THE GRAPHIC HISTORY OF THE FAIR WORLDS COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION, CHICAGO, 1893 TE Southwest Texas State University Library T500.C1 C55 World’s Columbian Exposit 000 | ill iii i | ii GO LL ee Gel aes THE LIBRARY oi bOO » Southwest Fexas State University. | Cl San Marcos, Texas 78666 CBB ; z = c : i | THE GRAPHIC HISTORY OF THE FAIR CONTAINING A SKETCH OF INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITIONS, A REVIEW OF THE EVENTS LEADING TO THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA, AND A nISTORY OF ThE WW OREDS COLUMBIA BVAIPOSI TOON HELD IN THE CITY OF CHICAGO, STATE OF ILLINOIS, MAY 1 To OCTOBER 31, 1893. DESCRIBING THE NOTABLE FEATURES IN THE SEVERAL DEPARTMENTS, THE SCULPTURE OF BUILDINGS AND GROUNDS, THE DEPARTMENT EDIFICES, THE STATE AND FOREIGN BUILDINGS AND PAVILIONS, THE EXHIBITS, EAC eel Cs WitH NEARLY ONE THOUSAND ILLUSTRATIONS. a THE LIBRARY Southwest Texas State University San Marcos, Texas 78666 CHICAGO: THE GRAPHIC COMPANY, 358 DEARBORN STREET. 9736 Se COPYRIGHT, 1894, By THE GRAPHIC COMPANY. PREFACE HE GRAPHIC HISTORY OF THE FAIR calls for no explanation or justification. Despite the countless illustrations of the chief features of the Columbian Exposition and the many fragmentary histories of the event, there is unquestionably a place for a history at once complete and concise, not too technical in description or illustration, but popular in treatment and true in its delineation of all the salient features of the Fair. It is believed that a work which covers the entire enterprise from its inception to its triumphant conclusion, with pictorial descriptions of the architectural, the natural, and the mechanical features of the Exposition, narrating fully the story of its exhibits and life, and giving due recognition to the presence and work of the men and women who created it, will be welcomed as an essential’ contribution to the literature of the Exposition. That this volume is of the character described is perhaps not too much to claim. The many courtesies extended to the editor by the managers of the Exposition, and particularly by the chiefs of the departments, have greatly aided in the preparation of the work. Among the numerous contributors to the material embodied in the text and illustrations, special acknowledgment is due to Mrs. M. H. Davidson, the gifted author bf the chapter on the Department of Fine Arts; to Prof. Charles S. Farrar for the use of his extensive collection of reproductions of paintings; and to Mr. C. D. Arnold, the official photographer, for many of his invaluable photographs. THE EDITOR. TABLE OF CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. COLUMBUS AND AMERICA. Incidents in the career of Columbus. Alleged Pre-Columbian discover- PAGE. ies by the Chinese, by Leif Erickson, and others. Portraits of Columbus. Incidents of his voyage. His experience in America. His return to Spain and subsequent voyages. The Spanish Caravels at the Exposition. The discovery of America as related to a new civilization. The evolution of the American colonies. The growth of population and the industrial development of the new world. The United States of America to-day. - = g-16 CHAPTER II. INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION. Purpose of expositions, national and international. Expositions as the liberators of trades and industries. Early national expositions in London, Paris, Vienna, Dresden, Moscow, Warsaw, New York City, and Washington. International Expositions of London in 1861; of Dublin in 1853; of Paris in 1855; of London in 1862; of Paris in 1867. The American Centennial Exposition at Philadel- phia. The great Paris Exposition of 1889. - - - 17-23 CHAPTER III. WORLD’S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. Origin of the idea of the Columbian Exposition. The contest of the cities for the site. Preparations of Chicago, Its delegations to con- gress, Congress passes the Exposition bill. Its main provisions defined. Duties of the local corporation. Its organization and pre- liminary work. The World’s Columbian Commission, How con- stituted and organized. Its duties and preliminary work. Class- ification of the Exposition departments. Awards to exhibitors. 24-30 CHAPTER IV. SITE, PLAN, AND ARCHITECTURE. Site of the Exposition at Jackson Park. Its physical characteristics and its reclamation. The central architectural feature. The begin- ning of work. The decorations of the grounds. Methods and examples of sculpture. The great buildings of the Exposition. Material used in construction. Water and power supply. - - 31-39 CHAPTER V. DEDICATION AND OPENING. The naval pageant in New York harbor. Dedication ceremonies in Chi- cago. The vast attendance. -The civic parade. The great military review. Ceremonies in the Manufactures Building. Pyrotechnic display. Opening of the Exposition by President Cleveland. = 40-53 CHAPTER VI. ADMINISTRATION. The Administration Building, its architecture, sculpture, and uses. Officers of the Exposition. Chiefs of Departments. Board of Directors. National Commission. Transportation facilities. The reception of exhibits. The Columbian Guard. The fire and police departments. Provisions for the care of visitors at the grounds. The Sunday-closing question. The gate receipts. Concessions. Bureau of Public Comfort. - - - - - 54-69 CHAPTER VII. AGRICULTURE. Description of Agricultural Building. Its architecture and sculpture. The State Pavilions and exhibits. The Iowa Corn Palace. The experiment station exhibit. The pavilions and exhibit of Great Britain, New South Wales, Canada, Spain, Chili, Peru, Brazil, Mexico, and other countries. Wheat exhibit of Russia. The great display of Germany. Chief W. I. Buchanan. The Forestry Building and forestry exhibit. Dairy and live stock exhibits. Dairy Building. Live Stock Pavilion. - - 70-85 CHAPTER VIII. HORTICULTURE. The dimensions, architecture, and sculpture of Horticultural Hall. The notable exhibits of Florida, California, South American coun- tries, and Japan. The greenhouses. The nursery exhibit. The Wooded Island and its floricultural display. The Department of Pomology. Chief J. M. Samuels. Organization of the depart- ment, The Bureau of Pomology. The viticultural division. - 86-95 CHAPTER IX. FISH AND FISHERIES. Dimensions, architecture, and decorations of the Fisheries Building. The government aquarium. Chief Joseph W. Collins. Organi- zation of the department. Its object. Scope of the exhibits. The displays of American states and foreign countries, - - 96-101 CHAPTER X. MINES AND MINING. Wealth represented in the exhibits. Dimensions, architecture, and decorations of the building. Divisions of the department and arrangement of exhibits. The notable displays of Germany, Spain, New South Wales, and other foreign countries. The exhibits of the states of the Union. - : : - - 102-113 CHAPTER XI. MACHINERY. The dimensions, architecture, sculpture, and site of Machinery Hall. PAGE, Organization of the department. Chief L. W. Robinson, The power plant. Foreign exhibits. American exhibits. 2 - 114-120 CHAPTER XII. TRANSPORTATION EXHIBITS. Scope of the department and variety of exhibits, Transportation Build- ing. Its architecture, dimensions, and sculpture, Chief Willard A. Smith. Organization of the department. Transportation An- - 121-131 nex. Railway and marine exhibits. e CHAPTER XIII]. MANUFACTURES. The great Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building. Its architecture, dimensions, sculpture, and decorations. Arrangement of exhibits. Pavilions of France, Germany, Great Britain, and other foreign nations. Their wealth of exhibits. The displays of private firms. Department of Liberal Arts. - - 132-151 CHAPTER XIV. ELECTRICITY. Architecture, decoration, and sculpture of the Electricity Building. Exhibits of foreign nations and of private American firms. The electric light and power plant. The system of illumination of the grounds. The division of electric power. The electric railway. The electric fountain. The searchlights. The electric launch. The multiple-speed railway or movable sidewalk. The electric fire and police telegraph service. - - - - 152-160 CHAPTER XV. ETHNOLOGY. Scope of the department. Chief F. W. Putnam. The mounds ot Ohio. Models of cliff houses. Relics of the Aztecs. Peruvian antiquities. The Esquimau, Relics of the American Indian. Exhibits in natural history. Archeeological and ethnological sec- tions, Subjects from Zululand, - - - - - 161-165 CHAPTER XVI. U. 8. GOVERNMENT EXHIBIT. Architecture, sculpture, and decorations of the building, The Board of Management. The War Department. The naval exhibit. Exhibits of the Smithsonian Institution and National Museum, The Interior Department. The Patent Office, Land Office, Post Office divisions. - - - - - - - 166-171 CHAPTER XVII. WOMAN’S DEPARTMENT. Origin, purpose, nature, scope, and organization of the department. Architecture and decoration of the Woman’s Building. Mrs. Potter Palmer. The contributions of women from foreign nations, The handiwork of American women. Children’s Building, - 173-183 CHAPTER XVIII. FINE ARTS. The representation of the nations at the Fine Art Palace. Plan, archi- tecture, and decoration of the building. Exhibit of the United States and its characteristic qualities. The retrospective exhibit, The loan collection of foreign masterpieces. Exhibits in the sections of France, Germany, Great Britain, Holland, Italy, Belgium, Denmark, Sweden, Spain, Russia, Norway, Brazil, and Japan, - - - - : - - 184-201 CHAPTER XIX. MIDWAY PLAISANCE. Location and characteristics. Life on the plaisance as seen by day and by night. Peoples represented. The notable attractions. - 202-214 CHAPTER XX. SPECIAL DAYS AND INCIDENTS. Music at the Exposition. Festival Hall. The Columbian Guard, Entertainments and exhibitions. The Viking ship. ‘*Red Letter?’ days. Chicago day. Manhattan day, - - - - 215-221 CHAPTER XXI1-FOREIGN NATIONS. The representation of the principal countries. Description of the for- eign buildings and their interiors, - - - - 222-230 CEE Re eee Ete Sr ES The representation of the states. Description of the state buildings and their interiors. - - = - - - : 231-239 CHAPRDER XOCim. The World’s Congress Auxiliary, - 5 - = : 240 LIST OF PRINCIPAL ILLUSTRATIONS. The Discovery by Christopher Columbus ...........................Frontispiece Portraits of Columbus...................................... o IO Columbus’ House in Genoa........................’ * ’ *......... ........ ’ io The ‘ ‘ Santa Maria ” in Hampton Roads...............!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! *' x x Duke and Duchess of Yeragua............................................ I2 Queen Isabella............................................................ Xo Spanish Caravels at the Columbian Exposition........................... 14 La Rabida Convent...................................................... X4 x^ I >ondon Exhibition of 1851 ............................................ ’ Xy Munich Exposition of 1854................................................ xg Paris Exposition of 1867.................................................. xg Centennial Exposition of 1876............................................. 2o Vienna Exposition of 1873.............................................. 19 Paris Exposition of 1889...............................................21, 22, 23 World’s Columbian Exposition—General Bird’s-eye vie^”!””””””’ 24 World’s Columbian Exposition—Map of the Grounds.......................... 30 Jackson Park before the World’s Fair...................................... 31 Workingmen in the Grounds.............................................. 32, 33 Buildings under Construction..................................... 34, 35 5 36 Sculpture on Grounds................................................... 37, 38 Columbia Fountain...................................................... 40 Naval Review in New York Harbor ....................................... 41, 42 Dedication Ceremonies— Inaugural Reception at the Auditorium............................. 44 The Civic Parade.................................................... 43 Arrival of Escort of Officers..................................... 45 Military Review in Jackson Park................................... 47 Dedication Ceremonies in Manufactures Building.................... 46, 48 Dedication of Woman’s Building...................................... 49 Opening Ceremonies .............................................. 50, 51, 53 The Administration Building............................................... 54 Sculpture of the Administration Building............................... 55-58 Portraits of the Board of Directors.................................... 59, 63 Court of Honor, from the Administration Building....................... 60 Court of Honor, looking West from the Peristyle........................ 61 Building the Japanese Pavilion......................................... 64 Portraits of Chiefs of Departments........................................ 65 General View of the Grounds from near the Illinois Building............ 66 Portraits of Members of the National Commission..^............... 67, 68, 69 Department of Agriculture................................................. 78 Sculpture of the Building................................... 71, 72, 73, 74 The Agricultural Building from the Columbia Fountain.............. 72 State Exhibits in the Agricultural Building....................... 75-82 The West Lagoon and Wooded Island................................. 78 Interior of Agricultural Building.................................. 79 Foreign Exhibits................................................. 81 Agricultural Implements .......................................... 83, 84 Forestry Building.................................................. 84 Department of Horticulture— Horticultural Hall .................................................. 86 Sculpture of the Horticultural Hall.................................. 87 Under the Dome of Horticultural Hall ............................. 88 Portraits of Officers of the Department.............................. 89 Foreign Exhibits..................................................... 90 Special Floral Exhibits.............................................. 91 The Main Entrance to Horticultural Hall........................... 92 In and about the Great Dome.......................................... 93 page. Electric Dynamos in Machinery Hall.......................... 158 Intramural Railway ......................................... 159 Electric Scenic Theater and Moving Sidewalk................. 160 Department of Ethnology— Ruins of Ancient Yucatan.................................... 161 Relics of Ancient Tribes of Colorado, Africa, and Peru...... 162 Exhibits in the Natural History Section..................... 163 Exhibits from the Archaeological and Ethnological Sections,. 164 Ancient Sculptures and Medallions........................... 165 The Federal Exhibit— Federal Building......................................... 166 Central Court of the Building............................... 166 Exhibit of the Department of Agriculture.................... 168 On the Deck of the Battleship “ Illinois”................... 168 Ethnological Exhibits....................................... 169 Life-Saving Station......................................... 170 Views in the Ordnance Section............................... 171 The Peristyle and Statue of “Republic”........................... 172 The New Art Institute Building................................... 172 View of the Business District of the World’s Fair City........... 172 The Administration Plaza on Chicago Day.......................... 174 The Woman’s Department— The Woman’s Building as seen from the Wooded Island......... 173 Portrait of Mrs. Potter Palmer.............................. 175 View from the Balcony of the Woman’s Building .............. 175 Portraits of the Board of Lady Managers ...........176, 177, 178 Sculpture, Decorations, and Interior Views of the Woman’s Building................................................... 179 Representative Exhibits .................................... 180, 181 Department of Fine Arts— The Fine Arts Palace........................................ 184 South Entrance to the Palace................................ 185 General Interior View....................................... 186 Corner of the United States Section......................... 186 Paintings in the United States Section...................... 187, 191 Paintings and Sculpture in the French Section......188, 189, 192 Paintings in the British Section ........................... 193, 194 Paintings in the German Section.................... 194, 195, 196 Paintings in the Holland Section............................ 196, 197 Paintings in the Italian Section............................ 198 Paintings in the Sections of Sweden, Belgium, Denmark, and Austria.................................................... 199 Paintings in the Sections of Spain, Norway, Russia, and Brazil................................................... 200 Art in the Japanese Section................................. 