
land. Edward the Confessor had sent Seward on behalf of Malcolm lIi.,
whose father, Duncan, the thane and usurper had murdered. Macbeth, who
was signally defeated, fled, and was pursued, it is said. to Lumphanan, in
Aberi’leenshire, and there slain, 1057. The history of Macbeth is the sub-
ject of Shakspeare’s incomparable drama.

' DURHAM, BATTLE or, between the English and Scottish armies, fought at
" Nevill’s-cross, near Durham. The former army was commanded by queen
Philippa and lord Piercey, and the latter by David Bruce, king of Scotland,
who was vanquished. Fifteen thousand of Bruce’s soldiers were cut to
pieces, and himself, with many of his nobles and knights, and many thou-
sand men, were taken prisoners, Oct. 17, 1346.

DYEING, AM or. The discovery of it attributed to the Tyrians. In dyeing
and dipping their own cloths, the English were so little skilled, that their
manufactures were usually sent white to Holland, and returned to England
for sale. The art of dyeing woollens was brought from the Low Countries
in 1608. “Two dyers of Exeter were flogged for teaching their art in the
north” (of England) 1628.

E.

EAGLE. The standard of the eagle was first borne by the Persians; and the
,. ‘ Romans carried figures of the eagle, as ensigns, in silver and gold, and
sometimes represented with a thunderbolt in its talons, on the point of a
spear; they adopted the eagle in the consulate of Marius, 102 B. c. When
Charlemagne became master of the whole of the German empire, he added
the second head to the eagle for his arms, to denote that the empires of
Rome and Germany were united in him, A. D. 802. The eagle was the im-
perial standard of Napoleon; and is that of Austria, Russia, and Prussia.
It is also the national emblem of the United States of America.

. EARL. An honor which came from the Saxons. and continued for many ages
the highest rank in England, until Edward III. created dukes, and Richard
II. created marquesses, both having precedeney assigned above earls. They
had. anciently, for the support of their state, the third penny out of the
sheriff’s court, issuing out of the pleas of the shire whereof they had their
title, as in ancient times there were no counts or earls but had a county or
. shire for his earldom. Upon the increase of earls their revenue ceased, and

. their powers were abridged. Alfred used the title of earl as a substitute for

, ’2

4‘.“ Jim” u} “ 2.3..

 

3 I,
302 THE WORLDS PROGRESS. “a“

EARTH. The globular form of the earth was first suggested by Thales of
Miletus about 640 B. 0. Its magnitude was calculated from measuring an
arc of the meridian by Eratosthenes, 240 B. C. The Greeks taught the
sphericity of the earth, and the popes believed it to be a plane, and gave all
towards the west to the kings of Spain. The first ship that sailed round
the earth and thence demonstrated that its form was globular. was Magel-
lan’s, in 1519. The notion of its magnetism was started by Gilbert in 1576.
The experiments of M. Richer, in 1672, led Newton to prove the earth to

, be in the shape of an oblate spheroid. The variation of its axis was dis-
covered by Dr. Bradley in 1737. See Globe.

E ARTHENWARE. Vessels of this ware were in use among the most ancient
nations. Various domestic articles were made by the Romans. 715 B. c.
The art was revived and improved in Italy, A. D. 1310. VVedgewood’s patent
ware was first made in 1762. His pottery in Stafibrdshire was extended to
a variety of curious compositions, subservient not only to the ordinary pur-
poses ot‘ life, but to the arts, antiquity, history, &c., and thereby rendered a
very important branch of commerce, both foreign and domestic. See
China—Porcelain.

EARTHQUAKES. The theory of earthquakes has not yet been formed with
any degree of certainty. Anaxagoras supposed that earthquakes were pro-
duced by subterraneous clouds bursting out into lightning, which shook the
vaults that confined them, B. C. 435.——D[0g. Laert. Kirclier, Des Cartes,
and others, supposed that there were many vast cavities under ground which
have a communication with each other, some of which abound with waters,
others with exhalations, arising from inflammable substances, as nitre, bitu-
men, sulphur. &c. These opinions continued to be supported till 1749-50,
when an earthquake was felt at London, and several parts of Britain. Di‘.
Stukeley, who had been engaged in electrical experiments, then began to
suspect that a phenomenon of this kind ought to be attributed not to vapors
or fermentations generated in the bowels of the earth, but to electricity.
These principles at the same time were advanced by Signor Beccaria, with-
out knowing any thing of‘ Dr. Stukelcy‘s discoveries. and the hypothesis has
been confirmed by the experiments of Dr. Priestley. In many cases. how-
ever, it appears probable that the immense power of water converted into
steam by subterraneous fires must contribute to augment the force which
occasions earthquakes. Among those which are recorded as having been the
most destructive and memorable, are the following, which are quoted from

the best sources: it would be impossible to enumerate in this volume all
that have occurred :—

One which made the peninsula of Antioch destroyed - — A.D. 114
Eubu ‘1 an island - - 3.0. 425 Nicomedia, Caesarea, and Nicea in

Ellice and Bula in the Peloponnesus, a Biihynia, overturned - - 126
swallowed “P f r ' 37~ In Asia, Pomus, and Macedonia, 150

One -11 ROmei when, l“ obedience ‘0 Cities and towns damaged. ~ - . 357
an oracle, M- Curuus, armed and Nicomedia again demolished, and its
iiiounted on ayslazely horse, leaped inhabitantsvburied in its ruins - 358
Egll‘gll‘lfiydfeadml chasm l" occasion- 358 One felt by nearly the whole world - 543

Duras. in Greece, buried with all its At(i?onst?n]imoplej “S ellihcgs destroy- .-
~ - - ~ - .z ‘ ' : e's - . 503
inhabitants; and _iwelve cities in Inehfrinfi-t logmvnfipfuvla . d 550
Campania also buried - ‘ - 345 c‘ ’ 11.1““) ”93° " 6‘ nine _‘

Lysiniachia totally buried, with all its AWW‘ one 1“ Syllfi~ PfilGS‘lne- 311d
‘ h' b' _ _ _ . 233 Asia; more than 500 cities were de-

iii_a uants ‘ . . . .. _
Awtul one In Asia, which overturned “103’0‘L ("3d the loss 0’ lllesumass
1 ~ - _ _ _ 17 ed all calculation - - - 742
two ve Cities A. D. “I x ..

One accompanied by the eruption of 1:1 Fiance, G?‘InanY7 and Italy ' 801
Vesuvius; the cities ol‘l’onipeii and (,onsrantmope overturned, and all .
Ilei‘culaiieuiii buried ‘ - 79 GREGG shaken ' ' ' 935 ‘

Four (‘IUBS in Asm, two in Greece, 3 id One 18” throughout England ' " 1089 .,.

 

two in Galatia. overturned - - 107 One at Antioch; many towns doetmys

 

    
       
      
      
    

MRTHQIIAKES, continued.

ed: among them, M11 rlseum and Ma;

mistria - - A n. 1114
Cutania in Sicily over'turned and

15. 000 persons buried in the ruins - 1137
One severely felt at I incoln - -1112
At C1tl11b1111 when one 111 its cities and

all its inhabitants were overwhelm-

ed in the Adriatic Sea — - 1180
One again felt throughout England -]274
At Naples, when 40, 000 01 its inhabit-

ants perished - - -1456
One telt in London: part of St. Paul’s

and the Temple churches t'ell - 1580
In Japan, several cities made ruins,

and thousands perished - 1596
Awful one at Calabria - -1638
One in China. when 300,000 persons

were bur'ied 111 Pekin alone - 11362
One severely felt in Ireland - - 1090

One at Jamaica which totally destroy-
ed Port Royal, whose houses were
ingulted forty falltoms deep, and 300
persons perished - -1602
One in Sic1|y, which overturned 54
cities and towns, and 300 villages.
01 ‘atania and its 18.000 inhabit-
ants, not a trace remained; more

than 100. 000 lives were lost - 1693
Palermo nearly destr,oyed and 6000
persons perished - -1726
Again in China; and 100,000 people
swallowed up at Pekin - 1731
One in Hungary, which turned a
mountain round - 1736

Lima and 01111110 demolished, 18000
persons buried in the ruins Oct 28,1746
One at Palermo, which swallowed up
a convent ' but the monks escaped 1740
In London, 1 1e inhabitants terrified by
a stightshock - Feb. 8, 1750
Another, butseverer shock, Mar,ch8 1750
Adrianople nearly overwhelmed - 1752
At Grand Cairo halfofthe houses and
40, 000 persons swallowed up 1-754
Quito destroyed - - April, 1755
Great earthquake at Lisbon. 111 about
eight minutes most of the houses,
and upwards of 50,000 inhabitants,
were swallowed 11,),and whole streets
buried. The cities of Coimbra,
Oporto, and Btaga, suffered dread-
fully, and St Ubes was wholly over~
tur.11ed In Spain, a large art of
Malaga became ruins. One ralf of
Fez, in Morocco, was destroyed, and
more than 12,000 Arabs perished
there. Above half of the island of
Madeira became waste: and 2,000
houses In the island of Meteline, 1n
the Archi elago, were overthrown.
this awfu earthquake extended 5000
miles, even to Scotland Nov 1,1755
One in Syria extended over 10,000

square miles. Balbec destroyed - 1759
One at Mattinico, when 1600 persons
lost their lives - - Aug. 1767

At Guatemala, which, with 80,0001n-
habitants, was swallowed up Dec.1773

 

"DmN1M”OI "DANG,

 

  

Adestructive one atSmyrna - A11! 1778
AtTaur rs: 15 000 houses thrown down,
and multitudes buried - - 1780
One Whit 11 overthrew Messina and a.
number 01 towns in Italy and Sicily:
4.0 000 persons. 1etisl1ed - 1783
Are hin :lschau wholly destroyed, and
2,000 pel‘chlS buried 111 its ruins - 1784
At Borgo di‘ 111m Sepolc r,o an opening
of the earth swallowed up many
houses and 1000 persons - S131T1789
Another fatal one in Sicily - - 1791
One in Naples, when Vesuvrus issulrv
forth Its tlames 0v erwhelmed the city

of Term del Greco - - - 1794
In Turkey, where, in three towns,
10.000 persons lost their lives - 1794

The whole country between Srnta Fe
andl’anamadestro ed, includingthe
cities of Cusco 11111 Quito, 40, 000 of
whose people were, in one second, ,
hurled into eternity - - 179.1

One at Constantinople which destroy-
ed the royal palace and an immen~
sity of buildings. and extended into

Romania anti VVallachia. - - 1800
A violent one felt in Holland - Jan. 1804
111 the kingdom ofNaples, where 20,000

persons lost their lives - - 1805

At the Azores: a village of St. Mi-
chael’s sunk. and a lake of boiling
water appeared in its place - Aug. 1810

Awtui one at Car'accas (u/uch see) - 1812

Several feit through ut India The
district of Kutch sunk , 2000 persons
were buried with it ~ - .lune 1819

In Genoa Palermo, Rome, and many
other towns; great damage sustain-
ed, and thousands perished - ~ 1819

One faml,atMess111'1 - - Oct. 1826

One in Spain, which devastated Mur-
cia, and numerous villages, 0000
persons perished - Mai‘ch 21,1829

In the dut'hy of Parma; 110 less than
40 shocks were experienced at Bor-
gotaro; and at Pontremoli many
houses were thrown down, and not a
chimney was left standing Feb 14,1834

In many cities of Southern Syria. by
which hundreds of houses were
thrown down, and thousands of the
inhabitants perished .Ian. 42, 1337

At Martinique, by which nearly halt
of Port Royal is destr,oyed neally
700 persons killed, and the whole
island damaged - Jan. 11.1839

At Ternate: the island made a waste
almost every house destroyed, and
thousands of the inhabitants lose
their lives - - Feb. 14, 1810

Awful and destructive earthquake at
Mount Ararat ; in one of the districts
of Armenia. 3137 houses were over.
thrown. and several hundred persons
perished - - July2,1840

Great earthquake at Zante, where
many persons perished Oct. 30, .1940

EASTER So called' in England from the Saxon goddess Eosire. The festival
of Easter was instituted about A D 68; the day for the observance of it

g 11': ' mud' in England by St. Austin, in 597. It was ordained by the council

 

1

 

3‘“ THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. I Edi?”

of Nice to be observed on the same day throughout the whole Christian;

world. Easter is the first Sunday after the first full moon that occurs after
the 21st of March.

EASTERN EMPIRE. Commenced under Valens, 1.».364, and ended in the -' '

defeat and death of Constantine XIII., the last Christian emperor, in 14.53.
Mahomet II. resolved to dethrone him, and possess himself of Constan.
tinople; he laid seige to that city both by sea and land, and took it by
assault after it had held out fifty-eight days. The unfortunate emperor,
seeing the Turks enter by the breaches, threw himself into the midst of'the
enemy, and was cut to pieces; the children of the Imperial house were
massacred by the soldiers, and the women reserved to gratify the lust of the
conqueror; and thus terminated the dynasty of the Constantines, and com-
menced the present empire of Turkey, May 29, 1453. See Tabular Views,
in this vol. from page 61. See also Tar/icy.

ECCLESIASTICAL COURTS. There existed no distinction between lay and

ECCLESIASTICAL STATE OR STATES on THE CHURCH. See Reme. In

ECLIPSES. The theory of eclipses was known to the Chinese at least 120

 

ecclesiastical courts in England until after the Norman conquest, A. D. 1066.
The following are the causes cognizable in ecclesiastical courts: blasphemy,
apostasy from Christianity, heresy, schism, ordinations. institutions to be-
nefices. matrimony, divorces, bastardy, tithes, incests, fornication, adultery,
probate of wills, administrations, deer—Blackstone.

A. n. 1798, this state was taken possession of by the French, who erected it
into the “Roman Republic.” They obliged the pope. Pius VI., to remove
into Tuscany, and afterwards into France, where he died in 1799. In the
same year a conclave was permitted to be held at Venice; and, in 1800,
cardinal Chiaramonti, who was elected to the papal chair, took the title of
Pius VII., and resumed the dominion of the Ecclesiastical State. This
power was held until 1809, when he was deprived by Bonaparte of his
temporal sovereignty, and reduced to the condition of bishop of Rome;
but in 1814 the pope was restored. For succession of popes, see p. 50 et seq.

ECLECTICS. Ancient philosophers, also called Analogetici, and Philalelhes,

or the lovers of truth. Without attaching themselves to any sect.— they
chose what they judged good from each: founded by Polemon of Alex-
andria, about A. D. 1.—Drrz/dea. Also a sect, so called in the Christian

church, who considered the doctrine of Plato conformable to the spirit of
the doctrine of the Christian.

B. c.—Gm¢bil. An eclipse was supposed by most of the eastern nations to
be the effect of magic; hence the custom among them of drumming during
its continuance. The first eclipse recorded, happened March 19, 721 13.0.
at 8’ 40” r. M. according to Ptolemy; it was lunar, and was observed with
accuracy at Babylon—SeeAstronomy. The following were extraordinary
eclipses of the sun and moon 2-—

. OF THE SUN. In England. where it occasioned a total
That predicted by Thales; observed at darkness ( Wm. Malonsb.) - - 1140

Sardis (Pliny/Jib. ii.) - no. 585 Again; the stars visible at ten in the
One at Athens ( Thucydides. [17). iv.) - 424 morning (Camden) - June 23, 1191
Total one; three days’ supplication de The true sun, and the appearance of

creed at Rome (Livy) - - 188 another. so that astronomers alone

One general at the death ochsus Christ could distinguish the difference b
(Josephus) - - - A D. 33 their glasses (Comp. H‘fsl. Eng.) - 1191

One at Rome, causing a total darkness Again ; total darkness ensued (idem) - 1331
a: noon-day (Livy) - - - 29] A total one; the darkness so great that

One observed at Constantinople - 908 the stars shone. and the birds went to

k: France, when it was dark at noon- roost at noon(01dmia'an’s Annals o

dsy(1)uF-)-esnoy) - June 29, 1033 Geo. 31'.) . - - . , April 1715

 

 

11w. ' ':

  
  
   
 
   
 
    
  
    
  
 
 
 
  

'LII’SES, continued.

Remarkable one, central and annular Again, in Asia Minor (Polybizcs) - 219
in the interior of Europe - Sept. 7, 18:20 One at Romepredimeil by Q. Sulpitius
OF THE MOON. Callus (Livy. l/‘(L xliv.) - - 168
The first, observed by the Chaldeans at One terrified the Roman tI‘Cops and

Babylon (Pill/(mtg. lib. iv.) ~ 8.0. 721

A total one, observed at Sardis ( Thu-
cydides,lib. vii.) - ~ - 413
The revolution of eclipses was first calculated by Calippus, the Athenian,
336 B. c. The Egyptians say they had accurately observed 373 eclipses of
the sun, and 832 of the moon, up to the period from Vulcan to Alexander,

who died 323 B. c.

EDEN, GARDEN or. The question about the site of Eden has greatly agi-
tated theologians; some place it near Damascus, others in Armenia, some
in Caucasus. others at Hillah, near Babylon, others in Arabia, and some in
Abyssinia. The Hindoos refer it to Ceylon: and a learned Swude asserts
that it was in Sudermania! Several authorities concur in placing it in a
peninsula formed by the main river of Eden. on the east side of it, below
the confluence of the lesser rivers, which emptied themselves into it, about
27° N. lat, now swallowed up by the Persian Gulf, an event which may
have happened at the Universal Deluge, 2348 B. c. The country of Eden
extended into Armenia—Calmet. The Almighty constructed Eden with a
view to beauty, as well as usefulness ; not only every plant there was good
for food, but such also as were pleasant to the eye, Were planted there.—
l. Genesis ii. 8, 9. .

. EDGEHILL, BATTLE OF, also called Edgehill Fight, between the Royalists and
the Parliament army, the first engagement of importance in the civil war;
Charles I. was personally present in this battle. Prince Rupert commanded
the royalists, and the earl of Essex the parliamentarians. Oct. 23, 1642.

, EDICT or NANTES. This was the celebrated edict by which Henry IV. of,
’ France granted toleration to his Protest-ant subjects, in 1598. It was re-
voked by Louis XIV., Oct. 24, 1685. This bad and unjust policy lost to
France 800 000 Protestants, and gave to England (part of these) 50000
industrious artisans. Some thousands, who brought with them the art of
manufacturing silks, settled in Spitalfields, where their descendants yet
remain: others planted themselves in Soho and St. Giles’s, and pursued
the art of making crystal glasses, and various fine works in which they
excelled; amon these, jewelry, then little understood in England.——An-
derson’s Orig. 0 English Commerce.

.‘ EDILES. These were Roman magistrates, like our mayors, and there were
6 two ediles at a time. They had the superintendence and care of public
and private works and buildings, baths, aqueducts, bridges, roads, &c.;
they also took cognizance of weights and measures, and regulated the mar-
kets for provisions; they examined comedies before they were acted, and
treated the people with games and shows at their own expense. The duties
of cdiles have suggested similar offices in our own polity, and served in
many instances as models for our magistracy.—Pardmb.

’ EDINBURGH. The metropolis of Scotland, and one of the first and finest
cities of the empire. It derives its name—in ancient records, Dun Edin,
signifying the “hill of Edin”—from its castle, founded or rebuilt by Edwin,
king of Northumbria, who, having greatly extended his dominions, erected
it for the protection of his newly—acquired territories from the incursions of
the Scots and Picts, A. D. 626. But it is said 'the castle was first built by
'Camelon, king of the Picts. 330 B. c. It makes a conspicuous appearance,
standing at the west end of the town, on a rock 300 feet high, and betting“.
. theuse of great guns, was a fortification of considerable strength. ' ”

quelled their revolt (Tacitus) A. I). 14

 

  
   
 
  
 
  
  
 
 
  
   
 
 
    
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  

monomer or DATES. 3* ;

 

1
‘

"ab.

Ran Quantum-i}: es, ,. . . ,. 1‘

.55
‘~ :1
33.
~ «f

 

As to the achiei ements of this. monarch, .
litributed by Lil.) Egyptian priests to Semstris alon

wztufiu

:cr

 

York, Oct. 21), 1830.

EDUCATION m ENGLAND. A grant of 30,0001. for national education, pro«
posed in parliament by Lord John Russell and passed, 275 to 273, July 9
and the House of Lords went in a body to ask the Queen to rescind the

grant, July 11, 1839.

EGALITE. Equality. The surname assumed by Philip Bourbon Capet, the 1
infamous duke of Orleans. to ingratiate himself with the republicans on the '

abolition of monarchy in France, Sept. 11, 1792. He voted for the death of

Louis XVI. his relative; but this did not save him from a like doom.

vas guillotined Nov. 6, 1793.

EGYPT. The dynasty of its Pharaohs or kings commenced with Mizraim, the 'i
son of Ham, second son of Noah, 2188 B. c. The kingdom lasted 166d years; ,
it was conquered by Cambyses, 525 B. c. In A. D. 639, this country was wrest-
ed from the eastern emperor Heraclius, by Omar, calif‘ of the Saracens. The
famous Saladin established the dominion of the Mameiukes, in 1171. Selim
1., emperor of the Turks, took Egypt- in 1517, and it was governed by Beys
till 1799, when a great part of the country was conquered by the French,
under Bonaparte. In 1801, the invaders were dispossessed by the British, .
and the government was restored to the Turks—See Turkey, for modern
events. See Tabular Views. in this v01. page 5 et seq.

Mizraim builds Memphis (Blair) B. c. 2188
Egypt made {our kingdoms, viz. : Up-
per Egypt, Lower Egypt, This, and
Memphis (Ab/H Lang/er, Blair) - 2126
Athoies inVents hieroglyphics « - 2122.
Busiris builds Thebes (Usher) - 2111
Osymantlyas, the first warlike king,
passes into Asia, conquers Bactria,
and causes his exploits to be repre-
sented in sculpture and painting
(Us/tor, LenEZBI) - -

The Phtenicians invade Lower Egypt

and hold it 260 years (Usher) - 2080
The lake ofMueris constructed - 1938
The patriarch Abraham visits Egypt

to avoid the famine in Canaan - 1921
Syphoas introduces the use of the com-

mon letters ( Usher) - - - 1891
Memnon invents the Egyptian letters

(Blair, Lei-tglrel) - - - 1822
Amenophis I. is acknowledged the

kin" of all Eg 'pt (Leng/et) - - 1821
Joseph the Israelite is sold into Egypt

as a slave (Long/e!) - - - 17:28
He interprets the king’s dreams - 1715
His father and brethren settle here - 1706

Sesostris reigns; he extends his do-
minion by conquest over Arabia,
rerun, India, and Asia Minor (Leng-
L")' - - - - .

Settlement of the Ethiopians (Blair)

Rampses, who imposed on his sub-
jects the building of walls and pyra-
mids, and other labors, dies ( Long/e!)

Amenophis I. is overwhelmed in the
lied Sea, with all his army (Le'nglef,
Blair) - ~ - - -

Reign of Egyptus, from whom the

1618
1615

1492

‘ The epoch of the reign of Sesostris:

2100 I

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

EDUCATION IN U. S. See Colleges and Schools. American Institute 'of' in Y
struction organized at Boston, Aug. 19, 1830. Literary Convention at New

 

is very uncertain ; Blair makes it to fall 13 years later. _,
they are supposed to have been the labors of several kings,
e, whose very exxstence, indeed, is doubted.

, The philosopher Pythagoras comes
1492 ‘

  
   
    
  
 
    
   
  
 
  
  
  
  
    
  
 
 
   
   
  
 
 
 
   
    
   
    
  
  
 
 
  
   

1

He

country, hitherto called Mizraim, is
now called Egypt (Blair) - B. 6.

Reign of ’l‘huoris (the Proteus of the
Greeks) who had the faculty of as.
suming whatever form he pleased,
as of a lion, a dragon, 3. tree, water,
lire - - - - - 1189

[These fictions were probably intend.
ed to mark the profound policy of
this king, who was eminent for his
wisdom, by which his dominion
t10urished.—B.’air.]

Pseusennes enters Palestine, ravages
Jutlea. and carries off the sacred .ves-
sels ofthe Temple - - -

The dynasty of kings called Tanites
begins with Petubastes (Blair) -

The dynasty of Saites (Biair) -

Sebacon invades Egypt, subdues the
king, Bocchoris, whom he orders to
be roasted alive (Usher) - -

Psannnetichus the Powerful reigns -

He invests Azoth, which holds out for
19 years, the longest siege in the an-
nals of antiquity (Usher) - -

Necho begins the famous canal be-
tween the Arabic gulfand the Medi-
terranean sea (Blair) - ~

This canal abandoned, after costing
the lives of 120,000 men (Herodolus)

Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon deposes
Apries ( Usher) - - -

A n'les taken prisoner and strangled in

is palace (Died. Siva/us) - -

1485

from S-tmos into Egypt, and is in-
structed 1n the mysteries of Egyp-

tiantheoiogy(Us/ter) - , - 535

    
  
  
        
     
     
  

.mantsor mm;

  
 

, contimd.

   
  
 

The line of the Pharaohs ends in the l IIis subjects, wearied with his cruel-
murder of Psamtnenitus by Camby- tics and crimes, demolish his stat-
ses (Blair) - . - 13. c. 526 ues, set fire to his palace, and he
Dreadful excesses of Cambyses; he flies from their fury (Blair) is. a. 129
puts the children of the grandees, I~Ie murders his son by his new queen;
male and letnale, todeath, and makes also his son by her mother, sending
the country a waste (Herodotus) - 524 the head and limbs of the latter as a
He sends an artny of 50,000 men across present to the parent on a feast day 129
the desert to destroy the temple of Yet, defeating the Egyptian army, he
. . Jupiter Ammon, but they all perish recovers his throne; and dies - 128
5, in the burning sands (Justin) - 524 Pestilence from the putretaction of
"' Egypt revolts frotn the Persians ; again vast swarms of locusts; 800,000 per-
} subdued b XerKes (Blair) - - 487 sons perish in Egypt - - - 128
A revolt und)er lnarus(B[uir) - - 463 Revolt in Upper Egypt; the famous

Successful revolt under Amyrtaeus, city of Thebes destroyed aftera siege
who is proclaimed king (Lengtet) - 414 of three years (Died. Siculus) ~ &

 

- Egypt again reduced by Persia, andits Auletes dying, leaves his kingdom to
" temples pillaged (Usher) - - 350 his eldest son, Ptolemy, and the fa-
Alexander the Great enters Egypt, mous Cleopatra (Blair) ~ - :1
. wrests it from the, Persians, and Duringa civ1| war between Ptolemy
t builds Alexandria(l_-}.’air) - - 332 and Cleopatra, Alexandria is be-
, Philadelphus completes the Pharos of sieged by Caesar, and the famous
f Alexandria (Biair) - - - 5383 library nearly destroyed by fire
" The Septuagint version of the Old Tes- (Blair) - - - ~ 47
tament made about this time - 283 Caesar defeats the king, who, in cross-
_, The famous library ot'Alexandria also ing the Nile, is drowned; and the
, dates about this period (B/air) - i283 younger Ptolemy and Cleopatra
.‘ " Ambassadors first sent to Rome - 6‘) reign - - - - - 46
Ptolemy Euergetes overruns Syria, Cleopatra poisons her brother (only 14
and returns laden with rich spoils years of age) and reigns alone - 43
.31 and 2500 statues and vessels of go! he appears before Mark Antony, to
u and silver, which Cambyses had answer for this crime. Fascinated
" taken from the Egyptian temples by her beauty, he follows her into
(Bt‘air) - - - - 246 Egypt - - - - - 40
.‘ Reign of Philometer and Physcon - 151 Antony defeated by Octavius Caesar
Atthe death of Philometer, his brother at the battle of Actium (Blair) - 31
' Physcon marries his queen, and on Octavius enters Egypt; Antony and
, the day of his nuptials murders the Cleo iatra kill themselves; and the
,* infant son of Philometer in its moth- king om becomes a Roman prov-
. cr’s arms - - - - 145 ince - - - - - 30

He repttdizites his wife, and marries
her daughter by lns brother (Blair) 130

._ELECTORS. Those for members of parliament for counties were obliged to
’ hth- forty shillings a. year in land 30 Henry VI., 1460.——Hufl/tead’s Statutes.
Among the recent acts relating to elections are the following: act depriving
excise and custom-house officers, and contractors with government of their
votes. 1752.. In the U. S., the qualifications vary in the different states.
ELEGTORS or GERMANY. Originally, all the members of the Germanic
* 1 body made choice of their head; but amidst the violence and anarchy which
" prevailed t'or seVoral centuries in the empire, seven princes who possessed
the greatest power assumed the exclusive privilege. of nominating the cm-
pcror.——Dr. [incur/sun. An eighth elector was made, in 1018; and a ninth
in favor of the duke of Hanover, in 1692. The number was reduced to
eight, in1777; and was increased to ten at the peace of Luncville, in 1801.,
The electorship ceased on the dissolution of the German empire, and when
the crown of Austria was made hereditary, 1804, 1806.—Sce German/y.

‘LECTRICITY. That of amber was known to Thales, 600 B. e. Electricity
5, was imperfectly discovered A. n. 1467. It was found in various substances
' by Dr. Gilbert, of Colchester, in 1600; he first obtained the knowledge ofi

. power, of conductors and non—conductors. in 1606. Ottoguerick found the
two globes of brimstone contained electric matter, 1647. The electric shock
was discovered at Leyden, 1745, and hence the operation is termed the
,fi‘kLeyden phial.” Electric matter was first found to contain caloric. or fir _
»‘v ._ , t. phatit would fire spirits, 1756. The identity of electricity and lighting

’. .3

    
  
  
   
 
 
    
 
  

 
 
 

 
   
  

 
  
 
 
 
 
   
   
    

i
i
i
,,
,.
F

383 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [ >9 1'

ELECTROGALVANISM. It owes its origin to the discoveries of Dr. L. Gal- .

ELECTROAMAGN ETISM. Analogies between electricity and magnetism were '

ELECTRIC TELEGRAPH. Experiments in electricity, having more or less ,-

ELEPHANT. This animal, in the earliest times, was trained to war. The his- it

ELEUSIN IAN MYSTERIES. A great festival under this name was observed 3

ELGIN MARBLES. These admirable works of ancient art were derived ‘

EMBALMING. The ancient Egyptians believed that their souls, after many .3

 

 
 
   
  
 
 
 
  
   
 
   
 
   
   
   
   
   
  
  
  
   
   
   
   
  
   
   
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  

was proved by Dr. Franklin, about this period. The electricity of the'Am
rora Borealis was discovered by means of the electric kite, in 1769. ’

vani, an eminent Italian philosopher, in 1789. Volta pursued the inquiries ‘
of this good man (for he was alike distinguished by his virtues and genius), 5
and discovered the mode of combining the metals; constructed what is
very properly called the Voltaic pile; and extended the whole science intoa.‘
system which should rather be called Voltaism than Galvanism.

discovered by Oersted of Copenhagen, in 1807. This analogy was established
in 1810, and was confirmed by subsequent experiments in England, France, r_
Gt'rliifllly, the United States and other countries

bearing upon its practical use in telegraphic communication, were made by -
lN’inckler, at Leipsic,l716; La Monnier, in Paris; Watson, in London, 1747; :
Lmnond. in 178%; Betancour, at Madrid, 1708. Galvani’s discovery of -
“Galvanism,” at Bolonga 1701. Prof. Volta’s “Voltaic Battery,” at Pavia, .
1801; Seeunnerring, at Munich, 1807. The practical use of Galvanism in ‘5
telegraplls, as prophesied by John Redman Coxe, of Phila., in 1816. Great 7;
advance made by Prof. Oersted at Copenhagen, in 1819. The electro—mag- .
netie agency first fully developed and applied by Prof. Morse, 1832, patented
1840. The first telegraph by this agency in the United States, was between ~
Washington and Baltimore, in 1844. Cooke & Vthatsone’s patent in En- '
gland, 1840. Bain’s patent in England, first, 1842; applied in United States "
in 1840. House’s in 1848. The telegraphic lines in the United States, in
Jan. 1850 extended 6,679 miles—See Supplement.

tory of the Maccabees informs us, that “ to every elephant they appointed if
1000 men, armed with coats of mail, and 500 horse; and upon the elephants _
were strong towers of wood,” &c. The elephants in the army of Antiochus '~
were provoked to fight by showing them the “ blood of grapes and mulber-
ries.” The first elephant said to have been seen in England, was one of .
enormous size, presented by the king of France to our Henry IlI., in'1238.—-
Bra/refs C/mm.

by the Athenians and other nations: these mysteries were the most celebra— ’
ted of all the religious ceremonies of‘ Greece, and were instituted by Eumol-
pus, 1856 n. c. They were so superstitiously observed, that if any one .
revealed them, it was supposed that he had called divine vengeance upon ‘
him, and he was put to death. The mysteries were introduced from Eleusis

into Rome, and lasted about 1800 years, and were at last abolished by Theo- .
dosius the Great, A. D. 389.

chiefly from the Parthenon, a temple of Minerva in the Acropolis at Athens,
of which temple they formed part of the frieze and pediment, built by Phi-
dias about 500 B. 0. Lord Elgin began the collection of these marbles during
his mission to the Ottoman Porte, in 1802; they were purchased of him by ‘
the British government for 36,000l., and placed in the British Museum, in{
1816.

thousand years, would come to reinhabit their bodies, in case these latter ;,
were preserved entire. Hence arose their practice of embalming the dead. ,
The Egyptian manner of preserving the dead has been the admiration and i.
wonder of modern times. They rendered the body not only incorruptihla,

   
  

] - nmnomnr or DATES. 309%-

' Evbfut it retained its full proportion of size, symmetry of features, and personal
likeness. They called the embalmed bodies mummies, some of which, buried
3000 years ago, are perfect to this day. The art of such embalming is now
lost. When Nicodemus came with Joseph of Arimathea, to pay the last
duties to our Saviour after his crucifixion, he brought a mixture of myrrh
and aloes to embalm his body—John xix. 38.

MBARGO IN ENGLAND. This power is invested in the crown, but it is

‘ rarely exercised except in extreme cases, and sometimes as a prelude to

H, war. The most memorable instances of embargo were those for the preven-

11‘ tion of corn going out of the kingdom in 1766; and for the detention of‘ all

' Russian, Danish, and Swedish ships in the several ports of the kingdom,
owing to the armed neutrality, Jan. 14, 1801. See Armed Neutrality.

EMBARGO IN THE UNITED STATES. Embargo on all vessels in the ports
‘ of the United States, passed by Congress 111th reference '[0 the quai rel with
G1eat Biitain after the attack on the U. S. frigate Chesapeake. 1807. Re-

pealed and non- intercourse act passed, 1809. Embargo again laid for 90
days, Ap1il, 1812. War decla1ed June 19, 1812.

EMBER WEEKS. Observed in the Christian church in the third century, to

‘ implore the blessing of God 011 the produce of the earth by prayer and
fasting. EMBER DAYS, three of which fall in these weeks, and in which
penitents sprinkle the ashes (embers) of humiliation on their heads. Four
times in each year were appointed for these acts of devotion, so as to answer
to the four seasons, spring, summer, autumn, and winter.

EMBROIDERY. Its invention is usually ascribed to the Phrygians; but we
learn from Homer, and other ancient authors, that the Sidonians particu-
larly excelled in this decorative species of needle—work. Of this art very
early mention is made in the Scriptures—Exodus xxxv. 35, and xxxviii. 23.
An ancient existing specimen of beautiful embroidery is the Bayeux tapes-
try, worked by Matilda, the queen of William I. of England. See Bag/em
Tapestry.

EMERALD. The precious stone of a green color is found in the East and in

‘ Peru; inferior ones in other places. It has been alleged that there were no
true emeralds in Europe before the conquest of Peru; but there is a gen-
uine emerald in the Paris Museum, taken from the mitre of pope Julius II.,
who died in 1518, and Peru was not conquered till 1545; hence it is inferred
that this emeiald was brought from Afiica, or the East.

EMIGRATION. Of late years emig rations f1 om BIitain have been considera-
ble. In the ten years ending 1830 the emigrations to the N01 th American
colonies West Indies, Cape of Good Hope, New South Wales. Swan River,
Van Diemen’s Land, 650. were, according to official returns, 154,291. In the
decennial period to 18-10 the emigIat-ions advanced to 277 696, exclusively
of the vast numbers settling in the United States ofAn1e1ica. The num-
ber of emigrants to the United States in one yam ending Sept. 30, 1848, we1e
registered as born in

: v

‘6 Great Britain and Ireland - -,148 212 | Denmark - - - - 210
, Germany - - - - 58, 018 Switzerland - - - - - 319
1 France - - - - 7,748 Other countries or unknown - - 3,043
' Sweden and Norway - - 903

‘ MIR. A title of dignity among the Turks and Persians first given to caliphs.
This rank was first a“ arded to the descendants of Mahomet by his daughter
Fatima about A. D. 650. ~B£cmtt. To the emirs only 11' as eiiginally gi/ven

, the privilege of 11 caring the green turban. It is also given to high officers
(another title being joined).

1-." MENT. This barbarous and dreadful mode of putting criminali to

 

 

 

 

 

    
   
  
 
 
 
  
   
 
   
  
   
  
  
   
   
 
   
  
    
  
  
   
   
  
  
   
  
  
  
    
  
 
    

310 rm: wonLD’s PROGRESS. [‘ ,
death is mentioned by Juvenal, and was often inflicted in Rome, palticularl ~
by the monster Nero. The victim doomed to empalement is spitted throng j.
the body on a stake fixed upright; and this punishment is still used in:
Turkey and Arabia. The dead bodies of murderers were sometimes staked ,
in this manner, previously to being buried, in England—Southern. Wil-.;
liams (who committed suicide) the murderer of the Marr family, in Rat-5-
cliife Highway. London, Dec. 8, 1811, was staked in his ignominious grave?
This practice has since been abolished there. See Burying Alive. '

EMPEROR. Originally a title of honor at Rome, conferred on victorious ge— .

, nerals, who were first saluted by the soldiers by that name. Augustus ’
Caesar was the first Roman emperor, 27 B. c. Valens was the first emperor
of the Eastern empire. A. D. 364. Charlemagne was the first emperor of 1
Germany crowned by Leo III. A. D. 800. Ottoman I., founder of the Turk-I
ish empire, was the first emperor of Turkey, 1296. The Czar of Russia.“
was the first emperor of that country, 1722. Don Pedro IV. of Portugal .
was the first emperor of Brazil, in 1825. ,

EMPIRICS. They were a set of early physicians who contended that all hy— _
pothetieal reasoning respecting the operations of the animal economy was “
useless. and that experience and obsm‘vation alone were the formulation of «
the art of medicine. The sect of Empiries was instituted by Acron of .
Agrigenturn about 473 B. c. _

ENAMELLING. The origin of the art of enamelling is doubtful. It was ,
practised by the Egyptians and other early nations; and was known in :
England in the times of the Saxons. At Oxford is an enamelled jewel i
which belonged to Alfred and which, as appears by the inscription, was '
made by his order. in his reign, about A. D. 887.

ENCAUSTIC PAINTING, known to the ancients. This very beautiful art, '
after having been lost, was restored by Count Caylus and M. Bachelier, j
A. D. 1749. i

ENCYCLOPPEDIA. The first work to which this designation was expressly
given, was that of Abulfarius an Arabian writer. in the thirteenth century. ':<
Many were published as early as the fifteenth century. but none alphabet~ j
ieally. Chambers’ Dictionary was the first ofthe circle of arts and sciences, .
in England first published in 1728. The great French work Encyclopedia '
AT‘lv/rmv'iqvue, to which Voltaire Diderot D'Alembert, and other savans contri- '
buted was published in 1782 el 5611., in 200 quarto volumes. The British En-
cyclopedia printed in Philadelphia in 1798, by Thomas Dobson, was the 1
first in the United States. The Edinburgh Encyclopedia. edited by Sir David.)-
Brewster, was published, 1810 el seq., and republished in the United States. -
Rees’ Cyclopedia republished in the United States in 1822. The cost of ’
the 7th edition of Encyclopedia Britannica. edited by Professor Napier. and -
published by A. & C. Black. Edinburgh. in 1840 etc.. was stated to have been ;
£126.000 of which £23 000 were paid to the contributors. This was pro— ‘
bablythe most costly undertaking ofthe kind ever achieved by private enter- A .
prise. The Encyclopedia Mrlrupalilana was commenced in 1815 and finished
in 1845. Both of these works comprised articles by the most distinguished T
writers in Great Britain. The German Conversations Lem'con, published -
17964830, and upon the basis of this the Encyclopedia Ameruana was com-
menced in Philadelphia in 1829—30. Penny Cg/cl. (Knight’s) finished 1844.

LNGINEERS. This name is of modern date, as engineers were formerly called‘ll
'I‘rcneh—masters. Sir William Pelham officiated as trench—master in 1622..
The chief engineer was called camp-master-general in 1634. Captain 1:5
Thomas Rudd had the rank of chief engineer to the king, about 1650. The, .
corps of engineers was formerly a civil corps, but was made a military“
force, and directed to rank with the artillery, April 25, 1787. It. has

AI

  

1' J

eolonel—in—chief, and a second, and five colonel—commandants, and twenty

     
       
 
  
 
   
 

colonels. The Association of civil engineers was established in 1828. The
Bureau of Topographical Engineers of the U. S. Army, established at
Washington.

_ENGLAND. See Britain. So named by order of Egbert, first king of Eng-

land, in a general council held at Winchester, A. n. 829. This appellative
had been used as far back as A. n. 688, but had never been, until then, rati-
fied by any assembly of the nation. It came from Angles, a tribe of Saxons,

, and land, the Saxon for country. For English history and succession of
Sovereigns, see Tabular Views, beginning on p. 75 in this volume. England
and Wales were united A. D. 1288, and Scotland was united to both in 1707,
and the three were then styled Great Britain. Ireland was incorporated
with these countries by the Act of Legislative Union, January 1, 1801, and
the whole called the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

ENGLAND, NEW. See New England.

__ ENGLISH LANGUAGE. See article Languages. From the High Dutch or

Teutonic sprung (among others) the English language, now one ot the
most copious and beautiful of Europe. Law pleadings were made in En-
glish by order of Edward III. instead of the French language. which had
been continued from the time of the Conqueror, A. D. 1362. The English
tongue and English apparel were ordered to be used in Ireland, 28 Henry
VIII. 1536. The English was ordered to be used in all lawsuits, and the
Latin disused, May 1731.

f, ENGRAVING. The engraving of gems is a branch of art of the highest an-

.14

if

..I
ci‘

tiquity. The earliest writers make mention of engraved seals and seal
rings, and there still exist many antique engravings equal to later produc-
tions of similar artists. Engraving from plates and wood is chiefly of mo—
dern invention, having its origin about the middle of the fifteenth century.
Engraving on glass was perfected to an art by Boudier of Paris, 1799. The
art of engraving, in various styles, has made great progress in the United
States during the last ten years.

ENGRAVING 0N COPPER. Prints from engraved copper-plates made their

appearance about A. D. 1450, and were first produced in Germany. Masso,
surnamed Finiguerra, was the first Italian artist in this way. 1450. The
earliest date known of a copper-plate engraving is 1461. Rolling presses
for working the plates were invented in 1545, and many improvements of it
followed. 0f the art of etching on copper by means of a-q'uafm‘tis, Francis

Mazzouli, or Parmagiano, is the reputed inventor, about A. D. 1532.—
De Piles.

"8 'ENGRAVING, LITHOGRAPHIC. This’ is a new branch of the art, and Alois

Sennefelder may be regarded as the inventor of it. It was first announced
on the Continent in 1798, and became more known as polyautography in

1808. It was introduced into general use in England by Mr. Ackermann of
London in 1817.

_ENGRAVING, Mezzormro. The art was discovered by Siegen, and was im-

 
   
 
    
  

‘ proved by prince Rupert in 1648; Sir Christopher Wren further improved
' it in 1662. Aquatinta, by which a soft and beautiful effect is produced,
was invented by the celebrated French artist, St. Non. about 1662 ; he com-
municated his invention to Le Prince. Barrabe of Paris was distinguished
for his improvements in this kind of engraving, 1763. Chiaro—oscuro en-

‘ graving originated with the Germans, and was first practised by Mair, one

of whose prints bears date 1491.. See Zincograplzy, ‘96.

ff" GRAVING 0N STEEL. The mode of engraving on soft steel, which, after

it has been hardened, Will multiply copper plates and fine impressions, m.

  
 
 
  
  
 
  
  
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
   
  
  
  

 

312 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

 

definitely, was introduced into England by Messrs. Perkins and Heath, of {5
Philadelphia, in 1819.

ENGRAVING ON WOOD, took its rise from the brief ma/Llers, or manufacturers ’ '
of playing—cards, about A. D. 1400; and from this sprung the invention of
printing, first attempted by means of wooden types not movable. See
Printing. The art is referred by some to a Florentine, and by others to
Reuss, a German; it was greatly improved by Durer and Lucas Van Leyden
in 1497; and was brought to perfection in England by Bewick, his brother,
and pupils, Nesbett, Anderson, &c.,1789, et. seq. The earliest wood en-
graving which has reached our times 'is one representing St. Christopher
carrying the infant Jesus over the sea; it bears date A. D. 1423.

ENTOMOLOGY. This branch of natural history cannot be regarded as rank-
ing as a science until the arrangement of Linnaeus, A. D. 1789. The London
Entomological Society was instituted in 1806; it is directed chiefly to the
study of insects found in Great Britain; and inquires into the best methods
of destroying noxious insects, and making known such as are useful.

ENVOYS. They enjoy the protection, but not the ceremonies of ambassadors.
Envoys Extraordinary are of modern date:— Wicquefm‘t. The court of
France denied to them the ceremony of being conducted to court in the
royal carriages, A. D. 1639. '

EPHESUS. Famous for the temple of Diana, which magnificent structure was
one of the seven wonders of the world; it was 425 feet long and. 200 broad,
and cost 220 years of labor. Ctesiphon was the chief architect, and 127 kings
contributed to its grandeur. The temple was burnt by Erostratus, solely to
perpetuate his memory. 356 B. c.—Pling/. It rose from its ruins, and was
richer and more splendid than before; but it was again burnt A. D. 260,—-
Univ. Hist.

EPHORI. Powerful magistrates of Sparta, first created by Theopompus to con-
trol the royal power, 760 B. c. They were five in number, and acting as
censors in the state, they could check and restrain the authority of the
kings. and even imprison them, if they were guilty of irregularities.

EPIC POETRY. Homer's Iliad and Odyssey the first epic poems. See
HOMER. '

EPICUREAN PHILOSOPHY. Epicurus of Gargettus, near Athens, was the
founder of it. about 300 B. c. and taught that the greatest good consists in a'
happiness. springing not from sensual gratifications 0r vicious pleasures, but
from virtue, and consisting in the peace and harmony of the soul with
itself. His disciples had all things in common; and the pleasantness of his
system, and its ease and luxury, made him many followers.

EPIGRAMS. They derive their origin from the inscriptions placed by the
ancients on their tombs. Marcus Valerius Martialis, the celebrated Latin
epigrammatist, who flourished about A. D. 83, is allowed to have excelled all
others, ancient or modern, in the tasteful and pointed epigram. The follow~
ing Latin epigram on the miracle of our Saviour in turning water into wine
at Cana (John iii.) is a beautiful example :—

“ Videt et erubuit lympha pudica Deum.”

And Dr. Johnson has declared that the subjoined English epigram. by Dr.
Doddridge, on the words Dum mvim'zos vimmus, is the finest specimen in
our language :—

“ Live while we live i” the epicure will say,
“ Ami taste the pleasures ofthe present day.”
“ Live while we live !” the hoary preacher cries,
“ And give [0 GOD each moment as it flies.”
Lord! in my view let both united be,
We live in pleasure when we live to thee—Doddridge.

    
  

monomer or ~ mm. 313‘

3» 'IRUS. Known by the great warlike achievements of Pyrrhus. Its early

history is very obscure, and it is only during the reign of this sovereign,
who was the last, that it becomes interesting. The first Pyrrhus (Neopto—
lemus) settled in Epirus after the Trojan war, 1170 B. c. He was killed in
the temple of Delphi, about 1165 B. 0.

Reign of the great Pyrrhus - 1;. c. 306 Expedition against Sparta - n. c. 272

He enters into a league against Deme- He enters Argos, and is killed bya tile,
trius; the battle of Beraea — - 294 thrown at him from a house-top by a

Expedition into Italy; he gains his firs woman - - - - 272
battle against the Romans - - 280 Philip unites Epirus to Macedon - 220

He gains another great battle - - 279 Its conquest by the Romans - - 167

His conquest of Sicily - - - 27 * * * * * * *

His last battle with 1 re Romans - 274 Annexed to the Ottoman empire A. n. 1466

He takes Macedon from Antigonus - 274

EPISCOPACY. The government, by its bishops, of the Christian church. It
may be said to have been instituted A. D. 33, when Peter sat in the bishop’s
chair at Rome—Butler. Episcopacy commenced in England in the second
century; in Ireland about the same time; and in Scotland in the fourth cen-
tury; but historians dispute with theologians upon this point. See Bis/Lops.
In Scotland, episcopacy was finally abolished at the period of the revolution,

1688—9. The sect called Episcopalians first appeared about the year 500.—
Burnett.

EPISCOPAL CHURCH, IN THE UNITED STATES. Episcopacy established in New-
York by law, 1693; introduced into Connecticut, 1706. The first bishops of
the Protestant Episcopal Church in America were bishop White of Penn—
sylvania and Provost of New-York, consecrated in London. 1787. First

Episcopal convention, 1789. Bishops of Vermont, New Jersey, Kentucky, and
Ohio consecrated at New-York, N 0v. 2, 1832.

:EPITAPHS. They were used by the ancient Jews, by the Athenians, the R0-
mans, and most of the nations of antiquity; their date is referred in Eng-
land to the earliest times. In the epitaphs of the ancients arose the

. epigram.—Boileau.

.EPITHALAMIUM. Tisias, the lyric poet, was the first writer of a nuptial

complimentary song, or epithalamium. He received the name of Stesicho—

rus from the alterations made by him in music and dancing, 536 B. c.—
Bossuet.

“POCHAS. These are periods in history which are agreed upon and acknow-
,‘ ledged by the respective historians and chronologers, and which serve to
regulate the date of events. The following are the epochas thus particu-
;; _1arly adopted—See Eras.

   
     
  
 
  
 
 
   
   
  

Creation . - - - B. c. 4004 Building ofRome - ~ - 3.0. 753
Deluge - - - . - 2348 Nabonassar - - - - 747
Calling of Abraha - - - 1921 The Seleucidre - - - - 312
Argonautic expedition - - - 1225 The battle of Actium - - - 38
Destruction of Troy - - - 1184 The Christian era - - A. n. 1
lst Olympiad - - - - - 776 Diocletian - - - - 284

UINOX. The precession of the equinoxes was confirmed, and the places
and distances of the planets were discovered by Ptolemy, A. D. 130. When
26 the sun in his progress through the ecliptic comes to the equinoctial circle,
'- the day and night are equal all over the globe: this occurs twice in the year;
, once in the first point of Aries, which is called the vernal equinox; next in
, the first point of Libra, which is the autumnal equinox.——Blair.

UITY. COURTS or. To determine causes according to the rule of equity
1; and conscience, rather than according to strict law, A. D. 1067.—See Chapt-
*cery.
' ‘ ‘. Notices of the principal eras will be found in their alphabetical order,
Brew only need be mentioned here. The era of Nabonasser, after whisk

14

 

 

<3

 

 

   
  
  
  
  
   
 
   
   
  
   
  
  
    
  
    
  
   
   
  
 
   
   
  
   
    
   
  
 
  

3“ THE wounn’s PROGRESS. l .

the astronomical observations made at Babylon were reckoned, began Feb}
26, 747. The era of the Seleucidae (used by the Maccabees) commenced
312 B. c. The Olympiads belong to the Grecians, and date from the year
776 B. 0.; but they subsequently reckoned by Indictions, the first beginning 5.
A. D. 313: these, among chronologers. are still used—See Indie/£0713. The RO-
mans reckoned from the building of their city, 753 B. 0.; and afterwards
from the 16th year of the emperor Augustus, which reckoning was adopted
among the Spaniards until the reign of Ferdinand the Catholic. The disci- -
ples of Mahomet began their Hegim from the flight of their prophet from

Mecca, which occurred A. D. 622.

ERAS on THE CREATION AND REDEMPTION. The Jews and Christians ‘
have had divers epochas; but in historical computation of time are chiefly} I
used the most extraordinary epochs, which are two, the Creation of the ‘
World, and the appearance of our REDEEMER, which last the Christians have
made their era. They did not adopt it, however, until the sixth century,
when it was introduced by Denys the Little, a Scythian, who became abbot
of a monastery near Rome: lie was the first who computed time from the .
birth of Christ, and fixed that great event according to the vulgar era.-— ,'
Cassiodoms C/mm. This computation began in Italy, A. D. 525, and in Eng-
land in 816. It is the only one now in general use, and is that observed in
this work—See Creation, and Christian Era.

ESCURIAL. The palace of the kings of Spain,'one of the largest and most »
magnificent in the world. It was commenced by Philip H. in the year 1562;
and the first expenditure of its erection was 6.000,000 of ducats. It forms
a vast square of polished stone, and paved with marble. It may give some
notion of the surprising grandeur of this palace to observe, that, according
to the computation of Francisco de los Santos, it would take up more than »
four days to go through all its rooms and apartments, the length of the way .
being reckoned thirty—three Spanish leagues, which is above 120 English .
miles. Alvarez de Colmenar also asserts, that there are 14,000 doors, and
11,000 windows belonging to this edifice. ..

ESQUIRES. Among the Greeks and Romans, esquires were armor-bearers to, .
or attendants on, a knight.——Blount.. In England the king created esquires ':
by putting about their necks the collar of S S, and bestowing upon them a
pair of silver spurs. A British queen is recorded as having married the; _,
armigerum, or esquire, of her deceased husband. The distinction of esquire
was first given to persons of fortune not attendant upon knights, A. D. 1345. _‘
———Stowc. Aleyric/t’s Ancient Armor. ‘

ETHER. It was known to the earliest chemists. Nitric ether was first dis-. ' '
covered by Kunkel, in 1681; and muriatic ether was first made from the _
chloride of tin, by Courtanvaux, in 1759. Acetic ether was discovered by ;
count Lauraguais, same year; and hydriodic ether was first prepared by :
Gay—Lussac. The phosphoric was obtained by M. Boullay. Ether is said'
to have been first applied to the purpose of causing insensibility to pain by‘;
Dr. Horace Wells, of Connecticut, in 1846. This, however, is disputed, for ‘
about the same time Dr. C. T. Jackson, of Boston, well known as a geologist
and chemist, suggested the use of ether in surgery; but to Dr. Morton, of
Boston, probably belongs the credit of first demonstrating, by actual experi- 3

' ment, the use of ether in dentistry and surgery, as an annihilator of pain. .
It was used in surgical cases, in that year, by Drs. J. C. Warren, Channin ’ 3
and Morton, of Boston, who afterwards published the results of their expe

' ments. The practice was first copied in Europe by Dr. Robertson, of Edi
burgh, and Dr. Booth, of London, the same year. The sulphuric ether “
inhaled from an apparatus with flexible tube, &c. Etherization was firs ;:~_

. used in operative midwifery, in the United States, May, 1847. The substanc

  
        
 
 

. 3:” called chloroform, originally discovered by Soubeiran, in 1831, was also first

employed for similar purposes in 1847, by professor Simpson, of Edinburgh.

I;BTHICS. The doctrine and system of morality; a science which is scarcely
; . s more inculcated by religion and virtue, than it is influenced by manners and
’ government: the Chinese, who are said to have been acquainted with
astronomy at least 3000 years before the birth of Christ, were so refined in
the earliest ages, that they studied ethics, we are told, a thousand years
i; before that event; and hence they must have lived at that time under not
“ only civilized and enlightened, but refined and moral governments.

{ETN A, MOUNT. Here were the fabled forges of the Cyclops; and it is called

,_ by Pindar the pillar of heaven. Eruptions are mentioned by Diodorus

Sieulus as happening 1693 B. 0., and Thucydides speaks of three eruptions

as occurring, 734, 477, and 425 B. c. There were eruptions, 125, 121, and 43

B. c.——Li'vy. Eruptions A. D. 40, 253, and 420.——Cm‘7‘e7‘a. One in 1012.—

Gcoflrey (1e Viterbo. Awful one which overwhelmed Catania, when 15,000

inhabitants perished in the burning ruins, 1169. Eruptions equally awful

and destructive, 1329, 1408, 1444, 1536, 1537, 1564, and in 1669, when tens

of thousands of persons perished in the streams of lava which rolled over

the whole country for forty days. Eruptions in 1766, 1787, 1809, 1811, and

in May 1830, when several villages were destroyed, and showers of lava

reached even to Rome. Another violent eruption, and the town of Bronte
destroyed, Nov. 18, 1832.

' EUCLID, ELEMENTS or. Euclid was a native of Alexandria, and flourished
-’ there about 300 B. c. The Elements are not wholly his, for many of the invalu—
able truths and demonstrations they contain were discovered and invented
by Thales, Pythagoras, Eudoxus, and others; but Euclid was the first who
reduced them to regular order, and who probably interwove many theo-
rems of his own, to render the whole a complete and connected system of
geometry. The Elements were first printed at Basil, by Simon Grynaeus,
in A. D. 1533.

1 EUNUCHS. This species of mutilation is first mentioned among the Egyptian
and Assyrian nations; and eunuchs in the earliest times were attendants in
. courts. The first princess who was waited upon by eunuchs in her cham-
ber, was Semiramis, queen of Assyria and Babylon, about 2007 B. c.——Leng—
let. Numbers of this class of persons are in the quality of attendants on
the ladies of the Seraglio in Turkey.

'EUSTATIA, ST. This island was settled by the Dutch in 1632 : it was taken
*' by the French in 1689; by the English in 1690; and again by the British
forces, under admiral Rodney and general Vaughan, February 3, 1781. It
was recovered by the French under the marquis de Bouillé, N 0v. 26, same

year; and was again captured by the British in 1801, and 1810; but re—
stored in 1814.

. ‘VANGELISTS. Mark and Matthew wrote their Gospels in A. D. 44; Luke in

t. ' 55; and John in 97. In 95, John was thrown into a caldron of boiling oil

’ at Rome, whence, being taken out unhurt, he was banished to the Isle of

Patmos, and there, in the year 96, he wrote the Apocalypse, and died in 100.

‘ . -—Butler. At the council of Nice in 325, there were 200 varied versions of
. the adopted Evangelists. ‘

~VESHAM. BATTLE or, between prince Edward, afterwards Edward 1., and
. ”"1 Simon de Montfort, earl of Leicester, in which the barons were defeated,
and the earl, his son, and most of his adherents slain. Henry III. at one

.

 
   
  
  
 
 
  
   
  
   
   
 
  
 
  

' not know his rank, but was saved by his timely exclamation, “ Do

 

 

mcrromar or mass. 313‘

 

'0d of the battle was on the point of being cleft down by a soldiervwhlfl1t

 

 

      
   
 
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
    

316 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [m

kill me, soldier, I am Henry of Winchester, thy king !” This victory broke Q 1‘
up the treasonable conspiracy of the barons; fought August 4, 1265.

EXCHANGE. One called Collegittm Mercatorum, existed at Rome, 493 B. c.
The Exchange at Amsterdam was reckoned the finest structure of the kind
in the world. Many edifices of this name in the United Kingdom are mag-
nificent. The exchange of London was founded by sir Thomas Gresham,
June 7, 1566, and was called Royal, by Elizabeth, on her paying it a visit in
Jan. 1571. Destroyed by fire in 1666 and in 1838: rebuilt and \ pened in 1844.

EXCHANGE (MERCHANTS’) IN NEW YORK. The present building, on the site
of the one destroyed in the great fire of 1835, was commenced in 1836, and

finished in 1840. It is of blue granite, and cost $1,800,000. That of Boston,
also of Quincy granite, finished in 1846.

EXCHEQUER. An institution of great antiquity, consisting of officers whose
functions are financial or judicial: the chancellor of the exchequer is the
first of these, and he formerly sat in the court of exchequer above the
barons. The first chancellor was Eustace de Fauconbridge, bishop of Lon-
don, in the reign of Henry 111., about 1221. The exchequer stopped pay-
ment from Jan. to May the 24th, Charles II. 1673.—St0we. The English
and Irish exchequers were consolidated in 1816.

EXCISE. The excise system was established in England by the Long Parlia-
ment; was continued under Cromwell and Charles II. ; and was organized
as at present in the Walpole administration. It was first collected and an
office opened in 1643, and was arbitrarily levied upon liquors and provisions
to support the parliament forces against Charles I. The excise office was
built on the site of Gresham College, in 1774. The ofiiccrs of excise and
customs were deprived of their votes for members of parliament in 1782
See Revenue.

AMOUNT OF THE EXCISE REVENUE OF GREAT BRITAIN IN THE FOLLOWING YEARS.

1744 Great Britain - - £3,754,072 1830 United Kingdom - £18,644,385
1786 Ditto - - - 5,540,114 1834 Ditto - - 16,877,292
1808 Ditto - - - 19,867,914 1837 Ditto - - - 14,518,142
1820 Ditto - - - 26,364,702 1840 Ditto - - - 12,607,766
1827 United Kingdom - - 20,995,324 1845 Ditto - - - 13.685583

EXCOMMUNICATION. An ecclesiastical anathema, or interdict from Chris-
tian communion. It was originally instituted for preserving the purity of
the church; but ambitious ecclesiastics converted it by degrees into an en-
gine for promoting their own power. Some suppose excommunication to
be of Hindoo origin in the Pariah caste, and that it was adopted by the
Jews (who had three degrees of it), and from these latter by the Christian

churches. The Greek and Roman priests and even the Druids had similar
punishments in aid of their respective religions—Phillips.

EXCOMMUNICATION BY THE POPES. The Catholic church excommuni-
catcs by bell, book, and candle—See Bell, Book, and Candle. The popes
have carried their authority to such excess as to excommunicate and depose
sovereigns. Gregory VII. was the first pope who assumed this extravagant
power. ‘He excommunicated Henry IV. emperor of Germany, in 1077, ab-
solving his subjects from their allegiance; and on the emperor’s death,
“his excommunicated body” was five years above ground, no one daring to
bury it. In England were many excommunications in Henry II.’s reign;
and king John was excommunicated by Pope Innocent III. in 1208, when all
England lay under an interdict for six years. The citizens of Dublin were
excommunicated by Clement IV. in 1206. Bulls denouncing hell-fire to

, queen Elizabeth accompanied the Spanish Armada, and plenary indul-
gences were offered to all who should assist in deposing her.

EXECUTIONS. See Crime. In the reign of Henry VIII. (thirty—eight yearn)

   
  

j ., murmur or mm. ‘M

it is shown that no less a number than 72,000 criminals were executed-—
Statue. In the ten years between 1820 and 1830, there were executed in Eng-
land alone 797 criminals; but as our laws became less bloody, the number
of executions propo1tionally dec1eased. In the three yea1s ending 1820,
the executions in England and Wales amounted to 312 , in the three years
ending 1830, they we1e 1cduced to 178; and 111 the tl11ee yeals ending 1840,
they had decreased to 62. —PmZ. Retm ns.
EXECUTIOFS IN LONDON IN THE FOLLOW’ING YEARS.

In the year 1820 - 43 In the year 1835 - m'Z ' In the year 1838 -m'l In the year 1841 - 1
In the year 1825 - 17 111 the year 1836 - m’QZ In the year 1839 - 2 In the year 1842 - 2
In the yea1 1830 - 6 In the yea1 1837 - In the year 1840 - 1 In the year 1843 - I

EXPLORING EXPEDITION (U. S..) consisting of the Vincenncs, sloop of
VI a1 Peacock, ditto; Porpoise, brig; Relief, Flying Fish and Sea Gull,
smalle1 vessels, under Lieut. Wilkes U. S N. sailed fiom Hampton Roads,
Va., Aug. 19th, 1838. Antarctic continent discovered, July 19, 1839. At-
tack on the Fejees for murdering two of the officers. July 25, 1846. The
Peacock lost on the bar of Columbia river, July 1841. The Vincennes
(flag—ship) returned to New York, after an absence of nearly four years,
June 11, 1842. Captain Wilkcs’s Narrative of the Expedition, in 6 vols. Imp.
8vo. and quarto, was published in 1845. The scientific reports of the ex-
pedition form about 20 quarto and folio volumes.

EXPORTS, AND IMPORTS or THE UNITED STATES FROM 1791.

    
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 

Years. Imports. Ez- )orls. Years. Imports. Exports.
1791 ' - $52, 200. 000 - $19, 0 2. 041 1820 - 74,450.000 - 69,691,669
1792 - 31,500,000 - 20, 753, 098 1821 - 62,585,724 - 64,974,382
1793 . 31,100,000 - 26,109,572 1822 - 83,241,541 - 7‘2: 160. 281
1794 - 34,600,000 . 313, 026 233 1823 - 77, 579 267 - 74,699,030
1795 - 69,756,268 - 47, 989, 472 1824 - 80, 549, 007 - 75, 985, 657
1796 - 81,436,164 . 67, 064. 097 1825 - 96,340,075 - 99,535,388
1797 - 75, 37 9, 406 - 56, 850, 206 1826 - 84,974,477 - 77,595,322
1798 - 68: 551 ,700 - 61,527,097 1827 - 79,484,068 - 82,324,827
1799 - 79,‘ 168,148 - 78,665,522 1828 - 88,509,824 - 72,264,686
1800 - 91 H252 768 - 70, 971, 780 1829 - 74,492,527 - 72,358,671
1801 - 111, 363: 511 - 94. 115,925 1830 - 7 0,876,920 - 73,849,508
1802 - 76. 333, 333 - 72,483,160 1831 - 103,191,134 - 81,310,583
1803 - 64, 666 666 - 55, 8( 10033 1832 - 101,029,266 - 87,176,943
1804 - 85,000,000 - 77,699,074 1833 - 108,118,311 - 90,140,433
1805 - 120,000,000 - 95,5 66 (,12 1 1834 - 126,521,332 - 104,336,973
1806 - 129,000,000 - 101,536,963 1835 - 149,895,742 - 121,693,577
1807 - 138,500,000 - 108,343,150 1836 - 189,980,035 - 128,663,040
1808 - , 56,990,000 - 22,439,960 1837 - 140,989,217 - 117,419,376
1809 - 59,400,000 - 52,203,231 1838 - 108,486,616 - 113,717,404
1810 - 85,400,000 - 66,757,974 1839 - 121,028,416 - 162,092,132
~ 1811 . 53,400,000 - 61,316,831 1840 . 131,571,950 - 104,805,891
' 1812 - 77,030,000 - 38,527,236 1841 - 127,946,177 - 121,851,803
1813 - 224102000 - 27,855,997 1842 - 100,162,087 - 104,691,534
1814 - 12,965,000 - 6,927,441 1843 - 64,753,799“ - 84,346 ,480’
1815 ~ 113,041,274 - 52,557,753 1844 ~ 108. 435 ,0351 - 111 ,200, 0461‘
1816 - 147,103,000 - 81,920,452 1845 - 117,254 5,641 - 114, 646, 6061
f 1817 - 99,250,000 > - 87,671,569 1846 - 121 ,691,797t - 113,488,5161
1818 - 121,750,000 - 93,281,133 1847 - 146: 545, 6381 - 158,648,623
1819 - 87,125,000 - 70,142,521 1848 - 154,977,8761 - 154,032,131?

EXPORTS, GREAT BRITAIN. Edward III. by his encouragement of trade,
turned the scale so much' in favor of English merchandise, that by a balance
of trade taken 1n his time, the exp01ted commodities amounted to 294, 0001.,
and the imported to only 38, 000Z.

VALUE OF EXPORTS FROM GREAT BRITAIN TO ALL PARTS OF THE WORLD, Viz: —-
In 1700 - - £6,097,120 In 1820 - - £51,733, 113 111 1842 - -£102, 180, 517
In 1750 - - 10,130,991 In 1830 ~ - 66 735, 445 In 1843 . 100;:260101

   

111 I775 - - 16, 3‘26, 363 I In 1835 - - 78, 376, 732 In 1844 - - 117,877,278
In 1800 - - 38:120:120 In 1840 - - 97, 402, 726 In 1845 - - 131,564,503
In 1810 - ~ 45, 869: 839 In 1841 - - 102,705,372 In 1846 - - 134,509,116

___..._.___.‘.....£.

 

‘ Only nine months of 1843. t For the year ending June 30. - . . " ’1

 

 

”we,

     

31-8 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. {m ‘

The amounts above given relate to the exports of the United Kingdom
of British and Iris/L produce only. The total exports, including foreign and
colonial produce, were, according to official returns, as follows :

In 1841 - -£116,479,678 In 1843 - -£113,844,259 ' In 1845 - - £145,961,?”

In 1812 - - 116,903,668 In 1844 - - 131,833,391 In 1846 - - 150,879,986

In the year ending 5th January 1846, the amount of imports into the
United Kingdom was 85,281,9585; and the balance of trade in favor of Eng-
land, deducting this sum from her exports, was 65,598,028l. But even this
great balance has been exceeded in recent years, as, for instance, the year

immediately preceding, when it mounted to upwards of seventy millions.—~
Brit. Bevan/2w Returns.

, EYLAU, BATTLE or, between the French and Russians, one of the most

I bloody of Napoleon’s wars: it terminated in favor of Napoleon, who com-
manded in person ; but both armies by this and other recent battles were

so much reduced, that the French retired to the Vistula, and the Russians

on the Pregel: the loss to the victor was 15,000 men, and the Russian loss
in slain alone was 20,000. Feb. 8, 1807.

l
3
.«l
l
i

F.

FABII. A noble and powerful family at Rome, who derived their name from
faba, a bean, because some of their ancestors cultivated this pulse: they
were said to be descended from Fabius, a supposed son of Hercules, and
were once so numerous that they took upon themselves to wage war .1 gainst
the Veientes. They came to a general engagement near the Cremera, in
which all the family, consisting of 306 men, were slain, B. C. 477. There
only remained one, whose tender age had detained him at Rome, and from
him arose the noble Fabii in the following ages. ~ -

-- FABLES. “ Jotham’s fable of the trees isthe oldest extant, and as beautiful
as any made since.”——Addi30n. Nathan’s fable of the poor man (2 Sam.
xii.) is next in antiquity. The earliest collectionof fables extant is of east-
ern origin, and preserved in the Sanscrit. The fables of Vishnoo Sarma,
called Pilpay, are the most beautiful, if not the most ancient, in the world. 9
—Si7' IVilt’z‘am Jones. The well—known zEsop’s fables (which see), were
written about 510 years B. c.—PlutarciL.

FACTIONS. Among the Romans, factions were parties that fought on cha-
riots in the cirque, and who were distinguished by their different colors,
a green, blue, red, and white, to which Domitian added two others, one in
coats embroidered with gold, a second wearing scarlet, about A. D. 90 Both
the emperors and people had generally greater inclination for some parti-
cular color than the rest; but upon a quarrel happening in J ustinian’s reign,
between the blue and green. when 40,000 were killed on both sides, the
name of faction was abolished. With us, faction means a party or sect in
religious or civil matters, and is always taken in an ill sense.

FAIRS AND VVAKES. They are of Saxon origin, and were first instituted in
England by Alfred, A. D. 886,—Spctman. They were established by order of
Gregory VII. in 1708, and termed Farm, at which the monks celebrated the
festival of their patron saint; the vast resort of people occasioned a great de-
mand for goods, wares, &c. They were called wakes from the people making
merry during the vigil, or eve. Fairs were established in France and Eng-
land by Charlemagne and William the Conqueror, about A. D. 800 in the
first, and 1071 in the latter kingdom. The fairs of Beaucaire, Falaise, and
Leipsic, are the most famous in Europe.

FALKIRK, BATTLE or, between the English under Edward I. and the Scots,
commanded by the heroic Wallace, in which 40,000 of the latter were Slain;

 

a seesaw; " “

 

 

 

    
   
 
  

"bexw-‘Mwutigtwat-manual»;4.2.; ‘ ..~

 

 

marrow: or ones.“

 

 

,) a the whole Scotch army was broken up, and was chased 011‘ the field with
" dreadful slaughter, July 22,1298.

f'AMINES, AND SEASONS or REMARKABLE SCARCITY. The famine of
‘ the seven years in Egypt began 1708 B. c ~Us/Lm- ; Blair. In a famine that

raged at Rome thousands 01' the people threw themselves into the Tiber,
436 13.0. Livy.

‘ Awful famine in Egypt - 11.1). 42 i voured the flesh ofhorses, dogs, cats,
: ’. At llome,atrenrled by plague - - 2021| and vermin - - - A. D 1315
‘ 111 Britain, so grievous that people ate One in England and France (Rain-71) - 1353
the hark oftrees - - - 272 ‘ Again, one so gieat, that b1ead was
In Scotland, and thousands die - - 306 made 110111 fern 1'001s(S/0we) - 1438
111 England where 40, 000 pe11sh - 310 Awful one in France ( 101nm e) - 11393
Aw1ul one in l’hry gia - - 370 One gene1al in G1eat Britain - - 1748
So dreadlul 111 Italy, that pa1cnts ate One which (levuslutes 131»: 153,11] - - 1771
their children (l)u_/1esnuy) - - 450 At the Capede Verds,wl1c1e l6, 0001361-
In England, Wales, and Scolland - 739 sons perish - - - 1775
Again, when 1l1ousands starve - - 8'23 , One grievously felt 111 Fiance - - 1789
Amin, which lasts fou1 years — - 954 One severely felt in England - - 1795
Awlul one throughout Europe - - 1016 Again, thioughout the Kingdom - - 1801
In England and 111'anee this famine 1 At Dron: 11121111, owing to SVveden mer-
leads to a pestilential fever, which i eepting the su plies - - ~1818
lasts from 1193 to - - - 1195 Senicity (11 food: severely felt by the
,‘ Another famine in England - ~ 1251 Irish poo1',1811,1810, 1822, and - 1845—6

Again, so dreadful, 111th the people de-

FAN,1‘he use of the fin was known to the ancients: Cape 7106 flabellum ct
centulum huic sic facito. —TERENCE. The modern custom among the ladies
v1 as borrowed from the East. Fans, together with muffs, masks, and false
hair, were first devised by the harlots 1n EIt-aly, and were brought to England
from France—Stowe. The fan was used by females to hide their faces in
church—Pardon.

F ARCE. This species of dramatic entertainment originated in the droll shows
which were exhibited by Charlatans and their bufl‘oons in the open street.
These Were introduced into our theatres in a ludicrous and more refined
form; and they are now only shorter, but often superior to the pieces called
comedies. See article Drama.

FASTING, AND FASTS. They were practised and observed by most nations
from the remotest antiquity. Annual fasts, as that of Lent, and at other
stated times and on particular occasions, begun in the Christian church, ‘
to appease the anger 01 God, in the second century, A D. 138. Retained as
a pious practice by the reformed churches ——Euscl}ius.

{ FEASTS AND FESTIVALS. The feast of the Tabernacles was instituted by
' Moses 1n the wilderness, 1490 B. 0., but was celebrated with the greatest
magnificence for fourteen davs, upon the dedication of the temple of Sole-
,_ m011,1005 B. C.—Josep/Lus. In the Christian church those of Christmas,
Easter, Ascension and Pentecost 0r Whitsuntidc were first eideied to be , 1:
. observed by all Christians, A. D. 68. Rogation days 11 ere appointed in 469. ‘
': Jubilees in the Romish chuich were instituted by Boniface Vlll. in 1300.
" See Jubilees. For fixed festivals observed 1n the church of England as set— \
tled at the Reformation, et seq., see Book of Common P/(67/671 '

; FEBRUARY. The second month of the year, so called from Februa, afeast

» " which was held therein in behalf of the manes of diseased persons, when

sacrifices were performed, and the last offices were paid to the shades of the

. dead. This month. with January, was added to the year, which had pre-
,_ viously but ten months, by Numa, 713 B. 0. See Calendar, and Year.

.1111. 1 a

     
   
     
   
 
  

5‘

, ARA. A city in the papal dominions, evacuated by the Austrians, ex- ‘
cept the citadel, y.Dec 23,1841?

"HAL LAWS. The tenure of land. by suit or service to the lord or _
g I}, was introduced into England by the Saxons, about A. D. 600. o

 

320 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

slavery of this tenure was increased under William I. in 1068.

ber of soldiers. These laws were discountenanced in France by Louis XI.

in 1470. The vassalage was restored, but limited by Henry VII. 1495. Abol- 6'
ished by statute 12 Charles II. 1663. The feudal system was introduced into

Scotland by Malcolm II. in 1008; and was finally abolished in that kingdom
20 George II. 1746.—Lilll()lon; Rafi/Lead; Blackstone.

FEUILLANS. Members of a society formed in Paris to counteract the intrigues
and operations of the Jacobins, named from the Feuillan convent, where

their meetings were held, early in the revolution. A body of Jacobins
invested the building, burst into their hall, and obliged them to separate,

Dec. 25, 1791.

FEZ. The ancient M'lmitania, founded by Edrus, a Barbary farmer. about
A. D. 606. I t soon afterwards became the capital of all the western bf; rocco
States. Leo Afrieanus describes the Mauritani as containing more than
seven hundred temples, mosques, and other public edifices, in the twelfth
century.

FICTION LAW. Invented by the lawyers in the reign of Edward I. as a means
of carrying cases from one court to another, whereby the courts became
checks to each other.——Hume. Memorable declaration of Lord Mansfield,
in the court of King’s Bench, emphatically uttered, that “NO FICTION or LAW
SHALL EVER so FAR PREVAIL AGAINST THE REAL TRUTH or THE FACT. AS To

> PREVENT THE EXECUTION or JUSTICE,” May 21, 1784. This constitutional
maxim is now a rule of law.

FIEF. In France we find fief‘s-men mentioned as early as the age of Childebert
1.. A. D. 511. They were introduced into Italy by the Lombards. Into Spain,
before the invasion of the Moors, A. D. 710. Into England by the Saxons
(see Feudal Laws). Into Scotland, directly from England, by Malcolm II., 1008.

FIELD or THE CLOTH or GOLD. Henry VIII. embarked at Dover to/meet
Francis I. of France, at Ardres, a small town near Calais in France, May 31,
1520. The nobility of both kingdoms here displayed their magnificence with
such emulation and profuse expense. as procured t0 the place of interview
(an open plain) the name of T/LL’ [i'lelcl of we Clot/z of Gold. Many of the
king’s attendants involved themselves in great debts on this occasion, and
were not able. by the penury of the rest of their lives, to repair the vain

splendor of a few days. A painting of the embarkation, and another of the
interview, are at Windsor Castles—Butler.

FIFTH MONARCHY—MEN.‘ Fanatical levellers who arose in the time of
Cromwell, and who supposed the period of' the Millennium to be just at
hand, when J FISUS should descend from heaven and erect the fifth universal

monarchy. They actually proceeded to elect J nsus CHRIST king at London!
Cromwell dispersed them, 1653.

FIGURES. Arithmetical figures (nine digits and zero), and the method of
computing by them, were brought into Europe from Arabia, about A. D. 900.
They were first known in England about the year 1253. previously to which
‘ime the numbering by letters was in use there. See Arithmetic.

P lRE. It is said to have been first produced by striking flints together. The
poets suppose that fire was stolen from heaven by Prometheus. Zoroaster,
king of Bactria, was the founder of the sect of the Magi. or worshippers of
Fire, since known by the appellation of Guebres, still numerous in the coun-
tries of the East, 2115 B. c.—Justin; Pliny. Heraclitus maintained that the
world was created from fire, and he deemed it to be a god omnipotent, and

 

This was i“
done by dividing the kingdom into baronies, and giving them to certain

persons, requiring them to furnish the king with money, and a stated num~

 

 

 

l
i

      
    
     

' fl , ' mmom‘ay or nuns. 3“

i as

 

'-

a taught this theory about 506 13. c.——Nouv. Diet. In the Scriptures God is
said often to have appeared in, or encompassed with fire—as to Moses in the
‘ burning bush, on mount Sinai ; and to the prophets Isaiah, Ezekiel, and St.
John. The wrath of God is described by a consuming fire, and the angels,
as his ministers, are compared to it. See the Bible.

FIRE-ARMS. Small arms were contrived by Schwartz, A. D. 1378; they were
brought to England about 1388. Fire-arms were a prodigious rarity in Ire-
land in 1489, when six muskets were sent from Germany as a present to the
earl of Kildare, who was then chief-governor. Muskets were first used at
the siege of‘ Rliegen, in 1525. The Spaniards were the first nation who
armed the foot soldier with these weapons.— Ulloa. Voltaire states, that the
Venetians were the first to use guns, in an engagement at sea against the
Genoese. in 1377; but our historians affirm, that the English had guns at the
battle of Cressy, in 1346; and the year following at the siege of Calais. See
Artillery.

FIRE-ENGINES. The fire-engine is of modern invention, although the forcing
‘ pump, of which it is an application, is more than two centuries old. The
fire-engine, to force water, was constructed by John Vander Heyden, about
the year 1663; it was improved materially in 1752, and from that time to the
present. The fire-watch, or fire—guard of London, was instituted November
1791. The fire brigade was established in London in 1833.

FIRE-SHIPS. They were first used in the sixteenth century. Among the most
formidable contrivances of this kind ever used, was an explosion vessel to
destroy a bridge of boats at the siege of Antwerp, in 1585. The first use of
_ them in the English navy was by Charles, lord Howard of Elfingham, after-
wards earl of Nottingham, lord high admiral of England, in the engagement
‘ with the Spanish Armada, July, 1588.—Rapin.
-’ FIRE-WORKS. Are said to have been familiar to the Chinese in remote ages:
1 they were invented in Europe at Florence, about A. D. 1360; and were first
exhibited as a spectacle in 1588. At an exhibition of fire-works in Paris,
in honor of the marriage of the dauphin, afterwards Louis XVI., the pas-
sages being stopped up occasioned such a crowd, that the people, seized with
a panic, trampled upon one another till they lay in heaps; a scaffold erected _,
over the river also broke down, and hundreds were drowned; more than 2
1000 persons-perished on this occasion, June 21, 1770. Madame Blanchard '
ascending from Tivoli Gardens, Paris, at night, in a balloon surrounded by
' , fire-works, the balloon took fire, and she was precipitated to the ground, and
' dashed to pieces, July 6, 1819. See Balloon.

1 FIRES. Some of the most noted and destructive in North America.

 

   
   
  
 
   
   

   
 
 
  
   
   

In New York, destroying 600 warehou- New York, destroying 302 stores and
ses and rroperty to amount of $20,- dwelling-houses, and property worth ,1
000,000 - - - Dec. 16, 1835 $6,000,000—4 lives lost - July 19, 1845 1:
At Washington, destroying the General St. John’s, Newfoundland ; nearly the
Post Oflice and Patent Oflice, with whole town destroyed—6,000 people '
10,000 valuable models, drawings, ’ ‘ made houseless - - June 12, 1846
&e. - - - Dec.15,1836, Quebec Theatre Royal; 47 persons
At Charleston, S. 0.; 145 acres and ‘ burned to death - - June 14, 1846
1,158 buildings destroyed - April 27, 1838 Nantucket ; 300 buildings, valued
New York; 46 buildings; loss, 310,- $800,000 - - - July 13, 1846
000,000 - — - Sept. 6, 1839' Dupont’s powder mills, Md, exploded,
Philadel hia; 52 buildings; loss, 18 persons killed _ : April_14, 1847
$500,080 - - - Oct. 4, 1839 At Albany ; 600 buildings, besides
Pittsburgh, Pa. 1,000 buildings, and steamboats &c.,24 acres burned over,
property valued about $6,000,000 loss, $3,000,000 - Aug. 17, 1849
April 10, 1845 At Brooklyn, N. Y., W houses. value,
Quebec, Canada; 1,500 houses burnt; $750,000 - - - Sept. 9, 1848
immense loss of property, and se- At St. Louis; 23 steamboats and 15 _
vei‘al lives, May 28, 1845. Another, blocks of houses destroyed,loss about ’2
burning 1,300 dwellings; in all, two- $3,000,000 - - May 17,1849

 

thirds of the city . - June 28, 1845; At Philadelphia, 300 houses July 9, 1850
14*

 

 

 

322 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [M
F‘RE or LONDON, THE GREAT. Destroyed in the space of four days eighty-
nine churches, including St. Paul7s; the city gates, the Royal Exchange, the
Custom House. Guildhall, Sion College, and many other public buildings,
besides 13,200 houses, laying waste 400 streets. This eonflagration happened
(not without strong suspicion of treason), Sept. 2, 1666, and continued three

days and nights, and was at last only extinguished by the blowing up of
houses—Hume ; Rapin ; Carte.

FIRST FRUITS. Primitim among the Hebrews. They were offerings which
. made a large part of the revenues of the Hebrew priesthood. First fruits
were instituted by pope Clement V., in A. D. 1306; and were collected in
England in 1316. The first year’s income of every church benefice in Eng—
land was given to the popes till the 27th of Henry VIII., 1535, when the
first fruits were assigned, by act of parliament, to the king and his succes-
sors—«Cartc. Granted, together with the tenths, to increase the incomes of
the poor clergy, by queen Anne, Feb. 1704. Consolidation of the offices of
First Fruits, T enths, and queen Anne’s Bounty, by Statute 1 Vietn, April
1888.

FLAGELLANTS, 8801‘ or. They established themselves at Perousc, A. D.
1260. They maintained that there was no remission of sins wit-bout flagel-
lation, and publicly lashed themselves, while in procession, preceded by the
cross, until the blood flowed from their naked backs. Their leader, Conrad
Schmidt, was burnt, 1414.

FLANDERS. The country of the ancient Belgae ; conquered by Julius Caesar,
47 B. c. It passed into the hands of France, A. D. 412. It was governed by
its earls subject to that crown, from 864 to 1369. It then came into the
house of Austria by marriage; but was yielded to Spain in 15:36. Flanders
shook off the Spanish yoke in 1572; and in 1725, by the treaty of Vienna. it
was annexed to the German empire—Priestley. Flanders was overrun by
the French in 1792 and 1794, and was declared part of their Republic. It
was made part of the kingdom of the Netherlands in 1814-, and was erected

u

into the kingdom ot'Belgium in 1881.——See Belgium. _

FLAX. The flax seed was first planted in England in A. D. 1533. For many
ages the core was separated from the flax, the bark of the plant, by the hand.
A mallet was next used ; but the old methods of breaking and scutching the
flax yielded to a water-mill which was invented in Scotland about 1750.
See article Hemp.

FLODDEN FIELD, BATTLE or, between the English and Scots. James IV. of

 
    

Scotland, having taken part with Louis XII. of France, against Henry VIII.

of England, this battle was one of the consequences of his unfortunate policy; '

and James, and most of his chief nobles, and upwards of 10,000 of his army
were slain, while the English, who were commanded by the earl of Surry,
lost only persons of small note. Henry VIII. was at the time besieging
Terouenne, near St. Omer; fought Sept. 9, 1513.

FLORENCE. It is said to have been founded by the soldiers of Sylla. and en-
larged by the Roman Triumviri. It was destroyed by Totila, and was re-
built by Charlemagne. This city is truly the seat of the arts. In its pal-
aces. university, academies, churches, and libraries, are to be found the
rarest works of sculpture and painting in the world. The Florentine acad—
emy, and the Accademm della, Crusoe, were instituted to enrich the literature
and improve the language of Tuscany; the latter is so named because it
rejects like [mm all words not purely Tuscan. Florence was taken by the
French in July 1796, and again in March, 1799; and was restored in-1814.

FLORIDA, now one of the United States. was discovered by Sebastian Cabot
sailing under the English flag, in 1497. Ponce de Leon, a Spanish adven-

11 a.

   
   
 
 
 
 
 
    
  

monomer or DATES. , a

i-turer from Hispaniola, explored the country in 1512 and 1516. In 1539,“
Hernando de Soto, who had been an officer under Pizarro, overran the penin-
.. Iula with an armed force, but most of his followers were cut off a few years
after. In 1763 Florida was ceded to Great Britain by Spain in exchange for
Havana. The Spanish reconquered it in 1781, and ceded it to the United
States in 1819. It was admitted into the Union in 1845. First war with the
Seminoles in Florida in 1818, when general J aekson subdued them. Another
protracted and expensive warfare there commenced and continued until
1842. General Jessup, general Taylor, and others, were engaged in it. The
* Seminole chief, Osceola, was captured, 1837. Population in 1830, 34,723;
‘ in 1840, 54,477 including 25,717 slaves.

FLORIN. A coin first made by the Florentines. A flown was issued by Ed-
' ward III, which was current in England at the value of 63., in 1837.——Cam-'
den. This English coin was called floren after the Florentine coin because
the latter was of the best g.old —As/rc The florin f Germany 1s in value

25.4111; that of Spain 4s. 41%.; that of Palermo and Sicily 23. 6d.; that of
Holland 25. ——Ayltfle.

FLOWERS. The most delightful and fragrant among the ornaments of our
gardens are of foreign production. The modern taste for flowers came, it is
said, from Persia to Constantinople, and was imported thence to Europe for
the first time in the sixteenth century; at least many of the productions of
our gardens were conveyed by that channel.—Bcc/tmmm. With what goodi-
ness does G01) provide for our happiness and enjoyments. by making even
the most remote countries contribute towards them l‘Stmm. From the
reign of Henry VII. to that of Elizabeth, our present common flowers were,
for the most part, introduced into England. The art of preserving flowers
in sand was discovered in 1633. A mode of preserving them from the effects
of frost in winter, and hastening their vegetation in summer, was invented
in America, by George Morris, in 1792. Among the flowers, the periods of
whose introduction to English gardens have been traced, Haydn gives the

following :— .
FLOWERS, PLANTS, &c Gold- plant, Japan - - - 1783
Acacia, N. America, befo1e - A. n. 1640 Golden bell flowel, Madeira - -1777
Allspice shrub Carolina - 1726 Hawthorn, American, from N Amer-
Anmseed tree, Flo1ida, about - 1766 ica. before - - - - 1683

  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
   
 
 
 
 
  

Arbor Vitze, Canada, before - 1596‘ Heath, ar.de11t Cape - - - 1800
Arctopus, Cape of Good Hope 1774 Heath, beautiful, Cape - - - 1795
‘ Auricula,Sw1tzerland - - 1567 Heath, flagrant, Cape - - - 1803
Azarole,S. Europe, before - 1640 Heath, garland Cape - - - 1774
Bay, royal, Madeira - - 1665 Heath, perfumed Cape ~ - 1803
Bay, sweet. Italy, before - 1548 Honeyflower, great, Cape - - - 1688
Camellia, China - - - 1811 Honeysuckle, Chinese, China - - 1806
Chaste tree, Sicily, before - 1570 Honeysuckle. fly, Cape - - - 1752
Christ’s thorn, Africa, before - 1596 Honeysuckle, numpet. N. America - 1656
Canary bell— flower, Canaries - 1696 Hyssop, south of Europe, before - - 1348
Carnation, Flanders - - 1567 Jasmine, Circassia, betore - 1548
Ceanothus, blue, New Spain - 1818 Jasmine Catalonian. East Indies - - 1629

Canary convolvulus. Canaries -
Convolvulus, many flowered -
Coral tree, Cape - -
Coral tree, bell- flowered, Cape
_ 7 . Coral tree, tremulous, Cape ‘
Creeper, Virginian, N. America
Dahlla China - - -
Dryandra, New Holland -
Evergreen thorn, Italy - ~

1690 Judas tree, south of Europe, before - 1596
1779 Labumum, Hungary - - 1576,
1816 Laurel. A1exand1ia11. Portugal, before 1713
1791 Laurestine, south of Europe, before - 1596
1789 I avender, south of Eu1ope, before - 1568
1603 L11y,1ta1ybef01c - - - 1460
1803 L11y,g1rrant1c N. South Wales - 1800
1803 Lily, red- colored, South America - - 1623
1629 Loblolly- -bay, N. America, before - 1739

 

Everlasting, great-flowered Cape 1781 Lupine tree, Cape, about - - - 1793
Everlasting, giant, Cape - - 1793 Magnolia (see Mag no. ’10), N. America 1688
Fernbush, sweet,N. America - 1714 Magnolia,dwarf, China - . . 1786

Fox- ~glove, Canaries - -
Geranium, Flanders ~ - - 1534 Marden-hair,l1pan - - .

. , ‘ .wI/V.m€wwva _

1698 Maanolra, laurel leavetl, N. America- §733
. 11' .

1
. 71
‘1
or!

Grllyflower, Flanders. . - - 1567 Mignionette,ltaly . . .1523

 

 

 

324 ' THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [so

FLOWERS, continued.

   

Milk-wort, great-flowered, Cape - ~ 1713 Rose, tube, from Java and Ceylon - 16% v
Milk-wort, showy, Cape - - 1814 , Rose Without thorns, N. America, he-
Mountain tea, N. America, before - - 1758 1 fore - - - - - 1726
Mock orange, south of Europe, before 1596 i Rosemary, south of Europe .- - 1548
Myrtle, candleberry, N. America - - 1699 1 St. Peter’s wort, North America - - 1730
Myrtle, woolly-leaved, China - - 1776 Sage, African, Cape - - - 1731
Nettle-tree, south of Europe, before - 1596 Sage, Mexican, Mexico _ - ~ - 1724
Olive, Cape, Cape - - - 1730 Sassafras tree, N. America, before - 1663
Olive, sweet-scented, China . - 1771 Savin, south of Europe, before - - 1584
Oleander, red, south of Europe - 1596 , Snowdrop, Carolina - - - 1756
Paraguay tea, Carolina, before - - 1724 ’ Sorrel tree, N. America, before - - 1752
Passionllower, Brazil - - ~ 1692 i Sweet bay, south of Europe, before — 15/18
Passion-flower, orange, Carolina - - 1792 ’ ’l‘amarisk plant, Germany - - - 1560
Pigeon-berry, N. America - - 1736 l Tea tree, China, about - - - 1768
. Pink, from Italy - - - - 1567 l Tooth-ache tree, Carolina, before - - 1739
Ranunculus, Alps - - — 1528 . Trumpet-flower, N. America - - 1640
Roses, Netherlands - - - - 1522 Trumpet-flower, Cape - - - 1823
Rose, the China, China - - 1789 Tulip, Vienna - - ~ . - 1578
Rose, the damask, Marseilles, and Virginia creeper, N. America, before 1629
south of Europe, about - - 1513 Virgin’s-bower, Japan - - — 1776
Rose, the Japan, China - - - 1793 Weeping willow, Levant, before . - 1692
Rose, the moss, before ~ - - 1724 Wax tree, China - - - 1794
Rose, the musk, Italy - - - 1522 Winter berry, Virginia - - — 1736
Rose, the Provence, Flanders - - 1567 Youlan, China - - . - 1789

Rose, sweet-scented guelder, from
China - - - . - 1821

FLUTE.‘ Invented by Hyagnis, a Phrygian, the father of Marsyas.—Pluta7‘c/L.
The flute, harp, lyre, and other instruments were known to the Romans;
and the flute was so prized in antiquity, that several female deities lay
claim to its invention. It was in far more general use as a concert instru—

ment than the violin, until early in the last century, when the works of Co-
relli came oven—See Music.

 

La Grange, and La Place.

FLYING. ARTIFICIAL. It has been attempted in all ages. Friar Bacon main-
tained the possibility of the art, and predicted it would be of general prac-
tice, A. D. 1273. Bishop Wilkins says, it will yet be as usual to hear a man
call for his wings when he is going on a journey, as it is now to hear him
call for his boots, 1651. We apprehend that many ages will pass away pre-
viously to the accomplishment of these predictions.

FONTAINEBLEAU, PEACE or, concluded between France and Denmark in
1679. Treaty of Fontainebleau between the emperor of Germany and
Holland, signed N ovember 8, 1785. Treaty of Fontainebleau between Na-
poleon and the royal family of Spain, Oct. 27, 1807. Concordat of Fon-
tainebleau between Napoleon and pope Pius VII. January 25, 1813. Fon-
tainebleau was entered by the Austrians, Feb. 17, 1814. And here
Napoleon resigned his imperial dignity, and bade a farewell to his army,
April 5, 1814.

FONTENOY, BATTLE or, near Tournay, between the French under count Saxe,
and the English, Hanoverians, Dutch, and Austrians, commanded by the
duke of Cumberland. The battle was fought with great obstinacy, and the
carnage on both sides was considerable, the allies losing 12,000 men, and
the French nearly an equal number of lives ; but the allies were in the end
defeated. Count Saxe, who was at the time ill of the disorder of which
he afterwards died, was carried about to all the posts in a litter, assuring
his troops that the day would be their own; April 30, 1745.

FONTS. Formerly the baptistry was a small room, or place partitioned off in
a church, Where the persons to be baptized (many of whom in the early

l} ammonia? or DATES. 9?”? /

   
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
  
  
 
 
  
  
  
  
   
  
  
 
    
    
   

s- " ages were adults), Were submerged. Previously to these artificial reser-
voirs, lakes and rivers were resorted to for immersion. Fonts for the initia-
tion into Christianity were instituted in A. D. 167.

TOOLS, FESTIVALS or, at Paris. They were held on the first of January, and

were continued for 240 years. In their celebration, we are told, all sorts of
absurdities and indeeencies were committed, A. D. 1198. Fools or licensed
jesters were kept at court in England (as they were at other courts of Eu-
rope), and Were tolerated up to the time of Charles I. 1625.

FORESTS. There were in England, even in the last century, as many as 68
forests, 18 chases, and upwards of 780 parks. The New Forest in Hamp-
shire was made by William I., who for that purpose destroyed 86 parishes,
pulled down 36 churches, and dispeopled the country for 30 miles round,
A. D. 1079~85.—St0we. ‘

FORGERY IN ENGLAND. The forging of, or giving in evidence forged deeds, &c.,"
.- made punishable by fine, by standing in the pillory, having both ears cut
off, the nostrils slit up and scared, the forfeiture of land, and perpetual
imprisonment, 5 Elizabeth, 1562. Forgery was first punished by death in
1634. '
. FORGERY, REMARKABLE EXECUTIONS FOR. The unfortunate Daniel and R0-
bert Perreau, brothers and wine-merchants, were hanged at Tyburn, Jan—
' uary 17, 1776. The rev. Dr. Dodd was found guilty of forging a bond, in
the name of Lord Chesterfield, for 4,2005. : the greatest interest was made,
and the highest influence was exerted to save him, but when the case came
before the council, the minister of the day said to George 111., “if your
majesty pardon Dr. Dodd, you will have murdered the Perreaus ;” and he
was hanged accordingly, June 27, 1777. Mr. Henry Fauntleroy, a London
banker, was hanged, November 30, 1824. Joseph Hunton, a quaker mer—
chant, sufi‘ered death, December 8, 1828. The last criminal hanged for
forgery at the Old Bailey, was Thomas Maynard, Deeelnber 31, 1829.

- FORKS. They were in use on the Continent in the 13th and 14th centuries.—
Voltaire. This is reasonably disputed, as being too early. In Fynes Mory-
son’s Itinerary, reign of Elizabeth, he says, “At Venice each person was
served (besides his knife and spoon) with a fork to hold the meat while he.
cuts it, for there they deem it ill manners that one should touch it with his
hand.” Thomas Coryate describes, with much Soleiiinity, the manner of
using forks in Italy, and adds, “I myself have thought it good to imitate
the Italian fashion since I came home to England,” A. D. 1608.

I .FORTIFICATION. The Phoenicians were the first people who had fortified
_ cities. Apollodorus says that Perseus fortified Mycenae, where statues
were afterwards erected to him. The modern system was introduced about
A. D. 1500. Albert Durer first wrote on the science in 1527; and improve-
ments were made by Vauban, towards 1700.

" FOTHERINGAY CASTLE, Northamptonshire. Built A. D. 1408. Here Richard
‘ III. of England was born in 1443; and Mary queen of Scots, whose death
is an indelible stain upon the reign of our great Elizabeth, was beheaded
in this castle, in which she had been long previously confined, February 8,
1587, after an unjust and cruel captivity of almost nineteen years in Eng—
land. It was ordered to be demolished by her son James I. of England.

FOUNDLING HOSPITAL. Even in ancient times the state made provision
for the preservation of exposed children; but foundling hospitals are a
modern institution. That of Paris was established in 1640, and up to 1807
had received 464,628 children. In France, the number of foundlings in
, ,:1584, was 40,000' in. 1798, over 51,000; in 1822, 138,500. The increase
, in Europe during the last fifty years has been very great. In England
_‘ these hospitals are of comparatively recent date. Catherine II. built a
‘3 costly one near Moscow, Where 8000 infants Were sueeored. '

 

 

i
’3,

 

 

 

326.

THE WORLD’S PRUGRESS. [“-

FRANCE. This country was known to the Romans by the name of Gaul. In I:

the decline of their power it was conquered by the Franks, a people of Ger-

many, then inhabiting what is still called F ranconia. These invaders gave
the name to the kingdom; but the Gauls, being by far the most numerous,
are the real ancestors of the modern French. Previous to the revolution,
France was divided into 32 provinces; and after that era it was divided,
first into 84, and subsequently into 103, departments, including Corsica. .
Geneva, Savoy, and other places, chiefly conquests. Tab. Views, 65 et seq.

The Franks, under their leader Phara-
mond, settle in that part of Gaul till

late called Flanders - - A. n. 420
Reign of Clovis the Great - - 481

[The Events in l‘rench History and the
succession of sovereigns Will be lotind
in the Tabular Views in this volume,

1350. John 11. ; died suddenly in the Savoy
in London.

1364. Charles V., surnamed the Wise; the
first prince who had the title of dau-
phin. (See article Dauphin.)

1380. Charles V1., the Beloved.

1422. Charles V11., the Vict..rious.

commencing p. 65.] 1461. Louis XL, detested for his atrocious
720. Childeric 11. cruelties. n
737. Charles Martel ruled with despotic 1483. Charles VIII., the Affable.
sway during an interregnum. ' 1498. Louis XII., duke ofOrle-ans, surnamed
742. Childeric 111., the Stupid; turned the Father of his People.
monk. 1515. Francis 1.
~ 1547. Henry 11.: died of a wound received
THE CARLOVINGIM‘S' at a tournament.
752. Pepin the Short, son of Charles Mar- 1559. Francis 11. ; married Mary Stuart.

768.
814.

840.
877.

879. Carloman and Louis 111. The latter
died, 882. Carloman reigned alone. 1589
884. Charles the Fat; an usurper.
887. Eudes or Hugh.
898. Charles 111., the Simple; deposed and 1610.
died in prison. 1643.
923. Rudolph.
936 Louis IV., d’Outremer; died by a fall 1715.

9-51. Lothaire 111. poisoned; it is said by 1774.
his wife Emma.
986. Louis V. the Indolent; poisoned by
his wife Blanche, and in him ended 1789.
the wee of Charlemagne.
THE arrears.
987. Hugh Capet, from whom this race of

996.
1031.
1060.
1108.
1137.
1 180.
1223.
1226.

1270.
1285.
1314.
1316.
1316.
1323.

1328.

tel ; this race called Carlovingians.
Charlemagne, or Charles the Great;

also emperor of Germany. 1560.

Louis 1., the Gentle. surnamed, also,
the Debmmm‘re ; dethroned, and int
prisoned in a monastery. 1574

Charles 11., surnamed the Bald; poi-
soned by his physician Henault.

Louis the Stammerer.

from his horse.

 

kings are called Capevingians.
Robert the Sage. 1804
Henry 1.
Philip 1., the Fair.
Leuis V1., the Lusty.
Louis VII., the Young.
Philip 11., Augustus.
Louis VIII., the Lion.
Louis IX., called St. Louis; died in
his camp before Tunis; canonized.

Philip 111., the Hardy. 1814.

Philip IV., the Ilandsome.

Louis X., Hutin. - 1824.

John, who reigned only eight days.

Philip V.. the Lone.

Charles 1V., the Handsome; king of
Navarre. '

HOUSE OF VALOIS- 1830
Philip de Valois.

1795.

afterwards queen of Scots ; died
the year after his accession.

Charles 1X. Catherine ofMedicis, his
mother, obtained the regency, which
trust she abused.

. Henry 111., elected king of Poland;

murdered Aug. 1,.1589, by Jacques
Clement, a Dominican t'riar. In this

prince was extinguished the house
ot'VaIOis.

.Henry IV., the Great, of Bourbon,

king of N avarre ; murdered by Fran~
cis Ravillac. (See Ravillac.) ‘

Louis X111., the Just.

Louis XlV., the Great, also styled
Dian-Donne.

Louis XV, the Well-Beloved; but
which surname he lost.

Louis XVI., his grandson ; guillo-
tined, Jan. 21, 1793; and his queen
Maria-Antoinette. Oct. 16, following.

The Revolution commences with the
destruction ol‘the Bastile, July 14.

Louis XV11., dies in prison.

FRENCH EMPIRE.

. Napoleon Bonaparte declared Empe-

ror, May 18, 1804; crowned by the "
pope, Dec. 2, following; assumes
the iron crown, May 26, 1805. Re-
nounces the thrones of France and
Italy, Apr. 5, 1814. '

BOURBONS RESTORED.

Louis XV111.; ascends the throne.
May 3. 1814; dies, Sept. 16. 1824. \

Charles X. ; deposed, July 30, 1830; ,,
retires to Rainbouillet same clan.
and subsequently seeks protectio
in England. ‘

HOUSE OF ORLEAm.

. Louis-Philippe; declared “king d

the French,” August 9.

 

   
  

monomer or DATES. . I“

MANCHISE. A privilege, or exemption from ordinary jurisdiction; and an—
ciently an asylum or sanctua1y where the person was secure In Spain,
churches and monasteries were, until lately, franchises for criminals as they
were fo1'111e1ly' 111 Eng land. The elective franchise was confer1ed for coun-

ties on poisons having 403 a year in land, 39 Henry VI. 1460. —Rufi head’s
Statutes. See Electors.

FRANCISCANS. An order of friars called also Giay F1",ia1s in the ChIIIClI
. of Rome, founded by Francis de Assise in A. D. 1209, 01'. according to some
authorities, about 1220 Their 1ules were chastity, pover,ty obedience and
very austere regimen of life. In 1224 they are said to have appeared in
England, where, at the time of the dissolution of Monasteries by Henry VIII.,
they had fifty-five abbeys or other houses, A. D. 1586-38.

: FRANKFORT ON THE MAIN. Many ages a free city ; it was taken and retaken
several times during the wars of the late and present centuries, and felt the
iron rule of Bonaparte from 1803 to 1813, when its independence was guar-
anteed by the allied sovereigns. The diet of the princes of Germany was
established here by the Rhenish confederation in 1806.

FREDERICKSHALL, SIEGE or. Rendered memorable b ' the death of
Charles XII, of Sweden, who was killed by a cannon-shot b'efoie its walls,
and while 1n the trenches, leaning against the parapet, examining the works.
He was found in that position, with his hand upon his sword, and a prayer‘
book 111 his pocket, Dec 11,1718 It 1s now generally supposed that a pis~
tol fired by some near and tra1t01ous hand closed the career of this cele-
brated monar,ch VV ho was too aptly styled the “Madman of the North.”

FREEMASONRY. It is of gicat antiquity. Writers on masonry, themselves
masons, affirm that it has had a being “cVer since symmetry began, and
harmony displayed her charms.” Masonry is traced by some to the build-
ing of Solomon’s temple ; and it is said the architects from the African coast,
Mahomctans brought it into Spain, about the sixth century, as a protec-
tion against Christian fanatics. Its introduction into Great Britain has been
fixed at the year A. D. 674; although by other authorities it is assigned a
much earlier date. The grand lodge at York was founded A. D. 926. Free—
masonry was interdicted in England, A. D. 1424; but it afterwards rose into
great repute. In 1717, the g1and lodge of Eng land “as established; that
of Ireland was established 1n 1730; and that ofg Scotland in 1736. Freema—
sons were excommunicated by the pope, in 1738.

FRENCH LANGUAGE. The language of France and many of the Fiench
‘ - laws and customs were first intioduced into England by WilliamI. 1066.
The language, and fashions in dress and diet were then verygene1'.'al in Eng —

land. Law pleadings were changed from French to English, in the reign of
Edward III. 1362—8150108.

FRENCHTOWN, CANADA. This town was taken f101n the British by the

I American general Winchester, January 221813.11; was retaken by the
British forces under general Proctor, immediately afterw a1',ds and the Ame1 1-
can commander and his troops we1e made prisoners

FRENCH WAR, in North America. The first war between France and Eng-
. land, which was carried 011 also by the American colonies 1689. The
French destroyedSchenectady, N. Y., Casco,Me.. &c. ,;1690 but were defeated
by Schuyler at La Prairie, 1691. Peace of Ryswyck. 1697. “Queen Anne’ 5
war,” 1702. French and Indians raV ag ed Maine 1708. French and Spanish
invade Carolina; 1706 Exp edition from New Engiand against the French
in Port Royal, 1707; and pagainst Canada. 1710b; both bfailed. Peace of
1; zUtrecht, 1713. Another VVar declared by England 1744; Louisbourg and
it Cape Breton taken by English colonists, 1745. Peace, 1749. French e11

 
 
  

vi
V“
[a

l

.

.

 
  

 

 

   
   
    
   
 
    
   
  
 
 
   
   
   
    
 
   
    
  
  
   
   
 
   
  
   
    
  

3953 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. , [ - z'

croa chment on English colonies, 1750, leads to the noted French war, 1752—3 .
Washington’s mission, 1754. Braddock‘s defeat, 1755. Oswego, &c. taken -
by French, 1756,’and fort William Henry, 1757. Louisbourg taken by the Eng. '
lish general Amherst, and fort Du Quesne by general Forbes. 1758. Tieon- ',
deroga, Crown Point, Niagara, and Quebec taken by the English (sir W.
Johnson and General Wolfe), 1759. Canada surrendered to Great Britain, 1
Sept. 8, 1760, and secured to her by the peace of Paris, 1763.

French alliance with the United States in the war of the revolution, Feb. 6, . ,
1778. French revolution and politics caused serious dissensions in the ‘
United States, 1793—6. French spoliations on American commerce, 1797.

FRIDAY. The sixth day of the week; so called from Friga, a goddess wor- ,
shipped by our forefathers on this day, commonly supposed to be the same ‘
with Venus. Friga was the wife of Thor, and goddess of peace, fertility,
and riches. Good—Friday is a fast in the church of England in memory of
our Saviour’s crucifixion, April 3, 33. See Good Friday. ‘

FRIEDLAND, BATTLE or, between the allied Russian and Prussian armies on ,
the one side, and the French, commanded by Napoleon in person, who com— -'
pletely vanquished the allies, with the loss of eighty pieces of cannon, and
50,000 men, June 14, 1807. This victory led to the peace of Tilsit, by which
Russia lost no territory, but Prussia was obliged to surrender nearly half her
dominions.

FRIENDLY ISLES. These islands were discovered by Tasman, an. 1642.
Visited by Wallis, who called them Keppel Isles, 1767; and by capt. Cook,
who called them by .their present name on account of the friendly disposi-
tion of the natives, 1773.

FRIENDLY SOCIETIES, ENGLAND. These useful institutions originated in ‘ *
the clubs of the industrious classes; and since they began to spring into
importance they have been regulated and protected by various legislative .
enactments. They have now, with other similar institutions, more than '
twenty millions sterling in the public funds. Laws regarding Friendly
Societies consolidated by statute, June, 1829. See Charities.

FRIESLAND. Formerly governed by its own counts. On the death of prince
Charles Edward, in 1744, it became subject to the king of Prussia; Han-
over disputed its possession, but Prussia prevailed. It was annexed to Hol- .-
land by Bonaparte, in 1806, and afterwards to the French empire; but ,
Prussia regained the country in 1814. The term Chet-aura (Zc Prise (some-
times, though rarely, written Chet‘al de Prise, a Friesland Horse) is derived
from Friesland, where it was invented.

FROBISHER’S STRAITS. Discovered by sir Martin Frobisher, the first Eng-
lishman who attempted to find a northwest passage to China, in 1576.
After exploring the coast of New Greenland, he entered this strait, which
has ever since been called by his name. Frobisher returned to England,
bringing with him a quantity of black ore, which was supposed to contain
gold, and which induced queen Elizabeth to patronize a second voyage, and
lend a sloop of war for the purpose. The delusion was even kept up to a
third expedition; but all of them proved fruitless. '

F ROSTS. The Euxine Sea frozen over for twenty days, A. D. 401.—- Univ. Hist. ,
A frost at Constantinople which commenced in October, 763, and continued ‘
until February of the next year; the two seas there were frozen a hundred .
miles from the shore.—— Univ. Hist. A frost in England on Midsummer-day
was so violent that it destroyed the fruits of the earth, 1035.-—S])eed. The =
frost in Russia in 1812 surpassed in intenseness that of any winter in that
country for many preceding years. and caused the total destruction of the 5 .
French army in its retreat from Moscow, at the close of that memorable r‘

    
  

- monomer or" D‘A'i'ss.‘ lfi‘

year. Napoleon commenced his retieat on the 9th November. when the
-frost courted the gtound, and the men perished in battalions and the horses
fell by hundreds on the 1oads. What with her loss 111 battle. and the effects
of this a11ful and calamitous l'rost,F1a11ee lost' 111 the campaign of this year
more than 400. 000 men 7

"RUI’IS or FOREIGN COUNTRIES Sevei 211 varieties of fruit we mentioned
as having been introduced into Italy, 70 B. 0. ct seq. Exotic fruits and
flowers obf vaiious kinds pleviously unknown in England, “ere brought
thither in the reigns of Henry VII and VIlI., and of Mary and Elizabeth
between the 1ea1s 1500 and 1578. See (76177167777751 and [77070073. Among
othels of less note 11e1e musk— melons plum— tiees ,and curiant- plants of sun-
diy soits the musk and damask 10ses tulips. 610).; also satiron, woad, and
othei drugs 1‘01 dyeing, but these last weie attempted to be cultivated with-
out success —Hr70/1[177/t; Lord Knimes The following ate Laniong the fluits
whose introduction into England has been traced: —

I.
7

 

. FRUITS, ETC. Mulbeiiv, the red, from North Ame- ,
,j Almond tiee, Barbary - - A 1). U348 rica, before - - A. D. 1629
"‘ Apples, Syria - - - 1522 Mull)erry,tl1e paper from It pan before 1754
3/ Apple, the custard North America -1736 Nectarine, Persia - ~ ~1562
if Apple the Osage, ditto - - 18l8 Olive, the Cape. Cape - - - 1730
'1 A ricots, Epirus - - - - 1540 Olive, the sweet- scented, China - 1771
' Ci 1er1'y trots. Pontus - - - 100 Oranges - - - - -1595
Cornelian cherry, Austria - - - 1596 Peaches, Persia - - - - 1562
Currants, Zante - - - 1533 Pears, fioin various climes - - ' ‘ ‘
Currant, the hawthorn, Canada - 1705 Pine- apple, Brazils - - - 1568
Fig tree south 01 Europe, before -1548 , Pippins, Netherlands - - - 1525
171g the Botany bay, New South Wales 1789 i Plums, Ital - - - - 1522
,; Gooseberries, Flanders, before -1310 1 Plum, the ate Baibary - - -1596
' Grapes, Portugal - - - I528 ‘- Pomegranate, Spain, before - - 1548
" Lemons. Spain - . . - 1554 l Quince, Austria - - - - 1573
I imes Pottugal - - - 1554 Quince, the Japan - - - 1796
Lime. the American, beIore - ~1752 Raspbeir,y the flowering, N. America- 1700
Melons, before - - -1540 3 Raspberry, the Virginian, ditto, before- 1696
Mock orange. south ofE'uiope, before- 1" 706 ! Strawberry, Flanders - - - 1530
Mulberry, Italy - - -l520 Strawberry, the Oriental Levant - 1724
M ilberry, whiyte, China, about - - 1596 Walnut, the black, N. America, before 1629

l ,FUNDS To the Venetians is asctibed the origin of the funding system, in
A. D. 1171. Public funds were raised by the Medici family at Flo1ence, in
1340 The English funding system or the method of laising the supplies
for the public service in England, by anticipations of the public revenues
(the origin of the national debt), introduced at the Revolution, 1689. —M07'-
v ‘ timer’ 3 B70'7le7 The funding system is coeval with the commencement of
' the Bank of En g.land —Anderson. The Three pe7 cent. annuities 11 ere crea-
ted in 1726. The Three per cent. consols were created' 1n 1731. The Three
7707' cent. reduced 1746. Three 1707' 00777. annuities payable at the South Sea-
3. house 1751. Three and a- half 7767 cent. annuities created, 1758. Long annui-
E ties 1761. Four 3767' cent consols, 1762. Five per cent. annuities. 1797, and
I 1802. Five 1067' cents. reduced to fout, 1822. See National Debt.

" UNERAL GAMES ale mentioned by most early writers Among the Gieeks

they wele chiefly horse 1';aces and among the Romans processions and tne

mortal combats of gladiators around the funeral pile. These games were

abolished by the emperor Claudius, A. D 47. Funeral mations have a hes.-

then origin. Solon was the first who spoke one 580 B. 0. They were in-

« .. dispensable among the Romans; the custom of led horses took place A. D
‘ . 1268. A tax laid on funerals in England 1793.

1 ERAL ORATIONS. The Romans pronounced harangues over their dead,
when people of quality, and great deeds, and virtues Theopompus obtain.
, ed a. prize for the best funeral oration in praise of Mausolus 353 B. 0. Po-
‘pi’hap was the first Roman lady who had an 01 anon pronounced at her funeral

. 1.5” .1 }

 
   
   
  
  
    
  

  

g-zwzy. miquixm-‘wfrr'xwmany ,1 gag-firm} :7» ,\ ,,,

 

W‘s.

 

«3:30 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [ .i‘

   
 
  
  
  
  
   
  
  
 
 
 
   
  
   
   
    
    
   
   
    
 
   
   
   
  
 
  

which was done by her son Crassus; and it is observed by Cicero that J uliua
Caesar did the like for his aunt Julia, and his wife Cornelia. In Greece, .

Solon was the first who pronounced a funeral oration, according to Herodo— j
tus, 580 B. c. ’

FUR. The refined nations of antiquity never used furs: in later times, as lux
ury advanced, they were used by princes, as linings for their tents. .They .\
Were worn by our first Henry, about A. D. 112-5. Edward III. enacted that 1';

all such persons as could not spend 100l. a year, should be prohibited this ;;
species of finery, 1837.

G.

GALLEYS. The ancient galleys with three rows of rowers, tri-rcmes, were 3
invented by the Corinthians. 786 B. c.—Blr/xi7‘. They were built at Athens,
786 B. c. For an account of their construction and the method of fighting
in them, see Pelt/bins. 1

GALVANISM. The discovery of it is recent; it was first noticed in 1767, by “
Saltzer; but it was not till about 1789 that Mrs. Galvani. wife of Dr. Galvani ,
of Bologna, accidentally discovered its extraordinary effects on animals; and
from the name of the discoverer it was called galvanism. Mrs. Galvani‘
having observed the convulsions produced in the muscles of frogs by the 1
contact of metals, directed her husband’s attention to the phenomenon: and
in 17 91, Galvani announced the result of his observations on this subject.
Since that period a great many experiments have been made, and many cu—
rions facts observed, which have excited much attention among philosophers. _
See Elccmi— Galram‘sm. Bonaparte, after the discovery of the true principles
of galvanic electricity by Volta, presented him with a gold medal, and 3000
livres, in 1808.—P/Lill’ips. See IMesnwrism.

GAME LAWS. The laws restricting the killing of game are peculiar to the
north of Europe, and partake of the nature of the forest laws imposed by .
William the Conqueror, who, to preserve his game, made it forfeiture of 3
property to disable a wild beast. and loss of eyes for a stag, buck, or boar.
Of these laws the clergy were zealous promoters: and they protested against ‘
ameliorations under Henry III. The first game act in England passed in
1496. Game certificates were first granted with a duty in 1784—5. N ume-
rous statutes have been passed on this subject from time to time.

GAMING, Excesswn. Introduced into England by the Saxons; ‘the loser was -.
often made slave to the winner, and sold in traffic like other merchandise.—

p Camden ,- Slows. Act, prohibiting gaming to all gentlemen (and interdicting .
tennis, cards, dice, bowls, &c., to inferior people, except at Christmas time), ,

33 Henry VIII. 1541. Gaming-houses were licensed in London in 1620. Act _~

to prevent excessive and fraudulent gaming, when all private lotteries. and
the games of Faro, Basset, and Hazard were suppressed, 13 George II. 1739. ,
—Rufi‘/Lead’s Statutes. The profits of a well-known gaming house in London ‘
for one season have been estimated at 150 000l. In one night a million of .
money is said to have changed hands at this place—Leigh.

GAMES. Those of Greece and Rome will be found under their respective -
heads. The candidates for athletic games in Greece used to be diet-ed on .»
new cheese, dried figs, and boiled grain, with warm water, and no meat. The 5
games were leaping, foot—races, darting, quoits, wrestling, and boxing. See f
the Capitoliue, Islhmian, Olympic, Pythiaa, Secular, and other Games.

GARDENING. Gardening was one of the first arts that succeeded the art of ‘1
building houses— Walpole. Noah planted a vineyard, and drank of the wine. .
Of fruit, flower, and kitchen gardens, the garden of Eden was, no doubt,.:‘7

., MOTMNARY or DATES. ”

   
   
  
   
    
   
     
  
  
   
  
   
  
 
 
 
   
  
    
   
 
  
  
   
   
   
  
   
 
  
   
   
   
   
  
  

the prototype—Idem. There wants nothing but the embroidery of a par-
terre to make a garden in the reign of Trajan serve for a description of one
in that of our William UL—Idem. The art of gardening beiame better
understood in England about A. n 1500, before which time many of our
vegetables were imported from Brabant-. The era of the art was the reign
of Elizabeth; but the modern mode of gardening was introduced about
1700. The following came from the countries respectively named :—

 

 

Roors AND VEGETABLES. Carrots - - Flanders Plums - - - Damascus
Brocoli - - Cyprus Oranges - - Spain
Rice, from - Ethiopia Beans - - - Greece Lemons - - Spain
Buckwheat - - Asia Peas- - - Spain Pink - - ltaly
Borage - - Syria. Provence-rose - Marseilles
Cresses - - Crete FRUITS AND FLOWERS. Convolvulus’ - Canaries
Cauliflowar - Cyprus . Arctopus - - Cape
Asparagus - - Asia Jasmine ~ - Circassia Bell-flower - Canaries
Lettuce - - Brabant Elder-tree - Persia Chernes - - Pontus
Artichokes - - Holland i'l‘ulip - - - Cappadocia Figs - - - Italy
Garlic - - The East l DatTodil - - ltaly . Date-plum - - Barbary
Shallots - - Siberia. ! Lily ‘ Syria Mulberry - - Italy
Horse-radish - China I Tuberose - Java, 850. Nectarine - - Persia
Kidney-beans - East Indies Carnation - Italy, &c. Passion-flower Brazil
Gourds - - Astracan Ranunculus Alps Pomegranate - Spain
Lentils - - - France Apples - ~ Syria Rosemary - Italy
Chervil - - Italy I Apricots - ~ lipirus Laburntnn - - Hungary
Celery - - - Flanders Currants - - Zante Laurel - - Levant
Potatoes - - Brazil Damask-rose - Damascus Lavender - - Italy
Tobacco - - America Hops - - - Artois Peaches - ~ Persia
Cabbage - - I-lolland Gooseberries - Flanders Quince - - Austria
Anise - - - Egypt Gilly-flowers - Toulouse Weep. Willow Levant
Parsley - - Egypt Musk-rose - Damascus Fennel - - - Canaries

Musk-melons and other rich fruits that are now cultivated in England, and
the pale gooseberry, together with salads7 garden—roots, cabbagcs, 850.,
were brought from Flanders, and hops from Artois, in 1520. The damask-
rose was brought hither by Dr. Linaere, physician to Henry VIII., about
1540. Pippins were brought to England by Leonard Mascal. of Plumstead,
in Sussex. 1-525. Currants or Corinthian grapes were first planted in Eng-
land in 1533, brought from the Isle of Zante. The musk-rose and several
sorts of plums were brought from Italy by lord Cromwell. Apricots came
from Epirus 15-10. The tamarisk plant was brought from Germany, by
archbishop Grindal, about 1570; and about Norwich, the Flemings planted
flowers unknown in England, as gilly—flowers, carnations. the Provence rose,
&c., 1567. W oad came originally from Toulouse, in France. Tulip roots
.V from Vienna. 1578; also, beans, peas and lettuce, now in common use,
1600. See Flowers; Fruits.

*zLGARTER, ORDER or THE. This institution outvies all other similar institu-
W~ tions in the world. It owes its origin to Edward 111., who conquered France
and Scotland, and brought their kings prisoners to England. Edward,
with a view of recovering France, which descended to him by right of his
mother, was eager to draw the best soldiers of Europe into his interest and
thereupon projecting the revival of king Arthur’s round table. he proclaimed
a. solemn tilting, to invite foreigners and others of quality and courage to
the exercise. The king, upon New Year’s day, 134-4. published royal
letters of protection for the safe coming and returning of such foreign
knights as had a mind to venture their reputation at the jousts and tour-
naments about to be held. The place of the solemnity was Windsor; it
was begun by a feast, and a table was erected in the castle of' 200 feet dia-
meter, in imitation of' king Arthur’s at- Winchester, and the knights were
,; entertained at the king’s own expense of 100[. a week. In 13-16. Edward
.. gave his garter for the signal of a battle that had been crowned with suc-"
gees (supposed to be Cressy), and being victorious on sea and land, and
‘ ing David, king of Scotland, a prisoner; and Edward the Black Prince,

 

 

332 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. ' [on

his son, having expelled the rebels in Castile, and enthroned the lawful so: 7.
vereign, Don Pedro, he, in memory of these exploits, instituted this order, 1,
A. D. April 23, 1349—50. Edward gave the garter pre—emincnce among the '
ensigns of the o1der it is of blue velvet bordered ,with gold, with the in-
seiiption in old F1encl1——“ H0711 soii (1111' 77ml 7/ pense ”—~evil to him who evil
thinks. The knights are always installed at Windsor; and were styled '
Equites (1717612 Pe7isccl1'd1's, knights of the golden garte1.——Beatso71.

GAS. The inflammable aeriform fluid was first evolved from coal by Dr.
Clayton, in 1739.——P/11'Z. Trans. Its application to the purposes of illumi. 'j
nation was first tried by Mr. Murdock, in Cornwall, in 1792. The first dis- ,
play of gas-lights was made at Boulton and Watt’s foundry, in Birmingham, 5
on the occasion of the rejoicings for peace in 1802. Gas was permanently 1i
used to the exclusion of lamps and candles at the cotton mills of Phillips ,.
and Lee, Manchester, where 1000 burners were lighted, 1805. Gas lights '
VVere 111st introduced in London, at Golden—lane, August 16 1807. They 5
were used 111 lighting Pall Mall, in 1809, and we1e gene1al through London '
in 1814. Tl1eycwe1efi1 st used 1n Dublin' 1n 1816, and the streets the1e ge- ;
nerally lighted in October 1825. The gas- pipes in and round London ex- -'
tend to 1100 miles. The streets in New Y01k (the first 1n the United States)
fiist lighted with gas, 1823 —.4

GA? F I‘T E A pape1 of public intelligence and news of divers countries, fi1st 1
printed at Venice about the year 1620, and so called (some say) because 4,,
7171a gazette a small piece of Venetian coin, was given to buy or lead it.
Others derive the name from gaza, Italian for magpie, 1'. e. chatterer.—— .j
’1 ‘1'11slcr. A gazette was printed in France in 1631 ; and one in Germany in E’=
17l5.—No1t’u. Diet. Hist. '

GA7E1‘TE THE LONDON. See Newspapers. The first English gazette was pub-
lished at Oxfoid, the comt being then the1e on account of the plague, Nov. 1
7,1665. On the 1emoval of theb court to the capital, the title was changed ‘
to the London. G11 ”6116 Feb. 5 1666. London Get ettes Extramdmary are 1
used 1‘01 the publication of extraordinary official news One of these latter -
was forged VV 1th a View of afiecting the funds, May 22,1787. The fraud ;-
succeeded, but the planners of ita new never discovered. —Ph1'll1'ps. The
Dublin Gazette was first published 1n an official form about 1767

GENERAL ASSEMBLY or SCOTLAND. The first General Assembly of the
church was held December 20,1560. The General Assembly constitutes 3
the highest ecclesiastical court in the kingdom; it meets annually in Edin— ,
burgh in May, and sits about ten days. It consists of a grand commis— y
sioner, appointed by the king ,who repiesents his majesty, and delegates 'f
fiom presbv teries, roVal boroughs, and universities, some being laymen.

To this cou1t all appeals f1 om the 1nfe11or ecclesiastical courts lie, and its 'f
decision is final. See Church of Scotland. '

GENERALS. This 1ank has been given to commanders from very lemote
times. Matthew de Montmorency was the first officer honored with the .
title of Gene1al of the French armies, A. D. 1203. —Hemmlt. It 1s observed ,
by M. Balzac that cardinal Richelieu first coined the word Genemlissimo, -

upon his taking the supleme command of the F1ench armies in Italy, in
1629.

GENEVA. Part of the empire of Charlemagne, about A. 1). 800. The Repub- ’-
lie was founded in 1512. It became allied to the Swiss Cant-ens in 1584. '1
Memorable insurrection here, February 1781: about 1000 Genevans, in {
consequence of it, applied, in 1782, to earllTemple, lord lieutenant of Ire.- ,1
land. 1'01 permission to settle in that country: the Irish parliament voted
50 000l. to defiay the expenses of their journey, and to purchase them 3
lands near Waterford, called New GeneVa. Many of the fugitiV es came tc f

  
  
   
   
  
    
  
   
  
  
    
  

   
 
   
 
  
 
   
   
  
 
 
   
  
 
    
  
  
   
   
   
  
    
  
    
  
   
  
 
 
   
  
  
   
 
  

] DICTIONARY or . DATES. ~ 333:.

Ireland in July 1783, but they soon after abandoned it: at this period many
Genevan families settled in England. Another revolution, July 1794. Ge-
neva was admitted by the diet into the Swiss Confederation, in 1813.

'. ENOA. Its ancient inhabitants were the Ligures, who submitted to the R0-
‘ mans, 115 B. 0., and underwent the revolutions of the Roman empire till
A. D. 950. The Genoese revolt against their count, choose a doge and other
magistrates from among their nobility, and become an aristocratic Republic,
1030 to 1034. Several revolutions occurred up to 1528, when the celebrated
Andrew Doria rescued his country from the dominion of foreign powers.
Bombarded by the French in 1684, and by the British in 1088 and 1745.
Genoa was taken by the Imperialists, Dec. 8, 1746; but their oppression of
the people was such, that the latter suddenly rose, and expelled their con~
querors, who again besieged the city the next year, August 17, without
etfect. Genoa lost Corsica 1730. The celebrated bank failed 1750. The
city sustained a siege by a British fleet and Austrian army, until literally
starved, and was evacuated by capitulation, May 1800 ; but it was surren—
dered to the 'French soon after their victory at Marengo. The Ligurian
Republic was founded upon that of Genoa, in 1801, and the doge solemnly
invested, August 10, 1802. Genoa annexed to the French empire, May 25,
1805. It surrendered to the combined English and Sicilian army, April 18,
1814; and was transferred to the king of Sardinia in 1816. Insurrection
against Victor Emmanuel, April 1; subdued April 11, 1849.

GENTLEMEN. The Gauls observing that, during the empire of the Romans,
‘ the Scutarii and Gentiles had the best appointments of all the soldiers, ap-
’ . plied to them the terms écuyers and gentilslwmmcs. This distinction of gen-
tleman was much in use in England, and was given to the well descended,
about A. D. 1430.-Sidney.

GEOGRAPHY. The first correct record we have of geographical knowledge
is from Homer. He describes the shield of Achilles as representing
the earth, surrounded by the sea—Iliad. He accurately describes the
countries of Greece, islands of the Archipelago, and site of Troy. The
priests taught that the temple of Apollo at Delphos was the centre of the
world. Anaximander of Miletus was the inventor of geographical maps,
about 568 B. c. Hipparchus attempted to reduce geography to mathemati-
cal bases, about 135 B. c. It was first brought to Europe by the Moors of
Barbary and Spain, about A. D. 1201.—-—Lenglet. The invention of the mari-
ner’s compass is the important connecting link between ancient and modern
. geography. The modern maps and charts were introduced into England
‘ ‘ by Bartholomew Columbus to illustrate his brother’s theory respecting a
western continent, A. D. 1489.

'3 ~ EOLOGY. The science of the earth has been the subject of philosophical
'1'. speculation from the time of Homer; and this science is said to have been -
,. cultivated in China many ages before the Christian era. When the theories
_- and discoveries of geologists were first propounded, they were condemned as

; being opposed to the statements of the Bible ; but in this enlightened age the
astronomer and geologist, in proportion as their minds are expanded by
scientific investigation, see that there is no collision between the discoveries
.; in the natural world, and the inspired record. We are not called upon by
_' Scripture to admit, neither are we required to deny, the supposition that
3 .- the matter without form and void, out of which this globe of earth was
framed. may have consisted of the wrecks and relics of more ancient worlds,
.. created and destroyed by the same Almighty power which called our world
'tinto being, and will one day cause it to pass away. Thus while the Bible
f “reveals to us the moral history and destiny of our race, and teaches us that
‘ 4 and other living things have been placed but a few thousand years

 

  

3'34 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [use

upon the earth, the physical monuments of’ our globe bear witness to the
same truth; and as astronomy unfolds to us myriads of worlds, not spoken
of in the sacred records, geology in like manner proves, not by arguments
drawn from analogy, but by the incontrovertible evidence of physical phe-
nomena. that there were former conditions of our planet, separated from
each other by vast intervals of time, during which this world was teeming
with life, ere man, and the animals which are his contemporaries, had been
called into being.——D~r. thtell and Bis/w]; Blomfleld.

GEOMETRY. Its origin is ascribed to the Egyptians; the annual inundations

of the Nile having given rise to it by carrying away the landmarks, and the
boundaries of farms. Thales introduced geometry into Greece about 600
13.0. Euclid’s Elements were compiled about 280 B. c. The doctrine of
curves originally attracted the attention of geometricians from the conic
sections, which were introduced by Plato about 8901?. c. The conchoid
curve was invented by Nicomedes, 220 B. c. The science of geometry was
taught in Europe in the thirteenth century. Books on the subject of geo-
metry and astronomy were destroyed in England, being regarded as infected
with magic, 7 Edward VI., 1552.—Slowe.

GEORGES’ CONSPIRACY. The memorable conspiracy in France; general
Moreau, general Pichegru, Georges Cadoudal, who was commonly known
by the name of Georges, and others, arrested at Paris, charged with a conspi-
racy against the life of Bonaparte, and for the restoration of Louis XVIII.,
Feb. 23,1804. The conspirators were tried June 9, when seventeen were
sentenced to death, and many to imprisonment. Moreau was suffered to leave
France. and was escorted from the temple to embark for America, June 22.
In 1813 he; received his mortal wound before Dresden, which see.

GEORGIA, one of the United States, was granted by George II. to Gen. Ogle- ‘

thorpe, who, with forty followers, founded Savannah. Feb. 1. 1733. Savan-
nah taken by the British in the revolutionary war. Dec. 29. 1778; the town
and State evacuated by them in July 1782. The State unanimously adopted
the Federal Constitution. Jan. 2, 1788. Population i111790, 82 584; in 1840,
601,302, including 280,944 slaves. Staple commodities, cotton and rice.

GERMANIC CON FEDERATION. Napoleon had determined that the German,

or Holy Roman Empire, as it was called, should no longer exist; but that
instead thereof, a confederation of states should be formed; and this ar-
rangement was adopted in 1815, by the allied sovereigns; and Germany is
now governed by a diet, consisting of seventeen voices, and in case any
alteration be requisite in the constitution, they are then to take a new divi-
sion, and the general assembly then to be formed is to contain sixty-five,
divided according to the relative consequence of the states. See Addenda.

GERMANY. From Germanm', warlike men. First mentioned by the Roman

 

historians about 211 B. c.: it was aneiently divided into several independent
states until 25 n. 0., when the Germans withstood the attempt of the Romans
to subdue them, although they conquered some parts; but by the repeated
efforts of the Germans they were entirely expelled, about A. D. 290. In 432,
the Huns, driven from China. conquered the greatest part of this extensive
country; but it was not totally subdued till Charlemange, the first emperor,
became master of the whole, A. D. 802.

Charlemagne crowned emperor of the 1 Charles 111. was the first sovereign who
West at Rome - - A. D. 800 ! added “in the year of our Lord” tr

He adds a second head to the eagle, to his reign - - - -' 879
denote that the empires of Rome and The German princes assert their inde-
German are united in him - - 802 endence, and Conrad reigns - 912

Louis (De onnaire) separates Germany [T e electoral character assumed about

mm France - - - - 814 this time. See Electors.) - _- 912

 

   
 
 

 

 

         
 

i QEBMANY, continued.

Reign of Henry 1. (king) surnamed the
Fowler; he vanqutslies the Iluns,

Danes, Vandals, and Bohemians - 919
Otho 1. extends his dominions, and is

crowned emperor by the pope - 962
Henry 111. conquers Bohemia, wasting

it with fire and sword - - 1042
Peter the Hermit leads the crusaders

through Germany, where they mas-

sacre the Jews - - - ~ 1095
Henry IV. excommunicated by pope

Pascal I. (Hildebrand) about - 1106
Disputes relating to ecclesiastical in-

vestitures, with the pope - - 1122
The Guelph and Ghibeline feuds begin 1140
Conrad 111. leads a large army to the

holy wars, where it is destroyed by

the treachery of the Greeks - - 1147
Teutonic order of knighthood - ~ 1190
Reign of Rudolph, count ot'Hapsburgh,

chosen by the electors - - 1273
The famous edict, called the Golden

Bull, by Charles 1V. — ~ ~ 1356

Sigismund, king of Bohemia, elected
emperor. He betrays John Huss and
Jerome of Prague, who are burned
alive (see Bohemia) - - - 1414

Sigismond being driven from the throne,
Albert 11., duke of Austria, succeeds.

(In his family the crown resides for

three centuries) - - - 1438
The Pragmatic sanction (which see) - 1439
The em )ire divided into circles - 1512
Era 0ft e Reformation (Luther) - 1517
Abdication of Charles V. - - 1556

War of the two parties, the Evangelic
union under Frederick, elector pala-
tine,and the Catholic league, under

the duke of Bavaria - - 1618
Battle of Prague, which lost the elector

palatine the crown - - - 1620
Treaty of Westphalia - - - 1648

John Sobieski, kingr of Poland, defeats
the Turks in many battles, and obliges
them to raise the siege of Vienna - 1683
The peace of Carlowitz -. - 1699
The Pragmatic sanction (which see) - 1722
The reign of Charles V1. is chiefly occu-
pied with wars avainst the Turks, and
in establishing the Pragmatic sanc~
Lion, in favor of the succession of his
daughter, Maria Theresa, married to
the duke of Lorraine - 1711 to 1742
Francis 1., Duke of Lorraine, marries
the heiress of Austria, the celebrated
Maria Theresa, queen of Hungary;
and is elected emperor - ' - 1745
Joseph 11. extends his dominions by the
dismemberment of Poland - - 1772
Again, by the final partition of that de-
voted kingdom - - - 1795 ,
I

—_—.—_——._——_____—______.__————————~———————————_—______._

[In the ruinous wars between Germany
and France, the emperor loses the
Netherlands, all his territories west
of the Rhine, and his estates in italy,
1793, et seq.)
Francis 1. assumes the title of empe-
ror of Austria - - Aug. 11, 1804
Dissolution of the German empire ; for-
mation of the Confederation of the ;
. . Rhine - - - July 12, 1805 l
them agitation among the people, 1

mommar or nuns. m

and demands for reform granted in

various degrees by sovereigns of

Prussia, Bavaria, &c.; and by those

of the smaller principalities of Ger-

many - - Feb. and March, 1848
A federal union of the German States

demanded by Prussia March, 1848
Congress of deputies at Frankfort—Mit-

tor-Meyer, President March 31, 1848
German Parliament meets at Frank-

fort - - - May 18 1848
The archduke, John of Austria, elected

by the parliament as lord—lieutenant

ofthe Empire - - June 29, 1848
He is installed at Frankfort, and names

his ministers - - July 15, 1848
Great excitement in Germany on ac-

count of the execution at Vienna of

Robert Blum, a Leipsic publisher,

for aiding the insurrection Nov. 2‘ 1818

A.D. EMPERORS CF GBBMANY.
800. Charlemagne the Great.
814. Louis the Debonnaire.
840. Lothaire.
85-5. Louis 11.
875. Charles 11., the Bald; poisoned.
878. Louis 111., the Stammerer.
879. Charles 111., the Gross.
887. Arnould.
899. Louis 1V.
912. Otho, duke of Saxony; he refused the
dignity on account of his age.
912. Conrad, duke of Franconia.
919. Henry 1., the Fowler.
936. Otho 1., the Great.
973. Otho 11., the Bloody.
983. Otho 111., the Red; poisoned.
1002. Henr 11., duke of Bavaria; the Holy
an Lame.
1024. Conrad 11., the Salique.
1039. Henry 111., the Black.
1055. Henry IV. ; deposed.
1077. Rodolphus; killed in battle.
1080. Henry IV.; re-instated.
1105. Henry V.
1125. Lothaire II.
1138. Conrad III.
1152. Frederick Barbarossa ; drowned in Bo-
hemia.
1191. Henry VI., the Sharp.
1198. Philip; killed at Bamberg.
1208. Otho 1V; deposed.
1211. Frederic 11.; deposed.
1245. Henry V11 ; killed.
1246. William; killed in battle.
1273. Rodolphus, count of IIapsburg, the
first of the Austrian family.
129]. Adolphus; deposed.
1298. Albert 1. ; killed by his nephew. .
1308. Henry VIII. ; poisoned by a priest, in
the consecrated wafer.
1314. Louis 1V., of Bavaria; killed by a fall
from his horse.
1347. Charles 1V., of Luxembourg.
1378 Wenceslaus. king of Bohemia.
1399. Frederick, Duke of Brunswick.
1400. Rupert, palatine 0f the Rhine.
1410. Sigismond, king of Hungary.
1437. Albert 11., duke ofAustria and king‘
Bohemia. .. ,
1440. Frederick 111., archduke of Auswh; * ’9

 

   

 

 

  
 

   
  

336 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [can
GERMANY, continued.

1493. Maximilian I. ; he married the heiress 1745. Francis I. ; husband of Maria Theresa:

of Burgundy. queen of Hungary and Bohemia.
1519. Charles V., king of Spain. 1765. Joseph 11.
1558. Ferdinand 1., king of Hungary. 1790. Leopold 11.
1564. Maximilian 11. 1792. Francis 11.; he takes the title of em
1576. Rodolphus 11. peror of Austria only, in 1806. v
1612. Matthias I. 1806. Confederation ofthe Rhme (which see). i
1619. Ferdinand 11., king of Hungary. 1815. Germanic Confederation. ,4,
1637. Ferdinand 111., ditto. 1835. Ferdinand 1., of Austria. ‘
1658. Leopold 1., ditto (See Tabular Views in this vol., beginning
1705. Joseph 11., ditto, and of Bohemia. p. 76; see, also, Austria, Bavaria,
1711. Charles VI. Prussia, W’m'tcmburg, &c.)

1742. Charles VII.

There are about 20 German principalities with territories equal to English
counties. The free towns are Hamburg, Bremen, Frankfort on the Maine '
(one of the greatest trading places in Europe), and Lubeck, which was the
head of the famous Hanseatie League, formed in that city in 1164.

GHENT. Anciently the capital of the Nervii. Prince John, third son of Ed-
ward 111. of England, was born here, and hence named John of Gaunt.
Pacification of Ghent, November 8, 1576. Ghent was taken by the duke of
Marlborough in A. D. 1706, and several times taken and rctaken by the com

tending armies during the late wars. The peace of Ghent between Great
Britain and the United States, was signed here, December 24, 1814.

GIANTS. The emperor Maximus was eight feet and a half in height; he was
also of great bulk, and used the bracelet of his wife as a ring for his thumb,
and his shoe was longer by a foot than that of an ordinary man—Zwinglius.
“The tallest man that hath been seen in our age was one named Gabara,
who in the days of Claudius the late emperor was brought out of Arabia.
He was nine feet nine inches liigli.”—Pliny. John Middleton, of Hale, in
Lancashire, born in 1-578, was nine feet three inches high. Patrick Cotter, _
the celebrated Irish giant, born in 1761, was eight feet seven inches in
height; his hand, from the commencement of the palm to the extremity of
the middle finger, measured twelve inches, and his shoe was seventeen inch-
es long; he died in September 1806, in his 46th year. Giants’ bones 17, 18,
20, and 30 feet high, were once reported to have been found; but there is
now no doubt that they were organic remains of colossal quadrupeds.

GIBRALTAR. A fortress, whose immense strength excites wonder and admi-
ration, and renders it impregnable: it is the ancient Calpe, which, with
Abyla on the opposite shore of Africa, obtained the name of the Pillars of
Hercules. The height of the rock, according to Cuvier, is 1437 English
feet: it was taken by the Saracens under Tarik (Gibel- Tart/c, Mountain of i
Tarik, whence its present name) in A. n. 712. In the year 1462 the king of .
Castile took Gibraltar from the Moors; and the English, under sir George ,3
Rooke, the prince of Hesse Darmstadt, sir John Leake, and admiral Byng, i
bravely won it, July 21, 1704. It was surrendered, after a dreadful cannon-

" ade, to the British, by the governor, the marquis de Salines; and it has since 3
continued an appendage to the British crown.

Gibraltar attacked by the British on the 20,000 men, and lose 5000, While the

21st July, and taken on the 24th. A. D. 1704 less of the English is only 300 - l727
Besieged by the Spanish and French; Memorable siege of the Spaniards and

they lose l0,000 men, and the victori- French, whose prodigious arma-

ous English but 400 ~ Oct. 11, 1704 ments' (the greatest ever brought
The Spaniards again attack Gibraltar, against a fortress) were wholly over-

and are repulsed with great loss - 1720 thrown. The siege continued from
They again attack it with a force of July 1779, to Feb. - - 1783

I‘ The army amounted to 40,000 men. The duke of Crillon commanded 12,000'of the best troops -.
of France. 1000 pieces of artillery were brought to bear against the fortress, besides which, there .

 

  
  
 
   
 
   
 
  
  

,,.QL:] DICTIONARY or DATES. 33?;

GILDING. First practised at Rome, about 145 B. c. The capitol was the first
‘ building on which this enrichment was bestowed—Pliny. Of gold leaf for
gilding the Romans made but 750 leaves, four fingers square, out ot’a wliole
ounce—Pliny. It consequently was more like our plating—Trader. A
single grain of gold may now be stretched out under the hammer into a leaf
that will cover a house—Dr. Halley. Gilding with leaf gold on bole ammo-
niac was first introduced by Margaritone, in 1273. The art of giitling on
wood, previously known, was improved in 1080.

GJSORS, BATTLE or, in France, between the armies of France and England, in
which the former was signally defeated by Richard I., whose parole for the
day was “ Dim ct man droit”—“ God and my rightf’ and from this time it
was made the motto to the royal arms of England, A. D. 1198.

GLADIATORS. They were originally malefactors who fought for their lives,
or captives who fought for their freedom. They exhibited at the funeral
ceremonies of the Romans, 263 13. 0., probably following the Greek custom
of sacrificing to the manes of deceased warriors the prisoners taken in battle.
Gladiator fights afterwards exhibited at festivals, about 215 B. c. When
Dacia was reduced by Trajan, 1000 gladiators fought at Rome in celebra—
tion of his triumph for 123 days, A. D. 103. Their combats on public thea-
tres were suppressed in the East by Constantine the Great, A. D. 325. Fi—
nally suppressed by Theodorick, in the year 500.—Lenglct.

GLASGOW. Erected into a burgh in A. D. 1180. Its charter was obtained from
James II., in 1451, at which period the university was founded. Its earliest
commerce was in salmon, about 1420.

4 GLASS. The Egyptians are said to have been taught the art of making glass
by Hermes. The discovery of glass took place in Syria.——Pli71y. Glass-
houses were erected in Tyre, where glass was a staple manufacture for
‘many ages. This article is mentioned among the Romans in the time of
Tiberius; and we know, from the ruins of Pompeii, that windows were
formed of glass before A.D. 79. Italy had the first glass windows, next
France, whence they came to England. Used for windows in private houses
in the reign of Henry 11., 1177, but imported.——Ande7~son. The manufacture
was established in England at Crutched-friars, and in the Savoy, in 1557.—
Stowe. It was improved in 1635, and was brought to great perfection in the
reign gf William III. The duties on glass in England were entirely remit-
ted, 1 45. '

GLASS, PAINTING 0N. This was a very early art. It was practised at Marseilles
in a beautiful style, about A. D. 1500. It is said the art existed in England

towards the 12th century. It reached to a state of great perfection about
1530.

GLENCOE, MASSACRE or. This was the horrible massacre of the unofi‘ending
and unsuspecting inhabitants, the Macdonalds, merely for not surrendering
in time to king William’s proclamation. About 38 men were brutally slain;
and women and children, their wives and ofi‘spring, were turned out naked

 

Were 47 sail of the line, all three-deckei‘s; 10 great floating batteries, esteemed invmable, carrying
212 guns ; innumerable frigates, xebeques, bomb-ketches, cutters, and gun and mortar boats;
while small craft for disembarking the forces covered the bay. For weeks together, 6000 shells)
were daily thrown into the town, and on a singlepccasionktSOOO barrels of gunpowder were ex.
\ pended by the enemy. Yet in one night, their floating batteries were_destroyed With red-hot balls,
I and their whole line of works annihilated by a sortie from the garrison, commanded by general
? Elliot. Nov. 27. 1781. The enemy’s loss in munitions of war, on this night alone, wasesnmated at
‘, upwards of 2,600,000!. sterling. But their grand defeat by a garrison of only 7000 British, occurred
; “pt. 13, 1782.

15

l

 

      

3‘38 rm: wearzo’s PROGRESS. [ can

in a dark and freezing night, and perished by cold and hunger: this black
deed was perpetrated by the earl of Argyle’s regiment, May 9, 1691.

GLOBE. The globular form of the earth, the five zones, some of the principal \

circles of the sphere, the opacity of the moon, and the true cause of lunar

eclipses, were taught, and an eclipse predicted, by Thales of Miletus, about
640 B. c. Pythagoras demonstrated from the varying altitudes of the stars
by change of place, that the earth must be round; that there might be an-

tipodes on the opposite part of the globe; that Venus was the morning and - 3

V evening star; that the universe consisted of twelve spheres—the sphere of
the earth, the sphere of the water, the sphere of the air, the sphere of fire,
the spheres of the moon, the sun, Venus, Mercury, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn,
and the sphere of the stars, about 506 B. c. Aristarchus, of Samos, main-
tained that the earth turned on its own axis, and revolved about the sun;
which doctrine was held by his contemporaries as so absurd, that the phi-
losopher had nearly lost his life to his theory, 280 B. c. The first voyage
round the globe was performed by Picaro, commanding a ship of Magel-
lan’s squadron, 1520—4. The first English navigator who performed the same
enterprise was sir Francis Drake, 1577.—See Circu-nmavz'gation, and Earth.

GLORY. The glory or nimbus drawn by painters round the heads of saints,
angels, and holy men, and the circle of rays on images, were adopted from
the Caesars and their flatterers, by whom they were used in the first century.
The doxology of the prayer Gloria Patri was ordained in the church of
Rome, and was called doxology because it began with 865a, glory, A. D.
882.

GLOVES. They were in use in very early times. In the middle ages, the giving
of a glove was a ceremony of investiture in bestowing lands and dignities ; and

two bishops were put in possession of their sees by each receiving a glove,

A D. 1002. In England, in the reign of Edward II. the deprivation of gloves
was a ceremony of degradation. The Glovers’ company of London was in-
corporated in 1556. Embroidered gloves were introduced into England in
1580, and are presented tojudges at maiden assizes to this day.

GNOST IC S. Ancient heretics, who were famous from the first rise of Christianity.
The tenets of this sect were revived in Spain, in the fourth century, by the
Priscillianists; but the name, which was once glorious, at length became in—
famous. The Gnosties were not so much a particular sect of heretics, as a.
complication of many sects; and were so called, because they pretended to
extraordinary illuminations and knowledge, one main branch of which con-
sisted in their pretended genealogies or attributes of the Deity, in which
they difi'ered among themselves as much as they did from others.

GOBELlN-TAPESTRY. Tapestry so called from a noted house at Paris, in the
suburb of St. Marcel, formerly possessed by famous wool-dyers, whereof the
chief, called Giles Gobelin. who lived in the reign of Francis 1., is said to
have found the secret of dyeing scarlet, which was from him called the
scarlet of the Gobelins; the house and river that runs by it also took the
same name. This house was purchased by Louis XIV. for a manufactory of
all manner of curious works for adorning the royal palaces, under the direc-
tion of Mons. Colbert, especially tapestry, designs for which were drawn by
the celebrated Le Brun, by appointment of the king, A. D. 1666.——Du .Iv'l‘es'
nay. '

GODFATHERS AND GODMOTHERS. The Jews had godfathers in the cir- .
cumcision of their sons. In the Christian church sponsion in baptism arose f

in the desire of assuring that the child should be of the religion of Christ.
It was first ordained to be used,~'according to some, by pope Alexander;

according to others, by Sixtus, and others refer it to Telesphorus, about A. D. ~

3
3
a.
l
i

   
  
    

   
   
 
   
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
  
  
   
 
 
    
   
 
  
   
   
     
  
 
  

DICTIONARY or DATES. 339

130. In Catholic countries they have godfathers and godmothers in the
baptism of their bells.

., GOLD. The purest and most ductile of all the metals, for which reascn it has,
‘i from the earliest ages, been considered by almost all nations as the most
valuable. It is too soft to be used pure, and to harden it it is alloyed with
copper or silver: in its pure state it is twenty—four carats; that used in our
coin is twenty-two carats, and two parts of copper. 1n the early ages no
metals were used but those found pure, as gold, silver, and copper. The
smelting of ores was a comparatively late invention, and ascribed both to
observations on volcanoes and to the burning of forests.

GOLD MINES. Gold is found in various parts of the earth, but is most
' abundant in Africa, Japan, and South America, in which 15 st gold was dis-
covered by the Spaniards in 1492, from which time to 1731, they imported
into Europe 6000 millions of pieces of eight, in register gold and silver, ex-
clusively of what were unregistered. In 1730, a piece of gold weighing
ninety marks, equal to sixty pounds troy (the mark being eight ounces),
was found near La Paz, a town of Peru. Gold was discovered in Malacca,
in 1731; in New Andulasia in 1785; in Ceylon in 1800, in Virginia 1829;
in North Carolina 1824; South Carolina 1829; in Georgia 183 : in Cali-
~ fornia, April 1848.

« ‘GOLD AND SILVER. Quantity produced in forty years from 1790 to 1830, as
" stated in the Mining Journal:

Gold. Silt-er.
Mexico - - - - - - - £6,436,453 = £139,818,032
Chili - - - - . - - - 2,708,488 = 1,822,924
Buenos Ayres - . - - - - 4,024,805 = 27,182,673
Russia - . - - - - . - 3,703,743 = 1,502,981

 

£17,003,579 = £170,326,6fi)

The mines of North and South America had, in 1840, sent to Europe 3%
times more gold, and 12 times more silver, than those of the other hemis-
phere. The gold mines in Virginia, North and South Carolina, and Georgia,
discovered 1824—30, had produced altogether up to 1835, $54,377,500. Those
of California, discovered in the spring of 1848, had produced up to Feb.
1850, at least 25 millions of dollars in value, a considerable part of which
was sent to Europe. The amount of California gold coined at the U. S.
mint in 1849 was about $6,000,000. The total annual production of gold in
the world was estimated in 1840 at about 36 tons, proportioned thus : North
and South America 11, Europe and Asiatic Russia 6:}, Indian Archipelago,
4%, Africa 14. See Coin.

eGOLDEN FLEECE. Jason, the Argonaut, sailed with his companions from
Iolehos to Colchis to avenge the death of his kinsman Phryxus, and to re
cover his treasures, which the pertidious ZEétes, king of Colchis, had seized,
after murdering their owner. .The ship in which Phryxus had sailed to
Colchis, was adorned with the figure of a ram on the poop; which gave
occasion to the poets to pretend that the journey of Jason was for the re-
covery of the golden fleece, 1263 B. c. ‘

,ILDEN NUMBER. The cycle of nineteen years, or number which shows
., .3 the years of the moon’s cycle ; its invention is ascribed to Meton, of Athens,

, about 432 B. c.—-Plz'ny. To find the golden number, or year of the Lunar
' cycle, add one to the date and divide by nineteen, then the quotient is the
" i number of cycles since Christ, and the remainder is the Golden number.

1 ID. FRIDAY. From the earliest records of Christianity, this day has been
' ,-,.,,.. as a. solemn fast, in remembrance of the crucifixion of our» Saviour on;
5y, A ril 3,91. 1‘). 33. ' Its appellatiOn of good appears to be peculiar to
Church of England: our Saxon forefathers denominated it Long Fri-

 

 

 

 

340 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [Gov

day, on account of' the great length of the offices observed, and fastings en-
joined on this day.

GORDlAN KNOT. The knot made of the thongs that served as harness to
the wagon of Gordius, a husbandman, who was afterwards king of Phrygia.
Whosoever loosed this knot, the ends of which were not discoverable, the
oracle declared should be emperor of Persia. Alexander the Great cut
away the knot with his sword until he found the ends of it, and thus, in a.
military sense at least, this “conqueror of the world” interpreted the ora-
cle, 380 B. c.

GORDON’S “NO POPERY ” MOB : occasioned by the zeal of lord George
Gordon. It consisted of 40,000 persons who assembled in St. Georges
Fields, under the name of the Protestant Association, to carry up a petition
to parliament for the repeal of the act which granted certain indulgences
to the Roman Catholics. The mob once raised, could not be dispersed, but
proceeded to the most daring outrages, pillaging. burning, and pulling down
the chapels and private houses of the Catholics first, but afterwards of several
other persons; breaking open prisons, setting the prisoners free, even at-
tempting the Bank of England, and in a word totally overm thing the civil
power for nearly six days. At length, by the aid of armed associations of
the citizens, the horse and foot guards, and the militia of several counties,
then embodied and marched to London, the riot was quelled. It com-
menced June 2; and on the 3d, the Catholic chapels, and numerous "private
mansions, were destroyed, the bank attempted, and the jails opened;
among these were the King’s Bench, Fleet, and Bridcwell prisons; on the
5th, thirty-six fires were seen blazing at one time. In the end, 210 of the
rioters were killed, and 248 were wounded, of whom 75 died afterwards in
the hospitals. Many were tried, convicted, and executed. Lord George
was tried the year after for high treason, but acquitted, June 2 to 7, 1780.
——A7maal Reg ism“.

GOSPELS. St. Mark wrote his gospel A. D. 44; St. .Matthew in the same year;
St. Luke in 55 ; and St. John in 96—7. The gospel of Matthew was found
buried in the tomb of St. Barbus, and was conveyed to Constantinople in
485.—Buzlcr. John wrote his gospel at Ephesus two years after he was .
thrown into a caldron of burning oil, from which he was taken out unhurt,
and banished to the isle of Patmos.—Idem. The gospel is the glad tidings
of the actual coming of the Messiah, and hence the evangelical history of
Christ.—H(zsmmand. Dr. Robert Bray was the author of the first plan for
propagating the gospel in foreign parts. Society for the Propagation of the
Gospel in Foreign Countries, incorporated in 1701.

GOSPELLERS. The name which was given to the followers of Wicklitfe, who
first attempted the reformation of the Church from the errors of popery:
it was affixed to them by the Roman Catholics in derision, on account of
their professing to follow and preach only the gospel, A. D. 1377 .—Bishop
szw‘aet.

GOTHS. A warlike nation that inhabited the space between the Caspian,
Pontus. Euxine, and Baltic seas. They attacked the Roman empire A. D.
251. They were defeated by Claudius, and 820,000 slain, A. D. 269. After
the destruction of the Roman empire by the Heruli. the Ostrogoths, under
Theodoric, became masters of the greater part of Italy, where they retained
their dominion till A. D. 553, when they were finally conquered by Narses,
Justinian’s general. The Visigoths settled in Spain, and founded a king-
dom, which continued until the country was subdued by the Saracens.

GOVERNMENT, COST OF, IN EUROPE AND THE UNITED STATES. In an
elaborate article in the American Almanac, 18:47, this result is reached, via:

 

   

. , .
DICTIONARY or DATES} 341'
in the United States: aggregate of loch, the average is equal, per
national expenditure, for each in- head, to - - - - $12 33
habitant. - - - - $0 97 In France, according to Chevalier,
Aggregate of State expenditure, for in 1833, the cost was about 1,250
each inhabitant ~ - - 0 50 millions of francs, or 40 francs per
Aggregate of town or city expendi- head—say - - - - $7 50
ture, for each inhabitant - - 0 92 Thus, France pays about three
l Total cost of Government in the -— times,and Great Britainfive times
; United States, per head - - $2 39 as much for Government as the
’ or $47,800,000 ii" the population is United States. (See Administra-
20 millions. tions of the United States.)

In England, according to Maccul-

GRACE A'l‘ MEAT. The table was considered by the ancient Greeks as the
altar of friendship, and held sacred upon that account. They would not
partake of any meat until they had first offered part of it, as the first fruits,
to their gods; and hence came the short prayer said before and after meat
in all Christiancountries from the earliest tinies—Lcnglct.

GRAMMARIANS, on CRITICS. Anciently, the most eminent men in litera—
ture were denominated grammarians. A society of grammarians was formed
at Rome so early as 270 B.C.——.BZ£Z17‘. Apollodorus of Athens, Varro, Ci-
cero, Messala, Julius Caesar, Nieias, [Elius Donatus, Remmius Palemon,
Tyrannion of Pontus, Athenzeus, and other distinguished men, were of
this class. Cobbett declared Mr. Canning to be the only purely grammati-
cal orator of his time; and Dr. Parr, speaking of a speech of Mr. Pitt’s
said, “ We threw our whole grammatical mind upon it and could not dis—
cover one error.”

GRANARIES. The Romans formed granaries in seasons of plenty, to secure

food for the poorer citizens ; and all who wanted it were provided with corn
. from these reservoirs, in necessitous times, at the cost of the public trea-
[_ . snry. There were three hundred and twenty—seven granaries at Rome.—
1 Univ. Hist. Twelve new granaries were built at Bridewell to hold 6000
t ‘ quarters of corn, and two store-houses for sea-coal to hold 4000 loads,

E thereby to prevent the sudden dearness of these articles by the great in-
E crease of inhabitants, 7 James 1., 1610—8101/36.
GRANICUS, BATTLE or, in which Alexander the Great signally defeated the

   
 
 
 
   
   
 
 
 
 
 
   
  

Persians. The Macedonian troops crossed the Granicus in the face. of the
Persian army, although the former did not exceed 80,000 foot and 5000
horse, while the Persian army amounted to 600,000 foot, and 20,000 horse.
~—Justin. Yet the victors lost in this great battle but fifty-five foot soldiers,
and sixty horse. Sardis capitulated, Miletus and Halicarnassus were taken
by storm, and numerous other great towns submitted to the conqueror, 334

B. C.’——Boss-uet.

GRATES. The hearths of the early Britons were fixed in the centre of their
halls. The fire—place originally was perhaps nothing more than a large
stone depressed below the level of the ground to receive the ashes. There
were arched hearths among the Anglo-Saxons; and chafing dishes were
most in use until the general introduction of chimneys, about A. D. 1200.

See Chimneys.

GRAVITATION. This, as a supposed innate power, was noticed by the
Greeks, and also by Seneca, who speaks of the moon attracting the waters,
about A. D. 38. Kepler enlarged upon it, about A. D. 1615 ; and Hook pub-
lished it as a system. The principles of gravity were proved by Galileo, at
Florence, about 1633; and they were subsequently adopted by Newton,

about 1687.
i i GRZECIA MAGNA. That part of Italy where the Greeks planted colonies,

 

 

342 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

[Gm

Some say that it extended to the
southern parts of Italy; and others suppose that Magna Graeeia compre-

but its boundaries are veryr uncertain.

hended only Cainpania and Lueaiiia. To these is added Sicily, which was
likewise peopled by the Greek colonists—Lempriere.

GREECE. The first inhabitants of this justly celebrated country of the an-

 

cient world, Were the progeny of Ja'an, fourth son of Japheth.

Greece

was so called from a very ancient king named Greecus; and another king

named Hellen, gave his subjects the appellation of Hellenists.
the inhabitants, intlitlei'eiitly, Myrniidions, Hellenists, and Achains.

Homer calls

ancient Grecian history, see Tabular Views, p. 5 et seq.

Sicyon founded (Eztsebius) - B. c. 2089
Uranus arrives in Greece (Lenglcl) - 2042
Revoltof the Titans - . - ‘ ’
War of the Giants - - - ‘ ‘
Kingdom of Argos begun (Easel/ins) - 18.36
Reign of Ogyges in Bmotia (idem) - 1796
Sacrifices to the gods first introduced in

Greece by Plioroneus - - - 1773
According it) some authors, Sicyon was

now begun (Lenglet) - . - 1773
Deluge ol Ogyges (which see) - - 1764

A colony of Arcadians emigrate to Italy
under (Enotrus : the country first
called (Enortria, afterwards ilIagna
ercz'a (Edsel/ins) - - - 1710

Chronology oi'tlie Arundelian marbles
commences (Eusebius) - - 1532

Cccrops comes into Attica (idem) — 1550

The Areopagus instituted - - 1506

Deluge of Dcucalion (Eusebius) - 1503

Reign of Hellen (idem) - ~ - 1459

Cadmus, with the Phoenician letters,
settles in Bogotia - - - 1493

Lelex, first kink:r of Laconia, afterwards

called Sparta - - - - 1490
Arrival of Danaus, with the first shi

ever seen in Greece - - - 1485
He gets possession of Argos. His fifty

daughters - - - - 1475
First Olympic games celebrated at Elis,

by the Idiot Doc/y]! (Ia‘useblus) - 1453

Iron discovered by the Irth' Daciyli - 1400

Corinth rebuilt, and so named - - 1384
Ceres arrives in Greece. and teaches
the art 01 ‘iiaking bread - - 1383

The Isthmi‘i games instituted - - 1326
Mycente created out ofArgos - - 1313
Argon-antic expedition (which see) - 12635
The Pythian games by Adrastus - 1253
War of the seven Greek captains - 1225

The Amazonian war; these martial fe-

males penetrate into Greece - - 1213
Rape of Helen by Theseus - - 1213
Rape of Helen by Paris - - 1198
Commencement of the Trojan war - 1193

Tro taken and destroyed on the night
my the 7th of the month Thargelion
(27th May, or 11th June) - - 1184
Eneas sets sail, winters in Thrace, and
arrives in Italy - .- - 1181
Migration of the iEoliao colonies, who
build Smyrna, &c. - - 1124
Settlement of the Ionians from Greece

_ in Asia Minor - - - - 1044
The first laws of navigation originate

with the Rhodians - - ' - 916
Homer flourishes about this time

(Arundetian Alarbles) - - 907

7 Olympic games revived at Ellis - 884

 

For
The first Messenian war - B. c. 743
The second Messenian war 6 - 68-3
The capture oflra - - - 670

The Messenians emigrate to Sicily, and
give their own name i’l'Iessene to Zan-
cle (now called Messina) - - 668
Sea-fight, the first on record, between
the Corinthians and the inhabitants
of Corcyra - - - - 664
Byzantium built by the Argives - 658
Sybaris, in Magma Graecia, destroyed,
100,000 Crotonians under Milo defeat.
300,000 Sybarians - - - 508
Sardis taken and burnt, which occa—

sions the Persian invasion - 504
Thrace and Macedonia conquered 496
Battle of Marathon (which see) - 490

Xerxes invades Greece, but is checked 480

at Thermopyla: by Leonidas -
Battle ot'Salainis (which see) - 480
Mardonius deferred at l’lataea - 479
Battle of Eurymedon - - 476'
The third Messenian war - 465
Athens begins to tyrannize over the

other states of Greece - - 459
Peloponnesus overrun by Pericles — 455
The first sacred war - - - 448
Herodotus reads his history in the

Council at Athens - - - 445
The sea-tight at Cnidus - - - 394
Battle ofMantinea - - - 63
Sacred war ended by Philip, who takes

all the cities of the Phoceans - 348
Battle of Charonea - - - 338
Alexander, the son of Philip, enters

Greece; subdues the Athenians, and
destroys the city of Thebes - - 335
Commencement of the Macedonian or

Grecian Monarchy - - - 331
Alexander goes to Susa, and sits on the
‘ throne of Darius .- - - 330
Alaric invades Greece - - 11.1). 395
The empire under Nicephorus com-
menced - - - 811

Greece mastered by the Latirs - - 1204
Re-conquered - - - - 1261
Invaded by the Turks - - - 1350
Its final overthrow. See Eastern Em
pire - - -- - - 1353
[This country, so long illustrious for the
military exploits, the learning. and
arts of its people. became . of late
years the scene of desperate con.
flicts with the Turks, in order to re-
gain its independence, and the coun-
oils of the great powers of Europe
were friendly to the design]
Great struggle for independence - 1770

”Add

 

 
    
 

ta ECE,_ continued.

The first decided movement in these lat‘
ter times, by the Servians - A. D. 1800
The Servians deleat the Turks at Nyssa
April :2, 1807
100,000 Turks, under Chourshid Pasha,
overrun the country, committing the
most dreadful excesses - - 1813
Insurrection in Moldavia and Walla-
chia, in which the Greeks join - 1821
Proclamation of prince Alexander to
shake oll‘the Turkish yoke March, 1821
The Greek patriarch put to death at
Eonstantinople - April 23, 1831
10,000 Christians perish in Cyprus, al-
though not engaged in the revolt - 18.51
Massacre of the inhabitants of Bucha-
rest; even,the women and children
not spared - - - - 1821
Independence of Greece formally pro‘
claimed - - Jan. 27, 1822
Siege of Corinth - - - Feb. 1822.
Bombardment of Scio ; its capture ;
most horrible massacre recorded in
modern history‘ - April 23, 1822
Victories of the Greeks at Larissa, .
'l‘hermopylaa, and Salonica, - July 8, I822
National Congress at Argos - April 10, 1823
Victories of Marco Botzaris - June, 1823
Lord Byron lands in Greece, to devote
himself to its cause - August, 1823
Lamented death of Lord Byron, at Mis‘
solonehi - - April 19, 1824
Signal defeat of the Capitan Pacha, at
Samos - - August 16, 18:24
The Provisional Government of Greece

instituted - - Oct. 122, 1821
The Greek fleet defeats that of the Ca—
pitan Pacha - ~ June 2, 1825

The Provisional Government of Greece
invites the protection of England
July 24, 1825
Siege of Missolonghi: the besieging
_ Turks are defeated ina formidable
, attack upon it - August 1, 1826
‘ The Greeks disperse the Ottoman fleet

Jan. 28, 1826 [See Athens, Macedon, Sparta, Thrace, and

.7 GREEK CHURCH. A difference arose in the eighth century between the
eastern and western churches, which in the course of two centuries and a
half terminated in a separation: this church is called Greek in contradiie.._;'
tinction from the latter, or Roman church. The Greek church claims prior-
ity as usmg the language in which the Gospel was.first promulgated, and
many of its forms and ceremonies are similar to those of the Roman Catho-
lics; but it disowns the supremacy of the pope.

gion of Russia.

 

 
   

. : tchered !

shocking for transcription here.

i b}!

m "internals.

GEEEK FIRE. A composition of combustible matter invented by one Calli-
nicus, an ingenious engineer of Heliopolis, in Syria, in the seventh century,

 

i ‘ The slaughter lasted 10 days; 40,000 of both sexes falling victims to the sword. or tothc an ‘ '
' which raged until every house, save those of the foreign consuls, was burnedto the ground. "'

‘ “mks, who had fled to the mountains. were induced to surrender by a promise ol amnesty, as '
named by the consuls of England, France and Austria, yet even they were, every man of
The only exception made during the massacre was in favor of the young and
,2 ‘liil women and boys, 30,000 of whom were reserved for the markets. _ _
t.- ation, and crime, while the infidel army was let loose upon the captured citv. let.“

 

Ibrahim Pacha takes Missolonghi 33y

assault - - April “ , 1820
The_Greeks land near Salonica; battle

With Oiner Pacha - June 1, 1826
Ibrahim Pacha signally defeated by the

Mainotes - August 8 and 9, 1826
Redschid Pacha takes Athens, Aug. 15, 18:26
Treaty of London, between Great Bri-

tain, Russia, and France, on behalf

of Greece, signed - July 6, 1827
Battle of Navarino ;which see); the

Turkish fleet destroyed - Oct. 20, 18:27
Count Capo d’Istria arrives as Presi-

dent ol'Greece - - Jan. 18, 1828
The l’anhellenion 0r Grand Council ol‘

State established - Feb. 2, [8%
National Bank founded - Feb. 11, 1828
Greece divided into departments, viz. :

Argolis, Achaia, Elis, Upper \lesse- 3

nia, Lower Messenia, Laconia, and 7

Arcadia, and the islands formed also

.into departments - April 26, 1828
Final evacuation of the Morea by the

Turks - - - Oct. 30, 1828
Missolonghi surrenders . May 17, 1829
Greek National Assembly commences

its sittings at Argos - July 23, 1829
The Porte acknowledges the indepenn—

ence of Greece - - April 25, 1830'
Prince Leopold finally declines the so-

vereignty - - May 21, 1830
Count Capo d’Istria, President of

Greece, assassinated by the brother

and son ot'Mavromichaelis, a Mainote

chief. whom he had imprisoned Oct. 9, 1831
The assassins put to death Oct. 2%1831

Otlio I. elected king of Greece, Jan. 25, 1833
Colocotroni’s conspiracy . - Oct. 27, 1833
A bloodless revolution at Athens, to en-
force ministerial responsibility and
national representation, is consum-
mated - - -' Sept. 14, 1807t
The king accepts the new constitution
March 16, 1844

   
  
 
  
  
  
 
 
   
 
  
  
 
  
   
  
 
 
  
 
 
   
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
   
     
    
     
   

other states of Greece]

It is the established reli—

 
     
  
 
   

The narrative of

  
 
 
 

rails" I

  

   
  

.- 5‘

344 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [uua

in order to destroy the Saracens’ ships, which was effected by the general
of the emperor Pogonat’s fleet, and 30,000 men were killed. The property «1
of this fire was to burn briskest in water, to diffuse itself on all sides, ac- j
cording to the impression given it. Nothing but oil, or‘a mixture of vine- ’
gar, urine, and sand, could quench it. It was blown out of long tubes of
copper, and shot out of cross—bows, and other spring instruments. The in—
vention was kept a secret for many years by the court of Constantinople;
but it is now lost.

GREEK LANGUAGE. The Greek language was first studied in Europe
about A. n. 1150—in France, 1473. William Grocyn, or Grokeyn, a learned
English professor of this language, travelled to acquire its true pronuncia~
tion. and introduced it at Oxford, where he had the honcr to teach Erasmus,
119(1— W’ond’s zit/Len. 02:071..

GREENLAND. Discovered by some Norwegians from Iceland, abouts D. 980,
and thus named on account of its superior verdure compared with the latter
country. It was visited by Frobisher, in 1576. The first ship from England
to Greenland was sent for the whale fishery by the Muscovy Company, 2
James I. 1604. In a voyage performed in 1630, eight men were left behind
by accident, and suffered incredible hardships till the following year, when
the com pany‘s ships brought them home.— ’I‘indal. The Greenland Fishing
Company was incorporated in 1693.

GREEN WICH OBSERVATORY. Built at the solicitation of sir Jonas Moore
and sir Christopher Wren, by Charles 11., on the summit of Flamstead—hill,
so called from the great astronomer of that name, who was the first astro-
nomer—royal here. The English began to compute the longitude from the

. meridian of this place, 1675; some make the date 1679. This observatory
contains a transept circle by Troughton; a transit instrument of eight feet
by Bird; two mural quadrants of eight feet, and Bradley’s zenith sector.
The telescopes are forty and sixty inch achromatics, and a six-feet re-

flector; and among other tine instruments and objects is a famous camera
obscura.

GREGORIAN CALENDAR. Ordained to be adopted by pope Gregor _,' XIII.,
from whom it derives its name, A. D. 1582; and introduced into the Catholic
states of Europe in that year; into most other states in 1710; and adopted
by England in 1752. To the time of Gregory, the deficiency in the Julian ca-
lendar had amounted to ten days ; and in the year 1752 it had amounted to
eleven days. See Calendar, and New Style.

GRENADA. Conquered by the Moors, A. D. 715; it was the last kingdom pos-
sessed by them, and was not annexed to the crown of Castile until 1491 ;
the capital of this province is magnificent. New Grenada was conquered
by the Spaniards in 1536. Grenada, in the West Indies, was settled by the
French, 1650; it was taken from them by the English in 1762, and was
ceded to England in 1763. The French possessed themselves of it again,in
1779 ; but it was restored to the English at the peace of 1783. In 1795 the
French landed some troops, and caused an insurrection in this island, which
was not finally quelled till June, 1796.

GROCERS. One of the oldest trades in England. The word anciently meant
“ ingrossers or monopolizers,” as appears by a statute, 87 Edward III. The
Grocers’ Company is one of the twelve chief companies of the city of Lon-
don, incorporated in 1429.

GUADALOUPE. Discovered by Columbus, A. D. 1493. It was colonized by.
the French in 1635. Taken by the English in 1759, and restored in 1763.
Again taken by the English in 1779, 1794, and 1810; and in order to allure

 

 

DICTIONARY or DATES. 35"

  
   
  
   
  
   
   
  
  
   
 
  
  
   
  
   
 
   
  
   
   
   
   
  
  
   
   
 
   
  
  
   
  
  
   
  

' ’ the Swedes into the coalition against France gave them this island. It was,
however, by the consent of Sweden, lestOIed to France 1n 1814.

GUELPHS AND GHIBELINES. These were party names and are said to have
. been derived from Hiewelf and Hieg ibliu. the names of towns. The desig-
nation began in Italy, A. 1). 1139, and distinguished the contending armies
dining the civil 11 ars in Germany; the Guelphs we1e for the pope, and the
Ghibelines were for the emperor. Guelph is the name of the present royal
family of England —See Brunswwk. The Guelphic order of knighthood

was instituted for the kingdom of Hanover by the prince 1egent, afterwards
George 1V. in 1816.

GUILLOTINE. A11 engine for decapitation, 11hich has made an othe1wise
" obscuie name imn1ortal.A simila1 1nst1umcnt but of ruder form, may be
seen in an e11g1a11n0" accompanving the SI/mbolicrc Questioncs of Achilles
Bocchius, 4to 1555 (see the T1 avels of Father Labat in Italy); it is there
called the Mmmaia. In Scotland, also at Halifax, England (see Halifax ;
Maiden). soon after it- was in use, and served to behead its introducer, the
regent Morton. Dr. Guillotin, about 1785, recommended its use in France,
from motives of humanity, as a substitute for the more cruel gibbet, and his
name was applied to it, at first from mere waggishness. Its unwilling god-
father was imprisoned during the revolutionary troubles, and ran some
hazard of being subjected to its deadly operation; but he (contrary to a
prevailing opinion) escaped. and lived to become one of the founders of the
Academy of Medicine at Paris. He died May 26,1814, aged seventy-six,
enjoying to the last the esteem of all who knew him, f01’ his mild v11tues

» GUINEAS. An English gold coin, so named from thei1 having been fi1st
coined of gold b1ought from the coast of Guinea. A. D. 1673. They were
then valued at 305. and were worth that sum in 1696. They were reduced
in currency from 22.3. to 213. by parliament in 1717. Broad pieces were
. coined into guineas in 1732. The original guineas bore the impression of
an elephant, 011 account of their having been coined of this African gold.

. GUNPOWDER. The invention of gunpowder is generally ascribed to Ber-
' tholdus or Michael Schwartz, a Cordelier monk of Goslar, south of Bruns-
wick, in Germany, about A. D. 1320. But many writers maintain that it was
known much earlier in various parts of the world. Some say that the Chi-
nese possessed the art a number of centuries before. Its composition,

moreover, is expressly mentioned by our own famous Roger Bacon in his
treatise De Nullimte flfagiaz, which was published at Oxford, in 1216.

1; GUNPOWDER PLOT IN ENGLAND. The memorable conspiracy known by
:1 this name, for springing a mine under the houses of palliament, and des-
* troying the three estates of the realm—king, lords, and commons—there
assembled was discovered on Nov 5,1605. This diabolical scheme was
projected by Robert Catesby, and many high persons were leagued in the
ente1pr1se Guy Faux was detected 1n the vaults under the House of Lords,
preparing the train for being fired on the next day. Catesby and Peicy (of
the family of Northumberland) were killed, sir Eve1ard Digby, Rockwood,
Winter. Garnet, a Jesuit, and others, died by the hands of the executioner,
as did Guy Faux January 31,1606. The vault called Guy Faux cellar, in
which the conspirators lodged the barrels of gunpowder, remained in the
late houses of parliament till 1825, When it was converted into offices.

igflUY’S HOSPITAL. This celebrated London hospital' is indebted for its origin

‘ to Thomas Guy, an eminent and wealthy bookseller, who, after having be~
stowed immense sums on St. Thomas s, determined to be the sole founder,
of another hospital. At the age of seventy six, in 1721, he commenced the
erection of the present building, and lived to see it nearly completed. It

15*

 

346 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

 

cost him 18,793t., in addition to which he left to endow it, the immense sum
of 219,400t, A splendid bequest, amounting to 200,000l. was made to this
hospital by Mr. Hunt, to provide additional accommodation for 100 patients;
his will was proved Sept. 2}, 1820.

GYMNASIUM, a place among the Greeks, Where all‘the public exercises were

performed, and where not only wrestlers and dancers exhibited, hilt also
philosophers. poets, and rhetoricians repeated their compositions. In wrest-
ling and boxing, the athletes were often naked, whence the word Gymna-
Slunl—fig'it'nl’II/(JS, 'leutlus. They anointed themselves with oil to brace their
limbs. and to render their bodies slippery, and more difficult to be grasped.
The first modern treatise on the subject of Gymnastics was published in
Germany in 1703. London society formed, 1826.

GYPSIES, on EGYPTIANS. A strange commonwealth of wanderers and peeu~

liar race of people, who made their appearance first in Germany, about A. D.
1517, having quitted Egypt when attacked by the Turks. They are the des-
cendants of'a great body of Egyptians who rev olted from the Turkish yoke,
and being defeated, dispersed in small parties all over the world, while their
supposed skill in the black art gave them an universal recet tion in ‘hat age
of credulity and superstition. Although expelled from France in 1560, and
from most countries soon after, they are yet found in every part of Europe,
as well as in Asia and Africa, Having recovered their footing, they have con-
trived to maintain it to this day. In England an, act was made against their
itinerancy, in 1530; and in the reign of Charles I. thirteen persons were ex-
ecuted at one assizes for having associated with gypsics for about a month,
contrary to the statute. The gypsey settlement at- Norwood, near London,
was broken up, and they were treated as vagrants, May 1797. There were
in Spain alone, previously to the year 1800, more than 120,000 gypsies, and
many communities of them yet exist in England; and notwithstanding their
intercourse with other nations, they are still, like the Jews, in their manners,
customs, visage, and appearance, wholly unchanged.

H.

HABEAS CORPUS. The subjects’ Writ of Right, passed for the security and

liberty of individuals, May 27, 1679. This act is next in importance to
Mzgna Charm, for so long as the statute remains in force, no subject of En-
gland can be detained in prison, except in cases wherein the detention is
Shown to be justified by the law. The Habeas Corpus Act can alone be sus-
pended by the authority ot‘ parliament, and then for a short time only, and
when the emergency is extreme. In such a case, the nation parts with a
portion of its liberty to secure its own permanent welfare, and suspected

persons may then be arrested without cause or purpose being assigned.—~
Blackstone.

HACKNEY COACHES are of French origin. In France, a strong kind of cob-

horse (haqueaée) was let out on hire for short journeys: these were latterly
harnessed (to accommodate several wayiarers at once) to a plain vehicle
called coche-d-haquenée: hence the name. The legend that traces their ori—
gin to Hackney, near London, is a vulgar error. They were first licensed in
1662, and subjected to regulations, 6 William and Mary, Milt—Surrey 3‘
London. The number plying in London fixed at 1000, and their fares raise ,
1771. The cabriolets are of Parisian origin; but the aristocratic taste of_

Englishmen suggested the propriety of obliging the driver to be seated on
the outside of the vehicle. -

HAGUE. Once called the finest village in Europe: the place of meeting of the
States-General, and residence 0" the former earls of Holland, the princes of

[ Hmé

-4 is; c’ufym

     

 

    

nrc'rmNARY or DATES. 343::

    
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
    
  

‘1’ I: ‘

fHolland, &c. Here the States, in 1586, abrogated the authority of Philip
. II". of Spain, and held a conference in 1610, upon the five articles of the re-
,1 monstrants, which occasioned the synod of Dort. Treaty of the Hague,
' ' entered into with a View to preserve the equilibrium of the North, signed
by England, France, and Holland, May 21, 1659. De Witt was torn in pieces
here. August 20, 1672. The French took possession of the Hague in Janu-
ary, 1795; favored by a hard frost. they marched into Holland. where the
inhabitants and troops declared in their favor, a general revolution ensued,
and the stadtholdcr and his family were compelled to leave the country and
escape to England. The Hague was evacuated in November 1813, shortly
after the battle of Leipsic, and the stadtholder returned to his dominions

and arrived here in December, that year. Treaty of Commerce between
England and Holland, December 16, 1837.

AIR. By the northern nations, and in Gaul, hair was much esteemed, and
' hence the appellation Galliaromata ;.and cutting off the hair was inflicted
as a punishment among them. The royal family of France had it as a par—
ticular mark and privilege of the kings and princes of the blood, to wear
long hair, artfully dressed and curled. The clerical tonsure is of apostolic
institution—Isidorus Hispalensis. Pope Anicetus forbade the clergy to wear
long hair, A. D. 155. Long hair was out of fashion during the Protectorate
of Cromwell, and hence the term Round-heads. It was again out of fashion
in 1795; and very short hair was the mode .in 1801. Hair~powder came into
use in 1590; and in 1795 a tax was laid upon persons using it in England,
which yielded 20,0001. per anmtm.

‘ - ALCYON DAYS, in antiquity. - implied seven days before and as many after
the Winter solstice, because the halcyon laid her eggs at this time of the
year, and the weather during her incubation was always calm. The phrase
'was afterwards employed 'to express any season of transient prosperity, or

. of brief tranquillity, the scptem placidi dies of human life—Butler.

ALLIDON HILL, BATTLE or, near Berwick, between the English and Scots,
in which the latter were defeated with the loss of 13,000 slain, while a com-
paratively small number of the English suffered, reign of Edward III., July
19, 1333. After this Victory, Edward placed Edward Baliol on the throne of
Scotland—Robertson.

ALIFAX, YORKSHIRE. Here prevailed aremarkable law. The woollen ma-
nufacture being very great, and prodigious quantities of cloths kerseys,
shalloons 62c. being continually on the tenters and liable to be stolen, the
town. at its first incorporation, was empowered to punish capitally any crim-
, ~ inal convicted of stealing to the value of upwards of thirteen pence halfpenny,
‘ by a peculiar engine, which beheaded the offender in a moment; but king
, James I. in the year 1620, took this power away: and the town is now under
~ the ordinary course of justice. See Maiden. 9

,‘ ‘ LLELUJAH AND AMEN. Hebrew expressions frequently used in the

, Jewish hymns: from the Jewish they came into the Christian church. The 1
meaning of' the first is Praise the Lord, and of the second So be ithhey were ,:
, first introduced by Haggai, the prophet, about 584 B. 0.; and their intro- . ,.
' {. duction from the Jewish into the Christian church is ascribedto St. Jerome,
1; 'one of the primitive Latin fathers, about A..D. 390.—Care’s Hist. Lit. . , 5‘

5 x VIBURGH. The company of Hambro’ merchants was incorporated in 1296.
‘ France declared war upon Hamburgh for its treachery in giving up Nappet
.3' Tandy. (see Narnia-Tandy.) October 1799. British property sequestrated,
< March 1801. Hamburgh taken by the French after the battle of Jena 1,11,.
£1806. Incorporated with France, January 1810. Evacuated by the Ere 11"“
ill the advance of the Russians into Germany in 1813; and restpye‘d'f 4; 3 \
.L > _ ‘ 17., x. X *‘ M's, r3:- ‘ 5

" ‘A‘! '9, ,1'\
. i “" '3’»? '

;

    
 
  
 
   
   
  
    
   
   
  
  

,

    

  

independence by the allied sovereigns, May 1814. Awful fire here, which
destroyed numerous churches and public buildings, and 2000 houses; it con-
tinued for three days, May 4, 1842.

HAMPTON -COURT PALACE. Built by cardinal Wolsey on the site .of the

manor—house of the knights-hospitallers. In 1526, the cardinal presented it
to his royal master, Henry VIII. Here Edward VI. was born, and his
mother, Jane Seymour, died; and Mary, Elizabeth, Charles, and others of
our sovereigns, resided. Most of the old apartments were pulled down, and
the grand inner court built, by William III. in 1694. In this palace was
held, in 1604, the celebrated conference between the Presbyterians and the

members of the Established Church, which led to a new translation of the
Bible. See Conference.

HANGED, DRAWN, AND QUARTERED. The first infliction of this barbar-

ous punishment took place upon a pirate, named William Marise, a noble-
man’s son, 25 Henry III., 1241. Five gentlemen attached to the duke of
Gloucester were arraigned and condemned for treason, and at the place of
execution were hanged, cut down alive instantly, then stripped naked, and
their bodies marked for quartering, and then pardoned, 25 Henry VI. 1447.
—Sto'zce. The punishment of death by hanging has been abolished in nu—
merous cases by various statutes. See Death, punishment of. Hanging in
chains was abolished 4 William IV., 1834.

HANOVER. This country had no great rank. although a duchy, until George

I. got possession of Zell, Saxe, Bremen. Verden, and other duchics and
principalities. Hanover became the ninth electorate. A. D. 1692. It was
seized by Prussia, April 3, 1801 ; was occupied by the French, June 5. 1803;
and annexed to Westphalia, March 1, 1810. Regained to England by the
Crown prince of Sweden, November 6,1813.and erected into a kingdom,
Oct. 13, 1814. The duke of Cambridge appointed lieutenant governor, in
November, 1816. Visited by George IV. in October, 1821. Ernest, duke
of Cumberland, succeeded to the throne, June 20, 1837; be granted freedom
of the press and other concessions, March 17, 1848.

HANOVERIAN SUCCESSION, established by law, June 12, 1701, when an

act passed limiting the succession of the crown of England, after the demise
of William III. and ot‘ queen Anne (without issue), to the princess Sophia,
of Hanover, and the heirs of her body, being protestants, she being the
granddaughter of James I. George I. the son of Ernest Augustus, duke of
Brunswick Luneburgh, elector of Hanover, and of Sophia, ascended the
throne, to the exclusion of the exiled family of the Stuarts, August 1, 1714.

HANSE TOWNS. A commercial union called the Hanseatic league, was

formed by a number of port towns in Germany, in support of each other .

against the piracies ot‘ the Swedes and Danes: this association began in
1164, and the league was signed in 1241. At first it consisted only of towns
situate on the coasts of the Baltic Sea, but its strength and reputation in-
creasing, there was scarce any trading city in Europe but desired to be
admitted into it, and in process of time it consisted of sixty—six cities. They
grew so formidable as to proclaim war on Waldemar, king of Denmark,
about the year 1348, and against Erick in 1428, with forty ships, and 12,000
regular troops besides seamen. This gave umbrage to several princes, who
ordered the merchants of their respective kingdoms to withdraw their
effects, and so broke up the greatest part and strength of the association.
In 1630, the only towns of note of this once powerful league retaining the
name, were Lubeck, Hamburg, and Bremen. '

HAPSBURGH, House or. One of the most illustrious families in Europe.
Hapsburgh was an ancient castle of Switzerland, on a lofty eminence, near
Schintznach. This castle was the cradle, as it were, of the house of Austria,

   

, a}!
348 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [nu ‘

   
 
 
 
    
  
 
   
   

 

menormnv or DATES. . 3‘49

  
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
  
   
    
  
   
   
 
   
  
  
  
   
  
   
   
 
  
 
  
  
   
   
  
   
   
 
  

whose ancestors may be traced back to the beginning of the 18th century,
when Rodolph, count of Hapsburgh, was elevated to the empire of Germany
and archduehy of Austria, A. D. 1273. See Germany.

HARLEQUIN. This term is derived from a famous and droll comedian, who
so much frequented Mr. Harley’s house, that his friends and acquaintance
used to call him Harlequino, little Harley—Menage. Originally the name
implied a merry andrew, or bufl'oon; but it now means an expert dancer at
a play-house.

HARLOTS. Women who were called by synonyma conveying the meaning of
harlot, were tolerated among the Jews, Greeks, and Romans. The celebra-
ted Lais of Corinth, a beautiful courtesan, but remarkable for her vicious
amours. was assassinated in the temple of Venus, by the women of Thes-
saly, in order to prevent her corrupting the fidelity of their husbands, about
350 B. c. It is affirmed that the mother of William I., of England, a fur-'
rier’s daughter of Falaise, whose name was Arlotta, was of so infamous a
character, that our odious term harlot is derived from her name—Dr. John-
son. In England, harlots were obliged to wear striped hoods of party colors,

and their garments the wrong side outwards, by statute 27 Edward III.,
1352.

HARMONIC STRINGS. Pythagoras is said to have invented harmonic strings,
in consequence of hearing four blacksmiths working with hammers in har—
mony, whose weights he found to be six, eight, nine, and twelve; or rather
by squares, as thirty—six, sixty—four. eighty—one, and one hundred and forty-
four. The harmonica, or musical glasses, airs from the tones of them were
first formed by an Irish gentleman named Puekeridge.—ankliln. The in-
vention was improved by Dr. Franklin in 1760.

- HARP. It is traced to the earliest nations. David played on the harp
before Saul.——1 Sam. xvi. 23. The lyre of the Greeks is the harp of the
moderns. The Romans had their harp; so had the Jews, but it had. very
few strings. The Cimbri or English Saxons had this instrument. The cele-
brated Welch harp was strung with gut; and the Irish. harp, like the more
ancient harps, with wire.

HARRISON’S TIME—PIECE. Mr. Harrison’s first instrument was invented in
1735; his second in 1739 ; his third in 1749 ; and his fourth, which procured
him the reward of 200001., advertised 13th Anne by the Board of Longi-

tude, was produced a few years after. His celebrated time-piece was per-
fected in 1772.

HARTFORD CONVENTION. The celebrated convention of delegates from
the New England States opposed to the war and to the administration of
Madison, met Dec. 15, 1814.

HA STINGS. BATTLE or, one of the most memorable and bloody, and in which
more than thirty thousand were slain, fought between Harold II. of' Eng-
land, and William, duke of Normandy, in which the former lost his life and
kingdom. William, hence surnamed the Conqueror, was soon after crowned
king of England, and introduced a memorable epoch, known as the Con-
quest, in the annals of the country, Oct. 14, 1066.

‘ HASTINGS, WARREN, TRIAL or. Mr. Hastings, governor-general of India,
tried by the peers of ’Great Britain for high crimes and misdemeanors, but
acquitted, although he had committed many acts during his government
which, it was thought, ought to have led to a different result. Among other
, charges against him, was his acceptance of a present of 100,000l. from the
mbob of Oude, and this was not a solitary instance of his irregular mans
of accumulating wealth. The trial lasted seven years and three months,

 

550 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [Hmf

1788—95. Sheridan’s celebrated speech, on the impeachment of Mr. Has-
- tings, attracted universal admiration.

HATS. See article Caps. First made by a Swiss at Paris, A. D. 140.4. They
are mentioned in history at the period when Charles VII. made his trium-
phal entry into Rouen in 1449. He wore a hat lined with red \‘elret .and
surmounted with a rich plume of feathers. It is from this reign that the
use of hats and caps is to be dated which heneetbrward began to take place
of the chaperoons and hoods that had been worn before in France. Hats
were first manufactured in England by Spaniards, in 1510: before this time
both men and women wore close—knit woollen caps—Stowe. Very high
crowned hats were worn by queen Elizabeth’s courtiers; and high crowns
were again introduced in 1783. A stamp-duty was laid upon hats in Eng—
land in 1784., and again in 1796; it was repealed in 1811.

HAVRE—DE-GRACE. This place was defended for the Huguenot-s by the
English, in 1562. It has been bombarded several times by the British navy,
in 1759, in 1794. in 1795 and in 1798. Declared to be in a state of blockade,
Sept. 6, 1803. The attempts to burn the shipping here failed, August 7,
1804.

. HAYTI, on HAITI, the Indian name of St. Domingo, discovered by Columbus .n
1492. Before the Spaniards finally conquered it, they are said to have de—

stroycd in battle or cold blood, 3,000,000 of its inhabitants, including

women and children. Toussaint established an independent republic in St.
Domingo, July 22, 1801. He surrendered to the French. May 7 . 1802. Des-
salines made a proclamation for the massacre of all the whites, March 29,
1804. See St. Dwain-gr). Dessalines was crowned king. by the title of Jac-
ques 1., Oct. 8, 1804. He died Sept. 21, 1805. Henry Christophe, a man of
. color, became president in Feb. 1807, and was crowned emperor by the title
i of Henry I., in March 1811 ; while Petion ruled as president at Port-au—Prince.
‘ Numerous black nobility and prelates were created same year. Petion died,
and Boyer was elected in his room, in May 1818. Christophe committed
suicide in Oct. 1820. Independence declared at St. Domingo, in Dec. 1821.
Decree of the king of France confirming it, April 1825. Souloque elected
president, March 2, 1847; proclaimed emperor of Hayti, August 24, 1849.

HEBRIDES, NEW, discovered by the navigator Quiros, A. D. 1606. Bourgain-
ville visited them in 1768, and found that the land was not connected. but
composed of islands, which he called the Great Cyclades. Cook in 1774,

ascertained the extent and situation of the whole group, and gave them the
name they now bear.

HECATOMB. This was a sacrifice among the ancients of a hundred oxen;
but it was more particularly observed by the Lacedemonians when they
possessed a hundred capital cities. In the course of time this sac-
rifice was reduced to twenty—three oxen; and in the end, to lessen the
expense, goats and lambs were substituted for oxen—Potter.

HECLA. Its first eruption is recorded as having occurred A. D. 1004. About

twenty-two eruptions have taken place. according to Olasson and Paulson.
The most dreadful and multiplied convulsions of this great volcanic
mountain occurred in 1783. See Iceland.

HEGIRA, ERA or ’I‘HE, dates from the flight of Mahomet from Mecca to Medina,
which event took place in the night of Thursday the 15th July A. D. 622;
the era commences on the following day, vim—the 16th of July. Many

has given examples proving that. in most ancient. times, the 1.6th was the
first day of the era; and there is now no doubt it is so. See Ma/wmetism
and ZVIedma.

 

chronologists have computed this era from the 15th July; but Cantemir.

 

 

  

   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  

«:swr-gjmrvx. . A f»w../.~r Wyn—1 .v— ,. . w A

   

' 9913.], , DICTIONARY 0F DATES. 3,5,1,

HEIDELBERG, AND HEIDELBERG TUN. Heidelberg in G-e1many, on the

river Ne'eka1. was fo1me11y the capital of the Palatinate: the piotestant
electo1al house becoming extinct in 1693.11 bloody war ensued in which the
famous castle “as 111111111 211111 the electo1 1e1noved his 11si1l111ce to Mann-
he' 1111. H 1 1': 11s the celebrated Heil1ielhe1g T1111 which held 8111111110sl1eads
2111.1 1111s 11111111113 k1 pt tull of the best Rheuish nine. The Uni1e1sit3' of
Heidelbero one of the most ce'lebiated in Eur,ope was founded in 1346.
contained 111 1840, 622 students

HELEN, RAW. or, which caused the Trojan war, 1204 n.0, Helen was the

most beautiful woman in the world, and even in her childhood was so very
lovely, that Theseus stole her away in her tenth year. From him. however,
she was released. yet innocent, by her brothers; and after her return to the
court of Sparta she was eagerly sought in marriage by the princes of Greece,
and Ulysses persuaded the suitors to bind themselves on oath to abide by
the uninflueneed choice of Helen, and to defend her person and character
from that time. The princes took the oath, and Helen then made choice of
Menelaus. Paris coming soon after to the court of this king, abused his
hospitality by corrupting the fidelity of Helen: carrying her away, though
not an unwilling captive, to Asia Minor. AtTroy, the father of Paris, Pria1n,;
received her in his palace without difficulty; and Menelaus, assembling the
princes of‘ Greece, reminded them of their oath: and the siege and destruc-
tion of T1 oy follou ed 1184 B. 0. Paris was p1e1iously married, his wife
being (Enone, who lived with him 111 happiness on Mount Ida; and at his
death by one of the arrows of He1eulcs then in the possession of Philoc—
tetes, he desired 111 his dying moments to be carried to (Enone whom he
had so basely deserted; but he expired on the way. The 113' mph. however

still mindful of their fo1mer happiness, th1ew he1self upon the body, bathed
it with l1e1 teais, and then plunged a dagger in her heart.

.HELENA. Sr. This island was discovered by the P01 tutrnese 0n the festival

of St. Helena A D. 1502 The Dutch were afterwaids in possession of it
until 1600, when they were expelled by the English. The British East India.
company settled here in 1651; and the island was alte1nately possessed by
the English and Dutch, until 1673 when Charles II on Dec. 12 ,assig ned it
to the company once more St. Helena “as made the place of Napoleon’s
cgptivity, Oct. 16, 1815, and it became the scene of his death, May 5,
1 21

HELIGOLAND. This island formerly belong ed to the Danes, fiom whom it

was taken by the B1itish, Sept. 5, 1807, and formed a depet for British mer-
chandise intended for the Continent during the war. Confirmed to Eng land
by the tieaty of Kiel Jan 14,1814 the same treaty by which N01 way was
ceded to Sweden. Though a mere rock, this 1s an important possession of
the British Clown.

HELIOMETER. A valuable scientific instrument for measuiing the stars in-

vented by M. Boug ner, in 1774. The helioscope was invented by Christo-
pher Scheiner in 1625. '

HELMETS. They were worn, it is said by the most savage t1ibes. Among

the Romans the helmet was provided with a vizor of grated bars. to misc
above the eyes and a bever to lower for eating; the helmet of the Greeks.
was round and that of the Romans squaie. Richard I. of England wo1e a
plain round helmet, and after this monarch’ s reign most of' gthe English
kings had crowns above their helmets. Alexander III of Scotland 1249, had
a flat helmet with a square grated vizor, and the helmet ot' Robeit I. was
surmounted by a crown, 1306. —Gwiléim.

EELOTS. The people of Helos, against whom the Spartans bore desperate

 

 

.7. .1: 3:“? ., W _ 3 ‘K

    
  
  
   
 
   
 
  
   
   
 
  
   
  
  
  
  
 
  
   
 
   
   
 
 
 
 
   
   
  
  
   
  
 
   
   

352 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [H5113

resentment for refusing to pay tribute, 888 B. c. The Spartans, not satisfied
with the ruin of their city, reduced the Helots to the most debasing slavery;
and to complete their infamy, they called all the slaves of the state, and the
prisoners of war, by the degrading name of Helom, and further exposed
them to every species of contempt and ridicule, 669 B. 0. But in the Pelo-
ponnesian war the Helots behaved with uncommon bravery, and were reward-
ed with their liberty, 431 B. 0. But this act of justice did not last long; and

the sudden disappearance of 2000 manumitted slaves was attributed to the
Lacedemonians.—Her0dutus.

HEMP AND FLAX. Flax was first planted in England, when it was directed
to be sewn for fishing-nets, A. D. 1583. Bounties were paid to encourage its
cultivation in 1783; and every exertion should be made by the government
and legislature to accomplish such a national good. In 1785 there were im-
ported from Russia in British ships, 17,695 tons of hemp and flax—Sir John
Sinclair. The annual importations of these articles now amount to about
100,000 tons. More than 180,000 lbs. of rough hemp are used in the cordage
of a first—rate man-oflwar, including rigging and sails.

HEPTARCHY. The Heptarchy (or government of seven kings‘ in England
was gradually formed from A. D. 455, when Hengist became the king of Kent,
and that kingdom was erected. The Heptarchy terminated in A. D. 828,
when Egbert reduced the other kingdoms, and became sole monarch of
England. For the several kingdoms of the Heptarchy, see Britain:

HERACLIDIE, THE, or the return of the Heraelidae into the Peloponnesus: a
famous epoch in chronology that constitutes the beginning of profane his—
tory, all the time preceding that period being accounted fabulous. This

. return happened 100 years after they were expelled, and eighty years after
the destruction of Troy, 1104 B. C.

HERALDRY. Signs and marks of honor were made use of in the first ages of
the world.~stbet. The Phrygians had a sow; the Thracians, Mars; the
Romans, an eagle: the Goths, a bear; the Flemings, a bull; the Saxons, a
horse; and the ancient French, a lion, and afterwards the fleur—de—lis, which
see. Heraldry, as digested into an art, and subjected to rules, may be ascribed
in the first instance to Charlemagne, about the year 800; and in the next,
to Frederick Barbarossa, about the year 1152; it began and grew with the
feudal law—Sir George Mac/tenzw. It was at length methodized and

perfected by the crusades and tournaments, the former commencing in
1095.

HERCULANEUM. An ancient city of Campania, overwhelmed, together with
Pompeii, by an eruption of Vesuvius, Aug. 24, A. D. 79. Herculaneum was
buried under streams of lava, and successive eruptions laid it still deeper
under the surface. All traces of them were lost until A. D. 1711, from which
year many curiosities, works of art, and monuments and memorials of civil-
ized life have been discovered to the present time. 150 volumes of MSS.
were found in a chest, in 1754; and many antiquities were purchased by sir
William Hamilton, and re-purchased by the trustees of the British museum,
Where they are deposited; but the principal antiquities are preserved in the
museum of Portici.

HERETICS. Formerly the term heresy denoted a particular sect ; now here-
ties are those who propagate their private opinions in opposition to the Ca-
tholic church—Bacon. Tens of thousands of them have suffered death by
torture in Roman Catholic countries—Burnet. See Inquisition. Simon
Magus was the first heretie; he came to Rome A. D. 4]. ,Thirty heretics
came from Germany to England to propagate their opinions, and were

 

DICTIONARY or DATES. 353

   
  
 
  
  
 
 
   
 
  
  
 
  
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
   
  
 
  
  
 
 
 
  
  
 
   
 
 
  
   
 
  

branded in the forehead, whipped, and thrust naked into the streets in
the depth of winter, where, none daring to relieve them, they died of hun—
ger and cold, 1160.-—Sj)66d. In the reign of Henry VIII. to be in possession
of Tindal’s Bible constituted heresy. The laws against heretics were re-
pealed, 25 Henry VIII., 1534—5.

"f HI‘IRMITS. The name first given to those that retired to desert places, to
' . avoid persecution, where they gave themselves up to prayers, fasting, and
meditation. They were also called anchorets; and commonly lodged in
dark caves, where their food was such roots as nature bestowed freely with-
out eulture. From these came the monks, and almost all the sorts of reli-
gious assemblies that live in monasteries. In the seventh persecution of the
Christians, one Paul, to avoid the enemies of his faith, retired into Thebais,
and became the first example of a monastic life, about A. D. 250.

‘ HERO AND LEANDER: their amour. The fidelity of these lovers was so
.v great, and their attachment to each other so strong, that Leander in the
night frequently swam across the Hellespont, from Abydos to Sestos, to
have secret interviews with Hero, a beautiful priestess of Venus, she di-
recting his course by a burning flambeaux. After many stolen interviews,
Leander was drowned in a tempestuous night, and Hero threw herself from
her tower, and perished in the sea, 627 B. C.—L'L"L'y, Herndct'u-s.
HERRING-FISHERY. It was largely encouraged by the Scotch so early as
the ninth century. The herring statute was passed i 1357. The mode of
preserving herrings by pickling was discovered abou 1390, and gave rise to
the herring fishery as a branch of commerce.—Andc-rsmb. The British
Herring Fishery Company was instituted Sept. 2, 1750.
HERSCHEL TELESCOPE, THE. Herchcl’s seven, ten, and twenty-feet re-
. flectors were made about 1779. He discovers the Georgium Sidus(w/Lic}1.
506%, March 21, 1781.. He discovers a volcanic mountain in the moon, in
17 3; and about this time laid the plan of his great forty—feet telescope,
which he completed in 1787, when he discovered two other volcanic moun-
tains, emitting fire from their summits. In 1802, he by means of his teles-
copes, was enabled to lay before the Royal Society a catalogue of 5000 new
nebulae, nebulous stars, planetary nebulae, and clusters of stars which he
had discovered.

HESSE, House or. Its various branches derive their origin from Gerberge,
daughter of Charles of Lorraine, uncle of Louis V. of France, who was
descended from Louis the Courteous. She was married to Lambert II. earl
of Louvain, from whom the present landgraves of Hesse-Cassel, by Henry
V., first of the family who bore the title of landgrave, are descended.
There is no family in Germany more noble by their alliances than this; and
it gives place to none for the heroes and statesmen it has produced. Six
thousand Hessian troops arrived in England, in consequence of an invasion
being expected, in 1756. The sum of 471,000l. three per cent. stock, was
transferred to the landgrave of Hesse, for Hessian auxiliaries lost in the
American war, at 30L per man, N ov. 1786. The Hessian soldiers were again
hired by England, and served in Ireland during the memorable rebellion
there in 1798.

' ; HIEROGLYPHICS. The first writing men used was only the single pictures
‘ and engravings of the things they would represent.— W’aodward. Hiero.
glyphic characters were invented by Athothes, 2112 B. e.—Us}Le-r. The
earliest records of them were the Egyptian, the first step towards letters,
and some monuments whose objects were described by exaggerated tradi-

\ Mation, or when forgotten, imagined—Phillips.
H CHURCH AND LOW CHURCH PARTIES. Those Were occasioned by

t - .
$29-33 «a ...».L;

 

 

 

354, THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [mill

the prosecution of Dr. Sacheverel, preacher at St. Saviour’s Southwark, for
two seditious sermons, the object of which was to rouse the apprehensions ‘
of the people for the safety of the Church, and to excite hostility against
the diSscnters. His friends were called High Church, and his opponents
Low Church, or moderate men, 8 Anne. 1710. The queen, who favored Sa-
cheverel. presented him with the valuable rectory of St. Andrew’s, Holboru.
He died in 1724. ,

HIGH TREASON. The highest offence known to the law, and in regulating
the trials for which was enacted the memorable statute, so favorable to
British liberty, the 25th of Edward III. 15-52. By this statute two living
witnesses are required in cases of high treason ; and it arose in the refusal
of parliament to sanction the sentence of deatl: against the duke of Somer-
set—it is that which regulates indictments for treason at the present day.
By the 40th George III. 1800, it was enacted that where there was a trial
for high treason in which the overt act was a direct attempt upon the life
of the sovereign, such trial should be conducted in the same manner as the
case of an indictment for murder. See Trials.

HIGHNESS. The title of IIig/wwss was given to Henry VII.; and this, and
sometimes Your Gram, was the manner of addressing Henry VIII. ; but
about the close of the reign of the latter mentioned king, the title of High-
ness and “Your Grace ” were absorbed in that of Majesty.

HINDOO ERA. or Era of the Caliyug, began 3101 B. c. or 756 before the De-
luge. in 2348: and the Hindoos count their months by the progress 'of the
sun through the zodiac. The Samoat era begins 57 B. c. : and the Saca era,
A. D. 77 : they are all used by the Hindoo nations.

HISTORY. Previously to the invention of letters the records of history are
vague. traditionary, and erroneous. The chronicles of the Jews, the Parian
Chronicle, the histories of Herodotus and Ctesias, and the poems of Homer,
are the foundations of early ancient history. Later ancient history is con-
sidered as ending with the destruction of the Roman empire in Italy, A. D.
476; and modern history dates from the age of Charlemagne, about A. D.
800. There was not a professorship of modern history in either of the
English universities until the years 1724 and 1736, when Regius professor-
ships were established by George I. and George II. A professorship of
history founded at Harvard College, was filled by Jared Sparks, who was
succeeded by Francis Bowen, 1850.

HOHENLINDEN, BATTLE or, between the Austrian and French armies, the
latter commanded by general Moreau. The Imperialists ‘were defeated
with great loss. their killed and wounded amounting to 10,000 men, and
their loss in prisoners to 10.000 more, November 3, 1800.

HOLLAND. The original inhabitants of this country were the Batavians, who
derived their origin from the Catti, a people of Germany. Having been
obliged to abandon their country on account of civil wars, they came and
established themselves in a morass, formed by the waters of the Rhine and
the Waal, which they named Bettuive, or Batavia, from Batten, the son of

. their Chieftain. To these have since been added a pretty large proportion
of Francs and Frisians.

Sovereignty blinded by Thierry, first Burgundy and its dependencies become

coum of 11 'land ~ - A. n. 868 a circle of the empire - - - 1521
The count) 0 Holland devolves to the They fall to Spain, whose tyranny and

counts of llaimult - - - 1299 religious persecution cause a revolt
It falls to the crown of Philip the Good, in‘ Batavia - - - - 1566 3

duke of Burgundy - - - 1436 The revolted states with William, ' __-,
100,000 persons are drowned by the sea prince of Orange, at their head, en-

breakmg in at Dort - . - 1446 ter into a treaty at Utrecht - - 157$ , ‘"

 

 
   

A.D

 

p AN, D, continued.

They elect William as Stadtholder - 1579
The Siadtholder, William, is assassi-

Mwmmx‘ out puss, ,

 

Holland erected into a kingdom, and
Louis Bonaparte declared king

nated - 3 - - - 1584 June 5, 1806
The Dutch East India company found- Louis abdicates - - July 1, 1810
ed ~ - - 1602 Holland united to France - July 9 1810

Afterastruggle of thirty ears, the king

of Spain is obliged to eclare the Ba-

taviuns free - - - - 1600
The republic wars against Spain in the

East, and in America; the Dutch ad-

miral, Peter Hen, takes several Spa-

nish galleons, value 20,000,0001. ster-

ling - - . - - - 1635
Cromwell declares war against Hol-

land and many naval battles are

fought; Blake signally defeats Van

Trump - - - - - 1653
William, prince of Orange, having

married Mary, daughter ol'James 11:,

is called to the British throne - 1688
The office of Stadtholder is made here-

ditary in the Orange family - - 1747
Era of the civil war - - - 1787
The French Republican army march

into Holland; the people declare in

their favor - - -
The Stadtliolder expelled Jan. 15, 1795
He arrives in England - Jan. 21. 1795
Battle of Camperdown, Duncan sig-

Restored to the house of Orange, an'
Belgium annexed to its dominions
Nov. 18, 1813

The prince of Orange is proclaimed so-

vereign prince of the United N ether-

lands - ~ - Dec. 6, 1813
He receives the oath of allegiance

from his subjects - March 30, 1814
And takes the title of king as William

I. - - - March 16, 1815
The revolution in Belgium (which see)

commenced - - Aug. :55, 1830
The Belgians take the city of Antwer

(which (-88) - - Dc 2%: 1830

f Belgium is separated from Hollandci

and Leopold of Cobourg is electe

king - - — July 1'2, 1831

Holland renews the war against Bel-

gium - - - Aug 3, 1831

7 3 , Conference in London on the atfairs oi
- 1 9' ‘

Holland and the Netherlands termi-

nates, see Belgium - Nov. 15, 1831
Treaty between Holland and Belgium,

signed in London - April 19, 1839

nally defeats the Dutch -. Oct. 11, 1797 : Abdication of William I. in favor of
The Texel fleet. of twelve ships of the his son - - - Oct. 8, 1840
line, with thirteen lndiamen, surren- Death of the ex-king - Dec. 12, 1844

dered to the British admiral Duncan,

without firinga gun - Aug. ‘28, 1799
A new constitution is given to the Ba-

tavian republic; the chief officer (R.

J. Schimmelpennick) takes the title

of Grand Pensionary - April 26, 1805

 

The king promises his assent to all m-
forms passed by the chambers

March 14, 1848

April 17, 1848

New constitution appears,
March 17, 1849

Death of William 11. -

STADTHOLDERS, ETC.

1554 William the Great succeedshis cou-
sin Rene, to whom the United Pro-
vinces owe their toundation and glo-

1702 John William Frizo, drowned in pass-
ing a ferry in Holland.
1711 Charles Henry Frizo.

 

ry: killed by an assassin, hired by
Philip of Spain.

1584 Henry Philip William.

1618 Maurice, a consummate general.

1625 Frederick Henry.

1647 \Villiain ll. .

1650 William 111. made stadtholder in 1672,
and king of England in 1589.

‘OLtAND, NEW.

U‘

1747 William IV., first hereditary stadi-
holder.

1751 William V.

1813 William I.

1840 William 11

1849 William 111., present king, (1852.)

See Belgium.

It is not clearly ascertained when this country was first

, discovered. In 1605, et seq., various parts of‘ the coast were traced by the
Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, and English. What was deemed till lately the

‘7 south extremity, was discovered by Tasman, in 1642. The eastern coast,
‘called New South Wales, was taken possession of, in his Britannic majesty’s

name, by captain Cook, in 1770. 'See Botany Bay, New South Wales, and

, ‘Van Dicmen’s Land.

it LY_ ALLIANCE. A league so called between the emperors of Russia and
.LAustria, and the king of Prussia, by which they ostensibly bound them-
] selves. among other things, to be governed by Christian principles in all
, their political transactions. This alliance was ratified at. Paris, Septem-
, .ber 26, 1815.

I WATER is said to have been used in churches as early as A. D. 120.1%
. ‘ K at
' a.

.‘

KINGS-

  

D

  

  

 

      
            
    
   
   
         
       
     
      
   
      
     

     

356 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [HOP j

HOMER’S ILIAD AND ODYSSEY. The misfortunes of Troy furnish me two
most- perfect EPIC* poems in the world, written by the greatest poet that
has ever lived; about 915 B. c. The subject of the first is the wrath of ,3
Achilles; the second recounts the voyages and adventures of Ulysses after 3
the destruction of T roy. Among the thousands of volumes burnt at Con~ 5
stantinople, A. D. 477, were the works of HOmer, said to have been written
in golden letters 011 the great gut of a dragon, 120 feet long—Univ. Hist.
The works of Homer are supposed by some to have done great injury to
mankind by inspiring the love of military glory. Alexander was said to
sleep with them always on his pillow—«Darwin.

HOMICIDE. This crime was tried at Athens by the Areopagites, 1507 B. c.
He that killed another at any public exercise of skill, or who killed another
that lay perdue to do a person mischief of a grievous nature, was not
deemed guilty. He who killed a man taken with another’s wife, sister,
daughter, or concubine, or he who killed a man who, without just grounds,
assaulted another violently, was not deemed a homicide. Among the Jews,
wilful murder was capital; but for chance-medley, the offender should fly
to one of the cities of refuge, and there continue till the death of the high
priest. In the primitive church, before the Christians had the civil power,
wilful homicide was punished with a twenty years’ penance. Our laws dis-
tinguish between justifiable homicide and homicide in its various degrees
of guilt, and circumstances of provocation and wilfulness. See .Murder.

HONEY-MOON. Among the ancients, a beverage prepared with honey, such
as that known as mead, and as metheglin, in England, was a luxurious
drink. It was a custom to drink of diluted honey for thirty days or a
moon’s age, after a wedding-feast, and hence arose the term [Laney-moon, of
Teutonic origin. Attila, the devastating Hun, who ravaged nearly all Eu-
rope, drank, it is said, so freely of hydromel on his marriage-day, that he
died in the night from suffocation, 453 A. D. His death is, however, ascribed
to another cause. See Attila.

"HONI SOIT QUI MAL Y PEN SE.” It is said that the countess of Salis-
bury, at a ball at court, happening to drop her garter, the king, Edward
111., took it up, and presented it to her with these words: “ Hom' suit qui mat
y pense,” “ evil be to him who evil thinks.” They afterwards became the
motto of the Garter; but this statement of the origin of the motto is un-
supported by suflicicnt authority.— Goldsmith.

HONOR. Honor was a virtue highly venerated by the ancients, particularly
among the Romans, and temples were ultimately erected to Honor by that
people as a divinity. The first temple was built by Scipio Africanus, about
B. C. 197; and others were raised to her worship by C. Marius, about 102
B. 0. These temples were so constructed that it was impossible to enter
that to Honor without going through the temple of Virtue; and Marius 3‘
ordered his edifices not to be built too much elevated or too lofty, thereby
to intimate to the worshippers that humility was the true way to tumor.

HOPS. Introduced from the Netherlands into England, A. D. 1524, and were
used in brewing; but the physicians having represented that they were un-
wholesome, parliament was petitioned against them as being a wicked weed,
and their use was prohibited in wild—Anderson. At present there are
between fifty and sixty thousand acres, on an average, annually under the

 

 

‘ “$44....“ ._,_ ”4. w-

' The epic poems of HOMER and VIRGIL, the Giemsalemme of Tasso, the Paradise Last of
MILTON, and the Henrz'ade of VOLTAIRE, are the noblest that exist; and MiLrON’s is considered
to rank next to IIOMER’S. “ Paradise Lost is no! the greatest ol'epic poems,” observes Dr. Joan-
ION, “only because it is not the first.”—Bzu‘lar.

    

'ID] DICTIONARY or DATES. 357

    
   
 
   
  
 
   
  
   
 
    
  
  
   
  
  
 
   
  
  
  
   
  
  
   
  
  
  
  
   
  
   
  
    
   
   

culture of hops in England. They are grown chiefly in Hereford, Kent, and
Worcestershire.

'y ORATII AND CURATII, THE COMBAT on THE, 669 B. c. The Romans and the
" Albans contesting for superiority, agreed to choose three champions on
each side to determine to which it belonged; and the three Horatii, Roman
knights, and the three Curatii, Albans, being elected by their respective
countries, engaged in the celebrated combat which, by the victory of the
Horatii, united Alba to Rome.

. HORSE. The people of Thessaly were excellent equestrians, and probably
3 were the first, among the Greeks at least, who rode upon horses, and broke
them in for service in war; whence arose the fable that Thessaly was ori-
ginally inhabited by centaurs. And Solomon had 40,000 stalls of horses for
his chariots, and 12,000 horsemen—1 Kings, iv. 26. The power of the
horse is equal to that of five n1011.°-—;S"m€dt07b. A horse can perform the
workof six men—Bossuct. The Greeks and Romans had some covaing
to secure their horses’ hoofs from injury. In the ninth century, horses were
only shed in the time of frost. The practice of shoeing was introduced
into England by William I., 1066. In England there are two millions
of draught and pleasure horses, and one hundred thousand agricultural
horses, which consume the produce of seven millions of acres. The horse-
tax was imposed in 1784, and was then levied on all saddle and coach horses
in England. The existing duty upon “ horses for riding” only in England,
amounts to about 350,000!. per year. See Race Horses.

g-_ HOSPITALLERS. Military knights of the order of St. John, of Jerusalem,
.7 who were under religious vows; instituted by opening a hospital for the
reception of pilgrims at Jerusalem, in A. D. 1048. They became a monastic
order in 1002 ; and a military order in 1118. See Bialm.

HOSPITALS or LONDON. Several of these most valuable and merciful in-
stitutions are of ancient date, and richly endowed. One of the most muni-
ficent erections by a single individual is that of Guy’s Hospital, Southwark,
a London bookseller of that name having built it at the cost of 18,793l., and
, endowed it, in 1724, by a bequest of 219,499l. See Infirmaries.

1 HOST, ELEVATION OF THE. Introduced in Roman Catholic worship, and pr0s~
’" tration enjoined, in A. D. 1201. Pope Gregory IX. was the first pontifi' who
decreed a bell to be rung as a signal for the people to betake themselves to
the adoration of the host, which is done to this day—Dr. A. Rees.

a"

." HOURS. The day began to be divided into hours from the year 293 B. (2., when
~ L. Papirius Cursor erected a sun-dial in the temple of Quirinus at Rome.
Previously to the invention of water-clocks (which see), 158 B. 0., the time
was called at Rome by publie criers. The Chinese divide the day into
twelve parts of two hours each. The Italians reckon twenty-four hours round,
instead of two divisions of twelve hours each, as we do. In England, the
measurement of time Was alike uncertain and difficult: one expedient was
by wax candles, three inches burning an hour, and six wax-candles burning
twenty—four hours: these candles were invented by Alfred, clocks and hour-
glasses not being then known in England, A. D. 886.

:HUDSON’S BAY. Discovered by captain Henry Hudson, when in search of a
' N orth-VVest passage to the Pacific Ocean, A. D. 1610; but in fact, this part
of North America may more properly be said to have been discovered by
Frobisher in the reign of Elizabeth, although Hudson ventured further
». north. The latter. passing the winter in this bay on his fourth voyage, was,
.. with four others, thrown by his sailors into a boat, and left to perish. The
Hudson—Bay Company obtained chartered possessions here, in 1670. w
forts were destroyed by the French in 1686 and 1782. , 5

 

 

358

HUE AND CRY.

HUGUENOTS. This word is of uncertain derivation.

HUMILIATI.

HUNGARY. The Pannonia of the ancients, and subject to the Romans, 11

        

(v ‘7-

.v " 1
THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. 1_ mm ,
The old common—law process of pruning " Witt. t: In and l.
with voice,” from hundred to hundred, and county to county, all ribbers
and felons. Formerly the hundred was bound to make good all 103‘; occa-
sioned by the robberies therein committed unless the felon were taken;
but by subsequent laws it is made answerable only for damage committed
by riotous assemblies.

It was used, as a term
of reproach, by the French Catholics, to nickname their countrymen of the
reformed churches, or Protestants of France, and had its rise in 1560; The
memorable massacre of the Huguenots of France, on the festival of St.
Bartholomew, took place on Aug. 24, 1572.~See Bartholomew, St. A 0011- -
siderable number of Huguenots emigrated after that event to North Ame—
rica, and settled on the Delaware, and in the Carolinas.

A congregation of religious in the church of Rome, which was
formed by some Milanese who had been imprisoned under Frederick 1.,
1162. This order had ninety monasteries; but it was abolished for luxury
and cruelty by pope Pius V., and their houses were given to the Domini~
cans and Cordeliers, in 1570.

guest.) '

B. C., and kept possession of by them until, in the fourth century of the
Christian era, the Vandals drove them out of it. About forty years after- 5
wards, the Vandals migrated towards Gaul, and their deserted settlements ‘
were occupied by the Goths, who in the beginning of the fifth century were
expelled by the Huus, a ferocious tribe of Scythians, headed by Attila,
whose dreadful ravages obtained him the appellation of “The Scourge of
God."——In more recent times, the Hungarians have. been much intermixed
with Sclavonic nations, as Bohemians, Croats, Russians, and Vandals; be-
sides German settlers, as Austrians, Styrians, Bavarians, Franks, Swabians,
Saxons, &e. Hungary was annexed to the empire of Germany under Char—
lemagne, but it became an independent kingdom in 920.

Stephen receives the title of Apostolic
Icing from the pope - - a. p.
The Poles overrun Hungary - - 1061
Dreadful ravages of the Tartars under
the sons ofJenghis Khan, throughout
Hungary,Boheinia,and Russia, 1226 0! seq.
Victories of Louis the Great in Bulga-
ria, Servia, and Dalmatia — - 1342
Louis carries his arms into Italy - 1342
He dies, and the history of Hungary
now presents a frightful catalogue of
crimes - - - - -1378
Charles Duras is murdered; Elizabeth,
queen ol'Louis, is drowned, and king"
Mary, their daughter, marries Sigis-
mond, marquis of Brandenburg, and
causes the rivers of Hungary to flow
with blood - - - - 1378
The unhap y Hungarians call the
Turks to t ieir assistance - — 1380
Sultan Bajazet vanquishes Sigismond
in battle - - - - 1389
Sigismund recovers from this blow,
and makes Wallachia and Moldavia
tributary to him - - - 1390

997 l

 

He obtains the crown of Bohemia, and

is elected emperor of Germany - 1410
Albert of Austria succeeds to the throne

of Hungary, thus laying the founda-

tion of the subsequent power and .

greatness ofthe house of Austria - 1437 *
It passes to the king of Poland - 1439
Solyman 11., emperor of the Turks, in-

vades Hungary, and takes Buda;

battle of Mohatz (which see) - - 1526
Buda sacked a second time by the

Turks, and all the inhabitants put to

the sword — - - - 1540
Sclavonia taken by the Turks - - 1540
Temeswar taken by them - - 1552
'l‘ransylvania seized by Solyman - 1556
The duke of Lorraine loses 30,000 men

in a fruitless attempt to take Buda

from the Turks - - - 1684
He at length carries Buda by storm,

and delivers up the Mahometans to

the fury of the soldiers - - 1686
Temeswar wrested from the Turks by

prince Eugene - - - - 1710

 

' The Hungarian people have an irreconcilable aversion to the name of ueen ; and conse-

quently, whenever a female succeeds. to the throne of Hungary, she reigns wit the title of king.
bus, in 1383, when Mary, the daughter of Charles Duras, came to the crown,

King JWary.

she was styled

 

  
   
   
 
   
   
    

._ .~ arms towards Germany.

‘ GARY, continued.

Servia and Wallachia ceded to Turkey
at the peace of Belgrade ~ 1739

Temeswar incorporated with the king-
dom of Hungary - -

The struggle for independence com-
menced in - - - - 1848

Count Lomburg, Austrian commission-
er, murdered at Pesth Sept. 27,

The Hungarian Diet dissolved by the
emperor of Austria ; martial law
proclaimed; Jellachich, Ban of Cro-
atia, appointed to the supreme gov-
ernment, - - Oct. 3, 1848

Kossuth appointed by the Diet presi-
dent of the defence committee and
dictator - - - _- Oct. 1848

Ensurrection of Vienna, Oct. 6.]
ungarian army advances within SIX '

   
  

monomer or DATES.

l

t
l

 

miles of Vienna; .‘ellachich also ad-
vances there, October 11'; Kossuth
retreats to Hungarzan territory, 17th,

- 1778 l Hungary declares itsclt'an independent

republic - - - Dec. 1848
Raab (Dec) and Buda Pesth, entered
by Windisgratz - «Jan. 5, 1849
Ukase of Russian emperor Nicholas,
declaring his purpose of aiding Aus-
tria against Hun ary - April 26,
Gorgey, commant erin-chief, surren-
ders the Hungarian army to the Aus-
trians at Villargos - Aug. 11, 1849
The war ended by the complete subju-
gation of Hungary, and the flight or
execution of her leaders.
See Germany.

KINGS OF HUNGARY.

1038 Peter I. deposed.

1041 Otto, killed in battle.

1044 Peter again ascends the throne ; is
again deposed, and has his eyes put
out.

1047 Arglrew, assassinated by his brother

ela.

1059 Bela, killed by the fall of a ruinous
tower.

1063 Solomon, deposed by his son.

1073 Geiga I.

1076 St. Ladislaus.

1005 Coloman.

1114 Stephen IL, surnamed Thunder; turn-
e monk.

1131 Bela 11.; he had his eyes put out by
his uncle Coleman, so that his queen
ruled the kingdom.

1141 Geiga II.

1161 Stephen III.

1173 Bela III.

1191 Emeric.

1200 Ladislaus II.

1201 Andrew 11.

1235 Bela IV.

1275 Ste hen IV.

1278 Lat islaus 111., murdered.

1291 Andrew III.

1301 Wenceslaus.

1304 0010.

A. D. 997 Stephen, duke, assumes the title ofking. t 1309 Charles Robert.

1342 Louis I. the Great.

1383 Mary.

1389 Mary, and her husband Sigism. lid.

1437 Albert ; he died ot‘a surfeit of melons.

1440 Ladislaus IV., killed in battle with the
Turks.

1444 Ladislaus V., poisoned while an infant.

1458 Matthias 1., son of Huniades, late re-
gent.

1490 Ladislaus V1.

1516 Louislll. drowned whilst fighting the
'l‘ur rs.

1526 John Sepusius, deposed.

1527 Ferdinand, king of Bohemia.

1534 John Sepusius, again.

1539 John 11.

1561 Maximilian, afterwards emperor 0’
Germany.

1573 Rodolphus.

1609 Matthias II.

1618 Ferdinand 11., emperor of Germany.

16:25 Ferdinand I11., ditto.

1647 Ferdinand IV.

1656 Leopold, emperor of Germany.

1687 Joseph, ditto.

1711 Charles V] , ditto.

1740 Maria Theresa.

1780 Joseph, her son, emperor of Germany.

See Germany.

On the death of Charles VI., in 1740, his daughter, Maria Theresa, who had
married into the house of Lorraine, was in danger of being deprived of her
father’s hereditary dominions by France, and also by Bavaria ; but at length
overcoming all difficulties, her husband was elected emperor, and Hungary,

Austria, and Bohemia are at this time governed by their descendants. See
Germany. ,

l S. A fierce and warlike nation, occupying eastern Tartary nearly 1200
years; they were almost wholly exterminated by the Chinese, in A. D. 93, and
the remnants settled on the Volga, and attacked the Roman allies on the
Danube, in 376; but having been subsidized under Attila, they turned their

The latter country and Scythia were conquered by

them, about A. D. 433. 100,000 of them were slain on the plains of Chm,

:4: : in 447. They were defeated by Charles the Great in several ham ,.
' -; eight years, and were almost extirpated, and soon ceased to ap ' '

 

 

 

 
  
  
   
  
 
 
   
    
 
  
   
   
   
  
  
  
   
   
   
  
  
    
   
   

360 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. { 143 ‘

a distinct nation after 780. When they settled in Pannonia, they gave it the 'v
name of Hungary, which see; see also Attila.

HUSS, JOHN ; HIS MARTYRDOM. The clergy having instigated the pope to
issue a bull against heretics, Huss, who had been zealous to promote a refor-
mation, was cited to appear before a council of divines at Constance to give
an account of his doctrines. To encourage him to do so, the emperor Sigis-
mund sent him a safe conduct, and engaged for his security. 0n the
strength of this pledge he presented himself accordingly, but was soon
thrown into prison, and after some months’ confinement was adjudged to be
burned alive. He endured this dreadful death with magnanimity and resig-
nation, July 6,1415. The same unhappy fate was borne with the same
fortitude and constancy of mind by JEROME or PRAGUE, the intimate com-
panion of Huss, who came to this council with the generous design of sup—
porting and seconding his persecuted friend: he, too, suffered, May 30, 1416.
See Cranmer, and [Mm‘tyra

 

HUSSARS. This species of force originated in Poland and Hungary; and as
they were more fitted for a hasty enterprise than a set battle, they are sup-
posed to have taken their names from the imzzas or shout they made at their
first onset. They were generally opposed to the Turkish horse, “and were
oddly clothed, having the skins of tigers and other wild beasts hanging on

their backs, against bad weather, and wore fur caps, with a cook’s feather,”
-—Pm‘d0n.

HYDROMETER. The oldest mention of the Hydrometer occurs in the fifth
century, and may be found in the letters of Synesius to Hypatia; but it is
not improbable that Archimedes was the inventor of it, though no proofs
of it are to be founcl.——Beckmmm. Hypatia was torn to pieces, 415 A. D.,
and Archimedes was killed 212 13. c. Hydraulic chemistry became a science
in 1746.

HYDROSTATICS were probably first studied in the Alexandrian school, about
300 B. c. The pressure of fluids was discovered by Archimedes, about 250
B. c. The forcing—pump and air—fountain were invented by Hero, about 120
B. c. Water-mills were known about the time of the birth of Christ. The
science was revived by Galileo, about A. D. 1600. The theory of rivers was
scientifically understood in 1697. The correct theory of fluids and oscilla-
tion of waves, explained by Newton, in 1714. A scientific form was given
to hydrodynamics, by Bernoulli, 1738.

HYMNS. Religious songs, or odes, were at first used by the heathens in praise
of their false deities, and afterwards introduced both into the Jewish and
Christian churches. St. Hilary, the bishop of Aries, in France, is said
to have been the first who composed hymns to be sung in Christian churches,

about A. D. 431. The hymns of the Jews are usually accompanied with
trumpets, drums, and cymbals.

I.

IAMBIC VERSE. Iambe, an attendant of Metanira, wife of Celeus, king of
Sparta, when trying to exhilarate Ceres, while the latter was travelling over
Attica in quest of her daughter Proserpine, entertained her with jokes,
stories, and poetical effusions; and from her free and satirical verses have
been called [ambica—Apolludm‘us. Iambic verses were first written, about I. .»
700 n. c., by Archiloehus, who had courted‘Neobule, the daughter of Lyc‘am—
bes; but after a promise of marriage, the father preferred another suitor, N
richer than the poet; whereupon Archiloehus wrote so bitter a satire on the ‘
old man’s avarice, that he hanged himself—Herodotus.

DICTIONARY or DATES. 36!

   
  
   
    
    
   
   
 
   
   
 
   
 
  
 
    
 
   
    
  
   
  
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
  
  
 
 
 
  

10E. Galileo was the first who observed ice to be lighter than tht. water which
composed it, and hence ice floats, about 1597. Ice produced in summer by
means of chemical mixtures, prepared by Mr. Walker and others, in 1782.
Leslie froze water under the receiver of an air—pump by placing under it a
vessel full of oil of vitriol. One part of Sill—ammonia and two of common
salt, with live of snow, produce a degree of cold tWelve degrees below the
zero of Fahrenheit. Five parts of muriate of lime and four of snow freeze
mercury; and mercury can be solidified by preparations of sulphuric acid,
so as to bear the stroke of a hammer. See (jam.

ICE TRADE, THE, in the United States, was commenced by Frederick Tudor,
“ of Boston, in 1805, who shipped the first cargo to Martinique and the first to
Calcutta, 1833. The ice-houses of the dealers near Boston at present are
_ capable of containing 141,332 tons.

I ICELAND. Discovered by some Norwegian chiefs who were compelled to
“ leave their native country, A. D. 871; according to some accounts, it had
been previously visited by a Scandinavian pirate. It was peopled by the
Norwegians, in 874. In 1783, there occurred here the most tremendous vol-
canic eruption on record; it was accompanied by violent wind and rain, and
a darkness of the heavens; and it was feared that the island would fall to
pieces. Three fire spouts broke out of Mount Skapta, which, after rising
to a considerable height in the air, formed a torrent of red-hot lava that
flowed for six weeks, and ran a distance of 60 miles to the sea, in a broken
breadth of nearly 12. miles: 12 rivers were dried up; 21 villages totally
overwhelmed by fire or water; and 34 others were materially injured.

ICELANDIC LITERATURE, ROYAL SOCIETY or, in Copenhagen. Their
library, containing 2000 Icelandic M88. and many books, burnt, September
.- 26, 1847.

f‘- ICONOLOGY. The science that describes men and deities, distinguished by
'. some peculiar characteristic, and the doctrine of picture or image represen—
tation. Thus, Saturn is represented as an old man with a scythe; Jupiter
with a thunderbolt, and an eagle by his side; Neptune with a trident, in a
chariot drawn by sea-horses; Mercury, with wings on his hat and at his
heels; Bacchus, crowned with ivy; Pallas, leaning on her aegis; Venus,
drawn by Swans or pigeons; Juno, riding in a cloud, &c. Heathen mytho-
logy gave rise to the later worship of the sun, moon, stars, and other objects;
and to the representation of the true God in various forms; and to images.
The IconoclaStic schism rent asunder the Roman Catholic church in the
‘early part of the eighth century. See Idols.

IDES. In the Roman calendar, the ides meant the thirteenth day of each
i . month except in March, May, July, and October, in which months it was
the fifteenth day, because in these four it was six days before the nones,
and in the other months four days. The ides of March was the day on
which Julius Caesar was assassinated in the senate house by Casca and other
conspirators, 44 B. c.

.IDIOTS. It is shown by the latest returns, that exclusive of lunatics (see In-

" institutions, males, 3372; females, 3893; total, 7265. In England. there is
.- one lunatic or idiot in every 1033 individuals; in Wales, there is one in
5 every 807; in Scotland, one in 731; and in Ireland, one in 812.

LS, AND IDOLATRY. The public worship of idols was introduced by Ni-
nus, king of Assyria, 2059 B. c.— Vossius. Idols are sup osed to have origi.
noted in the pillar set up by Jacob, at Bethel, about 18 B. c.—~Duf1-esmy.
, onstantine, emperor of Rome, ordered all the heathen temples to be do»
yed, and all sacrifices to cease, 330 A. tart—Defiance In Britain, the

16

sanity), there are in England, pauper idiots, or idiots protected by national ~

 

l
‘l
l
l

1"“

 

    

36:2 - 'rim wonLD’s rnoeunss. [ "a:
religion of the Druids gave way to the more gross and barbarous supersti-
tions of the Saxons, who had their idols, altars, and temples, and they soon
overspread the country with them: they had a god for every day in the
week. See Wee/5. The idolatry of the Saxons yielded to Christianity after
the coming of St. Augustin. See Christianity. .

ILIUM. A city was built here by Dardanus, and called Dardania, 1480 B. C.
Troy (which see), another city, was founded by Troas, about 1341 B. c. ; and
Ilus, his successor, called the country Ilium. This kingdom existed 296
years from the reign of Dardanus, Priam being the sixth and last king. The
Trojan war was undertaken by the united states of Greece to recover Helen,
whom Paris, son of Priam, had borne away from her husband, Menelaus,
king of Sparta, 1204 B. C. See Helen. More than 100,000 warriors engaged
in this expedition; and the invaders, having wasted many defenceless towns
and villages, laid siege to the capital, 1193 B. 0. Troy was taken after ten
years’ war by stratagem, and burnt to ashes by the conquerors, who put the
inhabitants to the sword, or carried them off as slaves, 1184 B. c.~Apo~.’Jo—
(107713.

ILLINOIS. One of the United States, first settled on the Kaskaskia and Caho—
kia by the French from Canada. Coded to Great Britain at the peace of
1763. Chiefly settled by emigrants from other states since 1800. In 1789 it
was part of the N orth~VVest territory. In 1809 it was made a separate terri-
tory, and in 1818 admitted into the Union, being the 23d state. Population
in 1810, 12,282; in 1830, 157,575; in 1840, 476,183. It is a free state and has
always been so. The chief products are grain and Indian corn; it has in-
exhaustible lead-mines. N ew constitution adopted August 31, 1847.

ILLUMINATI. These were heretics who sprang up in Spain, where they were
called Alumbrados, about A. D. 1575; and after their suppression 'in Spain,
they appeared in France. One of their leaders was the friar Anthony Bou-
chet. The chief doctrine of this sect was, that they obtained grace, and
attained perfection, by their own sublime manner of prayer. A secret
society hearing this name was founded by Dr. Adam Weishaupt, in May,
1776. ’ -‘

ILLUMINATED BOOKS AND PAGES. The practice of adopting ornaments,
drawings, and emblematical figures, and even portraits, to enrich MSS., is of
great antiquity; and illuminated pages are, many of them, exquisitely painted.
Varro wrote the lives of 700 illustrious Romans, which he embellished with
their likenesses, about 70 B. C.—Plin. Hist. Nat.

IMPEACHMENT. The first impeachment by the commons house of parlia-
ment, and the first of a lord chancellor, was in 1386. Bystatute of the 12th
and 13th of William and Mary, it was enacted, that no pardon under the
great seal shall be pleaded to an impeachment by the commons in parlia—
ment, 1699 and 1700. Memorable impeachment of Warren Hastings, Feb.
13, 1788; the trial lasted seven years, ending April 25, 1795, in an acquittal.
Impeachment of lord Melville, April 29, and his acquittal, June 12', 1806. ;
Inquiry into the charges preferred by colonel Wardle against the duke of / '3
York, commenced Jan. 26, and ended March 20, 1809, in his acquittal.
Trial of Caroline, queen of George IV., by bill of pains and penalties, be-
fore the house of lords, commenced Aug. 16; Mr. Brougham entered on
her majesty’s defence, Oct. 3; and the last debate on the bill took place,
Nov. 10, 1820. See Queen of George IV.

IMPERIAL PARLIAMENT. By the Union with Ireland, the parliament of
.Great Britain became Imperial; and the first Imperial parliament, admit ,7

. ting 100 Irish members into the commons, and 28 temporal and 4 spiritual
peers into the house of lords, was held at Westminster, January 22, 1801. ‘

 

 

   
    
 
   
 
   
  
   
   
 
   
   
   
 
 
 
 
  
  
    
  
  
   
     
    
    
    
   
  
  
   
   
  
  
 

‘ 8

Parliament, and Reform.

Table, p. 317.

In 1710 -
1750 - -
I775 -

£4,753,777 In 1800 .
7,289,582 1810 .
- 14,815,855] 1820 -

,, ,1 ',~.’r""’

Aldebcrt, who, in the eighth century, pre-
tended he had a letter from the Redeem-
er, which fell from heaven at Jerusalem;
be seduced multitudes to follow him into
woods and deserts, and to live in imitation
of John the Baptist.

Gonsalvo Martin. a Spaniard, pretended to
be the angel Michael, he was burnt by
the inquisition of Spain, in 1360.

George David, son 01' a Waterman at Ghent,
styled himself the nephew of God, sent
into the world to ado tchildren worthy of 1
heaven; he denie the resurrection,
preached against marriage, in favor 01" a
community 01' women, and taught that
the body only could be defiled by sin; he
had many followere ; died at Basle, 1556.
Demetrius Griska Eutropeia, a friar, pre-
tended to be the son of Basilowitz, czar of
Museovy, Whom the usurper Borls had
put to death; but he maintained that ano-
ther child had been substituted in his
place: he was supported by the arms of .
Poland; his success astonished the Rus-
sians, who invited him to the throne, and
delivered into his hands Fedor, the reign-
ing czar, and all his family, whom he
cruelly put to death: his imposition being
discovered, he was assassinated in his
palace, 1606.—D’Alembert’s Revolutions
of Russia.

Sabbata Levi, a Jew of Smyrna, amused
the Turks and Jews a long time at Con-
stantinople and other places, by person-
ating our Saviour, 1666.

1

IMPOSTORS EXTRAORDINARY IN
HISTORY.

Two men crucified, both pretending to be
the Messiah; and two women executed for
assuminw the characters of the Virgin
1:123? and Mary Magdalen, 5 Henry 111.,
Elizabeth Barton, styled the Holy maid of
Kent, spirited u to hinder the Reforma-
tion, by 1preterit ing to inspirations from
heaven, ortelling that the king would have

BRITISH

DICTIONARY OF DATES.

‘ lMl'ORTS or MERCHANDISE IN THE UNITED STATES.

 

an early and violent death if ”he divorced
Catherine of Spain, and married Anne

     

. The Imperial parliament is now constituted thus: in the Commons, since
the passing of the Reform Bill (which see), in 1832, there are 471 English;
29 Welsh; 105 Irish; and 53 Scotch members—in all 658.
459 members, of whom 28 are temporal, and 4 spiritual representative peers
of Ireland; and 16 representative peers of Scotland. See Commons, Lords,

In the Lords,

See Exports, doc.

VALUE OF IMPORTS INTO GREAT BRITAIN, FROM ALL PARTS OF THE WORLD.

£30,570,605 In 1830 - £46,215,241
41,136,135 1840 . . 62,004,000
. 36,514,564 1815 - - 85,281,958

,_ lb'IPOSTORS. The names and pretensions of religious, political, and other im-
3 postors, would fill a volume; they have been, of course, found in every
country, and have existed in every age.
various authorities, as being among the most extraordinary :—

The following are selected from

Boleyn. She and her confederates were
hanged at Tyburn, 24 Henry VIII, 1534.—
Rapin.

In the first year of Mary’s reign, after her
marriage with Philip of Spain, Elizabeth
Croft a girl of18 years of age, was se-
creted in a wall, and with a whistle, made
for the purpose, uttered many seditious
speeches against the queen and the prince,
and also against the mass and confession,
for which she was sentenced to stand upon
a scatibld at St. Paulls cross, during ser-
mon-time, and make public confession of
her imposture, 1553: she was called the
Spirit of the Wall.—Ba/:er’s Citron.

William Hacket, a fanatic, personated our
Saviour, and was executed for blasphemy,
34 Eliz., 1591.

James Naylor, personated our Saviour; he
was convicted ol‘ blasphemy, scourged,
and his tongue bored through with a hot
iron on the pillory, by sentence of the
House of Commons, under Cromwell’s
administration, 1656.

Valentine Greatrakes, an Irish impostor,
who pretended to cure all diseases by
stroking the patient; his imposture de-
ceived the credulous, and occasioned very
warm disputes in Ireland, in 1665, and in
England, where it fell into disrepute, in
1666, upon his examination before the
Royal Society, alter which we hear no
more of him. Birch’s Mewwirs of the
Ray. Society.

Dr. Titus Oates. See Conspiracies. _

Mary 'I‘ofts, of Godalming, by pretending
she bred rabbits within her, so imposed
upon many persons (among others, Mr, .
St. Andre, surgeon to the king), that they
espoused her cause, I726.

The Cock—lane ghost imposture by William
Parsons, his wife, and daughter, 1762.

Johanna Southcote, who proclaimed he]
conception of the Messiah, and had a mu!
titude of followers; she died in Dec.1814.

IN THE UNITED STATES.

Matthias, alias Matthews, who professed to
be the Messiah, New-York. 1830-31.

Joseph Smith. See article Mariam. . 33

;\ til NT or SEAMEN. Afirmed by Sir M. Foster to be of am ‘

 

 

    

364 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. I 1311i
practice. The statute 2 Richard II. speaks of impressment as a matter well
known, 1378. The first commission for it was issued 29 Edward III. 1355.
Pressing, either for the sea or land service, declared to be illegal by the Bri-
tish parliament, Dec. 1641. None can be pressed into the king’s naval service
above 55, nor under 18. N o apprentice nor landsmen who have not served at
sea for 8 or 2 years. N o masters of merchants’ ships, first-mates of 50 tons,
and boatswains and carpenters of 100 tons. N 0 men employed by the pub-
lic boards, and none except by an officer with a press-warrant.

INC EN DIARIES. The punishment for arson was death by the Saxon laws and
Gothic constitutions. In the reign of Edward I. incendiaries were burnt to
death. Thiscrime was made high treason by statute 8 Henry VI., 1429; and
it was denied benefit of clergy, 21 Henry VIII, 1528.

INCEST. It has been looked upon with horror by most nations, but Persia and
Egypt are exceptions. The history of the latter country abounds with in-
stances of incestuous marriages among its sovereigns. Physcon married his
brother’s queen, then repudiated her, and married her daughter by his
brother, and murdered his children by both wives, 129 13.0. See Egypt.
In our own country. Vortigern, a king of South Britain, married his own
daughter, A.D. 446. The instances are numerous in Portugal. Maria,
queen of Portugal, married her uncle, the prince of Brazil, June, 1760; and
the son of that incestuous marriage, Joseph, then in his sixteenth year, mar-
ried his aunt, the princess Mary, Feb, 1777. The present Don Miguel of
Portugal was betrothed to his niece, Donna Maria, by procuration at Vienna,
in Oct. 1826, she being then only seven years of age. In England, incest was
early punished with death; and was again made capital by a law of the
Commonwealth, in 16-50.

INCOME TAX IN ENGLAND. This is not, as some suppose, a new iinpost.
In 1512, parliament granted a subsidy of two fifteenths from the commons,
and two tenths from the clergy, to enable the king to enter on a war wit-h
France—Rama. This tax was attempted in 1793, and 1799: and again in
1802; but was abandoned. In 1803, it was revived, at the rate of 5 per
cent. on all incomes above 1501., and lower rates on smaller incomes. In
1805, it was increased to 6% per cent; and in 1806 was raised to 10 per cent.
embracing the dividends at the bank. It produced—‘—

In 1804, at ls. in the pound - £4,650,000 In 1806, at 23. in the pound - £1l,500,000
In 1805, at 13. 3d. ditto - - 5,937,500 And subsequently - - 16,548,985

The tax produced from lands, houses, rentages, &c., 8,657.937l.; from fund-
ed and stock properties, 2,885,505l.; the profits and gains of trade, 3,831,088!.
and salaries and pensions, 1,174,456l.; total, sixteen millions and a, half.
Repealed in March, 1816. Sir Robert Peel’s bill, imposing the present tax
of 2L 18s. 4d. per cent. per mm, to subsist for three years, passed June 22,
1842; it produced about 5850,0001. a year. This tax was renewed for three
years more, in March, 1845.

IN DEPENDENTS. Sects of Protestants, chiefly in England and Holland. They
are such as hold the independeney of the church, or that each congregation
may govern itself in religious matters. They say there is no absolute occa-
sion for synods or councils, whose resolutions may be taken to be wise and
prudent advice, but not as decisions to be peremptorily obeyed; they afiirm
that one church may advise or reprove another, but has no authority to ex-

communicate or censure. Their first meeting-house founded in England was
that by Henry Jacobs, 1616.

INDEX EXPURGATORY. A catalogue of prohibited books in the Churchof .
,Rorne, first made by the inquisitors, and approved by the council of Trent; ‘

 

 
  
 
  
 
  
   
 
 
 
 
 
    
   
   
 
 
 
   
   
   
   
 
   
   
    
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
 
  

1r

INDIA.

The index of heretical books, by which the reading

. W111? OF DAT“;

of the Scriptures Wis

forbidden (with certain exceptions) to the laity, was confirmed by a hull of

pope Clement VIII. in 1595.

It enumerated most of the celebrated works

of France, Spain, Germany, and England, and which are still prohibited.

—~As/te.

Known to the ancients, many of whose nations, particularly the Ty-

rians and Egyptians, carried on much commerce with it. It was conquered by
Alexander, 327 13. c., and subsequently the intercourse between India and

the Roman empire was very great.

The authentic history of Hindoostan is

reckoned to commence with the conquests of Mahmud Gazni, A. D. 1000.—

Remtcl.

Irruption of the Mahomctaus, under
Mahmud Gazni - -
Patna, or Afghan empire founded

bloody conquerors of the world ;
14,000,000 of the human race perish
by his sword under the pretence of
establishing t ie worship of one god;
he died - - . -
The Mogul Tartars, under the conduct
of the celebrated Timour, or Tamer-
lane, invade Hindostan -
Tamerlane takes the city of Delhi ; de-
feats the Indian army, makes a con-
quest of Hindostan, and butchers
100,000 ofits people - -
The passage to India discovered by
Vasco da Gama - -
Conquest of the country completed by
the sultan Baber, founder of the Mo-
gul empire - - -
Reign of the illustrious Acbar,
greatest prince of Hindostan -
Reign of Aurungzebe; his dominions
extending from 10 to 35 degrees in
latitude, and nearly as much in longi-
tude, and his revenue amounting to
32,000,000]. sterling - -
Invasion of the Persian, Nadir Shah, or
Kouli Khan - ‘ ~ -
At Delhi he orders a general massacre,
and 150,000 persons perish -
He carries away treasure amounting
to 125,000,0001. sterling -
Defeat of the last imperial army by the
Rohillas - - -
[The Mogul empire now became more
ly nominal, distinct and independent
sovereignties being forme‘. by nu.
merous petty princes. The empe-
rors were of no‘political consequence
from this perio .

BRITISH POWER 1N mum.
Attem t made to reach India by the

nort —east and north-west passages - 1528
- 1579

Sir Francis Drake’s expeditions
Levant company make a land expedi-

A. D. 1000
_ - 1205
Reign of Jenghis Khan, one of the most .

- 1%7 .
- 1398

- 1399
- 1497

E;
e.

. 1650.
- 1738 I
. 1733
. 1739
. 1749!

l

1

 

 

tion to India - - - ~ 1589
First adventure from England - - 1591
First charter to the London company

of merchants - - - - 1600
Second charter to the East India com-

pany - - - - - 1609
Calcutta purchased - - - 1698
Capture of Calcutta by Serajah Dowla.

See Calcutla. - - - - 1756

2.4.“. lie iniprisons 146 British subjects, of

lily.“ 1. .W‘; .

whom 123 perish in one night. See
Blackhole. - - May 19, 1755
Calcutta retaken by colonel, afterwards
lord Clive ; he defeats the soubah, at
l’lassey - - June 20, 1757
Warren Hastings becomes governor of
Bengal - - - April 13, 1772
India Bill. See India Bill June 16, 1773
Supreme court established - - 1773
Pondicherry taken - Oct. 11, 1778
The strong fortress of Gualior taken by
major Popham - Aug. 4, 1778
Hyder Ali overruns the Carnatic, and
defeats the British - Sept. 10, 1780
He takes Arcot - - Oct. 31, 1780
Lord Macartney arrives as governor of
Madras - - - June 22, 1781
11 yder Ali signally defeated by Sir Eyre
Coote - - - - July 1, 178]
Death of Hyder, and accession of his

son, Tippoo Saib - Dec. 11, 1782
‘ Trial of Warren Hastings. See Hast-
ings, Trial of - Feb. 13, 1783

Definitive treaty with Tippoo; his two
sons hostages - - March 19, 1792
Government of lord Mornington, after- _
wards marquis VVellesley May 17, 1798
Seringapatam stormed, and Ti ppoo
Saib killed - ~ May 4, 1799
Victories of the British; the Carnatic
conquered - ‘ - - - 1800
Victories of Sir Arthur Wellesley - 1803
Marquis Cornwallis resumes the gov-
ernment - - July 30, 1805
Act by which the trade to India was
thrown open ; that to China remain-
ing with the company July 31, 1813
Lord Amherst’s government - Aug. 1, 18%
Lord William Bentinek arrives as go-
vernor-general - - July 4, 1828
Act 0 ening the trade to India, and tea
tra e, &c. to China, forming a new
era in British commerce - Aug. 28, 1833
Lord Auckland, governor-general; he
leaves England - - Sept. 15%
Battle of Ghizny; victory of Sir John, ‘
now Lord Keane. (See Ghz'zny)
July 23, 1339
Shah Soujah restored to his sovereignty,
and he and the British army enter
Cabul - - - Aug. 7, 18%
English defeat Dost Mahomed, - Oct. 18, 1840
Kurrock Singe, king of Lahore, dies; at, ,0.
his funeral his successor is killed by
accident, and Dost Mahomed, next
heir, surrenders to England - Nov. 5, I“
General rising. against the British,» . .1}

7*" am W'WWVWW »

 

7 wrencam'

   

886 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. {m

I N DIA. continued.

Cabul; Sir Alexander Burnes and I Ameers of Scinde defeated by Sir Char-
othei oflite1smurdercd - Nov.2, 1841 les Napier; Scintle is aftetwards 11n-
Lord E lienborougrh uppointedc, “0v einor- nexed to the British empir-e Feb. 17,1813
general - - Oct. 13,1841 Battles 01 Maharajpoor and Punniar;
Sir VV illiam Macnaghten treacherously the strong tort ot Gwalio1, the Gib
assassinal e11 - - ])cc.25,1841 1altar 01 the I] ast, ” taken - I)ec.29,1843
The B1111 11,1111de1 a10nvention,evacu- Sir Henry Hardinge appointed gover
ale Cahul, 1311111us Lady S11ie,&c.,as nor- general - - May 2,1844

11031 ‘11“‘SL‘ 111 the 111 111ds ot Akbar 1(111111;
2111101111111111111ss11c1e ensues - Jan. 6, 1842

THE LATE WAR. BETWEEN THE SIKHS AND THE BRITISH.

The Sikh troops cross the Sutlej river, The citadel of Lahore is occupied by
and attack the British post at Feroze- the British under Sir Hugh Gough;
pore, which was held by Sit John and the war terminates - Feb. 20, 1815
Littler - - Dec. 14, 1845 Great battle between the British under
Battle of Aliwal; the Sikhs deteated Lord Gough, and the Sikhs under
.I.an 28,1846 SheeteSingh, at Ramluggar. Nov. 22, 1818
Battle of Sobraon; the enemy defeated Moultan taken, after along siege, Jan 3.1819
with immense loss in killed and Sheere Sing defeated by Lord Gourrh
(110“ ned - Feb. 10, I816 Iteb.521,1819
[The Sikhs lost 10 ,000111en; the British The Punjaub formally annexed to the
2, 338 in killed and wounded. ] British crown - March 29, 1849

INDIA COMPANY, T111: EAST. The first commercial intercourse of the Eu-
glish with the East Indies, was a private adventure with three ships fitted
out in 1591 ; only one of them reached India, and after a voyage of three
years, the commander, captain Lancaster, was brought home in another
ship, the sailors having seized 011 his own, but his information gave rise to
a capital meicantile voyage, and the Company’s first char,ter in Dec. 1600.
Theit stock then consisted of 720002., and they fitted out t'oui ships, and
meeting with success, have continued to trade ever since. India stock sold
at 500i. for a share of 100l., 111 1683. A new company was formed in 1698;
and both were united in 1702. The India-house was built in 1726, and en-
larged in 1799. Board of control instituted 1784.

INDIA BILL. The bill placing the company’s afi‘airs under the control of the
British government, and re-organizing the various departments in India,
passed June 16, 1773. See East India Bill. Mr. Fox’s celebrated bill
passed in the commons, but was thrown out in the lords’ house, 1783. Mr.
Pitt's bill constituting the Board of Control passed August 13, 1784.

INDIA RUBBER Also called Caoutchouc first brought to Europe from
South A111e1ica, about the beginning of the eighteenth century. Several
plants produce various kinds of elastic gum; but that in commerce is
chiefly the juice of‘ the Sipkmm'a Elttslim, or syringe tree. Incisions in the
bark of this tree give vent to a liquid which forms India r.ubber No sub-
stance is yet known which is so pliable, and at the same time so exceedingly
elastic, it oozes out undel the f011n of a vegetable milk, fiom incisions
made in the ttee and is gathetcd chiefly in the time of rain, because it
flows then most abundantly. ~—.M. JI/[acquen

INDIANA, one of the western United States, first settled at Vincennes by the
French; ceded to England at the peace of 1763, but no settlement made
by them until 1787. Was part of the N. W. Territory in 1801. Suffered
much during the war of 1812. See battle of Tippecanoe. Admitted into
the Union 1111816. Population in 1800, 5,641; in 1820,147,178; in 1810,
685 866

INDIANS, NORTH AMch «N The origin of the aborigines of this continent
continues to be a matter of speculation among the ethnologists. They
have gradually but now almost enti1ely disappeared before the track of the
white man east of the Mississippi, and even in the far west their numbers

 

 
 
     
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
   
    
  
   
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  

pronoun creams. -*f

are yearly becoming smaller. King Philip’s Indian war in New England,
1675. Indians joined the French against the English colonies, 1690. At-
tacked by Capt. Church, 1704; burned Deerfield, Mass, 1704; and Haver-
liill, N. H., 1708; Indian war in South Carolina, 1715; again joined the
French 1754~9; Cheronees subdued, 1701; Indians besieged Detroit, 1763.
[During the revolutionary war the Indians were employed at times on both
sides, but chiefly by the British] Treaty with the Choctaws, 1786; with
the Creeks, 1700; Gen. Harmer defeated by the Indians near Chillicothe,
1790; Gen. Butler defeated by the Indians on the Miami, 1791; treaty
with Six Nations, &c., 1794; with the Delawares 1804-; Gov. Harrison de-
feated hostile Indians on the Wabash May 16, 1811 ; Creek war in Florida,
Gen. Jackson, 1813; treaty with Choctaws, Cherokees, &c.. by Gen. Jack-
son, 1816 ; Indian land in Ohio ceded to the United States. 1810; war with
Seminoles 1817; bill for removing the Indians west of Mississippi. passed
May 27 1832; war with Winnebagoes 1832; Black Han k captured. Aug.
.27, 1832; Winnebagoes subdued by Gen. Scott, 1832; war against the
Indians in Florida, Alabama and Georgia, conducted by G—ens. Scott Gaines,
Jessup, 810., 1835—40. In 1836 the Secretary of IVar reported as follows :

Number of Indians emigrated from the Atlantic States to the lands provided for

 

them west of the Mississippi - < - - - 31,357
Number yet to be removed - - - - - - - - - 72,181
Number of Indians of indigenous tribes, between the Mississippi and the Rocky

Mountains - . . - - - - 150,341

Total within the territory of the United States - - 352,879

Treaty with the Sioux, they relinquishing 5,000,000 acres west of Missis-
sippi for $1,000 000. Sept. 29, 1837; with Winnebagoes, Oct. 1, 1837; Powell
alias Osceola, the Seminole chief, with 50 warriors, taken prisoners in Flo-
rida, Oct. 20. 1837; great mortality from small—pox among the Mandans,
Mintarees, Blackfeet, and other Indians in Missouri territory—the Mandans
tribe entirely destroyed——Nov., Dec, 1837; tight in Arkansas between the
Ross and Ridge parties and Cherokees~Ross and about 40 others killed, J 11110
28, 1839; 150 Chippewas treacherously massacred by the Sioux, at a meet-
ing for a treaty at the Falls of St. Anthony, July 1, 1839 ; Cayuse Indians
in Oregon having attacked and murdered 15 persons, and carried off 64 pri-

_ soners from a missionary station, are chastised by the settlers in a severe
engagement, N 0v. 29, 1847.

INDIGO. Before the American colonies were established, all the indigo used
in Europe came from the East Indies; and until the discovery of a passage
round the Cape of Good Hope, it was conveyed like other Indian products,
partly through the Persian Gulf. and partly by land to Babylon, or through
Arabia and up the Red Sea to Egypt. The real nature of indigo was so
little known in Europe, that it was classed among minerals as appears by
letters-patent for erecting works to obtain it from mines in the principality
of Halberst-adt, dated Dec. 23, 1705; yet what Vitruvius and Pliny call
indicum is supposed to have been our indigo—Beckmmm. The first men—
tion of indigo occurs in English statutes in 1581. The. first brought to
Europe was procured from Mexico. Its cultivation was begun in Carolina,
in 1747. The quantity imported into Great Britain in 1840, was 5,831,2691b.,
and in 1845, it was 10,127,4881b.

INDULGENCES. They were commenced by Leo. 111., about A. D. 800; Were
much used by Urban II. 1090; and were subsequently conferred by the R0-
man pontifi’s in the twelfth century as rewards to the crusaders.- Clement
V. was the first pope who made public sale of indulgences, 1313. In 1517

3. Leo. X. published general indulgences throughout Europe, when the p g .j'

‘ -“ ttiee led to the Reformation in Germany, in 1517, and to the Reformationiil ' '

   

 

368 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

 
 

England, in 1534.——Borcer's Lives of flu: Popes. Indulgences were for the
pardon of sins, and were sometimes so extensive as to be for the past, pre-
sent, and to come. They were written upon parchment, and sealed and
signed by the pope or his delegates—Ashe.

1»

INFIRMARIES, Ancient Rome had no houses for the cure of the sick. Dis-

eased persons, however, wcre carried to the temple of Aisculapius for a cure,
as Christian believers were taken to churches which contained wonder-
working images. Benevolent institutions for the accommodation of tra-
vellers. the indigent, and sick, were first introduced with Christianity, and
the first infirmaries or hospitals were built close to cathedrals and monaste-
ries. The emperor Louis 11. caused inflrmaries situated on mountains to be
visited, A. D. 855. In Jerusalem the knights and brothers attended on the
sick. There Were iospitals for the sick at Constantinople, in the 11th cen-
tury. The oldest mention of physicians and surgeons established in infir‘
maries, occurs in 1437.——Bcc/tmmm. See Hospitals.

IN FORMERS. This tribe was once very numerous in Greece and Rome, they

IN

IN

IN

Ad

 

being countenanccd by wicked princes. The emperor Titus punished in-
formers by banishment, and sometimes death; and Pliny gives praise to
Trajan for the like good policy. In England, and particularly in London,
numbers of unprincipled men obtain large gains as informers against per-
sons whosc slightest infractions of the law, often unconsciously committed,
subject them to the power and exactions of this despised class.

K. The ancient black inks were composed of soot and ivory-black, and
Vitruvius and Pliny mention lamp-black; but they had likewise various
colors, as red, gold, silver, and purple. Red ink was made by them of ver-
milion and various kinds of gum. INDIAN INK is brought from China, and
must have been in use by the people of the east from the earliest ages,
most of the artificial Chinese productions being of very great antiquity.
It is usually brought to Europe in small quadrangular cakes, and is com—
posed of‘ a fine black and animal glue.——Becl;mami.

NS or COURT. A number of inns of court were established at different
periods, in some degree as colleges for teaching the law. The Temple (of
which there were three societies, namely, the Inner, the Middle and the
Outer) was originally founded in the Temple church, built by the knights
Templars 32 Henry II. 1185. The inner and Middle Temple were made
inns of law in the reign of Edward 111., about 1340; the Outer not until the
reign of Elizabeth, about 1580.—S[0we’s Surrey.

OCULATION. Lady Mary Wortley Montague introduced inoculation in
England from Turkey. In 1718 she had her own son inoculated at Adrian—
ople, with perfect success; and she was allowed to have it tried. for the
first time in England, on seven condemned criminals, 7 George I. 1721.
The practice was preached against by many of the bishops and other clergy
from that period until 1760* Vaccine inoculation was introduced by Dr.
Jenner, January 21, 1799; he had discovered its virtue in 1796, and had
been making experiments during the intermediate three years. He was
voted 10,000l. as a reward by parliament, June 2, 1802. The emperor Na~
poleon valued this service of Dr. Jenner to mankind so highly that he libe-
berated Dr. Wickham, when a prisoner of war, at Jenner’s request, and
subsequently the emperor liberated whole families of English, making it a

 

' Inoculation was deemed a very precarious affair by our grandfathers. The London Daily
vertz‘ser (Nov. 7, 1751) has this paragraph :-—“ We hear that the son and daughter of Thomas

Davison, csq,, of Blakestone, have been inoculated in this town (Newcastle), and that the are
both well recovered.” Dr. Mead practised inoculation very successfully up to 1754, an Dr.
Dimsdale of London inoculated Catharine ll., empress of Russia, in 1768. See Small Pox.

3,
r“

[as

 

 

 

  
   
    
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
  
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
  
  
 
  
  
  
  
 
 
 
 
  
  

mermmnv or DATES. am

i ; point to refuse him nothing that he asked. Innoeulation introduced in the
' United States by Dr. B. Waterhouse, 1800. See Small P09; and Vaccination.