201 The Midway Plaisance— Panoramic View of the Midway Plaisance and Exposition Grounds.................................................... 202 Night View.................................................. 203 Typical Street Scene........................................ 204 Types and Scenes of the “ Midway”........................... 205 A Group of Representative Attractions ...................... 206 Street in Old Vienna........................................ 207 Esquimau Practicing with the Dog Whip....................... 207 Scenes from the Street in Cairo............................. 208, 209 Types from the “Congress of Beauty”......................... 210 In the Chinese Joss House................................... 210 A Dance of South Sea Islanders.............................. 211 The Javanese Village........................................ 212 The Irish Village........................................... 212 The Ferris Wheel and General View from the Ferris Wheel... 213 General View of State and Foreign Buildings...................... 214 Special Days and Incidents— The Reception to the Infanta Eulalia........................ 215 Fourth of July at the Fair.................................. 216 Arrival of the Spanish Caravels............................. 217 Balloon Ascension on the Lake Front......................... 218 The Viking Ship............................................. 218 Floats of Chicago and Manhattan Days........................ 219 The Burning of the Cold Storage Warehouse................... 220 Foreign Nations— The French Building......................................... 222 The German Building......................................... 223 The Spanish Building........................................ 224 Buildings of Great Britain and Sweden....................... 225 Norway Building ......................................... 226 Buildings of Canada, Guatemala, and Hayti .................. 227 Brazil Building............................................. 228 Buildings of Turkey, East India, and Venezuela.............. 229 Japanese Building........................................... 230 Portraits of Foreign Commissioners.......................... 222, 230 The States— Portraits of Presidents of the State Boards................. 231 Avenue of State Buildings.................................. 232 Buildings of Maine, Vermont, Rhode Island, and Delaware... 232 Buildings of New York, New Hampshire, and New Jersey... 233 Buildings of Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, Maryland, West Virginia, and Virginia..................................... 234 The Illinois Building....................................... 235 Buildings of Indiana, Ohio, Wisconsin, Montana, and Michigan ........................................................ 236 Buildings of Nebraska, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, South Dakota, and North Dakota................................. 237 Buildings of Colorado, Iowa, California..................... 238 Buildings of Utah, Washington, Florida, Kentucky, Joint Territories, and Louisiana................................. 239 Close of the Exposition.......................................... 240Zz, | az : } } THE DISCOVERY BY CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS, OCTOBER 12, 1492. AFTER THE PAINTING BY VANDERLYN. (Pa Gia Phe rl Gi Ol hi. take CISUNIPIMEIR I. COLUMBUS XN Dy Asis elia@ ae. “TJ hear the tread of pioneers, Of nations yet to be; The first low wash of waves, where soon Shall roll a human sea.” HE drama of the great Columbian discovery has become a fascinating page in the world’s history. It is the grandest of those eventful epochs which have resulted in producing a permanent and phenomenal change in human affairs. Any attempt to portray it can never find an adequate exponent. ‘‘Geography and chronology,’’? said Carlyle, ‘are the two eyes of history.’’ Only the historical special- ist who has made conquest of all knowledge bearing upon the age of discovery, which commenced near the close of the fifteenth century, can do justice to the fame of Christo- pher Columbus. Columbus was a pro- phet without honor in his own or any other country. The record of his early life is almost barren of personal ad- achieve- ments, and gives no re- flection of his personal character. ‘‘ There is venture and properly no history, only biography,’’ says Emerson. As for Co- lumbus, the representa- tive character of an epoch which counts more for civilization than any other, his pri- vate history is almost a blank. Some of the most important inci- dents of his career are gathered from his casual private correspondence, and the imagination is left to fill the spaces be- tween the lines. Unless the announcement of the recent discovery of a Titian heirloom be true, there is no authen- ticated portrait of Co- lumbus in existence. The most imposing age which he lived, his per- figure of the in PORTRAIT OF COLUMBUS IN sonality was obscured by the magnitude of his conquest. His contemporaries robbed him of his fame as unscrupulously as Ferdinand revoked the royal covenant and despoiled him of his fortune. The imperturbable patience with which Columbus prosecuted his object, the sublime devotion with which he staked his life upon its success, the im- plicit confidence with which he accepted the royal promises of official dignities and territorial grants, and the treachery which rewarded his fidelity and ended his career in degradation and poverty, make up a story rarely paralleled for its contrast of uncrowned simplicity and royal perfidy. _ other and earlier navigators. It is of trifling consequence that Columbus discovered the New World by accident, as it were, and that he died in the belief that he had only touched the eastern limits of Asia. It matters not that the credit of that discovery is qualified by the claim put in for There is a vast and ever-widening _ horizon of speculation respecting the pre-Columbian discovery of slates: America, and pending investigations by the American Institute of Archeology are likely to throw fresh light upon American antiqui- ties. There was unquestionably an ‘‘ America before Columbus,’’ which recetved the imprint of pre-historic races, cave-dwellers, the ancient Mexicans and Peruvians. But the fact remains that from the study of geography by Toscanelli and Columbus sprang the dis- covery of a New World, itself the oldest of worlds, according to the theory of Agassiz. The assertion that Columbus obtained his knowledge of the New World from Iceland, upon a voyage to that country in 1477, is too absurd to awaken curi- osity. Columbus de- rived his theory of the rotundity of the earth from the ancient class- Aristotle, Strabo, Seneca, and Ptolemy, the Alexandrian geo- ics. grapher, had held such notions, and the idea that India lay to the west, over against Spain, was current among scholars. Tos- canelli, the Italian as- tronomer, sent Colum- bus a map which em- bodied all the geograph- ical knowledge of the time, and which pic- tured Marco Polo’s Zi- pangu (Japan) east of India, off the Chinese coast, and only about hundred degrees west of Lisbon. With such scientific argu- two NAVAL MUSEUM OF MADRID. ments Columbus urged his cause upon the at- tention of sovereigns, and without such arguments it is probable he never would have succeeded. The honor of the original discovery of America has many claim- ants, dating back even to St. James the Apostle. Next come the Japanese, who are said to have made voyages at a very early period to Alaska and Behring Straits; the Chinese, who are credited with having extended their commerce to even California before the seventh century; Leif Ericson, the Icelandic mariner, who is alleged to have lost his reckoning while steering for Greenland, and to have founded a colony on the coast of New England. According 10 lite 6toyan CRAWL e101 Gees elelhs ell ©) RQVees ©) ies IM let eeshi/ Aull e to Catlin and Bancroft, the Indian tribes of the central part of this continent are a mixed race, conjectured to be descendants of a Welsh colony, who penetrated the interior of North America in the twelfth century. There is no lack of legends, traditions, and cobweb romances concerning the habitual communication of the Irish with America centuries before the time of Columbus. and Asiatic nation, according to their own showing, drove the first American stake. Nearly every European Columbus has been stigmatized as an impostor, entitled to no glory of his own, but shining in a reflected light a piratical maritime tramp, who plagiarized the knowledge of amateur voyagers who had been making a playground of the Western Hem- isphere for centuries, and confiscated to himself the sole honor of the great conception which revealed the hidden continent ! If these allegations were true, it would not diminish the glory or the sense of obligation which civilization owes to Columbus. But whatever credibility attaches to accounts of pre-Columbian discoveries, the imputation that Columbus was an impostor has not been believed since the fifteenth century until the nineteenth. Had he possessed any knowledge of the alleged Icelandic discovery, he would have used it in his pursuit of a royal endowment for his own expedition. During this dreary and heart-sickening interval we find him quoting ancient geogra- phers and Arabian philosophers; citing Grecian fables and monkish supersti- tions and wonderful stories of Asiatic travel; bringing forward the opinions of the great thinkers of ancient and modern times; mingling truths of sci- ence with the most childish fancies of ignorant men; arguing, pleading, and importuning but in no case answering the sneers of the incredulous, or con- founding his reverend inquisitors with an argument that would have cut short his long probation a declaration that Icelanders had repeatedly done what he wished to do again! In its practical effect, therefore, the Columbian discovery was the original discovery. The man and the oppor- tunity were coincident. fully ripe. Europe demanded an outlet for her surplus population, which since the Crusades had increased with mar- velous rapidity. Columbus solved this problem in the voyage, which opened a channel to a virgin empire of illimitable expanse and resources. For him, and for him alone, was reserved the imperishable honor of tracing through the filmy conjectures and dreamy mysticism of The time was HOUSE OF COLUMBUS IN GENOA. THE D’ORCHI PORTRAIT OF COLUMBUS, AT COMO, ITALY. the ancient past the sunlight of another world. Seneca, from the powerful inductions of reason, had predicted a new continent; Columbus boldly launched upon an unknown sea, undaunted by Sy » CONVENT OF SANTA MARIA DE LA RABIDA. the risk of failure or the scoffs of the incredulous, made the voyage of experiment which verified the ancient theory. To the philoso- pher is due our admiration to the navigator, our profoundest gratitude. The soul of the Genoese captain was superior to the age in which he lived. His history will ever remain a disgraceful monument of the ingratitude of kings and governments. Through the vile machinations of ene- mies, sent home laden in chains; over- come with age and infirmities, but especially afflicted with grief and pov- erty, he died in ignorance of the true magnitude and value of his discovery. Amid the buffetings of a frivolous court, and writhing beneath the cruel neglect and ingratitude of his sovereign, how would the soul of Columbus have exulted could he have caught but a momentary glimpse of the incalculable wealth and grandeur of the new conti- nent by which he had completed the circle of the globe! As for the results of his transcendent enterprise, they are reflected in the history of American civilization, than which no other form of monument could better typify his sweeping and majestic conquest. The portraits of Columbus are nu- In person he is described as tall and well-proportioned, face long and eyes light; his hair, which was auburn, became gray before he reached thirty years of age. His bearing was pious, his disposition gentle, and his habits temperate. No question exists as to the place of his birth, and in his will he confirms Genoa’s claim to that honor. Whether he was born in the year 1435 or 1436 is uncertain. Of his early life the record is almost wholly conjecture, though the statement that merous, each variously authenticated. he divided his time until fifteen years old between pursuing the trade of his father, who was a wool-comber, and in studying in At fifteen, it is told, he chose to become a sailor, and his love of travel and adventure is attested various schools is presumably true. in his own words: ‘‘ Wherever ship has sailed, there have I jour- neyed.”’ \ studied to master all sciences apper- ( A 8. A S&S Sy XR 0 FERE Na SIGNATURE OF COLUMBUS. During these years he taining to navigation, and about the year 1470 he seems to have first concluded that a large part of the world was yet unknown. In 1474 there is a record of his announcing the views he entertained to the Florentine physician and cosmog- rapher, Paolo Toscanelli. The Genoese Senate received the first proposition made by Columbus for a voyage of discovery, and it was promptly rejected. King John II. of Portugal was next petitioned. ‘The king was im- pressed favorably with the plan, but his council was unfavorable, and Columbus was sent away. The king, however, arranged an expe- COLUMBUS AND AMERICA. 11 dition in secret which was to follow out the idea advanced by Co- lumbus. The expedi- tion came to nothing, the sailors becoming faint-hearted and turn- ing back before they had proceeded far. The earliest report of the appearance of Co- lumbus at the Court of Spain is on May 5, 1487, when it is shown in the records that 3,000 maravedis was given to Christobal Colomo, a stranger. On March 20, 1488, the king addressed a letter to Christopher Colon, saluting him as “ our especial friend.” Nothing came of this message, and Columbus did not present him- self at the court in response to its summons. Columbus then visited Southern Spain, where he endeavored to COMPASS AND NAVIGATING INSTRUMENTS OF THE ‘SANTA MARIA.”’ enlist the aid of various wealthy gentlemen, finally meeting with the Duke of Medina Celi, who encouraged his ideas and enter- tained him for two years. Appreciating that the enterprise was too great for individual effort, and the necessity of having the under- taking conducted under the authority of some government or ruler, Medina Celi wrote to Queen Isabella, and at her command Colum- bus went to Cordova. Though kindly received, state affairs of grave importance so pressed upon the time of the king and queen at the time of his arrival that they gave little heed to his plans. Columbus remained, however, making friends and supporters of his theory, and when the court removed to Salamanca followed it He was here presented to the grand cardinal, Pedro Gon- zales de Mendoza. Mendoza looked with favor on the navigator’s plans, and secured for him an audience with the king. His propo- sition was referred to Fernando de Talavera. In 1487 the famous Dominican junta of astronomers and cosmographers was called by Talavera at Salamanca, and before these learned men Columbus thence. THE ‘SANTA MARIA’? IN HAMPTON ROADS, argued his theories. In 1490 the junta announced their disbelief in the proposition, and recommended that the king and queen deny him encouragement. Poor and disheartened, Columbus, who during the time the junta had been considering his plans was following the court in its movements from place to place, now made his way to Huelva, intending to embark for France. At the small seaport, Palos, he halted at the Monastery of Santa Maria de la Rabida, requesting food for his little son, Diego, and was invited by the prior, Fray Juan Perez de Marchena, to remain in the mon- astery. Through the influence of Juan Perez, who had been the queen’s confessor, Columbus was again summoned to court. The terms demanded by the navigator were deemed too high and were rejected. His condi- tions stipulated that he should be created an admiral immediately, the vice-royalty of all his discoveries, and that of all gains by conquest or commerce one-tenth should be paid him. The negotiations being broken off, Columbus started for France, but upon the instance of Luis de Santangel, Queen Isabella deter- mined to undertake the expedition, and a messenger was despatched after Columbus. Returning to Santa Fe the compact, designated in Spanish history as ‘‘The Capitulations of Santa Fe,’’ was effected on April 17, 1492, between their Catholic Majesties and himself. Palos, as punishment for past rebellious acts, was compelled to provide the admiral with three caravels. These in time were made ready, but great difficulty was experienced in securing crews, and Columbus THE FLAGS OF THE CARAVELS. finally offered to accept any criminals from the jails who would accompany him. Even then, but for the assistance of Martin Alonzo Pinzon and Vincente Yanez Pinzon, the expedition would have been much longer delayed. The expedition, when it set sail on Friday, August 3, 1492, numbered 120 persons in three ships; the first, the admiral’s flag-ship ‘‘Gallega,’’ rechristened the ‘«Santa Maria,’’ had on board fifty men, and was commanded by Columbus himself; the second, the ‘‘ Pinta,’’ was under the com- mand of Martin Pinzon with thirty men, and the third was in charge of Vincente Pinzon. September 17 the men, who were frightened at the variations of the compass and the peculiar phenomena observed, complained, and for several days were rebellious, requiring the strongest per- suasions of the admiral to restrain them. Evidences of land being near were now numerous; on the night of October r1 Columbus saw a light ahead, and on the morning of Friday, October 12, 1492, a sailor on the ‘‘ Nina,’’ Rodrigo de Triana, proclaimed the discovery of land the New World. The island discovered was called Guanahani by the Indians, and Columbus named it San Salvador. There has been much difference of opinion regarding the identity of the land first trod by the members of this expedition, and arguments are produced to show that it was the islands of Grand Turk, Mariguana, Watling’s, Cat, and Samana. According to the Indians, Cat Island is entitled to the honor. Clad in rich garments and bearing the royal banner of Spain, Columbus, accompanied by the Pinzon brothers and members of the crew, took possession of the island for their Catholic Majesties of Castile and Leon. This voyage further resulted in the dis- covery of the islands of Juana or Cuba, Espanola, now called Haiti or San Domingo, Santa Maria del Concepcion, Isabella, Exuma, Santa Catalina, Bahia, and the Cuban Archipelago, then called by Columbus Jardin del Rey. ‘Through the carelessness of the steers- man the flag-ship ‘‘ Santa Maria’’ went aground off the shore of the island of San Domingo, and had to be abandoned. A colony was established on the island, anda fort called La Navidad built. The colony was composed of forty-three Europeans, under Diego de Arana as governor. Anxious to return to Europe, Columbus set sail on the homeward voyage January 16, 1493, and, after a stormy season, cast anchor in the harbor of Palos. He proceeded at once in a triumphal pro- 12 THE GRAPHIC HISTORY OF THE FAIR. cession to wait upon their majesties, then at Barcelona, and was received by them in full court, presenting the nine Indians he had brought with him, and exhibiting the gold, cotton, and other arti- cles and things he had found in the New World. He and his brothers received the title of Don, and the highest honors were paid him. On May 4, 1493, by royal order, a magnificent escutcheon was blazoned for him on which the four anchors of his own coat of arms were combined with the royal castle and lion of Castile and Leon. Desirous of making secure the territory found, as also of extend- ing the explorations, a second expedition was quickly made ready, and on September 25, 1493, the fleet, composed of three large gal- leons and fourteen light frigates, set sail, having on board 1,500 men. On the following November 3 a new island was sighted and called Dominica, and after this the islands of Maria Galante and LOMBARD CANNON REPRODUCED ON THE ‘‘SANTA MARIA.’’ Guadaloupe, Montserrat, San Martin, Antigua, Puerto Rico, and Santa Cruz. Arrriving at his fort of La Navidad, Columbus found the colony scattered and the fort destroyed. He determined to establish a second colony, and located the community of Isabella about forty miles east of the site of La Navidad. From this time on the life of the great navigator was a series of trials and unfortunate experiences. From Isabella he cruised about discovering new land, among other places the island of Jamaica, which he named Santiago. Exhausted by care and loss of rest, he fell ill, and for five months was unable to prosecute his investiga- tions. His colony then became discontented, and the Indians had been rendered hostile by the treatment of some of his officers. Enemies at court also were active, and in October, 1495, Juan Aguada reached Isabella commissioned to investigate the acts done by Columbus. March 10, 1496, he again set sail for Spain, arriving at Cadiz June ii, Beime welll ira ceived at court he asked for more ships for a third expedition, but so tardily were the arrangements prosecut- ed that the fleet did not start until May 30, KITCHEN OF THE ‘‘SANTA MARIA.”’ 1498. On this trip he sighted the mainland of South America, which was at first mistaken After many days, however, the quantity of fresh water and other evidences convinced him that the Owing to ill health he was compelled to hasten on to Isabella, which he found had not prospered. who had returned to Spain lost no opportunity to assail his rule in for an island and called Zeta. long-sought continent was near at hand. Members of the new colonies founded by Columbus the new territory, and the king, moved by their importunities, created Francisco de Bobadilla governor of the island of Espanola, and dispatched him with a letter to Columbus, which commanded aim to ‘give faith and credence’’ to certain things Bobadilla would say to him. It was in October, 1500, that Bobadilla arrived in Espanola, and charges of injustice and dishonesty having been preferred against Columbus and his two brothers, they were placed in chains and sent to Spain. ‘The commander of the caravel bearing the great navigator offered to remove his chains, but he would not consent. Arriving in Spain popular favor once more turned toward Columbus, and he was enthusiastically received. Bobadilla’s actions were repudiated and a new governor was sent to take his place. Still determined to find a passage to Asia, Columbus set forth on his fourth expedition on May g, 1502, having four caravels and 150 men. After discovering the island of Martinique storms so injured his vessels that he sought assistance from the colony of Espanola but was refused. At the islet of Guanaja, east of Honduras, an old Indian told of a vast country to the eastward, and though he made a number of cruises in this direction he was not successful in reach- ing the mainland. His crew becoming mutinous he was forced to turn back, and concluded to establish a colony on the River Vera- gua, which later gave to-his descendants a title of nobility. ries, and enable us to form a just concep- tion of the advancement mankind has made in every department of life since the day when Columbus, bending his knees on the sand of the soutl = island, poured out his heart in gratitude to God that his long . oyage was at last happily ended. STERN OF THE ‘‘SANTA MARIS.”’ CHAPTER II. ENR NA DON wale Wee Ost £VONs: EW men in the rank of life where constant activity of mind or body is an absolute requisite have the means or the time at their disposal, no matter how strong the inclination may be, to travel the world over. As a rule, the very men to whom the experience of sight-seeing would be most beneficial, and from whose experience communities and nations would be most likely to profit, are debarred from the opportunities which travel affords. The statesmen of many countries realized this fact as early as the seventeenth century, and it gave rise to a problem for the solution of which suggestions without number were offered. England, France, Germany, and Holland had their envoys scientists, artists, scholars, and artisans abroad at public expense; and it was their mission to penetrate the secrets held by the indus- trial classes of sister nations, and bring back the knowledge they obtained to the country which sent them forth. France for centu- ries guarded certain industrial secrets with a jealousy and witha care that defied the prying eyes of these envoys, and which were only made known to England and to the world finally by the emi- gration of the Huguenots. Holland sent her tradesmen and her manufacturers into France and England on every pretense, with no other object in view than the discovery of certain processes of dyeing wool. Peter the Great of Russia, disguised as a mechanic, worked as a common laborer in a Dutch shipyard in order that he might learn the art of shipbuilding with the view to introducing it to his subjects. The special industries of nations had not become as fixed as they are now. The contest for pre-eminence in the arts of peace was not less bitter than that which was waged for pre- eminence in the arts of war. Proud as a nation might be of the skill displayed by her artificers or her weavers, she wanted no foreign apprentices, and the secret of turning the links of a chain, or of shaping a pair of stockings, was preserved by a family or community behind locked doors and high walls, communicated only in whis- pers, and never allowed by any chance to escape the lips of the possessor in the presence of the uninitiated, even when a fortune might have been the price of treason to home industry. And yet in those days of trade jealousy between nations there existed a vanity as there always has existed and always will exist a vanity where human nature is given a fair opportunity of asserting itself which was gradually bringing about a change in the drift of popular opinion, and which finally culminated in the unlocking of trade secrets and in the solution of the problem which had puzzled statesmen. This vanity assumed at first only neighborhood propor- tions, but it gradually spread over continents, and has continued to be one of the inspiring and inspiriting motives of the brain-worker THE LONDON EXHIBITION OF ogee and the muscle-worker, the scientist and the artist, the scholar and the handicraftsman, to this day, as well as one of the most potent fac- tors in the expansion of human ideas, in the enlightenment of man- kind, and in the development of domestic and international trade. It is the vanity, not only excusable but praiseworthy, of desiring It began at the village fair, to excel, and, excelling, to exhibit. THE MUNICH EXHIBITION OF 1854. spread to the town hall, grew to the dimensions of a national indus- trial display, and finally took on the proportions of an international exposition of the arts and manufactures of nations. Let us enter upon a brief review of the industrial exhibitions of the past before touching upon the great exhibition of 1893 the World’s Columbian Exposition and see in what manner they have con- tributed to the welfare of humanity. At what period in the history of the world exhibitions of human achievements in the arts were inaugurated it would be idle to say. Many historians have carried the date back to about 521 B. C., citing the record in the Book of Esther, in which it is related that King Ahasuerus ‘‘ made a feast unto his princes and his servants the power of Persia and Media the nobles and princes of the prov- inces being before him; when he shewed the riches of his glorious kingdom an hundred and four score days.’’ ‘There ‘‘ were white, green, and blue hangings fastened with cords of fine linen and purple to silver rings and_ pillars of marble; the beds were of gold and silver, upon a pavement of red and blue and white and black marble.’’ As Ahasuerus ‘reigned from India even unto Ethiopia, over an hundred and seven and twenty provinces,’ and as he ‘‘shewed the riches of his glorious kingdom,”’ it is possible that the exhibition may have pos- sessed considerable importance. The term for which it was continued corresponds with the popular period for international fairs of the present age. When imperial Rome ruled the world and gathered unto herself the riches of all lands, by conquest of sword and sail, general exhibitions were made of the col- lections of art and industry. These ex- hibits, however, were mainly the spoils of war and never assumed, so far as recorded, the character of competitive displays. With the decline of Rome the record of exhibitions must remain silent for a long time, and until the middle ages. To the Crusaders is attributed a revival of the 18 THE GRAPHIC HISTORY OF THE FAIR. spirit, first of a broader commercial enterprise, and second of dis- plays of merchandise. The fairs of Nijni-Novgorod and Leipzig, with the characteristics of which nearly all are familiar, remain as illustrations of the expositions of this period. We are indebted to the British Society of Arts for the idea of As the international exhibition was the natural and inevitable outgrowth of this idea, it may be said that to England belongs the credit of originating what of late we The first of the fine art exhibitions for which it became noted was held in 1756, and prizes were offered for superiority in the manufacture of carpets, tapestry, and porcelain. This exhibit was followed in 1761 by another, at which the society offered prizes for machinery, agricultural and miscellaneous national industrial exhibitions. have been pleased to term ‘‘ World’s Fairs.” articles, which it proposed to exhibit in the room occupied by it in London. national in character that is to say, strictly and exclusively British. The exhibition was to be not only strictly but exclusively And as an evidence of the jealousy with which inventions and improvements were guarded by the patentees and manufacturers, the advertisements announcing this exhibition, among other things, promised that the machinery displayed should be constantly under the surveillance of agents of the society, who would see that foreign spies were kept at a safe distance, and that no drawings were made upon the premises. We have only to recall, from prints or descrip- tions, what agricultural and miscellaneous machinery amounted to and looked like at the beginning of the present century, in order to form a fair estimate of what it was in 1761. The first exhibition of machinery in London must have been a very crude affair from our standpoint, but it was the beginning of a movement in the direction of encouraging a taste for invention and the mechanical arts which spread rapidly throughout Great Britain and into conti- nental nations. The French, quick to see and seize upon a good idea at all times, were not long in following up and improving upon the first English mechanical exhibition. The revolution had scarcely made Napoleon emperor before a series of national indus- trial expositions were planned by that versatile and indefatigable monarch. The first of these displays was held in Paris in 1798, ere the country had fully recovered from the reign of terror. Only 110 exhibitors took part in it. A jury of nine persons, selected by the emperor, was empowered to decide upon the merits of the various Napoleon and Napoleon’s subjects in those days hated the English with an inten- sity that would not be allayed, and this hatred permeated every And so we find that a gold medal was offered at this, the first of the French industrial manufactures presented for public inspection. movement of a national character in France. expositions, to the manufacturer who should deal the heaviest blow to English trade. The name of the successful contestant, as well as the description of the contrivance or fabric, whatever it was, which it was believed would most cripple English commerce, are both lost to us. We only know that British trade survived the blow, and also that France continued to prosper in the face of English competition. A second exposition was opened in Paris in 1801, and proved to be more successful than the first, so much so that a third exhibition was opened in 1802, and this was followed by exhibitions in 1806, 1819, 1823, 1827, 1834, 1839, 1844, and in 1849. At the exhibition last named there were no less than 4,494 exhibitors. This was the last of the purely national affairs held in Paris. One has only to follow up the history of these exhibitions, and trace the progress of French manufacture and trade between 1798 and 1849, to see what a marvelous influence they exerted in the development of the industries of that country. In half a cen- tury the number of exhibitors increased from r1o to 4,494, France became a nation of manufacturers, and Paris was transformed from a mere resort for the dissipated pleasure-seekers of Europe into one of the greatest industrial centers on the globe. The impetus given to French manufacture by the very first and least successful of these exhibitions was so pronounced and so evident that Napoleon became an enthusiastic promotor of trade displays in all parts of his empire, and Talleyrand declared, long before these exhibitions had attained respectable proportions, that in their encouragement lay hidden the future glory of the French people. It is hardly necessary to point out to the intelligent reader the remarkable strides made by France in art, manufacture, and com- Every student of recent French In spite of revolutions and merce between 1798 and 1849. history is familiar with the subject. wars such as have cursed no other European nation during the present century, the French people have clung tenaciously to the arts in which they excel, and the competition of the world has not THE PARIS EXPOSITION OF 1867. INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITIONS. 