‘ INQUISITION. Before the conversion of Constantine the Great, the bishops
‘ only examined into doctrines, and punished heresy with excommunica—
tion; but after the emperors became Christians, they ordained that such as
were excommunicated should be also banished and forfeit their estates.
This continued till about the year 800, when the western bishops’ power
was enlarged to the authority of citing persons to their courts, both to con~
vict and punish them by imprisonment, penances, or death. In the twelfth
century, heresy, as it was then called, was much increased; and the inqui-
sition arose in the persecution of the Albigenses and \Valdenses. It was
instituted by pope Innocent 111., in 1203 , and Gregory IX. in a council held
at Toulouse in 1229, gave it its final form, committing the management of
it to the bishops; but afterwards thinking these too indulgent, he gave the
direction of his inquisition to the Dominicans. It was established in France,
by St. Louis, in 1226 ; and in the four Christian kingdoms of Spain. It was
established in Portugal in 1536. The last great Auto da Fe was celebrated
in 1781; and although the rack and faggot are not now employed in the
work of torture and death, yet the power of the Holy office is still exer-
cised in encouraging vexations; enjoining ridiculous penanees and priva-
1 ‘ tions; prohibiting liberal institutions; and interdicting useful books.
1 ‘ INSANITY. In England within twenty years, insanity has more than
‘ ’ tripled. In France it is more extensive in proportion to its population than
it is in most other countries. The total number of lunatics and idiots in
England is as follows: lunatics 6806—idiots Will—together 12547; but
allowing for defective returns, the number may be taken at 14,000—an ave-
rage of one to every thousand of the population. In \Vales: lunatics 133—
. idiots 763—t0ta1896; and adding for parishes that have made no returns,
they may be set down at 1000——a proportion of one to eight hundred. Scotland
has 3652 insane persons—or one to about seven hundred. In Ireland the num-
ber of lunatics and idiots exceeds 8000, as shown by returns, which, however,
were not completed—Sir Andrew Hollrziday. The number of insane persons”
and idiots in the United States. in 1840, was 17,434. There were 23 asylums
capable of containing 2840 patients. Great advances have been made of
late years in the treatment of insanity. The late Dr, A. Brigham of Utica,
formerly of Hartford, was an able and successful philanthropist in this
cause.

INSOLVENCY IN THE UNITED STATES. In May, 1837, a ‘commereial crisis’
. was at its height. The ‘heavy’ failures. in two months, in New York alone
amounted to 260, besides countless smaller ones. Failures in New Orleans
to the amount of $27,000,000 in two days. In Boston 168 failures from Nov.
1. 1836, to May 12, 1837. New York city Banks all suspended specie pay—
ments May 10, 1837. The New England Banks generally, immediately
» after. '

‘- SOLVENCYV The first Insolvent Act in England was passed in 1649, but it
was of limited operation; a number of acts of more extensive operation were
passed at various periods, and particularly in the reign of George III. The
benefit of the act known as the Great Insolvent Act, was taken in En land,
by 50,733 insolvents, from the time of its passing in 1814, to March 1 27, a
period of thirteen years. Since then, the acts relating to insolvency have

‘“ been several times amended. Persons not traders, or, being traders, whose
7 debts are less than 300l., may petition the Court of Bankruptcy, and propose
‘ compositions, and have pro tem. protect-ion from all process against his per-
.. ton and property, 6 Vict., 1842. Act amended, 8 Vict., Aug, 1844.

CE 0N SHIPS AND MERCHANDISE. Suetonius conjectures that
16*

. wow.- .. .

 

  
   
  
   
  
   
  
  
   
   
 
  
  
  
  
   
    
  
 
   
   
   
    
    
 
  
     
    
    
 
 
 
  

370 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [m

Claudius was the first contriver of it, A. n. 43. Insurance was in general use
in Italy in 1191 and in England in 1560. Insurance policies were filst used in
Florenyce in 15; 3. The 111st law ielating to insuiance was enacted in 1601.
Insurance of house 5 and goods 111 London began in 1667. This was the yeai
following that of the great fire of London. t>An office “as then set up for
insuring houses and buildings, principally cont11vcd by D1. Ba1to11,one of
the tirst and most extensive builders of the city of London. The first regular
office set up in London was the Hand-in-Hand, in 1696. A duty was laid
on insurances of 15.671. per hundred pounds insured in 1782: this duty was
inc1eased' 1n 1797, and was variously altered since. The date of the first 1n-
surance office in the United States, has not been ascertained.

INSURRECTIONS IN THE UNITED STATES Shay’ s Insurrection in Massa-
chusetts (caused by the scarcity of money and heavy taxes) ,1786. Insur-
rection in Pennsylvania, caused by duties on spiiits,1794. See the accounts
of Conspiracies, Massacres, Rebellions, Riots, &c.

INTEREST or MONEY. It was twenty per cent. in Europe in the twelfth cen-
tury. Fixed at twelve per cent. in Spain, Germany and Flanders, by Charles
V. in 1560.—Robert50n. Till the fifteenth century, no Christians were allow-
ed to receive interest of money, and Jews were the only usurers, and, there-
fore, often banished and persecuted. Interest was first settled by law in
England at ten per cent, 37 Henry VIII, 1546. This law was repealed by
Edward VI.; but it was restored by Elizabeth. In those days the monarch
could not borrow without the collateral security of the metropolis. Interest
was reduced to eight per cent, and the word first used instead of usury, 21
James I., 1624. Reduced by the Rump-parliament to six per cent.; and so
confirmed at the Restoration. Reduced to five per cent, 13 Anne, 1714, at
which rate it remains. The rate in Ireland is six per cent; regulated 14
George III, 1773. All interest above the legal standard of Britain is usury,
and punishable by the statute—Blackstone. The law does not now apply to
bills having only 60 days to run. See Usnry Laws.

INTEREST or MONEY IN THE UNITED STATES. The rates vary in differ-
ent States, vizz—In La. five pr. ct, in Maine, N. H., Vt., Mass, R. I., Conn.,
N. J., Pan Del. Md., Va., N. Ca., Tenn. Kent, Ohio, Ind., Illin., Misso.,
A1k., and the United States gOVeinment claims, the rate is six p». W7 cent. In
N. Y., S. Ca., Mich. and Wise, seven p67 cent. In Geo. Ala., Mlss1ss., and
F101-., eight percent. Laws against usury, with penalty of forfeiting the
whole debt, in Me, 001111., N. Y., N. J., Penn, Del. Forfeit of the usury,

and double, treble, the usury, in 14 other States. Usurious contracts void
in Md, N. Ca., Geo., Tenn, Ohio, Ark.

INUNDATIONS, It VV ould be impossible to record in this volume the numerous
catastrophes ’which class under this head, the following are among the most
remailzrable —

A11 inundation at Glasgow, which drowned lands, and were called The Great Waters
mo1e than 400 families, 738. ——Fordun. for 100 years after, 1 Richard III. 1483.»-
Flanders inundated by the sea, and the town Hollz'ns/zed.
and harbor of Ostend totally immersed, A geneial inundation b the failure of the
1108. The present city was built above a dikes in Holland, 15 0; the number of
league from the channel where the old one drowned said to haV 8 been 400, 000.
lies submerged. —IIzstoi7e dc Flandre. At Catalonia, where 50, 000 persons perish-
At the Texel,g which first raised the com- ed, 1617.
merce of Amsterdam, 1400. An inundation at Yorkshire, when a rock
The sea broke in at Don, and drowned 72 opened, and poured out water tothe height
villages. and 100,000 eople, and formed 01 a chu1ch steeple, 1686.—Vz'de Phil.
the Zuyder Sea (see 011), April 17,1446. Tmns ,
The Sevein overflowed during ten days, and Part 01' Zealand overflowed, 1300 inhabitants _ .
cariied away men, women and children, were drowned, and 1ncred1ble damage was ;‘
in thei1 beds, in d covexed the tops of many done at Hamburg, 1717. ‘
mountains; the waters settled upon the At Madrid, several of the Spanish nobility?

 

   
 

’ murmur or name.
IENUNDATIONS, continued.

and other persons of distinction perished,
1723—014 Fresnoy.

In Navarre. where 2000 persons lost their

lives by the torrents from the mountains,
Sept. 1787.

At Pest, near I’resburg, the overflow of the
Danube, by which '44 villages and their
inhabitants were swept away, April 1811.

By the overflow of the Danube, a Turkish
corps ([2000 men, on a small island near
W'iddin. were surprised, and met instant
death, Sept. 14, 1813.

In Silesia, 6000 inhabitants perished, and the
ruin of the French army under Macdonald
was accelerated by the floods; also in P0-
land 4000 lives were suppOSed to have
been lost, same year.

In Germany, 119 villages were laid under
water, and great loss of life and property
was sustained, in March 1816.

Awful inundation at Dantzic, occasioned by
the Vistula breaking throuvh some of its

87‘!

At Vienna, the dwellings of 50.000 of its in
habitants laid under water, Feb. 1830.

10,000 houses swept away, a (1 about 1000
persons perishet , at Cantor. n China, in
consequence of an imunlation, occasioned
by incessant rains. Equal or greater ca.-
lamiiy was prcaluccri by the same cause
in other parts of China. Oct. 1833.

Awt‘ul inundation in France ; the Sauna
poured its waters into the Rhone, broke
through its banks, and covered 60,000
acres; Lyons was inundated, it. Avignon
100 houses were swept away; 218 houses
were carried away at La Guillotiere; and
upwards of 300 at Vaise, Marseilles, and
Nismes ; the Saone had not attained such
a height for 5238 years, Oct. 31 to Nov. 4,
1840.

Inundation of the Mississippi at New Or~
leans, 160 squares and 1000 houses flood-
ed, May 12, 1849.

The inundations of the Ohio, Mississippi,

 

 

dikes, by which 10,000 head of cattle and &c., at different times, have caused great
4000 houses were destroyed, and numerous destruction of property, and (at times) of
lives lost, April 9, 1829. life.

3 INVOCATION or THE VIRGIN AND SAINTS. The practice of the Romish
' church of invoking the intercession of saints with God, particularly the
prayers to the Virgin, has been traced to the time of Gregory the Great,
. about A. D. 593.—As}te. The Eastern church begun (in the fifth century) by
,; calling upon the dead. and demanding their suffrage as present in the di-
' * Vine offices; but the Western Church carried it so far as frequently to ca-
nonize those they had any regard for, though the wickedness of their lives
gave them no title to any such honor, to make processions, masses, litanies,
prayers and oblations for and to them.

IODINE. This most important substance was discovered by M. de Courtois. a.
manufacturer of saltpetre at Paris, in 1812; the discovery was pursued with
great advantage by M. Clement, in 1813. Iodine is very active; it is of a.

._- violet hue, easily evaporates, and melts at 220 degrees; changes vegetable

" blues to yellow, and a seven-thousandth part converts water to a deep yel-

low color, and starch into a purple. Five volumes of oxygen and one of
iodine form iodic acid.

IONIAN ISLANDS. They were subject to Venice until ceded by the treaty
of Campo-Formio to France, in 1797. By a treaty between Russia and
Great Britain they were placed under the protection of the latter power,
November 5, 1815. A constitution was ratified byt-he prince regent of
England for the government of these islands in 1818. The Ionian Islands

are now among the free states of Europe. Corfu is the principal, and the
seat of government.

IONIC ORDER or ARCHITECTURE. This order which is an improvement
= on the Doric, was founded by the Ionians, about 1350 B. o.—.Vzt7'm;z-us by
Perrault.

.- JONIC SECT or PHILOSOPHERS. Founded by Thales of Miletus, 570 B. c.
This sect distinguished itself for its deep and abstruse speculations, under
the successors and pupils of the Milesiau philosopher. Anaximander, Anax-
imenes, Auaxagoras, and Archelaus, the master of Socrates.

WA, now one of the United States, once formed part of the French posses-
" sions, and was included in the vast tract of country purchased in 1803
., - under the general name of Louisiana. First purchase of land from the-
. "‘ Indians in Iowa. was made in 1832. Iowa separated from Wisconsin as alter.
' $115017, 1838. Admitted into theUnion, Dec. 1846. Population in 1840,43,;W

 
    
   
    
 
 
   
   
  
  

 

 

372 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

 

IPSUS, BATTLE or, by which Seleucus is confirmed in his kingdom by the de.
feat and death of Antigonus, king of Asia. On the one side were Antigo-
nus and his son; on the other Seleucus, Ptolemy, Lysimaehus, and Cas-
sander. The former led into the field an army of above 70,000 foot, and
10,000 horse, with 75 elephants. The latter’s forces consisted of 64,000 ins
fantry, besides 10,500 horse, 400 elephants, and 120 armed chariots. Anti-
genus and his son were defeated, 801 B. C.——PZ-vutarc}z.

IRELAND. It is disputed by historians from what nation this country wal
originally peopled. It seems, however, to be satisfactorily shown that the 1
first. colonists were Phoenicians. The Partholani landed in Ireland about 1
2048 B. c. The descent of the Damnoniiwas made about 1463 B. c. This was t
followed by the descent of Heber and Heremon, Milesian princes, from Gali- ‘
cia, in Spain, who conquered Ireland, and gave to its throne a race of 171
kings.

 

 

Arrival of Heremon - - B. C. 1070 sacre the Protestant settlersinUlster,
A colony from Spain bring with them to the number of40,000 persons, com-
the Phoenician letters, about - - 500 menced on St. Ignatius’s day, Oct. 23, 1641
Arrival ofSt. Patrick - - A. n. 448 Cromwell and Ireton reduce the whole
The renowned Brian Boiroimhe is island to obedience between 1649 and 1656
crowned at Tara - - ~1002 Landing of king William III. at Car- 1
Battle of Clontarf, which terminates rickfergus - - June 14,1690 3.1
the power of the Danes - - 1039 Battle of the Boyne ; the Duke of :
[In the twelfth century Ireland is divi- Schomberg killed - July 1, 1690 i
(led into five kingdoms, viz. : Ulster, Memorable lrish rebellion commenced t
Leinster, Meath, Connaught, and May 4, 1798, and was not finally sup‘ l
Munster; besides a number of petty pressed until the next year ~ - 1799 *t
principalities, whose sovereigns con- Legislative Union of Great Britain and 1
tinually war with each other.] Ireland - - - Jan. 1, 1801 w:
Adrian 1V permitted Henry II. to in- Emmett’s insurrection - July 23, 1803 1'
vade Ireland, on condition that he Roman Catholic emancipation. (See
compelled every Irish family to pay Roman Catholics) - April 13, 1829
a carolus to the Holy See, and held Great repeal movement; meeting at
it as a fief of the church - - 1157 Trim. (See Repeal.) - March 19, 1813
Henry II. lands near Waterford, and re- O’Connell’s trial. (See Trials) Jan. 15, 1844
ceives the submissions of the kings O’Connell died at Genoa, a2t.72, May 15, 1847
and princes of the country, settles the Famine and great distress in Ireland
government upon a footing similar to throughout ~ - - ~ 1847
that of England, and makes his son Relieved by England, and by voluntary
John lord of Ireland - - - 1172 gifts from the United States.
Ireland wholly subdued - - - 1210 Bill for suppression ot'crime in Ireland
English laws and customs introduced passed parliament - Dec. 20. 1817
by king John - - - - 1210 Mitchell convicted ot'treason - May ‘25, 1848
Henry VIII. assumes the title of king, Habeas Corpus act sus ended, July 25, 1848
instead oflord of Ireland - - 1542 Smith O’Brien arrestet, and the rebel-
The Catholics enter-into a conspiracy to lion put down - - Aug. 5, 1848

expel the English, and cruelly mas-

IRON. It was found on Mount Ida by the Dactyles, owing to the forests of the
mount having been burnt by lightning, 1432 B. c.—-Amndelian Jl/Idrbles.
The Greeks ascribed the discovery of iron to themselves and referred lass
to the Phoenicians ; but Moses relates that iron was wrought by Tubal- ain.
Iron furnaces among the Romans were unprovided with bellows, but were
placed on eminenees with the grate in the direction of the prevailing winds.
Swedish iron is very celebrated, and Daunemora is the greatest mine of
Sweden. British iron was cast by Ralph Page and Peter Baude, in Sussex,
in 1543.—Rymer’s Fwdem. Iron-mills were first used for slitting iron into
bars for smiths by Godfrey Bochs, in 1590. Tinning of iron was first
introduced from Bohemia in 1681. There are upwards of 800,000 tons of
iron produced annually in England.* For iron vessels, iron war-steamers,
&c., see Steamers. '

 

 

' nere is iron enough in the blood of forty-two men to make a ploughshare weighing tw emv.
{our pounds—Anon. ‘

 

 

1

  
 
   
 
 
 
 
 
    
 
    
   
   
 
 
 
 
    
 
  
 
    
  
    
  
    
  
 
 
 
   
   

DICTIONARY or mass. 3%

. IRON—MASK, THE MAN or THE. A mysterious prisoner in France, wearing a
mask. and closely confined, under M. de St. Mars, at Pignerol, Sainte Mar-
guerite, and afterwards at the 'Bastile. He was of noble mien, and was
treated with profound respect; but his keepers had orders to dispatch him
if he uncovered. M. de St. Mars himself always placed the dishes on his
table, and stood in his presence. Some conjecture him to have been an
Armenian patriarch forcibly carried from Constantinople, although he died
ten years before the mask; others that he was the count de Vermandois,
son of Louis XIV., although he was reported to have perished in the camp
bef01e Dixmude. More believe him to have been the celebrated duke of
Beaufort whose head is recorded to heme been taken off before Candia;
while still more assert that he “as the unfortunate James duke of Mon-
mouth, who, in the imagination of the Londoners, at least was executed on
Tower~l1ill. But there are two better conjecture he is said to has e been
a son of Anne of Austiia, queen of Louis XIII. his fathe1 being t1. 0 duke,
of Buckingham; or the twin-brothe1 of Louis XIV., whose bi1tl1 was con-
cealed to prevent civil dissensions in France which it might one day have
caused. The mask died after a long imprisonment, Nov. 19, 1703.

ISLAMISM. The religion of Mahomet, planned by him in a cave near Mecca,
where he employed a Persian Jew, well versed in history and laws, and two
Christians, to assist him. One of these latter was of the Jacobite, and the
other of the Nestorian sect. With the help of these men he framed his
Koran, or the book which he pretended to have received at different times
from heaven by the hands of the angel Gabriel. At the age of f01ty he
publicly assumed the prophetical cha1",acte1 calling himself the apostle of
God, A D. 60-1. See Korm 11160612,, (fee.

ISLE or FRANCE. Discoveied by the Portuguese in 1500; but the Dutch

' were the first settlers in 1508. The French formed their establishment at
P01t Louis in 1715. This island together with six F1ench fiigates and
many Indiamen was taken by the B1itish, Dec. 2, 1810.111ey1eta1n pos-
session of it, and it 18 now a fixed British colony. Seefllauritius

ISMAEL, SIEGE or, in Bessa1abia. After a long siege by the Russians, who
lost 20,000 men before the place, the town was taken by storm, December
22,1790; when the Russian general, SuVVar1ow, the most merciless and sa-
vage warrior ot modern times, put the brave Turkish galrison, consisting
of 30 000 men, to the sword, every man was butchered, and Suwarrow,
not satisfied with this vengeance, delivered up Ismael t0 the pillage of
his ferocious sold1e1 y and ordeled the massacre of 6000 women, who were
murdeled 1n cold blood.

ISSUS, BATTLE OF. Alexander defeats Darius in this, his second g1eat battle
’ with him; Darius loses 100, 000 men, and his queen and family are cap-
tured, 333 B. c. ——Pluta1'c/L. The Persians lost 100, 000 foot and 10 000 ho1se
in the field; and the Macedonians only 300 foot and 150 horse—Diodoms
Siculus. The Persian army, according to Justin, consisted of 400,000 foot
and 100,000 horse, and 61,000 of the former, and 10,000 of the latter, were
left dead on the spot, and 40, 000 were taken pr.isoners —Jusli/1.

5’ ISTHMIAN GAMES These were combats among the G1eeks, and received
" their name from the isthmus of Corinth, V\ here they were obsen ed insti-
tuted in honor of Meliee1ta,1326 B. c ——Le11glet. They were re- instituted

, in honor of Neptune by Theseus, and their celebration was held so sacred
and inviolable that even a public calamity could not prevent it, 1259 B. c.—-r
Arundelian Marbles.

“ALY. The garden of Europe, and the muse of arts as well as arms. It 1%3
1",} oeived its name from Italus a king of the country 01 from 154.108, a Greek
" 0rd signifying an ex. The aborigines of Italy were the progeny‘of'

d

   

-- ,zzufifvsiwr : ,_ 1

  
 

374- THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [um

Meshech, the sixth son of Japheth. In process of time, the Gomerites or,
Celts, who inhabited the greatest part of Gaul, sent seveial colonies into
Italy while other colonists artived from Greece. and the country “as di—
vided into tlnee grand paits vi/ —C1 1-1111 >ir1e Gaul. the Settlement tt the
C'eits; Italia Plopiia, th e residence ot the first inhabitants; and Magna
1 Grascia the seat of the Gtecian c )lonists. The modem inh 111111111115 ot' Italy
mav he de1 ived tiom the Goths and Lonibnrds who cont1 1b1'ttd so la:gely
to the overthrow of the human empire, and who founded on i1s 1uins the
kingdoms of ltalv and Lombardv. For Roman empire, see Tabular Virus.

:11
‘1,

 

Rome taken and plundered by the Visi-

The papal seat removed for seventy
goths under Alatic. See Rome A. D. 410

years to Avignon, in France - - 1308

The Huns ravage the Roman empire
under Attila, 1? the Scourge 0/ God”- 447
The Western Roman empire is de-
stroy ed by the Heiuli, whose leader,
Odoacer, erects the kingdom of Italy 476
The reign ot Totila, who twice pillages
Rome, and ieduces the inhabitants to
such distress that the ladies and peo—
ple of quality are obliged to beg 101
bread at the doors oi the Goths- 511 to 552
The power ofthe Goths destroyed, and
their kingdom overthrown by the ge-
nerals of the Eastern empire - - 553
Narses, governor of Italy, invites the
Lombaids from Germany into this

counti y - - - 568
The Lombaids oveiiun Italy - - 596
Venice tiist goveined by a (loge - 697
Charlemagne invades Italy - - 774
He repai1s to Rome, and is crowned

emperor of the West - - 800

[Dniing the 1eign of Charlemagne, the
pope ofItomé, who had hitherto been
merely a spiritual minister, finds
means to assume a tempoial power,
not only independent 01, but superior
to all others]

Pope Damasius II. is the first who caus-
es himself to be crowned with a tiara 1053

Pope Gregory VII., surnamed Hilde-
brand, pretends to univeisal sove-
reignty, in which he is assisted by the
countess Matilda, mistiess of the
greater part ol'Italy, who makes a do.
nationot all her estate: to the Church 1076

Disputes between the popes 11nd empe
101s, relative to the appointment of
bishops, begin about lltlti, and agitate
Italy and Geimany during seveial
centuries

The Venetians obtain many victories
over the Eastern emperors - - 1125

Tuscany becomes independent - - 1208

The duchies of Ferrara, Modena, and
Reggie are created - - - 12528

Milan erected into a duchy - - 1277

 

The cardinals not agreeing in the elec-
tion ofa pope, they set hie to the con-
clave, and separate, and the papal
chair is left vacant 101 two years 1314
Louis Gonzaga makes himself master
01' Mantua, with the title of imperial

vicar - - - - I328
Lucca becomes an independent reput

llc - - I370
Naples conquered by C31ai'les VIII. - I492

The republic of Venice loses all its Ita-

li11n provmces in a single campaign,

assailed by the pope, the emper,or

and the kings of Qpain and France - 1509
Leo X. having exhausted all his finan-

ces, opens the sale of indulgences and

absolutions, which soon leplenislies

his treasury . --1517
Parma and Placentia made a duchy - 1545
Cosmo de Medicis made giand- duke of

Tuscany by Pins V. - - - 1509
Pope Gregory XIII. reforms the calen-

dar. See Galen Iar - - - 1582
Ambassadors hom I11 pan to the pope.
See Jeddo ~ - - - 16l9

The Co1sicans revolt from the Genoese,

and choose Theodore for their king.

See Curszca - - - 1736
Milan vested in the house afAnstria by

the tleaty of Aix-‘ 1a- (,hapelle
Division of the Venetian states by

France and Austria — - —I797
Italy overrun. and Pius VI. deposed by

Bonaparte - - - - ~1798
The Italian tepublic - - -1802
Italy fo1med into akingdom, and Napo-

leon CIOW ned - - - — 1805
Eugene Beauharnois made Viceroy of

Italy . - - < - 1805
The kingdom ceases on the overthrow

of Napoleon - - ~ - 1814
[The various other events relating to

Italy will be found under the respec-

tive yheads 01 Genoa, Lombardy. [I]: -
Ian, Naples, Rome, V 8'11ch 19%.]

-l7'48

 

 

The population of the whole of Italy proper now amounts to 23,677,000.—-
Alm. de Got/La.

J.

I. Intioduced into the alphabet by Giles Boys, printer, of Paris, 1660.-—-—Du
F'yrsnou.

JACOBIN S The name given to one of the principal parties in the French re-
volution The J acobm club originated from a small and secret association
of about forty gentlemen and men of letters who had united to disseminate

 

 

 

 

 

DICTIONARY or DATES. 313:.

  
  
   
  
  
  
   
   
  
   
   
   
   
   
  
 
  
   
   
  
  
   
 
  
   
  
  
  
 
   
  
   
   
   
 
  

political and other opinions ; the members were called Jacobins from their
meeting in the hall of the Jacobin friars at Paris. The club became nu.
merous and popular, and fraternal societies were instituted in all the prin-
cipal towns of the kingdom. From its institution. one principal object was,
to discuss such political questions as seemed likely to be agitated in the
national assembly, in order that the members might act in concert. They
are represented as having been determined enemies of monarchy aristo-
cracy. and the Christian religion. and may be regarded as the first grand
spring of the revolution. They were suppressed October 18, 179%. The
religious sect called Jacobins are those of both sexes who follow the rules
of St. Dominick. See Dominicans.

JACOBITES. A sect among the eastern Christians, so called from Jacob Ba~
radaeus, a Syrian, whose heresy spread to a great extent in the sixth and
seventh centuries. In England existed a political party called Jacobites.
They were the partisans of James 11., and were so named after his expul-
sion in 1688. Those who openly appeared in arms for, or who expressed
their wishes to restore the abdicated family, were called J acobites; the dis-
tinction is now entirely lost.

JAFFA. Celebrated in Scripture as J oppa, the port whence Jonah embarked,
and the place where Peter raised Tabitha from the dead. In profane history,
the place whence Perseus delivered Andromeda. Jaffa was taken by Bona-
parte in February 1799 ; and the French were driven out by the British in
June, same year. Here, according to sir Robert Wilson, were massacred
3800 prisoners by Bonaparte : but this is reasonably doubted.

JAMAICA. Discovered by Columbus, May 3, 1495. It was conquered from
the Spaniards by admiral Penn, and the land forces commanded by Venablcs’
in 1655; the expedition had been planned by Oliver Cromwell against St.
Domingo. An awful earthquake occurred here in 1692; and the island was
desolated by a furious hurricane in 1722; and again 1734 and 1751f In June
1795, the Maroons, or original natives. who inhabit the mountains, rose
against the English, and were not quelled till March 1796. Tremendous
hurricane, by which the whole island was deluged, hundreds of houses
washed away, vessels wrecked, and a thousand persons drowned, October
1815. An alarming insurrection, commenced by the negro slaves, in which
numerous plantations were burned. and property of immense value destroy-
ed. Before they were overpowered, the governor, lord Belmore, declared
the island under martial law, Dec. 22, 1831. Awful fire here, Aug. 26,
1843. The Cholera in 1850.

TANISSARIES. This order of infantry in the Turkish army was formerly
reputed to be the grand seignor’s foot guards. They were first raised by
Amurat-h I. in 1361; and have several times deposed the sultan. Owing to
an insurrection of these troops on the 14th June, 1826, when 8000 of them
were killed on the spot, the Ottoman army was reorganized, and a firman
was issued declaring the abolition of the J anissaries two days afterwards.

JANSENISM. This sect was founded by Cornelius Jansen, bishop of Ypres,

about 1625. Jansen was aprelate of piety and morals, but his “Augusti-

nus,” a book in which he maintained the Augustine doctrine of free grace,

and recommended it as the true orthodox belief, kindled a fierce contro-

Eersyrpn its publication in 1640, and was condemned by a. bull of pope Ur.
an II.

JANUARY. This month. the first in our year. derives its name from Janus a
divinity among the early Romans. See next article. January was added to
, the Roman calendar by Numa 713 B. c. He placed it about the winter SOL
, m Itice. and made it the first month, because Janus was supposed to preside
‘3: over the beginning of all business. This god was painted with two faces,

 

     

376 THE 'WORLD 5 PROGRESS. [JEN-

because, as some persons have it, on the one side the first of January looked
towards the new year, and on the other towards the old one. On the first
day, it was customary for friends and acquaintances to make each other
presents, from whence the custom of new year’s gifts, still retained among
us, was originally taken. “

JANUS, TEMPLE or, at Rome. Was erected by Romulus, and kept open in
the time of war and closed in time of peace. It was shut only twice, during
above 700 years, viz z—under Numa, 714 B. c. and under Augustus, 5 B. c.;

and during that long period of time, the Romans were continually employed
in war.

JAN'VILLIERS, BATTLE or, between the French and Prussians, in which, after
an obstinate engagement, Blucher, who commanded the latter army, was
driven back to Chalons with considerable loss, February 14, 1814. About
this period there were many battles fought between Napoleon and Blueher,

and Napoleon and prince Schu‘artzenberg, until the capitulation of Paris,
March 31, 1814.

JAPAN. This island was first made known to Europe by Marco Paulo; and
was visited by the Portuguese about 1585. The Japanese are as fabulous as
the Chinese in the antiquity of their empire. but the certain period begins
with the hereditary succession of the ecclesiastical emperors, from the year
660 B. C. The English visited Japan in 1612. There was once a great num-
ber of Christians in different parts of the empire; but, in 1622, they under—
went great persecutions, insomuch that they were all extirpated. See
Jeddo.

JAVA. The atrocious massacre of 20,000 of the unarmed natives by the Dutch,
sparing neither women nor children, to possess their effects, took place in 1740,
and for its cruelty and cowardice fixes an indelible stain not only upon
their nation, but upon man. The island capitulated to the British, August
8, 1811. The sultan was dethroned by the English, and the hereditary
prince raised to the throne, in June, 1813. Java was restored to Holland
in 1814.

JEDDO. The capital of Japan, containing about 1,680,000 inhabitants, a num-
nearly equal to London. In 1619, ambassadors from Japan arrived at the
court of Paul V. to do him homage as the head of the Christian religion,
which their master had embraced through the preaching of the Jesuit mis-
sionaries; but the misconduct of the Jesuits, who were endeavoring to over-
turn the Japanese government, caused them to be expelled in 1622, and the
inhabitants relapsed into their former idolatry. The emperor’s palace is of
indescribable magnificence; its hall of audience is supported by many pillars
of massive gold and plates of gold cover its three towers, each nine stories
high. Several other costly palaces, belonging to the emperor, empress, con-
cubines, and vassal kings, enrich this great eastern city.

IEMMAPPES, BATTLE or, one of the most obstinate and bloody of modern
times; 40,000 French troops forced 28,000 Austrians, who were intrenched in
woods and mountains, defended by forty redoubts, and an immense number
of cannon; the revolutionary general Dumouriez was the victor in this battle,
which lasted four days. According to the most authentic accounts, the
number of killed on the side of the Austrians amounted to 10,000, on that
of the French to 12,000, Nov. 5, 1792.

JENA, BATTLE or, one of the most sanguinary of modern times, between the
French and Prussian armies; the one commanded by the emperor Na-
poleon, and the other by the Prussian king, who was signally defeated, with
the loss of 30,000 slain, and nearly as many thousands made prisoners. In

r .. L a, .4144»!

 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
   
    
 
 
 
   
   
  
  
    
  
   
  
   
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  

monomer or DATES. 3”

this battle the Prussians lost 200 field-pieces, and Napoleon advanced to
Berlin, Oct. 14, 1806

JERSEY, GUERNSEY, SARK, AND ALDERNEY, appendages to the duchy
" of Normandy. were united to the crown of lilngland, by William the Con—
queror, in 1066. Jersey was attempted by the French in 1779 and 1781. A
body of French troops surprised the governor, made him prisoner, and
compelled him to sign a capitulation; but major Pierson, the commander of
the English troops. refusing to abide by this forced capitulation, attacked
the French, and compelled them to surrender prisoners of war; but he was
killed in the moment of victory, Jan. 6, 1781.

JERUSALEM. Built 1800 B. c. The first and most famed Temple was found-
i ed by Solomon, 1015 B. c. ; and was solemnly dedicated on Friday, October
‘ _ 30, 1004 B. c., being one thousand years before the birth of Christ —Blair ;
‘ s Usher,- Bible. Jerusalem was taken‘ by the Israelites, 1048 B. c. and by
Nebuchadnezzar, 587 B. c. Razed to the ground by Titus, A. D. 70, after one
of the most remarkable sieges in history. More than 1,100,000 of the Jews
perished on this occasion. A city was built on the ruins of the former by
the emperor Adrian, A. D. 130. The walls were rebuilt by the empress Eu.
doxia in 437. Jerusalem was taken by the Persians in 614; by the Saracens
in 636; and by the crusaders. when 70,000 intidels were put to the sword,
1099. Anew kingdom was founded, which lasted 88 years. Taken from
the Christians by Saladin, in 1187; and by the Turks, who drove away the
Saracens in 1217. Jerusalem was taken by the French under Bonaparte in ;
February 1709. See Jews. ”1

' JESTER. I11 some ancient works, a jester is described as “a witty and jocosc

' person, kept by princes to inform them of their faults, and those of other
men, under the disguise of a waggish story.” Several of the early English

' kings kept jesters, and particularly the Tudors. There was a jester at court
in the reign of James 1., but we hear of no licensed jester afterwards.

‘ JESUITS. The order was founded by Ignatius Loyola (who was canonized),

t a page to Ferdinand V. of Spain, and subsequently an ofliccr of his army.
Loyola having been wounded at the siege of Pampeluna, in both legs, A. D.
1521, devoted himself to theology while under cure, and renounced the mi-
litary for the ecclesiastical profession. His first devout exercise was to dedi-
cate his life to the Blessed Virgin as her knight; he next made a pilgrimage
to the Holy Land, and on his return laid the foundation for his new order
in France. He presented the institutes of it in 1539, to pope Paul III. who
made many objections to them; but Ignatius adding to the three vows of
chastity, poverty. and obedience, a fourth of implicit submission to the
holy see, the institution was confirmed by a bull, September 27, 1540, by
which their number was not to exceed (50. That clog, however, was taken
off by another bull, March 14,1543; and popes Julius 1H,, Pius V., and
Gregory XIII., granted them such great privileges as rendered them pow-
erful and numerous. But though Francois Xavier, and other missionaries,
the first brothers of the order, carried it to the extremities of the habitable
globe, it met with great opposition in Europe, particularly at Paris. The
Sorbonne issued a decree in 1554, by which they condemned the institution,
as being calculated rather for the ruin than the edification of the faithful.
Even in Romish countries. the intrigues and seditious writings of this order,
. have occasioned it to be discountenanced. The Jesuits were expelled Eng-
4 . .. land by proclamation, 2 James I. 1604, and Venice 1606. They were put
_ . down in France by an edict from the king, and their revenues confiscated,

. .~ 1764; and were banished Spain 1767. Suppressed by pope Clement XIV.
in 1773. Restored by Pius V11. in 1814; and since tolerated in other states,

 

 

   
 
  
   
    
   
   
  
   
   
   
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
   
    
  
  
  
  
 
  
   
 
   
  
  
   

378 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [ 3'
and even where not tolerated, the body, as now in England, possesses a scar
cret and extensive existence.

JESUS CHRIST. Born on Monday, December 25, A. M. 4004, in the year of
Rome 7522 ; but this event should be dated four years before the commence—
ment of the common era. See Nativity. Christ’s baptism by John and .;
his first ministry, A. D. 30. He celebrated the last passover, and instituted \
the sacrament in its room, on Thursday, April 2. He was crucified on Fri- _
day, April 8. at three o’clock in the afternoon. He arose, April 5; ascended f
to heaven from Mount Olivet, on Thursday, May 1-1, following: and hi. ‘
Spirit descended on his disciples on Sunday, the day of Pentecost, May 2-1, '-
A. D. 33. .rv

JEWELRY. \Vorn by most of the early nations. So prodigious was the ex- .
travagance of the Roman ladies, that Pliny the elder says, he saw Loiiia .
Paulina wearing ornaments which were valued at 322.9165. sterling. Jetvels j
were worn in France by Agnes Sorel, in 1434. The manufacture was ex-
tensively encouraged in England in 1685. See article Dress. -

JEWISH ERA. The Jews usually employed the era of the Seleucidae until
the fifteenth century, when a new mode of computing was adopted by them. .
They date from the creation, which they consider to have been 3760 years ’.
and three months before the commencement of our era. To reduce Jewish j
time to ours, subtract 3701 years.

JEWS. A people universally known both in ancient and modern times. They
derive their origin from Abraham, with whom, according to the Old Testa-
ment and the Jewish writers, God made a covenant, 1921 B. 0. See Tabular ‘
Views. 1). 0 to p. 42.

JEWS, Moman HISTORY OF.

Titus takes Jerusalem; the city and are condemned in a fine of 20,000
temple are sacked and burnt, and marks - - - - - 1235
1,100,000 of the Jews perish, multi- They crucify a child at Lincoln, for
tudes destroying themselves A. D. 70 which eighteen are hanged - - 1255

100,000 Greeks and Romans are mur- 700 Jews are slain in London, a Jew
dercd by the Jews about Cyrene - 115 having forced a Christian to pay him

Adrian rebuilds Jerusalem, and crects more than 23. per week as interest
a temple to Jupiter - - - 130 upona loan of203.—St‘owe - - 1262

More than 580,000 of the Jews are slain Statute that no Jew should enjoy a free-
by the Romans, in 135 and - - 136 hold, passed - - - - 1269

[They are now banished from Judea by Every Jew lending money on interest
an edict of the emperor, and are lbr- compelled to wear a plate on his
hidden to return, or even to look back breast signifying that he was a usu- ‘
upon their once flourishin‘r and be- rer, or to quit the realm ~ - 1274 3‘
loved city, on pain of death. From 267 Jews hanged and quartered for -,
this cried, the Jews have been scat- clipping coin - - - - 1277 '
tere amongr all other nations.) They crucify a child at Northampton, /

. _ for which fifty are drawn at horses’ ,
GENERAL “ISTORL tails and hanged - - - 1282 ;

Jews first arrive in England - - 1078 15,060 Jews are apprehended in one

Thinking to invoke the divine mercy, at day, and are all banished England.—— '
a solemnization ol‘tlle Passover, they Rapin - - - - - 1287 .7
sacrifice a youth, the son of a rich Massacre of the Jews at Verdun by the '
tradesman at Paris, for which the peasantry; 500 defend themselves in
criminals are executed, and all Jews a castle. where, for want of weapons,
banished France - - - 1080 they throw their children at their en-

’l‘he Jews massacred in London, on the cmies. and then destroy one another 131
coronation-day of Richard 1., at the A fatal distemper raging in Europe,
instigation of the priests - ~ 1080 they are suspected of having poison-

500 being besieged in York castle by ed the springs, and 1,500,000 are mas-
the mob. they cuteach other’s throats sacred.—Leng!et. - . - - 1348 .
to avoid their l'ury - - - 1190 500.000 Jews are banished Spain, and 5'

Jews of both sexes im risoned; their 150,000 from Portugal - - 1492
eyes or teeth plucket out, and num- They are banished France - '- 1494 ‘
hers inhumanly butchered, by king After having been banished England
John - ~ - — -1204 365 years, they are revadmitted bv

‘ They circumcise and attempt to cruci- Cromwell, in virtue of a treaty with , i

fy a child at Norwich; the ofl‘enders Manasseh Ben Israel ~ - ~ 1652;,

 

. a . 13101101113! or nuns. w

   
   
  
 
  
    
   
   
  
  
  
  
  
   
  
  
  
   
  
   
  
  
   
    
   
    
     
  
  

. .WS. continued.

Statute to naturalize them in England, 1 land, lost on the second reading, by 3.
passed - - - - 1753 l majority in the Commons, 228 ‘1gainst
This at t 1ep_ealed on the petition of all l 16-5J - - May 17,1830
the cities 111 England — - -1754 1 ‘Moses Montefiore, esq.. elected sherifi"
The Jews 01' Spain, Portugal, and I 01 London; and k11igh:etl by the
Avignon are declared to be citizens l queel1,bein<r the fiist .lew on whom
01~ France - - - - 1790 1 thathonot has beenconlen‘ctl, Nov 9,1837

Sitting 01'the great Sanhedrim, ot'l’aris, Ukase 01' the emperor of Russia, per-
convened by the emperor Napoleon mining the title ot‘eitizcn of the first
Jan. :20, 1807 class to be held by any .lew who ren-

London Society for promoting Uln‘isti- ders himselt wouhy 01 it - -1839

anin among the Jews - - 1508
Alexander 01' Russia grants land on the
sea of Azoph to converted Jews,

Sept. 1, 1820
Bill for Jewish emancipation in Eng- ,l

EJOAN 0F ARC, on MAID OF ORLEANS“ The young and celcbiatcd he1oine
of Fiance. The English undet Bedtmd closely besicging O1leans Joan of
A10 pretended she had a divine commission to expel them, and Cha1les
VII. intrusted her with the command of the French troops. She raised
the siege, and entered Orleans with supplies, April 29, 1:129, and the En-
glish who were before the place from October 12, preceding, abandoned the
enterprise, May 8, following. She captured several towns in the possession
of the English, whom she defeated in a battle near Patay, June 10, 1429.
In her various achievements no unfeminine cruelty ever stained her conduct.
She was wounded several times herself, but never killed any one, or shed
any blood with her own hand. She was taken at the siege of Compiegne,
May 25,1431; and to the g1eat disgiace of the English, “as btunt for a
witch five day’s aftelwaids at Rouen, in the 22d (some say 29th) year of her
age. — Voltaire s Pucclle d’ 01 leans

JOHN DOE AND RICHARD ROE. Names, as pledges to prosecute, well
known in the law. Magma. Charm demanded witnesses before trial, and
since the reign of Edward III. the fictitious names of J 01111 Doe and Richard
Roe are put into writs, as pretended witnesses.

WBILEE. By Mosaic institution the Jews celebrate a Jubilee every fifty
‘- ' years. Among the Christians :1 jubilee every century was instituted by
pope Boniface VlII., in the year 1300. It was celebrated every fifty years
by command of pope Clement VI. ; and was afterwards reduced by Urban
VI. to every thirty-third year; and Sixtus V. to every twenty—fifth year, at
which petiod it is now fixed

WIDGES. On the Norman conquest the judges had the style of Justicimius
f" Anoliw: these judges continued until the erection of the Courts of Kings
Bench and Common Pleas. The last who had the office ofJastician‘us Anglia
was Phillip Basset, in 1261. Judges punished for br‘ibety, 17 Edwa1dl
1288 when Thomas de VVeyland was banished the land; and in 1351, “’11—
liam de T1101 11 was hanged John de Cavendish was beheaded bv the Kent—
ish rebels, 1882 Tresylian, chief justice was executed for favoring des-
potism, and other judges were seized and condemned. 1388. The prince of
.Wales was committed by J ad 0 Gascoigne for assaulting him on the bench,
1412. Sir Thomas Mme, 101d chancellor, was beheaded, July 6,1535.
Judges threatened with impeachment and Berkeley taken off the bench
and committed by the commons 1641.Th1ee impeached. 1680. Most of
, them dismissed for not allowing the legality of a dispensing 11011 or in the
* crown 3 ames II. 1687. The celebrated Judge .l'effcries was committed by
the lord mavm to the Towe1, whete he died 1689. The independence of the
judges in England was established by making their appointments patents
;. M life, 1761. Judges were sent to India, 1773. Three additional judges,

Owing to the disap11ea1‘a1'1‘te 01a G1eek
1)1iest,apcisccutlonol the Jews be

gan at Dan ascus. -See Damascus
Feb. 1, 1840

 

 

 

 

 

 

380 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [ Mei

one to each court, were appointed, 1784. A new judge took his seat as
vice-chancellor, May 5, 1813.

JUDGES IN rue UNITED STATES. Those of the Supreme Court, eight in
number, are appointed for life or during good conduct, by the President and
Senate. The chief justices of the Supreme Court of the United States have
been John Jay, appointed, 1789; William Cushing, of Mass, 1796; Oliver
Ellsworth, 1706; John Marshall, 1801; Roger B. Taney, 1836. U. S. Cir—
cuit Judges were first appointed 1801. The judges of the several States
are thus appointed :—

By the Goa-0771.0? and Legislature, or Senate, or Council, in Maine, New
Hampshire, Massachusetts, Maryland, Louisiana, Missouri, Indiana, and
Michigan.

81/ [he Legislature algae, in Vermont, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Jersey,
Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Arkansas,
Tennessee, Ohio, and Illinois.

By the Governor alone in Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Kentucky.

By popular vote, in Mississippi and in New York.*

THE TERM or OFFICE of the superior judges, is for life (or “ during good
behavior”) in Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia,
North Carolina, South Carolina, Louisiana, Kentucky and Illinois.

Until seventy years of age, in Maine, New Hampshire, Connecticut.

Until sixty-five years of age, in Missouri.

For periods varying from two to twelve years, in New Jersey, Georgia, Ala-
bama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Tennessee, Ohio, Indiana, Michigan; and for
one year in Rhode Island, and Vermont.

THEY ARE REMOVABLE— '

By impeachment in fourteen States. By conviction of misconduct in a court ’

of law, in Maryland. By joint resolution of Senate, and two—thirds of As-
sembly, in New York.

JUDICIAL COMMITTEE on THE PRIVY COUNCIL, in lieu of the Court of '

Delegates, for appeals from the Lord Chancellors of England and Ire-
land in cases of lunacy—from the Ecclesiastical and Admiralty Courts
of England, and Vice Admiralty Courts abroad—from the Courts of the
Isle (gt Man, the Colonial Courts, &c., fixed by statute 3 and 4 William
IV. 1 33.

JUGGERNAUT, or “Lord of the world.” The first object of Hindoo venera-
tion, is a'celebrated idol of an irregular pyramidical black stone, with two
rich diamonds to represent eyes; the nose and mouth are painted vermil-
lion, and the visage is frightful. The number of pilgrims that visit the god
is stated at 1,200,000 annually: of these a great many never return, and
to the distance of fifty miles the way is strewed with human bones: the
temple of Juggernaut has existed above 800 years.

JUGURTHA, THE WAR WITH. A memorable war against the Numidian to re-
duce his kingdom, commenced 111 B. c. and continued five years. Caecilius
Metellus was first sent against him, and defeated him in two battles; and
afterwards Sylla and Marius; the latter of whom dragged him in chains to
Rome to adorn his triumph. The name and wars of J ugurtha have been
immortalized by the pen of Sallust. .

JULIAN PERIOD. A term of years produced by the multiplication of the .
lunar cycle 19, solar cycle 28, and Roman indiction 15. It 00nsists of 7980

 

7' The election ofjudgcs by the people, in New York, was first provided for by the new consti 1

union of 1846.

l

t

    

 

DICTIONARY or DATES. 351$L

    
  
 
  
  
  
   
  
  
   
  
  
   
  
    
 
   
   
  
  
  
  
 
 
  
   
  
  
  
 
  
  
   
   
  
   
   

, ” years, and began 4713 years before our era. It has been employed in comput-
~ ing time, to avoid the puzzling ambiguity attendant-on reckoning any period
f‘ ' antecedent to our era, an advantage which it has in common with the mun-
‘ ' dane eras used at different times. By subtracting 4713 from the Julian
period, our year is found ; if before Christ, subtract the Julian period from
4714. For Julian year, see Calendar and Year.

Y. The seventh month of the year, from the Latin Julius, the surname of
C. Caesar. the dictator of Rome. who was born in it. It was the fifth month
, in the Roman calendar until Numa added Janua1y and February to the

. year, 713 B. C. See those months sevcmlly, and alticle Year.

‘ ' INE. The sixth month, but originally the fou1th month of the Roman year.
I It had its name Junius, which some derive a Jimmie, and others a Ja7ii07i-
bus, this being for the young, as the month of May was for aged peisons.
When Numa added two months before March, this month became, as it is
now, the sixth of the calendar, 713 B. 0. See Year.

UNIUS’S LETTERS. Junius was the assumed name of a concealed political
. writei, who published his letters in the Public Adve7te‘se7, in 1769. They
1. ; we1e written in a ne1vous,sa1castie and clear style and p1 oduccd a powei-
ful' impression, and the volume is now one of the most admired in British
literature. These letters have been ascribed to Mr. Burke, Mr. William
Gerard Hamilton, commonly called single-speech Hamilton, John Wilkes,
Mr. Dunning (afterwards 101d Ashburton), Mr.se1jeant Adai1,tl1e r.ev J.
Rosenhagen John Roberts, esq Mr. Charles Lloyd. Mi Samuel Dyei, ge-
neial Lee, Hugh Boyd, esq., and sii Philip Francis, but the matter is still
‘ hidden 1n obscuiity. “I am the depositaiy ot my 0an secret, and it shall
perish \\ ith me. ”—szias. And recently to Iloiace Walpole.

f: UPITER. Known as a planet to the Chinese and the Chaldeans: to the for-
mei it is said 30000 B. C and coriectly inseited in a chart of the heavens,
made about 600 n. ”and in which 1460 stars aie accu1atelv described, this
cha1t 1s said to be in the royal lib1a1y at Paris. The satellites of Jupiter
we1e diSCOVered by Galileo, A 1) 1610; but Jansen it is affirmed, claimed
some acquaintance \V ith them about twenty yea1s beiore.

uI.RIES Trial by jury was introduced into England dming the Saxon Hep -

appointed to try causes between the English and Welsh men of pi opeity
. and made 1esponsible with their whole cstates,1eal and personal, for false
" . verdicts —Lamba7'7l But by most authoiities their institution is asc1ibed
', to Alfred. In Mag-7w, 671mm, juries a1e insisted 011 as the great bulwark of
_... the people’s liberty. When either party is an alien b01n,the jury shall be
}_ one- half denizens, and the othei half aliens, statute 28 Edward III. 1353.
. j By the common law a prisoner upon indictment 01' appeal, might challenge
1 F“ peremptorily thirty- five, being under three juries, but at 10rd of parliament,
. and a peer of the realm that IS to be tried by his peers, cannot challenge
any of his peers.

IES, COERCION on. About the year 927, the plaintiff and defendant used
' to feed the jury empanelled in their action, and hence arose the common
law of denying sustenance to a jury after the hem 111g of the evidence. A
-, jury may be detained during the pleasure of the judge if they cannot agree
upon a verdict; and may be confined without meat diink, 01' candle till

they are unanimous. Some jurorshave been fined for having fruit in their
,'-pockets when they were withdrawn to consider of their veidict though

- they did not eat it. —Leo71. Dyer. 137 A jury at Sudbury not beingable to
'Agree, and having been some time under duress, forcibly broke from the
* ~ where they were locked up, and went home, October 9,1791;—

" hPillips. . , _ . p , 11

. tarchy, mention being made of six Welsh and six Anglo- Saxon freeingn

 

382 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

  
   
   
   
   
  
   
   
  
   
   
   
 
  
  
   
  
   
 
   
 
  
   
   
   
   
   
 
   
  

IUSTICES 01‘ THE PEACE. These are local magistrates, invested with ex— '
tensive powers in minor cases, but subject to superccssion and punish-5‘
ment by the king’s bench for an abuse of their authority. Justices of the ‘
peace in every county first nominated by William the Conqueror, in 1076. ' .
—Sta'we. In the United States the office is held by special appointment, .j-
and the tenure is different in different States; it is usually for seven years.

JUSTINIAN CODE. Wherein was written what may be termed the statute _'
law, scattered through 2000 volumes, reduced to fifty, completed A. D. 529. ,
To this code of laws Justinian added the Pandects, the Institutes, and
Novels. These compilations have since been called, collectively, the body '3
of civil law (corpus juris civil'is). A digest was made in 533.—-Blair. '

K.

KALEIDOSCOPE. This optical instrument, which combines mirrors, and pro-
duces a symmetrical reflection of beautiful images, was invented by Dr. ..
Brewster of Edinburgh ; it was first suggested in 1814, and the instrument ',
perfected in 1817, when it found its way into every body’s hands. It is in- ,
tended to assist jewellers, glass-painters, and other ornamental artists, in the _,

, formation of patterns, of which it produces an infinite number.

KAM I‘SCHATKA. The peninsula on the eastern coast of Asia. It was dis- ,
covered bv Morosco a Cossack chief, A. D 1690, and was taken possession of _‘
by Russia 111 1697; it “as not ascu tamed to be a peninsula until visited by ‘
Behring, in 1728. Four months, commencing at our midsummer, may be ’
considered as the spring, summer, and autumn here, the rest of the year
being 111ea1y winter .

KENILWORTH CASTLE Built in 1120, but much of the pile was erected ».
subsequently by .1 olm of Gaunt; and its 1emains now form one of the most .~
picturesque objects in the kingdom This celebrated castle was conferred ‘1
on Dudley, eail of Leicester, by queen Elizabeth, whom he afterwards en- I
tertained VV1tl1111 its VValls fo1 seventeen days. His sumptuous entertainment ‘
of the queen commenced July 19, 1575, and cost the earl daily 10001.21 vast
expenditme in those times. ‘

KENTUCKY, one of the United States, was first explored by Daniel Boone,
an enterprising hunter, in 1770. First white settlement near Lexington, 1775.
Was a part of Virginia until 1782, when it was made a separate district. Ad
mitted into the Union 1792. Population in 1790, 73. 6,77 in 1810, 406, 511,
in 1830, 688 844; in 1840,7 7.9 828, including 182, 258 slaves.

KEYS. The invention of them 1s ascribed to T,heodo1e of Samos by Pliny, 5
about 10 3’0 B 0. But this 1s an e1r01 as keys are mentioned in thcs1cge of ,
Troy, 1193 B. 0. Keys were originally made of wood, and the earliest form
was a simple crook similar to the common picklock now in use. The ancient '_
keys now to be found in the cabinets of the curious are mostly of bronze. '
'lhe late 11‘ 1ancis Douce, esq., had some of 1emai l1ablc shapes, the shaft ter— 3
_minating on one side by the VV orks, on the other by a ling. Keys of this;
“desc1iption VVeIe presented by husbands to wives, and \Veie retuined again
upon divmce or sepaiation.

KIEL. TREATY or. Between G1eat B1itain, Sweden, and Denmark, signed Jan- -
11.11 y 14,1814. By this t1eaty Norway was coded to Sweden. P1 eV 101181)! 1
the Norwegians had been deserted by: the king of Denmark, and had sent
a deputation to England, to interest that countrv in their tin or. The mission.
was fmitless. On the contrary, the English blockaded the ports of Norway, ,
and the Swedes entered by land. The Norwegians fought some brave actions;- .
but they were defeated. The prince of Denmark quitted Norway, and thar
diet elected the king of Sweden to be their king '

DICTIONARY or DATES. 3&8

   
  
  
   
 
  
   
  
  
   
  
    
  
  
  
 
   
  
  
   
   
   
   
  
   
  
   
   
    
 
   
 
 
 
 
 
  

G. The Latin Rex, the Scythian Reis, the Spanish Rey, the French Roi,
all come from the Hebrew Bosch, chief, or head. Nimrod was the first
founder of a kingdom, 2245 B. c.——Du Fresnoy. Misraim built cities in
Egypt, and was the first who assumed the title of king in that division of the
earth. Saul was the first king of Israel, 1095 n. 0. Most of the Grecian states
were governed by kings; and kings first ruled in Rome. The Egyptians
understood the only just principle of government, namely, to make the peo-
ple happy; and although among them the monarchy was hereditary, the
sovereign was as much bound by the laws as his meanest subject: there was
a peculiar code for his direction in the most minute particulars of public
and private life. The king’s hour of rising, the portion of time he should
devote each day to the services of religon, the administration of justice,
the quality of his food, and the rank of persons by whom he was served,
were all prescribed.

‘, KING or ENGLAND. The style “king of England,” was first used by Egbert
A. D. 828; but the title Rex gentis Anglamm, king of the English nation,
existed during the Heptarchy. See Brilain. The plural phraseology of we,
us, our, was first adopted by king John, in 1207. The title of “king of Ire-
land,” by British sovereigns, was not assumed until .542, when Henry VIII.
changed lord of Ireland into king. The style “Great Britain” was adopted
at the union of England and Scotland, 6 Anne, 1707; and of the "United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ” at the union of these countries, Jan-
uary 1, 1801, when the royal style and title was appointed to run thus :——
“Gem‘gi’us Tcrtiws, Dci Gratm Britamzim‘mn Rex, Fidei Defensor,” “ Jeorge
the third, by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland King, Defender of the Faith.”

, :KING or run FRENCH. Decrecd by the National Assembly that the title of

. - “king of France” should be changed in the person of Louis XVI. to that of
“king of the French,” October 16, 1789. The royal title was abolished in
1792; but restored in the Bourbon family, in 1814. Louis—Philippe I.
was invited to the monarchy under the style of the “king of the French,”
August 9, 1830. See France.

“ ;IING or HUNGARY. The averseness of the Hungarian people to the term
‘ queen, has led to the custom among them, that whenever a female succeeds
to the throne, she shall be called king. Thus it will be seen in the annals of
Hungary, that the daughter of Louis I. reigned as king Mary, in 1383. See
Hungary.

. KING or THE ROMANS. The emperors of Germany, in order that their eldest
‘ ‘ sons might be chosen their successors, in their own lifetime politically ob-
’ tained them the title of “king of the Romans,” this people being compre- '
bended in that sovereignty. The first emperor so elected was Henry IV., in
1055. Richard, brother, of Henry III. of England, was induced to go to
_ Germany, where he disbursed vast sums under the promise of being elected
next emperor; he obtained the title of “king of the Romans,” but failed in
:' r, succeeding to the Imperial crown. The style “king of Rome” was revived
by Bonaparte, who conferred it on his son, upon his birth, in April, 1811;
but the title ceased with the extinction of the dynasty of Napoleon, April
5, 1814. '

. G’S BENCH, COURT or, IN ENGLAND. Obtained its name from the king
‘ sometimes sitting here on a high bench, and the judges, to whom the
. "‘udicature belongs in his absence, on a low bench at his feet. The jurisdic-

' ‘on of this court extends all over England, and is not so subject to control
ws others, because the law presumes the king to be here in person. The
'6 of this court has been altered to that of Queen’s Bench, since the“

 

 

384. THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [‘

accession of Victoria, in June, 1837, as is the case with all institutions in
immediate connection with, or dependent upon the sovereign.

KING’S EVIL. Supposed to be cured by the touch of the kings of England.
The first who touched for it was Edward the Confessor, 1058. This.vulgar_
credulity had in the age of Charles II. arisen to such a height, that in four-
teen years, 92,107 persons were touched; and, according to VViseman, the
king’s physician, they were nearly all cured! Queen Anne officially an-
nounced in the London Gazette, March 12, 1712, her royal intention to touch
publicly for the cure of the evil; and touching for it continued a custom un-
til it was wisely discouraged, and ultimately dropped by George I., 1714.

KIN G’S SPEECH. The first royal speech from the throne was delivered by
Henry 1., in 1107. A late celebrated writer, after remarking with his accus-
tomed harshness upon Mr. Canning, who had just then (April 1827) become
chief of a new administration, said——“ Canning being now minister, of one
thing, and one thing only, we are certain, we shall have no more grammati-
cal blunders in king’s speeches ; these things will still be written in the
same meagre way, in point of matter, as before; but we shall have them in
a perspicuous and pure style.”— Cobbett.

KINGDOMS. The origin of kingdoms may be referred to Belus, supposed to
have been the Nimrod of Holy \Vrit ; he was the founder of the Babylonian
monarchy, 2215 B. c.—Us/zer. Menes. or Misrai‘m, makes his son Atholas,
surnamed the first Mercury, king of Upper Egypt; and another son, Tosc-
thrus, he establishes at Memphis, 2188 B. c.—Blai7‘. Ninus founds the As-
syrian monarchy, 2059 B. c.——Lenglct.

KISSING. Kissing the hands of great men was a Grecian custom. Kissing

wasa mode of salutation among the Jews, as we may collect from Judas

_ approaching his master with a kiss; it was also customary in Rome. Kiss-
ing the pope’s foot took its rise from the custom of kneeling t0 sovereigns,
and began with Adrian l. or Leo III. at the close of the eighth century.
From kneeling to sovereigns came also the ceremony of a vassal kneeling
to his lord in homage, first practised, A. D. 709.

KIT-KAT CLUB. A society which consisted of about thirty noblemen and
gentlemen of distinguished abilities, instituted in 1703, for the purpose of
promoting the Protestant succession in the house of Hanover, which they
effected by spirited publications as well as other measures. Addison, Steele,
and Dr. Garth were members, and made several epigrams upon the toasts of
the club. The club took its name from one Christopher Kat, a pastry-cook,
who lived near the tavern where they met, in King—street, Westminster, and
who served them with pastry.—~Bzmrg/e¢’s Life of Queen Anne.

KNIGHT. The origin of this title as a military honor is said to be derived
from the siege of Troy, but this solely depends upon a passage or two in
Homer. With certainty we may trace the distinction to the Romans, who,
after their union with the Sabines, created three centuries of knights, about
750 B. c.—-Li'vy.

KNIGHT—ERRANTRY. Took its rise in the combats of the Celtic nations,
particularly the judicial combats, and much prevailed in Spain, France, and
Germany. Tilts and tournaments commenced with the return of the cru-
saders from the holy wars, and for about 300 years they were the chief
amusements of courts, and the successful combatants acquired knighthood,

and the favor of the ladies. When public combats declined, the knights

travelled in search of adventures, to correct injustice, and fight in the
cause of the fair; and the consequent follies gave rise to the novel of Don
Quixote.

KNIGHTHOOD. Was conferred in England by the priest at the. altar, afiar ‘5

 

  
 

 

x
‘l
)
1
i
\
l
‘

 

i
i
':j

   
    
   

   
  
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
    
   
  
   
 
 
 
 
    
    
   
 
   
   
   

38 Henry 111. 1254.—Salmmt.

\ deemed a great honor.

Alcantara, instituted - - A. D. 1160
Alexander Nevskoi, Russia - - 1700
Amaranta, Sweden - - - 1645
Angelic Knights, Greece - - - 456
Annunciada, Mantua - - - 1618
Annunciation, Savoy - - - 1355
Argonauts, Naples - - - 1382
Avrs, Portugal - - - . 1147

Band, Spain - - - - 1232
Bannerets, England, 1360. Renewed.

See Bannere/s - - - - 1485
Bath, England, 1399. Renewed. See

Bath - - - - ~ 1725
Bear, Switzerland - - - - 1213
Black Eagle, Prussia, instituted by

Frederick I. - - - - 1701
Blood of Christ, Mantua - - - 1608
Brotherly Love, instituted - - 1708
Burgundian Cress - - - - 1535

Calatrava, Castile, instituted by San-

Concord, Prussia, instituted by Chris-
tian Ernest, elector of Brandenburgh 1660
Crescent, Naples . - - - 1448
Crown Royal, France - - - 802
Daneburgh, Denmark,~ instituted by
\Valdemar 11., 1219; revived by
Christian V. - - - - 1671
Death’s Head, Female Order, by the
widow Louisa Elizabeth of Santa
Mersburgh - - - - 1709
Bow: of Claudia - ~ - - 13;:
non, ungary - ~ -
Ear?“ Corn, Brittany ~ - 1050

‘ Elephant, Denmark, by Christian 1. -1478'

A, ’ Ermine France - - - - 1450
'm‘nngimd , , _, - .1350
if 17

DICTIONARY OF DATES.

cho III. - - . ~ - 1156
Carpet, England - - - - 1553
Catharine, Russia. . - - 1698
Chase, instituted by the duke of Wir~

temberg - - - . - 1719
Christ, Livonia - - - ~ 1203
Christ, Portugal - - - - 1319
Christian Charity, France - - 1590
Cincinnatus, America - - - 1783
Conception of the Virgin - - 1619

 

confession and consecration of the sword, during the Saxon Heptarchy.
The first knight made by the sovereign with the sword of state was Athel—
stan, on whom Alfred bestowed this new dignity, A. D. 900.-——Spelman. The
custom of ecclesiastics conferring the honor of knighthood was suppressed
in a synod held at Westminster in 1100.—‘As/mtole’s Institutes. All persons
having ten pounds yearly income were obliged to be knighted, or pay a fine,

_‘KNIGHTHOOD IN EUROPE. As a system, under the denomination of chi-
. valry, knighthood is to be dated from the eleventh century. On the de-
cline of the empire of Charlemagne, all Europe being reduced to a state of
anarchy, the proprietor of every manor became a petty sovereign; his man-
sion was fortified by a moat, and defended by a guard, and called a castle.
Excursions were made by one petty lord against another, and the women and
treasure were carried off by the conqueror. ~At length the owners of rich
fiefs associated to repres these marauders, and to make property secure, and
to protect the ladies; binding themselves to these duties by a solemn vow,
and the sanction of a religious ceremony.
the highest rank and largest possessions, admission into the order was

MXLITARY, RELIGIOUS, AND HONORARY ORDERS OF KNIGHTHOOD.

Generosity, Brandenburah - - 1685
Golden Fleece, instituted at Bruges by
Philip, surnamed the Good - - 1429
Golden Lion, Hesse-Cassel - ~ 1785
Golden Shield and Thistle - - - 1370
Golden Spur, by Pius 1V. - - 1559
Guelphic, Hanover - - - - 1816
Holy Ghost, France, 1468. Revived - 1559
Holy Ghost, Rome . - - 1198
Holy Trinity - - - ~ - 1211
Hospitallers (which see) - - 1092
Januarius, Naples ~ . ~ - 1738
Jerusalem. See flIalta - - - 1048
Jesus, France - - . - 1206

Jesus Christ, Rome, instituted by John
XXII., 1415. Reformed by Paul V. 1610

Knot, Naples - - 1351
La Calza, Venice - - - . 1400
Legion of Honor, France, instituted by

Napoleon Bonaparte < - - 1802
Lily of Arragon - - - - 1403
Lily of Navarre - - . - 1048
Loretta, Lady of - - - ~ 1587
Malta. See Alalta. . ~ - 1531
Martyrs. Palestine - - - - 1319
Maria-Theresa, Order of Ladies, Spain 1792
Mauritians, Savoy - - - 1430
Merit, instituted by the landgrave of

Hesse Cassel - ~ - - 1785
Merit, Prussia - - — - 1740
Noble Passion, Germany - - - 1704
Oak of Navarre, S ain - - - 722
Passion of Jesus C trist, France - 1382
Pius. founded by Pius IV. - - - 1559
Porcupine, France - - - 1393
Red Eagle, Prussia - - - - 1792.
Redemption, instituted - — - 1212
Rosary, Spain - - _- - 1172
Round Table, England—See nghts

of the Round Table - - - 58

St. Andrew, Russia (tradition ascribes

to this saint the introduction of Chris-

tianity into Muscovy) - ‘ - - 16%
St. Andrew. Scotland, 809; renewed

1452 - and main by James VI. - 1605
St. Anthony, Ethiopia - . a)

33s

The first knights being men of

 

 

i
sin JLgn... .: . ..

 

 

- > :1 ~,.~- ' 7 . w» Uw~~a§

 
 
     
  

386 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. , [m

KNIGHTHOOD IN EUROPE, continued.

 

St. Anthony, IIainault - - - 1382; St. Michael, Germany - . - 1618 ‘
St. Blaze, Acon - - ~ - 1250' St. Patrick, Ireland . . - - 1783 ‘
St. Catharine, Palestine - - - 1163, St. Paul, Rome - - - - 1540
St. Catharine, Russia - - - 1698; St. Peter, Rome - - -* - 1520
St. Denis, France - - - 1267i St. Rupert, Germany, by tle archbisl -
St. George, Austria - - - - 1470; op 01' Saltzburgh - - - 1701
St. George, Carinthia ~ - ~ 1279' St. Sepulchre, Palestine - - - 1092
St. George, Defender of the Immacu- St. Stephen. by Casimir de Medicis,
late Conception, Bavaria - - 1729 grand-duke of Tuscany - 1561
St. George, England; instituted by Ed- St. Thomas ot'Acon - - - - 1370
ward 111. See Garter - - 1349 Saviour, Greece - - June 1, 1833
St. George; tutelary saint ofGenoa, by Seraphims, Sweden - - - - 1334
Frederick 111. - - - - 1460 Ship and Crescent, France - - 1269
St. George, Rome - . - 1496 Sincerity, instituted by the elector of
St. George, Russia - - - - 1782 Saxony - - - - - 1690
St. George, Spain . - - 1318 Slaves of Virtue, Germany - - 1662
St. George, Venice - - - - 1200 Swan, Cleves - - - - 960
St. Hubert, Germany, by the duke of Sword, Cyprus - . - -1195
Juliers and Cleves - - - 1447 Sword, Sweden, 1523; revived - - 1772
St. James, Holland - - - - 1290 ’1‘emplars.—See Temp/am - - 1118
St. James, Portugal - - - 1310 Teste Morte, \Vurtemburg - - - 1652
St. James, Spain - - - - 1030 Teutonic, 1190; renewed in Prussia - 1522
St. Jerome, Germany . - - 1154 Thistle of Bourbon - - - 1370
St. John ot’Acon - - — - 1370 Thistle of Scotland, 812; revived - 1540
St. John ofJerusalem - - - 1048 Trinitarians, Spain - - - 1594
St. John of Malta - - - - 1522 Truxillo, Spain - - - - 1227
St. John of Rhodes - - - 1300 United Ladies for the honor of tile
St. Julien, of Alcantara - - - 1176 Cross, in Germany - - _ - 1666
St. Lazarus, and St, Maurice.byEman- Virgin Mary - - - - - 1233
uel Philil)ert, duke of Savoy - - 1572 Virgin of Mount Carmel, France - 1607
St. Louis, France - - - - 1693 Warfare of(lhrist, Poland - - - 1705
St. Mark, Venice, 830; renewed - 1562 Warfare of Christ, Russia . - 1325
St. Mary the Glorious - - - 1233 “fine: of St. Michael, Portugal - . 1165
St. Mary de Merced, Spain - - 1218 VVladimir, Russia - - - 1682
St. Michael, France - - - — 1469

KNIGHTS, FEMALE. The title of knight, which was given to men of superior
worth, ability, and fortune, in former times, was sometimes given to women
also. As an instance, it was conferred on the women who preserved the
city of Tortosa from falling into the hands of the Moors in 1149, by their
stout resistance and vigorous attack of the besiegers, by which means the
Moors were forced to raise the siege. Large immunities and favors were
granted to them and their descendants for their heroism on this occasion.

KNIGHTS or THE ROUND TABLE. Instituted by king Arthur, about A. D.
528,—Asser’s Life of Alfred. This ancient order was revived by Edward
III. at Windsor, upon New Year’s day, 1344. The king, with a. view to the
recovery of France, which descended to him in right of his mother, became
anxious to draw the best soldiers of Europe into his interest, and thereupon
projecting and setting up king Arthur’s Round Table, he proclaimed a
solemn tilting, to invite foreigners of quality and courage to the exercise.
He published his royal letters of protection, for the safe coming and return
of such foreign knights as had a mind to venture their reputation at those
jousts and tournaments.—Beatvsmzr.

KNIGHTS on THE SHIRE. The barons, or tenants in chief, or freeholders by ,.
Doomsday-book, were 700 in number, but being split into small parts, were
greater and lesser, all of whom were entitled to sit in parliament; but the ‘

latter, or lesser barons, were allowed to choose two representatives, hence ‘
called knights of the shire, A. D. 1307.

KNIGHTS TEMPLARS. A religious and military order, instituted A. D. 1118. .
They came to England early in Stephen’s reign, and settled at the Temple .

, in London; and at other places in the reign of Henry II. All the knights
were arrested in France in one day, being charged with great Crimes, ancli

‘ possessing great riches; fifty-nine of them were burnt alive at Paris in Oct“,

     

1;“ ' DICTIONARY or DATES. 387

1307. Those in England were all seized the same year. Their order was
abolished by Philip the Fair of France, at the council of Vienne, in 1312;
and many thousands were subsequently massacred, their wealth being given
to the knights of Malta. See Malta.

; KNIVES. First made in England i111563. They were the earliest branch of

~ cutlery and were first manufactured by one Mathews, of Fleet—Bridge, Lon-

. don, 5th Elia, 1563.———C/zmnbcrlain’s England, edit. 1083. See For/ts.

_ KORAN, on ALKORAN or MAHOMET, written about A. n. 610. Its general
aim was, to unite the professions of Idolatry and the Jews and Christians in
the worship of one God (whose unity was the chief point ineuleated), under
certain laws and ceremonies, exacting obedience to Mahomct as the pro-
phet. It was written in the Koreish Arabic, and this language, which cer-
tainly possessed every fine quality, was said.to be that of paradise. Maho~
met asserted that the Koran was revealed to him, during a period of twenty-

. three years, by the angel Gabriel. The style of this volume is beautiful,

' fluent, and concise, and where the majesty and attributes of God are de—

’ scribed, it is sublime and magnificent. Mahomet admitted the divine mis-
sion both of Moses and Jesus Christ—Dr. Jar-tin. The leading artitile of
faith which this impostor preached, is compounded of an eternal truth, and
a necessary fiction. namely, that there is only one God, and that Mahomet

_ is the apostle of God—Gibbon. The Koran was translated into Latin in

i 1143; and into English and other European languages about 1763, et seq.

It is a rhapsody of 3000 verses, divided into 114 sections. See Alcomn;
Islamism; Mecca; .Ma/wmctism, 43%.

L.

’ LA HOGUE, BATTLE or, between the English and Dutch combined fleets, under

admirals Russel and Rooke, and the French fleet commanded by admiral
.~ Tourville. The English attacked the French near La Hogue, gaining a
splendid victory, burning thirteen of the enemy’s ships, destroying eight

more, forcing the rest to fly, and thus preventing a threatened descent upon .

. England, May 19, 1692.

“.LA PEROUSE‘S VOYAGE. It was commenced in 1785, when Perouse sailed
from France for the Pacific, with the Boussolc and Ash'olabe under his com-
mand. The last direct intelligence received from him was from Botany Bay,
in March 1788. Several expeditions were subsequently dispatched in search
of Perouse, but no certain information was had until captain Dillon, of the
East India ship Research, ascertained that the French ships had been cast
away on two different islands of the New Hebrides—a fat-e authenticated by

various articles of the wreck of these vessels, which capt. Dillon brought .>

with him to Calcutta, April 9, 1828, 40 years afterwards.

ff: . VENDEE, WAR or. The French Royalists here took to arms, and were
successful in a number of battles with the Republican armies, fought be-
tween July 12, 1793, and January 1, 1794, when they experienced a severe
reverse. Numerous other engagements were fought, with various success,
until this war terminated, Jan. 10, 1800.

BYRINTH. There were four most famous in history: the first was built by
Daedalus, in the island of Crete, to secure the Minotaur, about 1210 B. 0.;

 
 
   
 
  
 
  
  
  

' place, 683 B. 0.; and the fourth in Italy, erected by Porsenna, king of the
Hetruriae, about 520 B. c.—Pliny. The beauty and art of the labyrinth of

2 pt were almost beyond belief; it had 12 balls and 3000 chambers, with
' , ‘ .. rs, was encrusted with marble, and adorned with sculpture.——Herodq§ ' ,
= , ‘ labyrinth of Woodstock is famous from its connection with the stOfof

 

the second in Egypt in the isle of Moeris, by Psammeticus, king 01" that ;

 

  
 

388 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [LAM

Fair Rosamond, mistress of Henry 11.; there is a curious Maze at Hampton
Court that is much visited.

LACE. Mention is made of it as being of very delicate texture in France and
Flanders in 1320; and fine laces were much in use for ruffles and frills for
the men, and headdresses for the women, in the fifteenth century. Lace
was general in the court costume of Elizabeth’s reign. Dresden, Valencien-
nes, Mechlin, and Brussels, have long been famous for their fine lace. An
ounce weight of Flanders thread has been frequently sold for four pounds
in London, and its value when manufactured has been increased to forty f
pounds, ten times the price of standard gold.

LACEDEMON. See Sparta. Lelez begins the kingdom of Lelegia, in Laco—
nia, 1516 B. C. Eurotas gives his daughter Sparta in marriage to Lacedze—
mon, and makes him partner on the throne, 1490 B. c. The city of Sparta
was built about this time, and hence the name by which the country is most
known. The Lacedzemon republic became famous in history after 7 00 B. C.
particularly by the conquest of Athens. It was made a Roman province 71
B. c. The territory now belongs to the Turks.— Qttzocydides ; Priestley.

LADIES. The mistresses of manor-houses, in former times, served out to the
poor weekly with their own hands certain quantities of bread, and were
therefore called Lef-(Zag/s—two Saxon words signifying bread-giver, and the
words were at length corrupted, and the mistress is called to this day Lady,
that is, Leaf—day. The introduction of ladies to court, was first to that of
Louis XII. of France in 1499. As a title of honor, the title of lady properly
belongs only to the daughters of earls, and all of higher rank; but custom
has made it a term of complaisance for the wives of knights, and all women
of eminence or gentility. See Lard.

LADRON E ISLES. Discovered by Magellan, in 1520; they are eleven in num-
ber; at the island of Guam he first touched. Here, some of the natives
having stolen some of his goods, and showing a great disposition to theft,
he named the islands the Ladrmws, or Islands of Thieves, which they are
called to this day.

LADY DAY. This festival, the 25th March, was instituted about A. D. 350,

. according to some authorities, and not before the seventh century accord-

ing to others. On this day, the 25th of March, the angel Gabriel brought

to the Virgin Mary the message concerning her son Jesus; hence it is called

the Annunciation, and is celebrated in the Catholic church as one of its

chief feasts; and in the Reformed church also, on account of the con- .

nection between the circumstance commemorated and the Incarnation. In

England, before the alteration of the style, the new year began on the 25th
of March.

LA FAYETTE’S first visit to the United States, to aid the cause of American
independence ; he arrived at Charleston, April 25, 1777 , being then nineteen
years old. He raised a corps at his own expense ; was wounded at Brandy-
wine; employed in Rhode Island, 1778; visited France, promoting new re-
inforcements for the United States, and returned 1779. His triumphal
reception in the United States on a visit of pleasure, Aug. 13, 1824; re-
ceived from Cengress the sum of $200,000 and a township of land in reward
gel-lléis’jservices; returned to France in the frigate Brandywine, September

, 2- . '

LAMPS. See Lanterns. Lamps are mentioned in all the early ages; they
were in use in Egypt, Greece, and Rome.‘ The earthen lamp which Epic-
tetus the philosopher had in his study sold, after his death, for 3000
drachmas, A. D. 161. Lamps with horn sides Were the invention of Alfred.
'Lamps were in general use through the streets of London up to the close

   

  

hit] DICTIONARY or DATES. 3%

of the 18th century, as Were flambeaux which were carried by link—boys.

;, London streets were first lighted by oil—lamps in 1681 ; and with gas lamps

g in 1814. The domestic lamp is now of" elegant 111anufacture ; of this kind

‘ is the Argand lamp, brought into general use in England in 1785, et seq.
See Safety Lamp.

LANCASTERIAN SCHOOLS. On a system of education by means of mutual
instruction, propagated by Joseph Lancaster and Dr. Bell; they were not
much patronized till about 1808, when Lancaster’s system attracted general
attention, notwithstanding the prejudices that existed against the founder,
who had been laboring to introduce schools upon his economic plan from
1798. They became general in 1818, and there are now some hundreds of
them in England, and in London more than forty. They were founded in
Senegal, and were extensively instituted in Russia, in 1819.

LAND. Was let generally in England for 13'. per acre, 36 Henry VIII. 1544.

. The whole rental of the kingdom. was about 6,000,0005. in 1600. It was

about 14,000,000l. in 1688. In 1798 Mr. Pitt proposed his Income Tax of

10 per cent. 011 an estimate of 100 millions, taking the rent of land at 50

millions, the rent of houses at 10 millions, and the profits of trade at 40

millions; but in this estimate were exempted much land and the inferior

class of houses. See Income Tax. The rental of the United Kingdom has
been recently estimated in parliament at 127 millions, but authorities vary

much 011 the amount. See Public Lands, U. S.

LANDGRAVE. This is from land, and grew a count, a German title of do-
minion, which appears to have commenced in the eleventh century; it be-
came the title of the house of Hesse Cassel, about the year 1300; and the
rank was subsequently assumed by the branches of Hesse Homburg, Hesse
Philipstal, Hesse Darmstadt, &e. See Hesse.

, LANGSIDE, BATTLE or; between the forces of the regent of Scotland, the
if earl of Murray, and the army of Mary queen of Scots, in which the latter
suffered a complete defeat, May 15, 1568. Immediately after this last fatal
. battle, the unfortunate Mary fled to England, and landed at Workington, in
Cumberland, on May 16; and was soon afterwards imprisoned by Elizabeth.

LANGUAGE. Language must. either have been revealed originally from hea-
ven, or it is the fruit of human invention. The latter opinion is embraced by
Horace, Lucretius, Cicero, and most of the Greek and Roman writers; the
former opinion by the great majority of the Jews and Christians,and the pro-
foundest philosophers of France and England. It has been affirmed that
Hebrew was the language spoken by Adam : but others deny this, and say that
the Hebrew, Chaldee, and Arabic, are only dialects of the original, which has
for many ages been lost and unknown. Psammetieus the Powerful, desiring
to know the most ancient people and language on the earth, caused two
children to be kept f1 em all knowledge of the use of speech, until they
vs ere two yea1s old: they were then brought into his p1esence, and they
both pronounced the sound beccos, the Phoenician term for (need. He there-
fore gave the Phoenieian the precedence in point of antiquity, to all other
nations 647 B. c -—He70d0tus, Polyze71., Strabo.

.iLANGUAGES. Of the Hebrew, the Chaldee and Syriac are dialects. The
. o1iginal European ones ale thirteen, viz: Greek, Latin, Dutch Sclavonian,
spoken in the east; Welsh Biseayan spoken in Spain; Irish, Albanian, in
the mountains of Ep 11 us Tartarian, the old lllyrian. the Jazygian, remain-
ing yet in Liburnia; pthe Chaucin, in the north of Hungary, and the Finnic.
in East F1iesland. Arabic is the mothei tongue of Africa. From the Latin
sprung the Italian, French and Spanish, and from the Spanish the Portu-
f} 1.. guese The kaish is a mixed dialect of the Tartarian. From the High
“ " *Dutch, or Teutonic. sprang the Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, English Scot-cgh,

.v—,fi.u...y_1,/ an.

a 7“? "4;

~ au—v-«r: «mt

   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
    

 

 

    
 

390 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. I 14M

&c. There are 3664 known languages now used in the wo1ld. Of these,
937 a1e Asiatic; 587 European; 276 African; and 1624 American languages
and dialects ——Professor Adclmrg.

LANTF RN 8 In general use from a ve1y early date. Those of scraped horn
we1c i111 ented in England, it is said by Alfled, and it is supposed that horn
was used for window-lights also, as glass was not known in Alfred s reign,
A. D 8'2- 901. —S[owes C/mm. London was lighted by suspended lanterns,
with glass sides, A. D. 1415. The pellueid laminae of the ox how has served
for ages for the sides of lanterns instead of glass, and for many uses are
preferred. See article, Lamps.

LAOCOON. This exquisite work of art, executed in marble, is universally
allowed to be the triumph of Grecian sculpture. It was modelled by Ages-
ander, Athenodorus, and Polydorus all of Rhodes, and of great eminence
as statuaries; and in all ages, and by all nations, this beautiful group is
allowed to be the greatest victory of art that has ever been achieved by
human hands.

LATERAN, COUNCILS on THE. They were held in the Basilica of the La-
terarr, at Rome. Of these councils there were five: by the first, the right
of investitures was settled between pope Calixtus II. and the emperor Henry
V., 1122 , by the second council was secured the temporalities of ecclesias-
ties, 1139, the third was to denounce schismatics, 1179; the fourth on
church afi‘airs, attended by 400 bishops and 1000 abbots ; and the fifth was
the famous council of Julius II., 1512.

LATHE, for turning ivory, wood, iron, and other substances, so as to shape
them to the views of the artist, was originally an instrument of rude
construction, invented by Talus, a grandson of Daedalus, about 1240 13.0.
Pliny ascribes the invention to Theodore of Samos. Modern lathe engines
frequently cost thousands of pounds.

LATIN LANGUAGE. One of the thirteen original languages of Europe, and
from which sprang the Italian, French, and Spanish. It is named after the
Latini, and the Latini from Latinns, their king. A vast portion of our most
beautiful and expressive words are de1ived flour the Latin. It ceased to be
spoken in Italy, about A. D. 581; and 11 as Inst taught in England by Adel-
mus, brother of Ina, in the seventh centur1.D111ing six or seven hundred
years the Latin tongue prevailed in all public proceedings from the Tweed
to the Euphrates, and from the Danube to Mount Atlas, and has been more
or less retained even to this day. In England it was ordered to be discon-
tinued in conveyancing, and in courts of law, in 1781.

LATITUDE First determined by Hipparchus of Nice, about 170 B. c. It 1s
the extent of the earth or of the hem ens, 1eekoned from the equator to
either pole Maupcrtuis, in latitude 66. 20: measured a degree of latitude,
and made it 69 498 he measured it in 1737. Swanbcrg, in 1803 made it
69.292. At the equator in 1744, four astronomers made it 68.732; and
Lambton, in latitude 12, made it 68. 743. Mndge, in England made it
69.148. Cassini, in France, in 1718 and 1740, made it 69.12; and Biot,
68 769, while a recent measule in Spain makes it but 68 63~—less than at
the equator“ , and contradicts all the othe1s, pro11n<r the earth to be a pr 0-
late spheroid, which was the opinion of Cassini, bBernouilli, Euler, and
others, while it has more generally been regarded as an oblate spheroid.

LATIUM. Now the city of Romania; built by Latinus, king of Janiculum,
who gave his name to the country, calling his subjects Latines 904 B. c.
Lanrentum was the capital of the country 111 the reign of Latinus, Lavinium
under ZEneas, and Alba under Ascanius. The Latins, though originally
known only among their neighbors, soon lose in rank when Romulus had
founded the city of Rome inb their country.

 

my». .14.. :1 .........- .. 1 , , ,

   
   

 

 

DICTIONARY or DATES. 39.

  
   
  
   
 
   
   
  
  
   
   
   
   
  
   
 
   
  
  
 
 
 
  
   
 
  
  
   
  
   
  
  
 
   
   
   
 
   
  

,1LATTER- DAY SAINTS. A new sect, whose principles are variously repre.
' sented. B) some 110 me told that tl1ei1 tenets do not vaiymuch f1 0m those
of the Chu1ch of England the Scriptmes without mysticism, being the
foundation of them. zDBy others it is said that they assume the power of
curing the sick, resisting, the operations of the deadliest poisons, and work-
ing miracles of several kinds ; and maintain that this is the last generation
of men. They have appeared in Hertfordshire, Lancashire, and Yorkshire;
and an address was published by them at Manchester, in May, 1840. Great
numbers of these fanatics have lately emigrated to the United States.

LAWS, ANCIENT. The laws of Phoroneus, in the kingdom of Argos, 1807
B. c., were the first Attic laws, reduced to a system by Draco, for the Athe—
nians, 623 B. c.; but the latter code was afterwards superseded by that of
Solon 578 B. C. The Spartan laws of Lycurgus were made 884 B. c. ; they
remained in full force for 700 years, and are calculated to raise our admira-
tion, as well by their singularity, as by the effect they had in forming a race
of men totally different from all others living in civilized society. The Roman
laws were founded on those of Phoroneus. The Gregorian and Hermoginian
codes were published in A. D. 290. The Theodosian code in 435. The J 111:-
tinian code. in 529, and the digest, in 538.—Bla£r. See Civil Law.

LAWS, BRITISH. The British laws of earliest date were translated into the
Saxon, in A. D. 590. The Saxon laws of Ina were published in 709. Alfred’s
code of laws, which is the foundation of the common law of England, was
compiled in 887, but in use previously Edward the Confessor pl omulgated
his laws, in 1065. Step hens charter of general liberties 1136; Henry 11. s
confirmation of it, 1154 and 1175 The bmaritimelaws of Richa1d I. 57.1194
See article Oleron. Magna Chart-a, by king John, 1°15. Its confirmation
byHen1y111.,1216, et 381]. See ZkTagna Cltmta and For’cs. s Charm of the.
C(y:lebrated declaration made by the lord chief justice of the King’ s Bench,
‘ That no fiction of law shall ev c1 so 1211 prevail against the ieal t1 uth 0ftl1e
fact as to pre1ent the execution of justice ” May 21,1784.——Lord Almtsfleld.

LAW’S BUBBLE. The most ruinous speculation of modern times. The pro-
ject01, John Law. of Edinburgh, raised himself to the dignity of comptioller-
gene1al of the finances of France upon the strength or a scheme for esta-
blishing a bank, an East India, and a Mississippi company, by the profits of
which the national debt of France 11 as to be paid 011'. He first ofil 1ed his
plan to Victor Amadeus, king of Sardinia, who told him he was not powerful
enough to ruin himself. The French ministry accept-ed it in 1710; and in
1716, he opened a bank' in his own name, undei the p1 otection of the duke
of Orleans, regent of France: and most of the people of propeity of e1e1 y 1
rank In that kingdom, seduced by the prospect of 1mmense gains, subscribed
both 111 the bank and the companies. In 1718 Law’s was declared a Royal
bank, and the shares 10se to upwards of twenty fold the original value, so
that 1n 1719, they were w 01th more than eighty times the amount of all the
current specie in Fiance. But the following yea1 this great fabiic of false
credit fell to the ground, and almost overthrew the Fiench government,
ruining tens of thousands of families. It is remarkable that the same des~
perate game was played by the South Sea dir ect01s in England, in the same
fatal year, 1720. —H£st. of France, Nouv. Diet.

LAWYERS. The pleaders of the bar, called barristers, are said to have been
first appointed by Edwa1d1.or in his reign, 1291. Serjeants. the highest
members of the ban, are alone peimitted to plead in the court of Common
Pleas. The first king’s counsel under the degree of serjeant was sir Francis
Bacon in 1604. There are about 1200 ba1 risteis in England: and the num-
, ber of lawyers in England and Wales, counting London and country after
wueys solicitors, &c., is about 14 000. A list of 19 527 p1actising lawyer! m
the United States. was published 1n New-York, 1850.

 

   

.392 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [ 12m »_

LEAD. Is found in various countries, and is abundant in various parts of Bri- i4;
train, and in some places richly mixed with silver ore. The famous Clydes- ‘
dale mines were discovered in 1513. The lead mines of Cumberland and
Derbyshire yield about 15,000 tons per anmtm. The finest sort of black lead, _
that most fit for pencils, is produced only at Borrowdale, but there in great
quantities. Leaden pipes for the conveyance of water were brought into use
in 1236. ‘

LEAGUES, POLITICAL AND RELIGIOUS. The League of the Public Good,
was one betWeen the dukes of Burgundy, Brittany, and Bourbon, and other
princes against Louis XI. of France, in 1464. The League of Cambray was
entered into in 1508. The Holy League against Louis XII., 1510. The
League of Smalcald, 1529. The League of the Beggars (the Protestants so
called, though Catholics joined the league) to oppose the institution of the
Inquisition in Flanders, 1560. The League. so denominated by way of emi-
nence. to prevent the accession of Henry IV. of France, who was then of the
reformed religion was commenced in 1576. The League of ‘Wurtzburg,
1610. League against the emperor, 1626. Solemn Leagxe and Covenant in
Scotland against the episcopal government of the church, and the regal
authority, 13 Charles 1., 1638. League of Augsburg, 1686.

LEAP-YEAR. on BISSEXTILE. The Leap-year originated with the astrono-
mers ot‘Julius Ceesar, 45 13. 0. They fixed the solar year at 365 days 6 hours,
comprising, as they thought, the period from one vernal equinox to another;
the six hours were set aside, and at the end of four years, formingr a day, the
fourth year was made to consist of 366 days. The day thus added was
called intercalary, and was added to February. See Bisscrrtile. This almost
perfect arrangement was denominated the Julian style, and prevailed through-
out the Christian world till the time of pope Gregory X.IlI., in 1582, when

, the calendar was altered to its present state. See Calendar. The difference
between 865 days 6 hours, and 365 days 5 hours, 48 minutes, 51 seconds,
and 6 decimals, which last is the true length of the astronomical year, in
the course of years caused 1700 and 1808 not to be leap-years, nor will 1900
be a leap-year; but the year 2000 will be one. See Julian Yea/7‘, Gregorian
Calendar, 43-6. ,

LEARNING AND THE ARTS. These were carried to their height among the
Greeks during the fourth century B. c.; and with the Romans with the com-
mencement ot‘ the Christian era. On the death of Augustus they declined
until the refugees from Greece caused them to revive in Italy, about A. D.
1250. Learning had been found so to obstruct the tyranny of the emperors,
that mathematicians and philosophers were, by several decrees, banished from
Rome, A. D. 16, and 89, et seq. After the dark ages, came Brunet-to, Latini,

and numerous enlightened men; and Leo X., about 1513, gave vast encou-
ragement to literature and the arts.

The illustrisus Medici family greatly promoted learning in Italy, about 1550.
-—-Fontana. And about this time literature began to flourish in France,
Germany, and England. The reign of Anne has been called by some the
“golden,” by others, the “Augustan age ” of English literature.

LEATHER. It was very early known in Egypt and Greece, and, the thongs of
manufactured hides were used for ropes, harness, &c., by all ancient nations.
The Gordian knot was made of leather thongs, 330 B. c. The ancients un-
derstood the art of tanning leather. and it was practised early in England,
and great improvements made in it up to 1795. Leather is converted into
many uses: a leathern cannon was proved at Edinburgh, fired three times,
and found to answer, Oct. 23, 1788.——-P}Lillips. The duty on leather produced
annually in England, 450,000l., and in Ireland, about 50,0001. It was abolish-
ed in both countries, May 29, 1830.

 

DICTIONARY or DATES. 83%

   
  
  
   
   
  
  
  
 
   
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
 
   
  
    
 
    
  
  
  
   
 
   
 
  
   
  
   
   
 
   
  

.LEGHORN. Livorno. This city suffered dreadfully by an earthquake in 1741.
It was entered by the French army in the revolutionary war, J 11] y 17, 1796,
but the immense amount of British property then there had been previously
removed. Leghorn was evacuated by the French in 1799, and was retaken
the following year. It was unsuccessfully attacked by the British and Ital-
ian allied forces, in Dec. 1813. c

. LEGION. The Legit) was a corps of soldiers in the Roman armies, and was first
formed by Romulus under whom it consisted of 3000 foot and 300 horse,
about 750 B. c. When Hannibal was in Italy, 216 B. 0., the legion consisted
of 5000 soldiers; and under Marius, in 88 B. c. it was 6200 soldiers, besides
700 horse. There were ten and sometimes as many as eighteen legions kept
at Rome. Augustus maintained a standing army of twenty-five legions,
about 5 B. 0.; and the peace~establishment of Adrian was thirty of these
formidable brigades. The peace of Britain was protected by three legions,
A legion was divided into 10 cohorts, and every cohort into 6 centuries, with
a vexillum, or standard guarded by 10 men. '

‘, LEGION or HONOR. A military order in France, embracing all distinctions
in the army, and including in its incorporation civil ofiicers, and all such
individuals as have eminently distinguished themselves for services to the
state, military deeds, and for public virtue; instituted by Napoleon Bona-
parte, when first consul, May 18, 1802. On the restoration of the Bourbon
family, Louis XVIII. confirmed this order, April 1814.

; LEIPSIC. Famous for its university and its fair. Here Gustavus Adolphus,
» king of Sweden, defeated the Imperialists, Sept. 7, 1631. The siege of Leip-
sic was sustained in 1637. Leipsic was taken by the Prussian army, 1756. In
the same year, the Austrians laid siege to Liepsic in vain, but they took it
two years afterwards, though they did not retain it long. In the late wars
' it has frequently fallen into adverse hands. See next article.

LEIPSIC. BATTLE bu. One of the greatest, most sanguinary, and decisive of
L modern times, between the French army, commanded by Napoleon, on the
one side, and the Austrian, Russian, and Prussian armies on the other; the
former 160,000, and the latter 240,000 strong. This great battle was lost
by the French, chiefly owing to 17 German battalions, their Saxon allies,
turning upon them in the heat of" the engagement. 80,000 men perished in
the field, of whom more than 40,000 were French, who also lost 65 pieces of
artillery, and many standards. The victory of the allies was followed by
the capture, next day, of Leipsic, and of the rear-guard of the French army.
The king of Saxony and his family were also made prisoners; and the em-
peror of Austria and Russia, the king of Prussia, and crown prince of Swe-
den, entered Leipsic immediately after the battle, Oct. 16 and 18, 1813.

‘NT. The quadragesimal fast observed in the Catholic church, from Ash-
Wednesday (which see) to Easter-day, and supposed to be of apostolic institu—
tion. The primitive Christains did not commence their Lent until the Sunday
which is now called thefirst Sunday of Lent: and the four days beginning
were added by pope Felix III., in the year 487, in order that the number of
fasting days should amount to forty. Lent was first observed in England
by command of Ercombert, king of Kent, in 640. Baker’s Citron.

_ ' 'ANTO. BATTLE or. The great naval engagement between the combined-
fleets of Spain, Venice, and Pius V., and the whole maritime force of the
Turks. Don John of Austria commanded the Christian fleet, which consist—
'3 ed of 206 galleys, and 30,000 men, While the Turks had 250 galleys, of
which, after a. dreadful conflict, they saved but 100, losing 30,000 men in

1 killed and prisoners; and thus was prostrated for a time the naval power of
«,Eurkey, Oct. 7, 1571.— Voltaire. ’-

17"I

 

   
  
 
 
  
   
   
    
    
   
   
   
 
   
     
  
   
   
  
   
   
  
   
   
   
   
 
   
  

394 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. {m

LETTERS. Those of the alphabet were invented by Memnon, the Egyptian,
1822 B. c.—Usher, Blair. The first letter of the Phoenician and Hebrew
alphabet was alep/L, called by the Greeks alpha, and abbreviated by other
nations to A. The letters, both in the ancient and modern languages, so
vary in number and sound, that a volume might be written in describing the
alphabets which are known. See Alphabet.

LETTERS or MARQUE AND REPRISAL. These are licenses, first issued in
England by Edward 1., for the seizure of the enemy’s vessels, and for repri-
sal and retaliation upon the enemy on the sea—Rymer‘s Fade-m. They were
first granted in 1205.—Bahe¢’s Citron. They are usually granted in time of
war to private armed ships, and do great mischief to the commerce of
belligerent nations—P021101.

LETTERS DP. CACHET. These instruments of oppression were so much in
use by the French government previously to the Revolution, that one of the
earliest acts of the National Assembly was to denounce them, and decree

their abolition. and the abolition of arbitrary imprisonment, Nov. 1, 1789.—
Hisl. of [he French Rerol.

LEUCTRA, BATTLE OF. One of the most famous of ancient history, fought at
the village of Leuctra, between Platzea and Thespia, between the Thebans,
under Epaminondas, and the superior force of Cleombrotus, king of Sparta,
the victory being with the former. In this battle, Cleombrotus and 4000
Lacedemonians, were slain, and not more than 300 Thebans; July 8, 371
n. c. From this day the Spartans lost their preponderance in Greece,
which they had maintained for about 500 years, and it passed to the
’1‘hebans,——Plutarch. Xenephon says MOO, out of whom 400 were Spartans.

LEVELLERS. Men whose purpose is to destroy superiority, and bring all
. things to a level or cquality.——Collier. There were various associations of '
this kind. The most extraordinary was that of which Muncer and Storck
were the chiefs. These two began by pulling down all the images in the
churches which Luther had left standing; and then, finding an army in their
followers, they became levellers, and Muncer openly taught that all distinc-
tions of rank were nsurpations on the rights of mankind. At the head of
40,000 men, he wrote to the sovereign princes in Germany and to the ma-
gistrates of cities to resign their authority; and on his march to enforce
these principles of equality and reformation, his followers ra’vaged the coun-
try. The landgrave of Hesse at length defeated him; 7000 of the enthusi-
asts fell in battle, and the rest, with their leader, fled; he was taken and be-
headed at Mulhausen, in 1525.~—Nouv. Diet. Hist. At the period of the French
Revolution some knots of persons styled levellers appeared in England.

LEWES, BATTLE 01-. Between Henry 1.11., king of England, and Montfort,
earl of Leicester, and the rebellious barons, fought May 14, 1264.‘ In this
battle the royal army was overthrown, and the king, his brother. Richard
king of the Romans, his son. and prince Edward, afterwards Edward I.,
were taken prisoners. One division of four of Montfort’s army, a body of
Londoners, gave way to the furious attack of prince Edward, who pursuing
the fugitives too far, caused the battle to he lost. From this time Montfort
used his power so despotieally as to be in the end the cause of his own de-
struction. See Eresham.

LEXICOGRAPHY. Morrison mentions a standard dictionary in the Chinese“
_ language of 40,000 hieroglyphic characters, as having been compiled 1100 .:
B. 0. Numerous dictionaries appeared inEurope about the close of the fif- ‘
teenth and beginning of the sixteenth century. Calipini’s dictionary ap-

7, peared about A. D. 1500. The Lexicon Heptaglotton was published in 1759. ,
See article, Dictionary. ;
LEXINGTON, BATTLE or. This battle claims distinction as being the first I
fought between Great Britain and the United States of America, in the war I

   
  
   
 
   
  
   
 
  
   
  
  
    
 
   
   
   
   
   
   
 
  
  
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
 
   
  
  

laminar or urns. u

-. of independence. The British troops, under Major Pitcairn, sent from Bos-
ton to destroy the American stores at Lexington, were attacked by the
Americans and 273 of them were killed and wounded, April 19,1715.

LEYDEN SIEGE or. A memorable siege sustained against the a11111es of Spain
and during which 6000 of the inhabitants died of famine and pestilence. A. D.
1574. In commemoration of this long siege, a university was founded ce-
lebrated for its colleges and medicinal garden, and valuable 11111 ary 1575.
'lhe university was almost dest1o37ed by the catastrophe ot a vessel laden
with 10, 000 lbs. weight of gunpowder blowing 11p, and demolishing a large
pait of the town, and killing numbers of people, Jan. 1807

‘ LIBEL. By the laws of Rome (those of the XII. Tables), libels which affected
the reputation of another, were made capital offences. In the British law,
what-ever renders a man ridiculous, or 1011 (.15 a man in the opinion or esteem
ol‘ the world is deemed a libel. The greatei the t111th, the g1eator the
libel,” the well- known law maxim of a high authei 1t3, is now disputed.
Among the most remaikable cases of libel we1e. viz. Lord Gemge Gor-
don s libel on the queen of France for which he \1 as sentenced to 1111111 150n-
ment {'01 five yeais and fined 500l. Jan.28, 1788. The Times’ libel on
the prince of Wales, after11a1 (ls Geor ge IV“ Feb. 1790. The Morning Post’ 3
libel on lady Elizabeth Lambert damages 4000l. J ulvE) 1792 Peltier s libel
on Napoleon Bonaparte, i11L’A/7Lbigzt, of which he. “as found guilty, Feb
21 1803. Act against blasnhemous and seditious libels, punishing the of—
fender by banishment for the second olience passed in England 1820. Act
regulating the law of libel in Engl and. July 1830. By statute in New York
and Massachusetts, the truth may be a justification, if the publication was
made with good motives and for justifiable ends.

LIBERIA. Colony in West Africa, founded by colored people sent out by
‘ American Colonizatwn Society, 1822; Jehudi Ashmun was the first super-
intendent of the colony; new Constitution—Roberts elected president——
Oct. 5, 1847; ratification of a treaty of commerce with Great Britain, Au-
gust 1,1849.

LIBERTINES. A sect distinguished by its monstrous doctrines. Its heads
‘ were persons named Quintin and Corin. They maintained that whatever
was done by men was done by the Spirit of God, and that there was no
sin but to those who thought so; that to live without any doubt or sex uplc
was to retuin to the state of mnocency; that the soul died with the body, -
that heaven 11 as a d1eam, and hell a phantom; religion a mere state trick,
with manv other monstrous opinions. This sect aiose in 11. D. 1525; and
the term libertine has been held in a bad sense ever since

LIBRARY The first public library of which we have any certain account in
3‘ history was founded at Athens, by Pisistratus, 544 B. c. T he second of any
,_ note was founded by Ptolemy Philadelp hus, 284 B. c. It was nearly de-
stroyed when Julius Caesar set fire to Alexandria, 47 B. C. 400 000 valuable
books 1n MS. are said to have been lost by this catastrophe. ~Blair. The
‘. first private library was the property of Aristotle 334 B c. ——S[1 11120 The
first library at Rome was instituted 167 B. C. it “as biought from Ma~
cedonia. The library of Apellicon was sentto Rome, by Sylla, from Athens,
, 86 B. C. This libraryy was enriched by the original manuscripts of Alistotle’s
1‘, . 1- works. A library was founded at Constantinople by Constantine the Great,
' 5about A. D. 335; it was destroyed in 477. A second library was formed
‘. from the remains of the first, at Alexandria, by Ptolemy’s successors, con-
. listing of 700,000 volumes, which was totally destroyed by the Saracens, who
heated the water of their baths for six months, by burning books instead
11,, wood, by command of Omar, caliph of the Saracens, in 642. --No'zw.
“ . ' 1 t. Hist. Pepe Gregory I. ordered that the library of the Palatiu

 

   
  
   
   
  
    
   
    
   
 
   
 
  
  
   
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
   

396 THMRLD’S PROGRESS. [ mi

Apollo should be committed to the flames, under the notion of confining the
clergy to the attention of the Scriptures. From that time, all ancient learn-
ing which was not sanctioned by the authority of the church, has been
emphatically distinguished as profane in opposition to sacred. The early
Chinese literature suffered a similar misfortune to that of the west in the
destruction of the Alexandrian library; their emperor, Chee-wliang—tee,
ordered all writings to be destroyed, that every thing might begin anew as
from his reign ; and books and records were afterwards recovered by suc-
ceeding emperors with great difficulty.

LIBRARIES IN EUROPE. There are in Europe 383 public libraries, contain-
ing over 10,000 volumes each. The number of books which are thus pub-
licly accessible are in this proportion, viz. : in Saxony, for every 100 inhabit-
ants, there are 417 books; in Denmark, 412; in Bavaria, 339; in Tuscany,
261; in Prussia, 200; in Austria 167; in France, 129; in Belgium, 95; in
Great Britain, 53. The first public library in Europe, before the invention
of printing is said to have been founded by Richard de Bury, chancellor of
England, as early as 1341. The first in Italy was founded by Nicholas
Niccoli, one of the great restorers of learning; at his death he left his li-
brary for the use of the public, A. D. 1436. It was enlarged by Cosmo de
Medici. The first permanent libraries were, Turin Univ., 1436; Vienna,
(imperial,) 1440; Vatican, 1465; &c. See table, below. ‘

In the following tables, the libraries containing less than 10,000 volumes
each (of which there are, in France alone, at least seventy or eighty,) are
not taken into the account:

France has 107 Public Li- Saxony has 6 containing 554.000 vols
braries, containing 4,000,000 vols. Bavaria “ 17 do. 1,267,000 “
Belgium has 14 (10. 538,000 “ Denmark “ 5 do. 645,000 “
Prussia. “ 44 do. 2,400,000 “ Tuscany “ 9 do. . 411,000 “
Austria “ 48 do. 2,400,000 “ G. Britain“ 33 do. 1,771,493 “
Taking the capital Cities we find the following results :—
Paris has 9 Public Li- Dresden has4 containing 340,500 vols.
braries, containing 1,474,000 vols. Munich “ 2 do. 800,000 “
Brussels has 2 (10. 143,500 “ Copenhagen “ 3 do. 557,000 “
Berlin “ 2 do. 530,000 “ Florence “ 6 do. 318.000 “
Vienna “ 3 do. 453,000 “ London “ 4 do. 490,500 “ .
Milan “ 2 do. 230,000 “

Arranging these libraries according to their extent, they would stand as
follows 2——

. Founded. Vols. Founded. Vols.
Paris (1) National Lib., 1595 824,000 Milan, Brerea Lib., 1797 170,000
Munich, Royal Lib., . 1550 600,000 Paris (3), St. Genevieve, 1624 150,000
Petersburg Imperial Lib., 446,000 Darmstadt, Grand Ducal, 1760 150,000
London, British Museum, 1753 435,000 Florence. Magliabecchian, 1714 > 150,000
Copenhagen, Royal Lib., 1550 412,000 Naples, Royal Lib., 150,000
Berlin. Royal 1.1111,. 1650 410,000 Brussels, Royal Lib., 1839 133,500
Vienna, Imperial Lib., 1440 313,000 Rome (1), Casanate Lib. 1760 120,000
Dresden, Royal Lib., 1656 300,000 Hague, Royal Lib., 100,000
Madrid National Lib., . 1712 200,000 Paris (4), Mazarine Lib., 1661 100,000
Wolfenbuttel, Ducal Lib., 1604 200,000 Rome (2), Vatican Lib., 1465 100,000
Stuttgard. Royal Lib., 1765 187,000 Parma, Ducal Lib., 1760 100,000
Paris (2) Arsenal Lib., 1781 180,000
The chief Univers1ty Libraries may be ranked in the following order :—
Founded. Vols. Founded. Vols.

Gotiingen, Universit Lib., 1736 360,000 Vienna, University Lib., 1777 115,000
Breslau, University ib., 1811 250,000 Leipsic, University Lib., 1544 112,000
Oxford, Bodleian Lib., 1597 220,000 Copenhagen, University Lib., 1730 110,000
‘I‘ubin en, Universit Lib., 1562 200,000 Turin, University Lib., 1436 110,000
Munic , University 1b., 200,000 Louvaine University le., 1639 105,000
Heidelburg, University Lib., 1703 200,000 Dublin, Trinity College Lib., 104,239

Cambridg‘ej, Public Lib., 1484 166,724 Upsal, University Lib., 1621 100, ,
Bologna, niversity Lib., 1690 150,000 1 Erlangen, University Lib., 1743 100 '
Prague, University Lib., 1777 130,000 l Edinburgh, Univ. Lib., 1582' 90,354 . .

 

“I DICTIONARY or DATES. 397

   
  
    
   
   
  
  
    
  
 
   
  
  
   
 
   
 
  
    
     
   
      
 
  
  
   
  
    
  
    
   

The largest Libraries in Great Britain are those of the

. ‘ Founded. Vols. Founded. Vols.
1 British Museum, London, 1753 435,000 Royal Institution, London,
2 Bodleian, Oxford, 1598 220,000 London Institution,

3 University, Cambridn'e, 1484 166,724 London Library,

4 Advocates, Edinburgh, 1682 148,000 Sion College, (Soc.

5 Trinity College, Dublin, 1601, 104,239

LIBRARIES IN THE UNITED STATES. The number of volumes in the chief
public and college libraries of‘ the United States .‘n 1849, was stated to be
1,294,000. The number of libraries is 182. Of' these, 43 contain over
10,000 volumes each; 9 over 20,000; and only 2 over 50,000. In 1849 the
precedence of the largest as to numbers stood thus:

- Vols. Vols.

1 Harvard College, including Divin- 6 Mercantile Library, New York - 32,000
ity and Law Schools - ~ 72,000 7 Georgetown College, D. C. - 25,000
2 Philadelphia and Loganian Library 60,000 8 Brown University - - - 24,000,
3 Boston Athenaeum, - - - 50,000 9 New York State Library - - 24,000
4 Library of Congress - - - 50,000 l0 Yale College - - - - 21,000
5 New York Society Library - - 32,000 11 Astor Library, New York - - 20,000

The Astor Library is scarcely yet opened, and the building is not yet erected.
The Smithsonian Institute at Washington has not yet commenced collecting
its library. The number of volumes in the School District libraries of the
State of New York, in 1849. was 1838,848. There are 10,621 school dis-
tricts, and 1,785 incorporated or private schools. The mercantile libraries,
chiefly for merchants’ clerks, in the large cities, are of comparatively recent
date and of great utility. That in New York was founded in 1820, and
contains 32,000 volumes; in Boston, founded 1820, contains 7,637 volumes;
in Philadelphia, founded 1822, contains 12| 200 volumes. There are similar
ones in Baltimore, Cincinnati. St. Louis, Troy, &c.

The public libraries containing over 5000 volumes, were distributed (accord-
ing to evidence in the British Museum Report in 1849) thus :—

Vols. Vols.

1 Alabama, hasl Public Library, 6,000 Brought up, 34, 454,366

2 Columbia, Dist. of, has 2, 53,000 12 New Jersey, has 3, 28,500

3 Connecticut, “ 6, 81,449 13 New York, “ 12, 157,411

4 Georgia, “ 1, 13,000 14 North Carolina, “ 1, 10,000

5 Kentucky, “ 1, 7,000 15 Ohio, “ 1, 30,497

6 L0uis1ana, “ 1, 5,500 16 Pennsylvania, “ 14, 159,200

7 Maine, “ 3, 38,860 17 Rhode Island, “ 3, 37,185

8 Maryland, “ 1, 12,000 18 South Carolina, “ 2, 30,000

0 Massachusetts, “ 14, 200,000 19 Tennessee, “ 2, 16,000

10 Missouri, “ 2, 14,300 20 Vermont, “ 2, 16,254
11 New Hampshire, “ 2, 22,500 21 Virginia, “ 4, 41,000
34, 454,366 Total - - - 81, 930,134

The above estimate is perhaps below the mark, and does not include school,
parish and town libraries, which are numerous, but of moderate extent.
The city of Paris alone has 1,474,000 volumes, in large public libraries; i. e.
half as many again as the whole of the United States. See Parl. Rep. Brit.

Mus. ,- Prof. Jewett’s Rep. Smithsonian Inst. ,- G. Livermore in N. Amer. Rea,
July 1850, 43-5.

UEGE. Formerly called, on account of the number of its churches and con.
‘ vents, “the paradise of priests. the purgatory of men, and the hell of we.
men.” In the time of Louis XI. of France, A.D. 1461, Liege was a large
and wealthy place, and the prince bishop was a prelate of almost soverei n
power. Taken by the English under the duke of Marlborough, in 17 ‘;
j ’ and by the French and other powers, at various times, up to 1796, when it

as annexed to France. Liege was incorporated with the Netherlands, in
"814.

 

 

398 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. {m

LIGHT-HOUSES. They were erected by all the ancient commercial people,

LlG-URIAN REPUBLIC. Founded in June, 1802, upon the ruins of that of

LIMA. See America and Columbia. In 1524, Pizarro, marching through Peru,

LINEN. A fabric of very remote antiquity. Pharaoh arrayed Joseph in ves-

LINNZEAN SYSTEM. The system of Botany of the eminent Linné. a. Swede,

LISBON. The Moors are said to have given the name of Lisboa to this city

LISLE, SIEGE or. Lisle was besieged by the duke of Marlborough and the

. land. and there established the linen manufacture. It was liberally encou-

 
    
   
    
  
 
 
     
 
    
    

and called T0729, or pillars, as those of Hercules, near Gibraltar; that of
Pharos, at Alexandria, 550 feet high, and visible forty—two miles; the Pharos
of Messina; the Colossus of Rhodes, &c. There are forty-two round the
coasts of England. fifteen on the east coast, thirteen in the English channel,
and fourteen in the Irish channel. There are seventeen on the Scottish
coasts, and twenty-six on the Irish coasts.

Genoa. The doge of this new republic was solemnly invested at Genoa,
August 10, 1802. The Ligurian republic was incorporated with France, it
having demanded a union with the latter country, May 25, 1805. It merged
into the kingdom of Italy.

was struck with the beauty of the valley of Rimac, and there he founded a.
city, and gave it the name of Ciadad dc [as Reg/es, or City of the Kings.
This Spanish name it retains in all legal deeds, but it is better known as
Lima. Awful earthquakes occurred here, since solemnly commemorated by
annual festivals, A. D. 1586, 1680, 1687, and October 28, 1746. In the last it
was almost totally destroyed, as well as Callao, which see.

tures of fine linen—Gen. xli. 42. This article was first manufactured in
England by Flemish weavers, under the protection of Henry III.. 1253.
Before this period woollen shirts were generally worn. A company of linen
weavers established itself in London, in 1368, and the art of staining linen
became known in 1579. A colony of Scots in the reign of James I., and
other Presbyterians who fled from persecution in that country in the suc-
ceeding inglorious reigns. planted themselves in the northeast part of Ire-

raged by the lord deputy VVentworth, in 1634. Hemp, tlax, linen, thread,
and yarn, from Ireland, were permitted to be exported duty free.1696.
This law gave rise to the subsequently improved state of the manufacture
there. The Irish Linen Board was established in 1711 ; the Linen~hall, Dub-
lin. was opened, 1728; the board was abolished in 1828. Dunfermline in
Fifoshire. Dundee in Angusshire, and Barnsley in Yorkshire, are, in Great
Britain, chief seats of the linen manufacture.

or, as his name is Latinized, Linnaeus, was commenced about 1725—30; and
his first great work was a dictionary of 7300 plants arranged in classes,
orders and genera; he classed the plants according to the number and situ-
ation of the sexual parts, and made the flower and fruit the test of his vari—
ous genera. The Linnaean Society in London was instituted in 178.8, and
was incorporated March 26, 1802.

when they conquered it, A. D. 716. It was made the capital of Portugal by
Emanuel, 1506. Lisbon was almost destroyed by an earthquake, November
1, 17 55. See Earthquakes. It became a point of the late war and the court
fled to the Brazils, November, 1807. in which month (the 30th) the French
army under Junot entered Lisbon, and held possession of it until the battle
of Vimeira, in which they were defeated by the British, under sir Arthur
Wellesley, August 21, 1808. Insurrection at Lisbon, August 21, 1881. Mas-
sacre at Lisbon, June 9, 1834. See Portugal.

allies; and though its immense fortifications were deemed impregnable, it
was taken after a three months’ siege, in 1708. It was restored by the treaty _-
of Utrecht, in 1713, in consideration of the demolition of the fortifications l

 

' J mononanr or barns. Sag

  
  
  
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
   
 
 
  
 
  

of Dunkirk: this siege is reckoned one of the most famous of modern his-
tory. In the Revolutionary war, Lisle sustained a severe bombardment from
the Austrians, who were obliged to raise the siege, Oct. 7, 1792.

LITANIES. They were first used in processions and other devotions, about
A. D. 400. Litanies to the Virgin Mary were first introduced by pope Greg-
ory 1., in or about 5S)5.—1\”wtn/L on the Prophecies. The first English litany
was commanded to be used in the Reformed Churches by Henry VIII .. in
1513.—-—Collier’s Ecc. Hist.

LITERARY PROPERTY, 1N ENGLAND. See Copyright. The statute of queen
Anne, 1709—10, securing literary property, was confirmed by a memorable
decision at the bar of the House of Lords, and the claim of perpetual copy-
right was overruled Feb. 22, 1774. The statute declared the author to have
an exclusive right for 14- years, and if at the end of that term he were living,
the right to again return to him for the same term of years. The later acts
extended the author’s right to 28 years, and if living at the end of that time,
then to the remainder of his life. By the 5th and 6th. of Victoria, the right
is to endure for the life of the author. and for seven years after his death;
but if that time expire earlier than 42 years. the right is still to endure for
42 years, for which term also any work published after the author’s death is
to continue the property of the owners of the manuscript; act passed July
1, 1842. The Dramatic Authors’ Protection act, passed June 10, 1883. The
International Copyright bill, passed July 31, 1838; this act secures protec-
tion in England to works of authors of any country which concedes the
same protection to English authors.

' LITERARY SOCIETIES, CLUB, FUND, &c. The various societies connected
with literature in London. will be found in their respective places through
the volume. The celebrated Literary Club was instituted by Dr. Johnson,
and included many of the illustrious men in literature of the age. 1765.
The Literary Fund, in Lincoln’s—Inn Fields, was founded in 1790, to relieve
authors and literary men who by age or infirmities are reduced to poverty:
this society was incorporated in 1818. The Royal Society of Literature was
established Sept. 15, 1825.

LITHOGRAPHY. The invention of it is ascribed to Alois Sennefeldcr, whose
first essays were executed about 1796; and shortly afterwards the art was
announced in Germany, and was known as polyautography. It became par-
tially known in England in 1801 et seq, but its general introduction may be
referred to Mr. Ackermann, of London, about 1817. Sennefelder died in

1841.

LiTURGY. In the ancient Greek and Roman churches the word Liturgy was
restrained to signify the mass only. The present ENGLISH LITURGY was first
composed, and was approved and confirmed by parliament, in 1517—8. The
offices for morning and evening prayer were then put into nearly the same
form in which we now have them, but other parts were different Upon the
solicitation of Calvin and others, the liturgy was reviewed and altered to
very nearly its present state, 1551. It was first read in Ireland, in the Eng-
lish language in 1550, and in Scotland, where it occasioned a tumult, in 1637.
Again altered in 1661. The liturgy was revised by Whitehead, formerly
chaplain to Anna Boleyn, and by bishops Parker, Grindall, Cox, and Pil-
kington, and dean May, and secretary Smith.

LIVERIES. In England they originated with our ancestors, who clothed their
vassals in uniform, thereby to distinguish families ;. they were originally a
. single article of dress, or a particular color used on a part of some one gar-
' a -. ment; and in the end they became rich suits and gaudy trappings—Ashe.

 

400 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. ' [L865

inerease in extent, population, and commercial importance, obtained the first
rank after the metropolis, in England, is supposed to be noticed in Domes-
day book unde1 the name Esmedune, 01', Smeduae. In other ancient records
its 1a110us appellations a1.e Lit/152pul, and Lyrpttl,51gn1fy1n p10babl) in the
ancient dialect of the county, the lower pool; though some have deduced‘
its etymology f10m a pool fiequented by an aquatic fowl, called the Liver, ”
01 f1 0111 a sea- weed of that name- it 11 as but a small fishing place, until, in
1172, its favorable situation, and the convenience of its p01t,att1acted the
notice of Henry 11., who made it the place of rendezvous and embarkation
of his troops for the conquest of Ireland. In 1843, the number of ships
which entered the port 01‘ Liverpool was as follows, British, 2 615, of the
aggregate burthen of 691,707 tons; foreign, 1,014, burthcn, 417,621 tons.
The amount of duties paid at the custom-house for the year ending 5th J an-
uary, 1811, was £1,121,522.~Parl. Rat.

LLOYD’S, LONDON. The coffee-house in connection with the Royal Exchange,
and held previously to the late fire (see Exchange) on the northern side
of that building. Lloyd’s was established in 1772, and is the resort of
eminent merchants, underwriters, insurance brokers, &c.; and here are
effected insurances for all the world 011 ships and merchandise. The books
kept here contain an account of the arrival and sailing of vessels, and are
remarkable for their early intelligence of maritime affairs.

LOADSTONE. One of the most wonderful productions of the earth. Its
virtues were but indistinctly known to the ancients, yet its attractive qua-
lity had been taken notice of from very remote times—St'ztrmz'us. Aristotle
assures us that Thales made mention of it, and Hippocrates speaks of it
under the name of stone that attracts iron, and Pliny was struck with its
attractive pOWer. The polar attraction of the loadstone was, it is said,

.known in France before‘A. D. 1180; but this honor is accorded to Roger
Bacon about 1267. The Italians discovered that it could communicate its

virtues to steel or iron; and Flavio Giojo of Amalfi, was the inventor of
the mariner’s compass. See Compass.

LOANS. Those for the service of the crown of England were generally bor-
rowed at Antwerp until after the reign of Elizabeth. In 1559, that queen
borrowed 2110,0001. of the city of Antwerp, to enable her to reform her own
coin, and sir Thomas Gresham and the city of London joined in the secu—

rity.——Ra.pin. The amount of the English loans, during four late memo—
rable periods, was, viz :

Seven years’ war - - - - - - - from 1755 to 1763 - - £52,100,000
American war - - - . - - from 1776 to 1784 - - - 75. 500, 000
F1ench revolutionary war - . - - - from 1793 to 1802 - - 168, 500, 000
VVai against Bonaparte - - - ~ - - from 1803 to 1814 - - W206 300 000

Besides the property tax. In 1813, were raised two loans 01‘ twenty-one
millions and twenty-two millions; and it deserves to be recorded that a
subscription loan to carry on the war against France was filled up in Lon-
don in fifteen hours and twenty minutes, to the amount of eighteen. mil-
lions, Dec. 5, 1796.

LOCHLEVEN CASTLE, KINROSS. Built on an island in the celebrated lake
of Loch Leven, in 1257, and was a royal residence when Alexander 111. and
his queen were forcibly taken f1 0111 it to Stilling. It was besieged by the
English in 1301, and again in 1335. Patlick G1aham, first archbishop of
St. Andrews, was imprisoned and died within its walls 1447. The earl
of Nmthumberland was confined in it in 1569. It 1s, however chiefly re-
markable as the place of the unfortunate queen Mary’s imprisonment, in
1567, and of her escape, on Sunday, May 2,1568. In this castle Mary was
cernpelled to sign her abdication of the throne of Scotland, of which an
inteiesting account is given bv s1r Walter Scott, in TM Abbot; and of which

 

DICTIONARY or DATES. 4m

  
  
  
  
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
 
  
   
 
 
 
   
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
  
  
 
   
 
  

also, some new and affecting particulars are given by Mr. Tytler, in the 7th
volume of his History of Scotland, published in August, 1840.

y. LOCKS. Those of the Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans, were clumsy cons

“ trivances. Denon has engraved an Egyptian lock of wood. Du Cange
mentions locks and padloeks as early as A.D.1381. The French are ac—
counted the worst locksmiths in Europe and the English the best. Bra-
mah’s celebrated patent locks'were registered in 1784. Locks have been
made at W’olverhampton in suits of eight, ten, or more, of exquisite work-
manship, all with ditl'erent keys, so that none of them can open any but its
own lock, yet a master key will open all. See Keg/s.

LOCUSTS. The visits of these animals in Eastern countries have frequently
superinduced pestilence and death, and many instances are recorded of
these consequences. Owing to the putrefaction of vast swarms in Egypt
and Lybia, upwards of 800,000 persons perished, 128 B. c. The country of
Palestine was infested with such swarms that they darkened the air, and
after devouring the fruits of the earth they died, and their intolerable
stench caused a pestilential fever, A. D. 406. A similar catastrophe occurred
in France in 878. A remarkable swarm of locusts settled upon the ground
about London, and consumed the vegetables; great numbers fell in the
streets, and were preserved by the curious; they resembled grasshoppers,
but were three times the size, and their colors more variegated, Aug. 4,
.'_ 1g48. They infested Germany in 1749, Poland in 1750, and Warsaw in June
, 1 16.

, LODI, BATTLE or THE BRIDGE or. One of the great early achievements in
Italy of Bonaparte. He commanded the French army, which was opposed
to the Austrians commanded by general Beaulieu, and obtained a brilliant
and decisive victory after a bloody engagement in which several thousands
- of the lmperialists perished. on the field, and many thousands were made
prisoners, May 10, 1796. The conqueror pursued his advantage with won-
derful rapidity, as after'this battle all Lombardy lay open to his army, and
the republican flag floated in Milan a few days afterwards.

“ LOG-LINE, used in navigation, A. D. 1570; and first mentioned by Bourne
' in 1577. The log-line is divided into spaces of fifty feet, and the way which
the ship makes is measured by a half-minute sand glass, which bears nearly
the same proportion to an hour that fifty feet bear to a mile : the line used
in the royal navy is forty-eight feet.

LOGARITHMS, so useful in mathematics, are the indexes of the ratio of
' numbers one to another. They were invented by baron Merchiston, an
eminent Scotchman (sir lohn Napier) in 1614. The method of computing
by means of marked pieces of ivory was discovered about the same time,
and hence called Napier-’5 bones. The invention was afterwards completed
by Mr. Briggs, at Oxford.

LOLLARDS. The name given to the first reformers of the Roman Catholic
religion in England, and a reproachful appellation of the followers of Wick-
lifi‘e.—-—Cha,ucer. The original sect was founded by Walter Lollard in 1315;
he was burned for heresy at Cologne in 1322. After his death the disciples
of Wicklifl‘e were called Lollards. The first martyr in England on account
of religions opinions was William Sawtree, the parish priest of St. Osith,
London, Feb. 19, 1401, reign of Henry IV. The Lollards were prescribed
by the English parliament in 1416, and about 1414, numbers of them, or
persons to whom the name was given, were burnt alive—Marni ; Cams.

OLOMBARD MERCHANTS. In England they were understood to be com-
"‘1 ;_.,posed of natives of some one of the four republics of Genoa, Lucea, Florence,

1 _

for Venice.-—Anderson on Commerce. Lombard usurers were sentto England

 

     
  
     
  
 
 
  
   
 
  
   
  
  
   
   
    
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
  
  
   
   
  

.402 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

by pope Gregory IX. to lend money to convents, communities, and private”.
1 persons, who were not able to pay down the tenths which were collected
? throughout the kingdom with great rigor that year, 13 Henry III., 1229.
They had offices in Lombard—street, which great banking street is called
after them to this day. Their usurious transactions caused their eXpulsion ‘
from the kingdom in the reign of Elizabeth.

LOMBARDY. The Lombards were a detachment of Alemanni from the1
marches of Brandenburgh, famous for their bravery. They were invited ,‘
into Italy by Justinian, to serve against the Goths. To reward their ser- :
vices, the emperor gave them part of Upper Pannonia, A. D. 518. They ;
passed into Italy, and their chief was proclaimed king by his army at Milan, V
in 570. The kingdom of Lombardy supported itselfand -iade considerable
conquests till 772, when Charlemagne took Desiderius, the last king. and
annexed his territories to the German empire—La Comte. See Milan, &c. L

LONDON. The greatest and richest city in the world. Some will have it that
a city existed on the spot 1107 years before the birth of Christ, and 854 '
years before the foundation of Rome. It was the capital of the Trinobantes L_
54 B. c. and long previously the royal seat of their kings. In .A.D. 61, it .,
was known to the Romans as Lundiniun . Lundinium or Colonia Augusta
was the chief residence of merchants at that period, and the great mart 01'
trade and commerce, though not dignified with the name of a colony— \
Tacitus. It is said, but not truly, to have derived its name from Lud, an
old British king, who was buried near where Ludgate formerly sto‘od ; but _:
its name is from ng/n—Din, the “town on the lake.” See Fires, Plague, &c. ,'

LONGEVITY. In Great Britain the instances of it are remarkable, though 5
rare. Golour M’Crain, of the Isle of J ura, one of the Hebrides, is said to ‘
have kept 180 Christmasses in his own house, and died in the reign of '
Charles 1., being the oldest man on any thing approaching to authentic re-
cord for upwards of 3000 years.— Greig. Thomas Parr, a laboring man of
Shropshire, was brought to London by the earl of Arundel, in 1685, and ‘
considered the wonder of his time, being then in his 153d year, and in per— J
feet health; but the journey and change of air and diet killed him, Nov.
15, the same year. Henry Jenkins, of Yorkshire, died in 1670, and was ,.
buried in Bolton church-yard, Dec. 6, in that year, aged 169 years. There '
are some extraordinary instances of great age in Russia; and at Dantzic a
man is said to have died at 184; and another to be living in VVallachia, aged ,
186 years. In Holy Writ, Methuselah is stated to have lived 969 years, the
greatest age of any on record, according to the reckoning before the Flood; »
but the length of the years of that time is not ascertained ; hence there is '.
no fixed principle to determine the real ages of that epoch.

LONGITUDE, determined by Hipparchus at Nice, who fixed the first degree I

, in the Canaries, 162 B. 0. Harrison made a time-keeper in A. D. 1759, which 3 ‘
in two voyages was found to correct the longitude within the limits required
by the act of parliament, 12th Anne, 1714; and in 1763, he applied for the .
reward of 20,0001. offered by that act, which he received. The celebrated i
Le Roi of Paris, in 1776, invented a watch that keeps time better; and the j
chronometers of Arnold, Earnshaw, and Bréguet bring the longitude al-
most to the truth. Philosophers have sought the longitude in vain; but
Newton has said it will yet be discovered by a fool.

LOOKING—GLASSES. Made only at Venice in 1300. They were made in j
England. by Venetian artists, some of whom took up their abode in Lam- ‘
beth, in 1673.—Salm.0u.. The French excelled in their manufacture of them .
in the last century; but the English have brought their factories to great 7
perfection of late years, and now make looking-glasses to cover, in a. singlef-
plate, the walls of large rooms.

 

    
   
   
   
 
 
 
 
 
   
   
 
 
   
   
 
   

~ ~ 1 ‘mc'rmmar or DATES. m

‘ .JLOOM-EN GIN E. The weaver’s, otherwise called the Dutch loom, was brought

‘l \ into use in London from Holland, in or about the year 1676, since when the

= general principal of the loom has been infinitely varied by mechanical in-

genuity. There are about 250,000 hand-looms in Great Britain, and 75,000

power-looms, each being equal to three hand looms, making twenty—two
yards each per day. The steam-loom was introduced in 1807.

LORD. In the Old and New Testament, Lord is a particular appellation for
the supreme majesty of GOD and CHRIST, and in that sense cannot be ap—
plied to any other being. With us, it is a term of nobility—«See Lords and
Baron. The word lord is abbreviated from two syllables : it was originally
Hat/0rd, which, by dropping the aspirate became Laford, and afterwards by
contraction Lord. “The etymology of this word,” a writer observes, “is
worth observing, for it was composed of [Ll/1;)”, a loaf of bread, and ford, to
give or afford; so that 11/0/0771, now Lard, implies a giver of bread; be-
cause in those ages, such great men kept extraordinary houses, and fed the
poor; for which reason they were called givers ofln‘éad.”—See Ladies. The
nickname of “ My Lord,” given by vulgar people to hunchbacked persons,
is from the Greek word lordos, crooked—Haydn. '

LORDS. The now recognized nobility of England take their creation from the
1st of William the Conqueror, 1000, when William Fitzosborne. the first
peer, was made earl of Hereford; Walter Devereux made earl of Salisbury;
Copsi, earl of N orthumberland; Henry de Ferrers made earl of Derby, and
Gerbodus (a Fleming) made earl of Chester. Twenty-two other peers were
made in this sovereign’s reign. Peers of England are free from all arrests
for debts, as being the king’s hereditary counsellors. Therefore a peer can-
not be outlawed in any civil action, and no attachment lies against his per-
son; but execution may be taken upon his lands and goods. For the same
reason, they are free from all attendance at courts leet or sheriff’s turns; or,
in case of a riot, from attending the posse comitat'us. See Baron,- Earl,-
Marqucss, &c.

LORDS, HOUSE OF. The peers of England were summoned ad consulendum, to
consult, in early reigns, and were summoned by writ 6 and 7 John, 1205.
The commons did not form a part of the great council of the nation until
some ages after the conquest—Hume. Deputies from certain boroughs
were returned to meet the barons and the clergy in 1258— Goldsmith. And
writ-s are extant of the date of Jan. 23, 1265; but several historians maintain
that the first regular parliament of the three estates, as now constituted, was
held 22 Edward 1., 1298—4. The house of lords includes the spiritual as well
as temporal peers of England. The bishops are supposed to hold cer-
tain ancient baronies under the king, in right whereof they have seats in
this house. The temporal lords consist of the several degrees of nobility:
some sit by descent. as do all ancient peers; some by creation. as all new-
made peers; and others by election, since the union with Scotland in 1707,
and with Ireland in 1801. Scotland elects 16 representative peers, and Ire-
land 4 spiritual lords by rotation in sessions, and 28 temporal peers for life.
The house of lords now consists of 3 princes, 20 dukes, 21 marquesses, 115
earls, 22 viscounts, 201 barons, 16 Scotch lords, 28 Irish lords, 26 English
prelates, and 4 Irish bis-hops~in all 456 peers.

I ; LOTTERY, STATE. The first mentioned in English history began drawing at
i ' the western door of St. Paul’s cathedral, January 11, 1569, and continued
day and knight until May 6 following. Its profits were for repairing the
fortifications on the coast of England and the prizes were pieces of plate.
The first lottery mentioned for sums of money took place in 1630. Lotte-
}, ries were established in 1693, and for more than 130 years yielded a. lam
’ , annual revenue to the crown. The Irish state lottery was drawn in Dublin

 

1.411

 
     
   
   
  
  
        
 

404 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [Lm‘

' in 1780. All lotteries were suppressed in France by a. decree of the national 9

convention Nov. 15, 1793. They were abohshed inEngland, 182 6; and an act

was passed imposing a penalty of 501 for advertising b‘fo1eign or any lotteries

in the British newspapeIS, 1836. Abolished 1n Bavb‘alia by unanimous vote

ofthe deputies Oct. 19,1817. They have long been abolished in New Eng -

land; in New York they were prohibited about 1830 In nearly all the states

there is a penalty against lotteries not specially authorized by the legislatures.

LOUISIANA, ONE or THE UNITED STATES. First explored by the French, and

received its name in 1682, from M. La Salle, in honor of Louis XIV., and a

settlement was attempted in 1684, but failed. In 1699, a more successful

attempt was made by M. Iberville, who entered the Miss, and founded a

colony. His efforts were folowed up by one Crozat, a man of wealth, who

held the exclusive trade of the country for a number of years. About the

year 1717, he transferred his interest in the province to a chartered company,

at the head of which was the notorious John Law, whose national bank and

1 Mississippi speculation inV olVed the ruin of half the French nobility. In

1731, the company 1esigned the concern to the crown who, in 1762, ceded

thewhole of Louisianab to Spain. In 1800, Spain 1econVey ed the province

to the French. of whom it was pinchased by the United States, in 1803 for

$15,000,000. The purchase included the territory of the United States \V. of

the Mississippi. I11 1812, the present State of Louisiana formed a constitu- 1

tion, and was admitted into the Union. Population in 1810, 76,556; in 1820, 1

158,407; in 1830, 215,575, in 1840, 352,411, including 168,452 slaves.-

LOUVRE. This renowned edifice in Paris was a royal residence in the reign i
of Dzrgobert,1.13.628; but Francis I. laid the foundation of what is now

called the Old Louvre 1522 Here were deposited the finest collection of 1

paintings, of statues, and t1easu1es of art known in the wo1ld. The chief 4

. of them weie b1ought f1on1 Italy during the triumph of Bonaparte’ s a1ms,l

but most of them have since been restored to the rightful possessors.1,

1

i

i

i

LUCCA, T111: DUCHY or, adjoining Tuscany. On the fall of the Lombard king-
dom, A. D. 7 74, it was annexed to the German empire. In 1815 it was occupied
by the Austrians and granted to Maria Louisa, daughter of Charles IV. of
Spain. The duke retires to Massa, but returns and yields to his people’s
demand for reforms, Sept. 3, 1847: appointed a regency and again fled,
Sept. 15. The duchy sold by the duke to Tuscany for an annuity 011355215,-
000, until he should succeed to the duchy of Parma, on the death of Maria
Louisa, present duchess, Oct. 10, 1847.

LUCIA, ST. First settled by the French in 1650. Taken by the British several
times in the subsequent wars. Memorable insurrection of the French
negroes, April 1795. In this year Guadaloupe, St. Vincent, Grenada, Domi-
nica, St. Eustatia, and St. Lucie, were taken by the British. St. Lucia was
restored to France at the peace of 1802 but was again siezed on by Eng-
land the next year, and confirmed to her by the t1eaty of Paris in 1814.
See Colonies.

LUNEVILLE, PEACE or, concluded between the French republic and the em-
pero1 of Ge1many, confirming the cessions made by the treaty of Campo
Formio, stipulating that the Rhine, to the Dutch ter1it01ies, should form
the boundary of France, and recognizing the independence of the Batavian,
Helvetic, Ligurian, and Cisalpine republics, Feb. 9, 1801.

LUS RUM. An expiatory sacrifice made for the whole body of the Roman »
people at the end of every fiVe years, after the census had) been taken, 572
B. c. Eve1y five yea1s VVe1e called a lush/um; and ten, fifteen, 01 twenty
years were commonly expressed by two, three, or four lustm.

LUTHERANISM. Sprung up in Germany in 1517, in which year Leo X. pub-p
lished his indulgences for money; and Icoelius, a Dominican friar, who was

1

4m»

, ] DICTIONARY or DATES. 4M

   

‘ ..: deputed with others of his order to collect in Saxony, carried his zeal to such

a. height as to declare his commission unbounded; that no crime could be
. committed too great to be pardoned: and that by purchasing indulgenees,
not only past sins, but those which were intended, were to be forgiven.
Against these practices Luther openly preached with wonderful success, and
thus began the Reformation in Germany—lMch/Lior Adam, in Vita. Latheri.

, LUTZEN, BATTLE or, between the French army commanded by Napoleon on
the one side, and the combined armies of Russia and Prussia, commanded
by general Wittgenstein, fought May 2, 1813. This sanguinary battle opened
the campaign of that year; and though each of the adversaries claimed the
victory, it was manifestly on the side of France; but in this engagement
marshal Duroc was mortally wounded. The battles of Bautzen and Wurt—
zen immediately followed (May 20 and 26), both in favor of Napoleon, when
the allies were compelled to pass the Oder, and an armistice was agreed to,
and afterwards prolonged, but unfortunately for the French emperor it did

. not produce peace.

LUTZENGEN, 0a LUTZEN, BATTLE or; Gustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden,
against the emperor. In this sanguinary and memorable battle, Gustavus,
the most illustrious hero of his time, and the chief support of the Protest—
ant religion in Germany, and in alliance with Charles I. of England, was
foully killed in the moment of victory, Nov. 6, 1632. This is also called the
battle of Lippstadt.

LUXEMBURG. Considered the strongest fortress in the world. It was taken
and pillaged by the French in 1543; was taken by the Spaniards in 1544;
by the French in 1684; and restored to Spain in 1697. It was again taken
by the French in 1701 ; and afterwards given to the Dutch as a barrier town,
and ceded to the emperor at the peace in 1718. These are among the chief
occurrences. Luxemburg withstood several sieges in the last century; it
surrendered to the French after a long and memorable siege, June 7, 1795.
The garrison, on their capitulation, took an oath not to serve against the re-
public of France until exchanged, and were conducted to the right side of‘

. the Rhine immediately after.

i IUXURY. The instances of extravagance and luxury are numerous in the his-
tory of almost all countries, ancient and modern, and many laws have been
enforced to repress them. Horace mentions fowls dressed in Falernian wine,

. muscles and oysters from the Lucrine lake and Circean promontory, and
black game from the Umbrian forests—Lardner. Lucullus, at Rome, was
distinguished for the immoderate expenses of his meals; his halls were
named from the different gods; and when Cicero and Pompey attempted to
surprise him, they were amazed by the costliness of a supper which had been
prepared upon the word of Lucullus, who merely ordered his attendants to
serve it in the hall of Apollo: this feast for three persons casually met,
would have sufficed for three hundred nobles specially invited. In England,
luxury was restricted by'a law wherein the prelates and nobility were con—
fined to two courses every meal, and two kinds of food in every course,
except on great festivals. The law also prohibited all who did not enjoy a
free estate of 100l. per ammm, from wearing furs (see Furs), skins, or silk;
and the use of foreign cloth was confined to the royal family alone; to all
others it was prohibited, A. D. 1387. An edict was issued by Charles VI. of

' ' France, which said, “Let no man presume to treat with more than a soup

> and two dishes,” 1340.

V"('JEUM. The Lyceum took its name from its having been originally a tem.

ple of Apollo Lyceus; or rather, a portieo, or gallery, built by Lyceus, son

’e“ of Apollo. The Lyceum was a celebrated spot near the banks of the Ills-

uus'in Attica, Where Aristotle taught philosophy; and as he generally taught

 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
   
 
  

 

 

M6

his pupils while he walked, hence they were called pcripatctics, and his phi-
losophy was called from this place, the philosophy of the Lyceum, 342 B. c. :

~—Séanley.

LY DlA. A very ancient kingdom under a long dynasty of kings, the. last' of '>

whom. was Croesus. whose riches became a proverb: he was conquered by ‘
The coinage of money of gold and silver
many other useful inventions and the encouragement of commerce)

Cyrus, 548 B. c.

cribed to the Lydians.
dams.

Argon, a descendant of Hercules, reigns
in Lydia—Herod. -
The kingdom of Lydia, properly so
called, begins under Ardysus I.—
Blaz'r - - - - -
Alyattes reigns . - - -
Moles commences his rule ‘ - -
Reign of Candaules - - -
Gyges. first of the race called Mermnn-
dze, puts Candaules to death, marries
his queen, usurps the throne, and
makes great conquests - -
Ardysus ll. reigns; the Cimbri besiege
Sat-dis, the capital of Lydia - -
The Milesian war commenced under
Gyges, is continued by Sadyattes, who
relgns -
Reign of Alyattes II. - - -
Battle upon the river Halys between the
Lydians and Medes, intercepted by an
almost total eclipse ofthe sun, which
superstitiously occasions a conc|u~
sion ol‘the wait—Blair ~ May 28,
[This eclipse had been predicted many
years before by Thales, of Miletus.~
1311211.]

Alsop, the Phrygian fabulist, Alcman, the first Greek poet who wrote in a
style of gallantry, Thales of Miletus, Anaximenes, Xenophanes, Anacreon of
Tees Heraelitus of Ephesus, &c., flourished in Lydia. The country remain— 1
ed subject to the Persian empire until the latter was conquered by Alexan— . .
der, about 330 B. c. It next became part of the new kingdom of Pergamus,
founded by Philzeterus, the eunuch ; Attalus afterwards bequeathed it to the

Romans. and finally the Turks conquered it from the Eastern Empire, A. D.

1326.——Pricstley.

B. c. 1223

797
761
747
735

718

680

631
619

LYONS. Founded by L. Planeus, 43 B. C.

in 1793 by the convention army

Dreadful riots, April 15, 1834. A dr

Nov 4, 18-10. See Inumlatimts.

LYRE. . Its invention is ascribed to the Grecian Mercury, who, according to "
Homer, gave it to Apollo, the first that played upon it with method, and ' T
accompanied it with poetry. The invention of the primitive lyre with three ‘ »
strings, is due to the first Egyptian Hermes.
strings to the lyre, making the number seven, 673 B. c.
of Mitylene, added two more, making nine, 438 B. C.

THE \VORLD’S PROGRESS.

A number of illustrious men flourished here—Hera-

 

of 60 000 men, and surrendered Oct. 7,
when awful scenes of blood and rapine followed.

decreed the demolition of the city, Oct. 12, same year. It capitulated to the
Austrians, March 1814, and July 1815. An insurrection among the artisans,
which led to great popular excesses for many days, broke out, Nov. 21. 183 .

eadful inundation occurred at Lyons,

The city was reduced to ashes in a
single night by lightning, and was rebuilt in the reign of Nero. Two gen-
eral councils were held here in the 13th and 14th centuries.
ufacture commenced in the reign of Francis 1., 1515.

    
   
     
     
      
  
 
  
   
     
   
   
   
    
  
    
 
 
 
   
     
  

(together with;
is as-‘ ’-

Croesus, son of Alyattes, succeeds to the
throne, and becomes celebrated for his
victories and conquests - B. c.

Ephesus falls into his hands; the Ioni-
ans, 1Eolians, and other parts ofAsia
Minor are subjected to his dominion -

All the nations west of the Halys are
conquered, and that river becomes
the boundary ofthe kingdom.Blaz’7- -

Crcesus, dreading the ower of Uyrus,
whose conquests he reached to the
borders of Lydia, crosses the Halys
to attack the Medes, with an army of

20,000 men and 60,000 horse -

He is defeated by Cyrus, pursued, be-
sieged in his capital, and taken -

The conqueror orders Crtesus to be
burned alive, and the pile is already
on fire, when he calls on the name of
Salon in agony of mind, and Cyrus
{tearing him pronounce it, spares his
lle - - - - - -

Lydia, the kingdom of the “richest of
mankind,” is made a province ofthe
Persian empire - - -

 

The silk man—
Lyons was besieged

The National Convention

Terpander added several‘l
Phrynis, a. musician .3

 
  
  
 
 
 
   
  
    
   
 
 
 
   
    
  
 
 
   
  
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
    
   
 
 
   
  
 
  
  
   

maximum! or DATES. W

. v, M.
’ \

. MACEDON. The first kingdom was founded by Caranus, about 814 B. c. It
‘ was an inconsiderable country, sometimes under the protection of Athens,
sometimes of Thebes, and sometimes of Sparta, until the reign of Philip,
the father of Alexander the Great, who by his wisdom as a politician, and
exploits as a general, made it a powerful kingdom, and paved the way to his
son’s greatness. Macedon had twenty—one kings, from Cat-anus to Alexan-
der inclusive: after the conqueror’s death, when his dominions were divid—

ed among his generals, Cassander seized Macedon, and established a new
kingdom. See Tabular Views, p. 15 to p. 37.

Reign of Cat-anus - . B. c. 814 i to the groiind; the house of I’indar is

Reign of Perdiccas I. ~ - - 729 alone left standing - - - 335

Reign of Argazus I. 0 - - 678 . The Almighty Savors Alexander with 3.

Reign of Philip I - - - - 640 i vision, in which the high-priest ofthe

: Reign ofEropas; he conquers the Illy- 1 Jews appears to him. exhorting him
7 rians - ~ - - - 602 ‘ to pass into Asia. See Jews - 334
."‘ Reign of Amyntas - - - - 547 He passes into Asia. and gains his first
a" Reign of Alexander I. - - - 497: battle over Darin. Sec Gram‘cus,

Reien of Perdiccas II. - - ~ 454 f Battle of - - - - 334

Archelaus, natural son of Perdiccas, I Sardis surrenders to the conqueror; Ha-
murders the legitimate heirs of his ,1 licarnassus is taken, and numerous
father, and seizes the throne - - 413 3 cities in Asia Minor - - - 334

He is surnained the “ Patron of Learn- 1 Meinnon ravages the Cyclades; Darius
ing” - - - - - 411 1 takes the field with 400,000 infantry

He is murdered by a favorite to whom ' l and 100,000 cavalry - - - 333
he promised his daughterin marriage, . Battle of lssus (which see) - - - 333
yet gave her to another - - 399 Alexander, in his way to Egypt, lays

Reign of Amyntas 11. - - - 399 siege to Tyre, which is destroyed after

1-16 is driven from the throne - - 398, seven months - - - - 332

Recovers his crown,and puts Pausanias Damascus is taken, and the vast trea-
to death - - - - 397 . sures of Darius come into the posses-

The Illyrians enter Macedonia, expel . sion of the victor - — - 332
Amyntas, and put Argaeus, brother of . Gaza surrenders - - - - 332
Pausanias, on the throne - - 392 Alexander enters Jerusalem ; and

Amyntas again recovers his kingdom - 390 Egypt conquered - - - 332

Reign of Alexander [1. - - - 37 Alexandria founded - - ~ - 332

He is assassinated - - - - 370 Great battle of Arbela, the third and

Reign of Perdiccas III. - - - 366 last between Alexander and Darius;

He is killed in battle - - - 360 the Persian army totally defeated.

Reign of Philip II. and institution of the 5 See Arbela - - - - 331
Macedonian phalanx - - - 360 Alexander proclaimed master of Asia;

Phlilip gains the battle of Methon over 360 he enters Babylon in triumph - 331
tie At enians - - - -

He defeats the Illyrians in a desperate f GRECIAN OR MACEDONU‘N EMPIRE“
engagement - - . - 359 Alexander sits on the throne of Darius,

He takes Am phipolis, and receives an ‘ at Susa - - - - 330
arrow in his right eye. See Archer 358 Parthia and Hyrcania are overrun by

He conquers Thrace and Illyria - 356 Alexander » - - - - 339

Birth of Alexander the Great - - 356 Thalestris, queen of the Amazons, visits

Philip adds to his conquests - ~ 348 him, attended by a retinue of 300 wo-

Close of the first sacred war - - 348 men. See Amazons - - ~ 329

Illyricum overrun by the army of Philip 344 ‘ He puts his friend Parmenio to death.

Thrace made tributary torMacedon - 343 on a charge of conspiracy, supposed

Aristotle appointed tutor to the youngIr ‘ to be false . - - - 329
prince Alexander - - - 343i Alexander makes more conquests - 3'28

War against the Athenians - ~ 341} His expedition to India; Porus, king of »

Philip besieges Byzantium -

341 1 India, is defeated and taken; and the
Battle of Chaironea; Philip conquers.

country as far as the Ganges is over-

 

See Chagronea - . . . 338! run - ‘ - - - . 32.
Philip is assassinated by Pausanias, at Calisthenes is put to the torture for re-

Egaea, during the celebrationof games fusing to render divme homage to

in honor of his daughter’s nuptials - 336 Alexander - - - - . 326
Alexander Ill., surnamed the Great, , Subjectioit of the Cosseans - . 326

succeeds his father - - - 335 Death oi Alexander . - - - 323
He enters Greece - - - - 335 His conquests are diVided among his i
The Greeks appointhim general of their generals - - . - 333‘:

armies against the Persians - - 335] His remains aretransported to Alexan- 3““th
The Thehans revolt ;_ he levels Thebes dria, and buried by Ptolemy . vfiu

 

  
  
    
 
   
    
 
  
    
  
  
  
 
 
  
   
   
  
   
   
 
  
 
  
  
  
   

408 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [ m
MACEDON, continued.
The Greeks defeated by sea and land Reign of Antigonus Gonatus - 3.1:. ,
near Cranon (which see) - B. c. 322 Pyr1hus invades Macedon, defeats An- .
Thebes rebuilt by Cassander - 315 tigonus, and 1s proclaimed king - 274 ,
Seleucus recovers Babylon - - 312 Pyrihus slain; Antigonus restored - 272 '
Cassander puts Roxana and her son to Antigonus takes Athens - - - 268 j.‘.
death, and usurps the throne - 311 The Gauls again invade Macedon - 268 ,3
Battle 01‘ Ipsus (which see) - - - 301 Revolt of the Parthians - ~ 250 ,3
New division of the empire - - 301 Reign of Demetrius 11. - - - 242 ,.
Reign of Philip, his son - - 232 1‘1
MACEDON 1“ His wa1 against the Rhodians - - 202 ,il
Death of Cassander- - - 298 Philip is deteated by the Romans - 198 1
Reign of Alcxande1 and Antipater - 298 He is totally subdued - ~ - 196 '31
Demetiius muideis Alexande1, and The leign of Perseus - - - 179 i}
seizes the crown of Macedon - - 294 Perseus defeated by the Romans - 171 ’1
Irruption of the Gauls - - - 279

The consul ZEmilius Paulus enters Macedon, and pronounces it a Roman
province. Perseus and his sons are made prisoners, 168 B. c., and next year
walk in chains before the chariot of ZEmilius in his triumph for the conquest
of Macedon. The country is finally conquered by the Turks under Amurath
II. in A. D. 1429. Priestley.

MACHIAVELIAN PRINCIPLES. These are principles laid down by Nicho—
las Machiavel, of Florence in his P1 actzce of Politics, and The P1 mce By
some they are stigmatized as “the most pe1nici0us maxims of goveinment,
founded on the vilest policy;’ ’ and by others as “ sound doctrines, notwith-
standing the pi ejudice e11011eous1y raised against them.” The work appeared
in 1517 , and was tianslated into English in 1761. *

MADAGASCAR. One of the largest islands in the world, discovered by Lo-
renzo Almeida A. D. 1506. In the centre of the island is said to exist a race
of dwarfs, with a strange peculiarity of form; but this rests on the unsup-
ported statement of a French traveller who was in possession of a preserved
pigmy which he had brought from Madagascar. A paper describing the
pigmy was presented to the Royal Society by an eminent physician, in 1809.

1 , ;;v;.(;.jme.

MADEIRA. So called on account of its woods; it was discovered, it is said,
by Mr. Macham, an English gentleman, or mariner, who fled from England
for an illicit amor. He was driven here by a storm, and his mistress, a French
lady, dying, he made a canoe, and carried the news of his discovery to
Pedr,0 king 01‘ Anagon which occasioned the report that the island was
discoveied bby 21 Pottuguese, A. D. 12) 45. But it is maintained that the Por—
tuguese did not visit this island until 1419, nor did they colonize it until 1431.
It was taken possession of by the British in July 1801. And again, by admi-
ral Hood and general (now Viscount) Beresf‘ord, Dec. 24, 1807, and 1etained
in t1 ust fo1 the loyal family of Po1tugal, which had just then emigrated to
the Brazils. It was subsequently 1estored to the Po1tuguese c1own.

MADRAS. Colonized by the English, and Fort GeOIge built by pe1mis‘sion of
the king of Golconda, 17 James I. 16:20 Madras was taken by the French
in 1746, and was 1est01 ed in 1749, immediately after the peace of Aix-la-

Chapelle.

MADRID. Mentioned in history as a castle belonging to the Moors. It was
sacked A. D. 1109. It was made the seat of the Spanish court in 1516. The
Escurial was built in 1557, et seq. The old palace was burnt down in 17 3' .
The French took possession of this city in March 1808, after the royal family
had retired into France; and on May 2, the citizens rose up, in arms to

‘ The w1itings of this celebrated politician countenanced (another commentator says) “the doing
at any act to compass o1 biing about those things which are neither hono1able nor just, whereby _.
ambitious sovereigns or evil ministers may accomplish what their extraviiant desires prompt ; 1
them to, .11 the expense of their subjects’ peace, or their country’s safety. ” guson. ‘

 

] DICTIONARY or DATES. 409-:

   
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
   
   
   
  
  
  
   
  
   
 
 
  
   
  
   
   
    
  
  
    
   
 
   
  
  
  

' ‘ expel them, when a dreadful conflict and carnage took place. Joseph Bona-
parte entered Madrid as king of Spain, July 20, 1808; but soon retired.
Retaken by the French Dec. 2, same year; and retained till Aug. 12, 1812,
when Madrid was entered by the British army. Ferdinand VII. was restored
May 14,1814. Madrid was the scene of various occurrences during the
late civil war, for which see Spain.

~IVIAESTRICHT. This city revolted from Spain 1570, and was taken by the
'- prince of Parma in 1579. In 163:3, the prince of Orange reduced it after a
memorable siege, and it was confirmed to the Dutch in 1618. Lewis XIV.
took it in 1673; William prince of Orange invested it in vain, in 1676; but,
in 1678, it was restored to the Dutch. In 1748, it was besieged by the French,
who were permitted to take possession of the city on condition of its being
restored at the peace then negotiating. At the commencement of 1793, Maes-
tricht was unsuccessfully attacked by the French, but they became masters

of it toward the end of the following year. In 1814, it was delivered up to the
allied forces.

’. MAGDALENS AND MAGDALENET’I‘JSS. Communities of nuns and women,

. the latter class consisting chiefly of penitent courtesans. The convent of
Naples was endowed by queen Sancha A. n. 1324. That at Metz was institu-
ted in 1452. At Paris, 1492. The Magdalen at Rome was endowed by
pope Leo X., in 1515; and Clement VIII. settled a revenue on the nuns, and
further ordained that the effects of all public prostitutes who died without
Will should fall to them, and that those who made wills should not have
their bequests sanctioned by the law unless they bequeathed a part of their
effects to the Magdalen institution, which part was to be at least one‘fifth,
1594. The Magdalen hospital, London, was founded in 1758, principally
under the direction of Dr. Dodd. In N ew-York a similar institution called
g“ a Home for the friendless,” was founded, 18-16.

3 MAGELLAN, Sriuirs or. They were passed by Ferdinand Magellan (Fer-
= " ~ nando dc Magclhaéns) a Portuguese, with a fleet of discovery titted out by
the emperor Charles V., in 1519. The first voyage round the world was
undertaken by this illustrious navigator; and his vessel performed the en—
terprise although the commander perished. The Spaniards had a fort here,

since called cape Famine, because the garrison had all perished for want
of food.

‘ f? AGI, 0R WORSHIPPERS OF FIRE. The prime object of the adoration of
' the Persians was the invisible and incomprehensible God, whom, not know-
‘ ing, they worshipped as the principle of all good, and they paid particular
, , homage to fire, as the emblem of his power and purity. They built no altars
. nor temples, as they deemed it absurd to pretend to confine an omnipresent
» God within walls; accordingly their sacred fires blazed in the open air, and
their offerings were made upon the earth. The Magi were their priests, and
. ._ their skill in astronomy rendered the secrets of nature familiar to them, so
:- ‘ that the term Magi was at length applied to all learned men, till they were
4 finally confounded with the magicians. Zoroaster, king of Bactria, was the
reformer of the sect of the Magi: he flOurished 1080 B. c.—Du Fresnoy.

GIC LANTERN. This was the invention of the illustrious Roger Bacon,
" ‘ England’s great philosopher. about A. D. 1260. Bacon first invented the con-
ex magnifying glasses in 1252; and he afterwards, in his many experiments,
~_ pplied them to this use.

7, GNA CHARTA. The great charter of English liberty may be said to have
been derived from Edward the Confessor, continued by Henry I. and his
' beessors, Stephen, Henry II., and John. But the Charter more particularly

18

, meant, was a. body of laws, the great charter of our rights granted by John, »

may”; .mh‘._z.u . ,.

410 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [ It ' "

  
   
   
   
  
    
  
   
 
  
  
   
   
    
   
  
   
  
   
   
  
   
   
 
   
  
  
  
   
    
  

and signed at Runnymede, near Windsor, June 15, 121-5. The barons took 1
arms to enforce this sacred possession, which was many times confirmed,
and as frequently violated, by Henry III. This last king’s grand charter ’
was granted in the 9th year of his reign, 1224, and was assured by Edward
I. It is remarked, that when Henry III. granted it, he swore on the word

and faith ofa king, a Christian. and a knight, to observe it. For this grant
a fifteenth of all moveable goods were given to the king, whether they were
temporals or spirituals; yet sir Edward Coke says that even in his days it
had been confirmed above thirty times.

MAGNET. Sturmius, in his Epislola, dated at Altort’, 1682, observes that the
attractive quality of the magnet has been taken notice of from time im-
memorial; but, that it was our countryman, Roger Bacon, of Ilchester, in
Somersetshire (he died the 17th June, 1294), who first discovered its pro—
perty of pointing to the north pole. The Italians discovered that it could
communicate its virtue to steel or iron. The variation not being always the
same was taken notice of by Hevelius, Petil, and others. Flavio Gioja, of
Naples, invented or improved the mariner’s compass, in 1302. The impor-
tant discovery of the inclination or dip of the magnetic needle was made
about 1576 (published 1580) by Robert Norman, of London. Dr. Gilbert’s
experiment was made in 1600. Artificial magnets were invented, or rather
improved, in 1751. A magnetic clock, invented by Dr. Locke, of Ohio, an-
nounced at Washington, Jan. 5, 1849.

MAHOMETISM. See Alcomn and Kama. The creed of Mahomet was pro—
mulgated A. D. 604, by Mahomet, styled by some writers as a renowned
general and politician; and by others as a successful impostor and tyrant.
Mahomet asserted that the Koran was revealed to him by the angel Gabriel
during a period of twenty-three years. It was written in the Koreish Ara-
bic, which he asserted was the language of Paradise, and it is considered
as possessing every fine quality of a language. It has 1000 terms for sword,
500 for lion, 200 for serpent. and 80 for honey. It is spoken and written in
various parts of‘ Asia and Africa. Mahomet died in 631, of the effects, it is
said, of a slow’ poison, given to him in a piece of mutton three years before,
by a Jew, who took this method to discover if he was a true prophet, and
immortal, as he had declared himself to be.——P7‘ideaux.

MAIL;COACHES IN ENGLAND. lVere first set up at Bristol in 1784; and
were extended to other routes in 1785, at the end of which year they be—
came general in England. This plan for the conveyance of letters was the
invention of Mr. Palmer of Bath; the mails had been previously conveyed
by carts with a single horse, or by boys on horseback.

MAINE, we of the United States; first permanent settlement in, at Buistol.
The district was granted in 1635 to sir Ferdinand Gorges, who appointed a
governor and counci‘. It was purchased of the heirs of Gorges in 1652 by
the State of Massachusetts, for $35,384; annexed to Massachusetts, under
charter from William & Mary, in 1691: became a separate State in 1820.
Population in 1790 was 96,540; in 1810, 228,705 ; in 1840, 501,793.

MAJESTY. Among the Romans, the emperor and imperial family were ad- ,
dressed by this title, which was previously given to their great officers of g:
state. Popes also had the title of majesty. The emperors of Germany
took the title, and endeavored to keep it and the closed crown to themselves. _
It was first given to Louis XI. of France, in 1461— Voltaire. Upon Charles g
V. being chosen emperor of Germany in 1519, the kings of Spain took the ,
style of Majesty. Francis 1. of France, at the interview with Henry VIII. of
England on the Field of the Cloth of Gold, addressed the latter as Your 5
Majesty, 1520.—See Field of the Cloth of Gold. James I. coupled this titll .‘
with the term “ Sacred,” and “ Most Excellent Majesty.” See Titles. ‘ ’» :-

 

" .. ] mcrromnr or DATES. 4H

  
  
    
  
  
  
   
  
  
 
   
  
 
   
  
  
  
  
   
  
   
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
 
  
   
   
  
  
  
  
   
  

”JORCA AND MINORCA. For occurrences relating to these islands, see
Minorca.

‘MALPLAQUET, BATTLE OF. The allies under the duke of Marlborough and
' prince Eugene, against the arms of France commanded by marshal Villars.
The armies consisted on each side of nearly 120,000 choice soldiers, and the
victory was with the allies ; but this action was attended with great slaugh—
ter on both sides. the allies losing 18,000 men. which loss was but ill repaid
by the capture of Mons; fought Sept. 11, 1709.

5 MALTA, KNIGHTS or. A military-religious order, called also Hospitallers of
St. John of Jerusalem, Knights of St. John, and Knights of Rhodes. Some
merchants of Melphis, trading to the Levant, obtained leave of the caliph
of Egypt to build a house for those who came on pilgrimage to Jerusalem,
and whom they received with zeal and charity, A. D. 1048. They afterwards
founded a hospital for the sick, from whence they were called Hospitallers.
This foundation was laid in A. D. 1104, in the reign of Baldwin, and they
now became a military order in 1118, into which many persons of quality
entered, and changed their name into knights. After the Christians had
lost their interest in the East, and Jerusalem was taken, the knights retired
to Margett, and then to Acre, which they defended valiantly in 1290; then
they followed John, king of Cyprus, who gave them Limisson in his domi—
nions, where they staid till 1310, and that same year they took Rhodes,
under the grand master Foulques de Vallaret, and next year defended it
under the duke of Savoy. against an army of Saracens; since when, his
successors have used F. E. R. T. for their device, that is, Fortitudu ejus
R/wd'zun tcnuit, or, he kept Rhodes by his valor; from this they were called
knights of Rhodes; but Rhodes being taken by Solyman in 1522, they re-
tired into Candia, thence into Sicily. Pope Adrian VI. granted them the
. city of Viterbo for their retreat; and in 1530, the emperor Charles V. gave
them the isle of Malta. The emperor Paul of Russia declared himself
grandvmaster of the order in June, 1799.

MALTA. The memorable siege by the Turks, who were obliged to abandon
5 the enterprise after the loss of 30,000 men, 1566. The island was taken by
general Bonaparte in the outset of his expedition to Egypt, June 12, 1798.
He found in it 1200 cannons, 200,000 lbs. of powder, two ships of the line,
a frigate, four galleys. and 40,000 muskets: besides an immense treasure
collected by superstition; and 4500 Turkish prisoners, whom he set at li-
berty. Malta was blockaded by the British from the autumn of 1798, and
was taken by major-general Pigot, Sept. 5, 1800; but, at the peace of
Amiens, it was stipulated that it should be restored to the knights. The
British, however, retained possession, and the war recommenced between

the two nations: but by the treaty of Paris, in 1814, the island was gua-
ranteed to Great Britain.

‘ : AMELUKES. The name of a dynasty which reigned a considerable time in
. Egypt. They were originally Turkish and Circassian slaves, and were es-
., _ tablished by the sultan Saladin as a kind of body-guard, A. D. 1246. They
i advanced one of their own corps to the throne, and continued to do so until
Egypt became a Turkish province in 1517, when the beys took them into
.;‘ pay, and filled up their ranks with renegades from various countries. 0n
' the conquest of Egypt by Bonaparte, in 1798, they retreated into Nubia.
’ . Assisted by the Arnauts, who were introduced into the country in the war,
the Mamelukes once more wrested Egypt from the Turkish government
' -=‘* , ‘ 1811 they were decoyed into the power of the Turkish pacha, and slain
.‘I. M. First built in A.D. 1606; and became the court residence in

11319; but the extinction of the palatinate family in 1777 caused there.

ll
‘1
l

 

 

. '75,-

412 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. (mi?

moval of the court to Munich. Battle of Mannheim, betwem the armies

of the allies and the French, fought May 30, 1793. Mannheim surrendered

to the French, under command of general Pichegru, Sept. 20, 1795. On the
25th of the same month, the Austrians under general Wurmser, de-
feated the French near the city. Several battles were fought with va-
rious success in the neighborhood during the late wars. Kotzebue. the
popular dramatist, was assassinated at Mannheim, by a student of Wtrtz- i
burg, named Sandt, April 2, 1819.

MANICHEANS. An ancient sect, founded by Manes, which began to infest i
the East, about A. D. 277. It spread into Egypt, Arabia, and Africa, and ,-_‘
particularly into Persia. A rich widow, whose servant Manes had been, i
left him a store of wealth, after which he assumed the title of apostle, or :
envoy of Jesus Christ, and announced that he was the paraclete or com- ,.
forter that Christ had promised to send. He maintained two principles, the -
one good, and the other bad; the first he called light, which did nothing
but good, and the second he called darkness, which did nothing but evil. '.
Several other sects sprung from the Manicheans. Manes was put to death j“
by Sapor, king of Persia, in 290. His offence against this prince was, his ’
having dismissed the physicians of the court, pretending he could cure one
of the royal family by his prayers, instead of which the patient died in his v‘
arms—Nam}. Diet. Hist. ' l

. MANILLA. Capital of the Philippine Isles; a great mart of Spanish com-
merce. 3000 persons perished here by an earthquake in 1631-5. Manilla was
taken by the English in 1757 ; and again in Oct. 1762, by storm. The cap~
tors humanely suffered the archbishop to ransom it for about a million ster-
ling; but great part of the ransom never was paid. Since the establish- .
ment of a free trade in the Spanish colonies, which took place in 1783, the ,i
usual Acapulco ships and other government traders have been discontinued ;
and the commerce to the Manillas and other parts, is carried on in private
bottoms by free companies of merchants—Butler.

MANTINEA, BATTLE or, between Epaminondas, at the head of the Thebans, ,3
and the combined forces of Lacedaemon, Achaia, Elis, Athens, and Arcadia. .
The 'l‘heban general was killed in the engagement, and from that time
Thebes!) lost its power and consequence among the Grecian states, 363 B. c.
-—Stm 0.

MANTUA. Virgil was born at a village near this city. Mantua surrendered
to the French, Jan 7, 1797, after a siege of eight months; and it was at— .l
tacked by the Austrian and Russian army, July 30, 1799, to which it sur-
rendered after a short siege. In 1800, after the battle of Marengo, the

French again obtained possession of it; but they delivered it 'up to the
Austrians in 1814. ‘ ‘

MAPS AND CHARTS. They were invented by Anaximander, the Milesian
philosopher, a disciple of Thales, and the earliest philosophical astronomer
on record, 5‘0 B. c. He was also the first who constructed spheres. A ce~
lestial chart was, it is said, constructed in China, in the sixth century.—
Frerct. And sea—charts were first brought to England, by Bartholomew
Columbus, to illustrate his brother’s theory respecting a western continent,
A. D. 1489. The earliest map of England was drawn by George Lily in 1520.
Mcrcator’s chart, in which the world was taken as a plane, was invented in
1556. A map of the moon’s surface was first drawn at Dantzic, in 1647.
See Charts. _ _ 3 ,

MARATHON, BATTLE or. One of the most extraordinary in ancient history. -
The Greeks were only 10,000 strong, the number of the Persians not known. _ , ‘
The former were commanded by Miltiades, Aristides, and Themistoeles, who
defeated the Persians. Persian loss 6,400—Athenian 192. Among the

   
 
 
 
 
   
 
   

  
    
 

DICTIONARY or DATES. in

number of the slain was Hippias, the instigator of the war; the remainder
of the Persian army wereforced to re-embark for Asia, Sept. 28, 490 B. c.

‘ MARBLE. Dipaenus and Scyllis, statuaries of Crete, were the first artists who
, sculptured marble, and polished their works; all statues previously to their
time being of wood, 568 B. c.——Plim/. Marble afterwards came into usefor
statues, and the columns and ornaments offine buildings, and the edifices
and monuments of Rome, were constructed of, or ornamented with, fine
marble. The ruins of Palmyra prove that its magnificent structures, which
were chiefly of white marble. were far more extensive and splendid than
those of even Rome itself. These latter were discovered by some English
travellers from Aleppo, A. D. 1678. See Pahnym.

3 MARCH. This was the first month of the year, until Numa added January

5 and February, 713 B. c. Romulus, who divided the year into months, gave

C' to this month the name of his supposed father Mars ; though Ovid observes,
that the people of Italy had the month of March before the time of Romu-
lus, but that they placed it very difi'erently in the calendar. The year for-
merly commenced on the 25th day of this month. See Year.

f MARENGO, BATTLE or. In this ever-memorable engagement the French army
' was commanded by Bonaparte, against the Austrians, and after prodigies

of valor, his army was retreating. when the timely arrival of general Dessaix
_ (who was afterwards mortally wounded in this battle) turned the fortunes
9, of the day. The slaughter on both sides was dreadful: the Austrians lost
6000 in killed, 12,000 in prisoners, and 45 pieces of cannon; and though the
French boasted that the loss on their side did not much exceed 3000 men,
it was afterwards known to be vastly more, June 14, 1800. By a treaty be-
tween the Austrian general Melas and the conqueror, Bonaparte, signed on
the next day, twelve of the strongest fortresses in Italy were put into pos-
session of the latter: and he became, in fact. the master of Italy.

MARESCHAL, 0R MARSHAL. In France, marshals were the ancient esquires
of the king; and by their first institution they had the command of the van-
, guard, to observe the enemy, and to choose proper places for its encamp-
,‘ ment. Till the time of Francis 1., in A. D. 1515, there were but two French
marshals, who had 500 livres per ammm in war, but no stipend in time of
peace. The rank afterwards became of the highest military importance,
': ‘ the number was without limit, and the command supreme. During the em-

pire of Napoleon, the marshals of France filled the world with their renown.
See Marshal, Field.

MARIGN AN , BATTLE or, near Milan, in Italy, one of the most furious engage-
" ments of modern times. In this sanguinary conflict, which happened be-'
tween the heroic Swiss and the French under Francis the First, upwards of
twenty thousand men were slain; the former, after losing all their bravest
troops, were compelled to retire, September 13, 1515.

“ : MARIN ER’S COMPASS. The Chinese ascribe the invention of the compass to
‘ ‘ their emperor Hong-Ti, who they say was a grandson of Noah ; and some of
their historians refer the invention of it to a later date, 1115 B. C. See Com-
pass. The honor of its discovery, though much disputed, is generally given
to Flavio de Gioja, or Giovia, a native of Amalfi, an ancient commercial city
of Naples, A. D. 1302. The variation of the needle was first discovered by

own :-

»

   
 
  
   
   
  

I 1‘ in 1580. The dipping—needle was invented by Robert Norman, a compass.
maker of Ratcliffe, in that year.

‘ 3‘ Q ’ RQUE, LETTERS or. Instruments authorizing the subjects of one princeto

, . make reprisals upon, and capture the ships, property, and subjects of another
; ”prince or country. Some such instruments are said to have been first used

Columbus in his voyages of discovery, 1492 ; and it was observed in London .

 

 

414 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS [MAfi ,

MARQUESS. This dignity, called by the Saxons Markin—Reve, and by the

.V[

MARRIAGES BY SALE. Among the Babylonians at a certain time every year,

M

M

MARSTON MOOR, BATTLE or. This battle was the beginning of the misfor-

  
   
   
   
   
 
 
  
  
  
   
   
  
    
 
  
   
 
 
    
  
  
  
    
 
  
   
  

by the Venetian government. The first letters of' marque granted in Eng-
land were in the reign of Edward 1., against the Portuguese, A. D. 129-5:—
Rg/mcr’s Fwdera.

Germans Markgrave, took its original from Mark or March, which. in the
language of the northern nations, is a limit or bound, and their office was
to guard or govern the frontiers of a province. It has the next place of
honor to a duke, and was introduced several years after that title had been
established, in England. The first on whom it was conferred, was the great
favorite of king Richard 11., Robert de Vere, earl of Oxford, who was created
marquess of Dublin, and by him placed in parliament between the dukes and
earls, A. D. 1385. Alexander Stewart, second son of James 111. of Scotland,
was made marquess of that kingdom, as marquess of Ormond, in 1480.

ARRIAGE. The first institution of this union between man and woman for
life, with certain ceremonies of a binding and solemn nature, is ascribed to
Cecrops, king of Athens, 1554 B. c.—Eusebius Pref. to C/L7‘07L. The prevail-
ing ceremony in most countries was that of a man leading home his bride,
after a solemn contract with her friends. To render this contract the more
sacred, it was made the work of the priest, instead of being that of a civil
magistrate adopted by several civilized nations. The celebration of mar-
riage in churches was ordained by pope Innocent 111., about A. D. 1199.
Marriage was forbidden in Lent, A. D. 364. It was forbidden to bishops in
692, and to priests in 1015; and these latter were obliged to take the vow
of celibacy in 1073. Marriages were solemnized by justices of the peace
under an act of the Commons in Oliver Cromwell’s administration, 1653. A
tax was laid on marriages, viz. : on the marriage of a duke 502., of a com-
mon person 23. 6d., the 8th of William 111., 1695. Marriages were again
taxed in 1784.

the marriageable females were assembled, and disposed of to the best bid—
der, by the public crier. The richest citizens purchased such as pleased
them at a high price; and the money thus obtained was used to portion ofl’ _
those females to whom nature had been less liberal of personal charms.
When the beauties were disposed of, the crier put up the more ordinary lots,
beginning with the most ill—favored among those that remained, announcing
a premium to the purchaser of each : the bidders were to name a sum below
the given premium, at which they would be willing to take the maid; and
he who bid lowest was declared the purchaser. By these means every female
was provided for. This custom originated with Atossa, daughter of Belo—
chus, about 1133 B. C.

ARSEILLES. Is supposed to have been founded by the Phoceans, about
600 nor—Univ. Hi‘st. Cicero styled it the Athens of Gaul. It was taken
by Julius Caesar after a long and terrible. siege; and it was sacked by the
Saracens, A. D. 473. Marseilles became a republic in 1214. It was subjected
to the counts of Provence in 1251; and was again united to the crown of
France in 1482. In 1619 the plague raged with great violence in Marseilles,
and with still greater in 1720, when it carried off 50,000 of the inhabitants.

ARSHALS, FIELD, in the British army. The rank is of modern date, and
was preceded by that of captain-general, and that also of commander-in-
chief. The duke of Marlborough was captain-general, 1702. The first mil-
itary chiefs bearing the rank of marshal were those of France. George 11.
first conferred the rank upon J 01111, duke of Argyle, and George, earl of Ork-
ney in 1736. See 1 areschal.

tunes and disgrace of the unfortunate Charles I. of England. The Scots and

Twiqj , _

  
 
  
 
  
  
 
 
   
  
 
 
 
 
   
 
 
  
  
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
   
 
 
 
  
  
   
   
  
 
 
   
 
 
  
   

DICTIONARY or mama. W

parliamentarian army had joined, and were besieging York, when prince Ru-
pert, joined by the marquis of Newcastle, determined to raise the siege.
Both sides drew up on Marston Moor, to the number of fifty thousand, and
the victory seemed long undecided between them. Rupert, who command-
ed the right wing of the royalists, was opposed by Oliver Cromwell, who
now first came into notice. at the head of a body of troops whom he had
taken care to levy and discipline. Cromwell was victorious; he pushed his
opponents ofi' the field, followed the vanquished, returned to a second en-
gagement and a second victory. The prince’s whole train of artillery was
taken and the royalists never afterwards recovered the blow; fought July
3 1644.

., MARTINIQUE. This and the adjacent isles of St. Lucia and St. Vincent, and
the Grenadines, were taken by the British from the French in February
1762. They were restored to France at the peace of the following year.
They were again taken March 16, 1794; were restored at the peace of
Amiens in 1802; and were again captured February 23, 1800. A revolution
took place in this island in favor of Napoleon, but it was finally suppressed
by the British, June 1, 1815; and Martinique reverted to its French masters
at the late general peace, 1815.

MARTYRS. The Christian Church, Catholic and Protestant, has abounded in
I martyrs, and history is filled with accounts of their wonderful constancy to
their faith. The festivals of the martyrs are, many of them, of very ancient
date, and took their rise about the time of Polycarp, who suffered martyr-
dom A. D. 168. England has had its Christian martyrs ; and the accounts of
those who suffered for their adherence to the Protestant religion would fill
volumes. The following documents in connection with the fate of Cranmer,
Latimer, and Ridley. are of melancholy interest. They are taken from a
“ Book of the Joint Diet, Dinner, and Supper. and the charge thereof. for Cran-
mer, Latimer, and Ridley,” kept by the bailiffs of Oxford, while they were
in the custody of those ofiicers, previously to their being burnt alive :-

y

 

 

lsr. OCTOBER, 1554.—DINNER. Item, a post - - - - £0 1 4
Bread and ale - - - £0 0 2 Item, 2 chains - - - - 0 3 4
Oysters - - - - - O 0 1 Item, 2 staples - - - 0 0 6
Butter - - - - O 0 2 Item, 4 laborers - . - 0 2 8
Eggs . - _ - - - 0 0 2 ——
Lyng - - - - . 0 O 8 £ 1 5 8
A piece of fresh Salmon - - 0 0 10 [They were burnt on October the 16th, 1555.]
Wine - - - - 0 0 3
Cheese and pears - - - 0 0 2 CHARGE FOR THE BURNING OF THE BODY

—— 0F CRANMER.
The three dinners - - £0 2 6 For 100 of wood faggots {or the fire 0 6 0
For 100 and M of furze - - 0 3 4

To BURN LATIMER. AND RIDLEY. For the carriage of them - - 0 0 8.

For 3 load of wood faggots to burn For two laborers - - - 0 2 8
Latimer and Ridley - - 0 12 0

Item, 1 load of tune faggots - - 0 3 4 £0 12 8

Itelm,dfor the carriage of these 4 6 , He was burnt on March the 215C, in 1556.]
0a s - - - - - 0 2

' "MARTYRS, ERA or. This is also called the era. of Diocletian, and was used
by the writers of ecclesiastical history until the Christian era was introduced
in the sixth century; and it still continued to he the era of some nations,
particularly the Abyssinians and Copts. It commences from the day upon
which Diocletian was proclaimed emperor, August 29, A. D. 284; and the
persecutions of the Christians in his reign caused it to be so called.

MARYLAND. one of the middle United States. was originally included in the pa-
tent of Virginia. granted under charter to Calvert, lord Baltimore, in 1632;

' Catholics who settled at St. Mary’s, on the Potomac, 1634; free toleratim

" é. oft.“ religions and creeds granted by lord Baltimore ; Constitution settled
' @652» .

' , named in honor of Henrietta Maria, queen of Charles I. ; first colony were -

 

 

415,211.19.

‘ - ‘ WV!
“2.; mm.

416 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

 
    
 
 
  
   
   
  
 
  
  
  
 
 
 
  
   
  
 
  
   
   
 
    
 
  
  

in 1650, and again in 1776; the State bore an active part in the revolution;' 5;
adopted the Federal Constitution April 28, 1788, by 63 to 12. Population 2
in 1790 was 319,728; in 1810, 380,516; i111810, 469,232, including 89,486
slaves. Maryland resumed the payment of interest on her debt,._'\’larch,
1847.

MASKS. Poppaea, the wife of Nero, is said to have invented the mask to
- guard her complexion from the sun. But theatrical masks were in use
among the Greeks and Romans. Horace attributes them to Eschylus; yet
Aristotle says the real inventor and time of their introduction were un-
known. Modern masks and muffs, fans, and false hair for the women, were
devised by the harlots of Italy, and brought to England from France in
1672.—Stowc’s Citron.
MASQUERADES. They were in fashion in the court of Edward III. 1340;
and in the reign of Charles, 1660, masqueradcs were frequent among the
citizens. The bishops preached against them, and made such representa-
tions as occasioned their suppression, 9 George I. 1723. [No less than six
masquerades Were subscribed for in a month at this time] They were re-
vivod and carried to shameful excess by connivance of the government,
and in direct violation of the laws, and tickets of admission to a masque-
rade at Ranclagh were on some occasions subscribed for at twenty-five
guineas each. 1770.—Murz’i77zcv‘.

MASS. In the Roniish church. mass is the office or prayers used at the cele-
bration of the eucharist, and is in general believed to be a representation of
the passion of our Saviour. Hence every part of the service is supposed to
allude to the particular circumstances of his passion and death. The ge-
neral division of masses consists in high and. low: the first is that sung by
the cheristers, and celebrated with the assistance of a deacon and sub-
deacon; low masses are those in which the prayers are barely rehearsed
without singing. Mass was first celebrated in Latin, about A. D. 394. Its
celebration was first introduced into England in the seventh century. Pros-
tration was enjoined at the elevation of the host in 1201.

; MASSACHUSETTS, one of the United States. First settled at Plymouth by a

i colony of' English Puritans from Holland. who landed Dec. 22, 1620. This
was called the Plymouth colony. The Massachusetts colony at Salem and
Charlestown, in 1628, and Boston, 1630. These colonies united in 1692.
The American revolution originated here, at Boston and vicinity, and this
State bore an important and honorable part in the contest. See Boston,
Bunker Hill, Lexington, (Fe. Present State Constitution formed in 1780;
revised and altered in 1820; slavery abolished in 1783; Shay’s rebellion in
this State in 1786; Federal Constitution adopted Feb. 6, 1788,‘ by 187‘
against 168. Population in 1721, 94,000; in 1790, 388,727; in 1810, 472,040;
in 1820, 523,287; in 1840, 737,699.

MASSACRES. Ancient and modern history abound with events which class
under this head ; and perhaps the most frightful and unprovoked enormities
of this kind have been perpetrated by opposing Christian sects, one upon
another, in vindication of the Christian religion l The following are among
the most remarkable massacres recorded by various authors :—

BEFORE CHRIST. A dreadful slaughter of the Teutoncs and
Of all the Carthagenians in Sicily, which , Ambroncs, near Aix, by Marius, the R0-
took place 397 B. c. ‘ man general, 200,000 being left dead on
2000 Tyrians crucified, and 8000 put to the the spot, 1022, B. c.
sword for nor surrendering Tyre to Alex- The Romans, throughout Asia, women and
ander, 331 B. 0. children not exce ted, n’ttelly massacred
The Jews of Antioch fell upon the other in- in one day, by or er of Mithridates, king
habitants, and massacre 100,000 of them, of Pontus, 88 B. c.
for refusing to surrender their arms to De- A great number of Roman senators massa-
metrius Nicaner, tyrant of Syria, 154 E. e. cred by Cinna, Marius, and Sertorius.

 

  
 
 
   
  
   
 
  
   
   
  
 
 
   
 
   
   
   
 
   
   
  
   
  
 
 
   
    
   
   
 
   
 
  
  
  
   
 
   
  
   
   
 
   
  

. SSACRES, continued.

Many atricians dispatch themselves to
avoid t ieir horrid butcheries, 86 B. 0.
Again, under Sylla, and Cattiline, his minis-
ter of vengeance, “2 and 70 B. c.

At Prameste, Octavianus Caesar ordered 300
Roman senators and other persons of dis-
tinction, to be sacrificed to the manes of
Julius Caesar, 41 B. c.

AFTER CHRIST.

At the destruction ofJerusalem, 1,100,000 of
Jews were put to the sword, A. D. 70.
The Jews, headed by one Andras, put to
(loath l00,000 Greeks and Romans, in and
near Cyrene, A. D. 115.
Cassius, a Roman general under the empe-
ror M. Aurelius, put to death 400,000 of
the inhabitants ot‘Seleucia, A. D. 167.
At Alexandria, many thousands of citizens
are massacred, by an order of Antoninus,
A. D. 213.
The emperor Probus put to death 700,000
of the inhabitants upon his reduction of
Gaul, A. D. 277.
Of eighty Christian fathers, by order of the
emperor Gratian, at Nicomedia ; they
were put into a ship which was set on
fire, and then driven out to sea, A. D. 370.
Of Thessalonica, when 7000 persons, invited
into the circus, were put to the sword, by
order of Theodosius, A. D. 390.
Belisarius put to death above 30,000 citizens
of Constantinople for a revolt, to which
they were impelled by the tyranny and ex-
actions of two rapacious ministers set over
them, A. D. 552.
Massacre of the Latins at Constantinople, by
order of Andronicus, A. D. 1184.
Of the Albigcnses and Waldenses, coin-
menced of Toulouse, A. D. 1209. Tens of
thousands perished by means of the
sword and gibbet.
The Sicilians massacre the French through-
out the whole island of Sicily, without
distinction of sex or age, on Easter-day,
the first bell for vespers being the signal.
This horrid afi‘air is known in history by
the name of the Sicilian vespers, A. D.
128:2.-—Du Fresnoy.
A general massacre of the Jews at Verdun,
by the peasants, who, from a retended
prophecy, conceived the Holy and was
to be recovered from the infidels by them.
500 of these Jews took shelter in a castle,
and defended themselves to the last ex-
tremity, when, for \vant'of weapons, they
threw their children at the enemy, and
then'killed each other, A. D. 1317.
At Paris, of several thousand persons, at the
ilgstsance of John, duke of Burgundy, A. D.
1 .
Of the Swedish nobility, at a feast, by order
of Christian 11., A. D. 1520.
Of 70,000 Huguenots, or French Protestants
throughout the kingdom of France, attend-
ed with circumstances of the most horrid
treachery and cruelty. It bevan at Paris,
in the night of the festival of ét. Bartholo-
‘ _~ mew, Au 24, 1572, by secret orders from
Charles X., king of France, at theunsu-
z. ¢ :ation of the queen dowager, Catherine de

,m.‘ r, ‘ . . 18*

1310110an or DATES.

Medicis, his mother. It is styled in his-
tory, the Massacre ofSt. Bartholomew.
Of the Christians in Croatia, by the Turks,

when 65,000 were slain, A. D. 1592.

Of Protestants, at Thorn, put to death under
a pretended legal sentence ot'the chancel~
lor of Poland, for being concerned in a
tumult occasioned by a Roman Catholic
procession, A. D. 1724. All the Protestant
powers in Europe interceded to have this
unjust sentence revoked, but unaVailingly.

At Batavia, 12,000 Chinese were massacred
by the natives, October 1740, under the
pretext of an intended irsurrection.

At the taking of Ismael '{y the Russians,
30,000 old and young were slain, Decem-
Z‘er, 17911—836 Ismael.

In St. Domingo, where Dessalines made
proclamation for the massacre of all the
whites, March 29, 1801, and many thou-
sands perished.

Insurrection at Madrid, and massacre of the
French, May 2, 1808.

Massacre of the Mamelukes, in the citadel
of Cairo, March 1, 1811.

Massacre at Nismes, perpetrated by the
Catholics, May 1815.

Massacre of vast numbers of the inhabitants
of Cadiz, by the soldiery, whose ferocious
disorders continue for some days, March
6, 1820.

lIASSACRES IN BRITISH HISTORY.

Of 300 English nobles on Salisbury Plain,
May 1, A. D. 474.

Of the monks of Bangor, to the number of
1200, by Ethelfrid, king of Northumber-
land, A. D. 580.

Of the Danes in the southern counties of
England, in the night of November 13,
1002, and the 23d Ethelred 11. At London
it was most bloody, the churches being nt
sanctuary. Amongst the rest was Guni’lda,
sister of Swein, king of Denmark, left in
hostage for the performance of a treaty but
newly concluded—Baker’s Chronicle.

Of the Jews in England. Some few press—
ing into Westminster Hall at Richard L’s
coronation, were put to death by the peo.
ple; and a false alarm being given that
the king had ordered a general massacre

~ of them, the people in many parts of Eng-
land, from an aversion to them, slew all
they met. In York, 500, who had taken
shelter in the castle, killed themselves,
rather than fall into the hands of the mul-
titude, A. D. 1189.

Of the Bristol colonists, at Cullen’s \Vood,
Ireland (see Cullen’s Wood), A. D: 1200.
Of the English factory at Amboyna, in order
to dispossess its members of the Spice Is~

lands, A. D. 1623.

Massacre of the Protestants in Ireland, in
O’Neill’s rebellion, Oct. 23, 1041. .Up—
wards of 30,000 British were killed in the
commencement of this rebellion.— Sir
William Petty. In the first two or three
days of it, forty or fifty thousand of. t“
Protestants were destroyed—Lord- CW-
endan. Before the rebellion was entirely

M

 

'.t.}mk.s~n'atzlmr‘~ bingodr‘t Ll“. .

 

 

41 ‘9 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

 

MASSACRES, continued.

suppressed, 154,000 Protestants were mas-
sacred.—-S1’I‘ W. Temple.

Of the unotlending Macdonalds of Glencoe,
May 9, 1691.~See (ilencae.

death by pikes, perpetrated by the insur— 3
gent Irish, at the barn ofScullabogue. he ‘2
land, in 1798.-—-S1'7‘ Ric/lard illusgrave. ‘
Massacre of 64 American prisoners at Dart- ;
Of 184 men, women, and children, chiefly moor, England, (disowned by BruishUov- ‘
Protestants, burnt, shot, or pierced to ernmem.) April 6, 1815. ‘,
MASTER or THE CEREMONIES. An officer in several of the principal ,
courts of Europe. Following the usage in other countries, a master of ‘
the ceremonies was instituted in England for the more honorable reception .

of the ambassadors and persons of quality at court, 1 James I. 1603.—

Baker.

MASTER IN CHANCERY. Owing to the extreme ignorance of Sir Christo—
pher Hatton, lord Chancellor of England, the first reference in a cause was .
made to a master, A. D. 1588; and the masters have been since chosen from
among the most learned equity members of the bar.

MASTER or THE ROLLS 1N ENGLAND. An equity judge, so called from
his having the custody of all charters, patents, commissions, deeds, and
recognizances, which being made into rolls of parchment, gave occasion for '
that name.

MATHEMATICS. With the ancients they meant all sorts of learning and
discipline, but even then, as now, in a more particular manner, mathema-
tics were restrained to those arts that more immediately related to num-
bers and quantity. They were first taught to the Jews, and by them to the
Egyptians, so early as 1950 B. c.—Josep/L‘us dc Antiq. Jud.

MATIN S. The service or prayers first performed in the morning or beginning
of the day in the Catholic church. Emphatically, the French duties im-
ply the massacre of St. Bartholomew, August 24, 1572. The Matias of .
Moscow, the massacre of prince Demetrius, and all the Poles his adherents,
at six o’clock in the morning of May 27, 1600.

MAURITIUS. The Isle of France was discovered by the Portuguese, A. n.
1500; but the Dutch were the first settlers in 1598. They called it after
prince Maurice, their stadtholder, but on their acquisition of the Cape of
Good Hope they deserted it; and it continued unsettled until the French
landed, and gave it the name of one of the finest provinces in France. This
island was taken by the British in 1810, and confirmed to them by the treaty
of Paris in 1814.

MAUSOLEUM . Artemisia, sister and wife of Mausolus, married her own bro-
ther, famous for his personal beauty. She was so fond of her husband, that
at his death she drank in her liquor his ashes after his body had been burned,
and erected to his memory a monument, which, for its grandeur and mag-
nificence, was called one of the seven wonders of the world. This monu-
ment she called Mausoleum, a name which has been given to all monuments
of unusual splendor. She invited all the literary men of her age, and pro-
posed rewards to him who composed the best elegiac panegyric upon her \
husband. The prize was adjudged to Theopompus, 357 B. 0.

MAY. The fifth month of the year, and the confine of spring and summer,
received its name, say some, from Romulus, who gave it this appellation in
respect to the senators and nobles of his city, who were denominated ma— ,
jaw-es; though others supposed it was so called from Maia, the mother of
Mercury, to whom they offered sacrifices on the first day of it. Numa i

 

 

Pompilius, by adding “January and February to the year, made this month 4
the fifth, which before was the third, 713 B. c. ' ‘.

MAY-DAY. The ancient Romans used to go in procession to the grotto of .:
Egeria on May-day. May-day has also been immemorially observed in,

   

   
  
  
  
  
  
   
   
   
  
   
   
   
  
   
   
  
   
  
   
  
    
   
    
   
  
  
   
    
  
  
  

monomer or DATES. 41.9

England as a rural festival; and high poles, denominated May-poles, are in
many places profusely decorated with garlands wreathed in honor of the
day. The late benevolent Mrs. Montague gave, for many years, on May-
day, an entertainment at her house in Permian-square, to that unfortunate
class the chimney-sweepers of London. They were regaled with the good
English fare of roast-beef and plum—pudding, and a dance succeeded.
Upon their departure, each guest received the donation of a shilling from
the mistress of the feast.

“ MAYNOOTH COLLEGE, IRELAND. Founded by act of parliament, and en-
‘- dowed by a yearly grant voted for its support, and the education of stu-
dents who are designed for the priesthood of the Roman Catholic church
in Ireland, 35 Geo. III., 1795. It contains 500 students. Permanent endow—
ment of this college, at the instance of government, to which 30,000l. for
the enlargement of the buildings, and 26,000l. annually, were granted by
parliament, June, 1845. This endonent occasioned much excitement and
controversy in England.

MAYOR. The office of mayor arose out of the immunities granted to free
‘ cities by the emperors, and in some towns they had considerable pOWer.
Mayor of the palace was a high office in France. In this quality Charles
Martel ruled with despotic sway, A. D. 735, et seq., under the last kings of
the Merovingian dynasty; his father had previously held this office, and
had it made hereditary in his family. Mayors are the chief magistrates of
corporate towns. before whose institution in England, towns were generally
governed by portreeves. The oflice of mayor may be properly said to date
. from the reign of Richard I.

MEASURES AND WEIGHTS. They were invented by Phidion of Argos, 869
‘ B. c.-—Ar-tmd. Marbles. They became general in most countries soon after-
wards; and were very early known in England. Standards of weights and
measures were provided for the whole kingdom by the sheriff's of London,
8 Richard I., A. D. 1197. Standards were again fixed in England, 1257.
They were equalized for the United Kingdom in 1825.

Q, MECCA. This city is famous as being the birthplace of Mahomet, A. D. 571.
7 The temple is a gorgeous structure, much visited by pilgrims On one
of the neighboring hills is a cave, where it is pretended Mahomet usually
retired to perform his devotions ; and where the greatest part of the Koran
was brought to him by the angel Gabriel, A. D. 604. Two miles from
the town is the hill where they say Abraham went to offer up Isaac,
1871 B. c.

. MECHANICS. The time when the simple mechanical powers were first in-
' troduced is so uncertain, and perhaps so little known. that they have been
ascribed to the Grecian and other deities of the heathen mythology—for
instance, the axe, the wedge, Wimble, &c., are said to be the invention of
Daedalus. We know nothing of the machinery by which the immense
masses of stone which are found in some of the ancient edifices were moved
and elevated.

The first writing on mechanics, was by The water-mill was probably invented
Aristotle, about - - n. c. 320 in Asia; the first t at was described
The Statera Romana invented - - ‘ ' was near one of the dwellings of
The fundamental property of the lever Mithridates' . - - n. c. 70
and other instruments was demon- A water-mill is said to have been erect-
strated by Archimedes » - 205 ed on theriver Tiber. at Rome - {,0
The hand~mill,or quern, was very eariy Floating mills on the Tiber - . A.1)_. 536
in use; the Romans found one in Tide-mills were, many of them, in use
Yorkshire - - - g ' in Venice about - - . 1075
Cattle mills, malw jumentariaz, were Wind-mills were in very general usem
also in use by the Romans, and in the twelfth century » - .2 ' '

parts of Europe - - - , ; 3”:

 

i
.
,\

 

420 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. f .V ‘

MECHANICS, continued. .

Saw-mills are said to have been in use 1 Application of mechanics to astronomy,
at Augsburg - - - A. D. 1332‘ parallelogism of forces, laws of mo-
Theory 01. the inclined plane investi- tion, &c. Newton - - ~ 1679
gated by Cardan, about ~ - 15401 Problem of2 the catenary with the ana-
VVork on statics, by Stevinus - - 1586I lysis, Dr. Gregory - - - 1697
Theory ofl'alling bodies, Galileo - 1638‘ Spirit level (and many other inven-
Theory of oscillation, Huygens - 1647 ' tions), by Dr. Hooke, from 1660 to - 1702
Laws ot'collision, Wallis, Wren - 1662 The Mechanics’ Institute in London was
Epicycloidal form ofthe teeth ot'wheels, formed in - - - . 1823
Roemer - ~ - - 1675 Mechanics’ Institute in New York
Percussion and animal mechanics, 80- formed - - - - - 1833
relli; he died - - - ~ 1679

Mechanics’ institutions are now very numerous in the United States and in
England.

MEDIA. In ancient times Media was a province of the Assyrian empire. It
revolted from Arbaees 820 B. c., and afterwards became an independent
kingdom, and conquered Persia; but Cyrus having vanquished Darius the
Mede, 536 B. 0., Media was from that time united to the Persian empire,
and shared its filECr—Bédif; Priestley.

Revolt. of the Medes—Blaz‘r - B. c. 820 Cyrus made king of Persia ~ 3. c. 559
The country was subjected to the As‘ Astyages deposed by Cyrus - - 550

syrians.——Idmn - - - - 766 Croesus king of Lydia defeated, and his
Phraortes reigns; he conquers Persia, throne seized by Cyrus - - 5'48

Armenia, and other countries - 647 Cyrus Lakes Babylon; puts Belshazzar
Battle 01‘ Rages; the Assyrians defeat to death- and makes Astyages (or

the Medea—Blair - - - 625 Darius, the Mede) Viceroy - - 538
War with the Lydians; the hostile ar- By the death of Astyages, Cyrus be-

mies meet: but an eclipse of the sun comes master of a1.| Persia; and this

so alarms them, they conclude peace era is properly the commencement

without striking a blow - - - 585 of the Permian empire.—Lenglet - 357
The reign of Astyages.——Blair - ~ ’ ’

i The Modes were a brave people, but they degenerated, and introduced lux-
ury into Persia. They admitted polygamy, and a man was deemed infamous
who had less than seven wives, as was also a woman who could not boast
of at least five husbands—Aspiln.

MEDICAL LITERATURE IN THE UNITED STATES. The Medical Rep0«
sitory, commenced at N cw York, 1797, was the first work of the kind. It
was conducted by Dr. S. L. Mitchill.

MEDICINE. The art of preparing simples was brought into Europe from the
East, about A. D. 1150. In the early stages of the practice, the preparation
was principally confined to ecclesiastics in Europe generally, until the close of
the fifteenth century, or the beginning of the sixteenth. The practice of me-
dicine is now one of the highest sciences, and in most coimtries is in the
hands of the most learned and distinguished men; and various statutes
have been enacted to discourage pretenders to the healing art.

MEDINA, IN ARABIA DESER'I‘A, famous for the tomb of Mahomet, contained
in a large mosque. closed with rich curtains and lighted by a vast number
of rich lamps. Medina was called the City of the Prophet, because here
Mahomet was protected when he fled from Mecca, July 16, A. D. 622. This
flight gave rise to the remarkable epocha in chronology called the Hegim,
a word that, in Arabic, denotes, to flee, or quit one’s country or friends.

MEMORY. That faculty of the mind or soul whereby past things are repre~
sented to us as if they were present—Pardon. Simonides, grandson of
Simonides the elder. of Cos, poet and historian, obtained a prize at Olympia,
for teaching artificial memory, of which he was the inventor, 477 B. c;—
Amndelian IIIarbles. The science of mnemonics was made known in Ger-
many in 1807. See Mnemon'ics.

MEN DICANT FRIARS. The term was applied to several orders .of‘ religious

 

DICTIONARY or DATES. 4!?

 
   
  
  
 
   
  
   
   
   
 
  
 
   
  
  
  
   
  
   
  
    
    
   
  
   
   
   
   
  
  
   
  

who commenced their alms-begging in the thirteenth century, in the ponti-
ficate of Innocent III. They were confined by a general council, held by
Gregory X. at Lyons, in 1272, to the following four orders—Dominicans,
Franciscans, Carmelites, and Augustines. The Capuchins and other orders
subsequently branched from them. ‘ ,

_, MENSURATION. The art of measuring geometrical superficies and solids is
5' of very early date. The various properties of conic sections were dis-
covered by Archimedes, to whom the chief advancement in mensuration
may be attributed. He also determined the ratio of spheres, spheroids, &c.,
about 218 B. c.

MERCATOR’S CHARTS. The true inventor of these charts is said to have
' been a Mr. Wright, who made several voyages; and in his absence Merca-
tor published the charts in his own name, 1556.—-Pard0n. They are, how-
ever, now confidently ascribed to Mercator’s own ingenuity. In these
charts the meridians and parallels of latitude cut each other at right an-'
les, and are both represented by straight lines, enlarging the degrees of
atitude as they recede from the equator.

j MERCHANT—from mercans. The name given to high commercial citizens who
trade abroad. The merchants of London and Amsterdam were accounted
the most enterprising and richest in the world. An attempt was made by
queen Anne’s ministry to exclude merchants from sitting in the House of
Commons. in 1711 ; but it failed. The Merchant Adventurer’s society (see
Adventurers, Merchant) was established by the duke of Brabant, in 1296; it
extended to England in Edward III.’s reign; and was formed into an En-
glish corporation in 1564.—Hayd7t.

MERCURY. This substance was known to the ancients, and has been found
in vast qantities in various countries. The mines in Carniola in Germany
are the most productive in Europe, and have yielded in some years 1200
tons; they were discovered by accident in 1497. The anti-venereal virtues
of mercury were found by James Carpus, an Italian surgeon, A. D. 1512.—
Nouv. Diet. The compound termed calomel was first mentioned by Crol-
lius early in the seventeenth century; the first directions for its preparation
were given by Beguin, 1608. It was given to patients under inoculation
for the small-pox in 1745. Pallas congealed mercury by artificial cold in
1762. Its malleable qualities were discovered by M. Orbelin, of Vienna, 1785.

MERRY ANDREW. The name was first given to a droll and eccentric phy~
sician, whose name was Andrew Borde, who lived in the reign of Henry
VIII., and who, on some occasions, on account of his facetious manners and
good humor, appeared at court, 1547. He used to attend markets and fairs,
and harangue the people, by whom he was called Merry Andrew. The
name is now given to a buffoon, a zany, or jack-pudding.—L’Estmnge.
_ Johnson.

MESSALIANS. A sect Whose religious error consisted in adhering to the letter
~~, of the gospel, interpreting the words to justify and excuse their worst pro-
pensities and vices. Amongst other absurdities they refused to work, quoting
this passage, “Labor not for the food that perishethf’ about A. D. 310.—
. Barolnius, A’nnal.

.MESSENIA, now M’aum-Matra, a country of the Peloponnesus. This kingdom
. was commenced by Policaon, 1499 B. c. It is celebrated for its long and Sflfl‘
guinary wars against Sparta (see next article), and once contained a hundred
cities, most of whose names even are now unknown. Messenia joined the

Achaean league 216 B. c.

’ SENIAN WARS, The celebrated wars between Lacedemon and Messenia.
The first began 743 B. 0., and was occasioned by violence having been ofi'éred‘i

 

I "MW‘M. “1 ~ -.- 4,

422 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

    
 
   
   
 
   
   
  
   
  
 
    
  
 
 
    
  
   
   
   
  
     
    
   
 
   
  
   
   
  

to some Spartan women who had assembled in a temple of devotion common
to both nations; the king of Sparta being killed in his efforts to defend the .
females. This dreadful war raged for nineteen years, and at one period made ‘ -'
so great a carnage, that the Spartan army sent orders home for all the urn
married women to prostitute themselves to recruit the population. In the
end Ithome was taken. and the Messenians became slaves to the conquerors.
The sear/rd war was commenced 685 B. c. to throw off the galling Spartan
yoke, and lasted fourteen years, ending in the defeat of the Messenians who
fled to Sicily. The third took place 465 B. 0., it endured ten years, when
the whole nation abandoned the Peloponnesus.

MESSINA. IN SIClLY. So named by the Messinese, who seized this City, then
called Zancle, 671 B. c. It belonged for many ages- to the Roman empire,
but fell to the Saracens A. D. 829.——Priestley. In the eleventh century Roger
the Norman took it by surprise, and delivered it from the Mahometan op—
pression. Great Messinian conspiracy, 1282. The memorable revolt took
place 1672. Almost ruined by an earthquake 1693; and nearly depopulated
by a plague in 17 43. In 1780 Messina suffered much by an earthquake; and
in Feb. and March, 1783, was half destroyed by the same calamity; since
which it has been handsomely rebuilt.

METALLURGY. In the fourth chapter of Genesis, Tubal Cain is mentioned
as “an instructor of every artificer in brass and iron.” The seven metals
are mentioned by Moses and Homer. Virgil mentions the melting of steel
in furnaces. The Phoenicians had an extraordinary skill in working me—
tals.

METAPHYSICS. This term, literally denoting “after physics,” originated
with Aristotle. What may be denoted the modern metaphysics, cannot be
traced farther back than the fifteenth century—the period when an extraor-

' dinary impulse was given in Europe to the human mind, and commonly
called the revival of learning.

METEMPSYCHOSIS. A doctrine supposing the transmigration of the soul from
one body to another. The first belief in it is ascribed to the Egyptians, who
would eat no animal food, lest they should devour the body into which
the soul of a deceased friend had passed. They had also an idea. that so
long as the body of the deceased was kept entire, the soul would not trans—
migrate; which accounts for the extraordinary pains they were at in em-
balming the dead; a doctrine of Pythagoras, 528 B. o.

METHODISTS. A large and increasing body of religionists, whose tenets, dis-
cipline, and designs, are often misunderstood, and of course misrepresented.
“Our end,” says Mr. Benson, in his Apology, “ is not to form a sect. or to
bring people to this or the other speculative opinion, mode of worship. or
form of church-government, but simply to make them Christians—Christians
in heart and life, in temper. word. and work-—such as lived in the early days
of Christianity, and such as we conceive may still live.” The methodists
may be said to have appeared formally, if not originally at Oxford A. D.
1729; the reverend John Wesley being the first who there introduced me-
thodism. John and Charles Wesley, and Mr. Whitfield, commenced their
career by teaching in 1784. The term appears to have been brought forward
in the days of Puritanism, being suggested by the Latin appellative .Met-ho-
dime, given to a college of physicians in ancient Rome, in consequence 01
the strict regimen under which they pla.Ced their patients. The methodist
missions were commenced and superintended by Mr. Wesley and Dr. Coke
in 1769, when two missionaries were sent out to North America. But these
missions were not reduced to a system, nor were societies regularly organinv , ,
ed for their support, until 1817. t

  
   
  
   
  
  
   
   
   
  
   
   
   
  
  
   
   
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
 
 
  
 
  
   
  
  
   
   
   
  
  

"‘D} monomer or DATES. - 42g

MEXICO. Discovered in A. D. 1518. It was conquered by the Spaniards under
Cortes, whose name is infamous on account of his cruelties to the vanquished,
A. D. 1521. The mint of Mexico, the richest in the world, was begun in
1535. This country, like other states in the new world, has recovered its in-
dependence. Iturbide made emperor, May, 1822. Mexican constitution
proclaimed by the president Vittoria, Oct. 1823. Iturbide shot July 19,
1824. Treaty of commerce with Great Britain ratified, April 1825. Titles
suppressed, May 1826. The expulsion of the Spaniards decreed, March,
1829. Spanish expedition against Mexico surrendered, Sept. 26, same year.
Mexican revolution; the president Guerrero deposed Dec. 23, same year.
The independence of Mexico, previously recognized by the great European
powers, also recognized by the emperor of Brazil, June 1830. Civil war
between Bustamcnte and Santa Anna, 1832. Santa Anna elected president,
March 1834. Declaration of war against France, N 0v. 30, 1838. Castle of
San Juan de Ulloa taken by the French, Nov. 27, 1838. This war terminated,
March 9,1839. Civil war with change of leaders at various times. Santa.
Anna displaced Bustamente again, Oct. 6, 1841. Insurrection of general Pa-
redes against Santa Anna, Nov. 5, 1844, succeeds without bloodshed, and
Herrera made president, Dec., 1844. Paredes overturns Herrera, Dec. 1845.
War with the United States, 1846: Mexicans defeated at Palo Alto,
May 8, 1846; and subsequently at Matamoras. Santa Fe captured, Aug. 23,
and Monterey, Sept. 24, 1846. Mexican congress authorized their govern-
ment to raise $15,000,000 for the war against the United States, upon the
mortgage or sale of church property, Jan. 8, 1847. Battle of Buena Vista,
Feb. 22,1847. Vera Cruz surrendered to general Scott, March 29,1847.
Battle of Cerro Gordo, April 18. General Paredes landed at Vera Cruz in
disguise, Aug. 14, 1847. Battles of Contreras and Churubusco, Aug. 20,
1847; of Chepultepec, Sept. 12. Surrender of city of Mexico to American
general Scott, Sept. 14, 1847. Treaty of peace with the United States, rati-
fied at Queretaro, May 30, 1848. Paredes excites a revolt at Guanaxuato,
June 15. Mexico evacuated by the American troops, June 12. Herrera be-
comes president, July 6. Bustamente defeats Paredes, July 18. Vera Cruz
surrendered by the United States, Aug. 1. See War of the United States and
Mexico. Signor de la Rosa first Mexican minister to the United States after
the war, presented his credentials, Dec. 2, 1848.

MEZZOTINTO. A peculiar manner of engraving representing figures on cop-
per, received its name from its resemblance to painting. The invention of it
is generally ascribed to prince Rupert, A. D. 1648; but baron Heinikin states
that colonel de Siegen engraved a large and admirable print of Amelia Eliza-
beth of Hesse in mezzotinto in 1643. See Engraving.

1, MICHIGAN, one of the United States, first settled by'the French at Detroit
in 1647. Many of the Hurons, a native tribe in this region, were converted
to the Catholic faith by the Jesuits. The territorry ceded to England by
the peace of 1763; made a separate territory of the United States. in 1805;
admitted into the Union as a State in 1836. During the war of 1812—13 the
territory was gained for a time by the British, but it was recovered by gen-
eral Harrison. Population in 1810, was 4,528; in 1820, 9,048; in 1830, 31,639;
in 1840, 212,267.
MICROSCOPES. Invented nearly at the same time in Italy and Holland, A. n
1621. Those with double glasses were made at the period when the law of' re-
fraction was discovered, about 1624. The honor of this invention is awarded
to Drebel and Torricelli. Solar microscopes were invented by Dr. Hooke. In
England, great improvements were made in the microscope by Henry Baker,
7.; F. R. 8.. who wrote two treatises upon it, about 17 63—ng. Diet.

., “’MlDWIFERY. Women were the only practitioners of this art among the He-

 

';)M”‘d-,“‘fir§vv , a,“ "7.7.“- . 37,-, r ... n ». ~ .. , . _
~ / ‘. - I
l i

 

. .g .
424 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [M1

brews and Egyptians. Hippocrates, who practised medicine in Greece, 460
B. c.. is styled by some the father of midwifery, as well as of physic.* lt ad-
vanced under Celsus. who flourished A. D. 37, and of Galen, who lived A. D.
131. In England midwifery became a science about the period of the insti-
tution of the College of Physicians, 10 Henry VII, 1518. The celebrated
Dr. Harvey personally engaged in the practice of it, about 1603; and after
his example the calling in of men in all difficult cases followed. Astruc
affirms that the epoch of the employment of men—midwives goes no farther
back than the first lying-in of Madame de la Valliere, mistress of Louis XIV.,
1663. She sent for Julian Clement, an eminent surgeon, Who was conducted
with great secrecy to the house. The same surgeon was employed in the
subsequent labors of this lady, and he being very successful, men-midwives
after came into repute, the name of accoucheur being given to them.

MILAN. The capital of this celebrated dukedom. the ancient Liguria, is re-
puted to have been built by the Gauls about 408 B. c. It submitted to the
Romans 222 13.0.; was formed into a republic A. D. 1221; and lastly was
governed by dukes from A. D. 1395, until 1-505, when it was conquered by
Louis XII. John Galcazzo was the first who took the title of duke of Milan,
about 1890. The French were expelled from Milan, by Charles V. of Ger-
many, about 1525; and this emperor gave it to his son, Philip 11. Milan
was given to Austria, upon Naples and Sicily being ceded to Spain, 1748.
Seized by the French. June 30, 1796. Retaken by the Austrians in 1799;
but regained by the French May 31, the next year. This city was made the
capital of the late kingdom of Italy, and Napoleon Bonaparte was crowned
with the Iron crown at Milan, May 26, 1805. The celebrated Milan decree '
of Napoleon against all Continental intercourse with England, declaring
England in a state of blockade, was issued from this city, Dec. 17,1807.

. Put under military occupation in consequence of disturbances, Sept. 8, 1847.
Collision of the Milanese with the Austrian soldiers, Jan. 1, 1848; followed
by conciliations. Martial law proclaimed in Lombardy, Feb. 1848; the gov-
ernment threatens the people with the fate of the Poles. The people revolt-
ed and expelled the Austrians, and Charles Albert of Sardinia entered
Milan inthe popular cause, March 28, 1848. A vote taken in Lombardy on
proposed union with Piedmont :—561,002 in favor of it; 681 for postponing
it till the end of the war, June 9, 1848. Vicenza surrenders to the Austri-
ans under Radetsky, June 10. The duke of Genoa repulses the Austrians
at Rivoli, July 1. Milan capitulates to the Austrians, Aug. 4, 1848.

MILITARY OR MARTIAL LAW. This is a law built on no settled principle,
but entirely arbitrary, and in truth, no law; but sometimes indulged, rather
than allowed, as law—Sir Matt/Lew Hale. Martial law was several times
proclaimed in Great Britain during rebellions. It was almost general through-
out Ireland in 1798. The last proclamation of martial law was in that coun-
try, July 26, 1803. Paris was under martial law for several weeks after the
insurrection of June, 1848. .

MILITIA. The standing national militia of Great Britain is traced by most
historians to king Alfred, who, by his prudent discipline, made all his sub-
jects soldiers, A. D. 872 to 901. The feudal military tenures became involved
in this force. The first commission of array to raise a militia in England
was in 1422. In the United States the laws relating to the militia and the

 

 

' Agnodice. an Athenian virgin, disguised her sex to le'arn medicine. She was taught by Hiero-

pholus, her father, the art. of Midwifery. and when employed, always discovered her sex to he:

 

patients. This brought her into so much practice, that the males-of her profession, who were new i; «
out of employment, accused her, before the Areopagus, of corruption. She confessed her sex to the ‘ .

judges, and a law was made to empower all freebm'n womento learn midwifery.-—Hyg.fa. 274.

 

DICTIONARY or DATES. 425"

  
 
   
  
  
 
  
  
   
    
 
     
   
   
  
   
  
  
   
  
  
   
 
     
   
  
    
    
   
  
   
 
  
   
  

appointment of officers are different in the different States. See Encyclo-
pedia American-a. The aggregate militia. force of the United States, as re-
ported in 1848, was 1,888,538, but as the returns in some instances were
for former years, the number probably reached, in 1850, at least to
2,100,000. As the regular army has always been small (in time of peace
about 8000) the republic has relied chiefly on the militia in time of war.
MILKY WAY. Ancient poets and philosophers speak of the galaxy as the
road by which heroes went to heaven. The Greeks supposed that Juno ac-
cidentally gave suck to Mercury when an infant, or to the infant Hercules,
who, while she slept, was laid by her side; but perceiving who he was, she
threw him from her, and the heavens were thus marked by the wasted milk.
Democritus was the first who taught that the via lactca was occasioned by a
confused multitude of stars, about 428 B. c.

MILLENNIUM. This doctrine supposed that the world would end at the ex-
piration of the seven thousandth year from the creation; and that during
the last thousand years Christ and the saints would reign upon earth. It
was generally inculcated as early as the second and third centuries. It was
propagated by Papias, Justin-Martyr, and many others. The Millennium
was grounded upon a doubtful text in the Apocalypse, to the effect that our
blessed Saviour should reign with the faithful upon earth after the resurrec—
tion, before the final completion of beatitude.—Bur7wt.

MILLIN ER. Defined by Shakspeare and Johnson as a seller of ribands and
dresses for women, a very ancient ocCupation; the term is supposed to be‘
derived from Milan. There are men-milliners in England, and the adoption
of such a trade by the male sex has been strongly and justly censured. In
1810,111en-milliners and other classes of an epicene character were very
strongly censured in the Society of Arts. Young females are employed at
all seasons, and in all weathers, to carry bandboxes through the streets, ex—
' posed to the insolenee of' libertines, and the perils of vicious example, while
the perfumed coxcomb [“ He was perfumed like a milliner.”—S/m/rspem'e.]
measures ribands safely at home, or folds gauzes, and lisps the while in lady
phrases to females of distinction.*~—Butle¢.

MILLS. The earliest instrument for grinding manna and corn, was the mortar.
Moses forbade them to be taken in pawn, because that, he says, would be
like taking a man’s life to pledge. The hand-mill was in use among the
Britons previously to the conquest by the Romans. The Romans introduced
the water-mill. See article Mechanics.

". MINES. Those of Great Britain are very numerous, rich, and of various kinds.
' ‘ Strabo and Tacitus enumerate gold and silver as among the products of Eng-
land. The earliest instance of a claim to a mine royal being enforced,
occurs 4’7 Henry III., 1262.—Ruding. It related to mines containing gold,
together with copper, in Devonshire. In the United States, iron, coal, lime,
and salt exist in great abundance, in various States: lead mines in Mis-
souri are very productive. Gold mines have been found in Virginia, North
Carolina, and Georgia, but their supply is but moderate. See Coal, Cap-
- per, Tm, Gold, (f-c.

fMINNESOTA. A territory of the United States lying between 40° 30’ north
. lat.. and between 91° 10’ and 102° west long, inhabited chiefly by the Sioux
Indians. First explored by the French; began to be settled by emigrants
from the United States about 1845—6.

 

 

‘ I look upon a man-milliner not only as one of the most unworthy members of society, but as
- of the most injurious. When I hear one of these persons haranvulng upon the merits of muslin, .
the becoming color of a riband, anger will mingle itself wuh the feeling of contempt; for the
,a -ployment that degrades this man might have preserved a woman from prostitution—Dr.
" uthey.

 

 

    
  
  
    
  
  
    
   
   
  
  
 
  
   
   
    
  
  
  
  
  
  
   
 
  
    
    
 
   

426 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. {asp

MIN ORCA. This island and Majorca were called by the Greeks, Balearides. "
Minorca was captured by lieutenant—general Stanh ope and sir John Leake in
August 1708, and was confirmed to the British by the treaty of Utrecht 1n "
1713. It was retaken by the Spanish and French in June 1756. Admiral ,
Byng fell a victim to the exasperation of the public mind, and to the safety 5-
0f ministers, for not relieving it with a force greatly inferior to that of the ‘
enemy. See Bg/ag'. It was restored to the British at the peace in 1763. '
Besieged by the Spaniards, and taken, Feb. 5, 1782. It was again captured
by the British, without the loss of a man, Nov. 15, 1798; but wasgiven up
at the peace of 1802.

M IN STRELS. They were originally pipers appointed by lords of manors to .
divert their copyholders while at work. They owed their origin to the glee-
men or harpers of‘ the Saxons, and continued till about A. D. 1560. John of
Gaunt erected a court of minstrels at Tutbury in 1380. So late as the reign
of Henry VIII. they intruded without ceremony into all companies, even at

the houses of the nobility. In Elizabeth’s reign they had, however, sunk ,.
into neglect.

MINT or THE UNITED STATES established at Philadelphia, 1792. Branch at
New Orleans, 1838; at Charlotte, N. C., 1837; at Dahlonega, 1838. See Gaining.

MIRRORS. In ancient times mirrors were made of metal; and from a passage
in the Mosaic writings we learn that the mirrors used by the Jewish women ,
were made of brass. Mirrors in silver were introduced by Praxiteles, 328 _
B. 0. See Loo/ting Glasses.

MISS. In the seventeenth century, the epithet Miss applied to females was ,
considered a term of reproach. Miss Cross who is particularly noticed in
Hayne’s epilogue. to Farquhar’s Love in a Bottle. about 1782, was the first
actress announced as Miss.~Galt’s Lives of the Players.

MISSIONS. Among the Romanists, the religious orders of St. Dominick. St. :5
Francis, St. Augustin, &c., had missions to the Levant and to America.
The Jesuits had missions to China (which see), and to most other parts of
the world. Among the Protestants. an early undertaking of this kind was
a Danish mission, planned by Frederick IV., in 1706. But the Moravian
Brethren may be said to have led the way to the new Christian missions,
about 1732. The London Missionary Society held their first meeting, Nov. f-
4, 1794; and it has since been the parent of many benevolent institution's. ‘_
The American Board of' Commissioners for Foreign Missions. formed 1810;
first mission at Bombay, 1813; at Ceylon. 1816; to Choctaws 1817; Che— .‘
rokees 1820. The Board has an annual income from voluntary contribu- ‘v
tions of about $200 000. The statistics of its operations in various parts '.
of the world are given in its annual reports. The contributions of' this
Board and its missionaries to the fund of geographical and ethnographical .
science, to say nothing of religion and civilization. have been very important. v
The missions of the Baptists. Episcopalians, Methodists, &c.. are also nu»
merous. American Baptist Board of Missions, founded 1814. Board of
Missions of General Assembly (Presbyterian), 1818. Methodist MissiOn- -

ary Society, 1819. American Home Missionary Society, 1826. See Ben/ever
lent Societies.

MISSISSIPPI, one of the United States. First settled by the French at Nat-s
chez and claimed as part of‘ Louisiana. 1716. Colony destroyed by th
Indians. The country ceded to Great. Britain by the peace of 1753. Par :
of it belonged to Georgia. and the southern part- to Florida. The territory:
together with. Alabama. constituted the “Mississippi Territory ” until 181
when it was admitted into the Union as a State. Population in 1816, 453-“
in 1830, 136,806; in 1840, 375,651, including 195,211 slaves. V .

 

   
  
   
  
  
  
  

7‘96 1 DICTIONARY 0F DATES. 4..

-,,MISSOURI, one of the United States. Was included with Louisiana in the
1 purchase from the French in 1803. Town of St. Louis settled by the French
in 1764,'but was little more than a trading pest until 1804. when the terri-
torial government was formed. Missouri admitted into the Union asa State
in 1821. after a long debate on slavery, ending in the Alissuun Compromise,
which prohibits slavery north and west of Arkansas, but tolerates it in Mis-
souri. Population in 1810, 19,833 ; in 1830, 140,074; in 1840, 383,702, includ-
ing 58 240 slaves.
MISSISSIPPI TRADE. This trade was begun in November, 1716. The cele-
brated Mississippi scheme or bubble in France, which was commenced
about that period, exploded in 1720; at which time, the nominal capital is
said to have amounted to 100,000,0001. Sec Law’s Bubble.

.MITHRIDATE. A physical preparation in the form of an electuary, supposed
to be the oldest compound known to us at the present day. It was invented
by Mithridat-es II. the king of Pontus, about 70 11.0. It was formerly
thought to be a great antidote against poison; but though it is now out
of date for that purpose, it is still used as an opiate, and is one of the
capital medicines of our shops.

MITHRIDATIC WAR. Caused by the massacre of 100,000 Romans, 86 13. c.
and remarkable for its duration, its many battles, the devastation of human
life it occasioned, and the cruelties of its commanders. Mithridates having
taken the consul Aquilius, made him ride on an ass th1ough a g1 eat part of
Asia, c1y1no out as he rode “I am Aquilius, consul of the Romans. ” He
ultimately dispatched him, by ordering melted gold to be pom ed down his
throat, which was done 1n de1ision 0t his ava1ice 85 13. c. —Leaalet.

MITRE. The cleft cap or mitre is of very ancient use, having been worn by
the high-priest among the Jews. Among the primitive Christians, young
women who professed a state of virginity, and solemnly consecrated thereto,

' were a purple or golden mitre. The pope has four mitres, which according
to the solemnity to be performed, or festival day it is worn on, is more or less
magnificent. Anciently the cardinals wore mitres, but at the council of
Lyons, in 1245, they were appointed to wear hats, which remains to this day.

MNEMONICS. Artificial memory had its professors in the ancient world.
The art of assisting memory, by getting by heart, was introduced by Simon-
ides the younger, 477 B. c. —A2und. Maybles. In modern times mnemonics
have been elaborately treated, and the [We/mama T 66/121220. of Dr. Grey is an
esteemed work on the subject. The science of mnemonics, as we now have
it, “as announced' 1n Germany in 1806—7 ; but it had been previously no-
ticed in the London monthly pe1i0dicals.

:‘_MODENA. Erect-ed into a duchy 1n 1451 The duke was expelled by the
French 1796. By the treaty of Camp 0 Formio, the Modenese possessions
were ineerpo1ated with the Cisalpine prepublic, 1797. The a1 chduke F1an-
cis of Este was restored in 1814. Insurrection here, Feb. 5. 1831. The
archduke escaped; but the Austrian troops soon afterwards entered and
restored the deposed authorities. The people revolt and imprison the duke,
March 20, 1848. The troops of‘ Tuscany occupy Modena, March 24; Previ-
sional govemment appointed, Apiil 9,1848.

MOGULS. They deduce their origin from Japhet son of Noah His son,
‘ . Tuik, they say, was the first king or khan of those nations afterwards
known as Tulks, Ta1tars, and Moguls The first conquemr of the Mogul
empire was Jenghis Khan a Ta1ta1ian prince who died A. D. 1‘). 36. Timeur
Beg became Great Mogul by conquest. 13 99. Khonli Khan the famous
. . sopghi of Persia, conside1ably diminished the powe1 of the moguls, carried
.. '1 away immense treasures f10111 Delhi, and since that event many of the
nabobs have made themselves independent. See India.

 

 

428 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

MONARCHY. The most ancient was that of the Assyrians, founded soon '
after the Deluge. See Assyria. Historians reckon four grand, or almost
universal monarchies,—the Assyrian, Persian, Grecian, and Roman. See
them respectively. .

MON ASTERIES. The first founded was, according to some authorities, in A.
D. 270; and according to others, in A. D. 805. The suppression of monastic
houses has been frequent, even in Catholic countries; and many religious
communities have bowed to the variable notions of mankind regarding re~
ligion, and to the altered state of the world. Constantine IV., among
other persecutors, commanded a. vast number of friars and nuns to appear
at Ephesus: he there ordered them to change their black habits for white,
and to destroy their images. They explained that this, on account of the
vows they had taken, was impossible; whereupon he directed that their
eyes should be put out. and that they should be banished, forfeiting their
various monasteries, which he sold for the uses of the state. When St.
Austin arrived in England A. D. 596, Ethelbert of Kent .gave him an idol
temple without the walls of his capital, as a burial-place for him and his
successors, which was converted into the first monastery. Various monastic
houses were suppressed in England in various reigns; and a vast number in
1515. But the general dissolution took place in the reign of Henry VIII.
1534-9. The abbey lands were afterwards granted to numerous courtiers,
whose descendants enjoy them to this day.

MONEY. It is mentioned as a medium of commerce in the 23d chapter of Ge-
nesis, when Abraham purchased a field as a sepulchre for Sarah, in the year
of the world 2139. In profane history, the coinage of money is ascribed to
the Lydians. Moneta was the name given to their silver by the Romans, it
having been coined in the temple of Juno-Moneta, 269 B. 0. Money was ‘
made of different ores, and even of leather and other articles, both in an-
cient and modern times. It was made of pasteboard by the Hollanders so
late as 1574. Silver has increased more than thirty times its value since
the Norman conquest, viz. a pound in that age was three times the quantity
that it is at present, and twelve times its value in purchasing any commo«
dity. See articles, Coin; Gold; Silver; Copper; Mam, cf-c.

.5
l
l
l
l
MONK. The first is said to have been Paul of Thebais, who fled into the de-

serts to avoid the Decian persecution about A. D. 250. St. Anthony is sup-

posed by other authorities to have been the first example of a regular
;t monastic life, A. D. 805, seen after which time monks began to associate.
Cl St. Athanasius introduced the monastic life into Rome in 341. See Abbeys.

MONMOUTH’S REBELLION. James, duke of Monmouth, a natural son
of Charles II. was banished England for a conspiracy in 1683. He invaded
England at Lyme, June 11, 1685. He was proclaimed king at Taunton on
the 20th of the same month. Was defeated at Bridgewater, July 5; and
was beheaded on Tower-hill, July 15, 1685. The county of Monmouth,
from which he was named, was made an English county by Henry VIII.
about 1535.

MONOPOLIES. Commercial monopolies reached to such a height in England, '
that parliament petitioned against them, and they were in consequence \
mostly abolished about the close of Elizabeth’s reign, 1602. They were :
further suppressed, as being contrary to law, 19 James 1.. 1622; and were ,
totally abolished, and it was decreed that none should be in future created,

7 as was previously the custom, by royal patent, 16 Charles I., Elm—Anders
son’s History of Commerce.

MONTANISTS. A sect founded by Montanus, of Ardaba, in Mysia, an extra...

 

  
     
  

 

:36 N»

 

     
  
 
 
  
   
 
   
   
 
    
     
    
     

] DICTIONARY or DATES. 4%

5 ordinary enthusiast, about A. D. 171. He was reputed to have the gift of
' prophecy, and proclaimed himself the comforter promised by Christ, con-
demned second marriages as fornication, permitted the dissolution of mar~
riage, forbade to avoid martyrdom, and ordered a severe fast of three
lents; he hanged himself with Maximilla, one of his women-scholars, be-
fore the close of the second century—Care’s Hist. Lit.

MONTREAL. Surrendered to the English by the French in 1760. It was
. taken by the Provincials in the American war of Independence, November
12, 1775, and was retaken by the British, J unc 15, 1776. The church, Je-
suits’ college, prison, and many buildings burnt down, June 6, 1803. Great
military afi‘ray, Sept. 29, 1883. Riot about the “Rebellion Losses ” Act;
the parliament house burnt by the mob, 1849.

3
MOON. The full moon was held favorable for any undertaking by the Spar-
' tans, and the Greeks generally looked upon full moons, or the times of
conjunction of the sun or moon, as seasons most favorable to marriage.
Opacity of the moon, and true causes of lunar eclipses, was taught by
’ Thales, 640 B. c. Posidonius accounted for the tides from the motion of the
moon, 79 B. c.——Di0g. Laert. A map of the moon was first taken at Dant-
zic, A. 9.1647. The strength of moon-light at the full moon is 90,000 times
less than the light of the sun—Dr. Smith. It is 300,000 times less.—
:, Bouguer. '
; MOORS. They first invaded Spain, A.D.178.—Uniu. Hist. The Saracens in
‘ Spain beset by the Christians, called in the assistance of the Moors, who
seized the dominions they came to protect, and subdued the Saracens, A. D.
1091. Alphonsus I. of Navarre, defeated them in many battles, 1118, et seq.
. The Moors began the kingdom of Granada, being their last refuge from the
L power of the Christians, 1238. Alphonsus XI. of Leon and Castile, slew
200.000 Moors in one battle ; three leagues round the country was covered
[' with the dead, 1327. The power of this people was overthrown by Ferdi-
Ii, nand V., who conquered Granada, 1492. Philip III. banished them to the
" number of 900,000, confiscating their property, 1610.——Pricstlej.

MORAL PHILOSOPHY. The knowledge of our duty and felicity, the science
‘5 of ethics, or art of being virtuous and happy. Socrates is universally re-
garded as the father of moral philosophy, about 430 13. c. And Grotius is
esteemed by many writers as the father of moral philosophy in modern
times, about A. D. 1623.—Bate, (for.

MORAVIANS. UNITED BRETHREN. A sect which took its rise in Moravia, in,
‘ it is said, the fifteenth century, which some doubt; while the Brethren say
that their sect is derived from the Greek church in the ninth century. They
appeared in England about 1737, introduced by count Zinzendorf, who died
at Chelsea, in June 1760. They settled at Bethlehem, Penn., 1741. In order
to the conversion of the heathen world, these pcrsevering brethren formed
settlements also in Greenland, the Cape, East and West Indies, and
other climes. The Moravians led the way to the Scriptural missions now
so general.

MORGARTEN, BATTLE or, the most memorable, as well as extraordinary and
glorious in the annals of Switzerland; 1300 Swiss engaged 20.000 Austrians,
commanded by the duke Leopold, whom they completely defeated. They
seized upon the heights of Morgarten, which overlooked the defile through
which the enemy was to enter their territory from Zug, and thus achieved
their victory, Nov. 15, 1315. .
MEMONS. The pretended revelation of the Mormon Scriptures to “Joe
Smit ” is said to have been made in the state of New York, about L835.

8.

‘4’ ‘Surrender of a body of 700 Mormons under arms, with their leaders, Joe

 

 

430 THE WORLD’S Pnoennss. [M139

Smith, Rigdon, &c., to the Missouri militia, under Gen. Atchinson, Oct. 28, «Z
1838. Joe Smith and his brother murdered in jail by a mob, June 27, 1844. "
The Mormon temple at Nauvoo, Illinois, sold to the Icarians, or Socialists
and the Mormons emigrated to Desseret and California, 1848—9. ‘

MOROCCO. Anciently Mwm'itmzia. From its early possession by the Romans
it underwent various revolutions. About A. D. 1116, Abdallah, a leader
of a. sect of Mahometans, founded a dynasty which ended in the last 3
sovereign’s defeat in Spain. About this period, 1202, Fez and other provinces
shook off their dependence; but the descendants of Mahomet, about 1650, f"
subdued them, and formed the empire of Morocco. Hostilities with France ,
provoked by Abdel-Kader, the heroic and indomitable ameer of Algiers, 1‘
commence May, 1844; Tangier bombarded, Aug. 6, 1844; peace concluded,
and the French forces evacuate Mogador, Sept. 16, 1844. Abdel-Kader taken
prisoner by the French and carried to France, 1846.

MORTARS, A short gun with an extraordinary large bore, and close chamber,
used for throwing bombs, first made in England in 1543. The celebrated
mortar left by Soult in Spain, was fixed in St. James’s park in August, 1816.

MOSCOW. One of the largest cities in Europe. It was founded in 1156; was
taken by Tamerlane 1382; and subsequently it fell into the hands of the
Tartars, whose last attack upon it was in 1571. when they setit on fire. This
city was entered by the French, Sept, 14, 1812, and the Russian governor,
Rostochin, ordered that it should be set on fire in five hundred places at
once. In this memorable conflagration, 11,840 houses were burnt to the
ground, besides palaces and churches. The French, thus deprived of quar-
ters, evacuated Moscow Oct 19, and it was re—entered by the Russians Oct. ‘ '
22, following. This city has been since rebuilt.

MOSKWA, BATTLE on, between the French and Russians. See Borodino.

MOSS—TROOPERS. These were a desperate sort of plunderers, secreting
themselves in the mosses on the borders of Scotland, defiling women, and
perpetrating the most savage enormities, as well as minor mischiefs, extirpa-
ted A. D. 1609.

MOST CHRISTIAN KING. The title given to Louis XI. by pope Paul II.,
1469. It has been justly remarked, that never was the title or name of
Christian given to a prince more unworthily bestowed, or less deserved.

MOTTOES, ROYAL. Dieu et man Draft was first used by Richard I., A. D. 1193.
The Bohemian crest, viz. three ostrich feathers, and the motto IclL diet-n, “I
serve,” was adopted by Edward the Black Prince, at the battle of Cressy,
the king of Bohemia being slain in the battle, 1346. Ho’ni soit gm“ mal y
pense, was made the motto of the Garter, 1319-50. Je maintiendmi, “I will
wwintain,” was adopted by NVilliam III., 1688. And Semper eadem was or-
dered by queen Anne to be used as her motto.

MOURNING FOR THE DEAD. The practice of the Israelites was, neither to
wash nor anoint themselves during the time of mourning. The exhibition
of grief for a friend lasted for seven days; and upon extraordinary occasions '
it lasted a month. The Greeks and Romans also exhibited their grief for
the dead by many public abstinences. The ordinary color for mourning in
Europe is black; in China it is white; in Turkey, violet; in Ethiopia, brown;
and it was white in Spain, until A. D. IRS—Herrera. ~ -

MUNSTER, TREATY or, between France, the Emperor, and Sweden; Spain =.
continuing the war against the former kingdom. By this peace, the principle-

of a balance of power in Europe was first recognized. Signed at Munster, ~ '
Oct. 24, 1648. " ' ‘

 

 
 

“’63 J DICTIONARY or DATES. 431

-MURDER. The highest offence against the law of nature. A court of Ephetaa
" was established by Demophoon for the trial of murder, 1179 B. c. The Per-
sians did not punish the first offence. In England, during a period of the
Heptarchy, murder was punished by fines only. So late as Henry VIII.’s
time, the crime was compounded for in Wales. Murderers were allowed
benefit of clergy in 1503. Aggravated murder, or pctz't treason, may happen
in three ways; bya servant killing his master; a wife her husband; and
an ecclesiastical person his superior, statute 25 Edward 111., 1350. The
enactments relating to this crime are very numerous, and its wilful com-
mission has been excepted from mercy by our sovereigns in every instance
The act whereby the murderer should be executed on the day next but one
after his conviction, was repealed 7 William 1V., July 1836.—Haydn.

MUSEUM. Originally a quarter of the palace of Alexandria, like the Pryta-
neum ofAthens, where learned men of extraordinary merit were maintained
by the public, because of their considerable services to the commonwealth.
The foundation of this establishment is attributed to Ptolemy Philadelphus,
who here placed his library, about 284 B. 0. See Brz'tis/L [Museum (f-c.

MUSIC. Lucretius ascribes its invention to the whistling of the winds in
hollow reeds. Franckinus to the various sounds produced by the hammers
of Tubal Cain. Cameleon Pontique and others to the singing of birds. And
Zarlino to the sound of water. It is, however, agreed that music was first
reduced to rules by Jubal, 1800 B. c. The flute, and harmony or concord in
music was invented by Hyagnis, 1506.—Ar7md. M'arbles, Vocal choruses of
men are first mentioned 556 B. c.—I)u Fresnoy. Pythagoras maintained that
the motions of the twelve spheres must produce delightful sounds inaudible
to mortal ears, which he called “ the music of the spheres.” St. Cecilia, a
Roman lady, is said to have excelled so eminently in music, that an angel
'was enticed from the celestial regions by the fascinating charms of her
melody: and this hyperbolical tradition has been deemed sufficient author—

ity to make her the patroness of music and musicians. She died in the third
century.

MUSICAL NOTES. The first six are said to have been invented by Guido Aretin,
a Benedictine monk of Arezzo. A. D. 1025.——Blair. The notes at present
used were perfected in 1338. Counterpoint was brought to perfection by
Palestrina about 1515. Gaffurius of Lodi read lectures on musical composi-
tion in the sixteenth century, and they effected great improvement in the

science. The Italian style of composition was introduced into these countries
about 1616.

.1 MUSICAL INSTITUTIONS, ENGLAND. The Ancient Academy of Music was in-
i stituted in 1710. It originated with numerous eminent performers and gen-
; , tlemen to promote the study of vocal harmony. The Madrigal Society was
' established in 1741, and other musical societies followed. The Royal Society
of Music arose from the principal nobility and gentry uniting to promote the

performance of operas composed by Handel, 1785. Royal Academy of M11-
sic established 1822.

'MUSKETS. They were first used at the siege of Arras in 1414. The Spanish
historians state that Spain was the first power that armed the footrsoldier
with these weapons. They were used at the siege of Rhegen in 1521. In-
troduced generally into the English army, and bows and arrows laid aside,
12 Henry VIII. 1521.—Carte. It was the duke of Alva who first brought the
musket into use in the Low countries, 1569.~—Branstmze.

LIN. A fine cloth, made wholly of cotton. According to some, it is so
. "called as not being bare, but having a downy nap on its surface resembling
f ‘ moss, which the French call mousse. According to others, it was first brought

 
   
 
 
   
   
  

 

 

from Mouse], in India, whence the name. Muslins were first worn in Eng-
land in l670.—Anderson. They were manufactured in great perfection in
England in 1778.

MUTE. A prisoner is said to stand mute when, being arraigned for treason or
felony, he either makes no answer, or answers foreign to the purpose. An-
ciently, a mute was taken back to prison, placed in a dark dungeon, naked,
on his back, on the bare ground, anda great weight of iron placed upon
his body; in this situation he was fed with three morsels of bad bread one
day, and three draughts of stagnant water the next, and so on alternately
until he died. For a very memorable instance of this punishment in A. D.
1605, see article Pressing to Death. By statute 12 George III. judgment is
awarded against mutes, in the same manner as if they were convicted or
confessed. A man refusing to plead was condemned and executed at the
Old Bailey on a charge of murder, 1778. Another on a charge of burglary,
at Wells, 1792. At Shrewsbury a man tried and convicted notwithstanding,
Aug. 21, 1801.—P/Lzl[ips.

MUTINY ON BOARD U. S. BRIG SOMERS, commander A. S. Mackenzie: mid-
shipman Spencer and two seamen hung, Dec. 1. 1842.

MUTINY or run BOUNTY, April 28, 1789. For particulars see Bounty.

MYCALE, BATTLE or, fought September 22, 479 B. 0., between the Greeks and
Persians; being the identical day on which Mardonius was defeated and
slain at Platea. The Persians consisted of about 100,000 men, who-had just
returned from an unsuccessful expedition of Xerxes in Greece. They were
completely defeated, some thousands of them slaughtered, their camp burnt,
and the Greeks triumphantly embarked their troops and sailed back to Sa-
mos with an immense booty.

MYCENZE. A division of the kingdom of the Argives. It stood about fifty
stadia from Argos. and flourished till the invasion of the Heraclidae. Perseus
removes from Argos to Mycenze, and reigns, 1313 B. c. Mycenae destroyed ,
by the Argives, 508 n. C.

MYSTERIES. They originated in Egypt. the land of idolatry, and were an in-
stitution of the priesthood to extend their own influence; so that all max—
ims in morality, tenets in theology, and dogmas in philosophy, were wrapt
up in a veil of allegory and mystery. From the Egyptian mysteries of Isis
and Osiris sprung those of Bacchus and Ceres among the Greeks. The
Eleusinian mysteries were introduced at Athens by Eumolpus, 1856 B. C.
The laws were~—1. To honor parents; 2. To honor the gods with the fruits
of the earth; 3. Not to treat brutes with cruelty. Cicero makes the civil-
ization of mankind one of the beneficial effects of the Eleusinian mysteries;
They were abolished by the emperor Theodosius, A. n. 389.

MYTHOLOGY. Fable usurped the place of historical truth as soon as the
authentic tradition concerning the Creation had been lost or adulteratcd;
and persons who had rendered themselves renowned as kings or leaders in
this life. and whose achievements had dazzled the benighted understanding
of men living in a state of nature, were supposed to be more than mortal,
and therefore after death the multitude were easily taught to reverence them
With divine honors. The Egyptians and Babylonians, after forgetting the in-
visible and true God, worshipped positive objects, as the sun and moon; and
then transferred their adoration to the operations of nature and the passions
of their own minds. which they embodied under symbolical representations,
and ultimately worshipped the symbols themselves. Thoth is supposed to
haVe introduced mythology among the Egyptians, 1521 B. c. ; and Cadmus,
the worship of the Egyptian and Phoenician deities, among the Greeks, 1493 ‘ .
u. c.

’ n“ ..
l 432 THE WORLD’S Pnoennss. V Eng;
l

1......»-_. W.-. .-..-..__...._._.. —~—.-« A._~ .._,.. .

l
l
!

 

 

DICTIONARY or DATES. 433

 

N.

l' NABONA SSER, ERA or. This era. received its name from the celebrated prince
of Babylon, and began Feb. 26, 747 B. c. To find the Julian year on which

the year of Nabonasser begins, subtract the year, if before Christ, from 747;
if after Christ, add to it 748.

NAMES. Originally every person had but one name. Plato recommended it i
to parents to give happy names to their children; and the Pythagoreans
taught that the minds, actions, and successes of men were according to their
names, genius and fate. The popes changed their names at their exalte-
tion to the pontificate, “a custom introduced by pope Sergius, whose name
till then was Swine-snout, A. D. 687.”———Platina. Onuphrius refers it to John
XII., 956; and gives as a reason, that it was done in imitation of Sts. Peter
and Paul, who were first called Simon and Saul. In France it was usual to

, change the name given at baptism, as was done in the ease of two sons of

; Henry II. of France. They were christened Alexander and Hercules; but
at their confirmation, these names were changed to Henry and Francis. It

,j is usual for the religious at their entrance into monasteries to assume new

, names, to show they are about to lead a new life, and have renounced the
world, their family, and themselves. See Surnames.

. NAMUR. Ceded to the house of Austria by the peace of Utrecht. It was

‘ garrisoned by the Dutch as a barrier town to the United Provinces in 1715.
Namur was taken by the French in 1746, but was restored in 1748. In 1781,
the emperor Joseph expelled the Dutch garrison. In 1792, it was again taken
by the French, who were compelled to evacuate it the following year; but
they regained possession of it in 1794. The French, however, delivered it
up to the Allies, in 1814.

E
PNANTES, EDICT or. See Edict.

hNAPLES The continental division of the kingdom of the two Sicilies. Naples
,‘ was a part of the Roman territory at a very early period. In the fifth cen-
i; tury it became a prey to the Goths, and afterwards to the Lombards; and

the Saracens, Normans, and French, also successively had possession of this
country.

 

   

The Goths having become masters of
Naples and of Sicily, are expelled by
Belisarius, general of the Eastern
empire - - -

The Lombards next get possession of
Naples, and are dispossessed by Char-
lemagne - - - -

Charles of Anjou, brother of St. Louis,
king of France, obtains the crown
from the pope, to the exclusion of the
rightful heir, Conradin, who is be-
headed, aged sixteen years - - 1266

The French becoming hated by the Si-
cilians, a general massacre of the in-
vaders takes place, one Frenchman
only escaping. See Sicilian Ves ers

Marc 30,1282

Peter ofArragon reigns - - - 1282

The two crowns disjoined - - 1303

Charles Durazzo, becoming king of
Hungary, is murdered there by order
of the queen regent, in her presence - 1385

For this murder she is taken out of her
carriage, and drowned in the river

, Boseth - - - - ' 1386

' .. Sicily again united to Na leg, and the

" kings ever since calle king of the

Two Sicilian - ' ~ ' - - 1442

19

  
 
  
 
 
   
   
  

800

A.D. 537‘

Taken from the French and annexed to
Spain - - - - - 1504
: The tyranny of the Spaniards leads to
' an insurrection, excited by Masaniello,
a fisherman, who in fifteen days raises

an army of 200,000 men - - 1647
This insurrection subsides, and Masa-
niello is murdered - - - 1647

Attempt of the duke oquise to possess
the crown - - - 1647
The kingdom completely conquered by

prince Eugene - 1707
Discovery of the ruins ofHerculaneum.
See Herculaneum - - 1711

Naples ceded to the emperor by the
treaty of Radstadt, 1714; Slcxly - 1720
Both kingdoms are recovered by the
crown of Spain - . _ - . - 1734
And Charles, the son of Philip of Spain,
reigns - ~ - - - 1735
Reign of Ferdinand 1V. - - - 1759
His flight on the approach of the French
republicans - . - Jan. 14, 1799
Nelson appears, Naples is retaken, and

 

the king restored . - July 13, 1799
It is again taken by the French, April 7, 1&1] ,.
Dreadful earthquake felt throughout ’ '

 

434

NAPLES, continued.

the kingdom, and thousands perish
.luly 26, 180.3
Treaty ofi‘ensive and defensive between
France and Naples Oct. 8, 1805
Ferdinand is again driven from Naples,
and Joseph Bonaparte is crowned
kine - - - Feb. 0, 1806
J c-sepIi abdicates for the crown of Spain
Julie 1, 1808
The crown is transferred to Joachim

Murat - - - July 1, 1808
Naples is surrendered to a. British fleet,
and Ferdinand re-enters - June 17, 1815

Execution of Joachim Murat - Oct. 15, 1815
Revolutionary movement, headed by

general Pepe - - July 15, 1820
Suppression of the Carbonari Sept. 16, 18:20
Reign of Francis 1. - - - 1826
And of Ferdinand II. - Nov. 8, 1830
Commencement ofthe dispute relative

to the sulphur monopoly (which is

afterwards amicably adjusted)
March 15, 1840

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

Demonstration I. favor of Pius IX. and
reform, fired u} on at Naples, and ar-
rests made - - Dec. 15, 1847

Sanguinary disorders at Messina J an. 4, 1848

Rebellion at Palermo, &c. - Jan. 12, 1848

Palermo bombarded - Jan. 13—19, 1848

The king signed a constitution Jan. 28, 1848

Messina expelled the Neapolitan gar-
rison - - - -Feb. 22,1848

The parliament of Sicily declares that
island independent ; Messina bom-
barded by the Neapolitan fleet A1). 3, 1818

The national guard raises barricades at
Naples - - - May 14, 1848

The people put down by the king’s
troops; 1440 killed - Ma 15, 1848

The Sicilian parliament elects the uke
of Genoa as king of Sicily - July 10, 1848

Messina bombarded and taken by the
Neapolitan troops - Sept. 2, 1848

New constitution conceded to Sicily

March 6, 1849

Catania bombarded and reduced Apr. 5, 1849

NARVA, BATTLE or, in which Peter the Great of Russia was totally defeated
by the renowned Charles XII. of Sweden, then in his nineteenth year. The
army of Peter is said to have amounted to 100,000 men, While the Swedish
army did not much exceed 20,000: fought N ov. 80, 1700. '

N ASEBY, BATTLE or, between Charles I. and the parliament army under Fair-

fax and Cromwell.

The main body of the royal army was commanded by

lord Astley; prince Rupert led the right wing, sir Marmaduke Langdale

the left, and the king himself headed the body of reserve.

The victory

was with the parliament forces, and was decisive of the fate of the unfortu-
nate Charles, who was obliged to abandon the field to his enemies, losing all

his cannon and baggage, and 5000 of his army were made prisoners, June ,3

14, 1645.

NATIONAL DEBT or ENGLAND. The first mention of parliamentary secu-
rity for a debt of the nation, occurs in the reign of Henry VI. The present

national debt commenced in the reign of William III.

It had amounted, in

the year 1697, to about five millions sterling, and the debt was then thought

to be of alarming magnitude.

In 1702, On the accession of queen

Anne, the debt amounted
to - - - - £14,000,000

In 1714, On the accession of Geo.
I. it amounted to - 54,000,000

In 1749, Geo. 11.; after the S a‘
nisl' war, it amountet to 78,000,000

In 1763, George III. : end of the 7
years’ war, it amounted
to - - - - 139,000,000

In 1786, Three years after the Ame-
rican war, it amounted to 268,000,000

In 1798, The civil and foreign war,
it amounted to - - 462,000,000

In 1802, Close of the French Re-

volutionary War, it a-

mounted to - £571,000,000
In 1814, Close of the war against

Bonaparte - - - 855,000,000
In 1817, When the Irish and Eng— '

lish exchequers were

consolidated - - 848,282,477
In 1830, Total amount of the

funded and unfunded

7\‘ X1 IONAL DEBT OF THE UNITED STATES, at different times.

In 1791 the debt was - - - $75,463,476
In 1800 “ “ - - - - 82,976,294
In 1810 u u . . - 53,173,217
In 1815 “ “ - - - ‘ 99,833,660
In 1816 “ v “ - - - 127,334,934
- In 1890 “ “ - ~ - 91,015,566
N ATURALIZATION.

debt - - - — 840,184,092,
In 1810, Total amount of ditto - 789,578,000 -
In 1845, Funded debt - ~ - 768,789,241
In 1830 the debt was - - 848,565,406
In 1835 “ “ - - . 37,733
In 1839 “ “ . - 11,983,738
’Ii11845 “ ~‘ - - - 16,801,647
» In 1848 “ “ . - 65,804,450

It is defined to be “ the making a foreigner or alien
denizen or freeman of any kingdom or city, and so becominglas it Were,-

[ an '

":2an . ‘ we] .. :

 

 

DICTIONARY or DATES. 435

  
  
 
 
    
  
  
   
   
  
    
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
   
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
   
  
  
    
  
  
  
    
  
   
  
  

both a subject and a native of a king or country, that by nature he did not
belong to.” The first act of naturalization in England passed in 1437; and
various similar enactments were made in most of the reigns from that time,
several of them special acts relating to individuals. An act for the natural-
ization of the Jews passed in 1753, but it was repealed in the following year,
on the petition of all the cities in England. See United States.

NATIONAL ASSEMBLY or FRANCE. Upon the proposition of the abbé
Siéyes, the states of France constituted themselves into the National Assem-
bly, June 16, 1789. On the 20th, the hall of this new assembly was shut by
order of the king; upon which the deputies of the Tim‘s Emt repaired to
the Jew de Paume, or Tennis-court, and swore not to dissolve until they had
digested a constitution for France. On the 2d they met at the church of
St. Louis. This assembly dissolved itself, Sept. 21, 1792. See next article.

NATIONAL CONVENTION or FRANCE. Constituted in the hall of the
Tuilerics, Sept. 17, and formally opened, Sept. 21, 1792, when M. Gregoire,
at the head of the National Assembly, repaired thither and announced that
that assembly had ceased its functions. It was then decreed, “That the
citizens named by the French people to form the National Convention, being
met to the number of 371, after having verified their powers, declare, that
the National Convention is constituted.” This convention continued until a

a new constitution was organized, and the Executive Directory was installed
at the Little Luxembourg, Nov. 1, 1795. See Directory.

AATIONAL GALLERY, LONDON. The foundation of this great institution
was the purchase, by the British government, for the public service, of the
Angerstein collection of pictures, whose number did not much exceed forty.
They were purchased of Mr. Angerstein’s executors, in Jan. 1822 ; and the
first exhibition of them took place in Pall Mall, in May 1824. Sir G. Beau-
mont, Mr. Howell Carr, and many other gentlemen, as well as the British
Institution, contributed many fine pictures; and the collection has been
augmented by numerous later gifts, and recent purchases. The present edi-

fice in Trafalgar-square was designed by Mr. Wilkins, and was completed
w and opened in 1837.

f» NAVAL BATTLES. The Argonautic expedition undertaken by Jason is the
" first upon record, 1263 B. C.——Du Fresnay. The first sea—fight on record is
that between the Corinthians and Corcyreans, 664 B. c.——Blair. The fol«

lowing are among the most celebrated naval engagements to be found on the
page of history. ~

BEFORE cams-r. at Cnidos; Pisander, the Athenian
First sea~fight on record, in which the admiral, ls klhed; and the maritime
Corinthians conquer the Corcyreans 664 POW-91‘ 0f the Lacedemonians de-
The Athenian fleet under Themistocles, strbyed.——T/Lucydzdes . ' . ‘ 394
with 380 sail, defeat the Persian, con- The Roman fleet employed In the Siege
Sisting 0f 2000, at the straits of Sa- 0;” Lllybmum, burned by the (,arthaa
lamis - - . . . 480 gnnans - ' . . . . . 249
Again, at the mouth of the river Eury- The Carthagmian fleet destroyed by the
inedon; Cymon, the Athenian admi- CUhSUI 1111““th '. l ' I - 242
ral, vanqutshes the Persian fleet and The Roman fleets Vanqms “3d by Ian»
army. in one day—Herodotus . 470 mbal, the Carthaumian general; 8UO
The Lacedemonian fleet taken by Alci- galley S ‘akel‘v and 10:00“ Prisoners:

blades, the Athenian - - 410 second Pumc “’2‘" ' ' ' 209

The Spartan general, Lysander, totally At Actiurn. between ll“: fleets 0f 9'3”?

deleats the Athenian fleet under 00- "anus (439531 and Mt": Aemnr ““3

non; by this Victory he uts an and battle. decrdes the ‘fate or the latter,

to the maritime power 0 Athens - 407 300 0‘ hls galleys going over to Caesar,

The Persians engage Conon to com- by “7th he 13 totally deleated - 31

mand their fleet, with which he en- ANNO .DOMINI.

;‘ , tit-sly vanquishes the Lacedemonlan The emperor, .Claudlus II. defeats the

* :. v may, and takes fifty sail out of nmety 400 Goths, and smk52000 oftheirehipt— ’
"hie” ersian fleet conquer the Spartan Du Fremqy . . . . a

 

436

NAVAL BATTLES, continued.

The fleets belonging to Spain, Venice,
and Pius V. defeat the Turkish fleet
in the Gulfof Lepanto. The Chris-
tian fleet consisted of 206 galleys, and
30,000 men. The Turks, out of 250
galleys, saved only 100; and lost
30,000 men in killed and prisoners.—
Voltaire - - - ~ 1571
Bay of Gibraltar; Dutch and Spani—
' ards. This was a bloody conflict and
decisive victory. and settled for a time
the superiority of the Dutch, Apr. 25, 1607

NAVAL ENGAGEMENTS IN BRITISH HISTORY.

Alfred, with 10 galleys, defeated 300 sail
of Danish pirates on the Dorset and
Hampshire coast.—Asser’s Life of
A{f7'ed - - - - - 897
Near Sluys; Edward III. defeated the
French fleet of 400 sail, which were
all sunk. 30,000 French were killed
in this engagement - - - 1340
The English and Flemings; the latter
signally defeated - - ~ 1371
English and French, in which the latter

power loses 80 ships - - ~ 1389
Near Milford Haven; the English take
14, and destroy 15 French ships - 1405

Off Barfleur; the duke ofBediord takes
500 French shi s - - - 1416
In the Downs; t 6 French fleet cap-
tured by the earl of \Varwick - 1459
Bay of Biscay; English and French,
the latter defeated - - - 1512
Sir Edward Howard defeats the French
under Prejeant - - - 1513
In the Channel; the British defeat the
French fleet with great IOSS - - 1545
The Spanish Armada driven from the
English Channel to the road ofCalais,
by a running ticht, the Spaniards los-
ing 15 ships and 5000 men; they are
again defeated, and obliged to bear
away for Scotland and Ireland, when
their fleet is dispersed in a storm, and
they lose 17 more shi s, and 5000
more men. See Armu - July 19,
Dover Straits; between the Dutch ad-
miral, Van Tromp, and admiral
Blake. The Dutch surprise the Eng-
lish in the Downs, 80 sail engaging
40 English, six of which are taken or
destroyed; and the Dutch admiral
sails in triumph through the channel,
with a broom at his mast-head, to de-
note that he had swept the English
from the seas - - June 29 1652
In the Downs; same admirals, and
nearly same loss
Sept. 28, Oct. 28, and Nov. 29, 1652
The English gain a victory over the
Dutch fleet ofl' Portsmouth, taking
and destroying 11 men of war and 30
irierchantmen. Van Trom was the
Dutch, and Blake the Englis admiral
Feb. 10, 1653
A ain, near Portland, betweenthe En, -
ish and Dutch; the latter defeate
Feb. 18, 1653
A ain, off the North Foreland. The
utch and English fleets consisted of
‘.. near 100 men-of—war each. Van

1588

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS

   
  
  
  
 
  
   
  
   
  
 
  
  
  
  
 
   
    

[ NAV

Tromp commanded the Dutch Blake,
Monk, and Deane, the English Six
Dutch ships were taken; 11 were
sunk, and the rest ran into Calais
road - - - June 2, 1653
Again, on the coast of Holland; the
Dutch lost 30 memof-War, and ad-
miral Tromp was killed - July 31, 1653
At Cadiz, when two galleons, worth
2,000,000 pieces of eight, were taken
by the English - - Sept. 1656
The Spanish fleet vanquished, and then
burnt in the harbor of Santa Cruz, by
Blake ~ - - April, 1657
English and French; 130 of the Bor-
deaux fleet destroyed by the duke of
York - - - Dec. 4, 1664
The duke of York, (afterwards James
II.) defeats the Dutch fleet off Har-
wich; the Dutch admiral blown up
with all his crew- 18 capital ships
taken, 14 destroyed - June 3, 1665
The earl of Sandwich took 12 men of
war and '2 India ships Sept. 4, 1665
A contest between the Dutch and En-
glish fleets for victory, maintained
for four days. The English lose 9,
and the Dutch 15 ships, June 1 to 4, 1:56
Decisive engagement at the mouth of
the Thames, when the English gain
a glorious victory, the Dutch lose 21
men~of~war, 4 admirals killed, and
4000 oflicers and seamen. Fought
July 26, 1666
The English fleet of 16 sail, defeat. the
French of 30, near Martinico - - 1667
Coast of Holland; by Prince Rupert,
May 28, June 4, and Aug. 11, D’Etrees
and Ruyter defeated - - - 1673
Several actions to the disadvantage of
the Dutch. They agree to strike to
the English colors in the British seas,
25 Charles 11. - - - - 1673
Off Tangiers, battle between the En-
glish and Moors, which lasted 11
days - - - - . 1679
Ofl” Beachy-head ; the English and
Dutch are defeated by the French,
June 30, 1690
The English and Dutch combined fleets
gain a signal victory over the French
fleet, near Cape La Hogue ; 21 of their
largest men-of—war were destroyed.—
See La Hague - May 19, 1692
Otht. Vincent; the English and Dutch
squadrons, under admiral Rooke, de-
feated by the French - June 16, 1693
Oil" Carthagena. between admiral Ben-
bow and the French fleet, command-
ed by admiral Du Casse, fought
Aug. 19, 1702.
The English and Dutch fleets, under
sir George Rooke, defeat the French
fleet (having the Spanish galleons in
convoy) in the port of Vigo. They
take 9 out of 13 galleons, laden chief-
ly with silver, and six men-of-war'
the other4 galleons, and 14 men-0t]-
war, destro ed, fought Oct. 12, 1702
Off the Lizar , when the English fleet
was defeated - - - Oct. 9, 170?

”21M " ’ Ix... us...

  

31th]

NAVAL BATTLES, continued.

In the Mediterranean, admiral Leake
took sixty French vessels laden with
provisions ’ - - May 23,1708

The Spanish fleet of 27 sail totall de-
feated by sir George inig, in the taro
of Messma - - Aug. 11, 1718

Bloody battle of Toulon; Matthews
and Lestock against the fleets of
France and Spain. Here the brave
captain Cornwall fell; and the vic-
tory was lost by a misunderstanding
between the English admirals.—Na4
'val Hist. - - - - 1744

00' Cape Finistere, the French fleet
taken by admiral Anson May 3 1747

In the East Indies; the French retired
to Pondicherry - - - 1747

Ofi“ Ushant, when admiral Hawke took
seven men-of-war ot' the French

Oct. 14, 1747

Admiral Hawks defeats the French
fleet commanded by Conflaiis, in
Quiberon Bay; and thus prevents a
projected invasion of England, fought

Nov. 20, 1759

Keppel took 3 French frigates, and a
fleet of merchantmen - - Oct. 9, 1762

Near Cape St. Vincent, between admi-
ral Rodne and admiral Don Lan-
gara, the fatter defeated. and taken
prisoner, losing 8 Ski s Jan. 8, 1780

At St. Jago ; Mons. Sufirein defeated b
commodore Johnston April 1 , 1781

Admiral Rodney defeated the French
going to attack Jamaica, took 10 ships
of the line, (1 sunk, and 3 blown up)
and sent. the French admiral, count
de Grasse, prisoner to England

April 12, 1782

The British totally defeated the fleets
of France and Spain, in the bay of
Gibraltar.—See Gibraltar Sept. 13, 1732

Cape St. Vincent; the Spanish fleet de-
feated by Sir J. Jervis, and 4 line of
battle ships taken - Feb. 14, 1797

Unsuccessful attempt on Santa Cruz;
admiral Nelson loses his right arm;

July 24, 1797

Camperdown; the Dutch signally de.
feated by admiral Duncan. and 15
ships of war, with the admiral (De
Winter), taken - Oct. 11, 1797

Nile , Toulon fleet defeated by sir Ho-
ratio Nelson, at Aboukir; 9 ships of

 
  
   
   
 
 
 
 
 
   
    
  
 
  
 
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
 
    

Paul Jones, in the Providence priva-

His descent on hitehaven ‘
He captures the British frigate Serapis

Frigate Philadelphia taken by the Tri-

Frigate Chesapeake fired upon by the
British ship Leopard, for rei‘usmg to

Frigate President, vs. British sloop
Little Belt. . .

 

teer, takes 16 rizes - - - 1776
- April 1778

politans - 1803
——recaptured by Decatur - - Feb. 1, 1804

, Tripoli bombard ed by commodore Pre-
ble - . - Aug. 1804

be searched - - - - 1807
May 16, 1811

D'.CTIONARY or DATES. 49!

f

the line taken , 2 burnt, 2 escaped,
_ Aug. 1, 1798
Gibraltar bay ; engagement between
the French and British fleets ; the
Hannibal of 74 guns lost July 6, 1801
OlI'Cadiz; sir James Saumarez obtains
a victory over the French and Span-
ish fleets; I ship captured, fought
July 12, 1801
Sir Robert Calder with 15 sail, takes 2
ships (both Spanish) out 0120 sail of
the [french and Spanish combined
fleets, otl‘Ferrol July 22, 1805
Off Trafalgar; memorable battle, in
which lord Nelson defeated the fleets
of France and Spain, and in which
he received his mortal wound—(See
Trqfa/gar) - - Oct. 21, 1805
Sir R. Sirachan, with 4 sail of British,
captures 4 French ships of the line,
ofl‘ Cape Ortegal - N 0v. 4, 1805
In the West Indies; the French defeat-
ed by sir ’1‘. Duckworth; 3 sail of
the line taken, 2 driven on shore
Feb. 6, 1806
Sir John Borlase Warren captures the
French fleet under command of ad-
miral Linois . - March 13, 1806
Admiral Duckworth effects the passage
ot'the Dardanelles. See Dardanelles,
Feb. 19, 1807
Copenhagen fleet of 18 ships of the line,
15 frigates, and 31 other vessels, sur-
renders to lord Cathcart and admiral
Gambier. (See Copenhagen) Sept 7, 1807
The Russian fleet of several sail, in the
Tagus, surrenders to the British,
Sept. 3, 1806
Algiers bombarded by 10rd Exniouth.
See Algiers - - Aug. 27 1816
Navarino ; the British, French, an
Russian squadrons, defeat and anni-
hilate the Turkish navy. See Nava-
rz’no - - - Oct. 20, 1827
Action between the British ships Vol-
age and Hyacinth, and 29 Chinese
war junks, which were defeated
Nov. 3, 1839
Bombardment and fall of Acre. The
British squadron under admiral Stop-
ford achieved this triumph with tri-
fling loss, while the Egyptians lost
2000 killed and wounded. and 3000
prisoners. See Syria - Nov. 3, 1840

NAVAL BATTLES or .THE UNITED STATES.

Constitution captures British frigate
Guerrriere - - Aug. 13, 1812

Ca tain Elliott captures two British
rigates on lake Erie - - Oct. 8. 1812

Sept. 23, 1779 Sloop Was captures British sloop Fro

lic, Oct. 8; both vessels captured b
British 74, Poictiers - Oct. 20: 1812
Frigate United States, captain Decatur,
captures British frigate Macedonian 1312
Constitution, captain Bainbridge, ca -
tures British frigate Java Oct. 28, 18a
Hornet, captain Lawrence, captures
British ship Peacock, captain Peake,

Feb. ‘23, 1813

 

 

-a-.~.—_...— .-w.wmmwwwvvv -4.v V

W.”

”A“:

433 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [§*V

NAVAL BATTLES, U. S. continued.

[Delaware and Chesapeake bays block- Sloop Peacock, captain Warrington,
aded by British] captures British brig Epervier
Frigate Chesapeake surrendered to the April 29. 1814
British frigate Shannon June 1, 1813 loop Wasp, captain Blakeley, crip-
Sloop Argus, captured by British sloop - turesyBritish brig Reindeer, June 28, 1814
Pelican - - - Aug. 14, 1813 , Flotilla, commodore Macdonough. vic-
Bl‘lg E..terprise captures the British toriousover the Britishonlake Cham-
brig Boxer - - - Aug. 1813 ' pluin - - - Sept. ll, 18”
Fleet on lake Eric, commodore Perry, Frigate President, surrendered to the
captures the British [leet Sept. 10, 1813 British frigate Endymion Jan. 15, 1815
Flotilla, commodore Chauncey, cap~ Fricate Constitution captures British
tuies British flotilla on lake Ontario, . brigs Cyane and Levant, oii‘ Maderia
Oct. 5,1813 3 Feb 1815
Frigate Essex, commodore Putter, cap- 5 Sloop Hornet, commodore Biddle, cap-
tured by frigate Plttebe and sloop tures British brig Penguin, otl‘Brazil,
Cherub - - - March 28, 1814 Feb. 2'3, 1'3 .5
Sloop Frolic, commodore Bainbridge, U. S. naval force under commodore
surrendered to British frigate Or- Conner bombards Vera Cruz (jointly
pheus - - - April 21, 1814 with the land force under general
Scott) - - - - - 1847

 

NAVA RINO, BATTLE or, between the combined fleets of England, France, and
Russia, under command of admiral Codrington, and the Turkish navy, in
which the latter was almost wholly annihilated. More than thirty ships,
many of them fourodeckers, were blown up or burnt, chiefly by the Turks
themselves, to prevent their falling into the hands of their enemies, Oct. 20,
1827. The species of policy which led to this attack upon Turkey, was that
of Mr. Canning’s administration. This destruction of the Turkish naval
power was characterized, by the illustrious duke of Wellington, as being an
“untoward event,” a memorable phrase, applied to it to this day.

NAVIGATION. It owes its origin to the Phoenicians, about 1500 13. C. The
first laws of navigation originated with the Rhodians, 916 B. c. The first
account we have of any considerable voyage is that of the Phoenicians sailing
round Africa. 604 B. c.-—B[air. On the destruction of Thebes by Alexander
the Great, 335 B. c., its commerce passed to Alexandria, and subsequently
the Romans became the chief masters of commerce. It passed successively
from the Venetians, Genoese, and Hanse Towns, to the Portuguese and Span-
iards; and from these to the English and Dutch.

Plane charts and mariner’s compass l Logarithmic tables applied to naviga~
used about - - - A. D. 1-120 ‘ tion by Gunter - - A.D. 1620
Variation of the compass discovered Middle latitude sailing introduced - - 1623
by Columbus - - - - 1492 Mensuration ofa degree, Norwood - 1631
That the oblique Thumb lines are spi- Hadley’s quadrant - - - 1731
rals, discovered by Nonius - - 1537 Harrison’s time-keeper used - - 1764
First treatise on navigation - - - 1545 Nautical almanac first ublished - 1767
The log first mentioned by Bourne - 1577 l Barlow’s theory of the eviation oi the
Mercator’s chart - - - - 1599 compass - . - - - 1820
Davis’s quadrant, or backstafl‘, for See Compass, Latitude, Longitude, (3'0.
measuring angles, about ~ - 1600

NAVIGATION, INLAND, or Tm: UNITED STATES. An official report of‘ U. S.
Engineers in 1842 states the number of miles of the rivers west of the Alle-
ghanies. navigable for steamboats, 16,674 miles; entire length of lake coast,
of which 2000 belong to British possessions. 5000 miles. The steamboat
tonnage of the western rivers in 1846 was 249 055 tons. Aggregate value of
comtnerce on the western rivers, $3183 609.725. Estimated amount of lake
tonnage. $61,914,910. [For tonnage of ocean shipping at different periods,

see Shipping] ‘

NAVIGATION, INLAND, or GREAT BRITAIN.~ Mr. Nimmo. in his evidence’be-
fore the Committee on the state of Ireland, in 1824, said. “we have more
inland navigation in Britain than in all the rest of the world put together.”
The total length of the inland navigation of England, including as well the

 

     
     

J memos“! or times.

navigable rivers as canals, is 5300 miles.
~‘ merit scarcely agrees with the preceding.

5NAVIGATION LAWS. The laws of Oleron were decreed, 6 Richard I., 1194. y
. See 016nm. The first navigation act was passed in 1381. Another and more fl
extensive act was passed in 1541. Act relating to the trade of the colonies ‘
passed in 16-16; and several acts followed relating to navigation. The act
regulating the navigation of the river Thames was passed in 1786. Naviga-
tion Act, for the encouragement of British ships and seamen, passed 4 Wil-
liam IV., August 1833. British and American navigation laws repealed, 1849.
NAVY 01‘ THE UNITED STATES. The first ship ofwar of the United States
was built under the superintendencc of the celebrated John Paul Jones, at
Portsmouth, N. H., 1781; but the regular navy was commenced by Act of
Congress, authorizing the‘ building of six frigatcs, March 30, 1704. The
Constitution launched at Boston, Constellation at Baltimore, 1797. [See
Naval Battles] ‘

NAVIES OF EUROPE AND AMERICA.

COMPARATIVE VIEW OF THE NAVAL FORCES OF THE POWERS or EUROPE
AND AMERICA, 1846.

See Canals—Haydn. This stab-

 

      

. -4.“ u). in“... 11

 

  

 

   
  

 

 

 

   
  
     

 

 

       

. . q . . s: 1;;
Relative naval In commission. Buildinoécmdma- Total. g 13 g
1y, 0. “5 ,3 E
power of each nation. 15 5 §
Vessels. Guns. Vessels“ Guns. Vessels. Guns. Z Z w
R Great Britain, - 332 4,583 304 13,098 §G36 17,681 40,000
A France, . . . 215 4,293 131 4,635 346 8,928 27,554
. Russia, - - . 179 5,896 . . — . 179 5,896 59,000
Turke , - . . 62 2,636 4 24 66 2,660 26.820
- Unitedy States, - 47 1,155 30 1,190 77 2,345 8,724
Egypt. . - . 35 1,148 3 312 33 1,750 . .
Holland, - - 48 302 86 1,344 131 1,646 - -
Sweden, - - - 330 660 50 1,106 380 1,856 . .
Denmark, - - 96 344 12 732 108 1,076 - -
Austria, - - - 74 686 - - - - 74 686 - -
Brazil, - - - 31 450 11 325 42 775 - -
Sardinia, - . - 11 226 4 220 15 446 - -
Spain, - -‘ - 21 348 - - ‘ - - 21 348 - -
Two Sicilies, - - 17 338 - - - - 17 338 - -
Portugal, - - 59
Mexico - - - 23 42 - - 23 42 - -

 

COMPARATIVE VIEW OF THE COWERCIAL IMPORTANCE OF DIFFERENT NATIONS.

  
 
  
  
  

No. of guns to

 

 

 

 

 
  
 
  
  
   
   
  
   

Nations in the order of their commercial No. or vessels each 100 000
’ importance. in commerce Tonnage. tons of c6111.
and fisheries. merce.
United Kingdom of Great Britain, - 23.898 3,007,581 } 588
United States - - - - - - 19,666 2,416,999 97
France, - - - - - - - 13,782 839,608 1 l ,063
Norwa and Sweden - . - - - 5.450 471,772 g 224
Holland, - - - . . - . 1,528 mum , 683
' Russia, - - - - - - - Not known. 239,000 2,466
Two Sieilies, - - - - - - 9,174 213,198 { 158
Austria, - - - - - - - 6,199 208,551 ‘ 321
Turkey, - . - - - - - 2.220 182.000 1 1,46!»
Sardinia. - - - - - - - 3,502 167,360 { $5
‘ Denmark, - - - - - - 3,036 153,408 1 7(3- 3,
- 798 80,525 , . .
. 2,700 80,000 . - .n,
- Unknown. Unknown. 1 - or? r
- Unknown. Unknown. _ . fill; a :-

 

 

"flag“.wm .— ..._.m. ...- -..V.n

  

440 l‘HE WORLD’S PROGRESS. 1 NEM

NAVY OF ENGLAND. The first fleet of galleys,‘ like those of 1he Danes,
was built by Alfred, A. D. 897. The number of galleys had increased under
Edgar to 350, about A. D. 965. A formidable fleet was equipped by the pub-
lic contribution of every town in England, in the reigii ofEthelred 11., 1007,
ct 369., when it rendezvoused at Sandwich to be ready to oppose the Danes.
From this period fleets were occasionally furnished by the maritime towns,
and the Cinque ports. and were usually commanded by the king, or an ad-
miral under him: such was the fleet of Edward III. at the siege of Calais in
1347 ; it consisted of40 ships, badly equipped, under no public fixed regu-
lations. The date of the commencement of the Royal or British navy, may
therefore be placed 4 Henry VIII. 1512, when the first Navy—office was ap-
pointed, with commissioners to manage naval affairs, and a number of stone
ships of war began to be permanently kept on foot by the crowns—Gibson’s
Camden. In the time of Henry V111. the navy consisted of I ship of 1200
tons, 2 of 800 tons, and six or seven smaller; the largest was called the
Great Harry. Elizabeth’s fleet at the time of the Spanish Armada, in 1588,
consisted of only 28 vessels, none larger than frigates. James I. added 10
ships of 1100 tons each, and 64 guns, the largest then ever butts—Gibson’s
Combination (if Camden.

ACCOUNT OF THE PROGRESSIVE INCREASE OF THE ROYAL NAVY OF ENGLAND, FROM HENRY
vui's REIGN To run CLOSE OF THE LAST WAR,1814.

Yr. ‘ Slzlpsf—Tous. li’lleneoted Navy estim. Yr. Slaps, Tons. ,Menvoted Navyxstz'm.‘
I
x
1

15.21 16 7.260; —— no account. if 1760 412 321,134} 70,000 £3,227,143
157 24 10,500 6.700 no account. !2 1793 498 433,226; 45,000 5,525,331
10113 42 17,055] 8.346 no account. | 1800 767 668,744' 135,000 12,422,837
1658 157 57,0003 21.910 no account. 1808 869 892,800 143,800 17,496,047
1635‘ 173 101,892: 42,000 no account. 1814 901 966,000 146,000 18,786,509
“702' 272 15011201 40.010 £1,036.91?) .
In 1814, Great Britain had 901 ships, of which 177 were of the line; and in
1830 she had 621 ships, some of 140 guns each, and down to surveying ves—
sels of 2 guns only. Of these 148 sail were employed on foreign and home
service. On Jan. 1, 1811, the total number of ships of all sizes in commis-
sion was 183.

NAVY or FRANCE. It is first mentioned in history A. D. 728, when, like that
of England at an early period, it consisted of Galleys; in this year the
French defeated the Frison fleet. It was considerably improved under
Louis XIV. at the instance of his minister Colbert, about 1697. The French
navy was in perhaps its highest splendor about 17 81; but it became greatly
reduced in the late wars against England.

NEBRASKA. A territory of the United States as
cupying 400,000 square miles '

White Earth Rivers on the east, the Rocky Mountains on the west, the 49th
parallel lat. on the north, and the Kansas and Arkansas rivers on the south.
First traversed by Lewis and Clarke’s expedition, in 1805, and partly ex—
plored by Fremont, on his way to Oregon, in 1842.
NEEDLES. They make a considerable article of commerce, as well as of home i
trade in England, German and Hungarian steel is of most repute for nee-
dles. The first that were made in England were fabricated in Cheapside,
London, in the time of the sanguinary Mary, by a negro from Spain; but,
as he would not impart the secret. it was lost at his death. and not recovered
again till 1566, in the reign of Elizabeth, when Elias Growse, a German,
taught the art to the English, who have since brought it to the highest
degree of perfection.——S¢'owe. The family of the Greenings, ancestors of

lord Dorchester, established a needle manuf‘aetory in Bucks, about this
timer—Anderson.

NZMEAN GAMES. So called from Nemaea, where they were celebrated.

 

DICTIONARY or nuns. 44H

   
    
  
  
  
   
  
  
 
  
    
  
   
   
   
  
   
 
   
   
  
  
    
  
   
 
  
   
  
  
   
  

They were originally instituted by the Argives in honor of Archemorus,
who died by the bite of a serpent, and Hercules some time after renewed
them. They were one of the four great and solemn games which were
observed in Greece. The Argives, Corinthians, and the inhabitants of Cle-
onae, generally presided by turns at the celebration, in which were exhibited
foot and horse-races, chariot-races, boxing, wrestling, and contests of every
kind, both gymnical and equestrian. The conqueror was rewarded wit-h a
crown of olives, afterwards of green parsley, in memory of the adventure
of Archemorus, whom his nurse laid down on a sprig of that plant. They
were celebrated every third, or according to others, every fifth year, or

more properly on the first and third year of every Olympiad, 1226 13.0:—
Herodotus.

‘ NEPTUN E. The new planet predicted by Le Verrier; discovered by Dr. Galle
, of Berlin, Sept. 23, 1846; ,

‘ NESTORIANS. A sect of Christians, the followers of N estorius, some time
'k bishop of Constantinople, who, by the general strain of church historians,
is represented as a heretic, for maintaining that though the Virgin Mary was
the mother of Jesus Christ as man, yet she was not the mother of God, for
that no human creature could participate that to another, which she had not
herself; that God was united to Christ under one person, but remained as
distinct in nature and essence as though he had never been united at all;
that such union made no alteration in the human nature, but that he was
subject to the same passions of love and hatred, pleasure and pain, &c., as
other men have, only that they were better regulated, and more properly
applied than in ordinary men. The generality of Christians in the Levant
go under this name; they administer the sacrament with leavened bread,
and in both kinds, permit their priests to marry, and use neither confirma-
tion nor auricular confession, &c. N estorius died A. D. 439—011. Pin.

f NETHERLANDS. They were attached to the Roman Empire under the name
- of Belgia, until its decline in the fifth century. For several ages this coun-
try formed part of the kingdom of Austrasia. In the twelfth century it was
governed by its own counts and earls; and afterwards fell to the dukes of
Burgundy, and next to the house of Austria. The seventeen provinces were
united into one state, in 1549. For the late history of the Netherlands see
Holland and Belgium.

NEVIS. An English colony, first planted by the English in 1628. This island
" ‘ was taken by the French, Feb. 14, 1782, but was restored to the English at

the general peace in the next year. The capital of this island (one of the
Caribbees) is Charleston. See Colonies.

' NEW ENGLAND. The confederation of the northeastern colonies of America.

' under this name, for mutual defence, 1643. Sir E. Andros, the tyrannical go-
vernor of New England, 1686. The New England States are Maine, New
Hampshire, Massachusetts, Vermont, Connecticut, and Rhode Island. See
these respectively. -

,' NEW HAMPSHIRE. One of the United States; was first granted to Ferdi-
V nando Gorges in 1662; first settled at Dover and Portsmouth in 1623. It
came voluntarily under the jurisdiction of Massachusetts in 1641 ; but was
made a separate province by an act of Charles I. in 1679. It was several
times afterwards connected with Massachusetts until 1741, smce which it
, has remained a separate State. Constitution formed in 1784, and amended,

1792. Population in 1790 was 141,885; in 1800, 138,858; In 1830, 269,328;

1 in 1840, 284 574.

5W HOLLAND. The largest? known land that does not bear the name of,

3‘ tinent. When this vast island was first discovered is uncertain. In“ M,
' hing of the seventeenth century the north and west coasts were traced

19*

 

l
l

4.4.2 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [5w

by the Dutch; and what was deemed, till lately, the south extrem1ty, was
discovered by Tasman in 1642. Captain Cook, in 17 7,0 explored the east
and north— east from 88° south, and ascertained its sepaiation f1om New
Guinea; and, in 1713, captain F11111eaux, by connecting Tasmans discove-
ries with Cook’s. completed the circuit. But the supposed south extremity,
which Tasman distinguished by the name of Van Diemen’s Land, was found,
in 1708, to be an island, separated from New Holland by a channel forty
leagues wide. named from the discoverer, Bass Strait. Different parts of
the coast have been called by the names of the discoverers, &c. The east-
ern coast. called New South Wales, was taken possession of in the name of
George III. of England, by captain Cook, and new forms a part of the Bri-
tish dominions. See New South Wales.

NEW JERSEY. One of the United States; first settled by the Dutch from
New York. at Bergen, 1614—20. A colony of Swedes and Firm: on the De~
laware, 1627. The province included with New York in the grant by
Charles II. to the duke of York in 1664; granted by the duke to lord Berkley
and sir George Cartaret, who established a government in 1695. Subdued
by the Dutch in 1672, but surrendered by them, 1674; purchased by a.
company of English emigrants, who formed the first English settlement at
Salem, 1674; government surrendered to the crown (in consequence of diffi-
culty about titles &c. )and accepted by queen Anne, 1702 ; continued under
10yal instead of prop1ieta1y g0ve1nment until 17 76. This State suffered
much in the revolution and acted an important part Adopted the Federal
Constitution by unanimous vote in 1787. Population in 1732, 47,000; in
1790, 184,189; in 1830, 320,779; in 1840, 373,306.

NEW MEXICO, according to Spanish and Mexican authorities, extends from
about 32° to 42°, N latitude and from 23° to about 33" long. W. of Wash-

ington—an area of about 200 000 squaie miles. The country taken posses-

sion of for Spain, by Juan de Onate, sent by count de Monterey, Viceroy of
Mexico, in 1594. A great massacre of the Spaniards in then pueblos or
fort, by the Indians, 1680, when the governor retreated from Santa Fé, and
founded Paso del Norte. The whole country rcconquered by the Spaniards
after a war of ten years; but a deadly hatred has since continued between
the races. New Mexico ceded to the United States by the treaty with
Mexico, 1848. A large part of it is claimed by Texas, and the boundary is
yet (July 1850) undecided.

NEW SOUTH WALES. See New Holland. The eastern coast of New Hol-
land was explored and taken possession of by captain Cook for England,
in 1770 It was at the 1econ1n1endation of this illustrious navigator that
the design of a convict colony here was first formed Gove1 nor Phillips. the
first gove1n0r, ariived at Botany Bay with 800 convicts Januaiy 20,1788:
but he subsequently prefcl red Sydney, about seVen miles distant from the
head of Po1t Jackson as a more eligible situation for the capital.

NEW STYLE. Ordered to be used in Eng land 1n 1751; and the next car
eleven days were left out of the calendar—the third of September, 1752,
being leckoned as the fourteenth—so as to make it agree vaith the G1 ego-

‘ rian Calendar, which see, and also article Calendar. In the year 1.1). 200,
there was no difference of styles; but there had arisen a difference of ele-
ven days between the old and the new style, the latter being so much he-
forehand with the former; so that when a person using the old style dates
the 1st of‘ May, those who employ the new, reckon the 12th. From this
variation in the computation of time, we may easily account for the differ-
ence of many dates concerning h1sto11cal facts and biogi aphical notices.

NEW YEARS DAY. Its institution as a feast, or day of rejoicing, is the
oldest on authentic 1ec01d transmitted down to our times, and still observed.

 

   
  
  
  
   
  
   
  
   
 
   
 
   
   
   
   
   
  
   
  
  
   
  
   
   
   
   
   
  
   
  
   
   
  

mermmv or Dues. “3

The feast was instituted by Numa, and was dedicated to Janus (who pre-
sided over the new year), January 1, 713 13.0. On this day, the Romans
sacrificed to Janus a cake of new sifted meal, with salt, incense, and wine;
and all the mechanics began something of their art or trade ; the men of
letters did the same as to books, poems, &c. ; and the consuls, though cho—
sen before, took the chair and entered upon their office this day. After the
government was in the hands of the emperors, the consuls marched on
New-year’s day to the capitol, attended by a crowd, all in new clothes when
two white bulls never yoked were sacrificed to Jupiter Capitolinus. A. great
deal of incense and other perfumes were spent in the temple; the fiamens,
together with the consuls, during this religious solemnity offered their vows
for the prosperity of the empire and the emperor, after having taken an
oath of allegiance, and confirmed all public acts done by him the preceding
year. On this day the Romans laid aside all old grudges and ill humor,
and took care not to speak so much as one ominous or untoward word.
The first of January is more observed as a feast-day in Scotland than it is
in England. In many parts of the United States, but chiefly in New York,
this is observed as a holiday, the ladies receiving complimentary visits from
the other sex. This custom is derived from the Dutch ; but is also observed
in Paris.

. ' NEW-YEAR’S GIFTS. N onius Marcellus refers the origin of New—Year’s gifts
\ among the Romans to Titus Tatius, king of the Sabines, who having consi-
dered as a good omen a present of some branches cut in a wood consecrated
to Strenia, the goddess of strength, which he received on the first day or"
the new year, authorized the custom afterwards, and gave these gifts the
name of Strenae, 747 B. C. In the reign of Augustus, the populace, gentry,
and senators used to send him new-year’s gifts, and if he was not in town,
they carried them to the capitol. From the Romans this custom went to
the Greeks, and from the heathens to the Christians, who very early came
into the practice of making presents to the magistrates. Some of the fa-
thers wrote very strenuously against the practice, upon account of the immo-
ralities committed under that cover and protection ; but since the govern—
ments of the several nations in Europe became Christian, the custom is
still retained as a token of friendship, love, and respect. It is well observed
in the United States.

NEW YORK. One of the United States. The river Hudson and the island of
:s Manhattan, where New York city now stands, were discovered by Henry
Hudson, an Englishman. in the service of‘ the Dutch, 1609. First permanently
settled on Manhattan island by the Dutch in 1621; surrendered to the Eu-
glish. under Richard Nichols. for the duke of York, in 1664; confirmed to
England by the peace of Breda, 1667; retaken by a Dutch expedition in
1673; restored to the duke of York with a new patent, 1674; first legisla—
tive assembly, 1683;,Jacob Leisler’s revolution, 1689; episcopacy esta-
blished by law. 1693; negro conspiracy, 1741 ; colony took an active part in
French war, 1756, and the war of Independence; city captured by English,
1776; who evacuated it Nov. 25., 1783 ; State adopted the Federal Constitution
by 30 to 35, 1788; adopted new State Constitution, 1846. Population in
17328 65,000; in 1790, 340,820; in 1810, 959,049; in 1820, 1,372,812 ; in 1840,
. 2,42 921.
} FEW YORK. CITY or. Founded by the Dutch, 1614; fort built by them at
~ S. point of the island, 1623; surrendered to the English. 1664; assessed
‘ , value of all the property in the town in 1668, was £78 231; city taken'fiy‘
' - the British, 1776; evacuated, Nov. 25, 1783; meeting of first United States
‘ Congress here, 1785; Washington inaugurated President of the United
States, at the City Hall in Wall-street, April 30, 1789; yellow fever pre—
- j. mihd herein 1795 and 1805; cholera in. 1832, 1834, and 1849. Gm~h in

 

444 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [NEW'

the business part Of the city, swept over 40 acres, and destroyed property
valued at about $20,000,000, Dec. 16, 1835; another in same neighborhood,
1845; the whole district rebuilt and improved shortly after; celebration
of the completion of Croton Aqueduct, Oct. 14, 1842. Population in 1790,
33,131; in 1810, 96,373; in 1830, 202,589; in 1840, 312,710.

NEW ORLEANS. CITY or. Founded by the French in 1717; conveyed to
the Spanish, 1762 ; recovered by the French, 1800; purchased by the
United States in the purchase of Louisiana, 1803. The battle of, between
the Americans under Gen. Jackson, and the British under Packenham, in
which the latter were defeated with loss of 3,000 killed and wounded, the
Americans losing only 7 killed and 6 wounded, Jan. 8, 1815. Population
in 1810, was 17,242; in 1830, 46,310; in 1840, 102,193, including 23,448
slaves.

NEWCASTLE, ENGLAND. The first coal port in the world. The coal-mines
were discovered here about A. D. 1234. The first charter which was granted
to the townsxnen for digging coal was by Henry III. in 1239; but in 1306,
the use of coal for fuel was prohibited in London, by royal proclamation,
chiefly because it injured the sale of wood for fuel, great quantities of which
were then growing about that city; but this interdiction did not long conti-
nue, and we may consider coal as having been dug and exported from this
place for more than 500 years. .

NEWFOUNDLAND, discovered by Sebastian Cabot, who called it Prime Vista.
June 24, A. D. 1494. It was formally taken possession of by sir Henry Gilbert,
1583. In the reign of Elizabeth, other nations had the advantage of the
English in the fishery. There were 100 fishing vessels from Spain, 50 from
Portugal, 150 from France, and only 15, but of larger size, from England, in
1577.—Hackluyt. But the English fishery in some years afterwards had in—
creased so much that the ports of Devonshire alone employed 150 ships, and
sold their fish in Spain, Portugal, and Italy, 1625. Nearly 1000 English fa-
milies reside here all the year; and in the fishing season, beginning in May
and ending in September, more than 15,000 persons resort to Newfoundland,
which may be esteemed as one of our finest nurseries for seamen. New—
foundland has recently obtained the privilege of a colonial legislation. A
bishopric was established here in 1839. Appalling fire at St. John’s; a great
portion of the town destroyed; the loss estimated at £1,000,000 sterling,
June 9, 1846.

NEWS. The origin of this word has been variously defined. News is a fresh
account of any thing—Sidney. It is something not heard before—HES-
tmnge. News is an account of the transactions of the present times—Addi-
son. The word “news” is not, as many imagine, derived from the adjective
new. In former times (between the years 1595 and 1730) it was a prevalent
practice to put over the periodical publications of the day the initial letters
of the cardinal points of the compass, thus;—

importing that these papers contained intelligence from the four quarters
of the globe; and from this practice is derived the term Newspaper.

NEWSPAPERS. The first published in England, which might truly be consi-
dered as a vehicle of GENERAL INFORMATION, was established by sir Roger
L’Estrange, in 1663; it was entitled the Public Intelligencer, and continued
nearly three years, when it ceased on the appearance of the Gazette. A
publication, with few claims however to the character of a newspaper, had

 

 

'DIc'rionr or DATES; 449

    
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
  
 
 
  
  
  
 
   
     
    
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  

previously appeared; it was called the English fl/Iercnryfi and came out an.
der the authority of queen Elizabeth, so early as 1588, the period of the
Spanish armada. An early copy of this paper is dated July 23, in that year.
In the reign of James 1., 1622, appeared the London Wee/sly Com-ant, and
in the year 1643 (the period of the civil war) were printed a variety of pub-
lications, certainly in no respect entitled to the name of newspapers, of which
the following were the titles :———-

England’s filemorable Accidents. The Parliament’s Scout’s Discovery, or

The Kingdom’s Intelligencer. C'crlain Information.
The Diurnal of Certain Passages in Par- The .Mercurius Civicus, or London’s In-
tellz‘ encer.

liament.
The Illercurzus Aulicus. The 'ountry’s Complaint, (sec.
The Scotch Intell-z’gencer. The Weekly Account.
The Parliament’s Scout. Mercurias Britannicus.

A paper called the London Gazette was published August 22, 1642. The
London Gazette of the existing series, was published first at Oxford, the
court being there on account 0f the plague, Nov. 7, 1665, and afterwards at
London, Feb. 5, 1666. See Gazette. The printing of newspapers and
pamphlets was prohibited 31 Charles I., 1680.-—5al7non’s Chron. Newspa-
pers were first stamped in 1713. No. of the stamps issued 2—-

1111753 - . - 7,411,757 1111810 . . -20,l72,837 In 1835 . . -32,874,652
111.1750 . . . 9,404,790 111 1820- . -24,862,l86 1111840 . . -49,033,384
1111774 . . . 12,300,000 11118-25 . . .26,950,893 In 1843 . . .56,443,977
1111790 . . 44,035,039 111 1830- . -30,158,741 1111849 - - -76,569,235
In 1800 - - .16,084,905 7

The total number of newspapers published in the United Kingdom in 1849
was 603, viz: 160 in London, 232 in the English provinces, 117 in Ireland,
and 94 in Scotland. The number of advertisements inserted in the London
newspapers in 1849 was 886,108, paying a gross duty of £66,458 23.; in the
' English provincial newspapers, 834,729, yielding to the crown a revenue of
£62,604 135. 6a.; in the Irish papers, 220,524. paying £11,026 45., and in the
Scotch papers, 2,409.11, paying in duty £18,075 163. 6d.

NEWSPAPERS, 650.11: THE UNITED STATES. The first was the “Boston News
Letter,” in 1704, which was continued till 1774; the second was the Boston
Gazette, 1719; the third the American Directly Alcrcnry, at Philadelphia,
started one day after the last. First New York Gazette, in 1725; first
newspaper in the Carolinas at Charleston, 1731—2; first Rhode Island Ga-
zette, at Newport, 1732; first Virginia Gazette, at Williamsburgh, in 1736.
In 1775, there were in all the colonies 37 newspapers; in 1810, in the United
States, 358; in 1828, 802; in 1839, 1555. See Periodical Lit.

f. NEWSPAPERS IN FRANCE. The first was the Gazette de France. established
*‘ by Renaudot, in 1631, and continued with few interruptions till 1827, when
it ceased and another paper assumed its name. The Monitenr, commenced
1789, has been since 1800 the official journal of the Government. The Con;-
stitntionelle and the Journal des Debats have long had the largest circula-
tion. There were 374 newspapers published in France in 1832. See Peri-

j‘ odical Lit.

'L NEWSPAPERS, IRISH. The first Irish newspaper was Pue’s Occurrences, pub-
lished in 1700: Faulkner’s Journal was established by George Faulliner, “ a
man celebrated for the goodness of his heart, and the weakness of h1s head,”
1728.——Supplement to Swift. The oldest of the existing Dubhn newspapers,

 

 

; ' The full title is, “No.‘50, The English Mercurie, published by authoritie, for the preven‘iun

-» of false reports, imprinted by Christopher Barker, her hlghness’s printer, No. 50.” It describe.

armament called the Spanish Armada, giving “ A journall of what passed smce the 21st of mink
3 . 1.1, between her Majestie’s fleet and that. of Spayne, transmitted by the Lord Highe Admirallto

‘1'“ 'Lordes of council}? _ _ .

.’ [his said by Mr. Watts of the British Museum (1850), that this paper was a. forgery, and that
*5 English paper was the Weekley Newes, published by Nathaniel Butler in 1622.]

 

  
 
  
  
  
    
  
   
    
  
    
   
   
   
   
   
  
   
   
  
   
   
    
  
 
   
   
   

4&6 THE .vonnn’s PROGRESB L833; }

is the Freeman’s Journal, founded by the patriot, Dr. Lucas, about the year
1755.——I/Vestm'irnsl.er Renter/0, Jan. 1830. The Limerick Chronicle, the oldest
of the provincial prints, was established in 1768.——Idem.

NEY, MARSHAL, Ins EXECUTION. Ney was the duke of Elchingen, and prince
of the Moskwa, and one of the most valiant and skilful of the marshals of
France. After the abdication of Napoleon. 5th April 1814, he took the oath
of allegiance to the king, Louis XVIII. On Napoleon’s return to France
from Elba, he marched against him; but his troops deserting. he regarded
the cause of the Bourbons as lost, and opened the invaders way to Paris,
March 13. 1815. Ney led the attack of the French at Waterloo, where he
fought in the midst of the slain, his clothes filled with bullet—holes, and five
horses having been shot under him, unt.l night and defeat obliged him to
fly. But though he was included in the decree of July 24. 1815, which guar-
anteed the safety of all Frenchmen, he was afterwards sought out, and taken
in the castle of a friend at Urillac, where he lay concealed. and brought to
trial before the Chamber of Peers. The 12th article of the capitulation of
Paris, fixing a general amnesty, was quoted in his favor. yet he was sentenced
to death, and met his fate with the fortitude which such a hero could hardly
fail to evince, Aug. 16, 1815.

NICENE CREED. A summary of the Christian faith. composed at Nice by
the first general council held there in the palace of Constantine the Great.
In this celebrated council, which assembled A. D. 325, the Arians were con-
demned. It was attended by 318 bishops from divers parts. who both set-
tled the doctrine of the Trinity, and the time for observing Easter.

NILE, BATTLE or THE. One of the greatest in British naval history, between
the Toulon and British fleets, the latter commanded by lord, then sir Hora—
tio N elson. This engagement took place near Rosetta, at the mouth of the
celebrated river Nile; nine of the French line-of-battle ships were taken,
two were burnt, and two escaped, August 1, 1798. This is sometimes called
the battle of Aboukir; it obtained the conqueror a peerage, by the title of
baron N elson of the Nile ; his exclamation upon commencing the battle was,
“ Victory or Westminster—abbey l”

NILE. SOURCE OF THE. This great river rises in the Mountains of the Moon,
in about ten degrees of N. lat, and in a known course of 1250 miles receives
no tributary streams. The travels of Bruce were undertaken to discover the
source of the Nile; he set out from England in June, 1768; on the 14th of
Nov. 1770. he obtained the great object of his wishes. and returned home in
1773. This river 0"erfl0ws regularly every year, from the 15th of June to
the 17th of September. when it begins to decrease, having given fertility to
the land; and it must rise 16 cubits to insure that fertility. In 1829, the
inundation of the Nile rose to 26 instead of 22, by which 30,000 people were
drowned, and immense property lost.

NIMEGUEN, TREATY or. This was the celebrated treaty of peace between
France and the United Provinces, 1678. N imeguen is distinguished in his-
tory for other treaties of peace. The French were successful against the
British under the duke of York, before Nimeguen, Oct. 28, 1794: but were-
defeated by the British, with the loss of 500 killed, Nov. 8, following.

NITRIC ACID, formerly called aquafortis, first obtained in a separate state by
Raymond Lully, an alchemist, about A. D. 1287; but we are indebted to Cav-
endish. Priestley, and Lavoisier, for our present knowledge of its properties.
Mr. Cavendish demonstrated the nature of this acid, in 1785. Nitrous acid, -
nearly similar to nitric, was discovered by Scheele, in 17 71. Nitrous gas .7
was accidentally discovered by Dr. Hales. Nitrous Oxide Gas was discov- }_
ered by Dr. Priestley, in 1776. ‘

 
  
  
 
  
 
  
  
 
  
 
 
 
  
   
  
 
  
  
 
  
  
 
  
 
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
  
 
  
  
  
 
 
 
  

>M] DICTIONARY or DATES, {a};

NOBILITY. The origin of nobility is referred to the Goths, who, after they
_ had seized a part of Europe, rewarded their heroes with titles of honor, to
distinguish them from the common people. The right of peerage seems to
have been at first territorial. Patents to persons having no estates were first
granted to Philip the Fair of France, A. n. 1095. George Neville, duke of
Bedford (son of John, marquess of Montague), ennobled in 1470. was de-
graded from the peerage by parliament, on account of his utter want of
property. 19 Edward IV. 1178. Noblemen’s 1n‘ivileges were restrained in
June 1773. See the various orders of nobility through the volume; see also
Peerage.

NOBILITY or FRANCE. The French nobility preceded that of England, and
continued through a long line, and various races of kings. until the period
of the memorable revolution. The National Assembly decreed that hered-
itary nobility could not exist in a free state; that the titles of dukes, counts,
marquisses, knights, barons, excellencies. abbots, and others be abolished;
that all citizens take their family names; liveries, and armorial bearings,
shall also be abolished, June 18, 1790. The records ot‘the nobility. 600 vol—
umes, were burned at the foot of the statue of Louis XIV.. J une 25. 1792. A
new nobility was created by the emperor Napoleon 1808. The hereditary
peerage was abolished in that kingdom, December 27, 1831. See France

NON-CONFORMISTS. The Protestants in England are divided into conform-
ists and non—conformists ; or, as they are commonly denominated. churchmen
and dissenters. The former are those who conform to that mode of worship
and form of church-government which are established and supported by the
state; the latter are those who meet for divine worship in places of their
own. The first place of meeting of the latter. in England, was established
- at Wandsworth', near London, November 20, 1572. The name of nonvcon-
formists was taken by the Puritans, after the Act of Uniformity had passed,
August 24, A. D. 1062, when 2000 ministers of the established religion re-
signed, not choosing to conform to the Thirty—nine Articles.

7 NON-JURORS, IN ENGLAND. Persons who suppose that James II. was un-
‘ just-1y deposed, and who, upon that account, refused to swear allegiance to

the family that succeeded him. Among this class of persons were several
of the bishops, who were deprived in 1690. Non—jurors were subjected to a
double taxation, and were obliged to register their estates, May 1728.

OTKA SOUND. Discovered by captain Cook in 1778. It was settled by
the British in 1786, when a few British merchants in the East Indies formed
a settlement to supply the Chinese market with furs; but the Spaniards in
1789. captured two English vessels, and took possession of the settlement.
The British ministry made their demand for reparation. and the affair was
amicably terminated by a convention, and a free commerce was confirmed to

England in 1790.
. NORFOLK ISLAND. A penal colony of England. It was discovered in 1774,
I " by captain Cook, who found it uninhabited. except by birds. The settle-
ment was made by a detachment from Port J ackson, in 1788, in Sydney bay,
on the south side of the island. This has latterly been made the severest
‘ . penal colony of Great Britain.
TWNORMANDY. Aneiently Neustria. From the beginning of the ninth cen~
tury this country was continually devastated by the Scandinavians. called
‘ Northmen or Normans, to purchase repose from whose irruptions Charles
the Simple of Franceceded the duchy to their leader Rollo, A. D. 905 to 912,
'- . and from its conquerors it received its present name. Rollo was the first
‘ gduke, and held it as a fief of the crown of France, and several of his sup-
cessors after him, till William, the seventh duke, :onquered England. it:

: NO

I

 

l
i
l

448'

discoveiing the north- east passage to China.
couit then resided Mutual honors were
at the windows, and the people coveredt e shores

1066, from which time it became a province of England, till it was lost in
the reign of king John, 1204 and reunited to the crown of France. The
English, how ever, still keep possession of the islands on the coast, of which

Jersey and Guernsey are the principal.

NORTH-WEST PASSAGE. The attempt to discover a northwest passage was
made by a Portuguese named Cortereal, about A. D. 1500. It was attempted
by the English in 1553; and the project was greatly encouraged by queen
Elizabeth, in 1585. in which year a company was associated in London, and
was called the “Fellowship for the Discovery of the Northwest Passage.”
The following voyages with this design, were undertaken, under British
navigators, in the years respectively stated :—

Sir Hugh Willoughby’ s expedition to
find a D'-n01th west passage to China,
sailed trom the Thames May 20 1553
Sii Maitin lrobisher’ s attempt to yfind

a nor 111 west passage to China - 1576
Captain Davis’s expedition to find a

north-west passage - - - 1585
Barentz’s expedition - - ~ 1594 ,
Wevinouth and Knight’s - - 1602
Hudson’s voyages; the last undertaken

(See Hudson 3 Bay. )- - - 1610
Sir Thomas Button’ 5 - ~ - 1612
Bafiin’s. —See Bqfiin’ 8 Bay - - 1616
Foxe’ s expedition - - - 1631

[A number of enterprises undertaken
b various countiies, followed. ]

Mi dleton’ s expedition - - - 1742
Moore’s and Smith’s - - - - 1746
Hearne’ s land expedition - 1769
Captain Phipps, afterwards lord Mul-
grave, his expedition - - - 1773
Ca tain Cook in the Resolution and
isoovery - - - July 1776
Mackenzie’s expedition - - - 1789
Captain Duncan’s voyage - - 1790

The Discovery, captain Vancouver, re-
turned from a voyage of survey and
discovery on the north-west coast of
America - - Sept. 24, 1795

Lieut. Kotzebue’s expedition - Oct. 1815

Captain Buchan’ s and lieut. Franklin’s
expedition in the 007 othea and T 7 out 1818

Captain Ross and lieut. Parry, in the

s

abella and Alexander - - 1818
Lieuts.Pa11y and Liddon in the Hecla
and Griper - - May 4, 1819
They return to Leith . N0v.3, 1820
Capts. Pa1ry and Lyon, in the Fury
and Hecla - - - May 8, 1821
Ca t. Parry’ s third expedition withy the
ecla - - May 8,1824

Cap ts Franklin and Lyon, after having
attempted a land expedition, again
sail fiom Liverpool - Febfil6, 1825

NORTH CAROLINA, ONE or THE UNITED STATES. First permanent settle-
ment at Albemarle, by emigrant-s from Virginia, who fled from religious per-

‘ The gallant sir Hugh Willoughby took his departure from Radcliffe, on his fatal voyage for .
He sailed with gieat pomp by Greenwich, where the
aid on both sides The council and courtiers appeared .
The young king, Edwaid VI., alone lost tho

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [Nor

, Capt Ross arrived at Hull, on his re-

 

~ ,w-gfu,1_v,x . ..

  
    
  
   
  
    
 
   
   
  
  
 
   
 
  
  
 
  
   

Captain Parry, again in the IIecla,
sails from Deptt'ord - Maich 25,1827
And returns - - - Oct 6,1827

turn from his arctic expedit. ‘11, after
an absence of four years, aid when
all hope ofhi: return had been near-
ly abandoned - - Oct 18,1833
Capt. Back and his companions arrived
at I iveipool from their perilous Aic-
1ic Lan Expedition, after having
visited the Great Fish River, and ex-
amined its course to the Polar Seas
Sept. 8, 1835
Captain Back sailed from Chatham in
command of His Majesty’s ship Ter-
1'01', on an exploring adventure to
Wager River. [Captain Back, in
the month 01 Dec. 1835, was award-
ed, by the Geographical Society. the
king’s annual cpremium tor his polar
discoveries an enterprise June 21,1836
Dease and Simpson traverse the inter-
vening space between the discover-
ies of Ross and Parry, and establish
that there is a north-west passage
Oct. 1839
Sir John Franklin and capt. Crozier in
the Erebus and Terror leave Eng
land - - - May 24,1845
Capt. Ross returned from an unsuccess-
tul expedition in search of Franklin 1849
Another expedition (one sent out by
lady Fianklin) in search 01 sir John
Franklin, consisting of two vessels,
sailed from England, April—May 185C
Still another, consistintr of two vessels,
the Advance and Igescue, liberally
purchased for the purpose by Henry
Grinnell, a New York meicliant, and
manned at Government cost from the
U. S. navy, under command oflieut.
de Haven, sailed from New York
May 1850

 

   
  

noble and novel sight, f01 he then lay on his death- bed; so that the principal object of the pared.
was disap ointetl. Sir Hugh Willoughby was unfortunately entangled in the ice, and frozen“ '_
death. on t e coast of Lapland. ——Hac/cluyt.

    
  
  

16L] DIUTIONARY OF DATES. 449
secution, about 1660. The district granted to lord Clarendon, who induced
the celebrated John Locke to prepare a constitution for it, 1663. The chief
magistrate was called the palatine, and there was an hereditary nobility.
This constitution abolished, as deflective, 1693. The two Carolinas purchasa
ed by the crown for £17 500, and divided into North and South in 1720

, NORWAY. Until the ninth century Ner11 ay 11 as divided into petty pi 1nc1pal1—
‘ tics. and was little know 11 to the 10st of E u1ope except by the piratical ex-
c111sions of its nati1 es. It 11 as cenv ertcd to Christianity in .1. D. 1000. The
city of Bergen was founded in 1069. The. kingdom was united to Denmark
. in 1378; and the three kingdoms of Norway, Denmark and Sweden were
i: united. in 1439. Pomerania and Rugen were annexed to Denmark in ex-
change for Norway, in 1814, and on Nov. 4, in that year, Charles XIII. was
'3’ proclaimed king by the National Diet assembled at Christiana. The two
‘g countries of Sweden and Norway have since then been termed the Scandi—
1 navian Peninsula of which Bernadette was crowned king by the title of
Challcs XIV“ F0110 ,1818. See Suedcn.

' NOTABLES or- FRANCE. An assembly et the notables of Fiance was con-
- vened by Calonne. the ministei of Louis XVI ,in 1788. The deianged state
of the king s finances induced him to com eke the notables, 11 he assembled
Nov 6, when Calonne opened his plan, but any icform militatcd too much
against private interest to be adopted. Calonne not being able to do any
good. was dismissed, and soon after retired to England: and Louis, having
lost his confidential minister, Mons. dc Vergennes, by death, called Mons.
de Brienne, an ecclesiastic, to his councils. In the end, the States General
were called. and from this assembly sprang the National Assembly, which
. see. The notables were dismissed by the king, Dec. 12, 1788. The Spanish
,. notables assembled and met Napoleon (confermably with a decree issued by
9 him commanding thei1 attendance ,) at Bayonne, May 25,1808. See Spain.

NOTARIE S PUBLIC. They we1e filst appointed by the p11m1t11e fathers of the
Christian church, to collect the acts or memoiis of the lives of the marty1s,
in the first century. Du Fresnoy. This office was afterwards changed to a.
commercial employment, to attest deeds and writings, so as to establish their
authenticity in any other countiy.

NOVA SCOTIA. Settled in A D. 1622 by the Scotch under sir William Alex-
. ander, in the reign of James I. of Eng land from whom it reeeiv ed the name
of Nova Scotia. Since its first settlement it has more than once changed
rulers and proprietors, nor was it confirmed to England till the peace of
Utrecht, in 1713. It was taken in 1745. and 1758; but was again confirmed
to England in 1760. Nova Scetia was divided into two provinces, in 1784;

and was erected into a bishop1ic in August, 1787. See Bmonets.

E

1* NOVEMBER. This was ancienly the ninth month of the year (whence its

9 name) but when Numa added the months of January and Februaly, 713
B. c., the Romans had it 1'01 the eleventh as it is new The Roman senators

'1 (for whose mean servilities even Tiberius, it is said, often blushed) wished

E... to call this month in which he was born, by his name, in imitation of Julius

 

Caesar and Augustus; but this the emperei absolutely refused, saying,
"What will you do, conscript fathers, if you have thbteen Caesars ’1 ”

NOVI BATTLE or in which the Fiench army commanded by Jeubert was de-

'- feated by the Russians under Suwarrow, with immense loss, Aug 15, 1799.

Among 10. 000 of the French slain was their leader, Joubert, agnd several

1‘; f othel distinguished ofiice1s.A second battle fought here between the Aus-

trian and French armies, when the latter were signally defeated, January 8,
. 1 1800.

LIFICATION or THE LAWS or THE UNITED STATES. The right

   
  

 

4:60 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. _[fi '

claimed by South Carolina, and various threats held out by the legislatur
of that State, in 18232. Proclamation of president Jackson against t
Nullifiers, Dec. 10. A “State Rights” convention at Columbia, S. 0.,
same day. Calhoun resigned the office of vice-president of the United“
States, Dec. 28, 18:32. Nullification nullified by South Carolina convention in”
consequence of Mr. Clay’s compromise tariff, March 11, 1834. ‘

NUMANTINE WAR, AND SIEGE. The celebrated war of Nuinantia with the ’
Romans was commenced solely on account of the latter having given refuge
to the Sigidians, their own allies, who had been defeated by the Romans,
In B. c.—Lizty. It continued for fourteen years; and though Numautia
was unprotected by walls or towers, it bravely withstood the siege. The '”
inhabitants obtained some advantages over the Roman forces till Scipio Af— i,
ricanus was empowered to finish the war, and to see the destruction of Nu— i
mantia. He began the siege with an army of 60,000 men, and was bravely -='
opposed by the besieged, who were not more than 4000 men able to bear
arms. Both armies behaved with uncommon valor, and the courage of the
Numantines was soon changed into despair and fury. Their provisions be- .,
gan to fail, and they fed upon the flesh of their horses, and afterwards on I
that of their dead companions, and at last were obliged to draw lots to kill 1
and devour one another; and at length they set fire to their houses, and all X ,
destroyed themselves, B. c. 133, so that not even one remained to adorn the i‘
triumph of the conqueror. ‘

NUNCIO. A spiritual envoy from the pope of Rome to Catholic states. In .-
early times they and legates ruled the courts of several of the sovereigns of ,
Germany, France, and even England. The pope deputed a nuncio to the
Irish rebels in 164-5. The arrival in London of a nuncio, and his admission f
'to an audience by James II., 1687, is stated to have hastened the Revolu€ ‘j
tion. ,

NUNNERY. The first founded is said to have been that to which the sister of :
St. Anthony retired at the close of the third century. The first founded in f
France, near Poitiers, by St. Marcellina, sister to St. Martin, A. D. 360.~Du ‘
Fresnoy. The first in England was at Folkstone, in Kent, by Eardbald, ,
king of Kent, 630,—thgdalc’s Monasticon Anglicanum. See articles Abbeys
and [Monasteries The nuns were expelled from their convents in Germany, ~
in July, 1785. They were driven out of their convents in France, in Jan,

1790.

 

/

O.

DATES TITUS, Ins PLOT. This Oates was a wicked man, at one time chap- ’
lain of a ship of war. Being dismissed the service for his immoral conduct, ,
he became a lecturer in London; and. in conjunction with Dr. Tongue, in- ' '
vented a pretended plot to assassinate Charles IL, of which several persons, f
Catholics, were accused, and upon false testimony, convicted and executed, ‘5
A. D. 1678. Oates was afterwards tried for peijury, (in the reign of James 2
Ii.) and being found guilty, he was fined, put in the pillory, publicly whip- .r.
ped from N ewgate to Tyburn. and sentenced to imprisonment for life, 1685;
but was pardoned, and a pension granted him, 1689.

DATHS. The administration of an oath in judicial proceedings was introduced ~
by the Saxons into England. A. D. 600.——Rapin. That administered toa , '
judge was settled 1344. Of supremacy. first administered to British sub- ‘.
jects, and ratified by parliament, 26 Henry VIII., 1535. Of allegiance, 'first 5,"
framed and administered 3 James I., 16D5.——-Stn-we’s Citron. Of abjuration, 1:, _
being an obligation to maintain the government of king, lords, and coms 4;.)
mons, theChurch of England, and toleration of Protestant dissenters, and, 1*

 

nwrwuaa‘r or nuts. ‘4“!

  
 
  
   
  
   
   
  
  
   
   
    
  
   
   
    
   
 
   
  
  
  
  
  
    
    
  
   
 
   
   
   
 
  

; lbjuring all Roman Catholic pretenders to the crown, 13 William III. 1701.
Oaths were taken on the Gospels so early as A. D. 528; and the words “ So
help me God and all saints,” concluded an oath until 1550.

L' ATHS ANCIENT. The Greeks and homans looked upon the infringement of
‘ an oath 111th still r1eate1 abhorrence than Clnistians; they permitted oaths
to be taken upon eve1y object in which the person who swore had a
decided and since1e belief. upon all kinds of animals fruits, and vegetables,
the stars. the sun. the moon and othe1 things. without rendeiing the oaths
less binding than it they had been 3110111 his)! Jupiter. Taques Lydius has
left us a long catalogue oI the numerous objects by which the ancients
swore. It was usual with them to swear by what they held most dear; as,
for instance, by their own heads, by that of their friend, or by those peiu
sons whom they loved most tenderly. The iiiost sacred oath far abov<
any other was by the eyes of their mistress, by her kisses, by her hair.—
Ovid, (fa.

;|.BELISK The first mentioned in histoxy was that of Rameses, king of
. Egypt about 1485 B. c. The Arabians call them Pharaohs needles, band
the Egyptian priests the fingers of the sun; they difi'ered very much as to
their costliness, magnitude and magnificence. Several were erected at Rome;
one was erected by the emper01 Augustus in the Campus Martins, on the
pavement of which was a horizontal dial that ma1ked the hour, about
14 B. c.

OBSERVATORIES. The f rst is supposed to have been on the top of the
temple of Belus at Babylon. On the tomb of Osymandias, in Egypt, was
another, and it contained a golden ci1cle 200 feet in diameter. that at
Benares was at least as ancient as these. The first in authentic history was
at Alexandria, about 800 13.0. The first in modern times was at Cassel,
1561. The Royal Observatory at Greenwich was founded by Charles II. A. D.
‘1675; and from the meridian of Greenwich all English astronomers make
their calculations.

First modern meridional instrument, Berlin, erected under Leibnitz’s direc-
by Copernicus- - - A. D. 1540 Hon - - - - - 1711
First obseivalory at Cassel - ~ - 1561 At Bologna - - - - - 1714
Tycho Bi ‘ahe’s s, at Uranibourg - - 1576 At Peters‘ourg - - - - 1725
Asuonomical tower at Copenhagen - 1657 Oxford, Dr. Radclz'fl‘e - . . 1772
Royal (l1rench)- - - - 1667 Dublin, Dr. Andrews - - - 1783
Royal Observatory at Greenwich - - 1675 Cambridge, England - - - 1824
Obscivatory at Nu1embe1g - - 1678 1 Cambridge, Mass. - - -
At Utrecht - - - - - 1690 New Haven - - - - -
Cincinnati - - - -

TOBER. The eighth month in the yeal of Romulus, as its name imports,
and the tent}. in the year of N uma 713 B. C. From this time October has
still retained its first name, in spite of all the diffeIent appellations which
, the senate and Roman emperors would have given it. The senate ordered
it to be called Fa-ustinus, in honor of Faustina, wife of Antoninus the
emperor; Commodus would have had it called Invicms; and Domitian
Domitimms. October was sacred to Mars

. 1 DES aie neaily as old as the _;lyre they were at first extempore compositions
. accompanying this instrument, and sung in honor of the gods Perhaps
the most beautiful and sublime odes ever mitten. as well as the oldest. are
those of the royal prophet Isaiah, on the fall of Babylon composed about
757 B. C. The celebiated odes 0t Anacreon were composed about 532 B. c
g and from his time this species of writing became usual Anciently odes
‘ , Wered1v1dedmtoSt1‘ophe,A11tist10phe,and Epode. This species of writing
is that of our court poets at this day.

YGES. DELUGE or. The Deluge so called, from which Attica lay waste
“ -. 1. years, occurred 1764 13. 0. Many authorities suppose this to be no other

 

 

452 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. ‘[ o.» g; ‘

than the uni Jersal deluge; but according to some writers, if it at all oc-l.
curred, it arose in the overflowing of one of the great rivers of the country. I.

See Deluge.

OHIO. One of the United States. First permanently settled at Marietta}

April 1788 ; second settlement was Symmes’s purchase, 6 miles below Cincin-
nati. 1789; third by French emigrants at Gallipolis, 1791; fourth by New
Englanders, at Cleveland and Comeant. 1796. First territorial legislature
met at Cincinnati, 1799. The Western Reserve, under jurisdiction of Con-
necticut. was sold by that State for the benefit of her “School fund” in

1800. Ohio formed her State Constitution and was admitted into the Union, 7'

1802. Population in 1790, was 3,000; in 1800, 45,365; in 1810, 230,760; in
1830, 937,637; in 1840, 1,519,467.

OIL. It was used for burning in lamps as early as the epoch of Abraham,
about 1921 13. c. It was the staple commodity of Attica, and a jar full was

   
 

. 14.441.444‘.‘ n. (

the prize at the Panathenzean games. It was the custom of the Jews to I
anoint with oil persons appointed to high offices, as the priests and kings, 3:
Psalm cxxxiii. 2; 1 Sam. x. 1; xvi. 13. The anointing with this liquid ;}
seems also to have been reckoned a necessary ingredient in a festival dress,
Rut/L iii. 3. The fact that oil, if passed through red-hot iron pipes, will be "j
resolved into a combustible gas, was long known to chemists ; and after the

process of lighting by coal-gas was made apparent, Messrs. Tavlor and Mar— 1

tineau contrived apparatus for producing oil-gas on a large scale. .
OLBERS. The asteroid of this name was discovered by M. Olbers, in 1802.

OLYMPIADS. The Greeks computed time by the celebrated era of the Olym-
piads, which date from the year 776 B. 0.. being the year in which Coroebus

was successful Li the Olympic games. This era differed from all others in

being reckoned by periods of four years instead of single years. Each pe—
riod of four years was called an Olympiad, and in marking a date, the year
and Olympiad were both mentioned. The second Olympiad began in

772; the third, in 768; the fourth, in 764; the fifth, in 760; the 10th in.

740, &c.

OLYMPIC GAMES. These games, so famous among the Greeks, were insti- i

tuted in honor of.Jupiter. They were holden at the beginning of every

fifth year, on the banks of the Alpheus, near Olympia, in the Peloponnesus, _

now the Morea, to exercise their youth in five kinds of combats. Those

who were conquerors in these games were highly honored by their coun— .
trymen. The prize contended for was a crown made of a peculiar kind of ‘

wild olive, appropriated to this use. The games were instituted by Pelops,

1307 B. 0. They are also ascribed to an ancient Hercules; and were revived _

by Iphytus among the Greeks, 881 B. o.——Dufresnoy. .
OMENS. See A?!g1t7‘?/. Amphictyon was the first who is recorded as having

drawn prognostications from omens, 1497 B. 0. Alexander the Great is said

to have had these superstitions; and also Mithridates the Great, cele-
brated for his wars with the Romans, his victories, his conquest of twenty-
four nations, and his misfortunes. At the, birth of this latter there were
seen, for Seventy days together, two large comets, whose splendor eclipsed

that of the noonday sun, occupying so vast a space as the fourth pa1t of I

the heavens ; and this omen, we are told, directed all the actions of Mithri-

dates throughout his life, so much had superstition combined with nature
to render him great, 135 B. c.—Jasti7t.

OMNIBUSES. These vehicles, of which there are nearly 4000 in the London
circuit, were introduced there by an enterprising coach proprietor named,

’ Shillibeer, and first licensed at Somerset house in July, 1829. They pray
bably originated in Paris, where they are now also very numerous. In New

1
.1
i
ii

 
  
  
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
    
   
  

 

'] DICTIONARY or DATES. 453

   
   
  
  
   
  
   
  
  
  
   
   
  
   
 
  
   
 
   
   
  
  
   
    
   
   
  
    
  
  
  
    
 
   
  
  

"York, Boston, &c., they were common as early as 1830. There were 465
licensed 1n New York' in 1849.

RA. Octavio Rinuccini of Florence, was the inventor of operas or of
the custom of giving musical representations of comedy, tragedy and othe1
dramatic pieces. Emelio de Cavaleio, however disputed this 1101101‘ with
s him A. D 1590—N01177.Di(t Hist. Among the Venetians, opera was the
'1 chief glory of their ca1mval. About the year 1669, the abbot Perrin ob-
, tained a grant from Louis XIV. to set up an opera at Pa1is, where, in 1672,
was acted Pomona Sir William Davenant introduced a species of opera in
' London, in 1684. The first regulaily performed ope1a was at York- build~
ings, in 1692 The first at Drury-lane was in 1705 The operas 0f Handel
were performed in 1735, and they became general in several of the theatres
‘ . a few yea as after. Among the favorite performances of this kind was Gay’s
Beggar’s pent first performed in 1727. It ran for sixty-three successive
;‘ , nights but so often offended the pe1 sons in power that the lord— chamberlain
;’ refused to license for perfmmance a second part of it, entitled “Polly.”
3: This resentment induced Gay’s ftiends to come forward 011 its publication
.L with so handsome a subscription, that his profits amounted to 1200l.,
whereas the Beggm" 5 Opera had gained him only 4001. —Life of Gay.

ORTO.- By nature one of the most impregnable cities in Europe , the great
mart of Portuguese wine known as “Port.” A chartered company for the
regulation of the Port-wine trade was established here in 11.1). 1756. See
article Wines. The French under marshal Soult were surprised here by
lord Wellington, and defeated in an action fought May 11, 1809. The Mi-
guelites attacked Op orto, and were repulsed by the Pedroites, with conside-
.. , 1able loss, Sept. 19, p1832. See Por.tugal

.tPTICS. As a science, optics date their origin a little prior to the time of
'Alhazen, an Arabian philosopher who flou1ished early in the twelfth cen-
tury. It has advanced rapidly since the time of Halley, and is now one of
-: our most flourishing as well as useful sciences.

Burning lenses known at Athens at [Jansen and Galileo have also been

least - ~ 13. c. 424 stated to be the inventors] - -
Two of the leading principles known Cassegrainian reflector - - -1621

to the Platonists - - - 300 Law of refraction discovered by Snell-
First t1eatise on, by Euclid, about - %0 ins, about - - - A. D. 1624
The magnifyingpower of convex glass- ‘ Reflecting telescope, James Gregory - 1663

es and concave mirrors, and the p1is- —— Newton - - 1666

 

 

matic colors produced by angular Motion and velocity of light discovered
glass, mentioned bySeneca, aboutAJ). 50 by Roemer, and after him by Cassini 1667
Treatise on Optics, by Ptolemy - - 1'20 [Its velocity demonst1ated to be 190
Greatly improved by Alhazen - - 1108 millions of miles In sixteen minutes. ]
Hints for spectacles and telescopes giv- Double refraction explained by Bartho-

en by Roger Bacon about - - 1280 linus - - - - 1669
Spectacles (said to have been) invented Newton’ s discoveries - - - 1674

by Salvinus A1 matus, of Pisa, before 1300 Telescopes with a single lens, by
Cameia obscura said to have been in- Tschirnhausen, about - - - 1690

vented by Baptiste Porta - - 1560 Polarization of light, Huygens, about - 1692
Telescopes lnv ented byLeonard Digges, Structure 01 the eye explained by Petit,

about - - - - 1571 about - - 1700
Telescope made by Jansen (who 1s said Achromatic telescope constructed by

also to have 1nvented the micro- Mr Hall (but not made public) in - 1733

scope). about - - - - 1609 Constructed by Dollond, most likely
[The same instrument constructed by without any knowledge of Hall’s - 1757
Galileo, without using the produc- Herschel’s g1eat 1eflecting telescope,
tion of Jansen] erected at Slough- - — - 1789

Astronomical telescope suggested by Camera lucida (Dr. Wollaston) . 1807

Kepler - - - 1611 Ramage’s reflecting telescope erected
Microscope, according to Huygens, in- at Greenw1ch - - - - 18in.
vented by D1ebbe1,°about - - 1621

NERVES. The discoverer of the optic nerves is reputed to have been
Varole a surgeon and physician of Bologna, about 1.11. 1538.-—1Nm,.,

‘ Did. - - "Mid

 

i
i
V
l

454 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [ '0‘: .

ORACLES. The most ancient oracle was that of Dodona; but the most fa-i
mous was the oracle of Delphi, 1263 B. 0. See Delphi. The heathen oracles;
were always delivered in such dubious expressions or terms, that let wh'fl‘.
would happen to the inquirer, it might be accommodated or explained to
mean the event- that came to pass. Among the Jews there were several:
sorts of oracit‘s; as first, those that were delivered 'L'iira, race. as when God
spoke to MOses; secondly, prophetical dreams, as those of Joseph; thirdly, "
visions. as when a prophet in an ecstasy, being properly neither asleep nor :-
awake. had supernatural revelations; fourthly, when they were accompanied 2.
with the ephod or the pectoral worn by the high priest, who was indued.
with the gift of foretelling future things, upon extraordinary occasions;g
fit'thly, by consulting the prophets or messengers sent by God. At the be—
ginning of Christianity, prophecy appears to have been very common; but
it immediately afterwards ceased—Lempriere ; Pardon. ‘

ORANGE, HOUSE or. This illustrious house is as ancient as any in Europe, 5
and makes a most distinguished figure in history. Otho I., count of Nas— ‘,
sau, received the provinces of Guelderland and Zutphen with his two wives, :’
and they continued several hundred years in the family. 0tho II. count of 5
Nassau Dilembourg, who died in 1369, got a great accession of territories -j.
in the Low Countries by his wife Abelais, daughter and heiress of Godfrey -7_
count of Vianden; and his grandson Gilbert. having married Jane, daughter ,
and heiress of Philip, baron of Leek and Breda, added these to his othergf
domains in 1404. The title of‘ prince of Orange came first into the. Nassau ‘
family by the marriage of Claude de Chalons with the count of Nassau 5
in 1530. William prince of Orange, afterwards William III. of England, j;
landed at Torhay, with an army, Nov. 5, 1688, and was crowned with his:
queen, the princess Mary, daughter of James 11., April 11, 1689.

ORATORIOS. Their origin is ascribed to St. Philip Neri. The first oratorio '_
in London was performed in Lincoln’slnn theatre, in Portugal-street, in 7
1732.

ORCHARDS. As objects of farming or field culture, orchards do not appear g
to have been adopted until about the beginning of the seventeenth century,
although they had doubtlessly existed in Great Britain for many ages pre-
viously, as appendages to wealthy religious establishments.—L0udon.

ORDEAL. The ordeal was known among the Greeks. With us it is a term '
signifying the judiciary determination of accusations for criminal offences
by fire and water. It was introduced into England with other superstitions
taken from the codes of the Germans. That by fire was confined to the‘,
upper classes of the people, that of water, to bondsmen and rustics. ~ Hence ’
the expression of going through fire and water to serve another. Women: -
accused of incontinency formerly underwent the ordeal, to prove their in-
nocence. A prisoner who pleaded not guilty, might choose whether he would ‘
put himself for trial upon God and his country, by twelve men, as at this '
day, or upon God only; and then it was called the judgment of God, pre-
suniing he would deliver the innocent. The accused were to pass bare-
footed and blindfold over nine red-hot ploughshares, or Were to carry
burning-irons in their hands ; and accordingly as they escaped. they were { ‘
judged innocent or guilty. acquitted or condemned.* The ordeal was used ‘1 .
from Edward the Confessor’s time to that of Henry 111. It was abol-

   

 

 

' The water ordeal was performed in either hot or cold: in cold water, the parties suspected"-
were adjudged innocent, if their bodies were home up b the water, contrary to the cour of -
nature; in hot water they were to put their bare arms or sis into scalding water, whiting“ *
brought out without hurt, they were taken to be innocent of t e crime. ‘ q;

49

 

,3] 11101101111111 or DATES. 45$

     
   
   
  
   
   
   
   
   
   
  
   
  
  
  
   
  
   
 
    
  
   
  
   
  
   
  
   
 
  

181th by a my 111 proclamation 45 Hemy 111.,1261.——Law Diet. Rg/mer’s
' “ Fedora.

° ,; DIN ATION In the ancient church there was no such thing as a vague and
absolute ordination; but cv cry one ordained had a chuich whereof he 11 as
to be clerk or priest. In the twelIth century. they g1cw more remiss, and
ordained without any title 01 bencfice. The church of Rome is episcopal;
and the Church of England so fa1 acknowledges the validity of the ordina-
tion of that church, that a Catholic priest is only required to abjure its pe-
culiar distinctions and he can officiate without 1e- ordination.

EGON. Territory of the United States, on the N. W. coast of America.
First visited by the Spaniards under Juan de Fuca, 1592; by sir Francis
Drake, 1578; by Vancouver, 1792. The Columbia river discovered and en—
teied by Capt. G1ay, of merchant ship Columbia of Boston, United States,
May 7,1792; overland expedition of Lewis and Cla1 kc sent out by Jefferson,
1804—5-6. Missouri Fu1 Company established at St. Louis 1808; Pacific Fur
Comp any (J J. Astor) at New York 1810, Asto1ia founded 1t the mouth of
the Columbia, by Astor’s colony, 1811: sold to the N. W. Company 1813'
occupied by the British until restored by treaty of Ghent, 1815' operations of
the Hudson s Bay Company (English) commenced 1821; the territory divi-
ded at the 49th parrallel oflat. ,leaving all north of that line, with the whole
of Vancou1'e1s island to Great Britain, remainder to the United States. by Mr.
McLane s treaty, signed at London, ratified by the Senate, 41 to 14 June 18,
1846. Population at that time about 20 000. '1cr1 1t01 1al gov ernment esta—
blished by the U. S Congress. Aug. 2—13, 1848.

'1}; ORGANS. The invention of the organ is attributed to Archimedes, about
* 220 B. C. ;but the fact does not rest on sufficient autho1it5'. It is also at-
_tributed to one Ctesibius, a barber of Alexandria, about 100 B. c. The
01 gan 11 as brought to Euiope from the G1ee1( empire and 11 as first applied
to religious devotions. in churches, in A. D 658 ~Bellmmiow 01 gans were
used 1n the Western ehulches by pope Vitalianus, in 658 —Am77wm'us. It
is affirmed that the organ was known 1n France 1n the time of Louis 1,815,
when one was constructed by an Italian priest. St. Jerome mentions an
organ with twelve pairs of bellows, which might have been heard a mile
ofi; and another at J erusalem which might have been heard on the Mount
of Olives. The organ at Haerlem 1s one of the largest 1n Eu1 ope it has 60
stops, and 8000 pipes. At Seville is one with 100 stops, and 5300 pi p.es
The organ at Amsterdam has a set of pipes that imitate a chorus of human
v01ces.

:QRGANS IN ENGLAND. That at York—minster is the largest; and the organ in the
' " Music-hall, Birmingham, the next; both equal, perhaps, to that at Harlaem.

;WKNEY AND SHETLAND ISLES. These islands were ceded by Denmark

1 to Scotland in A. D. 839, and were confirmed to James 111., fora sum of
money, in 1468. The Orkneys Were the ancient Orcades; and united with
Shetland, they new form one of the Scotch counties. The bishopric of
Orkney was founded by St. Servanus early in the fifth century, some affirm
by St. Cohn. It ended with the abolition of episcopacy in Scotland, about
‘ 1689.

’ LEANS, SXEGE or, by the English, unde1 John Talbot, earl of Salisbury,
Oct. 12,1428. The city was bravely defended by Gaucour the mo1e so as
its fall would have ruined the cause of Charles V1,. king of France, and it
was relieved and the siege laised, by the intiepidity and heroism of Joan
of Arc, afterwards surnamed the Maid of Orleans, Ap1il 29,1429. Siege
1 fl Orleans, when the duke of Guise was killed, 1563

-.:.1'Y. The employment of planetary machines to illustrate and W

 

156 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [

the motions of the heavenly bodies, appears to have been coeval with the j
construction of the clepsydraa and other horological automata. Ptolemyi
devised the circles and epicycles that distinguish his system about A. D. 130')
The planetary clock of Finée, was begun A. D. 1553. The planetarium of ._
De Rheita was formed about 16-50. The Orrery, so called, was invented by:
Charles, earl of Orrery; but perhaps with more justice it is ascribed to Mr.

Rowley of Lichtield, whom his lordship patronized, 1670. This Orrery has

been greatly improved of late years.

OSTEN D. This town is famous for the long siege it sustained against the Spa-
niards, from July 1601 to September 1604, when it surrendered by an honor-,
able capitulation. On the death of Charles II. of Spain the French seized
Ostend; but, in 1706, after the battle of Ramilies, it was retaken by the
allies. It was again taken by the French in 1745, but restored in 1748. In
the war of 1756, the French garrisoned this town for the empress-queen 7'
Maria Theresa. In, 1792, the French once more took Ostend, which they
evacuated in 1793, and repossessed in 1794. «

OSTRACISM. From the Greek word Ostmcon, an oyster; a mode of prescrip-
tion at Athens, where a plurality of ten voices condemned to ten years’
banishment those who were either too rich, or had too much authority, for

. fear they might set up for tyrants over their native country, but without

1 ‘ any confiscation of their goods or estate. This custom is said to have been

first introduced by the tyrant Hippias; by others it is ascribed to Clys-

thenes, about 510 B. c. The people wrote the names of those whom they
most suspected upon small shells ; these they put into an urn or box, and

presented it to the senate. Upon a scru'iny, he whose name was oftenest ,

written was sentenced by the council to he banished, ab arts etfocis. But ' '

this law at last was abused, and they who deserved best of the common-
wealth fell under the popular resentment, as Aristides noted for his justice,

Miltiades for his victories, &c. It was abolished by ironically prescribing

Hyperbolus, a mean person.

OTAHEITE, OR TAHITI. Discovered in 1767, by W'allis, who called it George the
Third Island. Captain Cook came hither in 1768, to observe the transit of
Venus; sailed round the whole island in a boat, and staid three months : it
was visited twice afterward by that celebrated navigator. See Cook. Omai,
a native of this island. was brought over to England by captain Cook, and
carried back by him, in his last voyage. In 1799, king Pomare ceded the
district of Mataivai to some English missionaries. Queen Pomare com~
pelled to place herself“ under the protection of France, Sept. 9, 1843. She
retracts, and Otaheite and the neighboring island are taken possession of by s
admiral Dupetit-Thouars in the name of the French king, Nov. 1843. Sei— 3' '
zure of Mr. Pritchard, the English consul, March 5, 1844. ' ‘ '

OTTERBURN, BATTLE OF, fought in 1388, between the English under the earl '
of Northumberland and his two sons, and the Scots under sir William Dou— '; ~
glas, who was slain by Henry Percy, surnamed Hotspur; but the Scots ob- '

tained the victory, and the two Percies were made prisoners. On this battle
the ballad of Chevy Chase is founded.-— I/Valsingham.

' O'lTOMAN EMPIRE. The sovereignty of the Turks, founded-by Othman [.
on the ruin of the empire of the eastern Greeks, A. D. 1293. See Turkey.

OVATION. An inferior triumph which the Romans allowed the generals of l
their army whose victories were not considerable. He who was thus re- 3
warded. entered the city with a myrtle crown upon his head that tree being
consecrated to Venus ; wherefore when Marcus Crassus was decreed the
honor of an ovation, he particularly desired it as a favor of the senate to be .
allowed a laurel crown instead of a myrtle one. This triumph was called ‘
ovation, because the general offered a sheep when he came ted-he‘mw

   
    

5

 

 

.1 monomer or nuns. m-

  
   
  
 
 
 
   
  
 
 
 
 
    
   
   
   
 
 
 
 
   
   
  
  
    
   
  
 
  
  
  
   
 
 
 
  

whereas in the great triumph he offered a bull. Publius Posthumius
Tubertus was the first who was decreed an ovation, 503 B. o.

" HYHEE on HAWAII, ONE or THE SANDWICH ISLANDS. Discovered by
captain Cook in 1778. Here this illustrious scaman fell a Victim to a sudden
resentment of the natives. A boat having been stolen by one of the island-
ers, the captain went on shore to seize the king, and keep him as a hostage
till the boat was restored. The people, however, were not disposed to sub-
mit to this insult; their resistance brought on hostilities, and captain Cook
and. some of his companions were killed, Feb. 14, 1779.

lQXFORD UNIVERSITY. This university is supposed by some to have been
" a seminary for learning before the time of Alfred, and that it owed its re-
vival and consequence to his liberal patronage. Others state that though
the university is ascribed to Alfred, yet that no regular institution deserving
the name existed even at the period of the Norman conquest.

COLLEGES. bishop of Winchester; first called St.
All Souls’ College, founded by Henry Mary of Winchester - - - 1375
Chichely, ab . of Canterbury A. D. 1437 Oriel College. King Edward II. ;
Baliol. John aliol, knt., and Deborah Adam de Brom, archdeacon of Stow 1334
his wife; he was father to Baliol king Pembroke. Thos. Teesdale, and R.
of the Scots - - - . 1263 Whitwick, clerk - - - 1620
Brazen-nose. William Smith. bishop Queen’s College. Robert Eglesfield,
of Lincoln, and Sir Richard Sutton - 1509 clerk, confessor to queen Philippa,
ChristChurch. Cardinal Wolsey, 1525; consort of Edward 111. - - - 1340
and afterwards by Henry VIII. - - 153 St. John’s. Sir Thomas White - 1557
Cor us Christi. Richard Fox, bishop Trinity. Sir Thomas Pope - — 1554
0 Winchester - - - - 1516 University. Said to have been founded
Exeter. \Valtcr Stapleton, earl of Ex- by king Alfred, 872; founded by VVil-
eter . . . - - - 1314 liam of Durham - - - 1172
IIertford College- - - - 1312 W adham. Nicholas W'adham, and
Jesus College. Dr. Hugh Price; queen Dorothy his wife - - - - 1612
Elizabeth - - - - - 1571 \Vorcester. Sir Thomas Coke ofBent-
Lincoln College. Richard Fleming, ley in Worcestershire; it was orig-
1427; finished by Rotheram, bishop inally called Gloucester College . 1714
of Lincoln - - - - 1475 HALLS.
Ma dalen. Waynflete, bishop of Win- St. Albans - - - - 1547
cfiester - - ~ - - 1458 St. Edmund’s - - - - 1269
Merton College. \Valter de Merton, St. Mary’s - - - - 1616
bishop of Rochester - - - 1274 St. Mary Magdalen - - - - 1602
New College. William of Wykeham, N ew Inn Hall - - . - 1392

GXYGEN AIR on GAS. One of the most important agents in the chemical

phenomena of nature, and the processes of art, discovered by Dr. Priestley,
Aug. 1774.

P.

ADLOCKS. This species of lock was invented by Bechar at Nuremberg in
A. D. 1540.

*jAGANISM. Pagans, in the Scriptures called the heathen, idOlaters and gen-
‘, tiles, are worshippers of idols, not agreeing in any set form or points of be-
lief, except in that of one God supreme, in which point all travellers assure
us they concur, and their having gods is a demonstrative proof of that be-
lief. Constantine ordered the Pagan temples to be destroyed throughout
the Roman empire, A. D. 331; and Paganism was finally overthrown in the
. reign of Theodosius the Younger, about 390—- Tillemont.

. NTING. An art, according to Plate, of the highest antiquity in Egypt.
_ Osymandyas (See Egg/pt) causes his exploits to be represented in painting,
” 2100 3. (tr-Usher. Pausias of Sicyon was the inventor of the encaustic, a
*method of burning the colors into wood or ivory. 335 ac. The ancient:
, idered Sicyon the nursery of painters. Antiphiles, an Egyptian, is said
have been the inventor of the grotesque, 332 .3. c.-—Ph'ny. The art.»

20

 

 

   
 
  
   
 
  
   
   
   
    
   
  
  
   
   
 
  
  
   
  
   
  
  
 
    
  
  
  
  
    
  
  
   
  

458 THE WORLD’S ruoonnss. (rm:

|

.-l

introduced at Rome from Etruria, by Quintus Fabius, who on that account ;
was styled Pictor, 291 B. e.~Lizry.’-‘ The first excellent pictures were ‘-
brought from Corinth by Mummius, 146 B. c. After the death of Augustus,- ~
not a single painter of eminence appeared for several ages; Ludius, who
was very celebrated, is supposed to have been the last, about A. D. 14. Paint.
ing on canvas seems to have been known at Rome in A. n. 66. Bede, the
Saxon historian, who died in 7 35, knew something of the art. It revived
about the close of the 13th century, and Giovanni Cimabue, of Florence, is
awarded the honor of its restoration. It was at once encouraged and gen—
erously patronized in Italy. John Van Eyck, of Bruges, and his brother
Hubert. are regarded as the founders of the Flemish school of painting in
oil, 1415—011, Fresnoy. Paulo Uecello was the first who studied perspec-
tive. The earliest mention of the art in England, is A. D. 15:23, about which
time Henry VIII patronized Holbein, and invited Titian to his court.

PAINTING IN THE UNITED STATES. The first practising artist of celebrity
was John Watson (born in Scotland, 1685), who commenced painting por-
traits in New Jersey, 1715. Nathaniel Smybert, of Edinburgh, began in
Boston, 1728. Benjamin West was the first native American artist; born in

. Chester County, Pennsylvania, 1708: painted his first portrait in Lancaster,
Pa., 1753. John Singleton Copley, born in Boston, 1738; first painted in
1760 : he was the father of lord Lyndhurst, lord chancellor of Great Britain.
Chas. W. Peale (born in Maryland, 1741), Gilbert Charles Stuart _(Rhode
Island, 1754), John Trumbull (Connecticut, 1756), William Dunlap (New
Jersey, 1766), E. G. Malbone (Rhode Island, 1777), were the next artists
in succession in the United States. See Dunlap’s Arts of Design, &c.

PALATINE. A German dignity. William the Conqueror made his nephew,
Hugh D’Abrincis, count palatine of Chester, with the title of earl, 1070.
Edward III. created the palatine of Lancaster, 1376. See Lancaster, Duchy
of. The bishoprics of Ely and Durham were also made county palatines.

PALATINES AND SUABIANS. About 7000 of these poor Protestants, from
the banks of the Rhine, driven from their habitations by the French, arrived
in England, and were encamped on Blackheath and Camberwell common; a
brief was granted to collect aims for them. 500 families went under the
protection of the government to Ireland, and settled chiefly about Limerick,
where parliament granted them 24,000l. for their support. 3000 were sent '
to New York and Hudson’s Bay, but not having been received kindly by the
inhabitants, they went to Pennsylvania, and being there greatly encouraged
by the Quakers, they invited over some thousands of German and Swiss
Protestants, who soon made this colony more flourishing than any other, 7
Anne, NOR—Anderson.

PALLADIUM. The statue of Pallas, concerning which ancient authors disa— ‘ ’
gree. Some say it fell from heaven, near the tent of Ilus, as he was build— ;
ing Ilium ; but on its preservation depended the safety of Troy; which the ? '
oracle of Apollo declared should never be taken so long as the palladium
was found within its walls. This fatality being made known to the Greeks,
they contrived to steal it away during the Trojan war, 1184 13.0., though
some maintain, that it was only a statue of similar size and shape, and that -
the real palladium was conveyed from Troy to Italy by Eneas, 1183 B. 0., ‘

‘ Parrhasius of Ephesus and Zeuxis were cotemporary painters. These artists once contended’ :-
for pie-eminence in their profession, and when they exhibited their respective pieces, the' birds
came to peek the grapes which Zeuxis had painted. Parrhasius then produced his piece, and
Zeuxis said, “Remove the curtain, that we may see the painting.” The curtain itself was the ,‘
painting, and Zeuxis acknowledged himself to be con uered, exclaiming, “Zeuxis has deceived
the birds; but Parrhusius has deceived Zeuxis l” Parr iasius dressed in a purple robe, and Wore -
I crown of gold, calling himself king of painters, 415 B. c.——Plutarch.

vi
‘9

  
 
  
   
   
  
  
  
   
  
 
  
  
   
  
   
   
  
   
   
  
   
    
    
  
   
  
  
   
  
    
 
  
   
  

Vesta, and esteemed the destiny of Rome.

,‘ PALM SUNDAY. .When Christ made his triumphal entry into J urusalem,
. multitudes of the people who were come to the feast of the Passover, took
branches of the palmvtree, and went forth to meet him, with aeolamations
and hosannas, A. D. 33. In memory of this circumstance it is usual, in popish
countries, to carry palms on the Sunday before Easter; hence called Palm
sunday. Conquerors were not only accustomed to carry palm-trees in their
hands; but the Romans, moreover, in their triumphs, sometimes wore toga.
patmata, in which the figures of the palm-trees were interwoven.

',. PALMYRA, RUINS or, in the deserts of Syria, discovered by some English
1 travellers from Aleppo, A. D. 1678. The ruins of Palmyra, which are chiefly
of white marble, prove it to have been more extensive and splendid than
even Rome itself. It is supposed to have been the Tadmor in the wilder—
ness built by Solomon. Zenobia, the queen of Palmyra, resisted the Roman
power in the time of Aurelian, who having made himself master of the
place, caused all the inhabitants to be destroyed, and gave the pillage of the
city to the soldiers. The stupendnous ruins of this city Were visited, in
17-51, by Mr. Wood, who published an account of them in 1753. Mr. Bruce,
on ascending a neighboring mount, was struck with the most magnificent
sight which, he believes, ever mortal saw: the immense plains below were
so COVered with the grandest buildings (palaces and temples), they seemed
to ,touch one another.

., PALO-ALTO, BATTLE or. See Battles.

PANDECTS. A digest of the civil law made by order of Justinian, about A. .D.
504. These pandects were accidentally discovered at Amalfi, A. D. 1137 ;
- they were removed from Pisa in 1416; and are now preserved in the library
of Medici at Florence, as the Pandectw Florcntinw.

, PANORAMA. This ingenious and useful species of exhibition is the invention
of Robert Barker. Panoramas are bird’s—eye views painted in distemper
round the wall of a circular building, with a striking resemblance to reality.
In 1788, Mr. Barker exhibited at Edinburgh a view of that city, being the
first picture of the kind. He then commenced similar exhibitions in.Lon-
don, having adopted the name of ‘memma,’ to attract notice, and was
ultimately enabled to build commodious premises in Leicester—square for
that purpose. He died 1806. The panorama of the Mississippi, by Banvard,
a. selfitaught American artist, was a gigantic undertaking, without precedent
in dimensions, completed about 1846; since which numerous similar works
have been achieved.

PANTHEON AT ROME. A temple built by Angustus Caesar, some say by
T" Agrippa, his son-in—law, 25 B. c. It was in a round form, having niches in
the wall, where the particular image or representation of a particular god
was set up; the gates were of brass, and beams covered with gilt brass, and

Virgin Mary, and all the saints, by the name of St. Mary de la Rotunda.

ANTOMIMES. They were representations by gestures and attitudes among
" the ancients. They were introduced on the Roman stage by Pylades and
Bat-hyllus 22 B. c. ; and were then considered as the most expressive part of

same time—Idem. Representation by gesture and action only, is contem-
_ .poraneous with our stage. ‘

‘ER. See Papyrus. Paper is said to have been invented in China, _,
r fin. It was first made of cotton, about 1.13. 1000; and of rags in 1‘“

, _“ emu comm paper Was made by sir John Speilman, a German, at Bart ' '

mc'rromnr or DATES. 45?

Q ~ and preserved by the Romans with the greatest secrecy in the temple of

the roof covered with silver plate. Pope Boniface III. dedicated it to the j.

stage performances.—— Usher. Pantomime dances were introduced about the :

 

1

460 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. {PK

in England, 33 Elia, 1590; and here the first paper—mills were erected.—
Stowe. Paper for writing and printing, manufactured in England, and an
act passed to encourage it, 2 William III., 1690; before this time we paid
for these articles to France and Holland 100,0001. annually. The French
refugees taught our people, who had made coarse brown paper almost ex-
clusively, until they came among us. White paper was first made by us in
l690.—Andcrson,. Paper-making by a machine was first suggested by Louis
Robert, who sold his model to the celebrated M. Didot, the great printer.
The latter brought it to England, and here, conjointly with M. Fourdrinier,
he perfected the machinery. M. Fourdrinier obtained a patent for manufac-
turing paper of an indefinite length, in 1807 ; it had previously been made
tediously by the hand. A sheet of paper was made 13,800 feet long, and
four feet wide, at Whitehall-mills, Derbyshire, in 1830.

PAPER-HANGIN GS. Stamped paper for this purpose was first made in Spain
and Holland, about A. D. 1555. Made of Velvet and floss for hanging apart-
ments, about 1020. The manufacture of this kind of paper rapidly improved
in this country from early in the eighteenth century; and it has now been
brought to such perfection that rich stained paper is made at twelve shil-
lings for one yard, and the common kinds a dozen yards for one shilling.

PAPYRUS, the reed from which was made the celebrated paper of Egypt and
India, used for writings until the discovery of parchment about 190 13.0.
Ptolemy prohibited the exportation of it from Egypt, lest Eumenes of Per-
gamus should make a library equal to that of Alexandria. A manuscript
of the Antiquities of Josephus 011 papyrus of inestimable value was among
the treasures seized by Bonaparte in Italy, and sent to the National Library
at Paris; but it was restored in 1815.

PARCHMENT. Invented for writing books by Eumenes (some say by Attalus),
of Pergamus, the founder of the celebrated library at Pergamus, formed on
the model of the Alexandrian, about 190 B. c. Parchment-books from this
time became those most used, and the most valuable as well as oldest in the
world are written on the skins of goats. It should be mentioned that the
Persians, and others, are said to have written all their records on skins long
before Eumenes’s time.

PARDONS. General pardons were proclaimed at coronations ; first by Edward
111., in 1327. The king’s power of pardoning is said to be derived c‘z Zege
sud: ‘Zigatitatis ,- and no other person has power to remit treason or felonies,
stat. 27 Henry VIII., 1535. In democracies there is no power of pardoning;
hence Blackstone mentions this prerogative to be one of the greatest advan-
tages of a monarchy above any other form of government. But the king
cannot pardon a nuisance to prevent its being abated; or pardon where pri-
vate justice is concerned—Blackstone. A pardon cannot follow an impeach-
ment of the House of Commons—Haydn. In the United States, the par—
doning power is vested in the governors of the several states—a practice
which upsets Blackstone’s theory. -

I’ARIAN MARBLES. The chronology of the Parian Marbles was composed
26—1 B. c. The Parian Marbles were discovered in the Isle of Paros, A. D.
1610. They were brought to England, and were presented to the university
of Oxford, by Thomas Howard, lord Arundel, whence they are called the
Arundelian Marbles, which see.

PARIS. At the time of the Roman invasion, Paris was only a miserable town.
ship. It began to be called the city of the Parisii, A. D. 380. Clovis fixed
upon it as the capital of his states in 507. This city was several times ra-
vaged by the Normans; and in 1420 was taken by the English, who held it
fifteen years. Morevthan 50,000 persons died offamine and plague in 1438,
when the hungry wolves entered the city and committed, we are told, great

 

   
   
 
  
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
    
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
 
  
 
 
 
 
    
 
  

,. 1] DICTIONARY or DATES. 4,94

devastation. The events in connection with this great city will be found
under their respective heads.

 

 

St. Denis founded - - A. D. 613 The Luxembourg, by Mary ofMedicis - 1594
Rebuilt - ' - - - - 1231 Hospital of lnvalids - - - 1595
Church of Notre Dame built ~ ~ 1270 The Hotel Dieu founded - » - 1606
The Louvre built (see Louvre) - - 1522 The I’aleis-Royal built - - - 1610
Hotel de Ville - - - - 1533 The Val-de-Grace - - - - 1645
The Boulevards commenced - - 1536 Arch cl‘St. Denis erected - - 1672
Fountain of the Innocents - - 1551 The Palace of the Deputies ~ - 1722
The Tuileries built (see Tuileries) - 1564 The Military School - - - 1751
The Font Neuf begun - - - 1578 The Pantheon; St. Genevieve - - 1764

 

Fortifications of Paris, a continuous wall embracing both banks of the Seine,
and detached forts, with an encez‘nte ot'153; leagues, were commenced in Dec.
1840, and completed March, 1846, at an expense exceeding £5,000,000 ster-
ling. See Frame.

PARK, MUNGO, HIS TRAVELS. This enterprising traveller set sail on his first
voyage to Africa, under the patronage of the African Society, to trace the
source of the river Niger, May 22, 17 95; and returned Dec. 22, 1797, after
having encountered great dangers, without his journey through intertropi-
cal regions having enabled him to achieve the great object of his ambition.
He again sailed from Portsmouth on his second voyage, Jan. 30, 1804, ap-
pointed to a new expedition by government; but never returned. The ac-
counts of his murder on the Niger were a long time discredited; unhappily
however, they were at length too well authenticated by later intelligence.
It appears that Park and his party were attacked by the natives at Boussa,
and all killed, with the exception of one slave.

PARKS. The Romans attached parks to their villas. Fulvius Lupinus, Pom-
pey, and Hortensius, among others, had large parks. In England, the first
great park of which particular mention is made, was that of Woodstock, .
formed by Henry I., 1125. The parks of London are in a high degree essen- j
tial to the health of its immense population, St. J'ames’s Park was drained 4*
by Henry VIII., 1537. It was improved, planted, and made a thoroughfare 1
for public. use 1668. The Green Park forms a part of the ground inclosed by ‘
Henry VIII. In Hyde Park, the sheet of water called the Serpentine River,
although in the form of a parallelogram, was made between 1730 and-1733,
by order of queen Caroline, consort of George II. This queen once inquired
of the first Mr. Pitt (afterwards the earl of Chatham), how much it would
cost to shut up the parks as private grounds. He replied, “Three crowns,
your majesty.” She took the hint, and the design was never afterwards enter-
tained.

PARLIAMENT, IMPERIAL, or GREAT BRITAIN. It derives its origin
from the Saxon general assemblies, called Witlmmgemots ,- but their constitu-
tion totally differed, as well as the title, which is more modern, and is taken
from parler la ment, which in the Norman law-style signifies to speak one’s
mind. This at once denotes the essence of British parliaments. The name
was applied to the general assemblies of the state under Louis VII. of France,
about the middle of the twelfth century, but it is said not. to have appeared
in our law till its mention in the statute of ‘Westminster I., 8 Edward 1., A. D.
1272; and yet Coke declared in his Institutes, and spoke to the same effect, ,.
when speaker (A. 111592), that this name was used even 1n the time of
Edward the Confessor, 1041. The first summons by writ on record was di-
rected to the bishop of Salisbury, 7 John, 1205. The first clear account we
have of the representatives of the people forming a house of commons, wab

, in the 43rd Henry 111., 1258, when it was settled, by the statutes at Oxford,
that twelve persons should be chosen to represent the commons in thethree

.1 ,5“ parliaments, which by the sixth statute, were to be held yearly—Burton’s

~ ,,;,Annal.s. The general representation by knights, citizens, and burgesses‘,’ took

 

 

4&2 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [PAP .

place 49 Henry III., 126-5.—~D2tgdale’s Summonses to Parliament, edit. 1685.
The power and jurisdiction of parliament are so transcendent and absolute,
that it cannot be confined, either for causes or persons, within any bounds. -
It hath sovereign and uncontrollable authority in making and repealing ,
laws. It can regulate or new—model the succession to the crown as was done ‘3,
in the‘reigns of Henry VIII. and William III. It- can alter and establish the ,3
religion of the country, as was done in the reigns of Henry VIII., Edward
VI.. Mary, and Elizabeth—Sir anarrl Cake. '1
PARMA. Formed by the ancient Etrurians. It was made a duehy (with P13; 3
centia) A. D. 154-5. It fell to Spain by Phillip V.’s marriage with Elizabeth
Farnese, 1714. The duke of Parma was raised to the throne of ’I‘uscany,
with the title of king of Etruria, in Feb. 1801, Parma was afterwards uni-
ted to France (with Placentia and Guastalla), and on the fall of Napoleon
was conferred on Maria Louisa, the ex-empress, by the treaty of Fontaine—
bleau, April 5, 1814. Battle of Parma: the confederates, England, France,
and Spain, against the emperor; indecisive, both armies claiming the victory, 9
June 29, 781. Great battle of Parma, in which the French, under Maedon-
ald, were defeated by Suwarrow, with the loss of 10.000 men, and four
generals, July 12, 1799. Maria Louisa died Dec. 17, 1847, and the duke of
Lucca succeeds by previous compact. The new duke refuses petitions for
reforms; Parma occupied by Austrian soldiers, Dec. 21, 1817. The people
revolt; barricades, and slaughter, March 20. The duke appoints aregency;
flees; is brought back; the duchy proclaimed to be annexed to Piedmont,
March 20, 1818. The duke promises to join the league against Austria and
is then liberated, April 1,1848, but is deposed, April 9.

PARRICIDE. There was no law against it in ancient Rome, such a crime not
being supposed possible. About 500 years after N uma’s reign, L. Ostius
having killed his father, the Romans first scourged the parricide; then sewed
him 11p in a leather-n sack made air-tight, with a live dog, a cock, 3. viper. and
an ape, and thus cast him into the sea. The old Egyptians used to run sharp
reeds into every part of the bodies of parricides; and after having thus
wounded them, threw them upon a heap of thorns, and set fire to them. In
France, before the execution of the criminal, the hand was cut off.

PARTHIA. The Parthians were originally a tribe of Scythians. who, being
exiled, as their name implies, from their own country, settled near Hyrcania.
Arsases laid the foundation of an empire which ultimately extended over ,
all Asia, 250 B. 0.; and at one time the Parthians disputed the empire of the j
world with the Romans, and could never be wholly subdued by that nation, 1
who had seen no other people upon earth unconquered by their arms. The 1
last king was Artabanus V., who being killed A. D. 229. his territories were i
annexed to the new kingdom of Persia, under Artaxerxes. ' j

PARTITION TREATIES. The first treaty between England and Holland,
for regulating the Spanish succession, was signed Oct. 11, 1698; and the
second (between France, England, and Holland, declaring the archduke
Charles presumptive heir of the Spanish monarchy, Joseph Ferdinand hav-
ing died in 1699), March 13, 1700. Treaty for the partition of Poland: the
first was a secret convention between Russia and Prussia, Feb, 17, 1772; the
second, between the same powers and Austria, Aug. 5. same year; the third
was between Russia, Austria, and Prussia, Nov. 25. 1795. There were other
similar treaties relating to Poland, but not under this name.

PASQUIN ADES. This name, which is given to humorous libels, originated in
this wayz—At the stall of a cobbler named Pasquin. at Rome. a number of
idle persons used to assemble to listen to the pleasant sallies of Pasquin. and
to relate little anecdotes in their turn, and indulge themselves in raillery at
the expense of the passers—by: After the cobbler’s death in the sixteenth

   

   
  
    
   
   
  

merxonmr or DAT-ES. , 4’

century, the statue of a gladiator was found near his stall, to which the peo~
ple gave his name. and on which the wits of the time affixed their lampoons
upon the state, and their satirical effusions on their neighbors, secretly at
night. Small poems, and writings of a similar kind, from this obtained the
name of Pasquinades, about A. D. 1583. ‘

‘- PASSOVER. A solemn festival of the Jews, instituted 1491 B. 0., in commem-
‘ oration of their coming out of Egypt; because the night before their de-
parture, the destroying angel. who put to death the first-born of the Egyp-
tians, passed over the houses of the Hebrews without entering them: they
being marked with the blood of the lamb that was killed the evening before,
and which for this reason is called the Paschal Lamb. It was celebrated in
; the new Temple, April 18, 515 B. C.—Us/Lcr.
" PATAY, BATTLE or, in which the renowned and ill-fated Joan of Arc (the
Maid of Orleans) signally defeated the English, June 10, 1429. Talbot was
taken prisoner, and the valiant Fastolfe was forced to fly. In consequence
.. of this victory, Charles of France entered Rhcims in triumph, and was
, , crowned July 17, same year, Joan of Arc assisting in the ceremony in full
‘ armor, and holding the sword of state. See Joan of 'Arc.

PATENTS. LiCenses and authorities granted by the king. Patents granted
for titles of nobility, were first made A. D. 1344, by Edward 111. They were”
first granted for the exclusive privilege of printing books, in 1591, about
which time the property and right of inventors in arts and manufactures
were secured by letters patent. '

PATRIARCHS. Socrates gives this title to the chiefs of dioceses. The dignity
among the Jews is referred to the time of Nerva, A. D. 97. In the Christian
church it was first conferred on the five grand sees of Rome, Constanti—
nople, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem. The Latin church had no pa-
triarchs till the 7th century.

PAUL’S. ST., CATHEDRAL, LONDON. The noblest Protestant church in the
world. The best authority that exists illustrative of the origin of this church
is its great restorer, sir Christopher Wren. His opinion, that there had been
a church, on this spot. built by the Christians in the time of the Romans,
was confirmed when he searched for the foundations for his own design. He
explodesthe‘notion of there having been a temple of Diana. The first church
is supposed to have been destroyed during the Dioclesian persecution, and
to have been rebuilt in the reign of Constantine. This was demolished by
the pagan Saxons, and restored by Sebert in 603. It was destroyed by the
great conflagrat-ion in 1086, after which Mauritius, then bishop of London,
commenced the magnificent edifice which immediately preceded the present
cathedral. St. Paul’s was totally destroyed by the memorable fire of 1666;
and the first stone of the present edifice was laid June 21, 1675, and the
whole was completed in 1710—11, under the illustrious architect sir Christo-
pher, Wren. ’

 
 
 

 
  
 
 
 
    
  
 
 
 
   
    
  
  

Length of St. Paul’s, within - 500 feet. Length of St. Peter’s,_Rome - 669 feet.
Its greatest breadth - - 5223 Its greatest breadth wuhin - - 442 ~
Height from the ground - - 340 Height from the ground - - 432

PAVEMENT. The Carthaginians are said to have been the first who paved
their towns with stones. The Romans in the time of Augustus had pave-
ment in many of their streets; but the Appian Way was a. paved road. and
was constructed 312 B. c. In England there were few paved streets before

. Henry VlI.’s reign. London was first paved about the year 1533. Woes};
1: pavement commenced in 1839; but was generally disused in 1847. " '

N AVIA, BAITLEOF, between the French and Imperialists, when. the forge:
" were defeated, and their king, Francis 1., after fighting with heroiaw,

 

 

464 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. f m I ‘

  

and killing seven men with his own hand was at last obliged to surrender
himself p1isoner. Francis w10te to his mother Louisa of Savoy, legent of
the kingdom In his absence the melancholy ne11s of his capti1ity, conceived
in these dignified and expressive terms: ——’1 mt est perdzo madmie, fmjs
l’ltomwm; Feb. 24, 1525. Collision between the students and the Austrian
soldiers, 10 killed and 40 wounded, Jan. 8, 1818.

PAWNBROKERS. The origin of borrowing money by means of pledges de-
posited with lenders is referred, as a regular trade, to Perousa, in Italy, about
.1. D. 1458; and soon afterwards in England. The business of pawnbrokers
was regulated 30 George 11., 1756. Licenses were issued 24 George 111.,
1783. In London there are 334 pawnbrokers ; and in England, exclusively
of London, 1127.

PEARLS. The formation of" the pearl has embarrassed both ancient and mo-
dern naturalists to explain, and has given occasion to a number of vain and
absurd hypotheses. M. Réaumur, in 1717, alleged that pearls are formed
like other stones in animals. An ancient pearl was valued by Pliny at
80 0001. sterling. One which was brought, in 1574, to Philip II. of the size
of a pigeon’ s egg, 11 as valued at 14,400 ducats, equal to 13 9961. A pearl
spoken of bv Boetius named the Incomparable, weighed thirty carats equal
to fi1e penn11111whts and was about the size of a muscadine pear. The
peail mentioned by Tav einier as being in possession ot the emperm of
Peisia 11as purchased of an Arab in 1633, and is valued at a sum equal to
1103001.

PEERS. The first of the present order created in England was William Fitz
Osborn as earl of Hereford, by William the Conqueror, in 1066. The first
peer who was created by patent was lord Beauchamp of Holt Castle, by
Richard II. in 1387. In Scotland, Gilchrist was created earl of Angus by
Malcolm III 1087. In Iieland, sir John de Courcy was c1eated baron of
Kinsale, &e.. in 1181; the first pee1 after the obtaining of that kingdom by
Henry II The house of 101 ds consisted of, viz: —

At the death ofChzuless II. - 76 peers. At the death of George III. - 339 peers.
At the death of William MI.- 192 At the death of George 1V. - 396
At the death of Anne - - 209 At the death of William IV. ~ 456
At the death ofGeorge I. - 216 In lOLh Victoria, 1847 - - ~ 454

At the death of George II. - 2‘29

PELAGIANS. A sect founded by Pelagius, a native of Britain. The sect
maintained, 1. That Adam was by nature mortal, and whether he had
sinned or not, would certainly have died. 2. That the consequences of
Adams sin were confined to his own person. 3. That new-born infants are
in the same condition with Adam before the fall. 4. That the law qualified
men for the kingdom of heaven, and was founded upon equal promises with
the gospel. 5. That the genelal 1esu11€ction of the dead does not follow in
virtue of our Saviours resur1ection, &c. This sect appeared A. D. 400 at
Rome, and in Carthage about 412.

I‘ELEW ISLANDS. Discovered by the Spaniards in the seventeenth century.
The wreck here of the East India Company’s packet Antelope, captain Wil-
son, 1783. The king. Abba Thule, allowed captain Wilson to bring prince
Lee Boo, his son, to England. where he arrived in 1784, and died soon after
of the small-pox; and the East India Company erected a monument over
his grave in the Rotherhithe chuichyard.

PELOPONNESIAN WAR. The celebrated war which continued for twenty-
seven years between the Athenians and the inhabitants of Peloponnesus
with their 1espective allies It' 13 the most famous and the most interesting
of all the 11 ars which happened between the inhabitants of Greece. It
began 431 B c., and ended 404 B. c.

 

     
      
   
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
  
   
  
  
  
   
  
   
   
  
  
  
  
  
    
   
   

m] nmmmar or DATES. V M.
PENAL LAWS, AFFECTING ROMAN CATHOLICS. The laws enacted against
‘ Roman Catholics in Great Britain were very severe; and even up to the
period of passing the Emancipation Bill many of them remained unre-

pealed. All the laws there against Roman Catholics were repealed by the
Relief Bill, passed April 13, 1829.

3 PENANCE. Called by the Jews Thejouvtha. Penance, they said, consisted
‘ in the love of God attended with good works. They made a confession
upon the day of expiation, or some time before ; and had stated degrees of
penance in proportion to the crimes committed. Penance was introduced
into the Romish church A. D. 157. In our canon law, penance is chiefly ad-
judged to the sin of fornication.

; PENDULUMS FOR CLOCKS. Affirmed to have been adapted by Galileo the
younger, about A. D. 1641. Christian Huygens contested the priority of this
discovery: the latter brought clocks with pendulums to perfection, 1656.—
thfresnoy.
PENITENTS. There are various orders of penitents, Magdalens, Magdalen-
ettes, &c. The order of Penitents of St. Magdalen was founded at Mar-
seilles, about A. D. 1272. The Penitents of the Name of Jesus was a con-
gregation of religious in Spain who had led a licentious life, formed about
1550. The Penitents of Orvieto were formed into an order of nuns about
,. 1662.
PENNSYLVANIA, one of the United States. Granted by James II. to William
“ Penn. of the Society of Friends, in 1681. (Previously settled by Swedes
and Fins, and conquered by the Dutch in 1654.) A tract of 20,000 acres
sold by Penn for £400 to a colony which formed a settlement at Philadelphia.
The colony governed by proprietors until the revolution of 1776, when the

~ legislature purchased it, paying the proprietors £130,000 in lieu of quit-
rents. Battles of Brandywine and Germantown, and other important ac-
tions in this State in the war of independence. See Philadelphia. Federal
Constitution adopted in convention, Dec. 13, 1787, by 46 to 23. Continental
Congress at Philadelphia. in 1774. United States Congress, 1790 to 1800,
when it was removed to Washington. Population of State in 1732, 30,000;
1790, 434,373; in 1800, 602,545; in 1820, 1,049,133 in 1840, 1,724,033.

‘, PENNY—POST. First set up in London and its suburbs by a Mr. Murray, up-
-‘ holsterer, A. D. 1681. Mr. Murray afterwards assigned his interest in the
undertaking to Mr. Dockwra, a merchant, 1683; but on a trial at the King’s
Bench bar in the reign of Charles IL, was adjudged to belong to the duke
of York as a branch of the general post, and was thereupon annexed to
the revenue of the crown—Delmme, 1690. This institution was considera-
bly improved in and round London, July 1794, at 5541., and was made a two-
penny-post. A penny post was first set up in Dublin in 1774. See Post-
- , nflice. ,

. PENTECOST. It literally signifies the ordinal number called the fiftieth; and
° in the solemn festival of the Jews, so called because it was celebrated fifty
days after the feast of the Passover, LeL. xxiii. 15, It is called the feast
of w eeks, Exod. xxxiv. 22, because it was kept seven weeks after the
‘ Passover.

'.PERFUMERY. Many of the wares coming under this name were known to
’5' the ancients, and the Scriptures abound with instances of the use of incenses
and perfumes. No such trade as a perfumer was known in Scotland in 1763.
.. ,. -—Creec/L. A stamp tax was laid on various articles of perfumery in Eng-
, gland and the vendor was obliged to take out a license, in 1786. At the cor-
,. ‘, , ner of Beaufort Buildings, in the Strand, resided Lilly the perfumer, men

I, flawed in the Spectatorr-Lcigh.
20*

 

 

466 Tun- WORLD’S “ceases. [m

PERIODICAL LITERATURE. See Reviews and Magazines.

PERIPATETIC PHILOSOPHY. The philosophy taught by Aristotle, about
342 B. 0. Like Plato, who taught in a shady grove called Academia, Aris-
totle chose a spot of a similar character at Athens, adjacent to the same
river, where there were trees and shades: this spot was denominated the
Lyceum; and as he usually walked while he instructed his pupils, his philo-
sophy was called Peripatetic.

PERJURY. In some countries this crime was punished with death. The early
Romans at first punished it by throwing the offender headlong from the
Tarpeian precipice; but that penalty was afterwards altered, upon a suppo—
sition that the gods would vindicate their own honor by some remarkable
judgment upon the offender. The Greeks set a mark of infamy upon
them. After the empire became Christian, and if any one swore falsely
upon the gospels, he was to have his tongue cut out. The canons of the
primitive church enjoined eleven years’ penance; and in some states the
false-swearer became liable to the punishment he charged upon the innocent.
In England, perjury was punished with the pillory, 1563.

PEItONNE, TREATY or. Louis XI. of France having placed himself in the
power of the duke of Burgundy, was forced to sign a treaty at Peronne, con-
firming those of Arras and Conflans, with some other stipulations of a re-
strictive and humiliating character, A. n. 1468.

PERSECUTIONS, GENERAL, or THE CHRISTIANS. Historians usually reckon
ten. The first under Nero, who having set fire to Rome, threw the odium
of the act upon the Christians. Multitudes of them were, in consequence,
massacred. Some were wrapped up in the skins of wild beasts, and torn
and devoured by dogs; others were crucified, and numbers burned alive,
A. D. 61. The 2nd, under Domitian, A. D. 95. The 8rd, in the reign of Tra—
jan, A. D. 100. The 4th, under Adrian, 118. The 5th, under the emperor
Severus, 197. The 6th, under Maximinus, 235. The 7th, under Decius,
more bloody than any preceding. They were in all places driven from their
habitations, plundered and put to death by torments, the rack, and fire. The
8th, under Valerian, 257. The 9th, under Aurelian, 272. The 10th, under
Dioclesian. In this persecution, which lasted ten years, houses filled with
Christians were set on fire, and droves of them were bound together with
ropes and cast into the sea. See Zlflzssacres.

PERSECUTION S or rue J EWS. See articles Jews and Jlfassacres.

PERSECUTION or TIIE PROTESTANTS. In Franconia. where a multitude
of Luther’s followers were massacred by William de Furstemberg, 1525.—
Du Fresnoy. In England when Cranmer, archbishop of Canterbury, and La-
timer and Ridley, prelates, and 300 Protestants. were burned alive, and great
numbers perished in prison, 3 Mary, L556.— Wamer’s Eccles. Hist. Of the
Protestants in France, when numbers perished ; their assemblies were pro-
hibited, their places of worship pulled down, .and sentence to the ‘galleys
proclaimed against all who harbored them, 1723. Executions of the Pro-
testants at Thorn, when great numbers were put to death under pretence of
their having been concerned in a tumult occasioned by a procession, 1724.
See Massacres and Bartholomew.

PERSIAN EMPIRE. The country which gave name to this celebrated empire
was originally called Elam, and received the appellation of Persia from Per-
seus, the son of Perseus and Andromeda, who settled here, and perhaps
established a petty sovereignty. But long before his time, it was subject
to independent princes. Persia was at length included in the first Assyrian
monarchy; and when that empire was dismembered by Arbaces, &c., it
appertained to the kingdom of Media. Persia was partly conquered from

3'
V
l

i
.4

l

:3
3‘1
"l.
i

the Greeks, and was tributary to the Parthians for nearly 500 years, when ,,_ ,.

 

 

DICTIONARY- or DATES. _ d6?

  
  
  
  
  
   
   
   
    
   
  
   
  
   
 
 
    
  
  
  
   
   
    
 
    
 
  
  
  
  
   
 
   
  
    
   
  

Artaxerxes, a common soldier, became the founder of the second Persian
monarchy, A. D. 229.

Zoroaster, king of Bactria, founder of The sea-fight near Cnidus - - 39%
the h'Iagi.—Juslz'n - 1;. c. 2115 The Sidonians being besieged by the
Zoroaster 11., Persian philosopher, ge- Persians, set fire to their city, and perish
nerally confounded with the king of in the flames - - - 351
Bactria.-—Zanthus - - - 1082 Alexander the Great enters Asia; first
' ‘ ‘ ' ' " battle in Phrygia, near the river Gra-
Cyrus, king of Persia - - - 560 nicus - - - - - 331
Lydia conquered by the Persians - 548 [For the exploits of Alexander in Per-
Cyrus becomes master ot’ail Asia - 536 sia, see the article Macedon]
Cambyses conquers Egypt (which see) 525 Murder of Darius by Bessus, who is
Darius made king of Persia ~ - 522 torn in pieces - - - - 331
Revolt of the Babylonians - - - 512 Alexander founds the third or Grecian
Conquest ot’lonia; Miletus destroyed - 498 monarchy - - - - 331
Darius equips a fleet of 600 sail, with Alexander, in amoment ofintoxication,
an army of 300,000 soldiers, to invade at the instance of his mistress Thais,
the Peioponnesus - - - 490 sets fire to the palace of Persepolis - 330
The troops advance towards Athens, but [The riches of this town, whose ruins,
are met in the plains of Marathon. by even as they exist at this day, are of
Miltiades, at the head of 10,000 Athe- indescribable magnificence, were so
mans—See Marathon - - 490 immense that 20,000 mules and 5000
Xerxes enters Greece in the spring of horses were laden with the spoils.)
this year. at the head of an immense Persia was partly reconquered from the
force. The battle of Thermopylae - 480 Greeks, and remained tributary to
Xerxes enters Athens, after having lost Parthia for near five hundred years,
200,000 of his troops, and is defeated till about - - - A D. 250
in a naval engarreuient ofi' Salaniis - 480 Artaxerxes I. of this new empire, 3.
Cymon, son of Miitiades, with a fleet of common soldier, restores to Persia its
250 vessels, takes several Cities from ancient. title - - - - 22
the Persians, and destroys their navy, Reign of Sapor, conqueror and tyrant - 238
consisting of 340 sail, near the island He is assassinated - - - 273
of Cyprus - - - - 470 llormisdas reigns - - - ~ 273
Xerxes is murdered in his bed by Mith- Reign of Sapor II. (of 70 years), a cruel
ridates, the eunuch - B. c. 465 and successful tyrant - , - ,310
The assassin is put to death in a horrible Persia was conquered by the Saracens 651
manner - - — - - 465 It fell under the dominion of Tamer-
Reign of Artaxerxes - - - 464 lane, by the defeat of Bajazet - 1402
Cyprus taken from the Persians - 449 Reign oi'Thamas Kouli Khan - - 1732
Memorable retreat of the Greeks. See He carried the Persian arms into India, '
article Retreat - - - - 401 which he ravaged. See India - 1738

In 1747, Ahmed Abdalla founded the kingdom of Candahar. In 1779, com—
petitors for the throne of Persia sprung up and caused a period of slaughter
and desolation till 1794, when Mahomed Khan became'sole monarch.

 

- PERU. First visited in A. D. 1513, and soon afterwards conquered by the Spa-
‘ niards, whose avarice led to the most frightful crimes. The easy conquest
of this country has not its parallel in history. Pizarro, in 1530, and others,
with one vessel, 112 men, and four horses, set out to invade South America,
which, however, not succeeding, he again in 1531, embarked with three
small vessels, 140 infantry, and thirty—six horses; with these. and two re~
inforcements of thirty men each, he conquered the empire of Peru, and laid
the foundation of that vast power which the Spaniards enjoy in the New
World. Pizarro’s expedition, 1524. Peru remained in subjection to the
Spaniards (who murdered the Incas and all their descendants) without any
attempt being made to throw oh“ the oppressive yoke till 1782; but the in:
dependence of the country was completely achieved in 1826. The new‘

Peruvian constitution was signed by the president of the Republic, March
21, 1828. '

PETER—PEN CE. Presented by Ina. king of the West Saxons, to the pope at
,, ' Rome, for the endowment of an English college there, A. D. 725. So called,
'L 2. because agreed to be paid on the feast of St. Peter. The tax was levied. on
i; all families possessed of thirty pence yearly rent in land, out of which they
211%. paid one penny. It was confirmed by Ofl‘a, 777, and was afterwards clogged

 

 

 

468 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [PREV

by the popes as a tiibute from England, and regularly collected, till sup-
pressed bv Henry VIII. —Camden.

PETER, r111: WILD BOY A my age creature found in the for est of Heits-
wold, elect01ate of Hanover when George I. and his f11ends were hunting.
He was found walking on his hands andb teet, climbing trees like a squirrel,
and feeding on grass and moss, November 1725. At this time he was sup-

posed to be thirteen years old. The king caused him to taste of all the
dishes at the my a1 table; but he p1 efei red wild plants, leaves and the bark
of ti ces which he had lived on f1 om his infancy. No human efforts of the
many philosophic persons about the court could entirely vary his savage
habits, or cause him to utter one distinct syllable He died in Feb. 1785,
at the age of7 Lord Monboddo presented him as an instance of the hy-
pothesisa that “ man in a state of nature is a mere animal.”

PETER S CHURCH, ST., AT ROME. Originally erected by Constantine. About
the middle of the 15th century, Nicholas VI. commenced the present mag-
nificent pile, which was not completed under numerous succeeding popes,
until A. D. 1629. The front is 400 feet broad, rising to a height of 180 feet,
and the majestic dome ascends from the centre of the church to a height of
324 feet: the length of the interior is 600 feet. forming the most spacious
hall ever constructed by human hands. See Paul’s, St.

PETERSBURGH. The new capital of Russia. Peter the Great first began
this city, in 1703. He built a small hut for himself, and some wretched
wooden hovels In 1710, the count Golovkin built the first house of brick;
and the next year, the emperor with his own hand laid the foundation of a
house of the same materials. From these small beginnings rose the impeiial
city of Petersburgh; and in less than nine years after the wooden hovels
were elected, the bseat of empire was transferred from Moscow to this place
Her,e in 1736 a fire consumed 2000 houses, and in 1780, another the con-
sumed 11 000 houses; this last fire was occasioned by lightning. Again in
June 1796 a la1ge magazine of naval stores and 100 vessels were destroyed.
The winter palace was burnt to the ground, Dec.29, 1837. See Russia

PETERSBURGH, PEACE 01‘, between Russia and Prussia, the fo1mer 1esto1 111g
all her conquests to the latter, signed May 5, 1762. TREATY 05‘ PE’I‘ERSBURGH,
for the pa1t1t1on of Poland (see article Pmtition {ll/61152125,) Aug. 5, 17
T1113 arr 01‘ P12r1111s13uao11,fora coalition against France Sept. 8, 1805.
Treaty of alliance, signed at St. Petersburgh, between Bernadette prince
royal of Sweden, and the emperor Alexander; the former agreeing to join
in the campaign against France, in return for which Sweden was to receive
Norway, March 24 1812.

PETRARCH AND LAURA. Two of the most eminent persons of the four-
teenth century, celebrated for the exquisite and refined passion of the for-
mer for the latter, and the great genius and virtue of both. The chief subject
of Petrarch’s enchanting sonnets was the beautiful Laura. He was crowned
with laurel, as a poet and writer, on Easter-day, April 8, 1341; and died at
Arqua, near Padua, July 18, 1374. Laura died April 6, 1348.

PHALANX A troop of men closely embodied -——Millon. The Greek phalanx '
consisted of 8000 men in a sq11a1e battalion with shields joined, and spears

crossing each other. The battalion formed by Philip of Macedon was called
the Macedonian phalanx, and was instituted by him 360 B. c.

PHARISEES They were a famous sect among the Jews; so called from a He-
brew word which signifies to sepaiate or set apart, because they pretended
to a greater degree of holiness and piety than the rest of the Jews. The
admirable parable of the Pharisee and Publicau is 1e1elled against spiri-
tual pride, and to recommend the virtue of humility. —-—Lu/ce xviii. 9.

 

 

DICTIONARY or DATES. . 469*

  
   

l"HAROS AT ALEXANDRIA, called the Pharos of Ptolemy Philadelphus, and
esteemed as one of the wonders of the world. It was a tower built of white
marble, and could be seen at the distance of 100 miles. On the top, fires
were constantly kept, to direct sailors in the bay. The building or" this
;ower cost 800 talents, which are equivalent to above 165,100l. English, it
Attic; or if Alexandrian, double that sum. There was this inscription upon
it—“ King Ptolemy to the gods, the saviours, for the benefit of sailors ;” but
Sostratus the architect, wishing to claim all the glory, engraved his own
name upon the stones, and afterwards filled the hollow with mortar, and wrote
it the above inscription. When the mortar had decayed by time, Ptolemy’s
g, name disappeared, and the following inscription then became visible ;—
if “Sostratus the Cnidian, son of Dexiphanes, to the gods, the saviours, for
E

5}?
5
1E
,
t

v
r

the benefit of sailors.” About 280 B. c.

‘: PHARSALIA, BATTLE or, between Julius Caesar and Pompey, in which the for-
mer obtained a great and memorable victory, glorious to Caesar in all its
consequences. Caesar lost about 200 men, or, according to others 1200.
Pompey’s loss was 15,000, or 25,000 according to others, and 24,000 of his
army were made prisoners of war by the conqueror, May 12, 48 B. c. After
this defeat, Pompey fled to Egypt, where he was treacherously slain, by or-
der of Ptolemy the younger, then a minor, and his body thrown naked on
the strand, exposed to the view of all those whose curiosity led them that
way, till it- was burnt by his faithful freedman Philip.

PHILADELPHIA, CiTY or. First surveyed and regulated by the English colo-
ny under Penn’s grant in 1682. [The Swedes had settled on Delaware bay
in 16 .27. ] Named after a city in Asia-Minor and first laid out with a view
to rival ancient Babylon in extent; but the plan was restricted to its pre—
sent limits by the charter of’1701. First or “Continental” Congress at
Philadelphia, Sept. 5. 17 74. The Declaration of Independence adopted, July
4, 1776, in the State House, still standing in Chesuut—street. The city taken
by the Biitish, Sept. 26 17 77, evacuated by them, June 18 177 8. Conven-
tion met he1e, May 17, 1787, and 011 17th of Sept. following, agreed on a.
constitution fox the United States. Yellow fever 1agcd,1793 and 1798.
Congress removed to Philadelphia, 1800 United States Bank established
here, 1816. United States Mint, in 1792. Girard College opened, 1846.
Population in 1732, 12 000; in 1790, 42,000; in 1810, 96 664; in 1830,

, 167,811; in 1840, 220,423.

, PHILIPPI, BATTLE or, between Octavius Caesar and Marc Antony on one side,

" and the republican forces under Brutus and Cassius, in which the former
obtained the victory. Two battles were fought: in the first, Brutus, who
commanded the right wing, defeated the enemy; but Cassius, who had care
of the left, was overpowered, and he ordered his freedman to run him
through the body. In the second battle, the wing which Biutus command—
ed obtained a victo1y , but the other was defeated, and he found himself
suriounded by the soldiels of Antonv. He howeve1 made his escape, and
soon after fell on his sword. Both battles were fought in October, 42 15.0.
—Bosszwt.

APHILIPPICS. This species of satire derives its name from the 01ations of De-
mosthenes against Philip II. of Macedon, and f1 om Cicero’ 5 0111! was (the
, second of which was called di\ me by Juvenal) against Ma1c Antony, which
3,, latter cost Cicero his life, 43 B. c.

WILIPPINE ISLES. Discovered by the Spaniards A. D. 1519. In this archi‘
pelago the illustrious circumnavigator Magellan, like the still more illustri-
1;“ ous Cook in the Sandwich Islands, lost his life in a skirmish, in 1521.

, t ISOPHY. The knowledge of the reason of things, in opposition to his-
' ‘toi‘y, which is only the Knowledge of facts; or to mathematics, which tithe

 

 

was—wx/Tjw-my W;

i“
7

i“.
5,
..

   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
     
  
   
 
  

 

 

 

470 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

   
  
   
 
   
 
 
  
   
   
   
 
  
  
    
   
 
 
   
   
  
   
  
  
   
  
 
   
   
 
  
    
  

knowledge of the quantity of things ;——the hypothesis or system upon which“
natural effects are explained—Locke. Pythagoras first adopted the name of _.
philosopher (such men having previously been called sages), about 528 B. c. "
See Mural Philosophy. Philosophers Were expelled from Rome, and their
schools suppressed, by Domitian, A. D. 83.~—U/Liv. Hist. Philosophy has
undergone four great changes :—1. A total subserviency to priestcrat't and
superstition, by the Chaldeans and Egyptians. 2. A commixture of reason
and poetry, by the Greeks. 3. A mechanical system, introduced by Coper-
nicus and Galileo; and, 4. A system of poetical, verbal, and imaginary causa-
tion, taught by Newton, Lavoisier, &C. The world, at present, are divided
between the two last.

PHILOSOPHER’S STONE. By this name is usually meant a powder, which
some wise heads among the chemists imagined had the virtue of turning all
imperfect metals into silver and gold—all metals but these being so consid-
ered. Kircher observes, with truth, that the quadrature of the circle, per-
petual motion, the inextinguishable lamp, and the philosopher’s stone, have
cracked the brains of philosophers and mathematicians for a bug time,
without any useful result. For a remarkable case of folly and imposition in
relation to this subject, see Alchemy.

PHOSPHORUS. It was discovered in the year 1667, by Brant, who procured
it from urine; and Scheele soon after found a method of preparing .it from
bones. The discovery was prosecuted by John Kunckell, a Saxon chemist, ,
1670, and by the hon. Mr. Boyle, about the same time—Noun. Dist. Phos—- ‘
phoric acid is first mentioned in 1743, but is said to have been known ear—
her; the distinction was first pointed out by Lavoisier, in 1777. Canton’s . ,’
phosphorus is so called from its discoverer,'1768. Protophosphurated hy-
drogen was discovered by sir Humphrey Davy in 1812.

PHRENOLOGY. The science of the mind, and of animal propensities, a mod-
ern doctrine, started by Dr. Gall, in 1803. See Cm'niolqcy. Dr. Spurzheim
improved the science in 1815, and it has now many professors; and a Phre-
nological Society has been established in London.

PHYSIC. Reason and chance led early to the knowledge and virtues of cer-
tain herbs. The sea-horse drawing blood from his body by means of a reed
to relieve himself from plethora, taught men the art of artificial blood—let~
ting—Pliny. In fabulous history it- is mentioned that Polydius having seen
a serpent approach the wounded body of another with an herb, with which
he covered it, restored the inanimate body of Glaucus in the same manner.
—-Hg/g'i/ms. Egypt appears to have been the cradle of the healing art; and
the priests,” says Cabanus, “soon seized upon the province of medicine,
and combined it with their other instruments of power.” From the hands
of the priests, medicine fell into those of the philosophers, who freed it
from its superstitious character. Pythagoras endeavored to explain the
formation of diseases, the order of their symptoms, and the action of medi-
cine. about 529 B. C. Hippocrates. justly regarded as the father of medicine
and the founder of the science, flourished about 422 B. c. Galen, born A. n.
131. was the oracle of medical science for nearly 1500 years. The discovery
of the circulation of the blood, by Dr. Harvey, furnished an entirely new
system of physiological and pathological speculation, 1628.

PHYSICS. Well described as a science of unbounded extent, and as reaching
from an atom to God himself. It is made to embrace the entire doctrine of
the bodies and existences of the universe; their phenomena. causes, and
effects. Mr. Locke would include God. angels and spirits. under this term. ,
The origin of physics is referred to the Brachmans magi and Hebrew and . .
Egyptian priests. From these it was derived to the Greek sages, partic, ”f;
larly Thales, who first professed the study of nature in Greece, about 533;

i

] monomer or DATES. , 42"

   
  
  
 
 
  
  
 
  
 
 
  
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
   
  
  
  
  
 
 
  
  
  
 
  
   
 
  
 
 
  
 
  
  
  
 
  

B.c. Hence, it descended to the Pythagoric, Platonic, and Peripatctic
schools; and from these to Italy and the rest of Europe.

FHYSIOLOGY. In cennection with natural philosophy, and that part of phy-
sies which teaches the constitution of the body, so far as it is in its healthy
or natural state, and to that purpose endeavors to account for the reason of
the several functions and operations of the several members. Sometimes it
is limited to that part of medicine which particularly considers the struc-
ture and constitution of human bodies, with regard to the cure of diseases.
Its date is referred to the same time with physics, which see.

. PHYSIOGNOMY. This is a science by which the dispositions of mankind are

. discovered, chiefly from the features of the face. The origin of the term is
referred to Aristotle; Cicero was attached to the science. It became a
fashionable study from the beginning of the sixteenth century; and in the
last century, the essays of Le Cat and Perncthy led to the modern system.
Lavatefis researches in this pursuit arose from his having been struck
with the singular countenance of a soldier who passed under a window at
which he and Zimmerman were standing ; published 1776.

' j;PIANO-FORTE. Invented by J. C. Schroder, of Dresden, in 1717; he present-

ed a model- of his invention to the court of Saxony; and some time after,
' G. Silverman, a musical—instrument maker, began to manufacture piano—fortes
with considerable success. The invention has also been ascribed to an in-
strument-maker of Florence. The square piano—forte was first made by
Freiderica, an organ-builder of Saxony, about 1758. Piano—fortes were
made in London by M. Zumpie, a German, 1766; and have been since
greatly improved by others here.

: VPICHEGRU’S, MOREAU’S. AND GEORGES’ CONSPIRACY. The memorable

~ ‘ conspiracy against Napoleon Bonaparte detected, and Georges and Moreau
arrested at Paris, February 23, 1804. Pichegru, when captured, was con—
fined in the Temple, where he was found strangled on the morning of the
6th April following. For the particulars relating to this conspiracy, see ar-
ticle Georges, &c.

QPICQUET, THE GAME on, the first known game upon the cards, invented by
” Joquemin, and afterwards other games, for the amusement of Charles VI.
of France, who was at the time in feeble health, 1390.——Mézemi. See ar-

ticle Cards.

“PICTS. A Scythian or German colony, who landed in Scotland much about
’ the time that the Scots began to seize upon the Ebudae, or Western Isles.

and the isles-and the Picts in that now called the lowlands. About A. D
838 to 843, the Scots under Kenneth II. totally subdued the Picts, and seized
all their kingdom, and extended the limits as far as N ewcastle-upon—Tyne.

CTURES. Bularchus was the first who introduced, at least among the
Greeks, the use of many colors in one picture. One of his pictures was
purchasei by the king of Lydia for its weight in gold ; he flourished 740-3. 0.
See Painting. .
EON, THE CARRIER. The courier pigeons are of very ancient use. The
ancients being destitute of the convenience of posts, were accustomed when
they took a long journey, and were desirous of sending back any news with

, x uncommon expedition,‘to take some pigeons with them. When they thought
' ~‘ proper to write to their friends, they let one of these birds loose, with let;

i’ters fastened to its neck: the bird, once released, would never cease its

Ether his victory at the Olympic games by sending to him at IEgina a

They afterwards lived as two distinct nations, the Scots in the highlands ‘

'ght till it arrived at its nest and young ones. Taurosthenes announced to

 

4:.‘L

   
  
    
  
 
 
 
   
   
   
   
  
 
   
  
 
   
  
   
  
    
 
  
  
  
  
   
  
  
  
   
 
  
   
 
  

472 THE WORLD'S Paoennss. f

pigeon stained with purple. -—-Ovid. Hirtius and Blutus corresponded by ;
means of pigeons at the siege of Modena. In modern times, the most noted .
weie the pigeons of Aleppo which served as couriers at Alexand1etta and ,
Bagdad. ’1111rty-two pigeons sent from Antwerp weie liberated from Lon- ‘3
don at 7 o’clock 1n the morning; and on the same day at noon, one of them
ar1ived at Antweip; a quarter of an hou1 afterwards a second ar1i1ed; the
remainder on the following day, N 0v. 23, 1819.——P/Lillips.

PILGRIMAGES. They began to be made about the middle ages of the church,
but they were most in vogue after the close of the 11th century. Many '-
licenses were granted to captains of English ships to carry pilgrims abroad,
7 Henry VI., 1428.

PILLORY. A scaffold for persons to stand 011, in order to render them infa-
mous, and make them a public spectacle, for every one to see and know,
that they might avoid and refuse to have any commerce or dealings with
them for the future This punishment was awarded against persons con—
victed of forum y pe1jurv,1ibelling, &c In some cases the head was put
through a hole, the hands through two others the nose slit, the face branded
with one or more letters, and one or both ea1s cut off. It was in use in En—
gland in the reign of Henry 111., 1256. Many persons died in the pillory,
by being struck with stones by the mob, and pelted with . rotten eggs and
putrid offal. It was abolished as a punishment in all cases except perjury,
in 1815—16. The pillory was totally abolished by act 1 Victoria, June
1837.

PINS. As an article of foreign commerce, pins are first mentioned in the sta- '7
tutes A. D. 1483. Those made of brass wire were brought from France
in 1540, and were first used in England, it is said, by Catherine Howard,
queen of Henry VIII. Before the invention of pins, both sexes used ri-
bands, loop-holes, laces with points and tags, Clasps, hooks and eyes, and
skewers of brass, silver, and gold. They were made in England in 1543.—
Stowe.

PISA, LEANING Towna or. This celebrated tower, likewise called Campanile,
on account of its having been erected for the purpose of containing bells, .._
stands in a square close to the cathedral of Pisa. It is built entirely of
white marble, and is a beautiful cylinder of eight stories, each adorned with
a round of columns, rising one above another. It inclines so far on one side
from the perpendicular, that in dropping a plummet from the top, which is ;'
188 feet in height, it falls sixteen feet from the base. Much pains have
been taken by connoisseurs to prove that this was done purposely by the .
architect; but it is evident that the inclination has proceeded frOm another . 'j
cause, namely, from an accidental subsidence of the foundation on that '
side.

PISTOLS. These are the smallest sort of fire-arms, carried sometimes on the f.
saddle-bow, sometimes in a girdle round the waist, sometimes in the pocket, ._
sac—Pardon. The pistol was first used by the cavalry of England, in
1544. -

PITCAIRN S ISLAND. A small solitary island in the Pacific Ocean seen by '_
Cook 111 1773, and noted for being colonized by ten mutineers from the. :
ship Bounty, captain Bligh, in 1789, from which time, till 1814, they (or ’.
rathei thei1 descendants) remained here unknown. See Alutiny of the, '
Bounty.

PITT’S ADMINISTRATION. The first administration of this illustrious states- , 1
man 11 as formed on the dismissal of the Coalition ministry (which see), Dec. 1
27,1783. His second administration was formed May 12,1804. The rig ht
honorable William Pitt was son of the great earl of Chatbam He died

   
 
    
  

DICTIONARY or DATES. 4%

Jan. 23, 1806. Mr. Pitt was a minister of commanding powers, and still
,- loftier pretensions: and he departed life in possession of the esteem of a
large portion of his countrymen. A public funeral was decreed to his ho—
nor by parliament, and a grant of £40,000 to pay his debts.

‘ IUS. This name was first given to the em )cror Antoninus Titus. thence called
3 ,

 
   
 
  
 
   
 
   
 
   
 
   
  
   
   
  
   
    
   
    
   
  
    
  
   
    
  
   
   
    
  
   

A. D. 142.

locusts.”— Thomson.

2000 persons every day, 188 B. c. Pliny.

At Rome, :1 most awful plague; 10,000 per-
sons perish daily, A. D. 78.

The same fatal disease again ravaged the
Roman empire, A. n. 167.

In Britain, a plague raged so formidably,

and swept away such multitudes, that the

living were scarcely sufficient to bury the

dead, A. n. 430.

A dreadful one began in Europe in 558, ex-

tended all over Asia and Africa, and it is

said did not cease for many,years. Univ.

His].

At Constantinople, when 200,000 of its in-
habitants perished, A. D. 746.

[This plague raged for three years, and was

equally fatal in Calabria, Sicily, and

Greece]

At Chichester in Enrrland, an epidemical

disease carried otl' ‘4,000 persons, 772.—

I'Vz'll. Illalms.

In Scotland, 40,000 persons perished of a
pestilence, A. n. 954.

In London, a great mortality, A. n. 1094;
and in Ireland, 1095.

Again in London: it extended to cattle,

fowls, and other domestic animals, 1111.

-—IIoIz‘ngs.

In Ireland: after Christmas this year, Henry
11. was forced to quit the country, 1171:.
Again in Ireland, when a prodigious number

perished, 1204. ,
A general plague raged throughout Europe,
causing a most extensive mortality. Bri-
tain and Ireland suffered grievously. In
London alone, 200 persons were buried
daily in the Charterhouse yard.
In Paris and London a dreadful mortality
revailed in 1362 and 1367; and in Ire-
and, in 1370.
A great pestilence in Ireland, called the
fourth. destroyed a great. number of the
people, 1383. _
80,000 persons erished of a dreadful pesti-
' lence in Lon on, 1407..
, Again in Ireland, superinduced by a fam-
ine; great numbers died, 1466; and Dub-
lin was wasted by a plague, 1470.

 

Antoninus Pius, on account of his piety and Virtue, A. D. 138. This name
was also given to a son of Metellus. because he interested himself so warm-
ly to have his father recalled from banishment. The name of Pius has also
been taken by nine of the popes of Rome, the first of whom assumed it in

‘ .AGUE. “The offspring of inclement skies, and of legions of putrifying
The first recorded general plague in all parts of the
world occurred 767 B. c. Pelaoius, At Carthage the plague was so terrible
that the people sacrificed their children to appease the gods, 534 B. (1—110,-
ronius. At Rome prevailed a desolating plague, carrying off' a hundred
thousand persons in and round the city, 461 B. c. At Athens, whence it
spread into Egypt and Ethiopia, and caused an awful devastation, 430 B. c.
Another which raged in the Greek islands, Egypt, and Syria, and destroyed

An awful pestilence at Oxford, 147i; and
throughout England a plague which de-
stroyed more people than the continual
wars for the fifteen preceding years, 1478.
—Ra.]ii'n; Salmon.

The awful Sudor Anglicus, or sweating
sickness, very fatal at London, 1485——
.lleluune.

The plague at London so dreadful that Hen-
ry VII. and his court removed to Calais,
1500.—Stowe.

Again, the sweating sickness (mortal in
three hours). In most of the capital
towns in England half the inhabitants
died, and Oxford was depopulated, 911.
VIII., fill—Stowe.

Limerick was visited by a plague, when
many thousands perished, 1522.

A estilence throughout Ireland, 1525; and
t e English Sweat, 15:28; and a pestilence
in Dublin, 1575.

30,578 persons perished of the plague in
London alone, 1603—1604. It was also
fatal in Ireland.

200,000 perished of a pestilence at Constan-
tinople, in 1611.

In London, a great mortality prevailed, and
35,417 persons perished, 1025.

In France, a general mortality; at Lyons
60,000 persons died, 1632. . .

The plague, brought from Sardinia to Na-
ples (being introduced by a transport with
soldiers on board), raged with such v10-
lence as to carry 01f 400,000 of the inhabit~
ants in six months, 1656. '

Memorable plague which carried off 68,595
persons in London, 1665. .
[Fires were kept up night and day to purify
the air for three days; and it is thought
the infection was not totally destroyed till

the great conflagration of 1666.]

60,000 persons persons perished of the

plague at Marseilles and neighborhood!

brought in a ship from the Levant, 1726;} .

One of the most awful plagues that ever
raged, prevailed in Syria, 1760—46“
Illariti. ’

 

 

"1
4
4
1
:1

 

 

Wni‘mmgmmm 31;.me rut. .. Mr

l
i

7474 THE WORLD’S recesses.

PLAGUE, continued.

 

   
 
   
   
   
  
    
   
  
    
   
  
    
   
   
   
   
  
   
    
     
 
   

In Persia. a fatal pestilence, which carried bers were carried 00' by a pestilent dls»
off 80,000 of the inhabitants of Bassorah, ease in 1804 and 1805. -:

1773. Again, at Gibraltar. an epidemic fever, much
In Egypt, more than 800,000 persons died resembling the plague, caused great mory
ol' plague, 1792. tality. 1823. ' .'
In Barbary, 3000 died daily; and at Fez The Asiatic cholera (see Cholera) 1832.
247.000 perished. I799. 1834, l849. ' a

In Spain, and at Gibraltar, immense num-

PLAGUES or EGYPT. The refusal of the king to hearken to Moses, although?
he had performed many miracles to prove his divine mission, brings a display
of wrath upon the land, in ten awful instances, which are denominated the ,
plagues of Egypt. 1492 B. c. In this year the king, named by someAmen- ;
ophis, by others Cherres, is, with his whole army, overwhelmed in the Red
Sea.—— Us/Ler, Blair, Leaglet. ‘

PLANTAGENET, House or. A race of fourteen English kings, from Henry ..
II. to Richard 111., killed at the battle of Bosworth (which see), 1486. Anti- ~
quaries are at a loss to account for the origin of this appellation; and the -
best derivation they can find for it is, that Fulk, the first earl of Anjou, of j,
that name, being stung with remorse for some wicked action, went on a pil- iv
grimage to Jerusalem, as a work of atonement; Where being scourged with :
broom twigs, growing on the spot, he took the surname of Plantagenet, or,
Broom-stalk, which was retained by his posterity. - '

PLASTER or PARIS, for moulds, figures, statuary, &c. The method of tak— '
ing likenesses by its use was first discovered by Andrea Verrochio, about
A. n. 1460. This gypsum was first found at Montmartre, a village near Paris, -
whence it obtained its name. “

PLATZEA, BATTLE or, between Mardonius the commander of Xerxes king of
Persia, and Pausanias the Lacedzemoniau, and the Athenians. The Persian .
army consisted of 300 000 men, 3000 of which scarce escaped with their '
lives by flight. The Grecian army, which was greatly inferior, lost but few 3'
men; and among these, ninety-one Spartans, fifty—two Athenians, and sixteen ‘
Tegeans, were the only soldiers found in the number of the slain. The ‘
plunder which the Greeks obtained in the Persian camp was immense. Pau~
sanias received a tenth of all the spoils, on account of his uncommon valor
during the engagement, and the rest were rewarded each according to their .
respective merit. This battle was fought on the 22d September. the same ‘
day as the battle of Mycale, 479 B. 0.; and by it Greece was totally deliver- ‘
ed for ever from the continual alarms to which she was exposed on account
of the Persian invasions, and from that time none of the princes of Persia
dared to appear with a hostile force beyond the Hellespont. ‘ ‘

PLATE. The earliest use of plate as an article of luxury cannot be precisely]
traced. In England, plate. with the exception of spoons, was prohibited in
public houses by statute 8 William 111., 1696. The celebrated Plate Act}
passed in May 1756. This act was repealed in 1780. The act laying a dutfi,
upon plate passed in 1784.

PLATIN A. This is the heaviest of all the metals, and harder than silver and
gold. The name which is given to it originated with the Spaniards. f romf
the word Flam, signifying silver, it would seem 'on’ account of its silvery»
color. It was unknown in Europe until A. D. 1748. when Don Antonié-
Ulloa announced its existence in the narrative of his voyage to Peru—1'?
Graig, &

PLATI‘SBURGH. ON LAKE CHAMPLAIN, New YORK, BATTLE or; 14,000 Britis a

troops under sir George Prevost repulsed, Sept. 11, 1814. The British fle
on the lake captured by Macdonough, at same. time. T“

 
  

~ . .] ' .mcriomar or mm. W

7 LAYS. Tragedy, comedy, satire, and pantomime were performed in Greece
‘ and Rome. Plays became agencral and favorite pastime about 16-5 B. 0.;
but they were performed on occasions of festivity some ages before. The
Trojan plays consisted of horse-races and exercises of the youth under a
proper head or captain, wherein the utmost dexterity was practised. The
plays of Ceres were instituted to please the ladies, who from the 12th to the
20th of April were clad in white, and, in imitation of that goddess, went
with a torch in their hands as if in search of her daughter Proserpine. The
plays of Flora were so offensive, that they were forced to be put down.
The funeral plays were plays in honor of the dead, and to satisfy their
ghosts. There were numerous institutions under the name of plays. Plays
were first acted in England at Clerkenwell, A. D. 1397. The first company
of players that received the sanction of a patent was that of James Burbage,
and others, the servants of the earl of Leicester, from queen Elizabeth. in

1574. In England plays were subjected to a censorship in 1737. See
Drama.

5‘ PLEADINGS. In the early courts of judicature in England, pleadings were
made in the Saxon language in A. D. 786. They Were made in Norman—
, . French from the period of the Conquest in 1066; and they so continued un—
i, til the 36th of Edward 111. 1362. CrOInWell ordered all law proceedings to
p- De taken in English in 1650. The Latin was used in conveyancing in the
‘ courts of law till 1731.

t-

3...,I’OET LAUREAT. Selden could not trace the precise origin of this office.
5; The first record we have of poet-laureat in England is in the 35th Henry III.
1251. The laureat was then styled the king’s versifier, and a hundred shil—
lings were his annual stipend.— Warton ; Aladdorc, Hist. Ere/z. Chaucer, on
his return from abroad. assumed the title poet-laureat; and in the twelfth
;, year of Richard 11., 1389,11e obtained a grant of an annual allowance of
; wine. James I.. in 1615, granted to his laureat a yearly pension of 100
marks; and in 1630, this stipend was augmented by letters patent of Charles
I. to 100l. per annum, with an additional grant of one tierce of Canary
Spanish wine, to be taken out of the king’s store of wine yearly.

 

  

 

 

 
 
  
   
   
   
   
 
  
  
  
    
  
   

NAMES OF PERSONS WHO FILLED THE OFFICE FROM THE REIGN 0F QUEEN ELIZABETH.

Elizabeth appointed Edmund Spenser, Nahum Tate, died . - A. n. 1716

who died - . - » A. D. 1598 The rev. Laurence Eusden, died - 1730
Samuel Daniel, died - - - 1619 Colley Cibber, died - - - - 1757
Ben Jonson, died - - - 1637 William Whitehead. died - - 1785
Sir William Davenant, died - - 1668 Rev. Dr. Thomas Warton, died - ~ 1790
John Dryden; he was deposed at the Henry James Pye, died- . - 1813

revoluiion - - - - 1688 Dr. Robert Southey, died - March 21, 1843
Thomas Shadwell, died - ~ - 169:2 , William VVordswoth, died - - 1850

The present laureate is Tennyson.

’POETRY. The oldest. rarest, and most excellent of the fine arts and highest
species of refined literature. It was the first fixed form of language, and
the earliest perpetuationlof thought. It existed before music in melody,
and before painting in description—Hazlitt. The exact period of the in—
vention of poetry is uncertain. In Scriptural history, the song of Moses on
the signal deliverance of the Israelites, and their passage through the Red Sea,
is said to be the most ancient piece of poetry in the world, and is very sub—
lime—Exodus xv. Orpheus of Thrace is the earliest author, and is deemed
the inventor of poetry (at least in the western part of the world). about 1249
. . B. 0. Homer, the oldest poet whose works have descended to us. flourished
. about 907 B. c.——Parian Illa-Tb. Iambic verse (which see),was introduced by
Archilochus, 700 B. c.——Dw Fresney. For odes. see article Odrs. We are
told that poetry (or more properly the rules of poetry) was first brought to

ngland by Aldhelme, or Adelmus, abbot of Malmsbury, about the closeof
_ the seventh century. -

 

4‘76 THE WORLD’S' PROGRESS.

   
  
  
   
  
   
    
 
  
    
 
  
   
 
 

POISONING. A number of Roman ladies formed a conspiracy for pnisOni‘
their husbands, which they too fatally carried into effect. A female slave a
denounced 170 of them to Fabius Max'imus, who ordered them to be pub-.3
licly executed, 331 B. c. It is said that this was the first public knowledge ‘
they had of poisoning at Rome. Poisoning was made petty treason in Eng-“
land, and was punished by boiling to death (of which there were some re- ,
markable instances) 23 Henry VIII. 1532. See article Boiling to Death.

POITIERS, BATTLE or, in France, between Edward the Black Prince and John ,;
king of France, in which the English arms triumphed. The standard of ,1
France was overthrown, and many of her distinguished nobility were slain. ,
The French king was taken prisoner, and brought to London, through V
which he was led amidst an amazing concourse of spectators. Two kings,
prisoners in the same court and at the same time, were considered as glo- 1
rious achievements; but all that England gained by them was only glory, .1,
Sept. 19, 1356.—Ca7‘te. “

POLAND. Anciently, the country of the Vandals, who emigrated from it to
invade the Roman empire. It became a duchy under Lechus I. A. D. 550; ‘
and a kingdom under Boleslaus A. D. 999. Poland was dismembered by the **
emperor of Germany, the empress of Russia, and king of Prussia, who seiz-'~
ed the most valuable territories in 1772. It was finally partitioned, and its ‘5
political existence annihilated, by the above powers, in 1795.* The king 1_
formally resigned his crown at Grodno, and was afterwards removed to 196-
tersburgh, where he remained a kind of state prisoner till his death in _
1798. With him ended the kingdom of Poland. '

Abdication of John Casimir - ~ 1669 -

  

Piastus, a peasant, is elected to the du- ,
cal dignity - - - A. n. 842 Massacre of the Protestants at Thorn - 1724” .

[Piastus lived to the age of 120, and his Stanislaus’ unhappy reign begins - 1763
reign was so prosperous that every He abolishes torture - - - 1770 '.
succeeding native sovereign was call— An awful pestilence sweeps away

ed a Piast.)
Introduction of Christianity - - 992
Red Russia added to Poland - - 1059
Boleslaus II. murders the bishop of
Cracow with his own hands; his
kingdom laid under an interdict by
the pope, and his subjects absolved
of theirallegiance - - - 1080
He flies to Hungary for shelter; but is
refused it by order of Gregory V11,

and he at length kills himself - 108l
Uladislaus deposed - - - 1102
Premislaus assassinated - » - - 1295
Louis of Hungary elected kingr - - 1370
\Var against the Teutonic knights - 14,47

The Wallachians treacherouslv carry

off 100,000 Poles, and sell them to

the Turks as slaves - - - 1498
Splendid reign of Sigismund II. - 1548
Stephen forms a militia composed of

 

    
   
   
 
 
 
   
   
   
  
 

250,000 of the people . - - 1770 :y
The evils of civil war so weaken the 2‘.
kingdom, it falls an easy prey to the
royal plunderers, the empress of ;
Russia, emperor of Austria, and king '
of Prussia - . - - 1772
The first partition treaty Feb. 17, 1772 _
The public partition treaty Aug. 5, 1772 ,
A new constitution is formed by the - ‘
virtuous Stanislaus - ~ May 3, 1791 .
[The royal and imperial spoliators, on -
various pretexts, pour their armies
into Poland, 1792, et seq.]

The brave Poles, under Poniatowski
and Kosciusko, several times contend
successfully against superior armies,
but in the end are defeated. Kosci-
usko, wounded and taken, is carried
prisoner to Russia - - - 179$};

Suwarrow’s victories and massacres - 17 -

WETWT—Wr—rwvw .7 ,. _.

Cossacks, a barbarous race, on whom Battle of Warsaw - Oct. 12, 17
he bestows the Ukraine - - 1575 [Here Suwarrow subsequently butch-

 
   
     
   
 
 
   

 

‘ An act of spoliation more unprincipled never dishonored crowned heads. For a century pros
viously, the balance of power had engaged the attention of the politicians of Europe; but in peri
mitting this odious crime, such an object a pears to have been totally lost sight of. Austria and
Prussia had long been deadly enemies, an both hated Russia; yet they now conspired against
country they were each pledged to protect, and with unexathlfed pi‘ofligacy became leaguedin a.
scheme of plunder consummated by the destruction of 500,0 lives! Russia seized Lithuania‘-
and all that part to the eastward that suited her. Austria took Gallicia, the most fertile of tin .

rovinces, lying contiguous to her own dominions; and Prussia secured the maritime .lislri

he most extraordinary circumstance attending this affair was the total inaction of the two gt
powers, England and France, whose supineness in a more recent instance also is rebuked hypo
as well as justice, and deplored by the good and brave among mankind—Haydn. '

   
 

t.

t

 

   
 
 
   
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
  

’ N D, cmtinued.

Ln. 550Lechus I.

    

em 30,000 Poles of all ages and condi~
tions in cold blood] ‘
Courland is annexed to Russia- - 1795
Stanislaus resigns his Crown ; final par-
tition of his kingdom - Nov. 25. 1795
Kosciusko set at liberty Dec. 25, 1796
Stanislaus dies at St. Petersburgh,
Feb. 12, 1798
Treaty of Tilsit (which see) - July 7, 1807
[The central provinces form the duchy
of Warsaw, between 1807 and 1813.]
General Diet at VVatsaw - June, 1812
New constitution - - Nov. 1815
Polish Diet opened - - Sept. 1820
Revolution commenced at Warsaw;
the army declare in favor of the peo-
ple - - - Nov. 29 1830
The Diet declares the throne of Poland
vacant - - - Jan. 25, 1831
Battle of Growchow, near Praga: the

His posterity held the

dukedom for about 150 years.

700 Greens 1.

" ' Cracus 11., assassinated by his brother.

‘ ‘ Lechus 11., deposed.

750 Venda, drowned herself.

760 Premislaus. who on being elected was
named Lescus or Less.

801 Lescus 11., killed by the French.

810 Lescus 111.

815 Popiel I.

830 Popiel 11.

842 Piastus, a country peasant.

861 Zemovitus.

892 Lescus IV.

913 Zemomislaus;

964 Miecislaus, surnamed the Blind.

999 Boleslaus 1., surnamed the Intrepid.

1025 Miecislaus 11., Went mad.

1041 Casimir the Pacific.

1058 Boleslaus 11., killed himself.

1082 Uladislaus, surnamed Humanus.

1102 Boleslaus 111., surnamed VVry-mouth.

1:40 Uladislaus 11., fled.

1146 Boleslaus 1V., the Curled.

1173 Miecislaus 111., deposed.

£178 Casimir 11., surnamed the Just.

1194 Lescus V., relinquished.

1200 Miecislaus 1V., whose tyranny in a
few months restored Lescus V. ; but
for bad conduct he was again forced
to relinquish the government.

1203 Uladislaus 111. ; he voluntarily retired.

1206 Lescus V., a third time, being chosen
by the nobles, assassinated; suc-
ceeded by his son, an infant.

1228 Boleslaus V., the Chaste.

1279 Lescus V1., surnamed the Black, son
of Conrad, brother of Lescus V.,
died 1239. An interregnum of five
years, when the Poles chose

MOTIONARY 0F DATES.

472::

Russians lose 7000 men; the Poles,
who keep the field, 2000 Feb. 20, 1831

Battle of Ostrolenka; signal defeat of
the Russians - - May 26, 1831

The Russian, Diebitsch, dies June 10, 1831

Grand Duke Constantine dies, June 27, 1831

' Battle of \Vinsk (see I’Vz'ns/c) July 14, 1831

Warsaw taken (see T/Varsaw) Se t. 8, 1331

[This last fatal event terminate the

nemorable and lorious. but unfor-
tunate struggle ot the Poles]

Ukase issued by the emperor Nicholas.
decreei n g that the kingdom of Poland
shall henceforth form an integral part.
of the Russian empire Feb. 26, 1882

A powerfulinsurrection; 40,000 march
on Cracow, but are defeated, Feb. 23, 1846

Cracow occupied by the Austrians, and

 

the treaty which had made it inde-
pendent, declared abrogated, Nov. 16, 1846
Unsuccessful revolt at Cracow, Apr. 25, 1848

DUKES AND KINGS OF POLAND.

1205 Premislaus, great duke of Poland, as-
sassinated.

1296 Uladislaus 1V., surnamed Loeticus;
he refused the title ol'king; deposed.

1300 W'inceslaus.

1306 Uladislaus 1V., again.

1333 Casimir the Great, killed by a fall
from his horse, while hunting.

1370 Lewis, king of Hungary, succeeded by
his daughter,

1383 Hedwigis, who married, in

1385 Jagellon. duke of Lithuania, who em-
braced the Christian religion, and
took the name of

Uladislaus V. ; united Lithuania to

Poland.

1431 Uladislaus VI., killed in battle.

1444 Boleslaus, duke of Massovia.

1447 Casimir IV.

1492 John Albert.

1502 Alexander, prince of Livonia.

1507 Sigismund 1.

1548 Sigismund 11., Augustus, chose

1573 Henry of Valois, duke of Anjou, suc
ceeding to the French throne.

1576 Stephen Battery, prince of Transyl-
vania.

1.587 Sigismund 111., son to the king of
Sweden.

1632 Uladislaus VII.

1648 John Casimir, abdicated.

1669 Michael Koribert Wiesnown.

1674 John Sobieski, died in 1697. An inter-
regnum for a year.

1693 Frederick Augustus 11., forced to re-
Sl‘Tn.

1704 Stanislaus 1., Leczinsky, forced to re-
tire in 1710.

1710 Frederick Augustus 11., again.

1733 Stanislaus 1., again.

1733 Frederick Augustus III.

1764 StanislausAugustus resigns the crown.

50 late as the 13th century, the Poles retained the custom of killing old men
hen past labor, and such children as were born imperfect.

>R_EG_IONS. For voyages of discovery to the, see. North-west ‘PQ

 

478 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. L

POLE STAR. A star of the second magnitude, the last 1n the tail of the C17
stellatiou called the Little Bear; its nea1ness to the N 01th Pole causes it ne-,_
Yer to set to those in the n01 thern hemisphere, and therefore it 1s called the .‘
seaman s guide. The discoveiy of the Pole Star is asciibed by the Chinese ‘
to their empeior Hong I‘i the giandson (they sav) ot‘ Noah, who reigned _
and 110111 1shed 1970 13. c —-I/-/11'1;.Hist.“

POLICE. That of' London has been extended and regulated at various pe- ”
r1o1ls. Its jurisdiction was extended 27 Elizabeth 1585, and 16 Charles I.
1640; and the system improved by val 10115 acts in subsequent reigns. The ‘
London policeg «new out of the London VV atch, instituted about 1253. The j,‘
London police was remodelled by Mr. (afterwa1ds sir Robert) Peel, by statute, -.
June 19,1829. Some advance has been made since 1840, in int1od11cing a '
suitable police in New Y01k and other large cities of the United States, but i
we are yet ve1y far behind London 111 this: matte]. Probably n0 city in the _.
wo1ld, laige or small, is so Well pioV 1ded as London with an efficient and ,;
useful police force; a fox ce which not only detects and prevents c1ime, but. ..
preserves order, quiet, and public convenience, in an admirable manner.

POLITIC AL ECONOMY, 01 improvement of the condition of mankind. A
science justly viewed as the gicat high- road to public and private happiness. *

Its hist01y may be dated f1om the publication of Dr. Adam Smith’s Wealth.
of Natwns 17 T6. -

POLITICIANS. A politician is dcsc11hed as a man well veised in policy, or
the well regulating and gove1ning of a state or kingdom; a wise and cun— .
11ing man—Pardon. The term was first used in France about A. D. 1569— ‘
Hemault.

POLL- TAX The tax so called was first levied 111 England A. D. 1378. The re— ‘
bellion of Wat I‘yler spinng from this impost (see Tylm), 1381. It was ~
again leVied in 1513. By the 18th Charles II. every subject was assessed .
by the head, viz.—a duke 100$. , a marquis 807., a baronet 301,21 knight 20L, ”.
an esguireIOL, and every single private person 1211, 1667. This grievous ;”
impost was abolished by William III. at the period of the Revolution. “

POLYGAMY. Most of the early nations of the world admitted polygamy. '
It was general among the ancient Jews, and is still so among the Turks and
Persians. In Medea it. was a reproach to a. man to have less than seven '
wives. Among the Romans, Mare Antony is mentioned as the first who ,
took two wiv es; and the practice became fiequent until feibidden bv Alca- I
dius A. D. 393. The emperor Chaihs V. punished this oflence with death.
I11 E ngland, by statute 1 James 1.1603 it was made felony, but with bene- .
fit of‘b clergy. This offence is now punished with transportation. Seel
jl/[arriagea Polygamy forms an 111 ticle of the Mormon Creed.

POLYGLOT. The teim is d01 1ved f1 om tVVo Greek VV ords denoting“ many lan—_ “
guages,” and it is chiefly used foi the Bible so piinted. The Polvglot Bible ,
termed the Coniptutensian Polyg 0‘.lot in6 vols. folio. was printed _.A D. 1514— 17;
the fi1st edition at the expense of the celebrated cardinal Ximenes. Three co« _. ‘
pies of it were printed 011 vell11111.Count MacCar,thy of Toulouse, paid 4831.
for one of these copies at the Pinelli sale. The second PolV glot was printed '
at Antwerp by Montanus 8 vols folio. in 1569 The third was printed at Pa—‘
11s by Le Ja y_ in 10 vols folio 16 )8—40 The fou1th in London, piinted by «
Bryan Walton, in 6 vols. folio, 1657.—-—Brunet.

I’OMPEII, RUINS or. This ancient city of Campania was partly demolished“ :
by an earthquake in A. D. 63. It was afterwards rebuilt, and was swallowed;‘
up by an awful eruption of Vesuvius, accompanied by an earthquake, on a - \
night of the 24th of August, A. D. 79. Many of the principal citizens hapu wfi’
ed at the time to be assembled at a. theatre Where public spectacles Wm

 

m

exhibited. The ashes buried the whole city, and covered the surrounding
country. After a lapse of fifteen centuries, a countryman, as he was turning
up the ground, accidentally found a bronze figure ; and this discovery attract—
ing the attention of the learned, further search brought numerous produc-
tions to light, and at length the city was once more shone on by the sun.
Different monarchs have contributed their aid 'in uncovering the buried
city; the part first cleared was supposed to be the main street, A. D. 1750.

‘PONDICHERRY. Formerly the capital of French India, and first settled by
. the French in 1674. It was taken from them by the Dutch in 1693, and
was beseiged by the English in 1748. It was taken by the English forces in
January 1761, and was restored in 1763. Pondieherry was once more cap-
tured by the British, August 23, 17 93; and finally in 1803.

foNTUS. The early history of this country (which seems to have been but a
‘ portion of Cappadocia, and received its name from its vicinity to the Pan-
_ luS Euxinus) is very obscure. Artabazes was made king of Pontus by Darius
' Hystaspes. His successors were little more than satraps or lieutenants of
the kings of Persia, and are scarcely known even by name.

Artabazes made king of Pontus by Da- Ti‘granes ravages Cappadocia B. c. 8"
rius Hystaspes - - - B. c. 487 Milliridates enters Billiynia, and makes

, ] DICTIONARY - or DATES.

 
    
  
  
  
  
 
  
  
   
 
   
  
   
   
  
   
  
 

 
    
   
   
  
    
    
  

She attempts to poison him; he puts

Reign oi'Mithridates I. - ~ - 383 himself master of many Roman pro-
Ariobarzanes invades Pontus - - 363 vinces, and puts 80,000 Romans to
Mitliridates II. recovers it - - - 336 death - - - - - 8L
Mithridates lII. reigns - - - 301 Archelaus defeated by Sylla, at Cliaei‘o-
Ariobarzanes lI. reigns . - - 266 nea; 100,000 Cappadocians slain - 86
Mitliridates IV. is besieged in his capi- Victories and conquests of Mitliridates
tal by the Gauls,&c. — - - 252 up to this time - - - - 74
Mithridates makes an unsuccessful at- The fleet oI‘Mithridates defeats that un-
tack upon the free city ol‘Sinope, and der Lucullus, in two battles - - 73
is obliged to raise the siege by the Mitliridates defeated by Lucullns - 69
Rhodians - - - - 219 Mitliridates defeats Fabiiis - - - 68
Reign of Pharnaces; he takes Siuope, But is defeated by Pompey - - 6t}
and makes it the capital of his king- Mithridates stabs himself, and dies - 63
doin - - - - - 183 Reign of Pharnaces - - - - 63
Reign of Mithridates V. - - - 157 Battle of Zela (see Zela); I’ arnaces
He is murdered in the midstof his court 123 defeated by Caesar - - - 47
Mithridates VI., surnamed the Great, or Darius reigns - - - - 39
Eupator, receives the diadein at 12 Polemon, son of Zeno, reigns - - 36
years orage - - - - 123 Polemon lI. succeeds his father - A.D. 33
Marries Laodice, his own sister - - 115 Mithridates VII. reigns - - - 4O

Pontus afterwards became a Roman

   
   
    
   
    
 
   
 
    
 
  

 

her andher accomplices to death - 112 province, under the emperors.
Mithridates makes a glorious campaign ; Alexis Comnenus founded a new empire

conquers Seythia, Bosphorus, 001- of the Greeks at Trebisond, in this

chis, and other countries - - 111 country, 41.1). 1204, which continued
He enters Cappadocia ~ - . 97 till the Turks destroyed it in 1459.
His war with Rome - - - 89

-‘ IOR LAWS. The poor of England till the time of Henry VIII. subsisted as
the poor of Ireland do to this day, entirely upon private benevolence. By
an ancient statute, 23 Edward 111. 1348, it was enacted that none should
give alms to a beggar able to work. By the common law, the poor were to
be sustained by " parsons', rectors of the church, and parishioners, so that
none should die for default of sustenance ;” and by statute 15 Richard II.
' impropriators were obliged to distribute a yearly sum to the poor But no

', compulsory law was enacted till the 27th Henry VIII, 1535. The origin of
the present system of poor laws is referred to the 43d of Elizabeth, 1600.

 

 

In 1580, the Poor Rates were - £188,811 In 181-5, the Poor Rates were - £5,418,845
1680, they amounted to - 665,562 1820, they amounted to - 7,329,594
1698, they amounted to - - 819,000 1830, they amounted to - 8,111,422
1760, they amounted to - 1,556,804 1835, they amounted to - 6,356,345
1785. they amounted to - 2,184,950 1810, they amounted to ~ 5,468,699
1802, they amounted to - 4,952,421 1845, they amounted to - 5,543,650

 

' . E. This title was originally given to all bishops. It was first adopted by Hy- ,
113, A. D. 138; and pope Boniface III. procured Phones, emperor of the

 

«.wu- ..

 

T“.
480 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [ .7.»

East, to confine it to the prelates of Rome, 606. By the connivance of Rho»
cas also, the pope’s supremacy over the Christian church was established. The "~
custom of kissing the pope’s toe was introduced in 708. The first sovereign
act of the popes of Rome was by Adrian I., who caused money to be coined '
with his name, 780. Sergius II. was the first pope who changed his name, 3'
on his election in 844. Some contend that it was Sergius I. and others John 1'
XII. or XIII. See Names. John XVIII, a layman, was made pope 1024. The ”3?
first pope who kept an army was Leo IX. 1054. Gregory VII. obliged Henry jg
1V., emperor of Germany, to stand three days in the depth of winter, bare- ’.
footed, at his castle gate, to implore his pardon, 1077. The pope’s authority
was firmly fixed in England 1079. Appeals from English tribunals to the ‘
pope were introduced 19 Stephen, 1154.——V£ncr’s Statutes. Henry II. of Eng-
land held the stirrup of pope Alexander 111. to mount his horse, 1161; and
also for Becket, 1170* Celestine III. kicked the emperor Henry VI.’s crown ' '
off his head while kneeling, to show his prerogative of making and unmak— E
ing kings, 1191. The pope collected the tenths of the whole kingdom 01’ kt
England, 1226. The papal seat was removed to Avignon, in France, in 1308, f
for seventy years. The Holy See’s demands on England were refused by
parliament, 1363. Appeals to Rome from England were abolished 1533.-
Viner. The words “Lord Pope” were struck out of all English books, 1541.
The papal authority declined about 1600. Kissing the pope’s toe and other
ceremonies, were abolished by Clement XIV. 1773. The pope became des»
titute of all political influence in Europe, 1787. Pius VI. was burnt in effigy
at Paris 1791. He made submission to the French republic, 1796. Was
expelled from Rome, and deposed, February 22, 1798, and died at Valence,
August 19, 1799. Pius VII. was elected in exile, March 13, 1800. 'Was
dethroned May 13, 1809. Remained a prisoner at Fontainebleau till Napo-
leon’s overthrow; and was restored May 2-1:, 1814. Pope Pius IX. elected
June 1846. decrees a senate of 100, Oct. 2, 1847. Riot at Rome, new ministry,
May 1, 1848. Count Rossi, the pope’s prime minister, assassinated Nov.
16, 1848. Attack of the people on the Quirinalc; the pope yields and ,
grants a liberal ministry, Nov. 16. After being a prisoner in his palace
for a week, the pope escapes in disguise of a servant to Mola-di—Gaeta, Nov. _
24, and thence goes to Portici, near Naples. Roman republic proclaimed ' ‘
Feb. 9, 1849. See Rome. The pope returned to Rome, April 1850. See 5
Italy ; Rome; Reformation, (156.
POPES SINCE THE REFORMATION. “
11.! 1513 Leo X. ; his grant of indulgences for 1591 Innocent IX. ; died in 2 months.

crime led to the reformation. 1592 Clement VIlI. ; learned and just.
1522 Adrian VI. 1605 Leo XI. ; died same month.
1523 Clement VII. ; denounced Henry VIII. 1605 Paul V. .
of England. 1621 Gregory XV.; beneflcent.
1534 Paul III. 1623 Urban Vlll. _"
1550 Julius Ill. . 1644 Innocent X. ; violent and cruel. '
1555 Marcellus II. ; died in 21 days. 1655 Alexander VII. ; liberal and learned.
1555 Paul IV.; fiery and haughty. 1667 Clement IX. ; died ofgriel‘.
I559 Pius IV. 1670 Clement X.
1566 Plus V. 1676 Innocent XI. : reformed abuses.
1572 Gregory XIII. ; learned canon ; re- 1689 Alexander VIII.
formed the Calendar, (which see). 1691 Innocent XII. ; abolished nepotism.
1585 Sixtus V. ; supposed poisoned. 1700 Clement X1.
1590 Urban VIL; died 12 days after. 1721 Innocent XIII. ; the eighth pontifl‘ of
1590 Gregory XIV. his family.

 

.p
e

‘ “ \Vhen Louis, kinv of France, and Henry 11. of England, met pope Alexander III. at the castle
of Torcx, on the Loire, they both dismounted to receive him, and holding each of them one of the .
reins of his bridle, walked on foot by his side, and conducted him in that submissive manner into . ~
the castle.”—Ifume. Po 8 Adrian IV. was the only Englishman that ever obtained the tiara. His 1. ’
arrogance was such, that e obliged Frederick I. to prostrate himself before him, kiss his footgh .. ‘
his stirrup, and lead the White palfrey on which he rode. His name was Nicholas Brekespem "
lie was elected to the popedom in 1134. - ‘ f

q
a
..
it '
a,
.3
.;~

 

 

 

I" .mmnauv or DATES; {d}

   
 
  
 
  
  
   
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
   
 
  
 
 
  
 
   
 
  
   
  
 
 
   
   
  
 
  
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  

’_ I PES, continued.
1724 Benedict X111. ‘ 1800 Cardinal Chiaramonte, elected at Ven

1730 Clement X11. ; reformed abuses. ice, as Pius V11, March 13.
1740 Benedict XIV. ; wise and pious. 1823 Annibal dellaGenga,Le0 X11.,Sept.28

1758 Clement XIII.- 1831 Mauro Uapellari, Gregory XVl.,Feh.2.
1769 Clement XIV. Ganganelll. 1846 Mastai Ferretti, Pius 1X., inaugurated
1775 Plus V1., February 14. June 21, aged 54. - - June 16.

For Succession of Popes to the Reformation, see Tabular Views, from page
. 60 to page 115.

POPE JOAN. It is fabulously asserted that in the ninth century, a female,
‘33 named Joan, conceived a violent passion for a young monk named Felda,
and in order to be admitted into his monastery assumed the male habit.
On the death of her lover, she entered on the duties of professor, and being
very learned, was elected pope when Adrian II. died in 872. Other scan-
dalous particulars follow ; “ yet until the Reformation the tale was repeated
and believed without ofi'ence.”—Gi/)bon.

POPISH PLOT. This plot is said to have been contrived by the Catholics to
V assassinate Charles IL; concerning which, even modern historians have
affirmed, that some circumstances were true, though some were added, and
others much magnified. The popish plot united in one conspiracy three
particular designs : to kill the king, to subvert the government, and extir-
pate the Protestant religion. Lord Stafford was convicted of high treason
as a conspirator in the Popish plot, and was beheaded, making on the
scaffold the most earnest protestations of his innocence, Dec. 29, 1680.—
Rapin.

PULATION. The population of the world may now, according to the best
and latest authorities, Balbi, Hanneman, the Almanac de Gotta, &c., be
stated in round numbers at 1050 millions. Of these. Europe is supposed to
contain 270 millions; Asia, 565 millions ; Africa, 115 millions; America, 75
'millions; and Australasia, 25 millions. The population of England in A, n,
1377 was 2,092,978 souls. In a little more than a hundred years, 1483 it
had increased to 4,689,000. The following tables of the population of the
United Kingdom are from official returns :—

POPULATION or: ENGLAND AND WALES DECENNIALLY r03 ONE HUNDRED YEARS.
Year 1700 Population 5.475,000 Year 1770 Population 7,428,000

{PO

1710 . - . 6100 5,240,000 1780 - - . ditto 7,953.00)
1720 . . . ditto 5,565,000 1790 - . . amo 8,675,000
1730 . . . ditto 5,796,000 1801 . . — ditto 10,942,645
1740 - - . ditto 6,064,000 1821 . . . ditto 14,391,631
1750 - - - ditto 6,467,000 1841 . . . ditto 18,844,434

ditto 6,736,000
POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES.

1760 ~ -

Year 1790 Population 3,929,827 Year 1830 Population 12.866,920
1800 - - - ditto 5,305,925 1810 - - - ditto 17,063,353
1810 - . - ditto 7,239,814 [See the several Slates]
1820 . - - ditto 9,638,131
PRESENT POPULATION OF THE CHIEF KINGDOMS AND CITIES on THE WORLD.
Chineseempire Pruss. monarchy 16,550,000 Holland - - - 5,100,000
(3011):) - - 180,000,000 United States of Dutch monarchy
Russia. - .- - 58,500,000 America' - 17,063,000 (total) - - 14,750,000
Russ1anemp1re- 72,000,000 Turkey - - - 12,000,000 Bavaria - - - 4,600,000
France - - 36,500,000 Ottoman empire Sweden and Nor-
Austrla - - - $599,000 (tolal) - - 24,500,000 way- - . 4,550,000
Great Britainand Persia - - - 11,800,000 Belgium- - - 4,509,000
Ireland - - 27,000,000 Mexico - - 9,500,000 Poland - - 4,250,000
British empire - 158,000,000 Kingdom of the Portugal - - 3,950,000
Japan - - - 27,000,000 two Sicilies- - 8,750,000 Republic of Co
Spam - - - 17,500,000 Brazil- - . {£50,000 lumbia - - 3,350,000

,000 Eccles. States~ - 2,970,000,

Spanish emplre Sardinia- - 800
,200,000 British America- 2,950,030

(total) - - - 19,500,000 Morocco -

v—b—u-v

 

 

‘ In 1840. In 1850, estimated at 22,000,000.
21

 

 

 

1;

 

 

 

{82 ran WORLD'S reconnect f; .

   
   
   
    
    
 
      
  
   
   
   
   
  
    
   
   
  
  
   
   
    
   
   
 
 
  
   

‘i

 

POPULATION, committed. ~ ,
Switzerland - 2,450,000 St. Petersburgh - 405,000 Hamburgh - - 172,000 ,-
Denmark - - 2,400,000 Vienna - - - 395,000 Lyons - . 168,000 '_-
Hanover - - 1,780,000 New York (1845) 371,000 Palermo- - - 147,000 .
Wirtemberg - - 1,680,000 Moscow - - 355.000 Marseilles - . , 146,000
Saxony - - 1,650,000 Grand Cairo - - 335,000 Copenhagen - - 145,000 _
’I‘uscany- - - 1,550,000 Lisbon - - 298,000 | Turin - - - 143,000 ,
Baden - - 1,400,000 Aleppo - 4 - 280,000 Seville - - - 142,000

CITIES. Berlin- - - 280,000 I Warsaw - - 141,000
Cities. Inhab. Amsterdam - ~ 274,000 : Tunis ~ - - 138,000 ,
London (Parliw Madrid - - 270,000 Baltimore (1818) 134,000 -
mentary Rel.) 1,776,556 Philadelphia(1848) 258,000 Prague - - 133,000
Jeddo (7‘eputed)- 1,680,000 Bordeaux - - 247,000 Smyrna - - - 132,000 ‘~
Pekin (reputed) 1,600,000 Bagdad - - 245,000 Brussels - . $0,000
Paris - - - 1,000,000 Mexico - - - £25,000 ‘ Florence - - 192,000
Nankin ~ - - 850,000 Rome - - - 224,000 Stockholm - - 121,000
Constantinople - 800,000 Rio Janeiro - - 200,000 ' Munich - - - 113,000
Calcttta - - 710,000 Milan - - - 193,000 Dresden - - 114,000
Madras - - - 435,000 Barcelona - - 183,000 Boston (1845)- - 114,000
Naples - - 410,000 Frankfort - - 110,000

PORCELAIN. Pm‘celaine. Said to be derived from Paw cent mmées, it being
formerly believed that the materials of porcelain were matured under
ground 100 years. It is not known who first discovered the art of making
porcelain, nor is the date recorded ; but the manufacture has been carried
on in China at King—te-ching, at least since A. D. 442, and here still the finest
porcelain is made. It is first mentioned in Europe in 1531, shortly after ,
which time it was known in England. See China Porcelain, and Dresden “
C/Lina.

PORTLAND, the largest town in Maine, formerly part of Falmouth; burnt by
the gritish, Oct. 1775. Population in 1800, 3,677; in 1820, 8,581, in 1840,
15,0 2. .-

PORTO BELLO. Discovered by Columbus, November 2, 1502. It was taken
from the Spaniards by the British under admiral Vernon, November 22,
17 39. It was again taken by admiral Vernon, who destroyed the fortifica-
tions, in 1742. Before the abolition of the trade by the galleons, in 1748,
and the introduction of register ships, this place was the great mart for the
rich commerce of Peru and Chili.

PORTO FERRAJO. Capital of Elba; built and fortified by Cosmo I. duke
of Florence, in 1548; but the fortifications were not finished till 1628, when
Cosmo 11. completed them with a magnificence equal to that displayed by
the old Romans in their public undertakings. Here was the residence of
Napoleon in 1814—15. See Bonaparte, Elba, and Frame.

PORTSMOUTH. The most considerable haven for men-of—war, and the most ,
strongly fortified place in England. The dock, arsenal, and storehouses ,_
were established in the reign of Henry VIII. ‘ "

PORTUGAL. The ancient Lusitania. The name is derived from Porto Callo, . ,
the original appellation of the city of Oporto. It submitted to the Roman
arms about 250 B. 0., and underwent the same changes as Spain on the fall
of the Roman empire. Conquered by the Moors, A. D. 713. They kept
possession till they were conquered by Alphonsus VI. the Valiant of Castile,
assisted by many other princes and volunteers. Among those who shone
most in this celebrated expedition was Henry of Lorraine, grandson of ..
Robert, king of France. Alphonsus bestowed upon him Theresa, his na- 7
tural daughter, and, as her marriage portion, the kingdom of Portugal, '
which he was to hold of him, A. D. 1093.

Settlement of the Alains and Visigoths Al‘phonsns Henriquez defeats 5 Moorish '
here - - - - A. n. 472 kings, and is proclaimed king by his
Invasion by the Saracens - - 713 army - - - 1139 , j

 

The kings of Asturias subdue some Assistedb afleet of Crusaders intheir
Saracen chiefs, and Alphonsos III. | way to t e 1101 Land, he takes Lls- r’
establishes episcopal sees - — 900 bonfrom the 1 our; - - - 1147 j;

t

  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
  
   
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  

Treaty with Brazil

. is -

momma? ' or

RTU GAL, continued.

The kingdom ofAlgarve taken from the

Moors by Sancho I. - 1189,
Reign of Dionysius I. or Denis, father

01 his country, Who builds 44 cities

or towns in Portugal - - 1279
Military orders of Christ and St. James

instituted, - 1279 to 1325
John 1., surnamed the Great, carries

his arms into Africa - - 1415
Madeira and the Canaries seized - 1420
Passage to the East Indies. by the Cape

of Good Ho e, discovered - 1498
Discovery oft ie Brazils - 1500
The Inquisition established - 1526
The kingdom seized by Philip II. of

Spain - - ~ 1580
The Portuauese throw off the yoke, and

place John, duke of Braganza, on the

throne. His posterity still possess

the crown - 1640
The great earthquake which destroys

Lisbon. See Earthquake - 1755
Joseph I. is attacked by assassins, and

narrowly escapes death - 1758
[This afl‘air causes some of the first

families ofthe kingdom to be tortured

to death, their very names being for-

bidden to be mentioned; yet many

were unjustly condemned. and their

innocence was soon afterwards made

manifest. The Jesuits were also ex-

pelled on this occasion]
Joseph, having no son, obtains a dis-

pensation from the ope to enable

is daughter and brot er to intermar-

i‘y. See Incest. - . - I760
The Spaniards and French invade Port-

ugal, which is saved by the valor of

the English 1762 and 1763
Regency of John (afterwards king)

owmg to the queen’s lunacy - - 1792
The Court, on the French invasion,

emigrates to the Brazils Nov. 2, 1807 l
Marshal Junot enters Lisbon, Nov. 29. 1807
Convention of Cintra (see article under

that name) - - Aug. 30, 1808
Portugal cedes Guiana to France - 1814
Revolution in Portugal - Aug. 29, 1820
Constitutional Junta - -Oct. 1, 1820

Return of the Cou rt. -July 4, 1821
Independence of Brazil, the prince re-
gent made emperor Oct. 12. 1822
The king of Portugal suppresses the
constitution June 5, 1823
Disturbances at Lisbon; Don Miguel
departs, &c. May 1-9, 1824
Aug. 29, 1825

 

KINGS OF

. 1093 King of Lorraine. count or earl of Port-

ugaL
1112 Alphonso I. ; proclaimed king - 1139
1185 Sancho I.
1212 A1 house 11., surnamed Crassus, or
tie Fat.
122-1 Sancho 11., the Idle, deposed.
1247 Alphonsus III. )
1279 Dennis.
1325 Alphonsus IV. I
1357 Peter the Severe. _
137 Ferdinand 1., died 1383; an mterreg- i
mun for 18 months. 11

DAT E81

Death ofJohn VI. Feb. 18. 1826
Don Pedro grants a charter, and con-

firms the regency April 26, 1826
He relinquishes the throne in favor of

his daughter Donna Maria May 2, 1826
Marquess of Chaves’ insurrection at

Lisbon - - - Oct. 6. 1826
Don Miguel and Donna Maria betroth-

ed - Oct. 29, 1826
Portugal solicits the assistance of Great

Britain - - - Dec. 3, 1826
Departure of the first British auxiliary

troops for Portugal Dec. 17, 1826
Don Miguel formally assumes the title

of king - - . -July 4, 1828
He dissolves the three estates July 12, 1828
Revolution at Brazil - April 7, 1831

Don Pedro arrives in England June 16, 1831
Insurrection in favor of the queen, in

which 300 lives are lost Aug. 21, 1831
Don Pedro’s expedition sails from

Belle-isle - Feb. 9, 1832
At Terceira Don Pedro proclaims him-

self regent of Portugal, on behalf of

his daughter April 2, 1832
He takes Oporto - -July 8, 1832
After various conflicts, Don Miguel ca-

pitulates to the Pedroites May 26, 1834
Don Miguel is permitted to leave the

country unmolested - May 31, 1834
Massacres at Lisbon June 9, 1834
The queen declared by the Cortes to be

ot'age Sept. 15, 1834
Don Pedro dies - Sept. 21, 1834
Prince Augustus of Portugal (duke of

Leuchtenberg), just married to the

queen, dies March 28, 1835
The queen marries prince Ferdinand of

Saxe Coburg - . Jan. 1, 1836
A sudden change of ministry leads to a

formidable revolution Oct. 9, 1846
Action at Evora; the insurgents defeat-

ed by the queen’s troops Oct. 23, 1846
[Oporto, where a revolutionary junta

is established, and other large towns,

are seized by the insurgent army.)

. Actions are fought at Viana, Valpassos,

Braga, Torres-Vedras, &c., favorable

to the queen. Battle ofSt. Ubes; the

Insurgents defeated, losing 861 men

in killed and wounded - May 1. 1847
Intervention of England, France, and

Spain. signed in London May 21, 1847
Claim of the United States on Portugal

for damages in the war of 1812, re-

sisted, and U. S. minister leaves Lis-
bon July, 1850

PORTUGAL.

138-5 John 1., the Bastard, natural son to
Peter the Severe.

1433 Edward.

1438 Alphonsus V.

1481 John 11.

1495 Emanuel.

1521 John 111.

1557 Sebastian, killed in Africa.

1578 Henry. the Cardinal.

1580 Anthon , prior of Crato, son of Ema. a
uel, eposed by Philp II. of Spain,
who united Portugal to his ethos-al.-
mimons, till 1640. a 1 .

 

18! THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

PORTUGAL, continued.
1640 John IV., duke of Braganza, dispos- I 1750 Joseph.

     
   
 
   
   
    
  
  
  
   
 
 
 
  
 
  
  
   
 
  
  

sessed the Spaniards, and was pro 1777 Mary Frances Isabella. \

claimed king, Dec. 1. 1799 John VI. -
1656 Alphonsus V1. 1826 Don Pedro; he abdicates May 2, in
1668 Peter 11. favor ofhis daughter. , ,
1707 John V. 1826 Maria de Gloria.

POSTS. Posts originated in the regular couriers established by Cyrus, who
erected post-houses throughout the kingdom of Persia. Augustus was the
first who introduced this institution among the Romans, and who employed
postochaises. This plan was imitated by Charlemagne about A. D. 800.—
Ashe. Louis XI. firsn established post-houses in France owing to his eager-
ness for news, and they were the first institution of this nature in Europe,
1470.——Henmtlt. In England the plan commenced in the reign of Edward
IV., 1481, when riders on post-horses went stages of the distance of twenty
miles from each other in order to procure the king the earliest intelligence
of the events that passed in the course of the war that had arisen wlth the
Scots—Gale. Richard III. improved the system of couriers in 1483. In
1543 similar arrangements existed in England.—Sadler’s Letters. Post com—
munications between London and most towns of England, Scotland, and

Ireland, existed in 16313.— Strg/pe.
POST-OFFICE, THE GENERAL, or ENGLAND. See m‘cceding article. The first

chief postmaster of England was Mr. Thomas Randolph, appointed by
queen Elizabeth in 1581* -

THE REVENUE OF THE POST-OFFICE OF ENGLAND AT THE FOLLOWING PERIODS, VIZ.

In 1643 It yielded - - - £5,000 In 1805 Great Britain - - 1,424,994

1653 Farmed to John Manley, 1815 Ditto - . - - 1,755,898
Esq, for - - - 10,000 1820 United Kingdom - - 2,402,697 . ‘

1663 Farmed to DanielO’Neale, 1825 Ditto - - - - 2,255,239 ‘ ‘
qu., for - - - 21,500 1835 Ditto - - - 2,353,340

1674 Farmed for - - ~ 43,000 1839 Last year of the heavy

1685 It yielded - ~ - 65,000 postage - . - 2,522,495

1707 Ditto ~ - - - 111,461 1840 First year of the low rate,

1764 Ditto - - - 432,048 1 penny for all distances 471,000

1800 Ditto - - 745,313

POST-OFFICE IN THE UNITED STATES. The first post—office in the colo-
nies was established in 1710, by act of Parliament for establishing a general
post—office for all her Majesty’s dominions. During the revolution this de-
partment was. of course, controlled by Congress, and the Constitution of
the United States, 1789, provided for the continuance of this control—the
Postmaster-General being appointed by the President and Senate, as one of
the cabinet. For successive Postmaster-Generals see Administrations. The

following table gives the statistics of the post-offices in the United States
at different times since 1790.

 

Year. No. of Post Amount of Net Revenue. Extent in miles
0 ces. Postalrc of Post Rmda
1790 - - - 75 - - - $37,133;~ - - - $5,795 . . - 1,875
1800 - - - 903 - . - 280,804 - - ‘66,810 - - - 20,817
1810 - ~ - 2,300 ~ - - 551,684 - - -55,715 - - - 36,406
1820 - - - 4,500 - - -1,111,9'27 . - - t - - - 72,492
1830 - - - 8,000 - - -1,850,583 - - -——T - - - 115,000
1840 - - - 13,468 - - 4,539,265 - - -———T - - - 155.739
1845 - - ~ 14,183 - - -4,289,812 - - -——-i‘ - - - 143.940
1346 - - -14.601 - - -3,487,1991- . .———T - - - 152,865
1847 - ~ - 15,146 - - 3,955,893: - - - ——T - - - 153,818
1848 - - - 16,159 - - -4,371,077I - - -44,227 - - - 163,208

The number of dead letters returned quarterly is estimated at 450 000.
. M.

’ Even so late as between 1730 and 1740, the post was only transmitted three days a week be?

tween Edinburgh and London; and the metropolis, on one occasion, only sent a single letter, which
was for an Edinburgh banker, named Ramsa

1‘ In all these years the receipts fell short of the expenditures. 3%,

I The returns for 1846, 7, and 8, are for the first three years of the new law passodMarch3,1845
reducing the letter postage to 5 cents under 300 miles. and 10 cents for all greater distances.

 

‘ ] mcrrosuar or nuns. G

   
  
  
   
   
   
   
   
 
 
  
 
 
   
  
  
   
  
  
   
  
   
 
 
  
 
   
   
  
   
  
 
   
 
    
  

ATOES. The potato is a native of Chili and Peru. Potatoes were ori-
ginally carried to England from Santa Fe, in America, by sir John Haw.
kins, A. D. 1563. Others ascribe this introduction to sir Francis Drake, in
1586; while their general introduction is mentioned by many writers as
occurring in 1592. Their first culture in Ireland is referred to sir Walter
Raleigh, who had large estates in that country, about Youghal, in the
county of Cork. It is said that potatoes were not known in Flanders until
1620. A fine kind of potato was first brought from America, by that
“patriot of every clime,” the late Mr. Howard, who cultivated it at Carding—
ton, near Bedford, 1765; and its culture became general soon after. It is
affirmed that the Neapolitans once refused to eat potatoes during a famine.
~B2tlle7‘. Potatoe disease first appeared in Ireland, &c., causing great
alarm and distress, Oct. 1845.

. POTOSI, MINES or. These mines were discovered by the Spaniards in 1545,
‘ and produce the best silver in America. They are in a mountain in the
form of a sugar—loaf. Silver was as common in this place as iron is in
Europe; but the mines are now much exhausted, or at least little is got in
comparison of what was formerly obtained.

5 POUND. From the Latin Pandas. The pound sterling was in Saxon times,
‘ about A. D. 671, a pound troy of silver, and a shilling was its twentieth part,
consequently the latter was three times as large as it is at present.~-—Peac/Lam.
The value of the Roman panda is not precisely known, though some sup-
pose it was equivalent to an Attic mina, or 35. 4s. 7d. Our avoirdupois
weight (at-air du poids) came from the French, and contains sixteen ounces;
it is in proportion to our troy weight as seventeen to fourteen—Chambers.

7 POWDERING THE HAIR. This custom took its rise from some of the ballad-
’ singers at the fair of St. Germain whitening their heads to make them-
selves ridiculous. Unlike other habits it was adopted from the low by the
' high, and became very general about A. D. 1614. In England the powdered-
hair tax took place in May 1795, at which time the preposterous practice
of using powder was at its height; this tax was one guinea for each person.
The hair-powder tax is still continued, though it yields in England under
70001. per year, and in Scotland about 2501. It was abolished in Ireland.

‘ PRETORS. Magistrates of Rome. The office was instituted 365 B. 0., when
» one preetor only was appointed; but a second was appointed in 252 B. c.
One administered justice to the citizens, and the other appointed judges
in all causes which related to foreigners. In the year of Rome 520,
two more praetors were created to assist the consul in the government
' of the provinces of Sicily and Sardinia, which had been lately conquered,
and two more when Spain was reduced into the form of a Roman province,
A. U. c. 551. Sylla the dictator added two more, and Julius Caesar increas-
ed the number to 10, and afterwards to 16, and the second triumvirate to
64. After this their numbers fluctuated, being sometimes 18, 16. or 12, till,
in the decline of the empire, their dignity decreased, and their numbers
were reduced to three.

ZPRAGA, BATTLE or, in which 30,000 Poles were butchered by the merciless
Russian general Suwarrow. fought Oct. 10, 1794. Battle of Praga, 1n which
the Poles commanded by Skrznecki defeated the Russian army commanded
by general Giesmar, who loses 4000 killed and wounded, 6000 prisoners, and
12 pieces of cannon; fought between Grothoff and Wawer, March 31, 1831.

PRAGMATIC SANCTION. An ordinance relating to the church and some-
' times state affairs; and at one time particularly the ordinances of the kings

of France, wherein the rights of the Gallican church were asserted against
. the usurpation of the pope in the choice of bishops. Also the emperor’s
N ' letter by advice of his council, in answer to high personages in particular _,

 

 

  
    
   
    
    
  
   
  
  
   
  
    
   
   
    
  
   
   
   
 
 
 
 
  
  

as THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [W

contingencies. The Pragmatic Sanction for settling the empire of Germany,
in the house of Austria, A. D. 1439. The emperor Charles VI. published the ’-
Pragmatic Sanction, whereby, in default of male issue, his daughters should :
succeed in preference to the sons of his brother Joseph 1., April 17, 1713,
and he Settled his dominions on his daughter Maria Theresa in conformity >.
thereto, 1722. She succeeded in Oct. 1740; but it gave rise to a war, in ’
which most of the powers of Europe were engaged. ‘

PRAGUE, BATTLE or, between the Imperialists and Bohemians. The latter,
who had chosen Frederick V. of the Palatine (son-in—law to our James I.) for
their king, were totally defeated. The unfortunate king was forced to flee
with his queen and children into Holland, leaving all his baggage and money
behind him. He was afterwards deprived of his hereditary dominions, and
the Protestant interest was ruined in Bohemia; all owing to the pusilla—
nimity and inactivity of James, Nov. 7, 1620. Prague was taken by the
Saxons in 1631 ; and by the Swedes in 1648. It was taken by storm by the _.
French, in 1741; but they were obliged to leave it in 1742. In 1744, it was ,
taken by the king of Prussia; but he was obliged to abandon it the same
year. The great and memorable battle of Prague was fought May 6, 1757.
In this engagement the Austrians were defeated by prince Henry of Prussia,
and their whole camp taken; their illustrious commander, general Brown 5,
was mortally wounded; and the brave Prussian, marshal Schwerin, was
killed. After this victory, Prague was besieged by the king of Prussia, but
he was soon afterwards obliged to raise the siege.

PRAISE-GOD-BAREBONES’ PARLIAMENT. A celebrated parliament, so
called from one of the members (who had thus fantastically styled himself .
according to the fashion of the times), met July 4, 1653. This parliament ‘ '.
consisted of 144 members, summoned by the protector Cromwell; they were ‘
to sit for fifteen months, and then they were to chose a fresh parliament
themselves.

PRATIQUE. The writing or license of this name was originally addressed by
the Southern nations to the ports of Italy to which vessels were bound, and
signified that the ship so licensed came from a place or country in a healthy
state, and no way infected with the plague or other contagious disease.
The pratique is now called a bill of health, and is still of the same intent
and import—Ashe.

PRAYERS FOR THE DEAD, &e. They were first introduced into the Chris-
tian church about A. D. 190.—Eusebzus. Prayers addressed to the V.rgin
Mary and to the saints were introduced by pope Gregory, A. D. 593. The

mode of praying with the face to the east was instituted by pope Boniface
IL, A. D. 532. -

PRECEDENCE. Precedence was established in very early ages; and in most ' I"
of the countries of the East and of Europe, and was amongst the laws of :
Justinian. In England, owing to the disputes that prevailed among cour-
tiers respecting priority of rank and office, the order of preeedeney was
regulated chiefly by two statutes, namely, one passed 31 Henry VIII., 1539;
and the other, 1 George 1., 1714.

TABLE OF PRECEDENGY.

THE QUEEN. Princess Alice ; and other ! Archbishop of Canterbury.
Prince of Wales. princesses. Lord Chancellor.

Prince Albert. Duchess of Kent. Archbishop of York.
Queen Dowager. Queen’s uncles. ' ‘Lord high treasurer.
Queen’s other sons. Queen’s aunts. 'l.ord president.

Princess royal. [ Queen’s cousins. ‘Lord privy seal.

MM _
' If of the rank of barons.

   
  
  
  
  
 
  
  
  
 
   
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
  
   
   
  
  
 
 
    
 
 
  
 
  
 
  
   
 
 
  
  
  
   
 
  
  
 
 
 
 

ECEDENCE, continued.

‘Lord high constable.

il.ord great chamberlain of

England.

‘Earl marshal.

‘Lord high admiral.

Lord steward of the house-

hold.

Lord Chamberlain.

Dukes, according to patent.

Marquesses, accordlng to

their patents.

Dukes’ eldest. sons.

Earls, according to their pa-
tents.

Marquesses’ eldest sons.

Dukes’ younger sons.

Viscounts, according to their
patents.

Earls’ eldest sons.

Marquesses’ younger sons.

Bishop of London.

Bishop of Durham.

Bisho of Winchester.

All or er bishops, according

to their seniority of come

oration.

Secretary of State, being a
baron.

Commissioners of the great
seal.

Barons, according to their
patents.

[All the above, except the

royal family hold their

precedence 0 rank by act

31 Henry Vlll.]

appointed whatever comes

strongest light.

a priest of Gaul, taught it

DWTIONARY 0F DATES.

COMMONERS.

i The Speaker.

. Treasurer, comptroller, and

' vice-Chamberlain of the

‘ household.

, Secretaries ofState, ifthoy be

I under the degree of baron.

. Viseounts’ eldest sons.

; Earls’ younger sons.

i Barons’ eldest sons.

Knights of the Garter.

Privy councillors.

Chancellor ofthe Exchequer.

Chancellor of the duchy of
Lancaster.

Lord chief justice of the
queen’s bench.

Master of the rolls.

Vice-chancellor.

Lord chief justice of the com-
mon pleas.

Lord chief baron.

Judges and barons, according
to seniority.

Hereditary bannerets.

Viscounts’ younger sons.

Barons’ younger sons.

Baronets. ‘

Bannerets for life only.

Knights of the bath.

Grand Crosses.‘
Knights commanders.
Knights bachelors.

Eldest sons of the younger
sons of peers.
l Baronets’ eldest sons.

 

to pass.

A. D. 470.

 

  
   

; wk flames, and net title.

' Above.all of their own rank only, by 31 Henry VIII.
T When in actual oflice only, by 1 George I.

N. B. The priority of signing any treaty or public instrument by ministers of state ii khan“ * ,
‘ ""13 ‘fi

 

Knights oftht Garter’s eldest
sons.

Bannerets’ eldest sons.

Knights of the bath’s eldest
sons. ,

Knights’ eldest sons.

Baronets’ younger sons.

Flag and field officers.

Sergeants-at-law.

Doctors, Deans, and chan-
cellors.

Masters in chancery.

Companions of the bath.

Gentlemen of the privy
chamber.

Esquires of the knights of the
Bath.

Esquires by creation.

Esquires by office or com-
mission.

Younger sots of knights of
the garter.

Sons of bannerets.

Younger sons of knights of
the bath.

Younger sons of knights ba-
chelors.

Gentlemen entitled to bear
arms.

Clergymen, not dignitaries.

Barristers at law.

Officers of the army and
navy, not esquires by com-
mission.

Citizens, burgesses, 65c.

PREDESTINATION. The belief that God hath from all eternity unchangeably
This doctrine is the subject of one of
the most perplexing controversies that have occurred among;r mankind. It
was taught by the ancient Stoies and early Christians; and Mahomet intro-
duced the doctrine of an absolute predestination into his Koran in the
The controversy respecting it in the Christian church arose
in the fifth century, when it was maintained by St. Augustin; and Lucidus.

PRESBURG, PEACE or, between France and Austria, by which the ancient
states of Venice were ceded to Italy; the principality of Eichstett, part of
the bishopric of Passau, the city of Augsburg, the Tyrol, all the possessions
of' Austria in Suabia, in Brisgau. and Ortenau, were transferred to the elec~
tor of Bavaria and the duke of Wirtembcrg, who, as well as the duke of
Baden, were then created kings by Napoleon ; the independence of the Hel-
vetic republic was also stipulated, Dec. 26, 1805.

PRESBY‘TERIANS. A numerous and increasing sect of Christians, so called
a from their maintaining that the government of the church appointed in the
New Testament was by Presbyteries, or associations of ministers and rulin

elders, equal in power, office, and in order.
house in England was established by the Puritans at Wandswort-h, Surrey,
Nov. 20, 1572. Presbyterianism is the religion of Scotland. Its distingu
’ ing tenets seem to have been first embodied in the formulary of faith attri-

The first Presbyterian meeti ..

i'sh—

 

 

w‘v—v my. — er

488 THE won Ln’s PROGRESS

  
   
  
   
   
   
    
  
 
 
 
 
 
   
    
  
   
   
    
 
   
 
    
  
 
    
   

buted to John Knox, and compiled by that reformer in 1560. It was
approved by the parliament, and ratified, 1567, and finally settled by an act
of the Scottish senate, 1696, afterwards secured by the treat-y of union with
England in 1707.
PRESIDENTS or THE UNITED STATES. Washington, unanimously eleeied
president of the federal convention, which sat at Philadelphia from May :25
to Sept. 17, 1787; and was unanimously elected first president of the United
States, April 6, 1789. See United States and Administrations.
PRESS, 'I‘HE PRINTING. This great engine was of rude construction from
the period of the discovery of the art of printing, up to the close of the
eighteenth century, when many improvements were made. William Caxton,
a mercer of London, had a press set up at Westminster, 1471.—Slml:e’s
C/rrmt. The earl of Stanhope’s iron presses were in general use in 1806.
The printing~machine was invented by Koenig in . 811. and Applegath’s fol-
lowed. The Columbian press of Clymer was produced in 1814; and the
Albion press, an improvement on this last, came into use a few years after.
Printing by means of steam machinery was first executed in England at
’l‘z'Le ’1'. mes oti'ice, London. on Monday, November 28, 1814. Cowper’s and
Applegath’s rollers for distributing the ink upon the types were brought in.o
use in 1817. Vast improvements have been made in the United States within
a tow years both in hand and steam—presses. The most celebrated manufac-
turers, probably. are R. Hoe & C0., of New—York. Their largest presses
for newspapers are capable of throwing off 10 000 sheets per hour, which is
so much in ad vance of an; presses in Europe that they have supplied orders
from Paris. The pressi-s of Seth Adams & Co., of Boston, are perhaps the
best in the world for book printing. See article Printing.
PRESS, LIBERTY or THE. The imprimat'ur, “let it be printed,” was much used
on the title-pages of books printed in the 16th and 17th centuries. The
liberty of the press was restrained, and the‘ number of master printers in
London and Westminster limited, by the star—chamber, 14 Charles 1,, 1638.
And again by act of parliament, 6 William III., 1693. The celebrated toast,
“ The liberty of the press—it is like the air we breathe—if we have it. not '
we die.” was first given at the Crown and Anchor tavern, London, at a \Vhig
dinner in 1795. Presses were licensed, and the printer’s name required
to be placed on both the first and last pages ofa book, July 1799. In France
and Germany the liberty of the press has been occasionally granted, but
again restricted by the reactionary governments. In the United States it
was fully guaranteed by the constitution.
PRESSING To DEATH. A punishment in England, referred to the reign of
Henry III. or of Edward 1., and on the statute book until the latter part of g
the last century. A remarkable instance of‘ this death, in England, is the 3,
following :—Hugh Calverly, of Calverly in Yorkshire, esq., having murdered
two of his children. and stabbed his wife in a fit of jealousy, being arraign-
ed for his crime at York assizes, stood mute, and was thereupon pressed to:

death in the castle, a large iron weight being placed upon his breast, 3 James
I. 1605.—S‘towe’s Citron.

PRESTONPANS, BATTLE or, between the Young Pretender, prince Charles
Stuart, heading his Scot-ch adherents, and the royal army under sir John
Cope. The latter was defeated with the loss of 500 men, and was forced to
fly at the very first onset. Sir John Cope precipitately galloped from the
field of battle to Berwick-upon—Tweed, where he was the first to announce
his own discomfiture. His disgrace is perpetuated in a favorite Scottish

pggtd, called, from the doughty hero, “Johnie COpe.” Fought Sept. 21,

PRETEN DER. The person known in English history by the title of the Rwandan-*-

monomar or nuns. 4‘39

   
 
    
   
   
   
  
   
  
 
 
  
   
   
   
  
   
   
   
   
  
    
 
   
   
  
  
   
   

5: i or Chevalier de St. George, was the son of James II., born in 1688, and ac-
Knowledged by Louis XIV. as James 111. of England, in 1701. He was pres
claimed, and his standard set up, at Braemar and Castletown in Scotland,
Sept. 6, 1715; and he landed at Peterhead, in Aberdeenshire, from France,
to encourage the rebellion that the earl of Mar and his other adherents had
promoted, Dec. 26, same year. This rebellion having been soon suppressed,
the Pretender escaped to Montrose (from whence he arrived at Gravelines),
Feb. 4, 1716; and died at Rome, Dec. 30, 1765.

VI'RETEN DER, THE YOUNG. The son of the preceding, called prince Charles,
2" born in 1720. He landed in Scotland, and proclaimed his father king, June
1745. He gained the battle of Prestonpans, Sept. 21, 1745, and of Falkirk,
January 18, 1746; but was defeated at Culloden, April 16, same year, and
sought safety by flight. He continued wandering among the frightful wilds
of Scotland for nearly six months, and as 30,000l. was oii'ered for taking him,
he was constantly pursued by the British troops, often hemmed round by
his enemies, but still rescued by some lucky accident, and he at length es-
caped from the isle of Uist to Morlaix. He died March 3, 1788. His natur-
al daughter assumed the title of Duchess of Albany; she died in 1789. His
brother, the cardinal York, calling himself Henry IX. of England, born
March 1725, died at Rome in August 1807.

PRIDE’S PURGE. In the civil war against Charles I. colonel Pride, at the
, head of two regiments, surrounded the house of parliament, and seizing
in the passage 41 members of the Presbyterian party, sent them to a low
room, then called lel. Above 160 other members were excluded, and none
admitted but the most furious of the independents. This atrocious invasion
of parliamentary rights was called Pride’s Purge, and the privileged mem—
bers were named the Rump, to whom nothing remained to complete their
wickedness, but to murder the king, 24 Charles I., 1648— Goldsmith.

PRIESTS. Anciently elders, but the name is now given to the clergy only.
- In the Old Testament the age of priests was fixed at thirty years. Among
the Jews, the dignity of high or chief priest was annexed to Aaron’s fa-
mily, 1491 B. c. After the captivity of Babylon, the civil government and
the crown were superadded to the high priesthood; it was the peculiar
privilege of the high priest, that he could be prosecuted in no court but
that of the great Sanhedrim. The heathens had their arch-flamen or
high-priest, and so have the Christians, excepting among some particular
sects.

RIMER. A book so named from the Romish book of devotions, and for-
* merly set forth or published by authority, as the first book children should
publicly learn or read in schools, containing prayers and portions of the
Scripture. Copies of primers are preserved of so early a date as 1539.—
Ashe.

1 RIMOGENITURE, RIGHT or, an usage brought down from the earliest times.

- The first born in the patriarchal ages had a superiority over his brethren,
and in the absence of his father was priest to the family. In England, by
the ancient custom of gavel-kind, primogeniture was of no account. It»
came in with the feudal law, 3 William I., 1068.

{:2 INTING. The greatest of all the arts. The honor of its invention has

; been appropriated to Mentz, Strasburg, Haerlem, Venice, Rome, Florence, ,
Basle and Augsburg; but the claims of the three first only are entitled to

, attention. Adrian J unius awards the honor of the invention to Laurenzel
John Coster of Haerlem, “ who printed with blocks, a book of images and
gletters, Speculum Humane Salvatonis, and compounded an ink more viscwfl
mad. tenacious than common ink, which blotted, about A.D.1438.” Th3; ‘
:5 loaves of this book being printed on one side only, were afterwards pasted tor

» . , 21*

 

mafia; , .

£90

getlier. John Faust established a printing office at Mentz, and printed the ‘~

first book ever primed in these kingdoms.

Tractat’us I’clri Hispani, in 1442. J

types, and used them in printing the earliest edition of the Bible, which was

commenced in 1414, and finished in 1

the first metal types in matrices, and was therefore the inventor of comma“: , I
PRINTING, 1452.—Adrza7t Janius; Du Fresnoy. ' ' '

Book of Psalms printed -2 A.D. 1457 The Pentateuch, in Hebrew - A. D. 1482

The Durandz’ Rationale, first work

primed with cast metal types ”I - 1459
[Printing was introduced into Oxford, '

about this tinie.-—Collier. But this

statement is discredited by Dibdin.)
A Livy printed—Dafresnoy - 2 - 1460
The first Bible completed—Idem”! - 1460
[Mentz taken and plundered, and the art

of printing, in the general ruin, is

spread to other towns] - - 1462
The types were uniformly Gothic, or

old German (whence ourEnglz‘sh, or

Black Letter) until - - - 1465
Greek characters (quotations only) first

used, same year - - - - 146-5
Cicero de Oficiz‘s printed (Blair) - 1466
Roman characters, first at Rome ~1467
A Chronicle, said to have been found

in the archbisho ot'Canterbury’s pa-

lace (the fact disputed), bearing the

date Oxford, amto - - - 1468
William Caxton, a mercer of London,

set up the first press at VVestminster' 1471
He printed Willyam Carlo-It’s Recuycl

of the Historyes of Troy, by Raoul

1e Feure.——PHILLIPS - - - 1471
His first pieces were, A Treatise on the

Game of Chess, and Tully’s Offices

(see below).—DIBDIN - - p - 1474
Esop’s Fables, printed by Caxton, is

supposed to be the first book with its

leaves numbered - - - 1484
Aldus cast the Greek alphabet, and a

Greek book printed (ap Aldt‘) - - 1476
He introduces the Italic - . ~ 1496

TITLES OF THE EARLIEST BOOKS OF CAXTON AND WYNKYN DE VVORDE.

The Game and Playe of the Chesse. Trans-
lated out of the Frenche and'em )rynted
by me William Caxton Fynysshz' the last
day offlIarche the yer qf'our Lord God a
thousand fours hundred and lza‘liij.

TULLY.

The Boke of Tulle 1y" Olde age E-mpry-nted
by me simple persona \Villiam Caxton in
to Englysshe as the p'aysir solace and re-
rerence Q/‘men growyng in to old age the
at] day of August the yere of our lord
M.Gccc.t.rxrj.—HERBERT.

THE POLYGRONYCON.

The Polycronycon conteyning the Berynges
and Dedes ofmany Tymes in eyghtb’okes.
Imprz‘n/ed by William Caxton after hat;—
in somewhat chatmged the rude and
alias Englysshe, that is to wete (to Wit) cer-

 

‘; 5
'To the west of the Sanctuary, in Westminster Abbey, stood the Eleemosynary or Almonry,
where the first printing-press in England was erected
the learned Thomas Milling, then abbot. He produced “ The Game and Play of the Chesse,” tie
There is a slight difference about the place in which it, -
was printed, but all agree that it was within the precincts of this religious house.—-Lez§gh. ' -

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

    
    
   
  
   
  
 
   
  
    
  
   
   
    
 
    
    
   
  
   
  
 
 
 
 
  
   
 
 
  
   
  

ohn Gnttenberg invented cal metal :2

460. See Boo/c. Peter Schtetl'er cast

Homer, z'nj'olio, beautifully done at Flo-
rence, eclipsmg all lbrmer printing
by Demetrius - - - - - i'

Printing used in Scotland - - - '

The first edition of the whole Bible was,
strictly speaking, the Compluteiisian
Polyglot of cardinal Ximenes (see
Potyglot - -

- - - - la
The Liturgy, the first book printed in

Ireland, by Humphrey Powell - - l —
The first Newspaper printed in England

(see Newspapers) - - - - 1588
First patent granted for printing - 1591
First printing-press improved by Wil-

liam Blaeu, at Amsterdam - - 1601

First printing in America at Cambridge
Mass, when the Freeman’s Oath and
an Almanac were printed - - 1639

First Bible rinted in Ireland was at
Belfast.—- Iardy’s Tour. - - - 1704

First types cast in England by Caslon.-—-
Phillips. - - - - - - 1720

Stereotype printing suggested by Wil- -9
11am Ged, of Edii'iburgh.—Nichols. 17357 -:

The present mode of stereotype inven- »
ted by Mr. Golden, ofNew York - 1779

Stereotype printing was in use in Hol-
land in the last century—Phillips]
See Stereotype.

The printing- machine was first suggest-
ed by Nicholson ~ - - - 1790

The Stanhope press was in general use
in - - - - ~ - - 1806

Machine printing (see Press) - -

Steam machinery (see Press) - - 1814

tayn W'ords which in these Days be net -
ther vsyd 1L8 understanden. Ended t ze
second day of Juyll at W’estmeslre the
zzzj yere qf the Re 728 quynge Edward
the fourth, and oft te Incarnacion 0 oure
Lord a Thousand four Hondrc four
Score and tweyne [l482.]—Dinnm’s '1‘ rr.
ANriq.
THE CHRONICLES. ;
The Cronicles q/‘Englond En nted by me 3
I Wyllyam Caxton thabbey of estmynszre

 

by London the '27 day of Juyn the yere ,-
of thi'ncarnacz‘an of our lard god x
M ccccmxxx.
POLYCRONICON. ‘ -
Polycronycon. Ended the thyrtmth dag/e
of'Apryll the tenth yere of the regnejgf;
hinge Harry the seuenth and of the n-"

 

 

in 1471, by William Caxton, encouraged by _

   
  
   
  
  
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
   
  
 
   
  
  
  
  
   
  
    
  
  
  
   
  
   
 
   
 
 
    

0" PRINTING, continued.

carnacyon of our lord MCCCCLXXXXV '
Emprynted by VVynkyn Theworde at
Westmestre.
HILL 01? PERFECTION.
The Hylle of Perfection emprynted at the
instance of the reverend relygyous fader
Tho. Prior 9]" the hous of St. Ann. the or-
der of the charterouse AccomplysheLd]
and jynyssheLd] alt W’estmynster the wit
day q/‘janeur the yere of our lord Thou-
sande cccc.Lxxxxvn. And in the 1‘11 yere
qfkynge Henry the vii by me wynkyn de
worde.—Amr:s, HERBERT, DIBDIN.
ENGLAND.
The Descrypcyon ofEnglonde W'atys Scot-
land and Ireland speaking qf‘the Noblesse
and Wort/zynesse of the same 1‘ yunysshed
and enprynted in Flete strete in the sync
of the Sonne by me Wynkyn (le Worde
the yere of our lord a M.ccccc and ij. men-
sis Mayiz's [mense Maii].-—Dx3nm"s TYP.
ANT.

 

THE FESTIVAL.
The Festyvalt or Sermons on sondays and
holidais taken out of the golden legend en-

interrogation, and full stop.

leaves or catch-words.
with the art of printing.

hundred years old. A similar process

See article Cotton.
toria, 1839.

England and France.

Henry V. 1414.——Rymer‘s Fade-rd.

leg. , .

ammr or DATES.

semicolon; and last the note of admiration.
abbreviations and contractions ; and there were no running—titles, numbered
Our punctuation appears to have been introduced

“at

prynted at london in Fletestrete at ye sync
of ye Sonne by wynkyn dc worde. In the
yere ol'our lord M.ccccc.vui.. And ended
the xi daye of Maye.—AMEs.
THE LORD‘S PRAYER.
As printed by Caxton in 1483.

Father our that art in hearens, hallowed be
thy name : thy kyngdome come to us; thy
will be done in earth as is in heater: : onre
every days bred gire us to day; andfor-
gire as oure tresspasses, as we forgive
them that tresspass against as; and lead
us not into temptation, but deliver us from
all evil sin, afllrn.—LEVVIS’S LIFE 08
CAXTON.

A PLACARD.
As primed by William Caxton.

[f it plese any man spirituel or temporel to
bye any-pies qftu‘o or thre cornemaracios of
S'alz‘sburi use‘ enpryntid after theforme
of this presét lettre whiche ben wel and
truly correct, late him come to westmon-
ester in to the almonestye at the reed pale
[red pale] and he shall have them good
there.-—DIBDIN’s TYP. ANTIQ.

Among the early printers, the only points used were the comma. parenthesis,
To these succeeded the colon ; afterwards the

The sentences were full of

' PRINTED GOODS. The art- of calico-printing is of considerable antiquity,
and there exist specimens of Egyptian cOt-ton dyed by figured blocks many

has been resorted to even in the

Sandwich Islands, where they use a large leaf as a substitute for the block.
The copyright of designs secured in England by 2 Vic-

PRIORIES. They were of early foundation, and are mentioned in A.D. 722 in
’ England. See Abbeys and Monasteries.
seized upon by Edward I. in 128-5, on the breaking out of a war between
They were seized in several succeeding reigns on
the like occasions, but were usually restored on the conclusion of peace.
These priories were dissolved, and their estates vested in the crown, 3

The priories of aliens were first

PBISONERS or WAR. Among the ancient nations, prisoners of war when
-‘ spared by the sword were usually enslaved, and this custom more or less
continued until about'the thirteenth century, when civilized nations, instead
of enslaving, commonly exchanged their prisoners.
and American prisoners of war in England were 12000 in number, Sept. 30,:
1779. The number exchanged by cartel with France from the commence.
.ment of the then war, was 44000, June 1781.—~Phillips.
soners in France estimated at 6000, and the French in England, 27,000,
Sept. 1798.—Idem. The English in France amounted to 10,300, . 1
-. French, &c., in England to 47,600, in 1811.——Idem. This was the greatest

The Spanish, French,

The English pri-

W—

r‘lomish Service books, used at. Salisbury by the devout. called Pies (Pica, Latin), $1.5m
» [mm the different color of the text and rubric. Our Pica ls called Cicero by

fane' i

_\>

andam

    
 
 
 
  
    

 

  

492 THE 'WORLD’S' PROGRESS. [ Pitt} . if?"

number, owing to the occasional exchanges made, up to the period of the
last war. ' '

PRISON DISCIPLINE SOCIETY, in England, owes its existence to the philan-
thropic labors of Sir T. F. Buxton, M. P. It was instituted in 1815, and held
its first public meeting in 1820. Its objects are, the amelioration of jails, by
the diffusion of information respecting their construction and management,
the classification and employment of the prisoners. and the prevention of
crime, by inspiring a dread of punishment, and by inducing the criminal,
on his discharge from confinement, to abandon his vicious pursuits.—
Haydn. In the United States a Prison Discipline Society for the same object
was established in Boston in 1825. The Rev. Louis Dwight was its active
promoter and secretary. Great efforts have been made in several States for
the amelioration and improvement of prisoners; and the various systems
adopted and practised at VVethersfield, Conn., at Auburn, N. Y., Philadel-
phia, &c., have attracted the attention of statesmen and travellers from
Europe. Among those who have labored effectively in this matter is a lady
—Miss Dix, of New York—who has accomplished more than any other per-
son, for the welfare of prisoners and of the insane, and may deserve even a
higher name than the American Mrs. Fry.

PRIVY COUNCIL, ENGLAND. This assembly is of great antiquity. Instituted
by Alfred, A. D. 895. In ancient times the number was twelve ; .but it was
afterwards so increased. that it was found inconvenient for secrecy and
despatch, and Charles II. limited it to thirty, whereof fifteen were the
principal ofiicers of state (councillors ex qflcio), and ten lords and five com-
moners of the king’s choice, A. D. 1679. The number is now indefinite. To
attempt the life of a privy~couucillor in the execution of his office made
capital, occasioned by Guiscard’s stabbing Mr. Harley while the latter was
examining him on a charge of high treason, 10 Anne, 1711.

PRIZE MONEY. In the English navy the money arising from captures
made upon the enemy, is divided into eight equal parts, and thus dist-ri-
buted by order of government :~—Captain to have three-eighths, unless
under the direction of a flag-officer, who in that case is to have one of the
said three-eighths; captains of marines and land forces, sca lieutenants,
&c., one-eighth : lieutenants of marines, gunners, admiral’s secretaries, &c.
one—eighth; midshipmen, captain’s clerks, &e., one-eighth; ordinary and
able seamen, marines, &c., two—eighths.

PROFILES. The first profile taken, as recorded, was that of Antigonus, who,
having but one eye, his likeness was so taken, 330 B. c.——As/ze. “Until the
end of the third century. I have not seen a Roman emperor with a full face;
they were always painted or appeared in profile, which gives us the view of
a head in a very majestic manner.”—Addison.

PROM ISSORY NOTES. They were regulated and allowed to be made assign-
able in 1705. First taxed by a stamp in 1782; the tax was increased in
1804, and again in 1808, and subsequently. See Bills of Exchange.

PROPAGANDA FIDE. The celebrated congregation or college in the Romish
Church, Cong-regatta de Propaganda Fide, was constituted at Rome by pope
Gregory XV. in 1622. Its constitution was altered by several of the suc-
ceeding pontifi‘s. »

PROPERTY TAX IN ENGLAND. Parliament granted to Henry VIII. a subsidy
of two-fifteenths from the commons and two—tenths from the clergy to aid -
the king in a war with France, 1512.—Rapin. Cardinal Wolsey pro-
posed a tenth of the property of the laity and a fourth of the clergy
to the same king, 1522. The London merchants strenuously opposed this ,
tax: they were required to declare on oath the real value of their effects;
but they firmly refused, alleging that it was not possible for them to give

monomer or DATES. 493 '

   
   
  
 
   
  
  
  
  
    
   
  
  
  
   
  
  
   
   
   
 
   
   
   
  
   
   
   
  
   
   
 
  

an exact account of their effects, part whereof was in the hands of corres-
pondents in foreign count1 1cs At length by agreement the king Was
pleased to accept of a sum according to theii own calculation of themselves
——-Butle1. This tax 11 as levied at various pe1iods, and was of great amount
in the last years of the late war. The assessments on real property, under
the property- -tax of 1815, were 51, 898, 423l.

.. TROPHECY. The word prophet in p1 oper language means one of the sacred
~ W1iters empOWercd by God to display futurity. We have 1n the Old Testa-
ment the w1itiugs of sixteen p10phets;i.e. of four greatel, and twelve
lesser. The former are Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and Daniel; the latter
are Hosea. Joel, Amos, Obadiah, Micah, Jonah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Ze-
phaniah, Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi. Prophecy is instanced in the
earliest times. The prophetic denunciations upon Babylon were executed
by Cyrus, 538 B. c. God’s judgment upon Jerusalem (Isaiah, xxix. 1—8)
executed by Titus, A.D. 70. Many other instances of prophecy occur in
; Scripture.

’PROTESTANTS. The emperor Charles V. called a diet at Spires in 1529, to
’ request aid from the German princes against the Turks, and to devisc means
for allaying the religious disputes which then raged, owing to Luther’s op-
position to the Roman Catholic religion. Against a decree of this diet, to
support the doctrines of the church of Rome, six Lutheran princes, with
the deputies of thirteen imperial towns, formally and solemnly protested,
April 17, 1530. Hence the term protestants was given to the followers of
Luther, and it afterwards included Calvinists, and all other sects separated
from the see of Rome. The six protesting princes were John and George,
the electors of Saxony and Brandenburg, Ernest and Francis, the two
dukes of Lunenbu1g; the landgrave of Hesse, and the prince of Anhalt;
these weie joined by the inhabitants of Stiasburg, Nuremberg, Ulm, Con-
stance, Hailbron and seven other cities. See Lutheranism, Calvinism, 43-6.

‘ PROVISIONS—R1311“RKABLE FACTS CONCERNING ’I‘HEM. Wheat for food for 100
men for one day worth only one shilling, and a sheep for fourpence, Henry
I., about 1130. The price of wine raised to sixpence per quart for red, and
eight-pence for White, that the sellers might be enabled to live by it, 2 John,
1200.——Bm'ton’s Annals. When wheat was at 63. per quarter, the farthing
leaf was to be equal in weight to twenty-four ounces (made of the whole
grain), and to sixteen the white. When wheat was at 13. 64 pe1 qua1te1,
the farthing loaf white was to weigh sixty- foui ounces and the whole grain
(the same as standa1d now) ninety-six, by the first assize, A. D. 1202. —~th.
Paris. A remaikable plenty 1n all Europe. 1280..——Duf7esnoy. Wheat 15.
per quarter, 14 Edward I. 1286. —.Stowe pThe price of provisions fixed by
1 the common-council of London as followzs two pullets, three- halfpence;
a partridge, or two woodeocks, three- half- pence, a fat lamb Sixpence f1 om
Christmas to Shrovetide, the rest of the year fourpence, 29 Edward 1.1299.
. Stowe. Price of provisions fixed by palliament: at the rate of 22. 83. of

‘ our money for a fat ox, if fed with corn 3l.12s.; a shorn sheep 53.; two
dozen of eg g,gs 303. other articles nearly the same as fixed by the common-
council above recited, 7 Edward II. 1313. —Rot. Pml. Wine, the best sold
I for 205. per tun 10 Richard II. 1387. Wheat being at ls. 1d. the bushel' 1n

1390 this was deemed so high a p1ice that it is called a dearth of corn by
s: the historians of that era. Beef and pork settled at a halfpenny the pound,
and veal three farthing s, by act of parliament, 24 Henry VIII. 1533. —A'rt-

; derso'u’s Origm of Commerce. Milk was sold, three pints, ale- -measure, for

; one halfpenny, 2 Eliz. 1560. ——Stowe’ 5 C117 omele

,3 81A This country was anciently possessed by the Venedi, about 5320
‘ ‘ ' Venedi were conquered by a people called the Borussi, Who' m~

 

 

 

habit-ed the Riphzean mountains; and

Burussia. Some historians, however,
nifying near, and Russia—Po—Russia, easily modified into Prussia. The
Porussi afterwards intermixed with the followers of the Teutonic knights, ,
and latterly, with the Poles. This people and country were little known ;

until about A. D. 1007.

St. Adalbert arrives in Prussia to preach
Christianity, but is murdered by the
pagans - - - A. n. 1010

Boleslaus of Poland revenges his death
by dreadful ravages - - -

Berlin built by a colony from the Nether-
lands, in the reign ofAlbert the Bear - 1163

The Teutonic knights, returning from
the holy wars, undertake the conquest
ofPrussia, and the conversion of the

vow

people - . - - -1225
Konigsberg, lately built, made the capi-
tal of Prussia. - - - - 1286

The Teutonic knights, by their barba-
rities, almost depopuiate Prussia. It
is repeopled by German colonists in
the 13th century - - — '

Frederick IV. of Nuremberg obtains by
purchase from Sigisinond, emperor
of Germany, the margraviate ofBran-
(lenburg - - - - 1415 ,

[This Frederick is the head of the pro.
sent reigning family]

Casimir IV. of Poland assists the na'
tives against the oppression of the
Teutonic knights — - - 1446 ,

Albert of Brandenburg, grandmaster ;
ot' the Teutonic order, renounces the
Roman Catholic religion, embraces
Lutheranism, and is acknowledged ,
duke of East Prussia, to be held as a

no

fiefof Poland - ~ - - 1525 |
University of Konigsber founded by
duke Albert - - - - 1544

The dukedom ofPrussia is joined to the
electorate of Brandenburg, anti so

continues to this day - ~ ~ 1594
John Sigismund created elector ofBran-
denburg and duke of Prussra - 1608

The rincipality of Halberstadtand the
bishopriCof Mindeu transferred to the
house of Brandenburg ~ - 1648

Poland obliged l0 acknowledge Prussia
as an independent state, under Frede- l
rick William - - - - 1657

Order ol'Concord instituted by Christian
Ernest, duke ol‘Prussia, to distinguish
the part he had taken in restoring
peace to Europe - - - 1660

The foundation of the Prussian monar-
chy was established between the years
1640 and < - - - 1680

Frederic 111., in an assembly of the
states, puts a crown upon his own
head, and upon the head of his con-
sort, and is proclaimed king of Prus«
sia, by the title of Frederick 1. ~ 1701

Guelders taken from the Dutch - - 1702

Frederick 1. seizes Neufchatel or Neun~ ‘
burgh. and Valengia. and purchases
the principality of Tecklenburgh - 1707

Reign of Frederick the Great, during

 

MARG‘RAVES AND ELECTORS on BRANDENBURG,ETC. ,
I succession of time, passed Into "

LD. 923 Sifroi, margrave of Brandenburg.
‘ ' Geron, margrave of Lusatia. which, in

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

i Peace of ’I‘ilsit (which see)' - July 7, 1807

  
   
 
  
  
   
    
  
   
   
  
  
   
   
  
  
   
   
  
   
    
    
   
 
   
    
   
    
   
    
    
   
  
   

from these the country was called V
derive the name from ,P0, sig-

which the Prussian monarchy is
made to rank among the first powers ; ‘s
in Europe - - - A. n. 1740 l
Breslau ceded to Prussia - - - 1741 ‘
Silesia, Glatz, &c., ceded - - 1742
Frederick the Great visits England - 1744
General Lacy With 15,000 Austrians,
and a Russian army, march to Berlin.
The city laid under contribution; and
pays 800,000 guilders, and 1,900,000
crowns, the magazines, arsenals, and
foundries destroyed - - - 1760
Frederick the Great dies - Aug. 17, 1786
The Prussians take possession of Hano-
ver - - - Jan. 30, 1806
Prussia j: ms the allies of England
against France - - Oct. 6, 1806
Fatal battle ofJena - Oct. 14, 1806
[Here followed the loss of almost every
corps in succession of the Prussian
army, the loss of Berlin, antl of every
province of the monarchy except
Prussia proper.]
Berlin decree promulgated - Nov. 20, 1806

Convention of Berlin - Nov. 5, 1808
Prussiajoins the allies - March 17, 1813
Treaty of Paris - - April 11,1814
The king promised liberty of the press
March, 1847
Outbreak at Berlin : the king resists
urgent demands for liberal measures,
March 14, 1847 ‘
Barricades and fights between troops
and students - - March 15, 1847
The kingr goes to Potsdam - March 18, 1847
——issues decree demanding a federal
union of Germany, and granting li-
berty of the press - March 18, 1847
Another bloody collision, 274 killed
March 18, 1847
New ministry formed - March 18, 1847
The king grants general amnesty
March 20, 1847 . j
Agitations general throughout Prussia
A free constitution granted, in a Solemn .
convocation, by the king - April 11, 1847
The duchy of Posen reorganized by the f
king - - ~ March26, 1848
Pruss1an diet meets at Berlin - April 3. 1848
Constitutional assembly of Prussia '
meets - - - May 22, 1848 -
The arsenal at Berlin captured by the ,
mob - - - June IS, 1848 7
The king prorogues the assembly at -'
Berlin. and appoints its meeting at \
Brandenburg - — Nov. 9, 1848 5,-
The Burgher Guard refuses to obey the E
order of the king to disband. Berlin
in a state of siege - 1 Nov. 12, 1848’:
The assembly dissolved, and a. new con- , .
stitution promulgated - Dec. 6,1848:a

families of Station; Ami : v

  
 

yl

“m ,5 1"? War

- {sent

~ . PRUSSIA, con/inued.

stadt, and that of Bavaria; till the
em “eror Sigismond, with the consent
of t e states of the empire, gave per-
petual invesliiure to

1416 Frederick IV. of Nuremberg, made
elector of Brandenburgh, 1417.

14-10 Frederick 11., surnamed Ferreus, or
Ironside; resigned.

1470 Albert 1.. surnamed the German Achil-
les. He confirmed the deed made by
his predecessor, of mutual succession
with the families of Saxony and
Hesse; resigned.

1176 John, sumamed the Cicero ofGermany,
his son.

1499 Joachim 1., his son.

DICTIONARY or DATES. 4&5,

1535 Joachim 11. ; he was poisoned by a Jew.
1571 John George. .
1598 Joachim Frederick.

l 1008 John Sigismund.

l 101‘.) George William.
1640 Frederick William the Great.
1688 Frederick, who, in 1701, was made king

of Prussia.

KINGS OF PRUSSIA.

1701 Frederick I.

1713 Frederick William I.

1740 Frederick 11.. surnamed the Great.
1786 Frederick \Villiam 11.

1797 Frederick William III.

1840 Frederick William 1V., June 7.

PUBLICHOUSES IN ENGLAND. A power of licensing them was first granted
to sir Giles Mompessou and sir Francis Mitchel for their own emolument,
,_ A. D. 1620—1. The number of public houses in England at this period was
about 13 000. In 1700 the number was 32 600; and in 1790, the number in
Great- Britain was 76,000. It is supposed that there were about 50000
public houses, and 30.000 beer-shops in England and Wales in 1880. The

number on Jan. 5, 1840, was 95,820.

PULLEY. The pulley, together with the vice and other mechanical instru-
ments. are said to have been invented by Archytas of Tarentum, a disciple
of Pythagoras, about 516 B. C.—— Univ. Hist. It has been ascertained that in
a single movable pulley the power gained is doubled. In a continued com-
bination the power is twice the number of pullies, less 1.—P/Lillips.

PULTOWA, BATTLE or. In this memorable engagement Charles XII. of

' Sweden was entirely defeated by Peter the Great of Russia, and obliged to

take refuge at Bender, in the Turkish dominions. The vanquished monarch

would have fallen into the hands of the czar after the engagement, had he

not been saved by the personal exertions of the brave count Poniatowski, a

Polish nobleman, whom Voltaire has commemorated and immortalized.

This battle was lost chiefly owing to a want of concert in the generals. and to

the circumstance of Charles having been dangerously wounded, just before,

, which obliged him to issue his commands from a litter, without being able
‘ to encourage his soldiers by his presence. Fought July 8. 1709.

PUMPS. Ctesibius of Alexandria, architect and mechanic, is said to have in-
vented the pump (with other hydraulic instruments) about 224 B. 0.. although
the invention is ascribed to Danaus, at Lindus, 1485 B. 0. They were in

3 general use in England, A. D. 1425. The air-pump was invented by Otto
Li Guericke in 1654, and was improved by Boyle in 1657. An inscription on
g the pump in front of the Royal Exchange, London, states that the well
;‘ ' beneath was first sunk in A. D. 1282.

f PUNIC WARS. The first Punic war was undertaken by the Romans against
' Carthage 264 B. c. The ambition of Rome was the origin of this war; it
i‘ lasted twenty-three years, and ended 241 B. c. The second Punic war he-
V; ‘ gan 218 B. 0.. in which year Hannibal marched a numerous army of 90.000
‘i foot and 12000 horse towards Italy, resolved to carry on the war to the
gates of Rome. He crossed the Rhone, the Alps, and the Apennines, with
uncommon celerity; and the Roman consuls who were stationed to stop his
progrgss were severally defeated. The battles of Trebia, of Ticinus, and
" ‘ of the lake of Thrasymenus, followed. This war lasted seventeen years, and

7‘ ended in 201 B. c. The third Punic war began 149 B. c., and was terminated
, . by the fall of Carthage, 146 B. 0. See Carthage.

‘ 1 P . TORY. The middle place between the grave, or heaven, andi‘hcll,

 

   
   

 

PURIFICATION. The act of cleansing, especially considered as relating to

PURITAN S. The name given to such persons as in the reigns of queen Eliza-

PYRENEES, BATTLE on THE, between the British army, commanded by lord

PYRENEES, PEACE or THE. A peace concluded between France and Spain;

I’YTHAGOREAN PHILOSOPHY. Founded by Pythagoras, of Samos, head

    
   
 
  
   
  
  
   
   
    
   
    
  
   
  
 
  
   
  
   
   
   
 
   
  
   
    
    
  

496 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [PY‘I‘

where, it is believed by the Roman Catholics, the soul passes through the
fire of purification before it enters the kingdom of God. The doctrine of
purgatory was known about A. D. 250; and was introduced into the Roman
church in 593.—Pla£ina.. It was introduced early in the sixth century——
Dupz‘n.

the religious performance among the Jewish women. It was ordained by the
Jewish law that a woman should keep within her house forty days after the
birth of a son, and eighty days after the birth of a daughter, when she was
to go to the temple and offer a lamb, pigeon, or turtle, A. D. 214. Among
the Christians, the feast of purification was instituted, A. D. 542, in honor of
the Virgin Mary’s going to the temple, where, according to custom, she
presented her son Jesus Christ, and offered two turtles for him. Pope Ser-
gius I. ordered the procession with wax tapers, from whence it is called
Candlemas-day.

beth, king James, and king Charles I., pretended to greater holiness of
living and stricter discipline than any other people. They at first were
members of the established church, but afterwards became separatists upon
account of several ceremonies that were by the rigidness of those times se-
verely insisted upon—Bishop Sanderson.

PYRAMIDS or EGYPT. The pyramids, according to Dr. Pococke and Son-
nini, “ so celebrated from remote antiquity, are the most illustrious monu-
ments of art. It is singular that such superb piles are nowhere to be found
but in Egypt; for in every other country, pyramids are rather puerile and
diminutive imitations of those in Egypt, than attempts at appropriate mag-
nificence. The pyramids are situated on a rock at the foot of some high
mountains which bound the Nile.” The first building of them commenced,
it is supposed, about 1500 B. C. They were formerly accounted one of the
seven wonders of the world. The largest, near Gizeh, is 461 feet in perpen-
dicular height. with a platform on the top 32 feet square, and the length of
the base is 746 feet. It occupies eleven acres of ground, and is constructed
of such stupendous blocks of stone, that a more marvellous result of hu-
man labor has not been found on the earth.

“ Virtue alone outbuilds the pyramids,
“ Her monuments shall stan when Egypt’s fall.”-—-YouNe.

Wellington, and the French, under the command of marshal Soult. The
latter army was defeated with great slaughter, July 28, 1813. After the
battle of Vittoria (fought June 21), Napoleon sent Soult to supersede Jour- .
dan, with instructions to drive the allies across the Ebro, a duty to which , 1
his abilities were inferior; for Soult retreated into France with a loss of
more than 20,00 men, having been defeated in a series of engagements from
July 25 to August 2.

by the treaty of the Pyrenees, Spain yielding Roussillon, Artois, and her
rights to Alsace; and France ceding her conquests in Catalonia, Italy, &c.,
and engaging not to assist Portugal, Nov. 7, 1659.

of the Italic sect. He first taught the doctrine of metempsychOsis or
transmigration of the soul from one body to another. He forbade his dis-
ciples to eat flesh, as also beans, because he supposed them to have been ““-
produced from the same putrified matter from which at the creation of the .
world man was formed. In his theological system, Pythagoras supported‘g
that the universe was created from a shapeless heap of passive matter by 3:

     
   

J

the hands of a powerful being, who himself was the mover and soul of the
world. He was the inventor of the multiplication-table, and a great im-
prover of geometry, while in astronomy he taught the system adopted at
. this day, 539 B. c.
WYTHIAN GAMES. Games celebrated in honor of Apollo, near the temple
of Delphi. They were first instituted, according to the more received
opinion, by Apollo himself, in commemoration of the victory which he had
*“ Obtained over the serpent Python, from which they received their name;
though others maintain that they were first established by Agamemnon,
0r Diomedes, or by Amphietyon. or, lastly, by the council of the Amphio—
tyons, B. c. 1263.—A7'mtdelian Marbles.

Ej. Q-
i

DICTIONARY OF DATES. 497

‘QUACKERY AND QUACK MEDICINES. At the first appearance that a
French quack made in Paris, a boy walked before him, publishing, with a

. shrill voice, “ My father cures all sorts of distempers ;” to which the doctor

: added in a grave manner, “What the child says is true.”—Addi50n. Quacks

sprung up with the art of medicine; and several countries, particularly

E? England and France, abound with them. In London, some of their esta-

f“ ~ blishments are called colleges. Quack medicines were taxed in England in

t 1783 et seq. An inquest was held on the body of a young lady, Miss

l Cashin, whose physician, St. John Long, was afterwards tried for man-
sgtughter; he was found guilty, and sentenced to pay a fine of 250l., Oct.
3 , 1830.

UADRANT. The mathematical instrument in the form of a quarter circle.
The solar quadrant was introduced about 290 n. c. The Arabian astrono-
nomers under the Caliphs, in an. 995, had a quadrant of 21 feet 8 inches

i; radius, and a sextant 57 feet 9 inches radius. Davis’s quadrant for mea-

. suring angles was produced about 1600. Hadley’s quadrant, in 1731. See

_. Navigation.

gQUADRUPLE ALLIANCE. The celebrated treaty of Alliance between Great

5 Britain, France, and the Emperor, signed at. London. This alliance, on the

accession of the states of Holland, obtained the name of the Quadruple
it". Alliance, and was for the purpose of guaranteeing the succession of the

l reigning families in Great Britain and France, and settling the partition of

the Spanish monarchy. \Aug. 2, 1718.

UJESTOR, in Roman antiquity, was an oflicer who had the management of
the public treasure, instituted 484 B. c. The questorship was the first ofliee
j; any person could bear in the commonwealth, and gave a right to sit in the

senate. At first there were only two; but afterwards the number was
greatly increased.

UAKERS 0R FRIENDS. Originally called Seekers, from their seeking the

g truth; and afterwards Friends—a beautiful appellation, and characteristic
0. of the relation which man, under the Christian dispensation, ought to bear
towards man—Clarksoa. Justice Bennet, of Derby, gave the society the
5 name of Quakers in 1650, because Fox (the founder) admonished him and
" those present with him, to tremble at the word of the Lord. ThlS respect-
able sect, excelling in morals prudence, and industry, was commenced in
1 England about A. D. 1650, by George Fox, who was soon joined by a num-
'; ber of learned, ingenious, and pious men—among others, by George Keith,
Wm. Penn, and Robert Barclay of Ury.* The thee and than used by the

  

 

 

    
   
   
  
   
     
   
 
 

   
  
 

  

3 , g'l'he Quakers early suffered grievous persecutions in England and America. At Boston, when
' rat Friends wheat-rived were females, they. even females, were cruelly scour-god, and M

o

r

‘1.
S, -

 

 

498 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

  
  
  
    

Quakers originated with their founder, who published a book of instruc-.
tions for teachers and professors. The solemn affirmation of Quakers was 1'
enacted to be taken in all cases, in the courts below, wherein oaths are re- 1‘
quired from other subjects, 8 William III. 1606. . "

QUARANTINE. The custom first observed at Venice, A. D. 1127. whereby all 31;
merchants and others coming from the Levant were obliged to remain in .
the house of St. Lazarus, or the Lazaretto, 40 days before they were ad- :j
mitted into the city. Various southern cities have now lazarettos; that of ,
Venice is built in the water. In the times of plague, England and all other
nations oblige those that come from the infected places to perform qua-
rantine with their ships, &c., a longer or shorter time, as may be judged *1
most safe.

QUATRE-BRAS, BATTLE or, between the British and allied army under the j
duke of Brunswick. the prince of Orange, and sir Thomas Picton. and the
French under marshal Ney, fought two days before the battle of lVaterloo. "
In this engagement the gallant duke of Brunswick fell, June 16, 1815.

QUEBEC. Founded by the French in 1605. It was reduced by the English,
with all Canada, in 1626, but was restored in 1632. Quebec was besieged
by the English, but without success, in 1711; but was conquered by them,
after a battle memorable for the death of general Wolfe in the moment of
victory, Sept. 13, 1759. This battle was fought on the Plains of Abraham.
Quebec was besieged by the Americans under Gen. Mont-gomery,'who was
slain. December 31, 1775; and the siege was raised the next year. The
public and private stores, and several wharfs, were destroyed by fire in
1815; the loss being estimated at upwards of 260,000l. Awful fire, 1650
houses, the dwellings of 12,000 persons, burnt to the ground, May 28, L
1845. Another great fire, one month afterwards; 1365 houses burnt, June

28, 1845. Disastrous fire at the theatre, 50 lives lost, Jan. 12, 1816.

QUEEN. The first queen invested with authority as a ruling sovereign, was
Semiramis, queen and empress of Assyria, 2017 B. 0. She embellished the
city of Babylon, made it her capital, and by her means it became the most
magnificent and superb city in the world. The title of queen is coeval with >
that of king. The Hungarians had such an aversion to the name of queen,
that whenever a queen ascended the throne, she reigned with the title of
king. See note to article Hungary. 1‘;

QUEEN CAROLINE‘S TRIAL. Caroline. the consort of George IV. of Eng- I
land was subjected. when princess of Wales, to the ordeal of the Delicate ,-
Investigation, May 29, 1806. Her trial commenced Aug. 19. 1820. Illumi— ,
nations on her acquittal, Nov. 10—12. I-Ier death Aug. 7, 1821. Riot at her ,1
funeral, Aug. 14. ' ‘

QUEENS or ENGLAND. There have been, since the conquest. besides the I
present sovereign, four queens of England who have reigned in their own ‘
right not counting the empress Maude, daughter of Henry 1., or the lady 5
Jane Grey, whose quasi reign lasted only ten days. There have been thirty- ,
four queens, the eonsorts of kings, exclusively of four wives of kings who j

c. L m...- 41

“.1. _ .::.-.

mack-mngiuaynmeh . t“a»|‘—J. mun: 5:4“..«41,

 

ears cut ofi‘. yet. they were unshaken in their cpnstancyz In 1659, they stated in parliament that
2,000 Friends had endured sufferings and Imprisonment in Newgate; and 164 Friends offered them- j
selves at. this time, by name, to government, to be imprisoned in lieu of an equal number in danger

(from confinement) of death. Fifty-five (out of 1'20 sentenced) were transported to America, by an '
order of council. 1664. The masters of vessels refusing to carry them for some months, an em-
bargo was laid on \Vesl lndia ships, when a mercenar wretch was at length found for the service. ‘
Bufrhe Friends would not walk on board, nor would t e sailors hoist them into the vessel, and sol.
diers from the Tower were employed. In 1665, the vessel sailed; butitwas immediately captured ,
by the Dutch, who liberated 28M the prisoners in Holland, the rest having died ofthe plague m mg
year. See Plague. Ofthe l20 few reached America. .

. .A or.»

   
 
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
 
 
    
   
 
 
 
 
   
   
 
 
 
 
  
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  

Of W'tLLIAM 1.

Flanders; she was married in 1051; and
died 1081.

WILLIAM II.
This sovereign died unmarried.

Of HENRY I.

Illatilda, daughter of Malcolm III. king of
Scotland; she was married November 11,
1100; and (lied May 1, 1119.

Adelaz's, daughter ofGodfrey, earl of Lou-
vaine; she was married January 29, 1129.
Survived the king.

MAUDE 01 MATILDA.

D. nghter of Henry 1., and rightful heir to
the throne ; she was born 1101 ; was betroth-
ed in 1109, at eight years of age, to Henry
V., emperor of Germany, who died 1125.
She married, secondly. Geotfrey Plantagenet,
earl of Anjou, 1130. Was set aside from the
English succession by Stephen, 1135; landed
in England and claimed the crown, 1139.
Crowned, but was soon after defeated at
Winchester. 1141. Concluded a peace with
Stephen, which secured the succession to
her son, Henry, 1153; died 1167.

Of STEPHEN.

Matilda, daughter of Eustace, count of
Boulogne; she was married in 1128; and
iied May 3, 1151.

Of HENRY II.

Eleanor, the repudiated queen of Louis
VII. king of France, and heiress of Guienne
. *‘ and Poitou; she was married to Henry 1152;

l and died 1204.

[The Fair Rosamond was the mistress of

this prince. See article Rosamond.

0f RICHARD I.

Berengera, daughter of the king of Na-
varre; she was married May 12, 1191. Sur-
vived the king.

01' JOHN.

Arisa,daughterofthe earl of Gloucester;
she was married in 1189. Divorced.

Isabella. daughter of the‘ count of Angou-
léme; she was the young-and virgin wife of
the count de la Marche ; married to John in
1200. Survived the king, on whose death
she was remarried to the count de la Marche.

Of HENRY 111.

Eleanor, daughter of the count de Pro-
vence; she was married January 14, 1236.
Survived the king; and died in 1292, in a mo-
nastery, whither she had retired.

Of Edward I.

Eleamn' of Castile; she was married in
1%3; died of a fever, on her journey to Scot-
land, at Horneby, in Lincolnshire, 1296.

WAR! OF DATES.

died previously to their husbands ascending
tual sovereigns of England, four died unmarried, three kings and one queen
The following list includes all these royal personages :—

Illa/ilda, daughter of Baldwin, earl of the king.

1

. of Lambert Simnel; and closed her life in

 

Margaret, sister of the king of France ; she I 1503.

   
  
   
  
  
 
  
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
  
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
  
   
   
  

the throne. Of thirty-five at:-

was married September 12, 1299. Survived

Of EDWARD II.

Isabella, daughter of the king of France;
she was married in 1308. On the death, by
the gibbet, of her favorite, Mortimer, she was
confined for the rest of her life in her own
house at Risings, near London «Hume.

Of EDWARD 111.

Philippa, (laughter of the count of Holland
and [Iainault ; she was married January 24,
1328 ; and died August 16, 1369.

Of RICHARD II.

Anne, of Bohemia, sister of the emperor
VVinceslaus of Germany; she was married
in January 1382; and died August 3, 1395.

Isabella, daughter of Charles VI.ofFrance;
she was married Nov. 1, 1396. On the 171L1-
d1? of her husband she returned to her fa-
t or.

Of HENRY IV.

filmy, daughter of the earl of Hr eford;
she died, before Henry obtained the crown,
in 1394.

Joan of Navarre, widow of the duke of
Bretagne; she was married in 1403. Sur-
vived the king, and died in 1437.

Of HENRY V.

Catherine. daughter of the king of France 3
she was married May 30, 1420. She outliV'
ed Henry}, and was married to Owen Tudor,
grandfat er of Henry V 11.

0f HENRY VI.

Margaret, daughter of the duke of Aujou ;
she was married April 22, 1445 She surviv-
ed the unfortunate king, her husband, and
died in 1482.

Of EDWARD IV.

Lady Elizabeth Gret, daughter of sir
Richard Woodevtlle, an widow of sir John
Grey, of Groby; she was married March 1,
1464. Suspected of favoring the insurrection

confinement.
EDWARD V.

This prince perished in the Tower, in
the 13th year of his age; and died unma»
ried.

Of RICHARD III.

Anne, daughter of the earl of Warwick,
and widow of Edward, prince of \Vales,
whom Richard had murdered, 1471. She is
supposed to have been poisoned by Richard
(having died suddenly March 6, 1485), to
make way for his intended marriage with
the princess Elizabeth of York.

of HENRY VII.

Elizabeth of York, princess of England
daughter of Edward 1V.; she was tnarrie
January 18, 1486; and died Februaryt H}

i
1
i
1
1
1
L _
i

 

5%

QUEENS, continued.

Of HENRY VIII.

Colheline Of Arragon, widow of I-Ienry’ s
elder b1other, Arthur, prince OfWales. She
was married June 3,1509; was the mother
of queen Mary; was repudiated. and after-
wards formally divorced, May 23,1533; died
Janna1y 6,1536.

Anna Boleyn, daughter of sir Thomas Bo
leyn, and maid of honor to Catherine She
was p1ivately married, beto1e Catl1e1ine was
divorced, Nov. 14, 1532; was the mother of
queen Elizabeth ; was beheaded at the Tow-
01, May 19, 1536.

_ Jane Seymour, daughter of si1 John Sey -
mour, and maid of honor to Anna Boleyn.
She was manied May 20, 1536, the day atte1
Anna’s execution; was the mother of Ed«
ward VI, of whom she died in childbirth,
Oct 13,1537.

Anne of Cleres, sister of William, duke
of Cleves. She was married Januaiy 6,
1540; was divorced July 10,1540; and died
in 15 57.

Catherine Howard niece of the duke of
Norfolk, she was mairied August 8, 1540;
and was beheaded on ’1‘owe1 hill February
12, 1542.

Catherine Parr, daughter of sir Thomas
Parr, and widow of Nevill, 10rd Latimer.
She was married July 12, 1543. Survived
the king, alter whose death she married sir
Thomas Seymour, created lord Sudley; and
died September’ a, 1548.

EDWARD VI.

This prince, who ascended the throne in his
tenth year, reigned six years and fiv e months,
and died unmarried.

LADY JANE GREY.

Daughter 01 the duke OfSufl"01k, and wife
of lord Guildford Dudle. Proclaimed queen
0n the death of Edwart In ten days afte1-
wards returned to p1ivate life; was tlied
Nov. 13, 1553; and beheaded February 12,
1554, when but seventeen years of age

MARY.

Daughte1 of Henry VIII. She ascended
the throne Julyq6, 1553; married Philip 11.
Of S pain, July 1.5, 1551’; and died Novem-
‘lhber 1p7, 1558. The king her husband died in

3“? “598.
‘l\ ELIZABETH.

13:1,}; ehtei of Henry VIII. Succeeded to
the crOV0 vn Nov.17,1558; reigned 44 years,

4 mommy, and 7 days; and died unmarried.

6; Of JAMES I.

Anne, pritiecess of Denmark daughter of
Frederick k-;11 she was married August 20,
1589; and diedh March 1619.

011' CHARLES I. ’

He m'ietla Ma‘firza daughter of Henry IV
king of France 7 she was manied June 13,
1625. SurViVEd he unfortunate king; and

1 ' .erigustIO, 1669.

QUEENSTOWN 3113th

\
\._

‘\

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

 

Taken by the troops of the Unit-ed States of Ameria;

Of CHARLES II.

CATHERINE, infanta of Portugal, daughtci
01' John IV. and sister of Alfonso VI. ; she
was married May ‘21, 1662. Survrved the
king, returned to Portugal, and died Dec.
21, 1705.

Of JAMES II.

Anne IIyde, daughter of Edward II de,
earl of Cla1endon; she was married ingep
tember 1660; and died before James ascend
ed the th1one, in 1671.

111m _/ Beatrzce, princess of Modena, daugh
te1 of Alp honzod’ Este, duk e; she was mar-
ried Novembe1 21,1673. At the revolution y .
in 1683, she retired with James to Fiance; '
and died at. St. Germains 1n 1718, having sur-
viv ed her c0nso1t seventeen years

W11 LIAM and MARY.

MARY, the princess of O1ange, (laughter Vf
James 11., married to William, Nov. 4, 16. 7:
ascended the throne Feb. 13, 1689; died De-
cember 28,1694.

ANNE

Daughter of James 11. She married George
prince 3of Denmark. July 28,168'3;s11cceed-
ed to the throne March 8 1702; had thirteen
children, all of whom died young; lost her
ll1uls7bla4nd, October 28,1708; and died August

Of GEORGE 1.

Sophia Dorothea, daughte1 of the duke 01
Zell. She died a 1er weeks previously to

the accession of George to the crown, June
8,1714.

0f GEORGE II.

IVilhelmina Caroline Dorothea, of Bran-
denburgh- -;Anspach married in 1704: and
died Novezube1 20,1737.

Of GEORGE 111.

Charlotte Sophia. daughter Ofthe duke oi
Mecklenbulgh- Strelitz; married September
8, 1761; and died November 17, 181

Of GEORGE IV. “1.

Caroline Amelm Au usta, dauflhter of the .; -
duke of Brunswick; she was married April
8, 1795,; was mothe1 of the lamented prin .-
cess Cha1lotte; and died August 7, 1821.881! ‘v -
article Queen Caroline. §

Of VVxLLIAM IV.

Adelaide Amelia Louisa Teresa Carolina, ‘
sister of the duke of Saxe- -Meinengen; she “S
gas married July 11,1818; and survived the

mg.

VICTORIA.

Alexandrina Victoria, the reigning queen 1
daughter of the duke of Kent, born May 24 ,-:
1819' succeeded to the crown June 20,1837; g:
crowned June 28,1838. Man'ied her cousin 3

prince Albert of Saxe-Cotmg- -Gotha, F111)» .1
ruary 10,1840.

 

DICTIONARY 0F DATES. 5e:

    
  
  
  
  
 
   
   
  
   
  
  
  
  
  
   
  
   
   
   
    
 
  
   
  
   
 
   
 
   
  
  
  
   
  
  

ca, October 13, 1812; but retaken by the British forces, who defeated the
‘ Americans with considerable loss in killed, wounded, and prisoners, the
same day.

. , -UICKSILVER. In its liquid state, it is commonly called virgin mercury. It

~' is endowed with very extraordinary properties, and used to show the weight
of the atmosphere, and its continual variations, &c. Its use in refining sil—
ver was discovered A. D. 1540. There are mines of it in various parts, the
chief of which are at Almeida in Spain, and at Udria in Carniola in Ger-
many, discovercd by accident in 1497. A mine was discovered at Ceylon in
1797. Quicksilver was congealed in winter at St. Petersburgh in 1759. It

was congealed in England by a chemical process, without snow or ice, by
Mr. Walker, in 1787.

QUIETISTS. The doctrines and religious opinions of Molinus, the Spaniard,
~_ whose work, the Spiritual Guide, was the foundation of the sect of Quietists
in France. His principal tenet was, that the purity of religion ceisisted in
an internal silent meditation and recollection of the merits of Christ, and
the mercies of God. His doctrine was also called quietism from a kind of
absolute rest and inaction in which the sect supposed the soul to be, when
arrived at that state of perfection called by them unitive life. They then
imagined the soul to be wholly employed in contemplating its Jod. Ma—
dame de la Mothe-Guyon, who was imprisoned in the Bastile for her visions
and prophecies. but released through the interest of Fénélon, the celebrated
archbishop of Cambray, between whom and Bossuet, bishop of Meaux, she
occasioned the famous controversy concerning Quietism, 1697. The sect
sprang up about 1678.—N0uv. Diet.

ILLS. They are said to have been first used for pens in A. D. 553 ; but some
say not before 635. Quills are for the most part plucked with great cruelty
from living geese ; and all persons, from convenience, economy, and feeling,
ought to prefer metallic pens, which came into use in 1830.—P}Lillips.

JUITO. A presidency of Colombia (which see) celebrated as having been the
scene of the measurement of a degree of the meridian, by the French and
Spanish mathematicians, in the reign of Louis XV. Forty thousand souls
were hurried into eternity by a dreadful earthquake at Quito, which almost
overwhelmed the city, Feb. 4, 1797.

R.

‘ CES. One of the exercises among the ancient games of Greece (see Chari-
ots). Horse-races were known in England in very early times. Fitz-Stephen,
3 Who wrote in the days of Henry II., mentions the delight taken by the eiti-
zens of London in the diversion. In James’s reign, Croydon in the south,

, V and Garterly in the north, were celebrated courses. Near York there were
_ races, and the prize was a little golden bell, MOT—Camden. In the end of

. Charles L’s reign, races were performed at Hyde—park, and also Newmarket,
although first used as a place for hunting. Charles II. patronized them,
" and instead of bells, gave a silver bowl, or cup, value 100 guineas.

, ’ CKS. This engine of death, as well as of torture, for extracting a confes-
5. sion from criminals, was early known in the southern countries of Europe.
be early Christians suffered by the rack, which was in later times an in-
, trument of the Inquisition. The duke of Exeter, in the reign of Henry VI.,
erected a rack of torture (then called the duke of Exeter‘s daughter). now
I f Been in the Tower, 1423. In the case of Felton, who murdered the duke of
,Buckingham, the judges of England nobly protested against the punish-
,5. nt proposed in the privy council of putting the assassin to the rack, as
- ing contrary to the laws, 1628. See Ramllac.

 

“1.. ‘4v—AWv... A.

"WWMWWV— VFW... ._4r~_ ..,.

502 r111: worth’s PROGRESS.

    
   
  
   
   
  
 
   
   
    
  
   
  
  
   
 
  
  
   
   
  
  

RADCLIFFE LIBRARY, OXFORD. Founded under'the will of Dr. John Rad;
clifi’e, the most eminent physician of his time He left 40 0001. to the Uni- .-
ve1sity of Oxford for this purpose dying Nov. 1. 1714. The first stone of ;
the libraiy was laid May17. 1737; the edifice was completely finished in
1749 and was opened April 13, same year.

R ADS TAD1‘, PEACE or, between annce and the emperor March 6.1714. CON- ;
0111 SS of commenced to treat ofa general peace with the Germanic powers, »
.Dec 9 1797. Negotiations were ca1ried on throughout the year 1798. Atro- :
cious massacre ofg the French lcn1potent1a1 res at Radstadt by the Austrian _:
regiment of Szeltzler April 28p 1798. ‘

RAFTS. The Greeks knew no other way of crossing the narrow Seas but on
rafts or beams tied to one another, until the use of shipping was brought _
among them by Danaus of Egypt, when he fled from his brother Rameses,
1485 B. c.~—Heylin.

RAILROADS. There were short roads called tram-ways in and about New— '
castle so early as the middle of the 17th century; but they were made of :
wood and were used for transporting coals a moderate distance from the
pits to the place of shipping They are thus mentioned in 1676: -‘—-‘ The
manneI of the caniage is by] aying rails of timber from the colliery to the
river exactly st1a1ght and parallel; and bulky carts me made with four roll- .
e1s fitting those 1ails wheieby the 011113.06 is so easy that one horse will ’
d1a1v down few or the chaldions of coals and 13 an immense benefit to the
coal- merchants,’ ’—Lz'fe of Laid-Keepcy Ninth 'lhey were made 0f1ron,a. .
W’hitehaven. in 1738. The first considerable iron railroad was laid down at 5
Colebrook Dale in 1786. The first iron raihoad sanctioned by parliament5
(111th the exception of a few 11nde1taken by canal companies as small ‘
branches to mines) was the Sur"1ey11on 1a1111ay (by horses). f1 om the Thames _
at Wandswmth to Croydon for which the act was obtained 111 1801. The first ‘
great and extensive enterprise of this kind is the Liverpool and Manchester
railway (by engines), commenced in October 1826, and opened Sept. 15, 1830. . ‘

EXTENT or RAILWAYS OPENED THROUGHOUT THE WORLD, IN 1847.

Miles. Miles.
Great Britain and Ireland . - 3,375 Italy ‘ - - - . 115
Unned States (in 1§l9, 6,117) - - 3,800 Denmark - - - - . 106
Ge1m. .1ny (in 1849,3 ,100) - - 1,570 Cuba - - . . . 800 ~
Holland - - - 200 Russia - - . . . 52 ‘
Belgium - - - - 1.095 British Colonies - - .1,000
France - - - - - 2,200 East India - - - . . 500
Total length of railways opened throughout the world :—in 1847, 21,761 miles. , 1

In 1824, the first locomotive constructed travelled at the rate of ’6 miles f
per hour; in 1829. the Rocket travelled at the rate of fifteen miles per hour; :
in 1834. the Fire Fly attained a speed.9 of 20 miles per hour; in 1839, the 5
No1th Star moved with a velocity of9 37 miles pe1 hour, and at the present ,
moment locomotives have attained a speed of 70 miles per hour. During
the same pe1iod the quantity of fuel required for generating steam has been I;
diminished five- sixths that IS six tons of coal were forme1ly consumed for '
one at the p1esent moment and other expenses a1e diminished in a come-33?
pending 1atio. —Tuck s Railways, 1847

RAILROADS 1N r111: UNITED STATES In January 1849, the lines completa. V
ed reached an aggregate of ,

In New England - - - - - - - - - 1,219 miles.

In New York - - - - - — - 840 do.

In other parts of the United States - - - - ~ - 4,058 do.
Total - - - - 6,117 do.

{See American Almanac, 1850, page 211, for complete list.)

DICTIONARY or DATES. 508

   
  
   
 
   
  
  
  
  
   
  
  
  
   
    
  
  
  
  
  
   
   
   
  
  
  
  
    
   
  
  
   
   

Aconsiderable number of miles have since been completed, including a
portion of the New York and Eric; Hudson River Railroad, &c., &c. The
first railway in the United States, was the Quincy and Boston, to convey
granite for Bunker Hill monument, 1827. Boston and Providence Railroad,
opened June 2, 1835. Boston and Lowell, June 27, and Boston and \Vor—
cester, July 6, same year. Utica and Schenectady, opened Aug. 1, 1836. Bal-
timore to Wilmington, July 19, 1837. Providence and Stonington, N 0v. 10,

1837. Worcester and Springfield, Mass, Oct. 1, 1839. Housatonic, Feb.
12, 1840.

‘ IAILROADS IN FRANCE. There was a small one at mount Cenis as early as
1783; the first of any extent was the St. Etienne and Andrezieux 22 miles,
commenced in 1825. Paris and Versailles commenced 1827. Horrible accident
on that from Paris to Versailles, 70 persons killed by collision and fire, includ-
ing the celebrated navigator D’Urville, May 8, 1842. Another on the Paris and

Brussels Railway, train ran off a bridge, 14 killed and 20 wounded, July
8, 1846.

KARAILWAYS, BELGIUM. That between Brussels and Antwerp, the first in
;' Belgium, opened May 3, 183’.

,
fflAMILIES, BATTLE or, between the English under the duke of Marlborough
and the allies on the one side, and the French on the other; fougl’it on
Whitsunday, May 23,1706. The duke achieved one of his most glorious
victories, which accelerated the fall of Louvain, Brussels, and other import-
ant places, and parliament rewarded the victor by settling the honors which
had been conferred on himself, upon the male and female issue of his
daughters.

TISBON, PEACE OF, concluded between France and the emperor of Ger-
many, and by which was terminated the war for the Mantuan succession,
October 13, 1630. It was at Ratisbon, in a diet held there, that the German
princes seceded from the Germanic empire, and placed themselves under
the protection of the emperor Napoleon, August 1, 1806.

‘ TS. The brown rat, very improperly called the Norway rat, the great pest
, of our dwellings, originally came to us from Persia and the Southern regions

' of Asia. This fact is rendered evident from the testimony of Pallas and F.
Cuvier. Pallas describes the migratory nature of rats, and states that in
the autumn of 1729 they arrived at Astrachan in such incredible numbers,
5 that nothing could be done to oppose them; they came from the western
deserts, nor did the waves of the Volga arrest their progress. They only ad-

vanced to the vicinity of Paris in the middle of the sixteenth century, and.
, in some parts of France are still unknown.

, - VENNA, BATTLE or, between the French under the great Gaston de Foix
. 3 (duke of Nemours and nephew of Louis XII.) and the Spanish and papal
:5 armies. De Foix gained the memorable battle, but perished in the moment

, of victory, and his death closed the fortunes of the French in Italy, April

'11, 1512.
" VILLAC’S MURDER or HENRY 1v. 0F FRANCE. The death of Ravi]-

“lac is one of the most dreadful upon record. He assassinated the king, May
14, 1610; and when put to the torture, he broke out into horrid execrations.
' He was carried to the Greve, and tied to the rack, a wooden engine in the
(shape of St. Andrew’s cross. His right hand, within which was fastened
1: the knife with which he did the murder, was first burnt at a slow fire.
3}Then the fleshy and most delicate parts of his body were torn with red hot
Staincers, and into the gaping wounds melted lead, oil. pitch, and resin were
-‘°I~Iured. His body was so robust. that. he endured this exquisite pain; and
strength resisted that of the four horses by which his limbs were to be

F'
,.
>1
.

 

504 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

r-t

    
   
  
   
   
   
  
   
   
   
 
  
 
 
   
    
  
   
 
 
 
    
  
  
   
   
   
   
  
  

pulled to pieces. The executioner 1n consequence cut him into (marinara;5
and the spectators, who refused to pray for him, dragged them through the .,
streets. 3

REFORM IN PARLIAMENT. This subject was a chief source of agitation]
for many years. and during several administrations. Mr. Pitt’s motion for"
a reform in parliament was lost by a majority of 20, in 17 82. The discus— ‘
sion on this motion was the most remarkable up to the period at which re. ..
fo1m was conceded. The first ministeiial measure of reform was in earl
Grey’s administration when it was proposed in the house of commons bv ,
101d John Russell March 1,1831. His bill defeated in the house of 10rd§
by 41 majority, Oct. 8. The bill of 1832 defeated by 35 majority, May 7. 3
New peers were created May 18, and the bill was finally passed by peers ‘
(106 to 22) June 4, 1832.

REF ORMATION, T1111. The early efforts for the reformation of the church '
may be traced to the reign of Charlemagne, when Paulinus, bishop of Aqui-
leia employed his voice and pen to accomplish this object. The principal
refor‘meis were VVicklitfe, Huss, Luther, Zuinglius Tyndal, Calvin, Petrié
Melancthon Erasmus Jc1ome of Prague, Zisca, Browne, and Knox. The

eras of the Reformation are as follows 2— ;
In England (chklz‘fi’e) ~ - A. D. 1360 In Sweden (Perri) - - . A. n. 1530.

In Bohemia (Huss) - - - - 1405 In England (Henry VIII.) - - - 1534 ,
In Gei man (Lurlzei) - - - - 1517 In Ireland (B1 came) - - - 1535 -
In Switze11and (Zuinglius) - . - 1519 In England completed (Cranmer; I u- ,._
In Denmark - - - ~ 1521 cer, r3IE‘agz'us, (Sc ) - ~ ~1547
111 F1ance (Calvin)- - - - - 1529 In Scotland (Knox) - - - - -1560 ’
Protestants first so called - - - 1529 In the Netherlands - - - - 1562

The reformed religion was established by queen Elizabeth on her accession»
to the throne, 1558. George Browne, archbishop of Dublin, was the firs 23'
p1 clate who embraced the Protestant religion in Ireland, 1535. See but/ten]
Protestant, 4-6. '

RELIGION Properly, that awful reveience and pure worship that' 1s due tqi‘
God, the supreme Autho1 of all beings, though it is very often abused, anr:
gods among the heathens —-Pardon. Religion had its origin in most ttibesi;
and nations in their ignorance of the causes of natural phenomena benefits;
ceremonies in the worship of the Supieme Being are said to have been 111
troduced by Enos, 283 2 13. c. .—Lenglet. See the t3dit1'e1ent sects as descxibe ‘
with the Reformation (uhic/L see),1534. The Six A1ticles of Religion fo
the non— obse1 vance of which many Protestants as well as Catholics23 suffer-
they were reduced 11 0111 forty- two to thi1ty—nine 1n Januai y 1563, and recei .5.
ed the sanction of parliament 1n 1571. 1
tion was fo1med with this object under the auspices of Mr. O’fConnell
1829. A new and more resolved association afterwards sprung up and "i"
berations. Assemblies of the people Were held in the last-named year
various parts of Ireland. some of them amounting to 150 000 persons an _
was suppressed by gover;nment O’Connell and his chief associates we , ‘
b1 ought to trial Jan. 15 1844.
joined the almy 0f the younger Cyrus 1n his 1evolt against his brother A ’
xerxes. Xenophon was selected by his brother officers to supe1 inten '

applied to superstitious adorations among Chiistians, and to idols and fals
being asc11bed to a good spirit, and evils tea bad one ——P}Lillips. Religious?
thioughout the volume. The Established 1eligion of England commences?“
death, passed 1539 The Tlii1ty—ninc Articles were established fist in 1552 3
REPEAL or THE UNION 01‘ GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND An Irish associaai
1841. 1842, and 1843 became more violent, each successive year, in its de";
called “monster meetings.” A meeting to be held at Clontarf. on Oct.
RETREAT or THE GREEKS. Memorable retreat of 10000 Greeks who 11
ret1eat of his country men. He rose superior to danger, and though - .- 3"

 
    
 
   
 

DICTIONARY 0F DATES.