19 THE ART BUILDING OF THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION, PHILADELPHIA, 1876. been sufficient to weaken their hold upon the trade which, beyond question, received its first impulse from the little exhibition held in Paris in 1798. The arts were popularized by this series of national exhibitions. The youth of France were spurred by these displays to emulate and to surpass the achievements of their fathers. A taste for the useful, the beautiful, and the ideal was created and encouraged. All France was in training between these exhibitions, and the results of the skill and labor of the people were displayed and given prominence by successive governments. The brains of the French people were kept in a state of constant activity. Their pride local, national, and personal was excited. The people of all nations acknowledged their industrial supremacy. The national exhibitions had brought about all this. France had reached the point where she acknowledged no competitor. She was ready, when invited in 1851, to display the arts and handiwork of her people alongside of the productions of other nations at the first great international exhibition which was held in London. Prominence is given here to the national exhibitions of France, for the reason that in France more than in any other country were industrial displays encouraged during the earlier part of this cen- tury, and in France more than in any other country is it possible to trace the direct influence of these exhibitions upon the people, upon their products, and upon the growth of the nation in the estimation of the world. We know that in the fine arts, in the production of delicate fabrics, in the manufacture of the thousand- and-one useful and beautiful things which contribute to our com- fort and delight, the 'rench people have excelled for several years. We know fully as well that the national industrial expositions of that country were the schools in which the people received their education, and imbibed a taste for the arts which have made them famous. England, as we have said, was the founder of the national exhibi- tion. In England, also, was held the first international exhibition. But between the little mechanical affair of 1761 and the great world’s display of 1851 a wonderful change had occurred through- out Europe. Every nation on the continent was struggling to shine as the center of some special industry. The arts of peace had now become of more importance to the people, if not to their rulers, than the arts of war. Machinery was working its way gradually and steadily into favor, and the minds of the people were diverted from national and religious jealousies and hatreds into channels that promised not only prosperity for the manufacturer and the merchant, but a little more ease than the mechanic and the artisan had enjoyed under the old system of labor. A spirited competition arose among the different villages, towns, and cities of the various countries, and the national exhibitions, which came to be of annual occurrence on the continent, became the battle-fields in which the skilled and industrious artificers tried their strength. We find that in 1820 the series of exhibitions was opened in Austria, and that national exhibitions were held in Vienna in 1835, 1839, and 1845 exhibitions, by the way, which did much toward attracting strangers to the Austrian capital, and which promised at one time to make that city as popular with con- tinental travelers as Paris had grown to be. Had the Austrian pursued the wise and liberal policy of the French Government, which, Bourbon or Corsican, Imperial, Monarchistic, or Republi- can, never neglected to care for the goose that laid the golden egg, Vienna might have outranked Paris among the attractive capitals of the Old World. But Austria grew tired of industrial exhibitions just at the very time when all the rest of the world was becoming interested in them. In Germany there were national exhibitions at Berlin in 1822 and in 1827, neither of which was a pronounced success, but at the Berlin Exposition of 1844 there were 3,060 exhibitors. Germany at this time was cut up into kingdoms, duchies, and provinces, and Berlin was not the prominent capital it has become in our day. Yet these exhibitions did much toward keeping Prussia in the lead of her sister states, and in determining that Berlin should be the center of German art, German industry, and German activity. National exhibitions were held in Saxony, at Dresden, at inter- vals from 1824 to 1845. In the last-named year the number of exhibitors was 6,013. Saxony has for years been the home of ‘‘cottage industry.’ It continues to be a kingdom of manufac- turers and artisans. Though the exhibitions of Dresden ceased all too soon, the people of Saxony have seldom failed to solicit and obtain space for their exhibits among the displays of other THE VIENNA EXPOSITION OF 1873. 20 THE GRAPHIC HISTORY OF THE FAIR. MAIN EXHIBITION BUILDING, CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. countries. And it might be said truthfully that perhaps there is no people in Europe who watch with closer attention the progress made in art and manufacture throughout the entire world than does this sturdy, enterprising, and ingenious people of Saxony. It is by carefully observing the work of foreign designers, as well as by studiously following close to the leading manufacturers of France, Belgium, and Switzerland, that the hosiery and glove industry of little Saxony has been able through all these years to hold its own in the commerce of the world. Switzerland had national exhibi- tions between 1837 and 1848, Lausanne, Berne, St. Gall, and Zurich equally sharing in the distinction of being selected as loca- tions. Belgium had national exhibitions which were held in Brus- sels and Ghent, between 1835 and 1850; national exhibitions were held at Moscow, St. Peters- burg, and Warsaw, in Russia, between 1829 and 1849; at Lis- bon, in Portugal, between 1844 and 1849; in the kingdom of Sardinia, between 1829 and 1855; at Madrid, in Spain, be- tween 1827 and 1850; at New York and Washington, in the United States, between 1828 and 1844, and in England and Ireland, periodically, from the time of the first exhibition until 1849, the last great national exhibition in the United King- dom being held at Birmingham in that year. A peculiar fact will be noticed in running over the list of national exhibitions that they practically went out of fashion all the world over between 1840 and 1850. ‘The reason for this is plain. Between the years mentioned London was gathering force and material for the first great international exposition. The nations of the earth were to be pitted against each other for the first time. The various countries were husbanding their strength for this great contest. Besides, they felt, one and all, that if the London exhibition were successful the great exhibitions of the future must be international in character. ‘This has proved to be the case, as a matter of fact, although many local or minor exhibitions of great interest to the UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT BUILDING, CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. countries in which they were held have been conducted success- fully since 1851. The first international exposition was held in London in 1851, under a royal commission. The main building of this exhibition has become famous as the “‘ Crystal Palace.’’ It was designed by Sir Joseph Paxton. feet long and 408 feet wide. The entire structure covered 1,000,000 The general plan was a parallelogram, 1,848 On the north side there was a pro- jection 936 feet long. square feet. There were four great departments to the exhibition raw material, machinery, manufactures, and fine arts. These departments were subdivided into thirty classes. One-half of all the space was allotted to En- gland and her colonies, and one-half to foreign countries. The number of exhibitors was 3,937, of whom 6,861 were from Great Britain and Ireland, 520 from the colonies, and 6,556 from the rest of the world. The estimated value of the ex- hibits was £1,781,929, or about $9,000,000. ‘The admission price was 1 shilling, or about 24 cents, for four days in the week; on Fridays, 2. shillings and 6 pence, and on Saturdays, 5 shillings. Season tickets for gentlemen were sold at 3 guineas ($15.75); for ladies, 2 guineas ($10.50). The differ- ence in the prices charged on Fridays, Saturdays, and other days arose out of the class distinction which always enters into affairs of this kind in England. ‘The higher and wealthier classes could afford to pay more, and the low prices gave the masses of the people an opportunity of witnessing the display. TO @p Tim, tO S jD. iM, The gates were open from The receipts were £275,000, or $1,357,000, in silver, and £81,000, or $405,000, in gold. It was estimated that the fixed income of the city of London was increased about 44,000,000, Or $20,000,000, for the six months during which the exposition was kept open. ‘The receipts exceeded the expenditures of the exposition management by about $1,000,000. This, though AGRICULTURAL BUILDING, CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION, OE. INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITIONS. 21 THE OPENING OF THE PARIS EXPOSITION, 1889, IN THE DOME CENTRALE. the very first, was one of the most successful international exposi- tions ever held. The United States made a very shabby display THE PARIS EXPOSITION, 1889. ILLUMINATION OF EIFFEL TOWER. at the exhibition, the total number of our exhibits being only 499, and the number of Americans visiting London during the entire six months was but 5,048. Chicago was represented by the McCormick reaper, which carried off the gold medal. The only American work of art which attracted attention was Powers’ “¢ Greek Slave.”’ Two years later an international exhibition was opened at Dub- lin, Ireland, the expenses of which were defrayed almost entirely by a wealthy private citizen of the Irish metropolis. It was an exhibi- tion of Irish arts and industries, but foreign nations contributed costly displays. The Lord Lieutenant opened this exhibition on May 12, 1853, and it continued open until October 29, following. There had been no paintings on exhibition in London, and the managers of the Dublin enterprise took advantage of this fact. The result was the collection of the finest paintings in Great Britain and Ireland and the continent, the value of which was estimated at $1,000,000. ‘The display of manufactures was large and interesting. The number of visitors was 1,150,000. An international exposition was opened in New York on July 14, 1853. The main building covered an area of 170,000 square feet, and an annex covered 33,000 square feet. The first named was two stories high, the lower floor being in the form of an octa- gon, and the upper in that of a Greek cross. The exhibition was held under the auspices of a local association with a capital of $200,- ooo. The government gave the enterprise no encouragement nor official sanction. ‘The cost of the buildings added to the expenses footed up $640,000; the total receipts were only $340,000, leaving a deficiency of $300,000 which had to be met by the stockholders. It was not a creditable exhibition in any respect. Four years and seventeen days after Queen Victoria opened the London International Exposition, the Emperor Napoleon declared the Universal Exposition opened in Paris. The French did not follow in a single particular, except, perhaps, in the matter of classi- fication, the plans adopted for the London Exposition. The buildings were numerous and of various architectural designs. Instead of one great Central hall, as in London, the Paris Exposi- tion had several, the most prominent being the Palais d’ Industrie and the Palais des Beaux-Arts. around these for the accommodation of agricultural implements, Other structures were grouped 22 - e me oe 7% sae & * yates THE GRAPHIC HISTORY OF THE FAIR. THE PARIS EXPOSITION OF 1889 carriages, minor articles, etc. The great panorama building was one of the leading features. The main building was of stone, brick, and glass, 800 feet long and 350 feet wide. ‘The total number of exhibitors was 23,954, of which 11,986 (a number nearly equaling the total at the London exhibition) were from the French Empire. The exposition was open 200 days, including Sundays. ‘The price of admission was generally x franc, or 20 cents; on Friday (a reserve day) 5 francs or $1.00 was charged, while on Sundays, that the very poorest and most constantly employed class of people might enjoy the treat, the admission price was reduced to 8 cents. The total number of visitors was 5,162,330. ‘The largest number in attendance on any one day was on Sunday, September 9, when there were 123,017 admissions. Paris during this exhibition was visited by 160,000 foreigners and by 350,000 people from the various departments of the empire. The total cost of the exposition was $2,257,000, or, including the cost of the Palais d’ Industrie, which was met by the French Government, $5,000,000. The total receipts reached 3,202,405 francs ($644,000). ‘This loss was anticipated by the projectors and caused no concern; it was rather apparent than real. Paris and France profited immensely by the number of strangers which the exposition attracted. The next great international exposition was held in London in 1862. This was calculated to eclipse the first enterprise and over- shadow the French Exposition. The buildings were of brick, iron, and glass, and were erected in South Kensington, adjoining the gardens of the Horticultural Society. The main building consisted of two vast domes of brass, 250 feet high and 60 feet in diameter larger than the dome of St. Peter’s connected by a nave 800 feet long, too feet high, and 83 feet wide, with a closed roof lighted by arange of windows after the manner of the clerestory of a gothic cathedral. The domes opened laterally into spacious transepts, and the nave into a wide central avenue and interminable side aisles and galleries roofed with glass. These apartments covered sixteen acres, and in addition there were two annexes which covered seven and a half acres. ‘The number of exhibitors in the industrial division was 26,348; in the art division, 2,038; number- ing 28,652 in all. The total area covered was 1,291,800 square feet, of which 147,700 square feet were given over to refreshments, offices, entrances, staircases, etc., leaving 1,144,100 square feet for exhibition purposes. The total area roofed was 988,000 square feet. One-half of the entire space was given to foreign exhibits. The total cost of the buildings was about $1,605,000; the cost of the entire exhibition, including expenses, was $2,300,000. The total recepts from season and general admission tickets amounted to $1,644,260, and including other revenue, from concessions, privi- leges, etc., $2,298,150. Although the expenditures were liberal there was no deficiency when the business of the exhibition was entirely wound up. ‘The admission prices were the same as in 1851. The total number of visitors was $6,211,000. The daily average attendance was 36,328. ‘This second international exhibition in London was pronounced fully as successful in every particular as the first. The Paris Exposition of 1867 ranks among the most successful of international expositions. It was opened at a time when the second empire had reached the height of its glory, and Napoleon made every effort to produce an exhibition which would dazzle the French people and convince foreign nations that his rule had resulted in making France the most prosperous and progressive country on the globe. ‘The Champ de Mars was the site selected, and the area exceeded 37 acres. In excavating for the buildings it became necessary to remove 370,000 cubic meters of soil. The general design was an immense oval building, arranged in twelve concentric aisles, with a small open central garden. The oval building was 1,550 feet long and 1,250 wide. The smaller build- ings erected as annexes made the area covered about 35 acvres. The ground surrounding the exposition, as well as the entire Champ de Mars, was laid out beautifully in flower-beds, etc., ornamented with fountains and covered with Turkish mosques, Russian slobades, Swiss chalets, Tunisian kiosks, Swedish cottages, an English light- house, Egyptian temples and caravansaries, many of which were erected by the different nations, but generally in conformity with the French plan of the exposition. There were 50,226 exhibitors, and the number of visitors reached the unparalleled total of 10,200,000. The receipts were $2,103,675. The expenditures exceeded these figures greatly, but the cost of the undertaking was kept a secret INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITIONS. 