505

continual alarms from the sudden attacks of the Persians, he was enabled
to cross rapid rivers, penetrate through vast deserts, gain the tops Lf moun-
tains, till he could rest secure for awhile, and refresh his tired companions.
_ This celebrated retreat was at last happily effected; the Greeks returned
‘ home after a march of 1155 parasangs, or leagues. which was performed in
‘ 215 days, after an absence of fifteen months.

The whole perhaps might
now be forgotten, or at least but obscurely known, if the great philosopher

I - who plan'd it had not employed his pen in describing the dangers which

  
  
  
   
  
 
 
  
  
  
  
   
   
    
  
   
   
   
  
   
  
   
     
  
   
   
 
  
   
  
  
   
    
 
  

John

1790
1795
1800
1805
1810
1815
1820

de Sallo.

years.

Henry 111.
Edward I. -
Edward II. -
Edward 111. -
Richard II. -
Henry IV. -
Henry V. - -
Henry VI. -
Edward 1V.
Edward V. -
Richard III. -
Henry VII. -

VENUE or THE UNITED STATES, THE, is derived chiefly from customs and ‘5
The aggregate revenue was, in

94,399,473

5,926,216
10,624,997
13,520,312

9,299,737
15,411,634
16,779,331

AZINES. The first publication of the character of a re-
' view was the “Journal des Summits,” established at Paris, in 1665, by Denis
It was at first published weekly, and contained analyses and cri-
give much offence.

3 VIEWS in

William Rufus -
Henry 1.
Stephen
Henry 11. -
Richard I.

D MAG

sales of public lands.

1‘ ' Roque, and Cousin.

VENUE, PUBLIC, or ENGLAND.

- . £400,000
350,000

. 300,000
. 250,000
- 200,000
150,000

. 100,000
80,000

- 150,900
100,000

. 154,000
130,000

. 100,000
76,643

. 64,976
. 100,000
130,000

- 400,000

. .

1825 - -
1830 -
1835 - -
1836 -
1837 - .
1838 -
1839 - -

 

‘ tiques of new works, which were so severe as to
' Sallo died in 1669, and the journal was afterwards edited by Gallois, De la.
, , From 1715 to 1792, it was conducted by a society of
. learned men, and appeared in monthly numbers; and the collection from
’3 1665 to 1792 forms 111 volumes 4to.
i" 1816, it was revived, and has had a number of eminent men among its con-
,: tributors, as De Sacy, Langlés, Rémusat, Biot, Cuvier, &c.
literary and scientific journals have been established at Paris within a few

Henry VIII.
Edward VI.
Mary -
Elizabeth
James I. -
Charles I.
Commonweal
Charles 11.
James II. -
William 111.

th

Anne (at the Union) ~

George 1.
George 11.

George 111., 1788

Ditto, 1820, United Kingdom

George IV., 1825. ditto

William 1V., 1830, ditto

Ditto, 1835. (1i

tto

Victoria, 1815, ditto -

321,342,906
24,280,888
. 34,163,635
48,288,219
- 18,032,846
19,372,984
. 30,399,043

I 1840
1844
1845
1846
1847

‘ 1818

he escaped, and the difficulties which he surmounted. 401 13. c.-—— Vassius.

The revenue collected {Or the civil list
and for all the other charges of government, as well ordinary as extraordi-
nary, £1,200,000 per annum, in 1660, the first after the restoration of Charles
II. Raised to £6,000,000, and every branch of the revenue anticipated,
which was the origin of the funds and the national debt, William and Mary,
1690.—Salmon’s Citron. Hist.
GENERAL VIEW OF THE PUBLIC REVENUE SINCE THE CONQUEST, BY SIR JOHN SINCLAIR.
William the Conqueror

~ £800,000

400,000

- 450,000
. 500,000

. 600,000
895,819
1,517,247
1,800,000
2,001,855
3,892,205
5,691,803
6,762,643
8,522,540
15,572.971
65.599,570
62,871,300
55,431 ,317
50,494,732
51,067,856

316,993,858
28,504,519
29,769.134
29,499,247
20,346,791:
35,436,750

De

In 1792, it was discontinued; but in

Numerous other

" ie Gentleman’s Magazine, which first appeared in 1731, and the flIontkly
Review, in 1749, were the first works of the kind published in London, that
ubtained any great degree of permanency or celebrity.
which preceded the Gentleman’s Magazine, the following are enumerated
- f - Nichols; viz. ,“.Week1y Memorials, oran Account ofBooks lately setfotfli,”

Of the journals

 

506 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [_ w; ,.

fi

 
  
   
    
 
   
   
   
   
  
   
    
  
  
  
 
   
  
  
  
   
   
  
 
  
   
   
 
 
   
   

1688—9; “ Memoi1s of Liter,ature ” 8 vols, 8vo., 1722; “ New Memoirs of 9'
Literature ” 6 vols. 17 20 to 1727; ,“ Present State of the Republic of Letters, " ;
18 vols. 1728 to 1736; “ Historia Litelaria, ” 4 vols, 1730 to 1732.

The Gentleman’ 3 Ma Ira/zine was established in 1731, by Edward Cave, the .
first edito1, who died in 1754.1eav mg the work in the hands of his associate, ,
David Hen1,) who 1ece11 ed as coadjutor John Nichols in 17 78 and died in "
1792, having been connected with the management of the magazine more 2;
than fifty y.ears M1. Nichols, who was an eminent antiquary’, and author
of “ T Litera1y Anecdotes,” 9 vols, died in 1827, having been joint or sole [
editor nearly half a century. These edit01s were all p11nte1s by profession; a
and the appellation assumed and retained by the conductor of the work "
from its commencement to the present time, is Sylv anus Urban. This Mag-
azine is celeb1ated for the ea1ly connection of D1. Johnson with the first edi- 1.
tor, and 111 a notice of the life of Cave, revised in 1781, Dr. Johnson says of »
this magazine, that its “ schcme' 1s known whereve1 the English langua'ge ls
spoken, —that it is one of the most successful and lucrative pamphlets which
litera1y h1sto1 y has upon 1eco1d ” A new se1ies of this work was begun
Januai y 1834, the filst series having been completed 1n 103 volumes

The Alum/11y Review, the ea1liest regular work of the kind in En g,land was ‘.
established in 1749, by Ralph Giifliths, LL D, who continued to onduct it
54 years, assisted by his son in the kitten yeals of his life. This work was
continued until 1844, and had many able contributors. The first series,
from 1749 to 1789 inclusive, comprises 81 volumes; Second Series, ending in .
1825, 108 volumes. ‘

The Critieat Review [London] was established in 1756, by Archibald Hamil-
ton, with the assistance of Dr. Smollett and other friends. From 1764 to ,
1785, the Rev. Joseph Robertson was a liberal contributor, having furnished
upwards of 2620 articles. This work was discontinued several years since.
First Series. from 1756 to 1790, inclusive, 70 volumes; 2d Series, from 1791 ~
to 1803, inclusive, 39 volumes; 3d Series, from 1804 to 1811, inclusive, 24 .
volumes; 4th Series, from 1812 to 1814, inclusive, 6 volumes. A 5th Series .
was begun in 1815. 3

The British Critic % ondon] was established 1n 1793; and its first editors wete
the Rev. Messrs obert Na1es and William Beloe: the lattei of whom died
in 1817; and the fo1n1er in 1829, having retained his connection with the f
work till the completion of the 42d volume. It was at first published in ‘
monthly numbels; but Irom 1827 it appeared quarterly, under the title of '
“The British Critic and Theological Review, ” until 1843, when a new work
called the Ennltsit Review, took its place. It was conducted by the mem-
be1s of the ecclesiastical establishment, and maintained Tory and High
Chuich p11nc1ples

The establishment of the Edinbw git Review, in 1802, formed an era in peri- . '
odical criticism, as this work f1 om its commencement took a wider range
and assumed a higher tone, both in literature and politics, than any preced-
ing publication of the kind. It has uniformly been a strenuous asserter o
Whig or reforming principles. Its editors have been the Rev. Sidney Smit ,
(then 111 st ye a1), F1ancis J efhey, and (now) Macvey Napier. Among its,
1)] incipal writels, besides Sidney Smith and Jeffrey, are the distinguished“
names of Playfair, Dugald Stewart, Mackintosh, B1 own Leslie, Broughamf
and Macaulay. This work soon gained a wide c11culat1on and at one time,,
upwa1 ds of 20, 000 copies w ere published, but 1n 1832, the number was somo~'~

what less than 9000. ~

The Qua7te7ly Review [London] was established in 1809, and, as early as,
1812, it is said to have obtained a circulation little sho1t of 6000 copies. '{Ii
may be 1ega1 d1. cl as a rival publication to the Edinburgh Review, mint 1 ”

 

DICTIONARY or DATES. 507

   
  
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
  
   
 
 
 
 
   
 
   
 
  
  
 
  
  
  
 
 
  
  
 
  
 
 
  
  
  
  
  
 
  
 
   
 
  
 
 
  

7a ing, in a manner equally uncompromising, opposite or High Tory principles.
' It was edited from its commencement till 1825 by William Gifford; then by
H. N. Coleridge; and now by J. G. Lockhart. Among its writers are num-
bered sir Walter Scott, Southey, and Croker. It has had many able and
learned contributors, some of whom are understood to have been connected
with the government.

I‘he Eclectic Review [London], a monthly Journal, was commenced in 1805.
It is conducted by Protestant Dissenters, and maintains evangelical princiu
ples in religion, and liberal or reforming principles in politics. It has had
many able contributors, among whom are numbered Adam Clarke, Robert
Hall, and John Foster.———Present editor, Josiah Conder.-First Series, from
1805 to 1813, inclusive, 10 volumes; 2d Series, from 1814 to 1828, inclusive,
30 volumes. The 3d Series was begun in 1829.

The C/w'islz'an Observer [London], a monthly journal, conducted by members
of the established church, was commenced. in 1802, and maintains what are
commonly styled evangelical principles. It has had a number of able contri-
butors. The first editor, Zachary Macaulay; the present, the Rev. Samuel
Charles Wilks.——Most of the volumes of this work have been republished
in this country.

Blac/cwnorl’s Edinburgh Magazine. a monthly journal, was commenced in 1817.
It is edited by Professor John Wilson, and maintains High Tory politics.
The number of copies published, in 1832, was stated at upwards of 9000.

The IVcshnirnsler Reciew, established, in 1824. by the disciples of Jeremy Ben-
tham, is a strenuous advocate for radical reform in church, state, and legis—
lation. First editor, John Bowring, LL.D; then succeeded by Mr. Mill,
and by W. E Hickson. The Foreign Quarterly was united with it in 1845.
The Foreign Quarterly Review [London]. established in 1827, devoted to
foreign literature, and conducted with ability, until 1845, when it was united
to the [Veslmiaster Review—Amer. Almanac, &c.

; _RE
land in 1688, and is styled by Voltaire as the era of English liberty. James
I I. had rendered himself hateful to his subjects by his tyranny and oppres-
sion; and soon after the landing of the prince of Orange at Torbay, Nov. 5,
1688, the throne was abdicated by James, who fled. The revolution was
consummated by William III. and his queen (Mary, daughter of James)
being proclaimed, Feb. 13, and crowned April 11, 1689.

VOLUTION S, REMARKABLE IN ANCIENT HISTORY. The Assyrian empire de~
stroyed, and that of the Medes and Persians founded by Cyrus the Great,

sian, on the defeat of Darius Codomanus, by Alexander the Great, 331
, B. c. The Roman empire established on the ruins of the Macedonian, or
T . Greek monarchy, by Julius Caesar, 47 B. c. The Eastern empire, founded
by Constantine the Great, on the final overthrow of the Roman. A. D. 306.
The empire of the Western Franks began under Charlemagne, A.D. 802.
This empire underwent a new revolution, and became the German empire
, under Rodolph of Hapsburgh. the head of the house of Austria. A. D. 1273,
from whom it is also called the Monarchy of the Austrians. The Eastern
k empire passed into the hands of the Turks, about A. D. 1293. See also the
., Revolutions of particular countries under their proper heads, as Rome,
~,,* g France. Portugal, 850.
, OLUTIONS THE MOST CELEBRATED m MODERN HISTORY. In Portugal, A. D.
1640. In England, 1688. In Poland, 1704, 1795, and 1830. In Russia, 1730
‘ .md 1762. In Sweden, 1772 and 1809. in America, 1775. In France, 1789,
v 3.x“ and 1848. In Holland, 1795. In Venice, 1797. In Rome, 17981.51!

VOLUTION, ERA or THE. This memorable revolution took place in Eng‘

536 B. c. The Macedonian empire founded on the destruction of the Per— -

‘5'“"etherlands. 1830. In Brunswick, 1830. In Brazil, 1831. In Rome

 

 

 

   
 
   
  
   
 
 
  
   
  
  
  
    
   
   
    
  
 
   
 
 
   
     
   
  
   
   
  
 
   
  
  
  

508 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. 1m»

Tuscany, Lombardy, Hungary, &c., 1848-9. These last were temporary only
-—the former governments were restored, 1849. See these countries respee- ,2
tively.

REVIEWS AND MAGAZINES IN THE UNITED STATES. Before the Ame-
rican Revolution various attempts were made to establish religious and lite-
rary journals in several places in this country, particularly Boston, New
York, and Philadelphia; but no one of them obtained a liberal support or
had a long duration. The following are some of the leading literary and
religious reviews and magazines:

BOSTON. Founded. l NEW YORK. PHILADELPHIA.

American JlIonthly [1111- N. Y. Magazine and Aitkin’s Pennsylvania
gazine, (the first) es- Literary Repository, Magazine was the
tablislied by Jeremy (to 179:2) - ~17S71 most popular before
Gridley, continued 3 Literary Review, R. C. the Revolution; Thos.

ears. about - - 1745 Sands, &c. (to 1823) - 1822' Paine and Francis
assachusetts Maga- Atlantic 111ag., Sands, Hopkinson, editors
zine, (lasted to 1795) 1784 afterwards New York Amer. Illuseum,pub. by

Monthly Anthology, Prt'. Alonthly Review, ~18‘24 Matthew Carey, (to
Ticknnr, A. 11. Eve- Knickerbocker Mag.,C. 1792) - - - 1787
rett, Buckminster, &c. F. Hoffman, succeeded Literary Mavazine and
(to 1:111) - - - 1803 by Flint, and now L. American fl€eg1’ster,0.

General Repertory and G. Clark - -1832 Brockden Brown, (to
Review, (1st .Amer. DemocraticRe’viewmn- 1810) ~ -' -18\3
iuarterlz ,) edited at ti1184l atVVashington) 1837' Porgfolio, pub. monthly
‘ambri ge byAndrews American Alonthly ZIIa- from 1809 by J 0s. Den-
Norton - - 1812—13 gazine, N. Y..(to 1&8) nie; edited by Nicho-

North American Re- Herbert,Hot1“man,Ben- las Biddle,1812.16, and
view, commenced by 'amin - - - 1835 1816—21 by J. 15.111111 - 1801
W. Tudor“ - - 1815 J. . Y. Review, (quar— Analectic 111a ., Moses

Christian Examiner, terly) J. G. Cogswell, Thomas, (to 820) - 1813
(quarterly) Charming, (to 1842) ~ - 1837 Amer. Quar. Review,
Dewey, Ware, &c. - 1818 American Review, G. Robt. Walsh, (to 1837) 1827

American Biblic. Repo- H. Colton - - 1814 Graham’s .Magazine -
sitory, founded by E. Hunt’s Merchant’s JlIa- Lady’s Boole, Mrs. Hale
Robinson, D.D.,at An- gazine . - -1839 Stry/rer’sAmericanRe-
dover - - - 1831 gister, (quarterly) ~ 1847

Christian Revz’ew,(Bap- NEW HAVEN. ——
tist) quarterly - - 1835 Christian Observer _ 18"- Southern Quarterly Re-

Boston Quarterly Rev American Jaurnal 0 ~ view, at Charleston,
view (Brownson) ~ 1837 Science ‘3. Arts (Silli- (to 1833,1‘ecommenced

New ‘ngland DIaga- man’s) quarterly - 1818 1842) ‘ . ' ' 1828
mm, Buckingham - 1833 New Englander Tlieol Southern th. Alessan-

AmericanQnartcrlyRe- (quarterly) ’ _ :1843 ger, at Richmond, by

ister. Edwards - 18— Church Review (quar- 'I‘. W. White - - 1834

T18 Dial, (quarterly) terly) _ _ -1848 Biblical Repertory and
Emerson, to 1843 - 1841 Theological Review,

Massachusetts Quarter: Princeton, N. J. - 18--

ly, Theo. Parker, &c. 1846

RHEIMS. The principal church here was built before A. D. 406; it was rebuilt
in the twelfth century, and is now very beautiful. The corpse of St. Remy,
the archbishop, is preserved behind the high altar, in a magnificent shrine.
The kings of France have been successively crowned at Rheims ; probably,
becouse Clovis, the founder of the French monarchy, when converted from
paganism, was baptized in the cathedral here, in the year 496. This city
was taken and retaken several times in the last months of the war of 1814.

RHETORIC. Rhetorical points and accents were invented by Aristophanes of
Byzantium. 200 B. e.—Abbé Le'nglet. Rhetoric was first taught in Latin at
Rome by Pliotius Gallus, 87 B. c.—Idem. “ We are firstto consider what is
to be said; secondly. how: thirdly, in what words; and lastly. how it is to
be ornamented.”— Cicero. A regius professor of rhetoric was appointed in
Edinburgh, April 20, 1762, when Dr. Blair became first professor.

 

 

' Subsequent editor: :---W. Phillips, 1817; E. T. Charming, Dana, and Sparks, 1817'; Edi/fl f-{if ‘
Everett, 1819; Jared Sparks. 1823; A. H. Everett, 1830; J. G. Palfrey, 1835; F. Bowen, 1842.

' , ] ~ DICTIONARY or DATES. 509

   
 

~‘RHINE, CONFEDERATION or THE. See article Cmifedemtion of the Rhine.

RHODE ISLAND, one of the United States; first settled by Roger Williams
and his associates, who left Massachusetts to escape religious persecution,
and founded the town of Providence, in 1636. Williams obtained a patent
from Plymouth Co. in 1644, including Providence Plantations and Rhode
Island, which had been settled 1638. New charter by Charles 11., in 1.663,
which has continued in fb1ce till tecently, unchanged by the Rex olution.
Do1"’1sattempt to change or overturn this constitution by armed t'o1ce, in
June, 1842. defeated by the military f01 ee 01 the govemment. New consti-
tution adopted in convention September 1842 Constitution of the United
States adopted May 29, 1790; this State being the last to accede to it. Pop-
ulation in 1790, 58,825; in 1810, 76,931; in 1830, 97,212; in 1840, 108,130.

RHODES. This city was peopled from Crete, as early as 916 13. c. The Rho-
dians were famous navigators, masters of the sea, and institutors of a mar-
itime code, which was afterwards adopted by the Romans. The republic not
completed till 480 B. c. The city built 432 13. 0. Its famous Colossus
(which see) thrown down by an earthquake, 224 B. C., and finally destroyed
by the Saracen admiral Moavia, A. D. 672—1’1‘icstlcy.

RIALTO, AT VENICE. This renowned bridge is mentioned by Shakspeare in
his “Merchant of Venice.” It was built in 1570, and consists of a single
arch, but a very noble one, of marble, built across the Grand Canal, near
the middle, where it is the narrowest: this celebrated arch is ninety feet
wide on the level of the canal, and twenty—four feet high. 1

RIGHTS BILL OF
‘ land to the prince and princess of Otange,Feb.13, 1689.

Rights.
R-IOTS. Some of the most noted in the United States:

The declaration made by the 101 ds and commons of Eng-
See Bill of

   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
 
 
   

At Baltimore, office of a Newspaper oppos-
ed to the war, demolished, July. 1812.

At Providence, 4 persons killed by the mili-
ta1y, Sept. 24,1831.

At Ba1t1m01e, about the bank of Md, several
killed and wounded Aug.8, 1835.

At New York,‘ aboliLion Driots,” caused by
discussions on slavery, and supposed in-
tentions of abolitionists to p1omote “ amal-

gamation” between whites and blacks,
July 10—12, 1834.

At Charlestown, Mass, a Catholic seminary
o1nunne1y bu1nt Aug. 11,1834.

At Philadelphia, further “abolition” riots,
40 houses destroyed, Aug. 12, 1834.

At Utica, Boston, &c., same cause. 1835-6.

At Cincinnati, printing- press of Mr. Bur.
ney’s “abolition” paper dest10yed, July
30.1836.

At New York, caused by the high price 01
flour; several hundred barrels of flour des-
tro ed, Feb. 13, 1837.

At A ten, Ill. Rev. E. P. Lovejoy’ s anti- sla-
very newspaper destroyed, and he was
killed Nov.7. 1837

At Philadelphia, mob opposed to the anti-
slavery discussions, destro ed Pennsylva-
nia Hall, &c., May 17, 1833'

In the Pennsylvama 1eg1slature two difi‘erent
legislatmes organized, the Senate expelled
{10m their Chamber by a mob. Militia
called out and the contest settled aflel 4
days, Dec.8, 1838.

 

At Cincinnati, chiefly of Irishmen against
abolitionists and neuroes, Sept. 4,1841.

Disgracel'ul afl‘ray in Pennsylvania legisl
ture; a member stabbed by anothe1,Ap
8,1843

Anothei in House of Representatives of U.
S. rencontre between Weller and Shtiver,
Jan.25, 1844.

Riot at Philadelphia, between “ native Ame-
ricans” and the Irish, 30 houses and 3
ehulches bumed, fourteen persons killed,
forty woundedz finally put down by the
militaty, May 6—8,1844.

The same renewed, and 40 to 50 killed and
wounded by the mlhtat y 5000 troops cali-
ed out, July 7,1844.

Outrages of “Anti- Renters, ” in Rensselaer
County N Y. Commenced August ‘21,
1844: renewed 1n December.

Delaware 00., N. Y., declared by governor
Wright to be in a state of insurrection.
Collection 01 rents being resisted by rioters
disguised as Indians, and an under sherifl
murdered, Aug.27, 1845.

Anti R§4n7t 1101 in DColumbia Co. N. Y. March
25,1

Riots at the Astor Place Opera House. N. Y
against Mr Macready, the English actor
21 killed ,May 10,1849.

Disg1aceful renconue between Foote of Mia
siss1ppi and Benton of Missouri. in the
Senate of [he U. S. the first gross insultto
that assembly, May, 1850.

‘IVER AND HARBOR CONVENTION, for promoting improvements, dye,; as-

.3

 

 

”"r‘TQZT‘Wp-‘t‘fikr

    
  
   

510 THE WORLD’S Paoeanss. p [ afi-

sembled at Chicago, 11]., July 5, 1847. House of Representatives votes i
(112 to 53) that it is expedient and constitutional for the general govern-
ment to promote such improvements, July 1848. ’

ROB ESPIERRE’S REIGN or TERROR. Maximilian Robespierre headed the 7.
populace in the Champ de Mars, in Paris, demanding the dethronement of -'
the king. July 17, 1791. He was triumphant in 1793, and great numbers of ..
eminent men and citizens were sacrificed during his sanguinary administra- 1
tion. Biliaud Varennes denounced the tyranny of Robespierre in the tri- ’
bune, July '28, 1794. Cries of “Down with the tyrant!” resounded through
the hall; and so great was the abhorrence of the Convention of this wicked
minister, that he was immediately ordered to the place of execution and
suii‘ered death, no man deeming himself safe while Robespicrre lived.

ROBIN HOOD. The celebrated captain of a notorious band of robbers, who
infested the forest of Sherwood in N ottinghamshire, and from thence made
excursions to many parts of England, in search of booty. Some historians
assert trat this was only a name assumed by the then earl of Huntingdon,
who was disgraced and banished the court by Richard I. at his accession.
Robin Hood, Little John his friend and second in command, with their nu-
merous followers, continued their depredations from about 1189 to 1247,
when he died—Stowc’s Citron.

ROCKETS, CONGREVE’S. War implements of very destructive power, were
invented by sir William Congreve, about 1803. The carcase rockets were
first used at Boulogne, their powers having been previously demonstrated
in the presence of Mr. Pitt and several of the cabinet ministers, 1806. See
article Boulagae Flotilla.

ROMAN CATHOLICS. The progress of Christianity during the life-time of ‘
its divine founder was confined within narrow bounds: the Holy Land was
alone the scene of his labors, and of his life and death. The period of the .
rise of the Roman Catholic religion may be dated from the establishment of .. .
Christianity by Constantine, A. D. 323. See Home. The foundation of the '
papal power dates from A. D. 606, when Boniface III. assumed the title of
Universal Bishop. See Papa. Pepin, king of France, invested pope Ste-
phen II. with the temporal dominions of Rome and its territories, A. D. 756.
The tremendous power of the Roman pontiffs was weakened by the Reform-
ation. and has since been gradually yielding to the influence of the reformed
doctrines. and the general diffusion of knowledge among the nations of the
earth. Of 225 millions of Christians, about 160 millions are, or pass under ‘

' the denomination of, Roman Catholics.-.M. Balbi.

ROMAN CATHOLICS IN ENGLAND. Laws were enacted against them in
1539. They were forbidden the British court in 1673; but restored to favor
there in 1685. Disabled from holding offices of trust 1689; and excluded .. ,
from the British throne same year. Obliged to register their names and '
estates 1717. Indulgences were granted to Roman Catholics by parliament
in 1778. They were permitted to purchase land, and take it by descent, 1,
1780. The “no-popery” riots (Gordon’s) 1780. Catholic Emancipation ,
Bill passed April 13, 1829, D. O’Connell being the first M. P. who took his ‘
seat under the act. -

ROMANCES. “ Stories of love and arms, wherein abundance of enthusiastic
flights of the imagination are introduced, giving false images of life.”—
Pardon. As Heliodorus, a bishop of Tricea. in Thessaly. was the author
of Ethiopics, in Greek. the first work in this species of writing. he is hence
styled the “Father of Romances.” His work has a moral tendency, and .,
particularly inculcates the virtue of chastity. He flourished A. D. 398.-- ‘
Ifwet dc Or igine Fabul. Roman. "' ‘

 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
  
 
  
  
 
 
   
    
  
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
  
   
 

mommy or ones. ”I

' OME. Once the mistress of the world, and subsequently the seat of the
‘ most extensive ecclesiastical jurisdiction ever acknowledged by mankind.
Romulus is universally supposed to have laid the foundations of this cele-
brated city. on the 20th of April. according to Varro, in the year 3961 of
the Julian period, 8251 years after the creation of the world, 753 before the
birth of Christ, 431 years after the Trojan war, and in the fourth year of
the sixth Olympiad. In its original state, Rome was but a small castle on
the summit of Mount Palatine ; and the founder, to give his followers the
appearance of a nation or a barbarian horde. was obliged to erect a standard
a a common asylum for every criminal, debtor, or murderer, who fled from
their native country to avoid the punishment which attended them. From
such an assemblage a numerous body was soon collected. and before the
death of the founder, the Romans had covered with their habitations, the
Palatine. Capitoline, Aventine, Esquiline hills, with Mount Coelius, and
Quirinalis. Their numerous and successful wars led, in the course of ages,
to their mastery over all mankind, and to their conquest of nearly the
whole of the then known world. The Romans and the Albans, contesting
for superiority, agreed to choose three champions on each part to decide it.
The three Hamlin, Roman knights, and the three Curiatii, Albans, having
been elected by their respective countries, engaged in the celebrated com-
bat, which by the victory of‘ the Horatii, united Alba to Rome, 667 n. c.—
Liv-y. See Tabular Views, p. 15 to p. 63.

 

Foundation of the city commenced by &c. The pope refuses; the people
Romulus - ~ - 3.0. 753 attack the palace, and at7 P. M. the
Odoacer, chief of the Heruli, enters pope yields, and grants a liberal mi-
Italy, takes Rome, and assumes the nisiry - - - Nov. 16, 1848
title of king of Italy, which ends the The pope, after beinrr a prisoner in his
\Vestern empire - - A. n. 476 , palace for seven ays, escapes from
Rome is recovered for Justinian, by Rome to Mela di Gaeta, in the dis-
Belisarius - - - - 537 guise of a servant - Nov. 24, 1848
Retaken by the Goths - - - 5417 Roman chambers dissolved. and a con-
Narses, Justinian’s general, again re- stiruent assembly convened - Dec. 29, 1848'
conquers Rome - - ~~ 553 l The Roman republic proclaimed; Maz-
Papal power established ~ - - 606 ' zini and two others triumvirs Feb. 9, 1849
Rome revolts from the Greek emperors, g French armament against the republic
and becomes tree - - - 726 ‘ reaches Civita Vecchia - April 25, 1819
Pope Stephen 11. invested with the tem- French repulsed under the walls of
poral dominion of Rome - - “56 Rome, With the loss of 600 - April 29. 1849
Charlemagne acknowledged as emperor 1 Rome surrenders after an attack of ‘29
of the West - - - - 800 days, and false promises on the part
* * * * * * of the French - - July 2, 1849
Rienzi, the last of the tribunes, rules at Rome entered by the French under Ou-
Rome - - - - - 1347 dinot, and evacuated by Garibaldi
[The popes continued in possession of and his force of3.000 men - July 3, 1849
the city and territories. See article Garibaldi escapes to the Adriatic, Aug.‘2, 1849
Popes and Italy] Oudinot surrenders the government
The recent struggles of Rome for free. into the hands of three commissioners
dom commenced in - - - 1848 of the pope, who begin the work of
Mazzini’s first proclamation - Oct. 29, 1848 reaction - - - Aug. 3, 1849
Letter of the French president, dictat-
Count Rossi, the pope’s prime minis- ing the basis of the restoration of the .,
ter, assassinated at the senate-house. pope’stemporal power, viz.: general ..
The populace march to the Quirinal, amnesty, secularization of the admi-
and present their demands to the nistration, code Napoleon, and a libe-
pope, viz.: Italian nationality. con~ ral government - Aug. 18, 184;!)
stituent assembly, a new ministry, Pope Pius IX. returned to Rome - Apr. 1830

, -.ROSARY. “ We owe to Dominic de Guzman, a canon of the order of St. A];-
-' gust-in, two most important blessings.” says a Spanish writer, the Rosary
and the Holy Office,” A. D. 1202. Other authors mention the Rosary as.

.3- being said in 1093. , ,
‘L_ 0 ES, THE WHITE AND RED. The intestine wars which so long devastated

E land, were tarried on under the symbols 0f the White and the Red 3’5“
, “133.1 were called the wars of the Roses. The partisans 0f the h01159~°’?M‘

    

 

   
   

‘512 THE WORLD s PROGRESS. [mm

caster chose the wed roses as their mark Of distinction, and those of York ‘ <
were denominated from the white. These wars originated with the descend-
ants of Edward III. -That monarch was succeeded by his grandson, Ri- _
chard 11., who being deposed, the duke of Lancaster was proclaimed king,
by the title of Henry IV. in prejudice to the duke of York, the right heir
to the crown; he being descended from Lionel, the second son of Edward
111., whereas the duke of Lancaster was the son of John of Gaunt, the Lima
son Of king Edward. The accession Of Henry occasioned several conspira‘
cies during his reign; and the animosities which subsisted between his dc-
scendants and those of the duke of York afterwards filled the kingdom
with civil commotions. and deluged its plains with blood, parf‘cularly in
the reigns of Henry VI. and Edward IV. First battle fought, May 22, '
1455. See Albans, St. Union of the Roses in the marriage of Henry VII. 1
with the princess Elizabeth, daughter of Edward IV., 1486 .-

ROSlCRUSIANS. A sect Of hermetical philosophers, first appeared in Ger-
many in 1302, and again early in the 17th century. They swore fidelity
promised secrecy, and wrote hieroglyphically; and affirmed that the an:
eient philosophers of Egypt, the Chaldeans, Magi of Persia. and Gymno-
sophists Of the Indies, taught the same doctrine with themselves.

ROUND—HEADS. During the unhappy war which brought Charles I. of Eng

land to the scaffold, the adherents of that monarch were first called Cava-

‘ lit rs, and the friends of the parliament were called Round-heads- Thi:

E latter term arose from those persons who thus distinguished themselve:

l putting a round bowl or wooden dish upon their heads, and cutting theii
hair by the edges or brims 0f the bowl. See Cavaliers.

ROYAL ACADEMY or ARTS IN ENGLAND. Instituted 1768, under the patron-
age of George III.; and sir Joshua Reynolds, knighted on the occasion, was
appointed its first president—Leigh.

ROYAL HUMANE SOCIETY, LONDON. This institution, for the recovery of
persons apparently drowned, was founded in 1774, by Drs. Goldsmith, He-
berden, Towers, Lettsom, Hawes and Cogan, but principally by the exertion:
of the last three gentlemen. The society has eighteen receiving-houses in the
metropolis, all of which are supplied with perfect and excellent apparatus,
and designated by conspicuous boards, announcing their object.

ROYAL INSTITUI‘ION, LONDON. This institution was formed in 1800, un-
der the patronage of George III.. and incorporated by royal charter as
“- The Royal Institution of Great Britain,” for diffusing the knowledge, and
facilitating the general introduction, of useful mechanical inventions and
improvements. and for teaching, by courses of philosophical lectures and
experiments, the application of science to the common purposes of life.
The investigations and the important discoveries of sir H. Davy, who lec‘
tured on chemistry here, conferred no small degree of celebrity on this
establishment. A new professorship was created in 1833.

ROYAL SOCIETY. The origin Of this learned body is ascribed to the hon.
Robert Boyle and sir Wm. Petty, who, together with the several doctors of
divinity and physio, Mat-thew Wren and Mr. Rook, frequently met in the
apartments of Dr. Wilkins, in Wadham College. Oxford; where the society
continued till 1658. Charles IL, April 22, 1663, constituted them a body
politic and corporate, by the appellation of the “President, Council and
Fellows of the Royal Society of London, for improving Natural Knowledge."

lUMP PARLIAMENT. The parliament so designatedat the period of the
civil war in England. Colonel Pride at the head of two regiments block-- ,
aded the house of commons, and seized in the passage 41 members of the 1
Presbyterian party, whom he confined; above 160 more Were excluded; g1

a‘

   
 

12:471.: .mlg..._l_..w.._a

and none but the most determined of the Independents, about 60, were

 

, ] - may or mm - 513

  
   
   
   
  
   
   
  
   
 
   
   
  
  
    
   
 
 
   
  
   
  
   
   
  
 
 
    
  
   
  
  
   
 
  
  
   
  
  
   
  

permitted to enter the house. This invasion of parliamentary rights was
called Pride’s Purge, and the admitted members were called the Rump,
1649—— Goldsmith. '

: RUSSIA. Anciently Sarmatia. It is conjectured that the aborigines of this
‘ ‘ vast tract of country were the immediate progeny of Magog, second son
of Japhet; and that they settled here very shortly after the dispersion
from Babel, where they were gradually divided into tribes, each distin~
guished by a particular name, but still retaining their ancient general apv
pellation, until it was changed by the Romans into that of Scythians.
Rurick was grand-duke of N ovogorod, A. n. 882, which is the earliest au-
thentic account of this country. In 981, Woladimer was the first Ci-ristian
king. Audrey I. began his reign in 1156, and laid the foundation of MOS-
cow. About 1200, the Mongol Tartars conquered Russia, and held it in
subjection till 1540, when John Basilowitz restored it to independence. In
the middle of the sixteenth century the Russians discovered and conquered
Siberia.

The foundation of the present monarchy The young prince, the rivhtf’ul heir, till

laid - - - - - - A. n. 1474 now immured, put to death A. n. 1763
Basil IV. carries his victorious arms in- The dismemberinent of Poland com-
to the East, 1509 to - - - - 1534 menced by Catherine. (See Poland) 177‘;
Ivan Basilowitz takes the title of czar, This perfidious robbery completed - 1795
signifying great king, and drives the Catherine gives hersubjectsanew code
Tartars clear out of his dominions, ot‘laWS; abolishes torture in punish-
1534 to . - - - ~ - 1550 ing criminals; and dies - - 1796
The navigation from England first dis< Murder of the emperor Paul, who is

covered by Robert Chancellor - - 1554 found dead in his chamber, March 23, 1801
The Tartars surprise Moscow, and slay Great defeat of Alexander, at Austerlitz,

30,000 of the people - - - - 1571 by Napoleon - - Dec. 2, 1805
The Novogorodians having intrigued Alexander visits England - June 6, 1814

with the Poles, Ivan orders the chief The grand-duke Constantine renounces '

inhabitants to be hewn into small pie- the right of succession - Jan. 26, 1822

ces before his eyes - - - < 1581 The emperor Nicholas is crowned at
The race of Ruriek, who had governed Moscow - - - Sept. 3, 1826

Russia for 700 years, becomes extinct 1598 Russian war against Persia - Sept. 28, 1826
The imposition practised by Demetrius Nicholas invested with the order of the

See Impostors. - ~ - - - 1606 Garter - - - July 9. 1827
The Poles place Ladislaus, son of their Peace concluded between Russia and

own kinv, Sigismund 11., upon the the Persians - - ' Feb'22,18‘28

throne o Russra - - - - 1610 War between Russia and the Ottoman
Michael Fedorowitz, of the house of Porte declared - - April 26, 1828
Romanzov, ascends the throne . - 1613 [For the disastrous consequences to
Revolt from Polish tyranny - - . 1613 Turkey of this war, see Turkey and
Finland ceded to Sweden. ~ - - 1617 Battles]

Reign of Peter 1. or the Great - - 1682 The war for the independence of Poland,

He visited England, and worked in the against Russia - - Nov. 29, 1830

dock-yard at Deptford - - - 1697 This war closed with the capture of
Orders of St. Andrew, and of St. Alex- Warsaw, and the total overthrow of
ander Nevskoi, instituted about - 1698 the Poles. See Warsaw - Sept. 8, 1831

The Russians begin their new year [For the events of this last war, see ar-

from January 1 - - - 1700 ticle Poland]
Peter builds St. Petersburg . ~ 1703 Cracow, which had been erected into a.
Peter 11. deposed, aad the crown given republic, and its independence gua-

to Anne of Courland - ’ - - 1730 ranteed by the Congress of Vienna, in ,
Elizabeth, daughter of Peter I. reigns, 1815, is occupied by a Russian and

in prejudice of Ivan VL, an infant, Austrian army - Feb. 13, 1836

who 131m risoned for life - - 1741 Failure of the Russian expedition a-

Peter 111. det roned and murdered ; suc- gainst Khiva - _- Jan. 3, 1840
ceeded by Catherine his wife, - 1762 Treaty of London. See Syna - July 15, 1840

THE czaas, on EMPERORS or RUSSIA.
1461 John III. 1606 Chousky. .
1504 Demetrius; murdered. 1616 Michael l'edorownz.
1504 Basil V. 1645 Alexis.
1534 John IV. 1676 Theodore III.
1584 Theodore I. 1682 Peter 1., the Great. J,
1598 Bovise Godounove. 1725 Catherine I. "
1605 Theodore H. 1727 Peter 11.
1605 Demetrius“. , assassinated. 1730 Anne, a nun.

22*

 

mww‘iwww rv,,v_-_,..,. __...

 

2-544 me WORLD’S PEGGMSS.

RUSSIA, continued.

   
    
   
  
  
  
 
  
   
  
  
 
  
  
  
 
 
  
    
   
  
  

1740 John V.; murdered, July17, 1762. 1762 Catherine 11.
1741 Elizabeth. 1796 Paul 1.; murdered, Feb. 25, 1301.
1762 Peter 111.; deposed, and died soon af- 1801 Alexander.

terwards. , 1825 Nicholas, December 1. .

RYE—HOUSE PLOT. The real, or more probably pretended, conspiracy to
assassinate Charles II. and his brother the duke of York (afterwards James
II.) at a place called Rye-house, on the way to London from Newmarket. fl
This design was said to have been frustrated by the king’s house at New- ,:
market accidentally taking fire, which hastened the royal party away eight ’
days before the plot was to take place, March 22, 1683. The plot was discov—
ered J une 12, following. The patriot Algernon Sidney, suffered death on a. 'j‘
false charge of being concerned in this conspiracy, Dec. 7, 1683. "

RYSWICK, PEACE or, concluded between England, France, Spain, and Holland,
signed Sept. 20, and by the emperor of Germany, Oct. 30, 1697.

S.

SABBATH, THE. Ordained by the Almighty. The Jews observed the seventh V.
day in commemoration of the creation and their redemption from the bon— -.
dage of the Egyptians; the Christians observe the first day of the week in
commemoration of the resurrection of Christ from the dead, and the univer~
sal redemption of mankind. The sabbath-day, or Sunday, ordained to be
kept holy in England, from Saturday at three in the afternoon to Monday at
break-of—day, 4 Canon, Edgar, A. D. 960. Act of parliament levying one 1'
shilling on every person absent from church on Sundays, 3 James I. 1606. -.
Act restraining amusements, Charles I., 1626.. Act restraining the perform- ‘
ance of servile works, and the sale of goods, except milk at certain hours, ,
meat in public houses, and works of necessity and charity, on forfeiture of 2
five shillings, 29 Charles II. 1677. "

SABBATIANS. Christians, who, professing to follow the example and precepts ,
of Christ, keep the ancient divine Sabbath of Saturday, instead of the mo- ..
dern Romish festival of Sunday, for which this sect allege that there is not ‘
a tittlc of Scriptural authority. They maintain that the Jewish Sabbath
Was never abrogated, nor any other appointed or instituted, and consequently

that it ought to be as religiously observed by the Christians as by the “
Jews, 1549.

SABBATICAL YEAR. A Jewish institution, 1444 B. 0. Every seventh year,
during which time the very ground had rest, and was'not tilled, and every
forty—ninth year all debts were forgiven, slaves set at liberty, and estates,

&c., that were before sold or mortgaged, returned to their original families,
doe—Josephus.

SABIN ES. The people from Whom the Romans, under Romulus, took away J
their daughters by force for wives, having made and invited them to some

“ public sports or shows on purpose; when the Sabines were determined to
revenge this affront, the women became mediators to their fathers in behalf '-_

of their husbands the Romans, and settled a regular and lasting peace be« !
tween them, 750 B. c. '

SACRED WAR. The first, concerning the temple at Delphi, took place 448 B. c. I
The second Sacred War occurred on Delphi being attacked by the Phoceans, :
356 B. c. This latter war was terminated by Philip of Macedon taking all
the cities of the Phoceans, 348 B. c.—Plutarch.

SACRIFICE. The first religious sacrifice was offered to God by Abel; it 0011- _
sisted of milk and the firstlings of his flock, 3875 B. (is—Josephus,- Us/Lcr. -
Sacrifices to the gods were first introduced into Greece by Phoroneus, king of

 

finer] mama); or Darn. “,5

Argos, 1773 B. c. The ofi‘ering of human sacrifices seems to have originated
with the Chaldeans, from whom the custom passed into Greece, Persia, and
other eastern nations. All sacrifices to the true God ceased with the sacri-
fice of the Redeemer, A. D. 33.

SADDLES. In the earlier ages the Romans used neither saddles nor stirrups,
which led to several maladies of the hips and legs. Saddles were in use in
the third century, and are mentioned as made of leather in A. D. 304. They
were known in England about the year 600. Side-saddles for ladies were in
use in 1388. Anne, the queen of Richard 11., introduced them to the En—
glish ladies—Stowe.

SADDUCEES. A sect among the Jews, said to have been founded by one
Sadoc, a scholar of Antigonus, who, misinterpreting his master’s doctrine,
taught there was neither heaven nor hell, angel nor spirit; that the soul
was mortal, and that there was no resurrection of the "body from the dead.
As for their other opinions, the Sadducees agreed in general with the Sama-
ritans, excepting that they were par-takers of all the Jewish sacrifices. This
sect began about 200 B. c.—Pa7'd07t.

SAFETY—LAMP. That of the illustrious sir Humphrey Davy, to prevent ac-
cidents which happen in coal and other mines, introduced in 1815 ; and im-
proved in 1817. The safety-lamp is founded on the principle that flame, in
passing through iron—wire meshes, loses so much of its heat as not to be
capable of igniting inflammable substances around, while flame alone ig—
nites gas. It should be mentioned, that the father of' all safety-lamps is
Dr. Reid Clanny, of Sunderland, whose invention and improvements are
authenticated in the Transactions of the Society of Arts, for 1817, and in
T/Lomson’s Annals of P/Lilosophr , same year.

SAGUNTUM, SIEGE or. The famous and dreadful siege of Saguntum (now
Morviedro in Valencia) was sustained 219 B. c. The heroic citizens, after
exerting incredible acts of valor for eight months, chose to be buried in the
ruins of their city rather than surrender to Hannibal. They burnt them-
selves, with their houses and all their efiects, and the conqueror became
master of a pile of ashes and of dead.

ST. SALVADOR. The first point of land discovered in the West Indies or
America by the illustrious Christopher Columbus. It was previously called
Guanahami. or Cat’s Isle, and Columbus (in acknowledgment to God for
his d'elivera’nce from the dangers to which he was exposed in his voyage of
discovery) named it St. Salvador, October 11, 1492.

ST. SEBASTIAN ’S, SIEGE or, by the British and allied army under lord Wel—
lington. St. Sebastian, after a short siege, during which it sustained a most
heavy bombardment. and by which the whole town was laid nearly in ruins,
was stormed by general (afterwards lord) Graham, and taken, August 31,

1813. '

E, ST. SOPHIA, CHURCH or. In Constantinople, a short distance from the Sub-
Er lime Porte, stands the ancient Christian church of St. Sophia, built by
11 Justinian; and since the Mahometan conquest, in 1453, used as an impe-
’ rial mosque. It abounds in curiosities. Its length is 269 feet, and its
breadth 243 feet. Six of its pillars are of green jasper, from the Temple of
Diana, at Ephesus; and eight of porphyry, from the Temple of the Sun, ‘a‘i
Rome.

ST. VINCENT, BATTLE or, between the Spanish and British fleets off the

Cape. The latter was commanded by sir John Jervis (afterwards cad, St.
. Vincent), who took four line—of-batt-le ships, and considerably damagedtha
,1", . -- nest of the Spanish fleet, February 14, 1797. ,

v, z a:

  
   
 
   

 

516 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. ' [all

SALAMANCA, BATTLE or, between the British and allies commanded by lord
Wellington. and the French army under Marshal Marmont. fought July 22, -'
1812. In this great and memorable battle the illustrious Wellington was
victorious, though the loss of the allies was most severe, amounting in
killed, wounded, and missing, to nearly6000 men; but that of the enemy 0'
was In ueh greater. Marmont left in the Victor’s hands 7141 prisoners. 11
pieces of cannon. 6 stand of colors, and two eagles : 8000 men are believed
to have been killed and wounded. Marmont was the seventh French Mar-
shal whom lord Wellington had defeated in the course of four years. An
immediate consequence of this victory was the capture of Madrid with 2500
more prisoners, and an immense quantity of stores.

SALAMIS, BATTLE or. The Persians defeated by the Greeks in this great sea-
fight. October 20, 480 B. c. Themistocles, the Greek commander, with only
366 sail, defeated the fleet of Xerxes, of over 1000, at the least, After
this battle, Xerxes retired from Greece, leaving behind him Mardonius,
with 300 000 men, to carry on the war, and suffer more disasters. In his re-
treat, he found the bridge of boats he had crossed over at the Hellespont,

now the Dardanelles, destroyed by a tempest.

SALIQUE, on SALIC, LAW. By this law females are excluded from inherit
ing the crown of France. It was instituted by Pharamond, A. D. 424. Rati~
fied in a council of state by Clovis I., the real founder of the French
monarchy, in 511.———Henault’s France. In order to give more authority to
the maxim that “the crown should never descend to a female,” it was usual
to derive it from a clause of the Salian code of the ancient Franks; but
this clause. if strictly examined. carries only the appearance of favoring
the principle. and does not in reality bear the sense imposed upon it.

SALT AND SA LT—MIN ES. Salt is either procured from rocks in the earth, from
salt-springs, or from seawater. The famous salt-mines of Wielitska, near
Cracow, in Poland, have been worked 600 years, and yet present, it has been
lately said, no appearance of being exhausted. Rock-salt was discovered
about A. n. 950. Saltpetre was first made in England about 1625. The fine
salt—mines of Staffordshire were discovered about 1670.

SAMARITANS. The Samaritans are often mentioned in the Scriptures. They
were the inhabitants of a province of which Samaria was the capital, and
were composed of heathens and rebellious Jews; and on having a temple
built there after the form of that of Jerusalem, a lasting enmity arose be-
tween the people of Judea and Samaria, so that no intercourse took place
between the two countries, and the name of Samaritan became a word of re-
proach, and as if it were a curser—Lempriere.

SANCTUARIES. They had their origin in the early ages. Rome was one
entire sanctuary from 7 51 B. c. In England, privileged places for the safety
of offenders were granted by king Lucius to our churches and their pre—
cincts. St. John’s of Beverley was thus privileged in the time of the Saxons;
St. Burein‘s. in Cornwall. was privileged by Athelstan, A. n. 935 ; West-
minster by Edward the Confessor; St. Martin’s-le—Grand. 1529. Sanc-
tuaries were abolished at the Reformation. Several places in London were
privileged against the arrest of persons for debt. These last were sup-
pressed in 1696.

SANDALS. The shoe or slipper worn especially by the eastern nations. At
first it was only a piece of leather like the sole of a shoe, to keep the foot
from the ground, but was in the course of time improved to a covering of
cloth, ornamented with all the delicacies of art, and made of the richest
materials, and worn by the high priests at great solemnities, and by kings,

 

princes, and great men as a mark of distinction. Sandals were also worn . g‘

by women, as appears from the story of Judith‘and Holofernes, WhEre,

 

] monomer or Dues. 5!!

' among other decorations, she is said to have put on sandals, at the sight of
which he was ravished. It was usual for ladies to have slaves to Carry
their sandals in cases, ready to adorn their feet on occasions of state. See
Shoes.

SANDWICH ISLANDS. A group of eleven islands in the Pacific Ocean. They
were discovered by captain Cook. in 1778. Many voyagers report that the na-
tural capacity of the natives seems in no respect below the common standard
of mankind. It was in one of these islands that this illustrious circumna—
vigator fell a victim to the sudden resentment of the natives, Feb. 14, 1779.
Extraordinary progress in the civilization and improvement of the natives,
effected chiefly by the American missionaries. Tamehameha, chief of
Hawaii, becomes king of the group, 18 . Rihoriho, his son, succeeds
him, 1819. Idolatry abolished, 1819. Rihoriho and his queen died in Eng-
land, 1824. Kanikeaouli, 20 years of age, king, 1824. Mission established
by the American Board, 1820. In 1832 there were 900 schools and 50,000
pupils in the Islands. Treaty with the French, made with admiral Dupetit—
Thouars, 1837. Another, enforcing the introduction of Catholic mission-
aries, &c., 1839. Tamehameha III. becomes king, Dr. G. P. Jr dd, an Ame-
rican, prime-minister, 18 . In 1831 there were 14 ships. 2630 tons, belong-
ing to the Islands—which are important to the United States as a whaling
station. See Owlmfltcc.

SAN HEDRIM. An ancient Jewish council of the highest jurisdiction, of sev-
enty, or as some say, seventy-three members. They date this senate from
Numbers xi. 16. It was yet in being at the time of Jesus CHRIST, Jaim
xviii. 31. A Jewish Sanhedrim was summoned by the emperor Napoleon
at Paris, July 23, 1806 ; and it assembled Jan. 20, 1807.

7 SAPPHIC VERSE. The verse invented by Sappho, the lyric poetess of Mity—
’ ' lene. Sappho was equally celebrated for her poetry, her beauty, and her
amorous disposition. She conceived a hopeless passion for Phaon, a youth
of her native country, on which account she threw herself into the sea
from Mount Leucas, and was drowned. The Lesbians, after her death, paid
her divine honors, and called her the tenth muse, 594 B. c.

C SARACEN S. A celebrated people from the deserts of Arabia, Serra in their
language signifying a desert. They were the first disciples of Mahomet;
and within 40 years after his death, in A. D. 631. they conquered a great part
of Asia, Afiica, and Europe. They conquered Spain in 713 et seq. ,- the
empire of the Saracens closed by Bagdad being taken by the Tartars, 1258.
—-Blair. There are now no people known by this name; the descendants
of those who subdued Spain are called Moors.

' , SARAGOSSA. Anciently Caesarea Augusta; whence, by corruption, its name.
1 Its church has been a place of great devotion. They tell us that the Virgin,
while yet living. appeared to St. James, who was preaching the gospel, and
left him her image, which was afterwards placed in the church, with a little
Jesus in its arms, ornamented with a profusion of gold and jewels, and il-
luminated by a multitude of lamps. In December 1778., four hundred of
the inhabitants perished in a fire at the theatre. Saragossa taken by
the French, after a most heroic defence by general Palafox, during as re-
; nowned a siege as is on record, February 13, 1809.
ARATOGA, Buuoovxa’s SURRENDER AT. Here general Burgoyne, comman-
.' , der of the British army, after a severe engagement with the Americans in
the war of independence (Oct. 7). being surrounded, surrendered to the
7, American general Gates, when 5791 men laid down their arms, October 12;,
3 5. .1777.
. 7'» ' IANAPALUS.» The last king of Assyria. See Assyn'u. One of the most

    
  
      
 

 

918

EARDINIA. The first inhabitants of Piedmont, Savoy, 820., are supposed to

i:§‘vww ‘

  
   
   
  
    
    
   
  
  

Em

infamous and sensual monarchs that ever lived. Having grown odious to
his subjects, and being surrounded by hostile armies, dreading to fall into
their hands, he shut himself up in his capital at Nineveh. Here he caused
a vast pile of' wood to be raised in a court of his palace, and heaping upon
it all his gold. silver, jewels, precious and rare articles, the royal apparel,
and other treasures, and inelosing his concubines and eunuchs in an apart
merit within the pile, he set all on fire. perishing himself in the flames.
This is the mightiest eonflagration of wealth on record. The riches
thus destroyed were worth a thousand myrmds of talents of gold, and TEN
TIMES as many talents of silver ' ' ' about 1,400,000,0001. sterling—Athena“.

o..

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

have been the Umbrians, Etrurians, Ligurians, and afterwards the Gauls
(when they established themselves in Italy, under Brennus, &c.,) from
Whom this country was called Cisalpine Gaul (or Gaul on this side of the
Alps, with respect to Rome): it afterwards became a part of Lombardy,
from whom it was taken by the Burgundians. The island of Sardinia has
been successively possessed by the Phoenicians and Greeks, the Carthagi-
nians, Romans, Saracens, and Spaniards. From settlers belonging to uliicli
various nations the present inhabitants derive their origin.

 

Subjugated by the Romans - 13.0. 231 Declares war against Austria, enters
’ ‘ “ ' ‘ ‘ Milan with an army, to assist the po-
Taken by the Moors, about - - an. 7‘28 pular cause, and drives the Austrians
Reduced by the Genoese - - - 1115 towards Mantua - - March 23, 1848

The pope grants Sardinia to thePisanese,
who are. however, too weak to expel
the Saracens - - - - -_1132
Alphonsus IV. of Arragon, becomes
master of Sardinia - - - - 1324
Taken from the Spaniards by the Eng-
lish naval forces - - - - 1708
Recovered by the Spaniards - - - 1717
They again lose possession - - - 1719
Ceded to the duke of Savoy, as an equi-

valent for Sicily - f -_ . -1720
Victor Amadeus. havinor the title of king
abdicates in favor ot'liis son - AD. 1730

Attempting to recover Sardinia, he is
taken, and dies in prison - - - 1732
[The court kept at Turin till 1706. when
these dominions were overrun by the
French arms, and shortly afterwards
annexed to the French empire]
The kiiiur resigns his crown to his bro-
ther, (hike of Aoust - . June 4, 1802
Sardinia annexed to Italy, and Bona-
parte crowned king of the whole,
December 526, 1805
Restored to its rightful sovereign. with
Genoa added to it December 1814
King Charles Albert, having protested
against Austrian encroachments in
Italy, calls out an additional force of
25,000 men - - - Jan. 10 1848
Proclaims the basis of a Constitutiot.

Feb. 8, 1848
KINGS OF SARDINIA.

A. D. 1720. Victor Amadeus, son of Charles Eina~
nuel duke of Savoy.
1730. Charles Emanuel
1773. Victor Amadeus Maria 11.
1795. Charles Emanuel.

SATIRE. About a century after the introduction of comedy, satire made its ,
appearance at Rome in the writings of Lucilius, who was so celebrated in’ '
this species of composition that he has been called the inventor of it, 11%:

 

    
     
 
  
    
   

Takes Lodi - - - ~ April 1, ""
Forces the Austrian line. near Verona,
April 17, ""
Takes Peschiara - - - May 30, ""
Defeats the Austrians under Radetsky,
at Goito
Sardinian army driven from Vicenza,
Verona, the Adige. &c., June—July - 1848
Retreats to Ticino after capitulaiion of
Milan - - - - ~Aug.4, ”"'
Followed by an armistice - - - ""
Rupture ofthe armistice - - March 1849
Battle of Novara; the Sardininns under
Charles Albert, totally defeated by
Radetsky - - - - - -
The king abdicates in favor of his son,
Victor Emanuel, count of Savoy. and
leaves the kinzdoin - March 23, “"
Insurection at Genoa against the new
king - - - - - April I,
Genoa invested by Marmora, April 5,
and fully reduced - - April 11,
Charles Albert late king, dies at Lis-
‘bon - - - - - July '28,
Victor Emanuel opens the legislative
chamber with a moderate speech, and
is warmly greeted - Aug. 1.
Treat with Austria - - Aug. 6,
The c amber votes 100,000 livres to re-
lieve the refugees fern various parts
of Italy . - - Aug. 30,

lit!

‘1‘.

cat-
I...

not.

too-

1802. Victor Emanuel.

1821. Charles Felix.

1831. Charles Albert, April 27.
1848. Victor Emanuel

.

"‘1 Dacia-coma? or Dares. 5&8

  
   

n. c.—I/L'vy. anilius obtained praise lavished with too liberal a hand: we
may compare him to a river which rolls upon its waters precious sand, ac.
(_ conxpanied with mire and dirt—Horace.
g“ SATURDAY. With us this is the last or seventh day of the week; but with
the Jews it is the Sabbath. See Sabbath. It was so called from an idol
worshipped on this day by the old Saxons, and according to Vertigern was
named by them Saterne’s-day.——Pcmlon,. It is more probably from Saturn,
. dies Satm‘ni.—Addismo.
‘ SATURN. Ascertained to be about 900 millions of miles distant from the
sun, and its diameter to be 89170 miles. His satellites were discovered by
Galileo and Simon Meyer, 1608—9—10; his belt, &c., by Huygens in 1634;
his fifth satellite by the same in 1655; and his sixth and seventh by
Herschel in 1789. Cassini was also a discoverer of the satellites of the
planets.

SATURN ALIA. Festivals in honor of Saturn. They were instituted long
before the foundation of Rome, in commemoration of the freedom and
equality which prevailed on earth in the golden reign of Saturn. Some.
however, suppose that the Saturnalia were first observed at Rome in .he
reign of Tullus Hostilius, after a victory obtained over the Sabines ; while
others support that Janus first instituted them in gratitude to Saturn, from
whom he had learned agriculture. Others suppose that they were first
celebrated after a victory obtained over the Latins by the dictator Posthu-
mius. During these festivals no business was allowed, amusements were
encouraged, distinctions ceased, and even slaves could say what they pleased

_ to their masters with impunity.—nglet.

SAVINGS BANKS, ENGLAND. The benefit clubs among artisans, having ac-
cumulated stocks of money for their progressive purposes, a plan was

. adopted to identify these funds with the public debt of the country, and an
extra rate of interest was held out as an inducement; hence, savings banks
to receive small sums, returnable with interest, on demand, were formed.
Brought under parliamentary regulation in 1816. The number of savings
banks considerably increased up to 1846; and the number of depositors in
that year was, for the United Kingdom, 1,063,418; and the whole amount
deposited, 32 661,924l. In the United States the first savings bank in Phi-
ladelphia, 1816; the next in Boston, 1817. They are now very numerous
throughout the United States.

SAVOY. It became a Roman province 118 B. c. The Alemans seized it in A. D.
395, and the Franks in 496. It shared the revolutions of Switzerland till
1040, when Conrad, emperor of Germany, gave it to Hubert, with the title
of earl. Amadeus, earl of Savoy, solicited Sigismund to erect his domi-
nions into a duchy, which he did at Cambray, February 19, 1417. Victor
Amadeus, duke of Savoy, obtained the kingdom of Sicily, by treaty, from
Spain, which he afterwards exchanged with the emperor for the island of
Sardinia, with the title of king, 1713—20. The French subdued this country
in 1792, and made it a department of France, under the name of Mont
Blanc, in 1800.

_ SAW. Invented by Daedalus—Pliny. Invented by Talus—Apollodoms. Ta-
lus, it is said, having found the jaw—bone of a snake, he employed it to cut
through a piece of wood, and then formed an instrument of iron like it.

.55: Beecher says saw-mills were invented in the seventeenth century; but he

' errs. Saw-mills were erected in Madeira in 1420; at Breslau, in _\1427.

Norway had the first saw~mill in 1530. The bishop of Ely, ambassadog

, fi'om M try of England to the court of Rome, describes a saw-mill there,

A .1555. In England saw—mills had at first the same fate with printing in Tur-

” , key, the crane in Strasburg, &c. The attempts to introduce them Were

 
   

 

528 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

   
  
  
  
 
 
  
  
  
    
   
  
 
  
  
   
  
  
   
 
  
  
   
  
   
  
  
  
   
   
   
  
  
  
    
  
   
  

violently opposed; and one erected by a Dutchman in 1663 was forced to be '9.
abandoned. ‘ "’

SAXONY. The royal family of Saxony is of very ancient origin, and is allied
to all the royal houses in Europe. The sovereignty still continues in the
same family, notwithstandln it encountered an interruption of more than "
two hundred years, from 11 0 to 1423. Saxony, which had been for many
centuries an electorate, was formed into a kingdom in 1806, when Frederick
Augustus became the first king. That sovereign was succeeded by his -
brother, Anthony, May 5, 1827. The present sovereign is Frederick Au- ’
gustus II., who ascended the throne, 6th of June, 1836. Saxony became
the scene of the great struggle against Napoleon in 1813. Insurrection at
Dresden; the king retires to Konigstern, May 3, 1849. Insurgents put
down by the Prussian troops, May 7, 1849.

SCANDALUM MAGNATUM. The name given to a special statute relating
to any wrong, by words or in writing, done to high personages of the land,
such as peers, judges, ministers of the crown, officers in the state, and other
great public functionaries, by the circulation of scandalous statements,
false news, or horrible messages. This law was enacted 2 Richard II,. 1378.

SCEPTIC. The ancient sect of philosophers founded by Pyrrho, 334 B. c.
Pyrrho was in continual suspense of judgment; he doubted of every thing,
never made any conclusions, and when he had carefully examined a subject,
and investigated all its parts, he concluded by still doubting of its evidence.
As he showed so much indifference in every thing, and declared that life
and death were the same thing, some of his "disciples asked him, why he
did not hurry himself out of the world? “Because,” says he, “there
is no difference between life and death.” Timon was one of the chief fol-
loweis of this sect, which was almost extinct in the time of Cicero.—
Stm 0. . .

SCEPTRE. This is a more ancient emblem of royalty than the crown. In the ‘
earlier ages of the world, the sceptres of kings were long walking-staves; .
they afterwards were carved, and made shorter. Tarquin the Elder was ~
the first .who assumed the sceptre among the Romans, about 468 B. c. The ’
French sceptre of the first race of kings was a golden rod, A.D. 481.—L(: ‘2
Gendre. ‘

SCHOOLS. Charity schools were instituted in London to prevent the seduc— .
tion of the infant poor into Roman Catholic seminaries, 3 James II. 1687.——— .;,
Rapin. Charter schools were instituted in Ireland 1733.—Scully. as ‘Eng- ‘;
land there are now 13,642 schools (exclusively of Sunday schools) for the
education of the poor; and the number of children is 998,431. The paro-
chial and endowed schools of Scotland are in number (exclusively of Sunday
schools) 4836; and the number of children, 181,467. The number of :,
schools in Wales is 841, and the number of children 38,164: in Ireland,
13,327 schools, and 774,000 children. In the United States the system of ‘j '
public schools is very generally and effectively supported. The school-fund Z,
in Maine amounts to $350,000; in Massachusetts, $850 000; in Connecticut, .
$2 077,641; New York, $36,491,803; New Jersey, $369,278 ; Delaware, -‘;
$225,000; Virginia, $1,448,261; Georgia, $262,300; Alabama, $1215,381; g
Tennessee, $1 346,068; Kentucky, $1,221,819; Ohio, $1,566,931; Michigan,
315500.000; Indiana, $2,195,149; Missouri, 3575 668; Iowa, $132,909. ' Total ,-
in 1849, 3521420275. In the State of New York the number of District '
School Libraries is about 11,000. See Education, Libraries, &c. .

SCIENCE IN THE UNITED STATES. Franklin’s discoveries in electricity, 1752.
American Philosophical Society established, 1769. American Academy of
Arts and Sciences, 1780. First course of Chemical Lectures in the United ‘
States, by Dr. S. L. Mitchill, N. Y., 1792. Botanic garden and PrOfessor of _{

DICTIONARY or DATES. 5Q!

   

3 Natural History established at Harvard College, 1805. American Associa-

tion for the Advancement of Science, formed, 1845.

? 'SCILLY ISLES. They held commerce with the Phoenicians. They are men-

tioned by Strabo as being ten in number. The memorable shipwreck
0f the British squadron under sir Cloudesley Shovel occurred here. This
brave admiral returning from an expedition against Toulon, mistook these
rocks for land, and struck upon, them. His ship, the Association, in which
were his lady, two sons, many persons of rank, and 800 brave men, went
instantly to the bottom. The Eagle, Captain Hancock, and the Romney and
Firearm/ml, were also lost. The rest of the fleet escaped, Oct. 22, 1707. Sir
Cloudcsley’s body, being found, was conveyed to London, and buried in
Westminster Abbey, where a monument was erected to his memory.

SCOTLAND. See. Caledonia. This important member of the British empire
was governed by a king before the Romans visited England, and continued
an independent kingdom till the death of the English queen Elizabeth,
when James VI. of Scotland, the most immediate heir, was called to the
throne of England, and constantly resided in the latter; he and his suc-
cessors calling themselves kings of England and Scotland, and each
country having a separate parliament, till the year 1707, in the reign of
queen Anne, when both kingdoms were united under the general name of
Great Britain. See England and Scotland, Tabular Views, p. 75., at seq.

SCREW. This instrument was known early to the Greeks. The pumping-
screw of Archimedes. or screw-cylinder for raising water, invented 236 B. c.,
is still in use, and still bears that philosopher’s name. The power of the
screw is astonishing; it being calculated that if the distance between the
two spirals or threads of the screw be half an inch, and the length of each
handle twelve inches, the circle that they describe in going round will be
- seventy—five inches, and consequently 150 times greater than half an inch,
the distance between the two spirals. Therefore one man can, with the
assistance of this screw, press down or raise up as much as 150 men could
do without it. This power increases in proportion to the closeness of the
spirals and the length of the handles—Gang.

’ SCULPTURE. The origin of this art cannot be traced with any certainty.
The invention is given by some ancient writers to the Egyptians, and by
others to the Greeks. It is referred by some historians to 1020 B. 0., and
sculpture in marble to 872 B. c. Pausanias refers the nearest approach
to perfection in the art to 560 B. C. According to sacred history, Bezaleel
and Aholiab, who built the tabernacle in the wilderness, and made all the
vessels and ornaments. were the first architects and sculptors of repute, and
their excellence is recorded as the gift of God, Exodus xxxi. Dipoenus and
Scyllis, statuaries at Crete, established a school at Sicyon. Pliny speaks of
them as being the first who sculptured marble and polished it; all statues
before their time being of wood, 568 B. c. This, however, can only be fact
so far as it relates to the western world ; for in the eastern countries the art
was known long before. Alexander gave Lysippus the sole right of making
his statues, 326 B. c. He left no less than 600 pieces, some of which were
so highly valued in the age of Augustus, that they sold for their weight in
gold. Sculpture never found any very distinguished followers among the
Romans, and in the middle ages it fell into disuse. With the revival of
the sister art, painting, it revived also ; and Donate di Bardi, born at
Fiel‘enee, A. D. 1383, was the earliest professor among the modems. Sculp-
ture was revived, under the auspices of the Medici family, about 1460.—
Abbé Lenglet. ,

. YTHIA. The country situate on the most northern parts of Europe and
’77.» Asia, from which circumstance it is generally denominated European and

E.
:

   
   
   
 
    
  

 

 
   
  
  
   
   
    
    
   
 
 
   
   
   
  
 
  
    
   
   
   
  
 
 
 
 
  
   
  

m THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [2

Asiatic. The most northern parts of Scythia were uninhabited, on account:

of the extreme coldness of the climate. The boundaries of Scythia were?
unknown to the ancients, as no traveller had penetrated beyond the vast];
tracts of lands which lay at the north, east, and west. The Scythians made i
several irruptions upon the more southern provinces of Asia, especially B. of.-
624, when they remained in possession of Asia Minor for twenty—eight
years; and we find them at different periods extending their conquests in
Europe. and penetrating as far as Egypt. In the first centuries after Christ
they invaded the Roman empire.

SEAS, Sm EREIGNTY or THE. The claim of England is of very ancient date. 1
Arthur was the first who assumed the sovereignty of the seas for Britain,
and Alfred afterwards supported this right. The sovereignty of England 1
over the British seas was maintained by Selden. and measures were taken 3 ‘
by government in consequence, 8 Charles I. 1633. The Dutch, after the death
of Charles 1., made some attempts to obtain it, but were roughly treated
by Blake and other admirals. Russia and other parts of the North, armed, '
to avoid search, 17 80; again 1800. See Armed Neutrality and Flag.

SECRETARY or STATE. The first in England was lord Cromwell, A. D. 1529.
Towards the close of Henry V111.’s reign two secretaries were appointed; ,1
and upon the union with Scotland, Aime added a third, as secretary for
Scotch affairs: this appointment was afterwards laid aside: but in the _
reign of George III. the number was again increased to three, one-for the.
American department. In 1782 this last was abolished by act of par— 1
liament; and the appointments as at present subsequently took place, the .
secretaries being now home, foreign, and colonies. The first Secretary of
State of the United States was Thomas Jefferson, appointed by Washington,
Sept. 26 1789. For his suCCessors see Administrations. There is a Secre-
tary of State in each of the States, appointed by the executive or elected ’
by the people. _

SECTS. See them severally through the volume. The great vicissitude of 1
things is the vicissitude of sects. True religion is built upon a rock;. all ‘
others are tossed upon the waves of time—Bacon. Assuming the popula— .1:
tion of the globe to be one thousand and fifty millions, the following divi— a:

 

sion, with reference to their religious worship, will appear—XVI. Balbi. 3:
Jews - - - - 4,500,000 Idolaters, &c., not professing the
Christians - - - - 225,000,000 Jewish, Christian, or Maho- 3,
Mahometans - - - 155,000,000 metan worship - - 665,500,000 ‘13-

SEDAN CHAIRS. So called from Sedan, on the Meuse, in France. The first
seen in England was in 1581. One was used in the reign of James I. by}
the duke of Buckingham, to the great indignation of the people, who ex— i;
claimed that he was employing his fellow-creatures to do the service of ‘1
beasts. Sedan chairs came into fashion in London in 1634, when sir Fran-g

cis Duncomb obtained the sole privilege to use, let, and hire a number of 3

such covered chairs for fourteen years. They became in very general use :1
in 1619. »

SEDUCTION. For this offence the laws of England have provided no other “
punishment than a pecuniary satisfaction to the injured family. And ,
even this satisfaction is only obtained by one of the quaintest fictions in;
the world; the father bringing his action against the seducer for the loss f‘ >
of his daughter’s services during her pregnancy and nurturing—Paley’s
1mm! Philosophy. A law for the punishment of seduction was passed by
the legislature of New York in 184 . 1‘;

SEMPACH BA'r'rnn or, between the Swiss and Leopold, duke of Austria. Th"
heroic Swiss, after prodigies of valor, gained a great and memorable vifl“
tory over the duke, who was slain, July 9, 1386. By this battle they 65-2-5

 

 

 

'nmrosmr or nuns; m

     

tablished the liberty of their country; and it is still annually commemo—
3v rated with great solemnity at Sempach

'V'SEPTEMBER. The ninth month of the year, 1eck0ned f10m January, and the
" * seventh from March, whence its name 110111 sap/71mm, seventh. It became
I the ninth month 11hen January and Februa1y we1e added to the year by
, Numa, 713 B. C The Roman senate would have given this month the name
.3 of Tiberius but that empci or opposed it; the emper01 Domitian gave it his
i own name, Germanicus; the senate unde1 Antoninus Pius gave it that of
Antoninus; Comniodus gave it his surname Heleuleus; and the emperor
'lacitus his own name, Tacitus. But these appellations are all gone into
disuse.

SEPTUAGINT VERSION or THE BIBLE, made 277 B. c. Seventy-two trans-
lators were shut up in thiity- six cells; each paii translated the whole; and
on subsequent comparison the tl1i1ty— —six copies did not vary by a 11'01d or
letter. —'—Justin Martyr. St. Jerome afiirms they tianslated only the Pen-
tateuch; but St. Justin and otheis say thev t1anslated the whole. Pto-
lemy gave the Jews about a million ste1ling fo1 a copy of the 'I fista cent,
and seventy t1anslat01s half a million mo1e for the translation. —Josep/1us
Finished' 111 seventy— —two days —~chlett

E 'SERIN GAPATAM, BATTLES 01‘, called also the battle of Arikera, in which the
. British defeated Tippoo Sail), May 15, 1791. Battle, in which the redoubts ‘
_ were stormed and Tippoo 1121s 1educed by 101d Ceinwallis Feb 6 1792
g‘ ' Afte1 this capture, preliminaries of peace we1e signed and Tippoo agreed
: to cede one-- half of MV sore, and to pay 33 ,000, 000 of 111pees (about
3, 300, 000$. ste1lin g) to England and to give up to 101d (‘o1n11 alhs his
;; two eldest sons as hostages. In a new war the Madras :11 my ar111 ed be-
‘1’ , fore Seringapatam, April 5, 1799; it was joined by the Bombay army April
1 V » 14; and the place was stormed and carried by 111-.1j0r—general Baird, May 4,
same year. In this engagement Tippoo was killed. See India.

SERPENTS. The largest, the record of which 13 in some degree satisfactorily

attested, was that which disputed the passage of the a1111y led by Regulus
a . along the banks of the Bag1ada. It was 12.0 feet long and had killed many
of his soldiers. It was destroyed by a battering-ram; and its skin was
afterwards seen by Pliny in the capitol at R0me.~— Pliny. The American
papers have frequently chronicled the appearance of a sea—serpent on the
coast, but its existence has been generally doubted. Haydn quotes from
Phillips that a sea-se1pent was cast on sho1e on the Orkney Islands which
was fif-ty five feet long, and the circumference equal to the girth of an
011111141 pony, 1808.

‘ SERV ANTS In England, an act laying a duty on male servants was passed in
1775 This tax was augmented in 1781, ct seq. A tax on female servants
. was 0imposed in 1785', but this latter act was repealed in 1792. The tax on
11., servants yielded in 1830» about 2130,0001. per annum, but in 1810 the revenue
from it had fallen to 201 48 21.

SEVILLE. The capital of Spain until Philip II. finally established his court at
‘ Madlid, A. D. 1563. This city is the Hispalis of the Phoenicians, and the
Julie of the Romans. The peace of Seville, between Eng land, F1anco, and
Spain and also a defensive alliance to which Holland acceded, signed Nov.
9?1729.Se1111e su1rende1ed to the French Feb 1 1810; and was taken by
assault by the British and Spaniards after the battle of Salamanea, Aug 27,
1812.

«- TANT. This instrument 1s used 1n the manner of a quadrant and contains
" sixty degrees, or the sixth part of a circle. It is for taking the altitude of
the planets, 6m. Invented by the eelebiated Tycho Brahe, at Augsburgh,

~51... 4.“ . . .

    
 
 
  
  
   
  
 
 
  
  
 
 
   
 
   

 

 

5624 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

   
 
    
    
 
 
   
 
 
   
   
 
  
  
    
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
   
 
   
  

in 1550.—-— Vince's Astmn. The Arabian astronomers under the Caliphs areg
said to have had a sextant of fifty-nine feet nine inches radius, about A. D.
995. —As/Le.

SHEEP. They were impoliticly exported f10n1 England to Spain, and, the breed _
being thereby improved, produced the fine Spanish wool, which p1 oved
detrimental to our woollen manufacture 8 Edward IV. 1467. —A 117673071. ‘
Their expmtation p1 ohibited on pain of fine and imprisonment, 1522. The j _
number of sheep in the United Kingdom has been variously stated—by some
at 43,000,000, by others at 49,000,000, and by more at 60,000,000, in 1840. 3

SHERIFF. The office of sheriff is f1om shire-wee, governor of a shifie or: 1
county. London had its she1ifis prior to William I.s s;re1gn but some sayf

that sherifis we1e fi1st nominated f01 every county in England by William
in 1079.

SHERIFFMUIR, BATTLE or, between the royal army under the duke of Ar- '
gylc, and the Scotch rebel f01 ces who favored the P1etende1 (the Chevalier ,
de St Ge01ge,s0n of James II. ), commanded by the earl of Mar; the msur— ..
gents were defeated, and several persons of rank were taken prisoners. The 5
battle was fought on the very day on which the rebel forces in the same
cause were defeated at P1eston,Nov.12, 1715.

SHIP-BUILDING. The art is attributed to the Egyptians, as the first inven- -.
tors; the first ship (probably a galley) being brought from Egypt toGreece
by Danaus, 1485 B. e.—Blai7‘. The first double- decked ship was built by
the Ty11ans, 786 13 c. ——Len glet The fi1st double— decked one built in Eng -
land was of 1000 tons him then by o1der of Henry VII 1509; it was called 1
the Great Hcmy, and cost 14, 000l.— Stowe. BefOIe this time 24-gun ships 1
we1e the largest in the navy, and these had no port—holes, the guns being .
on the uppe1 tldeeks only. Port— holes and other' 1n1p1 ovements were invented '
by Descha1 ges a F1eneh builde1 at Brest, in the 1eign of Louis XII. about _
1500. Ship- building was first tleated as a science by Hoste, 1696. A 74—
gun ship was put upon the stocks at Van Diemen’ s Land, to be sheathed ’
with India-rubber, 1829. For beautiful models and fast sailing, the shipping; 1
of the United States—especially the packet ships and steamers sailing fromi
New Yo111——are not surpassed and p1 obably not equalled, by any in the ,
VV 011d. See New and Steam Vessels. “j;

SHIPPING on GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. Shipping was first registered' 1n the .3“
river Thames' 1n 1786; and throughout the empire in 1787. In the middle ‘1
of the 18th century, the shipping 23of England was but half a million of tons &
—1ess than London now. In 1840, the number of ships in the British em- 3

pire was 29 ,174; tonnage, 3. 277, 338; seamen, 205, 904. These returns were;
exclusive of ships and boats p1opelled by steam. See Steam Vessels. ,

SHIPPING or THE UNITED STATES. Tonnage at different periods.

A

 

        

 

Years. Tmma 6. Years. Tonnae Years. Tonna 9. Years. Tom: e.
1791 - 502, 46 1806 - 1.,208 35 1821 - 1,,298 58 1835 .

1792 - 564,437 1807 - 1.268 ,548 1822. ~ 1,324, 699 1836 ~

1793 - 491,780 1808 - 1.242, 595 1823 - 1336,565 1837 .

1794 - 628,817 1809 - 1,350,281 1824 - 1,389,163 1838 .

1795 - 747,964 1810 - 1825 - 1,423,112 1839 - 2
1796 - 831.900 1811 - 1,232,502 1826 . 1, 534190 1840 - 2,
1797 - 876,913 1812 - 1,269,997 1827 - 1,620,608 1841 - 2
1798 - 898,328 1813 - 1,666,628 1828 - 1,741, 392 1812 - 2
1799 - 946,408 1814 - 1,159,209 1829 - 1. 260,978 1843 -

1800 - 972,492 1815 - 1,368,127 1830 - 1,191,776 1844 -

1801 - 1,033,219 1816 - 1,372,218 1831 - 1,267,846 1845 - 2, ,
1802 - 892,101 1817 - 1,399.911 1832 - 1,439,450 1846 - 2, f .,
1803 - 949,147 1818 - 1,225,184 1833 - 1,601,l50 1847 - 2, ‘
1804 - 1,042,404 1819 - 1,260,751 | 1834 - 1,758,907 1848 - 3,
1805 ~ 1,140,369 1820 1 280.166 1

  
 
 
  
 
  
  
   
  
 
 
 
  
 
   
 
 
  
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
   
 
  
  
 
   
   
 
  
   
 
 
 
   
   
 
  

' ‘7 1] DICTIONARY or DATES. 525

' P-MONEY It was first levied 11.13.1007, and caused great commotions.
~This impost being illegally levied by Charles I. in 1634, led to the revolu-
tion. I-Ie assessed London in seven ships, of 4000 tons, and 1560 men;
Yorkshire in two ships, of 600 tens, or 12,000Z.; Bristol in‘ one ship of 100
tons; Lancashire in one ship of 400 tons. The trial of the patriot Hamp-
den for refusing to pay the tax. which he at first solely opposed, took place
in 1638. Ship-money was included in a redress of grievances in 1641.
Hampden received a wound in a skirmish with prince Rupert, and died June

. 24, 16B.
‘SHIPWRECKS, AND DISASTERS AT SEA. See I'Vrec/t's of Shipping.

SHIRTS. This now almost universal garment is said to have been first gener-
ally worn in the west of Europe early in the eighth century—Du Fresnoy.
Woollen shirts were commonly worn in England until about the 38th of
Henry 111., 1253, when linen, but of a coarse kind (fine coming at this period
from abroad), was first manufactured in England by Flemish artisans.—
Stowe.

SHOES. Among the Jews they were made of leather, linen, rush, or wood.
Moons were worn as ornaments in their shoes by the Jewish women—Isaiah
iii. 18. Among the Greeks shoes were of various kinds. Pythagoras would
have his disciples Wear shoes made of the bark of trees; probably, that
they might not wear what were made of the skins of animals, as they re-
frained from the use of every thing that had life. Sandals were worn by
women of distinction. The Romans wore an ivory crescent on their
shoes; and Caligula wore his enriched with precious stones. The Indians,
like the Egyptians, wore shoes made of the bark of the papyrus. In Eng-
land the people had an extravagant way of adorning their feet; they wore
the beaks or points of their shoes so long, that they encumbered themselves
in walking, and were forced to tie them up to their knees; the fine gentlemen
fastened theirs with chains of silver, or silver gilt, and others with laces.
This custom was in vogue from A. D. 1462, but was prohibited, on the for-
feiture of 205. and on pain of being cursed by the clergy, 7 Edward IV. 1467.
; See Dress. Shoes as at present worn were introduced about 1633. The
3‘ buckle was not used till 1668.~—Szfowe ; film‘tz'me/r.

‘*SHOP-TAX, IN ENGLAND. The act by which a tax was levied upon retail shops
.9: was passed in 1785; but it caused so great a commotion, particularly in
London, that it was deemed expedient to repeal it in 1789. The statute
whereby shop-lifting was made a felony, without benefit of clergy, was
passed 10 and 11 William III. 1699. This statute has been repealed. See
Acts.

' "REWSBURY, BATTLE or, between the royal army of Henry IV. and the
" ' army of the nobles, led by Percy (surnamed Hotspur), son of the duke of
N orthumberland, who had conspired to dethrone Henry. Each army con-
: sisted of about 12,000 men, and the engagement was most bloody. Henry
’ was seen every where in the thickest of the fight; while his valliant son,
who was afterwards the renowned conqueror of France, fought by his side,
g { and though wounded in the face by an arrow, still kept the field, and per-
’5 formed astonishing'acts of valor. On the other side, the daring Hotspur
supported the renown he had acquired in many bloody engagements and
every where sought out the king as a noble object of his vengeance. 2300
__g gentlemen were slain, and about 6000 private men. The death of Hotspur
, by an unknown hand decided the fortune of the day, and gave the victory
‘~ to the king. July 21, 1403.—me€. [See Srlaltspeare’s Henry IV.]

OPSHIRE, Bummer, in which the Britons were completely subjugated;
, and Caractacus, the renowned, king of the Silures, became, through tbg
‘ treachery of the queen of the Briganti, a prisoner of the Romans, A. n. 51';

 

 

   
   
   
  
  
   
   
   
  
   
   
    
   
    
  
  
  
   
   

526 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. f we;

W1. ile Caraetacus was being led through Rome, his eyes were dazzled by...
the splendors that surrounded him. " Alas I” he cried, “ how is it possible ‘
that a people possessed of such magnificence at home could envy me an
humble cottage in Britain '1" The emperor was affected with the" British
hero’s misfortunes, and won by his address. He ordered him to be unchained
upon the spot, and set at liberty with the rest of the captives—Geldsmuh.

SHROVE TUESDAY. In the season of Lent, after the people had made con-
fession, according to the discipline of the ancient church, they were per-
mitted to indulge in festive amusements, although not allowed to partake
of any repast beyond the usual substitutes for flesh; and hence arose the
custom yet preserved of eating pancakes and fritters at Shrovetide, the Greek
Christians eating eggs, milk, 650. during the first week in Lent. On these
days of authorized indulgence the most wanton recreations were tolerated,
provided a due regard was paid to the abstinence commanded by the church;
and from this origin sprang the Carnival. On Shrove Tuesday the people in
every parish throughout England formerly confessed their sins; and the
parish bell for the purpose was rung at ten o’clock. In several ancient par-
ishes the custom yet prevails of ringing the bell, and obtains in London the
name of pancake-bell. Observed as a testival before 1430.

SIBYLS. The Sibyllze were certain women inspired by heaven, who flourished
in ditferent parts of the world. Their number is unknown. Plato. speaks
of one, others of two, Pliny of three, fElian 'of four, and Varro of ten, an
opinion which is universally adopted by the learned. An Erythrean sibyl is
said to have offered to 'l‘arquin ll. nine books containing the Roman desti-
nies, demanding for them 300 pieces of‘ gold. He denied her, whereupon ,1
the sibyl threw three of them into the tire, and asked the same price for '
the other six, which being still denied, she burned three more, and again
demanded the same sum for those that remained; when T arquin, conferring
with the pontili‘s, was advised to buy them. Two magistrates were created
to consult them on all occasions, 531 B. C.

SICILY. See Naples. The ancient inhabitants of this island were the Sieani,
a people of Spain. and Etruscans, who came hither from Italy, 1291 B. c. A
second colony, under Siculus, arrived! 80 years before the destruction of Troy, . .

. 1261 B. C.~—Lcnglct, The Phoenicians and Greeks settled some colonies here,
and at last the Carthaginians became masters of the whole island, till they
Were dispossessed of it by the Romans in the Punic wars. Some authors
suppose that Sicily was originally joined to the continent, and that it was
separated from Italy by an earthquake, and that the straits of the Charyb-
dis were formed.—Justin ; Livy.

 

Arrival of Ulysses.—IIomer - - 13.0. 1186 The Romans arrive in Sicily - B. c. 264
He puts out the eye of Polyphemus - 1186 Agrigentum taken by the Romans - 26.?
Syracuse founded—Eusebius - - 732 Palermo besieged by the Romans - - 254
Gela founded.—’I'hucydides - - - 713 Archimedes flourishes - - ~ 5236
Arrival of the Messenians - - - 668 The Romans take Syracuse, and make all
Phalaris, tyrant of Agrigentum, put to Sicily a province - - - - 21‘2 - ~
death—See Brazen Bull - - - 552 The servile war began.~—Livy - - 135
Hippocrates becomes tyrant of Gela. - 496 ‘ ' * ‘ ' ‘ a;
Law of Petalism instituted - - 466 Conquered by the Saracens - an. 821 .
R algn 0t Dionysius - ~ - - 405 [They made Palermo the capital. and the
U llantled with the freedom of the philo- standard of Mahomet triumphed l'or20l)
sopher Plato, the tyrant sells him for a years]
slave—Stanley - - - . 386 They are driven out by a Norman prince,
Plato ransomed by his friend - - - 386 Roger 1., son ol‘ ’l‘ancred, who takes the ,
, Damon and Pythias flourish—See Damon title of count of Sicily - - - 1080 -
and Pyl/u‘as - - - - 386 Roger 11., son ot' the above~named, unites {
The sway of Timoleon - - - - 346 Sicily with Naples, and is crowned king 9.; .
Usurpation of Agathocles - - - 317 of the Two Sicilies - - . . 1130*
Defeat. of Hamilcar ‘ ~ - - - 309 Charles of Anjou, brotherto St. Louis klng .
Pillage of the temples of Leparl -

304 of France, conquers Naples and oily.

   
   
  
   
 
 
  
  
  
  
  
   
  
   
 
   
 
  
  
 
 
 
  
  
  
   
 
  
 
  
       

monomer or DATES. M
'3 ’CILY, continued.
' deposes the Norman princes, and makes Ceded to Victor, duke of Savoy, by the
himself king - - . A. n. 1266 treaty of Utrecht - - A. n. 1713
The French becoming hated by the Sici- Ceded by him to the emperor Charles VI.,
t lians, a general massacre of the invaders Sardinia being given to him as an equi-
‘ takes lace, one Frenchman only escap- valent - - - - - 1720
ing.—gee Sicilian Vespers - -1288 The Spaniards having made themselves
h the same year Sicily is seized by a fleet masters of both kingdoms, Charles, son
2* sent by the kings of Arragon, in Spain; of the king of Spain, ascends the throne,
' but Naples remains to the house of An- with the ancient title renewed, of king
jou, which expires - - - 1382 of the Two Sicilies - - - 1734
Jane, the late sovereign, having left -her Order of St. .lanuarius instituted by king
crown to Louis, duke of Anjou, his re. Charles - - - - - 17$
tensions are resisted by Charles u- The throne of Spain becoming vacant,
.razzo, cousin of Jane, who ascends the Charles, who is heir, vacates the throne
throne - - - - - - 1386 of the two Sicilies in favor 01 his brother
g Alphonsus, king of Arragon, takes posses- Ferdinand, agreeably to treaty - - 1759
{I‘ . men of Naples - - — ~ 1458 Dreadiul earthquake at Messina, in Sicily,
[t The kingdom of Naples and Sicily united winch destroys 40,000 persons - - 1783
t to the Spanish monarchy — - -1504 Naples preserved from the power of the
The tyranny of the S aniards causes an ; French by the British forces under admi-
insurrection, excite by Masaniello, a ralNelson - - - - 1799
. fisherman, who, in fifteen (lays, raises Violent earthquake in the neighborhood
_ . two hundred thousand men - ~ 1647 of Naples - - - - 1805
, Henry duke of Guise, taking advantage of The French invade Naples, depose lung
these commotions, procures himself to Ferdinand IV., and give the crown of .ne

 

- ,be proclaimed king; but is, in a few i Two Sicilies to Joseph Bonaparte, bro-
‘ days, delivered up to the Spaniards by i ther to the emperor of the French - 1806
hi- adhcrents - - ~ - - 1647 i For subsequent events, see Naples.

KINGS OF THE TWO SICILIES.

L1). 1713. Victor Amadeus, duke of Savoy; he i 1806. Jose 11 Napoleon Bonaparte.
- resigned it to the emperor Charles i 1808. Joac iim Murat; he was shot, October 13,
1

VI., in 1718. and got Sardinia in 1815.

lieu of it. 1815. Ferdinand 1.; formerly Ferdinand IV. of
1718. Charles VI. em eror. Naples. and intermediately Ferdinand
.1734. Charles, secon son to the king of 111.01” Sicily; now of the United King-

Spain, resigned in 1759. dom ot' the Two Sicilics.
1759. Ferdinand lV., third son of the former 1826. Francis I.

king. 1830. Ferdinand 11., Nov, 8.

«SICILIAN VESPERS. The memorable massacre of the French in Sicily, known
a by this name, commenced at Palermo, March 30, 1282. The French had
. become hateful to the Sicilians, and a conspiracy against Charles of Anjou
was already ripe, when the following occurrence led to develop and accom:
‘ lish it. On Easter Monday, the chief conspirators had assembled at Pa-
ermo; and while the French were engaged in festivities, a Sicilian bride
happened to pass by with her train. She was observed by one Drochet. a.
Frenchman, who, advancing towards her, began to use her rudely, under
pretence of searching for arms. A young Sicilian, exasperated at this af-
front, stabbed him with his own sword; and a tumult ensuing, 200 French
‘ , were instantly murdered. The enraged populace now ran through the city,

crying out “Let the French die!” and, without distinction of rank, age,
or sex, they slaughtered all of that nation they could find, to the number of
8000. Even such as had fled to the churches found no sanctuary there—the
massacre became general throughout the island.

GES. Azoth, which was besieged by Psammetichus the Powerful. held out

for nineteen years.— Usher. It held out for twenty-nine years—Herodotus.

This was the longest siege recorded in the annals of antiquity. The siege

‘ of Troy was the most celebrated, occupied ten years, 1184 B. C. The fol-

j: lowing are the principal and most memorable sieges since the twelfth cen-

{ _, tury :—

' Acre, 11922 1799, by Bona~ Algiers, 1681; Bomb—vessels- Almeida, August 27,1810,

te ; siege raised after first used by a French €771“ Amiens, 1597.

~ gg’days, 05m trenches. ineer named Renau, 1816 Ancona, 1798.

FM! 1. - l meer, 157'. Angouléme,1345. ,. .I- a;

w.

 

628

THE

SIEGES, continued.

Antwerp, 157 .
fernal machines, 1583, 1585
1706, 179:3, 1814.

Arras, 1414.

Ath, 1745.

Avignon, 1226.

Azoff', 1736.

WORLD’S PROGRESS.

Use of in- Compie‘gne (Joan qf'Arc),

1430.
Condé, 1676, 1792, 1794.
Coni, 1691, 1744.
Constantinople, 1453.
Copenhagen, 1700, 1801, 1807.
Corfu, 1715.

Badajos, March 11,1811. Ta- Courtray, 1302, et seq. 1794.
ken. by escalade on the Cracow, 1772.

ni hf q/‘Apr1l6, 1812.
Bag ad, 1248.
Bangalore, March 6, 1791.
Barcelona, 1697, 1714.
Bayonne, 1451.
Beauvais, 1472.

Cremona, 1702.

Dantzic, 1734, 1793,1807, 1813
to Jan. 12, 1814.

Dendermonde, 1667.

Dole, 1668, 1674.

Douay, 1710.

Belgrade, 1439 1455, 1521, Dover, 1216.

1688, 1717,1759, 1759,
Bellegarde, 1793, 1794.
Belle-Isle, April 7, 1761.
Bergen~op-Zoom, 1588, 1622,

1747, 1814.

Berwick, 1293.

Besangon, 1668, 1674.

Bethune, 1710.

Bois-le-Duc. 1603, 1794.

Bologna, 1512, 1796.

Bommel; the invention of
the covert-way, 1794.

Bonifacio, 1553.

Bonn, 1587, 1689, 1703

Bordeaux, 1451, 1653.

Bouchain, 1676, 1711.

Boulogne, 1545.

Brannau, 1744, 1805. ‘

Breda, 1590, 1625, 1793.

Brescia, 1512, 1796. 1799.

Breslau,.1an. 8,1807.

Brisac, 1638, 1703.

Brussels, 1695, 1746.

Buda, 1526, 1541, 1686.

Burgos, Sept. 19 to Oct. 22,
1812; raised. The French
in their retreat blew up the
works. June 13, 1813.

Cadiz, 1812.

Caen, 1.346, 1450.

Calais, 1347, (British histo- '
rians afirm that cannon
were used at 0712883], 1346,
and here in 1347. First
used here in 1388.—RY-
MER’s Fusn.) 1558, 1596.

Calvi, 1794.

Campo-Mayor, Mar. 23,1811.

Candia; the lar est cannon
then known in%urope used

Dresden, 1745, 1813.

Drogheda, 1649.

Dublin, 1500.

Dunkirk, 1646. 1793.

Edinburgh, 1093.

Figueras, Aug. 19, 1811.

Flushing, Aug. 15, 1809.

Fontenoy, 1242.

Frederickshal ; Charles XII.
killed, 1718.

Frederickstein, August. 13,
1814.

Fumes, 1675, 1744, 1793.

Gaeta, 1433, 1707, 1734, 1799,
July, 1806, 1815.

Genoa. 1747, 1800.

Gerona, Dec. 10, 1809.

Ghent, 1576, 1708.

Gibraltar, 1704, 1779. (See
Gibraltar), 1782.

Glatz, 1742, 1807.

Gotlingen. 1760.

Graves, 1602, 1674, 1794.

Gravelines, 1644

Grenada, 1491. 1492.

Groningen, 1580, 1672, 1795.

Guastalla, 1702.

Gueldres, 1637, 1640, 1703.

Haerlem, 1572, 1573.

Ham, 1411.

Harfleur, 1415, 1450.

Heidelberg, 1688.

Ilerat, June 28. 1838.

Huningen, 1815.

Ismael: the merciless Suwar-
row butchered 30,000 men,
the brave garrison, and
6000 women, in cold blood,
Dec. 22, 1790.

Kehl, 1733, 1796.

 

 

here by the Turks, 1667.
Capua, 1501.
Carthagena, 1706.
Castillon, 1452, 1586.
Ceuta, 1790.
Chalons, 1199.

Landau, 1702, et seq., 1713,
1792, and 1793.

Landrecis, 1543, 1712.

Leon, 991, 1594.

Leipsic, 1637, et seq., 1813.

Lemberg. 1704.

Charleroi, 1672, 1677, 1693, Le1‘id11,1647. 1707,1807.

1736, 1794.
Chartres, 1568, 1591.
Chaves, March 25, 1809.
Cherbourg. 1450.

Chincilla, Oct. 30, 1812.
Ciudad Rodrigo, 1706; July
10, 1810; Jan. 19, 1812.
Colberg, 1760, 1807.

Colchester, 1645.

Leyden, 1574.

Liege. 1468, 1702.

Lille, 1667, 1708, 1792.

Lilo, 1747.

Limerick, 1651. 1691.
[.ondonderry, 1689.
Louisbourg, 1758.

Lyons, 1793.

Maestricht. 1576, 1673.. Vau- 1

   
   
      
       
 

ban first came into notice, ”.-
1676, 1743, 1794.
Magdebourg, 1631, 1806.
Malaga, 1487.
Malta, 1565, 1798, 1800.
Mantua, 1734, 1797, 1799.
Marseilles, 1544.
Mentz, by Charles V., 1552,
1689, 1792 et seq., 1797.
Melun, 1420, 1559.
Menin, 1706, 1744.
Mequinenza, June 8, 1810.
Messina, 1282, 1719.
Metz, 1552.
Meziéres, 1521.
Middleburgh, 1572.
Mons, 1572, 1691, 1709, 746,‘ '
1792, 1794.
thargis, 1427.
Montauoan, 1621.
Montevideo, Jan. 1808.
Mothe : theF‘rench, taught I)
a Mr. Adultery an Englis
engineer, first practised the
art of throwing she/ls, 1634.
Murv1edro, Oct. 25. 1811.
Namur, 1692, 1746, 1792.
Naples, 1381, 1435,1504, 1557,
1792, 1799, 1806.
Nice, 1705.
Nieuport, 1745, 1794.
Olivenza, Jan. 22, 1811.
Olmutz, 1758.
Orleans, 1428, 1563.
Ostend, 1701, 1706, 1745.
Outlenarde, 1708, 1745.
Padua, 1509.
Pampeluna, Oct 31, 1813.
Paris, 1429. 1485, 1594.
Parma 1248.
Pavia, 1525, 1655, 1796.
Perpignan, 1542, 1642.
Philipville, 1578.
Philipsburg, 1644, 1675,1588,
first experiment offiri-nu
artillery a-ricochet, l7 , .
1795. '
Plattsburg, Sept. 11, 1814.
Pondicherry, 1748, 1792.
Prague, 1741, 1743. 1744.
Puebla, (col. Child) 1847.
Quesnoy, 1794. -
Rennes, 1357.
Rheims, 1359.
Rhodes, 1522.
Riga, 1700, 1710.
Rochelle, 1573. 1627.:
Rome, 1527, 1798.
Romorentin; artillery firm
used in sieges.—VOLTAIRI ,
1256. 1
Roses, 1645, 1795, 1808.
Rouen. 1449, 1562, 1591.
Roxbnrgh, 1460.
St. Sebastian, Sept. 8, 1813.
Salamanca. June 27 1812.
Salisbury. 1349. ‘
Saragossa. 1710, 1809.
Saverne. 1675.1 -
Schweidnitz'; first erpm.
men: to reduce agartrm

   
  
     
 
 
  
   
   
   
  
  
  
   
   
  
  
   
   
   
  
   
   
  
   
 
 
  
    
  
   
   
   
  
  
  
  

nmnomnr or mrss. ~ 5’
”IEGES, continued. -
' by springing lobes chom- Thorn, 1703. Valencia, Dec. 25, 181.1.
presswn, l 6 , 1807. Thouars, 1372 1793. Valeneienes, 1677, 1794.
Solo (see Greece), 1822. Tortosa, Jan. 2, 1811. Vannes, 1343.
Seringapatam. 1799. Toulon, 1707, 1793. Venloo, 1702, 1794.
Sevrlle 1096, 1248. Toulouse, 1:417. Verdun, 1792.
Sinolensko, 1611. Tourney, 1340, 1352, 1581, Vera Cruz, (gen. Scott) 1847.
Suxssons, 1414. 1667, 1709, (this was the 1 Vienna, 1529, 1683.

Stralsund; the method qf best defence ever drawn VVakefield,1460.
Ihrowmg red hot ballsfirst from countermines), 1745, Warsaw, Sept. 8, 1831.

practised with. certainty, 1794. Xativa, 1707.
1675.1.713, 1807. Treves, 1675. Xeres, 1262.
Tarifa, Dec. 20, 1811. Tunis, 1270, 1535 Ypres, 1648, 1744, 1794.
Tarragona, May 1813. Turin, 16410, 1706, 1799. Zurich. 1544.
Temeswar, 1716. Urbino, 1799. i Zutphen, 1572, 1586.

Thionville, 1643, 1792. , 1

I SIERRA LEONE. Discovered in A. D. 1460. In 1786, London swarmed with
f free negroes living in idleness and want; and 400 of them, with 60 whites,
mostly women of bad character and in ill health, were sent out to Sierra
Leone, at the charge of government, to form a settlement, December 9, 1786.
The settlement attacked by the French, September 1794: by the natives,
February 1802. Sir Charles Macarthy, the governor of the colony, murder—
ed by the Ashantee chief, Jan. 21, 1824.

- SILK. Wrought silk was brought from Persia to Greece, 325 B. 0. Known at
, Rome in Tiberius’s time, when a law passed in the senate, prohibiting the
use of plate of massy gold, and also forbidding men to debase themselves
by wearing silk, fit only for women. Heliogabalus first wore a garment of
silk, A. D. 220. Silk was at first of the same value with gold, weight for
weight, and was thought to grow in the same manner as cotton on trees.
Silk-worms were brought from India to Europe in the sixth century. Char-
lemagne sent Offa, king of Mercia, a present of two silken vests, A. D. 780.
~ The manufacture was encouraged by Roger, king of Sicily, at Palermo, 1130,
when the Sicilians not only bred the silk—worms, but spun and weaved the
silk. The manufacture spread into Italy and Spain. and also into the south
of France. a little before the reign of Francis 1., about 1510; and Henry IV.
propagated mulberry-trees and silk-worms throughout the kingdom, 1589.
In England, silk mantles were worn by some noblemen’s ladies at a ball at
Kenilworth Castle. 1286. Silk was worn by the English clergy in 1534.
Manufactured in England in 1604; and broad silk wove from raw silk in
1620. Brought to perfection by the Freneh refugees in London, at Spital-
fields, 1688. A silk-throwing mill was made in England, and fixed up at
Derby, by sir Thomas Lombe, merchant of London, modelled from the ori-
ginal mill then in the king of Sardinia’s dominions, about 1714.

VER. It exists in most parts of the world, and is found mixed with other
ores in various mines in Great Britain. The silver mines of South America
are far the richest. A mine was discovered in the district of La Paz in
1660, which was so rich that the silver of it was often cut with a chisel.
In 1749, one mass of silver, weighing 370 lbs. was sent to Spain. From a.
j; mine in Norway, 9. piece of silver was dug, and sent to the Royal Museum
’ ' at Copenhagen. weighing 560 lbs.. and worth 16801. In England silver-plate
and vessels were first used by Wilfrid. a Northumberland bishop, a lofty
: and ambitious man, 1.1). 709.—Tyrell’s Hist. of England. Silver knives,
' spoons. and cups, were great luxuries in 1300.

' _ VER COIN. Silver was first coined by the Lydians, some say; others, by
"” Phidon of Argos. 869 B. c. At Rome it was first coined by Fabius l’ictor,
269 B. 0. Used in Britain 25 B. c. The Saxons coined silver pennies, which
’. . . ¢re 22§ grains weight. In 1302, the penny was yet the largest silver coin
"inEngland. See Shillings, &c., and Coin. From 1816 to 1840 inclusive,

23

.h.-¢ -1.--~m........v.~m.-.»__.,._..—-A-«-.._.... ... .. .1!“ r. .

.. "Aw... ¢.._,..._—‘z_- ..

_ 7...“. .figw._._..__7__._____‘ ..1..-.-W._._..——.—.__._-__,...yv. .- . “Wm- ._1..-,-. .._. .

 

  

530 THE wonLn’s PROGRESS. [sm:

were coined at the Mint in London, 11,108,265l. 15s. in silver, being a yearly;
average of 444,330Z.—Pml. Rat. .

SIMONIANS. An ancient sect of Christians, so called from their founder
Simon Magus, or the Magician. He was the first heretic, and went to Rome
about an. 41. His heresies were extravagant and presumptuous, yet he
had many followers, A. D. 57. A sect called St. Simonians sprung up in
France; and lately attracted considerable attention in that country; and
the doctrine of Simonianism has been advocated in England, and particu-
larly by Dr. Prati, who lectured upon it at a meeting in London, held Jan.
24, 1834.

SINGING. See Music. The singing of psalms was a very ancienl custom both
among the Jews and Christians. St. Paul mentions this practice, which
was continued in all succeeding ages, with some variations as to the mode
and circumstance. During the persecution of the Orthodox Christians by the
empress Justina, mother of the then young Valentinian II. A. D. 386, eccle-
siastical music was introduced in favor of the Arians. “At this time it
was first ordered that hymns should be sung after the manner of Eastern
nations, that the devout might not languish and pine away with a tedious
sorrow.” The practice was imitated by almost all other congregations of
the world—St. Augustin. Pope Gregory the Great refined upon the churclv
music, and made it more exact and harmonious; and that it might be ge-
neral, he set up singing-schools in Rome, A. D. 602.

SlRNAMES, first came up in Greece and Egypt, and arose in great acts and
distinctions; as Soterr, from Saviour; Nicator, conqueror; Euergetes, or Be—
nefactor; P/Lilopater, lover of his father; Pedometer, lover of his mother,
&c. Strato was surnamed Phi/starts, from his deep study of nature; Aris- , f
tides was called the Just; Phocion the Good ,- Plato, the Athenian Bee ,- ‘ ‘
Xenophon, the Attic 1mm ; Aristotle, the Stagyrite ; Pythagoras, the Samian
Sage ; Menedaemus, the Eretrimz, Bull ; Democritus, the Laughing Philoso-
pher ; Virgil, the .Mantualt Swain, 560. Sirnames were introduced into Eng-
land by the Normans, and were adopted by the nobility, A. D. 1100. The old
Normans used Fitz, which signifies son, as Fitzherbert. The Irish used 0,
for grandson, as O’Neal, O’Donnel. The Scottish Highlanders employed
Mac, as Macdonald, son of Donald. The Saxons added the word son to the
father’s name, as Williamson. Many of the most common sirnames, such
as Johnson, Wilson, Dyson, Nicholson, &c., were taken by Brabanters and
other Flemings, who were naturalized in the reign of Henry VI. 1435.—
Rymer’s Freda-a, vol. x.

SLAVERY. Slavery has existed from the earliest ages. With other abomi-
nable customs, the traffic in men spread from Chaldea into Egypt,.Arabia, .;
and all over the East, and at length into every known region under heaven. » ‘
In Greece, in the time of Homer, all prisoners of war were treated as slaves.
The Lacedemonian youth, trained up in the practice of deceiving and
butchering slaves, were from time to time let loose upon them to show their
proficiency in stratagem and massacre; and once, for their amusement only,
,they murdered 3000 in one night. Alexander, when he razed Thebes, sold
the whole people, men, women, and children, for slaves, 335 B. C. See
Helots.

SLAVERY IN ROME. In Rome slaves were often chained to the gate of a
great man’s house, to give admittance to the guests invited to the feast. .
By one of the laws of the XII. Tables, creditors could seize their insolvent
debtors, and keep them in their houses till, by their services or lab ', they ‘1
had discharged the sum they owed. C. Pollio threw such slaves 3. gave T
him the slightest- offence into his fish-ponds, to fatten his lampreys, 42 B. e. _
Cacilius Isidorus left to his heir 4116 slaves, 12 B. c. ‘ ‘

 
   

 

MARY or nuns; 581'

   
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
  
  
  
 
 
 
   
  
    
  
 
  

. SLAVERY m ENGLAND. Slavery was very early known; and laws respect-
' ing the sale of slaves was made by Alfred. The English peasantry were so
commonly sold for slaves in Saxon and Norman times, that children were
sold in Bristol market like cattle for exportation. Many were sent to Ire-
land, and others to Scotland. A statute was enacted by Edward VI. that a
runaway, or any one who lived idly for three days, should be brought before
two justices of the peace, and marked V with a hot iron on the breast, and.
adjudged the slave of him who brought him for two years. He was to take
the slave, and give him bread, water, or small drink, and refuse meat, and
cause him to work by beating, chaining, or otherwise; and if, within that
space, he absented himself fourteen days, was to be marked on the forehead
or check, by a hot iron, with an S, and be his master’s slave for ever—second
desertion was made felony. Lawful to put a ring of iron round his neck,
arm, or leg. A beggar’s child might be put apprentice, and, on running
away, become a slave to his master, 1547.

. SLAVE TRADE. The slave trade from Congo and Angola was begun by the
. Portuguese in 1481. Volumes have been written, confined to facts alone,
describing the horrors of this traffic. The commerce in man has brutalized
a tract 15 degrees on each side the equator, and 40 degrees wide, or of' four
millions of square miles; and men and women have been bred for sale to the
Christian nations during the last 250 years and wars carried on to make pri-
soners for the Christian market. The Abhé Raynal computes that, at the
time of his writing, 9,000,000 of slaves had been consumed by the Europeans,
“Add 1,000,000 at least more, for it is about ten years since,” says Mr.
Cooper, who published letters on this subject in 1787. In the year 1768.
the slaves taken from their own continent amounted to 104,100. In 1786,
the annual number was about 100,000; and in 1807 (the last year of the
English slave trade), it Was shown by authentic documents, produced by
‘ government, that from 1792 upwards of 3,500,000 Africans had been torn
from their country, and had either miserably perished on the passage. or been
sold in the West Indies.*—Butlcr. Bull of pope Gregory against the slave
trade, Dec. 1830. Quintuple treaty for the suppression of the slave trade,
allowing mutual right of search, signed at London, by the representatives
of Great Britain, France, Austria, Russia, and Prussia, December 20, 1841.
King of Sweden abolishes slavery in the island of St. Bartholomew, Oct.

9, 1847.

SLAVE TRADE or ENGLAND. Captain, afterwards sir John Hawkins, was
,‘ the first Englishman, after the discovery of America, who made a traffic
of the human species. His first expedition with the object of procuring
negroes on the coast of Africa, and conveying them for sale to the West
Indies, took place in October, 1563. See Guinea. Queen Anne directed the
colonial government of New York to take care “ that the Almighty should

 

' ‘ European avarice has been glutted with the murder of 180,000,000 of our fellow-creatures
‘Flecollecting that for every one slave procured, ten are slaughtered in their own land In war, an
fr at a fifth die on the passage, and a third in the seasoning.—( foorER’s LETTERS ON THE SLAvg
RADE. “ But,” says BUTLER, ~‘ this monstrous colossal crime has not been per etrated with im-
a ' m'y. Not only its prosecution, but its effects have in some measure called own upon us the
owns and the judgments of heaven.

“ By foreign wealth are British morals changed,
And Afric’s sons. and India’s, smile avenged.”

I ‘ strade was abolished in Austria in 1182. By the French convention in 1794. By the United
‘ = in 1807. By England (see above) in 1807. The Allies, at Vienna. declared against it, February

'3; Napoleon, in the hundred da s, abolished the trade, March 29, 1815. Treaty with S ' ,
7_. 'Vith the Netherlands, May,1 18; Wlth Brazil, Nov. 1826. But tins horrid trams 2.0::th

' 3&an in several states—Haydn.

 

 

 
 

532 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [ My
be devoutly and duly served, according to the rites of the Church of Eng-' f
land, and also that the Royal African Company should be encouraged, and
that the colony should have a constant and sufficient supply of mercltantable
negroes at moderate rates.” In the year 1786, England employed 130‘ships,
and carried 0342.000 slaves ; Bristol and Liverpool were chiefly engaged in it; .
and such was the extent of British commerce in human flesh, that at the pe- .
riod of slave emancipation in the British plantations in 1833, the number 01‘ "
slaves, which had previously been considerably more, yet then amounted to
770,280. The slave-trade question was debated in the British parliament ,3
in 1787. The debate for its abolition lasted two days in April 1791. The f’
motion of Mr. Wilberforce was lost by a majority of 88 to 83, April 3, 1798. 'j
After several other efforts of humane and just men, the question was g
introduced under the auspices of lord Grenville and Mr. Fox, then minis- ‘
ters, March 31, 1806; and the trade was finally abolished by parliament,
March 25, 1807.

SLAVERY OF THE AMERICAN INDIANS IN EUROPE.

Many of the‘ early navigators to Ame-
rica, including Columbus himself,
carried considerable numbers of the
aborigines to Europe, where they
were sold into slavery. Queen Isa-
bella commanded the liberation of
Indians held in bondage in her pos-
sessions, in - - - - 1501

SLAVERY IN THE UNITED STATES.

The first negro slaves in the English
colonies of North America were
brought to Virginia in a Dutch vessel
ol'war - - - - 1620

-——but the next year the slaver of .n-
dians was recognized as law ul ; and
the practice of selling the natives of
North America into foreign bondage
continued for nearly two centuries.
The excellent Winthrop enumerates
Indians among his bequests—Ban-
croft.

See Slave Trade.

[Slavery had been already prohibited
in mest of the northern States in their
constitutions]

Act of congress against fitting out ves-

Negroes “ who had been fraudulently sels for slave trade - - - 1794
brought from Guinea” to Massachu- Act forbidding any citizen of the Uni-
setts (the first in New England), were tcd States from holding pro erty in
sent home at the public expense by foreign slave vessels. Unite States
the general court of that colony - 1646 vessels authorized to seize slavers - 1800
Gorton and Roger Williams made ade- Act forbidding, under heavy penalties,
cree against slavery in Rhode Island 1652 the introduction of slaves into the
White slaves were sold in England, to United States - - ~ - 1807
be transported to Virginia: average Act declaring the slave trade piracy, .
price for 5 years’ servrce, £5—while punishable with death - - 1820
a negro was worth £25.—Bancrqft - 1672 [Slavery has, however, been continued
Virginia had one slave to 50 whites - 1650 in thirteen of the States. See Mis-
The Quakers abolished slavery among souriJ i
themselves - - - - 1754 The number of slaves in the United '
Resolutions against the slave trade States in 1790 was - - - 697,697
passed by the first congress of the In 1800 - - - - - - 896,849
colonies - - - - 1774 In 1810 - - - - - - 1,191,364
Act against the external slave trade In 1820 ~ - - ~ - - 1,538,064
passed by congress of the United In 1830 - - - - - - 2,010,436
Slates - - - - - 1789 In 1840 - - - - - - 2,487,355

SLAVES, EMANCIPATION or. Act for the abolition of slavery throughout the
British colonies, and for the promotion of industry among the manumitted
slaves, and for the compensation to the persons hitherto entitled to the ser-
vices of' such slaves, by the grant from parliament of 20.000,000l. sterling,
passed 3 and 4 William IV.. Aug. 28, 1833. By the operation of this act.
slavery terminated in the British possessions on Aug. 1, 1834, and 770,280
slaves became free.

SLEEP. We are told that while Epimenides Was at Athens, and was one day
attending his flocks, he entered a cave, and there fell asleep. His sleep con-
tinued, according to some writers, forty or forty-seven years ; Pliny says he ‘
slept fifty—seven years; and when he awoke, he found every object so 8,132.4 ‘.
‘tered he knew not where he was. It is supposed that he lived 289 years;

‘Ww. vale-,-

aka—thfif .

M

v".

‘41
l.‘

 

   
   
   
  
   
   
 
  
   
   
 
  
  
   
  
  
 
 
  
  
  
   
   
  
  
  
   
    
  
  
 
   
  
   
 
  

, “I; .j DICTIONARY or DATES. fi

596 B. c. We have many, and even very late, instances of persons in
these countries sleeping continuously for weeks and months.

SMALL—POX. Lady Mary Wortley Montagu introduced inoculation for the
small-pox from Turkey, her own son having been inoculated with perfect
success at Adrianople, A. D. 1718. She was allowed, by way of experiment,
to inoculate seven capital convicts, who, on their recovery, were pardoned.
Inoculation for the small—pox was encouraged under the auspices of Dr.
Mead. A small-pox hospital was instituted in London, 1746, but the pie-
sent building was not opened till 1756. See Inoculation and Vaccination.

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. Founded by will of James Smithson, a nap
tural son of the duke of Northumberland, who died 1836, and left £100,000
“to the United States of America, to found at Washington an institution
for the increase and diffusion of knowledge among men.” Act of Congress
accepting the bequest, and providing for the fulfilment of the trust, 1846.
Corner stone of the building laid, May 1, 1847.

SMOLENSKO, BATTLE or. One of the most memorable of the celebrated
Russian campaign of 1812, between the French and Russian armies. The
French in this most sanguinary engagement were three times repulsed, but
they ultimately succeeded, and, on entering Smolensko, found the city,
which had been bombarded, burning and partly in ruins. Barclay de Tolli,
the Russian commander-in—chief‘, incurred the displeasure of the emperor
Alexander, because he retreated after the battle, and Kutusofi‘ succeeded
to the command, Aug. 17, 1812.

SMUGGLERS IN ENGLAND. The customs duties were instituted originally to
enable the king to afford protection to trade against pirates; and they af—
terwards became a branch of the public revenue. A severe penalty against
smuggling was enacted in 1736.

SNUFF—TAKING. This practice took its rise in England from the captures
made of vast quantities of snuff by sir George Rooke’s expedition to Vigo
in 1702. The prize of the forces having been sent home and sold, the vice
soon obtained from which the revenue now draws, with tobacco, consider-
ably more than 3,000 OOOOZ. per annum. In the year ending Jan. 5, 1840,
there were imported 1,622,493 lbs. of snuff, of which 196,305 lbs. were
entered for home consumption ; the duty was 88,263l. See Tobacco.

SOAP. This article was imperfectly known to the ancients. The first express
mention of it occurs in Pliny and Galen; and the former declares it to be
an invention of the Gauls, though he prefers the German to the Gallic soap.
In remote periods clothes were cleansed by being rubbed or stamped upon
in water. Nausicaa and her attendants, Homer tells us, washed theirs by
treading upon them with their feet in pits of water.— Odyssey, book vi.
The manufacture of soap began in London in 1524, before which time it
was supplied by Bristol at one penny per pound.

Hugh (now lord) Gough, attacked the Sikh force on the Sutlej. The ene-
my was dislodged after a dreadful contest, and all their batteries taken;
and in attempting the passage of a river by a floating bridge in their rear,
the weight of the masses that crowded upon it caused it to break down. and
more than 10,000 Sikhs were killed, wounded, or drowned. The British
loss was 2383 men; fought Feb. 10, 1846.

, SOCIETY ISLANDS seized by the French admiral, Dupetit Thouars, and
' queen Pomare deposed, Nov. 9, 1843, but the transaction was disavowed by

,3, the French government. ‘

”CIALISM. This is the name given to the doctrine which teaches that all
,.~= men have common interests, and that society ought to be, accordingly; or-

: SOBRAON, BATTLE or; INDIA. The British army, 35,000 strong, under Sir .

 

    
  
    
   
  
   
  
 
 
 
   
   
   
   
   
    
   
  
  
   
    
  
   
   
    
  

$534 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. 1mg

ganized on that principle. It has been taught, more or less distinctly, in :
all ages and nations: by Pythagoras B. c. 466, and Plato B. c. 422, among
the Greeks; by the sect of Essenes, in the time of our Saviour among the
Jews; by the first Christians A. D. 34; by several of the fathers of the
Church; by sir Thomas More. in his Utopia, A. D. 1515; by Campunella, ’3

A. n. 1623 ; and by Babeau in France, A. D. ; but the principal modern
teachers of it have been Charles Fourier, who was born at Besaucou in 1772;
and who published a variety of able works on the subject; by Claude Henri
St. Simon, born also in France, at Paris, in AD. 1760; and by Robert Owen, of
England, who first taught it publicly in London i111831. Through the instru-
mentality of their writings it has been been spread over Germany, France,

.. England, and the United States, where socialism, in different forms, has a
no considerable number of disciples. In February, 1848, an attempt was made
wag-by Louis Blane, one of the Provisional Government of Paris, to organize
‘%.labor on socialist principles, but without success. A great many religious
sects, such as the Moravians, the Rappites, the Zoaritcs, and {he Shakers,
adopt the doctrine of common property in their social arrangements.

SOCINIAN S. So called from their founders, Faustus and Laelius Socinus.
They taught that Jesus was a mere man, who had no existence before he
was conceived by the Virgin; that the Holy Ghost was not a distinct per-
son; and that the Father only is truly God. They maintained that Christ
died only to give mankind a pattern of heroic virtue, and to seal his doc-
trines with his death. Original sin, grace, and predestination they treated
as mere chimeras. Socinianism was propagated about A. D. 1560.—Pwm’on.

SODOM AND GOMORRAH. These cities, with all their inhabitants, destroyed '. ,
by fire from heaven, 1897 B. c.—Bible, Blair, Usher. The offence of sodomy ‘
was first sown in England by the Lombards. By an old English law, the cri- ,,
minal was burnt to death, though Fleta says he should be buried alive.
The crime was subject to ecclesiastical censure only at the time of Henry
VIII., who made it felony without benefit of clergy, 1533. Confirmed by
statute 5 Elizabeth, 1562.

SOLAR SYSTEM. The system nearly as now accepted,.after the investiga-
tions and discoveries of many enlightened centuries and ages, was taught
by Pythagoras of Samos, about 529 B. C. In his system of the universe he
placed the sun in the centre, and all the planets moving in elliptical orbits
round it—a doctrine deemed chimerical and improbable, till the deep in-
quiries of the philosophy of the sixteenth century proved it, by the most
accurate calculations, to be true and ineontestable. The system of Pytha-
goras was revived by Copernicus, and it is hence called the Copernican
system. Its truth was fully demonstrated by sir Isaac Newton, in 1695.
How truly the poet says—

“ He who through vast immensity can pierce,
See worlds on worlds compose one universe,
Observe how system into system runs,
What other flanets circle other suns,
What varie beings people every star,
May tell why Heaven has made us what we are.”-Pope.

SOLOMON’S TEMPLE. The foundation laid, 480 years after the deliverance
from Egypt, 1012 B. C. The temple solemnly dedicated. Friday, October
30, 1004 B. 0., being 1000 years before the birth of the Redeemer.—-Uslle¢,
Lenglet.

SORCERERS AND MAGICIANS. A law wasenacted against their seductions,
33 Henry VIII. 1541 ; and another statute equally severe was passed 5 Eli-
zabeth, 1563. The pretension to sorcery and witchcraft and the conversing
with evil spirits was made capital, 1 James 1., 1603. For shocking instance:
of the punishment of sorcerers, see Witchcraft.

 

1 away or DATEI. a

  
  
 
 
   
  
   
    
    
   
  
   
 
 
  
   
   
   
  
  
   
   
  
  
  
   
   
   
 
   
 
  

SOUDAN on SOUJAH. The title of the lieutenant— generals of the calipht,
which they went by' 1n theix provinces or armies. These officers afterwards
made themselves sovereigns. Saladin, gene1alot' the forces of the Nora-
dine, king of Damascus. was the In st that took upon him this title 1n Egypt,
A D. 1165:: after having killed the caliph Cay 111

SOUND F e1ve1 than thi1ty vibiations 111 a second give no sound; and when
the vib1atio11s exceed 7520 in a second, the tones cease to be disc1iminated.
Robesval states the velocity 01 sound at the iate of 560 feet 111 a second;
Gassendus, at 1473; De1‘,han1 at 1142 feet. At Pa1is, 11 he1e cannon 11- me
fired under many varieties of w cathe1 in 17‘ 3,8 it 11 as found to be 1107 feet.
'll1e the of the B11t1sh on landing in Egypt 1121s distinctly hea1d 130 miles
on the sea. See Acoustics.

SOUN DIN GS AT SEA. Captain Ross, of H. M. S. (Edipns, took extraordinary
soundings at sea. One of them was taken 900 miles west of St. Helena,
1vhe1e it extended to the depth of 5000 f‘ath.o1ns Anothe1 sounding 11as
made in latitude of 33 degrees S. and longitude 9 degrees W. about 300
mile from the Cape of Good Hope when 2 b.166 fathoms weie sounded; the
11 night employed amounted to 4501bs., 1840.

SOUTH CAROLINA. One of the United States; first settlement was made
under Governor Sayle, at Port Royal, in 1670, and at Charleston 1671 ; re-
ceived a colony of French refugees, exiled by the revocation of the Edict
of Nantes, 1690; church of England established by law, 1703; proprietary
government in the two Carolinas superseded by one established by the peo-
ple in 1719 ; the country purchased of the proprietors by the English par-
liament in 1729, when the country was divided into North and South
Carolina: received colonies of Swiss, Germans, and Irish at various times.
This State early resisted the claims of the mother country. and was active
in the revolutionary war. Charleston and a large part of the State taken by
the British in 1780; battle of Eutaw Springs, 1781; Federal Constitution
adopted May 23, 1788, by 149 to 73; “nullification ordinance ” passed
Nov. 1832. Population in 1790 was 249 000; in 1810, 415,115; in 1830,
581.458; in 1840, 594,398, including 327,538 slaves.

SOUTH SEA BUBBLE. This destructive speculation was commenced in
1710; and the company incorporated by statute, 1716. The bubble, which
ruined thousands of families, exploded in 1720, and the directors’ estates,
to the value of 2014 000$. were seized in 1721. Mi. Knight, the cashier,
absconded with 100 0001.- but he com pounded the f1 and Dfor 10 0001., and
1eturned to England in 1743. Almost all the wealthy pe1sons in the king-
dom had become stock jobbers and speeulatms in this fatal scheme. The
artifices of the directors had 1aised the shares, 01iginally of 100l., to the
enormous price of 10001. See Law’ 3 Bubble.

SOUTHCOTT, JOANNA. See Impostms, &c.

SPAIN. The first settlers are supposed to have been the progeny of Tubal,
fifth son of J a heth. The Phoenicians and Carthaginians successively
planted coloniesp on the coasts; and the Romans possessed the 11 hole coun-
try. In the decline of the Roman empire, Spain 11 as seized by the Vandals,
Alans, and Suevi; afterwards subdued by the Visigoths, who laid the foun-
dation of the present monarchy. See Tabular Views, p. 65, et seq.

The Vandals and Suevi wrest Spain Alphonsus II. lefusing to pay the Sara-
fiom the Romans - - A. D. 412 cens the annual tribute of 100 1iigins,
The Visigoths enter Spain under their war is declared; Alphonsus 1s Victo-
Ieade1,Eu1ic - - 472 rious, and obtains the appellation of
The Saracens from Arabia invade the “ the chaste” - - 11.1). 791 at 3
country - - 713 et seq. Inigo. fi1st king of Navarre, &c. -
Pelagius, a. royal Visigoth, proclaimed Ferdinand I. count of (‘astile,takesthe

kingofnsturias - ~ . 718 title ofking - ~ - - - um

 

'U.
(a
I.
’1‘
1.
g
I
1
i‘

5% THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. l“ f

SPAIN, continued.

Union of Navarre and Castile - A. D. 1031
The kingdom of Arragon commenced __
under Ramirez 1. - - ‘ - - 1030

Leon and Asturias united to Castile - 1037

Portugal taken from the Saracens by
Henry of Bourbon - - » 1087

The Saracens, beset on all sides by the
Christians, call in the aid ofthe Moors
from Africa, who seize the dominions
they came to protect, and subdue the

Saracens - - - 1091 et seq
The Moors defeated in several battles

by Alphonsus l. of Navarre - - 1118
Twelve Moorish kings overcome in one

great pitched battle - - - 1135
University ofSalamanca founded - 1200
Leon anti Castile re-united - - - 1226

Cordova. the residence of the first Moor-
ish kings, taken by Ferdinand of Gas.
tile and Leon - - - - 1236
The kingdom of Granada begun by the
Moors, their last refuge from the

power of the Christians - - 123
Reign of Alphonsus the W’ise - - 1252
The crown of Navarre passes to the

royal family of France - - 1276
200,000 Moors invade Spain - ~ 1327
They are defeated by Alphonsus XL,

with great slaughter - - - 1340

The infant Don Iienriquez, son ofJohn
the First of Castile, first had the title
ol‘prince of Asturias - - - 1388

Ferdinand II. of Arragon marries Isa-
bella of Castile; and nearly the whole
Christian dominions of Spain are uni~
ted in one monarchy - - - 1474

Granada taken after a two years’ siege ;
and the power of the Moors finally
extirpated by the valor ofFerdinand - 1492

Columbus issent from Spain to explore

the western world - - - 1492
Ferdinand conquers the greater part of

the kingdom of Navarre - - 1512
Accession ofthe house ofAustria to the

throne of S ain - - - 1516
Charles V. of Spain and Germany re-

tires from the world . - - 1556
Philip I. commences his bloody perse-

cution ofthe Protestants - - 1561
The Escurial began building - - 1562
Portugal united to Spain - ~ - 1580

The invincible Spanish Armada de<

stroyed. Sec Armada, and Naval
Battles — - 1588

Philip III. banishes the Moors aid their
descendants, to the number of 900,000,

from Spain - - - - 1610
Philip IV. loses Portugal - - 1640
Gibraltar taken by the English - - 1704
Philip V. invades Naples - _ - 1714
Charles 111., king of the Two Sieihes,

succeeds to the crown - - 1759

Battle of Cape St. Vincent - Feb. 14. 1797
Spanish treasure-shi s, valued at3.000,-
000 dollars, seize by the English

Oct. 29, 1804
Battle of Trafalgar. See Trafalgar,
Battle of ~ - Oct. 31, 1505
,. Sway of the prince of Peace - - 1806
Conspiracy of the prince of Asturias
against his father - July 25, 1807
Treaty of Fontainebleau . Oct. 27, 1807

   
  
   
 
    
  
  
  
 
   
   
   
    
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
   
   

The French take Madrid - A. D. March, 18(8 t '
The prince of Peace dismissed by the .
king of Spain . March‘iS, 1808 ‘
Abdication of Charles IV. in favor of - ,
Ferdinand - - March 19, 1808
And at Bayonne, in favor ofhis “ friend
and ally,” Napoleon, when Ferdi-
nand relinquished the crown, May 1, 1808
The French are massacred at Madrid,
May 2, 1808
Napoleon assembles the notables at
Bayonne - - May 25, 1808
Joseph Bonaparte enters Madrid, as
king ofSpain . - July 12, 1808
He retires from the capital - July 29, 1808
Supreme Junta installed - Se t. l808
Madrid retaken by the French, and . -
seph restored - Dec. 2, 1808
The royal family of Spain imprisoned
in the palace of Chambery, in Savoy,
Dec. 5, 1808
[Spain now becomes the scene of the
struvgle called the Peninsular War,
for the events of which see the arti.
cles severally]
Constitution of the Cortes - May 8, 1812
Ferdinand V11. restored - May L4, 1814
Spanish revolution began - Jan. 1, 1820
Ferdinand swears to the constitution of
the Cortes - - March 8, 1820
Removal of the king to Seville, and
thence to Cadiz - March 20, 1823
The French enter Spain - April 7, 1823
They invest Cadiz - - June 25, 1823
Battle of the Trocadero - - Aug. 31, 1823
Desporism resumed; the Cortes dis-
solved; executions - Oct. 1823
Riego put to death - Nov. 27, 1823
The French evacuate Cadiz - Sept. 21, 1828
Cadiz made a free port - Feb. 24, 1829
Salique law abolished - March 25, 1830
Queen of Spain appointed regent dur-
ing the king’s indisposition, and a
complete change made in the minis-
try - - - Oct. 25, 1832
Don Carlos declares himself legitimate
successor to his brother’s throne,
should the king die - April 29, 1833
Death of Charles IV., and his queen
assumes the title of governing queen,
until Isabella 11., herinfant daughter,
attains her majority - Se t. 29, 1833
The royalist volunteers disarme , with “\
seine bloodshed, at Madrid - Oct. 27, 1833
Don Carlos lands at Portsmouth with
his family - - June 18, 1834
He suddenly appears among his ad!
herents in Spain - July 10, 1834
The peers vote the perpetual exclusion
of Don Carlos from the throne, Aug. 30, 1834
[Here commences the desolating civil
war, in which British auxiliaries take
the side of the queen] ,
Espartero gains the battle of Bilboa,
and is ennobled - - Dec. 25, 1836
General Evans retires from the com- -
mand of the auxiliary legion, and ar-
rives in London, after haying achieved
various successes in Spain - June 20, 1837
Madrid is declared in a state of siege. ,
Aug. 11, 1857
{Espartero and other Christina generals

:mwpfiflgwflzfl New, .. ,r.

   

E: SPAIN, continued.

5’; may or mus; ‘53?

engage with the Carlists, and nume- l The troops evacuate the citadel and

rous conflicts take place With various
success.)
Madrid is again declared in a state of
s1eve - A. 1) Oct. 30, 1838
The 8 ianish Cortes dissolved- June 1: 1839
The Carlists under Marota desert Don
Carlos - - - Aug. 25. 1839
Marota and Espartero conclude a treaty
ol' peace - - Aug. 29, 1839
Don Carlos seeks refuge in France

Cabrera, the Carlist general, unable to
maintain the war, enters France with
a bodv 01 his troops - .luly 7, 1840
The Brltish auxiliaries evacuate St. 813- i
bastian and Passages - Aug 25,1840 1
Espartero makes his triumphal- entry
into Madrid - - - Oct. 5, 1840
The queen regent appoints a new min-
istry, who are nominated by Espai-

tero - - - Oct. 5. 1840
The abdication of the queen regent 01
Spain - - - Oct. 12,1840

[She subsequently‘ reaves the kingdom;
vis1ts France; next settles in Sicily;
. but returns to France. ]
f, ' Espartero, duke 01 Victory, expels the 1
pap 11 nunuo - - Dec. 29, 1840
The Spanish cortes declare Espartero
regent during the minority of the
young queen - - Apr. 12.1841 1
Insurrection in favor of Christina is
commenced at Pampeluna by Gen

0’ Donnell’s army - - O.ct2 ,1841
It. spieads to Vittoria and other parts of 1
the kingdom - - Oct. 1841

1*
1 _

Don Diego Leon attacks the palace at
Mad1id, and his followers are repuls-
ed, and numbers of them slain by the '
queen’ s guard - - Oct 7,1841

Don Diego Leon, havmor been seized, is

 
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
   
 
  
   
  
  

; shot at cMadrid - - Oct. 15, 1841
_( Zurbano captures Bilboa - Oct. 21. 1841
* Rodi], the constitutional general enters

Vittoria - - Oct. 21,1841
Espartero decrees the suspension of

queen Christina’ s pension - Oct. 26, 1841
Espartero makes his triumphal entr

into Madrid - ~ Nov. ,1841
An insurrection breaks out at Barce-

lona; the national guard jOIIIS the

populace - - Nov 13, 1842
Battle 1n the streets between the national

guard and the troops: the latter lose

500 in killed and wounded, and retreat

to the citadel - - Nov. 15,1842

 

LD. 406. Alaricl ,king of the Goths; murdered.

" 411. Athalsus; murdered by his soldiers.
' 4111. Wallia.

42). Theodoric 1.; killed 1n battle.
. 450 Torrismuno , assassinated by his fa-
g: vorite.
' 452. Theodoric II.
466. Euric.
484. Alaric 11.; killed' in battle.
507. Gesalric; killed in battle.
. 511. Auralaric; killed in battle.

531. Thepdat; assassinated by a madman.
23*

Sept. 13,1839 1

, The siege is raised - -

retire to Montiuich - Nov. 17,1842
The regent Espartero arrives before

Barcelona, an t demands its uncondi-

tional surr'endei - - Nov. 29,1842
Bombardment of Barcelona - Dec. 2, 1842
It capitulates - - Dec. 4, 1842
The disturbances of Malaga - May 25, 1843
The revolutionaryjunta is reestablish-

ed at Barcelona - - June 11, 1843
[Corurna, Seville, Burgos, Santiago,

and numerous other towns, shortly

atterwards “pronounce” against the

regent Espartero. ]
A1'1ival oi Gen. Narvaez at Madrid,

which surienders - - Julyla, 1843
Espartero bombards Seville - July 21, 1843
_ July 27, 1843
[Therevolution is completely success-

ful, and Espa1te1'o flies to Cadiz, and

embarks on board her Majesty’s ship

.Malabar. ]
The no w government deprive Espartero

of his titles and rank - Aug. 16,1843
Espai tero and his suite and friends ar-

rive in London - - Aug. 23, 1843

1 Reaction against the new government

breaks out at Madrid - Aug. 29, 1843
The young queen Isabella 11.,13 years
old, is declared by the cortes to be of

age - - Nov. 8, 1843
The queen- mother, Christina, 1"etuins to
Spam - - - March 23, 1814

, D011 Carlos, from Bourges, foimally re-

linquishes his right to the crown, in

favor 01 his son - - May18, 1845
Narvaez and his ministry resign, Feb.

12; they return to power, March 17;

and again resign - < Maich 28,1846
The queen is publicly aflianced to her

cousin, don Francisco d’Assiz. duke

of Cadiz - - - Aug. 27, 1846
Escape of Don Carlos and others from
France - - - Sept 14. 1846

Marriage of the queen, and marriage
also of the infanta Louisa to the duke
de Montpensier - - Oct. 10,1846
[The Montpensier marriage occasions
the displeasure of England, and dis-
turbs the friendly relations of the
French and English governments. ]
Amnesty granted by the queen to pn-
htlcal offenders - - Oct 18,1846
The queen has ason born, who dies the
same day - . - July 1,1850

KINGS OF SPAIN-

548. Theodisele; murdered for female via.
lation.

549. Agila; taken prisoner and put to death.

554. Athanagild

567. From this year to the year 687, sixteen
kings reigned.

687. Egica or Egiza.

697. V1tizza.

741. Rodenck; killed in battle' in 714.

An interregnum till
718. Pelagius. .
736 Favila; killed by a boar in hum.

1
.1
1:
1‘
1
1
1
1
z
1

 

. ms was: 'Weath‘s -mmm

  
   
 
  
   
   
   
   
   
    
   
 
   
 
   
  
   
    
     

SPAIN, continued.

738. Alphonsus 1.; Catholic. I 1350. Peter the Cruel; deposed. Reinstate‘v
757. Froila 1.; killed by his brother Aure- by Edward the Black Prince 01 Eng-

lius. land; afterwards beheaded by his

768. Aurelius. _ subjects. _ ' ‘

774. Silo. 1368. Henry 11., the Gracious; poisoned by

783. Mauregat. a monk. g

789. Veremond. 1379. John 1. ; he united Biscay to Casttlc.

791. Alphonsus II. ; the chaste. 1390. Henry 111., the Sickly.

524. Ramiro 1.; he put 70,000 Saracens to 1406. John 11.
the sword in one battle. 1454. Henry IV. the Impotent.

860. Ordogno I. 1474. Ferdinand V., the Catholic, in whom, .

862. Alphonsus 111.; surnamed the great; by his marriage with Isabella, the _
deposed by his son. kingdoms of Castile and Arragon

910. Garcias. were united. . .

914. Ordogno II. 1504. Philip 1. of Austria, and his queen _,

933. Froila II. Joan. ‘

9'24. Alphonsus 1V. ; abdicated. 1506. Joan alone over both kingdoms. j

931. Ramiro II. , killed in battle. 1516. Charles 1., and emperor of Germany, ,

950. Ordogno 111. resigned both crowns, and retired to :

955. Ordogno IV. a monastery. ~

9513. Sancho 1., the Fat; poisoned with an 1555. Philip 11., married Mary, queen-reg-
apple nant of England.

967. Ramiro 111. 1598. Philip 111., son of the preceding; he

982. Veremund 11.; the Gouty. drove the Moors from Grenada and l-

999. Alphonsus V. ; killed at the siege of the adjacent provinces.

Viscu. 1621. Philip 1V., his son; a reign of nearl

1028. Veremund III. ; killed in battle. continuous and unfortunatewars wit

1035. Ferdinand the Great, king of Leon and the Dutch and France.

Castile. 1665. Charles II.

1065. Sancho 11.,the Strong, king of Castile ; 1700. Philip V., duke of Anjou, grandson to ,
Alphonsus in Leon and Asturias; and Louis XIV. of France ' resigned.
Garcias in Galicia. 1724. Lewis 1. ; who reigned only a. few

1072. Alphonsus V1., the Valiant; in Castile months. .-
and Leon. 1724. Philip V. ; again. '

1109. Alphonsus V11. 1745. Ferdinand V1., sumamed the Wise; he ’

1122. Alphonsus V111. distinguished his reign by acts of '

1157. Sancho III. the Beloved, in Castile; liberality and beneficence. . ~
Ferdinand in Leon. 1759. Charles 111., king of the Two Sicilies.

1158. Alphonsus 1X., in Castile. 1788. Charles 1V. ; abdicated in favor of his

1214. Henry 1. son and successor.

1236. Ferdinand 111. the Holy; in him Cas‘ 1808. Ferdinand V11., whom Napoleon, of .
tile and Leon were reunited, and per- of France, also forced to resign.
petually annexed. 1808. Joseph Bonaparte, brother of Napo- -

1252. Alphonsus the Wise; deposed. leon; deposed.

1284. Sancho 1V., the Brave; Peter 111. in 1814. Ferdinand V1[.; restored; succeeded ,
Arragon. by his daughter.

1295. Ferdinand IV. 1833. Isabella 11., Sept. 29; who came to the ‘

1312. Alphonsus X. ; John in Arragon. I throne when three years of age.

, ,
While nearly all the other nations of the world have been at peace, this coun-8
try, for the last quarter of a century, has been a prey to the most- deplor.
able commotions, and almost continuous and destructive civil war. From?

, the death of Ferdinand, the intrigues of Christina, the queen-mother, and *
the parties in her interest, have led to successive revolutions in the state,-

and caused, in 1840, her own abdication of the regency, and expulsion from}
the kingdom. ‘

SPANISH ARMADA AGAlNS'I‘ ENGLAND. See article Armada.

SPARTA. The capital of Laconia, one of the most considerable republics ot
the Peloponnesus, and the formidable rival of Athens. Though without .
walls, it resisted the attacks of its enemies by the valor of its citizens. for ‘-
ei-gh-t centuries. The epoch of its foundation is much disputed. Lelex in -
supposed to have been the first king, 1516 B. c. From Lacedaemon the fourth ,
king, and his wife Sparta, who are also spoken of as the founders of the *
city, it obtained the names by which it was most known. The history of
Lacedaemon may be divided into five eras, viz., 1st. Under the ancient kingsg

tafrom Lelex to the settlement of the Heraclidae, comprisingabou‘tfoflr hun ,

 

] menu- or 15mm; “9

  
 
  
  
  
  
   
   
  
  
  
   
   
  
  
  
 
  
  
   
   
   
  
  
  
  
   
 
   
 
   
  
  
   
    
   
   
  
  

dred and twelve years. 2d. Under the Heraclidae as absolute monarchs, till
Lycurgns instituted a senate, by which the people obtained a share in the
government, including about two hundred and twenty years. 3d. From the
establishment of the senate, to the introduction of ephori, or five inspectors
by Thcopompus about one hundred and twenty-four years. 4th. From the
appointment of the ephori, to the total abolition of royalty, about five hun-
dred and forty years. 6th. From the abolition of the monarchy to the sub-
jugation of the country to the Roman power. a period of about seventy-
two years, 147 B. C.—Abbé Lenglet. See Tabular Views: Greece, page 7, eé
seq. See also Greece. The Laeedzemonians were a nation of soldiers. They
cultivated neither the arts, sciences. commerce, nor agriculture. All their
laws, all their institutions, all their education, in a word, the very constitu—
tion of their republic, were calculated to make them warriors. And never
were men brought into the field more capable of enduring fatigue. They
hardened their bodies by stripes, and by manly exercises. accustoming them-
selves to undergo hardships, and even to die without fear or regret. The
women were as courageous as the men, and celebrated with festivals the fall
of their sons, when killed in battle, 0r coolly put them to death with their
own hands, if by a shameful flight, or the loss of their arms, they brought
disgrace upon their country—Abbi: Lenglet.

SPECTACLES AND READING—GLASSES. See Optics. Spectacles were un-
known to the ancients. They are generally supposed to have been invented
in the 13th century, by Alexander de Spina, a monk of Florence, in Italy,
abOut A. D. 1285—6671,. Hist. They were invented by Roger Bacon. our own
illustrious countryman. according to Dr. Plott. The hint was certainly
given by Bacon about 1280. Some affirm that the real inventor was Salvi-
no; and Mr. Manni gives proofs in favor of Salvino in his Treatise on Spec—
tacles.

SPHERES. The celestial and terrestrial globes, and also sun-dials, were invent-
ed by Anaximander, 552 B. c. The armillary sphere is said to have been in-
vented by Eratosthenes about 255 B. c. The planetarium was constructed
by Archimedes before 212 B. c. It was maintained by Pythagoras that the
motions of the twelve spheres must produce delightful sounds, inaudible to
the ears of mortals, which he called the music of the spheres.

, ~ SPINNING. The art of spinning was ascribed by the ancients to Minerva, the
goddess of wisdom, such was their veneration for it. Areas, king of Area-
dia, taught his subjects the art of spinning about 1500 B. c. Lucretia with
her maids was found spinning, when her husband Collatinus paid a visit to
her from the camp. The wife of Tarquin was an excellent spinner; and a.
garment made by her, worn by Servius Tullius, was preserved in the tens-
ple of Fortune. Augustus Caesar usually were no garments but such as
were made by his wife, sister, or daughter. The spinning-wheel was in-
vented at Brunswick. about A.D. 1530. Till 1767, the spinning of cotton
was performed by the hand-spinning-Wheel, when Hargrave, an ingenious
7 mechanic, near Blackburn, made a spinning-jenny, with eight spindles.
Hargrave also erected the first carding-machine. with cylinders. Arkwright’s
machine for spinning by water was an extension of the principle of Har-
grave’s; but he also applied a large and small roller to expand the thread,
and for this ingenious contrivanee, took out a patent in 1789. At first. he
worked his machinery by horses; but in 1771 he built a mill on the stream
of the Derwent, at Cromford. In 1779, Crompton iuVented the mule, which
is a further and wonderful improvement of this art-.——-.P lilz'ips.

SPIRES. In ancient times the emperors held many diets at Spires, and it 'y a
7 '. "the seat of the imperial chamber till 1689, when the. city was burnt $239
to

: -~" French, and not rebuilt till after the peace of Ryswick in 1697. The e

 

  
  
   
 
 
  
  
   
   
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
   
  
   
    
 
    
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  

540 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [3."

n

condemn the reformers was held at Spires, called there by the emperor
Charles V., 1529. This was the era of Protestantism. See Protestants. ' '

SPIRITS. See Distillation. N0 human invention has ever tended more to cor~ .
rupt the morals, and ruin the character, constitution, and circumstances of ‘
numbers of mankind, than distillation. In all nations spirituous liquors ”
have been considered as a proper subject of heavy taxation for the support
of the state. In 1840, England made about ten millions of gallons of spirits,
Scotland made about seven millions of gallons, and Ireland about nine mil-
lions of gallons. In England, Ireland, and Scotland, duty was paid, in 1840,
on the following quantities of spirits. via—Rum, 2,830,263 gallons; brandy,
1,167,756 gallons; Geneva, 18,640 gallons; on other foreign spirits, 8,758
gallons; and on British, Irish, and Scotch spirits, 25,190,843 gallons; mak-
ing in the whole nearly thirty millions of gallons, upon which the duty
amounted to about eight millions of pounds sterling l—Parl. Returns.

SPITZBERGEN. Discovered in 1533, by sir Hugh Willoughby, who called it
Greenland, supposing it to be a part of the western continent. In 1595, it
was visited by Barentz and Cornelius, two Dutchmen, who pretended to be
the original discoverers, and called it Spitzbergen, or sharp mountains, from
the many sharp-pointed and rocky mountains with which it abounds.

STAMP-DUTIES IN ENGLAND. The first institution of stamp-duties was by
statute 5 and 6 William and Mary, June 23, 1694, when a duty was imposed
upon paper, vellum. and parchment. The stamp-duty on newspapers was
commenced in 1713. and every year added to the list of articles upon which
stamp—duty was made payable. The American Stamp Act, a memorable
statute, one of those imposts levied by the parliament of Great Britain
which produced the American war, and led to the independence of the
United States, was passed March 22, 1765. Stamp—duties in Ireland com-
menced 1774. Stamps on notes and bills of exchange in 1782. The stamp-
duties produced in England, in 1800. the revenue of 3,126,535l.; and in
1840, for the United Kingdom, 6,726,817l. See Newspapers, 6L0.

STANDARDS. See Banners, Flags, &c. The practice in the army of using the
cross on standards and shields arose in the miraculous appearance of a cross
to Constantine, previously to his battle with Maxentius: this fact rests on
the authority of Eusebius, who states that he had received it from the em-
peror himself, A. D. 312. For the celebrated French standard, see Lily.
STANDARD or MAHOME'I‘; on this ensign no infidel dare look. It was car-
ried in procession about 1768, when several hundred Christians who igno-
rantly looked upon it, were massacred by the Turkish populace "I‘he
IMPERIAL STANDARD was first hoisted on the Tower of London, and on Bed-

ford Tower. Dublin. and displayed by the Foot Guards, on the union of the
kingdoms, Jan. 1, 1801.

STAR-CHAMBER, COURT on. So called haply from its roof being garnished
with stars—Coke. This court of justice, so tremendous in the Tudor and
part of the Stuart reigns, was called Star-chamber, not from the stars on its
roof (which were obliterated even before the reign of queen Elizabeth),
but from the Slow-m, or Jewish covenants, deposited there by order of Ri-
chard I. N 0 Star was allowed to be valid except found in those reposito-
ries, and here they remained till the banishment of the Jews by Edward I.
The court was instituted 2 Henry VII. 1487’, for trials by a committee of
the privy council. In Charles L’s reign, it exercised its power, independent
of any law, upon several bold innovators in liberty, who only gloried in
their sufferings, and contributed to render government odious and con-
temptible.—Goldsmit7t. It was abolished 16 Charles I., 1641. There were

mmmm‘r or DATES. 54k

  
  
  
   

from 26 to 42 judges, the lord-chancellor having the casting Voice:-
Gibbon.

\ STARS. They were classed into constellations, it is supposed, about 1200 B. c
Hicetas, of Syracuse. taught that the sun and the stars were motionless, and
that the earth moved round them (this is mentioned by Cicero, and probably
gave the first hint of this system to Copernicus), about 344 12.0. Job, He-
siod, and Homer, mention several of the constellations. The Royal Library
at Paris contains a Chinese chart of the heavens, made about 600 B. C., in
which 1460 stars are correctly inserted. The aberration of the stars dis-
covered by Dr. Bradley, 1727. See Astronomy and Solar System.

STATES-GENERAL or FRANCE. An ancient assembly of France. Pre-
viously to the Revolution it had not met since A. D. 1614. The states con-
sisted of three orders, the nobility, clergy, and commons. They were con-
vened by Louis XVI, and assembled at Versailles, May 5, 1789. Here a
a contest arose, whether the three orders should make three distinct houses,
or but one assembly. The commons insisted upon the latter, and, assuming
the title of the National Assembly, declared that they were competent to
proceed to business, without the concurrence of the two other orders, if
they refused to join them. The nobility and clergy found it expedient to
concede the point, and they all met in one hall. See National Assembly.

STATIONERS. Books and paper were formerly sold only at stalls, hence the
dealers were called stationers. The company of stationers of London is of
great antiquity, and existed long before printing was invented; yet it was
not incorporated until 3 Philip and Mary, 1555. Their old dwelling was in
Paternoster-row.—M:rtimer.

. - STATUES. See lilo-idols, Sculpture, &c. Phidias, whose statue of Jupiter

3 passed for one of the wonders of the world, was the greatest statuary among

~ the ancients, 440 B. c. He had previously made a statue of Minerva at the
request of Pericles, which was placed in the Parthenon. It was made with
ivory and. gold, and measured 39 feet in height. Acilius raised a golden
statue to his father, the first that appeared in Italy. Lysippus invented the
art of taking likenesses in plaster moulds, from which he afterwards cast
models in wax, 326 13.0. Michael Angelo was the greatest artist among
the moderns. The first equestrian statute erected in Great Britain was that
of Charles I. in 1678.

STEAM ENGINE. This is the most important prime mover that the inge-
nuity of man has yet devised. The first idea of it was suggested by the
marquis of Worcester in his Century of Inventions, as “ a way to drive up
water by fire,” A. D. 1663. It does not, however, appear that the noble in-
ventor could ever interest the public in favor of this great discovery.

Papinfs digesier invented - A. n. 1681 Watt’s expansion engine - - - - 1778
Ca tam Savery’s engine constructed Double acting engines proposed by Dr.

 

or raising water - - - 1698 Falck on Newcomen’s principle ~ 1779
Papin’s engine, exhibited to the Royal VVatt’s double engine, and his first pa-

Society, about - . - - 1699 tent for it granted - - 1781
Atmospheric engine by Savery and The marquess Joufi‘roy constructed an

Newcomen - - - - 1713 engine on the Saaiie - - . - 1781
First idea of steam navigation set forth Fitchs’ experiments in steam naviga-

in a patent obtained by Hulls - 1736 Lion on the Delaware, (See Smith’s
1Vatr’s invemion of performing conden- 4m. Curios.) -_ - _ — 17834

sation in a separate vessel from the Oliver Evans’ experiments in the

cylinder - - - -1765 same - .' - . - - - 1785—6
His first patent - - - - 1769 Rumsey’s experiments in the same in

His engines upon a large scale erected

in inanufactories, and his patent re-

newed by act of parliament - - 1775
Thomas Paine proposed the application

of steam in America - - -' - 1778
Engine made logive a rotary mouon - 1778

Virginia - - - - - - 1787
W. Symington made a passage on the

Forth and Clyde canal - - - - 1789
First steam-engine erected in Dublin by

Henry Jackson - - ~ - - 1791“
Joufi‘roy’s experiments in France - - 1792

 

54%

THE" WortLD’s

STEAM ENGINE, continued.

Chancellor Livingston builds a. steamer
on the Hudson - - - - - 1797

First experiment on the Thames - - 1801
The experiment ct" Mr. Symington re-

peated with success - - ~ - 1802
Trevethick’s high-pressure engine - 1802:
Oliver Evans’ experiments in locomo-

tive engines in Penn. - - 1804 '
Woolt’s double cylinder expansion en-

gine constructed - - - - 1804
Manul'actories warmed by steam - 1806

Fulton started a steam-boat on the river
Hudson, built by himself, and named
“The North River;” engine by Boul-
ton and W'att; passage to Albany in 33
hours: must STEAM NAVIGATION on
record ~ - - - 1807

The next three steam-boatsinthe world
were the Car queptune, - - 1808

g

PROGRESS.

Steam applied to printing in the szea
oilice. See Press - - - v - 1814

  

land (Parl. Returns) in - - - 1813
First steam vessel on the Thames
brought by Mr. Dotld, from Glasgow 1815
The first steamer built in England (Purl.
Returns) - - - - - - 1815
The Savannah steamer, of 350tons,
Went from New York to Liverpool ‘1.
in 2‘6 days - - - - July 15, 1819 '
First steamer in Ireland - - - 1820
Captain Johnson obtained 10,0001. for
making the first steam voyage to In‘
dia, in” the Enlerprz’se, which sailed - ‘
from Falmouth Aug. 16, 1825
Locomotive steam carriages on rail-
ways, at Liverpool - - Oct. 1829 f.
The Railway opened (see Liverpool) - 1830

There were five steam vessels in Scot- ‘

The Paragon - - - - - - 1811 The Great I'Vcstem arrives from Bris-
The Richmond - - - - - 1812 to] at New York, andthe Sirius from
all in New York. Cork, same day, being their first voy. ,
Steam power to convey coals on a rail- age, in 18 days - - June 17, 1838 a
way, employed by Blenkinsop -’ - 1811 War steamers built in England . 1838 «
Steam vessels first commenced plying First steamer ot‘the Cunard line was
on the Clyde (FIRST in EUROPE) - 1812 the Britannia to Boston; after a pas-

 

sage 01'14 ds. 8 hrs, arrived J uly.18, 1840 ’1
STEAM BOATS IN THE UNITED STATES. In 1838 returns from 23 States '
- gave an aggregate of 700 vessels—whole tonnage, 153,660 tons; but these
returns were not complete. The increase from 1838 to 1850 was very great:
probably there are, in 1850, at least 1500 vessels, with an aggregate $300,000 _
tons. The first American ocean steamer of any note was the Washington, .7
which made her first passage to Southampton in June 1847. The whole
number of steam—boats, locomotive and stationary engines, in the United
_ States, in 1838, was 3,010.
STEAM VESSELS or THE BRITISH EMPIRE.

STEAM VESSELS BELONGING TO THE BRITISH EMPIRE AT THE FOLLOWING PERIODS";-

Year. England. Scotland. Ireland. Dependencies. Total.

1814 ,- - g 5 0 1 6

1815 - - ‘ 5 O 2 10

1820 - ~ 17 14 3 9 43

182-5 - - 112 36 3 17 168 a
1830 - - 203 61 31 20 315

1835 - - 344 85 68 48 545

1845 - - 694 139 79 89 1001

 

STEEL~YARD. A most ancient instrument, the same that is translated ba-
lance in the Pentatcuclt The Stalera Romano, or Roman steel-yard, is men~
tinned in 315 B. o.

STENOGRAPHY. The art of writing in short-hand is said to have been prac-
tised by most of the ancient nations. It is said to have followed from the a.
hieroglyphics of the Egyptians. It is also attributed to the poet Ennius, ,
improved upon by Tyro, CicerO’s freed-man, and still more by Seueut. The
Ars Sc-i‘ibendi Charactcris, printed about A. D. 14112. is the oldest system ex-
tant. Peter Bales, the famous penman, published on stenography in 1590,”
There are now numerous systems of it, many of them of easy acquirement
and great simplicity.

STEREOMETRY. The instrument by which is compassed the art of taking

the contents of vessels of liquids by gauging, invented about A. D. 1350.—
Anderson.

STEREOTYPE. See Printing.

It is said that stereotyping was known in
1711 5 but this is doubted.

It is said to have been suggested by Wm. Ged

 

 

fij ,memnr or uses. “a

   
 
 
 
  
 
  
  
 
  
  
 
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
 
  
   
 
  
  
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
   
  
  
  
 
  
   
 
 
  

of Edinburgh, 1735.-Nic/Lols. This species of printing is ascribed by
others to Mr. Tilloch. 1779. The invention of it is also attributed to Frau-
cis Ambrose Didot, of Paris, about that year—Fvyuson. But stereotype
printing was in use in Holland in the last century; and a quarto Bible and
Dutch folio Bible were printed there—Phillips. Stereotyping was intro-
duced into London, by Wilson in 180l.-——Ivtem.

STEREOTYPING. The foregoing is from Haydn. But this art is said to have
been invented by Cadwallader Colden of New York, who sent the details of his
plan in 1779 to Dr. Franklin, then in Paris. Franklin communicated the plan
to Didot, the famous printer, and Herbau, a German, who had been an assist-
ant of Didot, took it up in opposition to Didot. It is affirmed, on good au—
thority, that Herbau’s method of stereotyping is precisely similar to that
which Colden invented. Stereotyping was iirst actually practised in New
York in 1813, when John Watts stereotyped the Larger Catechism. In
June 1815 the Bruces of New York stereotyped a duodecimo Bible—Dr.
J. W'. Francis.

STOCKINGS. Those of silk were first worn by Henry II. of France, 1547. In
1560, queen Elizabeth was presented with a pair of black knit silk stock-
ings, by her silk-woman, Mrs. Montague, and she never were cloth ones
any more—Howell. He adds, “Henry VIII. wore ordinarily cloth hose,
except there came from Spain, by great chance, apair of silk stockings;
for Spain very early abounded with silk.” Edward VI. was presented with
a pair of Spanish silk stockings by his merchant, sir Thomas Gresham ; and
the present was then much taken notice ofi—Idem. Others relate that Wil—
liam Rider, a London apprentice, seeing at the house of an Italian merchant,
a pair of knit worst-ed stockings from Mantna, ingeniously made a pair like
them, which he presented to the earl of Pembroke, the first of the kind
' made in England, 1564.—Storwc.

STOCKS. The public funding system originated in Venice, and was introduced
into Florence in 1340. The English funding system may be said to have
had its rise in 1694. The number of stockholders in 1840 amounted to
337,481. By a return of the average price of the public funds by the com-
missioners for the reduction of the national debt, it appears that Consuls
averaged in the year—

1780 . £6313 6 1795 - £74 8 6 1810 ~ £67 16 3 1825 - £90 0 8
1785- -63 6 61800- -66 3 31815- -5813 91830- .3915 7
1790 - 71 2 6 1805 . 5814 0 1820 - 6812 0 1840 - 8917 6

See Public Debt.

STOICS. Disciples of Zeno, the cynic philosopher; they obtained the name
of stoics because they listened to his instructions and harangnes in a porch
or portico at Athens, called in Greek Stoa. Zeno taught that man’s su-
preme happiness consisted in living according and agreeable to nature and
reason, and that Godwas the soul of the world. The Pharisees affected
the same stiffness, patience, apathy, austerity, and insensibility, which this
sect is famous fen—Stanley. ,.

STONE. Stone buildings were introduced into England, A. D. 670. A stone
bridge was built at Bow in 1087, and is accounted the first; but a bridge
exists at Crowland. which is said to have been built in 860. See Bridges.
The first stone building in Ireland was a castle. 1161. See Building. Stone
china-ware was made by Wedgwood in 1762.. Artificial stone for statues
was manufactured by a Neapolitan, and introduced into England, 1730.
Stone paper was made in 1796. *

STONEHENGE. Among the most celebrated monuments of British antiquity.

'5 Said to have been erected on the counsel of Merlin by Aurelius Ambrom
in memory of'460 Britons who were murdered by Hengist, the Saxon. 5; a

 

 

541 THE, WORLD’S PROGRESS. [ . ;:
475.—Geofl'7'ey of Monmaut/t. Erected as a sepulchral monument of Am-
brosius, A. D. 500.——Polydare Vergil. An ancient temple of the Britons, in . 7
which the Druids ofliciated.——Dr. Stukeley. The Britons had annual meet—
ings at Abury and Stonehenge, where laws were made, and justice adminis-

tered, and heinous crimes punished, by burning alive in wicker-baskets.

STORMS. The following are among the best authenticated and most memo-
rable. In London a storm raged which destroyed 1500 houses, A. D. 944.
One in several parts of England, the sky being very dark, the wind coming
from the SW. ; many churches were destroyed; and in London 500 houses
fell, October 5, 1091. One on the coast of Calais, when Hugh de Beauvais,
and several thousand foreigners, on their voyage to assist king John against

the barons, perished, 1215.—H0Zi'nslted.

It thundered 15 days successively, with tem-
pests ofrain and wind, A.D. 1233.

A storm with violent lightnings; one flash

assed through a chamber where Edward

. and his queen were conversing, did them
no damage, but killed two oftheir attend-
ants: l285.—Hoveden.

A violent storm of hail near Chartres, in
France, which fellon the army of Edward
111., then on its march. The hail was so
large that the army and horses suffered
very much, and Edward was obliged to
conclude a peace, 1339.——Matt. Paris.

When Richard ll.’s queen came from Bohe-
mia, on setting foot on shore an awful
storm arose, and her ship and a number
of others were dashed to pieces in the har-
bor, Jan. 1382.—~IIolz'nshed.

Richard’s second queen also brought a storm
with her to the English coasts, in which

. the king’s baggage was lost, and many
ships cast away, ESQ—Idem.

A hurricane throughout Europe, which did
very considerable damage; more remark-
ed in England, happening Se 1.. 3, 1658, the
day that Cromwell died—u ortimer.

A storm on the eastern coasts of England;
200 colliers and coasters lost, with most of
their crews 1696.

The storm called the “Great Storm,” one of
the most terrible that ever raged in Eng-
land. The devastation onland was im-
mense; and in the harbors, and on the
coasts, the loss in shipping and in lives
was still greater, Nov. 26, 1703.‘

A snow storm in Sweden, when 7000 Swedes,
it is said, perished upon the mountains, in
31%}; march to attack Drontheim, A. D.

One in India, when many hundreds of ves-
sels were cast away, a fleet ot‘Indiamen,

greatly damaged, and some ships lost, and

0,000 persons perished, Oct. 11, 1737.

A dreadful hurricane at the Havana; many
public edifices and 4048 houses were de-
stroyed, and 1000 inhabitants perished,
Oct. 25, 1768.—Ammal Register.

An awful storm in the north of England, in
which many vessels were destroyed, and
4 Dublin packets founder-ed, Oct. 29, 1775.

At Surat, in the East Indies; destroyed 7000
of the inhabitants, April 2‘2, 1782.

One hundred and thirty-one villages and
farms laid waste in France, 178-5.

A dreadful hurricane, which ravaged the
Leeward Islands, from 20th to 22d Sept.
1819. At the Island of St. Thomas alone,
104 vessels were lost.

At Gibraltar, where more than a hundred
vessels were destroyed, Feb. 18, 18:28.

Awful hurricane on the western coast of
England, and in Ireland. The storm raged
through Cheshire, Stafl‘ordshire, and War-
wickshire; 20 persons were killed in Li-
verpool, by the falling of buildings, and
100 were drowned in the neighborhood;
the coast and harbors were covered with
wrecks; the value of two of the vessels
lost being nearly halfa million sterling. In
Limerick, Galway, Athlone, and other
places, more than 200 houses were blown
down, and as many more 'ere burnt, the
wind spreading the fires. Dublin sufi‘er~
ed dreadfully; London and its neighbor-
hood scarcely sustained any damage, Jan.
6—7, 1839.

Hurricane at Havana, 92 vessels sunk, 12"5
houses destroyed, and 1038 injured, Oct.
10—11, 1846.

Hurricane at Antigua, St. Thomas, &c. Aug.
21, 1848.

STOVES. The ancients used stoves which concealed the fire, as the German
stoves yet do. They. lighted the fire also in a large tube in the middle of

 

' The loss sustained in London alone was calculated at 2,000,000l. sterling. The number of per.
soul drowned in the floods of the Severn and Thames, and lost on the coast of Holland, and-in
ships blown from their anchors and never heard of afterwards, is thoucrht to have been 8000. Twelve
men-of-war, with more than l800 men on board, Were lost within sight. of their own shore. Trees
were torn up by the roots, 17,000 of them in Kent alone. The Eddystone light-house was destroyed,
and in it the ingenious contriver of it, Winstanley, and the persons who were with him. The bl- . _
shop 01 Bath and Wells and his lady were killed in bed in their palace, in Somersetshire. Malt-n-
tudes ol'cattlc were also lost; in one level 15,000 sheep were drowned. “

 

 

  
   
     
   
   
   
   
  
   
  
  
    
   
    
   
  
  
  
   
 
    
  
  
   
  
  
   
 
 
 
  

. 4;] - manometer, or DATES, 56

the room, the roof being open. Apartments were warmed too by port-
able braziers. See Chimneys.

I STRASBURG. The attempt at insurrection in the city of Strasburg, by Louis-
. Napoleon Bonaparte, a nephew of the deceased emperor, aided by two offi-
cers and some privates, which was instantly suppressed by the arrest of
the parties. The prince was afterwards shipped off to America by the
French government, Oct. 29, 1836. This enthusiast made another attempt,
I. by a descent at Boulogne, Aug. 6, 1810. See France.

STRAT'I‘ON-HILL, BATTLE or, in Devonshire, between the royal army and the
forces of the parliament, headed by the poet Waller; in this battle the
victory was gained over the parliamentarians, who lost numbers in killed
and wounded, and Waller was obliged to fly to Bristol; fought May 16,
, 1643.

__ BTUCCO—WORK. The art was known to the ancients, and was much prized
* by them, particularly by the Romans, who excelled in it.—Ablzé Lenglet.
It was revived by DUdine about A. D. 1550; and is now exquisitely per-

formed in Italy and France, and is advancing rapidly to perfection in
England.

STYLE. The style was altered by Augustus Caesar’s ordering leap-year to be
- but once in four years, and the month Sextillis to be called Augustus, 8 B.C.
Again at Rome, by taking twelve days off the calendar, A.D. 1582. See
Calendar. Introduced into most of the other states of Europe, 1710. Act
passed to change the style in England from the Julian to the Gregorian,
1751. It took effect Sept. 3, 1752. See New Style and Year.

C‘STYLE, ROYAL, or THE KINGS or ENGLAND. See articles Majesty and
“0 Titles.

.5 SUBSIDIES. Subsidies to the kings of England formerly granted in kind, par-
-. 'ticularly in wool ; 30,000 sacks were voted to Edward III. on account ofthe
war with France, IMO—Anderson. Subsidies raised upon the subjects of
England for the last time by James 1., 1624, but they were contained in a
bill for the redress of grievances, 1639. England granted subsidies to fo—
reign powers in several wars, particularly in the war against the revolution-
ists of France, and the war against Bonaparte. One of the most remarkable
of these latter was June 20, 1800, when a treaty of subsidies was ratified at
Vienna, between Austria and England, stipulating that the war should be
vigorously prosecuted against France, and that neither of the contracting
, pOWers should enter into a separate peace. Subsidies to Austria, Prussia,
, ;; Russia, the Port-e, and other powers, were afterwards given by England, to
g the amount of many tens of millions sterling—Phillips.

,IUBTREASURY. Bill providing for the safe keeping of the moneys belonging
to the United State-3:, passed the Senate by 24 to 18, Jan. 23, 1840; repealed
Aug. 9, 1841. Re-enacted in a new form, 184-.

i SUCCESSION, ACT or. The memorable act to exclude Roman Catholics
171 from ascending the throne of Great Britain was passed in 1689; and the

crown of England was settled upon the present royal family by the act of
June 12, 1701.

ICCESSION, THE WAR or. This celebrated war, alike distinguished by
i: the glorious achievements of the duke of Marlborough and its barren and
unprofitable results. arose in the question whether an Austrian or a French
prince, grandson of Louis XIV., should succeed to the throne of Spain.
Our court opposed Louis, and Marlborough was victorious; but the allies

S
.

r:
— I

0 ‘ 5.1713. See Utrecht, Peace of. .
‘ AR, Samba-rum. qflicinarum. Sugar is supposed to have been known toth.

withdrew, one after another, and the French prince succeeded; 1702 to .

- rr'v'

 

@546 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. '

 

. [my 3"

ancient Jews. Found in the East Indies by Nearchus, admiral of Alexand ,- ’
325 B. C. ~Stzabo. An oriental nation in alliance with Pompey used th
juice of the cane as a common beverage. —Lman. The best s1 (gar 111$;
produced 1n India —Plim/ It was presc1ibed as a medicine by alen—
Ema/clap. Brought into Europe from Asia, A D 625.1n large quantities, ;
1150 It was attempted to be cultivated in Italy ;but not succeeding the
Portuguese and Spaniards carried it to A111e1ica about 1510. —-Robertsmb’s ,-

Hislmj/ of Charles V.*

SI’GAR Rl" FINING. The art of refining sugar was made known to the Emu
ropeuns by a Venetian A. D. 1503 Itb was first practised 1n England' 111 1659,’
though some authorities say that we had the art among 11s a few years-
sooner Sugar was first taxed by name, 1 James 11.,1685.—Andelso t; 1Wor- .
timer. See Beet Root. “

SUICIDE. The first instance of it (passing that of Samson) recorded' 1n J ew1sl£ls
history 1s that of Saul, 1055 13 c—Apnllodorus. 'lhe Greek and Roman.
philosophers deemed it a crime, and burned the offending hand apart from"
the rest of the body. 111 the early part of the Roman history, the only in-,
stance recorded occurs in the reign of Tarquin 1., when the soldiers, think— T
ing themselves disgraced by being ordered to make common sewe1‘,s desgx:
troyed themselves t>606 B. c Instances afterwards occurred, however, of '-
illustlious men committing suicide, as Cato 45 B c. In the Catholic church ,
in the sixth century, it was ordained that no commemoration should be
made in the Eucharist for such as committed self-murder. This ecclesias-f‘
tical law continued till the Reformation. when it was admitted into the;
statute law of England by the authority of parliament, with the confiscatio
of land and goods. ‘

A FEW OF THE MOST MEMORABLE RECENT CASES OF SUICIDE IN ENGLAND, &C.
Suicide of gen. Pichegru - April 7, 1804 0er. Sim pson, the traveller .ylul 24,1841,»

   
   
  
  
   
  
    
     
  
  
 
  
 
  
  
   
  

01' marshal Berthier - - .lune l, 18l5 Of lo1d James Beresford - April 27 1841?
Ol‘Sumuel Whitbred, esq. - Sept. 6, 1815 Of'the earl of Munster - March 20. 184
0f sir Samuel Romilly - - Nov. 2, 1818 OfLaman Blanchard - - Feb. 25, 1 .2,
OfChristo phe, king 01 Hay ti Oct. 8, 1820 ()fcol. Guiwood - - Dec 29,184“?
()fma1quess01 Lomlonderry Aug. 19,1822 Of Haydon, the eminent painter ,
OI" hon. colonel Stanhope - Jan. 26, 1825 June 2'2,

There have been only three instances of self-destruction by fire; that o _-f.
the philosopher Empedocles, who threw himself into the crater of M01111
Etna; of a Frenchman. who, in imitation of him, threw himself. in 1820.
into the crater of Vesuvius; and of an Englishman. who jumped into thié}
furnace of a forge about the year 1811 Plutarch relates that an unaccoun
able passion fo1bs11'3ide seized the Milesian virgins from which they eoulnf
not be prevented by the tears and prayers of their friends, buta decree!
being issued that the body of every young maid who did self-murder shoul ',
be drawn naked through the streets. :1 stop was soon 3 put to the extraordi
nary frenzy. 111 England. the body was buried in cross-roads, a stake bein "
previously driven through it until the statute 4 George 1V.,1823.

SULTAN. A Turkish title, from the Ar,abic signifying kin“ of kings, an .
given to the grand signior or empe1 or of Turkey. It was first given to th 11;,
Turkish princes Ang1olipex and Musgad, about A. D. 1055—Vanish I ,3;

 

' About the year 1138 the suear- cane was transported from Tripoli and Syria to Sicily, them ' '1
to Mulch-.11 and finally to the West Indies and America. It Is not known at what date 51 ‘ "'
was innoduced inm England but it seems to have been prior to the reign nf Henry VIll' MM:
Whittaker. in the History 01 V’Vhalley,p 109 quotes an eailie1 instance, in 1497. A ymanuscript;
letter from sir Ellwilld Wolton to lmd Cobham, dated Calais, 6th March, 1546, advertises him thug,
sir Edward had taken up for his lordship, ‘25 sugar loaves at six shillings a loaf, ‘* whiche is eight ‘ '
pence a pounde. ” 1111840 the imports ol sugar into the United Kinudoma were nearly 5,000,000 cwta

Hf wh1ch neaily fou1 millions were for home consumption, and the duty amounted to about _
millions and a half sterling. ' ‘

 

 
  
  
   
   
 

p] mewmmar or name. all?

' . was first given, according to others, to the emperor Mahmoud, in the fourth
' century of the Hegira.

‘ ., SUMMATRA, ISLAND or. The Malays at Qualla Battoo having committed
piracies on American vessels the town was destroyed by the United States
frigate Potomac and 150 Malays killed, Feb. 6, 1832.

SUMPTUARY LAWS. Laws to restrain excess in dress, furniture, eating, &c.
Those of Zaleucus ordained that no Woman should go attended by more
than one maid in the street. unless she were drunk; and that she should
not wear gold or embroidered apparel, unless she designed to act unchastely,
450 B. o.—Ding. Lacrt. This law checked luxury. The L139; Ore/Lia- among
the Romans limited the guests at feasts, and the number and quality of the
dishes at an entertainment; and it also enforced that during supper, which
was the chief meal among the Romans, the doors of every house should be
left open. The English sumptuary laws were chiefly in the reigns of Ed-
ward III. and Henry VIII. See Dress, Luxury, &c.

SUN. Pythagoras taught that the sun was one of the twelve spheres, about
529 12.0. The relative distances of the sun and moon were first calculated
geometrically by Aristarchus, who also maintained the stability of the sun,
about 280 B. 0. Numerous theories were ventured during fifteen centuries,
and astronomy lay neglected until about A. D. 1200. when it was brought
into Europe by the Moors of Barbary and Spain. The Copernican system
was made known in 1530. See Copernican System and Solar System. Ga-
lileo and Newton maintained that the sun was an igneous globe. Maculze
were first discovered byChr. Scheiner, 1611. Transit of Mercury observed
by Gassendi. By the observations of Dr. Halley on a spot which darkened
the sun’s disk in July and August, 1676, he established the certainty of its
motion round its own axis. Parallax ot‘ the sun, Dr. Halley. 17 02. A ma-
cula, three times the size of the earth, passed the sun’s centre, April 21,

' 1766, and frequently since. Herschel measured two spots whose length
taken together exceeded 50,000 miles, April 19, 1779.

SUN-DIALS. Invented by Anaximander. 550 B.C.—Pli714/, 1, 2. The first
E erected at Rome was that by Papirius Cursor, when the time was divided

E into hours, 293 13.0. Sun—dials were first set up in churches, A. D. 613,—-
; Abbé Lenglet.

SUNDAY, on LORD’S DAY. Sunday was the day on which, anciently, di-

3' vine adoration was paid to the Sun. Among Christians it is called the
l: Lord’s day, on account of our Saviour’s rising from the dead on that
t , day. which, according to the Jewish account, was the next day after the
it ‘E Sabbath. The apostles transferred that religious rest observed by the Jews
"‘3 , on the sabbath to this day. The first civil law for its proper observance

. 11'

was made by Constantine. A.D. 321.—~Eusebius. The council of Orleans
prohibited country labor, 338. The Bank of Innocent Sunday Sports, au-
thorizing certain sports and pastimes after divine service on Sundays, pub-
lished in England 14 James I. in 1617, was violently opposed by the clergy
, and puritans. Its sanction by the unfortunate Charles I. was a primary
' "~ cause of the civil war which ended in his death. This book was burnt by
the hangman, and the sports suppressed by order of parliament.—Rapin.
- .. Sunday schools were established in England first by Mr. Raikes in 1780.
5“; Act of parliament closing all the post-offices on Sunday passed May 1850.

~f8U'l‘REMACY OVER rm: CHURCH. The supremacy of the king over the
church as Well as sovereignty over the state, whereby the king was made
‘ head of the church of England. was established in 1534. when Henry VIII.

shook off the yoke of Rome, and settled the supremacy in himself. Our
. kings have from that time had the title of supreme head of the church con--
ferred upon them by parliament. The bishop of Rochester (Fisher)and

 

w . THE WORLD’S recesses. [:-

  
   
 
  
  
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
  
  
 
  
 
  
   
  
  
  
 
  
   
    
 
 
  
 
  

the ex—lord chancellor (sir Thomas More) were, among numerous others 7‘:
beheaded for denying the king’s supremacy, 1535.——Hag/dn. ,,

SURGERY. It was not until the age of Hippocrates that diseases were made if
a separate study from philosophy, &c., about 410 B. c. Hippocrates mentions *3
the ambe, the ancient instrument with which they reduced dislocated bones.
Celsus flourished about A. D. 17 ; Galen, 170; ZEtius, 500; Paulns ngineta
in 640. The Arabians revived surgery about 900; and in the 16th century »
sprung up a new era in the science; between these periods surgery was ,.
confined to ignorant priests or barber's. Anatomy was cultivated under the ;.
illustrious Vesalius, the father of modern surgery, in 1538. In England _
surgeons and doctors were exempted from bearing arms or serving on juries,
1513, at which period there were only thirteen in London.

SURGEONS, COLLEGE OF. The first charter for surgeons was granted by Hen— ~
ry VIII, 1540. Formerly barbers and surgeons were united. until it was
enacted that “no person using any shaving or barbcry in London shall
occupy any surgery, letting of blood, or other matter, excepting only the
drawing of teeth.” The surgeons obtained another charter in 1745; and .5
a new charter in 1800. '-

SURPLICES. First worn by the Pagan priests. First used in churches, A. D.
316, and generally introduced by pope Adrian, 786. Every minister saying 1
public prayers shall wear a comely surplice with sleeves, Com.58,. The V
garb prescribed by Stat. 2 Edward VI., 1547 ; and again 1 Elizabeth, 1558; -.
and 13 and 14 Charles IL, 1662.

SUSPENSION BRIDGES. The greatest and oldest in the world is in China, '2;
near King-tung; it is formed of chains. Rope suspension bridges, from
rocks to rocks, are also of Chinese origin. In these realms chain suspen- ;
sion bridges are of recent construction. The bridge over the Menai Strait E
is the most surprising work, every way considered, of modern times. 1’,

SUTTEES, on THE BURNING or WIDOWS. This custom began in India from V
one of the wives of “ Bramah, the son of God,” sacrificing herself at his
death. that she might attend him in heaven. So many as seventeen widows
have burned themselves on the funeral pile of a rajah; and in Bengal alone,
700 have thus perished, until lately, in each year. Mr. Holwell was present 3;“
at many of these sacrifices. On February 4, 1743, he saw a young and
beautiful creature, only seventeen years of age, the mother of two children, g1
thus sacrifice herself, with a fortitude and courage that astonished everyf
witness of the scene—Holwell. The English government in India have dis-‘ 3‘
couraged these s-lf-immolations, while yet avoiding any undue interference 5—
with the religion and prejudices of the natives. Suttees were abolished by‘ ;;
English colonial law, Dec. 7, 1829; but they have since occasionally, though-
rarely, taken place.

SWEARING ON THE GOSPEL. First used A. n. 528. Introduced in judicial-
proceedings about 600.——Rapi7t. FROFANE SWEARING made punishable by .‘1
fine; a laborer or servant forfeiting 15., others 25. for the first ofi'ence; for?"
the second ofl‘ence, 43.; the third offence, 65.; 6 William III., 1695. Se

Oat/Ls.

SWEDEN. The ancient inhabitants were the Fins, now the modern inhab
tents of Finland, a diminutive race, who retired to their present territory .
on the appearance of the Scandinav1ans or Goths, who have ever since be ‘4}
masters of the country. ' '

Gylf reigns in Sweden - - - 3.0. 57 barbarianl. falls upon the Nortl a.

During this reign, Odin, surnamed the Europe, making vasts conquests
Divine, at the head of a. swarm or

 

.‘fi

 
 
   
   
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
  
 
 
 
   
   
 
   
  
 
   
   

“1220‘110h111

DEN, continued.

Ynge, founder of the family of the Yn-
lingars, reigns - - B. c. 32
[The early history of the kingdom 1s
altogether involved in tables and ob-
’scurity‘ ] ' . ‘
Ohf the Infantis baptized, and intro-
duces Christianity among his people,
about - - A. D 1000
Gothland, so celeb1ated for its warlike
people and invasions of other coun-
tries, 1s annexed to Sweden - - 1132
Waldemar I 01 Denmark subdues Ru-
gen, and destroys the Pagan temples 1168
Stockholm founded - - - 1260
Magnus Ladelus establishes a regular
term of gokernment - - - 1279
The crown 01 Sweden, which had been
hereditary, is made elective; and
Steenchel Magnus, surnamed Smeek,
or the Foolish, king of Norway, is

elected- - - 1318
Waldemar lays Gothland waste - - 1361
The crown made elective - - 1320
Albert 01 Mecklenburg reigns - - 1365
Sweden united to the crown of Denmark

and Norway, under Margaret - 1394
University 01 Upsal founded - - 1476

Christian 11., “the Nero of the N01th, ”
massacres all the Swedish nobility, to
fix his despotism - - 1520
The Swedes delivered from the Danish
yoke by the valor of Gustavus Vasa 1523
He makes the crown hereditary, and
introduces the reformed religion - 1544
The titles of .ount and baron introduced

by Eric XIV. - - - - 1561
The conquests of Gustavus Adolphus,

between 1612 and - - - 1617
He is slain at Lutzen - - - 1633

Ruven ceded to Sweden by Denmark 1648
Abdication of Christina - - - 1654
Charles X over runs Poland - - 1657
Arts and sciences begin to flourish - 1660
Charles XII., " the:3 madman of the
North,” begins his reign - - 1699
He makes himself absolute abolishes
the senate - - -

nae:

DICTIONARY 01? M1388.

 

Battle of Pultowa, where Charles is
deleated by the czar of Russia. See
Pultawa - - A. D. 1709

He escapes to Bender, where after three
years" piotection, he is made p1ison-
er by the Turks - - - 1713

He is restored ; and after ruinous wars,
and fighting numerous battles, he is
at length killed at the siege of Frede
1ickshall - - - Dec. 11,1718

Queen Ul1ica Eleanor abolishes despot-

11. govemment - - -1719

Royal Academy founded by Linné, af-
ter waids called Linnaeus - - 1741

Conspiracy 01 counts Brahe and Home,
who are beheaded - - - 1756

Desp otism re established - - 1772

Order of the Sword instituted - - 1772

Assassination of Gustavus III. by 011111.
Ankerstrom, at a ball 1, March 16:11e
expired the 29th ~ - - 1792

The regicide was d1eadfully scourged
with whips of i1on thongs three suc-
cessive days, his right hand was cut
off, then 1118 head, and his body 1m-
paled - - May 18.1792

Gustavus IV. dethroned, and the go-
vernment assumed by his uncle, the
duke of Sudermania - Match 13,1809

Sweden cedes Finland to the czar of
Russia - - - Sept. 17, 1809

Marshal Bernadette, the prince of Ponte
Corr 0, is chosen the crown prince 01
Sweden - - Aug. 21, 1810

Gustavus 1V. arrived in London,

Nov. 12, 1810

Swedish Pomerania seized by Napo-
leon Bonaparte - - Jan. 9, 1812

Alliance with England - July 12, 1812

Sweden Joins the grand alliance against
Napoleon Malch 13,1813

Norway is ceded to SWeden by the trea-

ty of Kiel - - Jan 14,1814
Bernadotte ascends the throne 01 Swe~

den as Charles John XIV. - Feb. 5, 1818
Treaty of navigation between Great

Britain and Sweden - May 19,1826

KINGS OF SW’EDEN.

825 Regnard Lobrock.

‘ ' ' :Reigns uncertain.)

966 Eric, the Victor.

994 Olaf, or Olif Sckotkong.
1026 Edmund Jacobson.

1035 Edmund, or Amand III.
1041 Haquin.

1056 Stenkell, or Steenchel.

1060 Ing o I. assassinated by his brother.
1064 Halstan.

1080 Philip.

1100 logo 11.; died 1n a monastery.

1130 Rag Wald;

1133 Magnus I.;

1144 Suercher II.

1150 Eric X.; beheaded by rebels

1162 Charles V11. , madey prisoner by Ca-
nute, who reigns.

1168 Canute, son of Eric X.

1192 Suercher III, son of Charles killed 1n
battle.

51211 Eric XI

murdered by the Visigoths.
assassinated 111 Scania.

1223 Eric XII.

1250 Waldemar.

1276 Magnus 11.

1290 Birger II.

1318 Magnus 111., dethroned by his subject:

1365 Albert.

1397 Margaret.

1411 Eric X111;

1441 Christopher.

1448 Charles VIII.

1458 Christian I.

1497 John 11.

1520 Christian 11.

1528 Gustavus 1., Vasa.

1556 Eric X1V.; died in prison.

1569 John 111.

1592 Sigismund 1., king of Poland.

1606 Charles IX. 1

1611 Gustavus Adolphus II.

1632 Chiistina; res1gned bet crown to

1654 Clifarles X., Gustavus duke of Mg,
onts.

abdicated.

' 1660 Charles X1. ' ‘

 

i we THE WORLD’S exactness. i " ~

SWEDEN , continued.

1699 Charles X11; killed at the siege of 1771 Gustavus 111., Adolphus.
Frederickshall. 1792 Gustavus Adolphus IV.
1718 Ulrica Eleanora; resigned when her 1809 Charles X111. t =

husband was elected. 1818 Charles John X1V., Bernadette, Feb..5.:
1720 Frederick, landgrave of Hesse-Cassel. ’

18-14 Oscar, his son, March 8. s
1751 Adolphus Frederick, duke of Holstein.

SWE DEN BORGIANS. A sect of mystics, so called from the learned but ec— 1
centric Emanuel Swedenborg, a Swedish nobleman. He considered the New, :
Jerusalem, foretold in the Apocalypse, to be a church now about to be es-
tablished, in which will be known the true nature of God and of man, of 35
the Word, of heaven and of hell—concerning all which subjects error and
ignorance now prevail, and in which church this knowledge will bear its ‘
proper fruits—love to the Lord and to one’s neighbor, and purity of life. s
His first work on theology was published in 1743 ; his sect rose about 1760,
but it did not spread in England until 1782. His doctrines have a conside— ‘
rable number of respectable advocates in the United States. ‘

SWITZERLAND. The ancient Helvetians were a Gaul'ish people, conquered
by Julius Caesar, and afterwards subject to the Burgundians and Germans. »
Many Franks also settled here in the early ages. The canton of Schweitz ;
was peopled by the Cimbrians, who, leaving their original habitation in ,
Scandinavia. invaded Italy. and were defeated by the Roman general Marius ; ,5]
after which they fled into Helvetia, about 100 B. c. This canton has given“:
name to the whole confederacy. ,

 
  
 
 
    
    
  
    
  
   
 

 

SWORD

The Helvetian . converted to Christian-

ity by [rish missionaries - 11.1). 612
Ilelvetia ravaged by the Huns . - 909
Becomes subject to Germany - - 1032
Fribourg built by Bertliold 1V. - - 1179

Tyranny of Geszler, which occasions
the memorable revolt under the pa-
triot William Tell. - - 1306
Swiss independence - Nov. 7, 1307
A malignant fever carries ofi‘, in the can-

ton of Basic, 11,000 souls - - 1314
Form of government made perpetual . 1315
Lucerne Joins the conlederacy - - 1335
The canton of Zurich joms, and be-

comes head of the league - . 1350
Berne, Glaris, and Zug join - - 1351
The Grisons league (see Caddee) - 1400
Second league of the Grisons - - 1424
The third league of the Grisons - 1436
Swiss soldiers first enter into the pay

of France, under Louis X1. - - 1480
Union of Fribourg and Soleure - 1481
Maximilian I. emperor, acnowledges

Swiss independence - - ~ 1499
Schafi'hausen joins the union - - 1501
The Swiss confederacy acknowledged

by France and other powers -1516
The Reformation begins at Basic; the

bishop compelled toretire - - 1519
The Grison leagues join the Swiss ,on-

federacy as allies - - - 1544
Appenzel joins the other cantons - 1597

Charles Emanuel 'of Savoy attempts
Geneva by surprise, scales the walls,
and penetrates the town; but in the

end is defeated - ~ - 160.2

[This circumstance gives rise to an_ an-
nual lestival commemorative of their
escape from tyranny]

1879 B. c.-—Um’v. Hist.

S. They were formed of iron taken from a mountain by the Chinese
The. sword is one of the earliest iin

   
   
  
  
 
 
  
   
  
  
 
  

Independence ofSwitzerland recognized
by the treaty of W'estphalia (see _
Vi’est/Lalia, Peace (y‘) - A. D. 1648 1

[From this period until the French Re-
volution the canton enjoyed tranquil-
lity, disturbed only by the changes
arising out of their various constitu-
tions.J ~‘

Alliance with France - May 25, 1777 f

Domestic strife in Geneva, between the ‘
ariStocratic and democratic parties;
France interferes - - - 1781

1000 fugitive Genevans seek an asylum '
in Ireland (see Geneva) - - 1782 .,

Swiss guards ordered to quit France - 1792

Helvetic confederation dissolved; its “ ’
subjugation by France - ~ 1798 1-

The numberol'cantons increased to 19; l
the federal government restored; and
a lantlamman appointed by France, 1

May 12,1802 ‘1.

Uri, Schwaitz, and Underwald separate ‘-
froni the republic - July 13, 1802 .

Switzerland joins France with 6,000
men - - - Aug. :24, 181

The Allies entered Switzerland in the
spring of 1514. The number of can-
tons incrc ased to 22, and the indepen-
dence of Switzerland secured by the
treaty of Vienna - - ~ 181

Federal diet opened - Oct. 16, 184

-— passes resolves against the Sunder-
bund, and troops of Uri attack canton ,
Tessino - - Nov. 4, 1847 -

Forces of the diet attack .Friburg, Nov.
10, and take Lucerne - Nov. 24,184

Neufchatel declares independence,
Feb. 29, 1848 k

  
   
 
   
  
   
   
  
  
  
   
   
  
    
   
  
 
  
   
   
  
  
  
  
 
   
  
    
  
  
   
  
   
  
   
  

lawman or DATES. m

of war. The Roman swords were from 20 to 30 inches long. The broad-
sword and scimitar are of modern adoption. The sword of state carried at
an English king’s coronation by a king of Scotland, 1194. Damascus steel
swords are the most prized; and next, the sword of Ferrara steel. The
Scotch Highlanders were accustomed to procure the latter from a celebrated
artificer, named Andrea di Ferrara, and used to call them their Andrmu

Perm/"as. The broad-sword was forbidden to be worn in Edinburgh in
1724.

:} SYCAMORE-TREE. This tree is called by some the Egyptian Fig-tree. The
“ date of its being planted in England is not known, but it was very early.
In Mrs. Jamieson’s Memoirs of Female Sovereigns, we are told that Mary
queen of Scots brought over from France a little sycamore-tree, which she
planted in the gardens of Holyrood, and that from this little tree have
sprung all the beautiful groves of sycamore now to be seen in Scotland.

i SYDNEY, NEW SOUTH VVALES. Founded by governor Philip, ona cove of Port
'” Jackson, in 1788, as a British settlement for the colony of convicts originally
intended for Botany Bay; but now the principal seat of the government of
the colony. It was denominated Sydney in compliment to lord Sydney.
The town is now becoming considerable in extent and population; and it
has a legislative council, which was first held July 13, 1829. See New Soul/‘1.
,. Wales ; Convicts, 4%.
SY N AGOGUE. Authors are not agreed as to the time when the Jews first had
r‘ synagogues. Some refer it to the time of the ceremonial law, and others
to the times after the Babylonish captivity. In Jerusalem were 480 syna-
gogues. There are in London six synagogues.

.SY NOD. The first general synods were called by emperors, and afterwards by
V Christian princes; but the pope ultimately usurped this power, one of his
legates usually presiding (see Councils). National, were those of one nation
only. The first of this kind held in England was at Hertford, A. D. 673 : the
last was held by cardinal Pole in 1555. Made unlawful to hold synods but
_- by royal authority, 25 Henry VIII., 1533.
,‘SYNOD or DORT. The famous, or general assembly of Dort in Holland, to
which deputies were sent from'England and all the reformed churches in
Europe, to settle the difference between the doctrines of Luther, Calvin,
, and Arminius, principally upon the points of justification and grace, 1618.
‘ , ~Aitzema.
RACUSE. Founded by Archias, 732 B. c.——Eusebius. 749 B. C.—— Um‘v. Hist.
Taken by Marcellus, when Archimedes, the illustrious mathematician, was
1 , ,_ slain, 212 B. c. (see Sicily). Syracuse was destroyed by an earthquake, with

many thousands of its inhabitants, January 1693. Again nearly destroyed,
Aug. 6, 1757.

IA. Of the early history of ancient Syria, a few particulars are gleaned
from Scripture; and it otherwise affords nothing peculiar, being involved
in the histories of the Assyrian, Babylonian, and Persian empires (which
see). The capital of Syria was originally Damascus; but after the battle
'1 of Ipsus, Seleucus (the chief of the Seleucidze) founded the celebrated city
‘ of Antioch.

Seleucus, sumamed Nicator, 2'. e. Con. Antiochus, son of Seleucus, falling in

queror, enters Babylon - - 13.6. 312 love with his fathe.s’ queen, Straton-
Era of the Seleucidte (which see) ~ 312 ice, he pines away nearly to death;
Great Battle of Ipsus, defeat and death but the secret being discovered, she
of Amigonus - — - - 301 is divorced by the lather and married

City ofAnLioch founded - - 299 by the son.“ - - - 3.0. 29}

‘

 

" r » This is related as one of the most strange events connected with the early history of ph sic.
~» us, the illustrious father of anatomy (jointly with IIerophiIus),had observed, than w an

 

5.5-2

SYRIA, continued. |
Battle of Cyropaedion - - no. 281
Seleucus is foully assassinated by Ce-

raunus.—Lenglet. - - - 280
Antiochus defeats the Gauls, and takes

the name of Soter, or Sav10ur - 275
Reign of Antiochus 11,, surnamed by the

Milesians Theos, or God ! - - 261
Seleucus 11. makes a treaty of alliance

with Smyrna anti Magnesia' - - 243
Reign of Seleucus 111., surnamed Ce-

munus, or Thunder - — - 26
Battle of Raphia, in which Antiochus

III. is signally defeated - - 217
Antiochus’ conquest of Judea - - 204
War with the Romans begins - - 192

Reign of Antiochus IV., who assumes
the title of T/ieos-Epz'plianes, or the
Illustrious God! - - _ - 175
He sends Appolonius into Judea; Jeru-
salem is taken; the temple pillaged;
40,000 inhabitants destroyed ; and

40.000 more sold as slaves - - 170
Cleopatra, the queen, murders her son
Seleucus with her own hand - 124

Reign of her son Antiochus Grypus,
whom she attempts to pmson; but he
compels his mot er to swallow the

deadly draught herself - - 123
Reign of Cyzicenus at Damascus, and
ot Gry us at Antioch ~ - 111

Defeat 0 Tigranes by Pompey, who en-
ters Syria, and dethronos Antiochus
Asiatichus, about - - - 65

vi a o a

Conquest 01‘ Syria - - 11.13. 970
[This conquest is made by the Fatiinite

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. E .

Noureddin conquers Syria - A.D. 116%]
Saladin puts an end to the power of the ‘7
Fatimite dynasty - - - 11713:,

‘-

The Tartars overrun all Syria - - 1259 _:
Recovered by the sultans ongypt, who ' : -.
expel the Crusaders -' - - 1291
Syria overrun by Tamerlane - - 1400 , ,

Conquered by the Turks under Selim - 1517 f)

After the conquest by Selim, Syria con- «g
tinued in possession of the Turks till -
the invasion of Egypt by the French, ‘

July 1, 1798 _

Bonaparte defeats the Mamelukes with
great loss - - - Aug. 6, 1798 . '

He overruns the country, and takes Ga- .,
za and Jafi‘a - - - - 1798

Siege of Acre - March 6 to May 27, 1799-4;

Bonaparte returns to France from E _,
gypt - - - - Aug. 23, 1799 . '

Egyptis evacuated by the French army

Sept. 10, 1801 ,

Mehemet Ali attacks and captures A "re, ,
and overruns the whole of Syria, 1831—32 “

Ibraham Pacha, his son, defeats the ar. ,
my ofthe grand signior - July 30, 1832 ‘

[Numerous battles and conflicts follow '
with various success] -

Ibrahim Pacha defeats the Turkish ar- ;
my, making 10,000 prisoners, June 25,1839 ;

The Turkish fleet arrives at Alexandria .
and places itself at the disposal of 1‘
Mehemet Ali ~ - - July 14, 1839 ,;

The Five Powers propose to the Porte “
to negotiate with Mehemet Ali, July

1
16,1839 1'
Death of the celebrated lady Hester ;

caliphs who rule in Egypt.]
- - June :23, 1840 ,

Revolt of the emirs of Damascus - 1067 Stanhofpe -

The emirs of Aleppo revolt - - 1068 Treaty 0 London (not signed by offend- ._

The Crusades from Europe commence " ed France) - - - July 15, 1840 R
(see article Crusades) - - 1095 Capture of Sidon ~ Sept. 27, 1840 » "

[The Christians ultimately conquer that
art of Syria called the Holy Land.—
lSee Jerusalem.]

Fall of Beyrout (see Beyrout) Oct. 10 1840 4,-
Fall of Acre (see Acre) - Nov. 3, 1840'.

After much expostulation with the sultan, the four powers, England, Aus-I'
tria, Russia, and Prussia, prevail upon him to make the pachalic of Evypt j;
hereditary in the family of Mehemet Ali, who .surrenders to the Tui‘iish‘
fleet, and whose troops evacuate Syria. A treaty to that effect signed at
London, between the representatives of those powers, July 13, 1841. This >
result conciliates France, and promises peace in the East, and its confirm-r
ance among the great powers of Europe.

7 :-

 

 

ever the queen appeared, the young prince her step-son blushed, a tremor overspread his frame, .
his pulse quickened, and his votce grew weak. She was of his own a e, and of exceeding beauty. -"
On discovering the true cause of his patient’s disorder, Erasistratus a opted an expedient which i»,
was the foundation of his great fame. He informed the king that his heir must die, as he languished ,5
under a hopeless passion. “Who.” asked Seleucus, “is the object of his love?” “My wye,” ,
answered the physician. “Then resign her to him,” said the king. “ But if.” said Brasistratus "ef
“ it were the queen he loved, would you, Seleucus, yield up the idol ofyour affections to another’l’ ’
“ Yes,” replied Seleucus, “ I would readily relinquish both my queen and kingdom to save
my son’s life.” “Then be at ease,” Erasistratus rejoined, “for the object of his love is Stra
tonice 3”—Biog. Diet. ' '

' This treaty was engraved on it marble column, now in the court of the Theatre of Oxforl. I.
was presented to Oxford by the earl of Arundel in the reign of Charles 11. , '

  

DICTIONARY or DATES. 65W

  
 
  
  
  
 
   
   
   
   
 
     
  
  
    
   
   
  
   
  
  
   
    
  
   
  
  
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  

T.
AHITI. The French, or abbreviated name for Otaheite. See Otalieite.
TALAVERA, BATTLE OF, between the united British and Spanish armies under
’ ‘ sir Arthur Wellesley (19,000 British and 30,000 Spaniards), and the French
army, amounting to 47,000, commanded by marshals Victor and Sebastiani,
: July 27 and 28, 1809.
‘ TALMUD. There are two books of the doctrine of the religion and morality
’ of the J ews,——the Talmud of Jerusalem, and the Talmud of Babylon. The
one composed by the Rabbi J uda Hakkadosh, about the close of the second
century; the second, being commentaries, &e., by succeeding rabbis, were
collected by Ben Eliezer, about the sixth century. Abridged by Maimon—
ides in the twelfth century.
I TAMERLANE. The conqueror of Persia, India and Egypt, and plunderer of
Bagdad, Delhi, and Cairo. He subdued the renowned warrior Bajazet, sul-
‘r' tan of the Turks, whom he exposed in a large iron cage, the fate the latter
had destined for his adversary if he had been the victor. Bajazet dashed
' his head against the bars of this prison, and killed himself, Mod—(Mahm-
dila’s Hist. Tar/t.
TANNING. Was early practised by various nations. The use of tan was in-
' t-roduced into these countries from Holland by William III. for raising
orange—trees, It was discontinued until about 1719, when ananas were first
brought into England. Since then, tan has been in general use in garden-
ing. Great improvements were made in tanning in 1795, et seq.
; APESTRY. An art of weaving borrowed from the Saracens, and hence
its original workers in France were called Sm‘aziaois. The invention of
tapestry hangings belongs [the date is not mentioned] to the Netherlands.
-—Guiccim‘dz'ai. Manufactured in France under Henry IV., by artists in—
vited from Flanders, 1606. The art was brought into England by William
Sheldon; and the first manufactory of it was established at Mortlake by sir
_, Francis Crane, 17 James I., 1619.-—-Salmon. Under Louis XIV. the art of
tapestry was much improved in France. See Gabelm Tapestry. Very early
'V instances of making tapestry are mentioned by the ancient poets, and also
, in Scripture ; so that the Saracens’ manufacture is a revival of the art. For
- . the tapestry wrought by Matilda of England, see Bag/em; Tapestry.
.* . NTUM, WAR or. The war which the people of Tarentum supported
' ~15 against the Romans, assisted by Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, and which is
2‘ " greatly celebrated in history. This war, which had been undertaken B. c.
s 281, by the Romans, to avenge the insults the Tarentines had offered to their
j...‘ ships when near their harbors, was terminated after ten years; 300,000 pri-
soners were taken, and Tarentum became subject to Rome.
, ‘ 'TARY. This name is given to several nations of the East. The Tartar
" « race was known and celebrated in antiquity under the name of Scythians.
f; It was during the decline of the Roman empire that these tribes began per-
g; ’manently to forsake their own plains, in search of more fertile regions; and
Ix, the first of these ravagers whose terror and fame reached the frontier of
if Italy were the Runs, the ancestors of the modern race of Mongols. The
i first acknowledged sovereign of this vast country was the famous Jenghis
Fl Khan, A. D. 1206. His empire, by the conquest of China, Persia, and all
Central Asia, became one of the most formidable ever established; but it
= .was split into parts in a few reigns. Timur, or Tamerlane, again conquered
Persia, again broke the power of the Turks in Asia Minor, 1402, and
ounded a dynasty in India, which formed the most splendid court in Asia,
. '11 the close of the eighteenth century.
'VERNS. In England, were places of entertainment, under various names,
' 24

 

 

 

 

654 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. t.“

   
 
 
 
   
  
  
  
   
 
   
   
  
  
   
   
   
 
   
  
  
    
 
    
   
   
 
   
   
   
 
  

in ancient times. Taverns as so called may be traced to the 13th century
“In the 1aigne of king Edward the Third only 1/77 ee mm 713 were allowed?
in London: one in Chepe, one in Walbr,oke and the other in Lombard 1
street ” —Si7 Henry Spot/717171. The Boars Head. in Eastcheap, existed in "I
the reign of Henry IV. ., and 11as the 1endezv0us of prince Henry and his .
dissolute companions. Shakspcme mentions it as the residence of Mrs?
Quickly and the scene of sir John Falstafi ’s mcr.riment ——S/1akspea.'
110.7177/ IV. 01‘ little less antiquity is the White Hmt, Bisl1opsg,ate estab-r'y
lisl1e1'1 111 1480: this house was rebuilt 1n 1829. Taverns were restrained ‘by ,~
an act of Edward VI., 1532, to 40 in London, Sin York, 4 in Norwich, 3,7
in Westminster. 6 in Bristol, 3 in Lincoln, 4 in Hull, 3 in Shrewsbury, 4 in ‘ 1'
Exeter, 3 in Salisbury 4111 Gloucester, 4in Chester, 3in Hereford, 3ini‘
VVorceste1,3 in Southampton, 4 1n Cante1 bury, 0 in Ips111ch 3 in Winchester,
3111 Oxford, 4 in Cambridge, 3 in Colchester, 4 in Newcastle- upon-Tynes
Taverns were licensed in 1752. ,
TAXES. The first levied on the people was by Solon, the first Athenian legis— '
later, 540 11.0. The first class of citizens paid an Attic talent of silver,
about 55L English money. 1he next 11' as by Darius the son of Hystaspes, :-
which was a land- tax by assessment, and deemed so odious that his subjects
styled him, by way of derision, Dalius the Trader, 480 13. c. —D’ Eon’ 3 His--
toi7c ales Finances. Taxes 1n specie 11 em first introduced into Eng land by
William I., 1067, and he raised them arbitrarily , yet subsidies in kind, as‘.‘
in wool, com, leather, and other products of the country, continued till 7
the accession of Richard IL, 1377.—pCamde71. First taxation of the British "
colonies in America, 1764; produced active lesistance, 1763; stamp act
repealed, 1760: re~enacted 1707. See Income, Reremw, Cost of Got-e771- ,-
mcnt, &C. '

TE DEUM A kind of hymn 01 song of thanksgiving used in the church} ,
beginning with the 11 ords Te Deum Zaudamus—We praise thee, O God. It; .
is generally supposed to be the composition of Augustin and Amblose,
about A D. 390; and 1s sung in the Remish church with extraordinary pomp '
and solemnity on some happy event, such as a. national thanksgiving for
g1 eat victory 01 for a bounteous harvest.

TEA. First kno11n' 1n Europe, being b1 ou ght from India by the Dutch, 16170
Brought into England in 1666, by lordg Ossory and lord Arlington, fr
Holland; and being admired by persons of rank, it was imported frown
thence, and generally sold for 60 shillings per pound. till our East Indi
Company took up the trade. —A77derso77. G1 een tea beg an to be used 1n 1715.
The duty imposed on tea in America, 1767. This tax occasioned the d
struction of 17 chests at New York, and 340 at Boston, November 177
and was one of the causes of the Re1 olutionary war.

TEAS IMPORTED INTO ENGLAND 0R CHARGED WITH DUTY IN THE FOLLOWING YEARS. ‘
1726. - lbs. 700,000 1805. - lbs. 24,133,000 [ 1825. - lbs. 27.803, -
1766. ~ - 7,000,000 1810. - ~ 25,414,000 1830. - - 30,54,4 l ‘
1792. - - 13,185,000 1815. . . 26 ,358,000 1835. . . 44 ,360,
1800. - - 23,723,000 1820. ~ . - 25,662,474 1840. - - 38 ”068, 7

In England, the duty derived on tea is now about 4,000,0002. annual
Millions of pounds weight of sloe, liquorice, and ash- tree leaves, are eve
11m mixed with Chinese teas in England. —Rep wt of the House of Comma
1818. The consumption of the Whole civilized world, exclusively of En

land. is about- "2 000 000 of p,0unds While the annual consumption in Gr
Br'itain 1s 30 000 000. ~E77izlepnce in the House of Commons 1830. The fir .7
t1 .1 sale in London on the abolition of the exclusive privilege of the
"India Company, Aug.19, 1834. The value of teas imported into the Unit
States 1‘01 one 11 ar ending July 1, 1847,11'as $4, 278 463; while that of c ?
Was $9,102 87". _

 

 

i ' 3 biennium or Dares. 533‘

  
 
  
   
 
  
  
   
   
  
    
  
  
   
   
  
   
   
  
  
   
   
  
   
   
  
  
   
   
   
  
  
 
   
   
 
  

A-TREE. Thea Bolted. Brought to England from China, about 1768.
The finest tea-plant known in England was raised in Kew Gardens; but the
first that ever flourished in Europe was one belonging to the duke of N or‘
thumberland at Sion.

TELEGRAPHS. They were early in use. Polybius calls the different in-
struments used by the ancients for communicating information ng/rsire,
because the signals were always made by fire. The most ingenious of the
modems had not thought of" such a machine as a telegraph until 1663. when
the plan was suggested by the marquis of VVoroester. The first idea of a
telegraph on the modern construction was suggested by Dr. Hooke, 1684.
M. Amontons is also said to have been the inventor of telegraphs about
this period. It was not till 1793 that the instrument was applied to useful
purposes: M. Chappe then invented the telegraph first used by the French.
Two erected over the admiralty-office, London, 1796. The Semaphore was
erected there 1816. The naval signals, by telegraph, enable 400 previously-
concerted sentences to be transmitted from ship to ship, bv varying the
combinations of two revolving crosses; and also to spell any particular
words, letter by letter. Sec Electric Telegraph.

-TELESCOPES. This invention is noticed by Leonard Digges, about 1571.
iv ' Roger Bacon, about A. D. 1250, described telescopes and microscopes ex-
actly. and yet neither were made till one Metius. at Alkamaer, and Jansen,
of Middleburgh, made them about the same time; the latter from an ac-
cidental discovery made by his children, 1590—1609. Galileo imitated
their invention by its description, and made three in succession. one of

moons and the phases of Venus. Telescopes became very popular. and
were improved by Zucchi. Huygens, Gregory, and Newton; and finally by
- Martin Hall, Dolland. and Herschel. Achromatic telescopes were made by
More Hall. about 1723. A telescope was made in London for the observa-
tory of Madrid which cost 11,0001. in 1802; but the Herschel telescope,
made 1789—1795, is superior: it has the great speculum 48 inches in dia-
meter. 3§ inches thick, weighs 21181bs., and magnifies 6400 times. See
‘ .2. Herschel Telescope.
‘ .TEMPERANCE SOCIETIES. It is to the credit of the American people that
' 3 the first great public movement in behalf of temperance. was made in this
country. Temperance societies began to be formed in 1825—6. One of the
most prominent of the first promoters of the reform was the Rev. Dr. Hewitt
of Connecticut. who was worthily styled the Apostle of Temperance. The
exertions of this and other energetic advocates of temperance and total
abstinence have efi'eeted a wonderful change for the better in the general
habits of the people. Several thousand temperance societies, under various
names, have been formed, and a large number of vessels now sail from
various ports of the United States, the crews of which are unsupplied with
spirituous liquors of any kind. . The movement has spread to some extent
in Europe. but by far the most successful of its promoters has been the
Rev. Theobald Mathew a Roman Catholic clergyman in Ireland who has
administered the " total abstinence" pledge to about two millions of his

many there were 300 temperance societies in 1846.

U'IPIARS. The first military oreler of Knights Templars was founded in
‘ A. o. 1118 by Baldwin 1].. king of Jerusalem. The templars Were numerous
, in several countries and came to England in 1185. The order was sup-
“ ressed by the council of Vienna, and its revenues were bestowed upon
', other orders, in 1312. Numbers of the order were burnt alive andlhayggd,
’ ‘V Ind it sufl‘ered great persecutions throughout Europe, particularly in France

which magnified a thousand times. With these he discovered Jupiter’s ,.

countrymen. He commenced his ministry in this cause in 1830. In Ger- ,

 

  

556 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. - [Tm

in the reign of Philip of Valois, 1342. They were several times suppressed
in England, and finally in 1340. ‘

TEMPLE, LONDON. Thus called, because it was anciently the dWellingnhouse
of the Knights Templars. At the suppression of that order, it was purchased "
by the professors of the common law, and converted into inns. They are

called the Inner and Middle Temple.

I‘EMPLES. They originated in the sepulchres built for the dead—Eusebius.
The Egyptians were the first who erected temples to the gods—Herodotus.
The first erected in Greece is ascribed to Deuealion.—Apoll0nius. For tem-
ple of Belus, see Babel. The temple of Jerusalem, built by Solomon, 1012
13.0. Fired by Nebuchadnezzar, 587 B. C.’ Rebuilt, ‘536 B. c. Pillaged by
Antiochus, 170 B. c. Rebuilt by Herod, 18 B. c. Destroyed by Titus, A. D.
70.—The temple of Apollo, at Dsnpnos, first a cottage with boughs, built
of stone by Trophorius, about 1200 B. c. Burnt by the Pisistratidae, 548 Be
A new temple raised by the family of the Alcmzeonidae, about 513 B. 0.—
Temple of Diana at Ephesus, built seven times; planned by Ctesiphon, 544
B. c. Fired by Erostratus, to perpetuate his name, 356 B. c. To rebuild it,
employed 220 years. Destroyed by the Goths, A.D. 260.—The Temple of
Piety was built by Acilius, on the spot where once a woman had fed w. th
her milk her aged father, whom the senate had imprisoned, and excluded
from all aliments.—_Val. Max. Temple of Theseus, built 480 years 3.0.,
is at this day the most perfect ancient edifice in the world—The heathen
temples were destroyed throughout the Roman empire by Constantine the
Great, A. D. 331. See Heathen Temples.

TENNESSEE. One of the United States; was originally included in the char-
ter of North Carolina by Charles II. in 1664; first settlement on Wetanga
river, 1757 ; attacked, and 200 men, women, and children massacred by the
Indians in 1760; the Indians chastised next year, but continued frequent
contests with the colonists for several years. The territory ceded by North
Carolina to the United States in 1790; admitted into the Union as a State,
1796. Population in 1790, 85.691 ; in 1810, 261,727 ; in 1830, 681,904; in
1840, 829,210, including 183,059 slaves.

TEST ACT. The statute of Charles II., directing all officers, civil and mili- .
tary. under government, to receive the sacrament according to the forms of ' '
the Church of England, and to take the oaths against transubst-antiation,
&c., was enacted March 1673; repealed, 1828.

TEUTONI, OR TEUTONES. A people of Germany, who with the Cimbri
made incursions upon Gaul, and cut to pieces two Roman armies. They
wereat last defeated by the consul Marius, and an infinite number made
prisoners, 101 B. 0. See Cimbri.

TEUTONIC ORDER. The order of military knights established in the Holy
Land towards the close of the twelfth century. The institution arose in
the humanity of the Teutones to the sick and wounded of the Christian
army under the celebrated Guy of Lusignan when before Acre. The
order was confirmed by a hull of pope Caelestine III, A.D. 1191. See
Prussia, &.c.

I‘EWKSBURY, BATTLE or, in which Edward IV. gained a decisive victory over
the Lancastrians. Queen Margaret, the consort of Henry VI., and her son,
were taken prisoners. The queen was conveyed to the Tower of London, . , *
where king Henry expired a few days after this fatal engagement; being,
as is generally supposed, murdered by the duke of Gloucester, after»
wards Richard III. The queen was ransomed in 1475, by the French king,
Lewis XL, for 50,000 crowns. This was the last battle between the houses
of York and Lancaster, May 4, 1471. See Roses.

 

   
   
  
  
  
   
  
  
  
  
  
  
 
   
  
   
    
  
   
  
  
  
   
  
  
  
  
  
   
  
 
  
   
  
  
   
   
 
 
  

m] DICTIONARY or DATES. 557

‘ TEXAS. One of the United States ; first settled by the Spaniards at San Fran-
. cisco in 1690; made one of the federal States of Mexico, in conjunction
with the adjacent State of Coahuila. on the formation of the Mexican re-
public-——an unpopular Union to the Texans, and productive of the first dis—
agreement with the central government; colonization of Texas by emigrant
from the United States, commenced 1821; war with Mexico for indepe:

dence commenced 1833, and ended by the defeat and capture of the Mexican
president, Santa Anna, at San Jacinto, 21st April, 1836, which secured the
independence of Texas; admitted into the Union as a State (the 28mg,
after active opposition with reference to the exclusion of slavery, Feb. 2 ,
18-15. Population at that time about 200,000. [The first treaty for its an-
nexation was rejected by the United States Senate, 35 to 16, J unc 8, 1844.]

THAMES TUNNEL. Projected by Mr. Brunel, to form a communication
between the two sides of the river, at Rotherhithe and VVapping, the most
extraordinary construction of ancient or modern times. The shaft was
begun in 18:25. At a distance of 544 feet from the shaft the first irruption
took place, May 18, 1827. The second irruption, by which six workmen
perished, Jan. 12, 1828. The length of the tunnel is 1300 feet; its width
is 35 feet; height, 20 feet; clear width of each archway, including footpath,
about 14 feet; thickness of earth beneath the crown of the tunnel and the
bed of the river, about 15 feet. The tunnel was opened throughout for foot
passengers, March 25, 1843.

*3 THANE. A title much in use anciently, and which sometimes signified a
' nobleman, sometimes a freeman, and sometimes a magistrate; but most
properly, an officer under the king. The Saxons had a nobility called
thanes, and the Scots also. The title was abolished in England at the Con-
quest. upon the introduction of the feudal system. Abolished in Scotland
. by king Malcolm 111., when the title of earl was adopted, 1057. '

THEATRES. That of Bacchus, at Athens, built by Philos, 420 B. 0., was the
first erected. Marcellus’ theatre at Rome was built about 80 B. 0. Theatres
were afterwards numerous, and were erected in most cities of Italy. There
was a theatre at Pompeii where most of the inhabitants of the town were
assembled on the night of August 24, A. D. 79, when an eruption of Vesu-
vius covered Pompeii. Scenes were, introduced into theatres, painted by
Balthazar Sienna, A. D. 1533. The first royal license for a theatre in England
was in 1574, to master Burbage and four others, servants of the earl of
Leicester, to act plays at the Globe, Bankside. See Globe. But long before
that time, miracle plays were represented in the fields. The prices of ad-
mission in the reign of queen Elizabeth were, gallery, 2d,; lords’ room, 13.
——Dickens. The first play—bill was dated April 8, 1663, and issued frc 1n
Drury-lane; it runs thus: “By his Majestic, his company of Comedians at
the New Theatre in Drury Lane, will be acted a comedy called the HILWLO’U-
rot-s Lieutenant.” After detailing the characters, it concludes thus : “The
play will begin at three o’clock exactly.” 'Lincoln’s-inn theatre was opened
in 1695. The first attempt at theatrical performances in the United States
was the acting of Otway’s Orphan, in Boston, in 1750; but all such exhibi-
tions were immediately afterwards prohibited there. A strolling company
acted in a sail-loft in New York in 1758. The first regular theatre was in
New York in 1793; the second in Boston; and the third in Philadelphia
soon after. Dunlap’s History of the American Theatre was published in N ew
York, 1832. See Drama, Plays, &c.

TJ'HEBES. The ancient celebrated city of Thebais in Egypt, called also Heca-
E tompylos, on account of its hundred gates, and Diospolis, as being sacred to
A Jupiter. In the time of its splendor, it extended above twenty-three miles,
‘ and upon any emergency could send into the field, by each of its hundred

 

E

 

”558 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. .

THEFT. This offence was punished by heavy fines among the Jews. By death

IHEISTS. The sect so called came in with the Restoration, about 1660, and

THEOLOGICAL SCHOOLS. ‘The first in the United States was that at Ando-

THERMOMETER. The invention of this instrument is ascribed to several

THERMOPYLIE. BATTLE OF. Leonidas at the head of 300 Spartans, at the

THESSALY. This country is much celebrated in classical history. as being

THRACE. So called from Thrax, the son of Mars. Conquered by Philip and I‘:

 
   
  
  
   
  
  
   
  
   
  
   
     
  
 
 
    
  
   
 
   
  
   
  
 
   
   
  

gates, 20 000 fighting men and 200 chariots. Thebes was ruined by Cam .
byses. king of Persia. and few traces of it were seen in the age of Juvenal. ,3
——Plula7‘c/L. Also Thebes. the capital of the country successively called 4
Aonia. Messapia Ogygia. Hyantis. and Boeotia. See Bazotia. Thebes was ,4;
called Cadmeis, from Cadmus, the founder of the city. It rose to a cele- ;
brated republic. styled the Theban, about 820 B. c. It was dismantled by 7'
the Romans, 145 13. C.—Li1:’_I/; T/‘Lucg/dz'des.

at Athens, by the laws of Draco. See Draw. The Anglo-Saxons nominal- 'j
ly punished theft with death, if above 124. value; but the criminal could 5
redeem his life by a ransom. In the 9th of Henry I. this power of redemp-
tion was taken away, 1108. The laws against theft, until lately. were very ’,
severe in England; they were revised by Mr. (afterwards Sir Robert) Peel’s
acts, 9 and 10 George IV.

they taught a union with all men who believed in one God. but who reject—
ed public worship and exterior forms of religion. They maintained that ’
their religion was better because older and more simple than that which was *
given by God to the Hebrews.

ver, founded 1808.

scientific person all about the same time. Invented by Drebbel of Alcmaer, ';
A. D. 1609.—Boe7'/La(wc. Invented by Paulo Sarpi, 1609.—F‘1(Igetntw. Invent- t
ed by Sanetorio in 1610.—Bm‘elli. Fahrenheit's thermometer was invented 3'
about 17 26; and the scale called Reaumur’s soon after, 1730. The mode of ,
construction by substituting quicksilver for spirits was invented some years ".
subsequently. ‘

defile of’l‘hermopylze, withstands the whole force of the Persians during three
days, when Ephialtes, a Trachinian, perfidiously leading the enemy by a se-
cret path up the mountains, brings them to the rear of the Greeks, who
thus placed between two assailants, devote themselves to the good of their ‘5
country. and perish gloriously on heaps of their slaughtered foes. Of 300 -.
heroes who engaged in this conflict with hundreds of thousands of the Per—
sians, one man only returned home. and he was received with reproaches and
insults for having fled from a battle in which his brave companions, with
their royal leader, had fallen. Twenty thousand Persians perished by the .1
hands of the Spartans, Aug. 7, 480 B. Cr- Vossz'us de Graze. Hist. '

the seat of many of the adventures described by the poets. The first king :
of whom we have any certain knowledge was Hellen, son of Deuealion from ~'
whom his subjects were r'alled Hellenists, a name afterwards extended to all
Greece. From Thessaly the most powerful tribes of Greece derived their 9.
origin, as the Achaeans, the ZEtolians, the Dorians. the Hellenists, &c. The
two most remarkable events in the early history of this country. are the
deluge of Deucalion, 1503 B. 0., and the expedition of the Argonauts, 1263. t

See them severally.

Alexander. and annexed to the Macedonian empire about 335 BAG. ; and i
so remained till the conquest of Macedonia by the Romans, 168 B. c. By y
zantium was the capital of Thrace, on the ruins of which Cmstantinople 3
was built. The Turks took the country under Mahomet 11., 4.1). 1453.—-;‘
Priestley.

 

DICTIONARY or DATES. 5m

  
 
   
  
  
  
 
  
  
 
  
 
 
 
  
  
  
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
  
  
  
 
 
  

. .TIIR ASHING-MACHIN ES. The flail was the only instrument formerly in use.
. The Romans used a machine called the tribulmn. a sledge loaded with stones
,. or iron. drawn over the corn-sheaves by horses. The first machine attempted
‘ ‘ in modern times was invented by Michael Menzies, at Edinburgh, about
'3 1732; Miekles, in 1776.
; THRASY MENUS. BATTLE or. A most bloody engagement between the Car-
‘ ‘ thaginians under Hannibal and the Romans under Flaminius, 217 B. c. No
less than 15 000 Romans were left dead on the field of battle. and 10 000 taken
prisoners; or. according to Livy, 6000; or Polybius, 15,000. The loss of
Hannibal was about 1500 men. And about 10,000 Romans made their es—
cape, all covered with wounds—Livy ,- I’olybius.

THUMB-SCREW. An inhuman instrument which was commonly used in the
first stages of torture by the Spanish inquisition. It was in use in England
also. The Rev. Wm. Carstairs was the last who suffered by it before the
privy council, to make him divulge secrets entrusted to him, which he firmly
resisted. After the revolution in 1688, the thumb—screw was given him as a
present by the council King William expressed a desire to see it, and tried it
on. bidding the doctor to turn the screw; but at the third turn he cried out,
“ Hold ! hold! doctor; another turn would make me confess any thing.”

THURSDAY. The fifth day of the week, derived from Thor, a deified hero
worshipped by the ancient inhabitants of the northern nations. particularly
by the Scandinavians and Celts. The authority of this deity extended OVer
the winds and seasons, and especially over thunder and lightning. He is
said to have been the most valiant of the sons of Odin. This day, which
was consecrated to Thor, still retains his name in the Danish, Swedish, and
Low-Dutch languages, as well as in the English. Thursday, or Thor‘s-day,
has been rendered into Latin by dies Joris, or Jupiter’s day.

TIDES. Homer is the earliest profane author who speaks of the tides. Posi—
donius of Apamea accounted for the tides from the motion of the moon,
about 79 B. c.; and Caesar speaks of them in his fourth book of the Gallic
War. The theory of the tides was first satisfactorily explained by Kepler,
A. n. 1598; but the honor of a complete explanation of them was reserved
for sir Isaac Newton, who laid hold of this class of phenomena to prove
uniVersal gravitation, about 1683. ,

TILSIT, PEACE OF. The memorable treaty concluded between France and Rus-
sia. when Napoleon restored to the Prussian monarch one-half of his terri-
tories, and Russia recognized the Confederation of the Rhine, and the ele—
vation of N apoleon’s three brothers, Joseph, Louis, and Jerome, to the thrones
of Naples, Holland, and Westphalia. Signed July 7, 1807, and ratified July
19 following.

TILTS AND TOURNAMENTS. Were greatly in vogue in England in the
eleventh and twelfth centuries. Notwithstanding many edicts against them,
, and anathemas from Rome, they were not abolished till the reign of Henry

IV., about A. D. MOO—Rama. They first took their rise in Italy upon the
suppression of the gladiators in the fifth century. They were suppressed in
France in 1560.— Voltaire’s Gen. Hist.

‘ TIMBER. The annual demand of timber for the British navy, in war, is 60 000
loads, or 40,000 full-grown trees, a ton each. of which thirty-five will stand
on an acre; in peace, 32 000 tens, or 48,000 loads. A seventy-four gun ship
consumes 3000 loads, or 2000 tons of trees, the produce of fifty-seven acres
in a century. Hence the whole navy consumes 102 600 acres. and 1026 per:
unnum—All'nut. England imports about 800 000 loads of timber annually,
exclusively of masts, yards, staves, lathwood, &c., together with a ' *

‘ . 000 of deals and deal-ends—Parl. Ref. [‘3 triadic? ;

   

5’:

' .19
1., . .~

560 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

TIME-MEASURE. That of Scipio Nasica was invented 159 B. o.

TIN. The Phoenicians traded with England for this article for more than 1100 i

    
   

thors inform us that Alfred’s time-keeper was six large wax tapers each

twelve inches long; but as they burnt unequally, owing to the wind, _he’ in
vented a lantern made of wood, and thin plates of ox-horns, glass being a
great rarity, A. D. 887. The ancients had three time—measures: hour—glasses,
sun-dials, and a vessel full of water with a hole in its bottom. See Clocks,
W’atc/Lcs, &c. ,_
years before the Christian era. It is said that this trade first gave them 3*
commercial importance in the ancientworld. Under the Saxons, our tin- a

mines appear to have been neglected; but after the coming in of the Nor-

mans, they produced considerable revenues to the earls

ticularly to Richard, brother of Henry 111.; a charter and various immuni-
ties werc granted by Edmund, earl Richard’s brother, who also framed the

stannary laws, laying a duty on the tin, payable to the
Edward III. confirmed the tinners in their privileges, and
into a dukedom, with which he invested his son, Edward

1535. Since that time, the heirs-apparent to the crown of England. if eldest
sons, have enjoyed it successively. Tin—mines were discovered in Germany,
which lessened the value of those in England, till then the only tin-mines in
Europe, A. D. RIO—Anderson. Discovered in Barbary 1640; in India, 1740;
in New Spain, 1782. England exports at present, on an average, 1500 tons

of unwrought tin, besides manufactured tin and tin-plat
1100,0002.

TITHES AND TENTHS. Were first given by Moses to the tribe of Levi, 1490

B. c.—Josep/ms. For the first 800 years of the Christian

given purely as alms, and were voluntary.— Wicklcfie. “ I will not put the

title of the clergy to tithes upon any divine right, the
certainly commenced, and I believe as certainly ceased, wi

oeracy.”—Blac/rstmre. The first mention of them in any English written law,
is a constitutional decree made in a synod strongly enjoining tithes, A. D. 786.
Ofl'a, king of Mercia, gave unto the church ’the'tithes of all his kingdom, to
expiate for the death of Ethelbert, king of the East Angles, whom he had
caused to be basely murdered, A. D. 794.—B/1w‘7t’s Eccles. Law. Tithes were
first granted to the English clergy in a general assembly held by Ethelwold,
A. D. 844.—~Hm7‘7fs Hist. qf Eng. They were established in France by
Charlemagne, about 800.—Henault. Tenths were confirmed in the Lateran

councils, 1215.—Rainaldi.

TITLES, ROYAL. The following is the succession in which the royal titles
swelled in England. Henry IV. had the title of “ Grace” and “My liege”
conferred upon him, 1399. The title of “Excellent Grace” was conferred
upon Henry VI., 1422. Edward IV. had-that of “Most High and Mighty
Prince,” 1461. Henry VII. had the title“ Highness,” 1485; and Henry VIII.
had the same title, and sometimes “ Grace,” 1509, et Seq. But these two last
were absorbed in the title of “Majesty,” being that wit-h which Francis 1.

of France addressed Henry at their memorable interviewi

of Me Clot/I, of Gold. Henry VIII. was the first and last king who was styled

“Dread Sovereign.” James I. coupled to “ Majesty” the

or “Most Excellent Majesty.” “ Majesty” was the style of the emperors of

Germany; the first king to whom it was given was Lou
about 1163. '

TOBACCO, Nicotiana Tabacum. This plant received its na
a province of Yucatan, New Spain. Some say from the i

one of the Caribees; others, from Tabasco, in the gulf of Florida. It was
first observed at St. Domingo, A. D. 1496; and was used freely by the Spent,

  
 
  
  

of Cornwall, par~

earls of Cornwall.
erected Cornwall
the Black Prince,

es, of the value of

church they were

ugh such a right
th the Jewish the—

n 1520.—See Field
present " Sacred,"

is XI. of France,

me from Tabacco,
sland of Tobago,

 

, ] 'mo'rromnr or DATES. 58!

       
   
  
  
   
   
  
   
   
    
   
  
  
    
   
    
  
  
   
 
   
  
   
   
 
   
    
 
   
 
   
  

iards in Yucatan in 1520. Tobacco was first carried to England, 7 Elizabeth,
1565, by sir John Hawkins; but sir Walter Raleigh and sir Francis Drake
are also mentioned as having first introduced it there. It was manufactured
only for exportation for some years—Stowe’s Citron. In 1584 a proclama-
tion was issued against it. King James I. issued his famous Counter-Blast
against Tobacco in 16 . The star-chamber ordered the duties to be 65. 10¢.
per pound, 1614. Its cultivation was prohibited in England by Charles II.
An act laying a duty on the importation was passed, 1684. The cultivation
was allowed in Ireland 1779. The tax was increased, and put under the
excise,1789.—Andcrson; Ashe. Various statutes have passed relative to
tobacco. Act to revive the act prohibiting the culture of tobacco in Ire-
land passed 1831. Act directing that tobacco grown in Ireland be purchased
in order to its being destroyed, 1832. The quantity consumed in England
in 1791 was nine millions and a half of pounds, and in 1829 about fifteen
millions of pounds—Clam. of the Ex. In 1840, the quantity had reached
to forty millions of pounds.-——Pa7~l. Rat. In the United States, tobacco is
grown chiefly in Maryland and Virginia; but to some extent in all the
southern states. The value of the crop exported in 1848 was $7,551,122.
Tobacco is produced also in France, in India, &c.; that of the United
States is considered the best in flavor, but that of Cuba is preferred for

smoking. Several works have been published on the evil effects and bad
taste of this weed.

n TOBAGO. Settled by the Dutch, A. D. 1642. Taken by the English, 1672; re-
“ taken. 1674. In 1748 it was declared a neutral island; but in 1763 it was
' * ceded to the English. Tobago was taken by the French under De Grasse
in 1781. and confirmed to them in 1783. Again taken by the English, April
14, 1793, but restored at the peace of Amiens, Oct. 6, 1802. The island was
once more taken by the British under general Grinfield, July 1, 1803, and
was confirmed to them by the peace of Paris in 1814.

first toleration act known in the history of this country, passed in 1689. The
dissenters have ever since enjoyed the benefits of this act without interrup-
tion, though their liberties were greatly endangered in the latter end of
queen Anne’s reign. - ~

TOLLS. They were first paid by vessels passing the Stade on the Elbe, A. D.

1 1109. They were first demanded by the Danes of vessels passing the Sound,
1341. Toll-bars in England originated in 1267, on the grant of a penny for
every wagon that passed through a certain manor. Toll-gates or turnpikes
were used in 1663.

TONN AGE AND POUNDAGE. An ancient duty levied on wine and other goods,
I commenced in En land about 21 Edward 111.. 1346. The first granted to

the kings of Eng and for life, 5 Edward IV., .1465. Cum'ngham’s Hist.
Taxes. '

'TONTINES. Loans given for life annuities with benefit of survivorship, so
' called from the inventor Laurence Tonti, a Neapolitan. They were first set on

foot at Paris to reconcile the 'people to cardinal Mazarin’s government, by

amusing them with the hope of becoming suddenly rich, A. D. 1653—1705-

taire. The late celebrated Mr. Jennings was an original subscriber for a

100K. share in a tontine company; and being the last survivor of the share-

; holders, his share produced him 3000l. pm~ mmum. He died worth 2,115,-
‘ 244l., aged 103 years, June 19, 1798.—Haydn.

7‘ )PLITZ, BATTLE or. A battle was fought at Toplitz between the Austrians
and Prussians, in which the latter were defeated, 1762. Battle of Toplit-z;
HAugust 30, 1813. Here the allied sovereigns had their head-quarters a.
I; amiderable time in this latter year. Treaty of Toplitz, being a triplo

24*

" TOLERATION ACT. To William III. is due the honor and wisdom of the i

 

 

  
  
  
  
  
 
  
 
  
  
   
  
  
    
  
  
   
  
   
 
   
 
   
   
 
 
   
   
 
   
 
  

562 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. I.“

alliance between Russia, Austria, and Prussia, Sept. 9, 1813. Treaty of
Toplitz, bet-ween Austria and Great Britain, Oct. 3, same year. ‘3
TORTURE. It has disgraced humanity in the earliest ages in every country.
It was only permitted by the Romans in the examination of slaves. It was ‘
used early in the Catholic church against heretics. Occasionally used in :’
England so late as the lst Elizabeth, 1558; and in Scotland until 1690. j,
The trial by torture was abolished in Portugal, 1776; in France, by order ;.
of Louis XVI, in 1780, although it had not been practised there some time
before. Ordered to be discontinued in Sweden by Gusta?;its III., 1786. It '
yet continues in other countries. '7'

TORY. Various authors have differently described this term. It is said to be f-
derived from an Irish word, originally signifying a savage, or rather a col-
lector of tithes and taxes—Encyclop. The names of Cavaliers and Round- '
heads, which existed in the time of Charles I. were changed, some tell us, 3
into those of Tories and Whigs. The Tories were those who vindicated j
the divine right of kings, and held high notions of their prerogatives;
while “ the Whigs” denoted a friend to civil and religious liberty—Ashe. 3‘
The name of Tory was given by the country party to the court party, com-
paring them to Popish robbers; and arose out of the Meal-tub plot (which 3,
see), in 1679. The terms are defined by extreme politicians, as of two par- 1
ties in the aristocracy: the Whigs, who would curb the power of the crown;
and the Tories, who would curb the power of the people.——P/Lillips. In our 1‘
revolutionary war the term was applied to the royalists; but, oddly enough, 1
at the time of president Jackson, it was given to the ultra democratic party, ‘
while the other great party called themselves Whigs. See IWLz‘gs.

TOULON, FRANCE. In 1706 this town was bombarded by the allies, both by .7
land and sea, by which almost the whole town was reduced to a heap of
ruins, and several ships burned; but they were at last obliged to raise
the siege. It surrendered, August 23, 1793, to the British admiral, lord.
Hood, who took possession both of the town and shipping in the name of
Louis XVII, under a stipulation to assist in restoring the French constitu- '5
tion of 1789. A conflict took place between the English and French
forces, when the latter were repulsed, N 0v. 15, 1793. Toulon was evacuated :{T‘
by the British, Dec. 19, same year, when great cruelties were exercise
towards inhabitants as were supposed to be favorable to the British.

FOULOUSE, FRANCE. Founded about 615 B. c. A dreadful tribunal was es— _
tablished here to extirpate heretics, A. D. 1229. The troubadours. or rhetom
ricians of Toulouse, had their origin about A. D. 850, and consisted of a frater
nity of poets, whose art was extended throughout Europe, and gave rise at};
the Italian and French poetry. See Troubadours.

‘OULOUSE. BATTLE or. The final battle between the British Peninsular arm _
under lord Wellington and the French—one of the most bloody that had
been fought from the time lord Wellington had received the command I "
the troops in Portugal. The French were commanded by marshal Soul
whom the victorious British hero forced to retreat, after tWelve hours fight ;
ing. from seven o’clock in the morning until seven at night, the British;
forcing the French intrenched position before Toulouse. The loss ofgthe
allies in killed and wounded was between four and five thousand men; that}:
of the French exceeded 10,000. At theperiod of this battle Bonaparte;
had abdicated the throne of France; but neither of the commanders was~
aware of that fact, or the close of the war at Paris. Fought April 10, 181131}

,9

i‘OURNAMENTS on J OUSTS. Some authors refer them to Trojan origin,“
such as Ascanius instituted among the Romans. The tournament is 9. mar-5y:
tial sport or exercise which the ancient cavaliers used to perform, to abort“

'ng DICTIONARY or DATES. 55g

    
  
  
  
  
  
   
   
  
   
  
 
  
   
  
  
   
    
 
   
  
   
  
  
   
  
   
    
   
   
   
   
  
  

. their bravery and address. It is derived from the French word totmwr,
“to turn round,” because, to be expert in these exercises, much agility,
both of horse and man, was necessary. They were much practised A. D.
890; and were regulated and countenanced by Henry I., emperor, about
919. The Lateran council published an article against their continuance
in 1186. One was held in Smithfield so late as the 12th century, when the
taste for them declined in England. Henry II. of France, in a tilt with the
count de Montgomery, had his eye struck out, an accident which caused
the king’s death in a few days, June 29. 1559. Tournaments were from
this event abolished in France, and with them “the age of chivalry is
tied.” A magnificent and costly feast and splendid tournament took
place at Eglinton castle, August 29, 1839, and the following week: many
of the visitors assumed the characters of ancient knights, lady Seymour
being the *‘ Queen of Beauty,” as fairest of the female throng. But this fes-
tivity is not likely to lead to a revival of the old tournament.

f TOURNAY. Taken by the allies in 1709, and ceded to the house of Austria,

by the treaty of Utrecht; but the Dutch were allowed to place a garrison
in it. as one of the barrier towns. It was taken by the French under ge-
neral Labourdonnaye, N ov. 11, 1792. Battle near Tournay, by the Austrians
and British on one side, and the French on the other, the former victorious,
May 8, 1793. Another battle was fought between the British and French,
when the latter were repulsed, at Rousalaer, losing 200 men and three field-
pieces, May 6, 1794.

' TOURS, BATTLE or. One of the glorious victories of Charles Martel, and that
which most established his fame, gained over the Saracens near Tours,
and from which he acquired the name of [Wart/ct, signifying [tam-mar. We
are told that but for this timely victory of Charles Martel, all Europe, as
- well as Asia and Africa, must have become Mahomedan; October 10,
A. D. 732.

1 TOWERS. That of Babel, the first of which we read. built in the plains of
w Shinar (Genesis XL), 2247 B. 0. See Babel. The Tower of the Winds at
Athens, built 550 B. c. The Tower of Pharos (see P/LaTOS), 280 B. c. Tow-
ers were built early in England ; and the round towers in Ireland may be
reckoned among the most ancient curiosities. They were the only struc-
tures of stone found in Ireland before the first arrival of the English,
except some buildings in the maritime towns founded by the Danes.
These towers were tall, hollow pillars, nearly cylindrical, but narrowing
towards the top, pierced with lateral holes to admit the light. high above
. ,_ ‘the ground, and covered with conical roofs of the same materials. Of these

.5 _ productions of old Irish masonry, fifty-six still remain, from 50 to 130 feet
,» _ high.
“ VTOWER or LONDON. Anciently a royal palace, and consisted of‘ no more

. ,_ than what is now called the White Tower, which appears to have been first

completed by his son William Rufus, who, in 1098, surrounded it with walls,
and a broad, deep ditch. Several succeeding princes made additions to it,
and king Edward III. built the church. In 1638 the White Tower was re-
built; and since the restoration of king Charles II. it has been thoroughly
repaired, and a great number of additional buildings made to it. Here are
the Armory, Jewel—office, and various other divisions and buildings of
. peculiar interest; and here were many executions of illustrious persons,
- and many murders See England.

”,WTON. BATTLE or. This great battle is supposed to be the most fierce and
,bloody that ever happened in any domestic war. It was fought between
‘ ithe houses of York (Edward IV.) and Lancaster (Henry VI.), to the fitter

marked out by William the Conqueror, A. D. 1076, commenced in 1078, and-

 

 

564 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [1%

of whom it was fatal, and on whose side more than 37,000 of his subjects é

fell. Edward issued orders to give no quarter, and the most merciless
slaughter ensued. Henry was made prisoner and confined in the Tower; :
his queen. Margaret, fled to Flanders: fought March 29, 1461. ‘1

TRAFALGAR, BATTLE or, the greatest naval victory ever obtained by Eng- f
land, fought by the British, under command of the immortal Nelson. against ’
the combined fleets of France and Spain, commanded by admiral Villeneuve ~'

and two Spanish admirals. The enemy’s force‘was eighteen French and
fifteen Spanish vessels, all of the line ;. that of the British twenty—seven ships.

After a bloody and protracted fight, admiral Villeneuve and the other ad- :

mirals were taken, and nineteen of their ships captured, sunk, or destroyed.
But the hero of England lost his life in this memorable battle; and admiral

Collingwood succeeded to the command. Nelson’s ship was the Victory ,- and ‘
his last signal on going into the engagement, was “England expects every .

man to do his duty.” Oct. 21, 1805.

TRAGEDY. That of Alcestis was the first represented by Thespis, the first

tragic poet at Athens, 536 n. c.——Arund. .Maroles. Prizes instituted, and the
first gained by ZEschylus, 486 B. c.—Ibid. Another prize carried by Sopho-
cles, 470 B. c.—Ibial. Another by Euripides, 442 B. c.—Ibid. Another by
Astydamus, 377 B. c.—Il)id. See Drama ,- Plays,- Theatres.

’ TRAJAN’S PILLAR. Erected A. D. 114, by the directions of the emperor

Trajan, and executed by Apollodorus. This column, which still exists at ':

Rome, was built in the large square called the For-um Rommmm; it is

140 feet high, of the Tuscan order, and commemorates the victories of the

emperor. ‘

TRANSFUSION or THE BLOOD. It began to be practised in the fifteenth
century, and was successful in France, where Louis XL, when dying, went
farther still, and drank the warm blood of infants, in the vain hope of pro-
longing life, A. D. 1483.—chmolt. After trials of the efficacy of transfusion

upon animals, M. Denis revived the practice in Paris, where, out of five‘ .

persons upon whom he operated, two died, and the magistracy prohibited
the experiment upon human bodies afterwards, 1668. Lower, an English
physician, who died in 1691, practised in this way—Friend’s Hist. of Phys.
Transfusion again attempted in France, in 1797; and recently in Great Bli-
tain, but seldom with success. See article Blood.

TRANSPORTATION or FELONS IN ENGLAND. -The first criminals were
ordered for transportation instead of execution, A. D. 1590; but banishment

for lighter offences than those adjudged death was much earlier. England ,

is reproached abroad for transporting persons whose offences are compara-

tively venial. John Eyre, esq., a man of fortune, was sentenced to trans— ..

port-ation for stealing a few quires of paper, Nov. 1, 1771.—Phillips. More
recently, the reverend Dr. Halloran, tutor to the earl of Chesterfield, was
transported for forging a frank, (10d. postage) Sept. 9, 1818. The first
transportation of felons to Botany Bay was in May 1787; they arrived at the
settlement in January 1788. Returning from transportation was punished
with death until 1834, when an act passed making the offence punishable
by transportation for life.

TR ANSUB STANTIATION. This doctrine was first introduced by a friar, about

A. D. 840. It became a confirmed article of _ Christian faith about 1000. _It 9'

was opposed in England about 1019 ; but the English church admitted the
doctrine before 1066. Belief in it as necessary to salvation was finally es-
tablished by the council of Placentia, 1095. The word “ transubstantiation”.
was first used by Peter of Blois about 1165. John Huss, in subsequent
times, was the first opposer of this doctrine; he was burnt by order of the
council of Constance, A. D. 1415.—-Cave‘s Hist. Lit. .

  
  
   

e

 

   
  
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
  
   
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
  

DICTIONARY or DATES. 565

TRAPPISTS, on MONKS or LA TRAPPE. A French order in the depart-
ment of Orne, famed in the days of superstition for their austerity of dis-
cipline, and for keeping a perpetual silence. This order was charged with
rebellion and conspiracy in France, and 64 English and Irish Trappists were
hipped by the French government at Painboeuf. Nov. 19, and were landed
from the Hébé French frigate atCork, Nov. 30, 1831. Theyhave established
themselves at Mount Melleray, county of Waterford; but do not maintain
there the extreme rigor of their order. -

TRAVELLING ABROAD. See article Absentees. In order to discourage

English subjects from travelling to foreign countries and spending money
there, a tax was levied (but of very inadequate amount) by way of license
for going abroad, and paid to the crown, 10 Charles I., 1635.———Rapin.

TREAD-MILL. An invention of the Chinese, and used in China to raise
water for the irrigation of the fields. The tread-mill lately introduced into
the prisons of Great Britain is of a more complicated construction. It is
the invention of Mr. Cubitt of Ipswich. The first was erected at Brixton
jail, 1817. This punishment has not been introduced in the United States.

.- TREASON. See High Treason. It was punished in England only by banish—
ment till after Henry I.—Balter’s Chronicle. Ascertained by law, Edward
III., 1349. Trials regulated, and two witnesses required to convict. 1695.
The laws relating to treason are numerous, and formerly the punishment
was dreadful'—-hanging, quartering, beheading, &e., and even burning alive.
Mr. Martin brought in a bill for the abolition of burning alive for treason,
which passed both houses in 1788. PETTY TREASON may happen three
ways: a wife’s murder of her husband; a servant’s murder of his master;
and an ecclesiastical person’s murder of his prelate or other superior—so
declared by statute 25 Edward 111., 1350. '

I'REATIES. The first formal and written treaty made by England with any
foreign nation was entered into A. D. 1217. The first commercial treaty was
with the Flemings, 1 Edward, 1272 ; the second with Portugal and Spain,
1308.——Anderson. The chief treaties of the principal civilized nations of
Europe will be found described in tlieirwrespective places: the following
forms an index to them. See Conventions ; Coalitions; Leagues, &c.

Abo, peace of - - - - 1743 Carlsbad, congress of - - - 1812

Aix-la-Chapelle - - - - 1668 Cateau-Cambresis, peace of - - 1552:
Aix-la-Chapelle, peace of - - 1748 Chaumont, treaty of - - - 1814
Akermann, peace of - - - 1826 Chunar, India - - - - 1781
Alt Radstadt - - - - 1706 Cintra, convention of - - - 1808
America, peace with - . - 1783 Closterseven, convention of - - 1757
Amiens, peace of - - - 1802 Coalition, first, against France - 1792‘
Armed Neutrality - - - - 1800 Coalition, second ditto - - - 1799
Arras, treaty of - - - 1435 Coalition, third, ditto . . . 1805
Arras, ditto - - - - - 1482 Coalition, fourth, ditto - - - 1806
Augsburgh, leaflue of - - - 1686 Coalition, fifth, ditto - - - 180?
Baden, peace 0 - . - - - 1714 Coalition, sixth, ditto - - - 1813
Barrier treaty - - - - 1715 Concordat - - - - 1801
Basie, peace of - - - - 1795 Conflans, treaty of - - - 1465
Bassein, India - - - - 1802 Constantinople, peace of - - 1712
Bayonne, treaty of - - - - 1808 Constantinople, treaty of - - - 1833
Belgium, treaty of London - - 1839 Copenhagen, peace of - - 1660
Belgrade. peace of - - - - 1730 Cressy - - - - ~ 1544
Berlin, eace of - ~ - 1742 Dresden - . - - - 1745
Berlin ecree - - - - 1806 Family compact - - - , . 1761
Berlin :onvention - - - 1808 Fontainebleau, peace of - . 1679
Breda, peace of - - - - 1667 Fontainebleau, treaty of - . . 1735
Bretigny, peace of ~ - - 1360 Fontaineblean, concordat at - . 1813
Bucharest, treaty of - - - 1812 i Friedwald, treaty of - . . 1551
Cambray, league of - - - 1508 Fuessen, peace of . . . 1745
Cambray, peace of - - - 1529 Ghent, pacific-anon of . - « . 1576
Campo-Formio, treaty of - - 1797 Ghent, peace of America) - . 1814

 

Carlowitz, peace of - - - 1699 Golden Bull - . . . 1355

 

l
i

 

.“'?.’,

 

566 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [. .; .,
TREATIES, contmued. -
Grand Alliance - - - 1689 Pyrenees, treaty of the - - - 1659
h‘eece, treaty of London . - - 1829 Quadruple Alliance - - - 1718
Hague, treaty of the - - - 16:39 Radstadt, peace of - - - ‘ - 1714
Hague, treaty of the - - - 1669 Radstadt, congress of - - - 1797‘
Halle, treaty of - - - 1610 Ratisbon, peace of - - - - 1630
Hamburgh, peace of - - ~ 1762 Ratisbon, treaty of - - - 1806
Hanover treaty - - - - 1725 Religion, peace of - - - - 1555
Holland, peace with - - - 1784 Rhine, Confederation of the . - 1806
Holy Alliance - - - - 1815 Ryswick, peace of - - - - 1697
Hubertsberg, peace of - - - 1763 St. Germain’s, peace of - - 1570
Interim - - - - - 1548 St. Germain-en-1.aye - - - 1679
Kiel, treaty of - - - - 1814 St. Ildefonso, alliance of Spain with
Laybach, congress of - - ~ - 1721 France - - - - - 1795
League - - - ~ - 1576 Seville, peace of - - - - 1792
Leipsic, alliance of - - - 1631 Siijriid, peace of - - - - 1613
Leoben, peace of - - - - 1797 - Stnalcald, league of- - - - 1529
Lisbon, peace of - - - 1668 Spain, pacification of (London) - 1834
London, treaty of(Greece) - - 1829 Stettin, peace of - - - - 1570
London, convention of (Turkey) - 1840 Stockholm - - - - 1630
Lttbeck, peace of - - - - 1629 Stockholm, peace of - - - 1719
Lttneville, peace of - . - 1801 Stockholm, treaty of - - - 1724
Madrid, treaty of - - - - 1526 Stockholm, treaty of - ~ - 1813
Methuen treaty - - - - 171B ’1‘emeswar, truce of - - 1664
Milan decree - ' - - - 1807 Teschen, peace of - - 1779
Munster, eace of - - - 16-18 Teusin, peace of - . - 1595
Nantes, e ict 0f -_ ~ - - 1598 'I‘ilsit, peace of - - - - 1807
Naumberg, treaty of ~ - - 1554 Tolentino, treaty of - - . - 1793
Nice, treaty of - - - - 1518 Toplitz, treaty of - - - - 1813
Nimeguen. peace of - - - 1678 Triple Alliance - - - - 1717
Noyon, treaty of ~ . - ~ 1516 Triple Alliance of the Hague - - 1668
Nuremberg, treaty of - - - 1532 Troppau, congress of - - - 1820
Olivia, peace of - - - - 1660 Troyes, treaty of - - - - 1420
Paris, peace of (see Paris) - - 1763 Turkmauchay, peace of - - 18213
Paris, treaty of - - — - 1796 Uhn. peace of - - - - 1620
Paris, peace of(Sweden) . - 1810 Utretht, union of - - - 1579
Paris, capitulation of - - - 1814 Utrecht, peace of - - - - 1713
Paris. treaty of - - - - 1814 f Valencay, treaty of‘ - - - 1813 '
Paris, peace of - - - - 1815 : Verona. congress of - . - 1822 . V
Paris. treaty of - - - - 1817 Versailles, peace of - - - 1783 .
Partition, first treaty - - - 1698 Vienna, treaty of - - - - 1725
Partition, second treaty - - - 1700 Vienna, treaty of alliance - . 1731
Passarowilz, peace of - - - 1718 Vienna, definitive peace - - . 1737
Passau, treaty of - - - 1552 Vienna, peace of - - . 1809
Petersburgh, peace of . - - 1762 Vienna, treaty of, March 23 - - 1815 '
Petersburgh, treaty of - - - 1772 Vienna, treaty of. May 31 - - 1815 .
Petershurgh, treaty of - - - 1805 Vienna, treaty of, June 4 - - - 1815
Petersburgh, treaty of - - - 1810 Vossetn. peace of - - - 1613
Peterswalden, convention of - - 1813 ‘ Warsaw, treaty of - - - - 1768
Pilnitz, Convention ‘t' - - - 1791 Warsaw, alliance of - - - 1683
Poland, partition of - - - - 1795 Westminster, peace of - - - 1674
Pragmatic Sanction - - - 1439 Westminster (with Holland) - _ - 1716
Pragmatic Sanction - - - 1713 Westphalia, peace of - - - 1648
Prague, peace of - - - 1653 Wilna, treaty of - - - - 1561
Presburg. peace of - - - 1805 Worms, etlictof - - - - 1521 J
Public good, league for the - - 111611 Wurtzburg, treaty of - - - 161.0 ‘
TREATIES or rm: UNITED STATES—Some of the most important:
Alliance with France - Feb. 6, 1779 Treaty with Great Britain, by Monroe
Treaty of Paris (independence secured) and Pinckney—rejected by the Axne- ‘
Sept. 3, 1783 rican government - - - 1806
Treaty of commerce with Prussia - 1783 Treaty of Ghent. with Great Britain ‘
Treaty with Morocco - - - 1787 signed by J. Q. Adams, Gallatin. and
Treaty ot‘commerce with Great Britain H. Clay, for the . » ited States, clos-
(Jay’s) - ‘ - - - -1794 ing the “war of 1812," cut leavmg .
Treaty with the Six Nations and other the original dispute much as helbre- 1314
Indian tribes - . ’ - 1794 Ratified by the United Siates, Feb. 17,1315
Treaty with Spain. by Pinckncy; and Treaty with the Choctaws and Charo. ‘

, Algiers, by Humphries - - - 1795 kees - - - - _ . 1816 .
Treaty with Tunis; with Prussia (by Treaty with the republic of Colombia - 1325 3) ~
J Q. Adams) - - - - 1799 Treaty with the Greeks, Osages, €19. - 1325

Treat with France, by Ellsworth, Pa- Treaty with Great Britain, indemnify-

tric Henry, ac. - Sept. 30, 1800 ing American‘citizens for spawn!

 

- '_, '7'f-"F‘w‘Ii3tfi’ :«r.

  

monomer or DATES. 55.1.

EJTRE ATIES, continued.

during the war with Napoleon Cushing; ratified by the senate

Nov. 13, 1826 Jan. 16, 1845

Treaty with 131112.727 - March l8, 1829 Treaty of peace with Mexico, signed at.
Treaty with 'lurkey - . May 7, 18,30 Guadaloupe Hidalgo, lgeb. 2, l_8f18;
Treaty wuh Mexico (commercial) Ap.5, 1831 ratified by the senate (With modinca-
t. Treaty with do. - - April 5, 183?. ti'ons); ratified atQueretaro by Ame-
g Treaty with Naples - Oct. 14, 1832 rican commissioners Sevier and Clif-
f Treaty Witli Russia (connnet'cbiztl)18 1832 10rd, and Mexicali minister 113511530 1848
, cc. , a '
E Treaty with Great Britain, respecting Treaty with Great. Britain. respeztiné
p, the N. E boundary, signed at Wash- Nicaragua, on the Isthmus between
5. ington by Lord Ashburton and Mr. North and South America; Signed
“ Webster; ratified by the senate (39 at Washington by Sir H. L. Bulwer
to 9) - - Aug. 20, 1842 I and .I. M. Clayton - June, 1850

Treaty with China, negotiated by C.
5" TREES. AGE or. Among others mentioned in an article in the American Al-

manac for 1838, p. 102, are,

The Wallace oak at. Ellerslie, Scotland, Elms, in Switzerland, 335 years.

Cedars on Lebanon. 800 years.

? 700 years.
V (Some oaks are supposd to have lived 1,500 Olires, in the Garden of Olives, Jerusalem,
years.) _ 800 years. .
Oak on estate of James Wadsworth, Gene- l Bmu'rm, in Hmdostan, 3.000 years.

i see, New York, 500 years. Cypresses, at Grenada, 800 years.
Yew trees at Fountain’s Abbey, England, [For proofs and details see the article re-
1,200 years; and in Scotland, said to he ! ferred to.]
2,500 years. I
TRENT, COUNCIL or. This celebrated council is reckoned in the Catholic
'ghteenth or last general council. Its decisions are impli-

 

 
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
  

church-as the ct
citly received as the standard of faith. morals. and discipline in that church.

The first council assembled A.D. 1545, and continued (but with interrup-
. tions) under pope Paul 111., Julius 111., and Pins IV., to 1563, when the last

council was held.

I‘RIALS. Alfred is said to have been the contriver of trial by jury; but there
is good evidence of such trials long before his time. In a cause tried at
Hawarden. nearly a hundred years before the reign of Alfred, we have a.
list of the tWelve jurors ; confirmed, too, by the fact that the descendants of
one of them, of the name of Corbyn, of the Gate, still preserve their name
and residence at a spot in the parish yet called the Gate—Phillips.

TRIBUNES or THE PEOPLE. Tribmn' Plcbis. Magistrates of Rome, first
chosen from among the commons to represent the people, 492 B. 0.. at the
time the people. after a. quarrel with the senators, had retired to Mons Sa-
cer. The first two were C. Licinius, and L. Albinus; but their number was
soon after raised to five. and 37 years after to ten, which remained fixed.
Their office was annual, and as the first had been created on the 4th of the
ides of December, that day was ever after chosen for the election. .

TRINIDAD. This islandwas discovered by Columbus in 1498, and was taken
from the Spaniards by sir Walter Raleigh in 1595; but the French took it
from the English in 1676. Taken by the British. with four ships of the
line. and a military force. under command of sir Ralph Abercrombie. to whom
the island capitulated. Feb. 21. 1797; they captured two, and burnt three
Spanish ships of war in the harbor. This possession was confirmed to Eng—
land by the peace of Amiens in 1802. The insurrection of the negroes

; occurred Jan. 4, 1832. See Colonies. .
{TRINITY AND TRINITARIANS. The doctrine of the Trinity is received by
all Christian sect-s except those called Unitariaus (which see). Theophilus,

bishop of Antioch, who flourished in the second century, the first. who used
three sacred persons in the Godhead. His

, . , the term Trinity, to express the
‘ nu , Defence of Christianity was edited by Gesner, at Zurich, in 1:346.— Watkins.

 

568 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [ ~

  
     
  
   
    
   
   
  
    
  
  
   
   
  
  
 
 
  
  
  
  
  

de Valois. The Trinity fraternity, originally of fifteen persons, was insti- '-
tuted at Rome by St. Philip Neri, in 1548. An act to exempt from ‘penal-
ties persons denying the doctrine of the Trinity was passed in England in ,
1813. - ’

TRIPLE ALLIANCE. This celebrated treaty of alliance was ratified between
the States-General and England, against France, for the protection of the

Spanish Netherlands; Sweden afterwards joining the league, it was known
as the Triple Alliance, Jan. 28, 1668.

TRIUMPHS. The triumph was a solemn honor done generals of armies after "
they had won great victories, by receiving them into the town with great
magnificence and public acclamations. Among the Romans there were two
sorts—the great, that was called simply the triumph; and the little, styled' ‘
the ovation. They also distinguish triumphs into land and sea triumphs, ,
accordingly as the battles were fought. See Ovation.

TRIUMVIRI. Three magistrates appointed equally to govern the Roman state
with absolute power. These ofliccrs gave a fatal blow to the expiring inde— :
pendence of the Roman people, and became celebrated for their dilferent .,
pursuits, their ambition, and their various fortunes. The .first triumvirate,
B. c. 60, was in the hands of Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus, who at the
expiration of their office kindled a civil war. The second and last triumvi- .;
rate, B. c. 43, was under Augustus, Mark Antony, and Lepidus, through' :
whom the Romans totally lost their liberty. Augustus disagreed with his
colleagues, and after he had defeated them, he made himself absolute in
Rome. The triumvirate was in full force at Rome for about 12 years. See
Rome. ‘

TROUBADOURS 0R JON GLEURS. They first appeared in the ninth century,
and were so encouraged by the patronage of the court of Poitou, and by _
several powerful princes, that they spread in process of time throughout
Europe. They cultivated poetry and music, and refinement followed in _
their steps, greatly improving the taste and temper of the times. To the
troubadours we owe Latin and French poetry. ”

I‘ROY. The history of Troas, or Phrygia Minor, is at best but obscure, and , ,
more particularly so in times prior to the reign of Dardanus, who came '1
hither from Italy (or Crete) about the year 1506 B. c., and married the ‘
daughter of Teucer, prince of the country, whom he succeeded. Dardanus I:
builta city, and named it, after himself, Dardania: Troas, the second in ,-
succession from Dardanus, changed the name to Troy; and llus, his succes— I
sor, converted it into Ilium.

Arrival of Scamander in Phrygia Mi- War of Hercules and Laodemon 3.0. 1224 a

non—Blair . - - 13.6.1546 ! Reign of Priam or Podarces - «1224 '
Teucer succeeds his father - 1502 | Rape of Helen, by Alexander Paris,
Dardanussucceeds Teucer, and builds | son of Priam, 20 years before the

the cit of Dardania - -1480 ‘ sacking of Troy.——H0mer’s Iliad, g
Reign 0 Ericthonius < - . 1449 book xxiv., line 964, Pope’s edit. - 120! I
Reign of Troas, from Whom the peo- Commencement. of the invasion of the

ple are called Trojans - - 1374 Greeks to recover Helen - - 1193
The rape of Ganymede - - 1341 Troy taken and burned in the night of
Ilus, son of Troas, reigns - - 1314 the 11th of June, 1'. 3. 23d of the
Reign of Laomedon - .1! 1260 month Thargelion.—Parian Mar- _
Arrival of Hercules in Phrygia; - bles. 408 years before the first

 

sione delivered from the sea-monster. Olympiad.—Apallodoms - - ll“
—Blaz'r, Usher - - - 1225 Eneas arrives in ltaly.—Lenglet ~ 1183

Some time after the destruction of old Troy, a new city was built, about
thirty stadia distant from the old site; but though it bore the same name,
and received ample donations from Alexander the Great in his Asiatic expe- ,

DICTIONARY 0F DATES. 569

  
   
  
   
   
   
    
  
   
 
  
   
  
   
   
  
  
 
  
  
   
   
   
    
   
   
  
   
   
  
  

dition, it never rose to much importance, and in the age of Strabo was
‘ nearly in ruins—Priestley.

TROY WEIGHT. The Romans left their ounce, now our avoirdupois ounce, in
Britalus—Arbutlumt. The present ounce of this weight was brought from
Grand Cairo into Europe, about the time of the Crusades, A. D. 1095. It
was first adopted at Troyes, a city of France, whence the name; and is used
to weigh gold, silver and precious stones. The troy weight, Scots, was es-
tablished by James VI. (our James I.) in 1618.

k. L TROYES, TREATY or, between England, France, and Burgundy, whereby it
= was stipulated that Henry V. should marry Catherine, daughter of Charles
VL, be appointed regent of France, and after the death of Charles should
inherit the crown, May 24, 1420. The French were driven from Troyes by
the allied armies, Feb. 7 ; it was retaken by Napoleon, Feb. 23 ; and was
finally reoccupied by the allies, March 4, 1814.

.1 TRUMPET. Some of the Greek historians ascribe the invention of the trumu
‘ pet to the Tyrrhenians, and others to the Egyptians. It was in use in the
time of Homer, but not at the time of the Trojan war. First torches, then
shells of fish, sounded like trumpets, were the signals of primitive wars.—
Potter. The speaking—trumpet is said to have been used by Alexander the
Great in 335 B. c. Trumpets were first sounded before the king in the time
of Offa, king of Mercia, A.D. 790. Speaking-trumpets were improved by
; Kireher in 1652. Made by Salland,1654. Philosophically explained by
t, - Moreland, 1671.

TUESDAY. The third day of the week, so called, as it is supposed, from Tw-
’ £360, or Tiw, a Saxon deity, that was particularly worshipped on this day.
Tuesday, in Latin Dies IlIarZis, was called the third day among the Jews.
‘ See PVcck Days.

“_ I‘UILERIES, PARIS. One of the royal palaces of that city, commenced by
‘ » Catharine dc Medici, after the plans of Philibert de Lorme, A. D. 1564; con-
tinued by Henry IV.; and finished by Louis XIV. This palace was the

scene of great events during the three memorable revolutions, particularly
those of 1789 and 1848.

TULIPS. They came to England from Vienna, A. D. 1578, and have always
been among our most esteemed flowers. They became an object of com~
merce in the 16th century; and it is recorded in the register of the city of
Alcmaer. in Holland, that in the year 1639, 120 tulips, with the offsets, sold
for 90,000 florins; and in particular, that one of them, called the vice-ray,
sold for 4203 guilders! The States at last put a stop to this extravagant
and ruinous passion for flowers. The tulip-tree, Liriodmdron tulipifem, was
carried to England from America, about 1663.

UN BRIDGE-WELLS. The celebrated springs here were first discovered by
Dudley lord North, who had retired into the neighborhood in the last stage

’ of consumption, and became perfectly restored to health by the use of its
waters, A. D. 1606.

ul‘UNIS AND TR] POLI. The former stands near where Carthage was built. The

territories of both formed part of the celebrated Carthaginian state, and
were entirely destroyed bythe Romans after the third Punic war, 148 B. C.
Besieged by Louis IX. of France. 1270.~ It remained under African kings
till taken by Barbarossa, under Solyma the Magnificent. Barbarossa was
, expelled by Charles V.; but the country vas recovered by the Turks, under
i “,9 Selim II. Taken, with great slaughter, by the emperor Charles V., when
10,000 Christian slaves were set at liberty, 1535. The bey of Tunis was
. first appointed in 1570. Tunis was reduced by admiral Blake, on the hey
' » fusing to deliver up the British captives, 1656. »

 

57¢
TURBAN.

 

island of Sardinia.

to the French.
ed it to the king of Sardinia.

TURKEY. The Turks themselves were originally a tribe of Tartars; but by?
reason of the number of people whom they conquered, and with whom they ‘.
became incorporated, the modern Turks must be regarded as a mixture of I_

many races of men.
Birth ofMahomet the prophet, at Mecca

(see 111.com) - - - A n. 571
His. imposture commenced (see Ala/w-
met‘anism) - - - - 604
The Koran written (see Koran) - 510
Flight to Medina (see AIedin/z) - 622
Era ot‘ the Ilegira (see Begim) - 6‘22
Death 01‘ Mahomet - - - 631
11on wars begin (see Crusades) - 1095
The Turkish empire first formed under
Othtnan at Bythinia - - - 1298
The Turks penetrate into Thrace, and
take Adrianuple - - - 1360
Amurath 1. institutes the Janizaries, a
guard composed of Christian slaves
bred Mahometans - - - 1362

Bajazet. 1. overruns the provinces of the
Eastern empire - . - 1389, et seq.
Ile lays siege to Constantinople; but is
at length taken by Tamerlane (see
Tamerlane) - - - - 1403
The Turks invading Hungary, are re-
pelled by Huniades - - - 1450
Constantinople taken by the Turks un-
der Mahomet II., which ends the

Eastern Roman empire - - 1453
Greece made subject to the Mahome.
tans (see Greece) - - - 1458

The Turks penetrate into Italy, and
take Otranto, which diti‘uses terror
throughout Europe - -

Selim I. raised to the throne by the Ja-
nizaries; he murders his father, bro-
thers. and their sons - - - 1512

He takes the islands of the Archipelago

from the Christians - - _ - 1514
He overruns Syria ~ - - 1515
Adds Egy t to his empire - ~ 1516
Solyman 1. takes Belgrade - - 1521

Rhodes taken from the knights of St.

John, who go to Malta - - 1522
Solytnan 11.. with 250,000 men, is r uls-
ed before Vienna - - 6‘ - 1529

Cyprus taken from the Venetians - 1571
Great battle oi Lepanto, which puts an
end to the tears 01 Europe from Turk-

‘ ish power (see Leptmlo) - - 1571
Amurath 11. ascends the throne; stran-
gles his five brothers - - - 1574

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [f

The head-dress of many of the Eastern nations, consisting of tw
parts, a cap and a sash, the latter artfully wreathed about the head. i.
sash of the Turks turban is white linen; that of the Persians, red woollen '
These are the distinguishing marks of their different religions.
of Persia, being of the sect of Ali. was the first who assumed the red color
to distinguish himself from the Turks, who are of the sect of Omar.
TURIN. The French besieged this city in 1706 ; but prince Eugene defeated-
their army. and compelled them to raise the siege.
republican army took possession of Turin, seized all the strong places and
arsenals of Piedmont. and obliged the king and his fatnily to remove to the
In 1799, the French were driven out by the Austrianm
and Russians ; but shortly afterwards the city and all Piedmont surrendere
In 1814, it was delivered up to the allies, when they restor .

- 1480 ,

 

   
  
   
    
 
    
  
    
  
   
  
  
  
  
 
   
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  

T 11
Sophi. kin

It

In 1798. the French

1.7.

[Dreadful persecutions of the Christians
during 1 its reign]
The Turks driven out of Persia by the
famous Schah Abbas - - A. n. 1585
Bloody reign of Mahomet lII. - - - 1595
Great fire in Constantinople - - 1606
Reign of Amurath IV., who strangles
his father and {our brothers - - l“?~_ y
The Turks defeat the Persians, and take ' ‘
the city 01' Bagdad - - - 1639
The island of Candia, or Crete, taken 4
after a 25 years’ siege - - 1669
Vienna besieged by Mahomet IV., but "

relieved by John of Poland - - l '
Mahomet IV. deposed by Solyman - 1687
Peace of Carlovttz - - ~ 16"
Mustapha 111. deposed - - - 17 {E

The Morea retaken by the Turks
Belgrade taken from Austria ; and Rus-
sia relinquishes Azofi‘ - - l7 "
Great sea-fight in the channel of Scio;
the English and Russian fleets defeat 1;,
the Turkish - . - ' ~
The Crimea falls to Russia - Jan. 17 ';
[This ends the disastrous war with Rus-
sia and Austria (begun in 1787), the
Turks having lost more than 200,000
men—Ashe] « :
War against Russia - - Dec. 30,1 _
Passage and repassage of the Darda-
nelles eti‘ected by the British fleet, but
with great loss (see Dardtmelles) ',
Feb. 19, 1"
The sultan Selim is deposed and mur-
dered. and Mustapha IV. called to ‘
the throne - - May 29,1?
Treaty of Bucharest (which see) thy f

A caravan consisting of 2000 souls, re-
turning l'rom Mecca, destroyed by a
pestilential wind ‘in the deserts of .
Arabia; 20 only were saved Aug-9,11“.

Subjection ofthe VVachabees - ~ 1 ,_

A‘li Pacha ot‘Janina, in Greece. declares - ,
himself independent - - - I“ .

Insurrection ofMoldaviu and Wallachia ‘

March 6,

The Greek Patriarch put to death at

Constantinople - - April at} p

   

 

 

monomer or DATES. I"
RKEY, continue 1.
Horrible massatre at Scio; the most. Russians retreat from before Schnmta,
dreadful in in idem history (see note October 16, 1328
,y. to Greece) - - - April 23, 19.22 i Surrender of the castle of the Morea to
‘ Sea-tight near Mitylene - Oct. 6, 1824 ‘ the French - - - Oct. 3:). 1928
New Muhometun army announced to br Siege ot'Silistria raised by the Russians
organized - - - May 29, 18-26 Nov. 10, 1828
Insurrection of the Janizaries ut 0011- Victory of the Russians at Kulertsaa
stantinople - - - June 14, 1826 near Schumla - - June 11, 189.9
Firman oi the 5 :_tan abolishing the Ja- Adrianople is entered by the Russian
nizaries - - - - 1826 troops - - - Aug. 25.! 1829
Fire at Consta .tinople; 6000 houses re- Armistice between the Russian and
ducal to ashes - - August 30, 1826 Turkish armies - - Aug. 29, 1849
Battle of Navarino; the Turkish fleet Treaty of peace - - Sept. H, 18:11
destroyed by the fleets of England, Treaty with the U. States - May 7, 1830
France, and Russia (sec JV'u-nwrl'no) . St Jean tl’Acre taken by Ibrahim Pa-
Oct. 20, 1827 cha son of Mchemet Ali - July 2. 1832
__ Banishment of 132 French, 120 English, He defeats the army of n. e sultan in Sy-
: and 85 Russian settlers, from the ria, with great loss - -Joly30.183'2
~ Turkish empire - January 5, 1838 A series ot‘successes brings the ar ny of
War with Russia - - April 26. 1828 Ibrahim Pacha within eighty leagues
.. ' he emperor Nicholas takes the field of Constantinople, and the sultan has
. against the Turks - May :20, 1828 recourse to the aid 01' Russia - Jan 1833
g The Russian emperor arrives before A Russian force enters the Turkish ca-
“ Varna - - . - Aug. 5, 1828 pital - - - - April 3. 1833
Battle of Akhalzic - - Aug. 2-1, 1828 Treaty with Russia, offensive and de-
. Fortress of liajazet taken - Sept. 9, 182.3 fensive . - - July 5, 1833
p The sultan leaves his capital for the Office ofgrand vizier abolished by the
5 cam , bearing with him the sacred sultan - - - Marc-113:1, 1838
j " stair ard - - - Sept. 26, 1828 Insurrection in \Vallachia June 18, 1818
" i- thrllanelles blockaded - Oct. 1, 1828 MeliemetAli dies at Alexandria Aug.2, 1849
‘ . Sutrcnder of Verna - - Oct. 15, 1838
. ‘ TURKISH EMPERORS.
t. 1296 Ossman, or Ottoman I. and his uncle restored.
‘ 1335 ()rcham, his youngest son. 1622 Mustztpha I. ; again deposed and suc-
- e . 1359 Amurath 1., his son; assassinated. ceetletl by his grandson.
' 1388 Bajazet 1., his son ; died in rison. 1623 Amurath 1V., succeeded by his brother.
. . 1397 Isa Belis; killed by his brot er. 1640 Ibrahim, strangled by the Janizaries,
., 1403 Solyman; killed by his brother. succeeded by his son.
1410 Musa; strangled by his brother. 1655 Mahomet 1V., deposed; succeeded by
if 1413 Mithnmet l. ; succeeded by his son. his brother.
2‘ 1421 Amurath 11.; succeeded by his son. ' 1687 Solyman 111.; succeeded by his but-
- z.’ 1451 Mahomet 11.; left the empire to his ther.
' “ two sons. 1691 Achmet II. ; succeeded by his ne hew.
g» 1481 Go 'tacus, his grandson; succeeded by 1695 Mustapha ll , eldest son of Ma omet
3 lus father. 1V., deposed and succeeded by his
1481 Xemin; obliged to abdicate in favor of brother.
his brother. 1703 Achmet III. ; deposed.
1481 Bajazet 11. ; deposed by his son. 1730 Mahomet V. ; succeeded by his brother.
1520 S.»lyman. the Magnificent. 17:34 Osman 11. ; succeeded by his brother.
1566 Selim 11. ; succeeded by his son. 1757 Mustapha 111. ; succeeded by his bro-
1512 Selim; succeeded by his son. thcr.
i‘ 1574 Amurath 111. ; succeeded by his son. 1774 Abelhamet, or Achmet 1V.
,_ 1595 Mahomet 111.. succeeded by his son. 1789 Selim 111.
y 1601 Achmet ; succeeded by his brother. 1807 Mustapha 1V.
_’ 1617 Mustapha 1.; succeeded by hisnephew, 1808 Mail. Khan 11.
1617 Osman 1. ; strangled by the .lanizaries, 1839 Abdul-Medjid, June 27.

1 ' KEYS AND GUINEA FOWLS. First brought to England A. D. 1524. and
' to France in 1570. Turkeys are natives of' America and were, consequent-
ly. unknown to the ancients. Mr. Pennant has established this fact by vari-
ou= particulars in the history of these birds; evincing that they are natives
neither of Europe. Asia, nor Africa; a circumstance since placed beyond

. controversy. by the researches of Mr.-‘Bcckmann. Wild turkeys are met
with in flocksof some thousands in parts of the new world, and except be-
ing larger do not differ from 0urs.~—Smy.’it.

   
    
   

7

Ju' V'ING. According to Pliny this art; was known to the ancients, by whoih
1., tides of wood, ivory, iron, and gold were formed, The precious vases,

 

 

 

   
   
   
   
    
   
   
  
   
 
    
  
  
   
  

572 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [ ,

enriched with figures in half relief, which at this day adorn the cabinets ~01 4‘
the antiquary and curious, were produced by turning. The lathes made for ’
turnery in England are, many of them, wonderful in their machinery J and 2
in some of our dock-yards, blocks and other materials for our ships of war
are now produced by almost instantaneous processes, from rough pieces of ’
oak, by the machinery of Mr. Brunel. 3.:

TURNPIKES. See Tolls. Turnpike-gates for exacting tolls, which were other-A ';
wise previously collected, were set up in the reign of Charles II., 1663— ;.
Chalmers. The statutes relating to turnpike-roads are very numerous. '9’!

TUSCANY. This country was created into a dukedom, A. D. 1530. It came -,
into the Austrian family in 1737. It was seized by the French in March ‘
1799. Ferdinand IV., the grand duke, was dispossessed by France, and his
dominions given to Louis, son of the king of Spain, with the title of king
of Etruria, February 26, 1801. He died June 30,1803; and soon after- a},
wards this state was transformed into an appendage to the crown of Italy; 4
but was restored to Austria in 1814. The present grand-duke Leopold II. {'
(cousin to the emperor), ascended June 18, 1824.

1,.

Disturbances and revolutions 0f1847—8 The chambers meet. }
began at Leghorn - - Sept. 2, 1847 Provisional government proclaimed, _,:
Grand-duke grants a national militia. Feb. 9, 1849 5
The grand-duke granted a liberal con- Leghorn attacked and carried by ’I‘us- .
stituiion - - - - Feb. 1848 can troops - - - May 10, 1849 if
Insurrection at Leghorn - Sept. 5, 1848 The grand-duke re-enters Florence and
The grand-duke flees from Florence resumes his authority - July 27, 1819 § .

TWELFTH-DAY. The church-festival called the Epiphany, or manifestation ;
of Christ to the Gentiles. See Epz'pltany. The custom of drawing king
and queen on this day was borrowed from the Greeks and Romans, who, on ;
the tabernacle, or Christmas festivals, drew lots for kings, by putting a piece
if money in the middle of a cake, which whoever found, was saluted as 5
(111g. '

TYLER, WAT, HIS INSURREC'_ ON. 1t arose in the opposition of the people to
the poll-tax, which was 1c““‘:d in 1378. Owing to the indecent rudeness of
one of the collectors to ’Enopr’s daughter, with a view to prove her of suffi-
cient age (fifteen) to payunee tax (Tyler striking him dead for the Offence),
the provoked populace g,"r nered upon Blackheath to the number of 100,000
men. The king, Richard 11., invited Tyler to a parley at Smithfield, where '
the latter addressalcen‘re king in a somewhat menacing manner, now and,
again lifting up} {l-asword. His insolence raised the indignation of the '
mayor, Walwqémsififlflio stunned Tyler with a blow of his mace, and one of a
the knights atteneeL-e)s the king dispatched him. The death of their leader

awed the n1u1tit;“‘:f.-, to whom Richard promised a charter, and they dis- ‘5
pcrsed, 1381. 5

I‘YRE. This great city wd‘s"‘first built by Agenor. Another city was built
1257 B. c. It was besieged by the Assyrians, 719 n. c., and they retired from ‘
before it, after a siege of upwards of five years, 713 B. 0. Taken by Nebu- , .
chadnezzar, 572 B. 0., and the city demolished, when the Tyreans removed-
to an opposite island, and built a new and magnificent city. It was tak' .
by Alexander with much difliculty, and only after he had joined the' island-
to the continent by a mole, after a siege of seven months, Aug. 20, 332 is. C‘.‘ '
—-Slrabo. Two of the most atrocious acts in the history of human crime
were the eicge and destruction of Tyre by Alexander, and of Jerusalem b~ . ,

Titus. Histories which laud such monsters ought to be consigned to the?
flames—Phillips. '

TYRE, ERA or. Began on the 19th of October, 125 B. c., with the month H ,
perberetaeus. The month was the same as those used in the Grecian: "
and the year is similar to the Julian year. To reduce this era to ours, ’sa‘

 

- firm “ "

3i ‘ memmnr or nuns. 573.

  
  
   

4" tract 124; and it‘ the given year be less than 125, deduct it from 125, and
"the remainder will be the year before Christ.

U.

UBIQUARIANS. A sect of Lutherans which arose and spread through Ger-
g ' many and other countries. and who believed the natural body of Christ to
, be every where present. This sect arose under Brentius, about A. D. 1540.

] UKRAINE. The name signifies a frontier. By a treaty between Russia and
“ Poland, these states divided the Ukraine in 1693. Poland having the west
l, side of the Dnieper, and Russia the east. But the whole country (the her-
f , ders of Poland, Russia, and Little Tartary) was assigned to Russia by the
F treaty of Partition in 1795.

ULM, PEACE or, by which Fredrick V. lost Bohemia (having been driven from
g \ it previously), July 3, 1620. Ulm was taken by the French in 1776. Great
battle between the French and Austrians, in which the latter, under gen-
t eral Mack, were defeated with dreadful loss, by marshal Ney, whose vie~
; tory was consummated by the surrender of Ulm, and 36,000 men, the flower
of the Austrian army, Oct. 17, 19, 1805. From this time the ruin of the
confederatcs, and grandeur and power of Napoleon, had their date.

“ UMBRELLA. Described in early dictionaries as “a portable pent-house to
' ‘ carry in a person’s hand to screen him from violent rain or heat.” Umbrel-
las are very ancient: it appears, by the carvings at Persepolis, that umbrel-
las were used at very remote periods by the Eastern princes. N iebuhr, who
visited the southern parts of Arabia, informs us that he saw a great prince
of that country returning from a mosque, preceded by some hundreds of
soldiers. and that he and each of the princes of his numerous family caused
a large umbrella to be carried by his side. The old china-ware in our pan-
tries and cupboards show the Chinese shaded by an umbrella. It is said

that the first person who used an umbrella in the streets of London was
the benevolent Jonas Hanway, who died in 1786*

UNCTION, EXTREME. Unction was frequent among the Jews. At their
4 feasts, and other times of rejoicing, they anointed sometimes their whole
\ body, and at other times their head or feet only: their kings and high
priests were anointed at their inauguration; they also anointed the vessels
of the temple to consecrate them. None of the emperors, it is said, were
anointed before Justinian, Aug. 1, A. D. 527. As a religious rite, extreme
unction was in common'use, A. n. 550. St. Asaph was the first who received

unction from the pope, 590.—-Bayle. It is administered in dying cases as
‘ emtremc unction. See Anointing.

NIFORMS. Militar) uniforms were first used in France, “in a regular man—

a

.. “37‘“. W”~.w'f~3$f.w." 7' ‘ Y ““"

   
   
  
  
  
   
  
   
    
 
 
 
  
   

 

' For a long while it was not usual for men to carry them without incurring the brand ofi efl‘e-
“'nacy. At first, a single umbrella seems to have been kept at a coffeehouse for extraordinary
. . ionS*lemf as a coach or chair in a heavy shower, but not commonly carried by the walkers.

- -. Female Tattler advertises “The young gentleman belonging to the Custom-house who, in
, of rain, borrowed the umbrella rom. Wz'llcs’s Cqfl‘ee-house, shall the next time be welcome to
r maid’s pattens.” As late asl 78. one John Macdonald, a footinan, who wrote hlS own life,
nrms us, that he had “a fine silk umbrella, which he brought lrom Spain; but he could net
" hany comfort to himself use it, the people calling out ‘Frenchman! why don’t you geta
h’!’ ” The fact was, the hackney-coachmen and chairmen,join_ing with the true esprit de cor ,
j re clamorous against this portentous rival. The footman in 1778, gives us some {and};
rmation. “At this time, there were no umbrellas worn in London, except in noblemen’s and
. lemeu’s houses, where there was a large one hung in the hall to hold over a lady if it rained,
~ ‘ :11 the door and her carriage.” This man’s sister was compelled to quit his arm one day,
; the abuse he drew down on himself and his umbrella. But he adds, that “ he persisted
spree months, till they took notice of this novelty. Foreigners began to use theirs, and the.

' Now it. is become a great trade in London.”——New Monthly Magazine. ' '

 

5V4 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. ["1 .

    
  
 
 
     
   
  
  
  
   
   
 
  
   
 
 
   
   
  
 
 
   
 
  
  
   
   
   
  
   
  
 
  

ner, ” by Louis XIV. 1668. In England the uniform was soon afterwar
adopted. For an account of naval uniforms, see Naval Umfm ms ,

UNIFORWIITY, Ac 1' 01‘. An Act of Uniformity passed 1 Elizabeth, 1559. But. 1
the statute known as the Act of Uniformity was passed 13 and 14 Charles "

II. 11" 161 .. It enjoined uniformity in 11111'ttels of religion and obliged a
ch-rgv to subscribe to the thirty —nine a1t1cIcs and use the same form 0 '4
\V111‘:I11p 11111.1 same book of common prayer. This act caused upuards of
21100 conscientious ministers to quit the Chuich of England and take their”?

Iot among the diSsent-ers who thereby received so large6 an addition to their;
munbers that they may be considered as the fathers of the dissenting interest

i_"\lO\1 or ran CROWNS. The crowns of England and Scotland 11' ere united
111 the accession 01 James VI. of Scotland as James I. of England. March «'
EZI 1603 The legislative 11111011 ot the two kingdoms was attempted in 1604, V:
but the project failed. Itwas again attempted? but again failed, in 1670. In :1
the reign 01 Anne it was once more t11ed and in the end with better sue—1i:
cess Commissioners were appointed, the articles discussed and, notwith-S’
standing great opposition made by the Tories 1.1'e1ya1t1cl1. in the union
11 (In appmved by a great majority first in the House of Commons, and af-
t1.1"1vards by the pee1s Juiy 22 1706 and ratified by the Scottish parka-V;
merit Jan. 16 1707. It became a law Mayl, same year. ,3

UNION wrrn IRELAND The UNioN of GREAT BRITAIN and IRELAND. propos-
ed 1n the Irish parliament, Jan.22, 1799 The act passed in the British
parliament July 2. 1600.

UNII‘ARIANS. This sect began A D 1550. The Unitarians believe in and
1101' ship only one self- existent God, in opposition to those who besides the 3.
Father 11"01s11ip his Son Jesus They arose under Servetus. This learned}
man excited by the discussions of the ieformers, began to read the Scrip-
tures. and conducted his researches with so free a spirit that he printed
tract in disparagement of the orthodox doctrine of the Trinity. In 1533,
proceeding to Naples through Geneva Calvin induced the magistrates t1;
arrest him 011 a charge of blasphemy and heresy: and refusing to retra. 1
his opinions he was condemned to the flames, which sentence was carriers?
into execution, October 27_ 1553. Servetus is numbered among those am. '
tomists who made the nearest approach to the doctrine of the circulatio
of the 11111011, before Harvey established that doctrine. In the United States.
especially in New England the Unit-arians form a large. intelligent and in '
flu1ntial portion of the community. The celebrated philanthropist amt
eloqu -11t writer Dr. W. E Channing was a Unitarian. =

UNITED KINGDOM or GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. The Britis 1"
realm was so named, on the union with Ireland, Jan. 1, 1801 when a n
imperial standard was hoisted on the Tower of London and Castle of Du
Iin See Union ‘ "

l'NITED PROVINCES THE SEVEN. Established by throwing off the Spa
ish Voke A n 1579. The rev01t1d states with William. prince of Orang':
at thci1 head after long deliberations at the Hague. published an edict e 1'-
eluding king Philip from any sovereignty right or authority over the Ne,
tin-11.111 Is The deputies from the provinces of Holland. Zeaiand Utrecht
Friesland Groningen Overyssell and Guelderland. met at Utrecht- 31111.2 ,
1-519 signed a treaty for their mutual defence; appointed the prince
Orange as their stadtholder; and formed the alliance ever since know
the. ‘ 'quion of Ut1ecl1t ” the basis 01‘ the commonwealth so renowned 1
the ap', icilation ot‘ the ‘ Seven United Provinces.” Their independence
acknowledged in 1607. United to France 1n 1796. Louis Bonaparte
crowned king bythe authority of Napoleon, 11111125118106 1mm 9. 1' '1

1
i
l
1
1
M

  
    
 
 
  
  
   
 
 
 
  
 
    
  
 
 
 
 
 
    
  
 
 
   
 
      
    
   
  

woman or nuns. 575

July 1, 1810. Restored to the house of Orange, and Belgium annexed
Nov. 18, 1813. Belgium separated from Holland, and Leopold of Saxe-
Coburg elected king, July 12, 1831. See Holland and Belgium.

k; UNITED STATES OF AMER CA. See America; and the separate States,
_ Blaine, &c. The first colonial Congress, for the redress of grievances. con-
sisting of delegates from the several colonies. met at New York, June 7,
1765. The Continental Congress at Philadelphia adopts Declaration of
Rights, 1774; revolutionary war commenced at Lexington, April 19. 1775.
See War. Declaration ot‘ Independence adopted by the Congress, July 4,
1776. The title of “ United Slates” adopted by Congress. Sept. 9, 1776.
Independence acknowledged by Great Britain in the Treaty of Paris
Sept. 23, 1783. Constitution adopted Sept. 17, 1787. War against Great
Britain declared by Congress, June 19, 1812. Treaty of peace signed at
Ghent, Dec. 3, 1814. War with Mexico commenced April. 1846. Treaty
of peace signed May 30, 1848. See Wars of Me United States. See; also
Nam! Battles ; also Administration/s, Exports, National Debt, Treaties, Po-
pulatwn, &c.~ [The various occurrences in the history of the United States
_ are given more at large under that head in the Tabular Views in this

-: vol., page 122, et. seq.] '

.UNIVERSALISTS. Those who believe in the final salvation of all men. ects

. . of Universalists existed in various countries and ages. The learned and
celebrated Dr. Tillotson appears from some. of his sermons to have adopted
the opinion of this universal salvation—Jalmson. Certain it is, about 1691,
be entertained a design for forming a new book ot‘ homilies; and a sermon
which he preached before the queen (Mary) against the absolute eternity
ot"hell torments, involved this doctrine.

UNIVERSITIES. They sprang from the convents of regular clergy, and from
.the chapters of cathedrals in the church of Rome. The most ancient uni-
versities in Europe are those of Oxford. Cambridge. Paris Salamanca, and
Bologna. The British universities were vested with the lands of ex-Catho-
lies, and permitted to send members to Parliament by James I. The fol-
lowing are the principal universities in Europe:

 

 
 
  
   
   
  

Aberdeen founded - - - I494 ' Dublin - - - - -1591
Abo, Finland - - . - 1640 Edinburgh, founded by James VI. - 1582
Aix, 1409; reestablished . - 1603 Erfurt, Thuringia: enlarged - - 1390
AlbaJulia, Transylvania. - - - 1629 Florence, Ilal ’ ; enlarged - - 1438
Altorf, Franeonia - - - 1581 Frankfort-end e-Oder - - - 1506
Andrew’s. St.,Scotland - - - 1411 Fribourg, Germany - - ~ 1460
" 1 i Angers, chiefly law - - - 1398 Geneva - - - - - 1365
Anjou, 1349; enlarged - - - 1364 Glasgow - . - - - 1450
Avignon; France - . - 1388 Gottinwen - - - - - 1734
Bamberg - - . - -1585 1 Granada, Spain - - . ~1537
Baale, Switzerland - ~ . 1458 l Gripswuld - . . . -1547
Berlin - - - - - 1812 Groningen, Friesland - . ~ 1614
Besangon, Burgundy ~ - - 15-40 Halle, Saxony - - . - ~ 1694
Bologna. Italy - ~ - - 4‘23 Heidelberg - - - - 1346
Bruges, French Flanders ' - - 1665 . Ingoldsmdt. Bavaria - - - 1573
Caen. Normandy - - - - 1417 1 Jena, or Sala, Thuringia - - 1548
Cambridge, began, 626—according to ‘ Kiel. Holstein - - - -1-665
others, 900. See Cambridge. . King’s College, London - - 1829
Cambridge, New England, projected ~ 1630 = K onigsberg. Prussia - - - 1544
Cologne, in Germany, re-fuunded - 1389 Leipsic, Saxony - - - - 1409
-Compostella, Spain - - - 1517 Leyrlen, Holland - - - - 1575
Coimbra, Portugal - - - 1391 Lima. in Peru - - - - 1614
Copenhagen. 1-497; enlarged - - 1539 Lisbon. 1:90; removed to Coimbra - 1391
Cordova, Spain - - - - 968 London University ~ ~ . 1326
Cracow. Poland, 700; enlarged - - 14102 Louvaine, Flanders. 9‘25; enlarged - 1-127
Dijon, France - - - - 1722 Lyons, France — - - . 830
Dillingin, Swabia - - - - 1.365 Mechlin. Flanders - - . . [440

. Dole, Burgundy - ~ - - 1426 , Memz ‘ - - . . .1432
' flag, French Flanders - ~ - 156:2 ‘ Montpelier - . . , .gfi
,Suuny. -- - ~ 1694 , Moscow - . . . .

  

 

 

UNIVERSITIES, continued.

UNIVERSITIES 1N UNITED STATES. See Colleges.

URANUS. This planet, with its satellites, was discovered by Herschel, by "

 

576 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. ’ [5 .

Munster - - ~ . ~ 1491 Saltzburg - - - - - - 113%
Naples - . - - . - . 1216 Saragossa, Arragon - - - - . 1474
01'l,eans France - - - - - 1312 Seville - - - - - - . - 1531 _
Oxford (see Oxford) - — - - 886 Sienna - - - - - ~ ; 1387
Parler'born - - - - - 1592 Siguenza, Spain - - - - - 1517 r
Padua, Italy - - - - - 1179 Sorbonne, Paris - - - - - 1253 .
Palenza, 1209; removed to Salamanca 1249 Sirasburg - - - - - - 1538 .}
Paris, 792; renovated - - - - 1100 Toledo. Spain - - - - - - 1518
Parma - - - - - 1599'1‘reves, Germany - - - . 1473
Pavia, 791; enlarged - - - - 1361 Tubingen, Wirtemberg - - - - 1477
Per'pignan - - - - - - 1349 Turin - - - - - - 1405 1.
I‘erugia, Italy - - - ~ - 1307 Upsal, Sweden - - - .'- - 1477 ,
Petersburgh - - - - - 1747 Utrecht, Holland - - - - - 1636 ;
Pisa, 1339; enlarged - - - - 1552 Valence, Dauphiné - - - - - 1475
Poictier's - - - - - - 1430 Valencia in the thirteenth century.

Prague - - - - - 1348 Valladolid - - . - - - 1346
Rheims, 1145; enlarged - - - -1560 Venice - - - - - - ~1592 '
Rome Sapz'enza - - - - - 1303 Vienna - -' - - - - - 1236
1tosrock,1\1ec1<lenburgh - - - - 1419 Wirtemberg . - - - - A502
Salamanca - - - - - - 1'240 Wittenberg - - . - - 1002 '
Salerno - ~ - - - - - 1233 1 Wurtzburg - - - ~1403

  
   
  
    
   
   
  
  
  
  
  
    
   
   
   
  
 
 
 
 
   

UNKNOWN TONGUE. A disturbance in the Rev. Mr. Irving‘s chapel, in
London, occasioned by a Miss Hall interrupting a discourse on prophecy, V ~’_
by holding forth in what was denominated the “ Unknown To71g.ue. ” She .
was removed to the vestry On the same evening, a Mr. Taplin rose, and I
commenced with the permission of Mr. Irving, a violent harangue in the '
same unknown language. A scene of most alarming confusion ensued, the F
whole congregation rising from their seats in afilwight and the females
screaming while Mr. Irving listened with the most profound attention to
the ravings of the inspired teache7, October 16,1831. From this period,
much of the same murnmery, followed by a translation into English rhap- i
sody, was played off; and large crowds assembled, not on Sundays only, but?
as early as six o’clock on the mornings of week—days also, some to be edi-
fied by prophetic spirit-,s and some to laugh at the ravings of fanatics.—— ',
A7171. Register. ‘

whom it was called the Georgian planet, in honor of his majesty George 111..
The name of Herschel is also givun to it, in compliment to its illustrious

discoverer by the astronomers of Great Britain; but by foreigners it is '
usually called Uranus. It is about twice as distant from the sun as the
planet Saturn, and was discovered on the 13th March 1781. -

USURY. Forbidden by parliament, 1341. . Two shillings per week weregiven -'
for the loan of twenty, in 1260. This was at the rate of 431 65. 8d.
annum for 1001., which was restrained by an act, 1275, against the Jews. ,-
Until the fifteenth century no Christians were allowed to receive interest
of nrorrey, and Jews were the only usur'ers and, therefore, often banished
and persecuted (see Jews). By the 37th of Henry VIII. _ the rate of interes
was fixed at 10 per cent, 1545. This statute confirmed by the 13th E11' 1 ‘
beth, 1570. Reduced to 8 per cent., 21 James I., 1623, when the word he- ’
terest was first used for the word usury. Reduced to 5 per cent, 13 Anne ,
1714. See Interest. .

UTRECHT, TREATY or, &-.c The Union of the Seven United Provinces bega'
here (see United Provinces), A. D. 15.‘ 9. The celebrated Treaty of Utrecht
which terminated the wars of queen Anne was signed by the ministers of
Great Britain and France as well as of all the other allies, except the minis ’
tors 01' the empire The most important stipulations of this treaty '1‘ ,

the security of the Protestant succession in England, the disunifimg-

 

DICTIONARY or DATES. 5"“-

  
  
  
 
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
  
  
  
  
  
  
   
    
   
 
  
  
   
   
 
  
   
   
   
  
   
  

'- French and Spanish crowns, the destruction of Dunkirk, the enlargement
:- of the British colonies and plantations in America, and a full satisfaction
for the claims of the allies, April 11, 1713. Utrecht surrendered to the
Prussians, May 9, 1787; and was possessed by the French, Jan. 18, 1795.

V.

‘5 VACCINE IN OCULATION . Variola vaccine, discovered by Dr. Jenner. He
made the first experiment in vaccination, by transferring the pus from
the pustule of a milk-maid, who had caught the cowupox from the cows, to
a healthy child, in May 1796. Dr. Jenner subsequently published the result
to the world, and the cure became general in 1799. The cure was intro-
duced Jan. 21, in that year. The genuine cow-pox appears, in the form of
vesicles, on the teats of the cow. Dr. Jenner received 10,0002. for the dis-
covery from parliament in 1802; and the first national institution for the
promotion of the cure, called the Royal J ennerian Institution was founded

Jan. 19, 1803. Vaccination was practised throughout all Europe previously
to 1816.

VAGRANTS. After being whipped, a vagrant was to take an oath to return

‘ to the place where he was born, or had last dwelt for three years, 22 Henry
VIII, 1530. A vagrant a second time convicted, to lose the upper part of
the gristle of his right car, 27 Henry VIII., 1535 ; and a third time convicted,
death. By 1 Edward 111., a vagabond to be marked with a V. and be a.
slave for two years. Vagrants were punished by whipping, jailing, boring
the ears, and death for a second offence, 14 Elizabeth, 1571. The milder
statutes were those of 17 George II.; 32, 35, and 59 George III. The laws
against vagrancy are still very severe in England, and operate unequally as
respects the character of the offender.

"VALENCIA. Its university was founded, it is said, in the 13th century, and
, was revived in 1470. Valencia was taken by the earl of Peterborough in
1705, but was soon lost again. It was taken from the Spaniards by the
French, under Suchet, with a garrison of more than 16,000 men, and im-
mense stores, Jan. 9, 1812.

«YALENCIENNES, SIEGE or. This city was besieged from May 23 to July 14,
13 when the French garrison surrendered to the allies under the duke of York,
1793. It was retaken, together with Condé, by the French, on capitulation,
the garrison and 1100 emigrants made prisoners, with immense stores, viz.
—-300 pieces of cannon, one million pounds of gunpowder, eight millions

.of florins in specie, six millions of livres, 1000 head of cattle, and vast
' quantities of other provisions, Aug. 30, 1794.

I:- ALENCAY, TREATY OF, between Napoleon of France and Ferdinand VII.
20f Spain, whereby the latter was put in full possession of that kingdom, on

:agreeing to maintain its integrity. This celebrated treaty was signed De-
1camber 8, 1813.

. ENTINE’S DAY. The practice of “choosing a Valentine,” as it is
. called, on this day, is too Well known to need explanation. The origin of
~' ‘the custom has been much controverted ; it is indisputably of very ancient
; date. Valentine was a presbyter of the church, who suffered martyr-
'védom under Claudius II. at Rome, A.D. 271. It is said that on this day
1“he birds choose their mates; whence, probably, came the custom of
-.oung people choosing Valentines or particular friends on the feast of

{“7" , NTINIANS. This sect of enthusiastics were followers of the opiniom
' one Valentine, a priest, who, upon being disappointed of a bishoprie,
25

 

 
   
   
  
 
  
   
  
  
 
  
  
  
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
  
  
 
  
   
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
  

578 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [V7

forsook the Christian faith, and published that there were thirty gods and _. M
goddesses, fifteen of each sex, which he called ZEones, or Ages. He .
taught in the second century, and published a gospel and psalms: to _"
these his followers added several other errors, declaring there was no ob- .,
ligation to suffer martyrdom; some declared against baptism, and others -
practised it in a peculiar manner, and all indulged themselves in licen-
tiousness. r
VANCOUVER’S VOYAGE. Captain Vancouver served as a midshipman;
under captain Cook; and a voyage of discovery, to ascertain the existence i
of any navigable communication between the North Pacific and North ,7
Atlantic oceans being determined on, he was appointed to command i,
it. He sailed in 1790, and returned September 24, 1795. He compiled an 1
account of this voyage of survey of the Northwest coast of America, and ;‘
died in 1798.
VANDALS. The Vandal nations began their ravages in Germ any and Gaul
A. D 406—414. Their kingdom in Spain was founded in 411. They invaded
and conquered the Roman territories in Africa, under Genseric, who took
Carthage, Oct. 24, 439. They were driven out, and attacked in turn by the
Saracen Moors. The Vandalii overran a vast portion of Europe and spread , ,;

devastation wherever they appeared.

VAN DIEMEN’S LAND. This country was discovered by Tasman in 1633. F
It was visited by Furneaux in 1773; by captain Cook in 1777; and was
deemed the south extremity of New Holland until 1799. A British settle- "
ment was established on the south-east part, within the mouth of the Der- .V
went, and named Hobart Town, which is the seat of government, 18%. “

VASSALAGE. See Feudal Laws and Villmmge. Vassalage was introducer ‘
by the Saxons, and its slavery increased under William I. Under the Nor-
man princes there were vassal boors and free boors; those who were sold _'
with the land, and those who were free to choose an employer. To this day,
the distinction prevails in some countries, and particularly in Russia, where j
the vassal boors are divided, into classes; as boors belonging to the sever-r:
eign ; mining boors, who are sold with the property; and private boors, who , ,
belong to the nobility, and perform the labor on their estates. In England,
a vassal did homage to 3. lord on account of land, &c., held of him in fee-z '3
Vassalage was abolished in Hungary in October 1785; in Holstein, in May, -
1797 ; and Courland, in Sept. 1818. '

VATICAN. The magnificent palace of the pope at Rome, adjoining St. Peter’s, :,
said to contain 7000 rooms. In this palace, the library, founded A. D. 1448,
is noted for its collection of MSS., but the number of books is comparaé fl
tively moderate. See Libraries. The phrase “thunders of the Vatican?"

was first used by Voltaire, 1748.

VENEZUELA. When the Spaniards landed here in 1499, they observed some
huts built upon piles, in an Indian village named Cora, in order to raise them
above the stagnated water that covered the plain; and this induced them i ,
give it the name of Venezuela, or Little Venice. This state declared in '
congressional assembly the sovereignty of its people, in July 1814. It Se ’
aratcd from the federal union and declared itself sole and independent i
1830. See Colombia. - '

l’ENI, VIDI, VI CI.—-“ I came, I saw, I conquered.” This well-knownsen
tence formed the whole of Cassar’s dispatch to the Roman senate when. it
vanquished Pharnaces, king of Cimmerian Bosphorus, 47 B. 0. See Ze
Battle of.

VENICE. So called from the Venetii who inhabited its site, when itwas. M 'r f
a kingdom by the Gauls, who conquered it about 356 n. c. Marcellus er " ‘

 

   
 
 
  
 
 
   
  
   
 
  
   
   
 
 
 
 
  
  
  

" “ ‘i nmromnr or 'DATES. 579'

quoted it for the Roman republic, and slew the Gaulish king, 221 B. c. The

ismnds on which the city is built began to be inhabited, A. D. 421, by Ital~

ians, who fled here as a place of safety from the Goths, and other barbar~
ous nations. when they ravaged Italy. The first house was erected on the

~ morass by Entinopus, by whom the people of Padua were assisted in build-
ing the eighty houses which first formed the city—Pries/ch. Venice was
first governed by a doge (Anafesto Paululio), A. D. 697. The republic was
not completely founded until 803. The city reduced to ashes, 1101. The
ceremony of the doges of Venice marrying the Adriatic was instituted by
pope Alexander 111. in 1173. Venice carried on a vast commerce until the
discovery of America, and a passage to the East Indies by the Cape, gave
it another direction, about 1500. By the treaty of Campo Formio, the ter-
ritory to the north and West of the Adige were ceded to Austria. and the
rest was annexed to what the French then styled the Cisalpine Republic,
1797. This disposition was altered by the treaty of Presburg, and the
whole country annexed to the kingdom of Italy, 1805. Venice returned
under the pOWer of Austria in 1814. The city declared a free port, Jan. 24,
1830.

Venice declares herself an independent Venice, after a gallant resistance, capi-

republic - - Aug. 18, 1848 tula'testo Marshal Rad‘etzky, and is
Provrslonal government decrees an us again in the power oi Austria,

sembly with full powers to be elected Aug. 22, 1849
by universal suffrage, 1 to every 1,500

M inhabitants - - Dec. 29,1848 ‘

7-; VENTRILOQUISM. Persons who had this art were by the Latins called Ven-
‘2’ triloqui, and by the Greeks, Engastrimythoi, i. e. people that speak out of
' their bellies, or who have the art of‘throwing out the voice in an extraordi-
E: nary manner. Exhibitors of this kind have appeared in England in various
It ages, but some of extraordinary capabilities in their art exhibited in the
last century. Mr. Thomas King is said to have been the first man whose
experimental philosophy, shown in this line, excited great wonder. about
1716. One of the most accomplished professors of ventriloquism that ever
appeared in France or England, was M. Alexandre, about 1822.

" VENUS. This planet’s transit over the sun, it was ascertained by Horrox, in
1. 1633, would take place Nov. 24, 1639. He was the first who predicted, or
., rather calculated this passage, from which he deduced many useful obser-
vations. Maskelyne was sent to St. Helena to observe her transit, in Jan.
., 1761. Captain Cook made his first voyage, in the Endeavor, to Otaheita,
{ —. to observe a transit of Venus, in 1769. See NOTE to article Coalt’s Voyages.
f. The diurnal rotation of Venus was discovered by Cassini in 1712. This

-*’ planet will not be again so brilliant as in 1769 to our globe until 1874.

‘ .RMONT, one of the United States, first settled by colonists from Massachu-
, setts, 1723. The. territory was claimed by New Hampshire, from 1741 to
.v 1764: claimed also by New-York, and granted to that colony by parliament
- i» in 1664. Owing to these conflicting claims, the state was not admitted into
3 the confederacy during the Revolution, but it still performed its‘part m
I that struggle. The British defeated at Bennington by gen. Stark, in 1777.
‘r Claims of New-York withdrawn on payment of 3530000, in 1790. The state
_ admitted into the Union. 1791. Population in 1790, was 85,589; in 1810,
_ 217,895 ; in 1830, 280,679; in 1840, 291,948.
"! RSAILLES, PALACE or. In the reign of Louis XIII, Versailles was only a.
. small village, in a forest thirty miles in circuit; and here this prince built a.
.. hunting-seat in 1630. Louis XIV., in 1687, enlarged it into a magnificent
‘ . : lace, which was finished in 1708, and was the usual residence of the kings
- of France till 1789, when Louis XVI. and his family were removed from f;
Paris. Louis Philippe appropriated the whole of the immense building

‘11-gr1rf,rwlA-‘7}’Y¢wtw"fi~‘l»“fl ; 1",,”1"?

 

 

 

 
   
    
      

580 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. hm?“

to a grand national museum of paintings and statues, dedicated a tau: 1c:
gloires de France ; and freely opened to the public.

ERSAILLES. PEACE or. The definitive treaty of peace between Great Bri— ,
tain and the United States, signed at Paris; when the. latter power was ad-- ‘ "
mitted to be sovereign and independent. On the same day. the definitive
treaty was signed at Versailles between Great Britain, France, and Spain,
Sept. 3, 1783. In pursuance of the treaty of Versailles, Pondicherry and
Carieal, with the former possessions in Bengal, were restored to France.
Trincomalle at the same time restored to the Dutch.

VERSE, BLANK. Blank verse and the heroic couplet, now in general use for
grave or elevated themes, are both of comparatively modern date. Surrey
translated part of Virgil’s Eneid into blank verse, Whit h is the first composi-
tion of the kind, omitting tragedy, extant in the English language; and the
other measure was but little affected till the reign of Charles II. The verse
previously used in our grave compositions was the stanza of eight lines, the
ottaxva rima, as adopted with the addition of one line by Spenser (in his
Faev'y Queen), who probably borrowed it from Ariosto and Tasso, the Italian
language being at that time in high repute. Boccaecio first introduced it into
Italy in his heroic poem La Tcseide, having copied it from the old French
ahaMona—Alstmpolitan. Trissino is said to have been the first introducer of
blank verse among the moderns, about 1508— Vassius. See Poetry.

VESTA. The planet Vesta (the ninth) was discovered by Dr. Olbers, of Bre-
men, on March 28, 1807. She appears like a star of the sixth magnitude.—
Annual Register.

VESTALS. Priestesses of the goddess Vesta, who took care of the perpetual
fire. consecrated to her worship. This oflice was very ancient, as the mother
of Romulus was one of the vestals. [Eneas is supposed to have first chosen
the Vestals. Numa, in 710 B. 0., first appointed four, to which number Tar-
quin added two. They were always chosen by the monarchs ; but after the
expulsion of the Tarquins, the high—priest was intrusted with the care
of them. As they were to be virgins, they were chosen young, from
the age of six to ten; and if there was not a sufficient number that ,
presented themselves as candidates for the office, twenty virgins were
selected, and they upon whom the lot fell were obliged to become priestesses.
The vestal Minutia was buried alive for violating her virgin vow, 337 B. c.
The vestal Sextilia was buried alive for incontinence, 274 13.0.; and the res-
tal Cornelia Maximiliana on the same charge, A.D. 92.—Bibliothéque Uni-
verselle.

VESUVIUS, MOI’NT. The dreadful eruption of Mount Vesuvius, when it
emitted such a quantity of flame and smoke that the air was darkened, and
the cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum were overwhelmed by the burning
lava, A. D. 79. More than 250,000 persons perished by the destruction of
those cities; the sun’s light was totally obscured for two days throughout
Naples; great quantities of ashes and sulphureous smoke were carried not
only to Rome, but also beyond the Mediterranean into Africa; birds were
suffocated in the air and fell dead upon the ground, and the fishes perished
in the neighboring waters, which were made. hot and infected by it: this
eruption proved fatal to Pliny the naturalist. Herculaneum was discovered
in 1737 and many curious articles have been dug from the ruins since that
time; but every thing combustible had the marks of having been burned by
fire. Numerous eruptions have occurred. ‘causing great devastation and
loss of lives. In 1631 the town of Torre del Greco, with 4000 persons, and
a. great part of the surrounding country, were destroyed. One of the most
dreadful eruptions ever known took place suddenly, Nov. 24, 1759. The
violent burst in 1767 was the thirty-fourth from the the time of Titus, when

DICTIONARY OF DATES. ”I

   
  
   
  
  
   
   
   
  
  
  
   
  
  
   
  
  
    
  
   
  
   
 
 
   
   
 
 
 
   
   
 
 
  
  
  
   
  

Pompeii was buried. One in 1794 was most destructive : the lava flowed
over 5000 acres of rich vineyards and cultivated lands, and the town 01'
Torre del Greco was a second time burned ; the top of the mountain fell in,
and the crater is now nearly two miles in circumference. There have been
several eruptions since.

VETOES OF THE PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. The power of can-
celling acts of Congress by executive veto, was exercised as follows :—by
Washington, twice; Madison, four times; Monroe, once; Jackson, five
times; Tyler, three times; Polk, twice. Bill relating to steam—vessels in the
navy vetoed by president Tyler, and afterwards passed by vote of two thirds
of both houses, and became a law: the first instance of the kind, February
20, 1845. River and Harbor bill, vetoed by president Polk, August 8, 1846.
French Spoliation Indemnity bill, by the same, Aug. 8, 1846.

VIENNA. The former capital of the German empire, and from 1806 the ca-
pital of the Austrian dominions only. Vienna was made an imperial city
in 1186, and was walled and enlarged with the ransom paid for Richard I.
of England, 400001., in 1194. Besieged by the Turks under Solyman the
Magnificent, with an army of 300,000 men : but he was forced to raise the
siege with the loss of 70,000 of his best troops, 1529. Again besieged in
1683, when the siege was raised by John Sobieski, king of Poland, who
totally defeated the Turkish army of 100,000, which had cannonaded the
city from July 24 to the beginning of November. Vienna was taken by
the French under prince Murat, Nov.14, 1805; and evacuated January 12,
following. They again captured it, May 13,1809; but restored it once
more on the conclusion of peace between the two countries, Oct 14, same
V'car. Conference of the ministers of the allies and F1ance, September 28,
1814. Congress of sovereigns, Oct.2, 1814. See Austria. and Hum gm
See next articles.

VIENNA, TREATY or, WITH SPAIN. The celebrated tieaty signed between the
emperor of Germany and the king of Spain, by which they continued to
each other such parts of the Spanish dominions as they were respectively
possessed of, and by a private treaty the emperor engaged to employ a force
to procure the restoration of Gibraltar to Spain, and to use means for placing
the Pretender on the throne of Great Britain. Spain guaranteed the Prag-
matic Sanction, Ap1i130, 1725.

VIENNA, TREATY or ALLIANCE between the emperor of Germany, the king
of Great Britain, and Holland, by which the Pragmatic Sanction was gua-
rantecd, and the disputes as to the Spanish succession te1minated (Spain
acceded to the treaty on the 22d of July) ; signed March 16, 1731.

A, VIENNA, TREATY or WITH FRANCE. A definitive treaty of peace between the
empe1or of Gennany and king of Flance, by which the latter powe1 agreed

to guarantee the Pragmatic Sanction, and Lorraine was ceded to Fr;ance
signed Nov. 18, 1738.

VIENNA, PEACE or, between Napoleon of France and Francis (II. of Gelman y)
I. of Austria. By this treaty Austria ceded to France the Tyrol, Dalmatia,
and other territories, which were shortly afterwards declared to be united
to France under the title of the Illyrian Provinces, and engaging to adhere
to the prohibitory system adopted towards England by France and Russia,
:_ October 14, 1809.

‘ 7 VIENNA,TRFAT1Es or. The treaty of Vienna between Great Britain, Austria,
' Russia, and Prussia, confiiming the principles on which they had acted by
the treaty of Chaumont, March 1,1814; signed March 23,18151‘119
treaty of Vienna between the king of the Low Countries on the one part,
and Great Britain, Russia, Austria, band Prussia, on the other, agreeingto

 

5582 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

 

shag, you wallow in the mire—Ashe.

    
 
   
   
 
  
   
   
 
   
  
   
   
  
   
  
   
   
   
 
   
     
  
   
 
   
    
   
 
  

the enlargement of the Dutch territories, and vesting the sovereignty in the
house of Orange, May 31, 1815. The treaty of Vienna: Denmark cedes
Swedish Pomerania and Rugen to Prussia, in exchange for Lauenhurg,
June 4, 1815. The federative constitution of Germany signed at Vienna,
June 8, 1815. '

VILLAIN. The name of a vassal under the Norman princes, his hard labor . i
being the tenure by which he lived upon the land. Of and pertaining to r 1
the will or lordship; was a servant during life, and was devisablc as chat- ‘,_
tels in the feudal times. Queen Elizabeth gave the principal blow to this
kind of severe service, by ordering her bondsmen of the western counties j
to be made free at easy rates, A. n. 1574.—Stowe’s C/M‘O/t. ‘

VlMElRA, BATTLE or,, between the British, under sir Arthur W ellesley, and
the whole of the French and Spanish forces in Portugal, under marshal
Junot, duke of Abrantes, whom the British signally defeated, August 21, .-
1808. For this victory the Britishhero and the officers and soldiers under ,-
his command were voted the thanks of parliament, the first of many si- '
milar honors that marked sir Arthur’s (now duke of Wellington’s) triuniph- ,_
ant career. .

VINCENT’S, Sr. This was long a neutral island; but at the peace of 1763, a
the French agreed that the right to it should be vested in the English. ‘
The latter, soon after, engaged in a war against the Caribs, on the windward
side of the island, who were obliged to consent to a peace, by which they .,
ceded a large tract of land to the British crown. The consequence of this 3
was, that in 1779 they greatly contributed to the reduction of this island
by the French, who, however, restored it in 1783. In 1795 the French 7
landed some troops, and again instigated the Caribs to an insurrection, which ;
was not subdued for several months. The great eruption of the Seoufl’rier 2:.
mountain, after the lapse of nearly a century, occurred in 1812. “

VINE. The vine was known to Noah. A colony of vine-dressers from Phoeea,
in Ionia, settled at Marseilles, and instructed the South Gauls in tillage,
vine—dressing, and commerce, about 600 B. 0. Some think the vines are 1
aborigines of Languedoc, Provence, and Sicily, and that they grew sponta- ‘f
neously on the Mediterranean shores of Italy, France, and Spain. The
vine was carried into Champagne, and part of Germany, A.D. 279. The .7
vine and sugar—cane were planted in Madeira in 1420. It was planted in
England in 1552; and in the gardens of Hampton—court palace is an old and _-V
celebrated vine, said to surpass any known vine in Europe. See Grapes, 7
and Wine.* "

VIN EGAR. Known nearly as soon as wine. The ancients had several kinds-3..
of vinegar, which they used for drink. The Roman soldiers were accus— *
tomed to take it in their marches. The Bible represents Boaz, a rich eie .'
tizen of Bethlehem, as providing vinegar for his reapers, into which they
might dip their bread, and kindly inviting Ruth to share with them in theixfi
repast: hence we may infer that the harvesters, at that period, partook of -‘ "
this liquid for their refreshment; a custom still prevalent in'Spain and Italy.
It is conjectured that the vinegar which the Roman soldiers ofi‘ered to our ‘
Saviour at his crucifixion was that which they used for their own drinking.

' The following is a tradition in relation to the vine :—‘When Adam planted the first vine, am
left it, Satan approached it, and said. “Lovely plant! I will cherish thee ;” and thereupon taking _ ~.
three animals, a lamb, a lion, and a hog, he slayed them at the root of the tree, and their blood has
been imbibed by the fruit to this day. Thus, if you take one goblet of wine, you are cheered by Its .-
influence, yet are mild and docile as the lamb; if you take two goblets, you become furious, and»
rave and bellow like the lion; and if you drink of the third goblet, your reason sinks, and, like the:

 
  
 
 
  
  
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
  
  
  
 
  
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
  
  
  
 
  
 
  
  
 
  
 
  
   
  
 
 
 
 
  
  
  
 
  
 
  

] DICTIONARY or DATES. use

There was, however, a kind of potent vinegar, which was not proper for
' drinking till diluted.

VlOL AND VIOLIN. As the lyre of the Greeks was the harp of the modems,
‘ so the viol and vielle of the middle ages became the modern violin. The
viol was of various sizes formerly, as it is at present, and was anciently very
much in use for chamber airs and songs. That of three strings was intro-
duced into Europe by the ‘jugglers of the thirteenth century. The violin
was invented towards the close of the same century—Abbe} Lengtet. The
fiddle, however, is mentioned as early as A. D. 1200, in the legendary life of
St. Christopher. It was introduced into England, some say, by Charles II.

VIRGIN. The Assumption of the Virgin is a festival in the Greek and Latin
churches, in honor of the miraculous ascent of Mary into heaven, according
to their belief, August 15, A. D. 45. The Presentation of the Virgin, is a
feast celebrated November 21, said to have been instituted among the
Greeks in the eleventh century; its institution in the West is ascribed to
Gregory XI., 1372. A distinguished writer says: “The Indian incarnate
god Chrishna, the Hindoos believe, had a virgin-mother of the royal race,
and was sought to be destroyed in his infancy, about 900 years B. c. It
appears that he passed his life in working miracles and preaching, and
was so humble as to wash his friends’ feet; at length dying, but rising
from the dead, he ascended into heaven in the presence of a multitude.
The Cingalese relate nearly the same things of their Budda.”———Si7‘ William
Jones.

VIRGINIA, daughter of the centurion L. Virginius. Appius Claudius, the
decemvir, became enamored of her, and attempted to remove her from the
place where she resided. She was claimed by one of his favorites as the
daughter of a slave, and Appius, in the capacity and with the authority of
- judge, had pronounced the sentence, and delivered her into the hands of his
friend, when Virginius, informed of his violent proceedings, arrived from
the camp. The father demanded to see his daughter, and when this re—
quest was granted, he snatched a knife and plunged it into Virginia’s breast,
exclaiming, “This is all, my daughter! I can give thee, to preserve thee
from the lust of a tyrant.” No sooner was the blow given than Virginius
ran to the camp with the bloody knife in his hand. The soldiers were as-
tonished and incensed, not against the murderer, but the tyrant, and they
immediately marched to Rome. Appius was seized, but he destroyed him-
self in prison, and prevented the execution of the law. Spurius Oppius,
another of the dceemvirs, who had not opposed the tyrant’s views, killed
himself also; and Marcus Claudius, the favorite of Appius, was put to
death, and the decemviral power abolished, 449 B. c.

VIRGINIA. One (if the United States; sometimes called the “Old Dominion,”
having been settled, April, 1607, at Jamestown, on James river—the first
white settlement in the United States. Named Virginia in honor of queen
Elizabeth, who had granted the country to Sir Walter Raleigh. A settle<
ment attempted by Raleigh but failed, and the grant was vacated on his
attainder and execution. The country granted by James I. to two compa-
nies, the London and the Plymouth. Jamestown settled by the former, and
named in honor of their royal patron. The colony suffered much from the
Indians, and by various disasters; proved loyal during the English revolu-
tion; was the first to proclaim Charles II. on his restoration; established
_ the Church of England by law, 1662; took an early and prominent part in
the struggle for independence. Surrender of the British army under Corn-
wallis, at Yorktown, October 19, 1782. Constitution of the United States
adopted June 25. 1788, by 89 to 79. Virginia has given birth to six presi-
dents of the United States, viz: Washington, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe,

 

 

5534 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. ' l‘

  
   
  
   
   
    
   
   

Harrison, and Taylor; and also, Patrick Henry, John Marshall, and : .an
distinguished patriots. Population in 1790 was 747,610; in 1810, 974,622y
in 1830, 1,211,272; in 1840, 1,239,737, including 448,937 slaves. *

V'lSIER OR VIZIER, GRAND. An officer of the Ottoman Porte. first appointed _»
in 1370. Formerly this oflicer governed the whole empire immediately:
under the grand seignior; he is sometimes called the grand seignior’s lieu-
tenant, or vicar of the empire ; at his creation, the prince’s seal is put into ‘

his hand, upon which is engraven the emperor’s name, which he places in .-
his bosom, and carries away with him—'Knolles.

VIT’I‘ORIA, BATTLE or. One of the most brilliant victories recorded in the g
annals of England, obtained by Wellington over the French army vcom- ,f
manded by Jerome Bonaparte and marshal Jourdan, June 21,1813. Mar- 1
shal Jourdan lost 151 pieces of cannon, 451 wagons of ammunition, all his ,,
baggage, provisions, cattle, and treasure, with his baton as a marshal of i .
France. Continuing the pursuit on the 25th, Wellington tOtk Jourdan’s ,~
only remaining gun I If

VOLCANOES. In different parts of the earth’s surface, there are above 200 ,’
volcanoes, which have been active in modern times. The eruptions of
Mount Etna are recorded as early as 734 B. c. by authentic historians. See "
Etna. The first eruption of Vesuvius was in A.D. 79. See Vesu'vius. “
The first eruption of Hecla is said to have occurred A. D. 1004. For an ac-
count of‘ the awful eruption of this volcano in 1783, see Iceland. In Mexico, ,
a plain was filled up into a mountain more than a thousand feet in height ."
by the burning lava from a volcano in 1759. A volcano in the isle of Ferro ..
broke out, Sept. 13, 1777, which threw out an immense quantity of red
water, that discolored the sea for several leagues. Anew volcano appeared » 7
in one of the Azore islands, May 1, 1808.

VOLUNTEERS. This species of force armed in England, in apprehension of '
the threatened invasion of revolutionary France, 1794. Besides their large ‘3
army, and 85,000 men voted for the sea, England subsidized 40,000 Germans,
raised the militia to 100,000 men, and armed the citizens as volunteers. '
Between the years 1798 anclv1804, when this force was of greatest amount,
it numbered 410,000 men, of which 70,000 were Irish. The En lish volun- ‘2
tecrs were, according to official accounts, 341,600 on Jan. 1, 1 04. In the
United States, on the breaking out of the Mexican war, Congress authorized
the enlistment of 50,000 volunteers. A much larger number responded,
but less than 30,000 were actually needed or enrolled. '

VOYAGES. The first great voyage, or voyage properly so called, was by order
of Necho, pharoah of Egypt, when some Phoenician pilots sailed from
Egypt down the Arabic Gulf, round what is now called the Cape of Good
Hope, entered the Mediterranean by the Straits of Gibraltar, coasted along
the north of Africa, and at length arrived in Egypt, after a navigation of
about three years, 604 B. c.—Blair, Herodotus. The first voyage roundthe
world was made by a ship, part of‘ a Spanish squadron which had been
under the command of Magellan (who was killed at the Philippine ls-
land in a skirmish) in 1519—20. The era of voyages of discovery was
the end of the eighteenth century. See Circmmmvigators, and North- ”7636
Passage. .

W.

WAGES IN ENGLAND. The wages of sundry workmen in England were first
fixed by act of parliament, 25 Edward III., 1350. Haymakers had but one
penny a day. Master carpenters, masons, tylera, and other coverers of
houses, had not more than 3d. per day (about 951. of our money); and their

J menomnr or DATES. m

   

servants, 1511— Vi-ner’s Statutes. By the the 23d Henry VI, 1441, the wage:
of a bailifi‘ of husbandry was 233. 4d. per annum, and clothing of the price
of 53. with meat and drink; chief hind, carter, or shepherd, 203., clothiLg
4s. ; common selvant of husband1y, 15s., clothing 40d. ,woman- servant, 103.,

clothing 43. By the 11th Henry VII.,1495,the1e was a like 1ate of wages,
only with a little advance; as, for instance a f1ee mason master caipenter,
rough mason bricklayer, master tylei, plumber, glazier, ca1ver, or joiner
was allowed from Easter to M1chaeln1as to take 6d. a day, without meat and
drink; or with meat and drink 4123.; from Michaelmas to Easter, to abate
111. A master having under him six men was allowed 1d. a day extra. The
following were the

WAGES 0F HARVEST-MEN IN ENGLAND AT DIFFERENT PERIODS.

Year. .9. d. I Year. 5. d. Year. 9. d.
In 1350 per dz’em. 0 1 I In 1688 per diem. 0 8 In 1783 per dz‘em. l 4
In I460 ditto 0 2 In I716 ditto 0 9 In 1794 ditto 1 6
In 1568 ditto 0 4 111 I740 ditto 0 10 In 1800 ditto 2 0
In 1632 ditto 0 6 In 1760 ditto 1 0 In 1840 ditto 3 0

WAGRAM BATTLE r,or between the Austrian and Fiench a1 m1es in which the
latter was completely vict01ious, and the former enti1ely 0v e1th1 own The
slaughter on both sides was dreadful; 20,000 Austrians were taken 1 y the
French, and the defeated army retired to Moravia, July 5, 1809. This
battle led to an armistice, signed on the 12th; and on Oct. 24, to a treaty
of peace, by which Austria ceded all her sea—coast to France, and the
kingdoms of Saxony and Bavaria V\ ere enla1 (red at her expense. The em-
peror was obliged also to yield a part of his plundc1 of Poland 111 Gallicia
to Russia. The emper01 also acknowledged Joseph Bonaparte as king of
Spain.

WAKEFIELD, BATTLE OF, IN ENGLAND, between Marga1et, the queen of Henry
L V I and the duke of Y0r,k in which the lattel was slain and 3000 Yorkists
' fell upon the field. The death of the duke. who aspi1ed to the crown,
E seemed to fix the good fortune of Margaret; but the ea1l of Warwick es-
,i poused the cause of his son, the earl of March, afterwards Edwa1d IV.. and
E the civil war that was continued fiom that time devastated all England.

This battle was fought December 31,1460

'WAKES. Every church at its consecration 1eceiV ed the name of some par-
ticular saint, this practice existed among the Romans and Britons, and
was continued among the Saxons. — Whitaker. Women weie hired among

; the ancient Romans to weep at funerals: they were called Carina: The
? Irish howl originated from this Roman outc1y at the decease of their
5‘ f11e'1ds They hoped thus to awaken the soul, which they supposed might

lie inactive.

‘. WALDENSES. The persecution of this sect in the beginning of the thirteenth
7,. century led to the establishment of the Holy Ofiice o1 Inquisition. Pope
Innocent 111 had commissioned some monks to preach against the l1e1es1es
of the Waldenses in Narbonne and Provence; but theb Catholic bishops
wc1e at first jealous of this mission, aimed as it was with great power, and
the feudal chiefs refused to obey the orde1s of the legates. A. 1). 1203—4
One of the monks, the first inquisitor, Pete1 Chateauneuf, having been as—
sassinated, the aspiring pontiff called on all the neighboring powers to
ma ch into the he1etical district. All obstinate heretics were placed at
the disposal of Simon de Montfort, commander of this crusade, and the
whole race of the Waldenses and Albigenses were ordered to be pursued
With fire and sword. N e1the1 sex, age, n01 condition was spa1ed; the coun-
, try became a. wilderness, and the towns heaps of smoking 111ins. Such was
. the era of the Inquisition. Dominic de Guzman was constituted first 1nqui~

sitor-geneial, 1208.

   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
  

25*

 

  
 
 
 
  
 
  
  
  
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
  
  
 
 
  
  
 
  
  
  
  
 
  
 
  
  
  
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
  

4586 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS ,,[ m

WALES. After the Roman emperor Honorius quitted Britain, Vortigern was
elected king of South Britain, and he invited over the Saxons to defend his . 5
country against the Picts and Scots; but the Saxons perfidiously sent for .,
reinforcements, consisting of Saxons, Danes, and Angles, by which they _*
made themselves masters of South Britain, and most of the ancient Britons
retired to Wales, and defended themselves against the Saxons, in its inac-
cessible mountains, about A. D. 447. In this state Wales remained uncon-
quered till Henry II. subdued South Wales in 1157 : and in 1282 Edward I.
entirely reduced the Whole country, putting an end to its independency by ;
the death of Llewellyn, the last prince. The Welsh, however, were not ,
entirely reconciled to this revolution, till the queen happening to be brought
to bed of a son at Carnarvon in 1284, Edward with great policy styled him
prince of Wales, which title the heir to the crown of Great Britain has
borne almost ever since. Wales was united and incorporated with England
by act of parliament, 27 Henry VIII. 1535. See Britain.

WALES, PRINCE on. The first prince of this title was Edward, the son of
Edward 1., who was born in Carnarvon castle on the 25th April, 128a. Im-
mediately after his birth he was presented by his father to the Welsh enief- ‘
tains as their future sovereign, the king holding up the royal infant in his
arms, and saying, in the Welsh language, “ Etc/L Dyn,” literally in English,
“This is your man,” but signifying, “This is your countryman and king.” , »
These words were afterwards changed, or corrupted, as some historians {
assert, to “ [ch Dien,” which is the motto attached to the arms of the prince .
of Wales to this day. Owing to the premature death of his elder brother, this
prince succeeded to the throne of England, by the title of Edward II., in
1307.—Mg/vyria7t Archeology. Hist. W'ales. For another and very different ,:
gccount of the origin of the motto “ Ich Dian,” see the article under that

cad. ‘

WALLOONS. The people who fled to England from the persecution of the '
cruel duke of Alva, the governor of the Low Countries for Philip II. of 1
Spain. On account of the duke’s religious prescriptions, those countries ;
revolted from Philip, 1566.—Mariaina’s Hist. of Spain. The Walloons were ;-
well received in England. A large Protestant church was given to them by T’
queen Elizabeth, at Canterbury, and many of their posterity still remain in
this part of England—Pardon. ‘

WALPOLE’S ADMINISTRATIONS. Mr. Walpole (afterwards sir Robert, .
and earl of Orford) became firs-t lord of the treasury in 1715. He resigned, :,
on a disunion of the cabinet, in 1717, bringing in the sinking fund hill 1
on the day of his resignation. Resumed as head of the ministry, on
the earl of Sunderland retiring, in 1721; and continued as premier until 3.3
1742, when his administration was finally shaken by its unpopular endeavors 1
for some time previously to maintain peace with Spain. :"

WANDERING J EW. The following is the strange account given of this per—
sonage :—His original name was Calaphilus, Pontius Pilate’s porter. When "“
they were dragging Jesus out of the deer of the Judgment—hall. he struck
him on the back, saying, “Go faster, Jesus! go faster; why dost thou lin- 1
ger '4” Upon which Jesus looked on him with a frown, and said, “I am in—
deed going; but thou shalt tarry till I come.” Soon after he was converted, -
and took the name of Joseph. He lives for ever; but at the end of every 3%
hundred years falls into a fit or trance, upon which when he recovers, ‘he
returns to the, same state of youth he was in when our Saviour suffered,
being about thirty years of age. He always preserves the utmost gravity '
of deportment. He was never seen to smile. He perfectly remembers the ’
death and resurrection of Christ.———Calmet’s Hist. of the Bible. ‘1'"

 

 
  
 

'm] mcrmmnr or DATES. m

7)

-- WARS. War is called by Erasmus “the malady of princes. Scriptural wris
ters date the first war as having been begun by the impious son of Cain
3563 B. c. Osymandyas of Egypt was the first warlike king; he passed
into Asia, and conquered Bactria, 2100 B. c.— Us/Ler. He is supposed
by some to be the Osiris of the priests. The most famous siege recorded
in the annals of antiquity was that of Troy, 1193—1184 13.0. The longest
siege was that of Azoth, 647 B. e. The most famous sortie was that of the
Platteans from their city, 428 B. C. It is computed that from the beginning
of the world to the present time, no less than 6860000000 of men have
perished in the field of battle, being about seven times as many of the hu-
man species as now inhabit our whole earth.

WARS. CIVIL, or GREAT BRITAIN. The most remarkable civil wars of Great
Britain are the following :-—That of A. D. 1215—16. The war of the barons
against Henry 111., 1565; of the usurpation of Henry IV., 1400; of the
White and Red Roses, or houses of York and Lancaster, from 1452 to 1471.
The war between Richard III. and Henry VIL, 1485. The war against
Charles I. from 1642 to 1651. The Scottish civil war under the Pretender,
1715-16 ; that under the Young Pretender, 1745. In Ireland, that under Ty-
rong, 1599; under O’Neill, 1641; and that produced by the great rebellion,

' 179 .
,1 WARS, FOREIGN,0F GREAT BRITAIN. The wars in France, in which England
was involved for nearly two'centuries, arose from the dukes of Normandy
A being kings of England. They held Normandy as a fief of the crown of
France; and when William I. conquered England, it became an English
province, but was lost in the reign of king John, 1204. The wars with
France were many; the English princes gained bloody victories at Cressy,
Poictiers. and Agincourt; but they were finally driven out of France in the
' reign of Henry VI., and lost Calais, by surprise, in the reign of Mary. It;
was to the English people a fortunate loss; but the rival policy and interests
of the two governments have, ever since then, caused half as many years

        
    
   
   
 
  
   

t

I

I: of war as peace. See the countries respectively, Battles, (Ste.

E FOREIGN WARS on GREAT BRITAIN SINCE THE CONQUEST.

{’ War with Scotland, 1068 Peace 1092 War with Scotland, 1542 Peace. 1546
“ France, 1116 “ 1118 “ Scotland, 1547 “ 1550
“ Scotland, 1138 “ 1139 “ France, 1549 “ 155.1
“ France, 1161 “ 1186 “ France, 1557 “ 1559
“ France, 1194 “ 1195 “ Scotland, 1557 “ 1560
“ France, 1201 “ 1216 “ France, 1562 “ 1564
"' France, 1224 “ 1234 “ Spain, 1588 “ 1604
“ France, 1294 “ 1299 “ Spain, 1624 “ 1629
“ Scotland, 1296 “ 1323 “ France, 1627 “ 1629
“ Scotland, 1327 “ 1328 “ Holland, 1651 “ 1654
“ France, 1339 “ 1360 “ Spain, 1655 “ 1660
~“ France, 1368 “ 1420 “ France, 1666 “ 1668
“ France, 1422 “ 1471 “ Denmark, 1666 “ 1668
“ France, 1492 “ same year " Holland, 1666 “ 1668
“ France, 1512 “ 1514 “ Algiers, 1669 “ 1671
“ France, 1522 “ 1527 “ Holland, 1672 “ 1674
“ Scotland, 1522 “ 1542 “ France, 1639 “ 1697

The general peace of Ryswick between England, Germany, Holland, France,
and Spain, was signed by the ministers of these powers, at the palace of

Ryswick, Sept. 20, 1697. It- concluded this last war.

THE GREAT MODERN AND EXPENSIVE WARS OF GREAT BRITAIN.

War of the Succession, commenced May 4, War with France, March 31, 1744. Closed

*3 1702. Peace of Utrecht, March 13, 1713. also on April 30, 1748.

” > War with Spain, Dec. 16, 1718. Peace con- War; the Seven years’ war, June 9, 1756,

"1», eluded 1721. Peace of Paris, Feb. 10, 1763.

7 ‘- War; the Spanish War, Oct. 23, 1739. War with Spain, Jan. 4, 1762. General
Peace of AixllavChapelle, April 30, 1748. peace of Feb. 10, 1763. 2

 

53% THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

WARS, FOREIGN, or GREAT BRITAIN—continued. ' "it

War with the United States, July 14, 1774.
Peace of Paris, Nov. 30. 1782.

War with France, Feb. 6, 1778. Peace of

Paris. Jan. 20. 1783.

War with Spain, April 17, 1780. Closed War with the United States, June 18, 1812.

same time, Jan 20, 1783.
War with Holland, Dec. 21, 1780. Peace
signed Sept. 2, 1783.

War of the Revolution, Feb. 1, 1793. Peace
of Amiens, March 27, 1802.

War against Bonaparte, April 29, 1808. Fi-
nally closed, .lune 18. 1815.

 

Peace of Ghent, Dec. 24, 1814.
For the wars with India and China, see th:ee .
countries respectively.

In the war against Bonaparte, the great powers of Europe leagued sometimes
with, and sometimes against Great Britain. England spent 65 years in war,
and 62 in peace, in the 127 years previous to the close of the last war in
1815. In the war of 1688, she spent 36 millions sterling; in the war of the
Spanish Succession, 62 millions; in the Spanish war, 54 millions; in the
Seven Years’ war, 112 millions; in the American war, 136 millions; in the
war of the French Revolution, 464 millions; and in the war against Bona-
parte, 1159 millions; thus forming a total expenditure for war, in 127 years
(from the Revolution in 1688 to the downfall of Napoleon in 1815), of 2023
millions of pounds sterling. M. de Pradt estimates the loss of life sustained
by the French forces in the six campaigns of the Peninsular war at six
hundred thousand men. The loss sustained by the Spaniards and their
allies was probably as great. During the war many districts of the Penin-
sula were from time to time laid waste by the contending'armies, and the
inhabitants were victims to all the calamities and horrors thus produced.
The total destruction of human beings in this last war must have amounted
to one million two hundred thousand.

WAR, REVOLUTIONARY, ending in the independence of the United States. com-
menced by the battle of Lexington, April 19, 1775. See Battles. Ended
by the Treaty of Paris, 1783. This war cost $135,193,700.

WAR, THE, OF 1812, between the United States and Great Britain:

First difiiculty respecting the search of

 

War declared - - - June 19, 1812 p I

American vessels - - - 1806 Gen. H. Dearborn appointed comman-
Chesapeake United States frigate fired denim-chief.

on - - - - - 1807 [See Battles and Naval Battles]
Non—intercourse act passed - - 1809 The war opposed in New England, and

United States frigate President, engag- levies oi troops refused by Mass,
ed the British sloop-of-war Little Belt Conn., and R. I.
May 16, 1811 Treaty of peace ratified - Feb. 17, 1815
President Madison’s war message to
congress - - - June 1, 1812

WAR AGAINST ALGIERS, to punish piracies, &c., declared by the United States, ,1.
1815. Commodores Decatur and Bainbridge captured two Algerine vessels _ f
and “ conquered a peace,” July 4, ‘ ‘

WAR BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND MEXICO. [The annexation of

Texas to the United States having been completed by the vote of the senate
of Texas, Dec. 22, 1845.] -

American army of occupation, (3500)
under Gen. Taylor took post on the
Rio Grande opposite Matamoras,
_ March 28, 1846
First collision—a reconnoitring party
of 70 from American army undef Col.
Thornton, fired upon and taken pri-
soners by the Mexicans - April 24, 1846
Gen. Taylor defeats the Mexicans at
Palo Alto, loses 48 killed and 126
wounded. Mexicans, 262 killed and
355 wounded - - May 8—9, 1846
Bill passed both houses of Congress U.
S., declaring that war with Mexico

already existed, by act of that power,
and authorizing 50,000 volunteers
May 12, 1846
Monterey taken by Com. Sloat, July 6, 1847
Santa Fe occupied by Gen. Kearney
_ Aug. 18, 1846
Mexman ports on the Pacific blockaded
by Com. Stockton - - Aug. 19, 1846
Battle of Monterey, 4700 Americans >
under Taylor, 10,000 Mexicans under
Ampudia. Monterey surrendered. A-
merican less, 120 killed 368 wounded,
Mexican much greater - Sept. 21-23, 1846

 

  

' WAR WITH MEXICO, continued.
Stevenson’s California regiment sailed
from New-York -

Tabasco bombarded by com. Perry,

Oct. 25, 1846

Tampico occupied by com. Connor,

Nov. 14, 1846

Col. Doniphan with 450 Missouri volun-
teers defeated 1100 Mexicans at Bari-
to, the latter losing 63 killed and 150
wounded. American loss 6 wounded.

Gen. Kearney defeats the “revolted”
Californians, at San Gabriel, &c.

Jan. 8, 1847

Major Borland, Cassius M. Clay, Major
Gaines, and 80 men, taken prisoners
by the Mexicans at Encarnacion,

Jan. 23, 1847

Revolt against Americans in N. Mex-
ico, American governor Bent and five
others murdered -

1500 N. Mexican Indians and Mexicans
defeated by col. Price -

Battle of Buena Vista: Americans 4759
mostly volunteers, under gen. Taylor
and gen. Wool ; and Mexicans 22,000
under Santa Anna; latter defeated and
loss 6000 killed and wounded; Ameri-
can loss 25? killed and 456 wounded,

Feb. 22—23, 1847

Battle of Sacramento; American col.
Doniphan, 921 men, defeated 4000
Mexicans under Herridea, latter loss
300 killed, 300 wounded and 40 pri-
soners; American loss, 1 killed and 8
wounded - -

Vera Cruz surrendered to gen. Scott
and com. Perry; American loss 65
killed and wounded -

Alvarado surrendered to lieut. Hunter,

April 2, 1847

Battle of Cerro—Gordo ; Americans 8500
under gen. Scott, defeat 12,000 Mex.
icans under Santa Anna; 5 generals
and 3000 men, taken prisoners by
geott: American loss 250, Mexican

50.

DICTIONARY ‘OF DATES.

- Sept. 26, 1846

- Jan 14, 1847
Jan. 24, 1847

 

. Feb. 28, 1847

March 29, 1847

58!

Battles of Contreras and Churubusw,
Amerlcan gen. Smith drives the Mexi-
cans from these fortified posts towards
Mexico, losing 1066 killed and wound-
ed; Mexican loss 6000 - Aug. 20, 1847

Armistice agreed upon; broken by the
Mexicans. Hostilities recommenced

Sept. 7, 1847

Battle of Molino del Rey; American

en. Worth carried the fortifications

efended by 14,000 Mexicans under

Santa Anna. American loss, 787 kil-

led and wounded ; Mexican loss 3000,
Sept. 8, 1847

Battle of Chepultepec, a height near
Mexico, carried by American gene-
rals Worth, Quitman, and Pillow,
(under gen. Scott) after a loss of 862

Sept. 12—13, 1847

This Was followed by the surrender of
the city of Mexico - - Sept. 14., 1817

Col. Childs with 400 men and 1800
sick in hospitals besieged 28 days at
Puebla, but compelled the Mexlcans
to raise the siege - - Oct. 12, 1847

Contribution of $600,000 levied in Mex-
ico for protecting public property in
the city - - - Sept. 17, 1847

City of Huamantla captured by Ame-
rican gen. Lane, who defeats Santa
Anna. American loss, 24 killed and
wounded; Mexican loss 150, Oct. 9, 1847

Port of Guayamas bombarded and cap-
tured by American frigate Congress,
and sloop Portsmouth - Oct. 20, 1847

A tax levied upon the states of Mexico,
and duties 65c. laid to the amount of
about $3,000,000 - - Dec. 31, 1847

Gen. Scott superseded by Gen. Butler,

Feb. 18, 1848

Treaty of peace ratified at Queretaro,
by the Hon. A. H. Sevier and N.
Clifford, for the United States, and
the foreign Mexican minister, Signor
De la Rosa - - - May 30, 1848

American troops finally withdrawn

Taspan taken by com. Perry, April 18, 1847 from the city of Mexico, - .Iune 12, 1848

._ WARSAW. Late the metropolis of Poland. The diet was transferred to this
7 city from Cracow, in 1556. Warsaw surrendered to Charles XII. in 1703.
It has been a great prey to war of late years. In the beginning of 1794. the
empress of Russia put a garrison into this city, in order to compel the Poles
to acquiesce in the usurpations she had in view ; but this garrison was ex—
pelled by the citizens, with the loss of 2000 killed and 500 wounded, and 36
pieces of cannon, April 17, 1794. The king of Prussia besieged Warsaw in
July 1794, but was compelled to raise the siege in September, same year.
It was taken by the Russians in the November following. See next article.
\Varsaw was constituted a duchy and annexed to the house of Saxony
in August, 1807; but the duchy was overrun by the Russians in 1813,
and soon afterwards Warsaw again became the residence of a Russian vice-
roy. The late Polish revolution commenced here, November 29, 1830. See

Poland.

WARSAW, BATTLES or.
the Russians, Oct. 10,12, 1794; and Suwarrow, the Russian general, after

"5 the siege and destruction of Warsaw, cruelly butchered 30,000 Poles, of all
1% ages and conditions, in cold blood, Nov. 8, 1794. The battle preceding the

   

The Poles suffered a great defeat in a battle with

 

 

590' THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [ - .

surrender was very bloody; of 26,000 men, more than 10,000 were killed, ,
nearly 10000 were made prisoners, and 2000 only escaped the fury of the

merciless conqueror. Battle of Growchow, near Warsaw, in which the Rus- _,
sians were defeated, and forced to retreat with the loss of 7000 men, Feb. ”53'
20, 1831. Battle of Warsaw, when, after two days’ hard fighting, the city ,x
capitulated, and was taken possession of by the Russians. Great part of Z
the Polish army retired towards Plock and Modlin. This last battle was
fought Sept. 7 and 8, 1831. “

WARSAW, TREATIES or. The treaty of alliance of Warsaw, between Austria
and Poland, against Turkey, in pursuance of which John Sobieski assisted
in raising the siege of Vienna (on the 18th of September following). Signed
March 31, 1683. Treaty of Warsaw, between Russia and Poland, February
24, 1768. . 7:3

WASHINGTON. The capita. of the United States, founded in 1791, and first ‘
made the seat of government in 1800. The house of representatives was '
opened for the first time, May 30, 1808. Washington was taken in the late
war by the British forces under general Ross, when the Capitol and the
President’s house were consumed by a general conflagration, the troops not
sparing even the national library, August 24-, 1814. General Ross was soon i
afterwards killed in a desperate engagement at Baltimore, Sept. 12, follow— 7,
ing. See United States.

WASHINGTON, GEORGE. Born Feb. 22, 1732; in the expedition of Brad— 1-
dock against fort Du Quesne 1755; appointed commander~in»chief of the ‘
American army 1775; elected president of Convention for forming Consti— j
tution 1787; elected President of the United States 1789; again in 1793; "
died 1799. Washington monument at New York, corner-stone laid, Oct. 19, p
1847. National monument to Washington, corner—stone laid July 4, 1848; "
oration by Robt. C. Winthrop. Virginia monument to Washington, corner-
stone laid by President Taylor, Feb. 22, 1849. ‘

WATCHES. They are said to have been first invented at Nuremberg, A. D.
1477; although it is affirmed that Robert, king of Scotland, had a watch
about A. D. 1310. Watches were first used in astronomical observations by 1'
Purbach, 1500. Authors assert that the emperor Charles V. was the first .
who had any thing that might be called a watch, though some call it a small .
table-clock, 1530. Watches were first brought to England from Germany in ,
1577.—H1mze. Spring pocket-watches (watches properly so called) have _.
had their invention ascribed to Dr. Hooke by the English, and to M. Huy~" ,
gens by the Dutcg, Dr. Derham, in his Artificial Clock/maker, says that Dr. "
Hooke was the inventor; and he appears certainly to have produced what
is called the pendulum watch. The time of this invention was about 1658; 3
as is manifest, among other evidences, from an: inscription on one of the ,_
double-balance watches presented to Charles 11., viz., “Rob. Hooke in—
ven. 1658. T. Tompion fecit, 1675.” Repeating watches were invented ‘
by Barlowe, 1676. Harrison’s time-piece was invented in 1735; improved;
173917491753. In 1759, he made the time—piece which procured him.
the reward of 20,000l., offered by the Board of Longitude, 1763. Watches
and clocks were taxed in 1797. The tax was repealed in 1798. See
Clocks. “

WATER. Thales of Miletus, founder of‘ the Ionic sect, looked upon water;
(as also did Homer, and several of the ancient philosophers) as being the ‘1‘
original principle of every thing besides, about 594 B. c.——Stanley. It is til?
universal drink of man. The ancients usually diluted their Wines with
much water; and Hesiod prescribes three measures of water to one of wine ,
in summer.—Madame Dacier. In the Roman church water was first mixed;

   

   
 

‘l‘ j DICTIONARY or DATES. 591:

: 3“ with the sacramental wine, A. D. 122,—Lenglct. “Honest water is too weak
to be a sinner; it never left a man in the mire.”—S/Lakspea7‘e.

WATER-CLOCKS. The first instruments used to measure the lapse of time,
independently of the sunshine, were clepsydrw or water-clocks. These were
most probably vessels of water, with a small hole through the bottom;
through this hole the water ran out in a certain time, possibly an hour;
after which the vessel was again filled to be emptied as before. This in~
vention was a manifest improvement on the old sun-dials, whose perpendi-
cular gnomon gave hours of different length at the various seasons of the
year. Something similar to the hour-glass was occasionally used; and
Alfred the Great, probably ignorant of these methods, adopted the burning
of a taper as a measure of time. \

WATER—MILLS. Used for grinding corn, invented by Belisarius, the general
of Justinian, while besieged in Rome by the Goths, A. D. 555. The ancients
parched their corn, and pounded it in mortars. ‘Afterwards mills were in-
vented, whieh were turned by men and beasts with great labor; and yet

Pliny mentions wheels turned by water.

WATER TOFANA, on erns’ POISON. See article Poisoning. The poison so
freely administered by Italians in the 17th century, called aqua, tofana, from
the name of the woman Tofania, who made and sold it in small flat vials.
She carried on this traffic for half a century, and eluded the police; but on
being taken, confessed that she had been a party in poisoning 600 people.
Numerous persons were implicated by her, and many of them were publicly
executed. All Italy was thrown into a ferment, and many lied, and some
persons of distinction, on conviction, were strangled in prison. It appeared
to have been chiefly used by married women who were tired of their hus-

. bands. Four or six drops were a fatal dose ; but the effect was not sudden,
and therefore not suspected. It was as clear as water. but the chemists
have not agreed about its real composition. A proclamation of the pope de-
scribed it as aquafortis distilled into arsenic, and others considered it as a
solution of crystallized arsenic. The secret of its preparation was conveyed
to Paris, where the marchioness dc Brinvilliers poisoned her father and two
brothers; and she with many others was executed, and the preparers burnt
alive—Phillips.

WATERLOO, BATTLE or. The greatest victory ever won by British arms, and
the most decisive and happy in its consequences. In this great battle the
French army, with Napoleon as its chief, was signally overthrown by the
British and allies under the duke of Wellington, June 18, 1815. Napoleon
attacked the British, whom he expected to overwhelm by superior num-
bers, but they maintained their ground, and repulsed the enemy from about
nine in the morning till seven at night, when the French line began to waver.
The commander then gave orders to charge ; a total rout ensued, and Blu-
cher, who opportunely' came up at this juncture, joined in the pursuit.
On both sides the carnage was immense; but that of the French was double
the amount of the British. Napoleon quitted the wreck of his flying army,

,. ' and returned to Paris, where he attempted, after the destruction of three

if ~ great armies, to raise a fourth; but finding this impossible, his abdication

followed. See Bonaparte and France.

5 ‘WATER-SPOUT. VVhirlwinds and water—spouts proceed from the same cause,
i ‘ the only difference being that water—spouts pass over the water, and Whirl:
winds over the land—Dr. Franklin. Two water-spouts fell on the Glatz
mountains in Germany, and caused dreadful devastation to Hautenbach, and
many other villages; a prodigious number of houses were destroyed, and
many persons perished, July 13, 1827. A water-spout at Glanflesk, near Kil-

     

  
  
  
  
  
   
    
  
  
  
   
  
   
  
  
    
   
  
  
  
  
  
  

59% THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. [

larney, in Ireland, passed over a farm of Mr. John Macarthy, and desfieM
his cottage, two other farmhouses, and other buildings, of which not a. ves-
tige remained. In this catastrophe seventeen persons perished. August4
1831. '-
WAX. This substance came into use for candles in the twelfth century; and ‘
wax candles were esteemed a luxury in 1300. being but little used. In China, ‘3
candles of vegetable wax have been in use for centuries. See Calndlebe-rr-y. ,,_
wax candles are made very cheap in America, from the berry of a particu-
lar species of myrtle, which yields excellent wax, of a green color. Sealing— "
wax was not brought into use in England until about 1556. The wax-tree

Ligustrum lucidum, was brought from China before 1794.

WE. The common language of kings is we, which plural style was begun with _-
king John, A. D. 1199.—C0ke’s Instit. Before this time sovereigns used the ,
singular person in all their edicts—Idem. The German emperors and French
kings used the plural about A. D. 1200.—Hena.ult. It is now the style royal '
of all monarchs. In the articles of public journals they also adopt the plu- '.
ral, indicating that what they write proceeds from a plurality of pens.

WEALTH. This is a relative term; for as there is only a certain amount of _
property in a country, so the possession of a large share by one man is the
poverty of others. The wealth of individuals is therefore no benefit to the ‘r
country, while as to others it is the cause of their poverty. The instances ‘:
of wealth in the early ages are many and most extraordinary. The mighti-‘ 4.:
est conflagration of wealth on record is that of Sardanapalus, where riches ':
amounting to one thousand four hundred millions sterling were destroyed.
—Athemeus. Czecilius Isidorus died at Rome possessed of 4116 slaves, 3600 ;
oxen, 200,000 head of other cattle, and three millions of our money in coin, j

8 B. c.-— Univ. Hist.

WEAVING. The art of weaving appears to have been practised in China from 3 ,
the earliest antiquity—more than a thousand years before it was known in «- -
Europe or Asia. Poets assign the art to the spider. Women originally 7‘
spun, wove, and dyed; and the origin of these arts is ascribed, by ancient ;
nations, to different women as women’s arts. The Egyptians ascribed it to ,'
Isis; the Greeks, to Minerva; and the Peruvians, to the wife of Manco Ca— ,‘
pac. In most easterr. countries, the employment of Weaving is still per— 2,
formed by the women. Our Saviour’s vest. or coat, had not any seam, being -
woven from the top throughout, in one whole piece. Perhaps, says Dr. Dodd. 1'
ridge, this curious garment might be the work and present of some pious .,
women who attended him, and ministered unto him of their substance, Luke ' ‘
viii. 3. The print of a frame for weaving such a vest may be seen in Calmet’s -:
Dictionary, under the word Vestments. ‘ '

WEAVING IN ENGLAND. Two weavers from Brabant settled at York, where , "
they manufactured woollens, which, says king Edward, “may prove o. 'v
great benefit to us and our subjects,” 1331. Flemish dyers, cloth-drapers, g,
linen-makers, silk-throwsters, &c. settled at Canterbury, Norwich, Colches- 3 >2
ter, Southampton, and other places, on account of the duke of Alva’s pers
cution, 1567.

WEDGWOOD WARE. A fine species of pottery and porcelain, produced by
Mr. Josiah Wedgwood, of Stafl‘ordshire, 1762. The manufactor’ies for this
ware employed 10,000 families in England. Previously to 1763, most of the ,
superit r kinds of earthenwares were imported from France. ' ' - :5

WEDNESDAY. The fourth day of the week, so called from a Saxon idol, callu‘;
ed Woden, supposed to be Mars, worshi ped on this day. Thepname give
to our Wednesday by the Saxons was V oden’s day, which was afterwa a
corrupted to Wednesday. See next article.

 

  

5 ] DICTIONARY or DATES. 5%

WEEK. The space of seven days, supposed to be first used among the Jews,

' who observed the sabbath every seventh day; they had three sorts of weeks,
the first the common one of seven days, the second of years, which was
seven years, the third of seven times seven years, at the end of which was
the jubilee. All the present English names are derived f1 om the Saxon :-—-

Latin. English. Saxon. Presided over by
Dies Saiurni, Saturday, Satcrne’s day, S: 1mm.
Dies Solis, Sunday. Sun’s da , '1‘ lie sun.
Dies 111111113, Monday, Moon’s ay, The moon.
Dies Mariis, Tuesday, Tiw’s day, Mars.
Dies Mercurii, Wednesday, Woden’s day, Mercury.
Dies Jovis, Thursday, Thor’s day, Jupiter.
Dies Veneris, 'Friday, F1 iga’ 5 Clay, Venus.

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. These, and the stamping of gold and silver
money. 11 me invented by Phy don, ty1ant of Argos, 895 B. c. et seq. ~Armtde—
lian .Mcublcs. Weights we1e originally taken from gains of wheat, the
lowest being still called a grain. ~C/Lal7neis The standaid measure was
Oiiginally kept at VVinchcstm by the law of king Edgar, A D. 972. Stand-
a1ds of weights and measures W cm provided f01 the whole kingdom of Eng-
land by the sheriff's of London 8 Richard I.,1197. A public weighing-
machine was set up in London, and all commodities ordered to be weighed
by the city-officer, called the weigh—master, who was to do justice between
buyer and seller, statute 3d Edward II.,1309.—S£0we. The first statute,
directing the use of avordupois weight, is that of 24 Henry VIII, 1532.—
P/Lilosop/Lical Transactions, vol. 65, art. 3. The French adopt the metre of
8.28084. or the 10 millionth part of the distance from the Pole to the Equa-
tor, as the standard of measure; and the kilogramme, equal to 2,255 pounds
avoirdupois, as the standard of weight.

WESLEYAN METHODISTS. A large body of Christians, whose sect was
founded by an excellent and pious man, John Wesley. In 1730 he and his
brother, with a few other students, formed themselves into a small society
for the purpose of mutual edifieation in religious exercises. So singular an
association excited considerable notice, and among other names bestowed
upon the members, that of Methodists was applied to them. Mr. Wesley
went to Georgia in America, in 1735, with a view of converting the Indians.
On his return to England, he commenced itinerant preacher, and gathered
many followers; but the chu1ehes being shut against him, he built spacious
meeting-houses in London, Biistol, and other places. F01 some time he
was united with Mr Whitefield; but difl'e1ences arising on account of the
doctrine of election, they separated, and the Methodists we1e denominated
according to their respective leaders. Mr. Wesley was indefatigable in his
labors, and almost continually engaged in travelling over England, Wales,
Scotland, and Ireland. His society was well organized, and he preserved his
influence over it to the last. He died in London in 1791.

_ WEST INDIES. Discovered by Columbus, St. Salvador being the first land he -
made in the new world, and first seen by him in the night between the 11th
and 12th Oct. 1492. See the Islands respectively.

’5 WESTERN EMPIRE. The Roman empi1e was divided into Eastern and
1 Westem by Valentinian and Valens, of whom the former had the western
5 portion, or Rome, properly so called, A. D. 364. Odoacer, a chief of the

He1uli entered Italy, defeated Orestes took Rome and Ravenna, deposed
, Augustnlus, and assumed the title of king of Italy, August 23, which ended . ~
the Western empire, 507 years after theb battle of Actium, A. D. 476. See "
Eastern Empire.

WESTMINSTER ABBEY. As regards this magnificent cathedral, the miracn
Ions stories of monkish writers and of ancient historians have been qua

    
 
   

394 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

  
   
    
    
  
 
  
  
   
    
 
 
  
   
   
   
   
    
    
   
  

tioned by sir Christopher Wren, who was employed to survey the presei :
edifice, and who, upon the nicest examination, found nothing to countenanc ’
the general belief that it was erected on the ruins of a pagan temple. Hi _
torians, agreeably to the legend, have fixed the era of the first abbey in thy

sixth century, and ascribed to Sebert the honor of erecting it. This churclfi
becoming ruinous, it was splendidly rebuilt by Edward the Confessor, be It
tween A. D. 1055 and 1065; and he stored it with monks from Exeter. Pop-
Nicholas II. about this time constituted it the place for the inauguration
the kings of England. The church was once more built in a magnificen
and beautiful style by Henry III. In the reigns of Edward 11., Edward 111mg
and Richard 11., the great Cloisters, abbot’s house, and the principal m ,:
nastic buildings were erected. The western parts of the nave and aisl;
were rebuilt by successive monarchs, between the years 1340 and 1483. Th e!
west front and the great window were built by those rival princes, Richa
III. and Henry VII.; and it was the latter monarch who commenced t
magnificent chapel which bears his name, and the first stone of which w
laid Jan. 24, 1502—3. The abbey was dissolved. and made a bishopric, 1541 V...
and was finally made a collegiate church by Elizabeth, 1560.

WESTMINSTER HALL. One of the most venerable remains of English ar-
chitecture. first built by William Rufus in 1097, for a banqueting-hall; ant‘
here in 1099, on his return from Normandy, “ he kept his feast of Whit.
suntide very royally.” Richard 11. held his Christmas festival in 1397, whees'_
the number of the guests each day the feast lasted was 10,000.—Stowe.‘
The courts of law were established here by king John—Idem. Westmin ';
ster—hall is universally allowed to be the largest room in Europe unsupporte
by pillars: it is 270 feet in length, and 74 broad. The hall underwent 2

general repair in 1802.

WESTPHALIA. This duchy belonged, in former times, to the duke of Sax
ony. On the secularization of 1802, it was made over to Hesse Darmstadt 5
and in 1814, was ceded for an equivalent to Prussia. The kingdom
Westphalia, one of the temporary kingdoms of Bonaparte, composed 0..
conquests from Prussia, Hesse—Cassel, Hanover, and the smaller states tel
the west of the Elbe, created December 1, 1807, and Jerome appointe
king. Hanover was annexed March 1, 1810. This kingdom was overturnee ‘
in 1813. ,

WESTPHALIA, PEACE or, signed at Munster and at Osnaburgh, betwee
France, the emperor, and Sweden; Spain continuing the war agains
France. By this peace the principle of a balance of power in Europe
first. recagnised: Alsace given to France, and part of Pomerania and som ,
other districts to Sweden; the Elector Palatine restored to the Lower Pal ”
tinate ; the civil and political rights of the German States established; an ‘
the independence of the Swiss Confederation recognised by Germany, 0
tober 24, 1648. ,

WHALE FISHERY or THE UNITED STATES. In 1845 this trade employe
650 vessels, aggregate tonnage 200,000 tons—cost, $20,000,000; manned b
17 .500 officers and seamen. “Commercial history furnishes no parallel "
this Whaling fleet—it is larger than those of all other nations combined.”
Speech of 1m: Grivmell. '2'
WHEAT AND FLOUR. The amount exported by the United States, fro
1790 to 1838, was 10,283,471 bushels—average, 209,666 bushels per annn ‘
In 1845 the amount exported was valued at 35,7 35,372; in 1846, $133505 ,-
This was exclusive of Corn, Rye, &c. The amount was greatly increas
by the scarcity in Europe, especially in Ireland. ‘

WHITE FRIARS. These were an order of Carmelita mendicants, who t‘m= _

 

,] monomer or DAT-ES. 5855

    
   
  
  
   
  
  
   
  
   
  
   
   
  
  
  
  
   
   
    
  
  
   
  
  
   
  
 
   

their name from Mount Carmel, lying southwest of Mount Tabor, in the
Holy Land. They pretended that Elijah and Elisha were the founders of
their order, and that Pythagoras and the ancient Druids were professors of
it. At first they were very rigid in their discipline, but afterwards it was
moderated, and about the year 1540 divided into two sorts, one following
and restoring the ancient severities, and the other the milder regimen.
They had numerous monasteries throughout England: and a precinct in
London without the Temple and west of Blackfriars, is called II’ILitefriars to
this day, after a community of their order, founded there in 1245.

WHITEHALL, LONDON. Originally built by Hubert de Burgh, earl of Kent,
before the middle of the 13th century. It afterwards devolved to the arch-
bishop of York, whence it received the name of York-place, and continued
to be the town residence of the archbishops till purchased by Henry VIII. of
cardinal Wolsey, in 1530. At this period it became the residence of the
court. Queen Elizabeth, who died at Greenwich, was brought from thence
to Whitehall, by water, in a grand procession. It was on this occasion,
CAMDEN informs us, that the following quaint panegyric on her majesty was
written :—

“ The queen was brought by water to \Vhitehall,
At every stroke the oars did tears let fall.
More clungr about the barge: fish under water
Wept out their eyes ofpearl, and swam blind after.
I think the bargemen might, with easier thighs,
Have rowed her thither in her people’s eyes;
For howsoe’er, thus much my thoughts have scann’d,
She had come by water, had she come by land.”

In 1697, the whole was destroyed by an accidental fire, except the banquet-
ing-house, which had been added to the palace of Whitehall by James 1.,
according to a design of Inigo Jones, in 1619. In the front of Whitehall
Charles I. was beheaded, Jan. 30, 1649. George I. converted the hall into a
chapel, 1723—4. The exterior of this edifice underwent repair between 1829

and 1833.

' WHITSUNTIDE. The festival of Whitsunday is appointed by the church to
: commemorate the descent of the Holy Ghost upon the apostles: in the pri-
mitive church, the newly-baptized persons, or catechumens, used to wear
white garments on VVhi "sunday. This feast is movable, and sometimes fails
in May and sometimes in June; but is always exactly seven weeks after
Easter. Rogation week is the week before Whitsunday; it is said to
have been first instituted by the bishop of Vienne in France, and called
Rogation week upon account of the many extraordinary prayers and pre-
paratory petitions made for the devotion of Holy Thursday for a blessing
on the fruits 'of the earth, and for averting the dismal effects of war and

other evils.

_».. WICKLIFFITES. The followers of John Wicklifi'e, a professor of divinity

» in the university of Oxford. He was the father of the Reformation of the
‘ , English church from popery, being the first who opposed the autho-
rity of the pope, the jurisdiction of the bishops, and the temporalities of
the church, in 1377. Wicklifi‘e was protected by John of Gaunt, Edward’s
son and Richard’s uncle, yet virulently persecuted by the church. and res-
cued from martyrdom by a paralytic attack, which caused his death, Dec.
31, 1384, in his 60th year.—Mn‘timer.

, ' LDFIRE. An artificial fire, which burns under water. The French call it
fw G-recquois, because it was discovered by the Greeks, by whom it was
' ’ first used, about A. 1). 660. Its invention is ascribed to Callinieus of Helio-
7 yobs—Noun. Diet. See article Greek Fire.

\5‘

diff

 

5% THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. “ L ,

,\

W'ILKES’ NUMBER. The designation given to the 45th number of a pap f
styled the North Briton, published by John Wilkes, an alderman of Londo
Ho commenced a paper warfare against the earl of Bute and his adminis
tration, and in this particular copy, printed April 23, 1763, made so free a, ‘
use of royalty itself, that a general warrant was issued against him by the?
earl of Halifax, then secretary of state, and he was committed to the Towerdi~
His warfare not only deprived him of liberty, but exposed him to two duels g
but he obtained £1,000 damages and full costs of suit for the illegal seizu "a?
of his papers. He further experienced the vengeance of the court of King’s
Bench, and both houses of parliament, for the libel, and for his obscene
poem “An Essay on Woman;” and was expelled the commons and o'
lawed; he was, however, elected a fifth time for Middlesex in Octobe
1774, and the same year served the office of lord mayor; but was over
looked in a subsequent general election, and died in 1797.

WILLS, LAST, AND TESTAMENTS. Wills are of very high antiquity. See}
Genesis, 0. 48. Solon introduced them at Athens, 578 B. c. There
many regulations respecting wills in the Koran. The Romans had'thi.’
power, and so had the native Mexicans; so that it prevailed at least in. '
three parts of the globe. Trebatius 'I‘esta, the civilian, was the first person
who introduced codicils to wills at Rome, 31 B. C. The power of bequeath? f.
iug lands by the last will or testament of the owner, was confirmed to En-’
glish subjects, 1 Henry 1., 1100; but with great restrictions and limitations
respecting the feudal system ; which were taken off by the statute of Henry-
VIIl., 1541.—Blackstone’s Commentaries. The first will of a sovereign on
record is stated (but in error) to be that of Richard II., 1399. Edward the -

Confessor made a will, 1066. .

WIN D-MILLS. They are of great antiquity, and some writers state them t-‘f’.
be of Roman invention ; but certainly we are indebted for the wind-mill t0:
the Saracens. They are said to have been originally introduced into Euro
by the knights of St. John, who took the hint from what they had seen i ,
the crusades—Baker. Wind—mills were first known in Spain, France, an
Germany, in MGR—Anderson. Wind saw-mills were invented by a Du \:
man, in 1633, when one was erected near the Strand, in London. . ‘

WINDOWS. See Glass. There were windows in Pompeii, A. D. 79, as is evi .’
dent from its ruins. It is certain that windows of some kind were glaze
so early as the third century, if not before, though the fashion was not in‘
troduced until it was done by Bennet, A. D. 633. Windows of glass we '.
used in private houses, but the glass was imported 1177.—Ande7‘son. ‘
England about 6000 houses now have fifty windows and upwards in eac ‘
about 275,000 have ten windows and upwards ; and 725,000 have seven Win
dows, or less than seven. The window-tax was first enacted in order
defray Jgie expense of and deficiency in the re-coinage of gold, 7 Willi '
III., 16' . ’

WINDSOR CASTLE. A royal residence of theBritish sovereigns, origin I.
built by William the Conqueror, but enlarged by Henry I. The monar N 3
who succeeded him likewise resided in it, till Edward 111., who was be
here, caused the old building, with the exception of three towers at t T
west end, to be taken down, and re—ereetod the whole castle, under the ' j“
rection of William of Wykeham. He likewise built St. George’s chape,‘ '
Instead of alluring workmen by contracts and wages, Edward assess
every county in England to send him so many masons, tilers, and car v
ters, as if he had been levying an army. Several additions Were ma ,9
this edifice by succeeding sovereigns; the last by George IV.

WINES. The invention of wine is given to Noah—Abbe? Langlet. The : fl: 1 _

  
 
  
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
  
  
  
   
  
 
 
 
  
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
  
 
  
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
   

   
  
 
  
   
 
 
 
 
  
  
  
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
  
  
   
 
 
 
 
  
  
  
 
  
 
  
  
  
  
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  

jl nwrromar or DATES. ’ 5919?

making wine from rice is ascribed by the Chinese to their king, Ching
N oung, about 1998 B. C.——Univ. Hist. The art of making wine was brought
from India by Bacchus, as other authorities have it. Hosea speaks of the
‘ wine of Lebanon as being very flagrant—Hosea, xiv. 7. Our Saviour

n

changed water into wine at the marriage of Cana in Galilee—John ii. a, 10.

“ The conscious waters saw their God. and blush’d.”—Addz'son.

N 0 wine was produced in France in the time of’ the Romans—Emmet.
Spirits of wine were known to the alchymists.-—ldem. Concerning the ac-
quaintance which our progenitors had with wine, it has been conjectured
that the Phoenicians might possibly have introduced a small quantity of it;
but this liquor was very little known in our island before it was conquered
by the Romans. Wine was sold in England by apothecaries as a cordial in
A. D. 1300, and so continued for some time after, although there is mention
of " wine for the king” so early as 1249; and we are even sent to a much
earlier period for its introduction and use in Britain. In 1400 the price
was twelve shillings the pipe. A hundred and fifty butts and pipes con-
demned for being adulterated, were staved and emptied into the channels
of the streets by Rainwell, mayor of London, in the 6th of Henry VI., 1427.
—-Stowe’s Citron. The first importation of claret wine into Ireland was on
June 17, 1490. The first act for licensing sellers of wine in England passed
April 25, 1061. In 1800 England imported 3,307,460 gallons of all kinds of
wine. In 1815, the United Kingdom imported 4,306.528 gallons. In 1830
were imported 6,879,558 gallons ; and in the year ending Jan. 5, 1840, were
imported 9,909,056 gallons, of which 7,000,486 were for home consumption.
——Pa7‘l. Ret.

WIRE. The invention of drawing wire is ascribed to Rodolph of Nuremberg,
“ A. D. 1410. Mills for this purpose were first set up at Nuremberg in 1563.
~The first wire-mill in England was erected at Mortlake in 1663.—Mortime-r.
The astonishing ductility which is one of the distinguishing qualities of
gold, is no way more conspicuous than in gilt wire. A cylinder of 48 ounces
of silver, covered with a coat of gold weighing only one ounce, is usually
drawn into a wire two yards of which only weigh one grain; so that 98
yards of the wire weigh no more than 49 grains. and one single grain of
gold covers the whole 98 yards; and the thousandth part- of a grain is above
one-eighth of an inch long—Halley. Eight grains of gold covering a cy-
linder of silver are commonly drawn into a wire 13,000 feet long; yet so
perfectly does it cover the silver, that even a microscope does not discover

any appearance of the silver underneath.———B0yle.

RTEMBERG. One of the most ancient states of Germany, and most popu-
lous for its extent. The dukes were Protestant until 1772, when the reign-
ing prince became a Catholic. Wirtemberg has been repeatedly traversed
by hostile armies, particularly since the revolution of France. Moreau
made his celebrated retreat Oct. 23, 1796. The prince of Wirtemberg mar-
. ried the princess royal of England, daughter of George 111., May 17 , 1797.. _
‘s 1 This state obtained new acquisitions in territory in 1802 and 1805. The
" elector assumed the title of king Dec. 12, 1805, and was proclaimed Jan. 1,
i: 1806. His majesty, as an ally of France, lost the flower of his army in Rus—
' sia, in 1812. The kingdom obtained a free constitution in 1819. The king
. granted liberty of the press, March 2, 1848.

SCONSIN. One of the western United States was organized out of the
.North West Territory, and received a territorial government in 1836; ad-
~ " mitted into the Union as a state Feb. 9, 1847. Population in 1830, 30,945:
i 1 chiefly emigrants from the northern and middle states.

‘ HCRAFT. T he punishment of witchcraft was first countenanced by this .1

I

 

598 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

    
  
   
  
   
    
   
  
    
  
  
  
   
   
   
   
    
  
   
 
   
   
   
 
 
 
 
 
   

church of Rome; and persons suspected of the crime have been s11bj'-'m
to the most cruel and unrelenting punishments. In tens of thousands 0
cases, the victims, often innocent, were burnt alive, While others were .
drowned by the test applied; for if, on being thrown into a pond, they did.)
not sink, they were presumed witches, and either killed on the spot, or reli-J‘
served for burning at the stake. Five hundred witches were burnt in Gene ,
va, in three months, in 1515. One thousand were burnt in the diocese of
Como in a year. An incredible number in France, about 1520, when one
sorcerer confessed to having 1200 associates. Nine hundred were burnt in'
Lorraine, between 1580 and 1595. One hundred and fifty-seven were burn 3
at Wurtzburg, between 1627 and 1629, old and young, clerical, learned. an _
ignorant. At Lindheim, thirty were burnt in four years, out of a popuati'o

of 600; and more than 100,000 perished, mostly by the flames, in Germany
Grandier, the parish priest of Loudun, was burnt on a charge of having be-‘
witched a whole convent of nuns, 1634. In Bretagne, twenty poor wome ,
were put to death as witches, 1654. Disturbances commenced on charges}
of witchcraft in Massachusetts, 1648—9; and persecutions raged dreadfully
in Pennsylvania in 1683. Maria Renata was burnt at Wurtzburg in 1749.1”;
At Kalisk, in Poland, nine old women were charged with having bewitched, .7
and rendered unfruitful, the lands belonging to that palatinate, and were‘
burnt Jan. 17, 1775.——A'nn. Reg. Five women were condemned to death by "
the Bramins, at Patna, for sorcery, and executed Dec. 16, 1802.—Idem.

WITCHCRAFT AND CONJURATION IN ENGLAND. Absurd and wicked:
laws were in force against them in Great Britain in former times, by which:
death was the punishment, and thousands of persons suffered both by the
public executioners and the hands of the people. A statute was enactei ;
declaring all witchcraft and sorcery to be felony without benefit of clergy, _
33 Henry VIII., 1541. Again, 5 Elizabeth, 1562, and 1 James. 1603. Bars'
rington estimates the judicial murders for witchcraft in England in 200 years-1‘
at 30.000. The English condemned and burnt the beautiful and heroic J can-
ot‘ Are, the Maid of Orleans, as a sorceress, A. D. 1481. See Juan of Am:
Sir Matthew Hale burnt two persons for witchcraft in 1661. Three thousand
were executed in England under the long parliament. Northamptonshire:
and Huntingdon preserved the superstition about witchcraft later than any
other counties. Two pretended witches were executed at Northampton 11;;
1705, while ‘he Spectator was in course of publication in London, and five; .
others seven years afterwards. In 1716, Mrs. Hicks and her daughter, aged. '
nine, were hanged at Huntingdon. In Scotland, thousands of persons were
burnt in the period of about a hundred years. Among the victims were p
sons of the highest rank, while all orders in the state concurred. James
even causeda whole assize to be prosecuted for an acquittal. This king pub-2.;
lished his thlogues of Dcemonologz'e first’in Edinburgh, and afterwards in;
London.* The last sufferer in Scotland was in 1722, at Dornoch. The laws

‘ All persons at court who sou ht the favor of James, raised his Dazmonologz'e; and parka-1
ment, to flatter him, made its twelfth law against witchcraft in 1603. By this statute death war '
inflicted on sorcerers in thesewords: “ If any person shall use any invocation or conjuration of any
evil or wicked spirit—~shall entertain, employ, feed, or reward any evil or cursed spirit—take up
any dead body to employ in witchcraft, sorcery, or enchantment—or shall practise, or shall exor
cise, any sort of witchcraft, sorcery, &c._. whereby any person shall be killed. wasted, consum
piped, or lamed.” , This being the law of the land, no person presumed to doubt the existence
Witchcraft; hence Shakspeare gave countenance to the error, and the learned bishop Hall menu
a place where, he said, there were more witches than houses. Allaying of ghosts, driving out
s um, and abjuring witches became in consequence, for a. century, a profitable employment to.
c ergy ofall denominations. Witch-finders existed, too, as public officers ‘ and, besides the, ‘

executions, which disgraced every assizes, multitudes of accused were destroyed by powc- '
sentment.—Ph2‘llips. -

   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
    
   
 
 
 
    
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
 
 
 
   
  
    
  

] DICTIONARY or! DATES. 599

_ ." .Igainst witchcraft had lain dormant for many years, when an ignorant person,
, " attempting to revive them, by findinga bill against a poor old woman in Sur—
rey for'the practice of witchcraft, they were repealed, 10 George 11., 1736.—
Viner’s Abridgmcnt.

.‘ WITENA-MOT, on WITENA-GEMOT. Among our Saxon ancestors, this was
‘ the term which was applied to their deliberations, and which literally sig-
nified the assembling of the wise men in the great council of the nation. A
witena—mot was called in London, A. n. 833, to consult on the proper means
to repel the Danes. This name was dropped about the period of the Norman
conquest, and that of parliament adopted. See Parliament.

' WOLVES. These animals were very numerous in England. Their heads were
“ demanded as a tribute, particularly 300 yearly from Wales, by king Edgar,
A. D. 961, by which step they were totally destroyed—Carla Edward I.
issued his mandate for the destruction of wolves in several counties of Eng-
land, A. D. 1289. Ireland was infested by wolves for many centuries after
their extirpation in England; for there are accounts of some being found
there so late as 1710, when the last presentment for killing wolves was
made in the county of Cork. Wolves still infest France, in which kingdom
834 wolves and cubs were killed in 1828—9. When wolves cross a river, they
follow one another directly in a line, the second holding the tail of the first
in its mouth, the third that of the second, and so of the rest. This figure
was, on this account, chosen by the Greeks to denote the year, composed of
twelve months following one another, which they denominated Lycabas, that
is, the march of the wolves—Abbe? Pluclw.

L WOMAN. Among the ancient Greeks and Romans, women seem to have been
considered merely as objects of sensuality and domestic convenience, and
were commonly devoted to seclusion and obscurity; it was not until the

‘ northern nations had settled themselves in the provinces of the Roman em-
pire that the female character assumed new consequence. They brought
with them the respectful gallantry of the North, and a complaisance towards
females which inspired generous sentiments hitherto little known to the
polished nations of antiquity, and which ultimately led to the institution of
chivalry. England is called the paradise of women; Spain, their purgatory ;
and Turkey, their hell. The following lines beautifully describe Adam’s
first sight of Eve:

“ He laid him down and slept—and from his side
A woman in her magic beauty rose;
Dazzled and charmed, he called that woman ‘ bride,’
And his first sleep became 1115 last repose.”—Besser, translated by Bown'ng.

The following distinguished men, though married, were unhappy in that
state: Aristt‘tle, Socrates, Pittacus. Periander, Euripides, and Aristophanes.
Among the moderns: Boccaccio, Dante, Milton, Steele, Addison, Dryden,
Moliere, Racine, Sterne, Garrick, and lord Bacon.— W'oman ,- as sire is, and
as she should be. Among the most beautiful eulogies on woman is the fol-
lowing, addressed to a lovely Italian nun by an English nobleman:
“ Die when you will, you need not wear,
At heaven’s court, a form more fair
Than beauty at your birth has given ;
Keep but the lips, the eyes we see,

The voice we hear, and you will be
An angel ready-made tor heaven l”—Lord Herbert.

DOD—CUTS, 0R WOOD—ENGRAVING. See article Engraving on Wood.
, 9 The invention is ascribed by some to a gun-smith of Florence; by others, to
Sleuss, a German, 4.1). 1460; but it has an earlier origin, as shown in the
~ .. e referred to. Brought to perfection by Durer and Lucas. Brought

 

600 . THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. E g .

    
   
  
  
   
  
 
  
   
   
   
  
    
   
    
  
 
  
    
   
    
  

to great perfection by Bewick, Nesbett, Anderson, &c., in 1789—1799; an
more recently by Cruikshank and others.

WOOL. Dr. Anderson in a memorial subjoined to the “Report of the Com- f;
mittee of the Highland Society,” proves, from indisputable records, that j:-
from the earliest times down to the reign of queen Elizabeth, the wool off
Great Britain was not only superior to that of Spain, but accounted the
finest in the universe; and that even in the times of the Romans, a manu 1
facture of woollen cloths was established at Winchester for the use of the ,,
emperors. In later times, wool was manufactured in England, and is men— ‘_
tioned 1n A. D. 1185, but not in any quantity until 1331, when the weaving of “
it was introduced by John Kempe and other artisans from Flanders. This .
was the real origin of the English wool manufactures, Edward III.,1331.—- ,
Fig/me? s Fwdem. The exportation prohibited, 1337. The exportation of L
English wool, and the importation of Irish wool into England, prohibited, "
1696. The non- exportation law repealed, 1824.

WOOLLEN CLOTH. The manufacture of cloth was known, it is supposed, in ‘ ‘
all civilized count1ies, and in ve1y remote ages, and probably of linen also
Woollen cloths were made an a1 ticle of commerce in the time of Julius Cae
sar, and are familiarly alluded to by him. They were made in England be- ,
fore A. D. 1200, and the manufacture became extensive in the reign of Edward
III., 1331. They were then called Kendal cloth, and Halifax cloth. See ;
preceding article Blankets were first made in Eng land about A. D. 1340. —- 1
Camden. No cloth but of Wales or Ireland to be imported into Eng land
1463. The a1t of dyeing b1ougl1t into England, 1608. See article D 153an .
Medleys, or mixed b1 oad cloth, first made, 1614. Manufacture of fine cloth
begun at Sedan, in France under the patronage of cardinal lVIazarine,1646..{
British and Irish woollens prohibited in France, 1677. All persons obliged
to be buried 1n woollen, or the persons directing the burial otherwise to form‘ 3-
feit 5l, 29 Charles II., 1678. The manufacture of cloth greatly improved 3
in Eng land by Flemish settlers, 1688. Injudieiously restrained in Ireland, "
11 William III, 1698. The exportation from Ireland wholly p1 oh1b1ted ex— ,
cept to certain ports of Eng land, 1701. English manufacture encouraged?
by 10 Anne, 1712, and 2 George 1., 1715. Greater in Yorkshire in 1785 _-
than 1n all England at the Revolution. ——C}Lalmeis.

QUANT :21! AND DECLARED VALUE OF CLorr-rs EXPORTED FROM GREAT BRITAIN IN THE F0».
LOWING YEARS :- ' '

 

 

 

 

 

_ Quantity. 1800. 1825. 1830. 1840.
Pieces . . 1,022,838 1,741,083 1,717,036 2,143.796
Yards - - 4 213,67 7 7,798,610 5,561,877 8,170,642
Declared value £3,914,661 £6,194,926 £4,608,592 £5,921,116

 

WORCESTER, BATTLE or, in the Civil War, fought between the Royalist army 1
and the forces of the parliament, the latter commanded by Cromwell. A .,
large body of Scots had marched into England with a view to reinstate
Charles II., but Cromwell signally defeated them, the streets of the city
were strewed with the dead, the whole Scots army having been either killed .
or taken prisoners This famous battle afforded Cromwell what he called his
crowning meacy. Charles with difficulty escaped to France. Of 8000 pri

soners, most were sent to bond—service in the American colonies. September
3, 1651.

WORLD. According to Julius Africanus, as quoted by Gibbon, the world we
created September 1, 5508 B. 0. Most chronologers however, mention th ,
year 4004 13 c. as the period of its first existence. The Jews celebrate the
19111 of Sep tenrber as the day of the creation and some suppose that it wa
created' 1n spring. Its globula1 form was first suggested by Thales of Mike
tus, about 640 B. c. The 61st geographical table agnd map yof the world 1t

] DICTIONARY or DATES. 6G]

  
  
  
  
   
  
  
   
   
 
   
   
  
   
    
    
   
  
  
   
  
   
  
    
 
   
  
  
 
 
  
 
   
  
  
    

. '" made by Anaximander, about 560 B. c.—-Plim/. Discoveries of Pythagoras
' and his system, about 539 B. c.—Stanlcy. The magnitude of the earth cal—
culated by Eratosthenes, 240 B. c. The system of Copernicus promulgated,
A. D. 1530. Map of the world on Mercator-’3 projection, in which the earth
is taken as a plane, 1556. The notion of the magnetism of the earth started
; by Gilberd, 1583. Magnitude of the earth determined by Pieart, 166E).
. WORMS, DIET OF. The celebrated imperial diet before which Martin Luther
.. was summoned, April 4, 1521, and by which he was proscribed. Luther
‘ was met by 2000 persons on foot and on horseback, at the distance of a
league from Worms. Such was his conviction of the justice of his cause,
that when Spalatin sent a messenger to warn him of his danger, he answer-
, ed, “ If there were as many devils in worms as there are tiles upon the roofs
of its houses, I would go on.” Before the emperor, the archduke Ferdinand,
six electors, twenty-four dukes, seven margraves, thirty bishops and pre-
lates, and many princes, counts, lords, and ambassadors, Luther appeared,
April 17th, in the imperial diet, acknowledged all his writings and opinions,
and left Worms, in fact, a conqueror. But Frederick the Wise advised him
to scclude himself to save his life, which he did for about ten months, and
his triumph was afterwards complete.

, WORSHIP. Athotes, son of Menes, king of Upper Egypt, is said to have been

, the author of religious worship: he is supposed to be the Capt of the
Egyptians, and the Tot/L or Hermes 0f the Greeks; the Mercury of the
Latins, and the Tcutates of the Celts or Gauls, 2112 B. c.—Usher. Religious
worship had an origin in most tribes and nations, in their ignorance of the
causes of natural phenomena. Benefits were ascribed to a good spirit, and
evils to a bad one. This primary idea was enlarged and diversified by
dreaming during imperfect sleep, or thinking while the volition was torpid,
and by illusions of the senses, which led to belief in ghosts, signs, and omens,
and these causes were augmented by enthusiasts—Pitillips. In all nations,
whether civilized or barbarous, 'worship prevails, but is purest in Protestant
states—Sherlock.

ORSHIP IN ENGLAND. In England were many forms of worship at the
period of the Roman invasion. The first Saxons were idolaters, and de-
dicated to their gods groves of the tallest trees and thickest forests, and
there worshipped them without building any temples to them, or represent—
ing them by any figures or images. Our days of the week are named after
. Saxon divinities—the Sun, Moon, Tuesco, Woden, Thor, Friga, and Saturn.
Easter is named from their goddess Eostre ; and Christmas was from their
., great festival Geoli. Paul, or Fola, was their dreaded enemy; and they be-
3:, lieved in elves and fairies, sorcery and witchcraft. The Saxon religion was
Q~v afterwards mingled with the Christian; but the former was in time wholly

superseded by the latter, and in the end, the Reformation introduced our
present pure and simple mode of worship. In Scotland, the benign influence
' of the Reformat-ion soon put aside all other forms. The following is a re-
‘inarkable document, given in M’Crie’s Life of John Knox, (Blackwood,
Edinburgh, 1831.) relating to the removal of images from Catholic places
of worship in Scotland, at the period of the Reformation :—

“ To our traislfriendz‘s, the Lairds qurn- and so cammz‘ttz‘s ow to the protection of
tilly and Kimmz'd. God. From Edin urgh, the xii of August
“ Traist friends, after maist harry com- 1560.
mendacz'on, we pray ou fuill not to pass “ Faill not, hot ze tak guid heyd that nei-
incontinent lo the kyr ‘qf Dunkeld, and talc ther the (tasks, windocks, nor durris, be ony
_ _ down the haill images thereof, and bring ways hurt or broken—either glassin wark
,a furth to the hyr/czard, and burn thaym op- 01‘ iron wark.
' . _'pinly. And sicly/c cast down the (ll/art's, “AR. ERGYLL,
‘ ‘ and pur e lhe Icyrlc 0 all Icynd of menu» “ JAMES STEWART
',, ments 0 idolatrye. nd this yefaz'll not to “ RUTHVEN.” 1
Aida, as ze will do us singular empleseur;

26

.5.< 0

602

WORSTED. A species of woollen fabric, being spun wool, which obtained it!
name from having been first spun in a town called Worsted, in Norfolk, in

which the inventor lived, and where manufactures of worsted are still exten— '
sively carried on, 14 Edward 111., 1340.—Anderson.
knave is a term of reproach or contempt used by Shakspeare.

WRECKS or SHIPPING. The wreckers of Cornwall are the inhabitants of a“
few parishes, on the rocky coast, between Mount’s Bay and the Lizard.

When a wreck takes place, thousands assemble with axes, hatchets, crow: V
bars, &c.; and many women and children fight, by habit, for the plunder, '
utterly regardless of the sufferers—Phillips. _
other ships by wreck upon lee-shores, coasts, and disasters in the open sea, .

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. { . '

   
 
   
   
   
  

Worsted—stocking.

The loss of merchant and ‘0

was estimated at Lloyd’s, in 1800, to be about an average of 365 ships a '._,

year.

SOME OF THE MOST REMARKABLE SHIPWRECKS.

0f the T/tunderer, 74 guns; Stirling
Castle, 64 ; Phoenix, 44 ; La Blanche,
42; Laurel, 28; Andromeda, 28;
Deal Castle, 24; Scarborough, 20;
Barbadoes, l4; Cameleon, 14; En-
dea’voztr, l4; and Victor, 10 guns;
British vessels ofwar, all 10st in the
same storm, in the West Indies, in
October, 1780
Of the Royal George, capsized in Ports-
mouth harbor, England, when 1,000
ersons perished - June 28, 1782
O the steamer Home, from New York
to Charleston; 100 lives lost, Oct. 9, 1837
Of the Fog/arshire steamer, from Hull
to Dun ee; 38 persons drowned.
Owing to the courage of Grace Dar-
ling and her father, 15 persons were
saved. See Forfarshire - Sept. 5, 1838
Of the Pennsylvania, Oaford,.and St.
Andrew. packet ships, in a great gale
ofl‘ Liverpool - ~ Jan. 6, 1839
Of the Poland from New York to
Havre, struck by lightning, May 16, 1840
Of the President steamer, from New
York to Liverpool, with fifty pas-
sengers on board; sailed on March
11, encountered a terrific storm two

It is estimated at Lloyd’s that about 170 British registered vessels are annu
ally lost; 360 are annually rendered unfit for service; and 1100 experien’
serious damage, requiring extensive repairs, exclusively of the ordinar

wear and tear.

WRITING. Pictures were undoubtedly the first essay towards writing. T
most ancient remains of writing which have been transmitted to us are up
hard substances, such as stones and metals, used by the ancients for edict-s,
Athotes, or Hermes, is said to have \ ,
ten a history of the Egyptians, and to have been the author of hierogly
is said to have been taught to the Latin»-
by Europa, daughter of Agenor, king of Phoenicia, 1494 B. c.-——T}mcydidest;,
Cadtnus, the founder of Cadtnea, 1493 B. 0., brought the Phoenician lettenlt,
The commandments were written on two tables’fi

The Greeks and Romans used waxed table-boor it
and continued the use of them long after papyrus was known. ,
“I would check the petty vanity of those WM
slight good penmanship, as below the notice of a. scholar, b) rennin ‘

and matters of public notoriety.

phies, 2112 B. c.— Usher. Writing

into Greece.— Vosst‘us.
stone, 1491 B. c.-—Ulee-r.

ms, Parchment, Paper.

 

  
  
  
    
  
   
   
 
   
  
   
    
    
 
    
  
   
    

In 1830, it appeared by Lloydis List, that 677 British vessels werer~
totally lost, under various circumstances, in that year.
varies; but it is always many hundreds.

The annual loss

days afterwards, and has never since
been heard of - March 13, 1841 3
Of the Peacock, one of the United States ,_
exploring expedition, at the mouth
of the Columbia river, Oregon, mid-
day and smooth water - July,18, 1841
Ofthe [Missouri United States steam-
frigate. by fire, at Gibraltar, Aug. 27, 1843
Of the United States schooner Shark,
wrecked at same place - Sept. 10, 1845
Of the Great Britain iron steam-ship.
This stupendous vessel grounded in
Dundrum bay, on the east coast of , =
Ireland - - Sept. 22, 184 -‘ V
0fthe United States sloop of war Bos- »
ton, on the Bahamas - Nov. 16,1816 '
0f the United States brig Somers, cap- '
sized in a squall, ofl' Vera Cruz ; 39
drowned - ~ Dec. 8, 1845 '
Of the West India mail packet Tweed;
about 90 souls perished - Feb. 19, 1847"
Of the ship Ocean ZlIonarch, of Boston, ‘7
burnt near Liverpool; 170 lives lost, ...
Aug. 21,1? "
0f the barque Charles Bartlett, run
down at sea by steamer Euro 3 ; 134 .-
lives lost - - une 27, 184 .
See Fires, and Steam Vessels. ’

See Pap

DICTIONARY or DATES. 603

   
 
    
   
  
  
  
  
   
  
   
    
  
 
  
  
  
   
   
  
  
  
  
  
   
   
  
  
  
 
 
 
    
 
  

,7 ‘* ‘ (them that Mr. Fox was distinguished by the clearness and firmness, Mr.
*‘ professor Porson by the correctness and elegance, and sir William Jones by

the ease and beauty, of the characters they respectively employed.”—-Dn.
FARR.

X.

7 XANTHUS, SIEGE or, by the Romans under Brutus. After a great struggle,
-~ and the endurance of great privations, the inhabitants, being no longer able
to sustain themselves against the enemy, and determined not to survive the
loss of their liberty, set fire to their city, destroyed their wives and chil-
dren, and then themselves perished in the conflagration. The conqueror
wished to spare them, but though he offered rewards to his soldiers if they

brought any of the Xanthians alive into his presence, only 150 were saved,
much against their will; 42 B. c.—Plutarcl:.,

XENOPHON, RETREAT or. Xenophon surnamed the Attic Muse, led in the
‘ memorable retreat of the Greeks, one of the most celebrated events in
ancient history. The Greeks were mercenaries of the younger Cyrus, after
whose defeat and fall at the battle of Cunaxa, they were obliged to retreat;
but Xenophon kept them in a compact body, and retreated through Asia.
into Thrace. The Greeks proceeded through various fierce and barbarous
nations, surmounted all the obstacles and dangers that arose at every step,
and accomplished their arduous enterprise, aft-er repeated triumphs over

toils, fraud, and force. This retreat is esteemed the boldest and bestcon-
ducted exploit on record; 401 B. c.——Vossius_

RXES’ CAMPAIGN IN GREECE. Xerxes entered Greece in the spring
of 480 13.0. with an army, which, together with the numerous retinue of
servants, eunuchs. and women that attended it, amounted, according to some
historians, to 5,283,220 souls. But Herodotus states the armament to have
cwsisted of 3000 sail, conveying 1,700,000 foot, besides cavalry, and the
mariners, and attendants of the camp. This multitude was stopped at
Thermopylae, by the valor of 300 Spartans under Leonidas. Xerxes, aston~
ished that such a handful of men should oppose his progress, ordered some
of his soldiers to bring them alive into his presence; but for three succes-
sive days the most valiant of the Persian troops were defeated, and the
courage of the Spartans might perhaps have triumphed longer if a base
Trachinian, named Ephialtes, had not led a detachment to the top of the
mountain, and suddenly fallen upon the devoted band. The battle of Ther-
mopylae (which see) was the beginning of the disgrace of Xerxes, Aug. 7,
‘480 B. c. The more he advanced, the more he experienced new disasters.
His fleet was defeated at Artemisium and Salamis, and he hastened back to
Persia. leaving Mardonius, the best of his generals, behind, with an army of
300.000 men. The rest that had survived the ravages of war, famine, and
pestilence, followed Xerxes on his route home.

‘ERXES’ BRIDGE. The famous bridge of Xerxes across the Hellespont,
' " the strait which joins the Archipelago and the sea of Marmora. It was.
formed by connecting together ships of different kinds, some long vessels of
" fifty oars, others three—banked galleys, to the number of 360 on the side
,3 towards the sea, and 318 on that of the Archipelago; the former were
"1 . placed transversely, but the latter, to diminish the strain on their cables, in
:5 the direction of the current, all secured by anchors and cables of great
‘ strength. 0n extended cables between the lines of shipping were laid fast-
E‘bound rafters, over these a layer of unwrought wood, and over the latter

m thrown earth: on each side was a fence, to prevent the horses and

, XE

 

604 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. E i

   
 

beasts of burthen from being terrified by the sea, in the passage from shore :7
to shore. This wonderful work was completed, it is said, in one week, 480 g.
B. 0. ~ ‘~

Y.

YEAR. The Egyptians, it is said, were the first who fixed the length of the 9
year. The Roman year was introduced by Romulus 738 B. 0.; and it was
corrected by Numa 713 B. 0., and again by Julius Caesar, 45 B. 0. See Galena 3
dar. The solar or astronomical year was found to comprise 365 days, 5 hours,
48 minutes, 51 seconds and 6 decimals, 265 B. C. The siderial year, or return ~
of the same star, is 865 days, 6 hours, 9 minutes, and 11 seconds. A consid« :
erable variation prevailed generally among the nations of antiquity, and still
partially prevails, with regard to the commencement of the year. The Jews 1
dated the beginning of the sacred year in the month of March; the Athe-
nians in the month of June; the Macedonians on the 24th Sept; the Chris— 51
tians of Egypt and Ethiopia on the 29th or 30th of August; and the Persians
and Armenians on the 11th of that month. Nearly all the nations of the .,
Christian world now commence the year on the 1st of January. Charles IX. ’3'
of France, in 1654, published an arrét, the last article of which ordered the ,
year for the time to come to be constantly and universally begun, and written
on and from January 1. See New Style, &0.

YEAR, LUNAR. This is the space of time which comprehends twelve lunar ‘
months, or 454 days, 8 hours, 48 minutes, and was in use among the Chal-
deans, Persians, and ancient Jews. Once in every three years was added
another lunar month, so as to make the solar and lunar year nearly agree. ‘-.
But though the months were lunar, the year was solar; that is, the first,
month was of thirty days, and the second of twenty-nine, and so alternately; ' "
and the month added triennially was called the second Adar. The Jews
afterwards followed the Roman manner of computation.

YEAR or OUR LORD. The first sovereign who adopted this distinction was
Charles 111.. emperor of Germany: he added “In the year of our Lord ” to
his reign, A. D. 879. It was followed by the French kings, and afterwards by ,
the English; and is the mode of designating the year from the birth of the .«
Redeemer in all Christian countries. See Ems.

YEAR, PLA’I‘ONIC. The doctrine of the Platonic year was believed among the a
Chaldenns, and in the earliest ages. It is that space of time at the end 1
whereof all the planets are to return to the same point from whence they ;.
set out, and have the same aspects and configurations one upon another. ..
Some aflirm this return to be in 15,000 common years, others in 36,000: The ,‘
ancient heathens were of opinion. that when this period was completed, the "
world would be renewed again, and the departed souls re-enter their bodies, '1
and go through a second course of being.

YEAR, SABBATICAL. This was every seventh year, among the Jews. In this ‘
year the people were enjoined by the law to let the ground lie fallow and
have rest. Every seventh Sabbatical year, or every forty-ninth year was ‘
called the J UBILEE YEAR, when was joy and rejoicing; all debts were forgiven,l ‘ ,
and slaves set at liberty, and it was usual to return to the original families
all estates and property that had been sold or mortgaged—Hist. Jews. "

YEAR. Smearm, AND IN LAPLAND. The year in the northern regions of Siberia ;
and Lapland, is described in the following calendar, as given by a recent
traveller :—

June 23, Snow melts. July 25, Plants in flower.
July 1, Snow gone. Aug. 2', Fruits ripe.
July 9, Field quite green. Aug. 10, Plants shed their seed.

July 17, Plants at full growth. I Aug. 18, Snow. ' '

 
   
  
    
  

W] DICTIONARY 0F DATES. at

The snow the 1 continues upon the ground for about ten months, from Au-
gust 18th of one year, to June 23d of the year following, being 309 days out
of 365; so that while the three seasons of spring, summer, and autumn, are
together only fifty six days, or eight weeks, the winter is of forty—four weeks’
duration in these countries.

YEAR AND A DAY. A space of time, in law, that in many cases establishes
and fixes a right, as in an estray, on proclamation being made, if the owner
does not claim it within the time, it is forfeited. The term arose in the
Norman law, which enacted that a beast found on another’s land, if unclaim-
ed for a year and a day, belonged to the lord of the soil. It is otherwise a
legal space of time.

YELLOW FEVER, THE, visited the city of New York in the years 1741, 1742,
1791, 1795, 1798, 1799, 1800, 1803, 1805, 1819, and 1822. The deaths by that
disease were as follows: 732 in 1795; 2086 in 1798 (population, 55,000);
670 in 1803; 280 in 1805; 23 in 1819; 366 in 18:22. In 1805, 07,000 of the
inhabitants (out of 76,000, the whole population) fled from the city. In 1804,
40 persons died with it at Brooklyn, but New York escaped. Philadelphia
was nearly desolated by it in 1793, and again in 1798. 4041 persons died in
1793, and 17,000 fled from the city (population, 50,000). In 1798, the morta-
lity was great, and-50,000, out of 70,000 inhabitants, fled. Several thousand
died, and the greatest number of deaths in one day was 117. Baltimore
suffered from this disease in 1798, 1819, and 1821. New Orleans and Ha-
vana have it annually. In several of the islands of the West Indies in 1732,
1739, and 1745. It broke out in Spain in Sept. 1803. The yellow fever was
very violent at Gibraltar in 1804 and 1814; in the Mauritius, July 1815; at
Antigua, in Sept. 1816; and it raged with dreadful consequences at Cadiz,
and the Isle of St. Leon, in Sept. 1819. The yellow fever rages more or less
every year or two at Charleston, New Orleans, and other southern cities of
the United States. It first appeared at Rio Janeiro in 1849—50, where it
proved fatal to many thousands.

YOKE. The ceremony of making prisoners pass under it, was first practised
by the Samnites towards the Romans, 321 13.0. This disgrace was afterwards
inflicted by the Romans upon their vanquished enemies—Abbe? Lenglet,
Dufresnoy.

YORK. The Ebm'acum of the Romans, and one of the most ancient cities of
England. Here Severus held an imperial court, A.D. 207; and here also
Constantius kept a court, and his son Constantine the Great was born, in
27-1. York was burnt by the Danes, and all the Normans slain, 1069. York
received its charter from Richard II.. and the city is the only one in the
British kingdoms, besides London and Dublin, to whose mayors the prefix
of lord has been granted.

YORK. ARCHBISHOPRIC or, the most ancient metropolitan see in England, being,
it is said, so made by king Lucius, about A. D. 180, when Christianity
was first, although partially, established in England. But this establishment
was overturned by the Saxons driving out the Britons. When the former
were converted, pope Gregory determined that the same dignity should be
restored to York. and Panlinus was made archbishop of this see, about A. n.
622. York and Durham were the only two sees in the north of England for
a. large space of time, until Henry I. erected a bishopric at Carlisle, and
Henry VIII. another at Chester. York was the metropolitan see of the Scot-
tish bishops; but during the time of archbishop Nevil, 1464, they withdrew
their obedience, and had arehbishops of their own. Much dispute arose
. . between the two English metropolitans about precedency,'as, by pope Gre-

' :go’rry’s institutions, it was thought he meant, that which ever of them was

 

3% THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. { [~ .

  
 
 
 
   
 
   
   
   
  
 
 
     
  
   
   
   
    
  
   
   
  
   
 
    
  
  

first confirmed, should be superior; appeal was made to the court of Rome" : .1
by both parties, and it was determined in favor of Canterbury; but 'York'fl .
was allowed to style himself primate of England, while Canterbury styles
himself primate of all England: York has yielded to the church of “Rome
eight saints, and three cardinals; and to the civil state of England, twelve ..
lord chancellors, two lord treasurers, and two lord presidents of the north. Q,
It is rated in the king’s books, 39 Henry VIII., 1546, at 1609!. 195. 2d. per
annum.-—Beatson.

YORK CATHEDRAL, ENGLAND. This majestic fabric was erected at different
periods, and on the site of former buildings, which have again and again ‘
been destroyed by fire. The first Christian church erected here, which ap- jf
pears to have been preceded by a Roman temple, was built by Edwin, kin '
of Northumbria, about the year 630. It was burnt for the third time i 'r‘
1137, along with St. Mary’s Abby, and 39 parish churches in York. Arch-
bishop Roger began to build the choir in 1171, but it was by many hands, _
and with the contributions of many families, and of multitudes who were ?
promised indulgences for their liberality, that this magnificent fabric was
completed, about 1361. It was set on fire by Jonathan Martin, a lunatic, 5
and the roof of the choir and its internal fittings destroyed, Feb. 2, 1829; F
the damage estimated at 60,000£., was repaired in 1832.

YORK AND LANCASTER, WARS or THE HOUSES or. The first battle be-_
tween these houses was that of St. Albans, fought May 22. 1455. The last _~
was that of Tewkesbury, fought May 4, 1471. In these battles the Yorkists, l
or White Roses, were victorious against the house of Lancaster, or the Red,
Roses. But in the sixteen years between these two dates, more than thirty ;
great battles were fought with different success, and half the country was
depopulated, and nearly the whole of the nobility exterminated.
Roses. ‘

YORKTOWN. A village in Virginia, memorable for the surrender of the Bri—:'
tish army under lord Cornwallis, consisting of 7000 men, to the Americans:
and their allies under Washington and count Rochambeau, Oct. 19, 1781.
This event decided the contest for independence in favor of the Americans... .

YUCATAN, adopted a constitution as a republic (having declared its indepena‘
dence of Mexico), May 16, 1841.

Z.

ZAMA, BATTLE or, between the two greatest commanders in the world at the.
time, Hannibal and Scipio Africanus. It was won by Scipio, and was deci-
sive of the fate of Carthage; it led to an ignominious peace which
granted the year after, and closed the second Punic war. The Romans los-
but 2000 killed and wounded, while the Carthaginians lost, in killed
and prisoners, more than 40,000; some historians make the loss greate
B. c. 202.

ZANTE. This island, with the rest of the islands now forming the Ionian re
public, was subject to Venice prior to the French Revolution; but the who
group were ceded to France by the treaty of Campo Formio (which see)
October 17, 1797. They were taken by a Russian and Turkish fleet, an
were erected into an independent republic by the name of the Seven Islands»:
in 1799. They fell into different hands 'in the course of the succeeding
year, and were surrendered to the French by the Russians, together with
Ragusa, August 14, 1807. They submitted to the British army, October
1809. In the arrangements at the congress of Vienna, in 1815, they wer
put under the protection of Great Britain. The treaty was ratified

 
   
  
   
 
  
  
   

Mi] marrow” or DATES. M

Paris for that purpose, between Great Britain and Russia, November 5,
1815. The new constitution was ratified by the prince regent, February
22, 1817. .

ZANZALEEN S. This sect rose in Syria, under Zanzalee, A. D. 535; he taught
that water by baptism was of no efficacy, and that it was necessary to be
baptized with fire, by the application ofa red-hot iron. The sect was at
one time very numerous—Ashe.

ZE, ZOW, ZIERES. For ye, you, and yours. The letter 2 was retained in
Scotland, and was commonly written, for the letter y, so late as the reign of
queen Mary, up to which period many books in the Scottish language were
printed in Edinburgh with these words, A. D. 1543.

ZEALAN D, NEW, IN THE PACIFIC. Discovered by Tasman in 1642. He tra—
versed the eastern coast, and entered a strait where, being attacked by the
natives soon after he came to anchor, he did not go ashore. From the time
of Tasman, the whole country, except that part of the coast which was
seen by him, remained altogether unknown, and was by many supposed to
make part of a southern continent, till 1770, when it was circumnavigated
by captain Cook, who found it to consist of two large islands, separated by
the strait. The introduction of potatoes into New Zealand has saved many
lives, for the natives give this root a decided preference to human flesh,
under every circumstance, except that of wreaking vengeance on a chief of
the foe whom they have taken in battle. Captain Cook, in 1773, planted
several spots of ground on this island with European garden-seeds; and in
1777, he found a few fine potatoes, greatly improved by change of soil.

ZELA, BATTLE 012, in which Julius Caesar defeated Pharnaces, king of Pontus,
son of Mithridates. Caesar, in announcing this victory, sent his famous
dispatch to the senate of Rome, in three words: “ Vent, vidi, vici”——“I
came, I saw, I conquered,” so rapidly and easily was his triumph obtained.
This battle concluded the war; Pharnaces escaped into Bosphorus, where
he was slain by his lieutenant, Asander; and Pontus was made a pr :vince
of Rome, and Bosphorus given to Mithridates of Pergamus, 47 B. c.—
Sue. Cues.

ZELICHOW, BATTLE or, between the Polish and Russian armies, one of the
most desperate and bloody battles fought by the Poles in their late struggle
for the freedom of their country. The Russians, who were commanded by
general Diebitch, were defeated, losing 12,000 men in killed, wounded, and
prisoners ; and Diebitch narrowly escaped being taken in the pursuit of his
. flying army, April 6, 1831.
~ ZENO, SECT or. founded by Zeno. This sect also took the name of Stoic, from
' a public portico, so called, from which the philosopher delivered his ha-
rangues. It was the most famous portico in Athens, and was called by way
of eminence, Erou, the porch. See Stoics. In order to form his own school
of philosophy, and to‘collect materials for a new system, Zeno had attended
the schools of various masters, and among others he offered himself as a
disciple of Polemo. This philosopher, aware of Zeno’s object, said, “ I am
no stranger, Zeno, to your Phoenician arts. I perceive that your design is
, to creep slily into my garden, and steal away my fruit.” He taught about
Y; 312 B. c.
it ZINC. The discovery of this metal, so far as the fact is known, is due to the
modems. It is said to have been long known in China, however, and is no-
' ticed by European writers as early as A. D. 1231 ; though the method of
extracting it from the ore was unknown for nearly five hundred years
after. A mine of zinc was discovered on lord Ribbledale’s estate, Craven,
Yorkshire, in, 1809. Zineography was introduced in London shortly after

 

 

608 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. ‘[ -.

 

   
    

the invention of lithography became known in England, in 1817. See Liz:
thogmphy. ~ 5 ,

ZODIAC. The’obliquity of the zodiac was discovered, its twelve signs named, .3
and their situations assigned them in the heavens, by Anaximander. about ~
560 B. c. The Greeks and Ar'abians borrowed the zodiac from the Hindoos
to whom it has been known from time inimemorial.~——Si7' Willimn Jones
The invention of geographical maps, and of sun-dials, belongs also to Anax

. imander.-—Pli7zj.

ZOE, REIGN or. This extraordinary woman, daughter of the emperor Con
stantine IX., married Romanus, who, in consequence, succeeded to the :f
throne of the Eastern empire, A. D. 1028. Zoe, after intriguing with a Pa- «j
phlagonian money-lender, caused her husband Romanns to be poisoned,

and afterwards married her favorite, who ascended the throne under the 1,

name of Michael IV., 1034. Zoe adopted for her son Michael the Fifth '

the trade of whose father (careening vessels) had procured him the surname ,

of Calaphates,1041. Zoe and her sister, Theodora, were made sole em— T?

presses by the populace ; but after two months, Zoe, although she was sixty

years of age, took for her third husband Constantine X., who succeeded to.’
the empire in 1042. See Eastern Empire.

ZOOLOGY. The animal kingdom was divided by Linnaeus into six classes, .-
viz 2—Mmumalz'e, which includes all animals that suckle their young ;- Aves, ,
or birds; Amphibia, or amphibious animals; Pisces, or fishes; Insect-a, or'
insects; Vermes, or worms; A. D. 1741. From this period the science of
zoology has had many distinguished professors, the most illustrious of whom ,
was the baron Cuvier, who died in Paris, May 13, 1832. The Zoological -

Gardens of London were opened in April 1827; the society was chartered ‘1
March 27, 1829. '

ZUINGLIANS. The followers of Ulricus Zuinglius. This zealous reformer, -
while he officiated at Zurich, declaimed against the church of Rome and _
its indulgences, and effected the same separation for Switzerland from the Q.
papal dominion, which Luther had for Saxony. He procured two assem-
blies to be called; by the first he was authorized to proceed, and by the, =
second the ceremonies of the Romish church were abolished, 1519. Zuin—~
glius, who began as a preacher, died in arms asa soldier: he was slain in a ~
skirmish against the Popish opponents of his reformed doctrines, in 1531. ,
The reformers who adhered entirely to Zuinglius were called after his name *‘
and also Sacramentarians. '

ZURICH. It was admitted to be a member of the Swiss confederacy, of which _
this canton was made the head, A. D. 1851. Cession of Utznach, 1436. .This ,
was the first town in Switzerland that separated from the church of Rome, '
in consequence of the opposition given by Zuinglius to a. Franciscan monk
sent by Leo X., to publish indulgences here, 1519, et seq. A grave-digger .-
of Zurich poisoned the sacramental wine, by which eight persons lost their
lives, and many others were grievously injured, Sept. 4, 1776. The French .
were defeated here, losing 4000 men, June 4, 1799. The Imperialists were

defeated by Massena, the former losing 20,000 men in killed and wounded,
Sept. 24, 1799. See Switzerland. .

 

 

LITERARY CHRONOLOGY.

[From the Companion to the British Almanac, with additions]

    
    
   
   
   
   
  
  
    
  
    
 
   
 
 
  

THE following Chronological List of Authors is in extension of the Catalogue
furnished in the Companion of 1831, differing from it by adding to the name
of each author the title of his most important production, or some word
expressive of the nature of his works.

In order to show the various literary character of each age the catalogue is
divided into three columns: the first containing those authors who have drawn
chiefly from their own sources, as poets and novelists; the second those who
treat on matters of fact, as history and geography; and the third, the philo-
sophic and scientific writers. Where an author has written in difl'erent styles,
his name will be found in the column to which his most distinguished pro-
ductions appertain. The Hebrews having, almost without exception, treated
on speculative subjects, the triple division does not extend to them.

The dates of birth and death are appended to each name, where they could
be ascertained. In other cases, the situation of the name will show nearly the
time when each author has flourished.

HEBREW.

(The words in italics between parentheses are the familiar appellations of the preceding persons;
they are formed from the first letters of each word. composmg their names. For example, the
Jews call Maimonides Rambam, from the four initial letters of his full name, Rabbi Moses ben

Maimon. J m T01", in like manner, is called Ritba, from the words Rabbi Yom Tof bar
Abraham]

. n. c. B. c.
1500 Moses, 1572—1452. 100 Nechoniah ben Hakkanah, ‘Sepher hab-
Phinehas, supposed author of the book of bahir,’ the illustrious book. The most
. Joshua. ancientof Rabbinical books. Cabbalistic.
,- 1100 David, 1085—10815. Jonathan, ‘ Targum,’ or Chaldee paraphrase
' [000 Solomon, 1033—975. ,ol‘ the Bible. ‘
8‘00 Jonah, d. 761. A. D.
Amos. 0 Onkelos, ‘Targum.’
Hosea. . Josephus, b. 35.
Joel. 100 Akiba, d. 120. The Mishna has been in-
Obadiah. correctly attributed to him.
Micah. Shimeon hen Jochai (Rashbi). The ‘Zohm',gr
Isaiah, (1. 681. a celebrated cabbalistic Commentary
Nahum. on the Pentateuch is usually attributed
” 100 Habakkuk. to him, but was composed by his dis‘
Zephaniah. ciples. .
:j . Jeremiah. Jose ben Chilpheta, ‘A History of the
‘3. 600 Baruch. World.’ . .
- Ezekiel. Nathan of Babylon, ‘ Pirke aboth,’ the say-
Daniel. jugs of the fathers. Ethics.
Zechariah. Eliezer, ‘Pirke Eliezer,’ the sayings of
Haggai. Eliezer, a. History of the World.

. 500 Ezra. Judah Hakkadosh, ‘Mislma,’ the oral tradi-
Nehemiah, d. 430. tions of the Jews, which, with the
Malachi. ‘ ‘ ‘ _ :emara _or Commentary, constitutes the

- . H Jesus, son of Smwh. ' ' ‘ Babylonian Talmud.

26*

 

610

Raf, supposed author of the ‘Si hm,’ a
commentary on Leviticus, an of the
‘Siphre,’ a commentary on Numbers
and Deuteronomy.

210 Ushaya, ‘Bereshith Rabba,’ a Commentary
on the Mishna.

Author of the ‘ Mechilta,’ a Commentary
on Exodus.

Jochanan, " Talmud of Jerusalem.’

300 Rabba bar Nachmon, ‘ Rabboth,’ Commen-
taries on the Bible.

400 Rabasha, began the ‘Gemara,’ a Commen-
tary on the Mishna.

Martemar, continued the ‘ Gemara.’

500 Abina, completed the ‘Gemara.’
800 Simeon Hejara, ' Great decisions,’ jurid.

Judah bar Nachman (Riban), Compendium
of the preceding.

980 Saadia Gaon, ‘I’hilosopher’s Stone,’ ‘Book
of Faith,’ ‘Grammar,’ &c.
Sherira, ‘ The Book of Answers,’ history.
000 Samuel Haccohen, d. 1034.

Joseph Ching, Grammnrian.

Jud-(t3. Barzelloni, ‘Rights of Women,’ ju-
1'1 to.

Joseph ben Gorion (Rz’bag), ‘ Compendium
of Hebrew History.’

Moses Aben Ezra, d. 1080. Grammarian.

Isaac of Cordova, d. 1094. ‘Chest of Spices.’

.100 Alphes, d. 1103. ‘ Compendium of the
Talmud.’

Nathan, d. 1106.
Lexicon.’

Solomon Jarchi (Rashi), Grammarian, d.
1105. ‘Tongue of the Learned.’

Joseph ben Meir (Ribam), d. 1141. ‘ Com-
mentary on Talmud.’

Juda the Levite, ‘Sepher Cosri,’ philoso-
phical.

Abraham Aben Ezra, very learned Com-
mentaries on the Bible.

Tam. d. 117. ‘ Sepher Hajashar,’ the Book
of Righteousness. ..

Samuel ben Meir (Rashbam), d. 1171.
‘ Commentary on the Talmud.’

Benjamin of Tudela, d. 1173. ‘Travels.’

Samuel, ‘ Book of Piety,’ Ethics and Theo.
ogy.

Isaac bar Abba, Gram marian.

Moses Kimhi, Grammarian.

David Kimhi (Radak), Grammarian.

‘Talmudic and Chaldee

 

. (n ""0"?!" —. ‘3"

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

Moses Mikkotsi, ‘Great Book of Pmcepts,I
‘ Compendium of Talmud.’

Isaac ben Splomon, d. 1268. ‘Proverbs and '
Fables.’ *

Nissim, d. 1268. ‘ Book of Homilies.’ -

Isaac ben Joseph, d. 1270. ‘Book of Precepts.’ _

Moses Aben Tybon, Translator of Mathe-
matical and Philosophical works from
the Greek and Arabic.

Solomon ben Adras (Bus/217a), Theology.

Meir, Meditations, on ‘ Maimonides.’

Menachem Rekanat, d. 1290. ‘ Reason for
the enactment of the Laws of Moses.’

Bechai, ‘ Commentary on Pentateuch.’

Shimson, d. 1312. ‘ Intro. to the Talmud.’

Isaac Israeli, ‘ Foundation of the World,’
History.

Judah, son of Benjamin, Rittal.

Mordechai, ‘ Compendium of Talmud.’

Isaac Dura, ‘On Forbidden and Permitted
Food.’

Aaron Haccohen, ‘ The Way of Life.’

Jerucham, ‘ Book of Rectitude.’

Jacob ben Asher, ‘ The Four Orders,’ 3
Ritual of much authority.

David Abudraham, astronomy.

1300

Levi ben Gerson (Ralbag), d. 1370. ‘Com- . “

mentary on the Law.’ ~
Menachen Aben Serach. d. 1375. Ritual. .-
Isaac ben Sheshat (Ribash), ‘Questions _
and Answers on Various Subjects.’ '
Moses Haccohen, ‘Help of Faith.’
Isaac Sprot, ‘Aben Bochan,’ a polemic work
against Christianity.
Jom Tof bar Abraham (Ritba), Commen-
_ tary on Maimonides.’
Chasdai, d. 1396. ‘Light of the Lord.’
Ethics and Theology.
Simeon bar Zemach, ‘ Shield of the Fathers.’
1400 Jacob Levi, ti. 14:27. A Ritual.

Joseph Albo, the Divine Philosopher,- -» '

‘ Foundation of Faith.’

Israel Germanus, ‘Questions and Answers .1.

on the Law.’
Joshua Levita, ‘ Introd. to the Talmud.’
David Vital, ‘ Golden Verses.’
Samuel Sirsa, Grammar.
Isaac ben Arama, ‘ Com. on the Law.’
Elias Misrachi (Ram), Arithmetic.
Abarbinel, ‘ Commentary on the Bible.’
Isaac Abuhaf, Ethics.

Abraham bar Dior (Rabad), d. 1199. Cab‘ 1500 Abraham Seba, ‘Bundle of Myrrh,’ a. Com- ‘ ’

balist.
Abraham ben David (Rabad), Jurist.
Moses ben Maimon (Rambam), 11314205.
‘ Yad Hazaka,’ the strong hand, a ver
celebrated Commentary on the Talmu ,
&c. (This author is better known by
his Latinized name, Maimonides.)
1200 Abraham bar Chasdai, Ethics.
Eliakim, Ceremonies.
Baruch Miggarmisa, Laws, Ceremonies.
Eliezer Miggarmisa, Ethics, Commentaries.
Asher, Compendia of Talmud. _
Perez Haccohen (Hamph), Cabbalist.
Moses ben Nachman (Ramban), d. 1260.

mentary.
Isaac Yarro, ‘ Explanations of the Bible.’
Elias Levi, Grammar. -_
Solomon ben Virga, ‘History of the Jews.’ 7’
Benjamin Zeef, ‘ Questions and Answers.’ '
Abraham Zaccoth, ‘ Juchasin,’ Sacred and: 5
Jewish History.
Moses Iserle, Astrology.
Joseph Karro, ‘ Com. on Maimonides.’
Azarias Edomaeus, History and Philology.
Gadaliah, ‘ Cabbalistic Chain," History and .
Chronology. ‘
Leo, d. 1592. ‘ Lion’s Whelp,’ Grammar.
David Gans, History. .

‘ Law of Man,’ a celebrated book on 1600 Mases of Trana, ‘Book of God.’

Ceremonies, &c.

AUTHORS OF THE

A

1700 Moses Mendelssohn, 1729—1785, Philosophy
NEW-TESTAMENT.

. n
0 St. Matthew, St. Mark, St. Luke, St. John, Evangelism.
St. Paul, St. Peter. St. James, St. Jude, Epistlers.

 

 

 

LITEMI" OHIOQIOLOGWEEK.

GREEK.

MI

 

   
   
   
   
 
    
  
   
   
 
 
  
   
  
  
 
   
   
    
  
   
  

IMAGINATION.

 

&c.
HtEiod, ‘ Works and Days,’
c.

Archilochus, Satires, Ele-
gies (fragments).

600 Alcaeus, Lyrics (fragments).

Sappho Lyrics (fragments).

Solon, d2 558.

Epimenides.

Stesichorus, 633~553 Lyrics
(fragments):

Mlmnermus, Elegies (frag-
ments.)

Anacreon, Lyrics.

 

‘ 500 Simonides, 556—467, Lyrics.

~ Esphylus, 525—456, Trage-
les.

Pindar, 518—439, Odes.

Bacchylides, Lyrics.

So 'hocles, 495—405, Trage-
res.
- Euripides, 480—486, Trage-
dies.
Aristophanes, d. 338, Come-
dies.

Diphilus, Comedy (frgts)
Menander, 242—291, Come-
dies (fragments)

 

at

1 Bion, Idyls.

Moschus,ldyls.

Lyonphron, ‘ Cassandra.’

Callimachus, Hymns and
Epigrams.

Theoeritus, Idyls.

Amtus, Poem on Astrono-
my.

Cleanthes, Hymns.

‘ if

, nautical

3.0. 3.0.
a 900 Homer, ‘Iliad,’ ‘Odyssey,’ 900

700 Tyrtazus,Elegios(f1'agm’ts.) 700

  

500

FACT-

 

 

 

500
Gorgias, Orations (frgts.)

Hecataens, Hist. (fra gmn’ts.)
Herodotus, d. 484 History.
Thucydides, 471.é91, Histo-
ry of Peloponnesian War.
Antiphon, Oi‘ations.
Andorides, Orations.
Lysias, 458—378, Orations.

    
  
 
 

400 Ctesias, History (fragm’ts.) 400
Xenophon, 444—859, History,
Philosophy, &c.
Isaaus, Oratlons.

Isocrates, 536—338, Orations.

Dinarchus, Orations.

Lycurgus, Orations.

Demosthenes, 382—322, Orav
tions.

Eschines, 389-314, Orations.

SPECULATIVE AND scmxrxrm

 

 

 

Pythagoras, Philosophy.

Zeno of Elea, Philosohy.
Ocellus Lucanus, Philoso:

phy-

Anaxagoras, 500—428, Philo-
sophy.

Socrates, 468—399, Philoso
phy-

 

Hippocrates, 460-357, Medi-
cme.

Democritus, 450—357, Philo-
sophy.

Plato, 429-347, Philosophy.

Aristotle. 384—322, Philom
phy, Criticism. 7 .

Theophrastus,d. 288, Ethics.

Epicurus, 341—270. Philoso-

' phy~

300 300

Mane tho, History (fragm’ts.)

.‘ pollonius Rhodius, Argo-

Euclid, Geometry.
Zento of Citium, d. 263, Phi-
losophy. '

Apollonius, Conic Section];

Archimedes, d. 212, ‘Srihou
and linder,’ &:c.* ‘
Eratost enes, Philosophy.

 

 

 

612‘

W
SPECULAT‘VE AND SCIENTIm ‘

IMAGINATION.

 

200 Nicander, Theriaea.

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS: "‘7’

FACT.

200 Polybius, 206—124, Universal 200

History.

Apollodorus, ‘Bibliotheca,’ ‘
Mythology.

 

100 Meleager, Epigrams.

A. n.
100

Iamblichus, ‘Rhodis and Si-
nonides, a novel.

Lucian, Dialogues.

Oppian, Poems on Hunting
and Fishing.

Athenaeus, d. 194, ‘Deipno-
sophistaa, anecdotes.

 

 

Achilles Tatius, ‘Clitophon

and Leucippe ’ novel.
Xenophon, ‘Anthea and Ab-
rocome,’ novel.

100 Canon, Mythology.
Scymnus, Poetical Geogr.
Dionysius Halicarnassus,

‘Roman Antiquities.’

Dionysius Periegetes, Ge-

ography?

Diodorus Siculus, General

History.

  

0 Strabo, Geography.

Pausanias, Description of
Greece.

Plutarch, Biography, Morals
&c.

Dion Chrysostom, Orations.

A. D.

100 Elian, d. 140. Varieties.
Ap ian, History.
Pto emy, Geog, Astron.

Arrian, ‘ Expedition of Alex-
ander.’

200 Diogenes Laertius, d. 222, 200

‘Lives of Philosophers.’

Philostratus, d. 244, Life of
Apollonius.

Dion Cassius, History of
Rome.

IIerodian, History of Rome.

 
   

Porphyrius, 233—304, Life of
. Pythagoras, Philosophy.

300 Eusebius, d. 340, Ecclesias- 300

tical History.

Liabanius, Orations and

Epistles.

  
 

100

   
  

 
 
  

.D.

 

“f“ r. T

 

   
 
   
   
   
  
   
   
   
  
   

 

 

Dioscorides, Botany and Mo- .'
dicine, ' t

Epictetus, ‘ Enchiridion,”
Philosophy. . ‘

J ulstin Martyr, d. 163, Theo- ;

ogy. ‘
Pol ycarp, d. 167, Theology. ;
Galen, 103-193, Medicine. ‘

Athenagoras, d. 172, ‘ 0n the .

Resurrection.’ '
Phavorinus, Lexicon.
Hermogenes, d. 161, Rho- I"

toric. _.
Polyaanus, Strategy.
M. Aurelius Antoninus, .. .. ‘

Iosophy. "
Nephaestion, ‘ On Metres.’
Max. Tyrius, Philosophy.

Julius Pollux, ‘Onomasti-g
con,’ Rhetoric. ~

 

Ammonius. Philosophy: i .
Origen, d. 254, Theology
Hesychius, Lexicon. .. .
Iamblichus, Philosophy; _
Longinus, d. 273, ‘On 350.;

Sublime.’ ‘ ‘

 

Julian, d. 363, Philosophy. "
Atlhanasius, 298-371,

ogy.
Gre . Nazianzen, 3 ;

0g”..-

  
   
   
  
 
  
  
  
 
  
 
  
  
 
 
  
  
     

mam: momtoeri—Smtmm M3

 

“WM—-
; M? 7 'mamnxou. new. spscvnurvn AND commune.

   
  
 

 

 

 

 

m0 300 Greiory Nyssaaus, d. 396;.
T eology.
Cyril, 315-386, Theology.
Diophantus, Mathematics.
Euna ius, ‘Lives of Philo~ ”

sop ers.’

 

 

 

NC- Aristaenetus, ‘Erotic Let- 300 300

ters.’ Chrysostom, 354-407, The.
ology.
Heliodorus, ‘ Theagenes &
Chariclaaa,’ novel.
Chariton, ‘ Chmreus and
Calirrhoe,’ novel.

 

 

 

400 Nemesius, ‘Nature of

400 Longus, ‘Daphnis and 400 Synesius, Orations &Epis- ,
Man,’ Philosuphy.

Chloe,’ noyel. tles.
Nonnus. ‘ Conquest of India

by Bacchus.’
Stobaeus, ‘ Literary Collec-

tions.’
Quintus Smyrnmus (com- Zosimus, ‘Hist. of Roman
monly called) Calabar, Emperors.’ Cyril, d. 443, Homilies.
‘Conlin. of Homer.’ Socrates, 389—446, Ecclesi- Proclus, d. 445, Theology.
Musaaus, Poem of Hero and astical History.
Leander? Sozomen. d. 450, Ecclesias-

tical History.
Theodoret, d. 450, Ecclesi.
Eumathius, ‘Ismenaeus &. astical History.

Ismenzea,’ novel. _
Proclus, d. 500, Platonist.

Coluthus, Poem on ‘Rape
of Helen.’
Tryphindorus, Poem on

‘ Destruction of Troy.’ .

500 Stephanus, Geography. 500 Simplicius, ‘ Comments on
Aristotle.’
Tribonianus, Jurist.

 

 

500

Procopius, ‘ Hist. of Reign
of Justinian.’

Olympiodorus, ‘Hist. of
Honorius.’

Cos. lndicopleustes, Topo-
graphy.

Evagrius, Ecclesiast. Hist

Agathias, Byzantine Hist.
.——._-————————— —-——-——————-——m

600 Menan, Protector, Chron. 600
Theophanes, Byzant. Hist.

 

Philoponus, Grammarian.

Theophylactus Simocatta,
Byzantine History.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

700 700 Damascenus, d. 750, The-
ology.
800 Nicephorus, 758-828, Hist. 800 Theodorus Studites, 759<
Syncellus, History. 826, Sermons.
Photius, d. 891, ‘Biblio-
’theca.’ .,
John Malalas, History.
900 900 Leo VI.. 01. 911, ‘ 0210!:in
' tum Faith.’ . .
Leontius, History. ti.

_ Genesius, History.

 

 

 

61%,

m

IMAGINATION. FACT.

 

 

900 900 Const. Porphyrogenneta,

905-959, Hist. Selections.
Sim. Metaphrastes, Lives
of Saints.

 

1000 1000 George Cedrenus, History-
John Xiphilinus, d. 1080,'

Abridg. of Dion Cassius.

John Scylitza, History.

 

 

1:00 1100 .
Nicephorus Bryennius, d.)
1137, Byzant. Affairs.
Anna Comnena, Reign of
her father Alexius.

C. Theo. Prodromus, ‘ Rho-
danthe and Dosicles,’ .
novel. Const. Manasses, History.

Zonaras, History of Ro-.

mans, History of Jews.

Will. of Tyre, 1100—1184,
History.

John Tzetzes, History in
Verse.

Cinnamus, History.

 

 

Tm: WORLD’S PMGMfK- -

 

 

 

, .

  
    
 
   
  

smacuu'mvn mm L '

900

 

1000

Theophylactus Theolo ”
Miohael Pseuué, Mame"
tics.

1100 Euthymius Zygabenue
Theology. ’

Suidas .Lexicon. . ‘
Eustaxiuas, Commentanel I
on Homer. ”

Isaac Tzetzes,Commenm'y
on Lycophron. .

 

1 1200 Joel History.

200 Michael Glycas. History.
George Acropolita, Hist.
Nicetas Acominatus, Hist.

George Pachy mer, Hist.

 

 

 

 

 

r

Nicephorus Blemmidu,

1200
Theology.

  

 

 

1300 Manuel Philes, 1275-1340, 1300 Theod. Metochita, d. 1312,1300
Poems, History. I
Callistus Xantopulus, Ec»
clesiastical History. I
Niceph. Gregor-as, Historyu
Maximus Planudes, Anth-
ology.
Leo Pilatus, Literature. ’ ,
John Cantacuzenus, Hist. ’ “"
George Codinus, Hist. , .1 .
Michael Ducas, History. ' 1
{m‘ 1400 1400 Eman. Chrysolorus, d. ‘ 3 '

Theodore Gaza, d. 1478.
Origin of Turks.

Leonicus Chalcondyles,
History of Turks. -

Demet. Pamperes, Tales. George Phranza, History.

Marullus Tarchoniota d.

 

1500, Poems.
-—__._____._____
1500 1500 , I

 

 
 
    
  
  
 
   

1415. Grammar. \.
Geo. Gemistius, or Pietho, »
d. 1450, Philosophy. f ‘
Eman. Moscopulus, Note! »
on Hesiod. '
Bessarion, 1395—1472, Tho- ‘
ology. j
Geo. of Trebizond, 139.~ ~:
1468, Aristotelian.

John Argyrophilus, Adm. '
telian.

—-———-——-———-——-i
1500 Demetrius Chalcondylu, 3 _‘
a. .

1453-1513, Hallow. , ”F4

61M

SPECULATIVE AND SCIENTIFIC.

LITERARY Wt—m—«umnm ITALIAN.

   
 

' 1‘ ~ mmflol. rue-r.

 

 

 

.. 1600 1600 Panagioti, d. 1763, The-
,,_ ology.
‘ ‘5 H Kallinikus, Poems. 1700 1700 Dorotheus, Aristotelian.

Alexander Maurocordato,
History of the Jews.
Meletius, Geography.
Marcus Tharboures, Mc-

‘ Nicholas Caradza, Trans
chanics.

* ‘ lation of Voltaire.
_ ,W

 

 

 
 
 
  

m0 . . 1700 1700 Bulgaris, Mathematics.
1 , Riga, d. 1796, Lyrics, Nat-

} w ural Philosophy.

 

Ducas, Translation of Thu-
cydides.

 

 

 

  
 

1800 D. Philippides, d. 1827, 1800 Psalidas, Metaphysics.
Hist. 0t Wallachia, &c. Corey, Commentaries, Lexo
Paliuris, Hist. of Greece. icon.
Perrevos, History of Suli Cumas, Dictionary.
and Parga. Neophitus, Bamba, Ethics.
Gr. Demetrius, Geography.

' 1800 N. Piccolo. Tragedy.
Christopulus, ’ Anacreon-
tics, Opera.
Calves, Lyrics.
Ilarion, Translation of SO-
' - phocles.

  

 

 

 

i

LATIN AND ITALIAN.

~- [The Latin ceased to be a spoken language about the sixth century, but was in almost universal
‘ use throughout Europe as the language of composnion until the thirteenth century, when the

modern languages began to appear. .
» As long as the literature of the West was almost exclusively confined to Italy we have arranged

'all authors who wrote in‘Latin under the same head; but about the sixth century they will be
found under those countries where their works were published, whatever the language in which

they wrote]

 

 

 

 

 

 

IMAGINATION. FACT. SPECVLATIVE AND scmnrnuo.
. l
y. a. o. in. c. B. c.
. M. A. Plautus,_Comedies. ‘ 200
Q. Ennius, Epics (Fragts).
P. Terentius, Comedies. M. P. Cato, De Re Rustica.
‘ . too 100 T. Pomponius Atticus, 110— 100 Varro, 115—28, De Re Rusti-

ca Lingua Latina.
Vitruvius, Architecture.
Verrius Flaccus, d. 4, F“
Capitolini.

33, Letters.

 

T. Lucretius, b. 95, De Re-
rum Nature.
Catullus, 86—40, Lyrics.

P. Virgilius, 70—19, Eneid.

Q._Horatius, 65—8, Odes, Sat-
ires.

Pro ertius, 59—16, Elegies.

. A. 'bullus,' 43 n. o.-—l7

’ z

i.

A. 13.. Elegies.
Ovid, 43 B. c.—17A. n., Me-
tamorph. Fasti, 6m.

lygimgs, Poeticon Astro-

“011116011.

M. T Cicero, 107—43, Orator
and Philosopher.

Julius Caesar, 98—46, Com-
mentaries.

Hirtius Pansa, Gallic War.

C. Sallustius, 85—35, Jugur-
thine War.

Corn. Nepos, Biography.

T. Livius, 59 B. c.—19 11.12.,
History of Rome.

 

 

 

 

 

IMAGINATION.

A. ‘D.

Phatlrus, Fables.

Persius, 34—62, Satires. _
Lucan, 38—65, ‘ Pliarsalia.’
Petronius Arbiter, d. 67, Sa-

tyricon.

Valerius Flaccus, Argonau~
tics. .
Silius Italicus, ‘ Punic

W'ar.’

  
 
  
 

Sulpicia, Satires, 6m. _

Statius, d. 99, ‘Thebais,’
‘ Achilleis.’

Martial, 29—104, Epigrams.

Juvenal, 48—128, Saures.

Pliny the Younger, 61—113,
Epistles.

100

L. Apuleuis, Golden Ass.

 

Nemesianus,_ Cynegetica.
Jul. Calpurmus, Eclogues.

 

Aquilinus J uvencus, Gospel
in Verse.

M. Victorinus, Hymns.

Festus Avienus, Geographi-
cal Poem.
D. M. Ausonius, Idyls.

A. '1“. Macrobius, Satur-
nalla.

Synimaehus, Epistles, >

m "WORLD’S. swam. M a m... ,-

FACT.

 

A.D

A. 1)., Hist. of Rome.
Pomp. Mela, Geography.
Valerius Maximus, Anec-

dotes of Great Men.

Quintus Curtius, History of
Alexander.

 

100 Tacitus, History.
Suetonius, Biography.
Florus, History of Rome.

Auius Gellius, Noctes At-
nose.

0. Jul. Solinus, Polyhistor.

Justin, History.

 

 

é’

 

300 El Spartianus, History.
Jul. Capitolinus, History.
IEI. Lampridus, History.
Vul. Gallicanus, History.
Trebellius, Pollio, History.
F. Vopiscus, History.
Aurelius Victor, History.

F. Eutropius, History of
Rome.

Amm. Marcellinus, History
of Roma.

' srschA'nvn Ann scum-Q

0 Vel Paterculus, 19 3. (L40

  
   
  
  
  
   
  
   
    
 
  
  

,’

 

A. n.
0

C. Celsus, De Medicina.’
Columella, Agriculturg.

L. A. Seneca, 12455, P'e-. ' '
opher, Traaic Poet. 1
Pliny the Eki‘er, 23—79, ‘ ;
ral History. 5'
Quintilian Criticism.

 

100 Valer, Probus, Grammar.
Frontinus, Strategy.

Terentianus Maurus, De =-
te Metrlcfi. '

Pompei. Festus, Grammar;

200 Ulpian, cl. 228, Law. ‘
Tertullian, d. 220, ‘ Apolo

for Christianity.’
Minutius Felix, Dialogue,-
favor of Christianity. “
Julius Obsequens, ‘De " ,
digiis.’ 5 .
Censorinus, ‘De Die 1\ ’
tali.’

 

1

300 Amobius, ‘Adversus gen
tes.’ ‘fi
Lactantius, d. 325, Deien ,w‘

of Christianity.’ .- -

rEl. Donatus, Grammar. »
F. Maternus, Astron . .
Theology. 3"

Ambrosiul, Theology...

Jerom. 329—420,me ,f'
Bible. _ 9’ -_ .
Rufinus, d. 410, Em: 8891-!
cal Historfi :7. ;
T. Vegetius enatus,‘<De ‘
Militari. '\ _
Augustin, 354-430,
ogy. '.' - n 1.:

P.3'I‘E'i'fifilvi’152‘v’v .y .‘.. .,. q . ..

  
   
 

”TERA RY WfloGr—Afitx’tmflm ITALIAN. “0’7

 

 

inunmnnon. FACT. SPECULATIVE AND BCIENTI’IG

 

 
  
  
  
   
  
   
  
  
  
   
  
  
   

H C. Claudianus, Poems.
A. Ifrudenuus Clemens,
Christian Poems.

300 300

 

400 Vib. Sequester, Geography. 400
Sulpitius, Severus, d. 420,
Sacred History.

Sedtltllius, Poetical Life of Orosius, Hist. of World.

C rist.
Martianus Capella, De Nup-

tius Phil. et Mere.
.tulin. Pretocorius, Poem, on

Martin of Tours.
Sidonius Apollinaris, d. 488,

 

Poems. Vihctorius, History of Church
in Africa.
Ennodius, d. 521, Christian Idacius, Chronicles to 468.
Poems.

 

 

‘ 500 Boethius, Poet and Philo- 500 Cassiodorus, 481—562, His- 500 Priscianus, Grammar.
‘ ' gopher, tory. Fulgentius. 468—533, The-
ology.
Dionysius Exiguus, d. 536,
Christian Era.
Non. Marcellus, Grammar.
Arator, 490—556. Acts of

' V . . .
Apostles m else Jornandes, Hist. of Goths.

Evagrius, Eccl. History.

600 Secundus, d. 615, History 600
of Lombards.

 

 

700 . 700 Cresconius, Collection
Paul \Varnefrxd. History Canons, Verses.
of Lombards.

 

 

 

800 Erchempert, History of 800
Lombards.
Anastasius, Lives of Popes.

 

900 Luitprand, History of his 900

 

 

 

Times.
1000 1000 Papias, Grammar.
Lanfranc, d. 1089, ’I‘Jieol.
1100 Donizo Latin Poo: . 1100 1100
:~ ’ ry Falcandus, Hist. of Sicily. Gratian, Canonist.
Campanus, Mathematics.
Ciullod’ Alcamo, Sicilian:
Poetry. . _
1900 1200 Pietro dalle Vigne, d. mg, 1200 Accursius, 1132—1250;“
' Guido of Colonna,Poetry. History. - Thomas Aquinas, 1224-
History. 1274, Theology. .
Brunette Latina, d. 1294, Bonaventura, Scholastic.
‘ ll Tesora.’ .
Guido Cavalcanti, d. 1300,
“films Marco Polo Travels.
John XXIL, Poem on Me- ’ -
~dicine. . G. Durand, Law.

G. de Vora ine, d. 1298, Pietro (l’Albano, [250—13 ‘0,
Legends'o Saints. Astrology, Physics.

Torregiano Ruste’cbslll,
Commentaries. '

—~—...

 

a
.
l
4
' 1
l

 

‘618

THE WORLD’s. PROGRESS.

 

 

IMAGINATION.

1300 Dante, 1265—1321, La Di-
vine Commedia, Vita
Nova, Convito, &c.

F. Bairberino, 1264-1348,
Poems.

Petrarca, 13044374, Son-
nets, Epic, Literature.
Boccacio, 1313—1375, ‘11-
Decamerone,’ Poems and
various works in Latin

and Italian.

1400

A. Beccadelli, 1374—1471,
‘ Hermaphroditus.’

Poggio, 1380—1459, Litera-

 

ture.
Lorenzo Valle, 1407-1457,
Literature.

D. Burchiello, Sonnets.

Pulci, 1432-14 87, ‘ Mor-
gan te Maggiore.’
Fran c. Philelphus,1398—

1481, Poetry and Ethics.
Loren. de Medici, d. 1492,
Poetry, Literature.
Angelo Poliziano, 1454—
1494, Poetry, Drama.
Marsilius Ficinus, 1433—
1499, Translat. Plato.

1500

G. Ruccellai,
‘Le Api.’
Alexander ab Alexandro,
1461—1523, Dies Geni~

tales.

M. Boiardo, ‘Orlando In-
namorato.‘

Sanazaro, 1458—1530, Ar-

14754526,

cadia.

Berni, d. 1530, Satires,
Burlesque, and Orlando
Innamorato.

Ariosto, 1474-1533, ‘Or-
lando Furioso,‘ Satires,
Comedies

F. M. Molza, d. 1541, P0-
ems.

Trissino,14TS—1550, ‘Italy
Delivered,’ Epic, nge-

dy.

FACT.

1300 Dino Compagni, 1265-1323, 1300 Mon. (1e Luzzi, Anato

Chronicles.
Giovanni and M. Villani,
Chronicles.

Ferreti, 1356—1429, History
of his Times.

1400 Leonardo Bruni, History 1400 Leonard of Pisa, Mgr-lira.

of Florence.

Guarino, 1370—1460, Trans-
lation of Plutarch.

B. Accolti, 1415—1466,His-
tory of Holy War.

Flay. Blondus, 1388—1463,
History of Venice, &c.
En. Sylvius, 1400—1464,
History, Poetry, 850.
Beccat,Pan01mitu, 1393-

1471, Biography.
Bart.Platina,1421—14Sl,
Lives of Popes.
F. Buonaccorsi, 1437-1496,
Biography.

Pomp. Laetus, 1425—1495.
Lives of Caesars, 8m.
Franc. Berlinghieri, Geo-

graph
G. Podrtano, 1426—1563,
Wars of Ferdinand I.
Bonfinius, d. 1502, History
of Hungary.

1500 R.Accolt.i,1455—1532, His- 1500 Ant. della Torre, d. 1512, ,

tory.

Giambullari, 1495 —- 1555,
History of Europe.

Machiavelli, 1482-1528,His-
tory of Florence, 8w.

Guicciardlni, 1482 - 1540,
History of Italy.

Bembo, 1470—1547, History
ot Venice.

L. Alberti, d. 1552, History
of Bologna.

 

SPECULATIVE AND scmnnmf

    
   
  
 
 
 
 
  
  
  
  
   
 
  
   
 
  
   
  

Arn. Villanovan, d. 1
Alchemy. ,
Cecco d‘Ascoli, d. 182
Astronomy. ~~
G. Andreas, d. 1348,
nons.
Bartolus, Law. ,
Domenico Cavalca,Ascet'
and Translat. of Liv
of Saints.

Nicholas Tedeschi, Law.

Mich. Savonarola,d. 1462,
Medicine.
Bar. Montagnana, d. 1460.,
Baraterius, Law. ‘
1396“

Gianozzo, Manetti,
1479, Orientalist.
Paul Toscanello, d. 1482,"
Astronomy. ' ;

Pico de Mirandola, 1463-4
1494, Metaphysics.
Luca di Burgo, Mathem.

Anatomy.
L. (la. Vinci, 1452—1520.
‘Treatise on Painting:
&c
G. Abrosi, Astronomy
A. Accliillini, 1472 1512,
Medicine.‘ -
B. Castiglione, HTS—152%.
‘The Courtie1. ' .

G. Fracastoro, 1.183458%,
Medicine and Latin
Poems.

And. Alciato, 1492-1550, [‘
Law.

Nic. Tartaglia, Mathem. .

 
  
 
 
 
  

  
  
  
  
  
    

 

    
 

 

 

LITERARY ”orgasm” :‘RMD ITALIAN.

 

 

, . 1.590 IIler. Vida, d. 1566, Latin'

Poetry.

IMAGINATION. FAOT. SPECULATIVE AND SCIENTIFIC.
1500 1500 F. Commnndido,1509-1575,

B. Cellini, 1500—1570, Auto- Mathematics.
Mic. Angelo Buonaroti, d. biogrnphv. Angelo Cauinio, (I. 1567,

1561, Poems.

Giovanni delln Casa, 1503-
1556, ll Galateo, &c.

Gr. Anguillara, b. 1517, Tra-

erl '.

L. olyce, 1508—1568, Trage-
dy, Epic, History.

Bernardo ’l‘nsso, 1493—1575,
‘Anuu’lis,’ Sonnets, and
Letters.

Greg. Giraldi, 1504—1573,
’l‘ragcdy.

A. F. Grnzzini, d. 1583,
Comedies.

Torq. 'I‘asso, 1514-1595,
‘ Gerusalemme Liberate,’
Sonnets, Drama, ac.

G. Baguioli, d. 1600, Tra-
gcdy.

Guarini, 1538— 1613, ‘ll
Pastor Fido.’

Ottavio Rinuccini, Opera.

F. Braccilolini, 1566-1605,
‘La Croce Racquistata.’

Oraz Vecchi, Comic Opera

G. B. Marini, 1569-1625,
Poems.

C. Achillini, 1577—1640,
Poems.

A. Tassoni, 1561—1635,
‘Sechchia Rapita.’

 

 

1000 G. Chiabrera, 1552-1637,
Poems, Epic, Lyric, &c.

Zappi, 1667—1719, Poems.

Laur. Li ppi, 1606-1664, Co-
mic Poems.

Salvator Rosa, 1615—1673,
Sntires.

C. M. Maggi, 1630—1699,
Poems.

Francisco de Lemene, 1639
_—17U4, Poems._

A. Guidi, 1650—1712, Lyric

Poems.

B. Varchi, 15034566, His-
tory of his Times.

Segue, 1499—1559, History
of Homer.

G. Vasari, 1514—1578, Lives
of Painters, &c.

Sperone Speroni,1500-15SS,
Orations.

S. Ammirato, 1531—1600,
History of Florence.

G. Adriani.1511—1579, His-
tory of his Times.

B. Davnnzati, 1529—1606,
Hist. Eng. Reformation.

C. Baronius, 1538—1607, Ec-
clesiastical Annals.

P. Parutn, 1540—1598, IIis-
tory of Venice.

Possevini, 1533-1611, De-
scription of Muscovy,
&c.

P. R. Sarpi, 1552—1633, IIis-
tory of Coun. of Trent.

E. C. Davila, 1576—1631,
Hist. Civil Wars France.

1600 Gr. Bentivoglio, 15794644,
History
Flanders, and Letters.

D. Bartoli, History of the
Jesuits in the East In-

Civil “fins 01"

 

dies, &c., 1608—1685.

1’. della Valle, 1586—1652,
Travels.

F. Strnda, 1571-1619. Hist.
of Wars of Flanders.

G. B. Nani, 1615—1671, His-l
tory of Venice.

Oderic Rainaldi, Ecclesiasm
tical Annals.

Orientalist.

And. Vesnlio, 1514—1561,
Anatomy.

Fulopius, 1523—1563,I\‘Iedi-
cine.

Eustnclii, d. 1576. Do.

1’. Manut Alrlus,1512-l574,
Commentaries.

Carrlano, 1501—1576, Ma-
thematics.

P. Lnncelloti, 1511—1591,
Law.

Andrea Caesalpino, 1519—
1603, Botany.

U. Aldrovamli, 1522—1605,
Natural History.

Orazio ’l‘orseliino, 1545‘
1609, Grammar.

_——_.__—.__,_
1600 J. Fabricius. d. 1619,
Comparative A natom y.
Bellarmino, 1542—1 621, P0-
lemics.
Galileo,1564—16l2, Astron.
T. A. Campanelln, 1568-
1693, Philosophy.
L. Vanini, 1585—16l9, The-
ology.
B. Castelli, d. 1644, Ma‘
thematics.
B. Cavalier-i, d. 1647. De.
Fabio Colouna, 1567-1647,
Botany, 8L0.

Forricelli, 1608—1647.

F. Redi, 1626-1697. Na!-
ural Hist. 85 Literature.
M. Mnlpigh‘i, 16284694,
Anatomy. '

 

 

620,

 

IMAGINATIO N.

 

1600 Ben. Menzini, 1646-1704,
Art of Poetry, ‘ati1es.
V. Filicaja, 1642-1707, P0-
ems.

A. Mm‘chetti. 1633—1714,
Poems, Philosophy.

 

700 N. Fortegnerra, 1674—1735,

Rieciurdetto.

G. M. Crescembini, 1663—-
1728, Poetry.

Apostolo Zeno, 1669-1750,
Op ems.

8.1111611, 1675—1755, Tra-
gedy, Comedy, and An~
tiquities.

M. Metastasio, 1693-1782,
Dramas, Operas.

G. Baretti, 1716—1789, Mis-
cellaneous.

C. Gozzi, Dramas, &c.

C. Goldoni, 1707—1772, 00-
medies.

C. I. Frngoni, 1692—1768,
Poems.

Gr. Gozzi. 1713—1786, Sn—
tires, Odes, but chiefly
prose — L‘Osservutore,
Venito, 810.

V. Alfieri, 1749—1803, Tra-
gedies, &.c.

 

1600 Sforza Pallevicino, 1607-1600 V. Viviani.1621—1703, Ma- 1,

1700

THE WORLD’S Peoeenss.

FACT.

 

 

SP ECULATIVE AND SCIENTIFIC.

 

1667. History of Coun-
oil of Trent, &c.

L. Mnrntori. 1672—1750,
Annals of Itality.

B. Giannone, 1680—1748,
History of Naples.

F. X. Quadrio, 16954756,
History of the Valteline.

B. Buonamici,

1710—1761,
History.

A. F21broni,1732—1802, Bio-
gmphv.

G. Tirnhschi, 1731—1794.
111512.01 Italian Litem-
ture.

Denina, History of Italian
tevolutions, and many
other works, chiefly his-
orical.

11700 G. Bag11v1,1663—1706,Me- "-

thoinaties.
A. Magliabecchi,1633—1714,
Literature. :-
P. Segner, 1624—1694, As- ‘
cetie and Sermons. '

G. D. Cassini, 1625—1712,
Mathematics, Astron.
D. Guglieimini, 1655—1710,

Mathematics.

 

dicine.

G. V. Gravina, 1664—1718,
Law.

G. B. Vico, 1670—1744, ;_
Philosophy of History. f‘

G. Oassini, 1677—1756, As-
tronomy.

Gr. Morgzigni, 1631—1771,
Anatomy.

A. Genovesi, 1712—1769,
Metaphysics.

F. Algarotti, 1712-1764,
‘Newtonianism.‘

G.R.Boscowieh,1711—1787,
Mathematics, Philology.

F. M. Znnotti, 1692—1777,
Philosophy.

C. Beccarie, 1720—1795.

‘Crimes &P11nishments.’

L. Spallanzani, 1729—1799,
Natural History.

L. Galvani,
Galvanism.

Volta, 17451827, Do.

G. Filangieri, 1751—1798,
Legislation.

1737—1798,

 

1800 Pindemonte, Poems.
Monti. Poems.
Ugo Foscolo, Drama, Po-
ems.

I. (la Ponte,Poems, Operas.

Manzoni, Tragedies, Po-
ems, and one novel—I
Promissi Sposi.

Sigio Pellieo, Tragedies,
e

G.&B. Niccolo, Tragedies,
o.

1800

Botta, History of Italy,&c.

Collletta, History of No.-

es.

Conti, Universal History,
&0.

 

1800

Scarpa, Anatomy.

~ 214: -.15.,;.»y ; wages”, ‘r 1.

M. Giojn, 1767—1839, Poli
tieal Fconomy. » _

Romnmmsi Polit. Science. ;,

Galluppi, Metaphysics.

Rosmini.

Costa, Metaphysics,
torical and cubical.

Cesari, Philology.

 

his-

 

1.11m. W - ' ml 1.3,,

 

BRITISH, &c.

IMAGINATION. _——' FACT. SPECULATIVE AND SCIENTIFIC.
l

A. D. A. D.
500 Gildas, Conquest of Britain. 500

'v.
fi' ll

 

 

 

=1 H 011311111011, Saxon Poems. 600 Nonnius, Origin of Britons. 600

Aldhelme, d. 7119, Latin Po-
ems.

 

 

 

 

700 Bede, 673—735, Eccl. Histo- 700
‘ ry of England. Alcuin, d. 804, Theology,
History, Poen y
- H Alfred, 849—901, Saxon P0- 800 800 J. Soot Erigena, d. 883, ‘0!
ems, Translations, &c. _ the Nature 01 Things.’
Asset, d. 909, Llfe of Alfred,
History of England.

 

 

900 Ethelwerd, History of G1eat 900
Britain.

 

1|
'-‘ 1111000 Invulphus,1030—1109His- 1000

tory of Croy land
Eadmer, Ch1onicle.

    
 
      

1100 Order. Vitalis, 1075—1132,
History of England.
F101ence of VVotceste1, d.
1118, Clnon. 01 England.
Geofliy of Monmouth His-
ryof Blitain.
Willriyam o1 Malmsbuty, d.
1143, Hist. of Britain.
Hemy o1 Huntingdon,
Chronicles of England.
Simeon 01' Durham:J Chron-
icles of England.
John of Salisbury, d. 1181,
‘Li1e of Becket,’ 65c.

. ‘00 1100

    
 
     
 
       
    
  
    

Robeit Pulleyn d. 11
Theology. , 50'

Richard of St. Victor, d.
1173, Theology

  
    
  
 

Ralph Glanville, Collection

Layamon, Saxon Poetry.
01 Laws.

Nigellus, Speculum Stulto-

‘ 111m.

‘ Walter Mapes, Satires,
$0.. gs.

Jus of Exeter,Tr01 War.
War of Antioch, Epics.

 

G. Cambrensis, Conq. of
Ireland. Itin. of Wales.
Wm. of Newbury, b. 1136,
Chron. of England.

     
   
    
    

1 "11 i 1200 R0 er Hoveden, Chron of 1200
l ngland.

Gervase 01" Canterbury, Alex. Neckham, d. 1R7,
I History of England. Theology ,
1

Roger of Wendover, Hist.
of England. ‘ Robert Grosteste, Natural
Philosophy.
Alexande1 Hales, d. 1945,
Aristotelian.
John Peckham, Theolo
John Holiwood, d. 1

Wrm d. m’ ‘ A3”anMadunnatizs."WM

 

 

6% ,

 

. IMAGINATION.

Robert ofGlocester, Chron-
icle in verse.

T. Lermont, the Rhymer,
Sir Tristem, Romance.

1300

Adam Davie, Metr. Ro-
mance, Life of Alex.

Lawrence Minot, d. 1352,
Historical Poems.

John Barbour, 1326—1396,
"l‘he Bruce.’

R. Langlande, ‘Pierce
Plowman,’ a Satire.

Geof. Chaucer. 1328—1400.
‘ Canterbury Tales,’ &c.

John Gower, d. 1402, Ele-
gies, Romances. &c.

'400

John Lydgate, 1380—1440,
Poems.

James I. of Scotland, 1395—
1437, ‘King’s Quhair,’
&c.

Harry the Minstrel, ‘Sir
W. Wallace.’

Stephen IlaWes, ‘Passe-
tyme of Pleasure.’

John Skelton. d. 1529,
Satires, Odes.

THE: WORLD’S meanness ‘ " '

FACT.

William Rishanger, His~
tory of England.

1300

Nicholas Triveth, d. 1328,
Hist. Physic, Theology.

Richard of Chichester,
Chron. of England.

Ralph Higllen, d. 1360,
Chron. of England.

Henry Knighton, d. 1370,
Chron. of England.

Matthew of Westminster,
‘ Flowers of History.’

John Maundeville, d. 1372,
Travels.

John Fordun, Chron. of
Scotland.

1400 Andrew of VVyntoun,
Chron. of Scotland.

T. \Valsingham, d. 1440,
History of Normandy.

John Hardyng, Chron. of
England.

Lord Berners, Trans. of
Froissart.

W. Caxton, Translations.

Douglas of Glastonbury,
Chron. of England.

 

1300 Wm. Dunbar, 1465—1530,

‘ Thistle and Rose.’

Getwin Douglas, 1475—1522,
Trans. Virgil.

Thomas More, 1480—1535,
‘Utopia.’

Thomas Wyatt, d. 1541,
Sonnets.

John Heywood, d. 1565,
Drama.

Earl of Surrey, d. 1546-7,
Poems.

Geo. Gascoigne, d. 1577,
Drama.

1500 R. Fabyan, d. 1512. Chron. 1500 Thos. Linacre, 1460—1524, 1;

of England and France.

T. Halls, d. 1547, Hist. of
Houses of York and Lan-
caster.

John Leland, d. 1552, Eng-

lish Antiquities.

W. Cavendish, 1505-4557,
‘Life of Wolse .’~

J. Ball, 1495-] , ‘Lives
of British Writers.’

Ralph Hollingshed, d. 1581,
Chronicles.

Geo. Buchanan, 1506—1582,
History of Scotland.

SPECULATIVE AND SCIENTer

 

1300 Albricus, Theology.

1400

      
   
  
 

Roger Bacon, 1214—1292 ‘f
Chemistry, Optics, 6m. ’j
Rich. Middleton, Theology.

‘7.

Duns Scotus, d. 1308, Phil— ; , .
osophy. :.
Walter Burleigh, Philoso- . _
phy. . .
Gilb. Anglrcus, Medicine.
R. Aungervile, 1281—1345,
Philobiblion.

J. VViclifl‘e, 1324—1334,
Theology, Translation of
Bible.

t‘.

H. de Bracton, Law.

John Fortescue, Laws 01
England.

Thomas Littleton, d. 1487,
Law.

Philology, Medicine.

Anth. Fitzherbert, ' Hus-
bandry.

Thomas Elyot. Philology.
H. Latimer, 1475—1555,
Sermons.

Roger Ascham, 1515—1568,
‘ The Schoolmaster.’

Thomas Wilson, :1. 1581
Logic and Rhetoric.

Thomas Tusser, d. 1530,
Husbandry.

1.1mm ‘cmnonoaY—mmsn. W

    
   
  
   
   
   
  
  
    
   
    
   
   
  
   
   
   
    
   
  
   
   
  
  
   
 
  

 

IMAGINATION. PACT. SPEGULATIVE AND SCIENTIFIC.
Philip Sidney, 1554—1586, J. Fox, 1517—1587, Book

 

 

‘Arcadia.’ of Martyrs.
Christ. Marlowe, d. 1593,

Drama.
Edm. Spenser, 1553—1598,

‘Faery Queen.” J. Jewel, ISfl—l570, Di-
W. Shakspeare, 1564— . Vinity.

1616, Drama. N. Fitzlterbert, 1550—1612, K. Hooker, 1553—1600, Re-
John Lylie, 1550—1600, Biography. clesiastical Polity.

‘Euphues.’ John Stowe, 1527—1605, W. Gilbert, 1540—1603,

Chronicles, Topography. ‘ On the Loadstone.’
Sir T. North, Translations L. Andrews, 1565—1626,

John Fletcher, 1576—1625, of Plutarch. Sermons.

Drama.
F. Beaumont, 1586—1615,

Drama.

 

1600 John Owen, d. 1612, Latin 1600 J. Pitts, 1560—1616, Biog. 1600 Edward Coke, .550—1634,

Epigrams. ofKings, Bishops, &c. Law.
Sir H. Wotton, 1568—1639, Richard Knolles, d. 1610, John Napier, 1550—1617,
Poet. History of the Turks. Logaritlnns.

Wm. Camden, 1551—1623,
Antiquities.

R. I-Iackluyt, 1553—1616,
Naval Histories.

W. Raleigh, 1552—1617,
History of the W'orld.
Samuel Daniel, 1567—1619,

History of England.
John Hayward, d. 1627,
J. Ford, 6. 1586, Drama. English History.
Ben Jonson, 1574—1637, J. S eed, 1555—1629, Hist.

Drama. 0 Great Britain. Robert Bunir, 1576—1639,
P. Massenger, 1585—1639, Henry Spelman, 1562—1641, ‘Anat. of Melancholy.’
Drama. Antiquities. Francis Bacon, 1560—1626,
J. Harrington, 1561—1612, R. B. Cotton, 1570—1631, Philosophy, History.
Trans. Ariosto. Antiquities. Wm. Harvey, 1578—1657,
E. Fairfax, d. 1632, Trans. S. Purchas, 1577—1628, v Circulation of Blood.
Tasso. Collection of Voyages.
M. Drayton, 1563—1631,
Poems.

G. Sandys, 1577—1643, Thomas Roe, 1580—1641, John Selden, 1584—1654,
Translations, Poems. Travels in the East. Antiquities, Law, Hist.
J. Daniel, 1562—1619, E. (Lord) Herbert, 1581— J. Harrington, 1611—1677,

Poems. 1648, History of Henry ‘Oceana.’
W. Drummond,1585—1649, VIII. James Usher, 1580—1656,
Poems. R. Baker, (1. 1645, Chron. Divinity, Sermons, Hist.
John Donne, 1573—1662, of England. Thos. Hobbes, 1588—1679,
Satires, Essays. Metaphysics
Geo. Wither, 1588—1667, “I. Dugdale, 1605—1686,
Satires. Thomas Fuller, 1608—1661, Antiquities, History.
James Shirley, 1594—1666, History, Béggra h . W. Chillingworth, 1602—
Drama. ClarendonJ ~¥67¥3,His- 1644, Theology.
SirJ.Suck1ing, 1609—1641, - tory of Rebellion. Isaac Barrow, 1630—1677,
Poems. Thomas May, d. 1650, His Divinity, Mathematics.
John Denham, 1615—1668, tory of Parliament. J. Pearson, 1612—1686,
Tragedies, Cooper’l Hill. Izaak Walton, 1593—1683, Dlvmtty.
Samuel Butler, 1612—1688, Biogra by. Brian Walton, 1600—1661,
Hudibras. B. WhitfiJcke, 1605—1676, Polyglot Blble
John Milton, 1608—1674, History. Jeremy Taylor, d. 1667,
‘ Paradise Lost.’ Mrs. Hutchinson, Biogra- Divunty.
Edm. Waller, 1605—1687, phy. Alger. Sydney, 1617—1683,
Poems. W. Prynne, 1660—1667, ‘Discourse on Govern-
A. Cowley, 1618—1667, History, Politics. ment.’
Poems. Thos. Browne, 1605—1682
. A. Maxwell 1620—1678, ‘ 0n Vulgar Errors.’

Poems. Edmund Castell, d. “585.

: Lexicon Hepta lotion.

R. Cudworth, 161 «#158
Metaphysics.’

{in

 

.M

 

 

624

—————-—-———-——————_—_—_______.____¢ .

IMAGINATION.

1600

Rochester, 1648—1680,
Satires.

Roscommon, 1633—1684,
Poems.

N. Lee, 1656—1691, Drama.

John Bunyan, 1628 —1688,
‘ I’ilgrim’ s P1".og1ess ’

John D1yden, 1631—1701,
Tragedy, Same ‘Viigil.’

Thos. Otway, 1651—1685,
Tragedy.

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. '

1600

FACT.

Wm. Temple, 1629—1710,
Memoirs, &c.

R. B1at1y, d. 1700, History
of England.

1700 John Pomfret,1667—1703, 1700 Thomas Rymer,d.1713,

‘ The Choice. ’

John Philips 1676— 1" 08,
‘Splendid Shilling.’

Thosp Parnell, 1679— 1718,
"I‘he Hermit.’

Geo. Farquhar, 1678—1707,
Comedies.

Matthew Prior, 1664—1721,

Poems.
R. Steele, d 1729, Drama,
Essays. Politics.

Daniel Defoe, 1660— 1731.
‘Robinson Crusoe.’ .60.

105. Addison, 1672—1719,
‘Sp eotat01, ’ ‘Cato.’ 11w.

Nichp Rowe, 1673— —1718,
Tragedy.

J. Vanbrugh, d 1726, Com-
edy.

W. Congreve, 1672—1728,
Comedy.

John Gay, 1688—1732,
' Beggar’s Opera,’ Fab.

M. W. Montague, 1690—
176", Letters.

Robe1t Biair, 1699—1746,
‘ The G1ave.’

S. Richardson, 1689—1761,
‘ Clarissa,’ ‘ Pamela,’ &c.

D Gairick, 1716—1779,
D1'.ama

"S. Foote, 1720—1771,
Drama.

 

Fredera.

S. Ockley, 1678—1720,
Oriental Ilistor .

Thos. Hearne, 16 8—1735,
History and Antiquities.

John Stry ype, 1643—1737,
Eccl.11ist01y,Biog.

Gilbert Burner, 1643—1715,

‘History of his Times.’
L. Echard, 1671—1730,
History of England.
Thos.Ca1'te 1686—1754,
History of2 England.
John Potyte1,1674—l747,
Antiquities.
S11 \V. Petty, 163—1682,
Statistics.

Nathanael Hooke, d. 1763,
History of Rome.

C. Middleton, 1683—1750,
Life of Cicero, &c.

SPECULATIVE AND SCIENTIFIC.

.w,’

1600 J. Eve‘ yn. 1620—1706,
‘ Sylva. ’

II. More, 1614—1687, The»

olog.y
T. Sydenham, 1624—1689,
Medicine.

W Shetloek,d.1689,Di-
vinity.

J. Tillotson, 1630—1694,
Sermons.

Archbishop Leighton,
1613—1684, Divinity.

R. Baxter, 1615—1691,
‘Saint’s Everlasting
Rest.’

R Boyle, 1627—1691,
Theology, Chemistry.

1700
John Ray, 1628—1705, Bot~

 

any, Natural History.
John Locke, 1632—1704,
Metaphysics
R. South, 1633—1716, Di-
vinity. -

Isaac Newton. 1642—1719,
‘ Principia ’

J Flamsteed, 1642—1719,
Astronomy

R. Hooke, 16—170‘2, Phil-
osop by.

B. dep Mandeville, 1670—
1733 ‘Fab. of the Bees.’

Edm. Halley, 1656—1742,
Astronomy.

Hans Sloane, 1660—1753,
Natuial Hist01y.

A. Clark, 1696—1742, Di

vinity, Philosophy

D. \Vatelwland 1683—1740.
Divinity.

R. Bentley ,1661—1740,
Divinity, Philology.

A. Baxter, 1687—1150 Met-
aphy sxcs.

Lord Bolingbroke. 1672—‘
1751, Politics Literatuic.

G. Berkeley, 1684—1753,
Metaphysics, Ethics.

P. Dodd1'1dge, 1701—1751.
Divinity.

Jas. Bradley, 1692—1762,
Ast1'.onomy

F. Hutcheson. 1694—1747,
Moral Philosophy.

T Sherlock, 1678—1761,
Divinity.

C. Maclaurin, 1696—1746,
Mathematics.

..; .i‘:.4fie;'Ln‘zAu’a-L K'a&flu' '

1

1.21.1;

 

11a. ._:. -1 4.111;. .1

4a 2.41;: .- ' ,- . .1.

. 1...; A; 6.2....1

,w,
NH...

11:

 

  
   

f- ' '» 11116111111011.

1." 1' R Rodsley, 1703—1764,
;. Drama.
.1 Jona. Swift, 1667—1745,
« Satires, Tales, 6m.
1. Watts, 1674—1748,
1 Hymns.
" Edw. Young. 1681—1765,
‘ ‘ Nicht Thougl 1ts. ’
Alex. Pope, 1688—1744,
1 Poetiy.
1" W. Sonlerville. 1692—1743,
' ‘ The Chase.’
Allan Ramsay, 1696 —1758,
‘ The Gentle Shepherd.’
Rich’d Savage, 1698—1743,

Poems.

Jas. Thomson, 1700—1748,
‘Seasons.’

John Dyer, 17 —1758,
Poems.

II. Fielding, 1707—1754,
"I‘om .,’lones &c.
James Hammond, 1710—
1742,131egies.
Lawr. Sterne, 1713—1768,
‘ Tristram Shandy
W Shenstone, 1714—1763,
Pastorals, 65c.
W. Collins, 17:. —1756,
Odes.
. H Brooke, 1706—1783,
,1 ‘ Fool of Quality.’
M. Akenside, 1721—1770,
_ ' ‘Pleasures of 1111agina-
. tion.’
;1 Thos. Gray, 1716—1771,
1‘ Odes, Elegies.

T. Smollet, 1720—1771,
Novels.

R. Glover, 1712—1189 ‘Le
onidas.’

0. Goldsmith, 1731—1774,
‘Traveller,’ ‘Vicar of
Wakefield.’

V17. Mason, 1725» —1797, P0-
, ems,Biog1aphy.
v' T Chatterton, 1752—1770,
Poems.
Ar. Murphy, 1727—1805,
Drama.
Wm. Cowper, 1731—1800,
Poems.
R. Cumberland, 1732—1811,
, . Drama.
" Eras. Darwin, 1732—1802,
‘ Botanic Garden.’
James Beattie, 1735—1803,
Poems.
R. Ferguson, 1750—1774,
Poems.
Geo. Colman, 1733—1794,
Comedies.
J. Wolcot (Peter Pindar),
1738—1819, Com. Po-
’ ems.
: Ins. Mac pherson, 1738—
1796, ‘ Ossiam’ s Poems.’
W Burns, 1759—1796,

dams.
. 1 me,d.18CB,Drama

   
    
 
 
    
   
 

  

 

Lannie! cmonom'GY—mmsn.

FACT.

1700 John Swinton, 1703—1767.
History, Antiquity.

LordLy ttleton. 1709—1778,
History, Poems, Divin-
11y

James Grgzm or d. 1776
Biog. Hist. gofz England.

Sam. Johnson. 1709—1781,
Lives of Poets Dict. ,&c.

Jonas Hanway, 1712—1786,
Travels in the East.

John Blair, 11 1782,0111'0-

nology
David Hume, 1711—1776,
History of England.

Essays, &c.

W. Robertson, 1721—1793,
Hist. of Charles V. &.c.
Thomas Wat-ton. 1,728—
1790, History of England,

Poetry, Poems.

H. Walpole, d 1797, ‘His-
toric Doubts, ‘Royal
and Noble Authors.’

J. Monte, 1730—1802,
‘Views of Society and
Manners’

James Bruce, 1730—1794,
Tiavels.

W. Gilpin,1724—1804,Bio-
giaphy. Divinity.

E Gibbon, 1737—1794,
Decline and Fall of R0—

man Empiie.
J. Whitaker, 1735—1808,
Hist. of Manchester, &c.

Edmd. Burke, 1730—1797,

Oratory.
J. Boswell, 1740—1795, Bio-
graphy.
J. Milner, 1744—1797,

Church History.
Joseph Strutt, 1748—1802,
Chronology, Antiquities.

  

 

 

SPECULATIVE AND SCIENTIPIU.

 

1700 E1111 01 Chesteifield,1694—

1773 Lelters

E 111. Chambers, d. 1740,
C\ clopaedia.

B. Hoadley,1676—1761,
Polemics

Bishop Butler, 1692—1752,
Div1nity.

J. Wesley, 1703—1791, Di-
vinity. »
D. Iialtley,1704—1757,
‘ Observations on Man.’
Soame Jenyns, 1704—1787,
Theology.
\V.VVa111ulton 1709— 1779,
Theology, Clilicxsm.
J. .lortin. 1698—17 70, D1.-
vinity, Criticism.
Lor. l Kaimes 1696— 1782,
Elements of Cr1tlcisxn.
R.1.'onth.1710—17S7,Di-
vinity, Philology.

W. Blackstwone 1723- —1780,
Laws of England.
“ Junius. ”

Adam Smith, 1723—1790,
- ‘Wealth of Nations.’
J.Ha11'is, 1709—1780, Phi-

lology.

John Hunter, 1728—1793,
Medicine.

F. Balguy, 1716—1795, Di-
Vinny.

T. Reid, 1710—1796, Meta.-
physics.

Sir J. Rey nolds, 1723—1792,
Art.

S. IIorsIey, d. 1806, Theo-
logy.

Jos. Priestley, 1733—1804,
Metaphysics, Chemistry.

Hugh Blaii, 1719—1800
Sermons.

J. Home Tooke, 17 36—1812

Philolog). '
1747—1794,

Wm. Jones,
Orientalist.

R Price, 1723—1791,Meta.-
physics, Divinity.

\Vm. Paley, 1743—1805,
Theology.

Ricd.P01son, 17591—1808,

.7... w...
s. e oes —
Medicine. ’

 

 

626.. THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

 

IMAGINATION.

 

1700
Ricd. B. Sheridan, 1751—
18.‘ 6, Drama.

Ann Radcliffe, 1764—1823,
Novels.

1:110 Rob. Bloomfield, d. 1823,
‘ Farmer’s Boy.’
Mrs. Barbauld, Poems.
Tales.

Lord Byron, 1788—1824,
Poems.

John Keats, Poems.

P. B. Shelley, d. 1822,
Poems.

R. C. Maturin, d. 1824,
Drama.

Miss Austin, Novels.

Wm. Godwin, 17 35—1836,
Novels, Metaphysics.
Walter Scott, 1771—1832,

Novels, Poems.

Robt. Pollok, 1798—1827,
‘ Course of Time.’

Geo. Crabbe, d. 1832, ‘The
Borough,’ &.c.

Fanny Burney, —1840,
Novels.

Wm. Beckford, 1760—1844,
Novels.

Thos. Haines Baily, 1797—
1839, Lyrics

Thos. Hamilton, 1789—
1842, Novels, T1avels.
Felicia Hemans, 1794—

1835, Poems.
Barbara Holland, Novels.
Jas. Hogg, —1835, P0-

ems and Tales.

Theo. E. Hook, 1788—1841,
Novels.

Thos. Hood, Poems, No-
vels, &c.

Hannah More, 1744—1833,
Poems, Tales.

Jane Porter, -—1849,
Novels.

S. T. Coleridge, —1834,
Poems.

Wm. Vdesworth, -—
1850, Poems.

Robt. Southey, —1843,
Poems.

Marg. Blessington, —
1849, Novels.

Chas. Lamb, 1775—1834,

— Poems, Essays

Thos. H. L1ster, 1801—1842

Novels.

1700

 

FACT.

Charles Burney, d. 1841,

‘History of Music.

1800 J. Macdiarmld, 1779—1808, 1800 Arthur Young ,1741—1820,

Biography.

E. D. Clarke, d. 1822,
'Iravels.
C. J. Fox, (I. 1806, History.

|
l
l
l

w. Mitford, History 01'
Greece.

R. IIeber, Travels, 651:.
Major Rennel, Geography.
Wm. Rosco, 1751—1831,
Life of Leo X., &c.
Walter Scott, —1832,
History, Biogr.aphy

Sir Jas. Mackintosh, 1766——
1832, Hist. of England.
Geo. Chalmers, 1742—1825,

Political Annals.
Marsden, 1755— 1836, Or-i
ental Hist. and Travels.

Jas. Mill, —1836, Hist.
British India.
Robt.Mor1ison, —1834,

Travels, Philology

Jas. Grahame, History of
United States.

John Gillies, 1747—1836,
History of Greece.

Basil Hall, [788—1844,
Travels and Voyages.

Wm. Hone, —1842,
Every Day Book.

R. 62: J. Lander, 1834,
Travels in Africa.

SPEGULATIVE AND szmx'rnrrn

 
  
  
  
   
    
    
   
   
    
  
  
   
   
  
 
     
   
   
  
   
    
     
  
 
      
  
 
    
   
    
   
 
 
   

”*9,

N. Maskelyne d. 181
Astronomy. ._

G. L. Staunton, d. 1801, .
Chinese Code. '

W. Herschel], 1738—1822,
Astronomy.

-_.—.

Agriculture.
A. Rees,1743—182o,Cyclo-
paedia.
Joseph Banks, 1743—1820, "
Natural History. .v
Dr. Parr, d. 1825, Philo- "
logy.
D Ricardo,d. 1823, Politi-
cal Economy.
C. Hutton, d. 1823, Maths; ;.
matics. 3
John Play fai1. d. 1819.
P. Elmsley, Philolog g.y
T. Wollaston, Chemistry.
Thomas Young, Hierogly' ,j
phics, &c.
T. Scott, d. 1821, Divinity. ,
D. Stewart,d. 1821, Meta-
physics.
Vicessimus Knox, 1752—.
1821, Essays. f
Malthus, Polit. Economy. -'
Wm. Hazlit, Critic ..1.:
Essayist. "-
Francis J efi‘rey, 1773—184
Essays, Ciiticism. ‘
Archbish. Magee, d. 1831
Divinity. »
Si1 Humph. Davy,d.182'
Chemistry.
Jer Bentham, d.1¢ ,3
‘Principlts of Legisl
tion. ’
Adam Claike, 1 “63—18
Divinity, Criticism. '
Arch. Alison, 1757—l:¢»' t;
Essays on Taste. A
Francis Baily, 1774—184
Astronomy, &c. '
Bpr Burgess, 1756—1-
heology.
HerbertMarsh,1758—11
Theology.
Thos. Mitchell, 1783—1
Classic Critic.
Robert Mudie, 1777—1
Scient. Miscellanies.
Sir E. Brydges, 1762—1:.
Miscellanies.
Wm. Cobbett, -—1‘
Politics,&c.
J. Dalton, —1844,
mist.

J. F. Daniell,
Chemist.
Sydney Smith, —-
Theology, Essays. »

Chas. Bonn castle,
1840, Mat emetics. ~

Thos. Chalmermf'l‘ha '
and Political .. 1';

  

  

  
   

. 7, rmhumnnon.

 

Ethics.
L. E. Landon Maclean,
1804—1838, Novels and
Poems.
Wm. Maginn, 1793—1842,
» Poems,
» Marryatt, —1847, Nov-
as.
John Galt, 1779—1839,
Novels.
Wm. H. Ireland, Shaks.
Forgeries.
Lady Morgan, —181~,
Novels.
Jas. Morier, 1780—— ,
Novels.
.»= Thos. Campbell, 1777—
: l844, Poems.
,. Thos. Banim, 1800—1842,
Novels.
Henry F. Cary,1772—1844,
Trans. Dante, &c.

- w s. 'r. Coleridge, 1773—1834, 1800

Links»: nanomeoer—mmm.

 

FACT.

Southey, 1774—1843, Bio-
graphy.

Wm. Beckford,1769—1844,
Travels.

Arch. Alison, History of
Europe.

Thos. Arnold, 1795—1812,
History of Rome.

Thos. D. Fosbrooke, 1770—
1842, Archaeology.

Thos. McCrie, 1772—1835,
Life of Knox.

Sir John Malcolm, History
Persia and India.

I. D’Israeli, 1766—1848, Cu-

riosities of Literature.

Basil Hall, 1788—1844, Voy-

ages and Travels.

GERMAN.

 

IMAGINATION.

Walafrid Strabo, d. 840,
Poems, Theology.

Otfried, Harmony of Gos-
pels in rhyme.

 

Hrosm‘tha, Let. Comedies.
Notger, Trans. of Psalms.

I:
i .Wit ‘Praise of Henry
= 11f? Biography.

  
  

‘ L :- Willemm, Francis Poems.

FACT.

800 Eginhard, d. 839, Life or 800
Rahanus Maurus, 776—856,

Charlemagne, Annals.

Nithard, d 853, History 01"

Wars 01' France.

900 Regina, d. 915, Chronicles. 900

Witikind, Hist. 01' Saxons.

1000 Dithmar, d. 1018, Chron. 1000

of Saxon Emperors.

Hermannus Contractus,

Universal History.
Mar. Scoius, 1028—1086,

Chronicles.
Adam of Bremen, Ecclesi-
astical History.
Lambert, General History.
Sigebert, d. 1113, Chron.
Kosmas, 1045—1126, Histo-
ry of Bohemia.

1100 Berthold Constantiensis, 1100 mold,

Universal History.

gu'o, dailfi, lChronglhar.
3 mp » on.
of Slut. ' '. 170’

 

1800 John Leslie,

 

 

 

 

SPECULATIVE AND SCIENTIFIC}.

—1832,
Mathematician.
J. C. London, 1783—1843,
Botany, Agricul., Archit.
John Bell, 1763—1825,
Anatomy &. Physiology.
Olinthus Gregory, 1774—
1841, Mathematics and
Religion.
Robert Hall, 1764—1831,
Sermons.
Sir Chas. Bell, 1781—1824,
Anatomy and *Physio-

it gy.

SPECULATIVE AND SGXENTIFIC.

Theology.

Gottschalk, d. 869, ‘Or.

Predestination.’

 

Batherius, d. 974, Thank»

gy, Grammar.

        
   
   
   
 

 

    
   
  
    
   
   
   
 
   
  
   
  
  
  
  
   
  
 
   
    
  

 
 
 
  
  
  

   
   

 

”Ma—*-

IMAGINATION.

.—._..

1200 Giinther, Poems.

Frederic 11., 1196—1251,
‘ De Arte Venandi.’

Freydank, Poem's.

 

1200

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

FACT.

Arnold of Lubeck, Chro-
nicle of Slavi.

1300 Riidger of Manesse, Collec- 1300

tion of Ballads.
IIcmy Frauenlob, Songs.
Boner, Fables.

1400
Felix 1111mmer1ein,Satires.

Hans von Rosenplut,
Poems.

Heinrich von Alkmaar.
‘Reinke de Vess.’

Conrad Celtes, 1459—1508.
Latin Poems, History of
Nuremburg.

Thos. Murner. 1475—1536,
‘ Rogues’ Guild.’

1500

Melc. Pfinzing. 1481— 1535,
‘ Theuerdank. ’

Glareanus (H. L.) 1488—
1563, Classics.

_Hans Sachs, 1494—1574,
Poems.

John Fischart,1511—1581,
Satires.

Hemich von Rebdorf,
Chronicle.

Heimich von Hervorden,
Chronicle.

Jacob von Konigshofen,
Chronicle.

John Schildberger, History
of Timour.

1400 Gobelin Persona, General 1400

History.

VVindeck, Life of Sigis~
mund.

John Sindweg, Ch10nicle.

Peter von A111llo, de 1m-
peiio Romano.

Mar. Behhaim. Geography.
B1eydenbach,’1‘opogy_.
Con1ad B01110, Ch1on1cle

1500 Maximilian d 1508, Auto-

biography.
Gliinbeck, Lives of Em
perms

Albell Kranz, d. 1117. His-

to1y of Saxons. &c
B Pirkheimer, 1480—1530,
History y. Poetry.

John Avemin, 1466—1534,

Anals of Bavaria.

Con. Peutinger. 1465—1547,
Histmy and Geography.
John Carion. 1499—1538,

Comp. of History.

John Sleidan. 1506—1556,
Universal Histmy.

G. Tschurli,d. 1572,1113}-
vetic Chronicle.

Geraid Mercator, 1512-—
1594, Geography.

 

SPEGULATIVE AND sums“)?!

1200 .

1300

   
  
  
   
  
  
   
 
   
    
    
  
   
  
  
  
 
    
  
  
  
  
  
  
   

 

Epko of Repgow, ‘Saxoru;
Minor, (Law).

John Semeca, Law "

Alb Magnus, 1193—1280,
Natu1a1 Philosophy.

 

John Tanler, Sermons.

John Huss, 1383—1415, 1‘:
Theo logy.

John von Gm‘u'nden, Astro- (-
nomy. 11,

Geo. von. Peurbach, 1423-1
1461 Theory of Plane 1
Region1on1anus,1436—l47fl§-§
Astron . Mathemat.
Nic. von Cuss, Mathemat.
Thomas A Kempis,1380—:
1471 Theology.
Gab1iel B1ie, d 1495, The-1
ology. .
John Geyler, 1445—1510,.
Theology.
John Trithemius,1462
1516 Nat. Philosop hy. "
Renchlin, 1451—1522p, Phi 1.» x
ology.

1500 J. VVimpfelingen. 1452—1
1528,Theol., Poems. :

Holoander.d. 1531. Law
Coin. Agripp 21. 1486—153"
Physics, Theology

 

M. Luther, 1483—1546,
Theology.

Zwingle, 1484—1531, Th .
ology. w

Melancthon, 1497—1560,
Theology.

Paracelsus. 1493—1541,

Che misl ry.
Joac. Camerorius, 15H .
1574. Philology.
Conrad Gesner. 1516—lo
Natural Hismry.

Basil Faber. 151 —157
Thes. Eruq. Schol. ‘

Mar. Chemutay- »-
Theology. 1;

   
  
    
  
   
   
  
   

 

 

IMAGINATION.

   
  
 

 

$1500 G. Fabricius, 1516—1571,
" Lat. Pms. Topography.

llo1lenhazen. 1542—1609,
Froschmiiusler.

Fr. Tauhman, 1565—1613,
Latin Poems.

Martin Opitz, 1597—1639,
Poems.

James Balde, 1603—1668,

Poems.

A. Gryphius, 1616—1664,

Tragedies.

Paul Fleming, 1609—1640,
Poems.

Lohenstein, 1638—1683,
Poems.

 

uniting? CHRONOLOGY—GERMAN.

PAC-T.

 

SPECULATIVE AND SCYENTIFIO.

 

1500 Simon Schartl. 1535—1573, 1500 Wm.Xy1antier, 1532—1576,

Collec. German Hist.

John Pistorius, 1544—1607,
Collec. German Hist.
Marq. Freher, 1565—1614,I

Hist. Genny. & France.

1600

P.' Cluvier, 1580—1623,
Geography.

M. Goldast, 1576—1635,
History. ‘

G. Calixtus, 1586—1656,
Ecclesiastical History.
Olearius, 1604—1685,
Travels.

 

S. von Pufl’endorf, 1631—
1694, History, Law.

D. G. Morhofl'”. 1639—1691,
Biography. History. ,

Philology.

\Vesenbeck, 1531—1586,
Law.

Fretl. Sylberg, 1531—1596
Philology.

Theod. Beza. 1519—1609,
Theology, Philology.

{83
,C. Ritterhuis, 1560—1613,
Law.

 

1600 C. Schwenkfeld, d. 1616.,

Natural History.

.1. Bttxtorl', 1555—1621,
Philology.

John Kepler, 1571—1631,
Astronomy.

B. von Belmont, 1577—
1644. Chemistry.

C Scioppius, 1576—1649,
Ars Critica

John Bayer, Uranometria.

G. Barth, 1587—1658, Phil—
ology.

Sol. Glass, 1593—1656,
Philol. Sacra.

Otto Guerike. 1602—1686,
Air-Pump, &c.

Her. Conring, 1606—1681,
Antiquities.

Ez. Spanheim, 1629—1702, ‘

Nttmismatology.
John Sohilter, d. 1705, An-
ttqumes.

 

1700 c. Gryphius, 1649—1706, 1700 H. Meibomius, 1638—1700, 1700 Lutlolph, 1649—1711,Phil-

   
    
  
  
   
  
   

Poems, Hist., Philology.

Von Canitz, 1654—1699,
Poems.

Gunther, 1695—1724, Poems.

Liscov, Satires.

J. C. Gottsched, 1700-1766,
Poems, Trash, Criticism.

Hagedorn, 1708—1754,
Fables.
Haller, 1708—1777, ‘The

Alps.’
J. E. Schlegel, d. 1759,
Drama.
‘E. C. Kleist, 1715—1759,
‘_ Idylls.
' Gallon, 1715—1769. Fables.
Rabener, 1714—1770, Saty.

  
 

History.

C. Cellarius, 1638—1707,
Geography, Antiq.

C. Frankenstein, 1661—;
1717, History, Biog.

J. Arnold, 1665—1714, Ec-
clesiastical History.

J. G. von Eccard, 1670—
1730, General History.

J. A. Fabricitts, 1668—1736,
Bibliography.

H. Freyer, Gen. History.
B. G. Struve. 1671—1738,|

History of Germany. I
J. L. Mosheim, 1695—1755,.

 

Ecclesiastical History.

Geography.

A. F. Bfisching, 1724—1793,

ology.
Leibnitz, 1646—1716, Ma-
lhematics, Metaphysics.
C. 'l‘homasius, 1655—1728,
Law.

F. Butlaeus, 1667—1729,
Divinity.

G. E. Stahl, 1660—1734,
Chemistry.

F. Hofiman, 1660—1742,
Medicine.

J. Bernouilli, 1667—1747,
Mathematics.

B. Ilederick, 1675—1748,
Philology.

J. M. Gessner, 1691—1761,
Philology.

A. G. Baumgarten, 1714-—
1751. Ethics, Metapb.

J. .1. Gessner, 1707—1787,
Numismatology.

G. F. Meyer, 1711—1777,
Philosophy.

F. W. von Gleicken, 1714-
1783, Nat. History.

J. Winkelmann, 1718—1768
Antiquity.

Leon. Euler, 1707—1783,

Mathematics.

 

 

 

68.0 ‘ THE WORLD’S Hostages.

 

IMAGINATION.

1700 Gleim, d. 1803, Songs.

Klop stock, 1724—] 803,
‘ The Messiah.’
Zacha1iae,1727—-1777,

Comic Poems.
C. F. Weisse, Drama.
J. G. Zimmerman, 1728—
1795, ‘On Solitude’
G512, 1721-1781, Pastor.a1s
Ramler, 1725—1798. Odes.
Dusch, 1727—1788, Poems.
G. E Lessing. 1729—1781,
D1ama, Fables.
S. Gessner, 1730—1788,
‘Death of Abel.’
Wieland, 1733—1818, Ro—
mnnces Poems.
Pfeiiel,1736—1809, Fables.
G. A."'Bii1ge1, 1748—1794,
Poems.

I. 11. Voss, 1751—1826,
Novels.

F. Schiller, 1750—1805,
Drama.

Kotzebue, 1761—1819,
Drama.

Goethe, 1749—1832, Drama,
Tales, Poems.

 

1800 F. Schlegel, 1773—1829,

Novels Poet1y. Hist .8513.

Ernst Schultze, 1787—1817,
Elegies.

E. T. W Hoffinan,d. 18L2,
Tales

A. G. H. Lafontaine,1760—
1831, Tales.

Korner, Poems.

L. von Arnim, —1831,
Poems, Novels.

St‘hopenhauer, —1838,
Novels.

~—--——-—~—————-——-—————"—7—.—.—‘=§1
ISPEGULATIVE AND somN

FACT.

1700 Frank, d. 1784, Chronol.
Walch, d. 1784, Ecclesias-
tical History.

C. Gatterer, d. 1799, Hist.

J. W. von Archenholz,
1745—1812, ‘Seven Years’
War.’

Scurifikh, d. 1808, Eccle-
siastical History.

Forster, (l. 1798, Geogra-
phy-

A. L. von Schélzer, d. 1809,

History.

1800 .1. von Muller, d. 1809, Uni 1800 Herder, 1741—1803, Ph1locé

ve1sa1 Histo1y.

J. G. Eichhorn,’d. 1827,

History.

Heeren, History.

V011 Hammer, Orien. Hist.

B. G. Niebuhr, History.

Schan,
C. O. Muller,
History, Archaeology.

F. Rotteck, —1849, His-
to1y.
H. Base, —1842, His-

tory, Antiquities.

1700 G. J. Zollikofer, 1780-11

 

—1833, History.
—1840,

    
 
  
  
  
  
 
  
  
  
 
    
   
   
   
  
  
   
  

1780, Sermons. ~
J. A. E Gotze, 1731—1786
Entomolovy
Im. Kant, 1724—.1804
Metaphysics.

Semler, d. 1791, Thaology.
Piitter, Law of Nations.

Adelung, d. 1807; Phil- ,
ology. "

Layater 1741—1801, Phy- 1‘
Siognomy.

Werner, Geology.

sophy of Hist01y
Fichte, d. 1819, Metaphy- 'f
8103.
F. H Jacobi, 11.1819, Me- _
tpa hy sics ~:
Bitimenbach, Physiology.‘
Sche'ling, Metaphysics.

Thaer, —1828, Ang- 7
culture. .

Roscnmulle1,—1855,
Theology Criticism. .;

Gail, —]829, Philolov

Griesbach, —1813,P111- ,
lology. ,

G10telend,—1836,Phi~
lology.

H. .1. Klapioth, 1784—1835,;
Philology -

  
 

F. Passow, —1833,Phi »‘
lology. > *
Havel, —1831, Metal.
pliiysics. ..
F. Accum, —1838,Ch
mistry.
Mohs, —1839. Miners.»
logy. ‘ -
G. A. Faust, —1841,PT'
Eligo; Ph' 1 111qu
e er 1o
Buttmann,’ —1841,
lology.
C. T. Fall , “$75: .

WW1;

 

LITERARY CHRONOLOGY—FRENCH. 631

SPECULATIVE AND SCIENTIFIC.

 

 

IMAGINATION. FACT.
. — ____._._.__———-——-
1800 1800 Augt. Neander, 1850, 1800 Olbers, —1840, Astro-
Ecclesiastical History. nomy.
Tieck, Poems, Novels. J. L. C. Heeren, ~1842,
History. Hahnemann, —1843,
H. Berghaus, Geography. Homoeopathy.
A. von Humboldt, Travels, A. W. Sclilegel, ~1845,
History. Criticism, Essays.

Humboldt, Science.
Liebig, Chemistry.

___—___________________________._————————-———————-

   
     

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

FRENCH.
_________.______________.____.___.___————-—’____
IMAGINATION. FACT. SPECULATIVE AND SCIENTIFIC.
_______.___.___._._—————-— —__._..____..
500 Venan. J‘ortiinatus, Latin 500 500
Poetry.
Gregory of Tours, 554—595,
History.
600 600 Marculfe, ‘Chartae Re- 600
_ gales,’ (£20.
20 700 Fredegaire, Chronicle. 700 _
‘ 800 Theodulph, d. 821, Hymns, 800 800
Theology.
A obard d. 840 Theolo
Servatus Lupus, d. 862, g ’ ’ gy
Epistles.
_ _ Paschasi us Radbert, ‘Tran-
Hincmar, {1. 882, Epistles. substantiation.’
Abbon, ‘ Siege of Pig’s-j“ Ado, d. 875, Chronicle.
900 900 Flodoard, 896—966, Chron.! 000

Dudon, History of Norman
Conquest in France.

Adalberon, d. [030, Poetry.

 

 

1000 1000 Aimoin, d. 1008, History of 1000 Gerbert, d. 1003, Geometry,
France. Mathematics, &c.
Abon, d. 1004, Arithmetic,

and Astronomy.

Fulbert, d. 1029, Epistles. Berengarius, d. 1088, Theo-

 

 

logy.
1100 1100 Guibert. 1058—1124. Histo- 1000 Anselm, 1033—1109, Scho-
ry of First Crusade. lastic.
Pierre Theutbode, History
of Crusades.
' Marbodaaus, d. 1123, Bio- Pierre Abelard,1079—-1142,
Wm. of Poictiers, 1071— graphy. Theology.

’- 1126, First Troubadour.
Hildebert, 1067—1133, Po-

et .
Becgda, Norman Poetry, Sugar, 1082—1152, Life of Bernard of Claim-aux,
‘Gestes de Godefroi.’ , Louis 16 Gros. 1091—1155, Mystic.

 

638 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

 

 

.—

SPECULATIVE AND SCH-INT“?!

 

IMAGINATION. ‘ FACT.

 

 

 

1100 1100 Hugh de St.Victoire,1097— 1100 r
1140, Geography, Histo—

 

1200

1300 Peter Langtoft, Anglo-Nor- 1300

Geofl'roi Gainiar, Anglo-
Norm. Chron. in verse.
Rob. VVace, ‘Roman de

Ruu.’

Fouque, a Troubadour.
Alexander of Bernai, Poet-
ry, Fables.

 

John 1Egidius, Poem on
Medicine.

William le Breton, ‘Deeds
of Philip,’ in verse.

P. Gautier, ‘Alexandrieda.’

\Villiam de Lorris, ‘Roman
de la Rose.’

Jean de Meun, Contin. of
‘ Roman de la Rose.’

Esteve (1e Bezier, Last
'l‘roubadour.

 

man Chronicles.

Philippe of Vitri, Transla-
tion of Ovid.

 

 

1400 1400 1400 Peter d’Ailly, 1350—1425,
Astronomy.
John Gerson, 1363—1429,
Scholastic.
Raymund de Sebunda, d.
1432, Theology. '
' _ Henry of Balma, d 1439,
Alain Chartier, d. 1458, Mystic.
Poetry.
Corbeil. Satire. _
D’Auvei‘gne, d. 1458, Po~ James Lefevre, 1436—1537,
ems. Theolo y.
. . ' Wm. Bu aaus, 1467—1540,
Clement Marot, 1463—1525, Philip de Comines,1445~ Jurist.
Poems. 1509, Hist. of his Times.
1500 1500

F. Rabelais, 1483—1553,
Satires.

J. (in Bellay, 1492—1560,
Poems.

Steph. Jodelle, 1532—1573,
Odes, Tragedies, &c.

ry, and Theology.

"M

1200 Pierre de Poictiers, Sacred 1200

History.
Geofi‘rey de Villehardouin.
Conq. of Constantinople.

Phil. Mouskes, d. 1283, His-
tory of France in verse.
W. Rubruquis, Traveller.

Jean de Joinville, 1260—
1318, Hist. of Louis IX.

 

John Froissart, 1337—1402,
Chronicles.

 

Guill. du Bellay. d. 1543,
History of his Times.

Jaques Amyot, 151 1-—1593,

Translations.

 

 

Peter Lombardus, d. 1164,
Theology.

Alain de 1’Isle, d. 1202
Theology, Ethics.

Vincentius of Brmuvais,
Encyclopaadia.

Rob. ot' Sorbonne, d. 1271,
Theology.

 

1300 Bernard Gordon, Medicine.

John of Paris, (1. 1306,The-
ology.

W. Durand, d. 1333, Law.

W. Occam, d. 1347, Law.

 

 

1500 J. C. Scaliger, 1484—1558,

Philology.
Du Bois, 1478—1555, A1132.

Rob. Stephens, 1503—1559,
Philology. . _
P.Ramus,l515——1572,Logic '
Seb. Castellio, 1515- 1563,

Philology.

Jai Cujacius, 1520—1590
aw. .
Lambinus, . 1515—1572,

Commentaries. _

 

 

    

“NATION.

Poems, Criticisms.
Mich. de Montaigne, 1533—
1592, Essays.

i ': Fran. Malherbe,l556——1628,
i "I Odes.

 

“.1600 M. Reignier, 1573—4613,1600 P

i , Satir es.

J. Cha pelain, 1595—167 4,
La Pucelle. ’

P. Comeille, 1606—1684,
Drama.

St. Evremond, 1613—1703,
Literature.

Rochefoucault, 1603—4680,

Reflections. Memoirs.

' Moli 1e,1620—1673 Drama.

La Fomaine, 1691-1695,
Fables, Tales.

Seglais,1621—1701lldyls.

T. Comeille, 1620—1709,

 

Diama.
‘ M. de Sevigné, 1626—1694,
. Letters.
2 J. Racine, 1639—1699,
15 Drama.

{.2 Boileau, 1535-1711. Satires.

 

. ‘ )0 Regnand 1647—1709,
3 1 tioniedies.

Gallanll, 1646—1715, Tran.
of Arabian Nights.

Fenelon, 1651—1715, ‘ Tele-
machus, ’ due.

Deshoulieres, 1638—1694,
Elegies.

   
 
 
 
 
  

”u M. A. Murct, 1526—1585, 1500

1700

 

FACT.

J. J. Scali ger, 1540—1609,
History, Ciiticism, &.c.

J. A. no Thou, 1553—1617,
History of France.

Matthieu, 1541—1621,
Histmy of F1ance
An. Du. ()hesne, 1584-1640,
Collections of Histories.

Bochart 1599—1667, ‘Geo-
graphia Sacia. ’

Henry Spoudanus, 1568—
1643,Hist01y.

S. Guicher,on 1607— 1664,
Hist. of House of Savoy.

Henri Valesius,1603—1696,
Ecclesiastical I-Iisto1y.

Adr. Valesius, 1607—1692,
‘ Deeds of the Franks.’

L. Meieri, 1643—1680,
Historical Dictiona1y.
Tillcmont,1637—1698,Ec-

ciesiastical History.

 

J. Marsollier, 1647—1724,

History various.
Fleury, 1653—1723, Eccle
siastical H1st01 y
G. Daniel, 1649-1728, His
tory of France.
Vatincourt, 1653—1730,
Biography-
27*

mm mommy—«anon.

SPECULATIVE AND SCIENTIFIG.

1500

1600

Hen. Stephens, 1528—1590,
Philology.

F. Vieta, 1540—1603, Al-
geb1'.a.

Pierre Charon, 1543—1603,

Theology.
Isaac Casaubon, 1559—-

1604, Philology.

C. Salmnsius, 1596—1652,
ilistmy and C1iticism.
Dennis Petau, 1583—1652,
Ch nology.

P. Gassendi, 1592—1655,
Philosophy.

Des Canes, 1596 1650,
Metaphysics. Ma..hem.

B. Pascal, 1623—1662,
Miscellaneous.

D’ lierbelm, 1626—1695,
Oiientalist.

Cassini, 16254712, Astron.

Huet 1630 1721, Philos’phy
Bourdaloue, 1632—1704,
Semions.

La B1uyure, 16364696,
‘ Cha1acters. ’
Malb1anche,1633—l715,

‘ Search after Truth.’

1700P. Bayle, 16474706,

Dictionary.

Hardouin, 1646—1729,
Criticism.

And. thcier,1651-1722,
Philology.

Anne Dacier,1651-1720,
Philology.

Toumefort, 1656-1708,

Botany.

Foutenelle, 1657—1756,

 

‘ Plurality of Worms,
&c.

Montfaucon 1655—17fl,

Antiquities.

Massiilon, 1663-1742,

Sermons.

. Mmgfihzh_\mnhm_ “A-.. .1. '1. .: ...

 

 

 

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

 

IMAGINATION.

1700

J. B Rousseau, 1671—1141
Odes.

C1ehillon, 1674—1762,
Tragedies.

Ren. Le Sage, 1677—1747,
‘ Gil Bias. ’

P. N. Destouches, 1680—
1751, Comedies.

J. B. Grécourt, 1683—1743,
Odes, Tales, &c.

Marivaux, 1688—1763,
Novels.

Voltaire, 1695—1778, Tra~
gedy, Poetry, Hist, &c.

J. J. Rousseau, 1712—1778,
‘ Emile,’ ‘Heloise,’ &c.
Diderot, 1713—1784, ‘En-
c yclopedie, ’ Novels.
Be1nis, 1715—1794, Poems.
Favart, d. 1762, Comic
Operas.

Louis Racine, d. 1763,
Poems.

J. J. Barthelemy,1716—119.1,
‘ Anacharsis. ’

'Marmontel, 1719—1799,
Tales.

Gresset, d 1777,E1egies.

Dorat, d. 1780, Novels.

 

Florian, 1755 —1794, Tales.
Beaumarchais, d. 17,99
Comedies.
180) B. St.

Virginia.’
Madme. de Genlis, Novels.

Mdme. Cottin, 1772—1807,
Tales.

Delille. d. 1813, ‘L’Homme
des Champs. Jae.

Madame de Stael,1768-
1817, ‘ Corinne,’ &c.

H. de Balzac, 1799—1850,
NOVels.

J. J. Boissaid, 1743—1831,
' Fables.

Pierre, ‘Paul and 1800 Sismondi,

FACT.

1700 Ver.tot 1655—1735. History
Paul Rapin, 1661—1725, fi'
Histo1y of England.
Bossuet, 1662—1704, His
to1y ,Se1.mons
C. Rollin, 1661—1741,
Ancient History, Educa-
tion.

C. I. F. Henault, 1685-177
History

0. Villaret, 1715—1765,
History of France.

L. P. Anquetil, 1723—1808,
H1story.

Mait. Bouquet, d 1754,
Recueil d’ Histoi 1cns

A. Goguetd. 1758, ‘Oiigin
01 Laws, Arts, ch.’

Lai'cher, 1726-1812,T1ans.
of Herodotus.

C1evie1‘, d. 1765, Ancient.
History.

Guyot, d. 1771, Ecclesias-
tical History.

J. De Guignes, 1721—1800,
History of the Huns.

D’Anville, 1702—1782,
Geography.

G. Ray nal, 1711- 1796, Hist.
of East and West Indies.

C. F. X. M1110t,1126—178.J
IIist01y.

 

Political Science.
Barante, History.
Augustin Thierry y, History
Amedei Tliierry, History
Guizot, History.

Thiers, History.

D%1on,td. 1825,Trave1sin

" YP~

J. P. F. Ancillon, 1767—
1837, History.

LouisE. Bignon, —1841,
History.

J. J. Jacotot, 17704840
Education.

 

 

1700

History and 1800 Volney,

   
  
  
  
  
   
 
  
  
   
   
  
  
   
  
   
   
    
   
   
  
  

SPEGULATIVE m lemnrmxo ,‘

 

Folard, 1669—1752, Stra-
tegy.
Saurin, 1677-1730, Ser-
mons.

Montesquieu, 1698—1755,
‘Espiit des Loix. ’
Réaumul‘, 1683—1757,
Natu1al History
Houbigant, 1686—1783,
Criticism, Philology.
Girard, d. 1748, ‘Synony-
mes.’

Bufl‘on, 1707—1788, Natural
History.
De Brosses, 1709—1777,
Philology, History.

Helvctius, 1715—1771,
‘ De l’Esprit. ’
D’ Aubenton, 1716—1799,
Natuial History. ~
N Vattel, d. 1770, ‘Law
of Nations.’
D’Alembe1t, d.1783,‘En-
cy clopedie. ’
La Grange, Mathematics.

 

Bailly, 1736—1793, Hist,
Astronomy.
Lavoisier, 1743—1794,
Chemistry.
Montucla, 1725—1799,
Mathematics.
Turgot, Polit. Economy.
Mirabeau, Politics
Fourcroi d. 1809, Chem.
J. Lalantie,d. 1807, Astron

1755—1820, Travels, ;
Philology,
Hauy, (1.1822, Crystallo 1
graphy. ‘ ’7
La Place, d. 1827, Mathe- .;
matics -
Guyton Morveau Chem.
Cuvier,d.1832, Nat. Hist.
Dumont, Legislation.
P. L Courier, Politics.
J. F. Audoin, 1797—1841
Zoolog g.y
J. E. D. Esquirol, 1772—
1840 on Insanity. . ‘
Chas. Pourier, 1772—1837. I
Socialism. . .-

    
    

. (‘ "
t

émw .. mounds.

mama! cm a: PORTUGUESE.

FACT.

 

1:11 C. Delsvigna, Tragedies, 1800 Mad. Junot, 1784—1839,

and Poems
Victor Hugo, Tragedies,
Poems, and Romances.
A. (le Lamartine, Poems,
History, and Travels.
Mod.D11devant (George
‘ Sand), Novels.
. A. Dumas. Poems, Plays,
and Romances,

 

 

 

 

SPANISH AND PORTUGUESE.
P 1s prefixedfar Portuguese

 

 

 

 

 

1: IMAGINATION. FACT.
5- 500 500
‘600 600 John of Biclair, d. 620 600
" Chronicle.
Isidore, d. 636, Chron. do
Goth.
‘ 300 800 Eulogius, d. 859, Martyr- soo

 

 

‘ P. 1100 Bg az Monez, Songs.
‘; P. Gtgmzalo Hermiguez,
* Songs.

 

‘15!)0

Gonzalo Berceo, Rhymes.

 

I

 

‘ 1100

Biography. ,

A. L. G. Laborde, —1842.
Travels.

Las Cases, ~1842, Biog-
raphy. ‘

J. Michautl, —1839, His-
to1y.

Bou11ienne, —1834 ‘ Life

01 Napoleon.’
A. Coille, —1838, Voyage
P1 'l‘emhuctou, A‘Lc.
Champollion 1e Jenne,
1832, Antiq. Egypt
J P. A. Remusat, —-1832,
Philology, Antiquities.

 

ology.
Alvarez, Biog. of Eulogius.

 

1200 Rodrigo Ximenez, 11.1245, 1200

History of Spain.

 

3300 Juan Manuel, d. 1362, R0- 1300

“13.11088.
v.€_——_——___

1400 Villena, d. 1434, Trans.
. Virgil and Dante.

.. E. de Villena, 1434, Moral
'. Drama.

,»~~ Juan de Mena, 1412—1456
' Poems.

 

 

 
 
 

v-L do Mendoza, 1393—1458. 5“

    

Poems»

~ 0

 

1100

 

 

SPEGULATIVE AND SGIENT “HG.

 

1800 T. s Joumoy, 1796—18412.

Metaphysics

A. L. de Jussiou, 1748-1836,
Botany.

S. F. Lac1oix, 1765—1843,
Mathematics.

Lamarck, ~1829,Natura.l
History.

Legendre, 1753—1833, Ma-
thematics.

Louis, -~1837, Surge ,

onussais, ~1838, edi-
cine, Physiol.

Chaptal, ——1832,Chem-
istry.

Say, Polit. Economy.

SPECULATIVE AND SCIENTIFIC.

 

500 Anian, Law.

Fulgentius Ferrandus,
Canon Law.
Ma1tin, d. 580, Ethics.

'Ildefonso, d. 667, Polemica. .,

 

R. de Penafort, 1175—1275,
Decretals.

Alphonsqu d. 1284, .,
Astionomy, Alchemy.
Raimund Lullo,1%6—— 4
1315, Theology, Chem-

istry,&

 

1300

 

1400 Dlez de Games, Biography. 1400

» J. de Torquema®¢1
01mm; 41391

Sermons,
Jar V _ ‘5'» 4 153““

   

I;

 

 

636

IMAGINATION.

 

1400 Perez de Guzman, Lyrics.

Juan de la Enzina, Pastoral
Drama.

 

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. ,

FACT.

1-100 R. (1e Zamora. 1407—1470, 1400

History of Spain.
Fern. (lel Pulgas, 810g of
Ferdinand and Isabella.

 

1500 Lope de Ruetla, Comedies. 1500

Torres Nultarro, Comedy.
Juan Boscan, d. 1544, Son-
ne1s.
P. Ber. Ribeyro. Eclogues.
Garcilaso de la Vega,
15021—1536, Poems.
P. Sun (18 Miranda, 1495—1558, P,
LyriCS.
Juan 116 la. Cueva, Art of
Poetry.
P. Gil Vicente. d. 1557,

Comedy.

J. de Montemayor, 1520— P.
1561, Romance.

Ant. Ferrelra, 1528—1569,
Elegies.

Diego de Mendoza, d. 1575,
Poems, History.
P. Camoens, 1524—1579, ‘ The
Lusiad.’
Luis de Leon, 1527—1591,
Lyric Poems.
Fern. de Herrera, d. 1578,
Classical Poems.
P. Rodriguez Lobo, Ro-
mances, Pastorals, &c.
P. P. de A. Caminha, d. 1595,
Epigrams, Pastorals.
C. de Castillejo, d. 1596,
Romantic Poems.
A. de Ercilla, 1533—1600,
‘ Araucana.’
Geron. Bermudez, d. 1589,
Tragedy.
L. de Argensola, 1565—
1613, Tragedy, History.
P. Jeron. Cortereal, Poems.
Cervantes, 1549—1616,
‘Don Quixote.’

 

1600

1631, Tragedy, History.

F. Quevetlo. 1570—1645, P.

Tales, Satires.

L. Congora, 1585—1638,
Poems.

Lope de Vega, 1562—1635,

Drama. P.

J. P. de Montalvan, d. 1639,
Tragedy.
M. de Madrigal, Romances.
r. Man. de Faria e Sousa, d.
1649, Pastoral Poems.

1500 Perez de Oliva, d. 1533,

Damian Goez, History,
Travels.

Joao de Barros, d. 1570,
‘ Hist. Portugu. in India.’

A. Zarate, ‘ Discov. of
Peru.’

A. de Morales, 1513—1590, P.
History of Spain.

J. Acosta, 1547—1600, Hist.
of the West Indies.

Gonsalvo lllescas, d. 1580,
Lives of the Popes.

Luis Marmol, Description
of Africa

Jeron. Zurita, 1513—1580,
History of Arragon.

Estevan Garibay, History
of Spain.’

Juan Mariana, 1537—1624,
H1st., Chronology, &c.
Blanca, History of Spain.

J. G. de Mendoza, Hist. 01'
China.

1600 Her. y Tortlesillas, 1565—
P.
Bart. de Argensola, 1566— P.

1625, History of Spain.
A. de Meneses, d. 1617,
History of Augustines.
F. Andrada, Chronicle of
John 111.
B. (1e Brito, 1570—1617,
History of Portugal.

A. de Andrada, d. 1633,
Travels in Thibet and
Cathay.

Pru. de Sandoval, History

Jayme B_leda, History of
Moors in Spain. I

 

SPEGULATIVE AN!) SOXENTIFIC.

 

 

      

,-__.—____.___,.,r “j

 

Fras. Ximenez,1437—1517, -
Polyglot Bible. .

Ethics.
J. Luis Vives, 1492—1540,
Philosophy, Theology.

Ant. de Guevara, d. 1544,
Ethics, Epistles.
A. Govea, 1505—1565, Law.

Ant Agostino, 1516—1586,
Theology, Law.

S. des Brosses, 1523—1600,
Grammar.

D. (1e Andrada. 1528—1535,
I‘heology.

Luis Molina, 1535—1600,
Metaphysics.

J. Guevara 1541—16
Publicist: a

J. Valverda, Anatomy.

  
 

 

IMAGINATION.

 

”1600 L. V. dc Guevara, d.1646, 1600

-. ‘ El Diablo Coxuelo. ’
« Vic.Espinel,1545—1634,
' Elegies.

Calderon, 1601—4667, P.

Drama.
. L. Ulloa, d. 1660, Poems.
. P A. B. Bacellar,d. 1663,
_ Sonnets.
. P. Matheo Ribeiro, Romance.

P.

M de Villegas, 1595—1669,
Anacreontics.
P F. de Vasconcellos, Poems.
. P R. de Macedo, d. 1682,
. Poems.
. .P. Viol. do Ceo, 1601—1693,
. Poems.
P. F. da Castanheira. Novel.
1’ A. Nunhes da Sylva, Son-
nets.

1700 Fran. Candarno, d. 1709,

' Drama.

. Ant. de Zamora. Comedy.

, P. Xav. de Meneses, 1673—
, 1743, ‘Hemiqueide,’
Epic Poem.

Ignacio de Luzan, d. 1754,

gArt of Poetry. P,

Tomas (1e Yriarte, d. 1771,
Fables, &.c.
P. A. de Barros Pereira,
Poems.
P Manoel da Coste. Poems.
V.Ga1cia de la Huerta,
» Tragedy.
P. P. Correo Garcao Lylic
Poems.
Leon de Arroyal. Odes.
P Paulino de Vasconcellos,
Sonnets.
Mel. Valdez, Odes, Lyrics.
P. Cathar. de Sousa, Tragedy. .

1800 G.Jovellanos,1744—-1811, 1800 J. A. Llorente, History of 1800

_ ‘A rarian liaw. ’
"it. Tol. a Almeida, Satires.
- Fem. de Moratin, (1.1828,
Comedies.
M. Garcia de Villanueva,
‘ On the Theatre.’
«I J. H. Davila, General Lit-
stature.

 

 

 

LITERARY unnumrs—spmnm PORTUGUESE.

FACT.

0. Acuna, 1597—1641, ‘De-
scrip. of Rive1 Amazon.

E. de Almey (la, d. 1646,
Histo1y of Ethiopia.

J. F. de Andrada.p1597—
1657, Life of John de
Castro, Comic Poetry.

N16. Antonio, 1617—1672,
Bibliotheca Hispanica.
Alb. Coelho, d. 1658,
‘ Wars of Brazil.’

Ant. de Solis, 1611—1686,
Hist. of Conq. Mexico.

1700 J. Forreras, 1652—1735,

111sto1y of Spain.

Barbosa Maehado, Diction~
ary of Learned Men.

Velasquez, d. 1772, Hist.
of Castilian Poetry.

Figoeireda, Eccl. History.

Munoz, Hist. 01' America.

Cavanilles, Annals.

Inquisition.

Jose Antonio Conde, His.
tory of Moors in Spain.

SPECULATIVE AND SCIENTIN'O

1600

 

1700 .

 

   

     
   
   

Feyjoo, 1765, Ethics, Criti-
c1sm.

A. Ulloa,1716—1795,Math-
ematician.

Ruiz, Botany.

Pavon, Flora Peruv1ans.

J. H. Magalhaens, d. 1790,

Natural Philosophy.

Felix de Azaia, Zoology.

J. N. de Azala, 1731 11”,
Antiquity.

   
   

 

 

   

 

IMAGINATION.

 

 

1200 J. Van Maerlant, 1235—
1300, Poems, ‘ Rymby-
bel.’

Melis Stoke, Poetic Chron.

 

1300 Jan van Helen, Poems,
Chronicles.
Heij. van Holland, Poems.
Claes Willems, Poems.

 

1400 J. Wilt, Trans. Boethius.
Dirk van Munster, ‘ Chris-
tian Mirror.’

Lambert, Goetman, ‘Mir-
ror of Youth.’

 

1500

A. Byns, Religious Poems.

Jan. Fruitiers, Poems and
Prose.

J. Secundus, 1511—1536,
Amatory Poems.

Dirk Koornhert, 1522——
1590, Transl. Homer.

P. van Mamix, Odes,
Songs.

R. Visscher, Epigrams.

Hendrick Spiegliel, Didac.
Lic Poems.

Comedies, &c.
D. R. Kamphuizen, 1586—
1626, Religious Poems.
Daniel Heins, 1580-4655,
Poems, Philology.

J. Cats, 1577—1660. Drama.

P. C. Hooft, 1587~1647,
Tragedy, Odes, Hist. of
the Netherlands.

G. van Baerle (Barlzeus),
1584—1648, Latin Poems.

Just van Vondel, 1587——
1679, Tragedies.

M. Visscher, Trans. Tasso.

Jan van Heemskerk, ‘Ar—
cadia.’

-J. Westerbaen, 1599—1669,
Epigrams.

 

 

1200

 

1300

1400 Edmund Dinter, d. 1448,

one G. Brederode, 1585—1637, 1600

. 16w

DUTCH.

  
  
    
      
     
   

 

FACT. SPECULATIVE AND SGIEiTmC

 

1200

 

1300

Gerard Groot, Theology.

1400
Chronicles ofBrabant.
P. vander Heyden, 1393~ .
1473, Chronicles. =
J. W. Gransfc st, Theo.

x. "

Rud. Agricola 1442—1 r
Philosophy,’Hist., 63.6% 3

1500 1500 Erasmus, 1467—1536, The-

ology, Literature, 6m

S. Pigllius, 1520—1604,
‘ Roman Annals.’

J. Heurnius, 1543—1601,

Medicine.
C. 'Kiliaan, d. 1607, Die-
tionary. 7
Justus Lipsius, 1547-1606;?»
Philology. 1'

Sim. Stevinus. d. 1633,
Hydrostaucs, Mathem. > -.
H. Erpenius,1584—16%, ‘

A. Schott. 1552—1629, His-
Orientalist.

tory of Spain.
1600

H. de Groot (Grotius),
1583—1645, Hist., Theol-
ogy, Poetry, &c.

J. Golius, 1596—1667;“
emalist. ‘
Voetius, 1589—4676.
Polemics.
Beverwyk, 1594—1647,
Medicine.
Diemerbroek, lfiOfi-flfifl,
Anatomy. '.<

      

W “"TIM- . SPECULAT‘VE AND 561331331”:-

   
    

Cons. Huygens, 1596—1687, J. F. Gronovius, 1611-3“

  
  

     
  

   
  
      
     
    
     
     
     
    
   
    
   
     
    
    
   

‘ Eplgmms.1671, l’hilolo%y.
:. Ju- Decker, 1610—1066, .1. Leusden,15 41—1699,
Elogies. Philology.

  

D. Joncktiis,d. 1654,An1a-
to1y Poems.

Nicholas Heins, 1620—1681,
Poems, Philology.

Jan de Bruno, ‘ Whetstone

of Wit.’

Jan V05, Drama, Epi-
g1ams

Reinie1 Anslo. 1622—1669,
‘ Plague of Naples’

F. Burman, 1628‘1679,
Theology.

Chr. Huygens, 1629—1699,
Mathem., Mechanics.

B. Spinoza, 1632—1677,

Theology. 1

  

Ger. Brandt, 1626—1685,
Hist of Reformation

Cau, Collect. of Bamvian ...
1 History.
1 J. G. G1aevius, 1632-4703, Swammerdam, 1637—lm
Roman Antiquities Natmal History.
J. Pe1izonius, 1631—1715, A. Leuwenhoek,1632—-
History. , 1723, Natural History.

    
 

 

1700 1700 F. Ruysch, 1639—4731,
Anat.

     
      
     
    
    
    
    
    
     
    
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
    
      
   
    
   
   
   
 
 
  
 
   
 
     
  

[700 P. Francius, 1645—1704,
1 Latin Poet1y.
J. A. Vander y(11053, 1647

1648, Drama.
J. Gronovius,1645—-1716,

Greek Antiquities. G. Bidloo, 1649--1713,
P Bondam, Collection of Anat.
Batavian History. 0. Vitrin'ga, 1659—17253,
Simon Styl, History of Theology.
Netherlands. ' Bifi‘keischoek, ,1663~—11‘43, «‘i
aw
H. Boerhaave, mas—1733‘
Medicine.
Hemsterhuis, 1685—1766,
Philology.
'A. Schultens, 1686—17"
Philology.
Gravesande, 1688—1742,
Mathematics.
Chr. Hecht, 1696—1748,
Philology.
B. S. Albinus, 1683—177X,
Anatomy .191
Oudendorp, 1696—1761,
Philology.
W. Otto Reiz,1702—-1768,
-Law.
D. Gaubius, 1705—1780. .
Medicine.
Hoogeveen, 1712—1794331
Philology.
G. van Swieten, 1700—.
1772 Medicine.

P. Camper, 1722—4189,
Anatomy.

D. Ruhnken, 1mm.
Philology.

 

  
  
  
 
 
 
  
  

 
  
   
  
 

Elm-W016; Novels.
Luz-jun. Novels.

Bella!!! «11.13381757—1786, Odes.

W111.

 

Valckenaer, Philology.
' '1... 1800D. Wmnbmgifl
Kine new 0a». H1110 olo‘gy.

  
 
 
   
 
   
 
 

Holman, 41.1831, Poems
iouwland Poems.

r, a. To Water, History
1 Engelberts, Ancient Hist.
mum-0.011”, “Netherlands.

I‘m.» 1;... .3

 

  

  
   

 

640 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

-.

 

 

 

 

IMAGINATION. FACT. SPECULATIVE AND schermo
Tollens, Poems. Kluits, Hist. ofHolland. De Jonge, Antiquities.
Da Costa, Sacred Poems. Westendorp, History. Hamaker: O1iemalist.
Wilderbosch, Odes. Ypey, Ecclesiastical Hist. Vander Palm, Literature.

 

SWEDEN, DENMARK AND ICELAND.
8., Sweden; D., Denmark; Ic., Iceland.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

IMAGINATION. FACT. SPECULATIVE AND soisx'nmc.
Ic. 900 Hjalti. Poems. 900 900
Ic. 1100 Thorwald, Ballads. 1100 1100
lo. Aro. d. 1148, Annals of Ice-
land.
D. Saxo, Grammaticus, d D. Sunesen. Jurist.
1204, Hist of Nouhem D. Axel, Theology. '
Nations.
Ic. Saamund. b. 1156, The D. Sueno, Hist. of Denmark.
Elder Edda.
Ic. 1200 Snot. Sturleson, d. 1241, 1200 1200
Younger Edda, Hist.
of Norway.
Ic. Suerron, Tales. .
D. Sturla. Thoridsen, Hlstory
of Norway.
1400 1400 1400
S. Eric Olai, History of Goths S. Bryn. Karlsson. d 1430,
and SWedes. Instruction to Kings and
Plinces. .
1500 1500 1500

S. John Magnus,d. 1544,
Hist. 01 Sweden.
S. Olaus Magnus, Customs of
NortheIn Nations.
S. P. Lagerloof, 1538—1599,
Histmy North ofEulope.
Ic. Arn. Jonas, 1545—1640, D. Tycho Brahe,1546—1601,
Hist. of Iceland, &.c. Astronomy -
D. Ursus,a.1600,Astronomy. :

1600 1600 1600
S. P. Kirsten, 1577—1640,
Orientalist.
D. G. Ba1thol1ne.1a85—1629.

D. Anders Arrebo, b.1587, ‘ Anatomy, Theology.
Religious Poetry. D. Ole Worm, 1588—1654, m
D. J. J Pontanus,1591—1640, tiquities,Philo.
Danish Hist.
D. Anders Bording, b. 1619,

-Poems.
Stiernhjelm, Epic Poem,
‘Hercules.’

 

     
     
     
      
   
      
   
  
  
    
   
 
    
 
    
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
  
    
  
    

mutate.

; .y.

 

1c.
1700 Thos. Ringo, b. 1634. 1700
Hymns. S

D.

D.
L. Holberg,l684—1754, D.
Drama, Satire, Hist.
Ch. Falster, 1690-
1752, Satirist.

D.

0101‘ Dalin, 1708—1763,“ D.
Poetry, History.

S.
Sneedorf, 1724—1764,
Poems.
D.
. Tullin, Lyrics.

John Ewald, 1743—
1781, Tragedy, Lyrics.

.1. H. Wessel, Humor-
ous Poems.

Bellerman, 1741—1796,
Lyrics.

H. Tode, 1736—1806,
Dramas. Fables.

‘ Samsoe. 1759—1796,

Tragedies.

P. A. Heiberg, b. 1758,
Drama. ‘

S. Efgstriim, d. 1810.
Poems.

 

1800 Thorlacksen, d. 1819, 1800
Transl. Milton D.
V . C. L. Sander, Dramas.

'. Jens. Baggesen, d.
4 1826, Lyrics.
Oehlenschlager,
Poems.
B. S. Ingermann,
Lyrics. S.
Atterboue, Poems. S.
To ner, Romances, &c. S.
F. or Novels. S.

S.

. m: cummx, .um mum. *6

FACT. SPEGULATIVE AND somnrmm..

Torfaaus, 1639—1720, Hist. S.

O]. Rudbeck, 1630—1702,
of Norway.

Botany, Anat., Jae.

 

1700

John Permgskiold, 1654— D.
1720, History.

Arne Magnussen, b. 1663,
Collec. Hist.

Albert Thura, Hist.

Hans Gram, d. 1748, His-
tory.

J. C. Sturmius, 1635—17“,
Phys, Mathem. -

l

Langebek, d. 1775, Collec. S.
Danish History.

Pontoppidan, d. 1764, Ori-
gines Havnienses.

Lagerbring, d. 1781, His-
tory.

Linnmus, 1707—1778,
Botany.

S. Wallerius, d. 1785,
Mineralogy.
P. T. Suhm, 1720—1798, D. Oeder, Flora Danica.
Hist. of Denmark. S. Ihre, Dictionary. -.

     
 

. 1800
Malte Brun, d. 1826, Geog-
raphy, in French.
Thorild Travels.
S. Berzelius, Chemistry.
D. Rask, Orientalist.
S. Wodderstadt, ‘On Yellow '
AfzeIius, Iceland Records. Fever!
Hallenberg, History. S. Liliegrep. Northern An- .
Granberg, Statistics. ttqtuties. _ . ‘
Blexell, Topography. S. Norberg, Orientalm. $1132

.1. F. Blumenbnch,
1840, Naturalist.

 

‘m , 1 m WORED’S PROGRKSQ." . u jag-3527. ; :{

    
     
         

 

 

POLISH.
IMAGINATION. FACT. SPECULATIVE AND semi?
1200 1200 Vinc. Kadlubek, d. 1226, 1200

History of Poland.
Boguphalns, d. 1253,
Chronicle of Poland.
Martin Polonus, d. 1278,
Chronicle of Popes and ‘
Emperors. Vitellio. Optlcs.

1400 1400 Dluglossus, 1415—1480, l400
History of Poland.

 

 

1500 1500 1500

N. Copernicus, 1472—1" ‘
Astronomy.
Cawalezewski, Chronicles. Lucas Gornicki, Ethics.
Bielski, Chronicles. Rey of Naglowic, 1515-- "
1568, Ethics. _
Kochanowski, 1530—1584,

Stryjkowski. Chron. of P0-
land and Russia. '

 

 

 

- 1600 1600 Ab. Bzovius, 1567—1637, 1600 ,
Ecclesiastical Annals. ..
l“ ‘ Sarbiewski, 1595—1540: John Maccov, d. 1644,T ..
“ 143.1111 PUBLIY. ology_ .
.. _ , Przipcov, 1590—1670, T‘ _
} Lubienetskl, 1623—1675, ology, ‘
History of Reformation.