23 PARIS EXPOSITION, 1889. ENTRANCE TO THE DOME CENTRALE. by the government. sition were the Sultan of Turkey and suite, the Prince of Wales, the Khedive of Egypt, the King of Prussia (afterward Emperor of Among the visitors to Paris during the expo- Germany), Prince Bismarck, the kings of Denmark, Portugal, and Sweden, and various potentates from all parts of the civilized world. The Vienna International Exhibition of 1873 was a success. Neither the buildings nor the attendance equaled those of London or Paris, but the expenditures exceeded $7,850,000, and the deficiency was heavy. Yet it was one of the great exhibitions of the age. The Centennial Exhibition at Philadelphia was the greatest held up to 1876. It is still fresh in the memory of the American people, and only a few figures in connection with it is all that is called for here. It was located in Fairmount Park, the site having been presented free of all expense by the city of Philadelphia. In addition to the expenditure of money in the improvement of the park the municipality also built across the Schuylkill River two beautiful and substantial bridges in order to im- prove the means of communication. The distance from the city was about three miles; the area given over to the exposi- tion was 450 acres, of which 236 were fenced in. Within the inclosure were the exposition builuings. The main building covered an area of 870,464 square feet; machinery hall, 504,720; the art building, 76,650 floor space and 86,869 wall space; horticultural hall was 553 feet long, 160 icet broad, and 65 feet in height; the agricultural building covered an area of 117,760 square feet, and the woman’s department building was 208 feet long and 208 broad. From the opening of the gates until the close of the exhibition, November ro, 1876, there were admitted a grand total of 9,910,966 persons, of whom 8,004,274 paid admis- sion fees, which amounted to $3,813,726.49. The exposition held in Paris in 1878 was another of the French successes. The Champ de Mars was again selected as the site. It was the first great display made by the young republic, and while it did not shine as brilliantly as the last made by the empire, in practical results it has been pronounced one of the grandest enter- prises of the kind. ‘The expositions held at Sidney and Melbourne, Australia, were quite successful, in view of the great difficulties against which they had to contend. The last international exposition, and the most magnificent and successful of the series to that time, opened in Paris on May 5, 1889, in commemoration of the French revolution. The Champs de Mars was chosen as the site, which embraced 173 acres. The number of exhibitors was 55,000, the largest number that had ever contributed to an art and industrial exhibition. The United States were represented by not less than 1,750, and received 941 awards. The buildings were architecturally the most pleasing which had ever been erected for the purpose, and the display was upon a more liberal and broadly international scope than anything previ- ously attempted. The largest structure at this exposition was the machinery palace, which was 1,378 feet in length, 406 feet in width, and 166 feet high. The building covered eleven acres, and cost $1,500,000. ‘The Palace of Fine Arts cost $1,350,000, the palace of the French section, $1,150,000, and improvements in the parks and gardens, $500,000. Beside the buildings and ornaments devised and provided by the exposition management, nearly all nations contributed to the architecture. Instead of exhibiting single buildings as at the exhibition in 1867, groups were now introduced showing Indian villages, a street in Algiers, houses in New Caledonia, a Tunisian minaret, a Turkish village, English dairies, Dutch bakeries, and many other sectional industries and characteristic scenes. The most famous attraction of the exposi- tion, however, was the great Eiffel Tower, the construction of which was the wonder of the architectural world. Estimates of the number of visitors from other countries at the Paris Exposition place the total at 1,500,000 persons. Of these 225,000 were Bel- gians; 380,000 English; 160,o00 Germans; 52,000 Swiss; 56,000 Spaniards; 38,000 Italians; 7,000 Russians; 2,500 Swedes and Nor- wegians; 5,000 Greeks, Roumanians, and Turks; 12,000 Africans, mainly from Algeria; g0,ooo North Americans; 25,000 South PARIS EXPOSITION, 1889. MACHINERY HALL. Americans, and 3,000 natives of Oceanica, Java, and other places. The total receipts of the exposition aggregated 49,500,000 francs; the expenses were 41,000,000 francs; leaving anet profit of 8,000, - coc francs, or about $1,600,000. BIRD’S-EYE VIEW THE WORLD’S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. [The Map presented on page 30 will enable the reader to identify all the various buildings and the principal features of the grounds. ] THE GRAPHIC HISTORY OF THE FAIR.CHAPTER III. THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION BENJAMIN HARRISON. JAMES G. BLAINE. A PROCLAMATION. WHEREAS, Satisfactory proof has been presented to me that provision has been made for adequate grounds and buildings for the uses of the World’s Columbian Exposition, and that a sum not less than $10,000,000, to be used end expended for purposes of said Exposition, has been provided in accordance with the conditions and requirements of Section 10 of an act entitled, ““An act to provide for celebrating the 400th anniversary of the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus, by holding an inter- national exhibition of arts, industries, manufactures, and the products of the soil, mine, and sea, in the City of Chicago, in the State of Iilinois,’”? approved April 25, 1890. Now, THEREFORE, I, Benjamin Harrison, President of the United States, by virtue of the authority vested in me by said act, do hereby declare and proclaim that such International Exhibition will be opened on the first day of May in the year eighteen hundred and ninety-three, in the City of Chicago, in the State of Illinois, and will not be closed before the last Thursday in October of the same year, and in the name of the Government and of the people of the United States I do hereby invite all the nations of the earth to take part in an event that is pre- eminent in human history and of lasting interest to man- kind, by appointing representatives thereto, and sending such exhibits to the World’s Columbian Exposition as will most fitly and fully illustrate their resources, their indus- tries, and their progress in civilization. In Testimony Wuereor, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the United States to be affixed. DONE IN THE Ciry OF WASHINGTON this twenty- fourth day of December, one thousand eight hundred and ninety, and of the independence of the United States the one hundred and fifteenth. HE credit of having conceivea the idea of celebrating the four hundredth anniversary of the tanding of Christopher Columbus in a fitting manner, by the holding of a great universa. fair in the United States, has many claimants. Leading newspapers throughout the country long ago advocated the holding of a quadri-centennial exposition at some point in the United States, but it is in any event true that the Centennial Exposition of 1876 furnished the inspiration which eventuated in the great fair of 1893. As early as 1880 the subject was advocated in the city of St. Louis. It was not until 1888, however, that it began to interest the general public seriously. Many of the great cities of the country In 1889 the entire country appeared to favor the enterprise. immediately entered into competition for the prize, Among these Secretary of State. New York, Chicago, St. Louis, and Washington made special claims, and organizations were effected among their citizens look- ing to a proper presentation of their merits before congress. It was apparent from the start that either New York or Chicago would be selected. The superiority of Chicago in many respects as a place for holding the Exposition was universally admitted, and the senti- ment of the country, outside the cities contending for the honor, seemed to-favor the Lake City. business men formed an organization the World’s Columbian With characteristic energy its Exposition pledged more than $5,000,000 by subscription, and stood ready to increase the amount to $10,006,000, to be expended in behalf of the fair, These practical preliminaries accomplished, and thus substantially fortified, Mayor Dewitt C. Cregier anda large and strong committee vis- ited Washington to plead with congress for recognition of the great West, the magnificent development of which would itself prove the most marvelous exhibit the New World could place before the gaze of the nations of the earth. On the first ballot taken in congress for the location, Chi- cago led New York by more than forty votes. On the eighth ballot Chicago received 157 votes, to 107 for New York, as tor Sit. Ihowls, amd 18 itor Washington, and was declared the choice of the country as the site of the Exposition. Chicago’s offer to build the fai: having been accepted, Sen- ator Daniel of Virginia, in March, 1890, introduced a bill in the Senate of the United States to authorize and estab- lish the Exposition at that city. It was referred to a special committee of the two houses, which reported a bill that passed, and was approved by the president, April 25, 1890. The act was entitled ‘‘ An act to provide for celebrating the four hundredth anniversary of the discovery of America by SOLOMON THATCHER, JR. J. T. DICKINSON. DELEGATION TO WASHINGTON FROM THE CHICAGO ee JOHN C. DORE. THE GRAPHIC HISTORY OF THE FAIR, qe e DIRECTOR-GENERAL. DR. RUSH. A. E. STEVENSON. GEORGE R. DAVIS. A, EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE ON WORLD'S FAIR. B. HURT. J. A. MACKENZIE. ~ Christopher Columbus, by holding an international exhi- bition of arts, industries, man- ufactures, and the products of the soil, mine, and sea, in the city of Chicago, in the state of Illinois.”’ The act directed that the dedication of the buildings of should take place with appropriate cere- the Exposition monies October 12, 1892, and that the should open not later than May 1, Exposition 1893, and close not later than Ociolnar gi, 1203, ‘Whe chi for the dedicatory ceremonies was later changed by congress- ional resolution to October 2r. A section of the act also made provision for a naval review in New York harbor in April, 1893, and for an invita- tion to foreign nations to send ships of war to join the United States Navy in rendezvous at Hampton Roads. The law provided that arti- cles imported from foreign countries for the sole purpose of exhibition should be ad- mitted duty free, but if after- wards sold for consumption in the United States the custom- Pro- vision was made for govern- ary duty should be paid. ment exhibits and the erection W. K. CARLISLE. A, M. JONES. THE WORLD’S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 27 of a government building or buildings, to cost not exceeding $400,000. ‘The entire sum for which the government of the United States would be liable on account of this special exhibit, it was enacted, must not exceed $1,500,000. The responsibility assumed by Chicago rested upon the corpora- tion formed under the laws of the state of Illinois, and designated Wie 7 ; ; , a8 - : Whig the World’s Columbian Exposition. The management of this great NAN We Ui RS stock company, representing thousands of stockholders, was vested in a board of directors, forty-five in number, elected annually. Permanent organization of the directorate was effected by the election of Mr. Lyman J. Gage as president and Hon. Benjamin Butterworth of Ohio as secretary. Under the act of congress, this Illinois corporation was to provide buildings and grounds for the reception of the exhibits, and also to furnish sites for the buildings to be erected by the United States Government, by the states of the American Union, and by foreign nations. It was the duty of Chicago, in other words, to provide all the necessary preliminaries for the holding of the World’s Fair, the national commission taking charge of the classification and installation of the exhibits. Through the earlier stages of the work the directory acted through its president and committees. | Later on, however, committee work was almost wholly discontinued through the creation of the council of administration, composed of two members of the directory and two of the national com- mission, who transacted the routine work. The executive officer on the grounds of the Exposition of the directorate was the director of works, Mr. D. H. Burnham, who, under authority of the directory, had the entire management of the construction of buildings and the preparation of the grounds. The congressional enactment authorizing the holding of an inter- national exhibition provided for a national commission entitled the World’s Columbian Commission, to which was to be delegated the care of the interests of the United States Government in the Expo- sition. The commission was composed of two commissioners from each state and territory and from the District of Columbia, and eight LYMAN J. GAGE, commissioners-at-large. The commissioners from the states and PRESIDENT OF THE WORLD’S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION, 1890. territories were to be appointed by the respective governors thereof, and those at large and from the District of Columbia by the president. Like provision was also made for the appointment of alter- ‘ nates. The compensation of the com- A y missioners was not to exceed six dollars NN per day, when they were necessarily away from home on the business of the com- mission, and actual traveling expenses. ee GEER The secretary of state was directed to e oi notify the governors to appoint commis- se if ee ee SX i sioners. When all were appointed they LLY TY Hy Eee Uy bs HY were to meet at Chicago and organize, and they were authorized to accept such site and plans as were submitted by the corporation of the state of Illinois, already in existence ‘‘The World’s Columbian Exposition,’’ through its di- rectorate provided, that the corporation gave evidence of the possession of a bona-fide subscribed capital stock of $5,000,000, making, with the $5,000,000 contribution of the city of Chicago, $10,000,000. The first formal meeting of the com- mission was held at Chicago on the 26th day of June, 1890. Organization was effected and Thomas W. Palmer of Mich- igan was elected president, and John T. Dickinson of Texas was made secretary. The financial guarantee to be furnished by Chicago was found to exceed the requirements of the law. Difficulties were experienced in promptly approving a site for the Exposition, but these ob- stacles were removed without having THOMAS W. PALMER, PRESIDENT OF THE WORLD’S COLUMBIAN COMMISSION. 28 THE GRAPHIC HISTORY OF THE FAIR. Columbian Exposition for aid. After considerable delay the sum of $2,500,000 was appropriated in the form of five million souvenir half-dollars. At the second meeting of the commission, beginning September 15, a director-general was elected, the choice falling upon the Hon. George R. Davis of Chicago; a board of lady managers was appointed, the classification of the exhibits made, and architectural designs of the buildings considered. In accordance with the terms of the act of congress, the presi- dent, when informed by the commission that the preliminary pro- visions of the act had been complied with, issued a proclamation setting forth the time when the Exposition would open and close, and inviting foreign nations to take part and to appoint representa- _tives. The proclamation, accompanied by a letter of the secretary of state, regulations for foreign exhibitors, regulations of the secretary of the treasury governing the free importation of the exhibits, and the prospectus of a proposed World’s Congress Auxiliary of the World’s Columbian Exposition, met with a most cordial response from the leading countries of Europe and from nearly all the minor states. The classification of exhibits was upon a more comprehensive basis than that adopted by any previous exposition. There were twelve general departments for the display of classified products, each presided over by a chief appointed by the director-general. The classified departments were as follows: Agriculture food and food products, farming machinery and appliances. Viticulture, horticulture, and floriculture. Live stock domestic and wild animals. Fish, fisheries, fish products, and apparatus of fishing. Mines, mining, and metallurgy. Machinery. Transportation exhibits railways, vessels, vehicles. Manufactures. Electricity and electrical appliances. line arts pictorial, plastic. and decorative. DANIEL H. BURNHAM, Director of Works. caused serious delay, and the grounds at Jackson Park, offered by the World’s Columbian Exposition corporation, were accepted. The commission was charged with the duty of determining the plan and scope of the Exposition, allotting space for exhibitors, pre- paring a classification of the ex- hibits, appointing judges and exam- iners, and of directing all inter- course with the exhibitors and the representatives of foreign nations. Entering upon this work with an enthusiastic desire to make the Columbian Exposition a fitting rep- resentative not only of the arts and industries of the world but of the phenomenal development of the great American Republic in all the elements of a civilization worthy of the New World, plans were outlined for a far more costly exhibition than that originally contemplated, funds for the preparation of which Chicago had already furnished. This broader scope required an expenditure almost double that originally deemed necessary, but it was no sooner approved by the Chicago corporation than an addi- tional issue of $5,000,000 stock was ordered and bonds authorized and sold amounting to over $4,000,000 more. This sum was in time found inadequate to complete the Exposition, and congress was appealed to by the commission and the directory of the World’s HARLOW N. HIGINBOTHAM, Presivent oF THE Wortp’s CoLumsian Exposition, 1891-93. THE WORLD’S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 29 Liberal Arts education, engineering, public works, architecture, music, and the drama. Ethnology, archeology, progress of labor and inventions iso- lated and collective exhibits. Publicity and promotion. Foreign affairs. The director-general was the chief executive officer of the Expo- sition, and all department work was reported to and directed by him. The act of congress creating the World’s Columbian Commission authorized and required that body to appoint ‘a board of lady managers, of such number and to perform such duties as may be prescribed by said commission.’’ In pursuance of this authority the commission authorized the appointment of two lady managers from each state and territory and the District of Columbia, eight managers-at-large, and nine from the city of Chicago, with alter- nates respectively. The president of the commission, by order of the executive committee of that body, and on the approval of the secretary of the treasury of the United States, ordered a meeting of the Board of Lady Managers held in Chicago in November, 1890, when a permanent organization was effected by the election of a president and secretary. Mrs. Potter Palmer was chosen president and Miss Phoebe Cousins of Missouri was made secretary. The latter was later succeeded by Mrs. Susan Gale Cooke. The appoint- ment of committees on the several departments of Exposition work followed the organization of the board, and the members entered enthusiastically upon the work of the Exposition. Much credit is due the members of the board, individually, for the assistance ren- dered the state executive committees in preparing the general state exhibits. In some instances the women representatives are deserv- ing of the greater portion of the praise for the states’ display; while in the arrangement of the materials in the state buildings the work of earnest women was everywhere apparent, and elicited the highest praise from foreign visitors. The value to the Exposition from the active participation of the most intelligent women of the country cannot be overestimated. Under the direction of the board, the work of enlisting the co-operation of the women in all parts of the Union gave the highest satisfaction, while the interest manifest by the women of foreign countries was productive of an exposition of the achieve- ments of womankind far surpassing anything heretofore witnesssed. The departments of the Exposition were at all times open to the inspection of the appropriate committees of the national commis- sion and local directory, and to facilitate and harmonize the work in both national and local respects there was created a joint com- mittee, composed of sixteen of the most eminent members of the national commission and of the board of directors, known as the board of reference and control, in whom were vested to a considerable degree the powers of the executive committee of each body. To this board were referred all questions relating to the rights, powers, and duties of the two bodies, from whose membership its personnel was drawn. The board of reference and control was composed of the president, vice-chairman and six members of the commission, appointed by the president, and of the president and seven mem- bers of the directorate, appointed by the president. The members of the board of reference and control representing the national commission consisted of Hon. T. W. Palmer, president, Michigan; Jas. A. Mackenzie, vice-chairman, Kentucky; Thomas M. Waller, Connecticut; Michel H. de Young, California; William Lindsay, Kentucky; George V. Massey, Delaware; J. W. St. Clair, West Virginia, and E. B. Martindale of Indiana. The representatives of the directory on the board were Messrs. W. T. Baker, president of the board of directors at the time of the formation of the board of reference and control; Lyman Jj. Gage, ex-president; ‘Thomas B. Bryan, first vice-president; Potter Palmer, second vice-president; Ferd W. Peck, Frederick S. Winston, Edwin Walker, and Harlow N. Higinbotham. Later this board was succeeded by a council of administration composed of two members each from the commission and the Exposition directory. [he members of the council were Messrs. George V. Massey and J. W. St. Clair of the commission, and Messrs. H. N. Higinbotham and Charles J. Schwab of the directorate. The World’s Congress Auxiliary of the Columbian Exposition was an authorized adjunct of the Exposition, and intended to supplement the exhibit of material progress by the Exposition by a portrayal of the ‘‘ wonderful achievements of the new age in science, literature, education, government, jurisprudence, morals, charity, religion, and other departments of human activity, as the most effective means of increasing the fraternity, progress, prosperity, and peace of mankind.”’ The question of awards, and the character which such evidences of superiority should take, early became one of much importance The report of the sub-committee on awards of the judiciary com- mittee, made September 15, 1890, upon the question of the rights, duties, and the powers of the commission under the act of congress, named as among the ‘‘ original and exclusive powers of the com- mission,’’ the power “‘ to appoint judges and examiners for the Expo- siiton, and to award all premiums.’’ Ata meeting of the executive committee of the commission held October 18, 1890, a resolution was adopted authorizing the president to appoint a committee of four from the commission to confer with a similar committee from the local directory, and to determine ‘‘ whether awards shall be granted and what character of awards shall be made, if any.’’ This committee reported the following among other recommen- dations: «That awards be granted upon specific points of excellence or advancement, formulated in words by a board of judges, who shall be competent experts; that the evidence of awards be parchment certificates accompanied by bronze medals.”’ “¢ That there be but one class or kind of medal, to be made of bronze, and to be works of art selected from competitive tests by the committee on fine arts of the commission, or, if more desirable, by the joint committees on fine arts of the commissisn and the local directory.”’ These recommendations were adopted by the commission; and at the meeting of its executive committee held September 1, 1891, the following resolution was adopted: ‘There shall be a committee on awards, to be appointed by the president, consisting of twelve commissioners, which is authorized to meet at the call of the chairman, and shall have charge of the subject of awards, and who shall, in connection with the director- general, select and appoint the board of judges, subject to the approval of the commission. *4 a M O 2 o ^ J> I—I S ° -T< o ° S c c o z z <• J o < ^ s a CO >—< =i ^ ■< - o a i—i CO o OTTOMANS ARAB WILD EAST ' HOW MILITARY CAMP Hungarian Concert ___________Cafe________ LAPLAND VILLAGE _ " ___________.___________ Sitting Bull’s Log Cabin DAHOMEY VILLAGE _______________________California Ostrich Farm _ ^ Brazil ^ Concert Hall 3 to < ----------- o 2 Captive Baloon Park > - z »w ----------------------------- m < ^ Chinese Village, Theatre ^ F and Joss House ! > ---------------------------------------------------- K American Indian Village I I fire Panorama Kilauea . -----J DEPARTMENT PS" east Cafe PRESS PALACE____ g w Algerian and j? °h Vienna Tunisian Village f ?S Cafe o> w E< _____ PAR SIAN TREE OF |--1 ---------------- CRYSTAL WONDER |p, • ________IBks O Ferris Wheel ___________ temple TOMt|s0^U^[T ^ 2, I 1 ; l E § r. 2 _ X > o s g 03 a f. ' | ^ H 3 2 4 ee Sa eS Lee BIRD’S-EYE MAP OF CHICAGO AND THE WORLD’S FAIR SITE AT JACKSON PARK. CARA Ve SM, IIA IN, IND) AIC et IIa OI Oy) Jes Iu, NE of the strongest arguments put forward by Chicago in the contest for the location of the Exposition was a spacious site for the buildings near, and easily accessible to, the city, thus affording accommodations for all visitors convenient to the Exposition grounds. Four localities sought the honor of the site for all, or part, of the fair buildings the Lake Front, Lincoln Park on the North Side of the city, Garfield Park on the West Side, and Jackson and Washington Parks on the South Side. After a long and acrimonious controversy exasperating on account of the enforced delay Jackson Park was finally selected. The wisdom of this choice soon became apparent and was universally commended. This locality, beautifully situated on the lake shore, included 586 acres. With the addition of the Midway Plaisance and other land for special exhibits the total available area was all that could be utilized to advantage. The site was an ideal one, in that it afforded ample scope for the erection of buildings of unusual magnitude, the introduction of navigable water-ways, the conversion of an unregenerate soil into a variegated landscape, the erection of grand promenades and charm- ing walks, and the growth of an infinite profusion of trees, plants, and flowers. It had a water frontage of two miles on Lake Michi- gan, thus making it possible to combine the exhibits of both sea and land in the most attractive manner. It had harbor space where the United States battle-ship, the caravels, the yachts, the Viking, and novelties of boat construction could secure safe anchor- age. At the time of its acceptance the larger portion of the land to be dealt with was a low, swampy flat liable at any time to be submerged from the lake. Other parts consisted of low ridges of sand with here and there a stunted oak, obstinately clinging to the sterile soil and twisted out of normal shape by long exposure to winds and storms. The plan of reclamation contemplated a system of lagoons to be made by dredging-boats working from the lake through the lowest parts of the site, the earth lifted to be deposited so as to increase the elevation of the higher parts, and thus better adapt them to pleasure-ground purposes while enlarging the area for the founda- tion of the buildings. A leading feature of the design was the creation of a great architectural court enclosing a body of water, which should serve as an impressive and inviting vestibule to the {xposition for visitors by water or rail who would pass through it; a canal that should lead north from this court to a series of lagoons which would penetrate the entire site, so that each important build- ing would have a water as well as a land frontage, and could be readily approached by boats; an island of about fifteen acres extent to occupy the center of the lagoon system, free from conspicuous IMPROVED PORTION OF JACKSON PARK BEFORE THE WORLD'S FAIR. THE GRAPHIC HISTORY OF THE FAIR. 1. A Group of Temsters. 2. SECTION OF MANUFACTURERS BUILDING UNDER CONSTRUCTION, AND ITS BUILDERS 3. THE WORLD'S FAIR FIRE COMPANY 4. ENGINE OF THE FIRE COMPANY. 5. WORKERS IN STAFF SITE, PLAN, AND ARCHITECTURE. . 38 PAINTING BY MEANS OF STEAM POWER. buildings, of a natural sylvan aspect the existing clusters of trees to serve as nuclei for such other foliage from plants and trees as could be grown within a year’s time. At frequent intervals plats of flowers, and along the shore line aquatic plants, were to be taught to contribute their beauty to the enchanted island. On December 1, 1892, the plan was accepted by the Columbian Commission and its execution ordered. No studies of buildings (ten in number) had been presented, except outlines of space they were to occupy, this task being left to Mr. Daniel H. Burnham, chief of construction, who was subsequently empowered to appoint five architects outside the city and the same number in Chicago to formulate and submit their designs. One exception, the Woman’s Building, was permitted to employ a woman architect to be selected by competition. By March 1, 1891, the work was apportioned among the archi- tects, who thenceforth energetically applied themselves to their several tasks. Its complete accomplishment within twenty months seemed impossible, but, as results proved, the word “ fail’’ was not known to their vocabulary. The first shovelful of soil was removed in February, 1891. Within six months from that time 1,200,000 cubic yards of soil for grading and filling had been handled at a cost of nearly $500,000; on landscape grading, fountains, and statuary at least $750,000 were expended; for track and rolling stock for transportation of materials, $500,000; for viaducts, bridges, and piers, $200,000; for lake improvements, $200,000; for water supply, sewerage, and gas pipes, $600,000. Numberless minor details included the erection of stores, boarding-houses for thousands of workmen, and offices for officials. All this was in the nature of preliminary work, and it was not until the summer of 1891 that it was completed. Then the foundations, first of the Woman’s Building and of the Mines and Mining structure, were laid. On other building sites work was also initiated and vigorously prosecuted by an army of laborers numbering 5,000 to 6,000 men, increased in the summer of 1892 to from 7,000 to 8,000. In September 3,000 men were engaged in Exposition service and 8,000 in the employ of contractors, the total disbursements amounting to over $600,000 per month. Later on, when platted with green turf and radiant with bud and blossom, the charm of the landscape was heightened by statues, single and in group, placed at favorable points throughout the grounds. We mention some of the more noteworthy among these, referring to department chapters a detailed description of sculptures which adorn the main buildings of the Exposition. One of the most original conceptions is the group designated the “Barge of State’? of the Columbia Fountain, the“work of Mr. Frederick MacMonnies, which faces the grand basin and Peristyle, looking east. The triumphal ship is rowed by eight female figures, typifying the Arts and Sciences, guided by Time and heralded by AT WORK ON THE MANUFACTURES BUILDING, MANUFACTURES AND LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING UNDER CONSTRUCTION. UNIMPROVED PORTION OF JACKSON PARK BEFORE THE WORLD’S FATF THE GRAPHIC HISTORY OF THE FAIR. SITE, PLAN, AND ARCHITECTURE. 35 At the south end of that part of the basin lying between the Agricultural and Machinery build- ings four large lions, by M. A. Waagen, surround the base of an obelisk. On either side of the Court of Honor are massive figures of bulls and horses pedestaled with attendants. The animals are by E. C. Potter and the human figures py D. C. French. On verticle columns a statue of “‘Neptune,’’ by Johannes Gelert, with trident, is repeated six times. The different bridges are grouped by six native animals of America bear, panther, moose, deer, etc. each so lifelike as fairly to startle the beholder. These are by Edward Kemeys and A. P. Proctor. Facing the wooded island and near the Transportation Build- ing are two equestrian statues by Proctor a cow-boy mounted on his favorite broncho, lasso in hand, and an Indian on his pony intently gazing with shaded eyes at some distant object on the plain. ‘The attitude and expression of horse and rider and their arms and accouterments are marvelously characteristic and natural. All of these lesser figures as well as the more imposing COMMISSARY SERVICE FOR WORKMEN. rame. On a massive pedestal rests a smaller one supporting four groups and statuary referred to are the work of artists eminent in kneeling children with Columbia, the principal figure of the foun- their profession, who have studied their subjects with the utmost tain, seated aloft. Mermaids and cupids care, modeling them after sketches made disport in the waters beneath. from life. Opposite the Columbia Fountain, at the extreme end of the basin, rises the majestic proportions of the golden statue of ‘‘ Republic,” facing west. Gigantic ‘The architectural glories of the Expo- sition are chiefly due to the bold original conceptions of the different designers, each adopting and working out a distinctive scheme untrammeled by precedent in size, its pose is graceful, its presence dignified and commanding. Behind her to the east stretch the Corinthian columns of th2 Peristyle, the Columbus memorial arch in the center, surmounted by the famous Columbus Quadriga a wonderfully artistic and masterful group, by, DE ©. Hrenchyand Er © Rotter, the carefully studying sites and surroundings and their relation to vicinous structures, and guided to a considerable degree by what the nature and extent of the exhibits for which it was designated might suggest. The result was a gratifying surprise, not less former also the creator of the statue of Se to the public than, perhaps, to the arch- “‘Republic.’”