’ 1700 1700 Dogiel, Coll. Hist. Poland.11700
3 Mizler, Do.

Naruszewicz, d. 1796, P0-
etry and History.

 

1800 Krasicki, Poems, Roman-1800 1800
ces.
Boguslawski, Drama.
Bronikowski, Novels.
Bernatowicz, Novels.

 

 

0;, Bulgarin, Novels.
3; ' Mickiewicz, Poems. Lach Szmyma, Travels.
Odyniec, Drama. Potocki, Travels. Linde, Lexicon.
RUSSIAN.

[The Russian has been in use as the language of literature scarcely more than a century. A w

{‘1} books used in Russia were written in the ancient Sclavonic tongue, which does not great
, _ differ from Russian, but more closely resembles the languages spoken in Servia, and in
i, - othlelrrgiiovinces near the Save and Danube. The first. printing-office in Russia was estab
' -‘ In 00 . ‘

 

 

 

IMAGINATION. FACT. ‘ SPECULATIVE AND semi“:
1000 1000 Yaroslaf, Code of Lung. .
Nestorof Kiew, 1056—1115, ( +3»

Chronicle: of Russia.

 

 

   

”-m

m‘mATION. FACT. SPEGULATIVE AND SCIENTM
'1 ~—-——____—_—_——~.a___.a—

.. w . 1100 Theodosius,d.1120,Annals.1100'
.' Sylvester, d. ll23, Chro-
nicles of Russia.

g; u.“
The Expedition of Ighor, a
celebrated Poem, author
Unknown. Simeon of Susdal, d. 1206,
Chronicles of Russia.

\\

1200 John of Novgorod, History 1200
of Russia.

. ; blank of nearl four centuries arises from the oppression of the Mongols, who held Rush
. from 1223 to 14 . They destroyed almost all ancient books, and re ressed the rising spirit. of
.. .,. knowledge which a close connection with the Greeks was then intro ucing into Russia]

":1500 1500 1500 Sudebuek, Code of news.

 

~ru 1600 ‘ 1600 Demetrius of Rostofl’, The—

.- ology, Spiritual Dramas.
it Simeon of Polotsk, Peems,

_ ‘ Spiritual Dramas.

,

1m 1700 Khilkofi‘, History of Russia. 1700 Theophanes, Sermons.
.- ,. V. Tatischefl', d. 1750,
Chronicles of Russia.
Camemir, 1708—1744, Sati-
rical Poems.
. Lomonosofi“, 1711—4765,
. _ . Poetry, History, Science. .
Trodianotfski, Poems. Cherbatomflrstory.
‘ .Popofski, Transl. Pope. Golikofi‘, History.
lsummkorr, 1-718-—1777,
Drama.
Kheraskofl‘, 1733—1807, 7 " i
‘ The Russiad.’ Plato, 1737—1812,Serm
Kostrofi‘, d. 1796, Transl. . .
the Iliad. P. S. Pallas, 1741—1813.
Petrofl‘. 1736—1799, Trans]. Natural History. .
the Eneid.
Kniainin,»: 1742—1794,
_ . Drama.
‘ " J. Khemnitzer, 1744*1784,
; “ Fables.
I. Klushin, Comedies.
Ephimiefl‘, Comedies.
Ablesimnff. Operas.
G. R. Derlavin, 1743—1816, Muraviefi‘, 1757—1816, His-
‘ Lyric Poetry. Lory, Didactics.
. H. Bogdanovrtch, 1743— Eugenius, History.
~ 1&3} Dushenka,’ Poems.
I‘th, 1745—1792, Come-
“ dies. Tales. . . .
" _ Nicolefi‘. Tragedies. . . ~‘ '
~ m Connie Poems. 1800 Kanmsin, b. 1765, History 1800 Shishkofl“, Criticism 1 ~
*Dmitriefi'. L rigs. Fables. of Rusia. ’ * ‘- “Ki
,_ , d. 71§16.Tragedios. Kachenofski, History. “
' Sumamkoif, Poems, G. Glinka, History. ,

. Jukofski, b. 1783, ' Jigs-3
Poems. Augustin, Semi.
- ' onofi; d. 1821, &tires. Kotzebue, Voyage of Dis- '
Wom'Tmtsl. Tibul- covery. .
' ._. . . ,, - Gretch, History of Russian
‘ m ., Iliad, Literature.
. » ; 'l'lmlgowsh, Journey to
$1384.: ' ‘7 - f

- :2???“ was verse: 2‘s“ '

 

 

   

ARABIAN, PERSIAN, AND TURKISH.

P. Persian. T. Turkish.

 

IMAGXNATION. FACT.

 

60C Mahomet. Koran.
Lehitl, 622—457, Poems.
Zohair, Poems.

600

Kais El Ameri, or Amrul-
kais, Poems. ‘

 

700 700

Abun Massab, Poems.
AbunmvasJGZ—SID, Poems.
Rehashi, Poems.

Acu Obeid, d. 838, Fables. Muham. ben Omar, History.

800

A.Temain, 804—845, Poems.

Wahab, Travels.

Abuzeid, Travels.

I. Kotaibah, d. 889. History.
Abu Jat'ar, 838—922, Hist.

Bochteri,8‘21—882,Anthol. Honain ben Isaac, d. 874,
Translations from Greek.
Abu Mohammed Abdallah.
Literature.

900 Ibn Doraid, d. 931, Poems. 900

Almotanabbi, d. 9‘35,
Poems
Said beu Batrik, 876—937,
General History.
Eutychius, History.
Massudi, d. 957, History
and Geography.

Ibn Haukal, Geography.

1000 Almuyadad1 History of
Saracens 1n Sicily.

 

P. 1000 Ferdusi, 932—1020,
‘Shah Nameh,’ Epic
Poem.

Abu! Ola, 973-1057,
Poems.

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. , , :-

Those unmarked are Arabian. ~ ;'

   
      
       
  
    
    
 

SPECULA'X‘IVE AND sown-Hr a- E.

 

600

Aharun, Medicine.

 

700 Jafar, Chemistry.

Abu Hanifah, 699—767, The~ ’2
ology. ’ ‘ '

 

800 Asmai, 740—830, Theology. .’ v.
Kendi, Philosophy. .
J. ben Serapion, Medicine.

Almamon, Astronomical
Tables.

Bahali, d. 835, Etymology.

Alfragan, Astronomy.

Nasir Khosru, Metaphys. V

Albumazar, 805—885, Ma- ‘
thematics, Astronomy. _‘

Bochari, 810—870, ‘ Th! '
Sahih,’ Traditions. -

Geber, Chemistry.

900 Albategni, Astronomy.
Eases. d. 922. Medicme.
Ben Musa, Mathematics.
Azophi, Astronomy.

Alfarabi, d. 954, Aristo-
telian Philosophy.
Geuhari d. 998, Aristo-
telian i’hilosophy.

“M1;
1000 Achmet, Treatise on ‘ ;.
Dreams. . '

Ibn Mesua, Medicine.

Avicenna, 960—1038,
Philosophy, Medicinl.

Abulcasis, Medicine. 9
Jelaleddin, Correction“ "
Calendar. "

Arzachel, Ashen”.

 

ermmv sunflower—11mm, 215mm, AND TURKISH. M

1:; IMAGINATION.

 

‘ 3. 100 Togmi, d. 1119, Poems.

‘ f
, .
t

. Hairi, 1054—1121, Moral
3 ; « . Poems.

-, P. Feleki, d. 1181, Poems.
‘P. Khakani, d. 1186, Poems.
if. Anwari, d. 1200, Poems.

1 ' Jaufar ehn Tofail, d. 1198,

1 ‘Hai ben Yokdan,’ a
' “ Novel.

1. Elfaredh, d. 1234, Poems.

 

 

3?. Saadi, 1193—1291, ‘Gulis-
tan,’ ‘ Bostan.’

Elfal‘agi, Poems.

 

3r. Hafiz, a 1395, Odes.

 

  
    
 
  

:é Jami, d. 1486, Poems.

   
    
 
  
   
   
  
  
  
  
  

 

 

1200 Bohadin, Life of Saladin.

P.

 

1300 Abulfeda, 1273—1333,

P. 1400 Ali Yezdi Sherifeddin, 1400 Zeineddin Abulhassan,

P.
T.

1500 Alhassan, Description of 1500

3A] Jannabi, d. 1590, Uni-
. Hm! History.

 

 

FACT. SPEGULATIVE AND SCIENTIFIC,

 

1100 Gazali, 1058—1112, Al'iStOv
telian Philosophy.
Alhazin, Optics. -
Tabrizi, d. 1136, Commen-
taries.

 

Alchabit, Optics, Astl‘on.
A Zohar, d. 1168, Medic.

' 1'
Averroes, d. 1206, Aristo- ’
tolmn Philosophy. »

Algazel, Antiquities, &c.
Ben ldris, b. 1099, Geog.

     
 
  
   
 
  
     
 
 
 
 

 

__..‘. ...‘...

1200 A. Baca, d. 1219, Arithm.

 

Abdollatif, Topography of
Egypt.
Abuldem, d. 1244, History.
El Harawi, Travels.
Caswin, d. 1274, Natural
History.
Beithar, d. 1246, Botany,
Medicine.
Abulfarage, 1226—1285,
Universal History.
Elmacin, 11.1302, History
of Saracens.

P. Nasireddin,1201—1273,
3 Astronomy.
Fadlallah, History of Mo-
guls.

. 1300 E. Hajan, d. 1344, Gran.

Geography H 1story. . ,

Novairi, d. 1é31, Universal
History. 1

Mohammed Ibn Batuta,
Travels.

Ibn a] Wardi, d. 1358,
Geosraphy.

Abu Shameh, b. 1299, Hist.

Turan Shah. d. 1377, Hist.

Jafei, d. 1368, Biography. Firuzabadi 1309 1414,
, ~ _

‘ The Camoos.’

Life of Tamerlane.

. _ D' L. .
Makrizx, 1367—1438, Hist. lc lOnary

Ulug Beg, 1393—1444,
Astronomy, Chronology

 

Arabshah, d. 1450, Life of
Timur.

Babaoushi, d. 1481,
Politics.

    
  
 
   
   

Baccai. d. 1480, Biography.
Khondemir, or Mirkhond,
Gen. Hist. to A. n. 1474.
Baber, d. 1530, Autobio—

graphy.

Africa.

Babacushi, d. 1566.“

  

 

   

 

 

 

646 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

 

IMAGINATION.

 

1600

1700

FACT.

1600 Ferishta, Hist. of India

Ahulgazi, 1605m1663, Hist.
of Tttrtats.

Haji Khalifeh,d.1675,
History.

SPECULA 'I'IVE AND ISGIENTIF

 

P. 1600 Nured. Shirazi,.Meta
- Moham. Hossain, ‘ Borham

   

 

Kata,’ Dictionary.

 

P. 1700 Gholam Hussein, An- 1700 Gholam Ali, Grammar.

nals of IIindostan.

 

 

 

‘UNITED STATES OF NORTH AMERICA.

 

 

IMAGINATION.

 

1600

1700 John Adams, 1705—1740, 1700 Inc. Mather, 1723. ‘Historyil700 Beni. Colman, d. 1747,

Poems.

Benj. Church, 1739—1776,
Poems.
Wm. Livingston, 17"“—
1790, Poems

John 'I‘r.umbull 1750—1831,
‘McFingal, ’ &c.

Joel Bailow,1755—-1812,
‘The Columbiad.’

John Blair Linn, 1777—
1804, Poems.

T. Dwight, Conquest of Ca-
naan, &c.

1310 Chas. B. Brown, (I. 1810,1800 Jas. Sullivan,_d.1809,Hist. 1800 Thos. Paine, 1737—1

Novels.

Robt. Treat Paine, 1773——
1811, ‘Invention of Let-
more; ‘The Ruling Pas-
sion,’ and other Poems.

 

1600

FACT.

Wm. Hubbard, 1704, Hist.
of Massachusetts.

of War with Indians.’
Thos. Prince, d. 1757, Hist.
of New England.

Cadwallader Colden, 1688—
1776, History of the Five
Nations of Indians.

John Bartram, d. 1777,
Botany, Travels.

Thos. Hutchinson,d. 1780,
Hist of Massachusetts.

David Rittenhouse, d. 1796,
Astronomy

Jeremy Belknag, 1798,His
tory of N hmpshire,
Amer. Biog &c.

Geo. R. Minot, 1802, ‘Hist.l

of Massachusetts Bay.’
Isaac Backus, 1806, Church
History of N. England

of Maine.

David Ramsay,d 1812,
‘Life of Washington,’
‘American Revoiution,’

“Universal History.

SPEGULATIVE AND SCIEH’I‘IFIG.

1600 Thomas Hookei, d. 1627, «

 

 

  
    
  
   
  
  
   
    
    
   
  
   
     

Sermons, &c.
John Cotton, d. 1652, Theo].
Cotton Mather, 1662—1728,
Sermons, ‘ Magnalia,’&c

Tlteolovy.

Jona Edwards, d. 1757.
Theology.

S1muel Davies, d. 1761,
Se1mons.

John Clayton, d. 1773,
Botany

Jos. Bellamy, d. 1790,
Theology

Benjamin Ftanklin 1706—-
1790, Natu1al Philosophy, ,-~
Politics. &c.

Jas. Otis. d 1783, Politics.

John Hancock, 1793,
Politics

John \V1therspoon, d. 17%
Theology, Politics.

Pattick Henry, (1. 1796,
Politics.

Samuel Adams, 1803,
Politics.

Samuel Hopkins, 1721-- 1*
1803, Theology. * '

Fisher Ames, ad. 1808,
Politics.

 

Politics, ‘Age of Reason,

‘ Rights of Man,’ am.

.105 Buckminnter, G
1812, Theology

Alex. Hamilton, 1751-»
1806,1’9111565- m..-

 

 

   

  

.‘ .

  

 

(

 

.. Paul Allen,
W:

'- Wm. Win,

'2»
.‘>,

“ mommies. I

 

91609.11; (a. poem,) [Hist.
. of Am. Revol.]

J. G. C. Brainard, d. 1826,
Poems.

1772—1834,
‘ British Spy.

.Robt. C. Sands, d. 1832,

Poems.

.1. Q. Adams, 1767—1847,
Poems.

Washing ton Allston,1779—
1843, Painter, Poet, and
Novelist'

Timothy Flint, 1780—1840
Novels

Jas. A. Hillhouse, 1789—

. 1841 Poems.

Wm. ggett, 1802—1840,
Poems, Miscellan., Polit.

R. H. Wilde, 1789—1847,
Poems,“ Researches on
Tum,&c.

B. A. Poe, 1811- 184an1115,
Non.

.J‘F Cooper, 1789—1851,
flunk, kc.

., : smut manor—o. s. or noun 1111111101.

FACT.

1775—1826,1800 Alexander Wilson, d. 1813 1800

‘American Ornithology}
Hug h Williamson, d. 1818,
Hist. ofN. Ca1olina.
Benj S. Barton, d. 1815,
Botany

\Vm Bartram, d. 1823,
Botany, Travels.

Jedediah Moise,d. 1826,
Geog. , Statistics, 656

Nathl. H. Carter, 1788—
180, ‘Letters from Eu-
iopc ’

Edmund D. G11flfin,1804—
1830, Travels in Euiope,
Lectuies on Liteiature,
&c.

John D. Godman, cl. 1830,
Anatomy, Natural Hist.,
(31c.

John Mainshall 1755—1835,
Life of Washington, &c.

Jno.A1mst1ong,1758—1843,
‘War of 1812. ’

Abiel Holmes, 1763—1837,
Annals of Ametica.
Timothy Flint, 1780—1840,
Hist. of Mississ. Valley.
A. S. Mackenzie, —1849,
Travels in Spain, «Sac.

an

\ .

SPECULATIVE AND SCIENTIFIC.

Gouverneur Morris, 1752-:-
1816, Politics.

Timothy Dwight, 1752-—
1817, Theolu yExplain-
ed and Detenged. ’

Levi F1'isbie,1784-—1822,
Mmal PhilosOp hy.

Wm. Pinckney,p1764~1822,
Law, Politics.
17'5—1835,

Jno. Marshall,
Law

W. E. Channing, 1780—
1842, Se1mons,011t1c1sm

Thomas Jefi‘e1son,1743—‘-
1826,Potitics,1’hilos

John Adams. 1735—1826,
Politics.

John M. Mason, 11.9..
1770—1829, Divinity,

Sermons, &c.
John H. Hobart, D. D.,
1776— 1830, Sermons, 18m.
Jos. Story, 1779—1845,
Law.

Henry Wheaten, 1782—-
1848 Law. History.
Edw. Livingston, 1764—-
1836,C11mina100de,&c.
David IIosack,1769—1835,

Medicine.
Jas. Madison, 1751—1836,
Politics.

Alex. H. Eve1ett, 1790—
1847, Essays.

R. Harlan, 1795—1843,
N atural History.

James Kent, 1763—1847,
Comment. on Am. Law

Hugh S. Legaré, 1797‘—
1843 Miscellanies. »

Jas. Marsh, 1794—1842, Ma
taphysics.

Albert Gallatin, 1761—1“:
Ethnology, Philol

J. C. Calhoun, 17%.-
Politics, Speeches. ' '

' ‘1

 

 

         
  
      
        
 
       
   
 
          
      
  
    
 
   
   
   
   
    
   
   
  
    
  
  
  
       
         
          
        
        
        
 
     
   
   
    
    
     
    

 

HEATHEN DEITIES, AND OTHER FABULOUS PERSONS, V

WITH THE

HEROES AND HEROINES 0F ANTIQUITY.

A

Ab'aris, a Scythian, priest of Apollo.
Abeo’na, a goddess of voyages, &,c.
Abrela'nus, a surname of Jupiter.
A'bron, a very voluptuous Grecian.
Aby’la, a. famous mountain in Africa.
Acan’lha, a nymph beloved by Apollo.
Acas’tus, the name of a famous hunter.
Ace’lus, one of the priests of Bacchus.
Achce'menes, the first king of Persia.
Acha’les, a trusty friend of Eneas.

Ach’eron, a son of Titan and Terra, changed into Age'nor, the first king of Argos.

a river of hell for assisting the Titans in their
war against Jupiter.

Achil’les, son of Peleus, king of.Thrace, andlAgla’z'a, one of the three Graces.

Thetis, a goddess of the sea, who, being dip-
ped by his mother in the river Styx, was in-
vulnerable in every part except his right
heel, by which she held him; alter signaliz-
ing himself at the siege of Troy, for his valor,
as well as cruelty, he was at length killed by
Paris with an arrow.

Acz'd’alia and Ar-ma’la, names of Venus.

Acida’lus. a famous fountain of Boaotia.

A’cz‘s, a Sicilian shepherd. killed by Polyphemus,
because he rivalled him in the afl'ections ot
Galetea.

Ac’mon, a famous king of the Titans.

Ac’ralus, the genius of drunkards at Athens.

A "lwan, a celebrated hunter, who. accidentally
discovering Diana bathing. was by her turned
into a stag. and devoured by his own hounds.

Adme’tus a king of Thessaly.

Ada’nis, the incestuous offspring of Cinyras and
Myrrha, remarkably beautiful, beloved by
Venus and Proserpine.

Adras'tea, the goddess Nemesis.

.E’rzcus, one of the infernal judges.

.‘E'ga, Jupiter’s nuise, daughter of Olenus.

Ege/us, a king of Attica, giving name to the
[Egean sea by drowning himself in it.

.‘Evi'mz, a particular favorite of Jupiter.

Jrfigis, a Gorgon, whom Pallas slew.

Jifgle. one of the three Hesperides.

xiii'gon, a wrestler famous for strength.

dy‘gyp’tus, son of Neptune and Lybia.

lEon, one of the three Harpies.

(Em/as, son of Anchises and Venus.

xEo’lus, the god of the winds.

 

  
     
  
  
  
     

[Ea/us, one of the four horses of the sun.
Esmcla’nus, a Roman god of riches.
Esculn’pius, the god of physio.
xEl/zal’ides, a son of mercury.
AE'thon, one of the four horses of the sun.
1E1’meus, a title of Vulcan. ‘
Eto’los, a son of Endymion and Diana. .-
Agamem’nan, a brother of Menelaus, chosen ; 1
captain-general of the Greeks at the siege
of Troy. _.
Agam‘ 'pe, (laughter of the river Permessus,
W ich flows from mount Helicon. ‘ "

Ageno’rz’a, the goddess of industry.
Agelas’ms and Agesi'laus, names of Pluto.

A jam, one of the most distinguished princes and :
heroes at the siege of Troy.

Albu’nea, a famous sybil of Tripoli.

Alci’des, a title of Hercules.

Alci’nous, a king of Corcyra.

Alci’oneus, a giant slain by Hercules.

Alci’ope, a favorite mistress of Neptune.

Alcme’na, the wife of Amphitryon.

Alec’tn, one of the three Furies.

Alec'tryon. or Gai'lus, a favorite of Mars.

Al’mus, and Alum’nus, titles of Jupiter.

Alo’a, a festival of Bacchus and Ceres.

Ala/us, a giant who warred with Jupiter.

Amalthw’a, the goat that suckled Jupiter».

Ambarra’le, a spring sacrifice to Ceres.

Ambro’sz’a, the food of the gods.

Am’mon, a title of Jupiter.

Amp/Liara'us, son of Apollo and Hypermnestra,
a very famous augur. '

Amphime’dan, one of the suitors of Penelope.

Amp/zi’un, a. famous musician.

Amphitri’te, the Wife of Neptune.

Amyntor, a kin of Epirus.

Ana'tis, the go dess of prostitution.

Ancw'us, a king of Arcadia.

Andro'geus, the son of Mines.

Androm'ache, the wife of Hector.

Androm'eda, the daughter of Cepheus and Gain.
siopenvho, contending for the prize of beauty
with the Nereides. was by them bound to a ‘
rock and exposed to be devoured by am
monster; but Perseus slew the monster,» ‘
married her. ' ,'

Ange’rona, the goddess of silence. ‘ ‘

 

   
   
  
    
   
    
    
   
   
 
   
 
  
   
    
  
  
   
 
   
  
   
   
    
  
   
    
  
   
    
 
  
  
 
 
  
   

' n’M, the sister of Pygmalion and Dido.

‘ ntae'as, a giant son of Neptune and Terra; he
was squeezed to death by Hercules.

'teros, one of the names of Cupid.

, ntever’ta, a goddess of women in labor.

Mull/Lia, and Argi’va, titles of Juno.

‘ n’ubt‘s, an Egyptian god with a dog’s head.

Aon'ides, a name of the Muses.

‘ patu’t'ia, and Aphrodi'tz‘s, titles of Venus.

1122's, son of Jupiter and Niobe, called also,
*' Serapis, anti Osiris: he first taught the
Egyptians to sow corn and lant vines;
after his death they worshipped) him in the
_ _ form of an ox, a symbol of husbandry.

- Aracli’ne, a ]. dian princess, turned by Minerva

. into a spit er, t‘or presuming to vie with her
at spinning.

., rethu’sa, the daunhter of Nereus.

Ar enti'nus, and Escala’nus, gods of wealth.

9 go, the ship that conve ed Jason and his com-
panions to Colchis, an reported to have been
; the first man-of-war.

Ar'go-nauts, the companions of Jason.

Ar'gus, son of Aristor, said to have had a hun-
dred eyes; also an architect, who built the
ship Argo.

Ariad'ne, daughter of Minos, who, from love,
gave Theseus a clue of thread to guide him
out of the Cretan labyrinth: being after-
wards deserted b him, she was married to
Bacchus, and ma e his priestess.
rimas’pi, a warlike people of Scythia.

. ri'on, a lyric poet ot Methymna.

firistw’us, son of Apollo and Cyrene.
ristame'nes, a cruel Titan.

«r ristoph'anes, a comic poet, born at Lindus, a
’ town of Rhodes.

rte'mz‘s, the Delphic sybil; also Diana.
scle’pz‘a, festivals of }Escula ius.

co'lza, feasts of Bacchus, ce ebrated in Attica.
_ ste'rz'a, daughter of Ceus.
strapce’us, and Ataby’rus, Jupiter.
strw’a, the goddess of justice.

. ’ strol'ogus, a title of Hercules.

f sry'am, the only son of Hector.

’slypalw'a, daughter of Phoenix.

He, the goddess of revenge.

lan’tes, a savage people of Ethiopia.
“ Was, a king of Mauritania.

4 ropes, one of the three Fates.
we? nus, a lake on the borders of hell.
verrunc'us, a god of the Romans.

‘1 ge’us, a king of Elis, whose stable of 3000
oxen was not cleansed for 30 years, yet Her-

cules cleansed it in one day. ‘

‘ i‘stuper, a title of Priapus.

rea, a name of Fortuna.
ro'ra, the goddess of morning.

to’leon, ageneral of the Crotonians.
~ um’nus, the god of fruits.

"5‘ B
y , ’chus, the god of wine.
- p'ta, the goddess of shame
rba’ta, a title of Venus and Fortuna.
l 'sareus, a title of Bacchus.
v ’tus, a herdsrnan, turned by Mercury into a
’ loadstone. _
'cis, an old woman, who, with her husband
Philemon, entertained Jupiter and Mercury,
" travelling over Phrygia, when all others re-
5. fused.
" 28

HEATHER DEITIES, ETC. 64S

Bellero'phan, son of Glaucus, king of Ephyra,
who underwent numberless hardships for
refusing an intimacy with Sthenobt‘ea, the
wife of Pi‘cetus, king of Argos.

Bello’na, the goddess of war.

Berecyn'Z/zz'a Muller, a title of Cybele.

Bare/wee, a Grecian lady, who was the only
person of her sex permitted to see the C‘lym-
pic‘games.

Ber’gt‘on, a giant, slain by Jupiter.

Bib’u‘a, the wife of Duiltius, who first instituted
a triumph for naval victory.

Bi’ceps, and Biffrons, names of Janus.

Bis-miter, a name of Mars.

Bi’tlwn, a remarkably strong Grecian.

Bolt/ml, a nymph rendered immortal for her
modesty and resistance of Apollo.

Bo’na De'a, a title of Cybele, and Fortuna. 1v

Bo’nus Dav/men, a title of Priapus.

Bo'reas, son of JEstraeus and Heribeia, generally

ut for the north wind.

Bre vet‘s, a title of Fortuna.

Bri’areus, a monstrous giant, son of Titan and
Terra: the poets feign him to have hada
hundred arms and fifty heads.

Brilmo, and Bu'bustis, names of Hecate.

Brise’is, daughter of Brises, priest of Jupiter,
given to Achilles upon the taking of Lyr-
nessus, a ciiy of Trees, by the Greeks.

Bron’tes, a maker of Jupiter’s thunder.

Bru’theus, a son of Vulcan, who threw himself
into mount jEtna, on account of his de-
formity.

Brumu’zz‘u, feasts of Bacchus.

Bubo'na, the goddess of oxen.

BuSI’rz's, a son of Neptune, and a most cruel
tyrant; he was slain by Hercules.

Byb’lis, the daughter of Miletus.

C

Cabar’m', priests of Ceres.

Cabz'lrz‘, priests of Cybele.

Ca’brus, a god of the Phaselitee.

Cu’cus, a son of Vulcan.

Cad'mus, son of Agenor and Telephessa, who,
searching in vain for his sister, built the city
of Thebes, and invented 16 letters of the
Greek alphabet.

Cadu’ceus, Mercury’s golden rod or wand.

Cw'ca, and Conserva’trir, titles of Fortuna.

ch'ulus, a robber, son of Vulcan.

Cw’neas, a title of Jupiter.

Cal’chas, a famous Greek soothsayer.

Calis’to, the daughter of Lycaon.

Calli’ope, the muse of heroic poetry. .

Calyp’so, daughter of Oceanus and Thetis, who
reigned in the island of Ogygia, where she
entertained and became enamored of Ulys-
ses, on his return from Troy.

Cam’bles, a gluttonous king of Lydia.

Camby'ses, the son of Cyrus, and king of the
Medes and Persians.

C'amze’na, and Gama, goddess of infants.

Ca’nes, a title of the Furies.

Cano’pus, an Egyptian god.

Car’dua, a household goddess.

Carmen’ta, a name of ’I‘hemis.

Car’na, a Roman goddess.

Carpa’tis, a title of Diana.

Gas piz', a people of Hyrcania, who were said to
starve their parents to death when 70 year:
old, and to train up dogs for war.

)
4

 

 

 

 

650

Cassan’dm, a daughter of Priam and Hecuba,
endowed with the gift of prophecy by Apollo.
Castal'z'des, the Muses, frotn the fountain Cas»

talius, at the foot of Parnassus.

Cas’tar, son of Jupiter and Leda, between whom
and his brother Pollux immortality was al-

ternately shared.

Ca’lz‘us, a tutelar god to grown persons.

Ce’crops, the first king of Athens.

Celce'no, one of the three Harpies.

Cen’laurs, children of lxion, half men, half
horses, inhabiting Thessaly.

Cep/ut'lus, the son of Mercury and Hersa.

Ce p/teus, a prince of Arcadia and Ethiopia.

Coma/Mus, a title of Jupiter.

Ce: ’lwrus, a dog with three heads and necks,
who guarded the gates of hell.

Certa't'ia, festivals in honor of Ceres.

Ce'res, the goddess of agriculture.

Ce’rus, or b‘c’rus, the god of opportunity.

C/tut’cea, festivals in honor of Vulcan.

(J/zar’t'tes, a name of the Graces.

Clutfrun. the ferryman of hell.

U/u’mera, a strange monster of Lycia, which
was killed by Bellerophon.

Clli’I'U7L, the preceptor of Achilles.

Cln'o’mt's, a cruel son of Hercules.

C/n‘ysao’rz’us,» a surname of Jupiter.

(,‘lzry'sz‘s, a priestess of .Iuno and Argos.

Cir’ce, a famous enchantress.

Cir/rim, a cavern of Phocis, near Delphi, whence
the winds issued which caused a divine rage,
and produced oracular responses.

Citlzce’rides, a title of the Muses.

(,‘iau'sina, a name of Venus.

't’au/sius, or Clu’sz'us, a name of Janus.
‘t’eo’mcdes, a famous wrestler.

(IMO, the Muse presiding over history, and pa-
troness ot heroic poets.

Clo'tlzo, one of the three Fates.

Clytenmes'tm, daughter of Jupiter and Leda,
killed by her son, Orestes, on account of her
adultery with IEgisthus.

Cot‘y’lus, a river of hell, flowing from Styx.

Guild/ta, the goddess of hills.

Compile/Zia, games of the household gods.

Co/v/nus, the god of festivals and merriment.

Concorldt'a, the goddess of peace.

Conseroa'wr, and Cus'tos, titles of Jupiter.

(Jon’s-us, a title of Neptune.

Curti’na, the covering of Apollo’s tripos.

Corybun’les, and Cm'c’tes, ‘riests of Cybele.

Ore/on, a king of Thebes.

Cri'nt’s, a priest of Apollo.

Crinz's’sus, a Trojan prince, who could change
himself into any shape.

Graz’sus, a rich king of Lydia.

Cro’m‘a, festivals in honor of Saturn.

Ctes’ibus, a famous Athenian parasite.

Cu'm‘a, the goddess of new-born infants.

Cu’pt'd, son of Mars and Venus, the god of love,

smiles, &c.

C We 3 Vulcan’s workmen with only one eye
3/ . P r t

in the middle of their forehead.
Cyb’ele, the wife of Saturn.

(lye/nus, a king of Liguria; also a son of Nep—

> tune, who was invulnerable.
Cyllclmzts. and C’amz’t’lus, names of Mercury.

Cynowp/z’ah, a people of India, said to have

heads resembling those of dogs.
Gym/thin, and Cyn’thius, Diana, and Apollo.
C parissce'a,a title of Minerva.
p’ria, Cythere a, titles of Venus.

THE WORLD’S madness.-

  

Bap/fine, a nymph beloved by Apollo.

Da’res, a very ancient historian who wrote an

     
 

D

Dwda’lz‘an, the son of Lucifer.
Dwd’alus, an artificer of Athens, who formedt .
Cretan labyrinth, and invented the auger!
axe, glue, plumb-line, saw, and masts an».
sails for ships. ‘
Da’mtm, the sincere friend of Pythias.
Duel/non, Bo’nus. Dz’thyram’bus, and Dionys
ius, titles of Bacchus. .
Da’nae, the daughter of Acrisius, king of Argos,
seduced by Jupiter in the form of a golden ,
shower. * ‘
Dana’z’des, or Be’lides, the fifty daughters )f _
Danaus, king of Argos, all of whom, except»
Hypernmestra, killed their husbands, the sons ‘ '
of their uncle Egyptus, on the marriage
night: they were therefore condemned t
draw water out of a deep well with sieves
so that their labor was without end or suc
cess.

   
  
   
    
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
   
   
 
  
  
 
  
  
   
    
    
 
 
 
   
  
   
 
 
 
   

Darda’nus, the founder of Troy.
account of the Trojan war. ‘
De’a Syr’ia, a title of Venus.
Dec’ima, a title of Lachesis.
Deiun’ira, the wife of Hercules.
Det‘da'mia, a daughter of Lycomedes, king of
Scyros, by whom Achilles had 'Pyrrhus, I
while he lay concealed in woman’s apparel f‘_
in the court of Lycomedes, to avoid going to ,
the Trojan war. .{
Deiape’a, a beautiful attendant on Juno. "
Dez’ph’obe, the Cumean sybil.
Der? lt/ebus, a son of Priam and Hecuba.
De Zia, Det’z‘us, Diana and Apollo.
De’las, the island where Apollo was born. .2
Del'phz', a city of Phocis, famous for atempla :‘
and an oracle of Apollo.
Del’phz’cus, Didymw’us, titles of Apollo.
Dem’ades, an Athenian orator.
Der'bz‘ces, a people near the Caspian Sea, Wh
punished all crimes with death.
Deuca’lion, son of Prometheus, and king of The
saly, who, with his wife Pyrrha, was pr
served from the general deluge, and re-pe ‘
pied the world.
Dever’ra, the goddess of breeding women.
Diag'oras, a Rhodian, who died for joy, been
his three sons had on the same day g'
prizes at the Olympic games.
Dia nu, the goddess of hunting, &c.
Di’do, daughter of Belus, the founder and quee
of Carthage, whom Virgil fab‘les to have:
burnt herself through despair, because .1
as left her.
Di'es, and Dt'es’ 'ter, titles of Jupiter.
Din’d’yme, Ding/meme, titles of Cybele.
Diem edes, a king of JEtolia, who gained [g
reputation at Troy, and, accompanie ‘b
Ulysses, carried ofl‘ the Palladium; also,
tyrant of Thrace.
Di’one, one of Jupiter’s mistresses.
Dionys’z'a, feasts in honor of Bacchus.
Dioscu’rz‘, a title of Castor and Pollux.
Di'ne, a title of the Furies.
Dis, a title of Pluto.
Discor'dz’a, the goddess of contention.
Domt’du’ca,a title of Juno. - .~
Domidu'cus, and Domi'tius, nuptial gods. ’

 

Dom’imz, a title of Proserpine.
Dry'ades, nymphs of the woods and

   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
 
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
  
 
 
 
  
    

Echi’on, a companion of Cadmus.

Ec’ho, daughter of Aer and Tellus, who pined
away for love of Narcissus.

Eden/ides, priestesses of Bacchus.

Edu’ca, a. goddess of new born infants.

E e’ria, a title afJuno; also a goddess.

E ec'tra, the daughter of Agamemnon and Cly-
temnestra. who instigated Orestes to revenge
their father’s death on their mother and her
adulterer 1Egisthus.

E’leus, and Eleuthe’rfse, titles of Bacchus.

Jine.

Elo’i'des, nymphs of Bacchus.

Empu'sw, a name of the Gorgons.

Endyni'ion, a shepherd of Carla, who, for inso-
lently soliciting Juno, was condemned to a
sleep of30 years; Luna visited him by night
in a cave of mount Latmus.

Enia’lius, a title of Mars.

En’go, the same as Bellona.

Epe us, the artist of the Trojan horse.

Epig’ones. the sons of the seven worthies who
besieged Thebes, a second time.

Epi/ce'nea, sacrifices to Bacchus.

Epislro'phia, and Ery’cina, titles of Venus.

Epizeph'riz', a co le of Locris, who punished
those with ( eat thatdrank more wine than
physicians prescribed.

Era’lo, the muse of love-poetry.

E1"ebus,an infernal deity, son of Chaos and Nox;
a river of hell.

Er'eane. a river whose waters inebriated

.Eriumo'nius, a king of Athens, who, being lame

and very deformed .in his feet, invented

. l, _ coaches to conceal his lameness.

Erin’nys, a common name of the furies.

E’ros, one of the names of Cupid.

Eros’zrams, the person who, to perpetuate his
name. set fire to the celebrated temple of
Diana at Ephesus.

Ete’oc/es, and P01 'm’ces, sons of (Edipus, who
violently hatet . and at last killed each other.

Evad’ne, daughter of Mars and Thebe, who
threw herself on the funeral pile of her hus-
band Cataneus. from afiection.

Euc’rares, a person remarkable fol shuffling, du-
plicily, and dissimulation. _

Eum-‘n'idcs, a name (I ' the Furies.

E'tphros’yne, one of the three Graces. '

En‘u’pa, the daughter of Agenor, who, it is said,
was carried by Jupiter, in the form of a white
bull, into Crete.

Eu‘ry'ale. one of the three Gorgons.

.Euryd'ice, the wife of Orpheus.

Eurym'one, an infernal deity. .

Euter’ e, the muse [presiding over mustc.

Euthy mus, a very amous wrestler.

-."mv,t.w;.~,-.

1

F

F'a'b'u/a. the goddess of lies.

Fabuli'nus, a god of infants.

Fa'ma, the goddess of report, «ac.

Fus’ci’nu‘m, a title of Priapus.

Fates, the three daughters of Nox and'Erehus.
Clmhos, Lachesis, and Atropos, intrusted
with 313 liiv‘ésuoé mortals, fdzéz. b 1

5w names 0 y e e.

» mm, the sonoi' Mercury and Nox, and ta-

? M of the Fauna, rural gods.

fl)

mm DEITIIS, are.

 

$1“

Feb’rua, Flor'z'da. Fluo'm'a, titles ofJuno.
Feb/ma, a goddess of purification.
Feb’ruus, a title of Pluto.

Feli'cilas. the goddess of happiness.
Fer'culus, a household god.

Ferc’trius, and Fu/mz‘nu'tor, titles of Jupiter.
Fem/ma, a goddess of woods.

Fessa'nio. a goddess of wearied persons.
Fz'd’ius, the god of treaties.

Flam'ines, priests ot'Jupiter, Mars, &c.
Flo’ra, the goddess of flowers.

E’uvia'les, or Po/amides, nymphs of rivers.
Far'nax, the oddess of corn and bakers.

Eleusin’ia, feasts in honor of Ceres and Proser- Fortu’na, or 1or’lzme, the goddess of happiness,

&c., said to be blind.

Fu’ries, or Eumen’ides, the three daughters of
Nox and Acheron, named Alecto, Megaera,
and Tisi phone, with hair composed of snakes,
and armed with whips, chains, &c.

G

Galale’a, daughter of Nereus and Doris, passion~
ately beloved by Polyphemus.

Gal’ii, castrated priests of Cybele.

Gal'lus. or Alec’lrion, a favorite of Mars, and
changed by him into a cock.

Game’lz‘a, a title of June.

Gan/gas, a famous river oflndia.

Gany'mede, the cup-bearer ofJupiter.

Gelusflnus, the god of mirth and smiles.

Gelolm', a people of Scythia, who used to pain:
themselves in order to appear more terrible
to their enemies. -

Ge'nii, guardian angels.

Ge'nius, a name of Priapus.

Ger’yon, a king of Spain, who fed his oxen with a
human flesh, and was therefore killed by
Hercules.

Glaiu-o’pz's, a name of Minerva.

Glau'cus, a fisherman made a sea god by eating
a certain herb : also the son of Hippolochus,
who exchanged his arms of gold for the bra.-
zen ones of Diomede.

Gnos'sz‘s, a name of Ariadne.

Gor’dius, a husbandman, hut afterwards king of ,
Phrygia. remarkable for tyingr a knot ofcords .,
on which the empire of Asia depended, in so '
very intricate a manner, that Alexander the
Great, unable to unravel it, cut it to pieces.

Gor’gons, the three daughters of Phorcys and ’ .‘
Ceta, Medusa, Euryale, and Stheno, who
could change into stone those whom they
looked on; Perseus slew Medusa, the prin-
cipal of them._

Gorgaph’orus, a title of Pallas.

Gm'ces, Aglaia, Thalia, and Euphrosyne, the
daughters ofJupiter and Eurynomb; atten-
dants on Venus and the Muses.

Gradi'vus. a title of Mars.

Gy'ges. a Lydian, to whom Candaules, king of
Lydia, showed his queen naked, which so

incensed her that she slew Candaules, and

married Gyges; also a shepherd, who by
means of a ring could render himself inti-
sible.

H

Ha'des, a title of Pluto.

Hama'bii, a. people of Scythia, who find
carts, and removed from place to pin.
necessity required.

‘19
fl.

 

552

Harmo'm's, a famous artist of Troy.

Harpal'yca, a very beautiful maid of Argos.

Iiar’pt'es. three monsters, Aello, Celoeno, and
Ocypete, with the faces of virgins, bodies of

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

Hy’dra, a serpent, which had seven heads, or as
some say nine, others fifty, killed by Hercu-
les in the lake Lerna.

Hyge'ia, the goddess of health.

vultures, and hands armed with monstrous Hyl’lus, the son of Hercules and Dejanire:

claws.
Harpuclmtes, the Egyptian god of silence.
IJe’bc, the goddess ot youth.
.He’brus. a river in Thrace.
IIe’cult‘us, a title given to Jupiter by Theseus.
Hec’ate, Diana’s name in hell.
Hec’lor, a son of Priam and Hecuba, and the
most valiant of all the Trojans.
Hec'uba, the wife of Priam.
Hege’sz'us, a philosopher of Cyrene, who de-

Hy/men, the god of marriage.

Hype’rfon, a sun of Coelus and Terra.

Iiypsip'yle, a queen of Lemnos, who was ban-
ished for preserving her father when all the
other men of the island were murdered hv
their kindred.

I

scribed the miseries of life with such a Iac'chus,aname of Bacchus.

gloomy eloquenCe, that many of his auditors
killed themselves through despair.

Hel’ena, the wife of Menelaus, the most beauti-
ful woman in the world. who, running away
with Paris, occasioned the Trojan war.

Hel’enus, a son of Priam and Hecuba.

Hel’icon, a famous mountain of Boeotia, dedi-
cated to Apollo and the Muses.

Hera’t'a. sacrifices to J ttno.

Her’cules, the son of Jupiter and Alcmena, re-
markable for his numerous exploits and
dangerous enterprises.

Herz'be’z'a, the wife of Astreus.

Her‘mw, statutes of Mercury.

Het'Lmes, a name of Mercury.

He-rmt’one, a daughter of Mars and Venus, mar-
ried t0 Cadmus; also a daughter of Mene-
laus and Helena, married to Pyrrhus.

He’ra, a beautiful woman of Sestos, in Thrace,
priestess of Venus; Leander, of Abydos,
loved her so tenderly that he swam over the
Hellespont every night to see her; but being
at length unfortunately drowned, she threw
herself into the sea, through despair.

Herod’otus, a very famous historlan of Haliear-
nassus. .

Heroph’i/a, the Erythraean sybtl.

Herst‘ti‘a, the wife of Romulus.

Hes’perus, or Vesper, the evening star.

Hes’perides, the daughters 0t Hesperus; JEgle,
Arethusa, and IIesperethusa, who had a gar-

 

Imt’tlte, the beautiful wife of Iphis.

[ape/ms, a son of Coelem and Terra.

Iar’bas, a cruel king of Mauritania.

[ca’rius, the son of Oebalus, who, Lavlng re-
ceived from Bacchus a bottle of wine, went
into Attica, to show men the use of it: but,
making some shepherds drttnk, they thought
he had given them poison, and therefore
threw him into a well.

Ica’rus, the son of Daedalus, who, flying with his
father out of Crete into Sicil , and soaring
too high, melted the wax of his wings, and
fell into the sea, thence called the learian
sea.

I'da, a mountain near Troy.

Idw’u ZlIater, a name of Cybele.

Idae’t' Ducl’yli, a priest of Cybele.

Ida/[tau a name 01 Venus.

Id/mon, a famous soothsayer.

Ida/rhea, Jupiter’s nurse.

Iii/one, the eldest daughter of Priam.

Ilis’sus, a river in Attica.

Plus, the son of 'l‘ros and Callirrhoe, from whom
Troy was called Ilium.

Impera'lor, a name of Jupiter.

In’achz's and Fees, names of Io.

I’no, daughter of Cadmus and Hermiones, and
wife of Athamas.

Intet'cz'do'na, a goddess of breeding women.

Interdu’ca, and Ju’ga, names of Juno.

In'uus, and Inc’ubzts, names of Pan.

den bearing golden apples, watched by a 1’0, daughter of lnachus, transformed by Jupi-

dragon, which Hercules slew, and bore away
the fruit. .

IIe’sus, a name of Mars among the Gauls.

Hip’pias, a philosopher of Elis.

Hippocam’pt’. Neptune’s horses.

Iflp
Helicon, dedicated to Apollo.

Hippal’ytus, the son of Theseus and Antiope or
Hyppolite, who refused intimacies wit l his
stepmother Phaedro. At the request of
Diana, [Esculapius restored him to life,
after he had been thrown from his chariot,
and dragged through the woods till he was
torn in )ieces.

Hip-puma, the goddess of horses and stables.

Histo'rz'a, the goddess of history.

IJoI‘le7t’sis. a name of Venus.

llamas, a title of the sun.

[{os/z'li'na, a goddess of corn.

Hy'ades, the seven daughters of Atlas and
Edna; Ambrosia, Eudora, Coronis, Pasi-
thoe, Plexaris, I’ytho, and Tyche. They
were changed by Jupiter into seven stars.

Hy’bta, a mountain in Sicily, universally famous
for its thyme and bees.

ter into a white heifer; but afterwards re-
suming her former shape, was worshipped
as a goddess by the Egyptians, under the
name of Isis.

Iph’z‘clu's, the twin brother of Hercules.

pocrene, a fountain at the botton‘ )f mount Iphz‘ge'nia, daughter of Agamemnon andiCly-

temnestra, who, standing as a victim ready
to be sacrificed to a pease the rage of Diana,
was, by that godt ess, transformed into a
white hart, carried to Tauris, and made her
priestess.

I’phz’s, a prince of Cyprus, who hanged himself
for love; also a daughter of Lygdas.

Iph’itus, son of Praxonides, who instituted
Olym ic games to Hercules.

Pris, the ( aughter of Thaumas; she was Juno’s
favorite companion, and her messenger on
aflhirs of discord, &.c.

Flys, the son of Tereus and Progne, murdered
and served up by his mother eta banquet
before Tereus, in revenge for his having vio
lated her sister Philomela.

Izi’on, the son of Phlegyas, who was fastened in
hell to a wheel per etually turning round,
for boasting that he ad lain with Juno.

 

  
 
  
   
  
 
 
    
    
  
   
   
   
    
   
  
   
  
   
  
    
  
   
    
    
  
  
 
   
  
  
  
  
  

J

Jaw'itor, and Juno’m‘us, titles of Janus.

Ja’nus, the first king of Italy, son of Apollo and
Creusa.

Ja'son, a ’l‘hessalian prince, son of Eson, who

by Medea’s help brought away the golden

fleece from Cnlchis.

Io’custa, the daughter of Creon, who unwittingly
married her own son, (Edipus.

Ju’no, the sister and wife of Jupiter.

J'u,’n.o, Inferlna, a name of Proserpine.

Junu’ness, guardian angels of women.

Ju’piler, a son of Saturn and Ops—the supreme
deity of the heathen.

Julpiter Secun'a’us, a name of Neptune.

Ju’pt‘ier Ter/lz'us, Infer'nus, or Sty’gz'us, seve-
ral appellations given to Pluto.

Juten’la, a goddess ofyouth.

L

La’chesis, one of the three Fates.

Lacm'ia, and Lucil’ia, titles of June.

Luclu'ra, or Lactuci'na, a goddess of corn.

sth'ig'unc8, cannibals of Italy, who roasted
and ate the companions of Ulysses.

La'ius, a king of Thebes, killed unwittingly by
his own son, Gitlipus.

La’mice, a name of the Gorgons.

Laodoun, a son of Priam and high-priest of

Apollo: he and his two sons were killed by

serpents for opposing the reception of the

wooden horse into Troy.

La’pis, or Lapid’eus, titles of Jupiter. .

Lu'res, sons of Mercury and Lara, worshipped

' as household gods.

Latera’nus, a household god.

Laver’na, a goddess of thieves.

Lean’der, see Hero.

Le’da, daughter of Thestias, and wife of Tyn-

darus, seduced by Jupiter in the shape of a

swan.

Lemoni’ades, nymphs of meadows, &e.

Le’nw, priestesses of Bacchus.

Ler'na, a marsh of Argos, famous for a Hydra,
killed there by Hercules.

Le'the, a river of hell, whose waters caused a
total forgetfulness of things past.

Leva’na, a goddess of new born infants.

L-ihiti'na, the goddess of funerals.

Li’nus. son of Apollo and Terpsichore.

Lube'ltv'tia, the goddess of pleasure.

Lu'cifcr, son of Jupiter and Aurora, made the

morning star. _

Lu'na Diana’s name in heaven.

Lupericalia, feasts in honor of Pan.

Lyper'ci, priests of Pan. _ .

Lyca'on, a king of Arcadia, turned by Jupiter

. into a wolf.

M

IlIa’z'a, loved by Jupiter, and by him turned into
a star to avoid Juno’s rage. .
Managenc’ta, a oddess of women in labor.

Mantu'ra, a god ess of corn. .
Mantuflna, and Me’na, nuptial goddesses.

lIur’cz‘a, titles of Venus.
Mars, the god of war.

Mari'na, Mel’am's, Mer'etriac, itfigoni’tis, and

mutant DEITIES, ETC. 553

Mauso'lus, a king of Caria, who had a mom
magnificent tomb erected to him by his wife
Artemisia.

Mede’a, daughter of Etes, king of Colchis, a
fatnous sorceress, who assisted Jason to ob-
tain the golden fleece.

JlIedz'tri’nu, a goddess of grown pew-ens.

.Medu’sa, the chief of the three Gorgons.

fliragw'ra, one of the three Furies.

Megalen’sia, festivals in honor of Cybele.

Illegu’ra, the wife of Hercules.

Melani’ra, a name of Venus.

.Me’ll'w, nymphs of the fields.

.Me’lz'us, a name of Hercules.

.lIelo'mz, the goddess of honey.

Melpom’ene, the muse of tragedy.

.Mem’non, a king of Abydos.

Menala’us, a famous Centaur.

filme/a’us, the husband of Ilelena.

[Won’t/1a, a mistress of Pluto.

Alcn’tor, the governor of 'l‘elemachus.

Mcrh-ury, the messenger of the gods, inventor of
letters, and god of eloquence, merchandise,
and robbers.

.Mero’pe, one of the seven Pleiades.

Mi’das, a king of Plirygia. who entertained Bac~
chus, or, as some say, Silenus, had the power
given him of turning whatever he touched
into gold.

JlIi’lo, a wrestler of remarkable strength.

Illz'malllones, attendants on Bacchus.

Minerl-va, the goddess of wisdom.

.Mflnos, a king of Crete, made, for his extraordi—
nary justice, ajudge of hell.

Min’otaur, a monster, half man, half beast.

.Mz'n'yw, a name of the Argonauts.

.Mnemos’yne, the goddess of memory.

Ma’mus, the god of i‘aillery, wit, &c.

Mone’la, a title of .luno.

.Mor'pheus, the god ofsleep, dreams, &c.

films, the goddess of death.

illul’ciber, a title of Vulcan.

Mu'ses, nine daughters of Jttpiter and Mnemo-
syne, born on mount Pierius, mistresses of
all the sciences, presidents of musicians and
poets, and governesses of the feasts of the
gods; Calliope, Clio, Erato, Euterpe, Mel-
pomene, Polyhymnia, Terpsichore, Thalia,
and Urania.

Mu’la, the goddess of silence.

N

Namia, the goddess of funeral songs.

Na’z'ades, nymphs of the rivers, &c.

Narcz's’sus. a very beautiful youth, who,.falling
in love with his own shadow in the water,
pined away into a daffodil. ‘

Na’tz'o, and Nundi'nu, goddess of infants.

Namw'a, a country of Elis, famed for a terrible
lion killed there by Hercules.

Nem’esis, the goddess of revenge.

Nep'tzme, the god of the sea.

Ne'rez‘des, sea nymphs.

Ne’rz‘o, the wife of Mars. .

Niceph’orus. a title ofJupiter.

Ni’nus, the first king of the Assyrians. ,'

Ni’obe, daughter of Tantalus, and wife of A“.

hion who preferring herself to .
ad her 14’ children killed by Dim

Apollo, and wept herself into a status. are.
No’mz'us, a name of Apollo.

.. tuMq

 

d

654

Now, the most ancient oi the deities; she was
even reckoned older than Chaos.

0

Ob’sequens, a title of Fortune.

Occa'tor, the god of harrowing.

Oce'anus, an ancient sea god.

Ocyp’ete, one of the three Harpies.

mdh‘pus, son ofLaius and Jocasta, and king of
Thebes, who solved the riddle of the Sphinx,

, unwittingly killed his father, married his
mother, and at last ran mad, and tore out
his eyes.

Om'phale, a queen of Lydia, with whom Her-
cules was so enamored, that she made him
submit to spinning and other unbecoming
offices.

0; er’tus, a name of Pluto.

Opi’gena, a name of Juno.

Ops, a name at Cybele.

Orlw'na, a goddess of grown persons.

Ores'i‘es, the son of Aganieinnon.

Ori’on, a great and mighty hunter.

Or'plzeus, son of Jupiter and Calliope, who had
great skill in music, and was torn in pieces
by the Maenades, for disliking thecompany
01f women after the death of his wife Eury-
r ice.

Orytlzi'a, a queen of the Amazons.

Osi'ris, see Apis.

P

Pac’lolus. a river of Lydia, with golden lands
and medical waters.

Pw’an. and Plzaz’bus. names of Apollo.

Pa’les, the goddess of shepherds.

Palil’ia. feasts in honor of Pales.

Pallu'tiium, a statue of Minerva, which the
Trojans imagined fell from heaven, and that
their city could not be taken whilst that re-
mained in it.

Pal'las, and Py’loiz's, names of Minerva.

Pan, the god of shepherds.

Pando’m, the first woman made b Vulcan, and
endowed with gifts by all the eities; Jupi-
ter gave her a box containing all manner of
evils, war, famine, &c., with hope at the
bottom.

Pan'ope, one of the Nereids.

Pa’phia, a title of Venus.

Par'cw, a. name of the Fates.

Pa'r'is, or At'exander, son of Priam and He
cuba, a most beautiful youth, who ran away
with Helena, and occasioned the Trojan
war.

Parnas’sus, a. mountain of Phocis, famous for
atemple of Apollo, and being the favorite
residence of the Muses.

Par’lunda, a nuptial goddess.

Pastoph’ori, priests of Isis.

Pat'areus, atitle of Apollo.

Pateti’na, a goddess of corn.

Patula’cz’us, a name of Janus.

Palule’z‘us, a name of Jupiter.

Paven'tia, and Poli’na, goddesses of infants.

Peg‘asus, a winged horse belonging to Apollo

and the Muses.
Pella'm'a, a goddess of grown persons.
Pena/tee small statues or household gods.

THE WORLD’S racism.

  
   
 
    
   
  
   
  
  
   
   
  
   
  
  
 
 
  
   
   
  
    
  
   
 
  
  
  
    
   
   
  

Penel’ope, daughter of Icarus, celebrated for her
chastity and fidelity during the long absence
of Ulysses.

Per'seus, son of Jupiter and Danae, who pen
formed many extraordinary exploits by
means of Medusa’s head. .

Phwcasm'ni. ancient gods of Greece. .

Pha’etan, son of Sol (Apollo) and Climene, who
asked the guidance of his father’s chariot
for one day, as aproofof his divine descent;
but unable to manage the horses, set the
world on fire, and was therefore struck by
Jupiter with a thunderbolt into the river Po.

Phal’lica, feasts of Bacchus.

Pln'lam’mon, a skilful musician.

Paz‘lome’la, daughter of Pandion, king of Athens,
who was ravished by her brother-in-law,
'l‘ereus, and was changed into a nightin-
gale.

th’n’eas, son of Agenor, and king of Paphla—
gonia, who had his eyes torn out by Boreas,
but was recompensed with the knowledge
of futurity; also a king of Thrace, turned
into a stone by Perseus, by the help of Me-
dusa’s head.

Phleg’ethon, a boiling river of hell.

Phle gun, one of the four horses of Sol.

Phleg'yce, a people of Boeotia, destroyed by
Neptune, on account of their piracies and
other crimes.

Phw'bas, the priestess of Apollo.

Phw’bus, a title of Apollo.

Phce’m’x, son of Amyntor, who being falsely ac-I
cused ofhaving attempted the honor of one
of his father’s concubines, was condemned
to have his eyes torn out; but was cured by
Chiron, and went with Achilles to the siege
of Troy.

Pz'cum'nus, a rural god.

Pimm’nus, a god of breeding women.

Pin’dus, a mountain in Thessaly.

P1"fho.a goddess of eloquence.

Ple’t‘ades, the seven daughters of Atlas and
l’leione; Mala, «lectra, Taygete, Asterope,
Mei-ope, Halcyone, and Celoeno; they were
changed into stars.

Plu’Io, the god of hell.

Plu'lus, the god of riches.

Pol'lux. See Castor.

Polyd'amas, a famous wrestler.

Polyd’izts, a famous prophet and physician.

Palyhym’nz'a, the muse of rhetoric.

Polyp/te'mus. a monstrous giant, son of Nep-
tune, with but one eye in the middle of his
forehead. '

Pomo/na, the goddess of fruits and autumn.

Pose’z’don, a name of Neptune.

Prwnesti'na, a name of Fortuna.

Prws’les, a title ofJupiter and Minerva.

Praril’eles, a famous statuary.

Pri’am, son of Laomedon, and father of Paris,
Hector, &c. ; he was the last kins,r of'l‘roy.

Prog’ne, wife of Tereus, king of Thrace. and
sister of Philomela; she was turned into a
swallow.

Prome'theus, son of Iapetus, who animated. a
man that he had formed of clay, with fire,
which, by the assistance of Minerva, he stole
from heaven, and was therefore chained by
Jupiter to mount Caucasus, with a vulture
continually preying upon his liver.

Prop law, a name of Hecate.

Pros erpz'ne, the wife of Pluto.

 

   
     
  
  
  
  
  
   
  
 
    
   
   
  
  
   
   
   
  
   
  
  
  
   
  
  
   
  
   
 
   
   
  
   
  
    
  
   
  
    
   
  
   
   

., ' into any shape.

Psy'che, a goddess of pleasure.

'_ Pyl’adcs, the constant friend of Orestes.

‘ Pyr'amus, and Tltis’be, two lovers of Babylon,
who killed themselves with the same sword,
and occasioned the turning the berries of the
mulberry-tree, under which they died, from
white to red.

. ' Pryw'tz's, one ofthe four horses ofthe sun.

“ Pyr'rltus, son of Achilles, remarkable for his
cruelty at the siege of Troy.

Py'thon, a huge serpent, produced from the mud
of the deluge, which Apollo killed, and in

Pythonis'sa, the priestess of Apollo.

Q,

Quad’rz‘frons, a title of Janus.

Qui’es, a goddess of rown persons.
Quiela’lzs, and Quie (us, names of Pluto.
Quinqua’lria, feasts of Pallas.

R

Reci’us, a title of Bacchus.

’ * Re’dur, and Re'gz'a, titles of Fortune.
Regi’na, a title ofJuno.
Ritudaman’thus, one of the three infernal
1 judges.

‘ Rhe'a, a title of Cybele.

Rhe’a~syl'vz'a. the mother of Romulus.
Rabi/gas, a god of corn.

Rom'ulus, the first king of Rome.
Rumi'na, a goddess of new-born infants.
Runei’na, the goddess of weeding.
Rusi'na, a rural deity.

S

Saba’zt'a, feasts of Proserpine.

Sa'lt‘z', the 12 frantic priests of Mars.

Salmone’us, a king of Eiis, struck by a thunder-
bolt to hell for imitating Jupiter’s thunder.

Sa'lus, the goddess of health

Sanc’us, a god ol the Sabines

Sator, and Sorri’lor, rural gods.

Saturna’lia, feasts of Saturn.

Samr’nus, or Sat’urn, the son of Ccelus and
Terra.

Sal’yrs. the attendants of Bacchus, horned mon-
sters, half men, half goats.

Scy’ron, a famous robber of Attica.

Se ia, and Sege’lia, goddesses of corn.

Sel’li, priests of Jupiter. ’

Senna, a goddess of married women.

Sera’pis. See Apis.

Sile'nus, the foster-father and companion of Bac-
chus, who lived in Arcadia, rode on an ass,
and was drunk every day.

Si'mis, a famous robber. killed by Hercules.

Sis’yphus, the son of IEolus, killed b Theseus,
and doomed incessantly to roll a uge stone
up a mountain in hell for his perfidy and
numerous robberies.

Set, a name of A 0110.

_ Som'nus, the go of sleep.

Sphinx, a monster. born of Syphon, and Echidna,
who destroyed hersell because (Edipus
solved the enigma she proposed.

mm names, are.

'ru'leus.osea god, who could transform himself Sla'ta, a goddess of grown persons.

Sten’tor, a Grecian, Whose voice is re orth to
have been as strong and as loud ast e voices
of 50 men together.

Stite’no, one of the three Gorgons.

Styx, a river of hell.

Sue/dd, a nuptial goddess.

Summa’nus, a name of Pluto.

Sylva'nus, a god of woods and forests.
Sy’rens, sea monsters

'1‘

memory thereof, instituted the Pythian games. Ta’cz'm, a goddess of silence.

Tanta’lu-s, a king of Paphlagonia, who, serv.
ing up to table the limbs of his son, Pelops
to try the divinity of the gods, was plunged
to the chin in a lake of hell, and doomed to
everlasting thirst and hunger, as a punish-
ment for his barbarity and impiety.

Tar/a’rus, the place ol‘the wicked in hell.

Tau’rus. the bull, under whose form Jupiter
carried away Europa.

Telehi’nes, priests of Cybele.

Telcma’c/zus, the only son of Ulysses.

Tem’pe, a most beautiful valley in Thessaly, the
resort of the gods.

Ter’mz'nus, the god of boundaries.

Terpsic/w’re, the muse of music, 650.

'I'er'ror, the god of dread and fear.

Tlta’lt'a, the muse of comedy.

The’mis, the daughter of Ccelum and Terra, the
goddess of laws, oracles, &c.

lees’pz's, the first tragic poet.

The’lz's, daughter of Nereus and Doris, and god-
dess of the sea.

Thyr’sus, the rod of Bacchus.

Ti’p/tys, the pilot of the ship Argo.

Tz'sz'p/t'one, one of the three Furies.

Ti’zan, son of Coelum and Terra, and the elder
brother of Saturnus, or Saturn. ‘

T-ma’rius, a title ot‘Jupiter.

'I'ri'ton, Neptune’s trumpeter.

'1'1‘i’lam'a. a name of Minerva.

Tro’ilus, a son of Priam and Hecuba.

Troy, a city of Phrygia, famous for holding out
a siege often years against the Greeks, but
they at last captured and destroyed it.

Tutelz”na, a goddess of corn.

Ty'ro, one of the Nereids.

U

Ulys’ses, son of Laertes and Anticlea, and king
of Ithaca, who, by his subtlety and eloquence,
was eminently serviceable to the Greeks in
the Trojan war.

Unx’ia, a title ofJuno.

Um’nia, the muse of astronomy.

'V

Vacu'mz, the goddess of idle persons.
Vgfiita'nus, a (god of little infants.
V

onia, a go dess of valleys. v .
Veni’lz’a, a Wife of Neptune. . 3.?
Ve’nus, the goddess of love, and beauty. v as;

Vergz‘l'lce, a name of the Pleiades.

Verticor'dia, a name of Venus. ii 1
Vertum'nus, the god of spring. 7 sag

 

 

 

, , ‘1. .Ag

Yes’ta, the goddess of fire. ’ ' the harpy Celoefio, a river hi?
invites, deities of the highways. also Scamander. '

. Milka, the goddess of wanderers. '

Virézmen'sis, a nuptial goddess.

Vir a, a name of Astrea and Fortune. z

Viri is, and Visca’ta, titles of Fortune. ' , ' -

Viri'placa, an inferior nuptial goddess, who re- Za’greus, a title of BaCchus.
conciled husbands to their wives; a temple, iZeph’yruS, son of Bolus and Aurora, Wm
at Rome, was dedicated to her, whither the sicnately loved the goddess'Flora, and is I
married couple repaired after a quarrel, and for the west wind. '
returned together friendly. , Ze’tes, and Ca’laz's, sons of Boreas and O .

Vitu’la, the goddess of mirth. who accompanied the Argonauts, and v,

Valu'sia, a goddess of com. the Harpies from Thrace. ’

Vul’can, the god of subterraneous fire. ,Ze'tgts, a son of Jupiter and Antiope,very z .

_ in music.
X Ze'us, a title of Jupiter.

Xan’thus, one of the horses of Achilles, born of

 

a;

BLOGRAPHICAL INDEX.

  
   
    
 
   
 
   
  
  
   
  
  
  
  
   
  
 
 
   
   

N. B. This list Of remarkable persons, from the earliest period to the present time, is not 01
course intended to include every name mentioned in history, but merely the most important in
their several departments. The names of Sovereigns are referred to occasionally only, as full list:
are given in their proper place.

This list may be useful in two ways, viz :

First, as an Index to the names mentioned in the Chronological Tables in this volume; and
Secondly, to indicate, by reference to those tables, the chief political events and contemporary
public characters during the life of each person in the list.

Thus: Soonkrns, the Greek philosopher, was born 470, and died 400 B. 3. The tables on
page 20 to 24, show who lived, and what happened, during the seventy years of Socrates’ life.
MILTON was born A. D. 1608, one year after the first settlement at Jamestown, Virginia; six
years after the East India Company was founded; five years after James I. ascended the throne ;
the same year that the Protestant Union was formed in Germany; one year before Gustavus
Adolphus became king of Sweden; two years before Louis XIII. became king Of France. He
was 12 years old when the Puritans first landed at Plymouth; he was 17 when Charles I. suc«
ceeded James, and he was 41 years old when Charles was beheaded. Among his contemporaries
were Lord Bacon, Inigo Jones, Jeremy Taylor, Algernon Sydney, Sir C. Wren, Butler, Waller,
Dryden, Henry More, Baxter, and Boyle, in England: Peter Stuyvesant, Winthrop, Cotton, and
Eliot, in America: Richelieu, Mazarine, Colbert, Rubens, Kepler, Des Cartes, Moliere, Corneille,
Racine, Pascal, on the Continent. He died A. D. 1674, nine years after the great plague in London,
14 years after Charles II. was restored, and 7 years after Nethork was ceded to the English.
And thus of any person mentioned in the Index—a great variety of particulars may be found
at a glance, on referring to the tables.

',“ No living persons are mentioned, except some of the most noted in Europe.

ABBREVIATIONS. ——See List in [he Intvoduction. Bar. (Barbarian), includes several dzfl‘erent
nations. some not entirely czmlz'zed. f. is used for flourished. The dates before Christ
are indicated by B. c. ——all others are A. D. —In some cases the dates me necessarily left b’tmk.

NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. BORN. DIED.
Dan. Aagesend, Svind, historian . . . . . f. 1188

Aaron, the first high priest . . . . . n. c. 1570 1453
Aaron, of Alekandriap, physician . . f. 622

Abbot. George, Archbishop of Canterbury and author . . 1562 1623
Abd ’el Kader, distinguished warlim . . . . 1806

Abelald Peter. a celebrated scholastic divine . . . 1079 1142
Abel, Nicholas 11., mathematician . . . 1802
Abenez1a, an astron., philos., poet, philologist, &c. . . 1119 1174
Aberdeen. Earl of, statesman and antiquary . . .

Abercromby, Sir Ralph, military commander . . 1738 1801
Abernethy, John, eminent physician and medical w1iter . . 1764 1831
Ablancourt N. P. D. , translator of the classics . . 1606 1664
Abraham the gleat progenitor of the Jewish nation 3. c. 1995 B. c. 1821
Absalom (real name Axel), archbishop of Den. Sw., and Nor. . 1128 1203
Abubekel, father -in- -law and successor of Mahomet . . 561 624
Abulfeda, the geographer . . . 1273 1345
Accius, or Attius, a tragic poet (works not extant) . n. o. 171
Accursius, or Accorso. an eminent critic . . . 122.9
Accum, Fred, operative chemist (in Eng.) . 1769 18$
Ackerman, Rudolph, introduced gas lighting and lithog. in London 1764 1834
Achilles, one of the leaders in the Tro}3 an war . f. 118%
Achilles I‘atius (of Alexandria), Christian b. and author . . 3d cent. ‘
Acro polite, of Constantinople, statesman an historian . 1220

Adam, Alexander, schoolmaster and author . . _ . 1741 a

28*

 

 

6-. 3 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS. L.

not you. NAME AND PROFESSION. norm. mum"?

 

 

 

 

 

 

Eng Adam, Robert, an architectural author . . 1728 1794
Amer. Adams, John Quincy, diplomatiflst, poet, Pres. U. S. . 1767 1848 '1
Ame; ,Sa111uol,one of the patriotic founders of the republic . 1726 1808 . '
Amer ,John, pat110t and statesman—2d Pres. U. S. . . 1735 1826
Eng. Addison Joseph one of the ornaments of Envllsh literature . 1672 1 1719 ‘
Rom. Adiian, the 15th Emp. (born in Spain) . . 4' . 75 138 , ,1
Ire. Adiain: Robert mathematician (at. New- York, &c. ) . . 1775 1843
Gr. jElian, the h1sto11'1n and rhet011c1an . . . . 160

Gr. IEneas, son of P1iam, king ofTroy . . f. 11.0.1183

Gr. IEschines, of Athens, philos. —disciple of Socrates . .

Gr. ”w“ orator . . . B. c. 393 B. c. 32‘?
Gr. iEsch ylus, of Athens. the great tragic writer . . n. c. 468 n. c. 400
Gr. Esop, of Phrygia, the prince of tabulists . . . f. 3‘. c. 600

Rom. Etius, mil. com. (defeated Atilla.) . .7 . . 454
Rom. Alh'icanus. Julius, historian . . . . 232
Gr. Agtmcmnon, “the king of kings” . . . . B. c. 904
G1. A: aY_l1ius. historian and poet . . . . f. 565

Swiss. Agassiz, Louis, natutalist . 1807

Gr Ages} laus 11., king of Sparta; (defeats the Per. ,Egypt., and Greeks) 3. c. 361
G1. AEis IV, the greatest ol the Spartan kings . . 3. c. 251.
Eng. Aglionlsy, one 5of the translato1s of the Bible . . . 1610
Rom. Agricola, Cneius Julius, military commander . . . 40 93
Ger Agricola, John, a divine ;—founder of the Anti omians . 490 1566
Rom. Agrippa, military commander, governor of J11 ea. . . 40 94
Fr. —, Cornelius, philosopher, &c. . 1486 1535
Eng. Aikin, John, M. 1)., an elegant writer; editor of poets, 8m. . . 1747 1822
Eng. Ainswmth, grammmian and lexicographer . . . 1660 1743
Tar.tar Akbar, Mohammad, a great Mogul sovereign, . . . 1555 1605
Eng. Akcnside, Mark, :1 popular poet. . . . . 1721 1770
Swe. Aker,blad philologist . . . . . ‘ 1819
Bar. Alaric 1., king of the Visigoths . . . . 411
Span. Alberoni, Julius (cardinal), statesman . . . . 1664 1752
Ital. Alberti,1m eminent w:ite1', paint, sculp. ., 13cc. . . 1398 1490
Ger. Albetttis Magnus, philosophic w1iter; tutor of Aquinas . . 1205 1280
Bar. Alboin, the Lombznd conqueror . . . 574
Port. Albuque1que (the great), military commander . . 1452

Gr. Alczeus, of Lesbos, a lyric poet . f. B. o. 606

Ital. Alciati, of Milan, an eminent civilian and author . . . 1492 1556
Gr. Alcibiades, a famous Athenian g menu and statesman . . B. c. 450 13.0. 404
Eng. Alcuinus (founder of schools at Paris, &c. ) . . . 732 804
Eng Altlhelm, St., an eminent scholar and poet . . 709
Fr. Alembert, John le Rondd’, math, 11181., and philosopher . . 1717 1783
Bar. Alexander. the Great, founde1 of the Macedonian empire . B. c. 356 B. c. 323
Rom — ,Severus, emperor . . . 209 235
Rus -—,Nevsk0i, a saint and hero; "dei'. of the Tartars, 6:6. . 1218 1262
Rus. ——-—, 1., emperor (coalition agaiim Napoleon) .. . 1777 1825
Gr. Alexius Commenus, emperor of the E511; . . . 1118
Ital. Alfieri, Victor, an eminent 11' ugic poet . . . . 1749 1803
Eng. Alfred, justly called the Great, king . . . 849 900
Ital. Algarotti, a gene1al schnlar and critic . . . 1.712 1764 2
Bar A11 Bey gov. of Egypt v1'evolted againstthe Turks . . 1728 1773 1‘
Bar. ——Tepcl1ni.pacha ol Jannina . . . . 1744 1822
Scot. Alison, Archibald Rev. ‘1‘ ssays on Taste’ . . 1757 1839 .
Scot. Alison, Archibald, ‘History of Europe,’ ‘mhmys' . . i .i.
Amer. Allen, Ethan. an intrepid officer in the Revoisaon . . 1789 '
Amer. Allston, Washington, painter and poet . . . 1.779 1843 :1.
Sar. Almamon, Caliph, patron of 16311111!" . . . 833 3,
Sar. Almansor, Caliph, patron of learning . . . . 775 i
Span. Alphonso X.,k1ng of Castile, Leon—and author . 1203 1284 .
Port. -—————I., Hentiquez, founder of the Portuguese monarchy . 1094 1185 .
Span. Alva, duke of, celebrated and barbarous mil. com. . . 1508 1582 '3-
Jew. Amazmh, king of Judah . . . . 13.0. 809
Ital. Ambrose, St., bishop of Milan—author 340 387 ‘
Ital: Americus Vespucius (0f F101ence)—explored the & Amer. coast . 1451 1512 1
Amer. Ames, Fisher, a statesman and orator . . 1750 1808 ;
Eng. Amherst, Jefi‘tey, lor,d mil. com. in America, &.c . . 1717 179? ;,
Rom. Ammianus, Marcellinus, historian . . . . 309 1'
Gr. Ammonius, a peripatetic philosopher . ~ . . . n. c. "2% :1
Fr. Ampere, Jean Marie, mathematician and mat. philos. . . 1775 1% 5,
Fr. Amyot, James. bp. of Auxeire—translator of Plutaieb . . 1513 1 a,
Bar. Anacharsis, a Scythian philosopher, and disciple of anion 1‘: n. a. 592 :1
Gr. Anaereon, a celebrated poet . . . . n. o. m I

 

         

W411 mm. 669
. NAME AND rxornssmrz. BORN. men.
Anutasius I., emperor of the East . . . . 518

Anaxagoras, a philosopher . . . . 3. c. 500 B. c. 428
Anaxarchus, a philosopher, companion of Alexander the Great 1'. B. c. 340

Anaximander of Miletus, an Ionic philosopher . . . 611 B. c. 547
Anaximenes “ “ “ . . . n. c. 504
Ancelot, J. A. P. F., poet and novelist . . . 1794
Anciilon, .l. P. F., historian and statesman . . . 1767 1837
Dan. Andersen, Hans Chris, poet and novelist . . .
_ Eng. Anderson, Sir Edmund, a judge and author . . . 1605
Scotch. ———-—, Adam, commercial writer . . . . 1692 1765
. Andrews, Lancelot, bishop of Winchester . . . 1555 1626
Andral, G. A., writer on anatomy and medicine . . . 1797
Andronicus of Rhodes, a peripatetic philosopher, flourished . B. c. 63

Anielo, Thomas (commonly called Masiniello), a fisherman of Naples
who rose to great power . 1623 1646

 

 

 

 

 

 

Anna Commena daughter of the Emperor Alexis 1., historian . 1t83 1148
Annet, Peter, a deistical writer . . . . . 1703 1778
Annibal, or Hannibal, a celebrated Carthaginian general . B. c. 247 B. c. 183
Anquetil du Perron, a classic scholar, and author . . . 1731 1805
Anselm, archbishop of Cuntcrbury-a learned divine . . 1033 1109
Anson, George, lord, celebrated naval commander . . 1697 1762
Anthony, St., the founder of monastic institutions . . 251 356:

—, of Padua, a divine . . . . . 1195 1231
Antigoiuis, one of the generals of Alexander the Great . B. c. 301
Antiochus V. 1 . . . . . . B. o. 164
Antipater, one of the generals of Alexander the Great . . B. c. 319
Antisthenes, a philos—t‘ounder of the sect of Cynics, before Christ . 423

. Antoninus, Pius, emperor . . . . . 86 1'61
Rom. —~. Marcus urelius, emperor—surnamed the philosopher . 121 180
Rom. Antony, Mark, mil. commander and statesman . . B. c. 86 B. C. 30
Pers. Anveri, a celebrated poet ‘ . . . . . 1201

. Apion, a grammarian, and bitter enemy of the Jews, flourished . 80
Apollonius, surnamed Rodius, a poet . . . B. C. 194
-———-—, Pergamensis, a geonietrician, flourished . . . B. c. 242
, 'I‘yaneus, a Pythagorean philosopher . . 97 .
Appian, an historian, flourished . . . . 143
Aquinas, St. Thomas, a celebrated theologian . . . 1224 1274
Arago, astron., nat. pliilos., and statesman . . . .
Aram, Eugene, a learned schoolmaster. executed for murder . 1705 1759.
Aratus, of Sicyon, mil. com. and statesman . . . B. c. 273 B. c. 216
. Arbuthnot, John, Dr., a poet . . . . . 1735 .
Archelaus, Ionic philosopher, flourished . . . B. c. 450
Archius, a poet, flourished . . . . , B. c. 719
Archilochus. a poet. flourished . . . . B. c. 685
Archidemes, a celebrated mathematician . B. c. 287 B. c. 2l2
Arcliytas, a mathematician . . . . . B. C. 408 B. c. 360,
Aretino, Guido, inventor of the gamut of music . . . 905
, Leonard, an historian . . . . 1369 1414,

~, Peter, satirist . . . . . . 1492 1556'
Argelander, F. W. A.. astronomer . . . 1799
Argensola, Lupercio, historian and poet . . . . 1565 1613

, Bartholomew, historian . . . . 1566 1631
Ariosto, Lewis, a celebrated poet . . . . 1474 1533
Aristarchus, of Samos, mathematician an 1 philosopher . t. B. c. 280
———-—-———, grammarian and critic . . . )3. c. 160
Aristides, an Athenian statesman . . . . n. c. 467'

, Elius, an orator and sophist . . . . 129 185
-————, one of the fathers of the church flourished . . 127
Aristippus, of Cyrene, philosopher—founher of the Cyreniacs f. B. c. 392
Aristomenes, a warrior and patriot, flourished . . B. c. 662 J
Aristophanes, an Athenian comic oet . . . . B. c. 3%
Aristotle, philoso hep—founder ofp the Peripatetics . . n. c. 384 n. o.
Arius, of Alexan ria, the founder of the Arian sect . .

,Montanus, Benedict.—orientalist . . . 1527
Arkwright, Sir Richard, inventor of spinning jennies . . 1732
Arlincourt, Victor, vicompte de, novelist . . .' 1789
Arminius, the deliverer 01 Germany . . . .

———, James, a celebrated divine—founder of a sect. ; 1560

Armstrong, John, M. D., poet 1709

— , John, general, statesman, military com., and historian 1758
Around, Daniel, troubadour . . . .

, ., Francis Baculard d‘, dramatist and poet . . 171,8,

 

   

660 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. .« 301m.
Eng. Arne, Thomas Augustus, mustcalcomposer . . . 1710
Gr. Arnobius, a defender ot Christianity . . . f. 303

Prus. Arnim. L. A. von, poet and novelist . .
Ital. Arnold, of Brescia, a learned monk—disciple of Abelard

 

 

 

 

Eng. , Thos., 1). D., theologian, historian and philologist . . 1795 *
Anier. , Benedict, major general—the traitor to his country .
Gr. Arrian, historian~disciple of Epictetus . ‘ . . f. 140
Eng. Arrowsmith, Aaron, constructor of maps and charts . .
Bar. Arsaces 1., the founder of the Parthian monarchy . . f. B. c. 250
Bar. Artaxerxes 1., king of Persia . . . . n. 0.
Bar. ———-—-—, founder of the new Persian kingdom . . .
Brit. Arthur, a prince celebrated in fable . . . . 472
Eng. Arundel, Thomas 11., earl of. importer of the Arundelian marbles .
Eng. Ascham, Roger, a learned writer . . . . 1515
Bar. Asdrubal, a Carthaginian general . . . . B. c.
Amer. Ashmun, John 11., jurist—professor of law . . . 1800
Eng. Asscr, John, historian . . . . .
Ger. Ast, Geo. A. I<‘., philologist, ‘I.exicon Platonicum ’ . . 1778
Ger. Astor, John Jacob, Wealthy merchant at New York . . 1763
Gr. Athanasius, St., one of the fathers of the church . . 296
Gr. Athenagoras, philosopher . . . . 1.. 177
Gr. Athenais, Emp. of the W'est, and authoress (called also Eudoxia.)
Gr. Athenaeus, a celebrated grammarian—the Greek Varro . . f. 190
Bar. Attalus, founder of the monarchy of Pergamus—inv. of parchment B. c.
Gr, , Rhodius, mathematician . . . f. 3. c. 173
Eng. Atterbury, Francis, bp. of Rochester, exiled for conspiracy . 1662
Rom. Atticus, a knight, and author (works lost) . . . :3. c. 109 B. 0.
Bar. Attila, king of the Huns, “the Scourge of God” . . .
Fr. Auber, D. F. E.. famous musical composer . . A . 1784 .
Eng. Auckland, W'illiam, lord, statesman . .. . .
Fr. ‘ Audoin, J. F., zoologist . . . . . 1797
Fr. Augereau, duke of Castiglione, mil. com. . . . 1757

Augustine. St., a celebrated father of the church . . 354

-, the‘Apostle of the English—1st archbishop of Canterbu
Rom. Augustulus, Romulus, the last emperor of the West . .
Rom. Augustus, Cains Julius Caesar Octavius—1st emperor . n. o. 63
Rom. Ausonius, Decimus Magnus, poet . . . .
Fr. Auvergne, Theophilus—republican—military commander . . 1743
Ara. . Averroes, philosopher, physician, and author . . .
Ara. Avrcenna, philosopher, physician, and author . . . 980
Eng. Ayscough, Samuel, Compiler of Index to Shakspeare, &.c. .
B

Eng. Babbage, Charles, mathematician and machinist . . . 1790 ‘
Gr. Bacchylides, lyric poet . . . . f. n. o. 450
Port. Baccellar, a civilian, historian, and lyric poet . . . 1610
Amer Backus, Isaac, a divine and historian . . . 1724
Eng. Back, Geo, Capt. R. N., Polar navigator and author . .
Eng. Bacon, Roger, a monk, celebrated for his scientific knowledve . 1214
Eng. ,Francis, lord Verulam, the celebrated philosopher and statesman 1561
Dan. Baden, James, one of the founders of Danish literature . 1735
Ger. Biihr, Jno. C. F., classical philologist . . . . 1798
Eng. Bailey, Nathan, a grammarian and lexicographer . .
Fr. Baillet, a learned theologian, historian, and miscellaneous writer . 1649
Scot. Baillie, Matthew, physician and anatomist . . . 176l
Eng. Baily, Francis, astronomer and mathematician . . 1774
Fr. Bailly, John Silvain, a learned author, and a leader in the revolution . 1736
Amer. Bainbridge, Wm., naval commander . . Princeton 1774
Scot. Baird, Sir David, military commander . . . . 1757
Turk. Bajazet. sultan—conquered by Tamerlane . . .
Ital. Balbi, Adrian, geographer and ethnographer . . Venice 1782
Fr. Baldwin, who became emperor of the East . . .
Fr. Balzac, IIonoré de, novelist . . . . Tours 1799
Swe. Banier, or Banner, a celebrated military commander . . 1596
Irish. Banim, John, novelist . . . . . 1800
Eng. Banks, Sir Joseph, navigator—President Royal Society . 1743
Pruss. Baratier, a Hebrew lexicographer before ten years of age . . 1721
Eng. Barbauld, Anna Letitia, a popular miscellaneous writer . 1743
Turk. Barbarossa, the celebrated corsair-usurper of Algiers . .

Fr. Barbeyrac, John, miscellaneous writer . . . 1674

 

murmur. men. 661

    
   

 

 

 

 

:’ m! . NAME AND PROFESSION. 301m. arm).
‘ ; Ame . Barbour, James, statesman and diplomatist . . Va. 1775 1842
Amer. Barbom, P. P, statesman, and Judge 01 Sup. Court . Va. 1783 1841
Eng. Ba1',clay Robert, the celebrated Vindicator ol the Quakers . . 1648 1690
Ital. Bare1t1, Joseph, lexicographer—author of Travels, &c. . 1716 1789
Eng. Baring, Alex. (lord Ashburton), statesman . . .
Amer. Barlow, Joel, 3 s1atesman, and poet . . . . 1756 1812
Eng. Barnes, Joshua, an eminent Greek scholar ' . . . 1654 1712
Amer. -———, Daniel H, adistinguished conchologist . . 1818
Dutch. Barneveldt, John. statesman (beheaded) . . . . 1547 1619
Amer. Barney, Joshua a distinguished naval comn ander . . 1759 1818
" li‘r. Barias, Paul, count dc, mem. of the direct. in the revolution . 1755 1829
F» Eng. Barrow, Isaac, adivine, and mathematician . 1630 1677
1," Amer. Barry, W. '.l‘ statesman and diplomatist . . Va. 1785 1835 1
5; Fr. Barthelemy, John James author of ‘Anacharsis, ’ 65c, . . 1716 1795 I
Amer. Barton, Ben'. Smith, M. D, a learned physician and botanist . 1766 1815 }
Amer. Bar'.t1am Jo 11, an eminent botanist . . . 1701 1777 l
Gr. Basil, St a celebrated father or the Greek church . . 326 379
Fr. Basnage De Beaval, James, historian . 1653 1723
Bassano, II. B M., duke of, political writer and statesman . . 1758 1839 1
Bath, William Pulteney, earl of, statesman . . . 1682 1764 l
Bathu1',st earl of, statesman—friend of Pope, &c. . . 1684 1775 1
Batteux, Cl'1a11es, rhetorician, and miscellaneous writer . 1713 1780
Baxter, Richard an eminent divine, and author . . . 1615 1691
Bayard, Peter, military commander . . 1476 1524
James A., a distinguished statesman, and lawyer . . 1767 1815
Bayer, John, astronomer . . . 1627 ,
,Theophilus, chronologist, and historian 1694 1738 "
Bayle,1’ete1,an eminent philosopher, and critic [Bayle’ s Dictionary] 1647 1706 J
Bayly, Thos. Haines, poet . . . . . 1797 1839 ' .
Beattie, James, LL. D , poet . . 1735 1803
Beauharnois, Eugene Hortense, ex- queen of Holland . 1753 1837
Beauharnois, Eugene, son of the empress Josephine, mil. com. —vice- ,
lay of Italy, &c. . . . 1780 1824 ‘
Beaumarcltais, P. A. C de, an eminent dramatist . . 1732 1299
Beaumont, Elie de, mineralogist and geologist . . . 1798
Beaumont, Francis, dramaticD writer . . . . 1555 1616
Beauzee, Nicholas. an eminent grammarian . . 1714 1789
Beccaria, John Baptist, an ecclesiastic and philosopher . 1716 1781
—-—-—, Marquis, professor of political economy, and author . 1735 1793
Becket, Thomas a, celebrated p1elate and statesman . . 1119 1170
Beckfoi',d VVm., traveller and novelist . 1760 1844
Bede, styled the Venerable a learned Saxon monk, and historian . 672 735
Bedford, John, duke of, military commander. . 1435
Beer, Michael, dramatic poet (bro. of‘ Meyerbeer’) . . 1800 1833
Beethoven, Ludwig von, celebrated musical composer . . 1770 1827
Bekker, Emmanuel, philologist . . .
Belisarius, a celebrated general and conqueror . . . 565
Bell, John, surgeon, anatomist, and physiologist . . 1763 1825
Bell, Sir Charles, anatomist and physiologist . . . 1781 1842
Bellamy, Joseph, D. D., a learned divine and author ' . 1719 1790
Bellarmin, cardinal, the champion of the Roman Catholic church 1542 1626
Bellau, Remi. poet . . . . . 1523 1577
Belleisle, Count de, military commander . . . 1684 1761
Bellini, Vincenzo, musical composer . . 1808 1835
Beloe, Win, a divine and ethic—translator of Herodotus, 6w. .
Belon, William, naturalist and traveller . . 1518 1564
Belsham, William, histor.ical political, and miscellaneous wi'iter 1752 1827
Belzoni, the celebrated t1aveller' 1n Egypt . . . 1823
Bembo, cardinal, one of the restorers of literature . . 1470 1542
Benbow, John agallantadmiral . . 1650 1702
Benedict, S1... one of the originators of monasteries . . 480 517
X111, pope—theological Writer . . . 1649 1728
—— XIV., popeTtheological writer 1675 1758
Benezet, Anthony, hilanthropist and historian (died in America) . 1713 1784
Benhadad, king of xéyria . . . . . B. c. 895
Benserade, Isaac, a wit and poet . . 1612 1691
Bentham, Jeremy, political and philosophical writer . . 18%
Bentley, Richard, an eminent critic and scholar . . . 1662 1742'
Beranger, Pierre Jean de, lyrical poet. . . .
Berenger, A. M. M T., statesman and jurist . . . 1785 11
Berghaus, Henry, mathematician and geographer . . 1797 “' ..
Bergman, professor of chemistry at Upsal . . . 1735 178$

 

 

66%? THE worms racemes:

 

 

 

 

 

RANGE. NAME AND PROFESSIOF. . norm m: .
Dan. Behring, a nangator, from whom the strait dividing Asta and America - 7' "

was named . . . f. 1730
Bel. Beriot, Chas. A. de, violinist and composer . . ’ 1802
11‘1le Berkely, George, bp. ., an eminent 'prelate and philosopher . . 1684 1753
Amer. -— William, governor 01 Virginia. . . . ‘ 1667'
Fr. Berlioz, IIecto1, musical composer . 1803 -
Fr. Bernadotte, .I. B. J., elected kmg of Sweden, as Charles XIV. . 1764 1844
Fr. Bernard Simon, engineer and mil. commander . . . 1779 1839
Fr. —— ,St. , preacher of crusades, and author . . 1091 1153
Eng. —-—— , Edward a divine, astronomer, and author . . 1638 1697
Dutch. —— ,John Frederick, a bookseller, editor and author . 1751 -
Amer. —, Francis, governor of Massachusetts . 1779
Fr. Bernardin, De sainte Pierre, author of ‘Studies of Nature,’ &c. . 1737 181-1-
Ital. Berni, poc’t (poisoned) . . . . . . 1536
Swiss. Bernoulli, James, mathematician . . . 1654 1705
Bar. Berosus, the Chaldean historian f. 3.6. 268
Fr. Berruyer. a Jesuit, author of a ‘History of the People of God,’ 11111

vols 4to. . . . . . . 1681 751
Fr. Ber‘1yer, Pierre A., statesman . 1790
Fr. Beithier‘, Alexander, a distinguished military commander . . 1753 1815
Fr. Berthollet, Claude Louis, an eminent chemist . . 1748 1822
Fr. Bertrand, Henri G. ., gen. in Napoleon’s army . 1778 1844
Eng. Be1wick, duke of, military commander (k. at Phillipsburg) . 1670 17%
SWe. Belzelius, John James, chemist . 1779
Fr. Bessieres, duke of Istria, military commander (k. at Lutzen) . 1769
Ger. Bessel, Fred. VVm., astronomer . . . 1784
Ital Bettinelli, Xavier, an elegant miscellaneous writer . . 1718 180}
Fr. Beudant, Francois S, mineralogist and naturalist . . 1787
Eng. Bev eridge, William, an eminent theologian, and orientalist' . 1638 ~ 1708

Beza, Theodore, an eminent reformer . . . . 1519 1605

Fr. Bezout, mathematician . . . 1730 1783
Ital. Bianchini, Francis, mathematician and author . . . 1662 1729
Gr. Bias, one of the seven sages . . . f. n. c. 606
Fr. Birhat, an eminent anatomist and physiologist . . 1771 1802‘
Eng. Biddle, John, an eminent Socinian writer . . . 1615 1662
Amer. ,Nicholas, financier and literareur . . . 1786 1844
Amer. ,Nicholas, a captain in the U S. navy . . . 1750 1778
Amer. ~——— James, commodore, in U. S. navy . . . 1783 1848
Fr. Bignon, Louis E., historian . . . . 1771 1811
Gr. Bion, pastoral poet . . . . B. G. 300
Gr. of Bo1ysthenes, philosopher (Cyreniac) . . . B. c. 240
Fr. Biot, Jean B. mathematician . . .
Eng. Birbeck, Geo M D., founder of mechanics’ institutions . 1776 1841
Fr. Biron, duke 01, military commander (beheaded for conspiracy) . 1561 1602‘
Scotch. Bisset, Robert, historian and biographer 1759 1805
Span. B11 a1 Don Rodrigo, known in histo1y and romance under the name of

the (lid . . 1040 1099
Eng. Blackstone, Sir William, an eminent lawyer and author . 1723 1780
Scotch. Blair, Robert a divine and poet . . . .- 1699 1777'
Scotch. ——, John a chronologist . . . 1782
Scotch. —, Dr. Hugh a divine and r‘hetorician . 1718 1800‘
Scotch. —-— ,James,1'ounder 01 William and Mar’y 3 college in Virginia . 1660 1743
Eng. Blake, Robert, a celeb1ated admiral . . 1599 . 1657'
Irish. Blessington, Marguerite, Countess, novelist, and literateur . 1849'
Eng. Bloomfield, Robert, a poet . . . 1766 1823'
Pruss. Blucher‘, a celebrated military commander . . . 1742 1819'
Swe. Blumenbach, John Fred, naturalist . . . . 1752 1840
Brit. Boadicea, the w a1‘lil1e queen of the Iceni . . 61
Ital. Boccacio, John, one of the great classic writers of modern Italty . 1313 1373‘
Ital. Boccalina, a satirist . . . 1556 1613
Fr. Bochar,t Samuel, an eminent divine, and orientalist . . 1509 1567i
Fr. Bodin, .I,oh11 a lawyer and author . . . . 1530 1596,
Ger. Baehmcn, Jacob, a lanatic and author . . 1575 1624’
Dutch. Boerhaave, one 01 the most eminent of modern physicians . . 1668 17
Rom. Boethius, a statesman and philosopher . . . 455
Fr. Bohemorid, a Norman adventurer. . . . 111K
Ger. Bockh, Augustus, classical philologlst . _ . 1 ‘1
Fr. Boilean, N1cholas, an eminent poet . . . . 1636 I71 .
11‘. Boissard, Jean J., fabulist . . . . . 1743 1
121'. Boissy, [ouis de, author of comedies . 1694 17
hr. —————, D Angles, F A. count of, statesman and revolutionist . 1756 1

Eng. Bohnhroke, Henry St. John, lord, political and deistical writer . 1678

 

 

mm utmost INDEX. 50.

 

 

 

. NAME AND repression. Bo RN. MEI;
' Colom. Bolivar, Simon, the heroic deliverer of his country . . 1785 1831
‘ Fr. Bonapaite, Napoleon emp. ot F1ance . . . . 1769 1821
Fr. ———— ,Maiia Let1tia,mothe1 ot Napoleon . . 1750 1836
Fr, , Joseph, ex kii1g o1 Naples and Spain . . . 1768 1844
Fr. —~——, Lucien. piince of Canmo . . . 1775 1840
Fr. —————7—-, Louis, ex- king of Holland . . . . 778 1846
Fr. -——-—, Jerome. ex king of Westphalia . . 1784
————-———, Louis Napoleon, 1st pies. Republic of France . . 1808
Bonner, bishop, the persecutor ol Protestants . . . 1569
Bonnet, Charles, a celebrated naturalist . . . 1720 1793
Bonnycastle, John, mathematician . . . . 1821
——-———-, Char,les mathematician . . . . 1840,
Boone, Daniel the fiist settler of Kentucky . . . 1730 1823
Bopp. F1ancis,sansc1it scholar . . . . 1791
llonpland, Anné,t1"avelle1and botanist . . . 1840
Bo1egli. philosophei and mathematician . . . - . 1507
BorgheSi, Bartolomeo, count, antiquarian . . 1781
Borgia, Caesar, the infamous pope, Alexander VI. . . 1608 1679
Boriomeo, cardinal, theological writer . . . 1538 1584
Bosc, Louis A. VV., naturalist . . . . 1759 1828
Boscawen, Edward, a brave and skilful admiral . . 1711 1761
Boscovitch, mathematical and philosophical writer . 1711 1787
Bossuet, James B., a divine ant historian . . 1627 1704
Bossut, Charles, mathematician . . . . 1730 1814
. Boston, Thomas, a divine and author . . . 1676 1732
Boswell James, the biographer of Dr. Johnson . . 1710 795
Bottiger, ait'hzeologist and antiquatian . . . 1835
Botzariis, Marco, a gallant leader in the modern revolution . 1780 1823
Boudinot, Elias, a statesman and philanthropist . . 1740 1821
Bouflier:s duke 301‘, military commander . 1644 1711
Bourgainville, Louis A. ., military commander, and author . . 1729 1811
Bouiguer, Peter. mathematician and hydrogiapher . . 1698 1758
Bourlainvillieis, Henr,3v count do, historian . . . 1658 1752
Boulton, Matthew, an eminent engineet . . . 1728 1809
Bourcet,1’cter J. do, an oflicer and topographer . . . 1700 1780
Bourdaloue, Louis, a noted preacher . . . 1632 1704
Bourignon, Antoinette, a fanatical author . . . 1616 1680
Bourmont, L. A. V., count 01‘, marshal of France . . 1773
Bourne, Vincent, an elegant Latin poet . /. . . 1747
Bourrienne, biographer of Napoleon . . . 1834
Bousmartl. M. de, a military engineer . . . . 1807
Bowditch, Nath., astr'onomei, mathematician, Sac. . _ . 1773 1838
Bowdlei, Thomas, editDor Shakspear,e &c. . . 1754 1825
Bowd‘oin,J ames, 1. LB ,philosopher and statesman . . 1727 1790
, James (son of the last), ambassador to Spain . . 1752 1811
Bowring, John, statesman, poet, and linguist . . . 1792
. Boyer, Jean Pierre, piesident of Hayti (died at Paris) . . 1776 1850
Amer Boylston, Zabdiel, an eminent physician . . 1680 1776
Scotch. Boyd, Mark Alexander, a poet . . . . . 1562 1601
Irish. Boyle, Robert. an eminent philosopher . . . 1626 1691
Eng. Bradley, Dr. James, astronomer and mathematician . . 1692 1762
Eng. Bradwai'dine, Thomas, mathematician and theologian . 1319
Eng. Brady. Robei't, physician and historian . . . 1700
Amer. Bradford, William, second governor of Plymouth colony . 1588 1657
Amer. ———, William, attorney general of the United States . . 1755 1795
Dan. Brahe, Tycho, a celebrated astronomer . . 1546 1601
Ger. Brandes, Henry Wm., mathematician and astroiiomer . . 1777 ,
Ger. ,John Christian, actor and dramatist . . . 1735 1799
Amer. Biainard, David, missionary to the Indians . . . 1718 1747‘
Liner. —, J. G. 0., a poet . 1797 1826
Ger. Breitkop 1”. John G. E., an eminent printer and type- -founder . 1719 179$,
. Bremerp Fredrika, novelist . . . . 1802 _
Brennus, the leader of the Gauls, . . . f. n. c. 390
. Brewstei', Sir David, natural philosopher . . 1785
Bridgewater, duke of, introducer of canals in England . . 1736 1803
Briggs, Henry, mathematician . . . . 1536 1630
Brisson,1Mathurin James, naturalist . . . . 1723 1806
Bissot, John, a ret- olutionist and author . . . 1757 1793
Broglio. duc de, statesman . . . . 1785 ‘ ‘
Brooke, Henry, miscellaneous Writer . . 1706 179,3
Brooks. John, LL. D. ., governor of Massachusetts . . 1752 1
mother, G., a. Jesuit—editor of Tacitus . . . 1723 17

 

6651 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION.

Fr. Brougniart, Alex., mineralogist and geologist . . .
Fr. ~—————, Adolphe T., botanist . . . .
Eng. Brougham. Henry, lorid statesman andj urist . . .
Fr. Bioussais, F. J. V. medical and physiological Writer . .
Amer. Brown, Arthu1, a distinguished scholar and barrister . .
Amer. ,Charles Brockde11.a novelist . . .
Eng. , John, D 1)., a miscellaneous writer . . .
Scotch. ,John, a divine and author . . .
Scotch. —, Dr. Thomas, metaphysician and poet . . .
Amer. ————, Maj Gen. Jacob, general in war of 1812 . .
Amer. ,James, senator, minister to Flance . . .
Eng. ,Robert, eminent botanist . . .
Eng. Browne, Sir Thomas, a hysician and philos. writer . .
Irish. - ,,George count e, an officer in the Russian service .
Eng. —————, William George, a traveller in Africa, &c. . .
S1 otch. Bruce, Robert, the deliveier 01 his country . .
Scotch ,James, a celebrated tr 3.1 eller . . . .
Fr. B1neys, Francis Paul, admiral . . . .

Fr. Brumoy, Pete1,ajesuit and author . .
Fr. B1',une William Mary Ann, marshal and revolutionist .

Fr. Brunei, Sir M. J. engineer of Thames Tunnel, 18w. . .
Fr. Btunet, Jacques Charles, ‘Bibliographe1’s Manual’ . .

Fr. Bruno, St. ., tounder 01 the Cartliusian order . . .

Ger. Brunswick, Ferdinand, duke of, milita1y commander

 

 

 

Ger. —— Lunenbuig,Cha11es Wm Fer. duke of, mil commander
Rom. Brutus, Lucius Junius, founder of the republican government .
Rom. ,Marcus Junius, conspi1ator against Caesar . .
Fr. Bruyeie, John de la, a celebrated writer . . .
Dutch. Biuyn, Cornelius le, traveller . . .
Eng. Bryant, Jacob, a philologist and antiquury . . .
Eng. Brydg es, Sir Egerton, eccentric literaleur . . .

11'. Bttat, Nancay, Louis G., count de, a learned writei . .
F1'.Bucer,Ma1tin, one of the fathers of the leformation . .
Scotch. Bu1l1an, William, a physician and author . . .
Scotch. Buchanan, George, an eminent writer . . .
Scotch. ————- Claudius, adivine . . . .
Eng. Buckingham, Ge01ge Villiers, duke 01', statesman . .
Eng. —,———— Ge01ge Villiers, son of the former . . .
Amer. Buel Jesse, agricultural writer . . .
Polish. Buflier, Claude, aJesuit, and miscellaneous writer . .
Fr. Buflon, George L. le Clerc count 01, celeblated naturalist .

Fr. Bugeaud, '1‘. R., marshal of France . . . .

Ger. Buhle. J. G, hist. of philosophy, &c. . . .

Nor. Bull, Ole, famous vio mist . . . .
Swiss. Bullinger, Henry, reformer and author .
Eng. Bulwe1, (now Sir Edwaid L ytton,) novelist and dramatist . .

 

 

 

 

Eng. ,Sir Hemy L. diplomatist and pol. writer . .
Pruss. Bunsen, C. C. J, chevalier de, diplomatist and historian . .
Eng. Bunyan, John. author of ‘ Pilgrim’s Progress’ . .
SWISS. Burckhardt, John Louis, oriental traveller . . .
Ger. ———-———, John Cha1les, mathematician . . .
Eng. Buidett, Sitz Francis, politician 1
Eng. Burgess, Thomas, bp. of Salisbury classical and theological writer
Eng. Bliigoyne. John, military commander and author . .
Irish. Burke. Edmund, a great statesman and writer . .

Eng. Burleigh, William Cecil, 101d, eminent statesman . .
Dutch. Burman, Peter, critic and editor . . .
Scotch. Burnes, 811 Alex., travels in Bokkara—‘ Cabool, ’ 6w. . .
Scotch. Burnet, Gilbett, a divine and historian . . . .
Eng. Burney, James admiral and author . . .
Eng. ,'Cha11es, a doctor of music . . .
Scotch. Burns, Robe1t, a popular and national poet . . .
Amer. 1311113001. Aaron, v1ce- pres. U. S . .
Eng. Burton, Robert, author of the ‘Anatom of Melancholy’ .
Ger. Busching, Anthony F1 ederick philosop er and geological writer .
Eng. Bute, John Stuart, eail of, statesman . .
Eng. Butler, Samuel, a humomus poet .

Eng. ,Joseph, bishop, an eminent prelate and author . .
Eng. Samuel, bp. of Litchfield editor of ‘ 1Eschyles,’ &c. .
Amer. ———, Richard, colonel, an ofl‘icer 1n the revolution . .
Ger. Buttman, Philip C., philologist . . .

Ger. Buxtorf, John, a Hebrew and Chaldaic lexicographer . .

 

may!) i

 

A rner.
gr.

mg.
Eng.
Rom.
Port.
Scotch.
Scotch.
Scotch.
Scotch.
Ger.
Fr.

Eng.
Ital.
Irish.
Ital.
Eng.
Span.
Port.
Scotcl .
Gr.

 

‘ )
BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX.
9.1 ”on. NAME AND morasstou.
.Ger. Buxtorl‘, John, (son of the preceding) lexicographer .
Eng Byng, honorable .lohn, admiral . . .
Eng Byron, honorable John, admiral . . .
Eng , George Gordon, lord, a popular poet. . .
G
Ital. Cabot, Sebastian (son of John) navigator . . .

Cabral, l’edro Alvarez, navigator . . .
Cabrera, don Ramon, military commander for Don Carlos .
Cadet De Grassicourt, Charles L., chemist and philosopher

Cadamosta, Louis da, navigator

Caille, Rene, ‘ Voyage a Tembouctou,’ &c. . .
Caesar, Caius Julius, warrior, statesman, and author .~
Cajetan, Cardinal, diplomatist. and author . .
Calaber, Quintus, poet . . . .
Calderon de la Barca, don Pedro, dramatist . .
Calepino, Ambrose, author of a Lexicon in 11 languages .
Calhoun, John C., senator of the U. S. . .
Calippus, astronomer and mathematician . .
Calliniachus, a poet . . . .
Callisthenes, philosopher and historian . . .
Calmet, Augustine, an erudite divine and author .
Calogera, Angelo, a learned monk. and author . .
Calonne, Charles Alex. de, minister of state . .

)alvin, John, one of the apostles of the Reformation .
Calvert, Leonard, first governor of Maryland [See Baltimore]

Cambaceres, John .1. 11., distinguished revolutionist .
Cambridge, duke of, sixth son of George III. .
Camden, William, an eminent antiquary and historian .
Camillus, Marcus Furius, a distinguished dictator .
Camoens, Louis, the most eminent poet of his country .
Campbell, George, a divine and aut 101‘ . .
———-————, John, a multifarious writer . .
, Thos, poet—‘ Life of Petrarch,’ &c. .

—. Lord, jurist—‘ Lives of Chancellors’ .
Camper, Peter, an eminent naturalist . .
Campiston, John G. de, dramatist . . .
Cange, Charles Dufresne, Sieur du, historian .
Canning, George, statesman, orator, and poet . .
Capefigue, B. H. 11., historian . . .
Capmany, Don Antonio, historian . . .
Caracalla, Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, emperor .
Caractacus, prince of the Silures. a brave warrior .
Cardan, Jerom, philosopher, mathematician, and physician
Cardonne, Dennis 1)., an eminent orientalist . .

Carey, Henry, Earl of Monmouth, translator .
, Matthew, philanthropist, publisher, and politician .
,William, missionary to India . . .
Carissimi, James, musical composer . . .
Carleton, Sir Guy, military commander, and governor of Canada
Carli, John Rinaldo, count de, author . . .
Carlisle, Sir Anth., physician and medical writer .
Carlos, don, son of Philip II. (hero of Schiller’s tragedy) .

, don M. J. . . .
Carlyle, Thomas, historian and metaphysician .
Cameades, philosopher, founder of the 3d Academy .
Carnot, Lazarus Nicholas, revolutionist . .
Carrel, Armand, historian and metaphysician . .
Carter, Elizabeth, a learned translatress, &c. . .
,Nathaniel 11., a scholar and traveller . ..
Cartwright, Major John, parliament reformer .
Carus, C. G., writer on anatomy and physiology . .
Carver, Jonathan, traveller and author . . .
, John, first governor of Plymouth colony .
Cary, Henry F., poet—translator of ‘ Dante ’ . .
Casas, Bartholomew de. las. philanthropist and historian
Cassini, John Dominic, astronomer

 

 

 

. -

 

 

Cassiodorns, Marcus Ann, statesman andhistorian .
Cassius, Longinus Cains, conspirator a‘ must Caesar .
Castell, Edmund, divme and lemongrap er . .

BORN. DIED.

. 1599

. 1704
. 1723
1788

. 1477
. f. 1500
. 1810
. 1769
. f. 1456

n. c. 100

. 1510
. f. 250

. 1600
. 1435

. 1782
. B. c. 330
B. B. 150

. 1672
. 1699
. 1734
. 1509

. 1753
. 1774
. 1551

. 1517
. 1709

. 1777
. 778

. 1722
. 1656

. 1610
. 1770

. 1799
. 1754

. 188
(ab.) 100

. 1501
. 1720

. 1596
. 1760

. 1761
. 1600

. 1724
. 1720

. 1768
. 1545

. 1795
B. a. 218
. 1753
. 1800
. 1717

. 1740
. 1789
. 1732

. 1772
. 1474
. 1625
. 470

. 1606

I‘D-S

1 644
1757
1786
1824

1821

1838
B. c. 44
1593

1687
1511
1850

1757
1768
1802
1564
1676
1824
1850
1623
3.0. 365
1579
1796
1775
1844

1 789
1723
1 688
1827

1810
217

1576
1783
1661
1839
182.2

1 808
l 795
1840
1568

1823
1836
1806
183C
1824

1780
1621
1844
1564
1712

n. c. Q
1636

. Mam-1‘41"“. “Mum

 

      
  

 

 

 

 

6% THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.
)m'rlox. NAME AND PROFESSION. norm. -
Ital. Castlglione, Balthasar, statesman and author . . . 1468
Ital. Catalini, Madame, eminent vocalist . . . . 1782
Eng. Catesby, Mark, naturalist . . . . . 1680
Russ. Catherine 11., a powerful and profligate empress . . 1729
Rem. Catiline, Lucius Sergius, patrician conspirator . . . B..c.
Fr. Catinat, Nicholas, military commander . . . 1637
Rom. Cato, Marcus Portius, the Censor, statesman and author . B. c. 232 1;. c.
Rom. -—, Marco Porcius, ‘of Utica,’ statesman . . . B. c. 95 3.. c.
Rom. Catullus, Caius Valerius, poet . . . . B. c. 86
Fr. Cauchy, Aug. L., mathematician . . . . 1780
Fr. Caussin, Nicholas, a Jesuit, author of ‘The Holy Court’ . . 1583
Fr. CavaignachGenq military commander and statesman . .
Eng. Cavendish, Sir William, courtier and writer . . . 1505
Eng. —, Thomas, navigator . . . .
fig. Caxton, William, the introducer of printing into England . 1410
1. Cazales, James A. M. de. an eloquent orator . . . 1752
Fr. Caylus, A. C. P., count de, miscellaneous writer . . 1720
R1111. Ceisus, Aurelius Cornelius, a celebrated physician . . f. 30
Gr. , an Epicurean philosopher . . . f. 50
Rom. Censorius, a critic and grammarian . . . f. 240
Irish. Centlivre, Susanna, a dramatic writer . . . . 1667
Span. Cervantes. Saavedra Michael, author of ‘ Don Quixotte ’ . 1547
Ital. Cesarotti, Melchior, a voluminous author . . 1730
Scotch. Chalmers, George, miscellaneous writer 3 . . . 1744
Eng. ——————, Alex., * General Biographical Dictionary,’ 65c. . 1759
Scotch. ————, Thomas, D. D., theologian and political economist 1770
Eng. Chambers, Sir William, an architect . . .
Fr. Champollion, the younger, ‘ Monuments d l’Egypte,’ 6w. . 1790
Fr. Champollion-Figeac, historian and antiquary . . 1779
Amer. Channing, William Ellery, 1). D., theologian and philanthropist . 1780
Eng. Chantry, Sir Francis sculptor . . . 1781
Eng. Chapman, George, poetical translator . . . 1557
Eng. Chapone, Hester, miscellaneous'writer . . . 1727
Fr. Cliaptal, J. A. C., chemist . . . . 1756
Fr. Charles Martel, statesman anti warrior . .
Fr. Charles, J. A. 0., natural philosopher . . . 1746
Fr. , V. E. P., historian and lz'terateur . .
Fr. Charlemagne, emperor of the West, and king of France . 742
Swe. Charles KIL, king, a celebrated warrior . . . 1682
Fr. Charlevoix, Peter F. X. de, a Jesuit historian . . 1682
Dutch. Chassé, David 11., baron, military commander . . . 1765
Fr. Chateaubriand, poet, statesman, and traveller . . 1769
Fr. Chatel, Abbe Fer. F., theological reformer . . . 1795
Eng. Chatham, Wm, Pitt, earl of, Statesman . . . 1708
Eng. Chatte-rton, Thomas, famed for precocious talent . . ‘ 1752
Eng. Chaucer, Geoffrey, the father of English poetry . . 1328
Amer Chauncey, Charles, D. 1)., president of Harvard College .
Amer —-, Commodore Isaac, naval commander . .
Eng. Cheselden, William, an eminent anatomist . . . 1688
Eng. Chesterfield, Philip D Stanhope, earl of, statesman and writer 1694
Ital. Cherubini, musical composer . . . .
Fr. Chevalier, Michael, engineer, traveller, and statesman . 1806
Fr. Chevreul, M. E., chemist . . . . 1786
Gr. Chilo, Euphorus of Sparta—one of the seven Wise men . f. n. G. 598
Amer. Chipman, Nathaniel, Jurist and statesman . . . 1752
Eng. Chiuy, Joseph, author of numerous works on law . . 1776
Pol. Chlopicki. J ., military commander—dictator of Poland . . 1772
Fr. Choiseul-Stainville, C. A. G., duke of, statesman and author 1762
ch. .‘hristina, queen (daughter of G. Adolphus) . . . 1626
Afric. ( hristophe, a slave—afterwards king of Hayti . . . 1767
Gr. Chrysiphus, a stoic philosopher . . . . 3. c. 280
Gr. Chrysostom, John, Christian. father and orator . . . 344
Eng. Churchill, Charles, a satirical poet . . . . 1731
Amer. Church, Benjamin, military commander . . . . 1639
Eng. Cihber, Dolley, tragic and comic actor and poet . . 1671
Rom. Cicero, Marcus Tullius,,one of the greatest of orators . 3. a. 105 n. G.
Ital. Cimarosa, Dominic, dramatic and music composer . . 1754
Gr. Cimon, an Athenian general . . , . . . I. c.
Rom. Cincinnatus, Lucius Quinctius, the patriot, flourished . .. 3. o. 456
Rom. Cinna, Lucius Cornelius. partisan of Marius, flourished . n. a. 87
Ital. , Cirillo, Dominic, a botanist and physician . . . 1734‘

 

~~lmaarmean men. 657

 

 

 

 

 

 

    
 

  
   
   
   
  
  
  
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

NAME AND Htmmssmx. BORN. 3m.
Clair, Arthur St., a distinguished oflicer in the revolution . . 1818
Cluiraut, Alexis Claude, geometrician . . ‘ 1713 1765
Clap, Thomas, president of Yale College . . . 1703 1767
‘ . ClappertonnHugh, traveller in Africa . . . . 1788 1827
Clarendon, Edward Ilvde, earl of, statesman and historian . 1608 1674
Clarke, Samuel, Dr., theologian and philosopher . . . 1675 1729
, Dr. Edward Daniel, traveller and mineralogist . 1767 1821
, Dr. Adam, a celebrated theologian and commentator . 1760 1832
, Sir James, medical author . . . .
Clark, Willis Gaylord, poet and essayist . . . 1810 1841
Clarkson, Thomas, philanthropist . . . . 1761
Clayton, John, an eminent physician and botanist . . 1705 1773
Cleanthes, a Stoic philosopher, flourished . . B. c. %0
Clementi, Mazio, musical composer . . . 1832
Cleobolus, one of the seven wise men, flourished . n. c. 559
. Cleopatra, a voluptuous queen . . . . B. u. 30
Clinton, George, governor of New-York, and vice-president of U. S. . 1739 1812
, Dewitt, governor and benefactor of New-York . . 1769 1828
Clive, Robert, lord, military commander . . . . 1725 1774
Cloquet, Hypolite (brother of Jules), anatomist . . 1787
Clot, or Clot lley, surgeon and medical writer (in Egypt) . . 1795
Cobbett, William, political writer . . . 1836
Cogan, Thomas, physician, and miscellaneous writer . . 1736 1818
Coke, Sir Edward, a learned judge . . . . 1549 1634
Colbert, John Baptist, an eminent statesman . . . 1619 1683
Colburn, Zerah, precocious aritlimetician . . . 1804 18-10
Golden, Cadwallader, an eminent botanist, astronomer, &c. . 1688 1776
, Cadwallader 1)., statesman, biographer of Fulton, 6w. . 1769 1834
Coleridge, Henry N., lt'leruteur . . . (3.1).) 1800 1843
—- —, Samuel '1‘., poet and metaphysician . . 18134
Collingwood, Cutlibert, lord, admiral . . . . 1748 1810
. Collins, William, a popular poet . . . . 1720 1756
5. Coleman, George, dramatic writer . . . . . 1733 1784
1Amer. ————, Benjamin, a learned divme (in Boston) . . 1673 1747
Eng. Colman, George, the younger, dramatist . . . . 1762 1836
Fr. )olombat de l’lsere, medical writer . . . (ab.) 1800
E3 Ital. Columbus, Christopher, the discoverer of America . . 1441 1506 ,
~ > Eng. Colton, C. C., author of * Lacon’ . . . . . 1773 1832
E“- ~3cotch. Combe, George, phrenologist and philosopher . . . 1788
i' Scotch. —-—, Andrew, medical and physiological writer . . 1797
F1. Conde, Louis 11. of Bourbon, Protestant military commander . 1621 1686
f ~Fr. Condillac, Stephen Ben-not de, metaphysical writer . . 1715 1780
‘1 9ChineseConl‘ucius, a celebrated philosopher . . . B. o. 550
‘Eng. Congreve, William, 3. comic dramatist . . . . 1670 1728
‘Gr. Canon, an Athenian general . . . . B. C. 390
,Fr. Constant, Benjamin, statesman and metaphysician . . 1767 1830
Gr. Constantine (the Great), the first Christian emperor . . 274 337
fly. V11. (Porphyrogenitus), emperor and author . . 905 959
Gr. —— (Paleologus), the last of the Greek emperors . 1403 1453
"Eng. Cook, James, a celebrated circumnavigator . . . 1728 1776
Eng. Cooke, Thomas, editor and translator . . . 1702 1756
‘Eng. —» , George R, an eminent actor ~ .. . . . 1756 1812
Amer. Cooper, Samuel, D. 1)., a divrne and political writer. . . 1725 1783
; Eng. , Sir Astley Paxton, physICian and medical writer . . 1768 1841
' of. , Thomas, chemist, jurist, and politician (in Amer.) . 1759 1840
, $1. , Coote, Sir Eyre, military commander in India . . 1726 1783
'Huss. Copernicus, Nicholas. a celebrated astronomer—the reviver of the Py-
' thagorean system of the universe . . . . . 1473 1543
Corinna, a poeless, flourished in the fifteenth century, before Christ.
Coriolanus, Cains Marcius, a. Warrior _ . ' . . B. c. 488
Cormenin, L. M. de la Hays, vic. de, political writer . . 1788
Cornaro, Lewis, a noble—author of a book on temperance . . 1467 1565 ,
Corneille, Peter, an. eminent dramatic writer . . _ . . 1606 1681
-—-, Thomas (brother of Peter), poet and dramatist . . 1625 1709
Cornelius, Peter, painter (in fresco, &c.) . . . . .
Cornelli, Mark Vincent, a Venetian geographer and historian . 1718
fig. Cornwallis, Charles, marquis, military commander . . 1738 1805
’ Cortes, Ferdinand, the brutal conqueror of Memco . . 1485 1554

; Costa, Paola, literateur . . . . _. _ . 1771 1886
ch. Castor, John Lawrence, one of the supposed inventors of printing 1370 .
Gotta, Baron F., publisher and statesman . . . . my

Conic, Sophia, madame, a novelist . . . . 1773 18B}

 

Waxy... . . .

668 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

 

 

NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION.

Amer. Cotton John (of Boston), a learned divine . .

Fr. Coulomb, Charles, Augustine de, philosopher . . .
Fr. Courier, Paul Louis, poet and satirist . . .

Fr. — Paul Louis, )olitical writer ‘ . .
Fr. Cou1t do Gebelin. Ant ony, an antiquarian and author .

Fr. Cousin, Louis, histmian . . .
Fr. , Victor, statesman and metaphysician . .
Eng. Cowley, Abraham, poet . . . .
Eng. Cowper William, poet . . .
Eng. Coxe, William, traveller and historian . . .
Eng. Crabbe, Rev. George, poet . . .
Ger. C1'a111e1',J0hn Andrew, miscellaneous writer . .
Eng. C1an111e13'1‘h0111as,a celebrated reformer.
Rom. Crassus, Marcus Lucinius (the Rich), military commander .
Amer. Crawl'or,tl William H, statesman and jurist . .

Fr. Ct'ebillon, Prosper Jolyott 1le, tragic poet . . .
Fr. C1evier, John Baptist Lewis, historian . . .
Amer. Cr,ockett David, eccentric statesman . . .
Eng. C1oly, R'ev. George, poet and novelist . .
Eng. Cr1,1m\vell Thomas, earl 01 Essex, successor of Wolsey . .
1:) 1g. —-———, Oliver, military commandel and statesman .
Scotch. Crudcn, Alexander, author 01 a Concordance to the Bible .
Eng Cruikshank, Ge01ge, attist, chiefly caricatuie . .
Eng. Cutlw,orth Ralph, philosophet . . .

Scotch. Cullen, William, an eminent physician .
Eng. Cumberland, William Augustus, duke of, military commander .

 

 

 

 

Engv ,Richard, a multilarious writer . .
Scotch. Cunningham, Allan, poet, biogiapher, &c. . .
Irish. Cutran, John Philpot, a celebrated barrister and orator .
Rom. Curtitts, Rufus Quintus, history . . .
Fr. Cuvier, ba1',on one 01 the greatest of naturalists . .
Fr. ,F1'ed (brother 01 the baron), naturalist .

Cyprian, bishop of Carthage. an eminent father of the church .

Cyril, St. , the apostle of the Sclavi . . .

D

Fr. Dacier, Anne, a celebrated classical scholar . .
Swe. Dalin, Olaus Von, the father of Swedish poetry . .
Amer. Dallas, James Alexander, secretary treasury U. S. .
A111e1'.,Com1nodore A. J., naval commander . . ' .
Eng Dalton, John. chemist and mathematician . ..
Ger. Da111n1,(‘hristian Tobias, Greek lexicographer . .
Eng. Da111pie1, \Villiam, an eminent navigator . .
Eng. Daniell, John F, chemist . . .
Eng. ———, W. R. A, Author of pictorial works on India .
Ger. Dannecktn, sculptor (‘ Ariadne, ’ &c. ) . .
ltal. Dante Alighieri, ‘ the sublimest of the Italian poets’ .
Eng. D’Arblay,D Madame (Fanny Burney), novelist . .
Eng. Dat'.win Erasmus, a 111et, physician, and botanist . .
Aust. Daun, I eopold Iosepi1 Mar,y count de, military commander .

Fr. Daunou, P. C. 14., statesman and [zlerateur
Amer Davidson, Lucretia M. a youthlul peetess of uncommon genius .
Amer. Davies, Samuel, prcsuicnt of Princeton College—theol. writer

Ital. I)avila,lIe111y Cathatine, an historian .
Eng. Davis, John, a navigator~discove1er of ‘Davis’ Straits’ .
Eng. Davy. Sir Humphrey, eminent chemist . . .

Amer. Deane, Silas, mmister of the U. S. to France
Amer. Dcarborn, Henry, a distinguished officer of the two American wars

Fr. Debrue, William Francis, 3. bookseller and bibliographer .
Swiss. Decantlolle. A. P. botanist, .
Amer. Decatur, Stephen, a gallant commodore in the U. S. navy .
Eng. Deioe, Daniel miscellaneous writer . . . .
Fr. Delambte, John Baptist Joseph, astronomer . .
F1. Delavigne, Casimir, dramatist . . . .
Fr. Delille, James, a celebrated poet . .
Fr. Delisle, Joseph Nicholas, an eminent astronomer . .
Gr. Democritus, a celebrated philosopher . . .
Gr. Demosthenes, one of the greatest of orators . . .
Eng. Denham, lieut. colonel Dixon, an enterprising traveller .
Ital. Denina, Charles John Vlaria, an historian . . .

 

BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 669

 

 

 

 

 

 

   

 

1.. ' ' NAME AND PROFESSION. BORN. DIED.
Derzhavnie, Gabriel R., a oet and statesman . ' . 1743 1816
Desaix, Louis Charles Ant on , military commander . . 1768 1800
Descartes, Rene, an eminent p ilosopher . . . . 1595 1550
Dessaix, J. M., count, marshal of France . . . 1768
Dessalines, John James, em eror of 1-Iayti . . . 1806

. Destouches, Philip Nericau t, dramatic writer . . 1680 1754
‘utch. Deurhofl', William, founder of a sect, and an author . . 1650 1717
‘ ‘ Dewees, W. 1’., medical writer . . . . 1768 1841
inch. De Witt, John, an eminent statesman . . . . 1625 1672
Diaz, Bartholomew, discoverer of the Cape of Good Hope . 1500
Dibtlln, Charles, a dramatic and musical composer . . 1748 1814
, Thomas, dramatist and song writer (son of Charles) . 1841
——~—, Rev. Thomas F. bibliographer . . . . 1849
Dick, Thomas, author 01 ‘ Christian Philosopher’ . .
Dickens, Charles, novelist . . . . .
Diderot, Denis, first editor of ‘ Encyclopaedie Methodique ’ . 1713 1784
Didot, Francis A., a celebrated printer and type-founder . . 1730 1804
. -~—-—, Firmin. publisher, and member of Deputies . . 1764 1830
g . -——, Amb. Firmin, publisher and traveller . . . 1790
‘ ypt. Didymus, who wrote from 3000 to 6000 works . f. B. c. 30

. Di. bitsch-Sabalkanski, count, military commander . . 1785 1831
DieiTenbacli, J. F., surgeon . . . . . 1395
Dindorf, William, philologist . . . . . 1802
Diez, John Martin, a patriotic military commander . . 1775 1825
Dinocrates, an architect—(built Alexandria, &c.) . . f. B. G. 350
Dion Cassius, author of Roman history _ . . 155
Dio Chrysostom, a rhetorician and philosopher . . . f. 30
Diodorus Siculus, a historian . . . . f. B. C. 10
Diogenes, the Cynic, a philosopher . . . B. c. 413 n. c. 323
Diogenes Laertius, biographer . . . .

Dionysius, ol' Halicarnassus, critic and historian . . . 52
———-— , a geographer . . . . . f. 140
Dodd, Dr. William, miscellaneous writer . . . . 1729 1777
Dotltlridge, Philip, a gifted and pious divine and writer . 1702 1756
Doebereiner, J. W., chemist . . . . . 1780
Donizetti, Gaetano, musical com oser . . . ;
, - . Doria, Andrew, the deliverer of iis country (Genoa) . . 1468 1560 “
, tch. Douglas, Gawin, a poet and translator . . . 1474 1521
Draco, an Athenian legislator . . . . . f. 623
, Drake, Sir Francis, a celebrated cii'cuiiinavigator . . 1545 1596
_ tcli. Drebbel, Cornelius Van, inventor of the thermometer . ' . 1572 1634
‘ Droz, Joseph, historical and political writer , . .
Dryden, John, an eminent poet . . . . . 1631 1700
Duchatel, C. M. T., count, statesman and author . . 1803
Duchesne, Andrew, an historian . . . , . 1584 1640
Duclos, Charles Pineau, an historian . . . 1704 1772
Duguescland, Bertrand, military commander . . . 1314 1380
Dumas, Alex., novelist, traveller, &c. . . . 1803
—, J. B., chemist . . . . . 1800
Dumont, John, traveller and political writer . . . 1726
d’Urville, J. S. C.. circumnavigator . . . 1790 1842
Dumourier. Charles Francis Duperier, military commander . 1739 1823
p . Dunbar, William, a poet . . . . . 1465 1535
w ch. Duncan, William, logician and translator . . . 1717 1760

. , Adam, Viscount, a successful admiral . . . 1731 1804
Dunlap, William. painter and historian . . . 1766 1839
Dupin, Louis Ellies, an ecclesiastical historian . . . 1637 1719 .

, A. M. J. J., jurist and statesman . . . 1783
, Charles, baron, jurist and statesman' . . . . 1784 '
Duponceau, P. S., philologist, jurist, &c. (at Philadelphia) . _ 1760 1844 ,
Dupuytren. surgeon and anatomist . . . . 1778 1835 .5
Du uesne, Abraham, 3 gallant admiral . . . 1610 1688 t
Dugham, J. G. Lambton, earl of, governor general of Canada . 1792 1840
. ’ Duroc, Michael, duke of Friuli, military commander . . 1772 1813
or. Dwight, Dr. Timothy, an eminent divine and writer . . 1752 1817 t
E
Eckhard, John George, an antiquary and historian . . 1674 17K:
Edgmmh, Maria, novelist . . . . (about) me. ‘ . 4
Edvard, the Black Prince, a warrior . . . . 1330 13M?

 

670

NATION.

Amer.
Eng.

Gr.
Ger.
Ger.
Eng.
Scotch.
Eng.
Amer.
Amer.

A tner.
Eng.

Gr.
Dutch.
Span.
Span.
Eng.
I’t'uss.
Get'
Scotch.
Span.
Fr.
Ger.
Eng.
A 11st.
Afric.
Fr.
Swiss.
G 1'.
Gr.

Rom.
Rom.
Eng.
Amer.

Eng.
Rom.
Ger.
Ital.
Ital.
Pruss.
Eng
Eng.
Ital.
Irish.
Port.
Irish.
Ger.
Eng.
Ft'.
Fr.

Swe.
Eng.
Eng.
Span.
Fr.
Self.
pan
Ital

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

 

 

NAME AND PROFESSION.
Edwards, Jonathan, an able divine and metaphysician . .'
— ,,Brya11 an histmian .
W. 12, anatomist and physiologist (born at Jamaica) .
—~—, Milne (son 01 the last), natutalist . . .
Eginhard, an historian . . . . . .
Elnenbetg. C. J. natuialist . . . .
Eicltborn, F. 0., theologian and jurist . . . .
EltIon, Lord. lord chancellor 01 England
I" lgin, ’1‘. Bunce, ea1l of, diplomaiist—temover of ‘Elgin narbles’ .
Elizabeth, queen . . . .
Elliot, John, ‘ the apostle to the Indians’ . . .
Elliott, .I. D’, commodore in American navy . .
Ellsworth, Oliver, a distinguished chiefjustice of the U. S . .
Emeison, William, an eminent mathematician . .
Emmet, Thomas Addis, an eminent lawyei and orator . .
E111pe1locles, a Pythagorean philosopher . . .
Enfield, William, miscellaneous writer . . . .
Eon De Beaumont, Chevalier, an eccentric writer . .
Epaminondas, an iIlust1ious 'I‘heban general . . .
Epictetus, a Stoic philosopher . f.
Epicurus, founder ot the Epicurean sect of philosophets . n. c.
Erasmus, Desitlerius, a celebiated scholar and auth01 . .
Ercilla, Don Alonzo, a poet . . . .
Ericeira, Ferdinand, a statesman and historian .
Erigcna, John Scotus, a learned writer oi the ninth century . .
Erman, A. G. ‘Tt'avels' 111 Siberia,’ &c. . . .
E inesti, John Augustus, an eminent ctitic . .
Eiskine, Thomas, lortl. a celebrated forensic orator . .
Escobar, Y. Mendoza Anthony, a celebrated casuist . .
EsquiioI J. E. D., Witter on insanity . . .
Ess, L. Van, theological writer . . . .
Es ssex. Robert Dever,eux earl of, a wairior . 1 .
Esterhazy, I’rince Paul, wealthy statesman . . .
E u1 lid, an eminent geometiician . . f. B. 1:.
Eugene, Francis, prince, a gteat warrior (in the Geiman service)
Euler, Leonard, an eminent mathematician . . .
E uripides, a celebrated ttagic poet B. c.
Eusebius, bisho ot Czesarea, a learned father of the church, and
ecclesiastical istorian . . . . .
Eutiot ius, an historian . . .
Eutyc tes. an ecclesiastic, founder .of a sect . . .
Evelyn, John, miscellaneous writer . . . .
Everett, Alex. II., essayist and diplomatist . . .
F
Faber, George Stanlevy, theological writer . . .
Fabius, Quintus M.V ,a skiltul warrior . .
Fabticius, John Albeit, a critic and bibliographer . .
——————, John Chrisuan, a celebrated entomologist . .
Fabroni, Angelo, a learned biographer . . ‘ .
Fahtenheit Gabiiel Daniel. an experimental philosopher .
thirlax, Tliomas, 101',d a general in the civil war . . .
Falconer, William, a poet . . . .
Falieio, Matino, doge of Venice (beheaded) . . .
Faraday, Michael chemist . . .
Fania Y. Souza, \‘Ianuel, an historian and poet. . . .
Farquhai, Ge01ge, a dramatist . . .
Faust, John, one 01 the inventors of printing . . .
Fawkes, Francis, a poet and translator - -

Fayette, Maiy M. countess of, miscellaneous Writer
Fenelon, Francis de Salignac de la Motte, an able writer, and one of

 

the most virtuous of men . . .
Ferber, John James, an eminent mineraloglst . . '
Ferguson, James, a self- educated astronomer philosopher, &c. .

-— ,Adam, an historian and moral philosopher . .
Ferreras, John de, a celebrated historian - .
Fesch, Joseph seniot, priest—caidinal, archbishop of Lyonsl .
Feurbach, Paul John A. von, statesman and jurist . .
FeyJoo Y. Montenegro, an able miscellaneous Writer . .

Ficmo, Marsdius, a Platonic philosopher . .

 

 
   
    
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
    
  
   
 
    
  
    
  
 
 
 
 
   
   
   
 
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  

Eng.
Irish.
Amer.
Pruss.
Ger
Eng.
Er.
11g.
Eng
Eng.
Amer.

' Ital.

~ Port.
Ger.
Span.

. Span

WW:
'7 In '

 

, monument. INDEX.

NAME AND PROFESSION.

Fielding. Henry, a humo1ous novelist. and (hamatist . ;
Fiesco, John Louis, the conspirator against Doria .
Flavel, John, an eminent noncont'ormlst divine . . '
Flechier, Esprit, a celebrated prelate . .

Fleischei. H. L., orientalist

Fletche1, John ad1ama1ist .

Fleury, Claude a divine and historian .

,Andiew Hercules do, a cardinal and statesman

 

Flint, Rev. Timothy, novelht and l1ist01ian .
Florian, John Peter Cl1111s de, miscellaneous writer

It‘liigel, G L., philologist and l11~tor1an .

Follen, C. T. 0., theologian and ph1loloe1st (1nU S . .
Fonterielle, Bernard le Bovier de, miscellaneous writer . .

Foote, Samuel, a comic writer and actor
Forcellini, Giles, a Latin lexicog1apher
Ford, John, an early dramatic writer

Fotsy 1h, John, diplomatist and statesman . .
Itosbrooite,1{ev. T D. archaeologist (Ency. Antiq.)

Faster, John, essayist .

Fouche, Joseph, duke of 0t1'anto,ab1'utal levolutiohist. .
Fourier, Cha1les, founder of the‘ social’ system . .

Fox, John, a divine, author of the ‘ Book of Martyrs’

—, George, the founder of the Society of Friends, or Quakers
—, Charles James, one 01 the greatest of statesmen and orators .
Fraticis, Sir Philip, political Wiiter

Franklin, Benja1n1n,a ce ‘ebtatetl philosopher and statesman
F1'ede1ick 11., the Great, king—an able general and author

Freytag g. G W. F., A1abicD1ct1oxf11y,&c . . .
Frobisher, Sir Martin, a celebrated navigator . . .
l"roissar,t John, a ch1onicler and poet , . . .
F1y, Elizabeth, philanthropist . . .

Fuller, Thomas, a divine and histmian . . .
Fuller, Andrew, an eminent Baptist minister . . .
I‘ulton, Robert, the introducei ol steamboats in America .
Futitiere, Antony, a philologist. . . . .

G

Gagnier, John, an orientalist and author . . .
Gail, J. B philologist . . .
Gaillard, Gabriel Henry, miscellaneous writer and historian .
Gaines, itiaj. Gen. E. P., military commander .'

Galen, Claudius, acelebtated hysician . .

Galileo, an illust1ious philosop er and astronomer
Gall, Jol‘n Joseph, a celebrated physiologist, and founder of the science
of phrenology

Swiss Amet. Gallatin, Albert, statesman, diplomatist, philologist, arid ethnol.
Scotch Galt, John, novelist

Galvani Louis. a physician and experimental philosopher—discoverer
of galvanic electricity

Gama, V asco de, navigator, first who doubled the Cape of Good Hope

Gans, Edward, jurist . . . . .

Ga1cia, Manuel, musical com oser .

Ga1cias Lasso, de la Vega,‘ tiie Piince of Spanish poetry’

Garnier, (‘ourit Germain, jutist

Garrick, David, a celebrated actor and dramatist .

Gascoigne, Sir William, the judge who imprisoned Hemy Prince oi‘
Wales tor a misdemeanot . . . .

Gassendi, Peter, acelebrated hilosophet .

Gates, Horatio, a distinguisheg otficer in the revolution

Gay, John, a. 1gopular poet

Gay-1.1issac, F chemist .

Gellert, Christian Furchtegott, a poet and miscellaneous writer

,Genghis Khan, a celeb1ated conqueror

Genlis, Ste hania Felicité, countess de, miscellaneous writer
Geofiiey o Monmouth, an histo1ian of the 12th century
Gerando, Baron de, writer on education, &c.

Germanicus, Tiberius Drusus Caesar, military commander
Gerson, John Charlier de, an ecclesiastic and author

Gesne‘, Conrad, an eminent naturalist

-,John Matthias, a philologist

Gerry, Elbridge, a distinmuished patrioi, vie;l president U. S. . .

BORN.

1707

1627
1632
1801
1576
1640
1653
1780
1755
1802
1796
1657
1721
1688
1586
1780
1770

1763
1772
1517
1624
1748
1740
1706
1712
1778

1333
1780
1608
1754
1767
1620

1670
1755
1728
1777

131
1564

1758
1761
1779

1737

1798
1779
1503
1754
1716

1350
1592
1723
1688
1778
1715
1164
1746

1770
1363

1516
1691

671

3131!.
1754
1547
1691
1710

1625
1722
i743
1840
1794

1840
1757
1771

1639
184 l
1842

1820
1837
1587
1690
1806

1:8'

1790
1786

1594
1400
1845
1661
1815
1815
1683

E

 

672 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

 

 

NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. BORN. man.
Ital. Giannone Peter, an histo1ian . 1676 1758
Eng. Gibbon, Edward one of the greatest of English historians . . 1737 1794
Amer. Gibson, Col. John and Col. George, both officers in the Revolution
Eng. Giflord, William, a critic and poet . . . 1757 . 1826
Eng. ,John, an historical and political writer 1758 1818
Eng. Gilbcr't, Sir Humphrey, one of the earliest adventurers 1n America . 1583
Eng. Gill, John. a divine, oriental scholar, and author . . 1697 1771
Scotch. Gillies, John. ‘Iiistor'y 01 Greece,’ &c. . . . 1747 1836
Ital. Gioja, Melchior, w11te1 on economical sciences . ' 1767 1829
Swe. Ginelin, John Frederick, a chemist 1748 1805
Fr. Godirey ot Bouillon or Boulogne, a celebrated leader in the crusades 1100
Amer. Godrnan, John, M. D,. a distinguished naturalist, &c. . . 1830
Eng. Godwin, William, novelist and metaphysician . . . 1755 1836
Ger. Goethe, a celebrated dramatist . . . [749 1831
Ital. Goldoni, Charles, ‘the Italian Moliere’ . . 1707 1793
Irish Goldsmith, Oliver, a celebrated oet and miscellaneous writer . 1731 1774
Dutch. Golius, James, an orientalist an lexicographer . . . 1596 1667
Span. Gonsaivo of Cordova, a celebrated warrior . . . 1443 1515
Gr. Gorgias, an orator and soplrist, f. B. C. 5th century
Fr. Goutgaud, Gen., military commander under Napoleon . .
Eng. Gower, John. one ofthe earliest English poets . . . 1402
Rom. Gracchus, Tiberius Sernpronius, a celebrated democrat . . 18.0. 133
Rom. —— Cains Sempronius . . . B. c. 121
Ger'. Gr,aefe or Graevius, an erudite classic writer . . 1632 1703
Scotch. Grahame, James, author of ‘History of the United States’ .
Scotch. Grahame, James, a poet . . . 1765 1811
Scotch. Grant, Anne (of Laggan), novelist, essayist, &c. . . 1755 1838
Eng. Granville, John Car teret earl, a statesman . . 1690 1763
Ital. Gratian, a monk, compiler of ihe canon law, 1'. 12th century . '
Irish. Grattan, Henry, a distinguished orator and statesman . . 1750 1820
Dutch. G1avesande, Wm. Jacob, a geometrician and philosopher . 1688 1742
Eng. Gray, Thomas, a poet . . . . . 1716 1771

Gregory 1 azianzen, St., Christian writer . . . 3'28 389

Gregory ot Ny ssa, St , do. . . . . 331 396
Fr. Gregory (01 Tours), St, an historian . . . . 544 593
Fr. Gr'egory I , the Great pope, an author . . 544 604
Ital. Gregory V 11., the Great, pofie (Hildebrand), a celebrated despot . 1085
Scotch. Gregory, James, a philosop er and mathematician . . 1648 1685
Scotch. Gregory, David, do. do. . . ‘ . 1661 1710
Irish. Gregory, George, D. D, a miscellaneous writer . . . 1754 1808
Eng. Gregor,y Ol inthus, mathematician and reliaious writer . . 1774 1841
Amer. Greene, Nathaniel, 111aj. gen, distinguished in the Revolution . 1741 1786
Eng. Grey, lady Jane, the accomplished vrctrm ofanother’ s ambition . 1537 1554
Eng. Grey, Earl, statesman—Whig premier for William IV. . 1764 1845
Ger Griesbach Jotharnes, an emlnent theologian and philologist . 1745 1812
Amer. Grirnke, Thomas S _, jurist . . . . . 1786 1834
Ger. Grimm. J. L. 0., miscellaneous writer . . . . 1785
Dutch. Gronovius, James, an erudite critic . . . . 1615 1716
Ger. Grotefend, G. F., p. lologist . . . . 1775 1836
Dutch. Grotius or De Groot, Hugh, an eminent scholar . . 1583 1645
Fr. Grouchy, Emanuel, count, marshal of France . . . 1766
Amer. Grundy, Felix, senator ot the U. S. (Tenn)- . . . 1777 1840
Ger. Gr' yph, Andrew, 21 dramatist . . . . 1616 ~ 1664
Ital. Guarini, John Baptist, a poet . . 1537 1612
Ger. Guericke, Otto, exp. philos. ~—inventor of the air- pump . . 1602 1686
Ital. Guicciardini, Francis, an historian . . . . 1482 1540
Nor. Guiscard, Robert, a Norman warrior . . 1015 1085
Fr. Guise, Francis of Lorraine. duke of, a celebrated warrior . 1519 1563
Fr. Guise, Charles of. Cardinal, a bigoted and ambitious statesman . . 1525 1574 "
Fr. Guise, Henry, of Lorraine, duke of, an ambitious warrior . 1550 1588 :1
Fr'. Guizot, Francis, statesman, historian, and metaphysician . 1787 *
Eng. lunter, Edmund, a rnathematician—inventor of the ‘ Gunter’ s scale,’ 810.1581 1619
Swe. Gustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden, an able warrior . 1594 1633
Scotch. Guthrie, William, author ofa history of England, Scotland, 850. . 1708 1770
Ger. Guttemberg, John, one of the inventors of printing . . . 1400 1468
P1 uss. Gutzlafl‘, Charles, traveller and historian of China. . . 1803

H

Pers. Hafiz, Mohammad, a poet—the Anacreon of Persia . . . 1389 ‘ '
Ger. Hahn, Simon Frederick, an historian , . a 1692 1729

 

 

w~

7 e".

WW0“- .WDBX» ' w»

. NAME AND rnovlssmx. Bonn
’ I! n, founder of ‘Hommopathy ’ in medicine . . 1755
Hahn (ahn, Ida, countess of, traveller and novelist . . 1805
Haklu L, Richard, author of voyages, &c. of the English . . 1553
Hale, 11‘ Matthew, an eminent and incorruptible judge . . 1609
Halford, Sir Henry. physician and medical writer . . 1766
. Hall. Capt. Basil. author of Travels, &c. . . . 1788
Hall, Rev. Robert, theologian and pulpit orator . . 1764
Hallam, Henry, historian . . . . .
Haller, Albert Von, miscellaneous writer . . . 1708
Holley, Edmund, an eminent astronomer and mathematician 1656

Hamilton, Alexander. a statesman—first secretary of treasury, U. S. 1757

Hamilton, Elizabeth, a talented miscellaneous writer . . . 1758
Hamilton, Thomas, Cap}ain._novelist, fMenand Manners in America’ 1789
Hammer, Von, baron, historian and orientalist . . 1774

Hampden, John, a celebrated patriot 159i

Hancock. John. a distinguished atriot—president of: Congress . . 1737

Handel, Geo. Frederick, one ol't e greatest musical composers . 1684
Hansteen, C., mathematician and astronomer . . . 1784
Harley, Robert. earl of Oxford, a celebrated statesman . . 1661
Haroun Al Raschid, caliph, a patron of learning . .

Harlan, Richard, M. 1)., naturalist . , . . . 1796
Harris, James, coin iler of the first Cyclopedia, &c. . . 1670
Harrison, Gen. W. ., military commander, and pres. U. S. . 1773
Harvard, John, founder of Harvard College . . .

Harvey, William, discoverer ofthe circulation of the blood . . 1569
Lasc, Henry, classical antiquarian . . . . 1789
Haslam, .10 in, writer on insanity . . . . 1764
Hastings, Warren, governor-general of British India . . 1733
Hastings, marquis of, military commander . . . 1754
Hauser, Casper, a mysterious ‘ wild-boy ’ . . ,

Haussez, Baron. minister of Charles X.-traveller . . 1778
Hauy, Renatus Justus, mineralogist . . . . 1742
Hawke, Edward, lord. a brave and successful admiral . . 1713
Hawkesworth, Dr. John. miscellaneous writer . . . 1715
Hawkins. Sir John, a navigator—originator of the slave trade . 1520
Haydn, Joseph, a celebrated musical composer . . 1732
Hayley, William, a poet and miscellaneous writer . . . 17415
Hayne, Robert Y., governor of South Carolina, and senator of U. S. 1791
Hazlitt, William, essayist and critic . . . .

Heber, Reginald, a divine, and poet . . . . 1783
Hederich, Benjamin, a lexicographer . . . . 1675‘
Hedwig, John, a phySician and botanist . . . v . 1730
Heeren, A. H. L., historian . _ . . . . . 1760
Hegel, G. W, F., metaphysician . . ‘ . . . 1770
Heine, Henry, poet and literateur . . . . 1799,
Heliodorus (of Emessa). the first romance writer, flourished in the 4th century.
Helvicus, Christopher, at chronologist . . . . 1581.

Hemans, Felicia 1)., poetess . .' . . . . 1794
Hengstenberg. E. W., metaphysician, antiquarian, and theologian 1802

Henry 1V., an able and popular monarch . . . . 1553
Henry, Robert, an historian . . . . . 1718
Henry. Patrick, an orator and patriot . . . _ 17

- Heraclitus, a philosopher, flourished before Christ . . 504
Herder, JohnGodfrey, a hilosophical writer . . . 1744
Hermann, J. G. .1., philo ogist . . , . 1772
Hermann. Ch. F., philologist. ‘ History of Philosophy,’ 62c. . 1804
Hermogenes, a rhetorician, flourished . . . . 180
Herodien, an historian . . . . . t". 230
Herodotus, the earliest of the Greek historians whose works are extant, n. o. 48.4
Herold, L. G. F., musical composer . . . . I792
Herrera, Anthony, an historian . . . . 1559
Herrick Robert, a poet .‘ .‘ . . . . 1591
Hersche1 Sir' William, one of the greatest of astronomers . 1738
Hersch‘ei’i, Dr. Solomon, Chief Rabbi or the Jews in En land . 1760
Herschel], Sir J. F. W., astronOmer and natural philosop er .

Herve , James, a pious and amiable divine and writer . . 1713
Hesiod, a poet. contemgorary or Homer, flourished . . n. c. 907
Heyne, C. G., a leame critic and writer . . . . 1729
Riches, Geor , a theologian and philologist . . . 1642
Hilaire, Geo . St.. naturalist ., . . 7 . . . . , . 1772
Hillg‘, ' unt, milita- commander (Peninsula and Waterloo) . _ 1772
mm” not at and multifmwrim . ‘ . 1711! *

2'9

 

67:3; .
3% ,

1616
1676
1844
1844
1831

1777
1741
1804
1816
1842

1643
1793
1758

1724

808
1843
1719
1841
1688
1658
1842
1844
181e,
1825
1833

1822
1781
1773
1595
1809
1820
1835
1830
1826
1748 »
1799
1812
1831 .

1617
1835
1610
1790 ..
1799 ,

18m.

 

 

 

 

l
1
1
1
r
‘1
1

 

   
 
  

674 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.
lAmou. NAME AND PROFESSION. 301m. 3%”
Jew. Hlllel, the elder, one of the compilers of the Talmud . n. c. 112 ‘ ~'
Amer. IIi'dhouse, James A. poet . . . . . 1789 1811 ‘
Gr. Hippocrates, the father ofrnedicine . . B. c. 460 ‘
Eng. IIoadley, William. a celebrated p1elate and author . . 1676 1761
Amer. Hobart .lohn Henry, bishop of New Y01k . . . 1776 1 1830
Eng. Hobbes," ‘homas, a philosopher and translator . . . 1588 1679
Fr. Hoche,Laz11111s a military commander . . . . 1768 1797
Swiss Holer, Andrew, aTyrolian patriot . . . . 1765 1810
Eng. Hotland,13a1bara, novelist . . . . . 1844
Ger. Hotl‘mann, E. T A. novelist. . . . 1776 1822
S ‘01ch. Hogg James, ‘The Ettiick Shepherd’ . . . . 1772 1835
Dan. IIolbetg, Louis, baion do, an historian . . 1685 1754
Eng. Hol crolt, Thomas a dramatist and miscellaneous writer . . 1744 1809
Eng. Holingshcd, a ch1onicler . . . . 1582
Eng. Holland, Lo1d, statesman and litemtem . . . 1773 1840
Eng. Holland: Philemon, a translator . . . . 155 1636
Amer. Holmes, Abiel, D D ‘ Annals of America’ . . . 1763 1837
Scotch Home, Jol1n,a divine, dramatist, and hist01ian . . 1724 1808
Gr. Homer, the “ greatest of poets,” [supposed to have] flourished . n. c. 907
Eng. Hone, William, auth01 01 ‘Every Day Book’ and political works 1842
Eng. Hood: Samuel, Viscount anaval ofhce1 . . . . 1724 1816
Eng. Hood, Thomas. poet and humorist . . . . 1778 1845
Dutch. Hoogvliet, Arnold, a poet . . . . . 1687 1763
Eng. Hook, Robert, a mathematician . . . . 1635 1702
Eng. Hook Theo. E. novelist and humorist. . . . . 1788 1841 ~
Eng. Hooke, Nathaniel, author ofa Roman History . . . 1763
Eng. Hooker, 811 \V. ..l ,botanist . . . . 1
Eng. Hooket. Richard, an eminent divine . . . . 1553 1600 1
Eng. Hoole, John, a ptiet and t1ansla10r . . . 1717 1803 ‘
Eng. Hooper. John, one ofthe first. Protestant martyrs . . . 1495 " 1555
Eng. Hope, Thomas, a miscellaneous Writer . . 1831
Amer. Hopkins, Samuel, an eminent divine and author . . . 1721 1803
Amer. Hopkinson, Joseph, jurist and statesman . . . . 1770 1842
Rom. Horace, Quintus Flaccus an eminent poet . . . n. c. 65 B. c. 8
Eng. Horne, George. a learned prelate . . . 1730 1792
Eng. Horsley, Samuel, 3. prelate and mathematician . . . 1731 1806
Amer. Hossack, David, M. D. medical and scientific writer . . 1769 1835
Eng. Howa1‘,d John, a celebiated philanthropist . . . 1726 1790
Eng. Hudson Hemy, discove1e1 of“ Hudson river” . . . f. 1600
Fr. Huet,Pete1 Daniel, an erudite prelate and author . . . 1630 1721
Fr. Hugo, Victm M, novelist, poet, and statesman . . 1802
Amer. Hull, Commodore Isaac. naval commander (Const. and Guer, Gee. ) 1775 1843 ‘
I‘russ. Humboldt, F. H A. baron, traveller—geog. and nat. philosopher . 1769 1
Scotch. Hume, David, an historian and phllosopher . . . 1711 1776 "

IIunmades, John, a celebrated warnor . . . 1456
Eng. Hunt, Leigh, poet and essayist . . . j
Eng. Husklsson, Rt. hon. William, an able statesman . . 1769 1830 ,1,
Ger. Huss, John, the g1eat Bohemian relormer . . . . 1376 1416 1
Irish. Hutcheson, F1rtncis, a philosophical writer . 1694 1747 } Ll
Amer. Hutchinson, 'I‘hos. , adistinguished gov. of Massachusetts, andhistouan 1711 1780 .~
Scotch. Hutton, James, a geologist and hilosopher . . . 1726 1797 ,
Eng. Hutton, Charles, an Deminent mat ematician . . . 1737 1823 l ;.
Dutch. Huygens, Cl11istian, a scientific author . . . 1629 1705 ‘ F
Ind. Hyder Ali, a celebrated warrior . . . . . _ 1782 _ '-

I
Gr.1bycus, a lyric poet . . . f: B. c. 550
Span. Ignatius De Loyola the founder oi' the Jesuits . . . 1491 ’
Eng. Inchbald Elizabeth, a dramatist and novelist . . . 1756
Amer. Inman, Henry, pmtuit and landscape painter . . . 1801
Eng. Ireland, W. H. author of the ‘Shakspeare Forgeiies’ . .
Eng. living, Rev. Edwmd, theologicalwriter . . . , 1792
Gr. Iszeus. an orator . . . . . n c. 418
1r. Isocrates, an orator . . . . . ' . 3.0. 436
Span. Iturbide, empetor of Mexico . . . . . 1784
J

Amer. Jackson, Gen. Andrew, military commander, Pres. U. S. . 1707
Ger. Jacobi, Fred. lI., philosopher, novelist, 45cc. . - ’ . 1743

Ger. Jacobs, Fred classmal philologist . . . . ’17“ 'i

 

"stoneware”: 111111111. 6’75

 

 

 

flit. ‘ NAME AND 91101111351011. 301111. 111319.
‘ Pr. Jacotot, Jean 1., educational writer . . . . 1770 1840
'- Dutch. Jvauin Nicholas _,Joseph a botanist . . . . 1727 1817
*; Ger. Jahn, Jo im, an eminent oriental scholar . . . 1750 1817
' Eng. James. G P. IL, novelist and historian . . . .
_ F1. Janin, Jules, literateur . . . . 1804
Dutch. Jansen, Cornelius. founder of a sect . . . . 1585 1638
Fr. Jasmin, Jacques a bar'bei—poet . . 1798
Amer. .lay. John, a distinguished pat1iot and statesman . 17415 1829
Amer. Jeil‘erson, Thomas:: a patiiotic statesman, 3d president of the United States 1743 1826
Scotch. Jeffrey, Francis, lord, essayist and cr1tic . . 1773 1850
Eng. Jennet, Edward, introducer ot the vaccine inoculation . . 1749 1823
Eng. .lenyns, Soame, a poet and miscellaneous writer . . 1704 1787
Jerome, St. ., one of the fathers of the church . . . 4320
Ger. Jerome, ofl’rague, a reformer, companion of Huss . . 1416
Eng. Jewel, John, a lealned prelate and author . . . . 1522 1571
Fr. Joan of Arc, “ the greatest oi heroines” . 1410 1431
Eng. Johnson, Saymue], a divine and write1 in the cause ofliberty . . 1649 1703
1 Eng. Johnson, Samuel, “ the colossus of English literature’ 1709 1784
‘ ltal. Jomelli, Nicholas, a dramatic and musical composer . . 1714 1774
* Swim. Jomini. Henry, baton, military writet . . . 1775
‘ Eng. Jones, inigo, an eminent atchitect . . . . 1572 1652
Eng. Jones, William, a divine and author . . 1726 1800
f“ Eng. Jones, Sir William. an eminent poet, scholar, and lawyer . 1746 1794
Scotch Jones, John Paul, a captain in the navy of the United States . 1736 1792
Eng. Jonson, Benjamin, a celebrated poet and dramatist . . . -574 1637
Eng. Jortin, 7Dr. John, a leatned theologian and author . . 1698 1770
Josephine, empiess ot the FIGchhC (born in Martinico) . . 1761 1814
'. Jew. Jose hus, a celebtated historian and warrior . . . 37 95
Fr. Jou roy, Theo. S.,1netaphysician and statesman . . . 1796 1842
Fr. Jourdan, J. 13., marshal of France . . . . 1762 1833
l Ger. Juan. or John, of Austria, don. a warrior . . . . 1546 1578
i ' Jew. Judah, Hakkadosh, a famous rabbi, and Talmudist . . 129 194
1 Dan. Juel, Nicholas, a celebiated admiral . . 1629 1697
Julian, Flavius Claudius, a Roman emperor and author . 331 363
Julien, A. J.,01ientalist . . . . . 1799
Junge, Joachim, philosopher. . . . . 1587 1657
. Junius, Adrian. a. voluminous Wiiter . . . . 1512 1575
Juuot, Andoche, duke d Ahrantes,milita1y officer . . 1771 1813
Junot, Madame, tlut' hess d’Abrantes, biogmphy, &c. . . 1784 1839
Jussieu, A. L. de, botanist . . . 1748 1836
Justin Martyr, one of the fathers ofthe church . . . 91 165
Justin. Latin historian . ' . f 11.0. 200
Juvenal, Decius J umus, the Ir 1st vehement of satirists . . 128
K
Kaempfer, a naturallst, traveller, and historian . . 1651 1716
Kaestner, Abraham Gothelf, a mathematician and astronomer . 1719 1799
. Kalb, baton de, who generously aided the American cause . 1717 1780
cotch. Kames, Henry Home, lord, a judge and author . . . 1696 1782 ,
Kant, Emanuel metaph sician . . 1724 1804 ‘
Karamsin, Nicholas M, 1istoriographer of the einpire . . 1765 1826 ,
Kean, Edmund. tr'agedian . . . . . 1787 1833 1
. Keats, John, a poet . . . 1796 1820 3
Scotch. Keith, James, an officer in the Russian and Prussian service . 1696 1758 l
‘ Kelly ,Michael, a composer and singer . . . . 1762 1826 l,
Kemble, John Philip, a celebrated tragedian . 1757 1823 ,
Kempis, Thomas .1, supposed author of the “Imitation of Christ" . 1380 1471
Kennet, White. a learned... “r elate and author . . . 1660 17%
Kennit‘ott, Benjamin, a divine and biblical critic . . . 1718 1783
Kent. James,jurist—chancellor of N. Y. . . . 1763 1817
. Kepler, John, an eminent astronomer . . . . 1571 1631"
cotch. Kerr. Robert, a miscellaneous writer . . . . 181-; .
King Rufus. statesman and di lomatist . . 1755 182?
K ingsborough Lmd, patron 0 great work on Mexican Antiquities 1795 1837
Kitchiner. William, writer on cookery . . . . 18‘27
Kim-.1106: Hemy .1 ,philologist and ethnologist. - . 1784 183.3 .
Kleber, John Baptist. military officer . . . . 1754 1800 31
Klopstocli, “tin Milton of Germany” . 1 . . 1724 51m. A
Knox, John, the great champion of the reformation . . 1506 « . t 1512 -i
"Knox, Dr. Vicesimus, 11 divme and miscellaneous writer . 1752 1m

 

 

676 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. 'ORK.

 

,._nlEp«
Amer. Knox, Henry, military otficer and statesman . , . . 1750 18011
Ger. Koch, Christopher William. an historian ' . . . 1737 1813
'Fr. Kock, Charles Paul de, novelist and dramatist . . . 1794
Polish. Kosciusko, Thaddeus, a warrior and patriot . . . 1746 1817
(Served in the American army during the revolution.) .
Ger. Kotzebue, Augustus Frederick, Fer. Von, an historian, 6L6. . 1761 1819.
Ger. Kunth, Charles S., botanist . . . . . . 1788
Russ. Kutosofl", Michael L. G., field marshal . . . 1745 1813
L
Fr. Laborde, Alex. L. G., comte (1e, traveller, &c. . . . 1842
Fr. Lacepede, Bernard G. S. de la Ville, count do, naturalist . . 1756 1825
Fr. Lacretelle, Charles, traveller and lz‘lemteur . . .
Lactantius. L. C., a father of the church; styled the Christian Cicero 325
F: Lacroix, Silvestre F., mathematician . . . . 1765 18-13
Fr. Laennec, R. T. 11., an eminent physician . . . 1781 1826
Fr. La Fayette, G. M., marquis, &c., military commander and statesman 1757 .834
Fr. La Fayette, George “7., statesman . . . .
Fr. Lal'ontaine, “an inimitable fabulist” . . . . . 1621 1695
Get. La Fontaine,‘Aug. H. J., author of 200 volumes, miscellaneous . 1756 1831
Fr. Lafitte, Jacques, wealthy banker and statesman . . 1768 1844
Ital. Lagrange, Joseph Louis, an able mathematician . . . 1736 1813
Fr. La Harpe, John Francis de, a dramatist, critic, &c. . . 1739 1793
Swiss. La Ilarpe, F. C., statesman and author . . . . 1754 1838
Fr. Lalande, Joseph J. le Francis de, astronomer . . . 1732 1807
Fr. Lamarck, J. B. A. 1’., naturalist . . . . 1745 1829
Fr. Lamarque, Maxim, a general ofthe revolution of 1789 . 1770 . 1832
Fr. Lamartine, poet, historian, traveller, and statesman . 1802
Eng. Lambert, A. 13., botanist . . . . . 1761 184
Eng. Lamb, Charles. poet and essayist . . . . 1775 1834
Fr. Lammenais, F. 11., abbe de, t ieological and political Writer . 1782
Eng. Lancaster. Joseph, founder 01‘ system of Education . . 1771 1839
Eng. Lander, Richard and John, travellers in Africa . . 1834
Fr. Landon, C. P., author of works on the fine arts . . . 1826
Eng. Lane, Edward William, orientalist—author of Modern Egyptians, &c.
Ital. Langfranc. a learned archbisho of Canterbury . . . 1005 1639
Eng. Langton. Stephen, cardinal, an archbishop of Canterbury . 1:228
Eng. Lansdowne, Win. Petty, marquis ol—premier . . . 1737 1805
Eng. Lansdowne, Henry Petty. marquis of. Pres. of Council . . 1780
Fr. Laplace, marquis Peter Simon, an eminent astronomer and geometrician 1749 1827
Eng. Lardner, Nathaniel. a learned dissenting divine . . . 1684 1768
Fr. Las Casas, biographer of Napoleon, 6w. . . . 1763 1842
Nor. Lassen, Chris, oriental philologist and historian . . . 1800 .,
111g. Latimcr. Hugh. a prelate—markyred for being a reformer . 1470 1555 ;
Eng. Laud, William. a prelate, fame for his tyranny and superstition . 1573 1645 '
Amer. Laurens, Henry, a patriot and statesman . . . 1724 1792 . ‘~
Fr Lavalette, M. 0., count de, militar commander . . . 1769 1830 l
Swtss. Lavater, John Caspar, a celebrate physiognomist . . 1741 1801 L
Fr. Lavoisier, Anthony L., a celebrated chemist . . . 1743 .,
Eng. Layard, Austen 11., traveller and explorer of Nineve . .
Fr. Lebrun, Pontius D. E., a poet . . . . . 1729 1807 1
Swiss. Leclerc, John, an eminent critic . . . . 1657 ‘ 1736 5‘
Amer. Ledyard, John, an intrepid and enterprising traveller . . 1783 s
Amer. Lee. Charles. an officer in the revolution . . . 1782 .
Amer. Lee, Richard Henry, president of congress . . . . 1732 1794 1
Amer. Lee, Arthur, M. D., a statesman . . . . 1740 1782 i
Amer. Legaré, IIugh S., jurist, statesman, and literateur . . 1797 1843 3
Fr. Legendre, mathematician . . . . . 1753 1833 ..
Amer. Leggett, William, political and miscellaneous writer . . 1802 1840 1
Ger. Leihnitz, Godfrey William. an able and learned philosopher . 1646 1716 't
Ens. Leicester, T. W. Coke. earl of, agriculturist . . . . 1752 1849. j
Scotch. Leighton. Robert, an able prelate . - . . ._ 1613 1684 5
Eng. Leland, John, an eminent divine and author > . . . 1691 1766 F;
It'ISh. Leland. Thomas, an eminent divine and author . _ , . . 1772 1785 '7
Eng. Lempriere. John, a biographer and lexicographer . . . 18:34 1
Dutch. Lennep, David .1. von., jurist and poet . _ . . _ 1774 * . 1
ital. Leo X., pope (John de Medici), a patron of injustice and the arts . 1475 1521 ,
Ger. Leo, Henry, historian . . . . . 1799 . d
Gr. Leonidas I.,.king of Sparta—the hero of Thermopylaa . . 1‘. n. u. 491 ' 2
Fr. Lesage, Alain Rene, a novelist and dramatist . . , 1668 1737 , 1

 

 

 
  

10'. NAME AND PROFESSION. BORN.
catch. Leslie, John, mathematician and natural philosopher . .
Fr. Levizac. John P. B. L. de, a grammarian . . .
Amer. Lewis, Maj. Gen. Morgan, military commander, jurist, 6pc. . . 1754
Eng. Lewis, Matthew Gregory, miscellaneous writer . . . 1773
Ger. Lichtenberg, George 0., experimental philosopher . . 1742
Ger. Liebig, Justus, baron, chemist ' . ' . . . 1803
Eng. L'ghtl‘oot, John, a learned divine and author . . . 1602
Dutch. Ligne, Charles Joseph, military officer, and author . . 1735
Dutch. Liiiiborch, Philip, 3. theologian and author . . . 1633
Eng. Lingard, John, author of ‘ History of England’ . . .
Fr. Lingueet, Simon N. 11., political writer, and historian . . 1736
Swed Linnaeus, Charles Von, the most celebrated of naturalists . ‘ 1707
llung Liszt, Francis, performer on piano . . . . 1811
Eng, L'ster, Thomas Henry, novelist, and biogra her of Clarendon . 1801
Ger. Littrow, John J., writer on mathematics an astronomy . . 1781
Eng. Liverpool, Robert Banks Jenkinson, earl of, premier . . 1770
Amoi Livingston, Edward, jurist, diplomatist, and statesman . . 1764
Amei Livingston, William, a poet . . . . . 1723
Rom Livius, or Livy, Titus, a celebrated historian . . .
Fr. Lobau, Count, marshal of France . . . . 1770
Eng. Locke, John, an eminent philosopher and metaphysician . . 1632
Scotch. Lockhart,J. G., critic and novelist—editor of ‘ Quarterly’ . 1794
Russ. Lomonozolf, Michael V., a poet and historian . . . 1711
Irish. Londonderry, Robert Stewart, marquis of, a statesma . . 1769
Gr. Longinus, Dionysitis Cassius, a critic and hilosopher . f. B. 0.250
Span. Lope, De Vega Carpio, Felix, a poet. and i ramatist . . 1562
.. cotch. London, .1. C., voluminous writer on horticulture, agricult., and architect. 1783
Fr. Louis, Baron, eminent surgeon . . , ,
Eng. Lowth, Robert, an eminent divine and author . . . 1710
Lucan, Marcus Annaaus, a Latin poet . . .
Gr. Lucian, a celebrated writer . . . . . 120
Rom. Lucilius, the earliest Roman satirist . . . . n. c. 148
Rom. Lucretius, Caius Titus, an eminent poet . . . n. c. 95
, Rom. Lucullus. a wealthy warrior . . . . B. c. 1 15
_' Ger. Luther, Martin, the parent of the Protestant reformation . . 1484
’- ~ Fr. Luxemburg, duke of, a military officer . . . 1628
" Gr. Lycurgus, the Spartan legislator . . . . B. c. 898
i , Scotch. Lyell, Sir Charles, geologist and traveller . . . 1797
l Gr. Lysander, a famous Spartan general . . . .
l! Gr. Lysias, an orator . . . . . . B. c. 459
: Eng Lyttleton, George, lord, a poet and historian . . . 1709
i
M
E
i Eng. Macaulay. T. Babington, essayist, historian, critic, and statesman .
l. :otch. McCrie, Thomas, D. D., biographer of Knox . . . 1772
:, Eng. McCulloch, John, M. D., geologist, dzc. . . . 1773
Scotch. Micculloch, political economist and statistician . . .
Fr. Mac Donald, marshal of France . . . . 1765
‘ Amer. Mac DonOugh, Thomas, commodore, victor on Lake Champlain . 1773
5- ltal. Machiavel, Nicholas, a celebrated writer on politics, 65c. . 1469
’ Scotch. Mackenzie, Henry, “the Addison of the North” . . 1745
. Amer. Mackenzie, A. Slidell, naval commander, author of Travels .
1 Eng. Mackintosh, Sir James, a celebrated literary character . . 1766
i Scotch. Macknight, James, aldivine and author . . . 1721
, Scotch. Maclaurin, Colin, a mathematician . . . . 1698
“ Eng. Mac Lean, L. E. L. (Miss Landon), poet and novelist . . 1804
, Scotch. Maclure, William, geologist, &.c. . . . ’. 1753
if Amer. Macomb, Maj. Gen. Alex,, military commander . . 1782
E Scotch. Macpherson. James, a miscellaneous writer . . . 1738
s' Rom. Maacenas, Cains 0., the minister of Augustus, and patron ofiiterature
E Amer. Madison, James, 4th President of United States . . . 1751
1 Port. Magellan, Ferdinand, a celebrated navigator . . .
. Fr. Magendie, Francois, physiologist . . . . 1783
é; Irish. Maginn, William, classical and miscellaneous writer and critic . 1793
r, Sar. Ma iomet, or Mohammed, the founder of the reli ion which bears his name %9
“ Turk. Mahomet 11., 7th Turkish sultan—conqueror o Constantinople . 1430
M. Maio, Angelo, discoverer and editor of Latin classics . .
‘ Maimbourg, Louis, an historian ' . . ’ . . ‘ » 1610
Mafiaonides, Moses, a celebrated rabbi . . , . . 1:31
Maintcnon,'ances d’Aubigne, queen ‘ . . . 16$

“maceration mm.

677

DIED.
1832
1813
1932
1818
1790

1675
1814
1712

1794
1778

1842

1823
1836
1790

17
1838
170-1

1765
1822

163-5
18-13
1837
1787

37

210

B. c. 191

13. o. 49
1546
1695

n. c. 395

1763

 

l
t
i
l

678

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. BORN.
Eng. Maittaire, Michael, a bibliographer, 6:6. . . . . 1668
Eng. Malcolm, Sir John, History of Persia and India . .
ltal. Malibran, M. F. Madame, vocalist . . . . 1808
Eng. Malmesbury, William of, an historian , . . .
Eng. Malone, Edward, a dramatic commentator _ . . . 1741
Ital. Malpighi, Marcellus, a naturalist and anatomist . . . 1628
Ger. Malte-Brun, Conrad. a poet and geographer . . . 1775
Ger. MalteABrun, M., geographer . . . . .
Eng. Malthus, '1‘. 11., political economist . . .
Pers. Manes, or Manicbzeus, founder of the Manicheean sect . . 239
Ger. Mansfield, Ernest of, a warrior . . . . 1585
Eng. Mantell, G. A.. geologist . . . . .
Ital. Manutius, Aldus, a celebrated printer and author . . 1447
Ital. Manzoni, author of ‘1 Promessi Sposi’ . . .
Fr. Marat, John Paul, an infamous revolutionist . . . 1754
Aust. Maria Louisa, Empress of France, afterwards Duchess of Parma . 1787
Span Mariana, .Iohn, a celebrated historian . . . . 1537
Amer Marion, Francis, a distinguished officer in the revolution . .
Rom Marius, Cains, a famous general and demagogue . . B. c. 153
Eng. Marlborough, John Churchill, duke of, an able warrior . . 1650
Fr. Marmont, marshal of France, and traveller . . .
Fr. Marmontel, John Francis, a celebrated writer . . . 1723
Eng. Marryatt, Captain, novelist and traveller . . .
Eng. Marsden, oriental traveller and historian . . . . 1755
Amer Marsh, James, metaphysician . . . . 1794
Eng. Marsh, Herbert, bishop of Peterborough, theological writer . . 1758
Fr. Mars, Mademoiselle, actress . . . . .
Amer Marshall, John, chief justice of U. S., biographer . . 1755
Rom Martial, Marcus Valerius, an epig‘rammatist . . . 40
Span Martinez, de la Rosa, don F.. statesman and literateu . . 1786
Ger. Martins, C. F. P. von, botanist and traveller . . .
Prus Martos, Ivan P., sculptor . . . . . 1753
Ital. Martyr, Peter, a reformer and theologia . . . . 1500
Eng. Mason, John, a divine and author . . . . 1706
Eng. Mason, William, a divine and poet . . . . 1725
Amer Mason, John M., an eminent divine . . . . 1770
Fr. MaSsena, Andrew, one of the ablest of Napoleon’s marshals . . 1758
Fr. Masillon, Jolm Baptist, an eloquent divine . . . 1663
Eng. Massinger, Philip, a dramatist . . . . . 1584
Amer Mather, Cotton, a divine . . . . . 1663
Irish. Maturin, Charles Robert, a divine, dramatist, novelist, and poet . 1782
Eng. Matthews, Charles, actor and humorist . . . 1776
Fr. Maupertius, Peter L. M., a n‘eotnetrician and astronomer . . 1698
Fr. Maury, John Siri'rein, a cardinal and statesman . . . 1746
Eng. Mawe, Joseph, a mineralogist . . . . . 1755
Fr. Mazarin, Julius, cardinal, an able statesmai . . . 1602
Mazeppa, John, prince of the Cossacks . . . .
Ital. Medici, Lorenzo d’, a poet—governor of Florence, and patron of the arts 1448
Ger. Meiners, Christopher, an historian . . . . 1747
Ger. Melancthon, Philip, a celebrated reformer . . . 1497
Gr. Menantler, a comic poet . . . . . B. u. 342
Ger. Meninski, Francis M., a learned orientalist . . . 1623
Dutch. Mercator, Gerard, a geographer . . . . 1512
Fr. Mt-rimti-e, Prosper, novelist . . . . 1800
Ital. Mctastasio, Peter 15., a celebrated poet. . . . 1698
Aust. Metternich, Prince, statesman and diplomatist . . . 1773
Dutch. Meursius, John, an erudite critic . . . 1579
Ger. Meyerbeer, musical composer . . . . 179l
Fr. Mezerai, Francis Eudes do, an historian . . . . 1610
Ital. Mezzofanti, Cardinal, celebrated linguist. . . . .
Gr. Miaulis, naval commander . . . . . 1772
Ital. Micari, Guiseppe, historian . . . . .
Ger. M ichaelis, John David, a learned orientalist and critic . . 1717
Fr. Michaud, Joseph, historian . . . .
Fr. Michelet, Jules, historian . . . . . 1798
Eng. Middleton, Conyers, a divine and an elegant writer . . 1683
Fr. Mignet, F. A., historian . . . . . 1796
Port. Miguel, Don, rival of Don Carlos for the throne of Portugal . .
Scot. Mill, Jas., historian of British India. and political economist ' 1775
Fr. Millevoye, Charles Hubert, a poet . . . . 178‘).
- Fr. Millin, Aubin Louis, a naturalist, &,c . . . . . 1759
. Eng. Mlllman, Rev. H. 11., poet and historian . ’ . .

 

WI: mm 639

 

Rm NAME AND PROFESSION. - ' norm. Dun.
Millet, Claude Francis Xavier, historian . . . 1726 1785
Eng. Mills, Char,les historian . . . 1788 1826

Milner, Joseph author ofChurch Histmy . . . 1744 1797
Miltiudes, an illustrious Athenian general . . . . B. G. 489
Milton, John, the Homer ofBritain . 1608 1674
Mitabeau, 11 G ltiquetti, count de, a celebrated character' in the Revolu-
tion, and author. . . . 1749 1791
Mi1anda,11‘1ancis. a revolutiona1y general . . 1760 1816
Mitchell, Samuel L., celebrated physician and naturalist . . 1763 1831
Mitchell, Thomas, classical scholar and critic . . . 1783 18-15
Mittord, Mary Russell, novelist and essayist . . .
Mitford, William, an historian and philolcgist . . . 1734 1827
Mithridates, king 01 Pot1tus,a warrior . . . B c. 123 B. o. 64
Mitscherlich E, chemist . 1791
Mohammed Ben Abd Al Wahab, Shiek, founder of the sect of Wahalntes, f. 1650
Mol1a111med Ali, P1111111 01 Egypt . . . . 1769
Mohs,11‘rederick, mineralogist . . . . 1774 1839
Molé, M L. comte. statesman . . . 1781
Moleville, Anthony 11. de Bertrand, count de. an historian . 1754 1817
Molier.e John Baptist, a celebrated dramatist . . . 1622 1673
Mouse, Gaspar, an eminent geometrician . . 746 1918
Monk George, duke of Albemarle. military officer . . 1608 1671)
Monroe, James, a statesman, 5th president 01 the United States . 1759 1831
Monstielet, Enguerrand de, a chronicler . . . 1390 1453
Montagu Lmly Many Wortley, an elegant writer . . 1690 1762
Montaigne, M1chuel de, an eminent essayist . . . 1533 159:2
1‘110111ebello,Jol1n Lannes, duke ot, marshal . . . 1769 1809
Montecuculi, Raymond, a warrior . . . 1609 1681
Montesquieu, Charles, baron de. an able writer . . 1689 1755
Montgomery, Riclia1d, an intrepid military otlicer . . 1737 1775
Monteomery, James, poet . 1771
Montholon, comte, secretary and biographer of Napoleon . 1783
Monti, Vincent, a poet . . . 1753 1828
Monunorenci, Anne de, marshal . . . 1493 1567
Montpensier, Madame, author of Memoirs, &c. - . 1627 1693
. Moore S11 Jolm, general . . . . . 1761 189
More, Sir Thomas, chancellor . . 1480 15% "
Moo1e, Thomas, poet, biographer, and historian . . . 178(
More, Hannah, poet, essayist, and moralist . . . 174A 1833
Moreau, John Victor, a celebrated general . . . 1763 1813
Morean, lady Charles, author of novels, travels, &c. . .
Morier, James novelist, “ Hajj i Baba, ” &c 1780 1
Morris, Robert, a signerof the Declaration of Independence, and a financier 1703 1805
Morris, Gouver'neut a distinguished statesman . . 1752 1816
Morrison, Robert, Chinese tlaveller and philologist . . 1831:!
Morse, Jedediah a geographer and statistical writer . . 1761 1827
Mortier, marshal 011 France, killed by Fieschi . . . 1768 18%
Moschus, a bucolic poet . f. 11.0. 160 1
Mosheim, John Laurence, an ecclesiastical historian . . 1695 1755
Motherwell, William, poet . . .
Mourad gea, D 011ason,a11 Atmenian historian . . 1740 1807
Mozart, John C. W. '1‘. ., an eminent composer . . 1756 1792
Mudie, Robert author of va1ious works on Natural History,&,c . 1777 1842
Muller, John Von, a celebrated historian . . . . 1752 1809
Muller. C. 0., historian, a1chaeologist, classic . . 1797 1840
Murat, Joachi1,11 an intrepid marshal, and king of Naples . . 1771 1815
Mu1atoti, Louis Anthony, an histmian . . . 1672 1 1759
Murphy, At'thut, adramatist and translator . . . 1727 ' 1805
Munay, Lindley, a grammarian . . . 1745 1826
. Murray, Alexander, a sell taught linguist . . . . 1775 1813
Munay, William Vans, :1 statesman . . . . ‘ 1761 m
Murmy, John (the elder), eminent publisher . . . 1778 1843
Musaaus, an Athenian poet. . . . . . f. I. a. 1243 V
N
Nadir Shah, or Thames Kouli Khan, a warrior and king . . 1688
.Napier, John, baron, inventor of logarithms . . . 1550 .
Napoleon1., (Bonaparte,) . 1789

Names, 11 mm 101', in the service of Justinian 1,1110 emperor . . 1 11
Nassau, prince Maurice of, an able general . .- . . 1m ,f

 

680

THE ‘ WORLD’S PROGitEss.

NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION.

Pers. Nassir Edtlyn, a celebrated astronomer . . .

Eng. Neal, Daniel. author of History of the Puritans, &c. . .

Ger. Neander, J. W. Augustus, ecclesiastical historian . .

Fr. Necker, James, an eminent financier and statesman . .

Eng Neele, Henry, a poet and miscellaneous writer . . .

Eng Nelson, Horatio, Viscount, a celebrated admiral . . .

Rom Nepos, Cornelius, an historian . . . .

Russ Nesselrode, count Charles 11., statesman and diplomatist . .

Ier. Neuwied, Maximilian, prince of, traveller in North America, &c.

Eng. Newton, Sir Isaac, the greatest of philosophers . . .

Eng. Newton, Thomas, a learned prelate . . . .

Eng Newton, John, a Calvinistic divine and writer . . .

Fr. Ney, Michael, marshal, “ the bravest of the brave” .

Eng. Nicholson, \Villiam, a writer on natural philosophy and chemistry .

Eng. Nicholson, Peter, architect and practical mechanic . .

Amer Nicklin. P. H., bookseller and miscellaneous writer . .

Ger. Nicolai, Chris. Fred, a bookseller and author . . .

Ger. Niebuhr, Garsten, a celebrated traveller . . .

Ger. Niebuhr, B. G., a statesman and historian . . .

Pol. Niemcewicz Julius U., mil. com. and author . . .

Swe. Nilston, Sven, zoologist ~ . . . . .

Fr. Nodier, Charles. novelist . . . . .

Eng. Normanby. C. G. Phipps, marquis of, novelist and statesman .

Eng. North, Frederick, lord, prime minister of Geo. III. . .

Eng Northcote, James, artist and biographer . . . .

Eng Nott, John, a poet and translator . . . .~ 1751

0

Eng Oates, Titus, the infamous pretender of the “ Popish Plot.” . . 1619

Eng. Ockley. Silnon,‘an orientalist . . . . 1678

Arab. Odenatus, a warrior, the husband of Zenobia . . .

Fr. Odillon-Barrot C. H., statesman . . . . 1791

Ger. Oken, Louis. naturalist . . . . . . 1758

Ger. Olbers, H. W. M., astronomer . . . .

Eng. Opie, Mrs. Amelia, writer on morals and education . . 1771

Gr. Oppian, a poet ‘ . . . . . . f. 150

Dutch. Orange, \Villiam of Nassau, prince of, the founder of the Dutch republic 1533

Span. Orfila, M. J. 13., chemist and toxicologist . . . 1787

Dutch. Origen. one of the fathers of the church . . . 185

Eng. Orme, Robert, an historian . . . . . 1728

Eng Ormond, James Butler, duke of, a statesman . . . 1610

Gr. Orpheus, a poet, sometimes styled “ the father of poetry” .

Port. Osorio, Jerome, a philosopher, historian, and theological writer . 1506

Amer. Otis, James, a patriot and statesman . . . . 1725

Amer. Otis, Harrison Gray, statesman and jurist . . . 1767

Eng. Otway, Thomas, a celebrated dramatist . . . 1651

Fr. Oudinot, Charles N., marshal of France . . . . 1767

Rom. Ovid, Publius Naso, a poet . . . . n. o. 43

Eng. Owen, John, an eminent divine . . . . 1765

P

Eng. Paine, Thomas, a political and deistical writer . . . 1736

Ven. Paez, military commander, and president of Venezuela . 1787

Ital. Paganini. Nicolo, a famous violinist . . . . 1784

Eng. Paley, William, an eminent divine and author . . . 1745

Fr, ‘ Palisset tle Montenoy, Charles, a satirist . . . . 1730

Pruss. Pallas, Peter Simon, traveller and naturalist . . . 1741
Paoli. Pascal, a Corsican patriot and general . . . 1726

Can. Papineau, L. J., politician and “ patriot” - . . ' . 1789

Rom. Papinian, Emilius, a civil lawyer . . . . 145

Swiss. Paracelsus, A. P. 'I‘. B. de H., an alchemist . . . 1493

Eng. Paris, Matthew, an historian . . . . .

Scotch. Park, Mungo, a celebrated traveller . . . . 1771

Eng. Parkes, Samuel, a chemist and author " a L . . 1759

Ital. Parma, Alexander Farnese, duke of, a warrior . .

Eng. Parry, captain Edward, arctic navigator . . . . 1790

Fr. Pascal, Blaize, eminent as a geometrician and writer . . 16333

Pruss. Paskewitch, Ivan F., prince and military commander . .

 

1826

I 705
1 720
267

18-10
1584

1801
1688

1580
1772
1848
1685

- 17
18%

1809

1335
1&5
1815
1811
1807

212
154l
1259

159;
1”?

 

" ‘Imrtmou. mm

  
   
   
    
     

29*

R1103. NAME Aim Pnossssrofl. norm.
Pasquier, Etienne D., count, chancellor of France . . 1767
Ger. Passow, F1ancis L. C. F., pliilologist and lexicographer . . 1786
Rom. Pate1'1' ulus, Cains Velleius, an historian . . about 3. c. 20
Gr. Pausanias, a topographical Wiiter . . f. about 120
Port. Pedro, don, claimant 01 the throne of Portugal . . .
Eng. Peel. sir Robert, statesman . . . . . 1788
Brit. Pelagius, a monk, flounder of a sect . . . . 354
Ital. I’ellico, Silvio, poet and pattiot . . . . . 1789
Gr. l’elopidas, an illustrious Theban general .
Eng. Penn, William, the founder and legislator of Pennsylvania . . 1644
Fr. Peretixe,Har1lou1n de Beaumont de. historian . . . 1605
Gr. Pericles, an able Athenian orator and statesman . . n. c. 490
Fr Periier M. Casimir, a statesman . . . . 1777
Fr. l’ei "use, John F. Galaup, de la, a navigator . . . 1741
Roir 1’e1sius Flaccus, Aulus, a satiiist . . 34
Swiss Pestalozzi, Heniy, introducer ofa new system cfeducation . . 1745
Fr. Peter the Hermit, the first mover ofthe Crusades . .
Russ Peter 1., the Great. :1 warr‘iot and statesman . . 1672
Eng. Peterborough, Charles Mordaunt, earl 01', a warrior . 1658
Potion, Alexander, a mulatto, president of Hayti . . 1770
Ital. Petraich,F1ancis, one of the {our greatest of ltalian poets 1304
Fr. Peyronnet, Pierre D. count de, minister of Charles X. and historian 1778
Rom Phedrus, a fabulist . . . . f. 30
Philip 11., king of Macedon a warrior . . . B. c. 383
Eng Phillips, sir Richard, bookseller and compiler . . .

Gr. Pluloptemen, a celebrated geneial . . B. c. 253
Gr. Pliocion, an eminent Athenian . . . 18.0. 400
Photius, a learned patria1ch of Constantinople . . .

Ame1 Physic, Philip Syng, M. D. . . 1768
Fr. I’icard, Louis Benedict, a diamatist and novelist . . . 1769
F1“. Pichegru, Charles, an eminent general . . . 1761
Amer Pickering, Timothy, a distinguished statesman . . . 1746
Amer Picke1ing, John, philologist . . . . . 1772
Gr. Pindar, the greatest of 1y111, poets . . B. c. 522
Scotch. Pinkei ton John, a fertile and eccentric author ' . 1758
Amer. Pinckney, William, a distinguished orator and diplomatist . . 1765
Span. Pinzon, Vincent Yanez, a navigator discovered Brazil . . f. 1500
Fr. Pi1on, Alexis, a poet, dramatist, an wit . . . . 1689

Gr. Pisistratus,sovere1gn of Athens . . .

Amer. l’itkin, Timothy, historian and statistician . . . 1765
Eng. Pitt, Christopher, a poet and translator . . . 1699
Eng. Pitt, William, a celebrated statesman . - . . . 1759
G1. Pittacus, ot Mitylene, one of the seven sages . . B. c. 650
Span Pizario Fiancis, the conqueror of Peru . . 1475
Gr. Plato, an illustrious philosopher—founder 01‘ the academic sect B. c. 430
Rom Plautus, a comic poet . B. c. 227
Scotch. Play fait John, an eminent mathematician and natural philosopher 1749
Rom. Pliny, the elder, or C. P. Secun‘dus, author of Natural History 23
. Pliny, the younger, a warrior and author . . .' - 61
. Plotinus, a Platonic philosopher . . . . 203
Plutarch, a celebrated biogiapher . . . . 50
Poisson, D. S. mathematician . . 1781
Pole, Reginald a cardinal and statesman . . . . 1500
Polignaco Melchior de, a cardinal and statesman . . 1611
Polignac, .. A. M, prince, minister of Charles X. . . . 1780
Polk, James K. ,president of the United States . . 1795
Polo, Mark, a celebrated Venetian traveller ' . . . 1250
Polybius, an eminent historian . . . n. c. 205
Pompey, Cneus, a statesman and warrior . . . n. c. 106
Poniatowski, Joseph, prince, an able eneral . . . 1763
Pool, Matthew, an able divine and ant or . . . .- ‘ 1624
Pope, Alexander, a celebrated poet . . . . - 1688
Porphyry, a Platonic philosopher -. . . 233
Person, Richard, an eminent hellenist and critic . . 1759
Porta, John Baptist, 8. natural philosopher . . . 1540

Potter, Anna Maria, novelist . ;" " . . '
Porter, sir Robert Ker, author of travels, 61c. . . . 1780
Porter, Jane, novelist ~ . . . . 1776
Porteus, Beilby, an eminent prelate . . . . 1731
Potter, Robert, a divine, poet, and translator . . . 1721
Pout) di Borgo, diplomatist , . . . » . 1768
Prido‘aux,1{umphry, a learned divine . . - . . ' 1648

‘ 6811

am.
1833

1834
1850

13. e. 364
1718
1670

n. c. 429
1832
1788

62
1827
1115
1726
1735
1818
1374

3. e. 336

B. c. 183
B. c. 318
891
1837
1824
1804
1829
1846
B. c. 442
1826
182.2

1773

B. c. 527
1841
1748
1806
13.0. 570
1541

1;. c. 347
13.6. 184
1819

79

115

270

120

1558
1741

1849
1523
11.0. 123
3.0. 48
1814
1379
1744

]618

 

 

682 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

 

NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. _ BORN. aw

Eng. Priestley, Joseph, an eminent philosopher and writer . . 1733 1

Eng. Prior, Matthew, a poet and statesman . . . . 1664 1721

Gr. Proclus, a Platonic philosopher . . . . . 410 487

Gr. Procopius, an historian . . . . . 410 487

Rom. Propertius. Sextus Aurelius. a poet . . . B. c. 52 ,3. c. 12

Egypt Ptolemy, Claudius, an eminent astronomer and geographer . 7

Ger. Puckler-Muskau, H. L. H., prince of, author of travels, arc", . 1785 '

Ger. Puflendort’, Samuel, a publicist and historian . . . 1632 1694

Ital. Pulci, Louis, a poet . . . . . . 1432 14:7

Amer. Putnam, Israel, a distinguished officer in the revelution _ . 1718 1790

Gr. Pyrrho, a philosopher, founder of the Skeptic sect . . f. n. c. 300

Gr. Pythagoras, a celebrated philosopher . . . . 3. c 586 13.0. 497
Q

Fr. Quatrcmere, E. M., orientalist . . . . 1782

Belg. Quetelet, L. A., mathematician and statistician . 1796

Span. Quevedo De V illegas, Francis, a poet . - . . 1580 1645

Fr. Quinault, Philip, a lyrical dramatist . . . 1635 1668

Fr. Quinei, Edgar, literateur . . . . 1,363

Span. Quintana, M. J. poet . . . . 772

Rom. Quintilian, Marcus Fabius, a celebrated orator . . 42 122
R

Fr. Racine, John, an eminent dramatist ' . . . . 1669 1699

Eng. Radclifl‘e, Anne, a celebrated romance writer . . . 1764 1823

Dan. Rafi]. C. 0., historian and antiquary . . . . 1795 ‘

Amer. Raguet, Condy, political economist . . . . 1784 1842

Eng. Raleigh, or Ralegh, sir Walter, “ a man illustrious in arms and literature” 1552 1618

Hind. Rammohun, Roy, philanthropist . . . . 1776 1833

Scotch. Ramsay, Allan. a poet . . . . . . 1685 1758

Amer. Ramsay, David, an historian . . . . . 1749 1812

Amer. Randolph, Peyton, first president of Congress . . . 1723 1775 _

Amer. Randolph, John, eccentric statesman . . . . 1773 1833 3

Pruss. Ranke, Leopold, historian . . . . . 1795 J

Fr. Raoul, Rochette, archaeologist and traveller . . . 1790 it

Dan. Rask, E. C., philologist and lexicographer . . . . 1784

Fr. Raspail, F. V., chemist and radical statesman . . . 1794

Pruss. Rauch, metapliysician . . . . . .

Pruss. Rau mer, Frederick Von, historian and traveller . .

Amer. Rawle, William,jurist . . . . ‘. . 1759

Eng. Ray, John, a naturalist and author . . . . 1628

Fr. Raynal. William Thomas Francis, an historian and philosopher . 1713

Eng. Reed, Isaac. a critic and editor . . . . 1742

Eng. Rees, Dr. Abraham, editor of an encyclopedia, &c. . . 1743

Eng. Reeve, Clara, a novelist . . . . . 1723

Fr. Regnard, John Francis, a comic writer . . . . 1647

Scotch. Reid. Thomas, a celebrated metaphysician . . . 1710

Fr. Remusat, J. P._A., historian and linguist. . . . . 1788

Eng. Rennie, John. an eminent engineer . . . . 1761

Fr. Retz, John F. P. de Gondi, cardinal de, minister of Louis XV. . 1614

Eng. Ricaut, sir Paul, a traveller and historian . . .

Eng. Richardson. Samuel, an eminent novelist . . . . 1689

Fr. Richelieu, A. J. du Plessis, cardinal and duke, a statesman . 1585

Ger. Richter. John Paul Frederick, a novelist, &.c. . . . 1763

Span. Riego Y Nunez, Raphael de, a patriot . . . 1783

Ital. Rienzi, Nicholas Gabrino (le, a political reformer . . .

Amer. Rittenhouse, David, a philosopher and astronomer . . 1731

Ger. Ritter, Aug. H., history of philosophy . . . . 1791

Ger. Ritter, Charles, Geographer . . . . . 1779

Eng. Robertson, William, a celebrated historian . . . 1721

Fr. Robespierre, F. M. J. I., the “ terrorist” of the Revolution . 1759

Fr. Rocliet‘mcauld, Liancourt, F. A. F , duke de la . . . 1747

Fr. Rochej iquelin, H. de la, a royalist leader . . . 1773

Amer. Rodgers, John, commodore in the American navy. . . . 1771

Eng. Rodney, George Brydges, lord, an able admiral . . 1717

Eng. Rogers, Samuel, poet . . . . . .

l-‘r. Roland de la Platriere, J. M., a revolutionist and author . . 1733

Fr. Rollin, Charles, a celebrated historian . . . a 1661

 

MAL max. 683

, mu. NAME AND PROFESSION. norm. mu.
ng. Romaine. William, a divine and author . . . 1714 1795
Ram. Romulus, the founder and first king of Rome . _ . . B. c. 716
Eng. Rooke, sir George, an admiral . . . 1650 1708
Rom. Roscius, Quintus, an actor of proverbial talent . . . 13.0. 61
Eng. ' Roscoe, William, a biographer and miscellaneous writer . 1751 1831
Ital. Rosellini,1ppolito, author of "Monuments 01 Egypt,” &c. . . 1800
Ger. Rosenm'ulle1, E F. C., orientalist . . . . . 1768 1835
Fr. Rosseau, John Baptist, a poet . . . 1670 1741
Fr. Rosseau, John James, an eloquent and paradoxical writer . 1712 1778
Ital. Rossini, musical composer . . . . . 1792
Ger. Rotteck, historian . . . . . 1775 1840
Eng. Rowe. Nicholas, a poet and dramatist 1673 1718
Amer. Rumford Benjamin Thompson, count, an officer (in foreign service) and
philosopher . . . . . . 1753 1814
Ger. Rupert, prince, a warrior . . . 1619 1682
Amer. Rush, Benjamin, an eminent physician and author . . 1745 1813
Eng. Russel, lord William, one of the martyrs of liberty . 1641 1683
Eng. Russel, Lady Rachel (wife of the last), author of Letters” . . 1723
Eng. Russeli, William, an historian . . . . . 1746 1794
S
Fr. Sacy, Sylvester, baron de, orientalist . . . . 1758 1838
Pers. Sadt, or Saadi, a poet . . . . 1296
Ital. Saint Real, Caesar Vichard, abbe de, an historian . . 639 1693
Eng. Saint. Vincent, John Jervis, earl of, admital . . 1734 1823
Saladin, Sultan of Egypt and Syria, a celebrated warrior . 1137 1193
Eng. Salisbury, Robert Cecil earl 01, a statesman . . . 1550 1612
Rom. Sallust, Caius Ctispus, an historian . . . . f. n. c. 86 n. c. 35
Fr. Salmasius, Claudius, a scholar and author . . . 1588 1653
F1'. Silvandy,1 N. A., comte de. statesman . . . . 1795
Fr. Salverte. miscellaneous writer. . . . 1771 1839
Fr. Sand, George (Madame Dudevant), novelist . . . 1804
Amer. Sanderson, John, Ziteraleur . . . . . 1785 1844
.Amer. Sands, R. 0., poet and liferateur . . 1790 1832
Eng. Sandwich Edward Montague. earl of, naval officer . . . 1623 ‘ 1672
Fr. Sanson, Nicholas, a geographer and engineer . . . 1600 1667 :1
Gr. Sappho, a poetess . f. 11.0. 606
Ital. Sar pt, Peter. known as father Paul, a patriot and historian . 1552 1623
Fr. Saurin. James, a divine and salmon w1iter . . . 1677 1730
Ger. Savigny, Fred. 0. von, histo1ian of Roman law. 1779
Pruss. Saxe, Maurice, count de, a celebrated general in the French service 1696 1750
Ger. Saxe Weimar, Bemard, duke of, a warrior . . . 1600 1639
Amer. Say. Thomas. naturalist . . . . 1737 1834
Ital. Scaliger, Julius Caesar, a learned critic . 1484 1558
80311118an1" (real name George Castriot), an Albanian prince and warrior 1404 1467
Ger. Scapula,1011n, a lexicographer . . . 1600
Swe. Scheele, Charles William, an eminent chemist . . . 1742 1786
Ger. Schelling, F. W. J von, metaphysician . . . 1775
Pt'uss. Schill. Ferdinand Von, an intrepid and patriotic oflicer . . 1773 1809 ‘ ,
Ger. Schiller, John Frederic C., an eminent historian and dramatist . 1759 1805
Ger. Schlegel A. W. von, critic and essayist . . 1767 1845
Ger. Schliermacher, F. D. E, classical philologist and theologian . . 1768 1834
Ger. Schlosser, M. S. F.. historian . . . 1776
Ger. Sc? midt, Michael Ignatius, an historian . . . . 1736 1794
Ger. Scholl, historian . . . . 1766 1833
Dutch. Schomberg, Armand Frederick, a warrior . . . 1619 1690
Ger. Schopenhauer, J. F, novelist . . . 1770 1%'
Dutch. Schrevelius, Cornelius, a lexicographer . . . . 1615 1667
Ger. Schulembourg, John Matthias, a warrior . . . 1661 1747
Ger. Schumacher, H C, astronomer . . . . . 1780
Ger. Schiitz, C G., critic and literateur . . . . 1747
Amer. Schuyler, Philip. anofl‘icer in the revolution . . . 1731 1384
Ger. Scioppius, Gaspar, a philologist and grammarian . . 1576 1649
Rom. Scipio, Publius Cornelius, surnamed Afticanus, an able warrior . 3. 0.189
Rom. Scipio, [Emilianus Publius, an able warrior . . . 3. o. 128:
Scotch Scott, Michael, a philosopher—supposed magician . . . 121‘
Eng Scott, Thomas, a divine, and biblical commentator 1747 1&1?
much. Scott, sir Walter, one of the most eminent, voluminous, and popnlm' wri- , ;;
tors of modern times . . . . 1771 m.

R Scribepl. E., dramatist. . . o . ‘.. 1191 ‘- ti-rfi'

   

 

 

684 THE -W0RLD’s moments.
NATION. NAME in» reams’smm' ‘ ' norm. 1mm. 1
Fr. Sebastiani, marshal of France, statesman » ~ . .‘ . 1775 5;
Eng. Seeker, ’1‘ho‘mas, an eminent prelate _ . . ' . ‘ . 1693 1768 a
Amer. Sedgwick, ’1‘heodore, statesman and political economist . . 1780 1839 ‘
Fr. Segur, count Louis de, a diploniatist and writer . . . 1753 , 1830
Fr. Segur, P. 1’. do, historian . . . . - .
Rom. eneca, Lucius Ainiaeus, a celebrated philosopher, statesman, and moralist, n. c. 2 65
Ger. Sennelelder, inventor of lithography . ' . .- . 1834
Span. Sepulveda. John Ginez de, an historian . . . 1490 1572
Rom. Sertorius, Quintus. a warrior ' ; . . ' . B. c. 73
Fr. Sevigne, Mary de, marchioness of, an epistolary writer . . 1627 1696 ,
Eng. Shaliesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper, earl oi, a statesman . . 1621 1683
Eng. Shakspeare, William, the greatest of dramatic poets . . 1564 1616
Eng. Sharpe, Granville, a philanthropist . . . . 1734 1813
Eng Shaw, George, a naturalist . . . . . 1751 1813
Eng. Shelley, Percy Bysshe, an eminent poet and atheist . . . 1792 1822

- Eng. Shenstone, William, a poet . . . . . 1714 1763
Eng. Sheridan, Thomas, an actor and author . . . . 1721 1788
Eng. Sheridan, Richard Brinsley, a dramatist and orator . . 1751 1816
Eng. Sherlock, Thomas, a prelate '. '. . . . 1678 1761
Ame]. Sherman, Roger, a patriot and self-taught statesman . . 1721 1793
Eng. Shovel, sir Cioudesley, an able naval oflicer . . . '1650 1705
Eng. Siddons, Sarah, the most eminent oftragic actresses . . 1755 1831
Eng. Sidmouth, Viscount (H. Addington), statesman . . . 1757 1844
Eng. Sidney, sir Philip. an accomplished officer and author . . 1554 1586
Eng. Sidney, Algernon, a martyr of liberty and an author . . 1620 1683
Ger. Siebold, Ph. F..Von, botanist and naturalist . . . 1796
Eng. Simpson, Thomas, a mathematician . . . . 1710 1761
Eng. Simpson, Robert, mathematician . . . . . 1687 1768
Hind. Sing, M. rajah Runjeet, chief ofLahore and Cashemire . . 1779 ' 1839
Swiss. Sismondi, .l. C. L , historian . . . . . 1773 1842
Ger. Sleidan, John Philipson. an historian . . . . 1506 1556
Eng. Sloane, sir Hans, an eminent naturalist . . . 1660 1752
Eng. Smart.Christopher, a poet. and translator . . . 1722 1770 ,:
Eng. Stneaton, John, an eminent civil engineer . . . . 1724 1792 ' 2,1
Scotch. Smellie, William, a naturalist -. . . . 1740 ~ 1795 1
Eng. Smith,- \Villiam, a divine and translator . . . . 1711 1787 ,
Scotch. Smith, Adam, a celebrated writer on morals and political economy 1723 1790 1
Eng. Smith, Charlotte, a poetess . - . . . . 1749 1806 3
Eng. Smith, sir James E., botanist and naturalist . . . 1759 1828 g
Amer. Smith, general Samuel, military commander and statesma . . 1752 1839 {
Eng. Smith, rev. Sidney, essayist, critic, and moralist . . 1768 1845 j
Eng. Smith, sir William Sydney, military commander . . > . 1764 1840 ‘
Eng. Smithson, James, founder of the Smithsonian Institution, United States ' 1835 3
Eng. Stnollett, Dr. Tobias, a novelist and historian . . . 1721 1771 1
P01. Sobieski, John 111., king of Poland, a warrior . . . 1629 1696 i
Ital. Socinus. Faustus, founder ofthe Socinian sect ; ‘ ‘ . . 1539 1594 5.
Gr. Socrates, one of the greatest oi'ancient philosophers . . n. 0-. 470 B. o. 400 n’
Gr. Solon, the illustrious legislator of Athens . . . f B. o. 598 i
Gr. Sophocles, an eminent tragic poet . . - . . B. o. 495 404 1
Fr. Soulié, M. R, novelist . . . . . . ' 1800 :1
Fr. Soult, marshal of France, and statesman . . . 1.769 ,-
Eng. South, Robert, an eminentdivine . . ‘ . . . 1638
Amer. Southard, Samuel L., secretary of the navy and senator of U. S., N. J. 1787
Eng. Southcott, Joanna, a fanatic (her sect not yet extinct) . . 1750
Eng. Southey, Robert, oet, historian, biographer . . . 1775
Eng. Spenser, Edmun , an eminent poet . . . . 1553
Eng. Spencer, earl of, statesman . . . . . 1758
Amer. Spencer, Ambrose, chief justice of New York . . . 1765
Span. Spinola,_Ambrose, marquis de, a warrior . . . 1571
Ger. Sp urzheim, Dr., a celebrated phrenologist (died at. Boston) . . 1773
Fr. Stael. Madame de, a talented writer . . . . 1593
Eng. Stackhouse, .Thomas, a divine and author . . . - 1580
Fr. Steel-Holstein, Anne L. Gm, baroness de, an-authoress ‘ . . 1756
Eng. Stanhope, Charles, earl, a politician and inventor . . . 1753
Eng. Stat-iliope. lady Hester, eccentric traveller . . . 1776
Amer. tark, John, a distinguished officer in the revolution . . 1728
Irish. Steel, 511‘ Richard, an essayist and dramatist . ~ . . 1671
Irish. Sterne, Lawrence, 21 miscellaneous write-2‘ . 1713

Pruss. Steuben, Fred. W. A., baron, who generously aided the American cause

Scotch. Stewart, Dugald, an eminent philosopher and writer . - 1753
Amer. Stone, Wm. L., historian. of “ Six Nations,” “ Brandt,” and “ Redjacket” 1793
Russ. Storehs'Henry R, political economist . . - . . .* : ‘ ,_ - 1766-

   

   
   
  

Hind.
Rom.

Eng.
lmer.
; .. Slg;

mwmcn.‘ 11411111111: i

NAME AND PeorsssmN. ' ‘ ' BORN. my;
Story, Joseph. ju1ist and w1iter on jurisprudence . . 1779 1845
Stowell, lord, jurist . . . . . . 1746 1836
Strabo, an emment geographer . . 19
Strati‘md, Thomas Wentworth, earl of, a statesman . . . 1593 1641
Strauss, David F. author of skeptical “ Life of Christ.” . . 1808
Stuart, James, an architect and author . . . . 1713 1788
. Stuart: Gilbert, an historian . . . . 1742 1786
Suchet, Louis Gabriel, a celebrated marshal . . . 1772 1826
Sue, Eugene, novelist . . . 1804
Suetonius, Tranquillus Caius, an historian . . . f. 100
Suetonius, Paulinus, a warrior . . . 37
Suhm, Pete1'F1'ede1ick, an eminent historian . . . 1728 1798
Suitlas, a Greek lexicographe1 . f. about 1000
Sully, Maximilian de Bethune, a warrior and statesman . 1560 1641
Surrey, Hen1y Howard, earl of, a poet 1515 1547
Suva1 011 01 Suwa1row,rince Alexander, a celebrated and cruel warrior 1230 1800
Swedenborg, Emanuel, ounder of a sect . . . 1689 1772
Swift, Jonathan, a celebrated satirist . . 1667 1745
Sy denham, C. W. Poulctt, lord, governor- general of Canada, &c. . 1793 1841
Sylla, Lucius Cornelius, a warrior, and a brutal usurper . n. c. 137 11.0. 78
'1‘
Tacitus, Cains Co1ne11us, an eminent historian . . . 56 135
Talleyrand, prince, statesman and diplomatist . . 1754 1838
'l‘alma, Francis Jcseph, one of the greatest of actors . 1763 1826
Tamerlane, Timur Beg, or Timour, acelebrated Tartar prince and conqueror 1336 1405
Tasso, Bernardo, a poet—author of Amadis de Gaul . . 1493 1569
Tasso, '1‘01',quato one of the greatest of Italian poets . . 1544 1595
Tauchnitz, Karl, an eminent: ublisher at [feipsic . . . 1836
Taylor, Jeiemy, a relate ant eloquent writer . . . 1613 1667
Taylor, Thomas, e1 1101' of Plato and other classics . 1758 1835
Taylor, Zachary, maj. -gen. U S army, victor in Mexico, president of U. S. 1784 1850
Telfor.d Thomas, civil engineer . . 1757 1834
Tell, William, one of the champions 0 Swiss liberty . . 1354
Temple, sir William, 3. statesman and writer . . 1628 1698
Tenterden, Cha1les Abbott, lord, jurist, chiefjustice, K. B. . . 1762 1832
Tennyson, Allied, poet . . . .
Terence, or Te1rentius,a comic writer . 3.0.192
Tertullian, Q. S. F. one of the most learned of the fathers of the church 160 245
Thaer,Albe1',t writer on agricult'uie . 1752 1828
Thales, one of the seven sages—founder of the Ionic school of philosophy, B. c. 639 B. c. 543
Themistocles, an illustrious Athenian . . . . B. c. 535 11. c. 470
Thenard, chemist and statesman . . . .
Theocritus, a pastmal poet . . . f. B. c. 285
Theodosius, Flavius, a Roman emperor and warrior . . 346 395
Theophrastus, a celebrated philosopher . . )3. c. 371
Thespis, a poet, said to be the inventor of traacdy . . n. c. 576
Thibaudeau, A. C. ., count, historian . . . .
Thierry, Jacques N. A. historian . . . . 1795
Thiers, Adolphe, his man and statesman . . . 1797
Thiersch, F. W., Gree»: philologist, 61c. . , . . . 1784
Thomson, James, a popular poet . . . . 1700 17%
.Thomson. Dr. Thomas, chemist . . . . .
Thorwaldsen, Albeit, sculptor . . . . . 1771 1844
Thucydides, an historian . . 13.0. 469 B c. 400
Tiberius, Claudius D1 usus Nero, a warrior and emperor . B. c. 34 37
Tibullus, Aulus Albius, an elegiac poet . . . f. 3. c. 30
Tieck, Louis, a poet and novelist . . . . 1773 '
Tillotson. John. an eminent prelate . . . . 1630 1694
Tippoo Saib, Sultan of Mysore, India. a warrior . 1739 1799
Titus, Sabinus Vespasianus Flavius, an emperor, the father of his people 40 81
Tomline, George, a prclate and writer ' . . . 1750 1787
Tompkins, Daniel 1)., vice- president of the United States . 1774 1825
Tooke, John Home, a polit1cian and philologist . . . 1736 13%
Tooke, William, a miscellaneous writer . - . . 1744 1
Toplady, Augustus M. an eminent divine . . . . 1740 1778
Torrens, colonel, novelist and political economist . . 1783 1849
. Tonssaint l’Ouverture, negro president of Hay ti . . 1745 1803
Tracy A. L. C. 1)., come de, Writer on educationand philosophy 1754 . A 1%
Trajan, Marcus U. 0., an able emperor and warrior . 52 1 v

 

686

rumors
Pruss.
Dutch.
Amer.
Amer
Amer
Eng.
Fr.

Fr.
Eng.
Gr.
Scotch.
Scotch.

Span.
Irish.

Fr.

1) utch.
Fr.
Rom.
Ital.

Eng.
gmer.
.11'1 .
Eng.
Eng.
Amer.
Amer
Scotch
L‘ng.
Scotch.

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

NAME AND PROFESSION. 30ml.
'11,enck Frederick, baron de, celeb1ated for his adventures . 1726
Tromp, Martin 11., a celebrated admiral . . . . 1597
T1',umbull Jonathan, a statesman . . .
Trumbull, John, a poet; born in Connecticut . . . 1750
Trumbull. col John, statesman and historical painter . . 1756
Tucker, Abraham, a metaphysical writer . . . 1705
Turenne, Viscount (18, an eminent warrior . . . 1611
Turgot, Anne Robert James, a statesman . . . 1727
Tyr1,ell James, an historian . . . . . 1642
Tyrtzeus a poet . . .
Tytle1',VVil|iam, an historical and miscellaneous writer . . 1711
Ty tle1, Alexander Fraser, an historical and miscellaneous writer . 1747
U
Ulloa, don Anthony de, a navigator and author . . . 1716
Usher, James, a learned divine and historian . . . 1580
V

Vaillant, Sebastian, an eminent botanist . . . 1669
Valckenaer, Louis Gaspar, an able philologist and critic . 1715
Valdo, Peter, tounder oi the sect ot VValdenses, f. in 12th century.
Valerius Maximus, an historian . . . f. 30
Valla, Laurence, an eminent philologist . . . . 1406
Vancouver. George, a navigator . . . 1750
Vane, Sir Henry, an advocate of 1epubllcanism . . . 1612
Varro, Marcus T. , " the most lealned of the Romans” . . B. c. 116
Vate1, John SBV e11nus an eminent philologist . . . 177l
Vauban, S. 1e P. (16, marshal, a military engineer . . 1633
Vendome. Louis Josep_,h duke of, a warrior . . . 1654
Vernet, Horace, historical painter . . . . 1789
Vernon, Edward, admilal . . . 1684
Vertot, Rene Hubctt, abbe do, an historian . . . 1655
Vespasian, Titus It lavius, a warrior and emperor .

Vespucius A111ericus,a navigator whose name was unjustly,a n'iven to the

new world . . . 1451
Victoria Alexandrina, queen of Great Britain . . . 1819
Vida. Ma1k Jerome, a Latin poet . . ' 1490
Villars, l ouis Hector, duke of, an able general . . . 1653
Villemain, minister of public instruction, and histo1ian . . 1791

Vince, Samuel, an eminent mathematician .

Virgil, or l’ublius Vitgitius Marc, the greatest ofthe Roman poets . B. c. 70
Volney, count de, a celebrated writer . 1757
Voltaire, Francis Marie Arouet de, a celebrated poet, philos, and historian 1694

IV
Wakefield, Gil.;e1‘t, a scholar and critic . . . . 1756
Walker, John, a lexicog1apher . . . . 1732
.VVallace, William, a patriot and heto . . . . 1276 »
VVallenstein, A. V. E., a celebrated general . . . 1583
Waller, si1 William, a parliamentary general . . . 1597
Waller, Edmund, an eleaant poet . . . . 1603
Walpole, Robert, earl OFOIfOK‘d, a statesman . . . 1676
Walpole, Horace, ea1l of O1ford, an author . . . 1718
Walsingham, sir Ftancis, a statesman . . . . 1536
Walton t’Izaak, an angler and biogra her . . . 1593
Walton, B1ian, a divme and orienta ist . . . 1600
Warbutton, William, an eminent p1elate and writer . . 1698
Wa1',d Attemas, an oificerin the 1evolutlon . . . . 1748
Warren, sir John Borlase, a naval officer . . . 1754
Warton Joseph, a poet and critic . . . . . 1722
Warton, Thomas, poet and critic . . . . 1728
Washington. George, the father of his country . . 1732
Washington Bushrod, justice of Supreme Court of the United States 1759
Watfson Robert, an historian . . . 1730
Watson, Richard, an eminent prelate and writer . . . 1737
Watt, James, a celebrated natural philosopher and engineer . 1736

pm
17
1653
1809
1831
1843
1774
1675
1781
1718

1792
1813

1795
1656

1722
1785

1457
1798
1662
‘3. c. 27
1826
1707
1712

1759
1735
79

1516

1566
1734

1821
n J. 19
1820
1778

1801
1807
1305
1634
1668
1687
1745
1797
1590
1683
1661
1779
1800
1822
1800
1790
.1799
1829
1780
1816
1819

 

enemaaarmcan 11111312311 68!

   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  

NAME AND raoressrox. 301m. mun.
Otrhu W att, Robert, a bibliographer . . . 1774 1819
,Eng. Watts, D1. Isaac, a divine, poet, and miscellaneous writer . 1674 1748
Get. Weber. Carl Maria Von, an eminent composer . . . 1786 1826
Amer. Webster, Noah, autho1 of English Dit tionary . 1758 1843
Irish. V‘Vellesloy. marquis ol. gov. gen. 01 India and lord lieutenant ofIreland 1760 1812
Irish. Wellington, duke ol, military commander and statesman. . 1769
Eng. \Vells, Edward, a theolo gian and scholar . . . . 1663 1727
Ger. We1ner, Ab1al1am 'I‘heophilus, a mineralogist . ' . . 1750 1817
Ger. Werner, Fred. 1. Z., a poet and dramatist . . . . 1768 1823
Eng. Wesley, John the l'1iunder ofthe Methodist Society . . 1703 1791
Eng. \Vestall, Richard histo1ical painte1 . . 1765 18:37
Amer Wheatoh, Henry, jurist, diplomatist and law commentator . 1785 1848
Eng. \Vhis ton William, a divine, mathematician, and translator . . 1667 1752
Eng. Whitby, David. a learned divine . . . . 1638 1726
Eng. White, Henry Ki1ke, a poet ]785 1806
Amer W hite. William one of the two fiist bishops of the P E. church in U. S. 1747 1836
Eng. Whitefield, George, founder of the Calvinistic Methodists . . 1714 1770
Eng. VVicklifi'e, or Wiclif, John, the morning star ofthe r'efoimation . 1324 1384
Ger. Wieland, Christopher M. an able. and iertile writer . . 1733 1813
Eng. \Vifi‘en, J H. ,poet and historian . . 1792 1836
Eng. Wilbertorce, William, statesman and philanthrorist . . 1750 1830
Amer. Wilde, Richard Henry,a oet and lilemtcul . . . 1789 1847
Eng Wilkes, John, a celebrate political character . . . 1717 1797
Scotch \Vilkie, sir David, histolical painter . . . , 1785 1841
_. Wilkins, sir Charles, oriental philologist . . . 1836
Eng. \Vilkinson, sir J. G, historian of Egypt and archmologist .

. Williams, Helen Maria, a miscellaneous writer . . 17132 1827
Amer. \Villiamson, Hugh, physician and historian of Notth Carolina . 1735 1819
Amer. VViIson, Alexander, aceleb1ateenatu1ahst . . . 1766 1813

. Windham, William, a statesman 1750 1810
Amer. Wir,t William, attorney- gene1al ofthe United States, and biographer . 1772 1835
Amer. Wistar, Caspar, an eminent physician and anatomist. . . 1761 18l8
Amer. \Vitherspoon, John, an able divme and pattiot . , 1723 1794
Amer. Wolcott, Oliver, a patriot—signer ol the Declaration of Independence 1727 1797
Eng. VVolcott, John, known as Peter Pindar, a poet . . . 1738 1818

Wolfe, James, a distinguished general . . 1726 1759
VVolfi', John Christian. a philosopher and mathematician . . 1679 1754
Wollaston. William Hyde, an experimental philosopher . 1766 1828

. Wolsey, Thomas. cardinal, a celebrated statesman . . . 1471 1530 7

. \Vordswor,th William, poet . . . 1770 1850
Amer. Worth, W. J. 111ajor-gene1'al, United States army . . . 1794 1849
Eng. Wren, sir Christopher, a celebrated architect . . . 1632 1723
Aust. \Vumtser, I). S.,f1eld-ma1',shal Austrian army . . . 1717 1797

. Wyatt, sir Thomas, poet and statesman . . . 1503 15410

3. W ycherley, William, dramatic oet . 1640 1715
g. Wykeham, 11L, bishop of Wine ester, statesman and philanthropist 1321 1404
Amer. Wythe, George, an eminent lawyer, statesman and patriot . . 1806
X 1 1
Xavier, St. Francis, “ Apostle to the Indies” . . . 1506 1552
Xenocrates, a philosopher . . . 3, c. 405 3,1; 314
Xenophenes, a philoso her—founder of the Eleatics . . f,
Xenophon, a celebrate philosopher, historian, and general . B. c. 446 n. c. 360
Span. Ximenes, Francis, cardinal, an eminent statesman . . . 1457 151.7
Y
Young, Edward, a poet and miscellaneous writer . . . 1681 1765

. Young, Arthur, an agricultural writer . . 1 1741 1820
Eng. Young, Thomas, a physician and philoso her . 1774 1829

' Ypsilanti, prince Alexander, a leader int e modern Greek revolution 1792 1%
Span. Yriarte, don Thomas de, an eminent poet . . . . 1750 173!

Z
Zaecaria, Francis A, a voluminous writer . . . 1714 W
Zeno, ofElea, a philosopher . . . . . n. e. 463 '
Zeno, the founder of the sect of Stoics . . . I. c. 362 n. c. *1

 

 

688 THE woRLD’s PROGRESS ._
,,
NATION. NAME AND pa’omsson. ' BORN. ‘3!“
Ital. Zeno, Apostolo, an eminent writer . 1668 ‘ I756
Zenobia, Septimia, queen of Palmyra, a conqueror, and patroness of the arts 3013,
Swiss. Zimmerman, John Ge01ge,a miscellaneous writer . . . I728 I795
Ger. Zimmeiman E A. W von, naturalist . . 1743 1815
Ger. Zinzendo1f, N. L. count, chief ol the Moravians . . . I700 ‘ 1760
Swiss. Zolikofer, G. .I., theologian . . . . I730 -
Zoroaster, a famous Eastein philosopher . . . . ,
Swiss. Zuinglius, Ulric, an enlightened reiormet‘ . ' . 1484 1531 V
—_.+._.__.,_.

PAINTERS, ENGRAVERS, SCULPTORS, ETC.

THE MOST EMINENT IN THEIR DEPARTMENTS.

 

 

  

NATION. NAME AND pnonsssz. BORN. DIED. "2
Gr. Agatharcus, the inventor of pe1spective scenery '
in theaues - - - Painler - - ~ 3. c. 480
Gr. Ageldas - - Sculptor - f. B. 0. 5th cent.
G . Agesander (sculptor of “Laocoon and his Chil-
then”) - - - Sculptor - - B. a. 5th cent.
Ital. Albano Francis (“the painter of the Graces”)Painter - - 1578 1660
Ital. Alberti, Leo Baptist, a Florentine - - Pa. Sc. (5‘ Archit. 1400 1490
Ital. Albertinelli,Ma1'iotto - » Palmer - - 15%
Gr. Alcamenes (pupil of Phidias) - - Sculptor f. B. c. 450 .
Scotch Allan. Sir William - - - - Pam/er - 1781 1850
Amer. Allston, Washington - - - Poet d' Histor. Paznter 1779 1843
Ital. Angelo, MichaelD (Buonarotti), a pre- eminent Pa. Sc. ‘5' Architect ' 1474 I563
Ital. Angelo, Michael (Ca1avaggio) - - Painter - l569 [609
Gr. Apelles. the most celebrated of ancient painters Painter - f. n. c. 330 ‘
Gr. Apollodouis, an Athenian . ~ - Painter - f. B. c. 408
Ital. Appiani, 01 Milan - - - Palmer - 1754 1817 .1
Gr. Aristides, ot Thebes - - - Pamter 123 .c. 240 --
Fr. Audian, Gerald, a celebrated - - Histor. Engraver 1640 I703
Ital. Baccio, Della Porta (known as San Marco) - Painter - - 1469 1517
Eng. Bacon, John - - - Sculptor - - 1740 I799
Flem. Balen, Henry Van -- - - - Painter ’ - . 1560 1632
Ital. Bandinelli, Baccio - - - Sculptor - - 1487 1559
Eng. Banks, Thomas - - - - Sculptor - - 1745 1805
Irish. Barry, James - - - - Painter ~ I741 1805
Ital. Bartolini ~ - - Engraver - _
Ital. Bar,tolomeo Fra, di St. Marco - - Paznter - 1469 1517
Ital. Batoni, Pompey 1- - - - Pain/er 1708 1787
Eng. Beechy. Sir Wm. - - Landscape Painter - 1753 1893
Ital. Bella, yStepha. o Della a Florentine - Engraver - 1610 1684
Flem. Berchem, Nicolas - - - Enmaver - 1624 1689
Do. Bird, Edward . . Painter . 1772 1319
Eng. Blake, William, - - ' - - Painter ‘3' Engraver 1757 1826
Dutch. Both, John and Andrew _ - - Painters- - . 1610 1650 15c 56
Fr. Bourdon, Sebastian - - Pamten} Engraver “ 1616 1671
Swiss. Bouigeoise, Sir Francis (born 1n London) Painter - - 1756 1811 _
Eng. Boydell, John (a printseller, and lord mayor of ’ ' ' - .1’
London) - Engraver - 1719 1804 "
Ital. BiamanteD’Urbino,l‘ranc1sL(lstofSt.Peter’s . ;
"huich) - - - Architect - - 1444 I514 ,
Dutch. Bre,ntel Itrancis - - - Painter- - ,f. 1635
Dutch. Brill, Matthew -- - Painter - . ‘ - 1550 1533
Flem. Biuges, John of, or John Van Eyck -‘ Painter , - - 1370 I44}! ,7 ,
Ital. Rumiaiotti, see Angelo ' . > .L
Eng. Buinett, James -‘ ’ a - Landscape Painter . 1788 1816 .
Ital. Cagliaii, Paul (known as Paul Veronese),acele- - ‘ ’ i ‘,
brated- . Painter - - - 1532 .1588 f» ,:
Ital Cagliari, Benedict, Carletto, and Gabriel, bro- ,
thers and sons of Paul. '
Eng Calcutt, Sir A. W. - - - Landscape Painter 1779
Gr. Callirnach-us -' - . . Sculptor 13' Architect 1'. I. o. 540

Ital. Cambiaso, Lucus,aGenoese ' - - Painter - 1621' .‘

 

 

"BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. '

 

. NAME AND PROFESSION
Canaielto, Anthony, a Venetian - -
Canova, Antonio, - - -
Caravaggio see Angelo.

. Caracci Lutovico - - -

Agostino - - -
Annibale - -

 

Carpi, Ugo (1a, discoverer of the art of priming

in Chiaro-oscuro—with three plates—to imi~

tale drawings - - - -
Cases, Louis Francis - - -
Castillo Y Saavedra, Anthony - -
Cavendone, James - - -
Cellini, Benvenuto, a Florentine - -
Champagne, Philip de ~ - -
Chares - - - -
Cosway, Richard - - -
Chantry, sir Francis - - -
Chaudet, Anthony Denis - -
Cimabue, Giovanni, a Florentine - -
Claude Gale—called Claude Lorraine -

Cleumenes, an Athenian (The Medicean Venus)
Clevenger - . . .

Cole, Thomas - - -
Collins, William - - - -
Constable. John - - -
Cooper, Samuel - - -
Copley, John Singleton (born in Boston) -
Corregio, Ant. (founder ofthe Lombard school)
Conona, Pietro da, a Tuscan - -
Courtois, James (known as 11 Borgognone)
Couston Nicholas (also his brother William)

. Cuyp, Jacob 61., - - - -

. Cuyp, Albert (son or above - ~

. Cuyp, Benjamin - - - -
Daniel, Thomas - - ~
Dannecker, John Henry—(Adriadne, &c.) -
David, James Louis, a celebrated -
David (Founder of recent French school) -
Delaroche, Paul - - -
Denner, Balthaser - -

Dinocrates, a MacedonianKbuilder of Alexan-

dria, &c.) - - - -
Dolci, Carlo - - . -
Domenichino (excelled in expression) -
Donatello, or Donato, a Florentine -

. Douw, Gerard - - - -
Dubufi‘e - - - -
Dulresnoy. Charles Alphonso - ~
Dunlap, William - - -
Dnrer, Albert (and author) - -
Eberhardt - - - -
Eginton, Francis (rostorer of the art of paint-

ing on glass) - - - -
Elly, William - - -
Eupompus (founder of school at Sicyon) -
. Eyck, John Van (said to, have invented paint-
ing in oil) ‘ - - -
F-laxman, John - - -
Fuseli, Henry) (resided in England) - -
Gainsboroug ,Thomas - -
Ghiberti, Laurence, a Florentine - -
Gibson - - - - -
Giordani, Luke (The Proteus of painting) -
Giorgione, Barbarelli - ' - -
Giotto (one 01 the earliest modern) . -
Giraldon, Francis ' - - -
Girodet—‘Trioson. ime Louis _' - -
Gougon, John (“ T French Phidiasf’)’ -
Guercino (real‘name Francis Barbieri) ' -

Guido Reni (smiles in beauty of expression ‘

and grace) - . - -

. , BORN.
Landscape Painter - 1697
Sculptor - 1757
Painter - 1555
Painter - 1588
Painter - - 1560

A bout 1700
- 1846

Painter 6‘ Architect - 1756
Painter - - 1603
Fresco Painter - 1577

)ngraver 6‘ Sculptor 1500

Painter ~ - 1604
Painter f. 3.0. 300
Painter - 1740
Sculptor . - 1781
Pain/er - 1763
Painter - - 1240
Pain/er 1600
Sculptor - f. B. c. 180
Sculptor -

Land. (3‘ 1108!. Painter 1802
Land. (3‘ Fam. Life Pa. 1788
Painter - 1776
JlIi'niature Painter - 1689
Painter . 1737
Painter - - 1493
Painter . 1596
Painter - - 1621
Sculptor - 1658
Landscape (3' Cattle Pa. 1568
Landscape <3" Cattle Pa. 1606
IIistorz'cal Painter - 1650
Landscape Painter
Sculptor - - 1758
Painter - 1750
Sculptor - . 1780
Historical Painter
Portrait Painter - 1685
Architect - f. B. c. 330
Scripture Painter 1616
Painter - - 1581
Sculptor - 1383
Familiar Life Painter 1613
Historical Painter
Painter
Historical Painter - 1766
Pa. Eng. Sc. (3' Arch. 1471
Sculptor
Painter - - 1737
Historical Painter 1789
Painter
Painter - 1370
Sculptor ~ - 1755
Painter - 174 1
Landscape Painter - 1727
Sculptor - 1378
Sou ptor
Painter - - 1629
Painter - 1477

Painter, Scalp. (3‘ Arch. 1276
Sculptor - - .1630
Painter - 1762'
Sculptor - .
Painter ~ 1590
Painter -' . 1574

65%

mm).
1713
1822

1619
1601
1609

1827
1667
1606
1570
1674

1826
1841
1810
1300
1682

1844
1848

1837
1776
1815
1534
1669
1673
1731
1649
1667

1840
1841
1825

1747

1686
1641
1466
1674

1528

1805
1819

 

1
i
,i
J
‘2
1
A

 

 
   
 
 
 
 
    
   

690 THE W'ORLD'S PROGRESS. ;-
5.1
1g
NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. BORN. DIED 2
Eng. Harlow, George Henry - - - Painter - 17:37 1819 1
Eng. Haydon. R. B. - - - Historical Painter - 1781i 1846 3
Eng. Heath, Charles - - - - EngIrtveI‘ - 1849 1
Eng. Hilton, William - - - His to7icalPai7tler 1786 1839 1
Flem. IIobbetna, Mynderhout - - 1 - Landscape Painter - 1611 1 1699 ‘3
Eng. 110gartl1,Willittm - - - Pain/er 1697 1764 1
Swiss. Holbein,1111ns - - P01 trait 13‘Histo7‘z'cal Pa. 1498 1564 “
Ger. Ilollai‘, \Venceslaus (executed 2400 plates) Engraver - 1607 1677
Flem. IIontho1st,Ge1‘11rd (called Gher‘a1dap dal Notte) Painter - 1593 1660
Dutch. Iloubmken, Jacob (600 portraits) - - Engraver - - 1698 17180
Fr. 11011111111 (executed statue of Fianklin) - Sculptor - 1746 18%
F1‘. 11ouel, John (l’ictu1esque T1avels, 5:13. ) - PaiItteI 15‘ E7107 aver 1736 1813
Amer. lntnan', Henry - Pa‘ItI‘ait 7.5” Landsc. Pa. 1801 1846
Dutch. lIuysuin, John Van (flowers and fruit) - PainJ‘cI 1682 1749
Eng. .lones. lnigo - - - - AIchItect - - 1572 1652
New. Jorduens, Jacob - - - - Painter - 1595 1670
Ital. Julio Romano Pain/arc? Architect - 1492 1546
Swiss. K11ufl‘11111n.M A. Ange lica C. (in England) - Poetical Painter - 1747 1807
Ger. Kneller, Sir Godlrey (tesided 111 England) Palmer - 1648 1723
Eng. 11an1lsee1‘,Etlwin - - - Animultfi‘ IIzstorical Pa.
Dutch. 1 airesse, GM ‘11111 (excelled in expedition) Painter 15' Engraver 1640 1711
Fr. Landon, C. 1‘. (mete eminentas anztuthor of
works on the fine arts) - - - Painter1826
Eng. 11aw1cnt‘e. sir l‘homrts - Per 17 mt 13‘ Hist. Painter 1769 1830
[“1‘. Lehtun.Cl11111es (painter to Louis XIV ) - Painter - 1619 1690
Ger. Lely, sir P1te1‘ (pointer to Charlesll. ot'E ngland) Painter ~ 1613 1680
Fr. Le Sieur. Eustace (the French Raphael) - Painter - - 1617 1655
Fr. Iey den L ucas.1)11n1111esz - - - Painter 13‘ Engraver 1494 1533
Eng. Liverseege, 11e111y - - - Painter - 1803. 1832
Gr. Lysippushntule 60) statues) - - Sculptor - f. 13. c. 334
Amer. Mnllione Etlwaid G. - - - .Mt'niature Painter - 1777 1807
Flem. Mntsys. Quintin - ~ - - Painter - 1460 1529
Ital. Masz11‘1 io - - - - Painter ~ - 1102 1427
Ger. 1\[‘1y‘e1 - - - - - Sculptor
11:11. 1\I1izzuolo,F1ancis ~ Painter - - 1503 1540
Ger. Mengs, Anthony R. (the Raphael of Germany) Painter - 1729 1779
Fr. Mignard, Peter - Painter - - 1610 1695
Swiss. Mind, Gotttried - - - Painter - 1768 18l4
Eng. Morelantl,Ge01ge - - - Painter - - 1764 1804
' Span. Murillo, Burtholomew S. - . Painter 1613 1682
1 Eng. Newton, Gilbert Stuart - - - Histm {cal Painter 1785 1835
. Eng. Nollekins, Joseph - ~ - Sculptor - 1737 1833 .
. Eng. Nor:thtote, James - . - - Painter - - 1746 1831 1
Eng. Opi 6. John - - - Painter 1761 1807 ‘
. Dutch Ostzule. Adrian Van (interiors) — - Familiar Life Painter 16l0 1685 ;
Dutch. Ostade. Isaac (winter scenes) - - PatnnteI - - 1617 1671 5
; Eng. Owen, William - - - - Painter - 1769 1825 3
3 Fr. l’ujou Augustin - - - Sculptor - - 1730 1809 .3
; 11111. Palladio, Andrew - - Architect ,- 1518 1580 i
t Span. Palomino dc CastroY Velasco, A A. . Painter - 1653 1726 i
‘ Gr. I‘a11l1asit1s, 01 Ephesus - - - Painter - f. n. c. 420 i
.1 Amer. 1’e:.1le (111111105 W. - Hz‘stor. (3‘ Portrait Pa. 1741 1827 '1
1 Fr. l’errztult, Claudius (designed the Front 01' 11“: g
i Louvre) - - Architect - - 1613' 1688 ‘
1 11111. Perugino. Peter (the master of Eaphael) - Painter - 1446 1524 1
3 Swiss. l’etitot, John (excelled' in enamel) - Painter - - 1607 1691
1 G 1‘. Phidins (the most tamous of ancient sculptors) Sculptor - 11.6. 498 B. c. 431. ‘
1 11‘1‘. Picart. Bet-1111111 ~ - Engraver - - 1663 1733
i Pr. P15711110. John Baptiste - ~ . Sculptor - 1714 178-5
11‘1‘. Piles, Roger de (an author and painter) - Painter - - 1635 1709 .
1111l. l’i1‘11nesi, John Baptiste (16 vols. folio) ~ Engraver - 1707 1778 '
Gr. Polycletus(st111ue of June at Argos) - Sculptor - n. c. 430
11111. P111‘1lenm1e,Regillo do, - - - Painter . 1584
Dutch Potter, Paitl (unequalled in animal painting) Poznter - - 1625 1654 1
Fr. Poussin, Nicholas(excelled 1n landsc painting) Painter - 1594 1661') .
Ital. Poussin. Gaspar (Dughet) landscape - Painter - - 1613 1675 ‘
Gr. meiteles - - - - Sculptor - f. n. c. 350 1 _
Amer. Pratt Matthew - - ~ Painter - - 1734 ‘ 1845
Fr. Prudhon, of Cluny - - - Painter 1760 1893 .
Fr. I’uvet, Peter - ~ - - Soul. Pa. 13' Arch. 1622 16*

Gr. Pyt agoras - - - - Scu ptar

 

  
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
   
  
   
  
  
  
  
   
 
    
   
    
   
 
 
 
   
    
   
 
   
   
 
   
   
   
 
 
   
  
 
   
  
  
  
   
 
   
  
  
 
   
 
 
 
 
   
   

 

" BIOGRAPHIYCAL INDEX.

ION.‘ NAME AND PROFESSION. BORN.
a1. Raphael (real name Sanzio) a pre- eminent Painter , - - 1483
vital. Rembrandt. Paul - - - Painter - 1606
1" Eng. Reynolds. sir Joshua - - Painter - - 1723
Fr. Roland, Philip L (Homer 1n the Louvre) Sculptor - 1746
"Eng Romney, George - - - Painter - - 1734
Ital. Rosa, Salvator (scenes of gloom) - Pamm 1614
Eng. Rowlandson, Th. (ca1icatu1‘e—Dr. S)11£'1X,&(‘) PainteI G'Engraver 1756
Flem. Rubens, l’etci Paul. a celebrated Pain/e1 - - 1577
Scotch. Runciman, Alexander - - - Painter 1736
Dutch. R11ysda.,el Jacob - - - Landscape Painter 1636
Dutch. Ruy sdael, S blomon - - Painter - - 1616
Eng. R ysbrach, John M1chae1 (works in Westmin-
ster Abbey) - - - - Sculptor - - 1694
Ital. Sanmicheli, Michael - - - Architect - 1484
ltal. Sarto, Andrea del—see Vanucchz'
Ital. Scamozzi, Vincent - - - Architect - - 155
Ger. Schadow Rudolf - - Sculptor - 1786
Dutch. Schalken, Godhey (candlelight scenes) - Painter - - 1643
G1. Soon as - Shuhflor - B. .460
Eng. Sharp p, William - - - - Emnaver . - 1740
Eng. Sheiwin, John Keyse - - - E11g1aver -
Amer. Smy bert John - - - Painter - - 17‘38
Fteni. Snydeis, ancis (landscape and animal) Painle1 - 157
Fr. Soufilot..1. G.(1hu1th ofSt. Genevieve at Pa1is) Architect - - 1714
‘Dutch. Spaendonck Gerradvan (flower) - Painter - 1746
Scotch. Strange. Robert - - Engraver - - 1791
Eng. Strutt, Joseph (an author and paintm) - Painter - 1749
Eng. Stuart James (author 01 the “Antiquities of
Athens’U - ArchiNmt - 1713
Amer. Stuart, Gilbett (pupil of Benjamin W'est) Portrait Painter - 1766
Flem. 'l‘eniers, David. the eldei (pupil of Rubens) Painter - 1582
Flem. Teniels, David. the youngei (pupil at Rubens) Pain/er - - 1610
Dan. Thoiwaldsen Albeit - - Sculptor ~ 1772
Gr. Timanthes (contemporary with Ptrrhasius) Pain/er - f. B. c.4211
Ital. Tintmetto (a Venetian—pupil of Titian) - Painter - 1512
Ital. Titian (the greatest painter of Venetian school) Painter - - 1450
Amer. Trumbull. John - - Histm' zeal Painter - 1756
Eng. Vanbrugh sir Jn. (Blenheim and Castle Howard)Arcthect - 1672
Dutch. Vandervelde. William (marine and battle) - Painter - - 1610
Dutch. Vandervelde, the younger - Painter 1633
Dutch. Vandervelde, Adrian — - - Landscape Painter - 1639
Dutch. Vande1werf Ad1ian - - Historical Painter 1654
F1em.Vandyke.si1 Anthony (the greatest of portrait
painters) - - Portrait Painter - 1598
Ital. Vannucchi. or Andrea del Sarto - - Painter - 1488
Ital. Van Vitelli, Louis, a Neapolitan - - Architect - - 1700
Ital. Vasari, George (a biographer of artists) - Architect (5' Painter 1512
Sic. Vasi, Joseph, Dadesignm and - - . Enoraver - - 1710
‘ Span. Velasquez, James It de Sylvia Y - Painter - 1599
‘ Fr. ’Ve1 net Joseph - - - - Painter - ~ 1714
Fr. Veanet Horace - - - Historical Painter
Am. Ver Bryck C. - - - - Landscape Pai‘nte1 - 1813
Ital. Verrochio, Andrew (inventor of the method 01
'. taking the Ieatures in a plastei mould) Sculptor - - 1422
Ital. Veronese. Paul (see Cagliari)
31 Eng. Venue, George (500 plates) - Engraver - - 166.4
. ital. Vignola. Jamés(Caprarola palace andSt. Peter’s)A1chztect - 1107
Ital. Vinci. Leonardo da - - - Pain/er - 1452
Gr. Vitruvius (temp. Augustus) - - - Awhitect - 1211.0 30
Ital. Volpato. John - - Engraver ~1733
‘ Fr. Vouet, Simon founder ofFr. sch. (temp. Chas. I)Paznter - 1582
, Fr. Wailly, Charles de - - Architect - 1729
, Eng.\’Va1ren Charles (perfecter ofengraving on steel) Engraver . - ..
-‘ Amer. West. Beniamin - - - Painter 1738
' Scotch. Wilkie, David - - - ~ Familiar Life Painter 1785
Eng.\’V1lsnnR.ichard - - - Landscape Pamter - 1713
.3,.En Woollet, William - - - Engraver- - 1735
:gggt’ch. Wouvermans, Phllip - Painter - - 1630
Wren. Sir Christopher (St. Paul’s, 61c. ) - Architect - 1632
- Wyatt, James (Pantheon, Kew Palace, are. ) Architect - . 1743
Zablia, Nicholas - - Architect - 1674

B.

691

DIED.
1590
1647
1792
1816
1802
1673
1827
1640
I785
1684
1670

1770
1559

1616
1822
1706
o. 353
1824
1790
1751
1657
1781
1822
1722
1802

1768
l 8'28
1 649
1694
1844

1594
1579
184

l 726
1693
l 707
1672
1718

1641
1530
1773
1574
1782
1660
1789

1844
1488

1756
1575
1519

1801’
1649
1798
1323
1820
1841
1782
1785
1668
1723
1813

ma

 

,__it£‘nox '* ~‘ ' mm: mm W

Gr. Zeixxis, a celebrated ancient - , ..

Ger. Zincke

hi1. Zuccaro, or Zucchero, Taddeo
Zuccam or Zucchero, Frederigo -_ Painter
Zuccarelli . - - Pointer

 

    

, ,«WF’W

._, .wyr:

3‘13

i

   
     
 

,H

ADDENDA

TO

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

‘ 1855.

 

MINISTRATIONS on THE UNITED Sums—(p. 152.) On the death of Pre-
sident Taylor, July 9, 1850—

MILLARD FILLMORE, of New-York (Vice—President) became President. He appointed,
soon after, the following Cabinet, viz. :—

Daniel Webster, Masmchusetts, Secretary of State.
Thomas Corwin, Ohio, Secretary of ’l‘reas’y.
Charles M. Conrad, Louisiana, Secretary of “far.
William A. Graham, North Carolina, Sec’ry of the Navy.
A. H. H. Stewart, Virginia, Sec’ry of Interior.
Nathan K. Hall, New-York, Post Master General.
John J. Crittenden, Kentucky, Attorney General.
William R. King, Alabama, was elected Pres‘t of the Senate,

1 bb G ( d angfibeeame Acting Vice l’res‘t of U. S.
Howe] Co , eorgia continue 1 in 0 ce), . 7
Linn Boyd,‘ Kentucky, December, 1851. l Speakers 0f H' Reps.

‘ Omssroxs on page 152, “1Vorld’s Progress.”
Huah S. Legare, S. Carolina, May 9, (11721.1 June 20. 1843,
Johan o. Calhoun, 5. Carolina, March 6, 134:, to Mar.1, 1845, Se“ Of State-
Geo. M. Bibb, Kentucky, June 15, 1844, to March 3, 1845, Sec. of Treas.
Wm. Wilkins, Pennsylvania, Feb. 15, 18-1—1, to March 3, 1845, Sec. of War.
Thos. 1V. Gilmer, Feb. 15,1844, died Feb. 28,1844, S f N
John Y. Mason, Virginia, March 14, 1844, to Mar. 3, 1845, E cos. 0 avy.
FRANKLIN PIERCE, of N. Hampshire, inaugurated Mar. 4, 1853, President, Salary, $25,000.
Vice—President—vaeant, by death of Hon. Win. 11. King, April 18, 1853— 8,000.
. Tm: CABINET.
William L. Marcy, of N ew-York, Secretary of State, Salary, $8000.
James Guthrie, Kentucky, Secretary of Treasury, 8000.
Robert M'Clelland, Michigan, Secretary of Interior, 8000.
James C. Dobbin, North Carolina, Secretary of Navy, 8000
Jefferson Davis, Mississippi, Secretary of War, 8000.
James Campbell, Pennsylvania, Post Muster General, 8000.
Caleb Cushing, Massachusetts, Attorney General, 8000.
THE JUDICIABY.—SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES.

Roger B. Taney, of Maryland, Chief Justice, Salary, $5000.
John M‘Lean, Ohio, Associate Justice.
James M. Wayne, Georgia, . Associate Justice.
John Catron, Tennessee, Associate Justice.
Peter V. Daniel, Virginia, Associate Justice.
Samuel Nelson, New-York, Associate Justice.
Robert C. Grier, . ' Pennsylvania, ‘ Associate J ustice.
Benjamin R. Curtis, Massachusetts, Associate Justice.
JohnA. Campbell, Alabama, Associate Justice.

Salary of Associate Justices, $4500. Meets December 4, at washington.

'gmvnRTISEMEMs- The number of advertisements in the. 159 London
' , papersin 1850, was 891,650, the duty on which, at ls. 6d. each, amounted
;~b.£66,878_15s. In the 222 provincial papers, 875,631 advertisementsgzin

 

j
l
l
1
l
l

 

am

694 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

102 Irish papers, 236,128; and in the Scottish papers. 249,141. The Times
supplement, January 23, 1843, contained 1706 advertisements, one page of I

which, embracing six columns, yielded £108.

AFRICA. The British forces defeated with considerable loss in their‘engage-

ment with the Catfres of South Africa, December 29, 1850. The Caffres
attack Fort White, Cape of Good Hope, January 3, 1851, but are repulsed,
with loss of twenty killed. January 7, the Caffres, in their attack on F rt
Beaufort, are completely routed, and their chief, Hermanus, and his son,
killed. Three thousand Cafi'res attack the colonists, near Fort Hare, January
23, but are driven back, with loss of one hundred killed. February 23d—-
Colonel Somerset burns Fort Hamilton, which had been abandoned by the
British, killing ninety Caffres, and taking two hundred and thirty prisoners.
May 31, 1851, the Hottentots of the Theopolis Mission Station, Lower Albany,
join in the insurrection. They are defeated in actions With the English troops
on the 3d and 5th of June. February 10, 1853—Sandili, and other Caffre
chiefs, send in their submission to General Catheart, thereby closing the war.

The peace is concluded on the 9th of March.

J. G. Richardson, the African traveler, dies at Ungurta, six days’ distance from
Kouka, the capital of Bornou, March 4, 1851.

After five years’ unceasing and determined efforts, the grand attempt for
discovering and laying open Inner Africa, known as the “Expedition to Cen-
tral Africa,” has been crowned with a fresh success—more important than
all previous ones—~by the return of the exploring steamer Pleiad, after a most
successful voyage up the River Chadda. The expedition has fully confirmed
the importance of the discoveries made by Dr. Bath, in 1851.

The Pleiad left England in the latter end of May last, under the mOst favorable
auspices, and reached Fernando Po on the 28th of June. Here she was to re-
ceive an augmentation to her force, in the person of Mr. Consul Becreft, as
commander; but, owing to the lamented death of this experienced African
traveler, Dr. W. B. Baikie, R. N., was appointed as the temporary leader of
the expedition; and subsequently assumed the entire charge, when, in the
beginning of the voyage, the sailing-master, in consequence of incapacity and
apathy, was displaced.

The l’leiad steamed up the Niger Delta in the beginning of July—ascended

the Chadda, 250 miles above Allen and Oldfield’s furthest point—and reached
to within about fifty miles of the confluence of the Benueh and Faro—the
furthest ever reached by a European vessel on an African river. Thus it has
been proved that the Chadda and Benueh are one and the same river, and that
this river is navigable up to Yola, the capital of Adamaua, visited by Dr.
Bath. The longitude of the positions assigned by the latter to that region,
is upward of one degree too far to the east, which corresponds with the dif-
ference found by Dr. Vogel in the countries around Lake Tsad. The river
was in high flood and plenty of water, and the good—Will and friendship of
the natives were universally secured. On the 7th of November last, the
Pleiad had returned to Fernando Po.

But the most important point, and which marks a new era in African geo-
graphical discoveries, is, that very little sickness was experienced; and, What
has never occurred before, that not a single life was lost, white or black—
thus proving the possibility of leading a party of Europeans into the interior,
by these rivers, and bringing them back again in safety. The party was a

mixed one; some of the whites had never been in a tropical climate; the ‘_

majority had never been in Africa, Dr. Baikie himself included. Altogether

, the party numbered sixty-six, including Kroomen and native interpreters;

   
 

r
6

 

manna. 695

and they were 118 days in the river—twice as long as the great expedition
of 1842, which ended in so fearful a loss of life. It must be interesting to
learn that the safety of the members of the Chadda Expedition is attributed :—

First, To having entered the river at the proper season, viz., on the rising water.

Second, To having induced all the Europeans to take quinine daily.

Third, To carrying the green wood, used for fuel, in the iron canoes, and not
stowing it in the bunkers.

Fourth, To passing all the water used for cooking and drinking through the
boiler of the “Expedition,” scraping decks instead of washing them, using
Sir William Burnett’s solution of zinc freely, and pumping out the bilge—
water daily.

And last, though not least, To keeping up the spirits of the men by music,
(£10., (ire.

“ Here, then, at last, the problem is solved, and Central Africa can be explored,
in safety, by Europeans, through her natural channels, at a cost of a few
thousand pounds per annum.”

It is much to be regretted that the expedition has not met with Dr. Barth or
Dr. Vogel, nor brought any news of them beyond what is already known.
Dr. Baikie heard of them, and showed the natives their likenesses—contained
in the work published by me last year—when they recognized Dr. Vogel
Probably, by not taking the direct route to Yola, but a circuitous one, in
order to traverse unexplored regions, and to add to the amount of his re-
searches, the latter traveler was delayed, and thus prevented meeting the
Chadda Expedition.

The Rev. David Livingston, English Missionary, set out from the Cape of Good

Hope, in May, 1852, for the purpose of exploring the interior of the conti-

nent of Africa, and, at the same time, entering into friendly relations with

the native tribes, with a view to the future establishment of missionary sta-
tions among them. Mr. Livingston, after a journey of about eight months
from the Cape, and having passed Lake N ’Gami to the westward, arrived on
the banks of the Zambeze, where, between 14 and 18 degrees of south lati-
tude, it flows north and south, in the center of the continent. In the country
of the Zambeze, Mr. Livingston was received in the most friendly manner,
by Sekeletn, the paramount chief, and he remained there about eight months,
for the purpose of propagating the Gospel, and acquiring a knowledge of the
country and its inhabitants. Sekeletu, desirous of following up the policy
of his father, Sebitoani, to open up commercial intercourse with Europeans,
afforded Mr. Livingston every facility for prosecuting his journey to the sea-
coast on the westward; consequently, in November, 1853, he started from
the capital of Sekeletu, on the Chobé, and ascended one of the branches of
the Zambeze, which flows through a portion of Balonda country, the lord of
which is Mateamvo, reported to be the most powerful chief in the interior
of this part of Africa. The inhabitants of this country were disposed to,
treat Mr. Livingston in the most friendly manner. Mr. Livingston arrived
at Cassange in April, 1854, having experienced considerable obstructions from
the native tribes, with whom he came in contact as he approached the Por-
tuguese territory, to the westward. As soon, however, as he entered within
the limits of the province of Angola, he received every attention and facility
from the several Portuguese authorities in the interior. Notwithstanding
the unfavorable season of the year, and the continuous heavy rains which

Mr. Livingston experienced during his journey, many astronomical observa

tions were taken, which will enable him to determine with accuracy the posi-

tion of most of the important points on the route. Mr. Livingston arrived

at St. Paul de Loanda, May 31, 1854.

    
      
   

 

ii:

696' THE WORLD’S: PROGRESS.

AGRICULTURE, U. S., 1851. The following are the number of farms in saga-9.1:

states, as reported in the last census: — . J.

New York - - - 174, 234 Maryland - - - 21,950

Pennsylvania ~ - - 127,733 New Jersey - - 24,504

Ohio - - - - 146,821 Delaware - - - 6,225 .

Indiana ~ - - - 101,973 Michigan - ~ - 34, 699

Virginia - - - - 76,791. Wisconsin - ~ - 22,062

Illinois - - - - 71,062 Iowa. - - - - 15,500

Kentucky - - - 77,290 1

GREAT BRITAIN. FRANCE. UNITED STATES. RUSSIA.

Acres of Land in Cultivation, 22,000,000 72,000,000 118,000,000 243, 000, 000
Bushels of Wheat, av. per annum, 336,000,000 576,000,000 100,000,000 1 ,400, 000, 000-
Number of Horned Cattle, 18,000,000 9,000,000 *19,000,000 25, 000, 000 5
Number of Horses, 1,600,000 2,818,000 5,000,000 18,000,000 I
Number of Sheep and Goats, 50,000,000 32,000,000 22,000,000 50,000,000 .
Number of Swine, 19,000,000 5,000,000 30,000,000 12,000,000 5:
Population of each country, 27,000,000 86,000,000 23,000,000 68,000,000 .

ALABAMA, November, 1851. The governor, in his message, recommends a
discriminating tax on all articles from those states that continue slave agita-

tion. The population of this state, 1850, according to census returns, was:

White, 426, 515; free colored, 2,250 Total free, 428,765; slaves, 342,894.
Fed. Rep. Pop, 634, 501.

ALFRED THE GREAT. A medal, commemorative of the 1000th anniversary
of this mona1ch, was struck, in 1849, with the leg end: “Alfred and his
children, the British Empire, United States, and Anglo-Saxons every where !” ;

ALMANACS. The almanac was canonizcd as St. Almachéus, in the Roman .
Calendar —H tharton’s Life of Loyola, 1688. Almanacs first plinted at
Constantinople, September, 1806. Regiomontanus supposed to be indebted for
his f01mula, 1474, to the Persian almanacs.—Ency. Metrop. The popular
almanac 1n Shakspeare’s time was that of Leona1d Digges—O. Knight. In »
1851, D1. McGowan, lab01ing in China for the Missionary Union, prepared:
a philosophical almanac 1n the language of that country, exhibiting to the ‘
Chinese the realities of science, and particularly detailing the piinciples of
the Magnetic Teleg1aph.——See World’s Progress, p. 162.

ALMANACS AND ALMANAC- MAKERS. The word itself is of unsettled origin. \
Most antiqualies have supposed that the “AA” in this word, is dei 1ved f1 0111
the A1 abIc article, which signifies the; but then, some derive the remainder ;
of the word 110111 the Greek word, ,uavarcog—a lunai y circle, or the cou1se of;
months. Johnson takes it from the Greek, ,myv—a month; others from the
Hebrew, .Manach—to count—or mama—a reckoning , othe1s, again, from the

Dutch, Alaand, or Ge1 man Ahead—the moon, or an account of eveiy moon,. ,

&c. As the various rites and Observances in most 1eligions weie regulatedl 2;
by the peliods of the moon, none of these derivations are improbable. 'iIt ‘
is certain that the word Calendar which is used in connection with out“i
almanacs, was derived from the Greek, Kaleo—-I call—because a sacrifice5i
was offered, at the app pearance of the new moon, by the proclamation of the ‘
priest. It 1s singular that all should agree to take the first syllable, Al, fro--
one language, and the two last from so many different ones. It IS piobab ., ’
that Vei stigan is more neally right. He says that it is a Saxon Word; that;E
the first of them were kept on carved sticks, which were called Al—mon—aght—w
signify mg, in old English, or Saxon, all-moon- heed, or the regard or observant: ;
tion of all the moons, and hence the word Almanac. This latter seems, at:
least, to have been the more immediate derivation, and the former 1110315

 
   

* Nearly.

 

woman. 697

remote. The Egyptians computed time by instruments which were probably
not so rustic as the carved sticks, which were the Runic Almanacs, used by
the Danes, Swedes, and Norwegians. These latter were called Reinstocks,
Runstocks, Priinstanes, Clogs, etc. The Egyptian Obelisks may yet prove to

be almanacs or astrological calculations. The Egyptian priests called them
“fingers of the sun.”

Some account of the principal Almanacs from the earZz‘est times.

Leaving the days of wooden almanacs, we find, as the first relic, “John Somer’s
Calendar,” written at Oxford, in 1380; another in Lambeth palace, written in
1460.

The first published one was in 1472, by Martin Ilkus, at Buda, Poland ; and,

in 1473, they were compiled, nearly in their present form, by John Muller,
otherwise Regimontanus, a printer, at N uremburg.

In 1497, Richard Pynson’s, the first one, was printed in England.

1:, In 1533, Tybault—prognostications commenced.

; 1784, Isaiah Thomas, one of the most noted of early printers of this country,
; ,

35, issued an almanac. These almanaes became a good advertising medium to
1‘ booksellers.

 

l

i. 1793, “The Farmer’s Almanac,” by Robert B. Thomas.

1 1806, first almanac printed at Constantinople, Turkey.

l. 1820, “The Ladies’ and Gentlemen’s Diary, or the United States Almanac and

i. Repository of Science and Amusements,” by M. Nash.

y 1829, “American Almanac” commenced.

y We have thus detailed some of the principal of which the date of first pub-

; lication has been found. Besides these, the following have been more or less
noted: “Goldsmith’s Almanac,” “Rider's Pocket Almanac,” and “White’s

_ Ephemeris, or Celestial Atlas,” “British Almanac and Companion."

In former times, the yearly almanac exercised a powerful influence on public

opinion, and over public morals; and, in most cases, their use was perverted
‘ by the astrologers. to disseminate their ridiculous prophecies.

One of the most useful of late almanacs, is De Morgan’s “Book of Almanacs,"
which is good until A. D. 2000.

u ERICAN FLAG. Previous to 1776, the colors used in this country exhibited
a snake With 13 rattles, in a crimson ground interlaced with white, by some
supposed in compliment to France, but, more recently, by others as repre-
senting those in the armorial bearings of General Washington. A description
of this flag is given in a London paper, published in 1776. On the 14th June,
in the succeeding year, the American Congress resolved, “that the flag of the
thirteen United States be thirteen stripes, alternate red and white; that the
union be thirteen stars, white, on a blue field~representing ‘a new constel-
lation.’ ” A new “star-Spangled banner” made its appearance on the river
Thames (London), October, 1851, showing five stars, emblematical of the

British colonies of New South Wales, Victoria (Hong Kong), South Australia,
Van Dieman’s Land, and West Australia.

: ERICAN LIFE. There is something in American life and climate which
reduces the physical standard, affecting the complexion, hair, muscular form,
feet, and the bones. The jaws, so our dentists declare, are narrowed, and can
contain but fourteen teeth in each jaw. Every parent should, therefore,
conduct “Young America,” at an early age, to be deprived of two of his den-
tals—’tis a sacrifice to the Indian god, Whose altars he has overthrown.

: ' , ERICAN LITERATURE. The first English work Written in America was ‘
“ Sandy’s Translation of the Metamorphoses; Dr. W. Vaughan’s poem of the

1“ Golden Fleece waswritten about the same time. Jocelyn, who wrote the
' ~, 80

   
 
 
   
  
 
 
 
    
    
   
  
   
  
   

 

698 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

   
    
  
  
   
    
   
    
  
  
  
 
    
 
   

New England Rarities, and his Two Voyages, brought‘over a version of partoi 2" 1.
the Psalms, by Quarles, which, if approved by the Minister at Boston, was
to have succeeded Stern/zold and Hopkins in the New World. The first work 2‘
printed was the Freeman’s Oat/L, Cambridge, 1639; the second, an Almanac,
calculated for New England, by Pierce, 9. mariner; and the third, The Psalms,
newly turned into meter.——-Dr. I'Iolmes’s American Annals. *

AMUSEMENTS, LONDON. The amount annually expended in London for sight- =
seeing, theaters, etc., is estimated at about four mill-ions sterling. '

AMUSEMENTS, PUBLIC, New-York, April, 1851:—

 

Nine Theaters, with audiences nightly of - ~ . - - - 15,900
Four Minstrel Concerts, “ “ - - - - - 2,300
Three Panoramas, “ “ ~ - - - - ¢ 600
Nighti y audiences at Public Amusements in New-York, - - 18,800

The average nightly receipts, exclusive of Astor Opera House (not obtained) ;
amounted to $5,800. _
The Astor Opera House has since been purchased by the Mercantile Library ;
Association, and its place supplied by the Academy of Music erected in
Fourteenth street, by a company of stockholders. _
The receipts of theaters, public balls, and concerts, in Paris, during the month '
of March, 1855, were 1,281,000 francs, or 14,000 more than for the corres- -
ponding month of 1854.

ANJESTHETICS. Chloroform is now generally regarded as dangerous; but it"
is said that there is no well—authenticated instance of loss of life by etherfi,
A new anaesthetic has been discovered by Mr. Arnott, of London, which is.
adapted to all the smaller Operations, and even to many of the larger ones, ‘
and which can by no possibility ever destroy life. This is ice and salt, in ‘
the‘proportion of two parts to one, finely pounded, and applied directly to
the skin where the incision is to be made, for a period of time varying from?
four to five minutes, by inclosing the mixture in a. fine gauze bag. The partfg
will harden, whiten, and become completely benumbed, with the appearance":- '
of the thinnest icing on a. cake, and cracking a little when pressed upon by S
the fingers. '

ANCHORS.-A series of experiments, made in England in 1852, give the fol-3 K
lowing results 2—— 2 'E

 
         
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
    

 

Proof First
Strain. Crack.

Time in

Broke. Breaking.

Anchors. Weight.

 

————_______

th. qr. ribs. Tons. Tons. Tons. Minutes..
8

Lieutenant Rodgers’s 19 0 19% 45 73k 21
Mitcheson’s, - - 21 0 0 21% -—- —- ——
Brown & Lennox’s, 20 3 14 21 44% 47 7
Isaac‘s, - - - 21 0 14 21% 58 63 10
Trotman’s, - - 2i 1 10 21%; 51 53% 18
Honiball’s, - - 20 3 7 21¢ 54 751: 42
Admiralty’s - - 20 2 6 21} 40 56% , 26
Aylen’s, - - 21 1 0 21% 44 47% 6

 

 

speare, Bacon, and Newton.

ARCTIC EXPEDITION. Dispatches received by British Government, Sept
her, 1851, confirming the statement that traces of Sir J. Franklin’s party u ’5‘
been discovered, showing that they had passed their first winter, 1845736.

ADDENDA. 699’

 

the bay between Beechey Island and Cape Riley, and that their departure
had been sudden. The vessels Advance and Rescue, nobly dispatched by Mr.
Grinnell, in aid of this expedition, in May, 1850, were frequently in commu-
nication with the British party, and returned to New York October, 1851.

Dr. Kane, through the liberality of Mr. Henry Grinnell, of New York, started
on his second expedition, in search of Sir John Franklin, May 31, 1.853, in
the Advance. The English ships, sent for the same purpose, have all returned
or been abandoned by their crews; but bring no tidings of Kane. The possi-
bility of relievingTFranklin has been put at rest by the melancholy tidings,
communicated by Dr. Rae, of the discovery of the bones of this celebrated
navigator.

The public anxiety once felt for Franklin, is now turned towards Kane. In-
fluenced by this circumstance, the United States Government have fitted out
an expedition, which sailed from New-York, June 1, 1855, for the relief of
Kane and his party, consisting of a bark and a propeller, under the com-
mand of Lieutenant Hartstcin, and thoroughly equipped and provided for
the service; These vessels are provisioned for three years.

ARMY (STANDING), AUSTRIAN. The Austrian army, though managed up to 1849
according to a cumbrous and old—fashioned system, was entirely remodeled
in that year. The defeats in Hungary had as great a part in it as the victo-
ries in Italy. The administration was freed from old traditional hindrances.
The army, employed in a country where revolution in the capital, and civil
war in the provinces, had only just been subdued, was organised on a regular
war footing. The distribution of the army into permanent brigades, divisions,
and corps, as it existed under Napoleon, and as it exists now in the Russian
active army, was introduced with success. The seventy-seven regiments of
infantry, besides riflemen, and forty regiments of cavalry, which had been
split up during both the Italian and Hungarian campaigns-—-not only bat
talions of the same regiment, but even companies of the same battalions,
being employed partly in Hungary, and partly in Italy, at the same time—
Were now reunited and brigaded in such a manner as to prevent any similar
disorder, and to insure the regular course of regimental administration.

According to this new plan, the Austrian force is divided into four armies,

3. composed of twelve corps d’armée and two corps of cavalry. Every army

g is not only complete in the three arms, but provided with a perfectly inde-

;. pendent administrative staff, and the material to insure its immediate readi-
ness for action. The first army—first, second, and ninth army-corps—gener—
ally Occupies the German provinces of the empire; the second army—fifth,
sixth, seventh, and eighth army-corps, and second cavalr -corps, and the third
army—tenth, eleventh, and twelfth army-corps, and first cavalry-corps—
generally occupy the Hungarian and Sclavonic provinces; while the fourth
army, consisting only of the fourth arm -corps, occupies Italy.

Every army-corps consists of from two to three divisions of infantry, one or
two brigades of cavalry, four batteries of reserve-artillery, and the necessary
detachments of pontonniers, train-commissariat, and medical officers. A
cavalry-corps consists of two divisions, equal to four brigades, or eight
regiments of cavalry, with a corresponding number of light batteries. An
infantry-division consists of two brigades of five battalions, with one foot
battery each, and from two to four squadrons of cavalry.

The whole force, thus distributed, consists, as we have stated above, of seventy. h

i

if
,
l

 

seven regiments of infantry, besides riflemen, forty regiments of cavalry, and
fourteen regiments of field-artillery, besides garrison-artillery, engineers,
suppers, etc. The infantry is composed of sixty-two regiments of the line, '
fourteen and a third regiments of frontier-infantry, and one regiment‘md

 

700 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

twenty-five battalions of riflemen. A regiment of the line consists of five
active and one dépét battalion, or of twenty—eight active and four dépét-
companies. The active company numbers 220 men, the depot-company 130. A
regiment of the line, consequently, is expected to number, in its five active
battalions, 5,964 men; or, for sixty—two regiments, inclusive of depots,
369,800 men. The frontier—infantry, counting fourteen regiments, has two
active and one reserve battalion to each regiment, equal to twelve active
and four reserve companies. The active company has the strength of 242
men, inclusive of twenty—two riflemen. A frontier-regiment, therefore, num-
bers 3,850 men, and the whole of the fourteen regiments number 55,200.
The rifle-force, or Jagers, consists of one regiment of seven battalions—thirty—
two companies, inclusive of depot; and twenty-five battalions—125 compa-
nies, inclusive of depots; every company numbering 202 men, making the
entire rifle-force 32,500. The total is thus 470,000 men.

The Austrian cavalry consists of sixteen heavy regiments—~eight cuirassiers
and eight dragoons,—and twenty-four light regiments—twelve hussars and
twelve lancers. In the arm of cavalr , the different nationalities composing
the Austrian Empire have each been used, very properly, according to their
distinctive capabilities. The cuirassiers and dragoons are almost exclusively
Germans and Bohemians; the hussars are all Hungarians, and the lancers
are all Poles. In the infantry, a similar distinction could hardly be kept up
with any profit. As a general rule, the Germans and Hungarians form the
élite battalions of grenadiers, While the Tyrolese—German and Italian—and
the Styrians generally furnish the riflemen; and the great majority of the
frontier-infantry is composed of Croats and Servians, who are equally well
adapted to the duties of light infantry.

The heavy cavalry counts six active squadrons and one depot-squadron to
each regiment—the squadron numbering 194 men. The light cavalry counts
eight active and one depot—squadron to each regiment, With 227 men to each
squadron. The entire active cavalry force is 62,500, without depots, and
67,000 men, including dépots.

The artillery consists of twelve field-regiments, one coast-regiment, and one
rocket-regiment. The Austrians have no horse-artillery. In what they call
cavalry-artillery, the men serving the guns are transported on the carriages.
Every field-regiment has four cavalry-batteries—six-pounders—and seven
foot-batteries—four six-pounders and three twelve-pounders—besides reserve
companies. Every battery has eight guns. The coast-regiment has no per-
'manent batteries, but is only divided into battalions and companies, and
employed for garrisoning the coast defenses. The rocket-regiment has eighteen
batteries, of eight tubes each. The total of Austrian artillery is thus seen to
be 1,056 guns, and 144 rocket-tubes. The artillery has, besides, eight bat-
talions of garrison artillery, of about 10,400 men, with technical detachments,
consisting of 4,500 men. The engineering troops number about 16,700 men.

Besides these active, reserve, and garrison troops, Austria possesses separate
corps, organised for special service, who, although not available as active
combatants, prevent a reduction of the active force, by those drafts of men
which very often reduce battalions to companies, and regiments of cavalry
t0 squadrons. There are three sanitary battalions, train-troops; and with
every army-corps, a detachment of cavalry to do duty as orderlies. The
latter institution has just been introduced into the English army, by the
formation of the mounted staff-corps. The Whole Austrian army counts, -
altogether, something like 476,000 men, and 1,140 guns, of active troops;
Including dépéts, technical troops, staff, garrison, and police troops—gens
d’armes—they count about 620,000. '

 

 

ADDENDA. . W”!

The Austrian soldier serves eight years, remaining for two years more in the
reserve. By this arrangement, a reserve is kept available, which, in the case
of war, can be called out to the strength of about 120,000 men. On the
military frontier, every Grenzcr has to serve from his twentieth to his fiftieth
year. Thus the active force of 55,000 frontier infantry can be increased up
to 150,000 or 200,000 men. During the year of 1849, there were at least
150,000 of them under arms. But, at that time, the military frontier was so
deserted that the women had to do all the work of husbandry.

The sum total of these details, shows, that the military organisation of Austria.
allows her to take the field, at once, with a force of 600,000 men, of whom
300,000, at the utmost, may be made available on any given point; and, at
the same time, a reserve of about 200,000 veteran soldiers may be called out,
without the necessity of any extra recruiting, or extra strain upon the pro-
ductive forces of the country.

The Russian army is organised upon a. footing which allows of far greater
numbers being admitted into its frame-work. The population of Russia is
60,000,000, to Austria’s 40,000,000 ; yet, we have seen that Austria, by merely
calling in the reserves, can increase her army beyond 800,000; while Russia,
in order to attain the same number, has been obliged not only to call in the
reserves, but also to recruit fresh troops, at a ratio equal to four years’ regu-
lar conscription.

ARMY (STANDING), ENGLIsu. Instead of one corps, to which all the military stafl
business is assigned, the English army has two principal military staff de-
partmentsfithe adjutant general’s and the quartermaster general’s. The
chief officers of these are generals of the army, appointed temporarily on
the staff; the inferior are appointed, in like manner, from the regiments.

~ . Neither class gain rank by these appointments.

The adjutant general’s is the department of military orders and regulations
of the recruiting of the army, and of all correspondence connected with the
discipline and equipment of the troops.

The duties of the quartermaster general’s department relate to the marching,
embarking, transportation, billeting, encamping, and cantoning of the troops,
and the distribution of their quarters. It is the oflice of all correspondence
relating to military science and topography, maps, and plans.

Besides these military departments of the staff, is the ordnance, which, though
not strictly a staff department, and having many important functions not of
the stafl", yet provides many supplies for the army, and is charged with much
of that part of its staff business. '

The peace establishment, which has been gradually increased from the year
1835 to 1852, averaged about 108,000. The establishment, however, previous
to the present war, ranged as high as 113,000 :—

 

 

 

’ Home. Colonies. Total.

Regular Army, - - - - - 59,598 39,116 98,714

Ordnance, - - - - - 8,588 5,612 14,200

‘ Totals, - - - - . . 63,186 44,728 112,914

This number was further increased to about 17 4,000, by the addition of 18,054-
enrolled pensioners—home, 16,554; colonies, 1,950—-and about 14,626 volun-
teer corps, with 713 ofi‘icers. To these might be added the 11,000 marines,
and about 60,000 volunteer militia, making a land force for peace purposes
of about 245,000 effective men.-

ARMY (STANDING), FRENCH. The French staff is divided into two branches—a.
military and a civil. The military has charge of all that relates toorders,

 

 

702 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

movements, and military operations; the civil furnishes all the supplies of
the arm '. '

The officgrs Who furnish the supplies have no rank. The military staff have
rank, and succeed ordinarily to command by virtue of it. This military
staff is composed of two classes of officers; the highest positions in it are
filled by selection from the general officers of the army, so as to secure the '
best capacity and experience in the service. For the subordinate and more
routine duties, they have a special corps; but the functions of this corps are
of much importance, and, to supply it with fit oflicers, they have provided a
special military school, and a complete system of instruction in all its duties.

The civil machinery of the French staff is now censured, by some of their able
military critics, as too expensive and too much removed from military con-
trol. In these respects, it is contrasted with the Prussian system, where every
branch of the army administration is brought under military supervision and
direction; to which are attributed that admirable efficiency, and economy,
which enable Prussia to maintain so large an army in proportion to her
revenue. In lieu of this control, the French system substitutes, as a ma-
chinery of paper checks, 3. mass of writings, and an amount of bureau labor,
which has been justly condemned as hardly possible in war, and as really
affording no efficient security for the fidelity and economy of the expendi-
tures. In a comparison of the relative expense of the two systems, the
French is stated at more than $1,020,000 a year in salaries, and the Prussian
at $19,000. '

Total of French army: Infantry, 371,214; cavalry, 71,031; artillery, 58,972;
engineers, 9322—01' of all arms, 510,539. A recent estimate raises it to
700,000.

ARMY (STANDING), PaussmN. Active army, including the landwehr of the first
band, 410,000. Landwehr of the second band, 115,000. Total, on a war
footing, 525,000.

ARMY- (STANDING), RUSSIAN. The Russian army consists, as nearly as can be
stated, of the following bodies: 1. The grand active army—Two corps of
élite, guards and grenadiers, containing 76 battalions, 92 squadrons-7228
guns; six corps of the line, 3,900 battalions, 192 squadrons—672 guns; three
cavalry corps, — , 176 squadrons—96 guns. Total, 376 battalions, 460
squadrons—996 guns. 2. Special corps—Finland corps, 12 battalions;
Orenburg corps, 10 battalions; Siberian corps, 15 battaliOns; Caucasian
corps, 55 battalions, 10 squadrons—180 guns; reserve Caucasian corps, 36
battalions, 2 squadrons; Caucasian line, 47 battalions. Total, 175 bat-
talions, 12 squadrons—180 guns. 3. Cossacks and other irregulars—About
.700 squadrons, 32 battalions, and 224 guns. 4. Reserves—First. about 50
battalions of interior guards; besides invalids, penal companies, 77. Second,
reserve of the grand army; or fourth, fifth, and sixth battalions of guards
and grenadiers, fifth and six battalions of the line, viz.: three battalions I
for twenty-four regiments, and two battalions each for seventy-two regi- "
ments; or, in all, 216 battalions. As all the reserves are called in and fully
organised, so far that the formation of the seventh and eighth battalions of each
regiment has been commenced out of the lately decreed levy of 300,000 men,
the above 216 battalions may be comprised in the grand total, which would
give 726 battalions, 472 squadrons of‘regular, 700 squadrons of irregular
cavalry, and considerably above 1000 guns. The organisation of the reserves
for cavalry and artillery, not being well known out of Russia, they are not, ,e
included in the above. From this we must deduct, to arrive at the number
9f troops actually available for a European war, the Siberian corps, the ..
Internal guard, and at least one half of the Cossacks; thus leaving arailable “’

at

 

 

 

 

ADDENDA. 703

about 650 battalions, 472 squadrons of regular and 350 squadrons of irregu-
lar cavalry, with about 1200 guns. These troops may be estimated, at a very
low figure, at 520,000 ii‘ifantry, (32,000 cavalry, and 30,000 Cossacks; or
rather more than 600,000 together, spread on the long line from the Caspian,
along the Black Sea and the Baltic, to the White Sea. According to the
Almanac of Gotha, 799,000.

- ARMY (STANDING), U. S. A. For military purposes, the territory of the United

States is divided into five geographical commands: 1. The Department of
the East, embracing all the country cast of the Mississippi river. This de-
partment has 2800 miles of seaboard, 1800 miles of foreign, and about 200
miles of Indian frontier. Of the fifty permanent fortifications and barracks,
on the Lake, Atlantic, and Gulf coasts, now completed or nearly so, and
requiring garrisons to protect the posts, cities, and national establishments
which they cover, only eleven are now garrisoncd, leaving the remainder
exposed to a sudden or unexpected attack from any naval power. The total
force in this department, at the date of the last returns, was only 1574
officers and men; and of this number, 500 are employed on the Indian
frontier of Florida. 2-. The Department of the lVest includes the country
between the Mississippi river and the Rocky mountains, except the depart-
ments of Texas and New Mexico. It has a seaboard, foreign and Indian
frontier of 2400 miles, 2000 miles of routes through the Indian country,
constantly traversed by emigrants on their way to Utah, New Mexico, and
our possessions on the Pacific, and an Indian population of 180,000, a large
proportion of whom are, in feeling, hostile to us, and many of them at this
time actively so. The total force in the department, at the date of the last
returns, was 1855 officers and men. 3. The Department of Texas. Nearly
the whole of that state has a seaboard frontier, not yet protected by forti-
fications, of 400 miles, a foreign and Indian frontier of nearly 2000 miles,
and communications through the Indian country of more than 1200 miles.
The Indian population is estimated at 30,000, nearly all of whom are
nomadic and predator ; and the western and northern frontiers of the
state are exposed to constant inroads from the Indians of Mexico and the
plains. The force in that department, at the date of the last returns, was
2886 officers and men. 4. The Department of New Mexico. This depart-
ment has an Indian and foreign frontier of 1500 miles, communications
through the Indian country of more than 1000 miles, and an Indian popu-
lation of 50,000, a great proportion of whom are bands who do not
acknowledge the authority of the United States. The force in this depart-
ment, at the date of the last returns, was 1654 ofiieers and men. 5. The
Department of the Pacific, embracing the state of California, and the terri-
tories of Oregon, \Vashington, and Utah, and a part of the territory of New
Mexico. This department has a. seaboard frontier of 1500 miles, entirely
unprotected by fortifications, except the works in progress at San Francisco,
an Indian and foreign frontier of sixteen hundred miles, and more than
two thousand miles of communications through the Indian country, an'
Indian population of 134,000, who are becoming formidable from concen-
tration, from the acquisition of fire-arms, and a knowledge of their use.
The force in this department is only 1365 officers and men; but, as hereto-
fore mentioned, they Will be increased by an additional regiment ordered
there. To recapitulate: We have a seaboard and foreign frontier of more
than 10,000 miles, an Indian frontier, and routes through the Indian country,
requiring constant protection, of more than 8000 miles, and an Indian

' population of more than 400,000, of whom, probably, one half, or 40,000
warriors, {are 'inimical, and only wait the Opportunity to become active

 

704

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

enemies. If our army should be expanded to its greatest limit, it would"

have a force of 14,731 officers and men; but, as a large allowance must
always be made. for absentees, invalids, etc., the effective force would proba-
bly never exceed 11,000. Total expenditure of the lVar Department for the
fiscal year ending June 30, 1854, was $11,733,6294S.
establishment of the Roman empire did not exceed 450,000 men.

The entire military

ARSENALS.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

l . _‘
4 Posts. State or Territory. Post Office. Permanent Commanders. -Regiment
and Corps.
Kennebec, Maine, Augusta, th. Capt. F. D. Callender, Ordnance.
Watertown, Massachusetts, Watertown, th. Lt. Col. J. W . Zipley, Ordnance.
Watervliet, New-York, West Troy, Major John Symington, Ordnance.
New-York, New-York, N ew-York, Capt. R. H. K. Whitely, Ordnance.
Allegheny, Pennsylvania, Pittsburg, th. Major A. Mordecai, Ordnance.
Frankford, “ Bridesburg, th. Maj. P. V. Hagner, Ordnance.
Pikesville, Maryland, Pikesville, th. Colonel B. Huger, Ordnance.
Washington, Dist. of Columbia, Washington, Major W. II. Bell, Ordnance.
Fort Monroe, Virginia, Old Pt. Comfort,.th. Maj. G. D. Ramsay, Ordnance.
St. Louis, Missouri, St. Louis, Major Edward Harding, Ordnance.
Baton Rouge, Louisiana, Baton Rouge, 1st Lieut. T. J. IIodman, Ordnance.
Mount Vernon, Alabama, Mount Vernon, 1st Lieut. Josiah Gorgas, Ordnance.
Detroit, Michigan, Dearbonville, lst Lt. R. A. VVainright, Ordnance.
North Carolina, North Carolina, Fayetteville, th. Maj. T. T. S. Laidley, Ordnance.
Charleston, South Carolina, Charleston, 1st Lt. C. P. Kingsbury, Ordnance.
Little Rock, Arkansas, Little Rock, th. Capt. A. B. Dyer, Ordnance.
San Antonio, Texas, San Antonio, lst Lt. John McNutt, Ordnance.
Benicia, California, Benicia, th. Capt. C. P. Stone, Ordnance.

 

There is a national armory at Springfield, Massachusetts, James S. Whitne)‘ US”
Civil Superintendent, and one at Harper’s Ferry, Virginia, , Civil a:
Superintendent. The Champlain Arsenal and Ordnance Dépét at Vergennes, "
Vermont; the Rome, at Rome, N ew-York; the Augusta, at Augusta, Georgia;
the Apalachicola, at Chattahoochee, Florida; the St. Augustine, at St. Augus-
tine, Florida; and the Santa Fe, at Santa Fé, New Mexico, are under charge
of military store‘keepers. The Bellona Arsenal is not used at present: an
ordnance sergeant is at the post in charge of the buildings and grounds.

ASTOR LIBRARY. The Astor Library was founded by the late John Jacob
Astor, who left, by will, four hundred thousand dollars “for the establish-
ment of a public library in New-York,” “which should be open at all reason-
able hours, free of expense, to persons resorting thereto.” The building is
located in Lafayette Place, near Astor Place, between Fourth and Eighth
streets. Over eighty thousand volumes, carefully selected, in the various
departments of learning, are already in the library, which was opened to
the public January 9th, 1854; and provision is made, by the liberality of the
founder, for constant addition to their number.

ASTRONOMY. The planet Uranus was discovered through observation of the
perturbations of Jupiter and Saturn; and similar movements in Uranus led
M. Leverrier to determine by calculation the existence of a. new planet.
This remarkable theoretic conclusion was verified on the night of September ‘
23d, 1846, by M. Gallo, at Berlin, the new planet, Neptune, being found in
the position, and with the diameter announced by Leverrier; one of the
noblest achievements of modern times. M. Arago calculates the distance of,
this planet from the sun at 1,250,000,000 leagues, or about 3,125,000,000
miles! Periodic time nearly 166 years. Its volume is about two hundred
and thirty times that of the earth. Thus, during the year 1846, the bounds
of our solar system have been nearly doubled. The discovery of “Neptune’f'

 

 

 

1003mm. 705

marks, in singular manner, the maturity of astronomical science. Le-
verrier, the astronomer, in a. paper which he recently read before the Paris
Academy of Sciences, suggests that we may expect the discovery of a prodi-
gious number of small planets Within the solar system. The numerous
discoveries of such bodies, within the last few years, give plausibility to his
conjecture. Discoveries of an important and most interesting kind, have
lately been made as to the planet Saturn, by the new monster-telescope of
Mr. Craig: namely, that the supposed rings are not rings, but arches, of the
most perfect geometrical formation; not of equal thickness, nor chamfered,
but rather with terrace-like mouldings. And hence the appearance of the
outward ring, consisting of several concentric rings. From this appearance,
it is now supposed that none of the rings are in the same plane. The fol-
lowing table may be regarded as a correct view of the solar system, brought
down to 1853 :—

TABLE OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

   
 

‘ s .a 3.5 8 5’s 3; e g
z: 2 = : = — 5'; z — .
E =E g E if a; ggg When By whom Where
NAMES' :"E :5 _ :fgg '8 5.5 discovered. discovered. discovered.
a a: a a 2 a a ‘ .:. -—.S ,-
ea : a cf: 0 o o 0‘: ‘5 :. -
2 rs 2.: a 2.255 5 9.253
The Sun ....... 883,246j .........................................
Mercury ....... 3,224 37,000,000 0.387098
Venus ......... 7,687 68,000,000 0.723831
The Earth ..... 7,912 95,000,000 1.000000
Mars ........... 4,189 142,000,000 1.523692
Thalia. ......... I 155,135,000 ............... Dec. 15, 1852 ”man”... London.
Flora.......I ......... 209.160,?65 2.201687 1,193 Oct. 18, 1847 Hind ........ London.
Utcrpe. I .. 1,241 214,706,650 ............... Nov. 8, 1853 Hind. . .. London.
Melpouienc I ......... 218,080,000 ......... 1,270 June 24, 1852 Hind ........ London.
Clio . ..... I ......... 221,813,220 2.334876 1,303 Sept. 13, 1850 llind ........ London.
Theiis ..... I ......... 222,600,000 ......... 1,310 April 17, 1852 Luther... . .. Bilk. Ger.
Urania ..... I ......... 224,041,350 ............... July 22, 1854 Hind ........ London.
Vesta I ......... 224,302,695 2.361081 1.325 March 29, 1807 Oibers ...... ,Bremen_
fiassalia | ......... 325,733,303 ......... 1,338 8‘01)?! 2‘15. i§5§€11aconacn.IMzn-seilies.
mecca... ......... ‘:.5, ‘ , 1 ............... : prl , 5‘ . ‘ laconac....!Marseillcs.
Iris ................. 226.159,280 2.380624 1,341 Aug. 13. 1847 llind ........ aLondon,
Mctis ..... I ......... 226632.665 2.385607 1,345 April 26, 1848Gmham ..... lMarkree.
Eunomia.. I ; ....... 227,946,800 2.399440 1,357 July 29, 1851IGasparis ..... INapies,
llebc ...... 2 .. . . . . . 231,449,670 2.425786 1,379 J uly 1, 1847 llencke ..... iDriessen.
Fortuna 232,360,000 ......... 1,397 .\ ug. 22, 1852 llin(1...... . . ILondon.
Parthenope 232,829,135 2.451833 1,401 May 13. 1550 Gasparis. . . .Ianlos.
Amphitrite 241,898,500 ............. .. March 2, 1854 Martli ...... iLondon.
Irena ...... , 242,463,785 2.552303 1,518 May 20, 1850 Hind ........ ILondon.
Egeria ..... | 243,206,650 2.560070 1.492 Nov. 2, 1850 Gaspnris . . . . iNaplee.
gstrwa . I 2. $13,332,383 2.577047 1,511 lice. 85, 1134.; yencke ..... IDriessgn.
reserpine . , , ............... , a , 5. 1 .uther... . . . iBilk. er.
Lutetia. . .. 1 249,456,000 ............... Not: 15, 1852‘Goldschmit. Il’aris.
Juno ..... I 253,728,615 2.670837 1,594 Sept. 1, 1804 Harding . ...ILilienthal
Ceres ...... 262,964,845 2.768051 1,682 Jan. 1, 1801 Piazzi ...... ll’alcrmo.
Palms ..... 263,421,510 2.772858 1,686 March 28, 1802101bcrs ...... IBremen.
Bellona. . . . 264,850,500 ............... March 1, 1854 Luther ...... IBilk. Ger.
Fsfiehe .. . . I 378,632.15)? ......... 1,835 gxlarch 1g, 1852,Gas[iaris. . ..1Naples.
in iupe. 9,42. , 0 ............... 0v. 1 S52 Hind... . . . . . ILondon.
Euphrosynel 280,060,000 ............... Sept. 1: 18543Fersuson... .IWash‘gt’n.
llygcia l 299,255,700 3.150060 1,042 April 12, 1849Gasparis. . ..INaples.
Themis. . . . 345,752,500 ............... April 5, 18531Gasparis. . . . 1N aples.
Pmnona l .................................... Oct. 2S,1854IGoldschmit.Il’aris.
l’olymnia . J .................................... Oct. 28, 1854 Chaconac. . . jMarseilles.
Jupiter ........ 89,I701 485,000,000 5.202776. 4,332 .......................... 1 ..........
Saturn ........ 79,042g 890,000.000 9.538786 10,7 59, .......................... I .........
Uranus ........ 35,112, 1,800,000,000 19.182390 30,686,March 13, 17SllIerschcl . Slough.
Neptune ..... 35,000, 3,600,000,000 30.036800 60,128 .Sept. 23, 1846 Galle . . . . . Berlin.

 

HONEY-GENERAL I} 3. -Appointed by the President, and is. m of
, _ the members of the Cabinet. He is the legal adviser of the executice gov-
, 80'

706 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

ernment. The 111 st atto1ney— general of the United States was William Brad—
ford, appointed by Washington, 1789. (See Administmtz’ons.) There are
also Dist1ict A1101 neys f01 the United States, appointed by the President,
for the several districts in each state of the Union. In each state there is
also an attorney-general of the state: in some states appointed by the gov-
ernor and legislature, in others elected. by the people.

AUDITOR, U. S. The number of accounts examined, adjusted, and settled in
the office of the sixth auditor, during the year, (1854,) was 153,319. The
settlement of these accounts involved the receipt of 122,653 letters, and the
preparation and transmission of 70,785 letters and packages, the issuing of
65.187 collective orders and 13,092 error accounts to postmasters, besides
making reports and answering calls in obedience to resolutions of Congress.
This amount of business has been effected by a force of 110 clerks. The
auditor asks for five additional clerks, six assistant messengers, and further
accommodation for his clerks and for the filing and safe-keeping of the ac-
counts of the office.

BAKERS. Bakers were not known in Rome till 580 from the building of the city.

BALLOONS. Mr. Green and the Duke of Brunswick in April, 1851, crossed the
British channel from Hastings, and 111 5 hou1s landed safely near Boulogne;
g1 eatest altitude mid- channel was 4000 feet M1. Green ascended on horse-
back f1om Vanxhall, July, 1850; since then M. Poitevin has made several
ascents en cheval, and in a carriage and pair, (July, 1851), sometimes accom- . ,,
panied by his wife, etc. In one ascent he carried up a live ostrich. Lt. Gale ‘
(the Mazeppa of the Bowery Theater) left Bordeaux with his balloon, Sept,
1850, and was found dead the next morning in a field, dreadfully mutilated.
Seve1 al hazardous ascensions have since been made in F1ance, one by an
anonaut with his head downwa1ds. On the 17th and 26th of August, 1852,
ascents we1e made by M1. John \Velsl1,fo1 scientific p111 })0\es, under the
superintendence of the Kew Committee of the British Association for the
Advancement of Science. About one hundred observations were taken of
the dry and wet bulb hygrometer during the first ascent, and about 160 _ ,
during the ascent of the 26th. On the second occasion a considerable num— ; '
be1 of dew- -point obse1vations were obtained, which were generally confir-
mator y of the indications of the wet bulb hygr‘.omete1 011 both occasions
Mi. \Velsh had been ably assisted in the observations by Mr. Nicklin :—the
balloon being managed by M1. Green. Specimens of ai1 at g1eat heights
we1e b1ought down and supplied to D1. Miller. of King’s College, for analy- »_
sis. The obse1vations dining both ascents had been pa1t1ally 1e,duced and :5:
the 1esulting values of tempe1ature and tension of vapor for diFment heights ‘
had been p1ojected; these curves we1e exhibited to the Association. The
p1incipal featu1es noticed in each were .———lst, that the tension of vapors
decreased at a regular rate for some distances from the surface of the earth,
and then very abruptly diminished by a large amount, being in fact reduced T‘-
to nearly the lowest value attained during the remainder of the ascent. The
height at which this sudden reduction in the quantity of aqueous vapor
occulred, was different on the two days—on the 17th it was about 5,000
feet, and on the 26th nea1ly 8,000. 2d, it was also noticed that at the same‘ 2
elevation at which the great leduction of vapo1 took place. the gradual
diminution of tempe1atu1e was fo1 some distance a1 rested-—slw\v1ng a rela— .
tive rise in the tempexatme whexe the quantity of aqueous vaporfell. This
fact was distinctly shown in both the ascents. 011 Aug. 17th, the greatest
height attained was 19, 500 feet: the lowest temperature was 8° Fah., the L;
temperature at the earth being 72°; the rate of decrease of temperaturc‘ 1:

 

. a * ‘ 17.7an 1107

 

’was 1° Fah. for 305 feet. On the 26th, the greatest height attained was
19,000 feet; the lowest temperature was again 8° Fair; the temperature at
the earth being 63°; and the rate of decrease of temperature 1° Fah. for
345 feet. On the 17th the greatest height was reached at 411. 45111., P. M.,
and on the 26th at 7 P. M. Sir David Brewster asked Mr. Welsh whether
he experienced the oppression and difliculty of breathing which others
had described as the result of such a rapid change of atmospheric pres-
sure. Mr. Welsh replied that he had not felt the slightest inconvenience
or difliculty; but that Mr. Nicklin had told him he had experienced a
sense of fulness about the temples and slight headache. He also wished to
add, that in his own case his assertion was only applicable to his state of
feelings when he remained perfectly still; for he observed when, at a high
elevation, he had occasion to work the belIOWs of the aspirator, muscular
exertion was accompanied by much greater fatigue than under ordinary
pressure. Various other ascents have since been made. The greatest
elevation ever attained by means of a balloon was during an ascent made

by Mr. Green in 1838 ; the height exceeded 27,000 feet.
BANKS IN THE UNITED STATES.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
  

, .
1837. 1843. 1843. 1851. 1854.
Number of banks, ................... 634 577 622 731 1,059
Number of branches, ............... 154 114 129 148 149
1
Number of banks and branches, . . . . . 788 691 751 879 1,028
$ 3 $ $ , 8
Capital paid in, ........ .... ......... 290,772,091228,861,948 204,838,175227,807,553 301,376,071
Resources :—
Loans and discounts, .............. 525,115,702.‘254,544,937344,476,582 413,756.7 9916012872428
Stocks, ..... .......... 12,407,112 23,880,050 26.493.054 22,383,989 44,350,330
Real Estate, ............ 19,061,451 22,826,807 20,530,955 20,219,724 22.367,472
Other investments, .......... ,. . . . 10,423,630 13,343,599 8.229.632 8.935.072 6,841,429
Due by other banks, .............. 59,663,910 20,666.264 33.904525 50,718,015 55,516,085
Notes of other banks, ........ .. . . . 36,533,527 13,306,617 16,427,716 17,196,083 22,659,066
Specie fund, ...................... 5,366,500 6,578,8751 10.489829 15,341,196 25,579, .52;
Specie, ........................... 37,915,340 33,515,896 46,369,765 48,671,048 59,410,253
Liabilities :-—
Circulation, ...................... 149,183,890 58,568,603 128,506,691, 155,165,251;204,689,207
Deposits, . ........................ 127,3 17,185 56,168.628 103,226477128951712188,188,745
Due to other banks, ............... 62,421,118 21,456,523 39,414.37] 46,410,928 50,322,162
Other liabilities, .................. 36,560,289 7,357,033 5,501,401 6,438,327 13,439,576
Aggregate of current credits,"i. 9., of
circulation and deposits. .......... 276,583,075 114,732,2361231332368 2S4,122,963-392,S77,951
Aggregate of immediate liabilities, '13.
9., of circulation, deposits, and dues
to other banks, ................... 339,004,193 136,188,754 271,146,639 330,539,891 443,200,113
Aggregate of immediate means, ‘i. e.,
of specie, specific funds, notes of
other banks, and sums due from 1
other banks, ...................... 139,479,277 74,067,062 112,191,828131,926,342 163,164,657
Gold and silver in United States trea- ‘ ‘
‘ sury dcpositories, ..................................... 8,101,353; 11,164,727 25,136,252
Total specie in banks and treasury fl
depositories, .......................................... 54,471,118 59,835,775: 84,546,505

 

‘i NOTE—In January, 1837, the inflation of paper credits, consequent on the deposit bank svstem ,

" "6 other causes, had nearly reached its height. The revulsion that folliiwed was meet seq’erel
,5 in the latter part. 011842 and the beginning of 1843.“ In 1848 the first 11W

 

 

 

708 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

BANKS IN THE UNITED STATES—continued.
’ l

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Banks and Branches. Capital paid in. Loans and Discounts.
Sections. ' ' " 1 1
1850—51. 1 185354. 1850—51. 1853- 54. 1 18.50—51.1853—54.
8% _ ‘ 3
1. E. States, ..... 313 397 66,299,185 84, 556, 433 108 ,504,955 149,143,789
2. M. States, . . . . 316 451 79,716,950 114: 834: 179 170,886,640 283, 6 )2 631
3. S. States, . . . . . 90 116 40,309,024 46,646,211 60,437,459 73. 213,195
4. s. W. 8176165.. 83 92 29,917,056 38,384,368 1 51,153,748 72,751,629
5. W. States, ..... 77 152 . 11,565,338? 16,954,880 , 22,773,997 728,576,184» 3
1 879 1.208 227,807,553 3613:6071 413,756,799 607,287,428 5
ES Stocks. Real Estate. Other Investments. Due by other Banks. :
O .-
8 ‘I
(3 1850—51. 1853~54. 1850—51. 1 1853~54. 1185051. 1853—54. 1850—51. 1 1553—54. 7
, .
1 3 3 1 $ 8 3 3 ’ 51 $ -?:
1, 191.7771 883.501 1,912,134 2,015,838 409,496 757,883 9, 661, 775 13,032,448; ;
2. 15, 419. 7011 24,438,149 5,249, 774‘ 6,993.606 2,1524% 1, 05 6, 988 17, 728. 8331 19,370,777 :
3. 2,957,874? 7,292,894 8, 425, 5801 9,490,007 2,903,203 2,108,791 11 ,138, 9101 7,899,880
4. 1,198,22512,653,322 3, 594 78413,078,778 2,536,593 2, (395, 359 7: 565, 472‘ 7,743,566 ‘
5. 2 621412! 9,062,464 , 1 0,37, 4,521 789,243 634,260 . 222,408 4623,0251 7,469,414
22,388,989, 44,350,3301 20,219,724, 22,367,472 8,935,972 6,841,429 50,718,015: 55,516,085
1
Notes of other Banks. Specie Fund. 1 Specie.
Sections. ' ‘ 1
1850—51. 1853—54. 1 1850—51. 1853—54. 1 1850—51. 1853—54.
8 3 $ 3 ' ' 3 3
1 5,238,147 7,336,184 105,990 202,204 4,663,774 6.570,360
2 6. 664, 315 7,536,523 13,493,342 23,860,024 17,865,051 22, 84-5, 551
3 2,382,588 3,164,870 448,209 521,024 8,903,871 8, 776 87 6
4 1,381, 440 1,974,371 1,200,000 670,868 13,164,213 16,117,957
5 1.529 593 _ 2,647,318 _ 93.655 325,133 1 4,074,139 5,099,500
17 916 083 22,659,066 15,341,196 3 25,579,253 1 48,671,048 59,410,253

 

Circulation. Deposits. Due to other Banks. Other Liabilities.

 

1850—51.11853—54 1850—51. 1853—54. 1850—51. 1853v54.

____—__—.

 

 

 

3 $ $ $ 8
32,‘7 220 ,9211 49, 89 $,1071 17, 397. $7421 24, 898, 038 7, 750, 247 10,546,638 653,103 1,765,563
45,619,039 61, 116. 263‘ 78, 012, 354 116, 917, 925’ 30, 199,‘7 ..'10O 27, 811, 364‘ 3,151,500 5,956,919
36,176,977 40, 854 ,1391 11, ‘:906 342114,597,101 3, 888, 838‘ 3,422,446 1 ,4~0, 206 1,305,636
25 768, 805 33,258 965 15, 284, 247 20,064, 818 3,118,04015 S32.2461670,732 2,897,091
15: 379:05091 20, 063, 7331 6, 357,027 11710, 8621 1 460 603‘ 2, 709, 4681 2,786 1,514,067

 

 

 

 

155,165,251 204, 689, 207 ‘128, 957, 712 188,188,7441 46, 416, 978 50 ,322,162‘ 6, 42838232713439.276

1. Eastern States. —Msine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Con-

nectieut,
2. Middle States. ——New Y ork, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland.
3. Southern States. —Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia.
4. Southwestern States. ~Alabama, Louisiana, Mississi pi, Tennessee, Kentucky, Missouri. .
5. Western States. —Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Michigan, Visconsin. ,‘

 

 

 

gold were made at the United States Mint The statement for 1851 in this and the succeeding
tables, is not taken 11 om that pr‘inted in Executive Document No. 132, 82d Congress, 187. session,
but from a report that was prepared with more care, and. presented to the HouSe of Representa-
tives in February, 1851, but not ordered to be printed.

 

'ADDENDA. 709

BANKS, PENNY. These were first instituted at Greenock, in Scotland. Of 5,000
deposits, the aggregate amount of nearly £1,100 gives an average of about 45.
6d. each. In London and the provincial towns they are becoming very popu-
lar. In Whitechapel, 8,000 deposits in nine months showed an accumulation
of nearly £2,000, or about 55. each.

BEN EVOLENT SOCIETIES. The receipts of some of the principal benevolent
societies of N ew-York, for the year ending April 30th, 1855, were :——-

 

American Tract Societ . . . . . . . . $413,173.86
“ Bibl u y’ 34681157

» e . . . . . . . . . , .
“ B. C. For. Miss., nine months, . . . . . 213,683.00
“ Home Missionary Society, . . . . . . 180,136.69

“ Sunday School Union, . . . . . . . 248,604.00
“ and Foreign Christian Union, . . . . . . 63,867.28
“ and Foreign Bible Society—increase over any previous year— 15,000.00

“ Bap‘t Home Miss. Society, . . . . . . . 64,346.00
“ Seaman‘s Friend Society, . . . . . . 22,845.00
“ Society for Melior. condition of Jews, . . . . 25,000.00
N ew-York State Colonization Society, . . . . . . 17.371.00

“ Children’s AidSociety, . . . . . . . 10,399.86

$1,621,238.26
‘ BIBLE SOCIETIES. The first that ever existed was established by some Roman
Catholic prelates, in France, in 1774.——0kambers’s Ed. Jl. The British and
Foreign Bible Society has distributed, during the forty-five years ending
January 1, 1851, more than twenty-three millions of copies, in one hundred and
forty different languages.

BISHOPRICS (BRITISH).

 

No. Incomes.

English Colonial, . . . . . . . . . 27 £ 39,283 j
English, . . . . . . . . . . . 26 128,565 1'

y “ Archbishopries, . . . . . . . . 2 25,000 4
Irish, . . . . . . . 10

“ Archbishoprics, . . . . . 2

BLACK SEA. To Russia, the Black Sea is what canals and the southern waters
are to England. The Euxine is the chief outlet of Russian activity. There
3 is Odessa, one of the commercial celebrities of Europe; and into the Black
Sea empty the principal Russian rivers—the Dneister, the Dneiper, and the
Don. On the Euxine depend the harbors of the Sea of Azofl“, and the security

of the Russian possessions beyond the Caucasus.

BOOKS, U. S. The number of volumes published during the year ending June
. 30th, 1851, is estimated to have been 1,261, forming 1,176 distinct works,
‘ which were :—-

Novels and Tales, . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Theological and Religious, . . . . . . . . . 170
Histories and Travels, . . . . . . . . . . 121
Biographical, 96; Poetry and Hymns, 80; . . . . . . 176
Science, Natural History, etc, . . . . . . . . . 83 _
Classics, Education, etc., . . . . . . . . . . 84
Law, 43: Medicine, 47; Agriculture, 20; . . . . . . . 110
Practical Mechanics, . . . . . . . . . . 18
Arts, Music, and Architecture, . . . . . . . . . 57
Political Economy, Commerce, and Miscellaneous, . . . . 193

; Total,........1261
E: Books imported into the United States for the year ending June 30, 1853 :—

In Latin and Gree . . . . . . . . . . 1,342
in English, . . . . . . . . . . . . 549,916
In other languages, . . . . . . . . . . . 146,038
\ Periodicals and illustrated Newspapers, . . . . . . 22,328 ,
Pericdicals and other works in the course of publication, . . . 3,597 , _. . .4,

   

710 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

 
  
 
 
  
  
  
  
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
 
 
  
  
 
   
   
   
  
  
  
  
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
  

Books and Maps exported during the same period to the amount of $142,604.
It is a remarkable fact, that, in a year after the first printing press was estab-
lished in Cambridge. Mass, or in 1640, an American book was issued from
it—being the first published in what are now called the United States—:which
was soon after reprinted in England, where it passed through no less than
eighteen editions, the last being issued in 1754; thus maintaining a hold on
English popularity for 114 years! This was the “Bay Psalm Book.” It
passed through tWenty-two editions in Scotland, where it was extensively
known, the last bearing date 1759; and, as it was reprinted without the
compiler enjoying pecuniary benefit from its sale, we have irrefutable proof
that England pirated the first American book, being, in reality, the original
aggressor in this line. This first American work enjoyed a more lasting
reputation, and had a wider circulation than any volume since of American
origin, having passed, in all, through seventy editions—a very remarkable
number for the age in which it flourished. Success attended the colonial
press; and, in 1663, the first Bible printed in America was published at
Cambridge. It was unlawful to print an English version of the Scriptures,
that right being a monopoly enjoyed by privilege and patent in England,
The one printed in Massachusetts, was Eliot’s famous “Indian Bible ;” and.
although fifteen hundred copies were struck off, they are now quite rare, and
“ sealed books,” as the tongue in which they are written is literally a “dead
language ;” the tribe, and all who had a knowledge of the dialect; being
long extinct. Eliot‘s work is unique; being, at once, a monument to his .
piety, perseverance, and learning. Its literary successor was “Newman’s .-
Concordance of the Scriptures.” This was compiled by the light of pine- _,
knots, in a log—cabin, in one of the frontier settlements of Massachusetts. It ,
was the first of its kind, and, for more than a century, was admitted to be
the most perfect, holding its place in public esteem until superseded by
Cruden’s, which it suggested.

BOOKS, GERMAN. From the Easter Fair, at Leipsic, 1851, up to November, of _;
the same year, not less than 3,860 new books had been published, and 1150 i
were then in preparation for issue. ‘

BOOKS, LONDON. In 1850, about 4,400 were published, of which the papal j-
question furnished 180 in one month; fiction, 500; law, 250; and travels,
200; the remainder, miscellaneous. 1E

The whole number of American books republished in London, from January, 3
1848, to December 16, 1852, was 295. '0

BRAIN.~—~In man, the brain forms one thirtieth part of the human body; in i
the Newfoundland dog, one seventieth ; in the bull-dog, one three hundredth. f:

BRITISH MUSEUM (LIBRARY). The British Museum owes its establishment to . '
a suggestion in the will of Sir Hans Sloane, a London physician of eminence, ‘,
who died in the year 1753. During a long and busy life, Sir Hans had col- 3.",
lected a large library of books and manuscripts, together with an immense ?'
number of miscellaneous antiquities, works of art, and objects of natural :~
history. Anxious that his collection should form the nucleus of a nationalg‘g ‘
museum, the aged physician directed, by his will, that it should be offered,”
for sale to the British Parliament, after his death, for the sum of £20,000,:5~
which was £30,000 less than it had cost himself. Should Parliament refuse?“
to make the purchase, it was further directed that the collection should beg;
offered for the same sum to certain foreign societies that were named in the};
will; and if these societies should not embrace the offer, then it was to be:
sold at public auction. The British Parliament accepted this offer, by an Mtg

F
2

passed in the year 1753, and by the same not directed that theCottonianf
,2

,-
. ,‘f-

 

 

.1. 1:-

 

ADDENDA. 71 1

Library, a collection of valuable historical manuscripts which had been made
by Sir Robert Cotton, of Connington, during the reign of Elizabeth and James
1., and which had been acquired by government in the reign of Queen Anne,
should be added to the Sloane collection, together with a library of about
2000 printed volumes, called Major Arthur Edwards's Library, that had
existed as an appendage to the Cottonian Library since 1738, in which year
it had been bequeathed to the trustees by its proprietor. Thus, a consider-
able addition was made to the book department of the Sloane collection.
But this department was ordered to be still further increased by the purchase,
for £10,000, of the Harleian Library of manuscripts, a splendid collection of
about 7600 volumes of rolls, charters, and other historical documents, which
had been accumulated by Robert Harley, Earl of Oxford, and his son and
successor, Edward. In 1757, King George II. made a gift to the Museum,
of the Library of the Kings of England, a collection embracing an immense
number of printed volumes, from the reign of Henry VII, downward. To
this gift was annexed the important privilege, which the Royal Library had
acquired in the reign of Queen Anne, of being supplied with a copy of every
new publication entered at Stationer’s Hall. It was thus only necessary to
seek for contributions in the earlier literature of the country, and in that of
foreign nations. And such contributions were rapidly made. In 1763, George
III. made a present to the Museum of a voluminous collection of pamphlets,
etc., relating to the civil wars of England between 1640 and 1660; and,
among subsequent additions, may be enumerated the musical libraries of Sir
John Hawkins and Dr. Charles Burney; a collection of old English plays,
by David Garrick; Dr. Bentley’s collection of the Classics, annotated by his
own hand; the Law Library of Francis Hal-grave, Esq; a collection of works

- on natural history, made by Sir Joseph Banks, and a large mass of tracts and
pamphlets relating to the French Revolution, purchased by the trustees at
different times, and of very great value. Another large addition was made
in 1823, when George IV. presented to the public a splendid library that had
been collected by his father during his long reign, at an expense of little less
than £200,000. It was ordered that this library, which contains many rare
books, should be attached to the Museum, but kept apart from other collec-
tions, under the name of “The King’s Library.” The library was still fur~
ther increased, in 1847, by the collection of books bequeathed to it by the
Rt. Hon. Thomas Grenville, amounting to 20,210 volumes, obtained by him
at an expense of £54,000. The Whole number of books in the British Mu-
seum Library now amounts to 490,000 volumes, of which at least one third
have been presented. From 1846—50, it increased at the rate of 27,000
volumes annually, about 10,000 of which were received by copyright or as
donations. The number of books purchased depends entirely upon the
annual appropriations of Parliament, which, during the above-mentioned
years, averaged £7,200.

BRIDGES. NIAGARA RAILROAD SUSPENSION BRIDGE—This great work cost only
$400,000. The same structure in England (if it could possibly have been
built there) would have cost $4,000,000. Engineer, John A. Roebling.

Length of bridge from center to center of tower, . . . . . 821 feet 4 inches.

Length of floor between towers, . . . . . . . . 800 “
Number of wire cables, . . . . . . . . . . 4

- Diameter of each, . . . . . . . . . . . 10 inches.
Solid wire section of each cable, . . . . . . . . . 60.40 sq. inches.
Aggregate section of the four cables, . . . . . . . 241.60 “ “
Aggregate section of anchor chains, lowest links, . . . . . 276.00 “ “
Aggregate upper links, . . . . . . . . . . 372.00 “ “

Uit'imate strength of chains, . . . . . . . . . 11,904 tuna.
Aggregate number of wires in cables, . . . . . . . 14,560

712 THE wonLn’s' PROGRESS.

Average strength of one wire, . . . . . . . . . 1,648 pounds. ‘
Ultimate strength of four cables, . . . . . . . . . 12, 000 tuns.
Permanent weight supported by cables, . . . . . . . 1, 000 "

Tension resulting, . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 810 “
Length of ancho1 chains, . . . ' . . . . . . 66 feet.
Length of upper cables, . . . . . . . . . . 1,261 "
Length ofiow er cables, . . . . . 1,193 “
Deflections of upper cables at medium temperature, . . . . 54 “
Deflections of lower cables at medium temperature, . . . . 64 “
A\ eragc deflection, . . . . . . . . . . . 59 “
Number of suspenders, . . . . . . . 62-4
Aggregate ultimate strength of suspenders, . . . . . . 19,720 tuns.
Number of 01 erfloor' staybs“ . . . . . . . . . 46
Aggregate strength of stays, . . . . . . . . . 1,929 tuns.
Number of river stays, . . . . . . . . . . 56
Aggreg rte strength of stays, . . . . 1, 680 tuns.
Elevation of rail- road track above middle stage of river, . . . 245 feet.

“ The Britannia Tubular Bridge,’ over the Menai Straits, between Caernarvon '
and the Isle of Anglesea, completed October, 1850, Mr. Stephenson, engineer,
at an outlay of nearly £600,000. A suspension bridge over the Ohio at
Wheeling, span 1010 feet, being 152 feet longer than the Friburg bridge, ‘
Switzerland, was completed by Mr. Ellet, 1850. Remington’s bridge, at .
Montgomery, Alabama, on the same plan as that he exhibited in London, 1‘
proved a failure. The floating bridge, for passage of railroad cars across
Lake Champlain, went into ope1ation 1st September 1851.

BUILDING (BENEFIT) SOCIETIES. First established at Kircudbright, Scotland, 1
1815, after 1830, they increased rapidly —Scratchleys Treatise on B. B.
Societies. Several have been in successful operation in New-York since ‘1
1848. '

CALCULATING MACHINE. A very superior one exhibited in the Crystal

Palace 1851, byJ. A. Stafl'el, of Warsaw. This extr‘aordinary machine was Q
the efi'ect of ten years undiminished study and application; by it, any i
errors may be corrected, and the operator warned of any surplus calcula- 3-,
tion. 1

CALIFORNIA LAND CLAIMS. The whole number of claims presented up to jg ,
1855, is 813. Of these 72 were adjudicated by the old board, which was con- ‘_
stituted in September, 1851, and 325by the new board, appornted 1n April, 1853. }_

Of the 397 claims thus adjudicated, 297 were confirmed for’7 36 square leagues 4‘

of land and 103, covering 383 square leagues, rejected. Transcripts have been '

forwarded to the Attorney General in 295 cases, and duplicate transcripts in g;

202 cases to the proper courts, as required by law. The recorded depositions

of witnesses, decisions of the board, original Spanish documents, translations, x

and the daily proceedings of the board, cover, in all, 6, 749 pages, equal to “is;

about 41, 492 folios. It is estimated that there is at least as nruch more of j?

this kind of clerical work to be done. -

CALIFORNIA, STATE 01“, U. S. A. Constitution ratified by the people, Nov. 13, 3.2.:
1849. The State admitted into the Union by vote of the United States ;
Senate, August 13, 1850, and on September 9, 1850. the California Senators, '3
Dr. Wm. M. Gwin and Col. J. C. Fremont, took their seats. The number of ' 4 .
emigrants to California, passing Fort Laramie, and registered to June 20,
1850, are: men, 32,740; Women, 494; children, 591. The number of mules, .
6,725; oxen, 21,418; cows, 3,185; horses, 28,798; and wagons, 7,586. The“:
census returns for 1850, indicate a White population of 165,000 and 1,800 g f
colored, making the fractional representative enumeration 74,000, and thus "
securing a second Representative 1n Congress. The receipts and expenditures “
of the State, under the following heads, for four years, from 1850 120 1858, g,

were as follbws: ~—

     
 

 

  
   
    
 

ADDENDA. 713

CALIFORNIA, Sum or, U. s. A.—continued.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Expenditures.
Year. Receipts.

Legislature. Executive. Judiciary.

1850 ........ e 3,156.27 15’ 13211.1 14.16 s 26,568.30 $ 26,996.50

1851 ........ 330,796.45 375,929.23 65,870.00 , 135,915.00

1852 ........ 366,825.07 409008.82 94.600.00 ' 142,000.00

1853 ........ 431,151). 09. 3321919}? . 102,607.04 126,697.69

Totals. . . . 1,134,927.79 1,494 "01:69 239,645.34 431,508.59
Average. . 293,731.91 373,675.42 72,411.33 | 107,877.14—

Total expenditure, as above, in the four years, was $2,215,855.62 averaging $553,963.90.

 

The taxable property in the State, and the taxes thereon for the year 1852,
were as follOws: Number of acres of land, 6,719,442. Value, $10,763,010;
improvements thereon, $2,976,219. Value of city and town lots, $11,977,069;
improvements thereon, 810,163,631. Value of personal property, $21,102,391.
Total taxable property, $56,982,320 ; total State taxes on same, being 30 cents
on each 8100, $170,946.96. Poll taxes for 1852, $60,744.28. Total taxes,
$238,397.39.

CANADA. A memorial for annexation to the United States received, in five
hours, the signatures of three hundred merchants, land-owners, and profes-
sional men, in Montreal, October 10, 1850.

CANALS (STATE 01‘ NE\V-YORK). The tolls received for a. series of years, com-
mencing in 1830, when they first reached a million of dollars, have been as
follows :—

1830, . . . . $1,056,922.12 1842, . . . . $1,749,197.52

1831, . . . . 1,233,801.98 1843, . . . . 2,081,590.17
1832, . . . . 1,229,483.47 1844, . . . . 2,446,374.52

1833, . . . . 1,463,820.90 1845, . . . . 2,656,640.31
1834, . . . . 1,341,329.96 1846, . . . . 2,779,324.42
1835, . . . . 1,584,986.48 1847, . . . . 3,674,322.89
1836, . . . . 1,614,336.43 1848, . . . . 3,356,047.27
1837, . . . . 1,292,623.33 1349, . . . . 3,396,760.16
1838, . . . . 1,597,911.03 1850, , . , . 3,410,324.15
1839, . . . . 1,616,382.02 1851, . . . , 3,492,541.81
1840, . . . . 1,775,757.57 1852, . . . . 3,118,244.39
1841, . . . . 2,034,832.82 The sums collected from 1845 to 1851, inclusive,
a embrace nearly $600,000 of railroad tolls.

CARPETS IN NEW-YORK. Prior to 1760 they were not known; but, in the
papers of that date. Matthew \Vilders advertises a variety imported from
Scotland. “The Bay State Mills,” Mass, have recently produced a new style
of carpet, via: a felt-cloth carpet, printed in block work, and designed, ac-
cording to weight, either as a floor-cloth or drugget. The threads of wool
are not spun nor woven, but drawn out and laid together, the whole mass
being felted like a hat-body. Wit-11in a few months, fabrics have been put
together in this way, showing a different color on either side, and designed
for coats, to be made up without lining. “The Bay State Mills” make this
cloth with a white ground, about forty inches wide, Weighing from four to
twenty-four ounces per yard ; they print it in elegant carpet designs, showing
the richest combination of brilliant colors, and furnish it at seventy-five to
ninety cents peryard.

 

714 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

  
 

CENSUS OF GREAT BRITAIN. Houses and population of England and W618
of Scotland, and of the Islands in the British seas, March 31, 1851 :— '

 

 

Houses. Populati0n.*

1. ' I ,-
Iilliabited.;Uninliab(l. Building. Persons. Males. {Females

 

 

 

 

England and Wales ....... 52801961"; 152,599 26,534 17,922,708 8,762,583 9,160,180

Scotland .................. 366,650 1 11,956 2,378 2,670,764 1,363,022 1,507,162 ,-

Islands in the British Seas. 21.826 l 1.077 202 142,916 66,511 1 76,405
Total ............... 3,609,457 165,931 29,714 720,936,403 710,192,721 10,743,747 {-

Great Britain, and Islands in the British seas, and Scotland. Population, 111-,

crease, and rates of increase, in the fifty years from 1801 to 1851 :—

 

 

  
   

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Persons.
1
1801. 1811. 1821. 1831. 1841. 1851.

Gt. Britain and Islands in I

the British Seas ....... 10,267,893 12,047,455 15,180,351 16,364,893 18,658,372 120,936,468 -‘
Increase in the intervals .

of the Censuses .................. 1,479,562 2,132,896 2,184,542 2,260,749 2,227,438
Decennial rates of increase *

percent..................... ..... 14 18 15 14 12‘
Actual increase in 50 yrs. .................................................. 10,317,917 ~ »
Increase per ct. in 50 h .......... 7 ...................................... . 9S ’
Annual “ “ “ .................................................. 1.87 ;
Scotland ................ 1,608,420 1,805,864 2,091,521 2,364,386 2,620,181 2,870,781, 7
Increase in the intervals

of the Censuses ................... 197,414 285,657 272,865 255,798 245,237
Decennial rates of increase 1' '-

pcr cent .......................... 12 16 13 11 10
Actual increase in 50 yrs. .................................................. 2,865,421 :1
Increase per ct. in 50 “ .................................................. 78
Annual “ “ “ .......... , ........................................ 1.16, ; >
Mules in cm

and Islands in the British ' '

Seas ................... 5,025,035 5,735,957 6,873,671 7,934,201 9,077,004 10,192,171
Malesin Scotland ........ 739,091 826,296 982,623 1,114,456 1,241,862 1,363,622 ,2 _
Females in Great Britain .

and Islands in the British

Sens ................... 5,542,856 6,311,498 7,806,590 8,430,692 9,581,368 10,743,747
[Females in Scotland ..... 869,329 979,568 1,108,898 1 249,980 1,378,322. 1,507,162

 

 

England and “Tales. Houses—Comparative statement of, in the fifty yea
from 1801 to 18512— '

   

 

    
    
 
 
  

Houses. 1801. 1811. 1821. 1831. 1841. 1851. i 1‘ ’

 

England inhabited ..... 1,575.923 1,797,504 "2,086,156“ 2,431,544 2,943,935 8,286,961?
23nd Uninlmbited .. 57,476 51,020 67,707 119,915 173,247 152,598,
“ales. Building ................ 16,207 19,274 24,759 27,444 26,534 .,

 

There are in the tables no returns of houses published for Scotland and th‘
islands in the British seas, except for 1851. The French census of 1851 she
a total population of 35,500,000. The number of foreigners domiciled, q’f;
nations, exceeds 1,000,000, of which 75,000 are British, or about one 119711512133
British residents previous to the revolution of 1848. i . ,. «3“?

3‘»;

* Exclusive of part of‘the army navy and merchant seamen, belonging to Q _‘ m
out of the country when the censushms taken, estimated (from returns) at $6.7: ~‘

 

ADDENDA. 715

CENSUS OF GREAT BRITAIN—continued.
Abstracts of the Census of Ireland of 1841 and 1851 :—

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1841. ! HOUSES. » '
Provinces. ' l l Uninhahitcd | ii 1851 Uninh'ibited
‘Inhab'ted.» _ :_ Tm 1. [l .- _,, T t l.
__ ‘ 1 il}nil(ling. Builtl ( ‘ {El’aplted-lfiuilding EEK H U a
L6‘iné‘t’5i... "365459“ 12,320 1,272 ‘ 3211,1151 i 259,252 Wises 682 5777522
Munster.... 864,637 12,005 1,023 377,065 I 266.036 19,277 513 286.726
Ulster ...... 414,551 21,590 6'26 486,707 ll 351,973i 20,580 606 873,159
Connaught. 243,102 6,293 392 249.87 ll _ 160,574 l 7,714 312 177,600
Total.... 1,328,839 52,203 331311531350 1! 1,047,735; 65,159 .2,113 1315,7107
——.——_——__““—h—————‘
1841. FAMILIES, PERSONS, AND SEXES.
Provinces. Families. _ .7, 1,6,33,99,51 _V N 1.,
.1 W9Male.___]gFemalczrj Total. _
Leinster ................................... 362,134 963,747 ‘ 1,009,984 191,073,731
Munster ................................... 415,154 1,186,190 1,209,071 1 £396,161
Ulster ................................... ,. 431L805 1,161,707 1,224,576 1 2,386,373
Connaught ................................ “255,604 9107,8427 ., 7H,(”I,.i._11'“8’859_
Total .................................. 1,472,787 1 4,019,576 4,155,518 1 8,175,124
1851.
Leinster ................................... 321,991 811.623 856.158 1,667,771
Munster ................................... 320,250 393,491 938,826 1,831,817
Ulster ..................................... 351,731 974,235 1.030154 l 2,004,289
Connaught ................................ “@1030 #457,31391 514,539 [1.011.911
Total ................................... 1,207,002 , 3,176,727 3,339,067 | 6,515,794

 

 

 

The decreue per cent. from 1841 to 1851, of Leinster, was 15.5; of Munster, 23.5; of Ulster,
16; of Connaught, 28.6. Total, 20.9.

The date of the census of 1851 being sixty—eight days earlier than that of the
preceding one, 5,481 persons should be added to the gross population of 1841,
that being the number of harvest laborers who, as was ascertained, left Ire-
land previous to the 7th of June in that year. The abstracts for either years
do not include the army serving in Ireland, The total decrease of persons
from 1841 to 1851, exclusive of 5841 harvest laborers above mentioned, was
1,659,330. The highest per cent. of decrease was in Roscommon, where it
Was 31 per cent. The number of persons enumerated in 1821, was 6,801,827;
in 1831, 7,767,401; in 1841, 8,175,124; in 1851, 6,515,794; being 286,033 less
than in 1821, thirty years before.

  

v. : CENSUS OF THE U. S. The States, in 1850, contained 23.191,176 inhabitants,
' being only 4,319,571 less than the united population of Great Britain and
Ireland. 01' the above, 3,204,313 are slaves. The number of children at
tending school was 4,089,507. There were, in the free population, adultS,
upward of twenty years of age, 1,053,420 who could not read nor write. Of
“libraries, other than private,” there were 15,615, containing 4,636,411
volumes. Of newspapers and periodicals, there were 2,526, issuing annually
._ 426,409,978 copies: of these, 254 were daily papers, with an average circu-
: zw lation of nearly 1,000,000 copies each per annum. In round numbers, the
, - States contained 27,000 clergymen, 24,000 lawyers, and 41,000 physicians ‘
it" :96. surgeons. The live stock included 4,336,719 horses, and 6,385,094 '7
1,, mild: cows. - ,, 1

   

7:4

   
 
 
   
  
     
           
    
  
   
  
   
  
 
       
   
          
      
 

716 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

CENSUS OF THE U. S.—contimced, ‘ 4;"

Population of the United States, according to the Seventh Census, and Representatives in '
Congress.* '

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

" ' Federal é; ' r '
. Free 1 . 4: 1-1 :1 ‘0
“’hite _ {epresen-Y‘H *3 115 c o 5:. Frac-
Statos. Popula- 01931131 Effml Slaves. tative “5 if 3 5‘55 tions
tion. 1 tpn lee. Popula- c- 3'5 CC; ‘7 1;: over.
21 1o ' tion. Z >31 333
Maine ........... 531,813 1,356 583,169 583,169 6 —1 22,631 1
New Hampshire . 317,456 520 317,976 . . . . 317,976 3 —1 37,707
Vermont ........ 313,402 718 314,120 . . . . 314,120 3 —1 33.851
Massachusetts 985,450 9,064 994,514 994.514 11 +1 60,284
Rhode Island . . . . 148,875 3,670 147,545 . . . . 147,545 2 . . 54,122
Connecticut ..... 363,099 7,693 370,792 . . . . 370,792 4 . . _ 90,523
New York ...... 3,048,325 49,069 3,097,394 3,097,394 33 —-1 14,4525
New Jersey ..... 465,513 23,820 489,333 222 489,466 5 -- 22,351
Pennsylvania. . . . 2,258,463 53,323 2,311,786 . . . . 2,311,786 25 +1 69,634
nsiuwuro ........ 71,169 18,073 89,242 2,290 90,616 1 ~- '
Murymnd ........ 417,943 74,723 492,666 90,368 546,886 6 .. 79,771 .
Virginia. ......... 894,800 54,333 949,133 472,528 1,232,649 13 —2 18.150 3 .-
N011“ Carolina ~ 553.028 27,463 580,491 288,548 753,619 8 -—1 6,235 -
South Carolina. . . 274,567 8,956 283,523 381,984 514,513 6 -—-1 47,398
Georgia ......... 521.572 2,931 524.508 381.682 758,512 8 -- 6,128
Florida ......... 47,211 924 48,135 39,309 71,720 ‘ 1
Alabama ........ 426.486 2,293 428,779 342,892 634,514 7 .. 73,976 _ —;
Mississippi ...... 295,718 930 296,648 309,878 482.574 5 +1 15,495 1‘
Louisiunu ........ 255,491 17,462 272,953 244,809 419,838 4 .. 46,146 , ‘
Texas ........... 154,034 397 154,431 58,161 189,327 2 . . 2,481
Arkansas ........ 162,189 608 162,797 47,100 191,057 2 +1 4,211 _ >
Tennessee ....... 756.753 6,401 763,154 239,400 906,830 10 —1 66,023 1
Kentucky ....... 761,417 10,007 771,424 210,981 898,012 10 .. 57.205 '
Missouri ........ 592,004 2,618 594,622 87,422 647,075 7 +2 86,537
01116 ............ 1,955,108 25,319 1,980,427 . . .. 1,980,427 21 . - 18.544 ,
Michigan, ....... 395,097 2,557 397,654 . . . . 397,654 4 +1 23,962
Indiana ......... 977,628 10,788 988,416 .. . . 988,416 11 +1 54.186
Illinois .......... 846,035 5,435 851,470 . . . . 851.470 9 +2 10,663
Wisconsin ...... 304,758 633 305,391 . . . . 305,391 3 25.122
ions ............ 191,879 335 192,214 192,214 2 ‘ 5,368
Calltornia ........ 91,632 965 92,597 . . . . 92,597 '1'2 . - . - '
Total ...... 19,423,915 423,384 19,847,301 3,200,634121,767,673 234
Dist. of Columbia 38,027 9,973 43,000 3,687
Minnesota ...... 6,038 39 6,077 . . . . . ~
New Mexico . . .. 61,530 17 61,547
Oregon .......... 13,038 206 13,294 ....
Utah ............. 11,330 24 11,354 , 26
Total ...... 19,553,928 433,643 69,987,573 3,204,347|

 

 
   
   

RECAPITULATION.
Total Free

Total Free'
Divisions. Pop. in Slaves

. l'op. in
1840. m 1840- 1850.

 
  

, Represen- Rep. Gain :31
.Slg‘sgs tativePop. in or ‘
1“ -, in1850. 1850. 1085.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  
  
   
  
  

Free suites ........... 9,654,865 1,102 13,434,798 222 13,436,931 143 +1 *‘

51917611010108 §tates 7,290,719 2,481,532 6,412,503 3,200,412 8,330,742 90 ——1

Districts and Territories 117,769 4,721 140,272 8,713 .. ' ..
Total ............ 17,063,353 2,487,355, 19,987,573 3.204.347 21,767,673: 233

 

* The {lggregate representative population (21,767,673) divided by 238—«tl1e number .0! m: ’
presentatives cstabhshed by law—gives 93,423 as the ratio of apportionment among the sev "
13] States. But this gives only 220 members, leaving 13 to be assigned to the States 1121
the largest r881duary fractions. ‘ 0'

1- By the act of July 30, 1852, an additional Representative is assigned to California. m
the whole number of Representatives 284. The ratio of representation remains um; 19:;

The last published census tables differ sli'rhti from the above but as the a 01' ' é »
representation was made by the above table, {re continue it. ’ pp . mg a- $55 ,

 

ADDENDA. 717

s

  
  
  
  
  
  
 

CHOLERA appeared on the island of Jamaica, West Indies, in the autumn of
1850, and, before the 1st December, more than 6,000 persons had fallen
‘victims. It also appeared in California, October 22, 1850. In the city of
Mexico, 2700 persons died of cholera in four weeks, May and June, 1850.
This frightful scourge has since made annual ravages both in Europe and
America, still baflling, in a remarkable degree, the skill of physicians, though
those of the 'homoeopathic school claim to have been singularly successful in
their treatment of it.

2.; CHURCHES. The most interesting church in St. I’etersburg is that dedicated
x to St. Peter and St. Paul, otherwise called the “Fortress Church,” as it
stands within the citadel of the city. Its slender spire, precisely resembling
that of the Admiralty, rises far above all others to the hight of 340 feet,
and its gilded surface shines dazzlingly in the sun. It is said that 12,000
ducats have already been expended in the gilding of this spire. But within
the Fortress Church rest the remains of all the Czars since Peter the Great.
No European monarchs rest so unostentatiously, and no others are buried
within the walls of a fortress. To each Emperor there is erected merely a
sarcophagus, with frequentlyhis initial letters engraved upon it. Each of
these sarcophagi is covered with a pall of cloth of gold, embroidered with
a doubleheaded eagle. Upon the Grand—Duke Constantine’s tomb lie the
keys of some Polish fortresses, while Alexander’s bears a small military
medal with his portrait. Each tomb is surrounded .by a neat iron railing,
and the part of the nave devoted to the tombs is again separated from the
body of the church.

‘ CIGARS. The value of the cigars imported into the United States in the fiscal
‘ year 1853, was $3,311,935, and of unmanufactured tobacco about $1,000,000
more. in value was imported. And the tobacco and cigars which pass
through the Custom House is but a small proportion indeed, of the quantity
consumed in this country. The value of the liquors imported during the
same year was $7,188,820.

‘_ CLAY FOR FUEL. Letters patent have just been issued at Washington to
. Messrs. Hooker dc Beaumont, of New Orleans, La., on the mueli-talkediof
new fuel, consisting of 140 parts of any kind of earth, thirty parts of com-
mon lime, twenty parts of the refuse or dust of coal, two parts of clinkers
or iron dust, three parts of common rosin or pitch, two parts of carbonate
of ammonia, eight parts of sawdust or chips. In mixing the above, water
can be used so as to soften the materials to about the consistency of clay
mortar from which bricks are made.

CLOCKS. CLOCK MANUFACTURERS IN NEW—HAVEN.—By far the greatest number
i of clocks ‘dbw in use throughout the world come from the progressive little
state of Connecticut. N ew-Haven furnishes one-half of the number, and the
towns of Bristol and Plymouth supply, each, one-fourth. It is thoughtthat
the capital yearly invested is now $300,000, and that the. annual busmess
amounts to $1,000,000, while it has been estimated that this business, in its
various departments, gives support to between two and three thousand me-
chanics, with their families. The most extensive manufactory of clocks in
New-Haven is that founded by Chauncey J erome, the present Mayor of that

. city, 1844. The Jerome Clock-Manufacturing company is a. joint-stock
- company, formed in 1850, with a capital of $80,000. The busmess of the
first year amounted to $150,000. Its capital at present is $150,000, and the
early value of its business $500,000. They employ_300 hands in New.

; ., yen, mostly men with families, partially boys and girls, and 200 m Bl‘is.
3:; ., tel where their clock-movements are made. In addition to this, they carry

718 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

  
 
 
   
  
  

on a factory at Ansonia, where 25 or 30 hands are employed. The montlri
earnings of these hands amount to $20,000. The average number of hours
of labor per day is ten. The number of clocks made yearly is 200,000—800
per (layweinbracing 50 distinct varieties. The highest wholesale price per
dozen is $100—the lowest $10. To produce this, they annually consumeé‘fi.
the following raw material:

Pineliimber (feet) - - - 2,500,000 Iron (tuns) - - - - 609,32»

Mahogany and rosewood (feet) 1,000,000 Glue (libls.) - - - - 509 :‘T
Looking-glass plates - - 50,000 Rolled and cast brass (tuns) - - - 150 '-
Boxes ot'glass - - - 4,000 Varnish (bbls.) - - - 109:
Casks of nails - - - 1,500 Tin (tuns) - - - - 35:

n

*i
Their lumber is obtained directly from Maine and Western New York.§
The other materials are supplied by New York city. There are many other 7...
factories in the state, equal in extent with that of the Jerome Company. An “g
astronomical clock exhibited in Crystal Palace by Dr. Henderson of Liver-f;
pool, requires winding up but once in‘a century. It was commenced in%
3S

1844, and finished for the Great Exhibition. '

GOALS. Comparative View of the areas of coal lands, and the production, in:
1845, of the six principal producing countries. '

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

    

 

 

l
Official estimated Value at the
Places of Production.
Square Miles Tuns of Fuel Relative
Countries. of Coal Forum- produced in parts of .
tion. 1340- 1:000- American Dol- Pounds Ster-
lars. ling.
Great Britain . . 1 1,859 31,500,000 642 45,733,000 9.450000
Bvelg‘ium ....... 513 4,960,077 101 “389,900 1.660.000
Lniteil States . 133,132 4,400,000 89 6,650,000 1,373,963
France ....... 1,719 4,141,617 81 7,663,000 1,608,106
Prussian States not defined. 3,500,000 70 4,122,915 836,370
Austrian States: "' 659,340 14 800,000 165,290
__ __ _.__._. ____.._....__.._, ____._____
...... , 49,161,034 72,603,845 l 15.108529

COAL FIELDS, 1851. East of the Mississippi, 124,735 square miles; west of‘
ditto. 8,379 square miles. This is all bituminous. The anthracite of Penu~ '

sfiylyania is about 437 square miles. In Europe and British America we 7'
n :— .

Great ‘Britain and IreIand, anthracite, - - - - 3.720 sq. miles. ‘-
,_ ‘ “ bituminous, - - - - 8389 “ .
British America, “ - ’ - - - 18.000 “ ’
Spain, u . - . . - 3,408 “ ' "
France, “ - - - - 1,719 "
Belgium, . “ . - - - 518 “

—-—Serientigfic American.

The very general substitution of coal for wood as fuel, and its employment 7'
1n the manufacture of iron and in the production of steam and gas, have, of. 1
late y 931‘5, given an amazing impulse to the trade in this article. Coal was '1
discovered 1n Mansfield, Massachusetts, about 1835, but the efforts to render;
the same available were only efficiently applied by the Mansfield Mining ;»..j
00., in 1848, which establishment it is eizpected will'work the mine to miiCll :3
:1
1;

public advantage. The main shaft is 171 feet from the surface, and'fmlrg.
other shafts lead from this, making the entire length 1,100 feet—308.3031
fiazveller. The amount of Pennsylvania anthracite coal sent to mflkéfii‘in‘ir

:«

 

ADDENDA. 719

1850 was 3,127,083 tuns. Coal-field found at Port Philip, V. D. Land, June,
1851, surpassing any of those in the sister colonies.

   

ANTI-IRACITE COAL TRADE OF THE UNITED STATES.

. The following Table exhibits the quantity of Anthracite Coal sent to market from the different
regions in Pennsylvania, from the commencement of the Trade, in 1820, to 1854, inclusive,
together with the Annual Increase:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

, 1
Other Aggregate Av. nnnnnl Aiin'c‘rlgg'smfl
Years. Schuylkill Lehigh. Lacka’nn. Pittston. Regions. Aggregate 1‘332'2: nil-£305»;- 17,713.11 921.. peliid
years. period. {“91 the
pleukdlllg‘.
1820 v ........ 365 .................. 365 .............................
1821 . . .‘ ..... - 1,073 .................. 1,073 .............................
1822 ........ 2.240 .................. 2,240' .............................
1823 ........ 5,823 .................. 5,823 .............................
1824 ........ 9,541 .................. 9,541 ........ 19,042 3,809 ......
18-25 6,500 28,393 .................. 34,893 25,352 .....................
1326 16,767 31.280 .................. 48,047I 18.154 ....................
1827 81,860 32,074 .................. 63,434 15,837 .....................
1828 47.234 30.232 .................. 77.516 14,082 .....................
1829 ' 25.110 7,000 ............ 112,083 34,567 335,973 07,194 13,433
1830 41 . 750 43,000 ............ 1 74,734 62,651 .....................
1831 40,966 51.000 ............ 176,820 2,086 .....................
1332 70,000 84,600 ............ 363.871 187,051 .....................
1833 1 123,000 111,777 ............ 487,748 123,877 .....................
1831 106,244 43.700 ............ 876,636: decrease 1,579,809 315,961 49,753
1885 131,250 90,000 ............ 5 10,758‘ 184,122 ....................
1836 148.211 103.861 ............ 682,428. 121,670 . ...................
1837 523,152 223.902 115.33? ............ 881.4761 199,018 ....................
1833 433,875 213,615 78.207 ------------ 739,293 decrease . . . . . . . . .............
1889 442.608 221,025 122,300, ...... 11,93 8193-273 80,034 3,653,282 736,656 84,189
1840 452.291' 225,318 148.4705 ...... 15,505 865.414: 46 087 .....................
1841 584,692 143,037 192.270' ...... 21.463, 958.899 93.485 .....................
1842 540,892 272 516 205,253 . . .. . . 57,346,1,108,001 149.102 . . . . . . .. .............
1343 077,295 267.793 227,605 ...... 08,1)00,1,263,5-‘79; 155,53S .............
1844 . 889,934 377,002 251,005 ...... 127,993 1,681,669: 368.130 5,827,552 1,165,5044 85,769
1845 1,083,796! 429,453 273,435? ...... 138.401 2.023.052; 391,788“ ........
1846 1,237,092 523,002 320,000 ..... 2:15.075 2,3 3,992? 320.940 ........
1847 1,583,374 643,973 883.200l ...... 299.3022 9342.3031 638 317 ........
1848 1,652.835 680,746 437,500 ...... 256.627 3.0r9.238: 106,929 . . . .....
1849 1,605.126 801,246 454,240 ...... 303,736 3 242.541 153,403 13,681,132
1850 1.712.007 722,622 432,339 111,014 276.389 3.254.321, 11.780 .........
1851 2.184.240 989.296 472,478, 316.01% 415.099 4.377,130.1,122.309 .........
1852 2,452.026;1,114,026 497,839; 426,164. 439.342 4,925,695= 548,565 .........
1853 _2,470,913,1,080,544 494,3271 512,659; 556,018 5,114,491 188,796 .........
1854 .2.895.208;1,246,418 438,406; 496,648; 676,689,5,753,369 63887828425006

 

 

 

. COAL. The very general substitution of coal for wood as fuel, and its employ-
,, ment in the manufacture of iron, and in the production of steam and gas,
" have, of late years, given an amazing impulse to the trade in this article.
Thirty years ago, the coal trade in this country was limited to 365 tunsr of
anthracite, brought from the Lehigh mines to Philadelphia; now, the annual
Production of anthracite greatly exceeds three millions of tuns. This rapid
increase is not confined to the United States. In the twenty years from 1825
to 1845, the exports of coal from Great Britain increased 713 per cent. ; the
production of coal in France, 181 per cent.; in Belgium, 111 per cent; in
Prussia, 124 per cent. In the distribution of coal, the United States are highly
favored. Exclusive of Texas, New Mexico, California, and Oregon, all of which
are known to contain coal, the area of coal formations in the United States
is estimated by Mr. Taylor to be 133,132 square miles, while the total area
. ,of these formations in Great Britain, Ireland, and the British Provinces of
'f,‘1§ova Scotia, New Brunswick, Cape Breton, and Newfoundland, is, according
f tithe same authority, less than thirty thousand square miles. N earlf‘tho ‘

 

720 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

whale of this vast area is occupied by bituminous coal. The total area of '
the anthracite region of Pennsylvania is estimated at less than four hundred

square miles; yet more tuns of fuel are now annually produced, from this ,
small area, than from the almost boundless fields of bituminous coal scattered , ' '

over twelve states. The railroads and canals, built to develop the wealth
of this region, had cost, in 1847, about $40,000,000. Anthracite seems, indeed, ,
to have superseded bituminous coal on nearly the whole of our Atlantic sea-

board. The freedom from smoke of anthracite is alone sufficient to account > ‘ .

for the preference given to it for domestic purposes. In steam navigation,
it admits of much closer stowage, and is not liable to spontaneous combustion,
as is the case with bituminous coal. In war-steamers, there is this additional
advantage, that no smoke betrays the motions of steamers burning anthracite,
Whereas steamers burning fat, bituminous coal, can be “ tracked” seventy miles,
before their hulls become visible, by the black smoke trailing along the horizon.
The preference given to anthracite may be illustrated by a comparison of the

importations of coal into Boston, in the years 1840 and 1847, which stand
thus :— ‘ '

1840. 1817.
Pennsylvania anthracite, . . . . . 7 3.847 tuus. 258,093 tuns.
American bituminous coal, - . . . . 3.299 “ 4,554 “
Foreign “ "' . . . . . 49,997 “ 65,203 “

Thus, while in 1840 the excess of anthracite was but 20,551 tuns, in 1847 it
was 188,336 tuns. i

TABLE I.

Comparative view of the areas of coal lands, and the production in 1845 of the six principal 1.
producing countries:

 

, Official estimated Value at‘
Square Miles Tuns of Fuel Relative the Places of Production.

 

 

 

 

Countries. of Coal For— produced in Parts of ——

mations. 1845. 1000. American Pounds

Dollars. Sterling.

Great Britain ..... 11,859 81,500,000 642 45,738,000 9,450,000

Belgium .......... 519 4,960,077 101 7,689,900 1,660,000

United States ..... 133,132 4,400.000 89 6,650,000 1,373,963

France ........... 1,719 4,141,617 84 7.663.000 1,603,106

Prussian States not defined. 8,500,000 70 4,122,945 856,370

Austrian States . .. L “ 659,340 11 800,000 165.290
L Total ................... 49,161,034 , 1000 72,663,845 15,108,729 |

 

_-——___

“ As to the area of coal formations in France, 11: is to be remarked, that the area of the j '
concesswns, or grants made for Working, is all that is givep.

The_d.ifl'erence in the amount of carbon, volatile matter, and ashes, is very
striking between the bituminous coals and anthracite. Anthracite has now
been successfully introduced in the manufacture of iron in Pennsylvania and
in South Wales. In 1842, but four furnaces used this coal in Pennsylvania.
In 1846, nearly one third of all the iron manufactured in that state was made "

by anthracite, as may be seen by the following statement :—

. Number. Tuns made annually.
Furnaces employing charcoal, . . 274 248.569 _

“ anthracite, . . 43 119,487

In Swansea Valley, South Wales, there were, in 1847, twenty-three furnaces

using anthracite, producing annuall 59 800 tuns While ten ears b81086t
there were but three or four furnaces}: ’ ’ y V i '1 ..

 

11391117114. 721“"

COAL—continued.
5 TABLE II.

The lmportations of coal from Great Britain, British America, and all other places into the
United States:

 

 

Year Total Im por- Av ago Value per Tun‘. Year ’lotal Impor- lAv am V 111119 p91 T1ml
t: tion in Tuns. at the 8011111111111 Ports. cation in Tuns. at the Shipping Poits.

 

 

 

1830.. 58,582 3 3.49 1840.. 163.510 3 _. .37
1881.. 36,509 1 184l.. 155,394 2 :7
1832.. 83.144 1842 . 141,521 2.68
1833.. 92,432 2.61 1843. . 41,163 2.83
1834.. 91,632 2.13 1844.. 87,073 2.72
1835.. 59,072 ' 2.39 1845.. 85,776 2.60
1836.. 108,432 2.27 1846.. 156,853 2.41
1837.. 153,450 2.36 1347.. 148,621 2.50
1838 .. 129,033 2.40 1348.. 196,251 2.76
1339. . 181,551 2.29 1849.

TABLE III.

Production of Pennsylvania anthracite from the beginningof the trade in 1820 to 1849 :

 

  
  
    
    
   
  
    
 
 
   
 
    
   

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Lehigh. Schuylkill. Lackawzmna. Shamokin. Wyoming. Total.
365 305
1,073 1,073
2,440 2,440
5,823 5,823
9,541 9,541
28,396 34,896
31,280 48,047
32,074 63,434
30,232 7 7,51 6
25,110 112,083
41.7 50 1 74,434
40.966 176,820
75,000 209, 271 368,771
123,000 , 252,971 487,748
106,244 226.692 376, 636
131,250 339,508 98: 84.5 575, 103
146, 522 432,045 104, 500 698, 484
225, 937 523,152 1 15,387 887: 632
214. 211 433,875 76,321 751,181
222,042 442, 608 122,300 823,479
225,591 452,291 148,470 867,045
142,807 585,542 192,270 964, 255
271,913 541,504 205,253 1,107,732
267,125 67 7,3[3 227,605 9, 87 0 57,740 1 ,262 532
376,363 840,379 251,005 13,087 114, 906 1 6,23. 41" 9
480,993 1,086,068 266,072 10,135 178,401 2,002,877
522,518 1,236,581 318,400 12,646 183. 003 2,333,494
643,568 1,572,794 388,200 14,904 289,898 2,970,597
680,193 1 ,652,834 434,267 .......... 237.2 71 3,063,503
801,246 1,683,425 454,240 19,650 259,080 , 3,242,641
..... 5,855,573 13,542,575 _. 3,746,812 1 144,506 1,372,645 1 25,113,641

The column of totals, after the year 1834, includes, besides the product of the five locali-
ties in the table, a considerable amount from Pine G1 ove and Lyken 5 Valley.

. Table IV. exhibits the retail prices of coal per tun 111 Philadelphia, New-Yo'1'k,
‘ and Boston. The tun, it will be seen, is different in Philadelphia from that
of New-York and Boston— .— _

7 31

 

   
    
   

722 THE WORLD’S Paoennss.

COAL—continued.
TABLE. IV.

N EW-YORK.
Per Tun
of 2,000 lbs.

 
   
 

  
   
  
   

     
  

BOSTON.
Per Tun of 2,000 lbs.

PHILADELPHIA.
Per Tun of 2,240 lbs.

      
     
   
   
 
  
  
   
  
  
   
  
    
 
   
         
           
    
    
   
  

       

Schuylkill Schuylkill

Schuylkill Schuylkill
White-ash. Red-ash.

“mite-ash. Red-ash. '

    

 

Schuylkill.

Lehigh.
:5 8.70

 

 

N eW-York price of coal :—

Year 1850, . . . . . . . . . . . $4.50 to $5.00
“ 1851, . . . . . . . . . . . 5.00 to 5.50
H 1852, . . . . . . . . . . . 5.50 to 6 50
“ 1853, . . . . . . . . . . . 6.50 to 7 oo
“ 1854, . . . . . . . . . . . 7.50

COINAGE. It is lawful for any person or persons to bring to the Mint gold
and silver bullion to be coined; and the bullion so brought is there assayed
and coined, as speedily as may be after the receipt thereof, and, if of the
standard of the United States, free of expense to the person or persons by
Whom it has been brought. But the Treasurer of the Mint is not obliged to ,
receive, for the purpose of refining and coining, any deposit of less value 7"
than one hundred dollars, nor any bullion so base as to be unsuitable for
minting. And there must be retained from every deposit of bullion belo
the standard, such sum as shall be equivalent to the expense incurred in
refining, toughening, and alloying the same; an accurate account of which is
kept, and of the sums retained on account of the same. ‘

Statement of the Coinage of the Mint of the United States and its Branches in the year 1858. g

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Denominations. Pieces. Value. Denominations. Pieces. Value. '
. GOLD. 3 SILVER. $
Fine Bars, ..... 4,576 15,835,998 Dollars, .. .9 ...... 46,110 46,110
Double Eagles, . 1,882,326 26,646,520 Half-Dollars. . . . . . 4,860,708 2,430,354 .
Eagles, ........ 252,258 2,522,530 Quarter-Dollars,. . 16,586,220 4,146,555 '
Half-Eagles, .. . 461,019 2,305,095 Dimes, .......... 13,273,010 1,826,301
Quarter-Egles, 1,407 ,886 3,519,615 Half-Dimes, ...... 15, 705,020 7 85,251
Dollars, ....... 4,384,149 4,884,149 Three-cent Pieces, 11,400,000 312,000
Total Gold, .. 7,842,169 55,210,007 Total,.... ..... 61,871,068 9,077,571 ‘
C COPPER.
'ents, ....... . . 6 641 131 66 411.31
Half-Cents, . . . . ’129Z694 618.47
Gold and Cop- Total Coinage. in- —

A

  

per Coins. -’-- 14,612,994 ($5,280,966.78 Icluding Fine Bats, 76,484,062 64350537134"

4: To September, 1850. . *j?‘

4111111114194. 798'

    
  

COINAGE.——continucd.

Oolnage of the Mint of the United States, from 1792, including the Coin. are of the Branch Mints,
from the commencement of their operations in 1838:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

qurs GOLD. SILVER. COPPER. WHOLE COINAGE.
Value. Value. Value. No. of Pieces. Value.
1703—95 ' $71,485.00 $370,683.80 $11,373.00 1,834,420 $453,541.80
1796 102,727.50 79,077.50 10,324.40 1.219.370 192,129.40
1797 103,422.50 12,591.45 9.510.34 1,095.165 125,524.29
1798 205,610.00 330,291. 00 9797.00 1,368,241 545 698.00
1799 213,285.00 42: ,51 .1. 00 9.10668 1,365,681 645,906.68
1800 317,760.00 224,296. 00 29,279.40 3,337,972 571,335.40
1801 . 422,570.00 74,758.00 13,628.37 1,571,390 510,956.37
1802 423,310.00 58,343.00 34,422.83 3,615,869 516,075.83
1803 258,377.50 87,118.00 25,203.03 2,780,830 370,698.53
1804 258,642.50 100,340.50 12,844.94 2,046,839 371,827.94
1805 170,367.50 149,388.50 13,483.48 2,260,361 333,239.48
1806 324,505.00 471,319.00 5,260.00 1,815,409 801,084.00
1807 437,495.00 597,448.75 9,652.21 2,731,345 1,044,595.96
1808 284. 665.00 684,300.00 13,090.00 2,935,888 982,055.00
1809 169,375.00 707,376.00 8,0111 .53 2,861,834 884752.53
1810 501435.00 638773.50 15,660.00 3,056,418 1,155.86850
1811 497,905 00 608,340.00 2.49595 1,649,570 1,108,740.95
1812 290435.00 814,029.50 10,755.00 2,761,646 1,115,219.50
1813 477,140.00 620,951.50 4,180.00 1,755,331 1,102,275.50
1814 77,270.00 561.687.50 3,578.30 1,833,859 642. 53 5. 80
1815 3,175.00 17,308.00 69,867 20. 483. 00
1816 28,575,75 28,209.82 2,888.135 96,785.57
1817 607,783.50 39,484.00 5.163.967 647,267.50
1818 242,940.00 1,070,454.50 31,670.00 5,537,084 1,345,064.50
1819 258615.00 1,140.000.00 26.71000 5,074,723 1,425,325.00
1829 1,319,030.00 501,680.70 44,075.50 6,492,509 1,8 4,786.20
1821 189325.00 825,762.45 3,890.00 3,139,249 1,018,977.45
1822 88.980.00 85,806.50 20,728.39 3,813,788 915509.89
1823 72,425.00 895550.00 2.164.485 967,975.00
1824 93.21 11 1.00 1,752.47 7.00 12,620.00 4786,1894 18.58.297.00
1825 156,385.00 1,564.583.00 14,926.00 5,178,761 1,735,894.00
1826 92,245.00 2,002.09000 16,344.25 5.774431 2,110,679.25
1827 131,565.00 2.869,200.00 23, 557.32 9,197,845 3,024,342.32
1828 140,145.00 1.575. 600.00 25,636.24 6,196,853 1.7413812 4
1829 295,717.50 . 1,994,578.00 16,580.00 7,674.501 2,306,875.50
1830 643,105.00 2,495, 400. 00 17,115.00 8.357.191 315562000
1331 714,270.00 3,175, 600.00 33,603.60 11,792.284 3,923,473.60
1832 798,435.00 2 H579 000.00 23,620.00 9,128,387 3,401,055.00
1833 978,550.00 2,759,000.00 28,160.00 10,307,799 3,765,710.00
1834 3,954,270.00 3,415,002.00 19,151.00 11,637,643 7.388.423. 00
1835 2,186,175.00 3,44 3,003.00 39,489.00 15,996,342 5,668.667.00
1836 4,135,700.00 3,606,100.00 23,100.00 13,719,333 7,764,900.00
1837 1,148,305.00 2, 096, 010 00 55,583.00 13,010,721 3,299,898.00
1838 1,809,595.00 2, 33 3, 243. 00 53,702.00 15.780311 4.206,540.00
1839 1,355,885.00 2,189,296.00 31,286.61 11,811,594 3,576,467.61
1840 1,675,31 12.50 1,726,703.00 24,627.00 10,558.240 3,426, 632.50
1841 1,091,597.50 1,132,750.00 15,973.67 8,811,968 2,240,321.17
1842 1,834,170.50 2,332,750.00 23,833.99 11,743,153 4,190,754.40
1843 S, 108,797.50 3,834,750.00 24,283.20 4,640,582 11,967.83070
1844 2,230.00 2,235,550.00 23,987.52 9.051,.834 . 7.687,767.52
1815 3,756,447.50 1.873.200.00 38, 948.04 1,806,196 5,668,595 54
1846 4.034.177.00 2.558.580.00 41.20800 10,133,515 6.633.965.00
1817 20.221.385.00 2,374,450.00 61 836.09 15.392344 22.657.671.69
1848 3,775,512 50 2,040, 050.00 64,157.99 12,649.790 5,879,720.49
1849 9.007.761 50 2,114,950.00 41,984.32 12,666,659 11,164.695.82
1850 31,981,73350 1,866,100.00 44,467.50 ' 14,588.220 33, 892,301.00
1851 62,614,49250 774397.00 99635.43 28,701,958 63,488,52493
1852 56.846.187.50 1,309,555.00 50,630.94 32,964,019 58,206,37344
1853* 55,213,90100 9,077,571.00 67,059.78 76,484,062 ($4,358,537.78
» 1854 66 $02,888.86 41, 072, 400.00 . . -

  

      

:1 The value of the Gold eoinage for this year is given' 1n the State of the Union, $46, 998, 945. 60.
Do, Silva! do, do. , do. 6,996,255.00.

   

724 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

 

COIN AND BULLION. Statement exhibiting the amount of coin and bullion
imported and exported annually, from 1821 to 1854 inclusive; and also the

amount of importation over exportation, and of exportation over importation,
during the some years.

 

._.fi

Coin and Bullion.

 

i
i

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Years ending: , Excess of impor- Excess of expor-i
Imported. Exported. tation over tation over
exportation. importation.
6 8 $ 6 ~
September 30, ......... 1821 8,064,890 10,478,059 ............ 2,413,169
1822 3,369,846 10,810,180 ............ 7,440,334
1823 5,097,896 . 6,372,987 ............ 1,275,091
1824 8,379,835 7,014,552 1,365,283
1825 6,150,765 8,935,031 ............
1820' 6,880,966 4,704,533 2,176,433
1827 8,151,130 ’ 8,014,880 136,250
1828 7,489,741 8,243,476 ' ............
1829 7,403,612 4,924,020 2,479,592
1830 8,155,964 2,178,773 5,977,191
1831 7,305,945 9,014,931 ............
1832 5,907,504 5,656,340 251,164
1833 7,070,368 2,611,701 4,458,667
1834 17,911,632 2,076,758 15,834,874
1835 13,131,447 6,477,775 6,653,672
1836 13,400,881 4,324,336 9,076,545
1837 10,516,414 5,976,249 4,540,165
1838 17,747,116 3,508,046 14,239,070
1839 5,595,176 8,776,743 ............
1840 8,882,813 8,417,014 465,799
1841 4,988,633 10,033,332 ............
1842 4,087,016 4,813,539 ............
9 months to-June 30, .. 1843 22,390,559 1,520,791 20,869,768
Year ending June 30,. . 1844 5,830,429 5,454,214 376,215
1845 4,070,242 8,606,495 ............
1846 3,777,732 8,905,268 ............ 127,536
1847 24,121,289 1,907,024 22,214,265 ............
1848 6,360,224 15,841,616 ............ 9,481,392
1849 6,651,240 5,404,648 1,246,592 ............
1850 4,628,792 7,522,994 ............ 2,894,202
1851 5,453,592 29,4 72,752 ............ 24, 01 9, 160
1852 5,505,044 42,674,135 ............ 37,169,091
1853 4,201,382 27,486,875 ............ 23,285 493
1854 6,758,587 41,197,300 ........... 34,438,’1 13
, Total, .................. 285,438,702 334,355,370 I 112,361,545 161,278,213 l

 

COLORS MOST FREQUENTLY HIT DURING WAR. It ~Would appear, from numerous
observations, that soldiers are hit during battle according to the color of their
(lress,_ in the following order: red the most fatal color; the least fatal,
Austrian gray. The proportions are: red, twelve; rifle green, seycn;
brown, six; Austrian bluish gray, five.

COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES:

 

   

 

 

, Export of food to
Yeais. Great Britain and Ireland. Elsewhere.
17819310 mfifooo ' ' 9‘19 023 000
1850—51 9,504,000 123552000
1951—52 11,701,000 15,509,000
1852—53 15,790,000 15,010,000

 

$14,600,000

 

4131911171911. 725

COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES—contmued.

Gross value of exports and imports from the beginning of the Government to the 30th June, 1854.

 

  
   

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
    

_—‘1
Exports.
Years ending: Imports—total.
- 4 3 '0 -
Domestic Produce. rz’lfiaggger Total.
111 6 3 11
Sept. 30, 1790 19,066,000 539,156 20,205,156 23,000,000
1791 18,500,000 512,041 19,012,041 29,200,000
1792 19,000,000 1,753,098 20, 752-3, 008 31,509,000
179.3 24,000,000 2,100,572 26, 10911.2 31,100,000
1794 , 26,500,000 6,526,233 33, 026. 233 341600.000
1795 39,500,000 8,489,472 47,989,472 69,756,268
1796 40,764,097 26,300,000 67,064,097 8114361164
, 1797 29,850,206 27, 000, 000 56,850.206 7 5,379,406
:_ 1798 28,527,097 33,000, 000 61,527,097 68.55117 00
1799 33142522 4 5,52 3, 000 78,665,522 79,069,148
1800 31.840 903 89,180,877 70,071,780 91.252.768
‘ 1801 47,473,204 46,642,721 94,115,925 111,363,511
, 1802 36.708189 35,774,971 72,483,160 76,333,933
f 1803 42,205,961 13,504,072 65,111 10,033 64,666,666
, 1804 41,467,477 36,231.597 77,699,074 85121101000
1- 1505 42,887,002 53,179,019 95,566,021 120,600,000
5 1806 41.251),7‘27 60.283236 101,536,963 129.119.0110
if 1807 48,699,592 59,643,558 108,343,150 138,500,000
g 1808 9,433,516 12,997,414 22,430,960 56.9901“00
., 1809 31,405,702 20 797, 531 52,203,233 59,406,000
E 1810 42,366,675 24. 991 .295 66,657.970 891411111000
,, 1811 45,294,043 16, 022,790 61,316,833 531400.000
1; 1812 30,032,109 8,495,127 88,527,236 77,030,000
{ 1813 25,008,132 2,847,865 27, 85.1, 997 22 005,000
5 1814 6.782.272 145,169 5,6 927 441 1‘2 .-9 15, 000
1815 45,974,403 6,583.350 52,557, 753 113 041, ’274
f 1816 64,781,896 17,138,156 81 ,920, 452 147 103 900
1 1817 68,313,500 19 358,069 87,671,560 99,150,000
E 18‘ 8 73,854,437 19,426,696 9 :,1,QS] 133 121,750,000
;- 1819 50,976,838 19.165.683 70,142,121 87,125,000
. 1820 51,683,640 18,008,029 60 ,691, ’669 74,450,000
= 1821 48,671,894 21,302,488 64, 974, 382 62,585,724
1822 49,874,079 22,286.202 72, 1611, 281 83,211,541
1823 47.155408 27.543622 74 ,699’ 080 87,579,267
1824 50,649,500 25,337,157 75, 986 657 80.549.007
1825 66,944,745 32,590,643 99.585388 96,340,075
; 1826 53,055,710 24,539,612 77.595822 84.974,477
1 1827 58,921,691 23,403,136 82, 324, 827 79,484,068
- 1828 50.669,669 21,595,017 72,264, 686 88,509,824
1829 55,700,193 _ 16,658,478 72,158, 671 74,492,527
_ 1, 1830 59,462,029 14,387,478 73,849,508 70,876,920
1‘ 1881 61,277,057 20,033,596 81,310,583 103,191,124 ,
'1 1832 63,137,470 24,039,473 87,176,913 101,029,266 _ ,
, 1833 70 317,698 19,822,735 90,140,443 108,118,311 i
1834 81,024,162 23,312,811 104,336,973 126,521,832 ,-
1 835 101,189,082 20,504,495 121,693,577 149,895,742 ' 1
1836 106,916,680 21,746,360 128,663,040 189,980,035 :1,
1837 95.564,414 21,854,962 117,419,376 140,989,217
1838 96,033,821 12,452,795 108,486,616 113,717,404
1839 108,583,891 17,494,525 121,028,416 162,092,132
1840 113,895,634 18,190,312 132,085,946 107,141,519
1841 106,382,722 15,469.081 121,851,803 127,946,177
1842 92.969,996 11,721,538 104,691,534 100,162,087
< 1843 77,793,783 6,552,697 84,346,480 64,753,799
,4, 1844 99,715,179 11,484,867 111,200,046 108,435,035
2 1845 99,299,776 15,346,880 114,646,606 117,254,564
3: 1846 102,141,893 11,346,623 113,488,516 121,691,797
5; 1847 150,637,464 8,011,158 158,648,622 146,545,638

 

   

   
  
    
     
         
  
   
   
   
   
    
         
  

726 THE WQRLD’S PROGRESS.

COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES—continued

 

 

 

 

 

 

“gr—“fl
Exports. I
Years ending: 1 F I _ Imports—total.
o1eign Mer-
Domostm Prouucc 7 ch andise ’ Total.
’_ .1: _ 3? ‘EF‘ “57$?- '
Sept. 30, 1848 132,904,121 21,128,010 154,032,131 154,998,928
1849 132,666,955 13,088,865 145,755,820 147,857,439
1850 136,946,912 14,951,808 151,898,720 178,138,318
1851 196,689,718 21,698,293 218,388,011 216,224,932
1852 1 92,368,984 1 7,289,382 209,658,366 212,945,442
1853 213,417,697 17,558,460 230,976,157 267,978,647
1854 253, 390, 870 24,850,194 278, 241, 064 304,562,381
Total,. . , 4, 57 3, 714, 067 1, 321, 203,831 7 5,894,917,898 6, 721 432 934

 

_,_ ’__’___1
NOTE. —P1ior to 1821, the Treasury reports did not give the value of 1mp01 ts To that pc1iod
thei1 value, and also the value 01 (lumestic and [meign expmts, have been estimated 11.1111

sources believed to be authentic. From 1821 to 1854, inclusive, theil value has been taken
fiom oflici 11 documents.

Statement exhibiting a summary View 01‘ the exports of domestic produce, etc., of tne United

States, (11111111r the years ending on the 30th June, 1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,18521853, the
specie and bullion, 211111 aggmgate value in 1854:

 

 

 

 

    
 

 

 

   

Produce of , J S
’5 1 Raw £53m Total
5 The fo- A,;-'(J"1i(:111-71623.nufec-‘pr‘mIllce bulhon. value
, The sea. rest. tuie. Tobacco. Cotton. I turcs. (m—
i 8 >5 8 _ $ 6 l | *8
1847 3, 468 .033 5, 996, 073 68, 450, 383

7 ,242,086 53,415,848 10,351 364,2, ,102 ,838! 62, 620' 150, 637, 464
7, 551, 122! 61, 998, 294 12, 774 48 l 1, ' 58 329 2, 700: 412 132 ,91 4,121
1849 2, 547. 654 5, 917, 994 ":38 858,2: )4 5, 804,2 .07i 66, 396, 967 11, 249 ,877 935,178 956, 874 132 666, 955

1850 2, 8,24, 818 7 ,442,5'13 26,547 ,158 9, 951., 023 71,984,61615, 196, 451 953, 664 2, 046, 679 136,946,912
1851 3,294,691 7, 847, 022. 24, 369, 210 9,219,251 112 .315, 3172- 1,136. 967 1,437 89‘} 18,<69.58| 196,489,718
1852 2, 282 ,342 7, 864, 22 1,26, 378, 872110, 031, 283 S7, 975, 73218862931 1, 545 ,767 37,437,837 192,368,984
1853 3, 279 413 7, 915,‘ 259,! 33, 466, 673 11,319,319 109: 456, 4:14. 22 ,599 ,93I 1 £35,261 23, 548, 535 213,417,697
1854 3, 044, 301 11, 646 ,1571 66, 900, 294: 10, 016, 046 93, 596, 22 l 26, 179, 503 2,6 2, 3J1 38,062 570 252,047, 8'1 6

18481 986 963 7659130841237 781, 446

  
 

Statement exhibiting the value of foreign merchandise and

domestic produce, etc., exported
annu: Lily from 1821 to 1854:

 
  

"—fi

 
 

Value of exports exclusive of specie.

 

 

       

Years ending ; Foreign merchandise.

8 mole and

      
    
  
    
    
      
    
    
      

 
   
    
   
   
   
   
   
   
       

DOmestic Aggregate . ' ~ ullion.
, i value of
produce.
F773;“ Payingduty, Total. exports).

 

 

 

 

 

$

$ 3 :5
Sept. 30, 1821 286, 698 10, 537, 731 l 10,824,429 43,671,894 54.496323 10,478,059

1822 374,716 11 ,161.3 6 11,476,022 49,874,079 61,351,101 10,810,180

    

1823 1,323. 762 19,846, 873 21 ::170 635 47,155,408 68,326,043 6,372,987

1824 1,100,531) 17 ,222,1 )7.) 28, 322, ,6:15 50,649,500 68,972,105 7,014,552

1825 1 ,088, 785 22, 704, 863 23, 793, 588 66,869,766 90,603,354 8,932,034

1826 1 ,036. 43:) I9 404, 5‘ )4 20, 440, 934 52,449,855 72,890,789 4,704,533

1827 813, 844 15, 417, 986 16, 231, 880 57,878,117 74,109,947 8,041,880

1828 877, 239 13,167,339 14, 044, 578 49, 976, 632 64,021,210 8,253,476
_ 18.9 919,943 11,427,401 12,347,344 55, 087, 807'

        

     

67,484,651 4,924,020

ADDENDA. 727

COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES—continued.

Statement exhibiting the value of foreign merchandise and domestic produce—continued.

V
1

 

Value of exports exclusive of specie.

 

 

 

 

 

 

’1;

E4 Years ending: Foreign Merchandise. Sp eeie and
E 1 Domestic A ggfrregafte bulllon.
’3’ F f ’ produce. va ue (t)

. 53751” Payingdutyu Total. . eXpor 5.

E" ~’ $ 3 1 »$, _ $ _ 8 $

Sept. 30, 1336 1,673,965 , 12,667,162 13,145,357 53,524,373 71,676,735 2,173,773

1331 6’42 536 12,434,433 1 13,677,669 59.213533 72,295,652 9,014, 931

1332 1,345,217 13,443,357 19,794,674 61,726,529 31,526,663 5,656,346

1333 5,165,967 12,411,969 17,577,376 69, 956, 356 37,523,732 2,611,761 .

133416,757,1133 16,379,526 21,636,553 86,’ 624, 662 162,266,215 2,676,753 1
1335 7,612,666 7,743,655 1 14,756,321 1116, 45 1’ ,431 115,215,362 6,477,775
1336 3,534,395 9,232,367 17,767,762 1116, 5711, ’942 124,333,764 4,324,336
1337‘ 7,756,139 9,466,643 17,162,232 94,2311, 395 111,443,127 5,976,249
1333 4,951,366 4,466,334 9,417,696 95,566,336 164,973,576 3563,1146
1339 5,613,442 5,667,693 16,626,146 161,625,533 112,251,673 3,776,743
1346 6,262,562 5,365,369 12,663,371 111’ ,666, 561 123,663,932 3, 417, 614
1341 3,953,654 4,223,131 3,131,235 163’ 636’ 236 111,317,471 16, 634’ ,332

1342 3,194,299 4,334,454 3,673,753 91 ,,799 242 99,377,995 4’ 313’ 539 1

9ms.toJ’e 30,13431 632,763 3,456,572 5,139,335 77, 636, 354 32,325,639 1’,526,791 1

Y’r to J‘e 36,1344 2, 251 556 3,962,563 6,214,653 99’ ,531, 774 165,745,332 5,454,214 I

1345 2,413,656 5,171,731 7,534,731 93’ ,455, 336 166,646,111 3,666,495

1346 2,342,629 5,522,577 7,365,266 161’ .713, 642 169,533,243 3,965,263

1347 1,312,347 4,353,967 6,166,754 156 ,5,74344 156,741,593 1,967,624

1343 1,416,367 6,576,499 7, 936, 366 136’ 263, 769 1331911515 15,341,616

1349 2,615,315 6,625,276 3, 641 ’1191 131,716,631 146, 351.172 5,464,613

1356 2,699,132 7,376,361 9, 475, 493 134,966,233 144’ 375, 726 7,522,994

1351 1,742,154 3,552,967 16’ 295’ 121 173,626,133 133’ 915, 259 29,472,752

1352 2,533,159 9,493,334 12,637,643 154,921,147 166,963,196 42,674,135

1353 1,394,646 11,262,167 13,696,213 139,369,162 262,965,375 27,436,375

1354 3,266,451 13,566,636 21,761,137 253,226,674 274,931,211 41,422,423

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

T6151, ...... 99,497,761 343647235 3 443,144,936 3,316.611,724,3,753,756,666 334,536,493

 

Statement exhibiting the value of certain manufactured articles of domestic reduce expel ted
to Ioreign countries, fiom the 80th day of June, 1845, to June 30, 854:

 

Articles. 1346. 1347. 1343. 1349. 1356.1 1351. '1352. 1353} 1354.
|

 

$$$’$$1$H$$$

 

Wearing apparel .. . .1 45,140 47,101 574,834 79,945: 207, 6421 ,211, 849- 250,228 239,733 200,420
Fire-engines and ap~1 .

paratus ........... 1 9,802 3,443 7,686 548‘ 3,140 8,4881 16,7 84 9,652 9,597
Printing presses and1 ~ 5

types ............. 43,798 17,431 30 403 28, 031 89, 2421 71,401 41,781‘ 32,290 33,012

Musical instruments 25,375 16,997 38, 508 23, 7131 24, (33-1
Books and maps. 63,567 44,751 7 o 193 94 4271 119,475 153,912 217,800 142,604 187,385
Paper and stationery 124,507 881731 78,307 86,827 99,1196 155,664 119,530 122,212 191,843
Manufactures of glass; 90,860 71,155 76,007 101,419‘136,6S‘2 185,436 194,634 170,561 229,382 ,
Manufactures of mar-5 ‘
ble and stone . ~. . . . 14,234 11,220 22,466 20,382 34,510 41,449 57,240 47,628 $18,327
Manufactures of gold
and silver,and gold'
leaf .............. 8, 660 4,268 6,241 4,502 4,583 68,689 20,832 11,873 1,811,513
Trunks ............. , 10, 613 5, 270 6,126 6,099 10,370 12,207 15,035 27,148 23 ,673 '
Household furniture 317, 407 225, 700 297,3581237,342 278,025 362,830 430,182 714, 556 762,559

Coaches and other’
carriages ..... ’ 87,712 75,369 89,963 95,984 95,722 199,421 172,446 ISL-497 2&6" )8
64.967 08,671 103,768 80,453 91.26! 176L896

Hats ............... 74,722 59,536 55,493 _
'Suddlery .......... 224,357 13,102 27,435. 37,276 20,893 80,100 47,987 48,22 mg

55,700 67,733 52,397 126,062

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

   

728 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

COPPER. The Connecticut mines are stated by Professor Silliman to extend
over thirty miles south of Bristol, and would employ, if thoroughly worked, ‘
30,000 miners. The net profits in 1849 were $120,000; and the yield in-
creases every foot the miners proceed. The chief staple of Lake Superior is f:
native copper. For ages before the appearance of Europeans in America,
this metal was supplied from hence to the Indian nations far and near. The - "
tumuli of the Mississippi, etc., contain the identical copper of this lake.
Traces of ancient mining in Keweenaw, Ontonagon, and Isle Royale, are
abundant, in the form of deep pits, (a ladder in one,) rubbish, stone mauls,
hammers, wedges, and chisels of hardened copper. In a native excavation,
near the river Ontonagon, with trees five hundred years old growing over
it, lately lay a mass of pure copper 81 tuns in weight, partly fused, and
resting on skids of black oak. Modern explorers have hitherto only found
two centers of metallic riches on the south coast—that of Keweenaw and of
Ontonagon. In the first are the valuable mines of the Cliff, North Ameri- »
can, N orth-western, and other companies. In the Ontonagon center are the '
Minnesota and fifteen other mines. At the Cliff mine three large steam-
engines are employed, (1852,) with 250 men; and at the North American
mine, two engines with 160 men. Most of the other mines, fortyin number,
are assisted by steam-power. Three thousand miners are in work altogether,
and the general population is fast increasing. Native copper is the princi-
pal object. Silver is always present, and occasionally in masses of consider.
able size. According to authentic accounts, dated February, 1852, many new
mines have been opened lately; and all are worked more systematically
than heretofore—generally by contract. There ~are now in the Cliff mine,
masses of pure copper Within view estimated to weigh 700 tuns in the
whole; and on the lands of the Minnesota company, one block weighing
250 tnns. The copper shipped in 1851 was about 1600 tuns, valued at
£130,000. This copper is stated to be of great excellence in the manufac-
ture of wire, ordnance, and ship-sheathing. The large beds of specular and
magnetic iron—ore, on the south-east side of the lake, are as yet only worked
on a small scale. At this moment, the business of mining has ceased on the
Canadian side of the lake. There is little doubt, however, but that profit-

 

. ”(mummy ' &afi.mmwuflél:

 

able deposits will, sooner or later, be discovered here. I,
,2!

YIELD or LAKE SUPERIOR COPPER MINES. l

I]; 1853,‘yield of27 mines, - - - - - - 1296.94 tuna-
Xleld 01 Region, 18-15 to 1853, - - - - - - 4,824.01 “ _:

The East Tennessee copper mines are estimated to produce 17,735 tuns per
annum, averaging 32 per cent. of copper.

COSTUME, BLOOMER. The male costume was entirely adopted by Miss VVebbei‘,
an agriculturist of Belgium, in 1850; and apartial modification by Mrs.
Bloomer, of Seneca Falls, New—York, in 1851. Attempts have been made

for its general adoption, both in this country and in England; but the pro-
priety of female opinion has hitherto been against it.

COTTON. First exported from this country to Liverpool in 1784, when eight
bales were seized by the customs, who disputed its positive shipment from
the United States. In 1791 the exports to Great Britain were about
2,“00,OUO, the shipments now made exceed 800,000,000 lbs. » With the ex—
ception of Liverpool, more cotton is shipped from New Orleans to Boston
than to any other part of the world—~17. Flax-Cotton. The quantity
received in England from the United States has increased from seventy , _:
millions of pounds in 18-19, to nearly one hundred and twenty millions in 7“
1850; the former being about 9 per cent. of the Whole quantity imported. ' ‘

 

 

ADDENDA. 729

by that country, the latter about 18 per cent. The ratios of cotton im-
ported by Great Britain in the five years 1844—49 were: America 7 8% per
cent, India 101}, Brazil ‘7, Egypt 3%, West Indies and miscellaneous 0.1,: per
cent. “If we could derive a larger supply than we now do from our
own colonies, equally good and cheap with that from the United States,
it wouldbe nationally beneficial in many ways.”—Compam'on to British ‘
Almanac, 1851. The quantity and value of cotton exported in 1821 and
1854:

 

~ wgzrxrwrfrwe

Pounds. Value.
In 1821, cotton of all sorts, - - - - 124,893,405 $20,157,484
1854, do. - - - - 987,833,106 93,596,220
Aggregate of all the years, from 1821 to 1854, - - 17,466,839,639 1.742,]03,898
Average price per pound annually, for the whole period, a little more than 10 cents.

COTTON GIN. The absolute dependence of the cotton trade upon this, is
shown by the fact that the States which, in 1785, exported five bags, and in
1793 three hundred and seven bags, were able in 1794, the year when the
cotton gin came into general use, to produce a crop of 17,777 bales, of which
over 3,000 bales were exported.

COTTON MANUFACTURES in the United States. It is estimated that the
annual product of all the cotton mills in the United States is 250,000,000
yards, and the consumption of cotton 600,000 bales; 100,000 bales of which
are consumed south of the Potomac and in the Western States. The value
of this amount of cotton when manufactured, is supposed to be upwards of

sixtyseven millions. Convention of cotton planters at Macon, Georgia,
October 28, 1851.

COTTON SPINDLES in operation in Europe and America, 1851. The follow-
ing is the estimated number of spindles in actual operation ; Great Britain,
17,000,500; France, 4,300,000; United States, 2,500,000; Zollverein States,
815,000; Russia, 700,000; Switzerland, 650,000; Belgium, 420,000; Spain,
300,000; Italy, 300,000. Total, 29,985,000.

CRYSTAL PALACES. Early in 1852, arrangements were commenced for an
exhibition similar tothat of London, [see Exhibition,] in New York city,
under the title of Association for the Exhibition of the Industry of All
Nations. A charter was granted by the legislature of the State on the 11th
of March, 1852, with the privilege of issuing stock to the amount of $800,000,
which was afterwards increased to $500,000. The Board of Directors first
met on the 17th of March, and organized by the election of Theodore Sedg-
Wick, Esq., President, and William Whetten, Esq., as Secretary. The first
column of the Palace was erected with appropriate ceremonies, Oct. 30th.
The building was to have been opened in May, 1853, but was not ready till
the 14th of July, when it was opened with appropriate ceremonies in the
presence of the President of the United States and his Cabinet, etc, etc., and '
after having been kept open for several months with very indifferent success,
was reopened again under a new organization on the 4th of May, 1854.. In a
pecuniary sense it was a great failure, and attended With serious lose to the
stockholders. Yet the taste and industry of the nation wrll long feei the
hnpulse communicated by this extraordinary collection. The general idea
of the edifice is a Greek cross, surmounted by a dome at the intersection.
Each diameter of the cross is 365 feet 5 inches long. There are three simi-
lar entrances—one on the Sixth Avenue, one on Fortieth, and one on Forty-
second street. Each entrance is 47 feet wide, and that on the Sixth Avenue
is approached by a flight of eight steps: _Eacli arm of the cross is on the
ground plan 149 feet broad. This is dwided into a central nave and «two
aislesvone on each side: the nave 41 feet Wide; each aisle 54 feet wide

81*

 

,wla-v —vs .7 “ref? z~v;.',v- ;~ rr—xw:é Twwar

 

wives-rm};

 

 

 

730 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

On each front is a large semicircular fanlight, 41 feet broad and 21 feet
high, answering to the arch of the nave. The central portion, or nave, is
carried up to the hight of 67 feet, and the semicircular arch by which it is
spanned is 41 feet broad. There are thus, in effect, two arched naves,
crossing each other at right angles, 41 feet broad, 67 feet high to the crown
of the arch, and 365 feet long; and on each side of these naves is an aisle,
54 feet broad and 45 feet high. The exterior of the ridgeway of the nave is
71 feet. The central dome is 100 feet in diameter—68 feet inside from floor
to spring of arch, and 118 feet to the crown; and on the outside, with the
lantern, 149 feet. The exterior angles of the building are filled up with a
sort of lean-to, 24 feet high, which gives the ground plan an octagonal
shape, each side or face being 149 feet wide. At each angle is an octagonal
tower, 8 feet in diameter, and 75 feet high. Each aisle is covered by a gal-
lery of its own width, and 21 feet from the floor. The building contains on
its ground floor 111,000 square feet of space, and in its galleries, whichare
54 feet wide, 62,000 square feet more, making a total area of 173,000 square
feet for the purposes of exhibition. There are thus in the ground floor two
acres and a half, or exactly two acres and 52-100; in the galleries one acre
and 44-100 ; total, within an inconsiderable fraction of four acres. There
are on the ground floor 190 columns, 21 feet above the floor, 8 inches diame—
ter, cast hollow, of different thicknesses, from half an inch to one inch thick;
on the gallery floor there are 122 columns.

The Crystal Palace at Sydenham, (a south-western suburb of London,) is a
revival and amplification of that in Hyde Park in which the Great Exhi-
bition of the \Vorld’s Industry was held in 1851. That Exhibition having
been triumphantly closed, the contents removed, and the order for the
speedy demolition of the building imperatively given, the materials were
purchased by an enterprising director (Francis Fuller) and his associates
for $37 0,000, with whom the original constructors (Messrs. Fox and Hen-
derson) contracted to remove and reérect them for $600,000. The estate
of one hundred and seventy-one acres, known as Penge Park, crowning
a lovely eminence perhaps ten miles from the center of London, and four or
five from the nearest compactly-built portion of the great metropolis, was
chosen for the site of a new Crystal Palace. This property was valued by
disinterested appraisers at $430,000, or about $2,500 per acre, and the Com-
any added to it by subsequent purchases 178 acres more at a cost of

400,000. They then sold off 149 acres for $500,000, retaining the 200
acres best adapted to their purpose at a cost of $330000. I-Iereupon the
reVived Crystal Palace was commenced on the 5th of August, 1852. It was
to have been opened to the public on the 1st of May, 1854, but was not
actually opened till the 10th of June following, when the Queen, Prince
Albert, and the Archbishop of Canterbury participated in the ceremonies.
The grounds, decorations, illustrative courts, etc., were then very imperfect,
and are not even yet completed. The enterprise, formidable at the outset,
has continued to grow on the hands of its projectors; the original capital
0f $2,500,000 was long since increased to $5,000,000, on the back of which
a debt. of over $1,000,000 has already been contracted; Dulwich W'opd,
adjoining the site, has been leased at the rate of $15,000 a year; the cost of
grading, planting, and ornamenting the grounds is given at $500,000; an
Artesian well to furnish an abundance of water, is to cost $100,000; foun-
thiains, lakes, and hydraulic works, about $500,000; sculpture, about $150,000;
tlne arts, about $500,000; the edifice, (including purchase and removal of

'9 Original 1” Hyde Park, as aforesaid) $1,500,000; illustrations of Natural

, History and Geology, $90,000. The Palace has been greatly enrichedby

   
    
   
    
  

» ADDENDA. ”7-31

 

gifts of rare plants, trees, and other objects of national interest, and there

5 will probably neve1 be a time when the Palace will not be receiving ad-
ditions to its contents; but I reckon ten millions of dollars just about the
fai1 cost of the whole concern ten years hence should the measure of public
patronage be such as to insure its continuance and p1osperity. The edifice
itselfis 1,668 feet (not quite one —'thi1 d ofa mile) 111 length by 312 feet wide; at
the central transept it is 381, and at the two smaller transepts 336 feet
wide. The wings at either end have a length of 576 feet. The hight of the
building is 68 feet from the g1ound 11001 to the base of the noble aich o1
vault 72 feet across, forming the roof; the central t1 ansept has a vaulted
roof of 120 feet span; and the thi1d gallery here crosses the main avenue at
a hight of 100 feet from the floor. ’lhe ground floor rests 011 968 columns,
and has a basement beneath it known as Si1 Joseph Paxton’s Tunnel, c011-
taining a gigantic warming apparatus of furnaces boilers, etc, includiiig an
iion network of fifty miles of steam- p—ipes.

CUBA. Tiial of General Lopez and others, engaged 111 the Cuban expedition,
commenced in Circuit Couit, Newr Orlcans,Dcce1nbe1' 17,1850. General
Quitman, of Mississippi, arrested by United States Marshal February 3,
1851,011 charge of setting on foot 9. military expedition against Cuba; he
issues a paper to the peop ple of Mississippi, resigning his oflice as Governor.
P1 oelamat1on by the P1 es1dent United States, April 25, wa1n1ng all pe1sons
Within jurisdiction of the States 11 om aiding 01 engaging in any expedition
against Cuba. A1'1est of O’Sullivan and others, April :26, on charge of being
concerned in a Cuban military expedition then fitting out in New Y01k.
Steamer Pampero, with Lopez and 400 to 500 V',oluntee1s sails 110111 New
Orleans, Aug. 3; disembark at Cabanos on the 12th ; Col. Crittenden, on his
route to join Lopez then in advance, is attacked by 500 Spanish troops and
his forces scattered. Lopez being repulsed by Gen. E1111 a, at Las Posas, retreats
to the mountains; is taken by bloodhounds on the 29th, and publicly garot—
ted at Havana, September 1. Col. Crittenden puts to sea, but is captured
with 50 of his comrades on the 15th Aug. ; the whole are carried to Havana
and shot the next day.- The remaining followers of Lopez, after enduring
great privations, are captured or surrender, and all but three 01' four con-
demned by the governor to ten years ’labor on the public works in Spain, for
Which country they a1e shipped September 1,11nde1 escort. Gleat excite-
ment at New Orleans, Aug. 21, g1 0W1nrr out of the above; the Spanish resi-
dents attacked, and the Spanish consul placed in city prison for safety.
Mr. J. S. Th1 ashei late editor of the “Faro Industrial, ” a1rested at Havana,
and after a tiial resulting in his conviction, sent to Spain 24th Nov, 1851.
The American prisoners in Spain pardoned by the Queen, Dec. 1851. [For
events subsequent to 1851, see Chronological Tables]

DAGUERREOTYPES. Of the innumerable variety of specimens of this Art,
those of the United States are considered superior for brilliancy and execution.
It is estimated that not less than 15,000 persons are connected with this Art
in the U. States, and that the amount of material annually consumed in their
operations exceeds $900, 000.

DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. In March, 1851, the Legislature of
North Carolina accepted a Report affirming as a well- ascertained historical

fact that the celebrated Meclclenburg Declaratzon was published in June,
1775,-——large portions of which were embodied 111 M1. Jeffer’son 5 Declaration

of the following vear. A resolution was passed that the 601761 n01 cause to

be transmitted the block of marble presented by Lincoln county for the
Washington Monument, with the arms of the State and the following inscrgp-

 

732 THE WORLDZs PROGRESS.

 

tion sculptured thereon,-——“ North Carolina, Declaration of Independence,
Meeklenbuw \Iay ‘20, 1775.”

.D, 1 .
EMOCRAOY of England, France, and the United States, compared:
V «s Vales
Country. Pop. No. Votes. if: Country. Pop. No. Votes. to
17 001000 6 1 >1 11,003? G tB 15 POP'
England .1 31 7;. in 1.) rea ri ain - .
W'ales, ’ 23501000 371.021 1 in 2:3 and Ireland,,i23’6"0’000 839,371 1 m 42
Scotland, 2,300,000 72,720 1 in 33 France, 34,000,000 250,000 1 in 137

Ireland, 8,000,000 98,006 1 in 81 United States, 20,000,000 2,750,000 1 in 7
DENTISTRY. Within thirty years, the art of dentistry has, by the cultivation
of its American practitioners, been raised from comparative obscurity into
the front rank of surgical science. Herodotus mentions that there were teeth-
doetors in Egypt during his time, and, from other ancient records, we are led
to believe that the art was rudely practised at an early day, particularly in
tome, at the commencement of the Christian era, although one of its writers
at that time has left an evidence of the small extent of his theoretical knowl-
edge on the subject, in stating that “the cause of the toothache is known only
to God.” From that time to the seventeenth century, it does not appear that
any part of dentistry was practised, except the simple knack of tooth-pulling,
and that with rude instruments. Probably the oldest of these now to be seen
is that exhibited in Boston, said to have been used by Dr. Snowden, on board
the Mayflower, in 1620. In the eighteenth century, dentistry was successfully
revived in Paris, and it was thence introduced into the United States, at the
period of the revolutionary war, by the surgeons accompanying our French
allies, and also by its special practitioners. The manufacture of sets of arti-
ficial teeth was shortly afterwards commenced. Among those for whom these
were made was Gen. Washington, who had one set made by Dr. Greenwood,
of Ne“ ‘York, and asecond set by one of his cotemporaries; but he afterwards
entirely abandoned the use of either set. In 1810, there were not probably
fifty dentists in the United States; but there were so many improvements
in dentistry about 1880, especially in preparing artificial teeth, that there
were then about three hundred. According to a careful estimate in 1842,
there were at that time 1400 in the United States; in 1848, 2000; and in
1850, the census reported 2923. In 1851, at the W'orld’s Fair, in London,
American dentistry was acknowledged to be the first in the world, and since
that time the profession has, by greatly adding to its achievements, gained a
pOsition which it will probably long continue to hold. The celebrated Fau-
chard, a dental surgeon of Paris, wrote a work entitled Le Ohirurgien Dentiste,
published in 1728, in two volumes, 121110., of 900 pages, which was the first
attempt to systematize the dental art, as a distinct branch of the medical
science, and hence he has ever been considered and justly styled the “ father
of dentists.” During the next ensuing fifty years. some half dozen valuable
dental works were published on the Continent. The first English work was ,
issued in 1770, by Thomas Berdmore, whose standing in his profession made ‘ji
him “ Dentist-in-ordinary” to George III. He wrote and published a treatise i
on the teeth, which, in point of merit, is said to be justly entitled, to preémi- , is
hence. Dr. Hunter’s two principal works appeared in 1771 and 1778,; Blake’s i
treatise, in 1798 ; and Fox’s, in 1806. There have been not less than fifty trea- , 3,
“Egg 0” dentiStl‘y byAmerican authors, and about half of these are now in print, ‘ g
being standard works, and essential to the completeness of the practitioner’s :
l

i

l

 

llbrary. The first of these was published in 1801, the second in 1802, and the p __
tlnrd 1n 1819, since which date there has scarcely been a year Without some, ~ '
valuable additions to the list of dental works. The two most important and
largest works were prepared by Dr. Harris, of Baltimore. Of these, the “Prin- ~
elples and Practice of Dental Surgery” has, since its first publication, in 1889, 4‘ ,

   

 

ADDENDA. 7'33

been revised four times, and doubled in size, and is now generally acknowl-
edged to be the best treatise on the subject in any language. His “Diction—
ary” is also a work of high repute, and has passed to a second edition. It may
be said of the dental profession in the United States—what cannot be said of
any other—that its literature is superior to that of the same profession in Eu-
rope. The first established and most important periodical on dentistry is The
American Journal of Dental Science, published quarterly at Baltimore, edited
by Dr. Harris, and commenced by him June 1, 1839. From the close of its
first year, to August, 1850, it was owned by “The American Association of
Dental Surgeons,” and was partly devoted to printing standard works: then
it was again transferred to Dr. H., and its library department discontinued.
The 1Vew-Yo7'k Dental Recorder was commenced October, 1846, and has just
entered on the ninth volume: it is edited by C. W. Ballard. The Dental
News-Letter, commenced in 1847, at Philadelphia, is an able quarterly, now
in its eighth volume. The Dental Register of the lVest, issued quarterly at
Cincinnati, was commenced October, 1847. The Forcep is a new journal, pub-
lished in this city. There are some three or four other smaller periodicals
in the United States. In all Europe, there is now but one dental periodical,
The Dentist, published monthly at Berlin, Prussia, each number containing
twenty-four pages. An English journal was commenced in 1843, edited by
J. Robinson, but it was short-lived. This country has the honor of having
been the first—and, as yet, the only one—to establish special institutions for
instruction in dentistry. The value and feasibility of such a system of tuition
have been fully demonstrated by the success of the pioneer college at Balti-
more, which has led to the establishment of three others in different parts of
the Union. They are conducted on a similar plan, having an annual session
of four months, commencing in November, and having a faculty of five pro-
fessors and a lecturer on chemistry. The total of charges for the course of
lectures is from $85 to $110; matriculation, $3 to $5; and diploma, $25 to
$30. The Baltimore College was founded in 1840, and has been very suc~
cessful, owing to the superior ability of its president, Dr. C. A. Harris, and
his colleagues, several of whom have been connected with it from the time
of its foundation. The whole number of its graduates, to 1850, was 84 ; in
1851,18; in 1852, 14; in 1853, 22; in 1854,18: total, to last year, 156. “The
American Society of Dental Surgeons,” which was organized in 1840, holds
its annual meeting in the first week of August. The last three meetings
were held at the following places: Philadelphia, August 5th, 6th, 7th, 1851 ;
Newport, August 3d, 4th, 1852; and ‘Vest Point, August 2d, 3d, 4th, 1853.
Artificial teeth were first invented in Paris, which continued to be the chief
place for their manufacture until American ingenuity devised a superior
article. Twenty years ago, probably not more than 250,000 teeth were
manufactured annually in the United States, and a less number in Europe.
Since then, the demand has been continually increasing, owing, in a great
measure, to the great improvements made from year to. year, which have at
length so fully combined beauty and utility that nothing more seems to be
desired. At the present time, there are not less than two millions of mineral
teeth made annually in this country, a considerable part of which are ex-
ported to various European countries, including France, the country of their
invention. It is a matter, then, of some pride, that we have so completely
outstripped the older countries in the perfection and manufacture of this
delicate and important article. The capital invested in this business, alone,
approaches $300,000, giving employment to a large number of persons, many
of Whom are women. The principal materials of which the teeth are composed,
. are: feldspar, white clay, and silex, which are brought, by tuns at a time,

734 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

from various localities in Delaware, Connecticut, and other States. The first
process in the manufacture consists in reducing the materials to a fine paste
in a steam-mill. This paste is then colored with the proper metallic oxyds,
so as to produce teeth of all the different shades found in nature. Thus pre-
pared, it is put in shape by moulds which are very numerous and varied——
and baked in the furnace, which every hour bakes hundreds of them into solid
porcelain, fit for service. In European countries, dentistry is by no means as
extensively practised as in the United States. This results: First, from its
being less required, for the people are generally more healthy, and take better
care of their teeth; secondly, because their practitioners are less skilful than
ours, and hence less patronized. In 1852, anofficial return showed that there
were but 411 dentists in France, which number but little exceeds that of the
dentists in this city alone. In the same year, Berlin contained thirty-seven;
Munich, seven; and Madrid, twelve dentists.

DIAMONDS. The Ifoh-imoor, or “Mountain of Light,” valued at £2,000,000,
received in England, from India, July, 1850. The actual value of this dia-
mond, tested by Mr. Jeffrey’s tables, is £260,000. It is, however, exceeded
by the famous Portugal diamond, weighing 1680 carats: this diamond has
never been cut or polished, and is valued by the Portuguese Government at
£5,644,000! The Dm‘ra-i—noor, or “ Sea of Light,” the property of the East
India Company; a blue diamond, belonging to the Queen; another in Mr.
Hope’s collection (177 grains), with several parti-colored; and a green diao
mond, owned by the King of Saxony, are among the most remarkable gems
of the present day. Several pink diamonds were exhibited in the “ Crystal
Palace ;” also a black diamond, weighing 350 carats, the property of Mr.
Joseph Mayer.

DIRECTORY, NEW-YORK CITY. The earliest published was in 1786:, a small
volume of eighty-two pages, printed byShepherd Kollock, Wall street. The
names of the individuals and firms include about 900, and occupy thirty-three
pages, the remainder being filled with general statistics of the city, United
States Government, Post Office regulations, etc. In his address, the editor
states it was the “ first directory ever attempted in this country.” The New-
York Historical Society possesses a complete set, from its first publication.

 

DOLLAR. This word is said to have originated from the following circum-
stance: In 1516, a silver mine was discovered at St. Joachim’s Thal (or dale),
1n Bohemia, the proprietor of which issued a number of silver pieces, which
were called “Joachim’s Thaler.” ‘By subsequent corruptions, this word be-
came Dollar; the mark (9,5) is simply a monogram of the letters, P S: that
is, Peso, the Spanish word for dollar.

DRAMATIC FUND ASSOCIATION. This benevolent institution for the relief

of decayed or disabled members of the profession, in this country, was
founded in New-York, April, 1848.

EARTH, ROTATION on THE. M. Focault’s public demonstration in Paris, May,
1801, of the rotation of the earth, was preceded by a similar exhibition by
M. Guyot, Paris, 1836.

EARTHQUAKE. How the approach of an earthquake may be known: M.
Rati-Menten has communicated, to the Paris Academy of Sciences, a paper,
stating an earthquake~indicator to consist of a magnet, to which is suspended,
by magnetic attraction, a little fragment of iron. Shortly before the occur-
rfince of an earthquake, the magnet temporarily loses its power, and hence
t_ e iron falls. According to M. Rati-Menten, the accuracy of this indicative
Sign has been thoroughly tested by an Argentine officer, 0010mm

  

l

  

adewmflyzaim‘mifisen’aufigment.ail-As: was. Ema/v .,1_ f. I'- V2. '17; "

 

 

_ ADDENDA. 735.

during a residence of many years at E11gu1pa—a legion where e111 thquaLes
are veiy f1 eqnent
Broussa, the ca1ly capital and the bu1111lpl11cc of the Ottoman Sultans,
severely visited by an e111tl1<p1al1e in the beginning of the yea1'.(1855,)
has recently been enti1elV destroyed by the rec -e11t 1ccx1rre11cc of the ca-
lamity. A few shocks sufliced to ove1"'tl11ou the magnificent mosques
which were the pride of the links, and the fact that the mausoleums of the
triumphant Sultans—of 0th1na,n Osman, Bayazeed, and Achmetv-ale 110w
in ruins, by the hand of Allah, has impressed the Turks VV ith sinister appre—
hensions about their futu1e. 'lhey take the earthquake of Broussa for a bad
omen, foretelling their downfall, and the end of their 1ule.

EDUCATION (IN EUROPE). Austria —Austiia has not received due credit for its
gigantic eliorts to establish a free and extensive sV stem of education. In
1842 there were 20,293 plimary day schools, besides 11,140 evening classes f01
adults and apprentices, employing 111 all 41, 809 teacl1e1s, and having a school
attendance of over 2,500,000 pupils. Besides these schools, there were eight
un1ve1s1t1es with 353 professors and 13, 871 students; twelve ly;cea forty-
nine theological schools; fifty- -three philosophical colleges; 188 gymnasia, or
higher classical schools; 126 special schools, and 1252 private schools.

Bavaria—Bavaria has three universities; nine lyceums, or colleges; twenty-
four gy mnasiums' , seventy Latln schools; three polytechnic schools; thiIty-
two mechanic, 01' industrial schools , nine normal schools; and 6065 common,

or p1 imary schools.

Belgimn.—There is now a very complete system of public instruction in suc-
cessful operation in Belgium Oiganized in 1842, and modified in 1850. It
emb1'aces-—1.P1imary schools, 01 two grades; 2 Secondmy schools, of two
grades; 3. Supe1ior schools, or universities; 4. Special schools, of eve1yl11nd
5. Societies for the advancement of science, the arts, and lite1atu1'e. All the
schools are subjected to constant and intelligent supervision, and their con-
dition reported to the public fully and frequently. There is one normal
school to train profeSsors for colleges and secondary schools ,and two to train
teachels for primary Schools, besides a normal course in the best primary
sc,hool of a superior grade, in each province, and a meeting of all the teachers
of a given district every three months for discussion. Much attention is given
to practical and scientific education 1n all the industrial occupations of Bel-
gium; and there are schools of comme1ce, engineering, agriculture, and the
mechanic arts, in successful ope1ation.No country in Lu1 ope is making more
rapid educational progr.ess

England and ”701163. -—England is well supplied with the means of academic
and collegiate education. The ancient endowments of g1ammar schools,
colleges, and universities, exceed in amount those of any othe1 country.
The annual income of charitable trusts designed for grammar schools,
alone, exceeds $800 000, and f01 schools not classical and elementary,
over $1, 000, 000; and, if properly managed, it is calculated, by Mr. McCul-
loch, that these trusts would) ield over $4, 000, 000. But these endowments
educate to a very limited extent the mass of the poor in England, for
whose special benefit they were left by their charitable and 1 eligious founders.
The only effectual education provided for the poor and labo1ing classes, has
been given through schools supported by religious bodies and volunta1y
societies, established since 1800, and only aided effectually since 1846, by
governmental grants and inspection. It was recently stated, in a speech 111
Parliament, that, in respect to education, England 1s almost at the bottom of

fie WRWS, Spain, and Italy, only being lower; that, out of the entire

736 THE WORLD’S rsoennss.

 

number of children between five and fifteen years of age, in England,'f01'ty-
two per cent. are at school, twelve per cent. are at work, and forty-51x per
cent. neither at school nor at work. There was also mentioned a fact, which
seems really incredible, viz: that nearly eight hundred school masters or ‘
mistresses in England were unable to write their own names; and that, at
the taking of the census, they signed their returns with a mark.

The following are the most recent statistics of elementary education in England, gathered
from Lord John Russell‘s speech, in 1853:

     

        
    
       
     
     
     
 

 

Number of Number of

Schools. Pupils. Total Income.

Denomination of Schools.

 

Church of England Schools, ....... 17,015 955,865 £317,081
British and Foreign do. ....... 1,500 225,000 161,250
Wesleyan do. ....... 397 38,623 27,347
Congregational do. ....... 89 6,839 4,901
{oman Catholic (10. ....... 585 34,750 16,000
Ragged (10. ....... 270 20,000 20,000

 

 

 

   

 

‘ Total, ...................... 19,856 1,281,077 £1,046,579
Public day schools, - - - - - - 15,473
Number of persons on the school-books:

Males, - - - - - - - , - 791,548

Females, - - - - - - - 616,021

Total, - - - - - - - - 1,107,567
Attending at the schools on the 3lst March, 1851 :

Males, - - - - - - - - 635,107

Females, - - - - - - - 480,130
Privale day schools, 31st March, 1851, - - - - 29,425
Number on the school books:

Males. - - - - - - - - 347,694

Females, - - - - - - - 353,210 .
Attending on March 3151:, 1851 :

Males, - - - - - - - 317.390

Females, - — - - - - - 822,349

Proportion of scholars on the books to the (one scholar in 81} persons) popu-

lation, 11.76 per cent. Number of scholars in attendance to school on
books, 83 1-5 per cent.

France—The system of public instruction in France embraces: 1. Primary
schools of two grades, elementary and superior; of the first there are 37,000,
and of the last 290, with 2,780,370 pupils. In all the primary schools, public
and private, there are 3,164,297 pupils. 2. Supplementary classes or schools,
for children and adults who cannot attend the primary schools. This grade _ ,-
of institutions embraces 1489 infant schools, with 96,192 pupils; and 6630
classes for adults, with 102,230 pupils. 3. Secondary schools; embracing
fifty—seven lycea or classical high schools, with 20,372 pupils; 312 communal
colleges and forty-six royal colleges, with an aggregate of 44,000 pupils;
bcs1de_s some 30,000 pupils in private establishments of the same grade. 4.
Superior schools; or schools of law, medicine, theologv, science, literature,
and the arts. There are six faculties of Catholic theology, and two of Pro-
testant theology, with about 6000 students. There are nine faculties of law,
at Aix, Caen, Dijon, Grenoble, Paris, Poitiers, Rennes, Strasbourg, and Tou-
louse, with about 3000 students. There are three faculties of medicine, at
Paris, Grenoble, and Montpelier, with seventeen secondary schools of medi-
cme. The faculty of medicine in Paris includes about thirty professors and
4000 students. There are eight faculties of science and six faculties of letters;

 

1

 

in
ADDENDA. 737

five special schools. a. Normal schools for training teachers and professors:
One super'im normal school at Paris, for educating professors for colleges and
13 cea; ninety- -tl1ree p11111a13' normal schools, including the Institutes of the
Cl11istian Biotheis, and seminaiics for female teachers, connected with reli—
gious communities ' one normal military school at Paris; one 1101 mal class
for teache1s and conductors of refonn schools at Mettimay 1) Schools of en-
gineers, 111i1itar3', civil, and naval: ’lheic are the l’ol_ te echnie School, and the
School of Roads and Bridges, and the School of Mines, at Paris. 0. Schools
of arts and manufactiues: C>1. The central school and the Conservatmy oi the
Arts, at Paris; 2. The schools at Chalons, Angers, and Aix, together with a
large number of provincial and town schools and cl asses, for special instr 110-
tion in drawing, pattern, and model making, etc. (1. Schools of agriculture,
horticulture, etc.: There are forty-four model—farm schools ; four regional,
or district; one central institute at Versailles; four veterinary schools, and
one school of horticulture. e. Militm 3' schools: These are six—1. Military
Gymnasium, at Paris; 2. Special \lilitary School, at St. Cyr; College, at
La Fleche; 4. School for Aitillery, at \Ietz; 5. School for Staff—officem, at
Paris; 0 School for Cavalry, at Saumur. f Naval schools: Besides the two
large schools at Brest and L’Oi 1ent there are forty naval schools 111 the di 1—
ferent seaports. 9. School of the film 111 ts: Aid is given to the Academy of
Painting at Rome and Paris, to the Conservatory of Music, and to schools of
’Design at Paris and in the provinces. h. Institutions for the blind, deaf
mutes, and idiots: France was the earliest to establish public institutions for
each of these unfortunate classes, and still makes annual appropriations in
their behalf. 1'. Agricultural orphan homes and reform schools: There are
ten 1"ef01n1- farm schools, and nineteen homes for 01',phans with a farm and
a garden attached supported or aided by the goveinment. Besides these
institutions, the1e are a large number of societies and libraries, devoted to
the advancement of a particular science or branch of knowledge, in aid of
which the government makes annual app1opriations.

G'mnd Duchy of Baden —The Grand Duchy is one of the most advanced con-
stitutional States of Ge1man3, and the one best provided with educational
institutions. With a population in 1844 of 400, 000, there were—Two uni-
versities—one at Heidelberg, with 710 student ' '
485 students; f'ou1 lyceums, 01' high schools, a grade below the university; six
gymnasiums, devoted mainly to high classical instruction; six pedagogiums,
or schools prepar'atmy to the 13' cea; fourteen Latin schools, p1epa1at01y to
the gymnasrum; eight seminaries for young ladies; four normal schools—
one at Carlsruhe, tor Protestant teacher;s four normal schools—one at
Carlsruhe forC Catholic teachers, one institution for deaf mutes: one veteri—
nary school; one polytechnic school, with 200 pupils; one trade school, one
military academy; 2121 common schools, each with diiferent grades or
classes.

Greece. —The public educational institutions of Greece, and their statistics for
1851—2, are as follows: University of Athens, thir-ty -nine professors and 590
students—classed as follows' . of philosophy (sciences and belles-lettres),
sixty six, theology, ten; law, 109; medicine, 278; pharmacy, thirty-seven.
0f the 590, 281 are from the kingdom of Greece, and 309 from the Greek
provinces. The annual expense of this institution is $23, 560. Seven gymnasia
(classical high schools), with f01t3-th1ee professors and 1077 pupils, of whom
847 are from Independent Greece. Seventy-nine second. ary pschools (called
Hellenic, because based upon the study of Greek), with 133 professors and
3872 pupils; four private institutions and three supported by the communes,
with twenty-five professors and 511 pupils; one seminary, with four pmfes:

                                  

738 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

sors and thirty students. One normal school, for training teachers for the
communal schools, with seven professors and sixty students. 338 communal
schools for boys, with 366 teachers and 33,864 pupils. Thirty-one communal
schools for girls, with forty teachers and 4380 pupils; seventeen private
schools for girls, with twenty—five teachers and 1479 pupils; the school of
the Philecpaideutic Society, for the higher instruction of girls, with thirteen ' ‘ "
professors and 464 pupils. One agricultural school, at Tiryus, with twenty
scholars. One military school, with twenty professors and sixty-four pupils.
There are, also, at Athens, a school called the Polytechnic School, being the
beginning of a school of arts and trades; a library. of about 70,000 volumes;
a rich cabinet of natural philosophy; a museum of natural history; an ana-
tomical museum; a museum of pathological anatomy; an observatory; a
medical society; a society of natural history; an archaeological society; a
society of the fine arts, and a botanic garden. According to statistical returns
of the kingdom of Greece, for 1853, the population is 1,002,112. Of this
number, from 700 to 750 are teachers or professors, and about 47,000 pupils,
of whom about 62.50 are females. The number of young Greeks studying in
the universities of France, Germany, and Italy, is from 350 to 400. Of these,
thirty-one, having finished courses of study in Greece, are maintained at the
expense of the Greek government. Eleven of them are studying medicine,
six fine arts, six literature, one law, one physical and mathematical science,
and six theology.

Holland—Theprimary school system of Holland was first organized in 1806.
The kingdom is divided into districts, for each of which there are school
inspectors, who visit schools, examine and promote teachers, and give life to
the whole system. There were 3214 primary schools in 1846, with 382,370.
pupils, to which there were eighty inspectors, paid by the government. The
schools are partly supported by the communes or parishes, and partly by the
parents.

Ireland—Prior to 1650, Ireland abounded with schools connected with reii—
gious houses or the parish church. From the time of Henry VIII., to 1831,
the legislation of England, in regard to Irish schools, was mainly directed
to convert Irishmen into Englishmen, and Catholics into Protestants. It was ,
even made an offense, punishable by transportation, to act as a schoolmaster, ' i;
or for Catholic parents to educate their children abroad. In 1831, a Board _‘
of Commissioners of National Education for Ireland was organized, and an ,
annual grant—in the year 1848, amounting to over £125,000—was made to
support public schools free of any denominational bias. This Board has aided
1n the erection and fitting up of over 3000 school-houses, and now supports
over 4000 elementary schools, with 500,000 pupils, besides one normal school,
one model-farm school, twenty-one district-farm schools, sixteen industrial.
schools, eighteen workhouse schools, and a large number of evening classes.

Prussia—The educational system of Prussia embraces—1. Primary schools
of two grades, elementary and superior, with a high school in the large.
towns; 2. Secondary schools of two kinds—gymnasia for classical training,
and real schools for the business of life; 3. Universities, with the most com- _,
plete range of higher instruction in law, medicine, theology, science, and,
phllosophy; 4. Special schools, for the deaf and dumb, blind, idiots, and for
engineers, farmers, artisans, and artists. In 1846, there were 24,080 ele»
mentary schools, with 29,663 male teachers, and 1876 female, all of whom.
had been trained in normal schools, of which there are forty—six, including;
two for female teachers. To these should be added 1436 superior primaryg

schools, with 91,818 scholars and 2729 teachers, and 100 town high who‘ll“:
and 762 teachers, and 15,624 students. *

    

   

ADDENDA. 739

Russia—The public schools of Russia may be classified as follows: 1. Schools
and institutions subject to the supervision of the Minister of Public Instruc-
tion. These cmbrace--a. Primary schools, supported by the parishes, of
which there are no returns, as to their numbers or the attendance ; I). Town
high schools, of which there are over 2000, with 112,000 pupils; c. Gymnasia,
or classical schools, seventy-seven, in all numbering about 3000 pupils, mostly
sons of the nobility; d. Boarding schools sanctioned by the government;
6. Six universities and three lycea, with —— professors and teachers, and
3521 students. 2. Military schools: a. Twenty-seven colleges, subject to the
direct management of the emperor, or to his delegate, the grand duke, heir-
apparent, with 865 professors and 9504 students; 6. Ten naval schools, with
3920 students and 337 teachers, under the direction of the Admiralty; 0.
Elementary military schools, for children of soldiers in service, or whose
fathers have been killed in war, under the management of the Minister of
War. 3. Preparatory schools for the civil service of the empire: a. Eighty-
fivc schools of commerce, with 461 teachers and 9779 pupils, belonging to the
Minister of Finance; 6. Two schools of civil engineering, with eighty—five
professors and 516 students; 6. Three schools, with ninety-three professors
and 591 students, under the charge of the Postmaster; (1. Six institutions,
with ninety-six professors and 993 students, under the charge of the Secretary
of State; 6. Two law-schools, with ninety—three professors and 591 students.
4. Theological schools: a. Twenty-one theological schools belonging to the
Greek Church, with seventy-two teachers and 1261 students; I). Fourteen
schools to the Armenian Church, with forty-five teachers and 728 students;
c. Two schools to the Lutheran Church, with eight teachers and 668 students;
d. Eleven schools to the Mahommedan creed, with 586 students; (2. One rab—
binical school to the Jews. These schools are managed by the Synod of the
Greek Church and the consistories 0f the other denominations. 5. Agricul-
tural schools: a. An agricultural college, under the immediate supervision
of the emperor, where 250 peasants are thoroughly instructed for four years,
in scientific and practical agriculture, and then sent to model farms on the
domains of the crown ; I). Twenty-five agricultural schools, with 124 teachers
and 1591 students; 0. 2696 industrial elementary schools, employing 2783
teachers for 18,907 pupils.

Saxony—With a population of 1,809,023, in 1846, there was one university.
with eighty-five professors and 885 students; six academies of the arts and
mining, with forty-three professors and teachers, and 1400 pupils; eleven
gymnasia, with 131 teachers and 1530 pupils; six higher burgher and real
schools, with eighteen teachers and 270 pupils; three special institutions, for
commerce and military affairs, with forty—three teachers and 240 pupils; nine
teachers’ seminaries, with forty-one teachers and 362 pupils; seventeen higher
schools of industry, or technical schools, with 72 teachers and 779 pupils;
sixty-nine lower or technical schools, with —— teachers and 6966 pupils;
twenty four schools for lace-making, with thirty-seven teachers and 1928
pupils; and 2155 common schools, with 2175 teachers and 278,022 pupils;
besides one institution for the blind, one for deaf mutes, three orphan asylums,
and a number of infant schools and private seminaries.

Shetland—Public schools existed in Scotland for many centuries before the
organization of the present system of parochial schools, by the Acts of 1615,
1633, and 1696. The growth of the population has, for more than a half
century, made the parochial system entirely inadequate to meet the educa-
tional wants of the country. Out of 4371 Schools in operation in 1850, only
1049 belonged to the parochial system; of the remainder, 823 were supported

3*, in part by the Church of Scotland; 704 by the Free Church; fifty by the

740 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

  
 
   
   
   
  
  
   
   
  
   
  
  
  
  
   
   
 
 
    
  
  
   
  
  
  
   
  
 
 
  

Scotch Episcopal; sixty-three by Roman Catholics; and 1684 were adventure}
schools, supported entirely by tuition. In all these schools there were about
225,000 scholars, leaving a large number of children—not less than 1’25,000——
of the proper school age, still to be provided for. The parochial schools of
Scotland are supported partly by a charge on the property of the parishes,
and partly by tuition paid by parents.
lVirzfembcrg.~—\Virtembcrg was one of the earliest of the German States to
establish a graduated system of public instruction, from the common school
to the university, and has always shared largely in all the educational move-
ments of Germany. The framework of the school system in operation in 1848 i
was substantially the same as it was in 1538, enlarged, from time to time, to
meet the demands of the age for new institutions, and a more liberal and
practical instruction. \Vith a population of 1,750,000, there were the fol-
lowing institutions, aided by the government, in 1847: One university, at “
Tubingen, with six faculties, seventy-one professors, and 800 students; nine f
real schools, with seventy teachers; six gymnasia, each with ten professors.
and three assistants—that at Stuttgart has twenty—six professors; five lycea,
each with seven teachers; eighty—seven Latin schools, in which eighty-six ,
classical teachers, sixty-six real teachers, and forty—four assistants, are em-
ployed; one Protestant theological seminary, at Tubingen, with fifteen teach-
ers, and four preparatory theological schools in other parts, each having six
teachers and thirty pupils; one Catholic theological seminary; one poly- ,
technic school, with twenty-one teachers, and a course of instruction em-
bracing four years, for engineers, architects, etc.; one institute for agriculture .
and forestry, at Hohenheim, the most complete agricultural establishment in
Europe, and five smaller schools; one veterinary school, with five professors; ,
two orphan houses, each having 278 orphans; nine farm schools, for vagrant;
and criminal children; seven schools of art and drawing; one superior:
seminary for Protestant girls, at Obenstenfeld, with eleven teachers; one"
superior seminary for Catholic girls, at Stuttgart, with thirteen male teachers
and thirteen female teachers; one institute for deaf mutes and the blind'
1455 Protestant common schools; 787 Catholic schools; six teachers’ semis.
naries. These institutions, providing on a liberal scale for the educational
wants of the whole community, are all in some way aided by the government,
and subject to its supervision through the Home Department. ‘ ‘

Agricultural Education—Much attention is now paid in Europe, by goverm
ments and by voluntary associations of the friends of agricultural improve
ments, in different countries, to schools and model farms, for special instruc
ti-on in the science and practice of agriculture. The first school of the kind
was proposed by the Abbe Rosier, in France, in 1775, but established by
Fellenberg, at Hofwyl, in Switzerland, in 1799. It appears, from Mr. Barnard’fl'
book, that there are now in Europe twenty-five superior schools, sixty inter»
mediate, and 260 primary schools of agriculture, besides a course of lecturelz
on the science of agriculture in sixteen universities. Mr. Barnard gives Q
particular description of several of the most successful of these interesting:
institutions. ~ » ‘

Normal Schools—The first institution for the special instruction of teach
in the art of teaching, was established by the Abbe de Lasalle, in France,
1681, and the second, by Franke, in Germany, in 1694. There are now near
three hundred in successful operation. They exist, as part of the system,
every country where public schools are established and supported by 1a

Reformat-tor}; Farm Schools—A very interesting class of agricultural‘schw
has been established in France, Germany, and England, Within a fewye
under the name of “ Reform Farm Schools,” designed for Clelinquent‘chw"I ~

    
 

 

chcvyvrjr run” 11* “Fat, nuts-lrvw‘
,. .- '-, x~ .1

ADDENDA. 741

EDUCATION (IN INDIA). Education always from the earliest period of their his-

tory had been an object. of public ca1e and of public interest to the Hindoo
governments in the peninsula of India. Every well regulated village under
those governments had a public school and a public schoolmaster. The sy stem
of instruction in them was that which in consequence of its efficiency, sim-
plicity, and cheapness, was, a few yca1s ago, introduced from Madras into
England, and from England into the rest of Europe. Eve1y Hindoo pa1ent
looked upon the education of his child as a solemn duty which he owed to God
and his country, and placed him under the schoolmaster of his village as soon
as he had attained his fifth ye exal The ce1 emony of introducing 111m for the
fir st time to the schoolmaste1 and his scholais was publicly 1‘eco1ded, and was
attended with all the solemnity of a religious obse1vance;a pray e1 being
offered 11p to Gawnesa the IIindoo god of wisdom, which was at the head of
eve1y Hindoo school, implo1ing him to aid the scholar in his endeavors to
learn and become wise.

EDUCATION—SCHOOLS 01 T1115 SANDWICH ISLANDS.

Whole Number of Schools, . . . . . . . . . . 411
'Whole Number of Scholars in same, . . . . . . . . . 1l,782
Whole Cost 111 1854, . . . . . . . . $20,705 82
Average Number of Scholars iri each Scliool, . . . . . . . 23 4.10
Averan Cost of each School for the year, . . . . . . . . $50 25
Avc1age Cost of each School for a day, . . $202 1.10
Select Schools supported \V holly or in part by Goveinment, including English .

and High Schools, . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Number of Scholars in same, say . . . . . 650
Number of Native Chihhen learning English, about . . . . . . 600

EDUCATION (IN THE UNITED STATES).

Total of the School Fund of the States of the Union '[For the details, see

Finances], . . . . . . . . . $26, 509, 820
COLLEGES AND PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS.

Number of Colleges and Professional Schools in the United States, . . . 119
“ Instructors 1n D0 , . . . . . . . . . . 1,028
“ Students 1n Do. . . . 11,732

(being 1 Inst1uctor to 11.4 Students on an average. )
“ Alumni of Do. .. . . . . . . . . . . 62,128
“ Volumes in Libiaries of Do. ., . . . . . . . . . 976,033
“ Theological Schools, . . . . . . . . . . 44
“ Professors in Do , . . . . . . . . . . . 126
“ Students In Do., . . . 1,372
(being 1 Instructor to 10.89 Students on an average.) ‘
“ Educated since Foundation 01 Do., . . . . . . . . 8,195
“ Volumes in Libraries of Do., . . . . . . . . 201,547
“ Law Schools, . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
“ Professors in Do., . . . . . . . . . . . 37
“ Students' in Do. ., ’ . . . 473
(being 1 Instructor to 12. 78 Studerits oxi an average.)
“ Medical Schools, . . . . . . . . . . . 87
“ Professors in Do., . . . . . . . . . . . 254
“ Students‘ 1n Do. ., . . . 5,181

(being 1 Instructor to 20. 4 Students on an averhge.)
Number of Graduates of Do. ., . . . . . . . . . . . 18,150

Normal Schools—[see Normal Schools]

For the results of education, it may be instructive to compare the native
white population, and the number of native white adults ignorant of letters in
a few States:

  
 

742 THE WORLD’S T’ROGRESS.’

Population; I «61¢me
Maine, . . . . . . . . . . 549,674 _, ’1,994~
North Carolina, . . . . . . 550,267 78,226-
Massachusetts, . . . . . 819,044 1,055
Tennessee, . . . . . 749,661 77,017 ‘
01110, . . . 1,732,698 51,968
Virginia, . . . 871,393 75,868
Connecticut, . . . . 324,095 726
M arylnnd, . . . . . 366,650 17,364
Rhode Island, . . . . 119,975 981
Louisiunu, . . . . . 187,558 14,950
N ew- York, . . 2,383,830 23,241
Missouri, . 514,527 34,448

It is worthy of

in Anatomy and Physiology.

remark that the two oldest col
Harvard and Yale, have independent chairs of Zoology; While the two
great Universities of England afford no means of instruction in those de-
partments, except such as are derived from the casual lectures of the reader *

EMIGRATION STATISTICS—GREAT BRITAIN.

 
 

 

    

Ireland.

* The Return

To the North
Years. American
Colonies.
12.084
1 8‘29 13.8 17
1830 30,571
1831 58,1 ‘67
1 832 66,339
1833 28,808
183-1 40, 060
1535 15,573
1836 34.226
1837 29,884
1838 4.577
1839 12,658
1 8-10 32,293
1 841 88, 164
1842 54,123
1813 23,518
131.1 22,924
1845 31,303
1816 43,439
1847 109,680
1848 , 81,065
1319 41,967
1850 32,961
1851
to M arch
31
Total,

To United

8 totes.

32,872
29, l 159
33,. :74
26,720
37,774
36, 770
14,332
33,536

‘40,642
45,017
63,852
28,335
43, 660

58,533 .

82,209
142,154
138,233
219,450
223,078

To Australian
Colonies and
New Zealnnd.

Return by the Land and Emigration Commissioners of the Emigration from the United
Kingdom, during the Twenty-six years from l825—50, inclusive.*

To- all other

Places.

—.—.—____ ______~_...__ _____._.__.._ _____..___ ———-——-..--—-——-——

does not distinguish the emigrants born in Great Britain from those 1333

leges of the United States,

 
  
     
   
    
  
  
  
 
 
 
  
     
   
  
        
      
    
    
     
     
        
        
       
       
     
          
        
       
       
     
      
        
       
     
       
        
      
   

103,14)
62,527
76,223
41,473
75,417
72,031:
33,222
92,207
911,743
118,592
128,344
» 57,212
_ 70,686 *
93,511. 2
129,851 ‘
258,270
248,089
290,493
280,849

56,584

  

' 2,622,617

651‘ i

 

'fiw

 

 

ADDENDA. i7’43

EMIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATES. A statement of the number of
passengers arriving in the United States by sea from foreign countries,

during the last eleven years from September 30, 1843, to December 31,
1854:—

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Males. Females. igég?‘ Total.

From Sept. 36, 1843, to Sept. 36, 1844, . 48,897 35,867 .. 84,764
Sept..3),1S4-1,to Sept. 39, 1845, . 69,188 49,296 1,466 119,894
Sept. 36, 1845, to Sept. 36, 1846, . 96.973 66.778 897 158,648
Sept. 30, 1846, to Sept. 30, 1847, . 134,750 96,747 1,057 232,554
Sept. 36, 1847, to Sept. 36, 1848, . 136,128 92,883 472 229,843
Sept. 36, 1848, to 801112.31), 1849, . 179,253 119,915 442 369,616
Sept. 36, 1849, to Dec. 31, 1849, . 38,282 27,167 181 66,576
Dec. 31, 1849, to Dec. 31,1856, . 266,963 113,392 1,638 315,333
Dec. 31, 1856, to Dec. 31,1851, . 245,617 163,745 66 468,828
Dec. 31, 1851, to Dec. 31, 1852, . . . . . 398,470 398,471)
Dec. 31, 1852, to Dec. 31, 1853, . 236,596 164,181 .. 400,777
Dec. 31, 1853, to Dec. 31, 1854, . 284,887 175,587 .. 466,474
Total, . . . . 1,664,874 1,105,492 404,029 3,174,395

 

 

ENLISTMENTS. It is stated on high authority that, out of a company of 55 in
the United States army, nine-tenths enlisted on account of female difficulties;
thirteen of them had changed their names, and forty-three were either
drunk, or partially so, at the time of their enlistment. Most of them were
men of considerable talents and learning, and about one—third had once been
in elevated stations in life. Four of them had been lawyers, three doctors,
and two ministers.

ENVELOPES FOR LETTERS. Delarue’s machine in London completes no
less than 396,000 daily, the cutting, folding, and gumming, being performed
by one single operation. Dr. Hawes’ three machines at Worcester, Mass,
complete, count, and pack, 36,000 per day, and preparations are making
for a contract of 120,000 daily.

ERICSSON’S CALORIC SHIP. The caloric engine was patented by Captain
Ericsson in 1833. Its peculiarity is the use of hot air in the place of steam
for the propulsion of the vessel. Its first practical application was in the
steamer Ericsson, built at New York, and fitted up under the immediate
superintendence of the inventor. At her first trial this ship accomplished
about nine revolutions of her wheels a mlnute and a speed of about seven
miles an hour. Her cylinders were so large, being fourteen feet in diameter,
that the bottoms, to which the fires of the furnace were directly applied,
were rendered insecure through constant expansion and contraction. This
difficulty it was found could not be easily remedied, and the plan was
adopted of running the ship on the high-pressure principle, and by this
means very much reducing the size of the cylinders, bringing them down to
about six feet. The ship, in May or June, 1854, made her first trip with the
new machinery, and when, in returning to her dock, after what Capt.
Ericsson deemed a most successful trial, she was struck by a fatal flaw
which carried her to the bottom. This accident, though happening at
home, was nevertheless a complete shipwreck. The ship was in fact reduced
to a mere hulk, with everything movable in ruins and everything fixed
requiring renovation, the entire machinery included. The enterprise was
started by a company of gentlemen ; but the withdrawal of one after another
threw nearly the entire burthen on Mr. John B. Kitching, who courage-

   
   

744 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

ously held out to the last. The plan of propelling the vessel by heated air—
has been abandoned for the present, and the opinions of scientific men as to
the possibility of its ever superseding steam, are divided. The Ericsson is
now converted into a steamship of improved pattern. Capt. Ericsson claims
to have made a very important improvement by his new condenser. The ,
saving is great in fuel, in the wear of the boiler, and the labor of cleansing
it, through the use of fresh water 'in lieu of salt. By the new plan, the
boilers of the Ericsson are charged with fresh water, and as there is no
waste, she may carry the same out from N ew York to Havre and return
without diminution other than what might result from accidental leakage.
In addition, she has apparatus for distilling 1,000 gallons of fresh water
from salt a day, so that the great bulk of the water-tanks is saved for freight.
Altogether, she comes nearer to the caloric standard of cheapness of
power and economy in space. The room occupied by the machinery and
boilers is unusually small, and the consumption of fuel greatly reduced from
the old standard. It is stated that her furnaces cannot consume over thirty
tuns a day, and it is expected the Atlantic voyage will be made on a tun an
hour. The speed of the ship on her trial trip was about twelve miles an
hour, with an alleged consumption of fuel not exceeding three-fourths of this
quantity. -

EXHIBITION, GREAT, LONDON, opened by the Queen, May 1, closed Oct.
11, 1851. This building, erected for the exhibition of the “ \Vorld’s Indus-
try” in arts, manufactures, etc, covered nearly nineteen acres, being four
times the size of St. Peter’s at Rome. It was erected from the designs of

Joseph Paxton, almost entirely of glass and iron; the cubic contents of the
building were 33,000,000 feet; hight of the transept, 108 feet.

 

Total cash receipts from privileges, season tickets and visitors, - - - £505,107
01‘ which $356,808.25 were taken on the 18. days.
Expenses and appropriations, - ~ - - - - - 355,000
Net profit, - - £150,107 ‘
Total number of visitors, — - - - - - - 6,201,856 .1
Largest number of admissions on closing day, being at 5 P. M., - - 108,000
Number of Exhibitors, - - - - 17,000

7ouncil Alexia-ls awarded to Great Britain, 79; Germany, 12; Austria, 4; Belgium, 2 ; Tus-

cany, 2; Spain. 1; France, 56; United States, 5; Russia, 3; Switzerland, 2; Holland, 1;
Rome. 1; and Turkey, 1. Total, 159. ~
Jury Medals, of which 9 were awarded to U. 8., 2,918.

The number of letters received by the acting Commissioners during their
official session was thirty-seven thousand !

It is not a little to the honor of the United States that the articles combin-
ing the greatest utility were exhibited by American citizens—McCormick’s
Reaping llfachine being one of the most im ortant and successful. The ex-
ample of the Great Exhibition was followe by exhibitions at Cork, in 1852.
and Dublin, in 1853. Industrial exhibitions have also been opened on various
scales, in Bavaria, Berlin, Breslau, Copenhagen, Munster, Piedmont, Ply-
mouth, Salisbury, and Sheffield. In Paris, preparations are making for an
exhibition early in 1855, by the erection of a suitable edifice, etc. The in-
terior of the main edifice is 827 feet long by 556 broad. It is divided
lengthWise into three galleries; the central one, or nave, is 623% feet long
by 157% in width and 98% in hight; around it, above the lower range of
Windows, runs an upper galler , 78% feet Wide. Besides its glass dome, the
rlijalace is lighted by 598 large windows. There are 136 supporting columns.
lhe accessor Y or supplemental edifice, on the Quai de la Confermce, is 3,937
feet long an 82 wide, with upper galleries on either side, running its whole
lengh, 20 feet in width. These two great buildings are to be united. by a'

"£;W“:q7'?§7'<3£¥‘~“{flLia“,i“,slyriifggln(rrl'/V , , / ,., .. , ,. ,,, E. .r V.

  

.sréerasxaes

 

ADDENDA. 745

new gallery which takes in on its way the old Panorama building. Finally,
there is, near by, the accessory Palace, devoted to the exhibition of the fine
arts. Excluding this last, the other buildings present, on the ground floor
and in raised galleries, a surface of 106,443 square yards, or 3,589 more than
that of the London Crystal Palace. The Palace des Beaux Arts has a ground
surface of 16,744 square yards The national exhibition of the line arts and
that of manufactures, are to be held in the edilicc at the periods fixed by the
government. At all other times the state reserves to itself, for military or
otherfétcs, the free use of the building on any two days in the week which
it may select. Should the government not require the building on the two
days of the week, the company may profit by that fact, on asking leave of
the Minister of the Interior. During the other five days of the week, the
company having the building may employ it for private fétes or exhibitions.
During the national exhibitions the company may demand, on the days fixed
by the government, an entrance fee, which is not to exceed 3 francs, one
day in the Week being fixed at 50 cents. The government may at any pe-
riod after the first ten years take possession of the building on condition of

_ paying as an indemnity to the company the average of the last five years’
receipts multiplied by the number of years remaining to run to the end of
the concession. As the ground belongs to the city of Paris, the company is
to pay it an annual rent of 1,200 francs.

EXTENSION OF THE TERRITORY OF THE U. S. Until 17 60, the entire

valley of the Mississippi belonged to France and was styled the Province of
Louisiana. In that year FranCe commenced negotiating with Spain a secret
treaty, and which resulted in transferring to Spain so much of the aforesaid
province as lay west of the Mississippi River, embracing, of course, New
Orleans. This treaty, though ratified in 1762, was not published until 1764,
after the general “Treaty of Paris,” made in 1763 between Great Britain,
France, and Spain, when France ceded Canada to Great Britain with all the
Louisiana Province east of the Mississippi River, and which was thencefor-
ward called East Louisiana. Thus by those two treaties France disposed of
all her territory in North America. By the treaty last mentioned, Spain
ceded the Floridas to Great Britain. By the treaty of 1783, at the close‘ of
the Revolution, the United States acquired from Great Britain all of
East Louisiana. In the same year the Floridas were retroceded to Spain,
which also retained its other possessions in North America. Thus the
United States was then bounded on the north by Canada and the great
lakes, on the west by the Mississippi, and on the south by the 31st parallel
of N. latitude, which divided it from the Floridas. ‘In 1795 the United
States obtained from Spain the free navigation of the Mississippi, which had
become an urgent public want; but Spain afterward threw many obstacles
in the way of trade, and it is probable that hostilities with that nation were
only prevented by its ceding Louisiana to France, March 21, 1801‘, in accord
ance with the treaty of San Ildefonso, of October 1, 1800. About this period
the general attention of the nation was drawn by many circumstances to a
consideration of the probable destiny of the great Mississippi Valley, and the
earnest sentiment of our people began to show itself through the public
press, and Congress was called upon to make arrangements for purchasing
the entire province. On the recommendation of President Jefferson in
1803, Congress provided for the exploration of the country, which was ac—
cordingly accomplished by Capts. Lewis and Clarke. Negotiations were
commenced with France, and the condition of her affairs so favored the pro-
‘posed purchase that it was speedily consummated. The treaty was signed
' April 18,1803,»and perfected on the 30th of that month. ‘Louisianan‘ow

32

746 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

became the property of the United States, $15,000,000 being paid for the
same. In December following, the territory was.duly surrendered. The
$15,000,000 was paid in stock and money. The amount paid for interest on
that stock up to the time it became due was $8,529,353.43, making the total
payment to France for Louisiana $23,529,353A3. In 1811, that portion of
West Florida south of 31°, and now included in Alabama and Mississippi,
was occupied by the United States, the Spanish authority having been sub~
verted by revolution. After Louisiana had been acquired, there was a
grave controversy with France concerning the Western limits of that province,
which lasted until 1819—20, when by the Florida Treaty of that period, the
Floridas were ceded to the United States and Texas was confirmed to Spain.
Spain in 1821 ceded the whole of Florida as indemnity for spoliations com-
mitted on the property of American citizens, though it also received
$5,000,000, which with $1,489,768.66 paid in the shape of interest on stock
issued, made together the sum of $6,489,768.66. Thus we paid France and
Spain for new territory $0,019,122.09. But- this is not all. Georgia, byits
charter of 17 32, extended westward to the Mississippi River, and hence, though
at that period the territory beyond its present limits (now Alabama and Missis-
sippi) was defacto a French possession, yet on its coming into the possession
of Great Britain in 1763, and of the United States in 1783, it was of course
claimed by Georgia as falling within the limits of its charter. In 1798 this
country was formed into the Territory of Mississippi, and Georgia’s claim to
it was ceded to the United States in 1802 for the sums of $1,250,000, paid in
money and 21mm, and $4,282,151.12 paid for Yazoo claims under that State
-—total $5,532,151.12. Thus far the aggregate cost is $35,551,27 3.21. Texas
was a province of Mexico until March, 1836, when it declared its indepen-
dence, but it had previously been in open rebellion. At the battle of San
Jacinto on April 21 of that year, the Mexicans were defeated, and Santa
Anna was captured. He conceded the independence of Texas,' but his
acknowledgment was never confirmed by Mexico. After an independent
existence of nine years, Texas was admitted into the Union by a joint reso-
lution of Congress, which received the President’s signature, March 1, 1845.
Texas ratified the resolution on the 4th of July following, and by act of
Congress of Dec. 29 of the same year, the laws of the United States were
extended over this new member of the Union. On the 28th of March, 1846,
Gen. Taylor and the “Army of Occupation” took their position opposite
Matamoras. On the 24th April the first hostilities took place, when a dc«
tachment of our troops ivere killed. This resulted in the first great battle
of May 8—9; and on the 13th following, Congress passed the first act for the
prosecution of the war, appropriating $10,000,000, and providing for
50,000 volunteers. The treaty of peace and cession was signed at Guadalupe
Hidalgo Feb. 2, 1848. By the act of Sept. 9, 1850, Texas received for its
cessmn of that part of its territory now included in New Mexico, $10,000,000,
and for its relinquishment of claims on the United States, the sum of
$10,000,000 in stock bearing five per cent. interest, payable half—yearly, and
redeemable in fourteen years. Half of this amount, or $5,000,000 was re-
served for its creditors. This provision was changed at the last session, and
an additional amount of $2,500,000 was appropriated toward paying the ,
creditors of Texas, which sum is consequently chargeable to the account
Of our national expenses for that State. The purchase of the Mesilla Val— '
ley, ostensibly for the purpose of having one of the moonshine routes for ~
the Pacific Railroad within our national domain, was effected for the ‘
moderate sum of $10,000,000, in accordance with the treaty of December
15, 1853. The expenses for concluding this treaty are. stated in the Treafim'y I

 

 

  

ADDENDA. 747

Report as at least $86, 255. 88. The following table shows the teriitmial
inc1ease of the United States since 17 83 as given in the compendium of the
last Census:

Square Miles.

1783 Area of the Union at the peace, - - - ~ - - 820,680
1803. The purchase of Louisiana added about — - - - 899.579
1819. The sequisition of F101 1(11 added, - - - - 66,900
1845. Admission of Texas, (Linor‘y s Map, 1844,) - - - - 318,000
1846. O1egou Tr,eaty - - - - - 308,052
1848. Tieaty of Guadalupe Ilid.1lgo, _ _ _ 5,,0 455
1853. With yMesilla Valley, ' ' 0 ,

1855. Total area of the United States, ~ - - - - - 2,963,666

The present area of the Slave States is 851, 508 square miles; that of the
Free States 612, 597 squaie miles; total area occupied by the States,
1, 464, 105 square miles; area. occupied by the territo1ies, 1,494,561 squaie
miles, or a little more than half 01 the entire Union.

FINANCES OF THE UNITED STATES. Statement of duties, revenues, and

public expend1tu1es, duiing the fiscal year ending June 30,1854, agleeably
to wanants issued, exclusive of trust funds and T1easury notes funded:

RECEIPTS.
The receipts into the Treasury, during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1854, were as follows:
Fiom Customs, viz.: ’
During the quaiter ending September 30,1853, . . . $19,718,822 00
“ December 31,1853“ . . 13,587,821 27
“ “ “ Maich 31,1854, . . . . 16,‘»96,724 83
“ “ “ June 31), 1854, . . . . 14,020,822 17

 

——-——- $64,224,190 27
From sales of public lands, viz.
During the quarter ending September 30,1853, . . . 1.489.562 05

 

 

 

 

“ December 31.18.53,. . . 2,223,076 39

“ “ “ March 31,1854, . . . . 2,012.98 36

L9 “ “ June 30, 1854, . . . . 2,745,251 59
; 8,470,798 39
Frgm miscellaneous and incidental sources, . . . . . . . 854,716 54
Total receipts, . . . . . . . 73,549,705 20

Balance in the Treasury, July 1,1853, . . . . . . . 21,942,892 50

 

 

 

Total means, . . . . . . . . . . . . $95,492,597 76

EXPENDITURES.
Total civil, . . . , . . . . . . . . . . $4,649 384 98
foreign intercourse, . . . . . . . . . . 7,726 677 13
“ miscellaneous, . . . . . . . . . 13, 531,310 33
“ under Department of the Interior, . . . . . . . 2, 6 19. 11-54 79

“ under the War Department, . . . . . . . . . 11, 733, 629 48
“ under the Navy Department, . . . . . . . . 10, 768 192 89

“ public debt, . . . . . . . . . . . 24,336,380 66

 

Total expenditures, . . . . . . . . . . $75,354,630 26

Balance in the Treasury, July 1, 1854, . . . . . . . $20,137,967 51)

 

 

Receipts and expenditures for the quarte; egdmg September 30, 1854, exclusive of trust
un s

Receipts, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $21, 521,3 2 85

, Expendiium . . . . . . . . . . . . . $18,169,330 62

 

 

 

mm; ,

uvyrf— 1

748

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

Statement of the Expenditures of the United States for 65 years, exclusive of Payments on
account, of the Public Debt and from Trust Funds, fragfions excluded.

 

Civil List,
Foreign Inter-

Military Es-

 

   

Years course, and tablishmentxt‘
Miscellaneous.

”3739-91 $1,083,401 $835,618 ‘
1792 654,257 1,223,594
1793 472,450 1,237,620
1794 705,598 2,733,540
1795 1,267,037 2,57 3,059
1796 7 72,485 1,474,661
1797 1,246,904 1,194,055
1793 1,111,038 2,130,837
1799 1,039,392 2,582,693
1390 1,337,613 2,625,041
1801 1,114,763 1,755,477
1802 1,462,929 1,358,589
1303 1,842,636 944,958
1304 2,191,009 1,072,017
1805 3,768,588 991,136
18 )6 2,891,037 1,540,431
1307 1,697,897 1,564,611
1393 1,423,286 3,196,985
1309 1,215,814 3,771,109
1310 1,101,145 2,555,693
1811 1,367,291 2,259,747
1812 1,683,088 12,187,046
1313 1,729,435 19,906,362
1814 2,208,029 \20, 608,366
1815 2.898871 15,394,700
1816 2,989,742 16,475,412
1817 3,518,937 8,621,075
1818 8,835,839 7,019,140
1819 3,067,212 9,385,421
1820 2,592,022 6,154,518
1821 2,223,122 5,181,114
1822 1,967,996 5,635,187
1823 2,022,094 5,258,295
1824 7,155,308 5,270,255
1825 2, 743,544 5,692,831
1826 2,601,178 6,243,236
1827 2,314,777 5,675,742
1828 2,886,052 5,761,203
1829 3,092,214 6,25 1,530
1330 3,288,416 . 6,752,639
1831 3,064,346 6,943,239
1832 4,574,841 7,982,877
1833 5,051,789 13,096,152
1834 4,399,779 10,061,428
1835 3,720,167 9,421,313
1886 5,388,371 18,466,110
1837 5,524,253 19,417,274
1838 5,666,703 19,936,312
1839 4,994,562 14,268,981
1840 5,581,878 11,621,438
1841 6,490,881 13,704,882
1842 6,775,625 9,188,469

6 1110. 071843 2,867,289 4,158,384

*1844 5,231,747 8,231,817 .
*1845 5, 608,207 9,533,21 1:5
*1846 6,783,000 18,579,428
*1847 6,715,854 41,281,606
*1848 5,585,070 27,820,163
*1849 14,017,640 17,290,936
*1850 14,839,725 12,801,764
*1851 17872967 11,811,793
*1852 17,379,768 13,424,075
*1853 17,175,797 15,476,826

   

* For the year ending J 1166 80.

 

Naval Estab-
lishment.

$570
53

61,409
410,562
274,784
382,632

1,381,348
2,858,082 ,
3,448,716
2,111,421
915,562
1,215,231
1,189,883
1,597,500
1,649,641
,722 064
,3 4,068
~ 7,759

\
,.I

5,566
9,365

(D

U

U! [V
.1.
it

HH‘sM—LH
c593

C73

9
.9

(2346503

817,640
387,990
« 319,243
2,224,459
2,503,766
2,904,582
3,049,084
4,218,902
4,263,878
3,918,786
3,318,745
3,239,429
3,856,183
3,956,370
3,901,357
3,956,260
3,864,939
5,800,763
6,852,060
5,975,771
6,225,003
6,124,456
. 6,001,077
8,897,243
3,672,718
6,496,991
6,228,639
6,450,862
7,931,633
9,416 787
9,869,818
7,923,713
8,987,798
8,923,236
10,891,640

osmmpo

.694

1- Including the Department of the Interior for and since 1850.

 

1

Aggregate of Expenditure,

   
   
  
   
  
    
    
   
    
   
   
   
   
  
    
   
      
     
   
   
  
  
   
  
  
   
    
  
  
    
   
  
     
   
     
   
      
  
    
    
      
      
  
    
  
 

In each» Period
of Four Years.
31,919,589
1,877,904 83,7 97,493
1,710,070 _—“"—
3,509,547
4,350,658
2,521,930 12,083,205
2,8237591
4,623,223
6,480,167 .
7,411,370 21,338,351
4,981,669
3,737,080
4,002,825
4,452,859 17,174,433
6,357,224 _.___..__.
6,081,109
4,984,572 ‘
6,504,339 23,927,244
7,414,672
5,311,082
5,592,604
17,829,499 86,147,857
28,082,397 M
311,127,686
26,953,57
23,373,432 108,537,086
15,454,610 ———-——-
13,808,674
16,390,273
13,134,530 58,698,087
10,723,479 ___.__._ ___.
9,827,642
9,7 84,155 ‘
15,330,145 45,665,421
11,490,459 '

In each Year.

 

 

13,062,316 .
12,254,397 ,
12,506,041 49,313,213

12,651,489 1M
13,220,534
13,868,763
16,514,088
22,649,293
18,420,467
17,005,419
29,655,244
31,793,587
81,578,785
25,488,547
23,327,772
26,196,840
24,361,337
10,698,391
19,960,055
21,379,649
26,813,290
55,929,093
42,811,970
57,631,667
43,002, 163
48,005,879
46,007,896
43,543,263 »

  
     

$124169.

87,130,428 ,

112,188,691

.______—————

M

194,647 610 ,

   

 

 

 

 

411111117114. ~ 749

Statement of the Receipts into the Nntimml‘ Treasury, from Customs, Intunnl Revenuéfiind
Direct Taxus, and $0103 of Public Lands, for 65 years, from 1789 to 1853 inclu8ive.

     

 

 

 
   

I . . , ,
5,1195 01'Lzmd8 Aggregate of Recelpts.
_ ‘ Intornal and ., ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘
Years. 0118101118. Direct Taxes. 01141 9118- _I 1,, m0“ 1’eriud
cenlaneous. In each ‘1 ear. of Four Years.
1789-91 $4,399,476 I ' $4‘399373 , 7,-
1792 ' 3,443,071 $208,943 3,652.014 $8,051,437
1793 4,255,396 337,706 , 4,593,012 ——“'
1794 4,801,065 274,090 5,075,155
1795 5,588,461 337,755 5,926,216
1796 6,567,988 475,290 34,836 7,048,114 22,642,497
1797 7,549,650 575,491 83,541 8,208,682 ______.
1793 7,106,062 644,358 11,963 1762.383
1799 6,610,449 779,136 7389585
1800 9,080,933 1,543,620 444 10,624,997 33.985647
1301 10,750,779 1,582,377 167,72 12,500,882 __ " '
1802 12,438,236 828,464 188,628 13,455,328
1303 10,479,418 287,059 165,676 10,932,153
13:34 11,098,465 101,139 487,527 11,687,231 48,575,694
1805 12,936,487 43,681 540,194 13,520,312 —__
1806 14,667,698 75.865 765,246 15,508,809
1897 15,845,522 47,784 466,163 16,359,469
1308 16,363,550 27,370 647,939 171238.859 62,427,449
1309 7,296,021 11,562 442,252 7, 749,885 ———""
1310 8,583,309 19,879 696,549 9,299,737
1311 13,313,223 9,962 1,040,238 14,363,423
1812 8,958,778 5,762 710,428 9,674,968 41,087,963
1813 13,224,623 8,561 835,655 14,068,839 m‘
7814 5,998,772 3,882,482 1,135,971 11,017,225
1315 7,282,942 6,840,733 1,287,959 15,411,634 ‘
1316 86,306,875 9,378,344 1,717,985 47,403,204 87,900,902
1817 26,283,348 4,512,288 * 1,991,226 32,786,862 M
1313 17,176,385 1,219,613 2,606,565 21,002,563
1819 20,283,609 313,244 3,274,423 23,871,276 > '
‘1820 15,005,612 137,847 1,635,872 16,779,331 94,440,032
1821 13,004,447 98,377 1,212,966 14,315,790 ——
1822 17,589,762 88,617 1,803,582 19,481,961
1823 19,088,433 44,580 916,523 20,049,536 ’
1824 17,878,326 40,865 984,418 18,903,609 72,750,896
139;, 20,098,714 28,102 1,216,090 21,342,906 __...
1826 23,341,332 » 28,228 1,393,785 24,7 63,345
1327 19,712,283 22,513 1,495,945 21,230,641 '
1823 23,205,524 19,671 1.018.309 24,243,504 91,580,396
1829 22,681,966 25,838 1,517,175 24,224,979 *—
1830 21,922,391 29,141 2,329,356 24,280,888
1831 24,224,442 17,440 3,210,815 27,452,697 ’
1332 "28,465,237 18,422 ‘ 2,623,381 31,107,040 107,065,604
1833 29.082509 3,158 3,967,682 33,003,344 m
1834 16,214,957 4,216 4,857,691 21,076,774
1835 19,391,311 14,723 4,757,601 34,163,635 -
1836 23,409,940 1,099 4,877,180 48,288,219 136,531,972
1837 11,169,299 6,863,556 18,032,846 W...
1838 1 6158,8110 3,2141 84 19,372,984
1839 23.137925 7,261,118 30,399,043 '- .
1840 13,499,532 3,494,356 16,993,858 84,7983 31
1841 14,487,217 1,470,295 15,957,512 ‘7'——‘-——
1842 18,187,909 1,456,058 19,643,967
6 mo. of1843 7,1 146,844 1,018,482 8,065.32 " .
7‘ 1344 26,183,571 2,320,948 28,504,519 72171324
41345 , 27,523,113 2,241,021 29,769,134 W
*1846 - 26,712,668 2,786,579 29,499,247
*1847 23, 747,864 ‘ 2,598,926 26,346,790 . , ‘
41343 31,737,070 3,679,679 35,Q6,750 121,951,921
*1849’ 7 28,346,738 , 2,727,608 31,074,347 7—“
*1850 39,668,686 3,707,112 43,375,798
*1851 49,017,568 3,295,412 52,312,979 I
71852 , 47,339,326 2,389,060 49,728,386 176,491,519 "
#1 58,931,805 : 2,405,709 61,337,574 *1... ,' ,_ ',

 

‘ 2' For the year ending J 11116 30.

 

 

750 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

FINANCES OF THE UNITED STATES—continued

Statement of the Debt 0f the United States, the Total Value of Imports and Exports, and the
Total Tonnage, for 63 years, from 1791 to 1853, fractions excluded.

 

   
        
    
   
   
  
  
    
    
   
    
   
   

   

   
   

   
   
   

    
    

   
   

   
   

   

   
   
   
   
   

   
   
   

     
   
   
   

 

   
   

   

   
   
   

   

   

   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
 
      
   

  

Years. Debt. Imports. Exports. Tonnage.
1791 $75.463,476 352,200,000 319,012,041 502,146
1792 77,227,924 31,500,000 20,753,093 564,437
1793 80,352,634 31,100,000 26,109,572 491,780
1794 73,427,405 34,600,000 33,026,233 623,317
1111 11111111 11111111 11111111 111111
1797 32I064I479 75I379I406 56I350I206 876913
1111 11111111 191111
7 1 7’ 6 1 5 6 9 d 4 ,
1300 32,976,294 91,252,763 70,971,730 972,492
1331 23111211 111331211 11111123 1133121?
0 11,3 :,.. ~, 91 , _
1303 77, 054 636 64,666,666 53,800I033 949,147 - *1
1304 311I427, 121 35,000,000 77,699,074 1,042,404
11111111 111111111 111111-111 1111111
1"“1' - ,0’,’- ,L,.
1307 69,213,399 133.5110I000 103,343,150 1,263,543
1303 65196313 56,990,000 22,439,960 1,242,595
1213 211311111 3111881883 22121311 1122121
‘ 1 ‘ ’1 1 a q I 1 7 ’-‘ w ’
13%; $305523 {713,330,330 61,316,831 1,232,502
.. , 1 ,: ’1', 0, 1 38,527,236 1,269,997
, , 65 6,92 .41 . 5 .209
1315 99.333I1160 113,0413274 52,557,753 1363.127
131 111111111 11111-111
, 65 ,251 , 1, '9 1.39.912
1313 103,466,634 121,750I000 33.331333 1,225,134
1519 95,529,643 37,125,000 70,142,521 1,260,751
£2111 21,315,566 (754,350,262 69,691,669 l,28g,166
1. , 3 , 23 35, ~. 64,117 332 1,29 .953
1822 93,546,677 33,241,541 72,163I231 1,324,699
2 . , ,1 5,936,65 ,3 ,163
1825 33,733,433 96I 340I 075 99,535,333 1.42:1,1 12
1111 11111111 11111111
, . 9 32.3248; 6‘.0,6 3
Ff); 67.475044 83I5119I324 72,264,636 £741,392
13;) 23:35.43: "773:9:325 ”358.5%; 1,230,792
1, , 1. 7 . 9 73,849, 1,1 .
£332 39.123192 . 103,101,134 813111.533 1,267,347
18:33 24,322,235 101,029,260 37,176,943 1,439,450
1334 7,001,699 103,113,311 90,140,433 1,606,151
133* 4,760,032 126,521,332 104,336,973 1,753,907
1333 37,133 149,395,742 121,693,577 1,324,940
1837 57,513 139,930,035 123,663,040 1,332,103
1333 1,875,224 140,939,217 . 117, 419, 376 1 396,636 -
1339 4,357,660 103,436,616 113, 717 404 1,995,640
1,
1 1 . ,0 10450 .31 ,1.
1341 6,737,393 127,946,177 121,351,303 2,130I744
Pf 15,023,436 100,162,037 101,691,534 2 ’1192, 391
13:: 26,893,953 64,753,799* 34,346,430* 2158 608
1345 26,143,996 10343511351 111,200,0461' 2I 230, ’095
1846 161891.647 117,251,564+ 114,646,6061- 2,417,002
1347 223,206,495 121,691,797+ 113,433,516+ 2, 562, ’065
1843 $5,659,659 146.545.6331 158,648,6221' 2 8391046
116111 1111111111 11411161 1111111
-- , r.- '. . 45.553201
I39? 64,223,238 1 73,133,313» 13694639121 3 I535,454
1332 22.560, ,395 2162249321 2133330111 3, 772, 439
1353 571 56“ 395 2129454421 209,641,6251'411331441
6, 336I 157 267,978,6471- 230,976,157+ 4I467,019

      

      

” Only nine months 0f1843. 1' For the year ending June 80.

     
     
     
   
     
   
   
       
     
 

   
       
   
       
       
     
     
   
       
     
   
       
     
 

      
     
 

     
       
     
   
     
         
     
   
   
   
   
   
   
     
   
     
    

    
   

ADDENDA. l751

FINANCES OF THE UNITED STATES—continued.

Public Debt of the United States, July 1, 1854.

Loan of 1842, . . . . . . . . . . . . . $5,217,420 81
Loan of 1843, . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,900 00

Loan of 1846, . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,647,213 26

Loan 01“ 1847, . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,745,350 00
Loan M1848, . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,889,741 80

Texan indemnity, . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,480,000 00
Texan indemnity not issued, . . . . . . . . . . 5,000,000 00
Old funded and unfunded debt, . . . . . . . . . 114,118 54
Treasury notes outstanding, . . . . . . . . 118,261 64

Debt of the corporate cities of the District of Columbia, . . . . 7,200 00

._.__.

$47,242,206 05

Interest paid during the fiscal year upon the public debt outstanding June

80,1854, . . . . . . .‘ . . 82,717,140 15
Amount of stock redeemed during the fiscal year ending June 30,1854, . 20,098,422 73
Amount of premium paid on stock redeemed during the year, . . . 2,991,668 69
Amount of interest paid on stock redeemed during the year, . . . 353,876 54

Principal, Premium, and Interest, paid of the Public Debt, from July 1 to November 20,
1854, and amount outstanding November 20, 1854.

 

 

 

 

r———————————_'—’ .
Loan. Principal. Premium. Interest. Outstanding. _
1842, ...................... $394,250 00 $46,720 00 $7,577 93 $4,823,170 81
1843, ...................... 25,500 00 637 50 2,400 00
184-4, ...................... 379,200 00 11,976 00 5,172 86 2,268,013 26
1846, ...................... 1,035,000 00 177,175 00 18,434 44 15,710,500 00
1848, ...................... 313,150 00 53,009 00 5,951 80 12,576,591 80
Texan indemnity, ......... 116,000 00 7,680 00 1,614 93 4,364,000 00
Texan indemnity not issued, . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,000,000 00
Old funded and unfunded
debt, .................... 114,11854
Treasury notes, ............ 50 oo I 4 05 113,061 64
Debt of corporate cities, . . . . 8,600 00 . . . . 500 00 8,600 00
Total, ...... . . . 2,266,750 00 296,560 0.0 . . 40,893 51 44,975,456 05 ;

 

WORLD’S PROGRESS.

THE

 

UNITED STATES—continued.

Y1
:3

H:

FINANCES OF T

 

 

   

 

 

  

 

 

 

 

 

$335.: «msfidamsa . . . . . . . . . . . . $.wmodmw flangma
3&2... 3.2 Saovfinfi Sfimsgfi $53.33 avgafimu
$3353: 323%? mnvmwsvcd «99.5..34. 8.55% _
353.393 SEQSQE 33$ 3 mmofica. $33455
35w: 3% . 8.8332. 3.3% $3284. 54%an
Eiéfwé $333.3. 3.343 $98,323. wogméaq
Enawimww mmagrgo. Sdmwzad 8.533.? 3.83:;
mm m...v.%§m. gauge... mimmiamm 2.32.33 33334
$3226..“ Sigmfi mamfiqmvfi $486.3;
mawwwfindv 9,..mmv4wng 3.3333 2.83%
mastfiqmm mammodmwna 8,3332 29%;": 3 figfihcs.
5.9% 5f . 3.3%? E Edema . $95.3 . 32...». 3.3
3.0%.sz modem «vdfi «33.3. m 3% .33 m awwfldmc
cafififif 33.3%.: Saw; $48.5 3%ng
33%33 oméowamf .. . . . . . . ..: Mamemmaw gmfda.
5% 23.3 gmqugfi 5.25.3. wwfiww: . Edwadfi
:..3;.E,m. 395.5%? 333$ eméwfim 352de
3.343.? was. :3: magma 335$ 3.333
5.2,. -3: . a ”$3.: . . . . .. 3.3553. 3.39?
Si 332 . BEWSQB 3.3% Bangs mcwgwwfi
.aSwmsfi nmanfingfi 85.2.2 gagged $53.53
35352“ 2 3%.“ 3%” $3195; mméwémw 3.3%
an... 25...: wwdnvggfi 33.3% 3.222% .1. . . . . ..
my 235.0 2.823% 5.3%....” $53.33 H322:
Eiggw . cwoadfiw 3.313 2.3324 8.33.3
$535.3 Qfimoflw 863mg. agongfifi 26%;.»
, Sgwuiwd 3339.3 mméméwd .. . . . . . . . .
35:35 3338;. 530.3% .
magmas”... $43.53 3.5.9:; .
_ :9: 3% w 8.8.0.53.“ 8.353.“ .
355$.on 8.2.28.3 aggzmuw . .2...
. £30: 53:93.: .m3o:
.3555 can 252 59¢ 5339.5 was its“:
.596 18.5.. .3583 H309. @523 ms: @55— wE—EBE SEEM EctH
-o.§_Eum_.E .3 £8.53. 25¢: .
55.8; €25. -EEQEE 82h

 

 

 

 

...-.u‘....-w.-.L~.-

 

 

.Euommlm .35,
.Eamnmlom :3

.Euoqomlg :34 :floomwln 59h

 
 
 

.........o..................-.

.Eomawotmm bah.
.Ewcoawlfi b: .1

..................

           

  

 

 

 
 

                              

a.§..§.: $3
fifiwgqfi a?
33858.2 cam“
3.893%“ E3.
82%;”: Q:
aimxwamm 8 :3

3.3383 Em:
mafiagmg _ 2m“
gfitdfin :2
mm. Six? mm:
3:;an . a3.
magamafi :3
85%,me 23
£53.33 . 2M: .

........... .. wmémnfiwm'm: ,wum~
...-.--.-u..-o-u. HQ.HNO.DWI®:DH NDnH
.. . :. .. :.w$g$i $2

. . . . . . ESEQfi new:

.cfioqmlg 5% :Emamlwu .szmmgnwg”: .2?
:2 .. .. . . .. :3 3.3.? mg:
. .. Edna mm“. 2 $2

 

.Hfioomalmfi ~32

 

 

 

 

.Eaezmw .3: .m £0.82 Senegal _

8: .3 £2 :Smswlam: 4. b3. 8.§.§$

$383.3

2.80.on
.Eggwlw .23. n Esalm .32 353.33
$.53ng

._§§m|mm .3. 843.9% m.
.Euocow .... mash. ” Eoommln 0:3. mm.meo.:..m.v
gimme?
.~Sw:omlm bug 362 madam

    

32

33

m3. H

mm:

3.:

RE w

and:

«an H

m3. fl

am: ,

S: 5 .89 3
3: J .32 Scam

whmmadwcd
56.3586

 

6:3 .8 35

 

 

.32 «m E33 3... 2a.

-EZ cs: .mEEH SEEN £98250 .3 $5: :29

.25:

-36 82% .3on.

 

.34» 3 5552?: 23 8262

.mézcw 0.5 E .3: “mm r32 «c ”you .3 was“ .5; .823 28 us So: 29$ 5w: .8 ~35 we pom *3 5ch 352m 25.

£3323 11s.: 30.38 393 :5: 055,5.— 23 :03? Etc: .wEECa
82m 33 figs “3:295; 23 :5“ 63.3; 25% 2:. 9:55 3.35512; «:3 {in {33: iinygfi U5“ $22; 9:21qu £3.53 mzoufiwzoo

>2 2: ~35: €an 6:3. flow 05 3 .5: ,w :93? Sad 628:3 35>: 23 9:89? 2nd. 4

 

 

 

   
  

 

 

       
 
 
              

   

        

 
 
 
       

 

                              

    

   
 

 

    

        

 
        
   

     
                        

        

  

       

    
 

 

 

         
 

 
            

   

 

   
                   

% . #25328 22...? 2:82. .39 m: .3582 oHHHmonmHH 05 59c HHSoHHHEH. 3.me mnv Ha ... ..
1" r H H 1|.Iqlll'lll
7 HH. HHH $20.3 H HH. EHHHH. HHH H HH. HHH HHHHHH HEHHHHHHHH HHHH: H8 HHH .. . . . . HHHHHHHHHHHHH .......H3o.H..
Ill Illlllslsllllll Illle
wN.:m$VnmJON OWAMONHQqDHmM‘ . ...... - «EEO HFWAHw QN.WQNJJNW~W u...................-.......-. ‘N; OdvflONJMV glmnWH
HH.H§..HHH....E HHHHHHHHQHH $.2de OH HHH H3, HH.H,£.H3.H ...... .......... . . . . . . .. ... . . .. H38 HHH Hm. $.32
mm. H 3 HH 3. 8.2335... 85:2; .HHHHHHHHHH... HHHHH... ...H .1. .. .. HH .3 HHH HH. HnuHme
HH. 1: 33H. nHiHHHHHHHm HHHHQHHHH «HHHHQHH ...H cm. H. . . . . .. .. . . . .. ... . . .. HH. H3. HHHEH Hm H..an
HH.HHH.H¢H.H.H $590.53.: 85363 HHHHHHHHHH . HH «3.93 H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... .H . . Hv. 3H H8? SHHHH.
. A300 nil
HHHHHMHHHHH 8.838% 3,233.2 SHHHHHHHH 38.24 HEH .HH .56 H EBHTHHHH .HH 53.. Hm.mHH.HHH.wH HH‘HHHH
HHHHH n8. HHHHHHHHHH HEHHHHHHHH 853.. ..HH 3.3. . .HHHBHHTHHHH .HH HHBHHH HH...HHH.HHHH.HH HH. HHHH.
HHHHHHCHTHH 32:33... 3.32.3.3 3.HHH..HH_H.HH HHQH WHH H .HEHEHI HHHH .8 HHHHH. SHHEHHHHHH HHlHHwH
wmflwww.mmw.hw WM.MMMMWWQ.GM u... .....o.. am.hfinwvmmm mw.NmAVHMW¢HN . u......-'...--o-.~ ...... .... Nmohwwrmfihnwm @$n*WH
: C. QO .... ......u Ava-WHNmenm CAE.NN2 3N ....u ...-o....-...-....~.. :N.NH_HmNm-N nfl dflmfi
d mm. HHH HH3H HH mm... HHH HH 2. HHH .H Hm. H H3333 HHHHH «.3 .. .. . .. . . . : HHHHQHHHHH HHHHHH
m HHHHEHHHHHH HH. 2H HmH HH HH. 3. 33H HHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHH ...: ......:...:...:.. HHHHHHHHHHH HHHH 8 of. 9H.
.m 36$?me HHHHHHHHH HH 3 nHH H. H HH $333.2 H3333 . .HEHSWIHH ...:HH HHHHHHHHwH HHHH
.m 953 HHH Hm HHHHHHE ..H HHH 558$ 33958.2 HH..HHHH.8HH.H .HEoHaulHH .HHHHHH HHHHHHHHHH HHHH
. 0 HH Ham. .HHHH. HH HQHHHHH: mH Hm._.HH.a.Hmm..n H3 ...HH .H HQHHHHHHH .. .. . . . .. . . . . HH H_a.HHHH.HH HHHH
m. .c nH. 3H HS Hm HQHHHHHHQHHH HH.HHH.HHH.H 8 «3.3% 3.3.33 ...... .. . . . . . . . . . . . .....: HHHHHHHHHH HHHH
N H _. mm. HHHMHHH HH . 8. HHH 23H mm.HHHw.HHH.HH HH.HHHH.mHH HH HHHHHHHHHH .. ... $333.3 $2
a H..H.HHH.HHHHH.HH Hm. HHHH HHH HH QHHHHHHH. HH. HHH HHHH HEHHHHE ... 8.832.: HHHH
n . HHHHHHHHHHHH . 2. 8H HHH E. . . . HHHHHHHHQH HHHHHHHHHH .. . $.33:th HHHH
m ”A HHHHHHHHMHH oH. HHH..CHH.HHH HHHHHHMHHHH HHHHSHEHH . . . . . . . . .. HQHHHHHHHH 9.2
m HHHHHH H8 HH $.an HHH HH HH.HHH HHH $.83an : . .. swan 2.53.8.3 HHHH
D HHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHH HH.HHH.HHH 038.83 -eHHaoalH 5.2 H HHHSHHHIH .32 HHHHQHHHHHH HHHH
4 HHHHHHH EH Hm ©238me $.35: HSHHHHQH .HHHHEHIHH .23. H HHHsHHHTHH HHS. HHHHHSHHH HHHH
E HH. 3H. mm; 3 HHHHHMHHHHHH HQHSHHCH 3.22.33 .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. HH.HH.H..HHH.H.H Hm:
no HHH awn «H Hm.HHH.HH.H.HH HHHHHMHHH HSHHHHHHH .HHHOHHH? HH .22 :HHHQHTHH .32 HH.HHH..HHH.HH HHHH. ,
3. .3 H3. mH mmHHw ..HHH HH 3.23 HHHH HEHHHHQH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. HH QHHHHHHH HHHH

 

 

           
       

an. 3% ...mnw mm gag ”mg wm
we. 3. ..wno. mm wm.mcm 35 mm

  

HHHHHHHHM 5.935; .2823le ...?2 HEeaHIHH .32 HHHHQHHHHH HHHH . .
HHHHHHHHH HH.m.HH.nHH..H . HHHHHHHHHH HHHH 1

  

 
 
 
     

     
       

 
          
     
 

              

 

 

 

 

 

HHHHH. H.HH HH. HHH. 8H “H : .. . .. . mHHHHHmHn. 3.33%; . HH.HHH.HHH..HH $an ._
mfgmHmmm mm gwnmnovwnwm co. ooc cool m Hodncmwmn n @923ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. .m: :3: ca mama .
.Hlv.wmnHmmw..Hm Exam Hwfiwfi so .25 coo a mama“ and m. Tm Saga .ESHHom INN H32 2. nmm Em : wawa .

0O HRHVHMflHfi g.wwngom® ............ mdeNHRmmfi CHANNmAw—mfi ...........~.......... ..... $.meHWwOGflW mama. NM.OQAH°B

 

 

    

        

   

.88; bases .38: t
.355. HE: 252 Eoé mHamwéHH HE“ .352 . . m
.598. $38 .3933 ESE mHHHmHS 25 £52 wcHHEHoH: 2.3.3 Esra . E25 Ho 3.5.. $5358 5lo .33?

 

-mHHH.HHoomHE.Hc {02:3 H38:
5559 2:8 .3382: 52%

 

 

FINANCES OF THE UNI

.HHHHHHHHHHHeeldan 6:5. 5% 25 8 mm: 4 £0.52 E9: Exam—Hoe once??— 05 9:32? 03a?

 

 

 

THE woun’s PROGRESS.

754

 

FINANCES OF THE STATES OF THE UNION, COMPARATIVE VIEW OF.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

818% Engafi. «3.83.: 8:88an «9888
28.8% 5.: 8,8 #858 9: ”3:8,: 88,298
85.82 8388.8 83.88.. S mwmbmmg 5.8%
«8.88.0 338.8 €865: £3.88 n8.%m.N
H3855 3.83m $8882 ”3&8 83,23
88.88.» 2888.8 38.88an 88,838 Bfifim
835.8 88.898 v8 «842 88,828 8m,8N,N
88.8% 838.8 Nougag 8988.3 «88%
88.8% 8988.8 88.2%: 8% 8n 8 g as 8
906.60%“ ...u... ... .. .... ...... owmnmww. AVA—ONCO”
avghcv ...o...... ............ VCQHfiHH OOOw
88.8 83w
83: 8&8 8%; .88 8
88.08 88,885 88.8%.
88,8 . . . . .. : . . 88.88 a 898“.
88.an 838. 88 8o. 88.82r
88.88 8888 2 832% 88.88 N
88.83 . . .. .. . . . . 88.8% 8m 8w.“ 88.3
8882 .5: . . .. 83 38 m .88 88 H 88 m8
QOONALam .... ......- ......HH HWHȢG
88.2: ....:::.
88.83 m8 3 a :: . . . . . . .. .. 8°.an
88.88 88.83 . . . ... . . . .. .. . , . 88.82
8388 E. . . . . .. o8 8N mg as H 88 S»
83.4.
332 3E. Egon». 8.8;... so”?
$me “magma $an
8858 8288 88.2% 89%: N 88%.th H
83.: «8.31: 8388.2 ”$.me 8 28
COCNH— .-....-.. mmwonm . ..-.-¢..-...
83.8 83% 1:82er 2.... . . . . . .. 838%
88,8 85.x: N848. $8.8». ~me .
885$ . . . . . . . . . . N88: 8 8&8» 8988 H
8%: . . . . . . . 88.88u Wmfiwc m 88 H
88%. S?
8.88 3.28.8 8.29% «8qu 88 28 S .
OOCNCCH .......... .QCCZ nozcz ...HH-HH...-
coercw no..o-'.- nocoz .wccz nu. Nu
CCCCW-m” .........- ....-.-..... @«IvaHHfi memfl.”
22:33. m3»: .95

.E 37.33: 635.5 .53: $223.5 9»:

.obzzzréno No: 3.8;

ha: NAN—25:0 5.5 .850

$35.5 .550

655 So now

.328 8: 3.3:
:o in:

No NEEE< -35 .5:E<

 

Namgcim
3388:.
33.838
”$.88: &
838.88
«8.33:8
$8.50 8».
88.93.88
83848

$8.884.
830m"
8N H
888w.
:32 S
$.53
8898a.
8852.:
88.888
88.835
88.83
8.812
8888
N8 :wN
N883 w
2.2
a; :8 a
838d
88.8.8.8
538.8
88,812
.wcoz
8888.8
8.8.: .
8&8 a
E a
98.8”
$8 83
dccz
w :02
88 :2”

 

.NnoQ 15cm.

_ “888$
«8 EN 3
8cm 3 3
£8.88 a.
£338
8m. 8... a
815.8
88.88 a

«2.83”

..........

o.........

......-o..

 

$fi£mfi .

..........

818$
o8.8¢.n

 

N3»? .
$.88.”
8N ..aNN m .

 

238
88,8.
8” m8.
228 8

 

.33.
£895.30

«8.88.8:
88.82.8—
8:82.82
8v 3...:
«8.3.?
8888...:
8.8.88.8"
838.42
3334.:

$8.83
88.9;
8x5
38.8“.
N: 8N S
5.8%
838.8
832”:
8&3 n
88.8%
88 83
88.812
88.8%
858.8
8%de
3
«3.8.8
88 as H
838%
8%
.ozoz
83.83%
WM “Mg
N. .8 a
83%
Ea
2.. :8 N
.occz
.wcoz
8n :5

.Sov
338554

3 :
an 3
9. au
3 3
3 3
= 3

$2 w ...3. .:.o:
....-..on....-. n—SOH

...o.-.--.o£_flhcu=~flol
. . . . 55:88?
ououo-o....-... £>WCH
...-.-...o..o nmhdomW«E
.. .2355
-.-~.-..-...fi=£-5=~
.o-.-o.o-- ngauw—_0—E

2.2.2.5
n.....hJOEQEOVH
680256
.. .mamcuf<
-...uzywrfi
. .:.::»an
. o . u u . g u u - u—MQmem—Tm—HA
..............a=§na_<
{Esra
nuns-nau-u-u-uimuhcwc
. . . . . . . £53.30 556
..aE—PEO :WSZ
..o-.-.-.. {—Cwbh—>
...:..:...N—EdTaud—h
..on-u aQLGBG—QQ
........ {Maura—hmflzonm
~snn~0~onuoh$flh0h~ng
..fowkoz
. . . . . . . . . . J=owuoocfloo
coo.o... .awvgfi—W— 0—96.:M."
.. ..mfiumagoammdfi
.......... ..JEOSLOP
92:39.3: .302
. 0-...-nn..>°:wcz

 

 

 
 

 

  

 

 

 

 
 

 

 

 

.325

 

 

ADDENDA. M .. H ' 755

FINANCE OF THE STATES OF THE UNION—continued.

Amount of the securities of the several States, etc, held in England and other foreign countries,
June 30, 1853.

 

 

    
 

 

 

 

City, town, Capital in Railroad
State. State bonds. and county Bank capital. insurance stock and
‘ bonds. companies. bonds.
3 $ $ 6 6

Maine, .......... . ....... None ......... 48,500 .......... 510,000
New Hampshire, ........ None. .......... 100 .......... 196,700
Vermont, ............... None. .......... 16,145 ....................
Massachusetts, .......... 4,000,000 4,000,000 438,150 3,000 5,105,496
Rhode Island, ........... None. .......... 7,000 ....................
Con necticut, ............ Non e. .......... 23,500 .......... 140,000
New York, .............. 6,7 58,7 00 4,109,872 1,7 74,995 192,352 9,919,900
New Jersey, ............ None. 350,000 2,750 .......... 8,541 ,750
Pennsylvania, ........... 26,584,671 1,201,500 167,420 101,020 1‘2, 076,526
Delaware, ............... None. ............................... '
Maryland, .............. 8,537 .917 323,426 .......... 1,065,000 ,
Virginia, ................ 3,075,909 26,000 - .......... 626,032
North Carolina, ......... Not known. .................... 835,779
South Carolina, .......... 937,777 165,925 . . . . . ..... 1,914,444
Georgia, .............. 72,000 55,550 .......... 69,100
Florida, .. ...... None. ..............................
Alabama, ............... 4,397,666 442,856 604,100 81,800 500,000
Louisiana, ............... 8,000,000 4,000,000 2,548,400 .......... 74,000
Arkansas, ............... Not known. ........................................
Mississippi, ............ Not known. ........................................
Tennessee, ...... . ....... Not known. 15,000 341,500 .......... 48,000
Kentucky, .............. Not known. 1,036,000 79,200 .......... 200,000
Missouri, ................ 40,000 .......... 40,300 ....................
Illinois, ................. Not known. 75,000 .................... 2,016,500
Indiana, ................. 2,570,960 50,000 .................... 1,708,466
Ohio, ................... 7,750,000 5,707,000 .................... 3,637,884
Michigan, . .............. Not known. .............................. 1,314,000
Wisconsin, .............. None. .............................. 600,000
Iowa . . . i ............ None.
Texas, .................. 195,907
Californi .........................
District of Columbia, . . .. Not known

Total, ............... 72,931,507 21,462,322 i 6,688,996 1 378,172 I 43,169,777

   

United States stocks held abroad 30th June, 1853 :

Total, - - - - - - - - - $58,205,517
Held by foreigners, — - - - - - - 27,000,000

FIRE-ANNIHILATORS. The water bomb for extinguishing fires invented by
Zachary Greyl, a German, 1721; another by an English chemist. 1823.
Phillips’s annihilator, experimented with in New York, 1851. Salomon’s
gas engine exhibited, Cincinnati, September, 1851; and one by W. Lay, at
Philadelphia, same year. First fire engines in New York, brought from
London, 1713, with books and ladders. \Vithin the last year, steam has
been successfully introduced as a locomotive and a working power in the
common engine.

FISH FOR FOOD. The New Jersey Natural History Society have lately ap-
pointed a Committee of inquiry on the feasibility and present necessit of re-
stocking our rivers with salmon. That our natural supply has faile there
is not a shadow of doubt, and that it never will be replenished except by

r-nw

 

756 THE WORLD’S racemes.

artificial breeding is equally indisputable. ‘That a restocking of our waters
with fish, so as to make them as plentiful as formerly, would prove one of
the cheapest modes of lessening the price of human food isjust as certain.
Fish are theleast costly food that man can obtain ; yet owing to the scarcity,
the labor of taking them out of the water—which is all the expense attend-
ing their production—has become so great that fish are soldin our market
at nearly as high a price per pound as meat. Salmon are really higher than
choice cuts of either beef or mutton. And yet salmon can be grown at very
trifling expense. \Ve have long been producing oysters by artificial means,
without which our market could not be supplied; and yet with that fact
before our eyes, nobody attempts to produce fish by an equally easy process.
Mr. Herbert states one fact of importance in proof of the benefit of simply
protecting fish from being taken in the spawning season. , ,It is as follows:
“In the river Foylc, in the north of Ireland, by a steady perseverance in a
proper system of protection, the amount of salmon taken was raised from an
average of forty-three tuns annually, in 1823, to that of three Chundred
tuns in 1842 ; while in the smallriver of Newport, in the county of Mayo, in
which the salmon was formerly unprotected by law, and consequently taken
at all periods of the year, within three years after the introduction of Par-
liamentary regulations enforcing their protection during the breeding
season, the annual take was increased from half a tun of fish to- eight tuns
of salmon and three tuns of white trout, with a certainty of a still higher
increase.” Another sensible extract from his letter merits particular con-
sideration: .“In view of, the great augmentation in the price of all the
articles of food and necessaries of life in this country, the small probability
of any considerable reduction, and the actual sufferings of many of the la.-
boring class from want of sufficient food, it appears to me that this subject
is worthy of the closest consideration, and that any one who can'suggest
and effect the means of furnishing a new and ample supply, ofcheap, nu-
tritious food, has some small claim to be thought of as not an entirely use-
less member of the community.” - What State will take the lead in passing

laws which shall increase the quantity and variety, and diminish the price,
of human sustenance ? '

FLAX-COTTON. M. Claussen’s patent, in 1850, for a new preparation of hemp,

under the title of cotton~flax, having excited much attention, extensive pre-
parations were made in Great Britain and Ireland for the cultivation of flax
for the new material. A sample of 60 tuns manufactured for a Manchester
house, a flax and {- cotton, was considered decidedly successful, when the
British Board of Trade agreed to purchase a company’s produce of 100,000
acres at the rate of £12 per acre. In the Western States, and particularly

Ohio, the subject excited great interest, as a. branch. of trade well suited for

the agricultural facilities of that district.

FLOGGING IN m NAVY. Bill to abolish it'passed the House of Representa-

tives of the United States, 131 to 20, Sept. 19, 1850. Mr. Brodhead, of Penn-
sylvania, presented a petition in Senate, Dec. 17, 1851, praying for-“restora-
tion of flogging in the United States Navy.” ' '

FLOUR MARKET IN NEW YORK for the last twenty years, per barrel:

1836. ~ - $7.50 1543, - - $5.12. 1849 - - - $5.60

1837, - - - 10.75 1844, - -, - 4.90}; 1850’, - - 5.50

1888, - - 8.25 1845, - - 4.75 1851, - - - ,500

1839. - - - 8.50 1846, - . ,. 4.62 1852, - - 14.81

gig). - - 2.3%: 1847, - - £62 1853, . . . as}:
, - - - . . . . - .75 1 -

1842) ' ‘ 6-25 848, 854‘

 

 

I
a
v ,e
x:
s
:3
a
‘3
s
Li‘s,
' ii

,,

a.

 

 

V”?

ADDENDA. 757

FUEL, NEWV. Some curious experiments have been made at the Polytechnic
Institution, (England) to test the results of a recent invention of Dr. Bach‘
hotfner, for which patents have been obtained by the inventor and Mr. N.
Defries. , The invention consists in the substitution of thin pieces of metal in
the place of coals in fire grates, which being acted on by a small jet of gas, im-
mediately become red hot, and emit a prodigious degree of heat, The flame
which is produced by the proper but very simple management of the gas,
co—operating with the metallic laminae, gives the appearance of a very brisk
and cheerful coal fire, and can scarcely be distinguished from it. The heat
can be regulated by turning the cock of the gas tube. There is no deposit
of soot, no smoke, nor any of the annoyances which attend coal fires; and
the gas can, it is said, be extinguished, instant”, or the fire kept as low as
may be convenient. This invention reminds one of Edwards Atmopyre, de-
scribed in the Year-Book of Facts, 1851, p. 91;vmetal being substituted for
clay.

F UGITIVES FROM JUSTICE in the State of New York. The expenses at-
tending the arrest of fugitives from justice are increasing in a ratio far
beyond that of the population of the State.

 

The amount expended for the year 1851, - - - - .- - $3,231.78
The amount expended for the year 1852, , - - - - 4,162.91
The amount expended for the year 1853, - - - - - 2,911.81
The amount expended for the year 1854, - - - - 6,088.85

GAS. First introduced into the United States, in the city of Baltimore, 1820,
and shortly after in Boston, New-York, and Philadelphia. Opposed in Italy,
by the Pope—Gregory XVI—as “subversive of religion,” in suppressing the
sale of wax candles for the shrines. Water—gas discovered by Lavoisier, circa
17 90. Paine’s water—gas spoken of during the last five or six years, but appears
to have been accomplished by the French chemists. Superior gas from wood
and fibrous matter, the discovery of a German, used at the railroad dépét at
Munich, 1851. In 1847, the expense of gas at the London General Post Of-
fice was £3047 ; increased facilities by the Gas Company gradually reduced
the charges in 1850, when the Whole amount paid by the post oflice was

£1485.

GAS, CANNEL, HYDRO-CARBONXThe Commissioners of Southport, England,
have published the details of four months’ working with boghead, cannel,
and water gas, by “\Vhite’s Hydro-carbon Process,” showing a clear profit of
twenty-four per cent., after paying for all materials, labor, and interest on
capital; the whole cost for labor and fuel being charged against the small
quantity of gas required during the summer months._ The gas‘at Southport
is charged 68. 8d. per thousand feet. The consumption in the period. embraced
in the above return is under three thousand feet per day, although it is thirty
thousand in winter. The cannel was brought by railway from Scotland, at
a charge of 16s. per tun for freight; whilst, on this three thousand feet per
day, there is the same interest on capital, and about the same charge for labor,
that would be on the thirty thousand. All the Scotch cannels, from their
richness, suit admirably for this system, and are far superior to any English
cannels; so much so, that it has been found advantageous to carry them by
railway above two hundred miles, in preference to usmg the English camiels.
A new source of traffic and profit is thus opened for Scotland, not preViously

imagined.

GAS, SOLID COAL. “It would be pronounced,” says Liebig, “‘ one of the great-
' est discoveries of the age, if any one could succeed in condensing coal gas into

 

‘758 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

a, white, dry, solid, odorless substance, portable, and capable of being placed
upon a candlestick, or burned in a lamp.” This greatest of discoveries has
actually been made. A mineral oil flows out of coal, in Derbyshire, which is
obviously produced by a slow process of distillation from the coal: it consists,
as fuel, of solid paraffine dissolved in a liquid oil. A consideration of the
conditions under which this material product is formed, has led Mr. James
Young, of Manchester, to the discovery of a method, which he has patented,
of readily obtaining the pal-affine, in any quantities required, and at a cheap ‘in
rate, compared with ordinary candles, from the ordinary coal~gas. i,

 

 

 

GAS—BATES AND KITCHENS (BOGGErr’s PATENT). Mr. Boggett’s new gas-bath ’
possesses, in a preeminent degree, the three most essential properties of such ‘,
an apparatus: First, portability—the whole weight, when made in zinc, not i
exceeding what a couple of hands can readily move; second, convenience of ,3
use—the gas~burner being attached to the bath, and lighted in an instant; E
and, thirdly, accessibility in every part for purposes of cleansing and repair. ‘i
The water is heated by a cluster of hollow vertical plates, placed at the foot
of the bath, in close proximity to the burner, and it can be raised in less than
twenty minutes to a temperature of 110° Fahr. The lighting is effected by
drawing out a horizontal tube, perforated at top with a row of holes; then
letting on the gas into this tube by a small tap; and next applying a light to
the jets of gas emitted from the row of holes; after which the tube is turned
round on its axis, and applied to the lighting of a series of larger burn-
ers.

The same inventor’s “portable gas-kitchen,” owes its superior cleanliness to
this circumstance, that in all those cooking operations where the article to'
be cooked is exposed to the direct action of heat, as in roasting or broiling,
the heat is applied downward, instead of upward, as usual; whereby the
possibility of any of the gas vapors coming in contact with the food, or of
any unconsumed particles of carbon being deposited in the shape of soot, is
completely avoided. Heating by ascent is confined to the processes of boiling,
stewing, and baking, in which the articles, being placed in covered vessels,
run but small risk of being affected. Where the gas used, however, is pure——
as it may, and ought to be in all cases—it imparts no perceptible flavor in
any case to the fdod cooked by it; much less so, indeed, than coal or wood.
One of these kitchens, covering a superficial space of not more than a foot
square, and with one burner only, consumes but twelve cubic feet of gas
per hour, at a cost of less than three farthings; and it will, at one and

:he slamc time, perform all the roasting and boiling required for a large
ami y.

   

GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT, PROGRESSIVE. Sir Charles Lyell, in a leo-
ture read at Ipswich, England, on “Progressive Development,” concluded by
explaining the theory, which he advocated in his works, in opposition to that
of progressive development. He believed that there had been a constant
gomg out and coming in of species, and a continual change going on in the
position of land and sea, accompanied by great fluctuation in climate; that
there had been a constant adaptation of the vegetable and animal creations
to those new geographical and climatal conditions. At the present moment,
we found cotemporaneously a marsupial fauna in Australia, and mammalia
of. a different and higher grade in Asia and Europe: we also found birds
Without mammalia in New Zealand, reptiles without land quadrupeds in the
Galapagos Archipelago, and land quadrupeds Without reptiles in Greenland.
In like manner, in successive geological eras, certain classes, such as the rep-

 

W’s-v." '

ADDENDA. 759

tiles, may have predominated over other vertebrata throughout wide areas;
but there is no evidence that the adaptation of the fauna, as above explained,
had been governed by any law of progressive development. In those classes
of the invertebrata which were best known, and fully represented in a fossil
state at all geological periods, the oldest, or Silurian fauna, was as highly
developed as the corresponding fauna in the recent seas. Our ignorance of
the inhabitants of the ancient lands was the chief cause of our scanty ac-
quaintance with the highly—organized beings of remote epochs.

HPSIES. A company from England arrived in Cecil county, Maryland, in March,
1851, bringing with them all their wandering habits and peculiarities.

GLOBES, MONSTER. Originally exhibited in Paris, 1823, and a more perfect
one, by M. Guérin, in 1844, which he styled the Géorama. \Vyld’s Monster
Globe, erected in London, 1851, employed three hundred men nearly thirty
days in fitting up the interior.

GOLD, CONSUMPTION or. The exportation of coin from England is rapidly in-
creasing, and the English sovereign is becoming more extended as a medium
of exchange. Formerly, the Spanish dollar passed everywhere, and now the
English sovereign is taken as current coin over three—fourths of the globe;
and its exportation keeps pace with the importation of raw gold. From
November 1850 to June 1851, the Bank ofEngland issued 9,000,000 sovereigns,
being at the rate of 18,000,000 a year; and so great is the demand for our
gold coin, that Sir John Herschel informs us in 1853, that since November
last they have coined at the Mint 3,500,000 sovereigns and half-sovereigns,
and the rate of production can scarcely keep pace with the increasing de-
mand. This must have a material influence in maintaining that stability
which is desirable in our standard value. In Birmingham, not less than
1,000 ounces of fine gold are used every week, and the weekly consumption
of gold-leaf is as follows:

Ounces.

London, . . . . . . . . . . 400
Edinburgh, . . . . . . . . . 35
Birmingham, . . . . . . . . . 70
Manchester, . . . . . . . . 40
Dublin, . . ’ . . . . . . . . 12
Liverpool, . . . . . . . . . 15
Leeds, . . . . . . . . . . 6
Glasgow, . . . . . . . . . 6

Total, . . . . . . . 584

Of which an eminent gold-refiner states not one-tenth part can be recovered.
For gilding metals by the electrotype and the water-gilding process, not less
than 10,000 ounces of gold are required annually. One establishment in the
potteries employs £3,500 worth of gold per annum, and nearly £2,000 worth
is used by another; the consumption of gold in the potteries o'f Staffordshire
for gilding porcelain and making crimson and rose color, varying from 7,000
to 10,000 ounces per annum. The consumption of gold and Silver in Paris
has been fairly estimated at 14,552,000 francs a year. The wear upon gold
coin in circulation is about four per cent. per annum; and from this knowl-
edge and the foregoing details, we may deduce the fact that nearly £2,000,000
a year is necessary to maintain the metallic currency at its present value;
therefore a supply of between £8,000,000 and £9,000,000 is necessary for the
arts and manufactures, and the purposes of coinage; and when we add to
this our‘constantly increasing exportation of coin, it appears that the influx
of Californian and Australian gold will produce but little change in its value

in Europe.

 

 

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

GOLD, CONSUMPTION or~continued

 
 

 

88 88.88.88.
88 888. .888.

. 88 888 88 .8
88 .888 E 8.
88 888.858,
88 88888.8
88 88388
88 88.88 ,
88 8.8.8:»,

 

camp” 0..-

 

.... ....

3w
mwvfi

888.88

88 888488.88, .
8.8 888.88

88 8888.8
88 888.858
88 88888.8
88 8.88.888
88 888,888

88 8838

a...

 

u...
o...
a...
o...
...o
u...

888.8... 8:8 58.88 28.88
Ofioufi . o . . .— . ~
own.” O . O u o o n o u .
Nwfltv u... nun. ”av
58 :8. 58.8 888”“
8.88 .88 8t .8 888.888 888 $8

   
  
  

 

823385 BEA 94 852 524mm

 

88 88.88.8888
8 88.88.88
88 88.88888
88 88388.8
8 888.888”?
88 88.83.88
88 888.888
88 $8.38
88 88.8888
88 888.888
88 888:8

 

 

 

.398 .

. 888.88 888.88

 

a 8.8

888 .
8......
888.88

88.88

 

.....

.... ....

 

.moou: om

. D
33.8.85. .8895

8 88.88.58

 

. 8. 8 82.88.88
888 88 .

8 8888.88.88
88 .888 8888
88 888.888 .88
88 888. 888. 88
8 88... :8 8
88 E .888

....
u...

 

8:28:80.

 

 

.4Hmkfiflaqmim 6&8th QHHHZD “mm—H ho .HZHHA

.888: .88 .3588888
3. .8vo58.5 8.: 6:8 833m wwfinb 23 mo. «52 93 8.8 wofimommw nomuoswoum 03888800” MO 390 .«o £5884 81$ mo anoESSw

 

888.888

888.8
888.8V
88.8.88
8.88
88.8
888.88
88.888

853.80
55cm

888.3. _ 888.3 888.88 58.8.8.8
..... u... ..n. ooaanfi
, wasm .... n... NwGHF
$8 888 . .. .. 88.. 8
888 :8 888 888.8
888.8 8:; 888. E 8.8
888.88 8.88.8 8.88 8 888.88
8888 . 888.8 888.8. 888.8
.2 . 888.88. 888.88 888.888
z.” z.“ 8888.; 888.888.; 88.888.
63832 dawn. .owm . D
.382 -8; 82:88. 3.8.88.0

   

E.

 

 

:8.

:88

888.888.“. 88.88}, .. .H

88.88
888.88
888.8
83.88 .
«88.8.8
888.. 888
888 .888.
888. 8.88. _
888 8.88 .8
88.828

   

853.50
5.2.82

  

    
  

                      

.38.“.

...88..88cm8. .
mm
. . . . L888

..... . . . . £an
0... .n o .O a Incnmfi
. . . .. .8888,
. .8888
#883888.

a...

o...-

..... o - o .

..... 8

Jan—Oh...

88x88 . .88 .388 8 .8888

88.88 . .8888
888.88 .8888

88.8.8 .888

38 8 .888

888.888 . .8888

88888 . . 18::
888.888 . $88 3 8888
888 8.8.8 . . .888. 3 8.88
: .. . . .8888 3 882

.323an

.5588.»

 

 

 

ADDENDA. 7461

GOLD, Consmmrron cit—continued.
Estimates of the Amount of Gold and Silver in the United States at difi'erent Periods.

 

 

Specie in Specie in Total in the . .
Year. circulation. the banks. country. Authorities.
Millions. Millions. Millions.
1816 Wt $15 to 19 $22t t0 2'6 Crawford and Gallatin.
1819 8 29 37 Crawford. .
1819 .. . . 151,- . . . . Congressional report.
1820 . . . . 19’; .. . . Gallatin.
1829 S} 22% 31% \Voodbury.
1830 10 22 82 Grallatin.
1830 8 15 23 Sanford.
1833 12 30%— 423 Congressional report.
1833 4 25 29 ’I‘aney.
1836 25 40 65 Woodbury.
1837 35 38 73 Woodbury.
183R , 52%- 35 87% “Voodbury.
1839 42 45 87 Hazard (Commercial Register).
1840 50 33 83 \Vomlbury.
1841 35 to 45 35 70 to 80 Gouge (Journal of Banking).
1844 50 50 100 Hunt (Merchants‘ Magazine).
1845 52 44 96 Bank returns and estimates.
1846 55 42 97 Bank returns and estimates.
1847 85 35 120 Bank returns and estimates—(Constitu-
tional treasury began to operate.)
1848 66 46 112 Bank returns and estimates.
1849 77 43 120 Bank returns and estimates.
1850 109 45 151 Bank returns and estimates.
1851 138 48 186 Bank returns and estimates.
1852 . . . . . . . . 204 Estimates.
1853 . . . . . . . . 5136 Estimates.
1854 181 60 241 Bank returns and estimates.

 

The aggregate number of disbursing officers in the United States, is 221, and
the aggregate of amounts held by the depositories, $3,217,211 90.

Gold was discovered at Ophir, Buthnrst District, Australia, by Mr. Har-
greaves, in Feb. 1851; and at Port Philip, in June, same year. One
piece Weighed 3 lbs. 10 oz.; and Dr. Kerr found in one day over 102
lbs., value £4,000 sterling. The diggings are estimated at 300 miles in ex-
tent. Gold mines reported to be discovered in the province of Gerona,
Spain, Oct. 1851. Nearly £750,000 sterling was raised in London, Nov. 1851,
for Californian and Australian gold mining operations.

GOVERNORS, UNITED STATES. In all the States, except South Carolina, the
Governor is voted for by the people; and if no one has a majority of all the
votes, in the States in Which such a. majority is required, the Legislature
elects to the office of Governor one of the candidates voted for by the people.
Theaggregate of the salaries of the Governors of the thirty-one States and
seven territories is $94,333.33 1-3: the~smallest, (R. 1,) $400; the largest,
(Cal.,) $10,000. ‘ -.

GUANO. Along the sea-board of Peru and Bolivia. Within the tropic of
Capricorn, countless numbers of aquatic fOWls exist, which live on fish,
‘and'whose excretions are exceedingly fertilizing. In some localities, the
number of guanas .is enormous, so that when alarmed by discharges of
fire-arms, or otherwise, they rise from their nesting-places in such masses
as cannot be supposed by those who have never seen these birds dark-
ening the air like a cloud. Guano-producers change their habitation
when continually disturbed, but they do not permanently leave alocality
which‘vhas' long been frequented by them, in consequence of a. temporary
alarm; for, in such a case, they soon return to their old haunts, and totally

762 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

abandon them only when teased by lasting annoyances. The. ocean on the
west coast of b‘outh America, within the tropic, teems with fish, the quantity
seeming exhaustless, and guanas equally abound; so that their egesta is
gradually accumulating somewhere either on or off that desert land. It
is only about twelve years since these deposits became of commercial im-
portance; and in this period they have proved a source of great wealth to
the Government of Peru, which is now the most prosperous of all the South
American Republics. The amount of its revenue from this source for 1854:
and 1855, as stated in the last Treasury Budget, is estimated at $8,600,000.
It sells the privilege of loading vessels for about $19 a tun. There are fre-
quently over 100 vessels engaged in loading at the same time, and as each
vessel receives but one “measure” at its “turn,” the period occupied in
loading is several weeks. The following is the ofi‘icial report of the total
amount of deposits on these islands. In the fall of 1853, the Peruvian
Government employed a corps of engineers, headed by Mr. Chas. Paraguet,
to measure their areas; and their reports were printed in London, with
lithographic illustrations. Of this return we have this summary:

 

On the Northern Island, - - - - - 4,189,477 tuns of measurement.
0n the Middle Island, - - ~ - - - 2,508,948 “ “
0n the Southern Island, - - - — - 5,680,675 “ “

Total, - - - - - - - 12,376,100 “ “

This is to be increased one third as the difference made by breaking it up and
forming tuns of weight, as shipped, or in all 16,501,466 time. This is pro-
bably a correct estimate, and shows that previous estimates were too large.
The total quantity exported is not definitely known. The greatest quantity
has been taken from the Northern Island; the Middle Island has been
moderately worked; and the Southern Island, which is the most difficult of
access, has scarcely been touched. The following is a semi-ofiieial statement
of the exports in three years:

 

 
   
 
   

1 Countries.

 

  
     

 
     

 

 

 

1850.
r
; To England, ................. tuns, 102,421 150,653 160,000
‘ To the United States, ......... “ 14,250 32,000
To France, etc., .............. “ 1,681 ............ 28,500
Total, .................. “ 118,352 I 160,024 220,500”

 

‘ Since.18:52, our trade in that article has become equal to that of England,
and is likely to 'exceed it hereafter. The following table presents the guano
trade of the United States for the last six fiscal years, each ending 30th June:

Home Con-

Years. Total Imports. Total Exports. suinption

    
  
   

 

 

  
      
     
     
     
       
      
 

 

    

1848—49, ..................... tuns, 21,243 3 21,240 1-?
193110.50, ..................... “ 11,040 4 11,736 1'
1s50—5i, ........ ......... “ 97,331 1,128 96,743
1851—52, ..................... “ 50,054 430 49,624 5
1852—53, ..................... “ 33,034 848 37,686
1853—54, ..................... “ 175,349 330 175,463 3
1848—54, .............. . ...... ‘- 394,801 392.502 5;

Yearly average, ........ “ 65,417 :5.

GUN CQTTON..- Discovered by Prof. Schoenbein, in Germany, 1846, but its
practical utility for mining purposes supersedes its use in fire-arms.

.4
a,
v:
,,
.‘fi
3!

 

ADDENDA. 763

GUTTA PERCHA. Previous to 1844, the very name of gutta percha was un-
known to European commerce. In that year two cwt. was shipped experi-
mentally from Singapore. The exportation of gutta percha from that port
rose in 1845 to 169 piculs; (the picul is 1,330 lbs. ;) in 1846, to 5,364; in
1847, to 9,292 ; and in the first seven months of 1848, to 6,768 piculs. In the
first four and a half years of the trade, 21,598 piculs of gutta percha, valued
at $274,190, were shipped at Singapore, the whole of which were sent to
England, with the exception of 15 piculs to Mauritius, 470 to the continent
of Europe, and 922 to the United States. The great variety of articles for
domestic use, the ornamental arts, etc., to which this material has been ap-
plied, has given employment to thousands, not only in the factories of our
own and other countries, but also to the gatherers in the Indian Archipelago,
with whom it at present constitutes one of their most profitable articles of
export. M. Perrot has submitted to the Paris Academy of Sciences some
specimens of gutta percha, which he had purified to such an extent, and
manufactured in such thin sheets as enabled him to use it as a substitute for
paper, upon which he had taken impressions from the lithographic stone.
One of the advantages which he stated this would possess over the ordinary
paper impression was, that of enabling the reverse of any given object to be
obtained, without the labor of redrawing it.

HATS, STRAXV. This branch of trade is principally carried on in Massachu-
setts. At Medfield the value of bonnets made in 1851 was $134,000; Fox-
boro’ for the same period, $122,000; and in Franklin $160,000. In Boston
city alone there are'over 300 sewers. Tuscany still continues to be, as it
always has been, a chief and best manufactory of these articles.

HESSIAN FLY. This plague to agriculturists was introduced into this country
by the foreign mercenaries on Long Island, 1777, from their baggage or in
the forage of their horses.

HOMCEOPATHY. This science—the essential characteristic of which consists
in the use of such remedies against any disease as, in a healthy person would
produce a similar but not precisely the same disease, its fundamental prin-
ciple being similia similibus cumntur~was discovered by Samuel Christian
Frederick Hahnemann, a native of Meissen, in Saxony (born April 10th,
1755, died at Paris, 1843). Dissatisfied with the explanation of the
antipyretic principles in the Peruvian bark, given by the celebrated physi-
cian Cullen in his illateria flfedica, Hahnemann determined to discover b
experiment on what the power of the bark, in intermittent fevers, dependeg
He took it in considerable quantity, while in perfect health, and found that
it produced an ague similar to the intermittent marsh fever. He seized upon
this hint of nature in his practice, which he was at that time pursuing
in the Insane Hospital in Georgenthal, at Brunswick, and at Konigslutter,
where by many experiments of the effects of simple medicines on himself and
his family, he acquired so much knowledge of their nature, that be effected
many remarkable cures by homoeopathic applications. This system is much
in vogue in the United States, where there are three homoeopathic colleges
or medical schools, and numerous practitioners—the State of New York
alone having not less than three hundred. Rio de Janeiro, in Brazil, pos-
sesses a homoeopathic medical school. Great Britain has as many as fifty-
nine hospitals anddispensaries where this new mode of treatment is followed ;
and even Calcutta, in Hindostan. has a native homoeopathic hospital. The
principal cities of Europe and America are supplied with homoeopathic
medical attendants as follows:

764 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

HOMGEOPATI-IY—continued.

       
  
   
    

Physicians. Physicians.
London, - - _ - - - 66 Parls, - - - - - - 55
Vienna, - - - - ~ 51 Dresden, - - - - - 13
New York, - - - - 62 ' Philadelphia, - - - ' - '53'
Boston and vicinity, - - 20 | Baltimore, . - - - 10

There are both in Britain and America, and also on the continent of Europe,
many associations for the defense and protection of homoeopathy, and for
general professional improvement and intercourse. .

The following are the comparative results of Allopathic and Homoeopathic treatment in tho
« Hospital St. Marguerite, Paris. ,

 
   
 
 

  
  
      
 
   

Homoeopathic. , Allopathic.

 

 

 

 

 
   
   

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

D' ‘ D‘
Admitted. 01103;; d. Died. Per cent. Admitted. ch 3;; d. For cent~
13-19. '
Male, 870 780 75 8.62 689 595 87 12.62
Female, 422 373 51 12.08 393 316 82 20.62
1,292 1,158 126 9.75 1,087 911 169 14.71
1850.
M ale, 966 896 63 6.52 754 692 61 8.08
Female, 711 632 75 10.54 441 .394 46 10.43
181 1,677 1,523 138 8.22 1,195 1,086 107 8.99
o .
Male, 1,085 997 70 6.45 901 893 77 ' 8.54:
Fem ale, 609 558 65 1 0.67 541 467 58 10.72
1,694 1,555 135 7.96 1,442 1,295 135 9.86
370ml, 4,603 .. .. . l 399 8.5 3,724 ...... 411 —11.80

 

 

The Protestant Half Orphan Asylum, in the city of New York, has‘been
under homoeopathic treatment since August, 1842, with the following results :—

 
 

 

 

. - Under treat-
Yeam. . _ I No. of cases. Cured. pied. merit.
M
Aug.1842—47, 51 years, ........ ‘ 1,053 1,020 > 5 -
Jan. 1848413, 5 “ ........ 838 ’ '767 ' 14 ’ 52 I

    
 
  
   
  
  

In this institution, under allopathic treatment, the children were continually
sub‘Iect to sore eyes: under homoeopathic treatment this complaint has
entirely disappeared. . - » . -'

HOSPITAL, JEWISH. The first Jewish hospital in the United States was :51

formally consecrated in May, 1855. For this institution the Hebrews are ‘
mainly iniiebted to the late~Judah Touro, Whose munificent bequest of ‘
$20,000 paid two-thirds of the cost of building and site. 1 - . ~ -- ~

HUMAN RACE; Dr.'Pickering enumerates" eleven different races, of which

the names and numbers, supposing the ‘whole hurna’nfamily to be 900,000,000,
are as follows: ‘ 7 1':

White, - - - 350,000,000"Abyss1man, ‘. " - 9,000,000,

 

 

Mongolian, - - 300,000,000} Papuan, ~. - - 8,000,000
Malayan, ' ~, ' - - 120,000,000 Negrillo, - - - 8,000,000
I.3chngnn, - - gg,ggg,ggg fiustralian, - ' - » 500,000
egro - - - ottcnto - - - , '
Ethiopian, . . 530001000 , - t’ - 000.009 -

 

ADDENDA. 765‘

Dr. P. supposes that there have been at least two centers whence these dif-
ferent races have been derived, one in Asia and the other in Africa; he does
not support the original unity of the races in one parent stem—See Picker-
ing’s Races of film, 1851. Professor Agassiz contends for a primitive
ubiquity, or different types of humanity co-existent in different climes and
countries. (Further see Population.)

IDIOTS, EDUCATION OF. The first efforts for the education of idiots in
America, were in 1839. In that year, the Institution for the Deaf and
Dumb in this city received a mute boy, who was instructed for three years,
by Professor Morris, with favorable results. The same year, Dr. Howe of
Boston treated and greatly improved a blind idiotic child, and afterward two
others. Two or three children were also under instruction at the American
Asylum at Hartford before 1848. In 1846, efforts were made in both the
Legislatures of New York and Massachusetts for the establishment of asylums
for this class. In July, 1848, Dr. \Vilbur opened a private institution for this
purpose, at Barre, Massachusetts, where he had fifteen pupils before 1851.
In that year, having been called to our State Asylum at Albany, he trans-
ferred that school to Dr. George Brown, under whose management it is still
in successful operation, having some twenty-five or thirty pupils. In October,
1848, the Massachusetts School was commenced, under the superintendence
of Dr. Howe. It was conducted for three years as an experiment, and had
fifteen pupils at the close of that period—October, 1851. Then it entered on
its career as a permanent State institution. From 1848 to January, 1855, it
had 113 pupils, of whom forty-one were then remaining. \Ve are informed
that the Legislature has lately granted it $525,000 for an edifice, etc. The
asylum at Albany was opened in October, 1851. For the last two years it
has had an average attendance of fifty pupils, and an equal number of appli-
cations for admission are now on file. The new edifice at Syracuse, costing
$70,000, will be opened next August. Appropriations for current expenses
for this year, $13,000. The Pennsylvania School, in Germantown, was com-
menoed in July, 1853, as a State institution, having been founded on the
private school begun in the winter of 1851—2 by Mr. J. B. Richards. His
report of last January states the number of pupils then remaining at twenty.
We learn that over $10,000 have been subscribed by citizens of Phila-
delphia for the erection of buildings, etc. A private sehool=for idiots was
commenced last fall near Boston, by Mr. McDonald, formerly associated with
Dr. Howe, which completes the list of institutions of this character.

INDIA—RUBBER. The natives of Hindostan were the first to Collect this
substance, which was introduced into England in 1735, for the purpose of
removing pencilsmarks from paper. In 1772, a cubical half inch of this
substance cost 538. sterling. Mr. Macintosh, of England, was the first to
manufacture the prepared gum for its present innumerable applications.
Cuirasses of vulcanized rubber were introduced in the French army, 1851,
and said to be bullet-proof(?). The daily product of India-rubber shoes.

» made in the United States, is calculated at 15,000, at an annual profit of
nearly $200,000. - - ‘ ’ ' ' "

INFANTICIDE IN‘INDIA. The birth of a son, by both Hindoos and Mahom-
medansyis regarded-as an occasion for the greatest rejoicing. The event is
celebrated by the firing of cannon, and eXpensive festivals among the rich ;
while the report of a. single matchloek of’ the poorest peasant proclaims the
honor that has been "conferred upon his family. At the birth of a daughter,
there is always much less rejoicing, and often none at all. No friends

‘ assemble to rejoice with the parents, or to offer their congratulations. By
name, the event is regarded with seeming indifference: by others, as a

766 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

calamity and a disgrace. An English gentleman, Writing upon this subject,
says: “Among the tribe of Rfijputs, and especially among the Rajahs of that
class, the birth of a daughter in their house was considered disgraceful.”
This feeling is so strong as to lead to murder. Among some portions of the
inhabitants of India, the dreadful sin of infanticide has for a long time
prevailed, and to an alarming extent. Among certain clans of feudatory
Rajputs, and other tribes in Central and Western India, this horrid crime has
been carried on more extensively and systematically than among any other
people of the earth. In the districts of Kach and Kattiawz‘tr, it has been
found, after the fullest and most elaborate inquiry, that the greater part of
the inhabitants put their infant daughters to death without the least remorse.
In these provinces, containing 120,000 people, from the investigations of
Colonel Walker, we learn that at least 4,000 infant children are annuall
destroyed by their parents—more than 100,000, in a single generation, in
two small provinces. The same bloody custom is traced to other tribes of
Hindostan—to the Jats and Mewats; also in the provinces of Gujarat, Jaipur,
and Jamedpur. By the philanthropic efforts of Christian men, some few
families have been induced, in whole or in part, to discontinue it; but their
motives for doing so have been found to be none of the purest or worthiest.
They have, in several instances, confessed that this act of humanity (lid not
proceed from parental feelings. From a report of an able and excellent
officer of the British Government, the late Mr. Wilkinson, the fearful extent
of this inhuman custom may be clearly seen. He says: “An intelligent
Rajput chief, in conversing with me. stated, as his opinion, that not less than
twenty thousand infants were annually destroyed in Malwa and Rajputana.”
In several districts, where the census was as carefully taken as possible, the
following startling facts were elicited: “In the first district, the proportion
of sons to daughters was 118 to 16; in a second, 240 to 98; in a third, 131
to 61; in a fourth, 14 to 4; in a fifth, 39 to 7; in a sixth, 20 t0 7; and in a
seventh, 70 to 32. Now, as the most extended inquiries of statists, in Eu~
rope and throughout the world, have all shown one result, viz: that the
births of males and females are of nearly equal amount, the only inference
to be drawn from this disparity, is, that females equal, or nearly equal in
number to the difference here exhibited, have been destroyed. The murders,
therefore, perpetrated in the first of the above districts, were seventy-seven
per cent. of the females born. The aggregate result, given by these censuses,
1s 63:! sons to 225 daughters. This is at the average rate of 36 daughters to
100 sons; in other Words, out of every hundred of the females born, on the
same supposition of the equality of the sexes, sixty—four have been cruelly
destroyed by their parents, or, in round numbers, about two-thirds destroyed,
and only one-third preserved.” Nor was the practice confined to the Rajputs
alone, but it extends to the Sikhs also. “ Of eleven villages in the districts
of Jaipur and Udapur, he found, after the closest inquiry, that the aggregate
numbers of boys under twelve years of age were 369, and of girls, only 87.
This shows that 282 girls, or more than three-fourths of all born, were
destroyed in these villages in the brief period of twelve years. In one of
these villages, there Were only four girls to forty—four boys; in another, four ‘
girls to fifty-eight boys; and in a third, with alarge proportion of boysiim
girls at all; the inhabitants freely confessing that they had destroyed every
girl born in their village.” We are very naturally led to inquire what
causes. have produced so revolting a custom. From the most extensive
Inquiries in reference to this subject, it is now generally believed not to arise
from sheer cruelty, or from a total destitution of parental affection. Indfld.
from a most careful study of the national character, it is manifest that 9);.
great mass of Hindoo mothers possess as strong a love for their children an

 

 

ADDENDA. 767

the mothers of any other people. The unanimous and concurrent testimony
of educated natives, as well as that of Europeans, is, that the real causes
are—lst, The difficulty of obtaining suitable matches for their daughters,
were they allowed to grow up, coupled with the supposed disgrace of their
remaining unmarried. 2d, The difficulty of defraying the marriage expenses,
which have been sanctioned by immemorial custom.

INOCULATION. The small-pox was introduced into the United States about
1517 ; and, so late as the year 1769, we find the practice of inoculation pro-
hibited by law in Virginia.

INVENTIONS. The following will be found useful by way of reference: Glass
windows were first used in 1180; chimneys in houses, 1236; lead pipes for
conveying water, 1252; tallow candles for lights, 1290; spectacles invented
by an Italian, 1299; paper first made from linen, 1302; woollen cloth first
made in England, 1331; artpf painting in oil colors, 1410; printing invented,
1440; watches made in Germany, 1477; variation of compass first noticed,
1540; pins first used in England, 1543; circulation of human blood first

. discovered by Harvey, 1619; first newspaper published, 1630; first steam-
engine invented, 1649; first fire-engine invented, 1663; first cotton planted
in the United States, 1769; steam—engine improved by Watt, 1767; steam
cotton—mill erected, 1783; stereotype printing invented in Scotland, 1785;
animal magnetism discovered by Mesmer, 1788; Sabbath-school established
in Yorkshire, England, 1789 ; electro~magnetic telegraph invented by Morse,
1832; daguerreotype process invented, 1839.

IRON, produced in the United States in 1851 :

Mine at Salisbury, Conn, yields, - — - - - 3,000 tuns.
Dutchess and Columbia co., N. Y., - - - - 20,000 “
Essex co., - - - - - - - - 15,000 “
Clinton co., - - - - - - - - 3,000 “
Franklin co., - - ~ - - - - - 600 “
St. Lawrence co., - - ~ - - - - 2,000 “
Value of Iron produced in the United States, 1835, - - - $6,000,000

“ “ “ 1837, - - 7,700,000

The iron ores in Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee, Illinois, Maryland and Virginia,
from recent inspection are found to be inexhaustible. In the Gentleman’s
Magazine, 1783, is a recommendatory article of cast iron, then in its infancy,
which is there said to be “capable of being carried to a great extent.” In
1854, the make of iron in U. S. was about 700,000 tuns, about one-half of
which are consumed for castings, and the remaining portion was converted
into wrought iron, at a loss in waste, etc., of about one-third. The present
annual consumption amounts to 1,200,000 tuns, or nearly eighty-eight
pounds per head of the population. Wrought iron is now made direct from

the ore by a process patented in 1851, and in operation at Cincinnati, Ohio,
Newark, N. J., and Mott Haven, N. Y.

JESUI'IS. In 1851 this body published in Italy a “ Catechism Filosofico,” or
dialogue on Monarchical Constitutions, containing instructions'for kings,
how far they may go with a safe conscience in breaking promises made to
their people.

- JEWS. Of the original twelve tribes, two only are at present known; the
tribes of Judah and Benjamin. The Spanish and Portuguese Jews are the
descendants of Judah ; the Jews of Germany and Northern Europe are of the
tribe of Benjamin. Dr. Raphael, (lecture N. Y., May, 1851,) states that with
the exception of Josephus, who wrote in Greek, and M. Jost, who wrote in
German, about 1841, the Jewish historians from the first century, (A. 1)..) to

“the nineteenth, invariably wrote in the Hebrew language. Dr. Lykins, of

 

768 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

the Pottawattamie Reservation, exhibited in the ofiice of Indian Department
\Vashington, in December, 1851, a Jewish frontlet, containing portionsof the
Pentateuch, which he received from Pategwe, a Pottawattamie Indian, in
whose family it had been from time immemorial. There were originally
two of these indexes of Jewish faith, one of which was irrecoverably lost in
crossing a river. This curious discovery may perhaps be considered as
strengthening the opinion of the late Major Noah, that the American Indi-
ans are descended from the lost tribes of the Jewish people.

KANSAS CENSUS RETURNS. The following are the complete census returns
of the Territory of Kansas, taken prior to the first election for members of
the Territorial Legislature 1855 :

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

r———-— ——-—-——-—-———-—t—~——‘
Districts. Males. Females. Voters. i Natives. Fozggn- Slaves.
1
I 6-33 339 359 ‘ 887 75 ......
II 816 203 199 g 506 19
II I 161 91 101 215 12
IV 166 71 57 169 2 i
V 824 533 441. 1,385 22 2
VI 472 818 253 7 91 12 1
VII 32 36 53 117 1
VIII 56 27 3 76 6 1
IX 61 25 36 65 12 ‘
X 97 54 63 108 23 ......
X 33 : 24 30 6 ......
XII 163 80 .73 206 37
X111 163 116 96 273 9 14
XIV 655 512 333 301 46 35
XV 472 831 308 846 16 15
XVI 703 475 385 1,040 104 33
XV [I 91 59 59 143 5 23
XVIII ...... 1 ...... 28 ' ..................
Total, ..... 5,088 I 3,273 2,877 7,161 408 19-

 

 

 

 

LAND-OWNERS. It is a remarkable fact, that of all the constitutional states

of Europe or America, Great Britain is the country in Which the people
hold the smallest stake in the soil. France, with a population of 32,560,034, . 1‘

has 10,896,682 landed proprietors, or one in three. The United States, with

a_population of 20,000,000, has 5,000,000 proprietors, or one in four. 331-
gium, With a population of 5,022,677, has 950,723 proprietors or one in five. .
Holland, 8. commercial and shipping country, with a populatiOn of 3,500,000, a ,
has 400,000 proprietors, or one in nine. Sweden, with a population of

3,874,203, has 300,000 proprietors, or one in' twelve. \Vhile Great Britain ‘

and Ireland, with a population of 27,041,050, have only 633,421, or one in

forty of the population, including freeholders and copyholders, with a direct
interest in the soil. ‘ ‘ ‘ ' ' a i ' ‘ -

“LANDS (PUBLIC) or run U. S. Within the limits recognized by treaties and
cessions, (see American Almanac, 1850, p. 179,) the public lands covered an
estimated area of 1,584,000,000 acres. To the 30th Sept, 1849, 146,000,000

1 lea-a ’11-‘25; ”£11.?" ' a: ‘

    
 
  
   
   
  

e: ,

 

.
7‘5
:3
. _,
-,
,

acres had been sold, leaving unsold an area of 1,438,000 acres, which land,»

in large bOdies 0f_ detached tracts, is found in theseveral States and terri-
tories above mentioned.» The system for surveying and disposing Of the

pu‘blic'lands was established by the act of 20th May», 17 85, and has continued
t0 the present time, but with slight modifications, viz., every townshigqof

six square miles is to be divided into thirty-six sections, of one mile squasw,

   
  
 
 
  

 

ADDENDA. ~ 769'

each section generally containing 640 acres. The lands are then proclaimed
by the President for sale, at public auction, at not less than $1.25 per acre,
and such as hereafter remain unsold may be purchased at private sale at
that rate.

Quantity of public land sold, and the amount paid for it, in each year, from 1833 to the third
quarter of 1850 :

 

 
 
  
  
  
  
  
   
  
  
  
 

   
 
   
   
  
 
 
  

 

 

 

1-"— T

Years. Acres. Dollars. Years. Acres. 1 Dollars.
1833 3,856,227.56 4,972,284.84 1844 1,754,763.13 2,207,678.04
1834 4,658,218.71 6,099,981.04 1845 1,843,527.05 , 2,470,303.17
1835 12,564,47885 15,999,804.11 1846 2,263,730.81 ‘ 2,904,637.27
1836 20,074,870.92 25,167,83306 1847 2,521,305.59 3,296.40 1.08
1837 5,601,103.12 7,007,523.04 1818 1,887,553.04 2,621,615.26
1838 3,414,907.42 4,305,564.64 1849 1,329,902.77 1356891142
1839 4,976,382.87 6,464,556.79 1850 1,405,838.70 1,818,829.32
1840 2,230,889.74 2,789,637.53 1851 3,846,847.49 2,370,947.45
1841 1,164.7 96.11 1,463,364.06 1852 1,553,070.94 1,975,718.54

‘ 1842 1,129,217.58 1,417,972.06 1853 1,083,495.21 1,804,653.24
1843 1,605,264.06 2,016,044. 30 1854 7,035. 735 0 9,285,533.58

    

 

The following table shows the present condition of the bounty land warrants,
under the Acts of 1847, 1850, and 1852, to wit:

 

r—————‘—‘ .
Aer or 1847.

  
   
  
   
  
   
  
   

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
  
  

        
    

  

 

   

 

Acres Acres Number Acres

Grade of warrant. Numb? embraced 11‘Tun1b(elr embraced ~ outstand- embraced

issue ‘ thereby. ‘ ocate ' thereby. ing. thereby.
_..__._.___ w _____._,___.__~ , _
i 160 acres, .......... 79,407 12,705,120 71,939 11,510,240 7,468 1,194,880
40 “ .......... 7,269 290,760 5,596 223,480 1,673 66,920
Total, .......... 86,679 ' 12,995,880 77,535 11,734,080 9,141 1,261,800
2101‘ on 1850.

160 acres, .......... 26,808 ' 4,239,290 ' 22,713 3,634,080 4,096 ' 655,200
80 “ .......... 56,220 4,529,600 43,434 3,474,720 12,780 1,054,880
40 “ .......... 101,567 4,062,680 75,034 3,001,360 26,533 1,061,320

Total,.........., 184,567 I 12,881,560 1 141,131 10,110,160 43,414 2,771,400
Aer or 1852.
r .......... 187,120 779 113 440 443 . 71,680

163 afims’ .......... I 131,920 969 76:720 699 55,200
40 “ .......... 8,732 849,280 5,037 201,480 3,690 147,800

TotaI, .......... 11,539 1 666.320 6,705 391,640’ 4,833 274,680

    

 

SUMMARY.

12,995,880 77,535 11,734,080 9,141 1,261,800 .
12,881,560 141,131 10,110,160 43,414 2,771,400.
, 666,320 I 6,705 591,640 4,833 _ . 274,629,
26,543,7601 225,421. 22,235,880 57,388 1 4,397,111» 1

l

      

ct 01’1847 ’ ....... 86,676
A “ 1850: ....... 184,595

“ 1852,....... 11,539

tin-1.4.1. . .

Grand 66121,. . . . 282,809
33

 

     

 

 

 

 
    

770 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

It will thus be perceived, that of the 26,543,’7 60 acres embraced by the war-
rants now issued, 22,235,880 acres have been located—~leaving only 4,307,880
acres to be satisfied. The following table exhibits the present condition of
the grant of 500,000 acres made to each of the States for internal improve-
ments, by the Act of 4th September, 1841, to wit:

 

\‘
v
i.
3'“

, ; '
1;}
1,1,3

 

Quantity to Quantity Quantity
States. which selected and to be
entitled. approved. selected.
Illinois, ..................... 209,085.50 208,980.05 105.45
Missouri, ................... 500,000.00 500,000.00 .............
Alabama, ................... 97,469.17 97,469.17 ........... .
Mississippi, ................. 500,000.00 499,984. 59 15.41
Louisiana, .................. 500,000.00 387,875.20 112,1 24. 80
Michigan, ............... . . . 500,000.00 498,633.54 1,361.46
Arkansas, ................... 500,000.00 499,889.03 110.97 ._
Flo rida,* ................... 499, 990.09 368,290.10 131,699.99
Iowa, ....................... 500,000.00 500,000.00 ............
\Visconsinfl' ................. 500,000.00 416,721.41 83,278.59
Total, ................ 4,306,544.? 6 8,977,848.09 358,696.67

 

    
     
    
    
 

LANGUAGE. Ethnography has furnished conclusive evidence that the family
of American languages have had a common origin with those of Asia. The ,
unity of all human language must be considered as establishing an identical
unity of all the human races; all dialects must be regarded as dialects of
one now lost—Dr. Smyth's Unity of Human Races.

LAW. The number of lawyers in the United States, in March, 1851, was 21,979,
or about one to every fifteen hundred inhabitants—Monthly Law Magazine.
Estimating their average receipts at $1,000 per annum, their aggregate ;,
income would reach within a fraction of twe-nty~two millions of dollars. In ’ f
1851 there were in New York, 4,740 lawyers; in Pennsylvania, 1,848; in '
Ohio, 2,031; in Massachusetts, 1,132; in Kentucky, 1,066; and in Georgia, ..
908.—-Lz'vingston’s Law Register. ~

LETTERS. The number of letters transmitted in the following European
countries annually, were estimated, in March 1851, as follows : ’

Countries. Population. Letters. Per head.

M—

29,000,000 820,000,000 11
36,000,000 108,000,000 3
16,500,000 45,000,000 2.7

2,408,000 18,000,000 _ 5 .6
37,000,000 23,000,000 0 6

 

Being rather more than half a letter for each inhabitant of the Austrian do- .
minions. (Vida Post Oflice.) ' ‘

'Sub'ect to readjustment, owln to im erfections of 1 tsfr h h 1 :ti 1 0 er m. '3':
1' .Un er decision of Attomey-Gegneral, fuly 24, 1852. p a cm W to 30 cc 09.3w ‘ I .

ADDENDA. 7‘71

0 ,

LIBRARIm.

Approximate Tabular View of the Libraries containing 10,000 Volumes or upwards, acces-
sible to the Public, in the several‘States of Europe; also, the whole Number of Libraries
in said States, and the Number of Volumes and of Manuscripts contained therein in 1848.

 

 

 

 

 

 

$4 , I
4.43 2‘2 2 a
‘9 g Aggre- A g "E E d Art-ore
m «ate Popu- ggre- :2 "7 , 0 a . 1‘“ '
'E 8 :‘lation of gate N um- 3 E Z ’5 , 53%? Nut?)- I???“
E 9. Cities and her of - 8‘ = 4‘ ‘8 er 0 0 '
Name of State. e 3 Towns Volumes fl 3:. a g T: Volumes umes of
1-1 m containin in 521' g 4, 8 = g of Printed MSS. in
5— g “1 .5 '5 Z v ~ ‘
e 5 said Lib- Libraries. “5 3: 5 <1: ngfi; 1“ 1548'
o 8 raries. <5 c n: :5. .
Z ° Z36" E
~ Anhalt, ................. 1 11,479 20,000 170 2 25,700 . .
gustnun States, .......... 4g 1,44,13,87 2,432,300 £67 4% 2,408,000 41,103
is en, . . ................ 2, 60 4 , 00 40 404,300 3 170
galvqi-ia, ................. 12 516:3: 1,333,503 339 18 1,§GS,500 301156
0 33mm, ................ 38, 6 , t 5 14 09,100 0 28
firemen, 1; ............... 9 4315130 236,033 2 3:8): 2 36,000 4.’
runswrc ‘ .............. , 0 ' 0, E ,. 7 223,000 .580
Cracow, . . .y ............. , . ~ 2 87,000 52,000 141 2 52,000 2.210
Denmark, ................ 5 156,692 647,000 412 5 647,000 3,200
France, .................. 109 3,183,120 4,L92,695 129 186 4,510,295 119,119
l1runkfi)rt-on-tlie~Main0, . . 1 66.244 62,000 94 1 62,000 550
Great Britain and Ireland,* 34 3,344,916 1,771,493 53 34 1,771,493 62,149
Hamburgf .............. 6 128,000 250,367 1%: g 200,367 5,000
leHH‘el‘, ................ 5 61,700 2,000 8 ‘ 492,010 5,7453
11 esse, .................. 4 88,700 265.000 299 5 273,200 400
Si‘lssg-Durmslmlt, ....... 2 3; ,800 281 1,600 924 3 282.600 5,268
i x: urgliausen ......... 1 10,200 12,000 118 1 12,000 . .
Holland ....... , .......... 5 349,010 219,000 63 7 228,310 12,000
iipgw-Detmold, ......... 1 2,503 21.303 363 $ 21,500 100
0 cc, ................... 2 26 00 L, 0 0 52,000 400
Luccn, .................. 1 24:1 92 25,000 104 1 25,000 ..
{iiixixluligrg ............. » 1 12.000 3,603 163 1 19,600 162
1 ac ' en urg, ............ 2 26,634 ,00 315 3 85,410 . .
Meeklenburg-SLrelitz, ..... 1 4,500 50,000 1,1 11 1 50,000 . .
M odena. ................. 1 27,000 90,000 333 1 90,000 3,000
Naples and Sicily, ........ 8 550,453 413,000 66 8 413,000 3,000
N 055311, .................. 1 15,000 50,000 333 1 5- 1,000 . .
323.6636; """"""" 1% 353213 926383 1’31? 1% £883 3519-
: e ............ 2 , , , a
Forum, .................. 3 71:500 146,000 204 3 146,000 . .
Portugal, . .............. 7 363,000 276,000 76 7 276,000 7.537
Erussxan States, .......... 44 989,613 2,008,350 200 5:» 2,040,450 15,417
euss, ................... . . .. . . . . 5,000 ..
Rudolsmdt .............. I 4 000 46.000 1,150 1 46,000 . .
guissiiin Einpire, ......... 12 1009323 352,090 so 12 852090 21.694
bardinia and Piedmont, . . . 9 302,497 286,000 94 11 297,000 4,500
Snxe-Coburg-Gotlm, . . . . '. . 3 35,579 247,000 618 5 247,000 5,000
finxe-fifeiningen, ......... 1 6,000 32,008 533 1 32000 - -
Cnxe- eimar . ........... 2 17,029 180,00 1,057 2 180,000 2.000
Saxony} . . . ’ ............ 9 132,927 570.500 417 9 57 ,50‘) 7.950
”min, ................... 17 651.359 687.550 106 27 711,050 8.262
S‘Wf‘den and Norway, ..... 8 12.’ 1,528 353,000 309 8 353,000 9,300
Mvnzerlandd ............. 13 137.083 480.300 350' 13 48 3,300 12734
Tuscany, ................ 10 153,466 401,000 261 10 401,000 33,000
Wuldeck Pyrmont, . . .. ’ 1 1,500 39,000 2,000 1 3 2,000 ..
Wurtembei-g, .. ....... . . . 5 67,999 427,000 628 6 433,000 5 200.

 

  

 

772 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

The principal libraries of the several capital cities of Europe, in the orderof
their magnitude, in 1848, stood as follows:

Volumes. Volumes.
*Paris, National Library, . . 824,000 *Milan, Brera Library, . . . 170,000
"Munich, Royal do., . . . 600,000 Paris, St. Genevieve do., . . 150.000
Petersburg. Imperial do., . . 446,000 Darmstadt, Grand Ducal do., . 150,000
*London, British Museum do., . 435,000 *Florence, Magliabecchian do., . 150,000
*Copenhagen, toyal do., . . 412,000 *Naples, Royal do., . . . 150,000

*Berlin, Royal do., . . . 410.000 *Brussels, Royal do., . . . 133,500
*Vienna, Imperial do., . . . 313,000 Rome, Casanate do., . . . 120,000
*I)resden. Royal do., . . . 300,000 *Hague, Royal do., . . . 100,000
Madrid, National do., . . . 200,000 Paris, Mazarin do., . . . . 100,000
1Voll‘enbuttal, Ducal do., . . 200,000 Rome, Vatican do., . . . 100,000
Stutgard, Royal do., . . . 187,000 *Parma, Ducal do., . . . . 100,000
Paris, Arsenal do., . . . 180,000 '

The oldest of the great libraries of printed books is probably that of Vienna, _
which dates from 1440, and is said to have been open to the public as early
as 1575. The town library of Ratisbon (in Bavaria) dates from 1430; St.
Mark’s library at Venice, from 1468; the town library of Frankfort, from
1484; that of Hamburg, from 1529; of Strasburg (France), from 1531; of
Augsburg (Bavaria), from 1537 ; those of Berne and Geneva, from 1550; and
that of Basel or Basle, from 1564. The Royal Library of Copenhagen was
founded about 1550. In 1671, it had 10,000 volumes; in 1748, about 65,000;
in 1778, 100,000; and in 1820, 300,000. The National Library of Paris was
founded in 1595, and was made public in 1737. In 1640, it had about 17.000
volumes; in 1684, 50,000; in 1775, 150,000; in 1790, 200,000. The library
of the British Museum was founded in 1753, and made public in 1757, when
it contained about 40,000 volumes. In 1800, it had about 65,000 volumes;
in 1823, 125,000; in 1836, nearly 240,000. The whole of the difference be-
tween 1836 and 1848 does not arise from the actual increase of the collection;
a portion of the difference results from the fact, that many thousand tracts,
formerly in volumes or cases, have been separately bound, and are now enu-
merated as distinct volumes. The rest of the increase is mainly ascribable
to donations. Of its 435,000 volumes, at least 200,000 have been presented
or bequeathed. The growth of the Copenhagen Library arises mainly from
Judicious purchases, at favorable opportunities. The increase of the Na-
tional Library of Paris, since 1790, is in a great measure to be ascribed to
the Revolution. Special instructions were usually given, that the officers of .
the library should have unlimited power of selection from the many libra-
ries at the disposal of the government upon the suppression of the monas-
teries and convents, and the confiscation of the property of rebels and
emigrants. The chief University Libraries, in 1848, ranked as follows:

, Volumes. Volumes.
fl'GOttlngent University Library, . 360,000 Vienna University Library, . . 115,000
Breslau University do. . 250,000 Leipsic University do., . . 112,000
0mm“ Bodleiau do., . . 220,000 Copenhagen University (10., . . 110,000

1

Tilblflgen University do., . . 200,000 JrTurini: University do., . . 110,000
Mllnwh Ulliversity do., . . . 200,000 Louvain University do., . . 105,000
Henlelhers University do., . 200,000 Dublin,i Trinity College do., . 104,239
Cambridge: Public do., . . . 166,724 +Upsa1 University do., . . . 100.000

3010:3113 University (10., . . 150,000 Erlangen University do., ‘. . 100.90n
1P Miguel: Umvet‘sxty do., . . 130,000 Edinburgh University do., . . 90,854

x

 

 

*_These libraries are entitled by law to a. copy of every book published within the statesto
Wlllcl] they respectively belong. I l

1' These are lending libraries.