? Each column of the THE MANUFACTURES BUILDING. itects themselves. There was no tame Peristyle represents a state of the Union, monotony or servile repetition of struc- while upon the balustrade above the cornice are human figures of tural forms. The commonplace was altogether avoided. Each heroic size representing different national and racial characteristics. building was sw7 generts; it differed from its neighbor in design and co oO INTERIOR OF THE MANUFACTURES BUILDING. detail; yet there were no violent contrast. Like the various instru- ments of an orchestra in skillful hands, the combined product was harmony without a discordant note. The visitor by rail alighted at the Terminal Station itself worthy of inspection, in that it is the point to which all railway and trans- portation systems converge in the park, and offers every comfort and accommodation a traveler could desire. His steps then natur- ally gravitate to the Administration Building, which by many is considered the architectural gem and keynote of the fair. It covers 280 feet square, and occupies, in the center of the grand plaza, the most commanding position on the grounds. At the main entrance is a heroic statue of Columbus and at other entrances emblematic groups. It is a sightly edifice, worthy of its magnificent environment and location. Passing through the Administration Building the visitor emerges upon the plaza overlooking the grand basin. ‘To the left he sees the Mines and Mining, the Electricity, and colossal Manufactures buildings; to the right, Machinery and Agricultural halls. The Man- ufactures, the main structure of all, is stupendous in its proportions, its otherwise monotonous uniformity being relieved by its arches, fluted columns, and elaborate ornamentations. Its architecture is severely classic and of the Corin- thian order. The scheme of the Electricity Building is based on a longitudinal nave crossed by a transept. Both have a pitched roof with skylights and clerestory windows. ‘The exterior walls are composed of a continuous order of pilasters, supporting an entablature resting on a stylobate. At each four corners is a pavilion surmounted by a tower 169 feet high. The exterior orders are richly decorated, the porticos and loggias being highly enriched with color and the capitals of the pilasters with metallic effects in bronze. The con- tiguous hall of Mines and Mining is a massive but elaborate edifice with features of the French school in design, and somewhat after the style of the later Italian Renaissance. Above the principal en- trance facing the lagoon, north, are a group of figures emblematic of the miner’s calling, and other decorations at various points, one of which is a female figure in semi-recumbent position bran- dishing a pick. Agricultural Hall is an at- tractive structure of the Re- naissance style, with groups of statuary in its vestibule and entrances suggestive of agri- cultural pursuits. Its design is chaste and beautiful, and it offers a marked contrast to the dominating edifice opposite. West, and separated from the Agricultural by a waterway, stands Machinery Hall, mod- eled after the style of the Span- IN A MOLDING ROOM. GROUP OF MOLDERS. THE GRAPHIC HISTORY OF THE FAIR. SSS WO ENTRANCE TO TRANSPORTATION BUILDING. ish Renaissance, its facades adorned with colonnades and other embellishments, adding largely to the spectacular effect of the grand plaza it fronts. Of the Exposition buildings this is the second in point of size. At the southwest corner of the great quadrangle which encloses the wooded island stands the Transportation Building a special structure for the display of forms and processes of transportation from the crudest to the most perfect. It is the only structure on the grounds whose entire facades reveal polychromatic effects lead- ing up to a gorgeous series of arches treated in silver and gold, and called the Golden Door. Groups of statuary adorn the minor entrances of the facade, and figures of inventors are pedes- taled on either end. ‘The style of architecture adopted admirably fits it for the purpose it was intended for, and the exterior colors are so deftly harmonized that they neither invite criticism nor offend good taste. Next, north, comes Horti- cultural Hall, with its richly ornamented cor- nices and towering dome. One of its most beautiful exterior features is the two groups, representing the birth and death of the flowers, at the main entrance. Passing on to the north, the Woman’s Building, designed by a woman architect, displays its graceful proportions, the interior decorations as well as exhibits being of woman’s handiwork and industry. The Illinois State Building intervenes between this and the Art Palace at the north end of the lagoon. It covers three acres, and it is the only edifice which has a site among the main structures. The Art Palace is fashioned after the Ionic, and is one of the most interesting and artistic features of the fair from an architect- ural standpoint. It is rectangular in plan, divided by a spacious nave and transept, lined with statuary and casts, into four main galleries, allotted to exhibits of the United States and foreign coun- tries, with smaller apartments for other collections. Its material is brick, glass, and iron, and externally it is considered fire-proof. The grounds in its vicinity are profusely decorated with statuary and imitations of Grecian art. ‘The Fisheries Building occupies a site opposite the north basin leading from the main lagoon its marine and fresh water aquaria, in circular annexes, being connected at each end. Simplicity and airinesss per- vade the design in contrast with the more imposing edifices around it. In the arrange- ment of the capitals, cornices, and other details, a fantastic humor is displayed in shapes which are the motif of the de- sign. The Federal Building stands between this ana the Manufactures. It is modeled SITE, PLAN, AND ARCHITECTURE. 37 MOOSE (ON BRIDGES). BY EDWARD KEMEYS. somewhat on the plan of the National Museum at Washington, but of inferior design. It has the conventional federal dome, with a row of projecting windows. It is mainly constructed of corrugated iron of a pattern neither very ornamental nor attractive. It seems an incongruous feature in a picture that fell little short of perfection. The Forestry is an unique edifice of the rustic order. A veranda extends on all four sides of the building supporting the roof a colonnade of trunks of trees in their natural state with bark undis- turbed. The sides are covered with slabs with bark removed, and the window frames are treated in the same rustic manner, The entrances are all finished in different kinds of woods, and the roof is thatched with tan-bark. The interior is fin- ished to show the grain of woods and their susceptibility to polish. In itself and its exhibits it illustrates the forestry wealth of the world Between the Agricultural and Machinery buildings a straight canal ran southward from the western end of the basin, and at its south- ern extremity stood a tall obelisk, with an explanation of the purpose of the Exposition inscribed upon its base in English, Latin, Russian, and Chinese. South of this was another colonnade connecting at either end with the Agri- cultural and Machinery buildings, and forming a screen between the Court of Honor and the Stock Pavilion. The architecture of the Court of Honor was strictly classical and ceremonious in style, forming an appropriate gateway to the Expo- sition. On every side were stately pillars and arches. The pavil- ions formed at the corners of the buildings, and the entrance pavilions in the centers of the facades, gave opportunities for imposing architectural effects. The entrance pavilions were espe- cially magnificent. The architecture of the Court of Honor, and, indeed, of the whole Exposition, was a beautiful example of unity in variety. After all due credit is given to Mr. Frederick Law Olmstead for the effective grouping of the buildings, it still remains true that the architects of the White City builded better than they knew. That so many minds working almost independently should evolve a whole of such perfect harmony and beauty was little short of marvelous. ‘To be sure, the architects of the buildings facing the Court of Honor had agreed upon a few points in consultation. They had adopted a common module of composition, and a com- mon height of sixty feet for the principal facades; they had also agreed that the architectural styles must be strictly classic, and that the large buildings must have covered ambulatories to provide shelter from the rays of the sun. But in all other respects they were left free to express their individuality. note, however, that the five architects who designed the buildings It is interesting to ‘©THE SECRET.’’ SCULPTURE, BY THEO. BAUR. surrounding the Court of Honor were bound together by profes- sional ties. Mr. Henry Van Brunt, who produced the Electricity Building, and Mr. George B. Post, who designed the Manufac- tures Building, had been pupils of Mr. Richard M. Hunt, the architect of the Administration Building, while Messrs. Peabody & Stearns, who’ designed Machinery Hall, had worked under Mr. Van Brunt, and Mr. McKim, of the firm of McKim, Mead & White, architects of the Agricultural Building, had been subject to similar influences. These circumstances, doubtless, had some effect on the harmony of the architecture. The Transportation Building is the work of Messrs. Adler & Sullivan of Chicago; Horticultural Hall, that of Mr. W. L. B. Jenney of Chicago; the Fisheries Build- ing, of Mr. Henry Ives Cobb of Chicago; the Mines and Mining Building, of Mr. S. S. Beman, Chicago, and the Fine Arts Building, Peristyle, Music Hall, and Casino, that of Mr. Charles B. Atwood. The sightseer who desired a comprehensive view of the grounds might either take an electric train on the Intramural Railway near the pier, or enter the Manufactures Building and take an elevator to the roof. In either case he would see a number of buildings in the extremities of the grounds which were not visible from the lagoon and basin. A group of the buildings in the southeastern corner of the grounds accommodated the anthropological, forestry, and leather exhibits. These were separated from the Agricultural Building by the south pond, which sent a narrow Channel northward past the Krupp Gun exhibit and the Monastery of La Rabida to join the lake just south of the pier. Extending across the southern extremity of the grounds were sheds for the stock exhibit and warehouses; and north of them were various outdoor exhibits, including wind- mills and other mechanical appliances, and the amphitheater known as the Stock Pavilion. ‘The extreme northern end of the grounds, on the other hand, was occupied by the state buildings, while just opposite the Woman’s Building the Midway Plaisance stretched west- ward for a mile. Unfortunately, in the location of the smaller buildings, the original plans of the landscape architects were not always adhered to in all particulars. It was intended to relegate nearly all the smaller build- ings to the extremities of the grounds and the Midway Plaisance, but it was afterward found to be finan- cially desirable to scatter pavilions and concession-buildings through- out the grounds. These sometimes interrupted views which had been carefully planned for the relief of the eye by the landscape architects. Again, the wooded island was intended to be left entirely free from buildings, and to present as wild and natural an appearance as possible. But space on the island was sought after for a variety of purposes; and certainly nothing which was proposed could have interfered with the original plan less than the rose-garden and the Japanese temple, surrounded by its miniature park of dwarfed and gnarly trees: LION (ON BRIDGES). BY EDWARD KEMEYS. FAIR. GRAPHIC HISTORY OF THE THE SCULPTORS. aR TE oO P. Ea . _ _ ENCH AND Fr eS ERISTYLE. D. RCI OlF IP ee SURMOUNTING A ) A ee JADRIG t COLUMBUS Qt oD Css - . CC lulglits ae ie . ee seca STILL HUNT,.’’ BY EDWARD KEMEYS THE EXPOSITION AS SEEN IN THE WINTER OF 1802. THE SITE, PLAN, AND ARCHITECTURE. 39 There are other buildings, state and foreign, of smaller dimen- sions, referred to elsewhere. The architectural features of the main buildings, their arrangement and relative position, the grouping of statuary, the picturesque bridges, the floral island, were a constant suggestion of grandeur and beauty, doubly enhanced by the intro- duction of fresh water in flowing masses in the central basin and through the lagoons. The water by day and night was instinct with life as the promenades crowded with sight-seers. On its surface gondolas idly and launches quickly carried to and fro their happy human freight. Without the adjunct of water the various buildings would have looked bleak and isolated. This enclosure, containing nearly 700 acres, covered by more than 400 structures, from the small state pavilion occupying an ordinary build- ing site to the colossal structure of the Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building covering over thirty acres, is filled and crowded with a display of achievements and products of the mind and hand of man such as has THE DEDICATION AND OPENING. d1 of the world and point to the great achievements we here exhibit, asking no allowance on the score of youth. * * Let us hold fast to the meaning that underlies this ceremony, and let us not lose the impressiveness of this moment. As by a touch the machinery that gives life to this vast Exposition is now set in motion, so at the same instant let our hopesandaspirations awaken forces which in all time to come shall influence the welfare, the dignity, | : and the freedom of mankind.”’ One swift touch by the president and the FOUNTAINS BEFORE MANUFACTURES BUILDING. drapery fell away from the colossal figure of the ‘‘ Republic,”’ the flags were unfurled, the people roared their appro- bation, and with the magnificent strains of «¢ America’’ from the orchestra and a hun- dred thousand throats the celebration of America’s discov- ery was duly inaugurated. never been presented to mortal vision. * * The grand con- certed illustration of modern progress which is here presented for the encouragement of art, of } science, of industry, of commerce, has necessitated an expenditure, including the outlay of our exhibitors, largely in excess of $100,000,000. We have. given it our constant thought, our most devoted service, our best energy.”’ With a bow to the president, Mr. Davis indicated that it was time for him to ‘‘touch the magic key, when the ponderous machinery would start the! in its revolutions and the activities of 1 the Exposition would begin.’’ Mr. - ant Cleveland acknowledged the compli- lie ment of the great applause which ni greeted him. <‘‘I am here,’’ he said, that “to join my fellow-citizens in the con- stat gratulations which befit this occasion. il Surrounded by the stupendous results ea) of American enterprise and activity, Art and in view of magnificent evidences ct of American skill and intelligence, we ayo need not fear that these congratulations Ve | ‘te will be exaggerated. We stand to-day GROVER CLEVELAND, te in the presence of the oldest nations Twenty-fourth President of the United States. 52 THE GRAPHIC HISTORY OF THE FAIR. VISTA FROM THE WOODED ISLAND. Instead of the ordinary brass key and hard-rubber push used on the ma- jority of telegraphic instruments, the key on this occasion was of gold, and the button of ivory. Both were made for this special function by a New York firm and subsequently retained by them as a precious souvenir. The key was mounted on a pedestal of three tiers which measured 24x 18 inches at the base and 16x ro inches at the top. In honor of the United States, the horizontal surfaces of the pedestal were covered with blue, and its vertical sides with golden-tinted plush as a compliment to Spain. On the lowest tier the dates, ‘‘1492-1893,” were wrought in silver. Such was the appropriate climax and conclusion of the ceremonies of inau- guration the glorious culmination of a day full of excitement, following i 8, £ 4 ** NEPTUNE.’’ ON ROSTRAL COLUMNS. SCENE FROM WOMAN’S BUILDING. weeks of anxious preparation. There was no failure in the program to record, no occurrence to mar the universal joy. The hearts of all participants were quickened with a fervor of enthusiasm such as no similar occasion ever evoked. It was a grand popular ovation of no merely local interest, but of international significance, crowning with triumph an unparalleled series of events. The patriotism of the American people swept aside all distinctions of race and rank. Foreigners and natives alike joined in a jubilee that had no false or discordant note. ‘The very emblems of national authority seemed to catch the spirit of the hour. Our favorite ‘‘ bird of freedom”’ extended his claw to the British lion, that roared in return ‘gently as a sucking dove,’’ then welcomed with glistening eyes the imperial eagles that hovered over every building. The flags of the nations flapped their folds in token of enduring friendship. From this date the world’s history began anew, and its inspiring motto was, ««Glory to God in the highest, and on earth peace, good will toward men !’’ VIEW FROM THE ADMINISTRATION PLAZA. OU wo THE DEDICATION AND OPENING. . a Ime VIEWS OF THE MANUFACTURES BUILDING. ~< oo PRESIDENT CLEVELAND TOUCHING THE ELECTRIC KEY WHICH STARTS THE EXPOSITION MACHINERY. 