:3: These are lewall enlitl (I t ' ’ 0
respectively belocngfy , e 0 copies of all works published in the states MW W

 

ADDENDA. ' 7'73

The date of the foundation of some of the libraries is as follows: Turin, 1436;
Cambridge, 1484; Leipsic, 1544; Edinburgh, 1582; the Bodleian, 1597.
The library of the University of Salamanca (24,000 volumes) is said to have
been founded in 1215. The following table shows the whole number of
printed volumes in the public libraries of some of the principal cities of
Europe, in 1848:

Volumes. Volumes.
Aberdeen, . . 46,000 Dublin, . . . 143,654
Amsterdam, . . 16,000 Edinburgh, . . 288,854
Antwerp, . . . . 15.000 Florence, . . . 299,000
Barcelona, . . 45,000 Genoa, . . . 120,000
Berlin, . . . 460,000 Glasgow, . . . 80,096
Bologna, . . 333,000 Gijttingen, . . 350,000
lremen, . . . 36,000 Halle, . . . 121,000
Breslan, . . 370,000 Hamburg, . . 200,367 Seville, . . 58,000
Brussels, . . . 143,500 Leipsic, . . . 192,000 Stockholm, . . 82,000

1 Volumes.
1
1

Burla-Pcsth, . . 68,000 Lisbon, . . . 98,000 I St. Petersbnrg, . 595,900

Munich, . . . 800,000
Naples, . . 290,000
Oxford, . . . 273,000
Pad ua, . . 177, 000
Paris, . . . 1,474,000
Prague, . . 198,000

tome, . . . 465,000

Cambridge, . . 261,724 London, . . . 490,500 Stutgard, . . 197.000
Cologne, . . 109,300 Lyons, . . . 82,000 Venice, . . 137,000
Copenhagen, . . 557,000 Milan, . . . 250,000 Vienna, . . . 453,000
Dresden, . . 340,500 Moscow, . . 66,000 Weimar, . . 110,000

The average annual sum allotted to the support of the National Library at
Paris is £16,575; the Royal Library at Brussels, £2,700; of Munich, about
£2,000; of Vienna, £1,900; of Berlin, £3,745; of Copenhagen, £1,250; of
Dresden, £500 ; of Darmstadt, £2,000; of the British Museum, prior to 1835,
less than £8,000, and of this sum only £1,135, on an average, was expended
for printed books. In 1846 and 1847, £10,000 was annually appropriated
for the purchase of printed boo (s, which sum was in 1848 reduced to £8,500.
The whole sum expended in the purchase of printed books for the British
Museum, including maps and musical works, from its foundation in 1753 to
Dec. 25, 1847, was £102,446, 185. 5d.; for manuscripts, £42,940, 11s. 10d;
prints and drawings, £29,318, 45.; antiquities, coins, and medals, £125,257,
0s. 9d.; specimens in all branches of natural history, £43,599, 7s. 8d. ; in all,
£344,562, 2s. 8d. The average number of volumes added annually to the
National Library of Paris is stated to be 12,000; to that of Munich, 10,000;
of Berlin, 5,000; of Vienna, 5,000; of St. I’etersburg, 2,000; to the Ducal
Library of Parma, 1,800; to the Royal Library of Copenhagen, 1,000; to
the British Museum under the special grant, about 30,000 volumes, usually
comprising about 24,000 separate works. We give below the summary, by
Mr. Edwards, of the public libraries in America, for the year 1846. The
summary takes no account of libraries containing less than 5,000 volumes:

 

 

   
    
    
  
    

 

 

 

 

 

1
Ratio of Baltic of
N o. of Volumes No. of V0 nines
Name of State. Lib- Biro}? to every Name of State, Lib- bani”. to every
raries. 0 ' 100 In- raries. b‘ 100 1a-
habitants. habitants.
Alabama, ........ 1 6,000 1.1 New Jersey, ...... 3 28,500 7.5
Columbia, Dist. of, 2 53,000 121.2 New York, ....... 12 157,411 6.2
Connecticut, .. .. . 6 81,449 26.3 North Carolina,. . . 1 10,000 1.3
Georgia, ......... 1 13,000 1.9 Ohio, ............. 4 30,497 2.0
Kentucky, ....... 1 7.000 0.9 Pennsylvania, .. .. 14 159,200 9.2
Louisiana, ....... 1 5.500 1.6 ' Rhode Island, ..... 3 37,185 34.2
Maine, .. .' ........ 3 38.860 7.7 South Carolina, . .. 2 30,000 5.0 ,
Maryland, ........ 1 12,000 2.6 Tennessee, ........ 2 16,000 2.0
Massachusetts, . . . . 14 200,757 27.2 Vermont,. . . . . 2 16,254 5.5
Missouri, ........ 2 14,300 8.7 Virginia, ......... 4 41,000 3§8
New Hampshire, . 2 22,500 7.9 _ . , ',

   

 

 

 

774 THE woRLD’s .PROGRESS.

LIGHT-HOUSES IN THE U. 5. On the 31st of August 1852, there were 349
light-houses and beacon lights, existing or authorized, of which 5 were filled
with lens apparatus. By the 30th June 1856, there will be 510 light—houses
and beacon lights for the Atlantic, Gulf, and Lake coast, viz. : Lights of the
first class, 45; of the second class, 30; of the third class, 21; of the fourth
class, 2'35; of the fifth class, 103 ; and of the sixth class, 86. 011 the Pacific
coast (in California, Oregon, and Washington), there will be a total of 21.
Which, together with 47 light vessels, will make an aggregate of 57 8 lights;
but as it is probable that about 21 of these lights will be discontinued as un-
necessary for the interests of navigation, there will be for the entire coast
of the United States, 557 lights, to be annually provided for. The aggregate

appropriations for the current fiscal year, for the entire coast, Atlantic, Gulf,
Lake, and Pacific, amount to $911,561 43. '

LINEN. The average annual import of linens into the United States is estimated
at about $6,500,000. The only manufactory in the United States is that of
Mr. Stevens, at Webster, Massachusetts. In 1840 the flax crop in all the
States north of the Ohio river, and including Maryland, covered some four
millions of acres, averaging 350 lbs. flax lint per acre; of which about one—
third is fit for linen fabric; the remainder, say 130 lbs., being available for
paper bagging, etc. The excess of profit in the culture of flax compared with
cotton, is shown by the .N. Y. Tribune, April, 1851, to be nearly 50 per cent.

LlTHOGRAPHY. A process for printing in oil by different stones, according

to the colors required, was invented by Mr. Kronheim, of Paternoster Row,
London, in March, 1851.

LOCKS. Mr. Chubb, of London, stated before the Society of Arts in Jan, 1851,
that the basis of all security in modern loeks is found in the old Egyptian,
the original of the patent tumbler loek. His lock, however, was picked by
the celebrated Mr. Hobbs, of New York, during the session of the Great
Exhibition, 1851. Day and Newell’s para-utoptic lock, exhibited in the Crystal
Palace, is susceptible of 1,307,647.368,000 changes; the time required for
effecting the whole of which would consume 13,000,000 years.

LOTTERIES. The Maryland Convention of 1851 passed a resolution abolishing
all lotteries and their attendant evils, after April, 1859. At Rome and Naples

Lotteries receive the direct patronage of government as direct sources of
revenue.

MANHATTAN. . This term, as applied to the island on which the city of New
101-1; stands is taken from the name given by the'Indians to the original

Dutch settlement in 1621, and means “ the place where they (the Indians) all
got drunk I” ~ ' -

MANUFACTURERS. The increase of manufacturing industry in Great Britain

in sixty years, is shown by the following table of the raw materials used in
that kingdom:

In 1790. In 1849.

W001, . . . . 8,245.352 lbs. 76,756.183 lbs.
511k, . . . . 1,253,445 “ , 6,881,861 “
Hump, - . . . 592,306 “ 1,061,273 ‘1
Max. . . . . 2.57.222 “ 1,806,786 “
Com '1 . . . . 30,574,374 “ 753,841,650 “

See “ Cotton," etc.

MARYLAND. The new Constitution of this State went into operation on 4th

July, 1851, and from its general acceptance promises greatly to increase the

prosperity of the State. Population by the census of 1850, 582,506, of which
89,800 Wereslaves. ‘

 

ADDENDA. 775

MASKS. Before the introduction of females on the British stage, masks were
used in the representation of female characters, by the male actors who
were no longer youthfut—Knight’s Shakspcm‘c. They were also employed
by female actors in the early stage of the English drama, and also by women
when traveling. Miss Livingston, of New York, who married Nicholas
Bayard, about 1749, when she rode out in cold weather, or went sleighing,
wore a black velvet mask, with a silver button or mouthpiece to keep it on.

MASSACHUSETTS. The polls, population, and valuation, for the last four

decimary terms, are as follows, viz. :
Population. Valuation.

[— 1
523,287 $153,644,265 l
i

 

  
    

122,715

150,091 610,408 208,908,107
185,908 718,592 299,878,327
245,142 994,065 597,930,909

 

The relative increase of polls, population and property, during the above pe~
riods, omitting fractions, is as follows:

 

 

 

 

Years. Polls. Population. I Valuation.
1820 to 1830, ................ 28,000 47,000 855000000
1830 to 1840, ................ 35.000 108,000 91,000,000
-3349 to 1850, ................ 57,000 255,000 299,048,066

 

In this State systematic beggary is unknown. The poor are provided for by
law, and for this purpose not less than 204 comfortable alms-houses are
sustained at the public charge. The number of persons relieved or sup-
ported as paupers, in the year 1850, was 25,981, and of these 12,334 were
foreigners, the larger portion being from Ireland. The weekly cost of each
pauper in alms-houses was $1.08}; out of alms-houses, $0.98. Estimated
value of pauper labor in alms-houses, $17,966. Of paupers by reason of
idiocy, the number was 969: while that from intemperance in themselves,
or through others, was not less than 14,674. Number of public schools in
this State, 1850, was 3,878 ; scholars in summer, 176,344; in winter schools,
194,403. Male teachers, 2,442; female do., 5,985. Average expense each
scholar in Massachusetts is nearly $8. Value of public school-houses in
1848 was $2,750,000, of which amount $2,200,000 had been expended since
1838. Criminal prosecutions in 1850 were 3,764, of which the convictions
were 1,907. 0f the banks in Massachusetts, there are 29 in Boston, and 97
in various parts of the State; cash capital, independent of other resources,
$36,925,050; circulation, $17,005,826. The commerce and manufactures of
Mass. have advanced 100 per cent, in the last ten years—Am. Al. ; the im-
portations more than doubled, and its tunnage has increased more than 50
per cent. The wealth of Boston and its suburbs, in 1840, was $120,000,000;
111 1850, it had increased to nearly $270,000,000. The annual value of the
boots and shoes manufactured in Massachusetts is estimated at $18,000,000.
The legislature which has adjourned was in session 139 days. The compen~
sation having been increased last year from two dollars to three dollars per
day, the expense of the present session has been much larger than that Of
any previous session. Last year the expense for mileage and attendance

- rwas as follows: Senate, $14,579 ; House, $112,106; total, $126,685. This
3 year, Senate, 17,500; House, $161,603; total, $179,103. The number of acts

 

4.18.4. L g.

' galeafmlfi

5 3.3»; :1 a mum

.4

776 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

passed by the legislature and signed by the Governor, is 488 ; number of re- i‘ 3
solves, 89. Two bills were vetoed and failed to become laws, and one became ’
a law in spite of the veto.

MATTER, DIVISIBILITY OF. Many years ago, a curious calculation was
made by Dr. Thomson, to show to what degree matter could be divided, and
still be sensible to the eye, He dissolved a grain of nitrate of lead in 500,000
grains of water, and passed through the solution a current of sulphuretted
hydrogen, when the whole liquid became sensibly discolored. Now a grain
of water may be regarded as being about equal to a drop of that liquid, and
a drop may be easily spread out so as to cover a square inch of surface.
But under an ordinary microscope, the millionth of a square inch may be
distinguished by the eye. The water, therefore, could be divided into
500,000,000,000 parts. But the lead in agrain of nitrate of lead weighs 0.62
grain; an atom oflead accordingly cannot weigh more than 1-310,000,000,000th
of a grain; while the atom of sulphur, which in combination with the lead
rendered it visible, could not weigh more than 1~2,015,UU0,000.000, that is
the two-billionth part of a grain. But what is a billion, or rather, What
conception can we form of such a quantity? lVe may say that a billion is
a million of millions, and can easily represent it thus: 1,000,000,000,000.
But a schoolboy‘s calculation will show how entirely the mind is incapable of
conceiving such numbers. If a person were able to count at the rate of 200 in a
minute, and to work without intermission for twelve hours in the day, he
would take, to count 3. billion, 6,944,444 days, or 19‘025 years 319 days. But
this may be nothing to the division of matter. There are living creatures so
minute, that a hundred millions of them might be comprehended in the
space of a cubic inch. But these creatures, until they are lost to the sense
of sight, aided by the most powerful instruments, are seen to possess organs
fitted for collecting their food, and even capturing their prey. They are,
therefore, supplied with organs, and these organs consist of tissues nourished
by circulating fluids, which circulating fluids must consist of parts or atoms,
if we please so to term them. In reckoning the size of such atoms, we must
speak not of billions, but perchance of billions of billions. And what is a
billion of billions? The number is a quadrillion, and can be easily repre-
sented thus: 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000; and the same schoolboy’s
calculation may be employed to show that to count a quadrillion at the rate
of 200 in a minute, would require all the inhabitants of the globe, supposing
them to be a thousand millions, to count incessantly7 for 19,025,875 years, or

for more than 33,000 times the period for which the human race has been
supposed to be in existence.

MEDICINE. The first medical school established in the United States, was
commenced in Philadelphia in 1768 ; this was closed during the first war with
Great Britain. First medical degrees conferred were by King’s College,
New York, 1769. Thatcher’s “Brief Guide on Small Pox and Measles,”
Mass, 1677, was the first medical work published in this country. Inocula-
tion for small pox introduced by Dr. Z. Boylston of Boston, 1677, having
first e“Spel‘imented on his own son ; Dr. B. Van Beuren first practised inocu-
lation in New York. The first recorded postmortem examination in America
was that of Gov. Sloughter, by Dr. Johannes Kutbvl and five other physicians

of New.York, in 1691; and the first medical meeting was held in New
Brunswrck, N. J., 1766.

 

 

MESMERISM. In 177 6, F. A. Mesmer of Germany first made public his doc—
trine of a subtle fluid produced by planetary influence acting on the 118er

 

 

ADDENDA. 777

system of the animal frame. Franklin and Dr. Bailly exposed the futility of
animal magnetism, which theory, however, has been lately revived, both in
this country and Europe—[See Spirit Rappings.]

METHODISTS. The general “ Book Concern” of this body was first established
at Philadelphia in 1800; Ezekiel Cooper, Agent. It was subsequently re-
moved to “New York. The unfortunate dissension between the Northern
and Southern Methodist Conferences on the question of slavery was brought
to trial in New York in May, 1851, and by decision of Judge Nelson, of U.
S. Circuit Court, in Nov. of that year, judgment was given confirming the
full right and title of the Southern Conference to their proportion of the
profits of the General Book Concern, the value in 1845 being $750,000. The
case will be moved to the Superior Court.

MILITIA FORCE OF THE UNITED STATES.
Abstract of the United States Militia, from the Army Register for 1854.

 

   

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

,-.__
' T N on-commis-
‘ States and For General Field Com- ota1 sioned Oflj' A ggre-
Territories! what (366312;: Staff Oflicers, pan y cgilinms— cers, M112“ gate.
'ear ‘ Officers. etc. Oliicers. ‘ ned cums. Artifi-
, 3 ' . ,— Oflicers. cers, Privates.
L—_._
,Maine, ......... 1852 ......................................... 56,024
5N. Ilmnpshire,. 18.33 13 54 307 877 1,251 32,325 33,576
jMnssmliusctts, . 1833 10 42 27 505 584 139,772 144 1,356
lVermon ,, ...... 1843 12 51 224 801 1,088 22,827 23,915
,Rhode Island,.. 1852 6 23 3 29 111 15,858 15,969
Connecticut, . . . 1352 2 13 66 218 294 54,097 54,391
:‘fiew :Il'ork, . . . . 1852 100 329 1,600 5,926 7,955 231,351 289,306 '
ll cw ersey, ... 1852 .............................. . . ......... 81,984
Pennsylvania, . 1852 54 58 .......... . . 212 13,116 13,328
{Dela ware, ..... 1827 4 8 71 864 447 8,782 9. 229
EMnry hm (l, ..... 1 838 22 1 68 544 1,763 2,397 44,467 4 6,864
5V irgin in, ...... 18.33 81 65 1,422 4,974 6,492 118,629 125,121 1
'North Carolina, 1845 28 133 657 3,449 4,267 75,181 7 9,443
South Carolina, 1848 19 96 452 2,024 2,591 52,618 55,2 9
,Gu ~rgi a, ....... 1850 89 91 624 4,296 5,050 73, 649 78. 699
Florida, ....... 1845 3 14 95 508 620 11,502 12,122
'A lubnm a, ...... 1851 82 142 775 1,883 2,832 73,830 76, 662
ELouisinna, ..... 1851 16 81 190 987 1,274 51,956 53,230
,Mississippi, . . . . 1838 15 70 892 348 825 35,259 36, 084
Tennessee, ..... 1840 25 79 859 2,644 3,607 67,645 71, 252
1 Kentucky, ..... 1852 43 145 1,165 3,517 4,870 84,109 88,979
Ohio, .......... l845 91 217 462 1,281 2,051 1 74,404 176,455
Michigan, ..... 1 852 30 124 401 2,208 2,793 61.906 64,669
I hid innit, ....... 1832 81 110 566 2,154 2,861 51,052 58,913
:Illii]4)1s, ....... 1451 30 99 1,297 3,192 4,618 165,741 170,359
5W ism msi n, . . . . 18 32 15 3 114 282 414 39,151 39,565
Missouri, ...... 1844 45 94 790 2,990 3,919 57,081 61,000
M rkan 521$, ..... 1843 8 29 310 762 1,109 16,028 17,137
lTexas, ......... 1847 15 45 248 940 1,248 18,518 19,766 ,
California, ..... 1 853 12 9 ............ 21 201.379 201,400
Minesota Ten, . 1851. 2 5 ............ 7 1,996 2,003 .
U tall Ten, ..... 1853 2 ...... 48 235 285 2,536 2,821 '
D. of Columbia, 1852 3 10 28 185 226 7,975 8,201
, Total, ........... l 758 | 2,407 13,737 49,337 1 66,289 2,054,740 2,259,037 ,

 

MILITARY ACADEMY, U. S, at West Point, continues to work successfully,
and with constant progress. The course of studies has been extended to fiire
years. The academical arrangements and progress of the elder cadets

 

t No returns atop; Iowa, and the Territories of New Mexico, Oregon, and Washington.
88* " -

778 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

will not be disturbed by the change. Increased attention will be given to
military engineering, reconnoisances, artillery, the tactics of special arms,
and their subdivisions. An appropriation of $20,000 is recommended for
commencing the erection of officers’ quarters. A professorship of ethics, in-
dependent of the chaplaincy, is recommended; and the separation of the
instruction in artillery and cavalry. An appropriation of $5,000, to com«
plete the extension of the buildings occupied by the professors. is urged,
together with an increase in the pay of the professors of French and drawing.
The report of the Board of Visitors, dated June 22d, 1854, is highly com-
mendatory of the condition of the institution. The board regard the exten-
sion of the period of study as the only alternative of requiring a higher
standard of qualification on entering the academy, which latter course would
cut off from its benefits the sons of that large and highly respectable class
of citizens who cannot command the means necessary to educate their chil-
dren to that standard. An increase in the compensation of acting assistant
professors is recommended, and, in an even more emphatic manner, an
increase in the pay of cadets. For the latter, it is stated, such sum should be
allmved as will place the cadet, “ with proper economy, beyond the reach of
want.” A statement of the rank, pay, and emoluments of the officers, profes-
sors, instructors, cadets, and employés at the academy, shows that five of the
professors receive each the sum of $2,000 per annum, while the professors of
drawing and French are in the annual receipt of only $1,500 dollars each.
It is recommended that the pay of the last two be increased.

MINES, AUSTRIAN. The last resource of the State, the mines of the Austrian
Empire, will all probably soon be sold. The copper mines of Croatia were
sold on the 31st of March, and the mines of Salzburg are now offered to the
highest bidder. The mines of Hungary and Transylvania, which are more
valuable, and yield a yearly income of about 1,500,000 florins, though no—
toriously mal-administered, are not yet in the market.

MINNESOTA. The first territorial legislature closes its session of sixty days
Nov. 1, 1849. The census returns show the population of this territory in
1850 to be—white, 6,038; colored, 39; total, 6,077. Farms in cultivation,
157; manufactories producing annually $500 and upwards, 5.

MISSISSIPPI. The literal translation of the aboriginal name is Great River;
the Indian title is written variously by the early journalists; Marquette
spells it “Missoissippy ;” Hennepin “jllcschasipi.” Sape is river, running
water; the prefix means “great,” “big.” Population in 1850, 611,577,
of whom 311,568 are slaves. The Mississippi legislature in the session
of 1850 abolished the common law form of. pleadings, for a system simi-
lar to that of chancery or civil law, and appointed a special officer for
making up the “Mississippi Reports,” to the exclusion of all other reporters.
These reports are in future to be printed by the State only.

MONARCHY. Royalty in its origin was almost every where elective. In her
long. wars against the Turks, Europe was defended by three elective mon-
amines—Venice, Hungary, and Poland—classing Venice where she properly
belongs, among aristocratical elective monarchies. The partizans of heredi-
tary monarchy assert that the tranquil order of succession depends upon the
son’s succeeding the father in the regular order of descent. But on com-
paring the hereditary monarchy of France with the elective empire of Ger-
many, we find in five centuries sixty-three years of wars of successive, for
forty-three of elective; and if we were to add to the former all the wars that
grew out of questions of succession, the number Would bqgreatly increased.

 

‘ 'ADDENDA. 7795

In the same period, the right of succession gave France thirty years of a.
deranged king, and ninety-two of minorities.

MOON, COMPOSITION or. Every obfect on the surface of the moon of the
hight of one hundred feet is distinctly seen through Lord Rosse’s telescope.
On its surface are craters of extinct volcanoes, rocks, and masses of stone
almost innumerable. But there are no signs of habitations such as ours—~no
vestige of architectural remains, to show that the moon is, or ever was, in-
habited by a race of mortals similar to ourselves. No water is visible, no
sea, no river—all seems desolate.

MORMONS. The number of Mormons in England and United States, early in
1851, was estimated at 300,000. Twenty-five hundred left the former
country for Deseret in the spring of that year. In April, 1851, their elders
and preachers were gathering converts to their principles in Italy and
Switzerland, and especially among the Waldenses; also at Paris. Their
celebrated “Bible,” professed to have been delivered to Joe Smith, was
really written by Rev. Sol. Spaulding, about 1812, as a supposed history of
some ancient mounds in Ashtabula 00., Ohio. The MS. is said to have been
borrowed by one of the Mormons, who copied it, and subsequently printed
the same. A copy of this “Bible” in the English, French, and Danish lan-
guages, was intended for exhibition in the Crystal Palace, 1851.

MORTALITY.» According to the tables of mortality for the year 1844, in Eng-
land, the number Of deaths was 1 in 45; in Massachusetts, 1 in 55. By the
tables for the year 1851, the number of deaths in England was 1 in 46; in
Massachusetts, 1 in 52. Consumption was as prevalent in England as in this
country; and apoplexy, as might well be supposed, was much more common
——the number of deaths by that disease in a population of 10,000 being in
England 162, in Massachusetts 96.

TABLE SHOWING THE DIMINUTION OF MORTALITY IN COUNTRIES.

   
    

Deaths in England, . . .. in 1690, 1 in 33 ............ in 1848, 1 in 47
“ France, . . . . . in 1776, 1 in 25% ............ in 1848, 1 in 42
“ Germany, .. in 1788, 1 in 32 .. . . in 1848, 1 in 40
“ Sweden, ..... .. in 1760, 1 in 84 ............ in 1848, 1 in 41
“ Roman States, ...... in 1767, 1 in 21} ............ in 1829, 1 in 28
DIMINUTION 0F MORTALITY IN CITIES.
Deaths in London, ............ in 1690, 1 in 24 ............ in 1844, 1 in 44
“ Paris, .............. in 1650, 1 in 25 ............ in 1829, 1 in 32
“ Berlin, ............. in 1755, 1 in 28 ............ in 1827, 1 in 34
“ Vienna, ............ in 1750, I in 20 ............ in 1829, 1 in 25
“ Rome, ............. in 1770, 1 in 21 ............ in 1828, 1 in 31
“ Geneva, ............ in 1560, 1 in 18 ............ in 1821, 1 in 40

MOUNTAINS, nonunion OF. Prof. Gorini of the University of Lodi, in
Oct, 1851, by a remarkable process, illustrated the formation of mountains
by melting a secret composition, and allowing it gradually to consolidate,
during which process portions continue to ooze up an gradual elevations,
forming ranges and chains of hills exactly corresponding in shape With those
which are found on the earth.

NATIONAL ACXDEMY OF DESIGN, N. Y. Instituted 1826; number of
members originally limited to 35, but now increased to 50.

NAVAL ACADEMY, U. S., AT ANNAPOLIS. ‘ The Naval Academy has, during
the year 1854, continued to present to the country practical evidence of the
wisdom and foresight of its projector. Under the vigilant superintendenc’e of
Commander Goldsborough and his worthy assistants, the strictest discipline
has been enforced, to the marked benefit of this institution. The p” of

 

780 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

education is now thorough, and the training of the youth admirable. The
cruise in the practice ship is of immeasurable advantage in imparting, at an
early age, practical knowledge of seamanship. During the last summer, the
l’reble, with 31 young midshipmen, visited Portsmouth and Plymouth in
England, and Brest and Cherbourg in France, thereby affording them an op-
portunity of examining the naval establishments at those points. The con-
tract has been made for the erection of a machine-shop at Annapolis, under
the act of Congress authorizing it, and I shall avail myself of the first oppor—
tunity when the service will permit, to substitute a steamer for the sloop now
used as a practice ship. The number of students now at the Academy is 160.
N AV Y OF THE UNITED STATES.

OFFICERS. .

Captains, . . . . . . 68

Ships of the Line, . . . . 11 Commanders, . . . . . 91'
Frigates, . . . . . . 13 Lieutenants, . . . . . 827
Sloops-of-war, . . . . . 20 Surgeons, . . . . . . 69
Brigs, . . . . . . 4 Passed Assistant Surgeons, . . 37
Schooner, . . . . . . 1 Assistant Surgeons, . . . . 43
Steam Frigates, . . . . 6 Pursers, . . . . . . 64
Do. do. building, . . . 6 Chaplains, . . . . . 24
Steamers, . . . . . 9 Professors of Mathematics, . . 12
Store-ships, . . . . . 7 Masters in the line of promotion, . 14
Permanent Receiving Vessels, 2 Passed Midshipmen, . . . . 194
—— Midshipmen. . . . . . 68

Total Number of Vessels, . 79 Acting Midshipmen, . . . . 137

Total, . . . . . 1,154
The estimates for the support of the navy and marine corps for the year end-
ing June 30, 1856, and for all objects coming under the control of this de-
partment, are, in the aggregate, $6,241,931.53.

NAVY, BRITISH. The naval force of the United Kingdom for 1850, comprised
six hundred and seventy-one ships of war, either in ordinary or commission,
varying from two to one hundred and twenty guns each; of this number
one hundred and seventy-eight are armed steamers, of one hundred to three
hundred horse-power engines, constructed on the most approved principles
for active sea service. This fleet, the largest of any maritime power on the
globe, employs in time of peace 35,000 to 50,000 able-bodied seamen, 2,000
strong lads, and 13,000 royal marines.

NEW ENGLAND. “In 1630 the whole of New England contained but 300 in-
habitants, which, in a century afterwards had‘inereased to 160,000, and ma
at this day be given at nearly three millions. The capital of New England:
in 1720, contained 12,000 inhabitants; in 1820, 43,000; in 1830, 78,000; and

in 1850, 135,000. Boston, in 1789, was proud of two stage coaches, which

employed twelve horses; she was prouder still in 1800, of twenty-five stage
coaches, which employed one hundred horses; in 1847, these twenty—five
coaches, had risen into two hundred and fifty coaches and omnibuses, em-
ploymg one thousand six hundred horses, without taking into account seven
railways, which providedaily, accommodation for 7,000 passengers. The
first newspaper published in the colonies, was issued in 17 04, in this same
city of Boston, and a third newspaper published in the same town, in 1721,

under the title of the New England Courant, could not maintain itself, though ‘

it had very warm advocates, being supported by the Hell-fire Club; at this
moment there are in Boston sixteen daily newspapers, with a circulation of
36,000 copies, and fifty weekly newspapers, with a circulation of 223,000—-
to say nothing of semi-weekly papers, and semi-monthly papers and

monthly, quarterly, and annual publications—Extract from Sir II. Bulwer’s
Speech before N. Eng. Society, Dec. 22, 1850/ i ’

 

  

Eek 51“»

www.msAVWQL—LQKLWE

 

H
1
.

 

 

ADDENDA. 781

NEW HAMPSHIRE. The returns of the 7th census (1850) show a population
of 317,997; in 1840 it was 284,574; gain in ten years, 33,423: being an
increase of nearly 12 per cent.

1850. 1851.

Number of School Districts reported, . . . . 2,167 2,222
“ , Scholars in winter schools, . . . 77,806 73,801

“ “ summer “ . . . . 61.498 58,328
Whole amount raised for District Schools, . . $174,517.66 $179,065.46
Increase above preceding year, . . . . . 15,087.28 4,547.80

Number of Banks in N. Hampshire is 22; cash capital independent of other
resources, $2,501,000; circulation $2,012,837.

NEW JERSEY. The total free population of this State, according to the 7th
census, (1850,) was 488,552, viz., 466,283 white, and 22,269 colored; of the old
slave population but 119 remaining. The number of children receiving
public instruction in 1851 was 75,245, at the average cost per quarter of $2.10
each pupil. The appropriations and receipts for school purposes was
$152,578.62; amount expended $99,560.13; whole available school fund was
$377,929.85. Transit duties levied upon merchandise and passengers, for
the year 1850, and paid into the State Treasury, was $75,511, viz. z—Dela-
ware. and Raritan Canal, $20,289; Camden and Amboy Railroad and Trans-
portation 00., $41,421; New Jersey Railroad and Transportation 00.,
$13,261.

NEWSPAPERS IN THE UNITED Sums—(Compiled by J. R. Roche, Cen-
sus Ofl‘lce.) The statistics of the newspaper press form an interesting feature
in the returns of the 7th census. It appears that the whole number of
newspapers and periodicals in the United States, on the 1st June, 1850,
amounted to 2,800. Of these, 2,494 were fully returned, 284 had all the
facts excepting circulation given, and '72 are estimated for California, the
territories, and those that may have been omitted by the Assistant Marshal.
From calculations made on the statistics returned, and estimates Where they
have been omitted, it appears that the aggregate circulation of those 2,800
papers and periodicals is about 5,000,000, and that the entire number of.
copies printed annually in the United States, amounts to 422,600,000. The
following table will show the number of daily, weekly, monthly, and other
issues, with the average circulation of each class:

 

 
   

 
 

Number of
Circulation. copies printed
annually.

750,000 235,000,000

Class.

 

 

 
  
 

Dailies, . . . . . ......................

 

 

 

 

'I‘ri-weeklies, ..................... 75,000 11,700,000
Semi-weeklies, .................... 80,000 8,320,000
Weeklies, ......................... 2,875,000 149,500,000
Semi-mon thlies, .................. 300,000 7 300,000
Monthlies, ........................ 900,000 1 0,800,000
Quarterlies, ....................... 20,000 80,000
. Total, ....................... i, 2,800 1 5,000,000 1 422,700,000

 

424 papers are issued in the New England States, 876 in the Middle States,
716 in the Southern States. and 784 in the \Vestern States. The average
circulation of papers in the United States, 1,785. There is one publication
for every 7,161 free inhabitants in the United States and territories. 2,000
are published in the free, and 800 in the slave States. About 850 are Whig;
750 Opposition; 70 Freesoil or Anti-slavery; 20 Agricultural; 40 Tempe-
rance; 200 Religious; and 870 neutral and miscellaneous. New YorkState
publishes443 papers; Pennsylvania, 328; Massachusetts, 212; and Ohio, 300.

 

78‘2 ' THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

ENGLAND.——-London Morning Papers:

 

Circulation.

 

Names , 1844. 1854.
The Times, ...................... 5 22,181 51,643
Morning Advertiser, ............. 4,551 7,795
Daily News, ................................... 4.436 \
Morning Herald, ................. 5,099 3,859
Morning Post, ................... 4.103 2,910
Morning Chronicle, ............. 6,511 2,435

 

The London Illustrated News, in 1855, rose to a weekly circulation of 115,000.
Of the newspapers published in the United Kingdom, 159 are issued in
London; 222 in the English provinces; 110 in Scotland; and 102 in Ire-
land. The duty paid for the different advertisements in these, in 1850,'was
£163,088! This duty was abolished in 1855.

EUROPE, ASIA, E'ro.—-In the Austrian dominions it appears there are but 10
newspapers; 24 in Spain; 20 in Portugal; 30 in Asia; 14 in Africa 8); 65
in Belgium; 85 in Denmark; 90 in Russia and Poland; 300 in Prussia; and
320 in other Germanic States. In July, 1851, Burgess, an Englishman,
issued the first number of a Persian Journal, with all the features of a
general neWspaper, under the patronage of the prime minister of that
country. In Constantinople there appear two Turkish weekly papers—the
Tait-aim IVakaz', or “Official Table of Events,” and the Jeridez' Havadis, or
“Table of News.” Four journals are published in the French language,
four are Italian, one Greek, one Armenian, and one Bulgarian. Including
Servia, the Danubian Principalities and Egypt, there are thirty—three peri-
odicals in the Turkish Empire—most of them weekly, some semi—weekly,
none daily. The originator of Turkish journalism was Alexander Blacque, a.
Frenchman of great talent, who, in 1825, founded the Spectatem‘ dc Z’Orient,
at Smyrna, and defended the cause and interest of Turkey against the pub-
lications of the Greek and Philhelleue press of Europe, with consummate
ability. It was the first regular journal in Turkey. Formerly, that is to
say, in 1711, and again in 1795, the French Embassadors published French
short~lived journals in the Embassadorial Palace at Constantinople, which
remained without effect. Blacque’s editorials were so powerful, that the
Greeks dreaded them more than the Turkish irregulars. He was poisoned
in 1836, either by Russians or by Greeks, on his way to France—sent thither
by Sultan Mahmoud, who was his greatest patron, on a confidential mis-
swn to Louis Philippe.

RELIGIOUS.-——-—Tl)e number and circulation of English religious papers bear no
comparison with those of the United States. The Church of England has
two papers: the Record, published twice a week, with a circulation of 3,379
each number; and the Ecclesiastica'l Gazette, weekly, with a circulation of 5;;
2,750. The Baptists have no paper, but they patronize the papers of the
Independent denomination. These are—the Patriot, issued twice a week,
With 1,268 subscribers; the British Banner, with a weekly circulation of
3,888: and the Nonconformist, with a weekly circulation of 3.211. The
Wesleyan Conference has only one paper, the Watchman, with a subscription
11st 0f between 3:000 and 4:000. The Wesleyan Times, the organ 0f the
agitators, is rapidly declining, its circulation having diminished one~half
smce the year 1851. ‘

NEW YORK CITY, CHINESE IN. Few of our citizens can have failed to observe

the sudden increase of Chinese emigration to our shores during the last three

or four years. Up to that time, John Chinaman was quite a curiosity even

In our Atlantic cities; and we can remember when half a. dozen Celestials

were esteemed a. great accession to the curiosity department of Barnum’s

 

:23,
it
is

    
 

    
 

ADDENDA. 783

Museum. The arrival of the Chinese junk, of Castle Garden memory, was
the event of a season, and probably caused as much commotion in the me-
tropolis as did the visit of the great Magyar himself. Subsequently nume-
rous companies of Chinesejugglers, dancers, and actors appeared among us;
and though generally it was apparent that American cupidity had imported
these Celestial vagabonds, yet the late increase of general emigration proves
conclusively that there is some motive beyond this which guides and actuates
the exodus of this singular people. The number of Chinese at present in this
city is about 1,000, or perhaps 1,500. The greatest part of these live in
Gold-st. and Cherry, near Pearl-st.

Census or 1855: The census of 1855, (not yet completed) will show a popu-
lation of about 750,000; or, including Brooklyn, lVilliamsburg, and other
suburbs, properly belonging to New York, the number will reach about
960,000. In 1851, New York city contained 517,849 inhabitants: showing
an increase of 205,000, or about 66 per cent. in ten years. The manufac-
turing capital employed in this city, annually, according to the census of
1850, was $105,218,308. Number of children in the public and ward schools
in 1850, was 105,378.

FINANCEs.-——-Appropriations, expenditures, and receipts of City Government,

from Jan. 1 to Dec. 31, 1854:

Appropriations. Expenditures.
Alms-Honse, . . . . . . . $552,000.00 $552,000. 00
Total, . , . . . . . 4,238,582.02 8,936,075-65

Appropriations, expenditures, and receipts on trust and special accounts, from

Jan. 1 to Dec. 31, 1854:
Appropriations. Expenditures.
Total, . . . . . . . . $6,988,590.77 $6,248,342.62

Receipts from all sources:

Total from City Government accounts, . . . . . . . $67,890.39
Trust accounts, . . . . . . . . . . . . $5.061,472.80
Taxes and loans, . , . . . . . . . $4,611,811.32

Entire Receipts, except Sinking Fund, . . . . . . . 9,744,310.58
INTERNAL COMMUNICATIon.-—-Omnibuses: ‘

   

 

     
 
 

 
  

 
    
   
  
    
   
  
 
   
  
 
    
 

 

Average
Lines. Horses. Drivers. - M???” daily
‘ receipts.

New York Consolidated Stage Co.,. .. 1,295 270 135 $1,750
K nirkerbockcr Stage 00., ........... 56 356 56 80 425
Chelsea. Line, ....................... 20 230 40 36 - 300
Telegraph and Transfer Line, ........ 36 252 35 34 259
East Broadway Line, ............... 30 200 35 28 31:)
Bowery and Grand-st. Con. Stage 00., 30 200 40 63 325
Red Bird Line, ..................... 21 147 25 20 147
Houston-st. Line, ................... 24 150 30 25 200
Courtlandt-st. Line, ................. 21 140 25 24 158
South-st, Dry Dock, and Houston-st, 11 80 12 1G3 80
Empire and Waverly Lines, ......... 40 250 45 30 980
Bull‘s Head Line, ................... 20 116 26 25 170
Croton Line, ....................... 82 200 40 25 . 287
Madison-av. Line, ................... 25 180 37 27 Unknown.
Bowery, Fourth-am, and W. 23d-st. L 18 125 30 17 255
Greenwich-st. and Tenth-av. Line, . . 16 112 20 15 130
Manhattanville and High-Bridge Line, 20 150 25 20 200
Avenue A_ Line, .................... 16 108 25 20 154
Bowery and First-av. Line, .......... 18 120 25 13 189
Third-av. Railroad Line, ............ 9 66 9 10 annown.‘
Tenth-av. Line, ..................... 10 69 15 8 Unknown;

 
 

365

 
 

784 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

CrrY RAILROADs: That some idea may be formed of the extent of the rail-
road business in New York, in comparison with the stage busuiess, we sub-
join the principal statistics:

         
  

   

A v ernge

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

l
Roads. Cars. i Conductors. Drivers. I! Horses. Mechanics. daily rec‘ts.
i “—7—“ ,1;
Harlem Railroad, . . . . 29 29 53 130 35 200
Sixth-av. “ . . . . 30 60 60 462 50 750
Eighth-av. “ . . . . 40 65 65 450 35 850
Third-av. “ . . . . 50 125 100 575 66 850
Second-av. “ . . . . 29 45 90 350 60 600
Total, ........... 178 324 373 1,967 246 3,300

 

NEW YORK CITY—PUBLIC IMPROVEMENTS DURING THE PAST FOUR YEARS. A
statement made by Mr. A. ’1‘. Lawrence, the Street Commissioner, and pre-
sented to the Common Council at the final meeting, shows the following
aggregate of the city improvements made and paid by assessments from
the year 1851 to 1854 inclusive:

 

 

 

 

1851. 1852. 1353. 1854.
s4! sé s9 51
303 Cost. 2” 9 Cost. 2" 0 Cost. 3’3 Cost.
:11 :33 v d o 3 a; :2
1-4 V H V H v r—l V
Streets opened, . . . 27,794 $46,720 83 56,502 $152,963 33 . . $73,543 85 $144,774 02

Streets graded, etc. 33,277 \ 127,034 97 34,638 117,028 00 42,552 148,859 71 77,265 330,318 69
Flagging sidewalks 12.236 1,543 66 16,863 1,768 01 .. .. . 20,316 2,331 30
Fencing lots ...... 895 312 10 .. .. ..

Public sewers. 8,660 70,918 3 1,057 3,626 36 5S30 22,284 44 7,051 38,142 56

Crosswalks ....... ass 91 65 31302 1,110 83 615 261 77
Park regulated. . . . . . 34,277 30 . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .‘
Park opened ...... . . . .. .. ... .. 54,289 45 , _ .. .
Filling lots (loads). 275 36 23 39,820 2,135 32 . . 61,798 5,046 06

Lam ps and Posts

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(number) ...... 281 2,082 97 216 2,998 82 419 8,696 51 279 8,310 71
Wells and Pumps
(number) ...... 20 6,448 04 15 4,636 39 29 11,397 40 34 15,907 40
Public Cisterns
(number) ...... 2 1,485 27 5 3,687 45 6 4,531 64 3 2,191 17
Total ...... 290,904 41. 238,743 73 324.703 83. 597,283 63

 

NEW MEXICO. ' This Territor , according to the census returns, 1850, has a
White'population of 61,632; colored, l7. Farms in cultivation, 3,750; manu-
factories producing annually $500 and upwards, 20.

NINEYEH LENS AND GLASS. Sir David Brewster has described to the
British Association, an object of so incredible a nature that nothing short of
the strongest evidence was necessary to render the statement at all probable:
——it was no less than thefinding in the treasure-house at Nineveh of a rock-
crystal lens, Where it had for centuries lain entombed in the ruins of that
once magnificent city. It was found in company with several bronzes and
other ?bJeCt5 of value. He had examined the lens with the greatest care, and
talien 1ts several measurements. It was not entirely circular in its aperture,
being 1 6-10ths inches in its longer diameter, and 1 4—10ths inches in its
shorter. Its general form was that of a plane-concave lens, the plane side
havmg been formed of one of the original faces of the six-sided crystal quartz,
as he had ascertained by its action on polarized light—this was badly pole
ished and scratched. The convex face of the lens 112.6...th been mm m “

 

ADDEND s. 785

dish-shaped tool in the manner in which lenses are now formed, but was
shaped on a lapidary’s wheel, or in some such manner. Hence it was un-
equally thick, but its extreme thickness was 2—10ths of an inch, its focal length
being 44.} inches. It had twelve remains of cavities which had originally
contained liquids or condensed gases; but ten of those had been opened,
probably in the rough handling which it had received in the act of being
ground; most of them, therefore, had discharged their gaseous contents. Sir
David concluded by assigning reasons why this could not be looked on as an
ornament, but a true optical lens. Sir David then exhibited specimens of the
decomposed glass found in the same ruins. The surface of this was covered
with irridesccnt spots more brilliant in their colors than Peacock copper-ore.
Sir David stated that he had several years since explained how this process
of decomposition proceeded, on the occasion of having found a piece of de-
composed glass at St. Leonard’s. It had contained manganese, which had
separated from the silex of the glass, at central spots round which circles of
most minute crystals of true quartz had arranged themseIVes; bounded by
irregular jagged circles of manganese, these being arranged in several con-
centric rings. When this process reached a certain depth in the glass it
spread off laterally, driving the glass into very thin layers, and new centers
seemed to form at certain distances, and thus the process extended.

NORTHWEST PASSAGE. The Investigator and Enterprise, Sir James Ross's
vessels, arrive in London, on their return from their fruitless Arctic Expe-
dition, Nov. 11, 1849. Another expedition, under Captains Collinson and
McClure, sails from \Voolwich, Jan. 11, 1850. Another, under Capt. Penny
and Capt. Stewart, from Peterhead, April 13, 1850. Another under Capt.
Austin, 4 vessels from Greenhithe, May 4, 1850. Another, under Sir John
Ross, from Lochyran, May 24, 1850. Oct. 7, 1853, Captain Inglefield of the
Phoenix, arrives at the Admiralty from the Arctic regions, With the news of
the discovery of the Northwest Passage, by Captain McClure of the Investi-
gator, Oct. 26, 1850.

NORTH SEA, TIDES, BEDS, AND Coixsrs or. Mr. John Murray, in a paper
on this inquiry, commences by remarking that great similarity of outline
pervades the western shores of Ireland, Scotland, and Norway; he then
observes that the great Atlantic flood-tide wave, having traversed the
shores of the former countries, strikes with great fury the Norwegian coast
between the Lafoden Isles and Stadland, one portion proceeding to the
north, while the other is deflected to the south; which last has scooped out
along the coast, as far as the sleeve at the mouth of the Baltic, a long chan-
nel from 100 to 200 fathoms in depth, almost close in shore, and varying
from 50 to 100 miles in width. After describing his method of contouring
and coloring the Admiralty chart of the North Sea, he traces the course of
the tide-wave among the Orkney and Shetland Islands, along the eastern
shores of Scotland and England to the Straits of Dover, and along the west—
ern shores of Norway, Denmark, and the Netherlands, to the same point.
He then remarks that the detritus arising from the continued wasting away
of nearly the whole line of the eastern coasts of Scotland and England, caused by
the action of the flood—tide, is carrried by it, and at the present day finds a rest-
ing-place in the North Sea; and that this filling process is increased by the sand,
shingle, and other matter brought through the Straits of Dover by the other
branch ,of the Atlantic flood-tide. Hence, he remarks, the gradual shoaling
of this sea, and the formation of its numerous sand-banks ; the silting up the
mouths of the Rhine, the Meuse, and the Scheldt; the formation of the nu-
merous islands on the coast of Holland, that country itself, and much of
Belgium; the deposits at the mouth of the Baltic, the islands in the Catte-

 

7'86 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

gut, and indeed the whole country of Sleswig, Denmark, and Jutland. The
author then takes a view of the tides, and their effects upon the Baltic and
its shores, before the course of the tide-wave was checked by these shoals
and low lands. He considers that, previous to these great changes, the
flood-tide entering the North Sea between Norway and Scotland, would
make directly towards the German coast, and necessarily heap up the
waters in the Baltic considerably above their present level; and that a
great part of Finland, Russia, and Prussia bordering upon that sea, would
thus every twelve hours be under water, in the same way as the waters now
rise in the Bay of Fundy, at Chepstow, and other places, much above their
ordinary level in the open sea; that the current outward, on the receding
of the tide which these accumulated waters would occasion, combined with
the rivers which fall into the Baltic, when checked by the following flood-
tide, would cause deposits in the form of a bar tailing towards Sweden; and
that an increase to these deposits would form shoals, drifts, and islands, and

' eventually a long sand—bank in outline, like the country of Denmark. He
further considers that the tide being by these means prevented from enter-
ing the Baltic, may account for the subsidence of the waters of the Gulf of
Bothnia better than can the upheaval of the northern part of Scandanavia.
The author then remarks that the great shoal of the North Sea is the
Dogger Bank, and that its peculiar form is produced by the meeting of the
cotidal waves, of which he traces the course. After hearing testimony to the
value of the Admiralty chart of the southern portion of the North Sea, made
under the direction of the late Captain Hewitt, he reverts to the importance
of contouring such maps in order to obtain something like a correct notion
of the bottom of the sea; and in conclusion expresses a hope that the Admi-
ralty will be induced to continue the survey of the North Sea, so well begun
by Captain Hewitt—Proceedings of the Royal Society.

OCCUPATIONS OF PEOPLE IN THE UNITED STATEs AND GREAT BRITAIN“ The ‘ '
number of persons in the United States engaged in commerce, trade, and
manufactures, is 1,596,265; agriculture, 2,400,583; government offices,
24,966. In Great Britain, engaged in commerce, trade, and manufactures,
3,092,787; agriculture, 1,490,785; government offices, 16,865.

OCEANS. Edrisi, the Nubian, writing in the 12th century, of the Atlantic,
says: “There is no mariner who dares to enter into its deep waters, or if
they have done so, keep along its coasts, fearful of departing from them.”
~Irving’s Columbus. Lieut. Goldsborough, (U. S. ship Saratoga,) in Dec.,
1850, found soundings in the Atlantic 128° 21’ south, at 3% miles; but Sir
James Ross in 1848, in lat. 15° 3’ south, long. 26° 14’, run out 4,600 fathoms,
or nearly 571- miles without finding a bottom; this appears to be the greatest
depth satisfactorily obtained. In May, 1851, Lieut. Rodgers, U. S. Navy, in
Gulf Stream, 30 miles S. W. from Key \Vest, sounded at 7 30 fathoms; but at
another point at a depth of 3,000, the line was cut 011', supposed by a sword- 5;,
fish. The entire surface of the sea is estimated at 150 millions of square
miles, the Pacific covering 78 millions, the Atlantic 25 millions, and the T1
Mediterranean one million. The waters of the Mediterranean and the Red 1
Sea are exactly on a level. Mr. Stephenson, (Brit. Ass., 1850,) from actual
experiment, found the force of the waves is 11} tun per square foot, in the
German Ocean ; and nearly double that force in the waves of the Atlantic. "‘
Dr. Scoresby (Brit. Ass, 1850) stated the hight of the waves of the Atlantic,
from the trough to the crest, to be 43 feet, and their average velocity 3.-

fraction over 32 miles an hour; thus confirming Mr. Scott Russel’s 0’05qu 5 .
tions m 1845. l I.

 

ADDENDA. 787

OCEAN CHARTS. The achievements on sea quietly and gradually effected by
Lieutenant Maury, although not attracting the admiration of the multitude,
nor dazzling the beholder with sudden flashes of triumph, have reflected
honor upon himself and his country. It is estimated in India that a set of
wind and current charts for the Indian ocean, like those that have been con-
structed at this office for the Atlantic ocean, would produce an annual saving
to British commerce, in those seas alone, of not less than $1,000,000,
(£250,000,) and for British commerce in all seas of $10,000,000 a year. This
estimate was based on the condition of shortening the voyage only one—tenth,
(Whereas the average length of the passage to all places beyond the equator
has been shortened much more ;) and the estimate was again repeated at
the last meeting of the Association in Liverpool.” It has also been estimated
that the value of these charts to the commerce and navigation of the United
States is equivalent, in the saving of time, to several millions a year.

ODYLIC LIGHT, THE IDENTITY or, WITH THE AURORA BOREALIS. As magnets emit
beautiful Odylic light, so the earth, which is a vast magnet, emits its
Odylic light; which, in consequence of the great size and enormous power
of the magnet concerned, becomes visible to all eyes, perhaps more vividly
to the sensitive; but this is not easy to ascertain. This is not a mere hy-
pothesis. It is supported by a series of the most beautiful experiments
with which I am acquainted. Reichenbach converted a large iron globe,
two or three feet in diameter, into a powerful temporary magnet, by causing
an electric current to traverse awire coiled round a bar of iron passing from
pole to pole of the sphere. \Vhen the globe was suspended in the air, in an
absolutely dark room, the sensitives saw the Odylic light in the most ex-
quisite beauty, and with all the peculiar characteristics of the aurora bore-
alis and the aurora australis. At each pole appeared a wide circle of
light, more blue at the northward, more red at the southward pole, but at
both with all the rainbow hues. The equator was marked by a luminous
belt, towards which, on or close above the surface of the sphere, lines of
light constantly streamed from the polar circles. In the polar circles, as
well as in the streaming lines, the colors were arranged so that red pre-
dominated in one quarter, the south, blue in the opposite, and yellow in the
west, and opposite to it, gray. or the absence of color, white; and in all the
Odylic rainbows, a narrow stripe of red appeared near the gray, at the end
of the iris most remote from the great mass of red—7a most beautiful confir-
mation of Sir David Brewster’s analysis of the spectrum. The delicate
streaming lines or threads of light passed by insensible gradations from one
color to the other, so that any two contiguous lines appeared to have the
same color. yet, on looking a. little further on, the color gradually changed,
and thus the whole of the rainbow hues appeared in their order, red, orange,
yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet, and last of all the small red stripe, and
the gray. But the passage from red to orange, or from orange to yellow,
etc., was not sudden, but slow and gradual, so that all the intermediate
tints were seen. Nor was this all, for in the air, above each pole, appeared
a splendid crown or umbel oflight, more blue at the northward, more red
at the southward, but exhibiting also all the colors, and sending towards
the equator splendid streamers of many-colored light, dancing and leaping,
lengthening and shortening, just as the finest northern streamers do, to the
delighted eye. of the observer. I cannot here enter into a full description
of this artificial Aurora, the first ever produced; but I may record my con-
viction, that this experiment gives to that theory which regards the aurora.
as Odylic light, a degree of probability far greater than attaches to any

"1' other theory of that phenomenon. I may observe also, that the aurora

 

788 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

   
   
 
   
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
    
   
  
  
  
   
    
   
  
   
  
   
   
  
  
  
  

does not cease to be a magnetic phenomenon: and that, it should affect the
needle is to be expected, since, in magnets, Odylic influence and Odylic
light are found associated with the ferro—magnetic influence.

OHIO. The total population of this State in 1850, was 1,980,408 , viz, white,
1,956,000; colored, 24,300. Farms in cultivation, 148,887; manufacturing
establishments producing annually over $500, 10,550; houses, 336,098.—
Census Returns. In 1850 the wheat crop of Ohio amounted to 30,000,000
bushels. April, 1851, completed 62 years since the first band of white
settlers entered Ohio.

PALIEONTOLOGY. Dr. Guido Sandberger has read to the German Associa~
tion for the Advancement of Science, a communication respecting-“The
Nature and importance of Palaeontology.” After stating that the pe-
riod in which we live——viz., since the creation of man—is but a small portion
of the history of the development of our earth, he called attention to the
science of Palaeontology, as that branch of natural history which alone
affords any mixed chronology respecting the long chain of events which took
place on our planet before the existence of the human race. A science of
recent date, it owes its importance to the progress which it has made during
the last ten years. But it has many difficulties to contend with ; above all,
it requires a knowledge of physics and of chemistry. Physical science
may indeed be called the universal natural science; zoology, botany, mi-
neralogy, geology, and cosmology, all depend upon physics as the funda-
mental science. The task of palzeontology is to make us acquainted with
the animal and vegetable life of a former world. It may be called the
zoology and botany of pre-existing organisms. But as we have been forced ._
to separate chemistry from physics, we must not confound pure Palaeontology
with zoology and botany. However close the connection may remain, "
Palaeontology as a simple independent science occupies an intermediate po- _
sition in the natural history series of geology, mineralogy, botany and g?!
zoology. But looking further into the question, strict palzeontological in- j
quiry must examine internal and external structure, the form of their organs ‘5 ,
and the typical general habitus; secondly, it must investigate the vital .
functions dependent on these organs, and their peculiar combination, the .,
history of their development, and how they became what they now are; 3,
thirdly, it must inquire into their habitat, their extension, and their natural if
conditions. The author observed, that although it might be difficult to
answer many of these questions with regard to now—living animals and
plants, palaeontological inquiry could only gain by endeavoring to solve all 4
those points which cannot be overlooked in the accurate investigation of the '
animals and plants of the present world. After pointing out the other du
ties of Palaeontology, and sketching the history of the science from the pe-
riod when its phenomena. were explained by such mysterious terms as law L
naturae, niwus formativus, vis plastica, etc., he concluded by observing that 1-
the study of the oldest fossiliferous deposits, the palacozoic formation, was
now everywhere most actively carried on, and that the difficulties attending 'i
it were proportionably great; it possessed, nevertheless. a peculiar charm
inasmuch as it dealt with the first creatures which inhabited our planet, and
to a certain degree with the origin of organic life on the earth, and 015
tempted to unravel the organization of the oldest forms of life. In all
respect, the Rhine provinces, a great portion of Nassau, the Eifel, and W653
phalia, contributed no small contingent to the fauna and flora of the _ 1880'
zoic age. He concluded with the remark of Alexander von Humbo £, ,
spectmg the importance of the science: “Palaeontological researchegifgflfi}

ADDENDA. 789

as with an animating breath, given grace and variety to the study of the
solid structures of the earth.”

PAPER, MANUFACTURE OF. Messrs. Persse and Brooks, of New York, have re-

cently finished and put in operation at Windsor Locks, Conu., a new paper-
mill (the Pacific), 300 feet long, 42 wide, two stories high besides the
basement, built in eighteen months, at a cost of about $200,000. In this and
their old mill (the Anchor), which is of about half the capacity of the new,
they constantly employ 130 men and boys, to whom they pay about $2,500
monthly; and will produce, when all their machinery is in, about seven and
a half tune of paper daily, worth some 81,800, or at the rate of over $500,000
a year. This is presumed to be the most extensive manufactory of paper in
America, or perhaps in the world. The product is almost exclusively print-
ing paper, mainly news.

PARLIAMENT, BRITISH. The Parliament of Great Britain consists of a House

of Lords and a House of Commons. The present is the 15th Imperial, or 5th
Reformed Parliament. House of Lords—The House of Lords consists of lords

temporal, who are peers of the realm, and whose honors, immunities, and

privileges are hereditary; and lords spiritual, consisting of archbishops and
bishops. All the members of the five orders of nobility of England, viz.,
dukes, marquises, earls, viscounts, and barons, who are 21 years old, and la-
bor under no disqualification, have a right to sit in the House of Lords; and
in addition to these, 16 representative peers from Scotland, 28 representative
peers from Ireland, 2 English archbishops, 24 bishops, 1 representative lrish
archbishop, and three representative Irish bishops. flame of Commons—-
Elected July, 1852.——The House of Commons consists of the representatives
of the counties, cities, boroughs, and of the three universities of the estab-
lished church in the United Kingdom. The representatives of counties are
chosen by the proprietors and occupiers of land; those of the cities and
boroughs by the mercantile and trading part of the community; and those
of the universities by the doctors and masters of arts. Since the union with
Ireland (January 1, 1801), the number of members has been 658, this number
being retained on the passing of the Reform Acts. They are elected by the
following constituencies:

 

l

 

Counties. i Boroughs. Universities. Total.
1
England, .............. 144 323 4 471
Wales. ................ 15 14 . . 29
Scotland, .............. 30 23 . . 53
Ireland, ............... 64 :59 2 105
253 399

 

But the English members have been reduced to 654 since the year 1844.
King Henry VIII. added to the House of Commons 38 members; Edward
VI., 44; Queen Mary, 25; Queen Elizabeth, 62; James I., 27. In the pre-

 

/ sent House of Commons (1855), more than 150 members were unseated for

bribery, or petitioned against under that head.

PATENTS, AMERICAN. The number of patents granted by the ofi‘ice at Washing-

I?
a;

We?" .._, .

ton, from 1790 to 1850 inclusive, is 16,296. In 1838, the oflfice issued about
500 patents. The annual issue was about the same down to 1849, when it

. rose to 1,000. At that rate it remained till 1854, when it reached ],800‘; and

robably more than 2,000 patents will bear the date of 1855, as a1ready‘500
gave been issued during the first quarter. Thus far,»oVer 12,000 patents'li‘ave

790 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

appeared since 1836. Taking into account that more than one-half of the
annual applications have been rejected, it appears that within the last.18
years, nearly 25,000 persons have strained their mental faculties to contrrve
some novel means to saw the human hand mechanical labor, or enhance its
eii'ectiveness; to increase the means of communication and intercourse; and,
in fact, more or less directly, to bring comfort in all possible shapes within
the reach of the many. ’

PAVEMENTS. The only substance that can be profitably employed for street
pavements in a crowded city, is iron. An iron pavement has the advantages
of being more durable, less costly, more easily laid down and taken up, bet~
ter for horses and pedestrians, noiseless, dustless, and mudless. The iron
pavement in question has already been thoroughly tested in Boston, and we
learn is about to be introduced into London and Paris by Fox, Henderson,
and Co., the great engineering firm of England who built the first Crystal ,
Palace. The invention of the iron pavement is the work of a countryman of
our own, whose name we should be most happy to mention, if we knew it; i
and we doubt not that in its practical results it will hardly rank second to
the iron railroad. A member of the firm of Sir Charles Fox, Henderson, and
Co., as we understand, has been over here and made a contract with the pro-
prietors of the iron pavement for the privilege of putting it down in London
and Paris. Early in 1855, a small part of Nassau-street, ' New York, op-
posite the Post Office, was laid down with the new pavement; and though
the cobbles on each side of it‘ have been twice repaired since, yet it looks as
firm, as smooth, and as solid as the day on which it was laid. One of the
great advantages of the iron pavement is, that at the end of ten years’ use.
the material of which it is composed will be more valuable than when it was
laid down, so that the cost of paving the streets will only be so much money
invested which may at any time be realiZed by selling the rough material.
But the saving to the city in a thousand other respects, which would result ;
from the iron pavement, would be incalculable; and the greater comforts of -5
our streets, the increased healthiness of our atmosphere, would more than a. 9
thousand times repay the cost of the iron pavement, if it were a thousand 1:
times greater than the cobble-stone, instead of being less.

PENCILS. G'cssner first describes the “pencil of plnmbago in wooden handles,” ,_
in 1565.—(11bss£ls.) l’ettus (Fleta Minor) speaks decidedly of pencils “in-
closed in fir or cedar,” in 1083. M. Conté, of Paris, made great ii’nprovements
in 1795. Mordan’s “ever-pointed pencil” was patented about 1820. Philip >5
Crabbe, the first manufacturer of lead pencils by machinery, died in his 100th
year, in London, May, 1851. H

PENS, STEEL. ' The largest factors are Gillot’s, of Birmingham, who employ ::
nearly 1,000 hands for the conversion of 24;- tuns of steel into 35,000 gross of
pens weekly! In 1820—1, the first gross of three-slit pens was sold wholesale 2
fOI‘ £7, 48.; in 1851, a, superior article could be furnished at 3s. 6d. to 58. per .:.
gross, while the commonest pens can be rendered at twopence the gross! Gril-i 1'
lot’s house exhibited in the Crystal Palace, 1851, a giant pen of thirty-six
inches in length, and close to this was a small glazed frame containing 15,840
steel pens, the whole weighing only one ounce. The greatest number of these." .‘
pens are sent to the United States. "

PENNSYLVANIA. The population exhibited by' the 7th census, 1850, was?
2,311,681; the banking capital, $18,675,484 14; tax on dividends, $158377 't
14;_ tax on corporation stocks, $70,008 86; ratio of tax, 12; in 184%”:0:
ratio was 14.-—-Herald. Total revenue for the year ending Nouns». ‘

  

 
   
   
  

ADDENDA. 791

30,1851 was $5, 645, 678 74; total expenditures during the same period,
$4, 780, 667 53.

PENSIONS, U. S. The amount actually paid out by the United States Pension

agents for the year ending June 30, 1854, was:

 

For Revolutionary services. . . . . . . . . . . . $908270 96
For half-pay to widows and orphans, . . . . . . . . 195,992 00
For Invalid, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444.694 27
Total amount, . . . . . . . $1,543,957 23

Amount of funds in the hands of Army Pension agents at the date of their last
returns (Sex )t. 30. 1854), was . . . . . . . . . . $612,390 46
And in the hands of Navy Pension agents, . . . . . . 31,969 64

The numbei of army pensioners on the 1011 who have been paid at the Pen-
sion agencies in the seveial States within the “fouiteen months” preceding
June 30,1854, and the annual amount of pensions payable to them, is:

 

 

 

 

1, 069 Revolutionary soldiers, . . . . . . . . . 874.151 51
7, 990 Widows (of all classes), . . . . . . . . 643,726 25
5, 006 Invalid, . . . . . . . . . . 454,773 87
14,665 Total, . . . . . . . . . . $1,172,651 63
Same of the Navy, Sept. 30, 1854.
871 Invalid, . . . . . . . . . . . $23,185 35
462 Widows and Orphans, . . . . . . . . . 94,603 52
833 Total, . . . . . . . . . $117, 788 87

Whole number of pensioners, June 30, 1853, was 11,867. Annual amount
payable to them, $31, 070,079 52. Same, June 30,1854, 14,065, and annual
amount pay able to them, $1, 172, 651 63.

Number of Revolutionary soldiers on the roll, June 30,1853, . . . . 1.395
“ June 30,1854, . . . 1,069

There have been taken from the rolls of the aimy pensioners during the year
ending June 30,1854,by death, 643; by transfer to the Treasury Depart-
ment, as unclaimed pensions, SSS—total, 1, 526. Of the navy pensioneis for
the yeaI ending Sept. 30, 1854, 24 are 1ep01 ted dead, and 38 transfelred to
the Treasury Depaitment as unclaimed pensions. Of those t1 ansferi ed to the
Treasury Depaxtment, but few are again 1est01ed to the 1011.

PHILADELPHIA, U. S. A. By the census of 1850 this city and submbs con-

tains 406, 353 inhabitants. Incx ease in ten years, 148,221, or about 57p
cent. In the city and county there are 258 public schools, with 45 383 chill.
dren,unde1 the instiuction of 81 male and 646 female teachers. The total
school expendituIe for the year 1850 was $332, 433 21, being an aveIage of
$6 46 each child. Manufactuiing capital of this city in 1850, according to
census retuIns, was $33, 000, 000, and the annual p1 oducts $61, 000, 000. Duties
received at custom-house, 1851, Jan. to Nov inclusive, 83, 532,982, against
$3,213, 031 in corresponding period of preceding year.

PHOTOGRAPHS. Mr. H. Fox Talbot, inventor of the caloty pe p1 ocess feeling

\

 

himself unable to pursue the difi'erent applications that have opened out in
this beautiful art, generously suirendered his patent, ofleiing it as a free pre-
sent to the public, in all its branches, excepting that of taking calot\ pe pox-
tIaits f01 sale. Vl‘he calotype process \vas‘made the subject of a patent in
1841’ and on the 10th of June in that yeai a paper was Iead befoie the Royal

, Society, giving an exact description of the Inanipulatory pwcesses. This

paper was not published, as a law of the Society excludes the publication of
all matters which are the subjects of patents. In 1842, Mr. Talbot obtained

“H .1 secondpatent for sundry improvements in the calotype, which had refer-

792 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

ence more particularly to the fixing of the picture. More recently another
patent was obtained by Mr. Talbot for photographic pictures on porcelain
tables, and for sundry improvements by Mr. Malone in the use of albumen on
paper and glass; and lastly, the same gentleman patented his so-called “In.
stantaneous process,” of which he published an account in 1851. This art is
making a progress which would seem to endanger the popularity of daguerreo-
type, more especially in its application to landscapes and architecture.

PHYSICIANS were formerly ecclesiastics. It was during the nunciate of Car-

dinal d’lfitouteville in France, in 1452, that he obtained permission for them
to marry.—il[enage. Sir \Villiam de Butts, physician to Henry VIll., and
mentioned as such by Shakspeare, was paternal ancestor' of Mrs. Sherwood,
the popular authorcss, who died in Sept, 1851.

PHYSICIANS, FEMALE. It is no longer doubtful whether women can study

medicine and succeed in its practice among their own sex and children. EX-
periments to this end have been tried, and under unfavorable auspices, and
their results have uniformly proved most encouraging. The institution in
Boston was founded in 1848, and mainly through the efforts of Dr. Samuel
Gregory, who from that time to the present has continued to be its secretary
and principal agent. The whole number of young women who have attended
the college since its commencement, is over a hundred, who have come from
all the New England and several other States. The Female Medical College
of Pennsylvania was founded in 18-19, principally through the exertions and
influence of W'm. J. Mullen, Esq. Its success has far exceeded the most san-
guine expectations of its friends. The class has increased in number every
year, as shown by the annexed table of bona fide students at each session,
which does not include a considerable number of ladies who were not regular
students. The period to be occupied by the next session is also given, and
the number regularly graduated as Doctors of Medicine:

1—1850, Sept.~Dec .................... 16 weeks, 12 students, — graduates. _
2—1351, Sept. l—Dcc. 30 ............... 17 “ 24 “ S “
3—1852—3, Sept. 13—Jan. 27 ............ 19 “ ‘28 “ 9 “
4—1853—4, Oct. 1—Fcb. 25 ............. 21 “ 30 “ 4 “
5~135&—5, Sept. 30—March 10 ..... .. . . .23 “ 35 “ 6 “
6—1855-6, Oct. 3——Feb. 27 ............. 21 “ — “ 2T “

PISCICULTURE. It was proved many years ago, that a great addition might

be made to the quantity and quality of our food, by taking advantage of the
physiology of fishes, and that our rivers, lakes, and ponds might become the
source _of considerable emolument, by a proper attention to this branch of
domestic economy. The ancient Greeks and Romans were evidently possessed
of some method of breeding fish artificially; for it is related that Octavius
bred “giltheads” in the sea, “like corn upon the ground.” Within our own
time, several highly successful experiments have been made, proving that fish
may be produced in the greatest abundance, and even transplanted from dis-
tant countries. Thus the gammy of the Indian continent, a delicious fresh-
water fishnhas been introduced with the greatest success by the French into
the Mauritius, and we may also cite the gold and silver fish of China, which
have been naturalized both in England and in many parts of Europe. Pro-
fessor Agassiz, who has paid much attention to the artifig’al production of
fish, declared some yea-rs ago, that the ova of all fish, when properly impreg-
mated, can be conveyed across the Atlantic as safely as if it were naturally
deposxtcd by the parent fish, so that any quantity of salmon or other spawn
Cpn (‘after impregnation) be carried to other streams, however distant. And
bir b._Mackenzxe, of Conan, ROSS-Shire, in a paper published in 1841. details
experiments which he made in 1840, for breeding salmon and other ‘fish arti-

 

«$1.; («hwy—V .vw ,

‘KMW'é'vn

     
 

.. wrnrtrim'Iéwerf’r‘T-F‘F’ 7

ADDENDA. 793

ficially, which were attended with such remarkable success, that it is sur-
prising they weremot followed up on a large scale. It appears, according to
the present publication, that about the same time as the date of the above
experiments, the diminution in the number of fresh-water fish in France
aroused the serious attention of two humble fishermen, named Gchin and
Remy, living in the obscure village of La Brcssc, in the department of the
Vosges, in France. They do not seem to have been aware of the labors of
scientific ichthyologists, and, utterly ignorant of the nature of previous ex—
periments, hit upon precisely the same method of artificially producing fish
as had been discovered by Sir Francis Mackenzie. Their first experiment
was crowned with extraordinary success. This was in 1841, only one year
after those of the Scottish baronet. In 18-12, 1843, and 1814, they again re-
peated their experiments, and in each case in the most triumphant manner.
In the latter year they were rewarded by receiving a medal and a sum of
money from Société d’EmuZation des Vosges, and in the course of a short time
succeeded in stocking the waters of that part of France where they resided
with “millions of trout.” At the end of a few years, their operations be-
came of such magnitude and importance as to command the attention of the
French government. Gehin and Remy were accordingly summoned to Paris,
and taken at once into the employment of the state, at good salaries; their
duties being, first, to stock with fish, by their system, such rivers as should
be pointed out to them, and next, to teach that system to the peasantry. The
prodigious success of their labors maybe estimated from an official report
made to the Academy of Sciences in 1849, by which it appears that they had
formed a piece of water, in which they had between five and six million trout,
aged from one to three years, and the production of that year was expected
to increase that vast number by several hundred thousand. Since Gehin and
Remy have been taken into the service of the French government, they have
stocked streams and rivers in several departments of France, and have
created abundance of good food where the greatest scarcity prevailed.

PLANK ROADS. The first plank road in Canada was laid down in 1836, and

in New York in 1837. Plank roads in operation, Jan. 1, 1851 :
Canada. New York.

Number of roads, . . . . . —— 19
Number of miles, . . . . . 442 2,106
Average cost per mile, . . . . . $1,750 $1,833
Total cost, . . . . . . . $773,500 $3,860,292

Very nearly four million of dollars have been expended in New York upon
these roads, and the resulting advantages are immense. The Troy and Lan-
singburg road pays 10 per cent. dividend, which is generally believed to be
the case with all the others, with the exception of the Utica and Burlington,
which yields 20 per cent. None of the stocks are in the market.

POET—LAUREATE (ENGLAND). Alfred Tennyson, appointed Nov. 1850.
POPULATION OF THE GLOBE.

2

Africa, variously estimated from . . . . . 60,000,000 to 100,000,000
America, . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58,252,882

Asia, including Islands, . . . . . . . . . . 626,000,000
Australia and Australian Group of Islands, . . . . . . 1,445,000.
Europe, . . . . . . . . . . . . 263,51‘L521
Polynesia (a. mere estimate, as there are few or no data), . . . 1,500,000

Total population of the Globe, . . , . . . 1,050,715,403

POPULATION OF GREAT BRITAIN—(see CENSUS).

84

794 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

POPULATION OF THE AMERICAN STATES.

GOVERNMENTS OF NORTH AMERICA. 0

 

r——-——————f——————l—————

Governments. S 1111:3311? es. Population. Capitals.
Danish America (Greenland) ............. 380,000 9,400 Liclitenfels.
French Possessions (St. Pierre, etc.) ...... 118 200 St. Pierre.
Russian America ....................... 394,000 66,000 N. Archangel.
New Britain .................. r 1,800,000 180,000 York Factory.
Canada West ................. 147,832 999,847 Toronto.
Canada. East .................. .a 201,989 890,261 Quebec.
New Brunswick .............. E 27,700 200,000 Fredericton.
Nova Scotia, etc ............... ' 55 18,746 300,000 Halifax.
Prince Edward‘s Island ....... 2,134 62,348 Charlotte Town.
Newfoundland ............... J 57,000 120,000 St. J ohn’s.
Vancouver Island and British Oregon . . . . 213,500 7,500 Ft. Langley.
United States of America ................ 8,806,834 28,191,87 6 Washington.
United States of Mexico ................. 1,038,865 7,200,000 Mexico.
San Salvador ............................ 14,000 365,000 San Salvador.
Nicaragua. .......... . . . . . . .......... ,. . . . 49,000 396,000 Leon.
Honduras ...... . ........................ 72,000 310,000 Chiquiniula.
Guatemala .............................. 28,000 935,000 N. Guatemala-
Costa Rica. .............................. 17,000 140,000 Cartago.
Mosquitia .............................. , 28,000 6,000 Blewfields.
Honduras (British Colony) .............. 62,740 11,066 Balize. L
The Bay Islands (British Colony) ........

Total ......................... 7,854,458 35,370,498

 

 

GOVERNMENTS OF SOUTH AMERICA.

Area in .
Governments. Square Miles. Population. Capitals

M‘—

Venezuela, Republic 416,600 1,356,000 Caraccas.

New Granada, 380,000 2,200,000 Santa Fé deBogota.
Ecuador, . 825,000 665,000 Quito.

Bolivia, ” 374,430 1,700,000 Chuquisaca.

Peru. 580,000 1,400,000 Lima.

Chili, 170,000 1,200,000 Santiago.

Argentine Republic 927,000 2,000,000 Buenos Ayres.
Uruguay,‘ Republic 120,000 250,000

Montevideo.
Entre Rios, “

82,000 80,000 Badaja.
Paraguay. . “ 0 74,000 260,000 Acengsion.
Bram. Emplre of 2,300,000 7,560,000 Rio de. Jmiro.

 

., , TIR’WTF'K'TV‘WWIWTrVa“ 7‘3"“ 37 "- """‘“" " ' ‘

 

s.

ADDENDA.

POPULATION OF THE AMERICAN STATES.

GOVERNMENTS OF SOUTH AMERICA—continued.

795

1

Area in

 

 

 

 

 

1 Governments. Square Miles. Population.
Guiana (British) ......................... 7 6,000 127,695
1 Guiana (Dutch) .......................... n8,500 64,270
i Guiana (French). . . . . ....... . . . . .- ........ 21,500 30,000
{ Patagonia .......... . ................... 380,000 120,000
Falkland Islands ........................ 16,000 500
Total ........................... 6,281,080 19,013,465
Grand Total of America ........ 58,252,882

Governments.

Dominica. .

J amnion ........ . . . .

Trinidad

Barbadoes .

Grenadzg etc .........

St. Vincent

Antigua
Mon Lserl'at

Turk‘s Island. . . . . . . .

Bermuda Island's
Guadalupe, etc
Martinique

St. Martin‘s, N. side
St. Martin‘s, S. side

Curagoa, etc. .......

Santa Cruz, etc
St. Thomas
St. John’s

} San Domingo {

......... 3 British {
Windward Islands.

......... 155

WEST INDIAN GOVERNMENTS.

Area in

Square Miles. Population.

11,000
18,000
42,383
3,865
5,468
2,000

Empire . . . .
Republic . . .

800,000
200,000
1,007,624
500,000
379,690
60,319
166 135,939
28,923
131 27,248
187 13,208

Capitals.

Georgetown.

7 Paramaribo.

Cayenne.

Port Louis.

 

 

225 . 24,500

168 36,178

49 7,365

103 24,508

30 10,200

137 4,027

291 22,469

5,422 27,519

.................... 400 3,400
47 14,000
534 134,544
322 121,145
21 2,200
11 3,500
26,311

81 35,000
37 8,000
72 3,000
25 9,000

._.__..._.

3,868,919

 

Capitals.

Cape Haytien.
San Domingo.
Havana.

San Juan.

Spanish Town.
Puerta. d’Espanola.

Bridgetown.
6‘

Kingston.
Scarboro’.
Castries.

S t. J ohn’s.
6‘

Basseterm.
Charlestown.

Rosseau.
Nassau.

Hamilton.
Basseterre.
Port Royal.

Wilhemstadt.
Christianstadt.

La Cuennge. '

1,

796 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

POPULATION OF THE EUROPEAN STATES. With the form of govern—
ment and square miles, according to .Zl[c Owlloch’s Geographical Dictionary, with
corrections ; and the population (chiefly), from the Almanac-k de Got/ta for 1853.

 

 

 

 

1 States and Titles. Form of Government. Sq. Mls. Pop.
'Andorra, Pyrenees, Republic With two syndics and a council ...... 190 7,001:
*Anlmlt-Bernburg, Duchy. . States having limited powers ......... 339 50,411
*Anhan~Cbthen+ “ .. " “ 318 4&120
*Anlialt-Dessau “ .. “ “ 361; 63,7014
*Austria, Empire .......... Absolute monarchy .................. 255,226 36,514,466
*Baden, Grand Duchy ...... Limited sovereignty; two chambers .. 5,712 1,362,774
*Bavaria, Kingdom ....... Limited monarchy; two chambers. . . . 28,435 4,519,546
Belgium “ ........ “ “ 11,313 4,359,090
*Bremen, Free City ........ Republic; senate and assembly ....... 112 79.047
*Brunswick. Duchy ........ Limiied sovereignty; one chamber. . . .1 1,525 268,943
Church, States of, Popedom. Absolute sovereignty ................. 17,048 2,908,115
Denmark, Kingdom ........ Limited monarchy; with prov. states. 21,856 2,296,597 (11850
France, Empire ............ Constit. mom; senate and legislat. body 203,736 85,781,628 61851
*Frankfort, Free City ...... Republic; senate and assembly ....... 91 70,244
Great Britain, Kingdom. . . . Limited monarchy; lords and commons 116,700 27,435,325
Greece, Kingdom .......... Limited monarchy; two chambers. . . . 18,244 998,266
*11amburg, Free City ...... {epublic; senate and assembly ....... 149 188,054
*Hiinover, Kingdom ........ Limited monarchy; two chambers. . . . 14,600 1,758,847
*llesse-Cassel, Electorate... Limited sovereignty; two chambers. 4,430 754,590
*I-Iesse-Darmstadt, G. Duch. “ “ 3,761 852,524
*Hesse-Homburg, Landgvte. Absolute sovereignty; one chamber . . 206 24,203
Holland, with Lnxemburg.. Limited monarchy; two chambers. . .. 13,890 3,267,638
Ionian Islands, Republic. . .. Under Brit. protec; council and chamb. 1,097 230,000
*Liclienstein, Principality.. Limited monarchy; with one chamber 52 6,351
*Lippe-Detmold "' . . " “ 445 104,574
*Lippe-Scliaumburg “ . . “ “ 205 28,837
*Lubec, Free City ......... Republic; senate and assembly ....... 142 47,742
*Meckliii.-SchWerin, G. Duc. Limited sovereignty; wttli one chamb. 4,701 543,328
*Mecklcnburg-Sirelitz “ “ “ 997 96,292
Modena and MaSsa, Duchy . Absolute sovereignty ................ 2,073 586,458
Monaco, Principality ....... “ “ 50 7.900
*Nassau, Duchy ........... Limited sovereignty; two chambers . . 1,736 428,218
*Oldenburg, Grand Duchy. . “ “ 2,470 278,030
Parma, Duchy ............. Absolute sovereignty ................. 2,184 497,343
Portugal, Kingdom ........ Limited monarchy; two chambers. . . . 34,500 3,412,500
*Prussia ................... “ “ 107,300 16,346,625
*Reuss, Principalities of. . .. Limited sovereignty; one chamber. . .. 588 112,175
xRussla (in Europe) Empire Absolute monarchy .................. 2,120,397 60,362,315
San Marino, Republic ...... Senate and council of ancients ........ 21 7,600
Sardinia, Kingdom ......... Limited monarchy ' two chambers . . . 28,830 4,916,087
*Suxony “ ......... “ ' “ 5,705 1,894,431
*Saxe-Altenburg, Duchy Limited sovereignty; one chamber .. . 491 131,780
*Saxc-Coburg and Gotha “ Lim. sov. ; one chamber for each ducliy 790 149.753
*8axe-Mein.—Hildburgh. “ Limited sovereignty; one chamber . . . 968 163,323
*b‘axe-Weim.-Eisenach “ “ “ 1,403 261,370
*Schwarzburg— ltudolst., Pr. “ “ 405 69,650
*Schwarzburg-Sondersln, “ “ “ . 353 60,002
Sicilies,y’1_‘he 'l‘wo, Kingdom Absolute monarchy .................. 41,521 8,631,239
Spain, kingdom ........... Limited monarchy; with a. legislature. 176,480 14,216.21”
“way... """ 121,72 ,-‘ ,
SVWitzerland, Republic ...... Confederation of republics; a diet ..... 15.261 2390.116
§l‘urkey, Empire .......... Absolute monarchy .................. 189,920 151500900
Tuscany, Grand Duchy “ ~‘ 8,712 1,761,140'
:Wfll‘leCk» Principality ..... Limited sovereignty; one chamber 455 53.219
Wurtemberg, Kingdom .. . Limited monarchy ; two chambers. . . . -7,568 1,802,252i
Total .......................... '8,768,506,263,517,5211

 

 

 

 

 

* Member of the Confederation of Germany.

1’ United to Auhalt-Dessau and Bernburg, since November 23, 1847.

1: Including Poland and Finland.

Duke.

 

 

  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
    
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  

1850
1850
18-19
1851
1819
185:)
1849
1819
1846
1842

1849
1851
1851

1848
1846
1849
1846
1851
1852
1842
1849
1848
1851
1851
1848
1850

1851
1 851.
1851
1841
1849
1846
1846

1848
1849
1850
1849
1849
1851
1849
1849 '
1851
1849
1849
1845
1850
1844
1851
1850
1850

§ Including Wallachia, Moldavia, and Servia, containing respectively 2,600,000, 1,400,000 and

1,000,000 inhabitants.

in Exclusive ot‘Iceland, with a population of 60,000, and an area of 82,000 square miles.

246,581, and has an area 01'100,000 sq. miles.

7) Exclusive of Algeria, which contains a pop. of

7‘97
POPULATION OF RUSSIA. The first census of All the Russias, or as the

Russians themselves call it, “The first Revision of the Population,” was
ordered by Peter I. in 1720, and from that time to 1851 seven revisions have
taken place, according to which the variations of the total population of
Russia at different epochs may be stated as follows:

ADDENDA.

1722, . . . . 14,000,000 1732,. . . . . 28,000,000
1742, . . . . 10,000,000 1790, . . . . 30,000,000
1702, . . . . 19,000,000

The population of Russia according to the census of the year 1851, is as follows:

  
     

 

Density of
population on
square miles.

  
      
       
     
   

Area in geo.

D“ isions. square miles.

Population.

 

 

European Russia, 100,429.46 60,098,821
Asiatic Russia, ......... 247,736.48 5,060,768
Russian America, 27,247.33 54,000
L Total Russian Empire, ............. 375,413.27 65,213,589 ]

 

As to the population of the towns, there exist, according to the recent census,
in the whole Russian Empire but thirty—four towns with more than 20,000
inhabitants. We give a list of these towns after the tables in the St. Peters-

burg Almanac for 1854:

St. Petersburg,
Moscow,
Warsaw, . .
Odessa,

Riga.

Astrachan

NVoronesh,

Kischinew,

Saratow,

Kasan. ................
Sevastopol,

N ik olaje,
Berditschew(Gov.Kiéfi,)
Simbirsk,

Towns.

533,241
373,800
107,000
71,392
57,900
54,020
52,230
47,424
44,793
43,800
42,013
42,237
41,304
41,155
39,338
35,592
35,474

34,913

No. inhab. Year.

Nishnij-Novgorod,
Kursk,

VVitebsk, .

Kaluga,

Charkow,

Ismael or Tutshkow, . . .

Orel,

Cronstadt,

Telcz (Gov. Orel),
Cherson,

Reva],

Minsk,

Taganrog,

Pol tawa,

 

Total pop. of 34 towns,. .

 

w

No. inhab.

30,925
30,710
30,469
29,832
29,580
29,395
26.243
25,030
25,120
24,340
24,333
24,041
23,602
22,472
20,071
20,000

2,175,002

This last table affords a striking illustration of the social condition of Russia.
In the United States, for instance, a country much newer than Russia, and
with only about one-third of her population, there are thirty towns of 20,000
and upwards, whose aggregate population is 2,291,609. This contrast shows
how exclusively the people of Russia are still devoted to agriculture, and
how much must be done in order to raise them to a high place in the list
of civilized nations. These figures are given in German geographical square
miles, each of which is equivalent to 21.2325, or nearly 213,; square English
miles. The figures given as geographical square miles are for European
Russia 100,429.46, for Asiatic Russia. 247,736.48, and for Russian America
27 ,247 .33; total, 375,413.27. Multiply each of these sums by 21%, and you have
the areas in sqmre English miles. The difference between the German and

 

798 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

English square miles will be better appreciated, when seen in juxtaposition,
as follows:

    
 
   

Area in square miles. 0 Population to sq. mile.

    
  
 
 
   
   

   

Population in

Divisions. 1851.

  

 

  

 

      
  

   
  

 

  
   
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

          

 

German. English. German. English.
European Russia, .. 100,429.46 2,132,363.5 60,093,321 593 23.13
Asiatic Russia, ..... 247,736.48 5,260,064.8 5,060,768 20 0.96
Russian America, . . 27,247.33 578,528.13 54,000 2 0.09
Total, ......... l 375,413.27 I 7,970,9622 65,213,589 174 3.13
POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES.

           
     
     
   
       
     

1800. 1810. 1820. 1830.

1840.

1850.

Maine .......... ' 96,540 151,719 223,705 293,335 399,955 501,793 583,169
New Hampshire. 141,399 133,762 214 360 244,161 269,323 284.574 317,976
Vermont ........ 35,416 154.465 217,713 235,764 230,652 291,943 314,120
Massachusetts . .. 373,717 42:3 245 472,040 523,237 610,403 737,699 994514
12116716 195110.... 69,110 69,122 77,031 33,059 97,199 103,330 147.545

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  
   

 

 

 
   
    
   
       

 

 

 

 

 

Connecticut ..... 238,141 251,002 262,042 275,202 297,665 309,978 370,792
New York ...... 840,120 536,756 959,949 1,372,812 1,918,608 2,428,921 3,097,394
New Jersey ..... 184,139 211,949 249,555 277,575 320,823 373.306 489,555
Pennsylvania . . . . 434,373 602,365 810,091 1,049,458 1,348,233 1,7 24,033 2,311,786
Delaware ........ 59,098 64,273 72,674 72,749 76,748 78,085 91,532
Maryland ....... 819,728 341.548 380,546 407,350 447,040 470,019 583,034
Virginia ......... 743,303 330,200 974,642 1,065,379 1,211,405 1,289,797 1,421,661
North Carolina. . . 393,751 478,103 555,500 638,829 737,987 753,419 869,039
South Carolina. . . 249,073 345,591 415,715 502,741 581,185 594,398 668,507
Georgia ......... 82,548 162,101 252,433 340,987 516,823 691,392 9J6,185
Florida .......... . . . . . . . . 34,730 54,477 87,445
Alabsuna ........ .. . . 20,345 127,901 309,527 590,756 771,623
Mississippi ...... . . 3,350 40,352 75,443 136,621 375,651 606,526
Loulslana ....... . . . . 76,556 153,407 215,739 359,411 5171762
Texas ........... . . . . .. .. . . .. 212.593
Arkansas ........ . . . . ., 14,273 30,388 97,574 209,807
Tennessee ....... 80,791 105,602 261,727 422,813 681,914 829,210 1,002.71?
Kemucky ....... 73,077 220,955 406,511 564,317 637,917 779,828 932,405
01110 . ............ . . 45,365 230.76) 581,434 937,903 1,519,467 1,931,329
Mlclngnn ....... . . . . 4,762 8.896 31.639 212,267 897,654
Infilana ......... . . 4,875 24,520 147,178 343,031 685,866 988.416
11110013 ‘ ......... . . . . 12,282 55.211 157,455 476,183 851.470
MKSSW". -------- - . . . 20,845 66,536 140,445 333,702 632,044
Wisconsm . . . . . . . . . . 30.945 335,391
Iowa ............ . . . , _ . , , . . 43.112 192,214
stt. of Columbia .. 14,093 24,023 33,039 39,334 43,712 51,637
California ....... . . . . . . . . . 92,597
...... 3,929,372 15,305,952 !7,239,314 9,638.131 12,366,920 17,063,353 23,191,376
SLAVES IN THE UNITED STATES.
l_—‘-_ , 1
States. 1790. 1800. 1810. 1820. 1830. 1840. 1850.

Maine .......... 0 0 0 0 0
New Hampshire. 158 8 0 3 g 1 0
Vermont ........ 17 0 0 0 0 0 0
Massachusetts . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Rhode Island. . .. 952 331 103 48 17 5 0
Connectmut ..... 2,759 951 310 97 25 17 0
£31; £621; ...... 21,312: 22,233 15,017 10,083 75 4 0
y ..... , ». 4, s 0 351 6’ * ‘6

Pennsylvania . . . . 3,737 1,706 ’79:) 7’27: 2,254 674 28

 

Delaware ........ 8,887 6,153 4,177 ‘ 4,509

* Apprentices by the State Act to abolish slavery, of April 18, 1846.

 

 

ADDENDA.

SLAVES IN THE UNITED STATES—continued.

799

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

States. i 1790. 1800. 1810. 1820. 1830. 1840. I 1850. i
—-'——‘1 1 ——- —-—- —————— 1— .
M111 51111111 ........ 103,036 105,635 111,502 107,398 102,294 89,737 90,368
Vi1gi11ia .: . . . . 203,427 345,796 392,518 425,153 469,757 448,987 472,528
North 02110111111. . 100,572 133,296 168,824 295,017 235,601 245,817 288,548
Sf’ut.“ Carolma. . . 107,094 146,151 196,365 258,475 315,401 327,038 384,984
1501111111 .......... .. . . . . .. 15,501 25,717 39,310
Georgia ......... 29,264 59,404 105,218 149,656 217,531 280,944 381,682
Alabnuia .. ....... .. .. .. 41,879 117,549 253,532 342,844
Mississmpi ...... 3,489 17.088 32,814 65,659 195,211 309,878
£40uislana . . 34,660 69,064 109,588 168,452 244,809
‘exas .. .. .. .. 58,161
Arkansas .. .. .. 1,617 4,576 19,935 47,100
Tennessee ....... 3,417 18,584 44,535 80,107 141,603 183,059 289,459
Iéfntucky ....... 11,830 40,343 80,561 126,732 165,213 182,258 210,981
1io ............ . . . . . . . . 0 3 0
Michigan ........ . . 24 .. 82 0 0
Indiana ......... 135 237 190 0 3 0
Illinois ......... . . 168 117 74-7 331 0
I‘V‘IIissouri. ........ 3,011 10,222 25,081 58,2110 87,423
1sconsm ....... . . .. . .
Iowa. ............ . . 16 0
California ....... . . .. .. .. .. . . 0
Dist. of Columbia 3,244 5,395 6,377 6,119 4,694 3,687
Total ...... 697,897 893,041 1,191,364 1,538,064 2,009,031 2,487,355 3,204,313J
Population of some of the principal cities, according to the several censuses of the United States.
Cities. 1790. 1800.7 1810. 1820. 1830. 1840. 1850. 1855.
Portland, Me. ., - - ...... 3,677 7,169 8,581 12,601 15,218 20,815
Bangor. - ............ 850 1,221 2,867 8,627 14,432
Manchester, N. H, ............ 615 761 877 3,235 13,932
Boston, Mass, - 18,038 24,027 32,250 43,298 61,392 93,383 136,881 160,000
Lowell, “ - - ........................ 6,474 20,796 33,383 ....
Springfield, “ - ............ 2,767 3,914 6,784 10,985 11,766 . . . .
8Walem, “‘ - - 7,921 9,457 12,613 12,721 13,886 15,082 22,264
orcester, " - ............................. ,49 ,049
Providence, R. 1., - ...... 7,614 10,071 11,767 16,832 23,171 41,513
New Haven, 01;, - ............ 5,772 7,147 10,180 14,899 20, 345
Hartford,“ ............ 3,955 4,726 7,074 12,793 13, 555 . . . .
New York, N. Y., 33,131 60,489 96,363 123,706 203,007 312,710 515, 547 700,000“
Brooklyn, “ ...... 3,298 4.402 7,175 12,042 36,233 96,838 . . . .
Albany, “ 3,498 5,349 9,356 12,630 24,238 33.7 21 50,763 57, 883
Bufl’alo, “ ............ 1,508 2,095 8.653 18,213 42,261 . . . .
Rochester, “ .................. 1,502 9,269 20,191 36,403 44,403
Williamsbnrg, “ ...... 1,620 5,680 30,780 . . . .
Troy, “ 5,264 11,401 19,334 28,785 33,279
Syracuse, “ ............ 6,502 22,271 25,226
tica, “ . . 2,972 8,323 12,782 17,565 32,183
Igewark, N‘ J. - - 6,507 10,953 17,290 38,234 . -
aterson ‘ ............ 7,596 ,. . 4 . .
Philadelp 11in, Pa, - 108,116 167,188 258,037 408,762 . .
Pittsburg, ...... 1,565 4, 768 7,248 12,542 2|,115 46,601 . .
Baltimore, Md., - - 13,503 26,614 46,555 62,738 80,625 102,313 169,054 . .
Washington. D. C., ...... 3,210 8, 208 13,247 18,827 23,364 40.001 . . .
Richmond, V3,, - - , 12,046 16,060 20,153 27,570 . . .
Charleston, S, C_, 24,480 30,289 29,201 42,985 . .
Savannah, Ga., - 71523 31,173: £73}; 31%; - - -
Mobile, Ala., - - ...... , 2, , . .
Nashville, Tenn., - ...... 5,566 6,929 10,478
Louisville, Ky., - 4.012 10,352 21,210 43,194 . . .
Cincinnati, Ohio, - 9,644 24,831 46,338 115,436 . .
Columbus, “ - ...... 2,435 6,048 17,882 . .
Cleveland, “ - 606 1,076 6,071 17,034 . ..
Detroit, M icli., - . . 1,422 2,222 31% 33,815: - - - -
Chico o, 111., - - - .. ............ , , .
Milwgukee, Wis., ............ 1,700 20,061 .. ..
St. Louis. M0,, - - . 4,598 5,852 16,469 77,860 . . .
New Orleans, LIL, 27,176 46,310 102,193 116,375 .

_San Francisco, 031.,

 

* Estimated.

 

 

 

...... 15,000

...
——.—.__a

800 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

POST OFFICE. ENGLISH.-—LONDON, IN A RADIUS or TWELVE MILES, HAS FIVE HUNDRED
BRANCH Posr OFFICES. The town of Illanchester, with about half the population
of New York, has over a hundred The English people write about five times
as many letters in the aggregate as we do, and in cities and towns, from
twenty to one hundred times as many. In an English city, a letter mailed
before 8 o’clock in the morning will be forwarded to any part of the city ~
bounds, and an answer obtained before twelve by regular course of mail. So,
if mailed before ten or twelve o'clock, an answer may be expected in four
hours. The charge is one penny on each letter. There were mailed in Lon-
don alone in 1853 over 97,000,000 letters—as many as in the whole United .
States ; the proportion is over 41,000 to every thousand inhabitants; and the
population of cities like Liverpool and Manchester write 37,000 to every 1,000
people, while the proportion for the same number of people in New York,
Philadelphia and Baltimore are, respectively, 23,000, 14,000 and 10,000.' This
difference is almost entirely among what are known as “drop letters,” though
our “drop letters” pay a postage of only one cent, while the English are
charged two. The whole number of letters mailed in London was 97,218,337,
and the entire postage on all mailable matter was $5,641,414. This would
give for the London District Post, the sum of $2,246,762. As the foreign

' letters pay a higher postage than those in the kingdom, let us make an allow-
ance of (say) $146,762, and this would leave for the circulation of mailable
matter in London $2,100,000. It cannot be far from that. According to the
report of our Postmaster—General for 1851, the only year we have a report
on the subject, there were 715,428 “drop letters” in the Whole United States!
As these had each a postage of one cent, just enough to pay for the trouble of
handing them out, the profits on them may be stated in round numbers at—
nothing. And what are the financial results of the English system? We
have seen that $2,100,000 are received for local mail matter in London. Now
there are in the entire kingdom 8,721 letter-carriers, and 8,561 receivers, and
these are paid, annually, the sum of $1,879,420, showing that the money re-
ceived on letters and papers, distributed in that city alone, pays more than

2,000,000 beyond the entire salaries of all the carriers, receivers and sub-
Postmasters throughout the kingdom. W'e subjoin the figures in detail. It
Will be observed that the last three columns give respectively the entire
number of persons employed in the jurisdiction of the Post—Offices named, in-
cluding sub-Postmasters, carriers, clerks, stampers, and sorters; the entire
expenses of the principal as well as the sub-offices attached, both salaries and
Inc1dental charges; and the gross receipts for postage and postage stamps sold.

   
  
 

    
 
 
   
 
 
 
  
  
        
  

Letter-Receivers
Letter-Carriers. and

Sub Post-Masters.
Population.

 
  

Number.

   

 
  
   
    
 
   
   
 

    
 
  

London, ............... 2,862,286 493
Bath, .................. 54,240 70
Birmingham, .......... 232,341 41
Bristol, ................ 137,328 90
nun, .................. 84.690 51
la verpool, ............. 875,955 56
itmchcster, ........... 316,218 107 9765
Glasgow, .............. 77 I 6:080
Total, ............... 1,934 [ erases 990 l 130,605

 

—.._.-——_—

8,561 l

  

 

*lnited Kingdom. . ..

1 73,435

   

 

 

 

ADDENDA.

POST OFFICE, ENGLISH—~continued.

  

 

 
  

 

   

801

    
  
  

 
 

 
  

 

 

 
      
       
      
       
 
 
    

 

 

 

 

 

Total Carriers, Receivers,
and
Sub Post-Masters, Total
Places. persons. Expenses. Receipts.
‘ employed.
Salaries.
$ $ $

London, .............. 561,710 2,782 1,078,290 6,106,831
Bath, ................. 9.590 129 16,830 68,945
Birmingham, .......... 16,600 144 36,820 189,530
Bristol, ............... 15,855 1 72 30,790 151,411
}l ull, ................. 10,685 118 19,500 90,455
Liverpool, ............ 27,035 231 70,145 484,740
Manchester, ........... 88,225 283 63,825 696,248
Glasgow, ............. 29,710 257 50,480 291,137
Total, ............... 709,410 4,111 1,866,680 [ 7,779,287
United Kingdom, . . . 1,879,420 20,007 3,333,520 1 13,933.983

 

 

 

 

The gross revenue, cost of management, net revenue, and number of letters.
in the first and last years of penny postage system, is as follows:

  
 

Gross. Rev.

  

 
  
   
 

  
    
 

Expenses.

 

Net Revenue. No. of Letters.

 

 
 

 

 

  
    
 

$ $ 8
1840 6,797,330 4,293,385 2,508,945 168,768,344
1853 12,872,040 7,003,400 5,868,640 410,817,489

 

Here is an increase of gross revenue, in thirteen years, of 89 per cent., an in-

crease of expenses of 63 per cent., of net revenue of 134
increase in the number of letters of 143

per cent., and an
per cent. This gives an average

annual increase, in gross revenue, of about 7 per cent., and an annual increase
of expenses of not quite 5 per cent. The average annual increase of net
revenue was 10 per cent., and in the number of letters written the increase
was 11 per cent. annually. If we go back to the year 1839~the last year of
the high rates of postage—the increase of letters is still more remarkable;

'for in that year the number sent by mail was but 75,907,572. During all

this enormous increase of correspondence and postal revenue in Great Britain,
the population of the kingdom in ten years, (from 1841 to 1851,) increased
only about 3 per cent. The increase in the net revenue of the Post-Office
during that time was about 100 per cent.

l
7
l
t
E; .
t
i. »
73‘.
a

 

The establishment of the Money Order system was attended by a like extraor.
dinary growth. During the first fourteen years after it was brought into
use, the business increased from an insignificant sum to $50,000,000 per year,
paying to the Government, in commissions, more than $434,000, with a clear

profit of $7 0,000.

In the whole round of financial history, of banking and

mercantile operations, there is not a case presenting so prosperous and suc-
cessful a result; and all of it has been accomplished Without risk, revulsion,

or “hard times,” and with the most constant and uniform success.

The

following figures are given to show the enormous increase. in the business

of a single quarter.
and paid:
MI-

The result is the number and amount of orders issued

802 THE WORLD’S rnoeamss.

POST OFFICE, ENGLISH—continued.

    
  

England, Wales.

 
    

Quarter ended :

 

       
 
 
 
 

 

 

       

No. of orders.

Amount.

Amount. No. of orders.

  
   

 
     
   

 
 

3 $
April 5, 1839, ....... 54,623 463,070 9,428 87,008
Jan. 5, 1842, ........ 7 66,672 8,146,880 161,582 1,851,975

 

The following table gives the progress of the Money Order business; the

amount of orders issued in the United Kingdom, each year, from 1839 to
1853, inclusive:

 
 
  

 
     
    
     
     
       
       
      
      
      

   

Date. Number. Amount. ‘ Date. ‘ Number. Amount.
$ $

1839 1 88,921 1 ,565,623 1818 4,203,651 40,756,475
1840 587, 797 4,804,678 1 849 4,248,191 40,763,219
1841 1,552,845 15, 687,538 1850 4,439,713 42,472,493
1842 2,111.980 21,685,889 1851 4,661,025 44,402,104
1843 2,501.523 25,564,204 1852 4, 947,825 47,191,389
1844 2,806,830 28,476,977 1853 5,215,290 49,580,976
1345 8,176,126 32,066,805 —-————-—— ———-———-—
1846 3,5l5,079 35,355,284 Total, . . . . 48,188,654 469,839,740
1847 4,031,135 39,515,886

  

 

This is the whole machinery : as simple and regular as clock-work. Publishers,
merchants, or others, living in cities, and having an account with a banker,
can indorse over their Money Orders, send them into the banks as so much
money, and the banker’s clerk calls at the Post-Office, and gets them cashed
in. gold and silver at par. A Money Order for $10 (£2) costs six cents com-
mission or exchange, which is paid by the person taking out the Order. Add
to this the postage of his letter—two cents—and it costs him eight cents to
remit the $10. It is just the same for a less sum. Over $10, and not more
than $25, costs a commission of 12 cents—Sixpence sterling. No Money
Order is granted for a larger sum than £5 ($25); but if more money is to be
remitted, any number of Money Orders can be obtained at the same time.
It W111 be seen that the “ exchange” on sums of any amount over $20 is about
a half of one per cent. The commissions received on Money Orders through-
out Great Britain, in the year 1853, amounted to $434,370. The clear profit
to the Post-Office Department, arising from the business, was:

In 1850, . . . . $16,180 In 1852, . . . . $58,445
In 1851, . . . . 87,185 In 1353, . . . . 70.745

Previous to Nov. 20, 1840, the commission on Money Orders was one shilling
and Sixpence sterling for all orders from two to five pounds, and Sixpence for
those not over two pounds. At that date the commission was reduced to
Sixpence and threepence, as it now is, and since that they have been in almost
universal use. There are about 2,000 Money Order Offices in Great Britain.
Every Post-Office has one connected with it; but the Sub-Post~0fiices—-—some
five or s1x thousand in number—have very few of these ofices. There are
between eighty and ninety of them among the SubOflices and Receiving-
Houses of London—within the “twelve-mile” “circle.” As a general rule,
towns containing three or four thousand inhabitants or more have Money Order
Offices. . They are of two kinds—-—major and minor. Major offices draw
Orders direct on every major or minor office in the Kingdom; but the minor

mzryxw ,, , a .

 

ADDENDA. 803

offices have to send their “ Money Orders Advice” through the General
Post-Office of the Kingdom where drawn—London, Edinburgh, or Dublin—
to get the stamp of that office on it before it can be paid. This occasions a
delay of one, two, or three days. The major offices are not restricted in the
amount of the business they do, while the minor offices are. The latter are
not allowed to issue Orders exceeding £50 in the aggregate in one day. The
smaller offices are constantly accumulating money, from the greater number
of Orders issued above those that are paid, while in the larger offices the re
verse is the fact. It might be supposed that the Money Order system would
run into competition with the regular banking and exchange business of the
country; but it does not. On the contrary, the banks themselves use
it constantly.

POST OFFICE, U. S. A. The whole number of post offices in the United States, on
the 30th of June, 1854, was 23,548. Of this number 257 are oflices the annual
commissions from which amount to one thousand dollars or upwards, and the
appointments at these offices are therefore made by the President, by and
with the advice and consent of the Senate, agreeably to the provisions of the
act of 1836. The number of offices established during the last fiscal year
Was 1,842, and the number discontinued 614, showing a net increase in one
year of 1,228. The number of which the sites and names have been changed
in the course of the year was 499. The number of postmasters appointed
during the year was 8,618. Of these, 4,185 were appointed to fill vacancies
occasioned by resignations; 1,977 by removals; 320 by deaths; 294 by
change of names and sites; and 1,842 on establishment of new offices. The
total number of offices on the 1st of December, 1854, was 23,925. On the
30th June last there were in operation 6,697 mail routes. The number of
contractors was 5,167. The length of these routes is estimated at 219,935.
The total annual transportation of mails was 63,387,005 miles, costing
$4,630,676, and divided as follows, viz. : 21,267,603 miles by modes not
specified, at $1,092,833, about 5 cents per mile; 20,890,530 miles by coach,
at $1,290,095, about 6 cents per mile; 15,433,389 miles by railroad, at
$1,758,610, about 11' cents 4 mills per mile; 5,795,483 miles by steamboat, at
$489,138, about 8 cents 4 mills per mile. Compared with the services of the
30th June, 1853, there is an increase of 1,494,463 miles of transportation, or
about 21} per cent., and of $134,708 cost, being about 3 per cent. The in-
crease of railroad service is 2,446,684 miles, and the expense $157,281, being
19 per cent. in transportation, and not quite 1 per cent. in cost. The in-
creased transportation by modes not specified is 377,157 miles, or about 1 per
cent., at a cost of $37,520, or 3 35-100 per cent. The transportation by
coaches is less by 439,796 miles, or about 2 per cent., though at an increased
cost of $83,137, or 6 88—100 per cent. The increased cost for a diminished
amount of such service may be accounted for from the fact that the new
contracts in New England and New York, commencing lst July, 1853, were
made at largely enhanced rates, increasing the aggregate expense, while the
amount of service was largely reduced. The steamboat transportation during
the past year was reduced 889,582 miles, or 15EL per cent., at a reduced cost
of $143,230, or 29 7-10 per cent. This is accounted for by the discontinuance

, of service between Wilmington, North Carolina, and Charleston, South Caro-
lina, Savannah, Georgia, and Charleston, and Detroit, and Buffalo, and the
suspension of service on the Arkansas and White rivers, owing to the failures
of the contractors. Several steamboat routes were also dispensed with at the
lettings of new contracts for New England and New York. The cost of the
service for the last fiscal year on the several United States mail steamship
lines, and across the Isthmus of Panama, is as follows: .

804‘ THE WORLD’S PROGRESS

New York to Liverpool, Collins line, twenty-six round trips, . . . $858,000 00

New York, 5177 Southampton, to Bremen, eleven round trips, . . 188.333 26
New York, 7:776 Cowes, to Havre, eleven round trips, . . . . . . 187,500 00
New York and New Orleans to Aspinwall, twenty-four round trips, including

same number of trips between New York and New Orleans, oia Havana, 289,000 00
Astoria, via San Francisco, to Panama, twenty-four round trips, . . . 848,250 00
Charleston, 72m Savannah and Key West, to Havana, twenty-four round trips, 50,000 00
New Orleans to Vera Cruz, twenty-four round trips, omitting Tampico, . . 37,200 00
Aspinwall to Panama, . . . . . . . . . . . . 119,727 03

 

T6157, . . . . . . . . . . . 32,023,010 29

Number of Post Offices, Extent of Post Routes, and Revenue and Expenditures of the Post

Office Department ; with the Amount paid to Postmasters and for Transportation of the
Mail, since 1790.

 

 

   
  
   
   
   
    
   
   
  
  
  
  
  
       

131 t f Amount paid for
No. of ‘XPilft 0 Revenue Expenditures

Year. Post Poutis in ol'tho of the Compensa- Transporta-
Ofiices. ‘Mill’ , Department. Department. tion of tion of the

es. Postmasters. Mail.
1790 75 1,875 337,935 332,140 33,193 322,081
1795 453 13,207 160,620 117,893 30,272 75%9
1800 903 20,317 230,304 213,994 69,243 123,644
1805 1.553 31,076 421,373 377,367 111,552 239,635
1810 2,300 36,406 551,634 495,969 149,433 327,966
12}? 3383 233%,? 1’33’322 3133131 333321 33177113
1317 3,459 52,039 1,0023973 916,515 303,916 589,189
1313 3,618 59,473 1,130,235 1,035,332 346,429 664,611
1619 4,000 67,586 1,204,737 1,117,361 375,823 717.831
1320 4,500 72,492 1,111,927 1,160,926 352,295 782,425
1321 4.650 78,308 1,059,087 1,184,233 337,599 315,631
1522 4,709 32,763 1,117,490 1,167,572 355,299 783,613
1523 4,043 84,860 1,130,115 1,156,995 360,462 767,464
1824 5,132 34,360 1,197,758 1,133,019 383,804 763,939
11330 5.677 94,052 1,306,525 1,229,943 411,133 735.646
13;? 6,150 194,052 1,447,703 1,366,712 447,727 885.100
33 131331113

9 7 ' 7 7 9 9 7 a
18,239 8,094 115,000 1,7071413 1,732,132 559,237 1,153,646
133% 3,430 115,176 1,350,533 1,952,703 595,234 1,274,009
' 2 8,356 115,486 1,997,811 1,936,122 635,023 1,252,226
i333 9,73? $4,460 2,253,570 .,266,17 1 715,451 1,432,507
1834 13791 03313 33193131 2 239033? 25%? i333?
1835 101770 1121774 2993356 2:757‘350 9451413 1.7193097
152536 11,091 118,264 3408323 3841:7156 812.393 1,633,052
fig; 11,767 141,242 4,236,779 3,544,630 891,352 1,996,727
11331 13113
1,5340 18:468 1551539 21543323; 4:713:236 13331325 3:296:876
$24} 13,773 155,026 4,407,726 4,499,523 1,018,645 3,159,375
2,43 13,733 149,732 4,546,349 5,674,752 1,147,256 3,037,796
1843 13.814 142,295 4,296,225 4,374,754 1,426,394 2,947,319
fig; 3’13: 144,687 4,237,233 4,296,513 1,358,316 2,933,551
*1 846 14,}50-1 figgég 4,309,341 4,320,732 1,409,873 3,905,233
*18 47 15,146 153313 3, 37,199 4,034,297 1,042,117 , 76,455.

,18 43 16,159 1133203 3,955,393 3,979,570 1,060,223 2,4 6.
*1349 16749 163703 2‘37??? 4’32““) 5' 33%}?

*1350 13417 1 .67 ,0, 6 4,479,049 1,310,921 , ,
*1351 , 78,. 2 5,552,971 5,212,953 1,549,376 2,965.786
*1352 19,7 96 ‘196,290 6,727,867 6,273,402 1,731,636 3,533,064
5,853 fig’ggé «141284 61920197} ”£108,459 1,296,765 4,225,311
, 217,743 5,940,725 7,932,757 1,406,477 4,906,308

 

 

 

     

   

 

* The returns 11» 1346, 1847, 1843 1849, 1350 and 1851, are for the 51 ears under tin“
of March 8, 1845. Those for 1852 5134 1853 are’for the two years underxtge new kw. M

 

ADDENDA.‘ 805

The expenditures of the department for the past year, including payments for

 

 

foreign postaves, W cm, as already stated, . . . $8,577,424 12

The rev enne of the year including foreign postages and the appropriation for
free matter, amounted to . . . . . . . . . . . 6.955,586 22
Deficiency, . . . . . . $l, 621,837 90

PYRAMIDS M Pe1signy, in his “Destination,” etc., “Des Py ramides,” lately
published 1n Fiance, conjectures that they were intended as a bariier to ar—
lest the pr'ogless of the sands f10m the deseit, and thus to p1ese1've the culti-
vated fields of Egypt from destruction. The g1 eat Py1amid at Ghizeh, it is
stated, was filst opened by the Caliph Al Mamonn, in the expectation of
discovering treasure; when the people mur'muied at their disappointment,
he 01de1 ed a sum of money to be sec1etly deposited, which, on its discovery
by the labor'eis, is said to have satisfied their cupidity.

RAILROADS, GREAT BRITAIN. During the year 1849, about 870 miles of new
railways were opened in the United Kingdom, viz.: 630 miles in England,
108 in Scotland, and 132 in Ireland. The following table gives the progress
of railways since 1844, with the average receipts per mile per week:

 

   
   
  
   
   
 

  

Per mile Per mile

  

years. M1les open. per week. Years. Miles open. per week.
.6 “— #3:”
1844 1,770 64 1848 4,178 50
1845 2,033 67 1849 4,983 46
1846 2,498 64 1850 6,075 44
1847 3. 375 56

 

The number of raihoad passengers in England and Wales in 1846, was
35, 000, 000; in 1850, 53, 000, 000; total United Kingdomin 1850, 66, 000, 000.—
Tlie great Russian railroad, 110111 Moscow to St. Petersbmg, was opened
Novembe1 13, 1851, the distance, 420 miles, being 11m thlough 1n 18 hou1s,
232; miles per hour. .

RAILROADS IN THE UNITED STATES. In New York:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

iPayments
Cost of ,
Capital Funded construc- R . ts 5,?) other
Length. stock and float- tion and f eceip j, t‘fn 29“
paid in. ing debt. equip- or year. s ngdion
ment' dividends.
miles. $ $ T “T— —$—
Hudson River, ............ 144 3,727,827 8, 344, 439 11, 780, 954 1 ,298, 617 1 481, 048
New York and Erie, ...... 464 10, 091, 000 22 858, 895 31,224, 834 4 484: 986 3 554 290
New York Central, ........ 534 2‘2, 213, 983 11 ,564 ,0341 22, 044 529 3, 570,187 2,105,757
* Year ending September 30, 1853.
Gross
) . Expenses
Roads. Length. Cost. iggglpéats, 1852—3. 1
miles. $ $ | $
In Pennsylvania.
Pennsylvania, (Harrisburg to Pittsburg,).. 252 15,600,000 1,943,827 1,326,801
In Maryland: .
‘ Baltimore and Ohio, (to Wheehng,Va.,). . . 380 19,542,807 2,026,212 3,645,609
In Michigan:
; Central, (Detroit to Chicav D0,) ............. 278 8,856,834 1,145,537 556,721
it Southern Michigan and Northern Indiana,
(Momoe to Chicago,) ........ . ..... . . . . . 247 6,000,000 1,100,000 770,000 1

,
E1

 

 

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

806'

nued.

i

N THE UNITED STATES—cont

RAILROAD" I

.28 mo=oium :3 S. Hts—wean ”: ”5:585:32." Ex— :5 “323.: w??? 25 E 2.22 43.? mm 42¢. 3.3%? 2:.— gnanao? 61.5 3.3:?“ $63 :3 anml— 3.3.:- ER‘ 3
SEE—Q. :3... .

                                  

        

 

. m. m m. 3 mm
c o 0 l f t. .... n I
m. .. at “a m 0am. r . . .m usmm m:
f .1 c f. w .l . t l L .l 0 g .l I I. d .-
.2.an 3W3... m o o m 0d Wm m m m. . m. e.m m .m .m m t Wm m m.
c m ht umm cd cd.u . n3“ mkr E a u 9.“ uldm
d 2. $1.. 5 mm mam u .m% so u .m. .mm 0 um .i
M n nb MB on. Mme ‘w M) WW a .w m ,w1 mdflc Wow.
R u u L T T D E E N D s D A 3
3:3. 5:1... 5:3. % a ¢ a Q a a O 6.3. MS. n2... :1?
9.13:3. 5.»: 2538 398; $.25 ..:. 3.89 S :8 .. 3 a
was: :5 H521: . “an: {$3 a. path: 39:; $925 3 as E. c. $9.25 $35 §
Pie. .5; as; 2.3 $3 a; 9.: at $925 18 3.. $3.23 3m 3m ”.3 a; :26» .. 9.
was: a... 131.58.... #3.. ”.3925 $3.9: 5 a“: “8 a: we 3.. .9: 3: 3m 2: £38 3 .2 a
was: _.__a €=§a$a Fa r398... $393.“ $93 m3 3; $.23 .5 as a; a8 5:: a 13 .3
on...» 95 $53.... 3% 35.3 $33 7. .25 $2» 3.2: mm. a. 8.25 3.3“ cm : 3
o__§_.a.:...::: E; at: 3% ma rays“ 9: 1: 2.... a...» 5.33 39.5” 22; 3.3 a : 3
3......32; E23: 7.; 3.3 _ 35:. 53.2... 3 a: 53.: 5.9.? :3 3m 2.3a 2.3. n a .3
sighs... “2.: N: :95 5.2.3“ .3: m: «83¢ “No.3... $5.98. :93“ a 8m 2
3125;... 1. Ex. 25 2: 21.3 3.2 .2 2o 3 a. 3.. .. E. .. :.
1:: 5.5:. 5:. 3.8 .3338 _.....5.25 925 9:5... 5.3: 393. 3.3 3.43 m a .
3.1:.._£............:.....:.. :5 3.3 was... 5 $35.5 .225 So 25 3.3a $2.3“ 38:5 33%. a .: 2+ _
E. :2.» _=:_ s...§..:2.:::. a? 5.3 .533 29:; 3a; 3.25 Ea 5 a if mm 34 a S 3
his: as $53... :3 5.: £5.25 .5.» mm.» 5.3% 2.3 was» 5.5; :58 3.3 a a 3
Wazm. am. 554“: . Mum Seems ”.3.me £38 “ab“... “w“.www “f $.25 “2% m :w WM
2.! 3; cs; 9:.— _:::o.; . we: a .. .3 . a . . . . A . 1m... .N . e mm» am 25 we 53 a c .
222...: a; $21.38;: :2 $3 figs. 5.3““; 43.3“.“ 3:33 39%“ 5.83 mi; 33.: a .. E
“mm mm. ..WM....M...W. .. 9% fig .mfi ma. .. m
_ .a . 5—: 31 — 23a 3 U . . . u o. .i z . _ ..o.
ws1._2_$..:a 4:33.33... “15 3. : {@Hwo. flab“: waves 8:93 .wo 3» 3?: 8.35 a a .3
32:25 Pia .. mm... :1: w r. . ”3.: w 3.. a a it. a...
4.2.5... $.51... ... .. 5% 2.8 398.. win: 2... .. guys 5...: “is 338
42.52:. :3» wring—1:523}. Tim _ 3.9: .. . . w mm.» 25. w 93.1; fig 3 m fifwww ww..3n 5 En . . . .
€...:§..§.::.:.:..... as .325 99:. is 95.. 93.3%. 5:33 $3.39: “3.3 23% 325
5.283155 2.2.5.: 5; 3.3 .3. 5....»8. $3.2: $3.5 5&8 39$: m2; 498°
.75? :39": .293. 33:. 5:: .3... 3.5.8“.

 

wPwao>Um m2. Emmbomdmmdam. , :

                                           

       

   

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

          

                 

    
 

               
 

 

 
    

          

       

 

           
           

 
 

 

  

         

        

       

     

 

  

 
 

      

 

  

 

    

 

 

  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

t ‘55 on; van: 3 3:. 2. 30:2.- am :5 «£19; 33mm 3 2.3. 382.. alarm? 25 9752:: 136 gala—3m. m: 83a 38a. vane; 35 3.3 £3 35233.

+ ~32me no :5 $9.25!? ”25 3 2:6: 62. 25? :3 o: :8 26:...— 3. @3308.

H HE: Each; H.583 ”2:33 3 “29». $553.13. Haw—£2. 3 3:8. 0:33: «.35 3 «$9.33 3... 053.23. ‘

a mac» 3:: m: 294 magnesia? ,

A 58:53 "3:53 n33 2.3qu 8 BJS; moi? .— 5:3.

3 .2; 5.??- :5 >335» 25 so: uncarvaauo ”3:32.. #2: 225w. S :5 m3? :3. Faun; «Pea 32o: 3: 2.393? S:— Ewnon ca 33 «fin-$3 231—.

3. 93 3:: m: 2.55. 3:33.59

  
          

w” ,r," 1,, .

ADDENDA. 807.

The following is a comparative statement of the railways of the United
States on January 1, of the four years stated:

 

 

 

l
1852. [ 1853. t 1854. 1 855.
, l__.__, "
Miles in operation, .......... 11,565 i 13,847 17,811 21,310
Miles in construction, ....... 11,228 1 10,418 12,898 16,975
L_Capital invested, ............ $335,150,848 $408,103,109; $508,588,038 $621,316,303

 

The above is not strictly correct, but is, probably, a close approximation t6
the true figures. The following figures will show very nearly the number
of miles opened throughout each year for the past four years:

 

,.
l

 

 

1851. 1852. 1853. 1854.
_4__
Miles opened, ............... 1,278 2,282 3,964 3,599

 

We find in The American Railway Times the annexed railway statistics, made
up to the close of 1854:

 

 

  
     
   
  
   
    
      
   
     
     
     
     
      
 

 

 

  

   
 

   
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  

  

  

  

  

      
       
      
  
      
    
   
     
     
     
 

  
  
 

    
    
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
    

    
   
 

  

  

  
  
   
 

 

  

     
 

  
   
 

 

  
  
  
    

  

  

  

Number Number of Number of
States. of miles in miles in course Cost.
Railways. operation. of construction.
3 ,
Maine, ................... 12 477 35 13,749,021
New Hampshire, ......... 16 512 34 15,860,940
Vermont, ................ 7 419 59 17,998,835
Massach u sotts, ........... 39 1,293 36 59,167,781
Rhode Island, ............ 1 50 ............ 2,6l4,484
Connecticut, ............ 12 638 51 25,224,191
New York, .............. 32 2,625 801 111,882,503
New Jersey, ............. 11 437 ........ . . . . 13,840,030
Pen nsylvania, ........... 69 1,992 1,406 94,657,675
Delaware, ............... 2 1 6 43 _ 600,000
Maryland, ............... 2 512 30 2, 654,338
Virginia, ................ 23 837 1,095 16,466,250
North Carolina, .......... 5 381 243 6,847,213
South Carolina, .......... 10 700 374 13,547,093
Georgia, ................. 16 930 452 17,084,872
Florida, ...... . .......... 2 , 54 ............ 250,000
Alabama, ................ 6 221 659 3,986,208
Mississippi, 7 239 755 4,520,000
Louisiana, ....... . . . 8 169 293 1,731,000
Texas, ................... 11 ............ 7 2 ............
Tennessee, . . ............. 12 517 946 10,436.610
Kentucky, ............... 10 228 572 6,179,072
Ohio, .................... 47 2,927 1,681 67,798,201
Indiana, ................. 39 1,453 2,608 29,585.933
Illinois, ................. 31 2,667 1,556 55,663,656
Michigan, ............... 5 601 333 . 22,370,397
Missouri, ................ 6 50 963 1,000,000
Iowa, .................... 4 115 1,315 2,300,000
Wisconsin, .............. 11 283 746 5,600,000

 

621,316,303

...............

No one ever imagined, before these roads were built, that the freight busi-
ness would exceed the amount received for passengers. It is remarkable.

808 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

also, that the money for freight comes from some of the heaviest articles, as
may be seen in the following aggregate upon three of these roads:

                 
       
      
          

   

 

 

   
 

  
  
   
 

    
   

 

 

 

 

Roads. Flour. Coal. Poggelrtnd Iron. Lumber. ‘

bbls. ' tuns. bbls. tuns. - —.tlTns. E

Baltimore and Ohio, ...... 666,160 225,574 42,000 14,000 48 1

Pennsylvania Ccn tral, . . .. 205,000 4,000 85,000 1,000 1,000 1

New York and Erie, ...... 350,000 5,000 150,000 2,000 100,000 |
................. 1,221,160 254,574 277,000 17,000 101,048

     

The freight carried on the New York and Erie Road amounted to 650,000
tuns, an amount greater than all the aggregate of the above articles. When
we look at the enormous freights, especxally in coal and flour, on the Balti-
more and Ohio Road, and of lumber and merchandise on the New York
and Erie, we perceive at once two great facts—that the modes of transporta-
tion have changed, and that the amount transported exceeds all common
belief. But there is another eyfect of these great railways, which has special
reference to the Central \Vest. It is the surplus produce of the West,
which chiefly makes up these enormous freights; and just in proportion as
their facilities have increased, has the value of western produce increased.
They have the entire surplus of both agricultural and mineral wealth in the
Valley of the Ohio, saleable to market. The cost of freight on a barrel of
flour, (which may be taken as a standard for other freight) from Cincinnati
to New York, is from $1 to $1.10, or, in other words, about 50 cents for 100
pounds, on western produce, for a distance of over '7 00 miles.

SOUTH AMERICA. The first railway in Peru, from Callao to Lima, six miles,
was opened November, 1850.

RAILROADS, TRANSPORTATION or MAILS BY.

PRINCIPAL ROUTES.

 
     

  

  
  
 

Jour~
Termini. Length. All?“ P“ “get neys in Miles run.
y. ' ayear.

    
      
    
   
   
   
   
   
    
  
    
    
  
  
  
  
   
     
   
   

 

 

 

Portland to Boston ......... 110} $16,161 8147 1,248 143520
Boston to New York ....... 2-12.} 53,348 220 1,976 479,130
New York to Dunkirk . . . .. 460 92,000 200 1,976 908.900
bpringfleld to Albany ...... 102 117,217 169 1,248 197,295
New York to Albany ....... 111 32,400 225 1,976 284.544
Albany to Buffalo .......... 321 64,200 200 2,600 834,600
Buffalo to Cleveland. . . .. . .. 185 43,720 286 1,852 250,160
Cleveland to Cincinnati.. ... 251 69,890 270 1,352 347.464
Detroit to Chicago . . . . . . . . . 282} 42,375 150 1,248 352,560
Baltimore to Wheeling . . . . . 880 91,387 240 1,040 395,200
Philadelphia to Pittsburg. .. 3m 71,325 200 1,456 520,520
New York to Philadelpllla.. 90 34,088 979 1,976 177,8“)
Philadelphia to Baltimore . . 102 87,500 868 1,976 201.552
Baltimore to Washington... 40 12,000 300 2,794 108,160 ,
A. Greek to Petersburg ..... 93 30,050 806 1,456 142.688
l’etersburg to Wilmington.. 226 67,800 300 1,456 829,056
Wilmington to Kingsville.. 171 40,612 237 728 1945433
Charleston to Augusta ...... 189 38,012 237 1,456 909.334
Augusta to Montgomery. . . . 359 84,487 235 1,456 522,704
Total First Class ...... 4,067 993,022 229 1,686 6,452,878
Balance in the Union . 10,373 825,538 so 866 8.989.618

 

 

Total in the Union. . . .

     

14,440

      

1,753,010 192 I 1,069 Imam!»

  

“ .9“... h

ADDENDA.

809

RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES, according to the

Census of l 850.

 

 

 

  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

. 'r m, c _ Av’age Total Value of Average
Denominations. 001363;. fid‘lfifggggiié‘fs Accom- Church Pro- Value of
odat us. perty. Property.

Baptist, . . . . 8,791 8,130,878 356 $ 10,931,382 8 1,244
Christian, . . . 812 296,050 365 845,810 1,041
Congregational, . 1,674 795,177 475 7,973,962 4,763
Dutch Reformed, . 324 181,986 561 4,096,730 12,644
Episcopal, . . . 1,422 625,213 440 11,261,970 7,919
Free, . . . . 361 108,605 300 252,255 698
Friends, . . . . 714 282,823 396 1,709,867 2,395
German Reformed, . 327 156,932 479 965,880 2,953
Jewish, . . . . 31 16,575 534 371,600 11,987
Lutheran, . . . 1,203 531,100 441 2,867 ,886 2,833
Mennonite, . . . 110 29,900 272 94,245 856
Methodist, . . . 12,467 4,209,333 337 14,636,671 1,174
Moravian, . . . 331 112,185 338 443,347 1,339
Presbyterian, 4,584 2,040,316 445 14,369,889 3,135
Roman Catholic, 1,112 620,950 558 8,973,838 8,069
Swedenborgiau, . 15 5,070 838 108,100 7,206
Tunker, . . 52 35,075 674 46,025 885
Union, . . . 619 213,552 345 690,065 1,114
Unitarian, . . 243 137,367 565 3,268,122 13,449
Universalist, . . 494 205,462 415 1,767,015 3,576
Minor Sects, . . , 325 115,347 351 741,980 2,283

Total, . . 36,011 13,849,896 384 3 86,416,639 $ 2,400

‘ ___1

 

RICE. First planted in South Carolina, 1693, and has been grown in that State

every year since that period.
SANDWICH ISLANDS, THE CIVIL LIST OF, F011 1854:

privy purse, . . . .
royal state, . . .
“ medical attendant, . . .
For Her Majesty the Queen, . . . .
For His Royal Highness (heir apparent), . .
For Prince Kamehameha, Gen. of Division and

For His Majesty’s
6‘

Privy
Total, . . . .

. . $10,000
4,000

. . 2,000
. 1,000

. . 3,000
Counsellor, 800

$20,800

 

The whole receipts of customs amounted, in the year 1853, to $155,640.17,
from which is to be deducted the cost of collection, leaving the net assets at

a small” figure.

SCHOOLS—originally kept in the porches of churches.

Even so late as 1624,

John Evelyn, then four years old, was taught by “one Frier at the church-
porch of Wotton.”—-E.’s Diary. The ragged schools, for the instruction of
destitute children in England, originated with John Pounds, a poor cripple
and shoemaker at Portsmouth, who, While laboring for his daily sustenance,
found time to instruct the vagabond children of his neighborhood. He died,
“ deplored by all his scholars and their relatives, Jan. 1839.” Infant schools
originated about 1780, with Oberlin, pastor of VValdbach (Germ.); and in
England were first put in operation in 1815, by James Buchanan, one of the
masters engaged by Robert Owen at Lanark. \Vilderspin’s plans were sub-

sequent to the above—West. Review.

Sabbath schools were partially in

operation previous to the great effort of Mr. Raikes, through the instrumen-
tality of Miss Walker, 3. Quaker lady of Tottenham, near London, and the

810 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

Rev. Mr. Lindsay and wife, of Catterick, Yorkshire—Nor. of Scot. Gag. The
first Sabbath school in the United States is said to have been established by
Mrs. Archibald Lake, in the stockade in Marietta, Ohio, March 1791. [See
Military School and Naval School]

SCHOOLS. NORMAL, I): THE UNITED STATES. Normal schools are special seminaries ‘
for the instruction and practice of school teachers in the science of education,
and in the art of teaching and governing. It is surprising that although
nearly every State in the Union has established free schools, only a very
few of them have provided for the proper education of teachers. In this re-
spect we are surpassed by several European nations, in which public schools
are established and supported by law, and where normal schools form pro-
minent parts of their respective systems. The following is a list of the prin-
cipal American institutions of this character. They are all organized and
conducted upon nearly the same plan; in each tuition is free, based upon
the pupil’s declaration of an intention to pursue the business of teaching.
Nearly all of them have schools of practice attached.

PRINCIPAL NORMAL SCHOOLS IN THE UNITED STATES.

 

   
 
 

Location . Founded. ‘(h‘hlghepilg- Graduates.
Framingham, Massachusetts ...... . ..... 1839 813 598’
Westfield, “ ............ 1839 980 . . . .
Bridge water, “ ............ 1840 854 534
Salem, “ ............ 1855 . . . . . . .
Albany, New York ............ . ........ 1844 ' 2,500 800
New Britain, Connecticut.. ..... .. 1849 681
Philadel )liia, Pennsylvania . . 1854 538 182
Reed‘s erry, New Hampshire. . . . 1849 . . . . . . . .
Ypsilanti, Michigan ..... 1852 121
Oskaloosa, Iowa ............. . .......... 1852 47

 

SCULPTORS, VVANDERING. A moderate estimate gives us two hundred makers
and venders of images in the city of New York. Of these, perhaps one-eighth
have fixed habitations and shops where they carry on their business. The
remainder are itinerants who manufacture their own wares and vend them
through the streets of the city and the country villages. They are exclu~
sively of Italian origin——-coming mostly from the shores of the lovely Lake
of Como, in Lombardy. They usually emigrate in small parties—forming
on their arrival here into companies, and constantly cherishing the idea of a
return to their native land. Many of them will wander through this strange
country for from five to twenty years—existing on the humblest food, and
often, in the summer months, trusting to the bountiful earth for a lodging-
place—thus of their own choice encountering difficulties and privations un-
known to any other class of our population, and all that they may return to 1
their early homes and die in competence among the loved scenes of infancy. 3
Those who die during this term of self-exile intrust the little which they have
accumulated to a companion, who transmits it safely to the family or friends
of the deceased in Italy. And rarely indeed is this trust violated; for these
poor people are characterized by as high a sense of honor as of amozj patriw.
In fact, these Italian emigrants are much superior in a moral point of view
to the generality of those thrown upon our shores. The industry of the

M“

* Females only. 'I‘he other schools include both sexes.

 

ADDENDA. 811

“sculptms” is most praiseworthy. They will return from their wanderings
of the day to toil during the greater part of the night 1n completing a stock
of 1mages to take out on the succeedinrr mowing. One bed answers for the
entire “firm,” which is usually composed of three or four me1nbe1s. Their
food is simple, and of the poorest quality. They usually remain in this
country about ten 3";ea1s in that time some accumulate as much as five
thousand dolla1s, although that is g1eatly beyond the average. As a con-
sequence of their long term of residence 111 this countr,y the emigrants 1"etu1n
to their native land much improved in their mental condition. Many of
them arrive he1e ignorant of everything appe1ta1111ng to social and political
progress, and retuin tole1 ably well i11for.n1ed

SEWING MACHINES. Invented 1848, and brought to general use by the large
tailoring establishments. A machine, with thee attention of one girl, will sew

six oveicoats per day ——Scz Am.

SHANGHAI. The population trading with this Chinese port is between
60,000,000 and 80,000,000. The teas grown here are the finest in the world,
and its supplies to foreign countries are about seven»eighths of the whole
product exported from the e111pir.e The amount sent forward from China in
1850, is given ofliciallyasf';0110ws to Russia, 75000000 lbs; France, 2,000,000
lbs.' , Holland, 3, 000,000 lbs.' , Great Britai1i,2,000,1’)00 lbs. ; and the United
States, 30, 000, 000 lbs. , the total valuation of which shipments cannot fall
far short of $30, 000,000. The 1ich silk fabrics of Suchan are brought to
Shanghai, as well as numerous other articles of valuable traffic, all of which
may be more readily purchased here than at Canton, which po1t1eceives
its principal export supplies from the fo1mer. The 1111po1tance of Shanghai
as a po1t of entrance for the Ameiican me1chant oi'fe1s incalculable ad-

vantages.
SHIPPING, U. S. Tunnage of the pr1nc1pal 01t1es of the U. S. :
Tone and 9515115.
The city of New York has of registered, enrolled, and licensed tunnage, . 1,262,798.08
“ Boston " . 495.879.51
"' I’hiladelp hia , “ “ “ “ . . 268,746.62
"‘ New Orleans “ “ “ “ . 183,318.08
“ Baltimore “ “ “ “ . . 170,835.35
“ New Bed ford “ ‘f “ “ . 165.910.28
“ Bath “ “ “ “ . . 154.501.27
“ Portland “ “ “ “ . 123,672.48
“ W altlsbmongh “ “ “ “ . . 122,735.80
No other city in the United States reaches 100, 000 tuns.
The aggregates 111 e, of retristered tunnage, . . . . . 2,333,819.16
Of enrolled and licensed tunnage, . . . . . . . 2,469.083A7

 

 

Total, . . . . . . . 4,802,902.6_3

The number and class of vessels builtin the principal ship-building States of
the United States during the fiscal year ending 30th June, 1854. The totals
in some of the States me as follows:

Maine, the largest number, . . . . . . 848
New York next largest number, . . . . . 300
Pennsylvania . . . . . . 237
Massachusetts,“ . . . . . 180
Maryland “ . . . . 122

No other State reaches the number of 100.

The aggregate number of all the vessels, of every class, built 1n the several
States and Territo1ies, is 1, ’77 4 of which 334 were ships and barques. Their
tunnage amounted to 535, 636. 01 95ths.

812 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

SHIPPING, U. S.——-continued.

A Comparative View 01' the Registered and Enrolled Tunnage of the United States, showing
the tunnage employed in the Whale Fishery; also, the proportion of the enrolled and
licensed tunnage employed in the Coasting Trade, Cod Fishery, Mackerel Fishery, and
Whala Fishery, from 1815 to 1854, inclusive.

 

 

 

Rem‘s- ‘Tunnaqe Proportion of the Enrolled Tun-
P a. tefed 1 employ- nage employed in the

Y ear‘ {3&3}: Enrolled Total tnnnage ed in .
°' Tuunage. Tunnage. in Steam - | Muck- 5'3 i?
Tunnave. . Cnustmw Cod 3* a;

*3 Whale Navrga— Trade *3 Fi“her erel .4: _:

Fishery. tion. ' a y. Fishery E
1815 854,294 513,833 363,127 435,066 26,510 . . . . 1,229
1816 800,759 571,458 372,218 .. . . . . . . 479,979 87,879 . . . . 1,168
1317 309,724 590,136 399,921 3,471 .... 431,457 53,996 ... . 349
1813 606,088 619,095 325,184 16,134 . . . . 503,140 58,551 . . . . 614

1319 612,930 647,321
1320 919,047 661,113
1321 619,396 679,062
1322 623,150 696,543
1323 639,920 696,644
1324 669,972 729.190
1325 700,737 722,323
1326 737.973 796,210
1 1327 747,170 373,437
| 1323 312,619 923,772 1
1.329 651,142 610,654
1330 576,675 615,311
1331 620,451 647,394
1332 636,939 752,460
1333 750,026 356,123

60,751 31,700 .... 523,556 65,944 .. .. 636
30,166 35,391 .. .. 539,930 60,342 .. .. 1,053
,4 93,953 26,079 .. .. 559,435 51,351 .. .. 1,924
,1 24,699 45,449 .. .. 573,030 53,405 .. . . 3,:133
,: 36,565 39,913 24,379 566,408 67,621 .. .. 535
39,163 33,165 21,609 539,223 63,419 . . .. 130
, 23,110 35,379 23,061 537,273 70,626 ..
, 34,139 41,757 34,053 666,429 63,761 226
, 20,607 45,653 40,197 732,937 74,043 323
, 41,391 54,621 39,413 753,922 74,947 130

60,797 57,234 54,936 508,353 191,796 ..
, 91,776 33,911 64,471 516,973 61,554 35,973 792
, 67,346 32,315 34,445 539,723 60,977 46,210 431
439,450 72,363 90,313 649,627 54,027 47,427 377
r ,606,149 101,153 101,349 744,193 62,729 43,725 47
1334 357,433 901,463 ,753,907 1108,0611 122,315 733,613 54,493 61,032 364
13:35 335,520 939.113 ,324,940- 97,640 122,315 792,301 72,374 64,443 ..
1336 397,774 934,323 ,320,132 144,630 145,556 373,023 62,307 64,425 1,573

31
9

waLaoqaovAcvwovwmw

 

 

   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
 
 
 
  
 
     

HHHHHHHH—AHHHHp—‘r—IHI—‘HHHHH

1337 310,447 1,036,233 ,‘6,685 127,241 154,764 956,930 30,551 46,319 1,394
1233 822,591 1,173,047 ,95,639 119,629 193,413 1,941,195 79,064 56,649 , 5,229
1339 334,244 1,262,234 ,996,473 131,345 204,933 1,153,551 72,253 35,933 439
1349 399,764 1,230,999 136,926 202,339 1,176,694 76,035 23,269 ..
,39,744 157,495 175,033 1,197.067 66,551 11,321 ..
,092390 151.612 229.661 1,045,753 54,304 16,096 377
,153,691 152,374 236,367 1,076,155 61,224 11,775 143
239,995 163,293 272,179 1,109,614 35,224 16,179 321
,417,002 190,695 326,013 1,190,393 69,325 21,413 206
2,562,034 139,930 347,393 1,239,370 72,516 36,463 439
2,339,045 193,353 404,341 1,452,623 70,177 31,451 ..
3,154,941 192,179 427,391 1,620,933 62,651 43,553 432
3,334,015 130,136 462,394 1,739,419 42,979 73,853 ..
_ ‘ . _ 3,535,454 146,016 525,946 1,755,796 35,646 53,111
182; 1.726307 2946.123 3,772,439 131,614 533,697 1,354,317 37,475 50,539
13.3. 1,899,443 2,233,992 4,133,440 193,797 643,249 2,993,021 102,659 72,546
1353 2,193,674 2,303,336 4,497,910 193,203 514,997 2,134,256 109,227 59,359
21°54 2,333,819 2,469,983 , 4,392,902 131,991 676,607 2,273,900 102,194 35,041

SHIPPING OF THE WORLD.

mum—4H
1—41—4
(0
p
.1
ca
,4.

1841 , 845,893 1,184,940
18-12 975,358 1,117,031
1843 1,009,305 1,149,297

 

1344 1,963,764 1,211,330
1345 1995,172 1,321,329
1346 1,131,236 1,431,793
1347 1,241,312 1,597,732
1343 1,360,336 1,793,155
1349 1,433,941 1,395,973
1350 1,535,711 1,949,743

ICIOKOKOKO

 

 

 

(i423 A’SM'JLZA - .4 ,

   
 

 

   
   
   
   

  

     
       
     
  

 

  

- Number Tunnage
. Tunnage of vessels , of vessels
Countries. Years. of vowels of vessels entered entered
possessed. possessed. and and
cleared. cleared.

 

    

 
   

British‘ Empire, ........ . . . . . . . . : .............. 888,089 32,496,387
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII O . 0

United States, ......... . . .............. ’ 862,854 fifi‘fi‘

France, ......................... 14,304 ‘ a . - - ‘ 3.6165719

 

 

2 17313353166.

ADDENDA. 813 -

SHIPPING OF THE WORLD—continued.

  

Number Tunnage

       

 

 

  

 

     

      
        
     
 

 

 

Number Tunnage of vessels of vessels
Countries. Years. of vessels of vessels entered entered
possessed. possessed. and and
cleared. cleared. ‘
A , 1
France, ......................... 1854 14,354* 716,000* ...... 10, 000,000*
Spain and Colonies, ............. 1850 7,606 361,401 10,977 1,387,468

“ “ ............. 1854 7 ,986* 379,421* 11,526 1,456,841
Portugal, ....................... 1848 7 89 80,525 ...........

“ ....................... 1854 886* 86,156* . . . . . . .....
Sardinia, Tuscany, Papal States,

and Naples, including Sicily, . . . 1854 17,066+ 546,021+ ...........

Austria, ........................ 1849 6,083 259,583 ...........

“ ........................ 1854 7,600* 324,000" ...........
Greece, ......................... 1854 3,970 264,981 ...... . . . . .
Turkey, ........................ 1854 2,220 182,000 ...........

. Egypt, ......................... 1854 280 38,790 ...........
Mexico, Brazil, and all the States
of Central and South America, . . 1854 1,530* 193,735“ ...........
Sandwich and Society Islands,. . . 1854 100 3,000 ...........
Belgium, ....................... 1850 149 30,577 4,792 706,605

“ ...................... 1854 No incr’se. 36,000" ...........
Holland, ........................ 1850 1,793 396,924 13,986 2,236,835

" ....................... 1854 2048* 456459" 15,7 71* 2,47 2,07 5*
Hanover and Oldenburg, . . . . . . . . 1854 500* 40,000* ...... .. .. .
Hamburg, ...................... 1852 3691 119,884 8,920 1,686,749

“ . . . . 2,000§ 101,664§ ...........
Lubeck, . . . . 70* 9,380 2400* 430,000‘
Bremen, ........................ . . . . ...... .. .... . . 3,000* 480,000“
Mecklenburg, ................... . . . . 150* Unknown. 1,000* Unknown.
Prussia, ........................ 1849 1,531 288,638 ...........

“ ........................ 1854 4080* 368,800* 10,315 1,063,7 36
Denmark, ...................... 1852 4,695 189,190 107,571 1,074,108 I
Norway, ........................ 1851 ...... 368,632 19,447 1,928,022
S weden , ........................ 1852 886]! 147, 92811 ...... 1 ,37 2,67 2
Russia, ......................... 1852 i800 or less. ........ 17,022? 8,090,8141

 

     
   

   

 

The floating tunnage of the Whole civilized world, (excluding only China.
and the East,) may consist of nearly 136,000 vessels of 14,500,000 tuns.

SHIPWRECKS. The shipwrecks of the eighteen months, ending May 1855, count
up near eight thousand dead. Amongr the most prominent in the great loss
of life are the following: Steamers—Birkenhead, ’7 00 ; Cit-y of Glasgow, 500;
San Francisco, 200; Arctic, 330 ; Yankee Blade, 40; Forerunner, 14; Launch,
24; Pearl, 18. Sailing vessels—Olympus and Trade NVind, 24; Walter Glax-
ton, 13; ship E. Z., 19; cutter Hamilton, 15; Tayleur, 370; Staliordshire,
180; Favorite, 201; Mary Jane, 144; Santa Anna, 70; Powhattan, 330;
New Era, 2'77; Johannes, 84; Abadish, 701; Mercedes, 731; W. 11. Davis,
29; Annie Jane, 375; Europa, 18; Waldron, 85; Leviathan, 28; Warren,
14. Total, 5,534. The full extent of losses on vessels which have met With
disasters reported in American papers, in some way connected with Ameri-
can trade, embracing inland trade, exceeds 4,000 in the last twelve months,
(1853—54.) The Whole reported from every part of the world is over 10,000.
Up to 1850 the average losses reported from every section reach 3,000 per

 

* Estimated. ‘ § Coasting.
'1' Reported, but not officially. 5 Exclusive of coasting trade.
1 Sea-going. 1 Russian vessels and tunnage about one-eighth.

814 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

annum. The losses of the last twelve months exceed those of an three
previous years. Over fifty vessels in that time have not been hear from.
Among the missing vessels the last year not heard from are:

Packet-ships Constitution and Waterloo, full cargoes, . . . $200,000
Steamer City of Glasgow, total loss, . . . . . 1,000,000
wnncxs.
Loss by fog—Steamer Humboldt (Halifax Harbor), . . . 1,200,000
“ Steamer Franklin (Long Island), . . . 1,500,000
“ Ship Montezuma, . . . . . . . . . .
“ Ship 0. Jerome, . . . . .
“ A Bremen ship—300 passengers, . . . . . . . .
“ Steamer Arctic, . . . . . . 2,000,000
Total, . . . . . . $7,500,000

The steamer San Francisco, with troops, and many others.

The losses paid by Marine Insurance Companies for the year 1854. in New
York alone, exceed $12,000,000. Two hundred and one vessels were reported
in a single week in the Journal of Commerce. The losses on land byfire and
storms, for the year 1854, are not less than $18,000,000—making not less, in
all, than $30,000,000.

SLAVES STATES OF U. S.——EI)UCATION IN. There are in the slave States
2,867,567 native whites over 20 years of age, of whom 494,161, or just 17.23
per cent. are returned as “illiterate,” while in the free States there are
6,649,001 of the same kind of population, of whom 273,623 are returned as
“illiterate,” or just 4.12 per cent. The slave States show more than seven-
teen persons in a hundred, over 20. years of age, who cannot read and write.
In New England, only one person in 400, over 20 years of age, is incapable
of reading and writing; while in the slave States, the ratio is one in twelve.

       
 
   
          

 

l

 

 

Native Whites at Per cent.

States. Whites. School. at School.
Arkansas .......... 159,946 23,832 13.33
Georgia. . . . : ....... 514,566 76,914 14.95
South .Carolma 266,000 89,998 15.03
Virginia ........... 871,893 109,500 12.26

      

 

On the other hand, take four free States, similarly situated as to the amount
of population:

FM- .

 
   

 

 

 

States. Native Whites at Per cent.
Whites. School. at School.
Wisconsin ......... 198,478 45,441 28.48
Maine ............. 549,674 182,770 33.25
Vermont .......... 279,383 83,656 ' 31.73

. Massachusetts ...... 819,044 209,854 25.62
“M

In every case we find that the free States have nearly double the number at
school of the slave States, and in some instances more than double the num-

 

 

ADDENDA. 815

her. The same result may be exhibited by the comparative circulation of
the newspaper and periodical press. In New England, the circulation of
literary papers is in the ratio of 5.30 to each person of the white popula-
tion ; in the Middle States 8.24; and in the Southern States 1.05. Of polia
tical papers, the circulation in New England holds a ratio of 16.38 to each
person; in the Middle States 16.30; and in the Southern States 6.18. The
ratio of religious papers in New England is 2.28 to each person; in the
Middle States 3.13, and in the Southern States 0.70. The Southern States
here spoken of are Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and
Florida, excluding the South-western slave States, which would greatly ag-
gravate the ratio. The whole number of periodicals, of all kinds, religious,
political, literary, scientific and miscellaneous, printed in the slave and free
States, foots up in this wise:

Free. Piglfiedfaghriiglsl y. Slave. Pgiitedfagiiiiiizilsl y.
California, . . . . . 761.200 Alabama, . . . . . 2,662,741

Connecticut, . . . . 4,267,932 Arkansas, . . . . . 377.000
Illinois, . . . . . . 5,102,276 Delaware, . . . . . 421,200

Indiana, . . . . . 4,316,828 Florida, . . . . . 31 9, 800
Iowa, . . . . . . 1 ,512,800 Georgia, . . . . . 4.070. 866
Mai n e, . . . . . 4,203,064 Kentucky, . . . . 6,582, 833
M assaeh usetts, . . . . 64, 820,564 Louisian a, . . . . . 1 2,416,224
Michigan, . . . . . 3,247,736 Maryland, . . . . . 19,612,724
New Hampshire, . . . . 3,067,552 Mississippi, . . . . . 1,752,504
N ew Jersey, . . . . 4,098,678 Missouri, . . . . . 6,195.560
Ne w York, . . . . 115,385,473 North Carolin a, . . . . 2, 020.564
Ohio, . . . . . . 30,473.407 South Carolina, . . . 7 ,145,930

Pennsylvania, . . . . 84.898672 Tennessee, . . . . . 6,9403 50
Rhode Island, . . . . 2,756,950 Texas, . . . . . 1,296.924
Vermont, . . . . . 2,567,662 Virginia, . . . . . 9,223,068
Wisconsin, . . .. . 2, 665,487 ————-
———-— Total, . . 7 8,7 38,693

Total, . . 333,997,082

The copies printed in the free States are more than four times the number
printed in the slave States. The number of whites in the slave States, in 1850.
was 6,222,418, and in the free States was 13,330,650; showing that while
the latter does not double the former, the papers printed in the latter more
than quadruple the former! About the same prOportion holds in regard to
the public libraries-school, college, and church libraries included—of these
districts. The States of New York and Pennsylvania each print more pe-
riodicals in a year than all the slave States together, (New York about
double,) and Massachusetts alone nearly as many. The volumes open to the
use of the public in New York more than double all the volumes in all the
slave States, though New York has only one-half their white population.
Virginia has a white population of 894,800, and Massachusetts of 977,154;
but the public volumes of Virginia are only 88,464, while those of Massa-
chusetts are 684,015. The State of New Hampshire, with less than half the
White population of Virginia, has more than double the number of libraries,
with a nearly equal number of .volumes. The little State of Rhode Island,
no bigger than a Virginia corn-field, has more public books by some 14,000
than all Virginia; and Massachusetts has more than all the fifteen slave
States.

SLAVE—TRADE. Official returns made to the foreign office in London show
that from the year 1840 to the year 1848, inclusive, 594 vessels, containing
37,824 slaves, were captured by the British squadron, and 556 of them con-
demned. It has been estimated by the English statician McQueen, that the
loss sustained by slave-traders in consequence of the captures or presence of
African cruisers, from the year 1800 to 1847, was £30,240,000.

816 rue wonLD’s pnoennss.

SOVEREIGN S (REIGN ING) OF EUROPE

 
 
   

 

  

 

 

9
4
Name. Title. State. Iggy 113221211. 3 Rehgion.
he
_____ __ _ ‘5 .________
Oscar I ........ King ...... Sweden and Norway.. July 4, 1799 Mar. 8, 1844 4.5 Lutheran
Alexander 11.. Emperor.. . Russia ............... 1855 .. Greek Chur.
Frederic VIL. King ...... Denmark ............ Oct. 6, 1808,an. 20, 1348 39 Lutheran
Victoria 1. .. . . Queen ..... Great Britain ........ May 24, 1819.June 20, 1887 18 l‘rot. Epis.
William III. . . . King ...... Holland 01’ Netherlds. . Feb. 19, ISIYiMflt. 17, 1849 32 Reformed
Leo old I ..... “ Belgium ............. Dec. 16, 1790‘July 21, 183140 Lutheran*
Fre . Wm. IV. “ Prussia ............ .. Oct. 1;”), 1795IJune 7, 184045 Evangelical
John ......... “ Saxony ............. Dec. 12, 1301‘Aug. 10, 1854 52 Catholic‘
}eorge V ...... “ Hanover ............. May 27. 1819,Nov. 18, 1851 33 Evangelical
Fred. Francis. Grand Duke:Mecklenburg-Schwer- Feb. 28, 1823 Mar. 7, 1542 19 Lutheran
George ....... “ Meeklenburg-Strelitz . Aug. 12, 1779 Nov. 6, 18i6 37 “
l’eter ........ “ Oldenburg . .. ....... July 8, 1827,11‘eb. 27, 1853 26 “
William ...... Duke ,,,,, Brunswick ......... .. Apr. 25, 1300 Apr. 25, 1831 ‘35 “
Adolphus . . . . “ Nassau ............. July 24, 1317 Aug. 20, 1839 2:! Evangelical
Chs. Alexander “ Buxc-Wcimur-Eisen June 24, 1818.11in 8, 1853 35 Lutheran
Ernest II ...... “ b‘nxe-Coburg-Gotha. .. June 21, 1818 Jan. 29, 1844 '26 “
Bernard ...... “ Saxe-Meiningen . . . . . Dec. 17, 1800 Dec. 24. 1803 3 “
Ernest ....... “ Suxe-Altenburg ...... Sept. 16, 18-26 A ug. 8, 1358 27 “
Leopold ...... “ Anhnlt-Dessuu ....... Oct. 1, 1794 Aug. 9, 1817 22 Evangelical
Alexander . . .. “ Anhult-Bernburg ..... Mar. 2, 1805 Mar. 24, 1834 29 “
Gunther .. .. .. Prince . . . . Schwarzburg—leolst. Nov. 6, 1793 Apr. 28, 1807 13 Lutheran
Gunther ...... “ SchwutzbbrgrSouder'n Sept. 24, 1801 Sept. 3, 133534 “
Henry XX. ... “ teuss, Elder Line . . . . June 29, 1794 Oct. 31, 1836 4:? “
Henry LXII.. . “ Reuss, Younger Line. May 31, 1785 Apr. 17, 1318 83 “
Leopold ..... u LippeDetmoid ...... Sept. 1, 1821 Jan. 1, 1351 30 Reformed
George ....... “ Lippe-Schauinburg.. .lDeo. 20, 1784 Feb. 13, 1737 2 “
George Victor. “ thleck ............. ‘Jan. 14. 1831 May 15, 18-1514 Evangelical
Ferdinand .. .. Lendgrave , llesse-llomburg ...... lApr. 26, 1733 Sept. 8, 1848 65 Reformed
Frederic‘l‘ ..... Prince Reg. Baden .......... . . . . .‘Sept. 9, 1826 Mar. 30, 1852 26 Evangelical
Frederic Wm.. Elector .. . . Hesse Cassel ......... iAug. 20, 1302 Nov. 20, 1847 45 Reformed
Louls III ...... Grand Duke [lease-Durulstadt ..... EJ une 9, 1806 June 16, 1848 42 Lutheran
Qhas. Antony: Prince ..... lIohenzol’wSiginnr‘n .Se t. 7, 1311 Aug. 27, 184837 Catholic
l‘rederict .. . . “ llohenzol‘n-Heehin'n. Fe . 16, 1801 Sept. 13, 133$ 37 "
Alovs ......... “ Liehenstein .......... May 26, 1796 Apr. 20, 188 10 “
Wlllialn ‘I. . . . . King ...... Wurteniberg ........ Sept. 27, 1781 Oct. 80, 1816 85 Lutheran
fiqumhan II. “ Bavaria ..... . ........ Nov. 28, 1811 Mar. 21, 184 37 Catholic-
hrau. Joseph 1. Emperor... Austria .............. Aug. 18, 1880 Dec. 2, 1845 18 “
Na )oleon 111.. " France .............. Apr. 20, 1808 Doc. 2, 1852 44 “
Isa ella ll ..... Queen ..... Spain. . . . . ........... Oct. 10, 1830!Sept. 29, 1888 8 “
1 9d“) V-§ ----- King .. . ,,.. Portugal. ........... Sept. 16, 1837|Nov. 15, 185".1 16 “
Vict. Eman. 11. “ Sardinia ............. Mar. 14, 13203Mar. 23, 1849 29 “
Leopold II. . . . Grand Duke Tuscany . . . .. ...... . Oct. 8, 1797'June 18, 1824 '26 “
Itobert” . . . Duke ..... Purina ............. . . July 9, 184S'Mar. 27, 1854 5 “
{renew V.. . . . “ Modena and Mensa. . . . June 1, 1819 Jan. 21, 1846.26 “
1 ms IX. ...... Pope ...... States of the Church. . May ‘13, 1792 June 21, 1846 54 “
Ferdinand II... King . . .. . . Two Sicilies ......... Jan. 12, 1810'Nov. 8, 18. 320 “
Otho I. .. . .. . .. “ Greece ..... . ........ June 1, 1815 May ’7, 18:32:17 Oathol‘lc‘
ébdulMedJid Sultan ..... Turkey ......... Apr. 28,1823July 2, 1889,16 Mahomm'
1:19restan ..... Prince Monaco. . . .. ......... 'oct. 10, 1735 Oct. 2, 1841 56 Catholic
bmbe ll ...... Hospodar .. Wallachia ........... l .. June 16, 1849] Greek cm.
Ghike ........ “ Moldavia ............ Unite 16, 18491 “

          
         

r'é'l‘he King of Be vium is a Protestant, though his subjects are mostly Cotholia ' the King

0 axon i . , i
of G y s a Cetho ic, though the greater part of his sub acts are Protestants , and thfiifinfi , :

reece is a Catholic, though most of his subjects are of t 0 Greek Church. 0! the 15,

Eumpean subjects of the Sultan of Turkey 11 870 000 are of the Greek Climb end mm
are Catholics. Only 8,800,000 are Maliometnns. ’ l

1‘ The Gr (1 D k ,
reason of iniinitytl e 0! Baden is Louis, born Aug. 15' 1893’ who is under “”31”,.” 3.,

" Rec. 7, 1349. These two princes abdicated in favor of the King of Prank. ~
the regent or the kingdom is Ferdinand, husband of the late queen, e 1309 (If
,, . ‘-: “We.” , ,

I Under the sovereignty orTurkey. and the protection of Blush. ' ‘ w ’

”a

l
i

 

ADDENDA. 817

STAGES. In 1749 there was a daily stage route between Newark, N. J., and
New York, during the summer months only. The number of passengers in
one season was considered large at 3.000 ; the number of passengers over the
railroad to the same place was, in 1850, 959,000!

STEAMBOATS, REPORT FOR 1854 OF THE BOARD or SUPERVISING INSPECTORS or IN

U. S.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

« 2 -._ l
O 0 ' - ,r: u _ :3 I I I :0 w
5-3 ‘P :13 or c °~‘, 3 5 8 E, a E i: E. -1 ‘5
>12 :22 42“?» ‘92 2 E: 2:2 2‘3 ._.
_ , as g: .2222; E: 3 22 ac}? :8 are
Local Districts. 3 33‘ 6 g .3 -5 h 9 :3 g :7: g 3 '21 g z: E ‘5 8 2 c 3
mgs we 2323.52 :29 '5. :3 e”; =8 as;
25 g 25.9. “533i: “55‘ “5 “—151 “5530 “5.5 “—5
h > h > 5 O (I; O b!) C
#4ng L‘h HgCrH hO L4 gut-3 2., .0 1.: 43,2
:90 09° 0;“:30 Q>_> Q) 0:: 0mg, 00 :9
3":5 '9‘“ £013.90 '05 '9 '23 83> "on: 5%
Ego Ev 8 $.55 Egg 8 :52 sec: E: ‘30
:rQ 5CD .1168er 5L1 5 5m :19»? :05 55>
Z Z Z Z Z: Z Z Z <1
1——Portland 8 . . 2 . . 12 17 . . . . 4.447
Boston ......... 26 . . . . 2 28 33 1 . . 11,289
New London 19 .. .. .. 21 19 .. .. 7,707
2—New York ...... 112 . . 3 . . 159 338 .. . . 68,2l0
Philadelphia? . . .. - . . . .. 53 S3 3 3 ..
3—Baltimore ...... 31 2 1 2 57 57 13 1 12,640
Norfolk ........ 11 .. . . .. 15 18 .. . . 2,164
Charleston ...... 15 . . 1 1 34 86 . . . . 5,050
Savannah+ ...... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
4—New Orleans. . . . 91 .. 9 . . 255 310 . . 18 80,694
Mobile ......... 30 2 21 18 111 99 2 5 7,644
Galveston ...... 10 3 2 . . 13 19 . . 2 1,450
San Francisco*n ‘25 2 .. 1 11‘ 75 .. .. ..
5——St. Louis ....... 100 12 33 5 385, 345 7 20 32,267
6—Lonisville . . . . 88 . . 3 4 150, 205 6 3 28.104
Nashville ....... 39 1 1 . . 78 81 2 8 9,571
7—Pittsburg ....... 69 4 .. . . 133 179 12 5 14,144
Wheeling ...... 23 , . . 2 .. 82 135 .. 1 . .
Cincinnati ...... 68 27 . . 3 242 220 7 19
8—Chicago* ...... ' . 9 2 3 23 23 . . . . . . 1
Detroit ......... 30 8 2 5 63 48 . . . . 12,612 g
Supervising . . . . 17 2 2 1 l 29 27 1 .. 2,129 '
9—Butfalo ......... 43 . . 1 1 | 94 102 . . . . 40,150 I
Cleveland ...... 12 . . . . .. | 46 24 . . .. 6,999 :
Oswego ........ 5 . . . . .. 25 19 .. . . 4,185
Burlington ..... 7 . 16 12 . . .. 4,600 1

 

 

 

STEAMBOAT BUILDING. The annual report on commerce and navigation,
gives the following aggregate of the number of steamboats built 1n the United
States since 1824—thirty years—in periods of five years each:

From 1824 to 1829, . . 194 From 1844 to 1849, . . 960
“ 1829 to 1834, . . . 304 “ 1849 to 1854, . . 1,203

“ 1834 to 1839, . . 504 u—
‘= 1839 to 1344,. . .522 Total. . . .3,695

STEAM ENGINE. A patent was granted in England in 1618, for a steam—or
as it is there designated, a “ fire-engine, for taking ballast out of rivers and
for raising fresh Water.” It is supposed to have been an invention brought
from Italy, Where it is stated to have been anteriorly used. Brancas, an

* Report not complete. 1' No report received, on account of prevalence of yellow fever.
82

 

818 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

Italian philosopher, published at Rome, in 1629, a book on the subject.—
lVade’s Brit. Hist. A complete steam-engine, weighing only three fourths of
an ounce, and capable of full motion, was finished and intended for exhibition
at the Crystal Palace by an ingenious mechanic of Saddleworth, Yorkshire,

in Feb. 1851. The tubular boiler was invented by Col. John Stevens, Hobo—
ken, N. J., 1805.

STEAM NAVIGATION. The steamer Atlantic, 3,500 tune, the first of Collins’
line, sailed for Liverpool, from New York, April 27, 1850. Steam com-
munication between Philadelphia and Liverpool opened by the “City
of Glasgow,” arrived at Philadelphia, Jan. 1, 1851. The first steamer that
ever crossed the Atlantic was the “Savannah,” 350 tuns, from Savannah,
Geo., to Liverpool, which port she reached 20th July, 1819.-——.Marwade’s Com.
Report. The first steamboat that ascended the Mississippi was commanded
by Capt. Henry M. Shreeve, who subsequently invented the steam snag-boat;
he died in 1851. The number of steamboats on the Western waters in 1850
was estimated at 575, investing a capital of $60,000,000, and employing
15,000 hands. The annual cost to the U. S. government of the Steam Mail
Service in 1854, was distributed as follows:———Collins’ line, New York and
Liverpool, $858,000; Ocean Steam Navigation Company, New York and
Bremen, $183,333.26 ; do, do., do., do., New York and Havre, $137,500; New
York, Havana and New Orleans, $289,000; Panama and Oregon line,
$318,250; Charleston and Havana line, 50,000.—Total, $1,866,083.26. The
first steamer on Lake Nicaragua began its trips January, 1851. Duty paid by
Cunard Steamers at Boston, in 1847, was $1,199,971 78; in 1850, $1,322,383
30. Marine Steam Force of Great Britain in 1851 was—147 ships, including
3 in Canada, and 32 iron steamers, 11 ranging from 1,547 to 1,980 tuns. A
discovery in 1851 of a work in the archives of Venice, of a treatise on
“ Navigation by Fire," by M. Gautier, Mem. Roy. Soc. Paris, shows that the

professor’s plans for steam navigation were exhibited by him to the Venetian
Republic in 1756.

STEAM AND POWDER EXPLOSIONS. The most fatal accident of this
nature in 1849 was that of the steamboat Louisa, at N. 0., Nov. 15, when
60 persons were killed and 92 wounded and missing. During 1850 the
number of steamboats lost in the Western waters was 53, and 64 seriously
injured. Nearly 700 persons lost their lives, and $1,500,000 of property
was destroyed from January to June, 1854. The whole number of steamers
destroyed was 63, the number of lives lost 516, and the amount of property

lost $2,244,500. The causes of the accidents were collision 10, fire 17, ice 5,
snagged 23, explosion 8.

SUEZ CANAL. M. Lesseps, formerly French Consul in Egypt, and uncle to the
French Empress, has obtained from the Viceroy, Said Pacha, a firman,
granting to a. company, of which he is a director, the applied-for authority
to make a ship-canal across the Isthmus of Suez, connecting the Mediterran».
ean w1th the Red Sea. The canal, seventy-five miles long, is to be com
pleted in twelve years, the company having the right of levying a toll on
all vessels passing through for ninety-nine 'ears. The capital is to be raised
by shares, and M. Lesseps expresses himsel as being promised the support of
eminent bankers in France and Germany. Egypt will not be called upon

, to make any outlay ; the Viceroy is to have fifteen per cent. of the net pro-

fits, and at the expiration of the lease, the works are to become the r0 ert
of this Government. p P y

SUGAR. A hundred years ago the Jesuits brought a few bundles of cane from
Hispamola, and planted them in the second municipality of New Oriana.

,
l

 

ADDENDA. 819

In 1759 the first sugar-mill was erected. In 1840 the number of slaves em-
ployed in the sugar culture was 148,890, and the product was 119,947 hogs-
heads, of 1,000 pounds each, and 600,000 gallons of molasses—Mobile
Register.

TEA. Quantity imported into Great Britain in 1849, 53,460,751 lbs. The duty

upon it amounted to £5,471,671. This is an increase of nearly 50 per cent.
over the imports of 1840.

TELEGRAPH, ELECTRIC. The crude idea was started by Schwenter, a German,
in 1636. In 1684 the celebrated Hooke presented a communication to the
Royal Society, “ showing how to communicate one’s mind at great distances,
not by sound but by sight !” In 1774, Le Sage of Geneva submitted a plan
for an electric telegraph, to Frederick the Great, as “the monarch best cap-
able of realizing it.” In 1787, Lomond, of Paris, exhibited to Arthur Young,
“an alphabet of motions” appertaining to an electric telegraph; the dis-
tances to be accomplished by which, Young expressly states, “depended
solely on the length of the wires.” In Jan. 1851, twenty-two thousand miles
ofa continuous telegraph route, extending from Halifax, N. S., to New 0r-
leans, and as far West as Dubuque, Iowa, was accomplished as follows: Pro-
fessor Morse’s principle, 12,000; Messrs. House and Bain, 10,000 miles. Dec.
2. 1851, a dispatch of 34 words was sent from New York to New Orleans, a
distance of 1,900 miles, and an answer received in less thanfiveminutes; the
whole distance traversed being 3,800 miles. Bakewell's copying electric
telegraph experimented on, Apr. 1851, gave fae-similies of autographs, at the
rate of 120 to 150 letters per minute. The submarine telegraph between
Dover and Calais, completed Oct. 17, opened for public use Nov. 13, 1851.
The President’s Message (1854) was telegraphed, by the Morse line, through
from New York to Buffalo—dropping at intermediate offices—in 5h. 30111.
This was a great feat.

TELEGRAPH, IN EUROPE. In Nov. 1854, the operation of laying down the wires
of the under—ground electric telegraph between Dover and the metropolis
was completed; and a junction having been effected with the submarine
cable, a direct communication was at once established between the oflices of
the “European and Submarine Printing Telegraph Company” in Cornhill
and Paris.

England and Ireland—The Irish Electric Telegraph Company completed their
work in 1852 ; the cable being manufactured by Newall, Milnes, and Gordon,
of N ewcastle-on-Tyne, who supplied the Dover and Calais line. The Irish
line was laid in eighteen hours; and in another hour the cable was ashore,
the connexion completed with the land wires; and the indicators at the
Dublin terminus of the Drogheda Railway, in Amiens street, were conversing

with those at the terminus of the Chester and Holyhead Railway, in Holy-
head.

The Continent—The lines of Electric Telegraph completed in the Netherlands,
connect Amsterdam, Breda, Rotterdam, Haarlem, Dordrecht, and La Haye,
now for the first time, with Great Britain, by means of the submarine wires.
The following cities and towns, with others of lesser note, are also in com-
munication with the offices in Cornhill, Londonz—Agram, Aix—la-Chapelle,
Amiens, Antwerp, Augsburg, Avignon, Baden, Berlin, Bonn, Bordeaux,
Boulogne-sur-Mer, Bremen, Breslau, Bruges, Brunswick, Brussels, Calais,
Cassel, Coblentz, Cologne, Cracow, Dantzic, Dieppe, Dijon, Dresden, Dun-
kirk, Dusseldorf, Florence, Frankfort-on-Maine, Friburg, Ghent, Gotha, Ham-
burg, Hanover, Havre, Kehl Strasbourg, Konigsbnrg, Leghorn, Leipsic, Lem-
burg, Lisle, Lucca, Lyons, Metz, Magdeburg, Malines, Mannheim, Mantlm,

820 THE WORLD’S paoenass.

Marseilles, Mayence, Milan, Munich, Modena, Nantes, Nuremburg,‘0stend,
Padua, Paris, Pesth—Bude, Posen, Prague, Presburg, Parma, Rouen,‘St. Omer,
Stettin, Stuttgard, Strasbourg, Trieste, Venice, Verona, Vienna, W'eimar.
Picdmont.—-—A network of Telegraphic lines will soon be spread over the
whole kingdom, for the use of the public at large; and the best methods ap-
pear to have been adopted to combine economy in the construction. with
efficiency in the service. But the line between Turin and Genoa, which has
been already completed, has a peculiar feature. From Turin to Arquata the
suspended wires follow the railroad; but from the latter place to Genoa, a
chain of the Appennines intervenes, and there the real difficulties began.
Mountains had to be bored, long tunnels constructed, deep ravines filled, and
viaducts and bridges erected, before the railroad between Arquata and
Genoa could be finished. Meanwhile, an immediate establishment of a‘tele-
graphic communication with Genoa being urgently wanted, the engineer
Bouelli, Director of the Electric Telegraphs in Piedmont, adopted a bold
and novel expedient, by which he has successfully overcome all difficulties.
He has thrown and suspended his Wires from mountain to mountain at ini-
mense altitudes, and in straight lines, riding over deep ravines and valleys,
without any intermediate supports, the poles being fixed on the summits at
distances varying from 800 to 1,300 yards apart; occasionally, and when
local circumstances require it, as in passing through villages and towns, the
line is continued under ground, out of which emerging, and again meeting
with high mountains, it resumes its flight, in the shape of a wire bridge from
crest to crest; this again sinks under ground to travel below the streets of
Genoa, till it reaches the station in the Ducal Palace. This picturesque line
of telegraph is so well arranged, and the isolation of its wires so perfect,
that, notwithstanding the adverse circumstances presented by nature, it has
been at work daily and nightly during the worst part of the winter, and has
constantly been the ready and faithful messenger of the incessant movements
of the operator’s hand. The French engineers had hitherto boasted of their
successful adoption of long distances between the poles of the suspended
Wires, and their chef-d’aezwre of the kind is the line between the Passage
Jo'igfl‘roy, in Paris, and the Palace of the Assembly, in which the greatest
length of unsupported wire is 600 meters (equal to about 650 yards.) But
in the Sardinian line, the same principle has been successfully and repeatedly
carried to double that extent, under much more unfavorable circumstances.

TELEGRAPH, ATLANTIC. The experience of the Black Sea telegraph, for in-
stance, is thought to be conclusive, if shorter lines previously established
were not. From Balaklava to Varna the wires stretch under water more
than 350 miles, and not the slightest difficulty is experienced in using them.
There can then be no difficulty in sending electricity across the Atlantic by
the same means. The length of the wires from Ireland to Newfoundland will
be some 1,750 miles; they will lie on the sandy plain, which the soundings of
our Government have shown to stretch from land to land for the whole dis-
tance, With the exception of about two hundred miles next to the Irish coast,
wherethe bottom becomes irregular and the water deeper. The actual dis-
tance is some 1,600 miles only, but it will be necessary to make a detour
With the wires in order to carry them round the Banks where icebergs
often ground, and where the cable might be broken by their weight and
friction. The line from Ireland to Newfoundland is to be constructed by a
European Company, of which Mr. Brett, who has laid down most of the sub-
marine telegraphs of Europe, is a prominent member. The capital Of this
Company is two millions sterling, and the contracts—already perfected-401‘
the completion of the work, require that it shall be ready for operatiafi‘by

ADDEL-‘DA. 821

Jan. 22, 1858—-—less than three years hence. The cable of this part of the
line is to contain six telegraphic wires—like the great Mediterranean cable
now being laid down—and is to weigh eight tuns to the mile. In laying it
down, of course several steamers will be required, as no single vessel could
contain the enormous weight of the entire mass; but the ingenious manufac-
turers, Messrs. \V. Kaper & Co. ofLoudon, have contrived means of so splicing
it as to render the joints quite as strong and quite as serviceable as any other
part of the line. Thus, when one steamer has paid out her portion of the
cable, the end will be spliced upon the coil on board of the next steamer, and
so on till all is down. Should a storm arise during the process, the exceeding
strength of the cable, formed as it is of a mass of heavy iron wires wound
spirally around the thick tarred envelope and gutta percha cords which
contain the electric conductors, will be sufficient to hold the steamer as if
she were at anchor until the gale is over. Of course, the work will be done
in the summer months, when there is little danger of interruption from tem-
pests. The cable, when once sunk upon the bottom, will remain there for-
ever, below the rauge of marine animals, and safe from all disturbance. It
would be difiicult to fix a limit to its duration after it is once successfully
bedded. The Company which has undertaken the cis-Atlantie portion of
the work, is composed of some eight or more wealthy gentlemen, who pro-
pose to build the entire line from St. John’s, Newfoundland, to New York
with their own resources. Peter Cooper is the President, and Moses Taylor
the Treasurer of this Company. The American part of the line will be
1,200 miles in length, 71 of which will be under the Gulf of St. Lawrence,
and the cost of the whole is estimated at a million and a half of dollars.
The wires across Newfoundland will make 400 miles of the line, running
through a country hitherto unoccupied and unknown. In the cutting of the
path and other preparatory labors, the Company have had 400 men em~
ployed for a year (1854—5) in that island alone. They have been liberally
aided with grants of land from that colony, and have obtained advantage-
ous charts and grants elsewhere.

TELEGRAPH, THE SNAIL. The actuality of telegraphic communication by
medium of magnetism in snails, experimentally demonstrated by Prof. Gre-
gory of Edinburgh, May, 1851.

TEMPERANCE SOCIETIES. The benevolent influence of these associations
may be estimated from the fact that the amount of taxation in the State of
New York, in 1850, occasioned by pauper-ism and crime resulting from in-
temperance, was nearly $2,600,000, and the amount for the entire Union
during that period, and resulting from the evils of intemperanee, was over
$16,000,000. The daily expenditure in the 5,000 drinking places in New
York is calculated at over $40,000—in 1851. The revenues of Russia proper
amounted, in 1847, to £24,794,737, under these three significant heads:

Direct taxes. Indirect taxes. BRANDY Monoromr,
£7,27 5,458 £7,7 45,111 £9,7 7 4,167

While the direct taxation of the rich town of St. Petersburg, only produces
3,376,725 silver roubles, and the indirect some three millions more, the
imperial monopoly of ardent spirits yields 7,158,544 silver roubles. In Mos-
cow, this terrible monopoly produces the Czar 5,907,104 silver roubles, While
both direct and indirect taxation do not return four millions. By a state-
ment exhibiting the quantity of wine, spirits, etc., imported annually from
1843 to 1854, inclusive, it appears that there were imported during the
twelve years, of wine in casks, of all qualities, 51,867,411 gallons, or'an
annual average of 4,322,2841- gallons; that the aggregate value of thievwine

822 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

was $14,198,248, or an average yearly value of $1,183,187 33. That there
were imported of distilled spirits 36,711,441 gallons, or an average of
3,059,286% gallons per annum ; the aggregate value of which was $22,794,452,
or an average yearly value of $1,899,577 66. That there were of beer, ale
and porter, from England and Scotland, 3,594,455 gallons, the total value of
which was $2,408,617.

TIDES. The highest known are in the Bay of Fundy, Newfoundland, and the
Bay of Tonquin, Cochin China. That of the former rises 60 feet; the tide
at Chepstow (Monmouth, Eng.) rises 70 feet. That of Baffin’s Bay only 4
feet—(MM. Ross, 1819. Seeds dropped accidentally into the sea in the 1V. In—

dies, were subsequently found on the shores of the Hebrides.

UNITED STATES. Table of the debts and resources of the principal cities of
the Union:

  
   

     
   

      

 

  

 

        

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  
 

 

 

   
  

  
   
 

 

     
       
       
     
   

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

. . P0 ula— Taxable
Cities. Year. Debt. Year. tilim. Year. value.
8 $

New York, ............ Jan. 1, 1855 13,960,856 1855 700,000 1854 462,285,790
Albany, ............... May 1, 1855 2,632,016 1855 60,000 1854 21,506,261
Baltimore, .. Jim. 1, 1855 11,672,889 1855 200,000 1850 80,237,960
Boston, ................ Jan. 1, 1855 7,779,855 1855 160,000 1854 207,013.200
Brooklyn, Jan. 1, 1855 1,284,540 1855 200,000 1854 88,923, 685
Cincinnati, ............ March, 1854 2,929,000 1855 150,000 1854 40,000,000
Cleveland, ............. June, 1855 720,000 1853 81,000 1353 15510379
Chicago, ............... Feb‘y, 1855 728,000 1855 80,000 1854 24,392,036
Detroit, ............... J'ne 12,1855 817,624 1854 40,373 1854 12,518,115
Jersey City, ........... May, 1355 700,000 1854 20,989 1854 12,373,285
Louisville, ............. Mar. 9, 1855 1,137,000 1854 70,000 1854 35,000,000
Milwaukee, ............ March, 1855 1,031,550 1354 35,000 1854 417110.000
New Orleans, .......... April 1,1855 12,147,262 1855 160,000 1854 72.247,420
Philadelphia, ........... J an,, 1855 19,870,035 1354 500,000 1854 155,260,000
Pittsburg, ............. Jan. 1, 1855 2,935,794 .1854 62,000 .. ... ,

St. Louis, .............. May 1, 1855 3,905,096 1855 115,000 1854 51,228,859
8acraiiiento, ........... April 5,1855 1,480,536 ‘1 1852 10,000 1854 9,000,000
81in Ii rancisco, ......... Jan. 1, 1855 4,509,000 1 1854 34,776 1854 34,296,195
Wheeling, ............. Jan. 1, 1855 4,215,951 1 1855 14,136 . . . . ..

 

VIRGINIA. According to the census returns, the real estate, etc., of Virginia,
1850, was $530,000,000, viz. :—Real estate, 827 8,000,000; value of slaves,
$147,000,000; other personal estate, $105,000,000. The returns further
show that nearly 83,000 white persons over the age of 21, can neither read
n01: write! The new Constitution of this State, adopted 1851, in the 111th
article has the following clause: “ And no person shall have a right to vote
Who is of unsound mind, or a pauper, or a non-commissioned qfi‘icer in the ser-

vlz'ce of the United States.” Population of 1850, 1,421,081, including 47 3,026
5 aves.

WAMPUM. This material, as a representative circulating medium, was bor-
rOWed by the people of Plymouth, Mass, from the Manhattan Dutch, and
was found very profitable in their traffic with the eastern Indians, and subse—
quently among the colonists generally. Three of the black beads and six of
the white, were considered as equivalent to a penny; and for convenience’
sake, they were strung in lengths of certain value from one penny to five shil-
lings, in _wh1te _; and from two pence to ten shillings in black; as the quan-
tity in circulation increased, the value depreciated, and the number of beads
to the penny was augmented—See Hildreth’s U: S. America, 1850.

WARLIKE‘ ALLIANCES. The history of alliance among European nations

for the purpose of war is a curious one. Of 140 considerable alliances

ADDENDA. 823

since the Christian era, 72 have succeeded, and 68 were defeated. Of 33
cases of two nations leagued against one, 18 have succeeded and 15 failed.
Of cases three to one, nine succeeded and four failed. Of four to one, six
succeeded and three failed. Of five' to one, three succeeded and five failed.
In a single case of five to two, in two cases of six against two, and in one of
seven to two, the larger combination was uniformly defeated. These facts
seem to warrant the inference that the larger these warlike associations
become, the more liable they are to defeat, and that even in their simplest
forms, the chances of defeat are quite as strong as those of success. The
sixteenth and seventeenth centuries were the periods when the greatest
number of alliances were formed, especially against single powers, and when
their success was most considerable. In cases of lone nations standing out
against alliances, the results are about an even division of success and de-
feat. England alone has succeeded against ten, and been defeated by seven
such alliances; France has succeeded in seven, and been worsted in six
cases; Spain succeeded in one, and was defeated in three cases; Prussia
succeeded in two ; Turkey succeeded in two, and was defeated in five cases.
Russia appears to have been in no case entirely alone against any combine?-
tion; at the time of Napoleon’s invasion, he was engaged at the same time
in hostilities with England, with whom Russia was in an alliance with
special reference to that contest. Of alliances against a single power,
forty—three were unbroken to the end, and nineteen were prematurely rup-
tured, dissolution being usually the equivalent to defeat. Of greater alli-
ance against less, nineteen Were broken and nineteen dissolved before attain-
ing their proposed object. There have been sixteen alliances formed for
extinguishing the Protestant religion in Germany, France, and England, of
which only three have partially succeeded, while the other thirteen have
been signally defeated. Subsidizing alliances have been especially unfortu—
nate—eight out of nine of that character, formed by England, have resulted
in failure. In View of these facts, it would seem that England and France
have their own efforts to depend upon for success in this war, more than
any possible combination of aid from the Continent—1V. Y. 001'. Alabama
Journal.

WARS, INDIAN. The expenses occasioned by the war with the Sac and Fox In-
dians in 1832 amounted to more than three millions of dollars; the definite
appropriations for the suppression of Indian hostilities from 1836 to 1841,
inclusive, amounted to more than eighteen millions of dollars. Within the
past six years large appropriations have been made for the same object in
Texas, New Mexico, Utah, California, and Oregon. The aggregate of such
expenditures in the last twenty—two years, independent of the regular appro~
priations for the support of the army, is estimated at more than thirty
millions of dollars-a sum sufficient to have maintained for the whole period
a much greater force than that recommended in the Secretary of War’s report
of last year. This sum is independent of the expenditure for property de-
stroyed, compensation to suffering inhabitants, and on account of pensions and
bounty lands, and, of course does not include the losses occasioned by the
destruction of private property, nor those consequent upon the interruption
of agriculture and of the progress of settlement. It has been stated by those
conversant with all the facts, that if in 1831 a small mounted force had been
at "the disposal of the War Department, the Black Hawk war might have
been prevented; and that in 1835, if a few additional companies had been
sent to Florida, the Seminole war would not have oecured. This war cost
the cOuntry more than 38 millions of dollars.

WARS, MonERN. Those of the 17th century were wars of religion; of the'18th

824 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

century, of conquests and dynasties; of the 19th, of monarchs against the
people. The wars of Europe, from 1783 to 1815, are estimated to have cost
815,000,000,000. The late Hungarian war left 25,000 widows, and 80,000
orphans of soldiers, almost entirely without food, shelter, or clothing. Mr.
Corwin, as Secretary of the Treasury, in his report of December, 1850, pre-
sented an account of the actual cost of the Mexican war to that time, the
amounts further required to June 30, 1852, and estimates of subsequent
expenses directly chargeable to the war—the total footing at $217,175,“ 5.89.
Mr. Corwin says: “This amount does not include many claims presented
and to be presented, arising indirectly from the war, their great variety
forbidding even an approximation either as to number or amount.” It is
said that there has been paid at least $472,758.90, directly caused by the
war. Doubtless there is a much larger amount smothered up in the general
table of expenditures. Of the amounts chargeable in pensions, (the total
list of which has for several years averaged $1,360,000.) in bounty lands,
etc,, we cannot immediately make out a full schedule.

WAR BETWEEN RUssIA AND Tun ALLIEs. The losses of the Russians in the
campaign of 1854 amount in the active army, exclusive of Cossacks and of
the army in Transcaucasia, to 111,132 men, of whom 29,204 are reported as
killed in Turkey and in the Crimea; 16,156 died in the hospitals; 55,304

'wounded; while 6,460 are put down as deserters, prisoners, and missing.
Adding to these numbers the 2,000 prisoners of Bomarsund, and the killed
and wounded at Kola and Petropavlovsk, we get the enormous total of one
hundred and eleven thousand and odd men sacrificed in one year. The total
of the Turkish and Anglo—French victims cannot be smaller, if we remember
that the English alone have lost above 30,000 men mostly by disease, and
adding to these figures the victims of Oltenitza and Sinope in 1853, and the
losses of Schamyl and of the Russians in Asia, we may safely say that the
present war has so far destroyed the life or the health of at least 250,000
able-bodied men, in the prime of life. The peasantry in France have, ever
since 1789, been the great supporters of war and warlike glory. They are
sure not to feel much of the pressure of the war; for the conscription, in a.
country where the land is infinitesimally subdivided among small pro-
prietors, not only frees the agricultural districts from surplus labor, but also
gives to some 20,000 young men, every year, the opportunity of earning a

round sum of money, by engaging to serve as substitutes. A protracted
war only would be severely felt.

WASHINGTON’S FAREWELL ADDRESS. The original MS. was sold at auc<

3:510 in Philadelphia, to a citizen of New York, for $2,300, February 12,

WESTMINSTER, ARCHBISHOP or. Nicholas W'iseman, having been created Car-

drlual by the Pope, is installed as Roman Catholic Archbishop of Westminster,
l\.ov. 1850. _ This, in addition to Dr. Ullathorne’s enthronement as R. C.
bishop of Birmingham, in Oct., together with the parcelling out of all Eng-
land into Roman dioceses, created great excitement, and petitions from every

quarter of the United Kingdom were addressed to the Queen and govern
ment, praymg their resxstance to the “ monstrous usurpation.”

WINE TRADE, STATISTICS or FRENCH. Mr. Goodrich furnishes the follow-
mg statistics upon the vine-culture in France. Nearly 5,000,000 acres
of land are employed in the cultivation of the vine in France, from which is
made annually 900,000,000 gallons of wine. The average value is 15 cents
a gallon. The French wmes have doubled or trebled in value within the

ADDENDA. 8‘25

two past years. Average annual total value of the wine crop, a fraction less
than $100,000,000. Exports—50,000,000 gallons are annually exported.
The south—western and south-eastern districts of France are the most produc-
tive. Brandy—1 2,000,000 gallons of brandy are annually exported. Excise.
-——The excise duty on wines and their distillations in 1853 was $235,000.
Laborers—The number of persons employed in the cultivation of the vine
and manufacture of wine is a fraction short of 2,000,000; and 240,000 per-
sons are engaged in selling wine. Most of the wine lands are untillable,
sterile, and hilly. The wine culture does not average a return of more than
H; per cent. annually. Disease.—The disease of the vine is pretty general
throughout France, though the southern section suffers most. This disease
has prevailed for three or four years, and threatens to destroy the business.

\VORSIIIP, FORMS OF. The Jews and Quakers wear their hats during worship,
Protestants and Catholics remove them—The Mohammedans wear their
turbans, but put off their shoes on entering their mosques, evidently from
their Prophet’s adoption of many of the Jewish customs.—-See Exodus iii. 5.
It is particularly worthy of remark that the Mohammedans invariably re-
move from their persons all jewelry, and articles of adornment, previous to
the commencement of their prayers.

YACHTING. The Yacht America, built by Steers of New York, 204 tuns but,
after winning the “cup of all nations” at Cowes, Isle of Wight, England, and
out—sailing the British yacht Britannia, Aug., 1851, was sold by Messrs.
Stevens to Capt. Blaquiere for £5,000.

YANKEE. The derivation of this word is generally accredited to the Indian
pronunciation of the word English, which they render Yengeese.——In New
York it is applied to the New Englanders; in the South to all the North-
eners; and in Europe to all Anglo-Americans. In a curious book on the
Round Towers of Ireland, published some years ago, the origin of the term
Yankee-Doodle, was said to have been traced to the Persian phrase Yam/ti
dozmiah, or “Inhabitants of the New World.” Layard, in his “Nineveh,”
also mentions Yanghi-dum'a as the Persian name of America.

ZINC. The Soc. Indust. Nationale in Paris, granted to M. Leciaire, 1846, amedal
of gold worth 3000 francs, for his substitution of zinc for white lead in the
formation of painters’ color, the use of which latter has been attended with
so much danger to health—Art Journal. White paint prepared from zinc
is much used of late in the United States, and has hitherto been greatly ap-
proved.

35*

_ "NP, Jami! N." L? 3451‘er

‘ ‘1:f,“* Ber‘.» V,

     
   

 
 

WI}!!! gages {ti
1."; 53me 53?}?

KG 9&1 0%“; 1
flag: “1r.- flank! in:

3:14.: ~. .sza'm i5. Man 01??
: "aeswflm: fis‘iuqa? iii}
.usn‘flfl MIMI: fitfil‘fi '

    
 

   

  
   
   
  

 

x ‘ we” dateh'hwtfl
“rum“?! s, «

gmmw ‘ m

   

ADDITIONS TO THE BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX.

NATION.
Egypt.
Am er.
A mer.
Eng.
En g.
Gr.
Eng.
Eng.
Scotch.
Eng.
Ger. Fr.
Ger. Fr.
Amer.
Gr.
A mcr.
Gr.
Amer.
Ital.
E ng.
Eng.
Am er.
S pan.
Amer.
Hond.
Amer.
IAmer.
Jng.
Fr.
Eng.
Eng.
A mer.
Am er.
Ger.
Amer.
Eng.
Scotch.
Hun g.
Jew.
Ital.
Eng.
Russ.

En".
§}v3d.
.nv.
Eng.
Eng.

Eng.
Eng.
Eng.
Dutch.
Eng.
Amer.
Fr.
Eng.
Eng.
Amer.
Moor.

(INCLUDING ACCIDENTAL OMISSIONS IN THE FORMER EDITIONS.)

 

NAME AND PROFESSION.
Abbas, Pasha, Viceroy of Egypt, grandson of Mehemet Ali . .
Adams, 0. B., geologist, . . . . . . . . .
Adams, Mrs. Louisa C , relief. of J. Q. Adams . . . . .
Adelaide, Queen Dowager, widow of William IV. . . . .
Adrian IV. (N. Breakspeare), the only English pope . . . .
Egineta, Paulus, writer on medicine . . . . . .
Elfric, Abp. Canterbury, author of Anglo-Saxon works . . .
Almon, John, political writer and publisher . . . . .
Anderson, Christopher, author of Annals of Bible . . . .
Anglesea, marquis of, (W. H. Paget), Field Marshal Br. A. . .
Anne of Austria, wife of Louis XIII. of France . . .
Arago, L. F. J ., astronomer . . . . . . . . .
Armstrong, 8. T., book publisher and Lt. Governor of Mass. . .
Armenides, philosopher of the Eclectic School .
Arnold Lemuel 11., Gov. of B. I. . .

BORN. DIED.

1738
1779
1768
1604
1786
1784
5th 0.3.0.
1792

Aspasin, celebrated courtesan—cause of the Pelop. war temp. Pericles. n. o.

Audubon, John James, traveller and naturalist (b. at N ew-Orleans)
Bachi, Pietro, learned linguist and jurist . . . . .
Baffin, Wm., navigator—explorer of Baflin’s Ba . . . .
Baillie, Joanna, poet and dramatist . . . . . . .
Baldwin, Simeon, judge and legislator . . . . . . .
Balboa, Vasco Nunez D., one of the first navigators to the W. Indies
Ballou, Hosea, Universalist clergyman . . . . . .
Barmudico, Jose, ex-prcs. of Central Americ . . .
Barron, James, Commodore U. S. Navy. . . . . .
Bartram, William, horticulturist . . . . . . .
Baskerville, J ohn, celebrated printer, publisher, and type-founder
Bastide, John F. de, voluminous writer and editor . . .
Bates, William, non-conformist divine, and thee]. Writer . . .
Bates, Barnabas, advocate of cheap postage . . . . .
Beck, John B., writer on medicine, botany, &c. . . . . .
Beck, Lewis 0., mineralogist and botanist. . * . . . .
Beckmann. John A., author of History of Invention . . .
Belknap, Wm. (31., Gen. U. S. army . . . . . V. .
Bell, Andrew, D.D., founder of national schools . . . . .
Bell, Henry, first successful steam navigator in Europe .
Bem, Gem, military commander in the war with Austria .
Benjamin of Tudela, one of the earliest modern travellers
Bentivovlio, Guido, cardinal, and historian , . , , , _
Benger, ‘liz. Ogilvie, biog. of Anne Boleyn, Queen of Scots, &c. .
Behring, or Bearing, Vitus, captain in Russian navy who gave name
to the “Straits” . . . . . . _. . . . .
Belm, Aphra, female dramatist, temps. Charles II. . . . .
Berzelius J. J., chemist . . . . . . . . .
Berrington, Joseph, author of History of Middle Ages . . .
Berry, Wm., author of work on genealogy and heraldry . . .
Berry, Mary, correspondent of H. Walpole and author of “Comp.
View of Social Cond. of Eng. and Scot.” . . . .
Bexley, Baron (Niel). Vansitt‘art), Err-Chancellor of Exchequer .
Bickersteth, (Rev. E.,) author of popular religious works . .
Bickerstafl", Isaac, dramatic writer of 18th century
Bilderdyk, George, poet . . . . . . . . .
Bingham, George, author of Ecclesiastical History—Christ. Antiq. .
Bird, Robert M., novelist and journalist . . . . . .
Blainville, M. de, chemist and naturalist . . . . . .
Blanchard, Laman, essayist and magazine Writer . . . .
Bloomfield, E. 17., classical scholar, ed; of Museum Criticum . .
Blunt, Nathaniel B., eminent lawyer. . . . . .

1780
1787
1584
1762
1761

1 771
1784
1769

1706

1625
1787
1794
1790
1739
1794
1753
1767

1579
1827

1779
1774

1762
1 766

1760
1668

1778
1803
1788

Boabdil, the last Moorish king of Grenada . . . . about

1854
1853
1852
1850
1159

630
1005
1805
1852
1854
1666
1853
1850

1852

450
1851
1853

1851
1851
1517
1852
1854
1851
1823
1775
1724
1699
1853
1851
1853
1811
1851
1832
1830
1851
1173
1641

1741
1689
1848
1827
1851

1852
1851
1850

1723
1854
1850
1844
1816 ‘
1854'
1495i.

828 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. Bonn. 1mm.
Rus. Bodisco, Alex. de, P... ambassador to U. S. . . . . . 1854
Eng. Bodlcy, Sir Thomas. founder of the Bodleian Library . . . 1544 1612
191‘. Bonaparte, N. F. C. J.. duke of Reichstadt—only son of Napoleon 1811 1832
1an. Booth, Juuins Brutus, tragediau . . . . . . . 1796 1853
Eng. Boleyn. Anne, second queen of Henry VIII. . . . . . 1507 1536
Ger. Bos, Lmnhcrt, Greek scholar, author of works on Greek Classics . 1670 1717
Eng. Bowles, Rev. W. L.. poet . . . . . . . . . 1761 1850
Fr. Boyer, Abel (Fr. refugee in England), author of Pr. Dictionary . 1664 1729
Amer. Brigham. Amariah, M. D., medical writer and philanthropist . . 1798 1849
Amer. Brady, Hugh. Gen. U. S. army . . . . . . . . 1768 1351
Eng. Brand, J., Author of “ Popular Antiquities” . . . . . 1743 1806
Fr. Brinvilliers, Marchioness, notorious poisoncr . . . . . 1676
Amer. Brooke, Geo. M.. Gen. U. S. army . . . . . . . . 1851
Eng. Bruuton. Mary, norelist—“Discipline," Ste. . . . . . 1778 1818
Eng. Bryan. Michael. author of Diet. of Painters . . . . . 1757 1821
l’rus. Buch, Leopold von, baron. eminent geologist . . . . . 1774 1858
Eng. Buckingham, John Shefiield. duke of, military comm’r, poet . . 1649 1720
Amer. Buckminstcr, J. S.. author of “Sermons,” &c. . . . . . 1784 1812
Amer. Buifum Thomas. politician and judge, . . . . . . 1777 1852
Amer. Ballard, Henry Adams. judge. jurist, &c. . . . . . . 1788 1851
Amer. Burgess, Ristane. jurist and statesman . . . . . . 1770 1853
Fr. Burgundy. Charles the Bold, duke of . . . . . . . f. 1470
Amer. Burnet. Jacob. jurist, statesman and historian . . . . . 1771 1858
Amer. Burnett, 1Valdo J.. naturalist . . . . . . . . . 1829 1854
Eng. Buxton, '1‘. Fowell, leading opponent of the slave trade . . . 1787 1845
Polish. Bythner, Victorians, author of Lyra Prophetica . . . . . 1664
Cadmus, founder of Thebes, introducer 01: letters . . . . f. B. o. 1700

Eng. Cade, Jack. noted for his rebellion against Henry VI. . . . f. 1450

Amer. Calhoun, John 0.. Senator of U. S. for S. Carolina—cx—Sec. ofState, Jae. 1782 1350
Eng. Calamy, Ed. numerous theological works . . . . . 1732
Eng. Cambridge. duke of. youngest son of George III. . . 1774 1850

Amer. Cannon, James S., Rev. D.D., prof. of metaphysics and pastoral and
theological history . . 1776 1852

Gr. Capo D‘lstria, John, Count of, dipiomatist—nssaasinated . . 1780 1831
Span. lastano, Gem. military commander with Wellington . . . 1747 1852
Fr. Ital. Catharine de Medici, wife of Henry II. of France . . . 1508 1539
lug. Catharine Parr, 6th queen of Henry VIII. . . . . 1500 1543
Sp. Eng. Catharine of Arragon, lst queen of Henry VIII. . . . . . 1483 1536
Fr. Caulaincourt. A. A. L.. Duke of Vicenza . . . . . . 1773 1827
Ital. Cavallo Tiberius, author of works on nat. phil. in England . . 1749 1809
Eng. Cave. Dr. William, author of “ Primitive Christianity" . . . 1637 1713
Ital. Cellini, Bcnvcuuto. Florentine artist. author of Autobiography . 1500 1570
Amer. Chase, l’hilander, D.D., Prot. Episc. bishop of Illinois . . . 1777 1852
Fr. Chastelleux. F. J .. marquis, author of “ Travels in America.“ . . 1738
Amer. Childs, Thomas, Gem, military commander U. S. army . . . 1853
Ital. Chitti, Louis. ex-Sec. of Finance to Murat, prof. pol. econ. at Brussels,
patriot and exile . . . . . . . . . . 1353
Eng. Chilling-worth. Wm., theologian—author of Religion of Protestants 1644
mg. Clarke, Mary Anne, mistress of duke of York . . . . . 1789 1852
Rom. Claudianus. Claudius, poet, tem . Emperor Theodosius, Arcadius, M3. 830
Mex. Clavigero, F. 8., author of the istory of Mexico . . . .
Amer. Clay, Henry. an eminent statesman . . . .' . - . 1777 1853
Amer. Clayton, Thomas. judge and U. S. Senator . . . . . . 1778 1854
Clemens, or Clement, of Alexandria. one of the fathers of the church I. 189

Eng. Clinton. Sir Henry. commander-in~chiefBritish army in Amer. Revol. 1795
Fr. Clovis, first Christian king of France . . . . . . . 511
Scotch. Cockburn, Henry '1‘., lord, judge, and biographer of Lord Jeflrey 1354
Eng. Codrington. Sir Edward, distinguished admiral . . . . 1770 1851
Gr. Codrus, 17th and last king of Athens . . . . . . . n. o. 1069
Amer. (logswell, Rcv. Wm., D.D., theological and statistical writer . . 1788 1850
Amer. Cogswell, Wm., D.D., pres. Gilmanton theol. sem. and author . 1787 1350
Eng. Coleridge, Sarah, daughter“ of S. T., editor Lit. Review . . . 1353
1““8- Collier, Jeremiah, non-juring divine, author of Ecol. History . . 1650 1726 ‘
Amer. Colton, Walter, Rem, author of several books of travel . . . 1351 1
Fr. Comrnines. Philip de. historian. chronicler. statesman, and courtier 1445 1509 ‘
Fr. Condorcet, John, A. N. 0.. mar iis of, math. and philosopher . . 1743 1794

1
Eng. Congreve, Sir W in, inventor 0% Congreve rockets, &o. .
Amer. Cooper, Benjamin, commodore U. S. navy . . .
Amer. Cooper. J. Fenimore, novelist. traveller and historian .
Fr. Corday, Charlotte, the executioner of the sanguinary Marat

. . 1772 1888

. . . 1798 1860
. . 1789 1851 _

. . - 1798

 

ADDENDA. 829

NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. BORN. DIED.
Ital. Cosmo I., Grand duke of Tuscany, p1omoter of the arts, &.c. . . 1519 1574
Eng. Cottenham, (C C. Pepys) 101d, Chancellor of England . 1781 1851
Amer. Courtenay, Edwmd 11., L..:,LD 1'11on of mathematics in U. of Va. 1853
Eng. Coverdalc, Miles, one of the earliest English 1"eforme1s—-trans of the
Bible. . . . . . . . 1509 1580
Eng. Cow per, Wm., earl, lord high chancellor . . . . 1723
Eng. Crabbe, George, author of “ English Synonymes, " 8w. . . . 1778 1851
Amer. Crat',ts Sam. 0., filled every oflice 1n gift of Vt. . 1769 1853
Scotch. Crichton, James, an accomplished gentleman—the “admirable
Crichton” . . . . 1560 1583
C1oesus, 5th and last king of Lydia, famed for his riches . . . f. B. c. 557
Amer. Crosw ell, William, ’t.,ev D. D. poet . . . . 1804 1851
Amer. C1ou11111sh1eld Ben. W, eX— —Sec. of Navy, and Congressman . . 1774 1851
Eng. Cumberland, duke of, king of Hanover, 5th son 01 George III. . 1770 1851
Eng. Curtis, William, botanist, author of “ Flora Londinensis” . . . 1799
tom. Curtius Marcus, who devoted himself for his country . B. o. 362
I’ers. Cyrus the Great, king of Persia, conqueror of Lydia, Assyria, &c. B. c. 529
Eng. Dacres, Jas. R., vice admiral Br. navy, com'r. of Guerriere in war of
1812 . . . . . . . . . . . 1854
Amer. Daggett, David, jurist . . . . . . 17 65 185 1_
- Fren. Daguerre, perfecter of the daguem eotg/pe process . . . 1789 1851
Amer. Dale, Richard, naval commander, associate of Paul Jones, &c. . 1756 1826
Eng. Dalmer, ’I‘hos., Lieut. Gem, 0. B., Peninsular and Waterloo officer . 1854
Damon, Pyth. o'orean philosopher, iiiend of Py thias—in Sicily. .
Eng. Daniel, Samuel, poct- daureate 011 the death of Spenser, and historian 1562 1619
Fr. Danton, George James, sanguinary revolutionist (guillotined) 1759 1784:
Scotch. D’Arusmont, Madame y(Fanny Wright) . . . . . . 1795 1852
Fr. Darn, P. a. n. 13., statesman, poet and historian . . . . 1767 1829
Eng. Davenant, Sir W111, poet-laureate after Ben Jonson . . . . 1606 1668
Amer. Davis, Matthew L., politician, biographer of Burr . . . . 1766 1850
Amer. Davis, John, ex- -Senator U. 8., and ex- -.Gov Mass. . . . . 1787 1854
Fr. Davoust, L. N. duke of Auerstadt, maishal of France . 1770 1823
Amer. Dearborn, II. A. 8., Gen. ., military commander in war of 1812, &c. . 1783 1851
Amer. De KaV, Ja1nesE.. nat. historian . . . . 1792 1851
Swiss. Delolme, J. L, author of woxk on English Constitution . . . 1745 1896
Eng. Denham, Sir John, po‘et . . . . . . . . . 1615 1668
Eng. Denison Ed, Bp. of Salisbury . . . 1802 1854
Fr. Denon, D. V. baron dc, author of the great work on Egypt . . 1747 1825
Dutch. Dewitt, John, an enlightened statesman . . . 1625 1672
Amer. Dickerson, Mahlon, ex- -.Sec of Navy y, pres. Amer Institute . . 1770 1853
Ital. Diodati, John, translator of the Bible into Italian . . . 1589 1649
Eng. Dodsley, ’obeit, bookseller, editor of Old Plays, and author . . 1703 1764
Eng. Dollond, Goo, astrono1ne1 and Optician . . . . . 1775 1852
Eng. Donne, John, a divine and poet . . . . 1573 l631
Fr. D Orsay, Alfred, count, mirror of fashion, and artist . . . 1798 1852
Eng. Douce, Francis, antiqua1'ian—“ Shakspeare and his Times,” 810. . 1834
Amer. Douglas, David B, oificc1 in the war of 1812, engineer, &c. . . 1793 1849
Amer. Downes, John, commodore U. S. navy . . . . . . 1785 1854
Amer. Drake, Daniel, eminent physician of Ohio . . . . . 1785 1852
Eng. Drake, Nathan, essay1st—“ Mornlnvs in Spring," 6111. . ' . . 1766 1886
Eng. Drayton, Michael, poet—“ Poly oibion, ” &c . . . . . 1563 1631
Eng. D1cw,Samuel—-—“Essay on the Soul, ” &c. . . . . . 1765 .1833
Scotch. Drummond, Wm..poet—f1iend of Ben Jonson . . . . 1585 1649
Eng. Drummond, Sir William, antiqunry—“ Origines, ” &c. . . . 1826
Eng. Dugdale, S11 Wm. ,antiquary—“Monasticon, ” &c. . . . . 1605 1688
Swiss. Dumont, Stephen, writer on legislation, &c. . . . . . 1750 1820
Scotch. Dunbar, George, autho1 of Greek Lexicon . 1773 1850
Amer. Dunlap, Alex , Major U. S. 111 my distinguished 1n bat. of Thames. 1786 1853
Scotch. Durham, George, 3prof. philologist (G k and Eng. Lex.) . . . 17 74 1851
Amer. Dwight, Rev. 8. ,biovr ,,'1apher of Edwards, 810. . . . . 1851
Amer. Dwight, Louis, Rev” philanthropist . . 1793 1854:
Amer. Eaton, Wm., consul at Tunis—distinguished in war with Tripoli. 1764 1811
Ger. Eichhorn, John Geo. ., biblical critic, author of History of Literature 1752 1827
Amer. Elmore, Franklin II., lawyer, financier, and successor of J. 0. Cal-
houn in U. S. Senate . . . . . 1799 1850
Eng. Ellenborough, lord, chiefjustice 01 England . . . . . 1748 1818
Eng. Elliot, Eben, the Corn- law Rhymer . 1782 1850
Empson, Wm., long editor of Edin. Rem, and prof. of law in East
Ind. College . . . . 1799‘ 1852

Ger. Eschenberg, J. '1.—“Manual of‘Clnssical Literature” . . . 1743 1820

830-

N ATION.

Fr.
Fr.
Eng.
Rom.
Ital.
En”.
Fr.c
Eng.
Amer.
Eng.
Ger.
Amer.
Amer.
Eng.
Eng.
Eng.
Fr.
Brit.
Amer.
Ital.
Ital.
Ger.
Amer.
Brit.
Amer.

Scotch.

Scotch.
Fr.
IAmer.
( ncr.
Ger).
A m er.
Amer.
Scotch.

THE WORLD'S PROGRESS.

NAME AND ruormssron. BORN. DIED.
Estaing, Chas. Henry., count de, naval comm. in Amer. war . . 1793
Excelmnns, marshal of France, distinguished under Oudinot in 1799 1775 1852
Exmouth. Viscount. naval commander—at Algiers, &c. . . . 1757 1833
Fabius I’ictor. the first Roman historian—Works not extant . . f. B. C. 225
Face olati, author of Latin Dictionary . . . . . . 1682 1769
Fairfax. Edward, poet—translator of Tasso . . . . . . 1632
Falck, Victor. distinguished ornithologist . . . . . 1352
Falkland. Viscount, statesman and soldier in the civil war . . 1610 1643
Farrar, John, astronomer and mathematician . . . . . 1779 1853
Feltliam, Owen, author of “Resolves, Moral,” &e., about . . 1678
Fichte, John Gotlieb, philosopher and metaphysician . . . 1762 1814
Fitch, John, one of the first experimenters in steam-boats . . 1743 1798
Fitzpatrick, Thos., veteran and venerable Indian agent . . about 1784 185-1
Flamstead, John, astronomer . . . . . . . . 1646 ‘1719
Fletcher, Giles, poet . . . . . . . . . . 1:388 1623
Fletcher, Phineas, brother of foregoing, poet . . . . . 1582 1650
Foix, Gaston de, nephew of Louis XII., warrior . . . . 1489 1.512
Forbes, Edward, distinguished prof. at Edinburgh . . . . 1815 1854
For\vard,VValter. ex-Sec. of the Trees. . . . 1786 1852
Foscolo, U go, writer of plays and essays, &c. . . . 1776 1827
Francis, Saint, founder of the Franciscan Friars . . 1182 1226
Fugger, the name ofa noble and very wealthy family at Augsburg 15th and 16th o.
Fuller, 8. Margaret. marchioness d‘Ossoli, essayist and critic . 1810 1850
Fullerton, Lord, sound and learned lawyer, lord of session . . 1776 1853
Gallnudet, T1105. 11., Rev., pioneer instructor of deaf and dumb in
America . . . . . . . .. . . . 1787 1851
Gay-Lussac. N. F.. chemist . . . . . 1778 1850
Gell, Sir Wm.. antiquary-—“ Pompeiana,” and “Rome” . . 1777 1836
Gerard, Etienne 111., marshal of France 1778 1852

Gioberti, Abbe, statesman, pres. of council of Charles Albert .01’
Sardina, &c. . . . . 1807 1852

Godwin, Henry T., Sir, Gen. commanding in Burmah . . . 1785 1853
Goguet, Anth. Y., advocate, author of “Origin of Laws.” &c. i! 1758
Good, John Mason, medical writer—“ Book of Nature,” &c. . 1764 1827
Gordon, lord George, author of the Anti-popery Riots in 1780 1750 1793
Gore, Christopher, Gov. of Mass, Senator of U. S. . . 1758 1827
GrOdOY7 Emanuel. don, “ Prince of Peace,” statesman . 1774 .1851
Gourgaud, Gen. the baron, military friend of Napoleon . . 1783 1852
Grahame, James, historian of the United States . . . 1790 1842
Grammont, Philibert, count of, famous wit at court of Charles II. 1707
Greenleaf, Simon, professor of law, Harvard College . 1783 1853
Grenville, Rt. Hon. W. Wyndham, lord, prime minister . 1759 1834
Grottefcnd, learned orientalist and philologist . . . . . 1853
Gunnison, J. \V., capt. corps of top. engineers. U. S. army . . 1853
Gutzlaif, Rev. Charles, missionary to China, traveller and philologist 1803 1851

Haldane, Robt. J., Rev., distinguished principal of St. Mary‘s college,

St. Andrews. . . . . . . . . . . . 1854
Hall, Joseph, bishop of Norwich, the Christian Seneca . . 1574 1656
Hamilton, Anth.. count, poet, courtier. and man of letters . 1646 1720
Hannibal. the Carthagiuian general~invader of Italy . B. o. 247 B. c. 183
Harley. Robert, earl of Oxford, statesman, patron-of Pope . 1661 1724
Harrington, Jonathan. flfer for minute-men of Lexington (19th April,

1775,) and last survivor of that band . . . . . . 1769 1854
Harris, James, Philologist, author of“ Hermes,” &c. . . 1709 1780
Hatton, Sir Christopher, lord Chancellor for Queen Elizabeth . 1591
Hays, £16001). nearly 50 years high constable of N. Y. . . . 1772 1850
Heinecius, John G., jurist, civilian, professor of philosophy . 1681 1741
Helmse, or Eloise, celebrated for beauty and wit, and love for Abelard 1101 1164
Herbelot, Bartholomew d", learned orientalist . . . . 1625 1695
Herrera. ex-I’resident of Mexico . . - ‘ - 1851
Herbert, Edward, 10rd of Cherhury, diplomatist and historian . 1581 1643
Hill, Aaron. poet . . . . . . 175C
Hill, Rev. Rowland, 9. popular and eccentric preacher . 1744 1833
Hipparchus, the most eminent of ancient astronomers . . 1‘. about 150 B. e.

Hobbie, Selah R., 1st assistant Postmaster Gen., noted for successful
labors in his department . . . 1797 1854

17091101156, Henry, cx-Under Sec. Home Department . . . . 1777 1854
HOHIS‘ Thos., benefactor of Harvard College, U. S. A. . 1720 1774
BMW)“. Eth . A.. physician and man of science—lived 101 years . 1728 1829

Home, Sir Everard, author of Comparative Anatomy, &c. . . 1756 1832

 

NATION.
Amer.
Amer.
Rom.
l1:1'.

‘ ng.
E ng.
Eng.
Amer.
Scotch.
Scotch.
finder.

‘ng.
Eng.
Eng.
Amer.
Eng.

Gr.

Gr.
Span.

Prus.
Eng.

ADDENDA. 831

NAME AND PROFESSION. BORN. man.

Hopkins, Ste hen, statesman and jurist—signer of Dec. of Indep. . 1707 1785
Hopkinson, grands, political writer—signer of Dec. of Indep. 1738 1791
lIortensi us, Quintus, eloquent orator and writer . . B. 0. 49
Iloste, Paul, mathematician—author of Naval Evolutions . 1652 1700
Howe, John, non conformist divine and theol. writer . . 1630 1705
Howe, Sir Wm., British commander-in-chief in America . 1814
Howell, Jas., author of Familiar Letters . . . 1595 1666
Huguenin. Daniel, Gem, distinguished ofiicer in war of 1812 1791 1850
Hunter, Wm., anatomist . . . . 1718 1783
Hunter, John, anatomist, . . . . . 1728 1793
Hunter, W. L., diplomatist and senator . . . 1774 1849
Huntingdon, Henry of, historian . . . . f. 1150
Huntingdon, Selina, countess of, founder of chapels, schools, &0. 1707 1791
Hurd, Richard, bishop of Litchfield—philologist and miscel. writer 1720 1808
Hutchinson, Anne, religious enthusiastmbanished from N. E. . 1643
Hutton, Wm., an ingenious self-educated writer . . 1723 1815
Hypatia, a female philosopher of great attainments, in Alexandria 415
Ignatius, St, eminent father of the Church, and martyr . . f. 68
Irenaeus, 8t, bishop of Lyons, Christian father and martyr . 202
Irene, empress of Constantinople—famous for beauty, talent and crime 803
Isabella of Castile, wife of Ferdinand of Arragon—patron of Columbus 1451 1504
Iamblious, a philosopher—author of Life of Pythagoras . . . f. 300
Jacobi, Carl G. J ., celebrated mathematician . . . . 1804 1851
Jenkyns, Richard, master of Baliol college, Ox., where he established

the system of merit as the sole standard . . . . . . 1854
Jervis, J ohn. earl St. Vincent, admiral—victor of Cape St. Vincent 1734 1323

Johanvey, Madame, venerable mother and founder of the order of

St. Joseph, Cluny . . . . . . . . . . 1851
John, Fred. L., inventor of mod. system of gymnastics . . . 1778 1852
John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster, warrior, one. . . . . 13- 1399
John of Salisbury, bp. of Chartres, latin poet—promoter of literature 11 12th c.
Johnson, Sir Wm., British commander in N. America 1774

Johnson, Richard M., Col. distinguished in war of 1812, V. Pres. U. S. 1780 1850

J oinville, John Sieur de, statesman and historian . . 1228 1318
Jones, Roger, Gell., distinguished in war of 1812 . . . . 1852
Jones, Samuel, distinguished jurist . . . . . . . 1773 1853
Jones, Jacob, commander in U. S. N.-—victor in the “Wasp,” M3. 1768 1850
Judd, Sylvester, novelist . . . . 1813 1850
Judson, Emily, (Fanny Forrester of literature) . . . . . 1854
Judson, Rev. Adoniram, D. D., missionary in Burmah . . 1788 1850
Jugurtha, king of Numidia—conquered and put to death ., B. o. 106
Justinian I., the Great, emperor of the East—famed for his Code . 483 565
Kahn, Peter, naturalist—author of travels in America . 1715 1779
Kcllermann, Francis 0., duke of Valmy, marshal of France . 1735 1820
Kemenyi,‘ baron, mil. commander and patriot in the struggle of 18 1799 1852
Kent, Edward, duke of, 4th son of Geo. 11L, father of q. Victoria 1767 1820
Keppel, Augustus, Viscount, admiral . . . . . . . . 1786
Kidd, John, scientific and medical writer . . . . 1775 1851

King. Wm., 1st Gov. of Maine, brother of Rufus K.

. . . 1768 1852
King, Henry, Sir. Gen, had been a soldier for 60 years .

. . 1777 1854

King, Wm. R., Senator and Vice-Pres. of the United States . _ 1853
Kingsley, James L., philologist—editor of Latin text-books . 1778 1852
Kirby. Rev. W., entomologist . . . . 1751 1850
Knowles, Richard, author of Hist. of Turks, &c~ . . 1610
Korner, Theodore, poet and dramatist . . . 1788 1813
Kyan, John H., inventor of “ kyanized” wood . . . . 1775 1850
Lallexnand, ——, surgeon and physician . . . . . . 1789 1854
Lannes, John, Duke of Montebello and marshal of France . . 1769 1809
Larcher, Ph., classical philologist and translator . . . . 1726 1811
Laroche, Benj., translator of Shakspeare and Byron . . . 1798 1852

Latham, John, M. D., ornithologist and antiquarian . . . 1740 1837

Lavrent, Auguste, chemist and philosopher . . . . . 1853.
Law, John, the originator of the “ Mississippi Bubble” . . . 1681 1729'
. Lawrence, Amos, eminent and opulent merchant and philanthropist, 1775 1852
Lawrence, Abbott, brother of above, similarly eminent, and as mi-
- nister to England . . . . . 1792 1855
Lee, Nathaniel. dramatic poet . . . . 1692
Lee, Harriet, novelist . . . . . 1756 1851.
Lee, Samuel, Rem, Hebraist and orientalist . . . . 1782 1852

L’Enclos, Anne or Ninon de, a noted voluptuary . . 1616 1705

832 THE WORLD‘S PROGRESS.
NATION. NAME AND raorasston. norm. mun.
Eng. Lennox, Charlotte, eat and novelist—born at New York . 1720 1804
Ire. Leslie, Charles, iheo ogical writer . . . . 1782
Ger. Lessing, Gothold Ephraim, miscellaneous writer . . 1729 1781
Eng. L‘Estrange. Sir Robert, polit. and controversial writer . . 1616 1704
Fr. Levesque. Eugene, author of travels in America. . . 1771 1852
Scotch. Lcyden, John, poet and oriental scholar . . . 1775 1821
Leyden, John of

Eng. Lillo, George, dramatist—“ George Barnwell,” &c. . . 1698’ 1738
Eng. Lilly, Wm., astrologer . . . . . 1602 1681
Scotch. Lindsay, Sir David, poet . . . . . 1490 1557
Eng. Lingard, Rev. John, historian of Englan . . . 1779 1851
Eng. Litchfield, Earl of, at whose house the famous “Litchflcld House

compact” was made . . . . . . . . . . 1797 1854
Ital. Litto, Pompeo, author of “ Famiglie Italiani Celebri” . . . . '1852
Amer. Livingston, Brockholst, jurist . . . . 1757 1823
Amer. Livingston, Robt. R, chancellor of the State of N. Y. and diplomatist 1746 1813
Fr. Louis Philippe 1., king of the French . . . . 1850
Eng. Lovelace, Ada Augusta, countess, mathematician and metaphysician,

(laughter of Byron . . . . . . 1815 1852
Span. Loyola, Ignatius, founder of the Jesuits . . . 1491 1556
Eng. Macaulay, Catharine, historian . . . . 1730 1791
Scotch. Maegillivray, Wm., naturalist . . . . 1852
Eng. Mackenzie, Alex., senior general in queen‘s service . . 1771 1858
Irish. Macklin, Charles, actor and dramatist . . . 1690 1787
Scotch. Macpherson, Hugh, for 61 years prof. Greek in Aberdeen . 1768 1854
tom. Macrobius, A. A. '13., miscellaneous writer . . 420
Eng. Madan, Martin, translator of Juvenal, Sec. . . . 1726
Irish. Magoo, Wm., arclib. of Dublin—theological writer . . 1765 1831
Eng. Maitland, Peregrine, Sir, Gen. mil. com. . . . 1777 1854
Fr. Malehranche, Nicholas, priest and philosophical writer . 1638 1715
Fr. Malesherhes, C. W., statesman and author . . . 1721 1794
Eng. Mandeville, Sir John, traveller . . . . 1372
Egypt. Manctho, historian . . . . . f. B. o. 304
Rom. Manlius, Titus Torquatus, warrior and consul . . . f. B. o. 340
tom. Manlius, Marcus, saved capitol from Gauls . . . B. 0. 383
S‘cotch. Mansfield, Wm. Murray, earl of, chief justice . . . 1705 1783
Eng. Mantell, Gideon A., mineralogist and naturalist . . 1790 .1852
Br. Marceau, I“. S. D., general under Napoleon . . . 1769 1796
Rom. Marcellus, M. Claudius, general against Hannibal . . B. o. 209
Ital. Margaret of Aujou, queen of Henry VI. of England . - 1482
‘Ier. Maria Theresa, empress of Germany . . . 1717 1780
Eng. Marlowe, Christopher, poet and dramatist . . . 1593
1L1" Marmout, duke of Ragnsa, marshal of France under Napoleon 1773 1852
1‘ r. Marast, Armand, journalist and statesman . . . 1352
Irish. Martin, Mrs. Bell, novelist—died at N ew York . . 1350
Eng. Marvel. Andrew, poet and political writer . . . 1620 1678
S‘cotch. Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots—murdered by queen Elizabeth . 1542 1587
1mg. Maskelyne. Nevil, mathematician and asti'on. . . . 1732 1311
Amer. Mason, J. L., capt. of engineers U. S. army . . - 1853
Amer. Mather, Increase, D. D., theol. and historian . . 1639 1723
Eng. Maurice, Thomas, oriental scholar and historian ‘ . 1758 1824

Maxunus Tyrius, philosopher of second century

Eng. McAdam, John London, Colossus of Roads . . . 1756 1836
Amer- McDuifie, Gem, ex-Gov. of S. 0.. senator of U. 8., 6:0. . 1851
Amer- MCKJQIGY. John, associate justice Sup. Court, U. S . . . 1852
Ital. Medici, Cosmo de, merchant and statesman , . . 1389 1464
Ital. Melloni, Macedoine, physicist, known for researches on heat . 1798 1854.
Scotch. Melville, Henry Dundas, Viscount—statesman . . 1740 1811
Scotch, Melv1lle, Lord. (Robert Dundas) son of the above, statesman . 1770 1851
J’ew. Mendelssohn, Moses—the Socrates of the Jews . o 1729
1 art. Mendez-Pinto, Ferdinand—«lying traveller . . f- 1559
Amer. Mercer, Hugh, brig‘r general in Revolutionar army . . 17"
Amer. Merwin, Jesse, school teacher, W. Irving‘s “ chabod Crane” 1782 1852
(fer. Mesmer, Fred. A., discoverer of animal magnetism . . 1784 1815
111'. Michaux, Andre, traveller and botanist—N. A. Sylva . . 1746 1802
Amer. Milledoler, Philip, one of the formers of Amer. Bible Society, and for /

many years pres. Rutgers college . . . . 1775 1859
Amer. Miller, James, gen. milit. commander in war of 1812 . 1775 135%

Eng. Miller, Philip, gardener and botanist . 1 '
Eng. Miller, Joseph, witty actor—the Father of Jests . ' . ‘ 1% 1738

o

 

NATION.
Am er.
Amer.

Fr.
Scotch.
E n g.
Eng.
lug.
Eng.
Fr.
Mex.
Fr.
Eng.
Fr.
Scotch .
Irish.
Eng.
Welsh.
Amer.
' Eng.
Ger.
Ass y.
Ass y.
Irish.
Eng.
Gr.
Eng.
Gr.
Gr.
Eng.
Eng.
A mer.
Ger.
En g.
Eng.

Amer.
Amer.
Irish.
Rom.
Irish.

Dan.
Eng.
Eng.
Amer.

Irish.
Swiss.
Bar.
Irish.
Eng.
Fr.
Scotch.
Egypt-
Eng.
Span.
Amer.
A mer.
Fr.
Ger.
Irish.
Eng.
Eng.
Amer.
Brit.
Eng.

ADDENDA.

NAME AND FROFESSION.
Miller, Samuel, D. D., historian of“ 18th Century” and theologian
Miller, VVm., founder of the " Millerites,” “ End of the World” sect
Milner, John, Catholic divine and theological writer

Minucius-Felix, Marcus, rhetorician . . . .
Miraband, J. B. de, philosopher and translator . .
Moir, David, poet—the “Delta” of Blackwood . .
Montgomery, James, poet . . . .
Montagu, Basil, editor of Bacon’s Works, essayist, &c. . .

Monmouth, James, Duke of, natural son of Charles 11. .
Montagu, Elizabeth, essayist and founder of the Blue Stockings .
Montespan, Mad. de, mistress of Louis XIV.

Montezuma, emperor of Mexico—conquered by Cortes .
Montfaucon, antiquary and critic

Montfort, Simon de, earl of Leicester—founder of the H. of Commons

Montgolfier, J. E., inventor of air balloons . . .
Montrose, J ames Graham, marquis of, royalist general .
Moore, Thomas, poet, biographer and historian . . .
More, Henry, theological and philosophical writer . 3 .
Morgan, William, mathematician . .

Morton, Sam‘l G., distinguished craniologist and ethnologist .
Moule, Thos, writer on heraldic and topographical antiquities
Munchausen. J. O. F.~—provei‘bial for “ stories”

Nabonassar, 1st king of the Chaldeans . . I . . .
Nabopolassar, king of Babylon . . . .
Napier, W. J., lord, naval commander . .

Nash Richard—commonly called Beau Nash . .
Nestorius, patriarch of Constantinople—fonnder of Nestorians
Newton, Robert, Rev., celebrated Wesleyan preacher .
Nieephorus, Calistus, ecclesiastical historian . .
Nicephorus, Gregorius. Byzantine historian . .
Nicholas, John, antiquary and miscellaneous writer . .
Nield, James Camden, left all his property (£500,000) to the queen
Noah, Mordecai M., eX-consul to Morocco, editor and politician
Noehden, G. 11., grammarian and misc. writer . . .
North, Fred. lord, premier during Amer. war

Northampton, Spence Compton, marquis of, succeeded the duke of

Sussex as pres. of royal society . . .
Norton, Andrews, professor of theology . .
Norton, John P., prof. of agric. chem. in Yale College, U. S. . .
Nugent, lord, author of Life of Hampden, &c. . .
Numa l’ompilius, 2d king of Rome

O’Connor, Arthur Condorcet, general; leader of rebels of 1797- and

exile

Oersted, Hans, Ch. pliil. scientific schomr: discov. ofelectro-magnetisni

Oglethorpe, J. E., general—founder of Georgia .
Oldcastle, Sir J.. lord Cobham

Olin, Stephen, D. D., Pres. Wesleyan sém, author of Travels in the

East, &c. . . .
O‘Keefe, J. dramatist . _ ,
Oken, Lorenz, mineralogist and naturalist .

Omar, 3d, caliph of the Saracens—founder of the Mosque

O‘Meara, surgeon and biographer of Napoleon
Opie, Amelia, Mrs, novelist and essayist .
Orleans, L. J. P., duke of—“Egalite”—-guillotined

Ossiau, ancient Gaelic bard—supposed to have lived in the

Osymandias, king of Egypt—about . .
Overbury, Sir T., poet, &c.—poisoned in the Tower

Oviedo, J. G., bishop of, author of “ Travels in W. Indies" .

Paine, Elijah. jurist and law reporter
Paine, John Howard. dramatist .

Paixhans, general, inventor of guns bearing his name .

Panzer. G. \V. F., bibliographer . . . .
Parnell, T., poet and divine . . . . .
Parr, Thomas—lived 152 years . . ,

Parr, Samuel, learned divine and philologist

Partridve, Alden, Capt, celebrated military instructor
Pasco, John, rear admiral of the red, distinguished at
Patrick, Simon. learned prelate and theological writer

Trafalgar

Pattison, Granville Sharp, prof. of anat. in U.of N. Y.,

Paul, St. Vincent de, missionary ecclesiastic .

833

BORN. DIED.
1759 1850
1781 1849
1752 1826
t 3d c.
t 1770
1798 1851
1772 1854
1770 1851
1649 1685
1720 1800
1520
1655 1741
1265
1745 1799
16-— 1645
1779 1851
1614 1687
1833
1799 1851
1784 1851
1797
fl 3.0.747
fl 3.0.626
1787 1834
1674 1761
439
1854
14th 0.
14th c.
1744 1828
1780 1852
1851
1770 1826
1733 1792
1790 1851
1790 1835
1822 1852
1850
flBo7M
1765 1852
1777 1851
1698 1785
1417
1851
1748 1883
1778 1851
643
1778 1836
1779 1853
1747 1793
3d_c.
1500 B. c.
1581 1613
1540
1853
1791 1851
1782 1854
1729 1812
1679 1717
1483 1635
1746 1825
1854
1780 1858
1626 1707
1792 1851
1576 1660

834

NATION.
Ger.
Eng.
E ng.

Eng.
Nic.
Eng.
Irish.

Eng.
Eng.
Amer.
Amer.

Fr.
£06511.
mg.
Fr.
Amer.
Eng.
Eng.
gen
.ng.
Fr.
Eng.
En 0'.

{'3

Eng.

Eng.

lug.
Scot. Am.
Fr.
Fr.
Rom.
Fr.
Eng.
Eng.
Brit.
Ens. Jew
Amer.
Eng.
Eng.
Eng.
Eng.
Amer.
Eng.

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

mum AND rnor‘rssmx. BORN. 1mm.

Pnulus, H. E. G.. celebrated Orientalist and critic . . . 1761 1851
Pearson. John, bishop of Chester—writer on the Creed, &c. . 1612 1686
Peele, George. damatist and poet . . . . 1598
Pellico, Silvio. patriot and poet . . . . 1854
Penn, Wm., admiral—iather of the founder of Pennsylvania . 1621 1670
Pepys, Samuel, secretary to the admiralty, author of “Diary,” 4150. 1670
Perceval. Spencer, prime minister—assassinated . . 1762 1812
Perkins, Thos. 11.. an eminent. opulent, and benevolent merchant 1761 1854
Perkins. Hardin. largely identified with hist. of Ala, U. S. about 1791 1851)
Peters, Hugh. eccentric preacher and Roundhead—executed . 1599 1660
Philidor, Andrew, writer on chess playing . . . 1726 1795
Philip 11., king—married Mary queen of England—sent the Armada 1556 1593
Philipps, Ambrose, poet and dramatist . . . 1749
Philo Judzeus, learned Jewish writer of Alexandria. . . f. A. D. :10
Piazzi, astronomer . . . . . 1746 1826
Pictet, Benedict, theological and historical writer . . 1655 1724
Picton, Sir T., general—killed at “'aterloo . . . 1815
Pinida, general, President of Nicaragua . . . 1853
Piozzi, Hester L., miscel. writer—friend of Dr. Johnson / . 1739 1821
Plunket. William 0., baron, jurist and politician, Lord Chancellor of

Ireiand . . . . . . . . . . . . 1765 1854
Poeock, Dr. 13., learned critic and commentator . . . . 1604 1691
Pocork, R., learned prelaie and traveller . _ . . 1704 1765
Poindexter, Geo., politician, U. S. Senator ' . . 1853
Poinsett, Joel R.. statesman, diplomatist, and author . . 1773 1851.
Polycarp, St. Christian father and martyr . . . 169
Pompadour, J. A. 1‘“ marchioness de, mistress of Louis XV. 1720 1764
Poniatowski. Stanislaus Align. last king of Poland . . 1732 1798
Porter, Geo. 11.. statistician and political economist . . 1792 1852
Pradt, Abbe Dominique de, political writer . . 1759 1837
Prentiss, Sargeant 8., lawyer and politician, famed for eloquence 1810 1850
Price. Dr. R, writer on civil liberty . . . . 1723 1791
Pritchard, J. 0., ethnologist—‘~ Natural History of Man” . 1849
Priessnitz. founder of hydropathy . . . . 1799 1851
Prynne, Wm.. learned lawyer. political writer, and antiquary 1609 1669
Psalmanazar, Geo. literary impostor . . . . 1679 1768
Purchas. Samuel. divine—editor of Voyages and Pilgrimages 1577 1628
Puttenham, Gem, poet and critic . . . . ~1600
Pye. H. J.. poet-laureate . . . . . 1745 1318
I’yrrhus, king of Epirus—one of the greatest warriors of antiquity B. o. 272
Quarles. Francis. poet—author of “Emblems,” &c. . . . 1592 1644
Quin. James, eminent actor . . . . . 1693 1766
tabelais. Fran., wit and Satirist . . . . 1483 1553
Raflles, Sir T. Stamford. author of History of Java. . . 1781 1826
hikes. 11.. printer—founder of Sunday schools . . 1785 1811
Ramage, Adam, improver of printing-press . . 1770 1850
Rapin de Thoyras. Paul, author of History of England . 1661 1725
19min, 0. N. Oudinot, duc de, marshal of France . . 1767
Regulus. M. A.. patriotic general and consul . . . f. B. c.
Reney. Joseph, established pisiculture as an art . . 1808 1854
'tenncll, Major J., geographer and topographer . . 1742 1830
iepton. Humphrey, landscape gardener and architect . 1752 1819‘
Reynolds, John H., author of “ Naiad" &c., contrib. to Lon. Mag. 1796 1852
Ricardo, David, writer on political economy and finance . 1772 1823
lich, Obadiah, bibliographer . . . . . 1850
Richard 1.. Coeur de Lion, king . . . . 1157 1199
Richard III. king—killed at Bosworth . . . . 1450 1485
Richardson, J ames. traveller in Africa, 850. . . . 1351
Ridley, Nicholas, prelate and protestant martyr . . . 1500 1555
Ritchie, Thos., politician, “. Father R.” . . . . 1779 1854
Edison, Joseph, lawyer. antiquary. and editor of poets . . 1752 1303
Robinson, Sir, Fred. R, Gen. born in U. 8., com. 2d brig. Br. 1812 1764 1352
Rob Roy, (Robert Macgregor,) highland freebooter, about . 1733
Rochambeau. J. B. D., count de. marshal of France . . 1725 1807
Roland, M, J. P., madame, martyr to the Revolution . . 1754 1793
Romilly, Sir S.. jurist and statesman . . . 1757 1818
Roscommon, W. D., Earl of; poet and critic . . . 1668 1684
Rossetti, Gabriele, poet, artist and critic, “ Analytic Comment.” 1788 1354
Ruhini, tenor vocalist . . . . .- 1854
Ruddiman, Thos, critic and grammarinn . . . 1674 1757

 

,1 ”4“

4
2
l
i
1
i
1
i

NATION.

Dutch.
En". .
0
Eng.
1911;.
142.11g.
hug.

Jewish.

Fr .

1'. no'

1’ hoen.
Eng.
11'.

Ital.
Dan.
Ital.
Ital.
Fr.
Ger.
Ger.
Aust.
Ger.

' Eng.
Fr.
Ger.

E 11g.
En g.
Scotch.
Amer.
Span .
E11 g.
Eng.
En: 0'.
En: rr.
Irish.
Eng.
Amer.
Am er.
Rom.
Sam.
Gr.
Eng.
Amer.
En g.
Gr.

8 pan.
En".
End.
Ger.
Fr.
Fr.
Eng.
E ng.
Eng.

ADDENDA. 835

NAME AND PROFESSION. BORN. 111111).
Ruyter, M. A. de, admiral . . - . 1607 1679
R ymer, Thomas, antiquarian and hist01ian (Foedera) . 1713
S1cl1e1' e1',ell lIc111,y divine—~impeaehcd for sedition . . 1672 1724
Sackvillo, T., Earl of Dorset, poet . . . 1536 1608
Sackville, 011., Earl of Dorset, wit and poet . . . 1637 1706
Sadler, S‘ir Ralph, diplomatist and 111st01 ian . . 1507 1587
Sadoc, Rabbi, founder of the Sect of Sadducees . f. 13.0.2211
Saint Pierre, L11 nardln (le— “ Paul and Virginia,” “Stud. of Nat, ” &c. 1736 1814
Sale, George, historian and translato1 of the Koran . . 1736
Sanchoni1tho, philosopher and historian . . . f. B. c. 760
Savage, 1icha1d, poet . . . 1697 1743
Savary, N., traveller and Oriental scholar . . 1788
Savonarola, Je1ome,monk—famed for zeal and eloquence . 1452 1498
Saxo Grammaticus, histori: m . . . . 1208
Scala, statesman and historian of Florence . . . 1430 i497
Scaliger, Joseph J ustis, critic and historian . . . 1540 16119
Scarron, P ., comic poet and satirist . . . . 1610 1660
Schlcgel, Freda critic and histmian . . . 1772 1829
Schelling, Fred. \V. J. philosopher . * . 1775 1854
Schwarizenbeig, Prince R, p1in1e minister of Austria . 1779 1851
Schwab, Gustav., poet . . . . . 1792 1852
Scroop, Wm., naturalist . . . . 1770 1851
Sebastiani,II01ace, maishal of France . . . . 1770 1851
Secundus, John L1ti11 poet . . . . 1511 1536
Sedley, Six 0., poet . . . . . 1639 1701
Selden, J,ohn antiqumy and historian . . 1584 1654
Selkirk, John, 111.1r1ne1—the01101nal of “Robinson 01 usoe” . 1680
Sergeant, John, jurist and statesman . . 1779 1852
Se1 vctu Michael, polemical writer against Calvin . . 15119 155:1
Sew 11rd, Anna, poetess and miscellanecous writer . . 1744 1S 9
Shadwcll, l‘., poet laureate . . . 1640 1692
Shelley, Mary W. widow of the poet—“Frankenstein” . 1798 1851
Sherwood, Mrs. M, 11OVelist and Juvenile writer . 1775 1852
Shiel, Richard Lalor, statesman and dramatist . . . 1792 1851
Shirley James, dramatic writel . . 1594 1666
Short, Wm., charge (1 affaires to France, Holland, and Spain . 1759 1850
Shreve, Henry M: capt., inventm of steam snagboat . . 1851
Silius Italicus, Cains, Roman poet . . B. c. 1 A. D. 74
Simon Magus, religious impostor . . . . 66
Simonides, ancient poet . . . f. B. c. 450
Skelton, John, peet laureate to Henry VIII. . . 1529
Smith, :Iunins, one of the founders of ocean steam navigation . 1780 1852
Smith, John Pye, D. D., eminent theologian . . . 1774 1851
Socrates, ecclesiastical h’isto1ian . . . . 1'. 5th (1.
Solis, Antonio (le. historian of Mexico. 810. . 1610 1686
Somers, Lord John. chancellor and polit. writer—“ 0011.01’ Tracts” 1650 1716
Somerville, W111.,poet . . . 1692 1743
Sontag, Henrietta, an eminent vocalist . . 1804 1854
Sorbonne, R. de, divine, founder of the college at Paris . . 1201 1274
Soult, one of Napoleon s marshals, ex- statesman, &c. . 1769 1851
Southern, T. ., dramatic writer and poet . . . 1662 1746
Southey, Caroline, poetess . 1854
Sowe1ly, Geo. 15., author of works on natuial history 1790 1854
Sozomen, Hermias, eccleciastical historian . . 450
S p,eed John, chronologist, historian, and antiquary . . 1555 1629
S pelman, Sir Henry, historian and antiquary . . . 1561 1643
Sp inoza, Boned. remarkable atheist . . . 1633 1677
Sp pontini, G. L. P. dramatic composer . . . . . . 1784 1851
Stanley. Arthur Dr., mathematician . . 1711 1853
Stillingfleet, Dr. E, bp of Worcester and theological writer . 1633 1699
Stow, John, antiquary and historian . . . . 1525 1605
Strype. John, divine, biographer, and historian . . 1737
Stuait, Moses, professor, theologian, and philolog'ist . . 1780 1851
Stnkelv, Wm. ,divine and antiqumy . . . 1687 1765
Suckling, Sir I. poet and dramatic writer . . . 1613 1641
Sylvester, Joshua. poet . . . 1563 1618
Talfourd, Thos. N... jurist, statesman, and dramatist . . 1797 1854
Talmad ge, Jas., politician, long pres. Amer. Institute . . 1788 1853
Taylor, Richard 0., naturalist—author of “Statistics of Coal" 1791 1851
Taylor, John—called the " Water Poet” . . . 1580 1654

8.36

NATION.
Amer.
Eng.
Gr.
11‘1'.
Scotch.
.ll isll.
Eng.
Eng.
E 11g.
Ital.
Irish.
Amer.
Am. Jew.
Jew.
Amer.
Eng.
ling.
Eng.
ling.
Eng.
Fr.
Eng.
Swiss.
Span.
Ital.
Fr.
Brit.
Ger.
‘n‘l‘.
Eng.
Scotch.
Amer.
Eng.
Eng.
Amer.
ling.

Scotch.
Eng.
Eng.
Amer.
Amer.
lung.
Amer.
Eng.

THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

NAME AND PROFESSION.
Taylor, Zach., Ge11., Pres. U. S.——victor at. Buena Vista . . .
Te1yiyson, Dr. T, archbishop of Canterbury, polemical writer.
Tl1eodor,et ecclesiastical historian . . .
Thibandean, count, statesman and senator. .
Thompson 'l‘hos.,a11thor or ‘ History of Chemistry,” 1&0.
Thompson \Villiam naturalist— Birds of Ireland" . . .

Thoresbv Ralph, biographer and antiquary . . .
Tickell, Thomas, poet, and \1 riter in the “Spectator“ . '
'I‘indal Mathen, D. D,, polemical divine . . -
Tirahoschi, G., histo1ian . .
Tone, Theobald Wolfe, general in the Irish Rebellion . .
Troost, Gerard, geologist . -
Truro, Judah, public benefactor of New Orleans, U. S. . .

’1 111111111, Benjamin (1e, rabbi and traveller .

T111 ner, Daniel, commodore U. S. navy—distinguished on L. E. 1814
Turner, T. Hudson, archaeologist “Dom. Arch. ofMid. Ages”

Tusser. Thomas old English writer and poet .

T) ndale, W111., reformer, and first translator of the Bible into English

'I‘y tler, P. F., historian . . . -
’I‘yrwl1itt,T.,cri1ic and antiqnary . .
Valliere the dnchess de la 111ist¥ess of Louis XIV. . .

Vanbrngh, Sir John. dramatist .
Vattel,11‘.de, j111ist and 111etaphysical writer (“Law of Nations”)

V cm, Lopez de, dramatic poet . . . .
Virgil, Polydore, priest and historian . . .
Voitnrc, V. poet and miscellaneous writer . . .
Vortigcrn, warrior . .
Voss, J. G, historical writer and chronologist . . .
Voss, Isaac, critic and philologist -. . . .
Warhnrton. Eliot, travelle1 and historian . . .
Wardlaw Rev. R., theologian . .

Ware, William novelist—author of “ Zenobla." 8113.
Warwick R. Neville. earl of, general and statesman—“ King Maker”

Waterland Dr. D. divine, and polemical writer . .

W ebstcr, Daniel, 11 very eminent statesman . .
Wedgewood. J. scientific manufacturer of pottery . .
Wellington, Aithur, Duke of, 11 arrior and statesman . .
Whitehead, \Vm., poet-laureate . .

Whitelocke, Bulstrotle, lawyer and statesman . .
Whitgift, archb‘p, divine, and writer against the Puritans .
\Vilson, John, poet and essayist . . - .
Wither, George, poet . . . -

W ood, Anthony, antiq1.ary and biographer . . .

Woods, Leonard, D. D,, theologian

Woodbnry Levi, statesman and Justice Supreme Court, U. S. .
Wotton, Sir H. statesman and poet . -
Young ,yAlex. Rev. historian ofthe “Pilgrims” . . .
Zoucl1,,T., D. D., biographer . . . 0

BORN. DIED.

1784 1 850
1&6 1H5
386 457
1 766 1854
1790 1851
1806 1 852
1658 3 725
1 686 1 740
1657 1733
1631 1794
1763 1798
1769 1351
1776 1354
t 12th c.
~1850
1815 1855
l 581‘)
1500 1536
1790 1840
1730 1786
172a
1714 1767
1562 1635
1555
1598 1648
484
1577 1649
1618 1689
‘l 851
1780 1853
1797 1852
1471
1683 1740
1782 1852
1731 1795
1769 1852
1715 1785
1605 ' 1676
1580 1604
1785 1854
1590 1667
1682 1695
1770 1851
1789 1851
1568 1689
1800 1854
1737 1816

 

NATION.

Scotch.
Irish.
Ital.
Ger.
En g.
Ital.
Ital.
Eng.

Eng.
Dutch.
Ital.
Ital.

Ital.
Dutch.
Ger.
Eng.
Scotch .
Eng.

Amer.
Fr.
Ital.
En g.
Dutch.
Dutch.
Ital.
I) n tch.
Ital.
Ital.
Fr.
£11155.

1110.
Fr.5
14‘}.

mg
Pruss.
Ger.
Ital.
E 11 g.
S pan.
D utch.
Am er.
Ger.
Ger.
icotch.

mg.
Eng.
Amer.
Dutch.
Dutch.
Fr.
Eng.
En g.

ADDENDA.

(Additions to list on page 688.)

NAME AND PROFESSION.

Allan, Sir William

Ba1ker,’.,oborb inventor of panoramas

Bartolozzi. Francesco. . .

Bauer, Fe1dinand.

Beagley, 8111111., dramatist .

Bellini, Giov,, founder of the Ven 11 School

Benini, Giovanni. L.

Bewick John. publisher of various works
with woodcuts . . .

Bone, Hem y

B1111 Paul

Bruuelleschi, P11. ., “Pitti Palace” at Flor.

Cellini Benvenuto, Flo1ent1ne artist—au-
thor of Autobiography .

Oiguani, Carlo . .
Cort, Cornelius . .
Cranach, Lucas . .

Findeu, William .
1‘011‘6813 Robe-1t .
Gibbons, Grinling, famed for carving in

oak . . .
Grecnough, Horatio . .
Gieuze, Jean Baptiste .

Guilio, Romano, (see Julio) .
Haviland John . .
Metzu, Gabriel . . .
Mieris, Francis . .
Morghen, Raphael . .
N eefs, Peter . .

I’zmnini, Giov. Paolo . .
Piombo, Sebastiano del . .
Pr'adici, Jacques . . .
Pugwi11,AugustusN.W.

Richardson Jonathan, writer on art and

Roubilliac, L. F. . .
Rousseau, James . .

Savage, J as. . . .
Schadow, J. G. . . .
Scheffer. Ary—living. . .
Schidonc, Bartolomeo .
Shee, Si1 M. A., pres‘t Royal Academy
Spagnoletto, Guiseppe Ribeia 1a .
Steen,Ja11 .
Stlickland, William .
Sunder, Lucas, (see Cranacli) .

Tieck, Chlist.F1ed. .
Thom, Jas. ~Tam O’Shantcl‘, &c. .
Thornhill, Sir. James . .
Turner, J. W. M. . . .
Vandelyn, John . . .
Van der Neer, Arnold. . .
Van Huysum . . .
Watteau, Antoine . . .
Westall, Richard . . .
Wyatt, R. J. . . .

Painter . .
Painter .
Engraver . .
Botanical painter
Architect . .
Pm' nter

Pain r, Sc ulp r o‘lArch’t

Wood engraver .
Enamel painter .
Landscape painter
Architect . .
Painter .
Engraver . .
Engraver
Engraver . .
Sculptor . .
Sculptor . .
Sculptor . -
Painter . .
Architect . .
Familiar life painter

“ 65
Enqraoer . .
Arch'l painter .

1; t1
Painter .
Sculptor . .
Architect . .
Painter . .
Sculptor . .
Painter . .
Architect . .
Sculptor . .
Painter

‘6

H . .

(t o .

“ O ' O
Architect . .
Engra/ver
Sculptor . .
Sculptor . .
Historical painter
Painter .

Historical painter .
Landscape painter
Fruit painter .
Paintel

Historical painter .
Sculptor . .

PAINTERS, ENGRAVERS, SOULPTORS, &c.

BORN.

1781
1740
1730

1785
1,462
1598

1755
1556
1377

1500
1628
1536
1470
1786
1790

1805
1726

1792
1615
1685
1758
1570
1691
1485
1793
1811
1665

1630
1778
176-1

1560
I 795
1589
1636

1776

1676
1775
1776
1619
1682
1684
1781
1795

837

DIED.

1850
1806
1813
1826
1851
i512
1680

1795
1834
1626
1476

1570
1719
1578
1553
1852
1852

1721
1852
1805

1852
1669
1681
1833
1651
1764
1547
1852
1852
1745
1762
1693
1852
1850

1616
1850
1656
1689
1854

1851
1850
1732
1851
1852
1683
1749
1721
1836
1850

838 THE WORLD’S PROGRESS.

MUSICIANS.

(In addition to those mentioned in the Biographical Indem.)

NATION. NAME AND Pnornssmx. 301m. DIED.
Ger. Bach, John Sebastian . . . 01 gamst and composer 1635 1750
Eng. Bishop Henry Rowley . . Composer . . 1782 1855
Fr. Boieldicn Francis Adrien . Composer . . 1775 1834
Eng. Calcott, J. \V. musical doctor, author of
Mus1cal Grammar,” and . . Composer . 1766 _ 1821
Ital. Corelli. Arcangelo . . Violinist and composer 1668 1821
Ital. Gemimani Francesco . . . “ 1688 176?.
Ital. Ginrdini, Felice . . . “ “ 1716 1795
Ger. Gluck. Christopher . . . Composer . . . 1712 1787
Ital. Jomelli. Nicolai . . . 1714 1744
Ital. Lully, Giovanni Baitista . . Violinist and composer 1634 1687
Ger. Mendelssohn, Felix Bartholch . Composer . . 1809 1818
Fr. Muhul, Etienne Henri . . 1763 1817
Ital. Nomi. Benedetto, celebrated Prof. at the .
Conserv :1toiro. at Milan . . 1354
Ital. Paer. 1wr1l1n1n1l . . Composer . . 1771 1839
Ital. Pnesielln or Paisiello Giovanni . “ . . 1741 1816
Ital. Palestrina, Giovanni Perluigi (la . “ . . 1524 1594
Ital. Pergolesi G101ann1 Battistn Jesi do “ . . 1707 1737 or ‘9
Ital. Peri. Jacnpo, (see Rimicinl who did not “ . .
compose the first opera—Peri did) . . 1550 1625
Eng. Purcell. Henry . . . . . “ . . 1658 1695
Ital Rub ni . . Tenor vocalist . 1554
Ital. Sacchini, Antonio, Maria Gnspardo . Composer . . 1734 1786
Sapio . . . Tenor vocalist . 1792 1851
Ital. Scarlatti. Alessandro . . Composer . . 1659 17 ‘25
Ger. Sontag, Henriette . . . Vocalist . . 1554
Ital. Spentini . . Composer . 1780 1851
Ger. S pohr, Louis—still living . . Violinist and composer 1788 '
Ital. Stratlella, Alessandro . ‘ . . Vocalivt . . 1645 1670
Ital. Tartini. Giuseppe . . . Violinist . . 1692 1770
Eng. Tallis, Thomas . . . Composer . . 16th c.

 

ABBREVIATIONS.

Amer. American. , Gr. Greek. ‘ Prnss. Prussian.

Ara. Arabian. Heb. . llebre w. Rom. Roman.

Assy. Assyrian. Hind. Hindoo. Russ. Russian.

Bab. Babylonian. Ital. . Italian. Sam. Samaritan.

Bav. Bavarian. Jew. Jewish. . Sar. Sardinian.

Car. Carthaginian. Mace. . Macedonian. Span. Spanish.

Dan. Danish. Nor. Norman. . -Swe. Swedish.

Eng. English. Pets. .Perslan.. . Syr. Syrian.

Fina French. Phen. Phoenician. . .U. S. A. United States of

Ger. German. Port. .Portuguese. U. S. America.

 

PAINTING. 839

PAINTING. Chronological Table of the most celebrated Painters, arranged in

Schools and Ages, from the revival of the art, 1600, to the commencement of
the Nineteenth Century.

(From Bell’s Edition. of Bredow’s Tables of Universal History.)

1. FLORENTINE SCHOOL—Style elevated and bold, seeking rather to be admired than to
please; sometimes gigantic; neglects coloring and grace—1240, Cimabue; 1726, Giotto; 1211,
Audrea'l‘nfii; 1400, Massolino; 1402, Massacio; 1491, Filippo Lippi; 1432, Andrea Verrochio,
Andrea Castagnn, Pisanello; 14—43, Ghirlandeio; 1445, LEONARDO DA VINCI; 1469, Burtolommeo
di San Marco; 1471, Buldassarre Per uzzi; 1474, Michael Angelo Buonarotti ; 1434, Dominico
Beccafnmi; 1458, Andrea (lel Sarto; 1493. Jacopo Cnrrucci dn Pontormo; 149 C, Del liosso;
1500, l’erino del Vega; 1509, Daniel do Volterra: 1510. Francesco Salviati; 1510, Giorgio Vessari;
1545, Antonio Tempesta; 1559, Luigi Cardi; 1563, Francesco Vanni; 1578, Matteo ltosselli;
1596, Pietro Berretini, called Pietro da Cortona; 1611, Pietro Testa; 1615, Benvcnuto do Gzll‘O-
foi; 1616, Curio Dolci', 1666, Benedetto Lutti; 1695, Giovan’ Geronimo Servandoni; 1702,
l’onipeo Battoni.

2. {OMAN SCHOOL carries invention and design to the highest perfection by the analytical
study of the antique and of nature; heads of the most sublime beauty; coloring and chiaro
oscuro less perfect. 1513, Bernardino Pinturichio; 1446, Pietro Perrugino: 1433, infi‘uel;
1488, G. 1“. Penni; 1492, Giulio Romano; 1528, Frederico Borocci; 1529, Tnddeo Zucchero; 1543,
'Frederieo chchero; 1589, Dominico Feti; 1594, Nicholas Poussin: 1597, Giovan’ Lorenzo
Bernini; 1599, Andrea Sacchi; 1600, Claude Gelée, called Claude of Lorraine; 1602, Jeriozzi;
1605, G. B. Snlvi, called 11 Sassoi’errato; 1613, Gaspard Doghet, called Poussin or Gunspro;
1616, Luigi Scnramuccia; 1617, Francesco Romanell; 1623, Giacinto Brandi: 1623, Filippo
Lauri; 1625, Carlo Maratti; 1634, Ciro Ferri; 1694, Pietro Bianchi; 1728, Ratfziel Mengs.

3. VENETIAN SCHOOL—Faithful imitation of well-chosen subjects of nature. excellent
coloring. admirable effect; design less perfect through the neglected study or' the antique ; this
school is now extinct. 1421, Gentile Bellini; 1431, Andrea Mantegna: 1478, Giorgionc; 1477,
Truss (Tiziano Vecelli da Cadore); 1480, G. A. Regillo; 1485, Sebastiano del l’iombo; 1510,
Jacopo (la Ponte; 1512. J. Robusti, called 11 Tintorctto; 1522, Paolo Fnrinoti; 1522. Andrea.
Schiavone; 1528, Geronimo Muzzinno; 1532, Paolo Caglinri; 1535, Giuseppe I’onta; 1539, Dario
Varotnri; 1540, Felice Riccio; 1540, Jacopo Palma (ll Vecchio); 1544, Joe Pnhnn; 1549, Giov.
Contarino; 1560, Maria. Tintoretta; 1561, Leonardo Corona; 1586, Tiberio Tinelli; 1590, Aless.
Varotnri; 1600, Aless. 'l‘urchi; 1635. Giov. B. Langetti; 1642, Andrea Pozzo; 1656, Franc.
Trcvisani; 1659, Sebast. Ricei; 1666, Ant. Balestra; 1672, Rose Alba Carriers; 1675,
Giov. Ant. Pellegrini; 1682, G. B. I’iazztta; 1687, Ant. Canalc; 1693, Giov. But.
Tiepolo; 1699, Giuseppe Nogari.

4. LOMBARD AND BOLOGNEsn Scuoor.s.—Correggio, born in Lombardy, not having founded
a permanent School, but having been imitated by the painters of Bologna, these two Schools
are conjoined. Correggio‘s distinguished characteristics are a seducing and voluptuous (though
perhaps somewhat afl‘cctcd) grace in his figures and attitudes. and a magic harmony in his color-
ing. Tibaldi and the Carracci introduce a more elevated character of design, and mnny of their
pupils unite therewith the fine coloring and the graces of Corrcggio. 1450, FrancescoFranco ;
1490, F. Primaticcio; 1494, 0011336an Antonio Allegri; 1495, Polidori Cnldari; 1504. Fr. Maz-
zuoli; 1522, Pellegrino Tibaldi; 1546. Camille Procaccini; 1559, M. Angelo Amerigi, called Car-
mvngzio; 1555, Lodov. Caracci; 1557, Agostino Caracei; 1560, Annibale Carncci; 1560, Bartol.
Schidone; 1575. Guido Reni, called Guido; 1576, Lionello Spade; 1577, Aless. Tiarini; 1578,
Francesco Alhano; 1530, Giacomo Cnvedone; 1581, Dom. Zampiel‘i, called Domeniehino; 1581,
Giov. Lani'ranco; 1588, Frances Gessi; 1590, G. F. Barbieri; 1597, Lodov. Lane: 1600, Mic. Aug.
Uolonna; 1606, Grimaldi; 1618, Giorg. And. Sivani; 1612, Simone Cantarini; 1624, l’. Fran.
M0111; 1628, Cignani; 1638, P. F. Caroli; 1643, Lodov. Quaini; 1643, Ant. Franceschini; 1654,
Guis. del Sole;71657, Fer. Galli Babienn; 1615, Guis. Maria. Crespi; 1668, Dom. Maria. Vlam;
1671, Donato Creti; 1674, Giov. P. Zanotti; 1691, G. P. Panim.

(NEAPOLITANS, GnNonsn, SPANIARDS. These nations are not regarded as having founded
general Schools: their ainters are formed on the masters of the great Italian Schools. Neapol-
itan.—The pointers 0 this nation are rcproached with being in general somewhat affected.
Pietro and Tommaso Stefani, (1. 1310; Fil del Tesnnro, 1320; 1500, and Sabbatnni; 1560, Gnis
Cesare d‘Arpino; 1600, Aniello Falcone; 1603, Mario Nuzzi; 1613, Matteo Petri; 1615, Salvator
Rose; 1631, Luca Giordana; 1657, Fran. Soliniene; 1661, Nunzio FCl'flJOll; 1679, Sebnst. Cones;
1693, Carl Cormdo. Genoese are often incorrect in design,~1400, Nicli._<la Vottri; 1527, Calm-
biasi; 1544. G. B. Paggi; 1557. Bern. Castelli; 1581, Bernardo Stronm; 1590 G10. Carlene; 1616,
Benedetto Castiglione; 1625, F. M. Borzoni; 1639, G. B. Gnuli; 1664, Greg. Ferrari; 1654, Bart.
Guidoboni; 1660, Il Molinaretto; Spaniards—These pmntcrs have especmlly imitated the
Venetian School, and often display its brilliant coloring—1400, Alonso Berragente; 1487, Blaise

840 PAINTING.

(1e Prado; 1519, Morales; 1528, Luis de Vargas; 1582, J. F. leenez de Navarete; 1550, Pablo
de las Rovias; 1589, Joseph Ribera: 1599, Don Diego Velasquez de Silva; 1601, Alonso Cano;
1610, Henrique de las Marinas; 1613, Bartolme Esteban de Murillo; 1617, Franc. Rizzi; 1631,
Maltias (13 Torres; 1640, Pedro de Nunez; 1640, Juan de Alfaro; 1651, Juan C. Falco; 1668,P.
di ’ietri.

5. GERMAN Sermon—This School having never had a common point of union, bears no
general and distinctive character; it produces, in the different styles of painting. rival artists
to the great masters of Italy and of the Netherlands. 1297, Th. de Matina; 1357, Theo. do
Prague; 1367, N. Wurmsor: 1479, Albert Durer; 1492, Lucas Muller: 1493, Hans IIolbein;
1515, Lucas Cranach; 1534, Tobias Stimmer; 1550, Christ. Schwartz; 1556. John Van Aachen;
1564, J. 'Itottenhannner; 1570, J. Lys; 1574, Adam Elzheimer; 1593, Sam. IIofmann;
1600, J. W. Bauer; 1606, Jo. Sandrart; 1611, Ch. Loth: 1616, Govaert Flink: 1618, P. Van dcr
Foes; 1619. J. Spill)erg: 1621, Leb. Stopkopt; 1625, J. Lingelback; 1631, J. Hen Roos;
1637, Jos. “’arner; 1639, Gasp. Netscher; 1640, Ab. Mignon ; 1647, M. S. Merian: 1643. Godfrey
Kneller; 1666. G. P. Ruggendas; 1668, J. It. Huber: 1669. Anna Waser; 1685, Balthasar
Donner: 1689, Fr. P. Ferg: l698, J. E. Ric-deuger; 1709, Brinkman; 1712, C. W. E. Dietrich;
1728, Iafi‘ael Mengs; 1780, Solomon Gessner. ‘

6. FLnMIsu on BELGIO Sermon—This School excels in coloring and in the faithful imi-
tation of nature, but does not always exhibit suflicieut nobleness of design: it produces
eminent artists in every style: that to which Teniers has atfixed his name had its birth in
this School; the Academy at Antwerp, the cradle of this School, was founded in 1510. but
there was a Society of Painters at Antwerp from the year 1442—1306, Eubert Van Eyk;
1370, John Van Eyk: 1450, Quentin Messis; 1490, Ber. V. Orley; 1499, J. de Mabnse;
1553, Peter Knock: 1520, Frank Floris: 1534. Mar de Vos; 1536, J. Straden; 1540, 14‘. Por-
bus; 1546, B. Spranger; 1548, C. Van Mander; 1550, II. Steenwyck; 1555. Denys Calvart;
1556, Otto Venins‘, 1569, P. Van Breughel: 1570, P. Neefs; 1573, S. Frank; 1576, Fr. Sneyders;
1577, Peter Paul Rubens; 1530, David Teniers: 1594, James Jordaens; 1599, Anthony Van
Dyk; 1602, Philip do Oh. lpagne; 1610, David Teniers; 1613, J. Van Artois: 1618, Gonzales
Coques; 1634. Van der 1\ euleu; 1664, Simon Varelst; 1668, G. P. Vanbruggeu; 1672, Ab.
Brenghel; 1742, Henry de Coort. -

7. DUTCH ScnooL.—This School is especially distinguished by an eminent intelligence
of the chiaro oscuro; exhibits good coloring, and a faithful imitation of nature in the mi-
nutest details. The style of precious finishing is carried to the highest pitch in this School.
1467, Erasmus; 1494. Luke of Leyden; 1498, Martin Hemskerk; 1518, An. Moro: 1564,
Ab. Bloemart; 1579, Sol de Brey; 1585, Cornelius Poelenberg; 1596, Leo Bramer: 1600, J.
D. do Heein; 1600, John VVynants; 1606, Albert Cuyp; 1606, Paul Rembrandt van Ryn;
1608, Gerard Torburg; 1610, Adrian Van Ostado; 1613, Gerard Dow; 1615, Gabriel Met-
zu; 1620, Philip Wonveruntns; 1624. Nicholas Berg-ham: 1625, Paul Potter; 1631, Ludolph
Bakhytzen; 1633, W. Van dcr Velde; 1685, Jae. Ruysdael, Hobbema; 1635, Fran, Mierirs; 1636,
John Steen; 1687; Van den Heyden; 1638, Adrian van der Velde; 1640, Karel du Jardin;
1664, John Weenix; 1669, Adrian van der Wort; 1682, John Van Huysum.

ENGLISH PAINTEns.—-Formed in general on the masters of the Flemish and Italian Schools;
excel in portraits and landscapes, are unrivalled in water-colors.-—1480, Hans Holbein; 1543. F.
Zucchero; 1572. Inigo Jones,; 1601, P. Oliver; 1609, S. Cooper; 1610, W. Dobson; 169,0. Ric.
Gibson; 1619. John Greenhill: 1648. Godfrey Kneller; 1660, Luke Cradock; 1677, James
Thornhill; 1697, \Villiam Hogarth; 1714, Rich. Wilson; 1728. Joshua Reynolds; 1727, Thom.
Gainsborough; 1733, Sawrey Gilpin; 1734, 1’. J. de Loutherbourer; 1735, David Allan; 1738,
Benjamin West; 1745, James Strutt; 1746, James Northeote; 1748, J. F. Nollekins: 1748,
Philip Reinagle; 1751. William Hamilton: 1752, Wm. Becchey: 1755, Thom. Stotliard; 1759,
Francis Bourgeoise; 1761, John Opie: 1764, Geo. Morland; 1769, Thomas Lawrence; 1774,
Edward Bird; 1776, John Constable; 1786, Will. Hilton; 1787. Geo. Hen. Harlow: —, Tho,-
mas Daniell; 1785, David Wilkie; 1786, R. B. Haydon; —, A. W. Calcott; 1789, W. Etty. '

8. FRENCH SCHOOL—The good painters of this School are formed on the model of the differ-
ent Italian Schools, of which they bear the several characteristics; they are in general more
successful in composition and design than in coloring. It is emancipated from the degradation
and affected style it assumed after the death of Le Brun by Vien, and become the most numer-
ous and flourishing school ot‘ all.—1490, Fran. Primaticcio; 1496, Rosso de Rossi; 1502. J. Cousin ; ,
1592, Simon Vonet; 1594, Nicholas Pousin; 1600, Claude Lorraine; 1600, Le Valentin; 1600,
James Blanchard; 1607, James Petitot; 1616, Sebastian Bourdon; 1617, Eustachius le Seur;
1619, Charles is Brun; 1640, Charles de la Fosse; 1644, John Jouvenet; 1657, Joseph Vivien;
1667, Nicholas Bertin; 1667, Anth. Rivally; 1684, Ant Watteau; 1638, Francis Le Moine: 1692,
Noel N. Coypel; 1700, Chas. Natoire; 1794. F. Bouchier; 1712, Joseph Vernet; 1716, V1611;
17 29, J. B. Deshays; 1756, J. L. David; 1758, Carle Vernet; 1567, A. L. Girodet.

 

 

 

 

 

 

     
  

Izaiiéia‘a‘tfi'féffr s .4

       
      
    

‘AA‘A’

  

University of Pennsylvania Libraries

www.1ibm.upenn.edu
Circulation Department

ypcircdk@pgbox.up§nn.edu / 215-898-7556

M M M MM 3 BMW

N/ll'fiB/US ‘l?/

8,

r 9/ °
9 <7v.u’\"‘/T ,Nmrfsijé‘
\ , ‘ Jr w L F

L e‘ w m

 

      

VN/llfia/U5

  7 \“\\\\\\\\\\\\‘\‘\\\\\\\\“\\\“\\\“\\\‘\“\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\“\\\\\\fi\£