54 THE GRAPHIC HISTORY OF THE FAIR. THE ADMINISTRATION BUILDING, AS SEEN ON A FETE DAY CHARTER: Wie Tit A DMENTS TRA TEO N. HE Administration Building is the solar center of the archi- tectural system; not by reason of its dimensions so much as the graceful beauty of its lines and proportions. It realizes in no stinted measure the noblest aspirations and attainments of architectural art. While in some respects suggesting antecedent forms, its general design, scope, and arrangement really herald a new departure. Its lofty dome, sculptured wealth, and tasteful mural adornments combine to an unwonted degree the elements of strength and beauty, and the admiration they elicit is not lessened by comparison with work of a similar character produced in any other part of the world. This structure covers a space of 250 feet square, and cost very nearly half a million of dollars. It consists of four pavilions, each 84 feet square, from the center of which rises a magnificent dome 120 feet in diam- eter to a height of 250 tects AG deep mecess) 32 feet wide forms a grand entrance in the center of each facade. A lofty balustrade surmounts the first story, which is of the Doric order and of heroic proportions. The design is naturally divided into three stages; the first, 65 feet, corresponding in height with that of the build- ings around it; the sec- ond, of similar height, continued to a rotunda 175 feet square, is sur- rounded by an open col- onnade, 20 feet wide and 4o feet high, supported by columns of 4 feet diameter; the third stage comprises the base of the great dome, 30 feet high, and the dome itself, which is coated with aluminum bronze and decorated with molded ribs and sculp- tured panels. At the four great entrances, each 50 by 40 feet, are placed groups of emble- matic sculpture. Near each entrance is an interior hall connect- ing with the floors above by stairways and elevators. Viewed from the interior the dome is octagonal in shape, the first story having eight large arched openings, surmounted by a frieze 27 feet wide, the panels being filled with tablets borne by figures in bas-relief. The interior of the dome rises 200 feet from the floor, having an open space 50 feet square near the top for the free admission of light. It is enriched with reliefs and immense paintings representing in allegory the arts and sciences. The four corner pavilions, each four stories high, furnish official accom- modations for the director-general and his staff, the bureau of pub- licity and promotion, the president of the national commission, police and fire departments, committee rooms, etc. Directly in front of the main entrance, looking east, stands a statue of Columbus, clad in armor and of heroic size, the work of St. Gaudens and Miss Gardner. ‘“WAR.’’ -ADMINISTRATION BUILDING. The Administration Building may be regarded as the triumphal arch or vestibule of the Exposition. Although costing a large sum of money, it could not be regarded as a foolish or useless expendi- ture. In itself it was an exhibit typifying the dignity of the nation its noblest aspirations and achievements. It stood as an object lesson and a worthy exponent of genius and art, arousing the admiration of the world, and exalting the sentiment of national pride in the American people at home and abroad. The fundamental idea of the sculptural work on this building, as stated by Mr. Karl Bitter Gvho designed and supervised the scheme), was to place groups at the four main entrances which should symbol- ize the four elements. On the pavilions groups representing American national characteristics, such as heroism, love of liberty, and religious sentiment; also groups allegorically displaying Art, Science, and Justice, to crown the architectural mass where the dome rises; in the interior of the dome, panels, and underneath a series of geniuses holding aloft tablets, and nearer the ground, figures of ‘‘Vic- LOGVene The elements are thus represented: On one side of each entrance we have the element in all its fury and unruly might; on the other, subdued, shackled, and utilized by man. _ Illus- trating, for instance, water, Neptune, as its mythological represent- ative, stands as the cen- ter figure and rules with outstretched hand the agitated waters; beneath him a daughter of Nereus in her bold play with a Triton shows us allegorically that which we admire in water masses. Emerging from the depths on the crest of a wave, her hair tan- gling in the white foam, the daughter of Nereus grasps the locks of the Triton and pulls him over. His anguish shows that he is compelled to submit, and that soon the smooth uprising of the wave will disappear under his mighty crash. As a counterpart, showing the element in its subdued state, we see a vigorous youth in a boat carried on the breast of the waters which is now forced to lend its strength to carry man with an oar in hand forging his way onward. Another draws to the surface Nereus’ daughter and tears from her the pearls she has so long guarded at the bottom of the sea. Of the groups which adorn the pavilions, the one showing the noblest trait of American character gives a female figure seated in a throne and at her side a girl holding a basket containing the sym- bolization of the country’s abundance, from which the former distributes freely. It conveys the idea that as bountiful as nature is, so generously does American public spirit regard humanity. The upmost groups, more architectural in character, show winged THE GRAPHIC | WATER UNCONTROLLED. FIRE UNCONTROLLED. female figures having the attributes of the different subjects they represent surrounding them, each holding aloft with outstretched arma wreath. At either side of this center figure are boys as trum- peters, who, leaning forward with HISTORY OF THE FAIR. and Sculpture are symbolized by characteristic figures, and three winged-horses drawing a chariot containing a model of the Pantheon, bring Architecture into prominence. On the stairs leading up to the throne are Greek sol- diers cheering the victors, who are advancing to receive the honors they have earned. In the entire composition there are 95 important figures, and those in the foreground are 25 feet high. Considering the short time allowed for preparation, and the great disadvantages under which the artists labored on a scaffold 250 feet high the temperature at times 12 degrees below zero without opportunity to view his work from the ground it is remark- able that Mr. Dodge achieved the measure of credit to which he is entitled. THE BLACKSMITH, The management of the fair, as previously stated, was of a dual nature. The national commission had charge of the classification and installation of all exhibits, and the general control of all exhibit departments subject, however, to the concurrence of the local directory in all matters which involved the expenditure of money. As the inevitable result of an absence of provisions in the act of congress, clearly defining jurisdictional powers and limits, more or less antagonism was engendered. On a number of occasions con- flicts of authority threatening disastrous results arose, as in the selection of a site and the deter- mination of the Sunday-closing question. But mutual conces- trumpets in hand, form a line, which is intended to give an agreeable variation to the archi- tectural construction, as also do the central winged figures by their sweeping lines. Above the entrances are placed single fig- ures corresponding with the re- spective elements below, and spandrel figures, as seen in Roman triumphal arches. The models of this work were first executed of one-sixth size in Mr. Bitter’s studio in New York. The finished pieces were made under his personal supervision at the fair grounds. Consid- ering their large proportions thirteen to thirty feet high and the amount of work re- quired to complete forty-four of them, Mr. Bitter may well congratulate himself that it was done so satisfactorily within the short period of seven months. ‘This result he attributes as largely due to his first assistant, Carl Beil, who had technical charge and superintended about forty artists, who prosecuted the work with untiring energy. The decoration of the great dome of the Administration Building perhaps the most important of all the World’s Fair decorations was by William Leftwich Dodge. The dome is lighted through an opening at the top, after the manner of the Pantheon at Rome. The surface covered by Mr. Dodge’s painting is 40 feet high by 315 feet around the base line. The subject chosen was ‘* The Glorification of the Arts.’? Ona throne, which is painted on that portion of the dome opposite the principal entrance to the structure, Apollo is seated, crowning with wreaths of laurel the representatives of the arts as they approach from either side in procession. A Greek canopy, supported by winged female figures, stretches across the luminous blue sky, before which the principal figures stand out most effectively. Not only are the Arts represented, but the Painting MAIN ENTRANCE TO THE Sciences, War, and Agriculture. TRADITION, ADMINISTRATION BUILDING. sions, influenced by wise counsels and a patriotic ambition worthily to accomplish the great work whose success depended on their hearty and zealous co-operation, at last harmoni.ed all differences. As a direct consequence the re- spective powers of the two bodies were merged in a Board of Refer- ence and Control composed of eight national commissioners, with alternates, and eight Expo- To this board were referred for adjudication all sition directors. questions upon which the com- mission and directory failed to agree. To further facilitate the transaction of business in the prosecution of which prompt de- cision and speedy action were essential factors a Council of Administration was subsequently FIRE CONTROLLED, WATER CONTROLLED. a =. THE ADMINISTRATION. By ROOF OF THE ADMINISTRATION BUILDING. organized by agreement between the commission and directory em- bracing two representatives from each body. To this council, in conjunction with the director-general, was delegated the chief direc- tion and management of the Exposition, subject only to action ot congress. Men of greater capacity, energy, and integrity, or men more eminently fit to discharge in a creditable manner the responsi- ble duties imposed on them, could hardly have been selected. Davis, alert, aggressive, court- ly, and capable, inspired a respect that was uni- versal and not lacking in affectionate personal regard; Higinbotham, active, enterprising, quick of discernment, and unerring in judg- ment, gave marvelous impetus to the work; Schwab, a retired mer- chant; noted for ins scrupulous honesty, in- dustry, and _ persever- ance; Massey, not the least conspicuous among the many capable men the smallest state in the Union has graduated; St. Clair, impetuous, forceful, but withal ju- dicious, reliable, and ex- perienced in affairs, and Sawyer, of sturdy recti- tude and pleasing man- ners, were the embodi- FISHERMAID. ment of national and local energy in the enterprise. The national commission, whose proceedings were largely influ- enced and directed by its admirable presiding officer, discharged its duties with conscientious fidelity and marked ability. Some of the most important related to the selection of judges on awards, the assignment of space to exhibitors, and the conducting of negotia~ tions with foreign representatives. The commission, happily, concurred with the directory in its enlarged views of the scope and grandeur of the Exposition, and won deserved credit for its opportune aid in averting the selection of a site on the lake front, which would have been wholly inad- equate as later events demonstrated. President Palmer was at all times efficient and satisfactory. He was equal to every emergency, and was distinguished not less for his dignity, seif-reliance, and sagacity, DIANA. than for his urbanity and good nature. These enabled him readily to overcome difficulties that would have discouraged a man of mediocre attainments, or one less mentally and morally endowed. Of Secretary Dickinson it may be said: is Panes, 2. limnclusiny 8 Commas, 7, Ait, &, Juss, ©, Serence, GROUPS SURROUNDING THE ADMINISTRATION DOME, he captured the good will of all with whom he held official, social, or personal relations. Among other members of the commission who by their energy and zeal contributed largely to the success of the enterprise, it may not be irrelevant or invidious to mention here Messrs. McKenzie, Lindsay, Gioner and De Young. DECORATION OF THE DOME OF THE ADMINISTRATION BU!LDING 58 THE GRAPHIC HISTORY OF THE FAIR. As the scope of the Expo- sition grew in magnitude, and the expenditures cor- respondingly increased to an enormous figure, it be- came alarmingly apparent to the directory that the completion of the work on the scale essential to its tri- umphant success could not be compassed at an expense limited to the $10,000,000 at their disposal. New architectural features not originally contemplated, 1. Diligence. 2. Joy. 3. Abundance. 4. Charity. new auxiliaries to beauty 5 Iachitiom, ©, Ibis, 7. “‘Wiretdln, of court and landscape not STATUARY UPON PAVILIONS. before thought of, new facilities of ingress and egress at first overlooked, costly subsidiary structures and numberless details that at firs, escaped attention, all had to be considered and acted upon. ‘The unanimous conclusion was, that more funds must be raised at the earliest moment, or inglo- rious, or at least partial, failure would ensue. The Exposition Company succeeded in securing an advance from Chicago capitalists of $1,500,000, by pledging the gate receipts for its prompt re- demption. The total expenses really exceeded $20,000,000 by May 1, the day of the opening, but contractors and other creditors, having confidence in the wisdom, good generalship, and honesty of the men in charge of the financial management, were satisfied to post- pone the satisfaction of their claims until the increase of revenue from concessionaires and gate receipts made this possible without injury to the credit of the Exposition and without exhausting its treasury. Ultimately, not only were these claims paid in full, but the bonded indebtedness was canceled, and, with the exception of the $¢10,- 000,000 first subscribed which was substantially a donation, and so considered by the city and many of the stockholders all arrearages, in addition to the immense sum required to defray current expenses, were wiped out. The company, in fact, came out some $1,500,000 in excess of its obligations. Pre-eminent among the men who directed the finances of the fair through dangers and difficulties before unknown in the history of similar enterprises was Mr. Lyman J. Gage, the first presi- dent of the directory and president of the First National Bank of Chicago. No man was more superbly equipped by genius, education, and experience to counsel and direct. His courage in the darkest hours never failed him, and it may be parenthetically stated that the Exposition safely passed the ordeal of times when the outlook seemed gloomy enough and impending disaster certain. His resources were superior to every emergency. When others were dismayed he was ever cool-headed and resolute, and, above all, he was sustained by an unwavering confidence that, even in a financial direction, the Exposition would realize far greater results than its Hardly less distinguished were the services rendered by Mr. Ferdinand Peck, whose untiring industry, inspiring enthusiasm, and rare business most sanguine friends and promoters anticipated. SCENES IN THE GROUNDS. A LAGOON, a asi nt \ 1 THE ADMINISTRATION. 59 WILLIAM T. BAKER. JOHN C. WELLING. POTTER PALMER. PAUL O. STENSLAND. EDWARD P. RIPLEY. WE DE KE RHOO. CHARLES, T. YERKES. ANDREW M’NALLY. WASHINGTON PORTER. ELBRIDGE G. KEITH. MEMBERS OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS: sagacity did so much to place the finances of the Exposition upon a foundation which neither the storms of panic nor wide-spread distrust could endanger, nor the millions upon millions of increased expenditures consequent upon the rapidly expanding demands of the Exposition weaken in the slightest degree. Others of the directory whose services earned well-merited dis- tinction were Mr. W. T. more bore much of the burden of the preparatory administrative Baker, who as president for a year or work; Mr. Thomas B. Bryan, who as foreign commissioner con- tributed much to arousing interest in the Exposition by foreign nations and thus to the signal triumph of the fair as an interna- tional exhibition; Mr. Edward B. Butler, chairman of the Com- mittee on Ways and Means; Mr. James W. Ellsworth of the Com- muttecs on liberal) Ants Mis Chanless Ia steuteliumsor: iin) tine Department of Fine Arts, and Messrs. Adolph Nathan, A. H. Revell, W. ID. Kerfoot, C. Hi: Wacker, R. A. Waller, and Bdwin Walker. Secretary Howard O. Edwards, Auditor W. K. Ackerman, Treas- urer A. F. Seeberger, and Secretary S$. A. Crawford of the Ways and Means Committee, were men singularly qualified for their respective positions. The commission organized and the local directory chosen, the first important question was the election of a director-general. The wisdom of the selection of the Hon. George R. Davis for that high position was abundantly demonstrated. ‘The administration of FERDINAND W. PECK. MARK L. CRAWFORD. CHARLES H. WACKER. Go H. WHEELER: EDWARD B. BUTLER. GEORGE SCHNEIDER. JAMES W. SCOTT. THOMAS B. BRYAN. FREDERICK S. WINSTON. A. M. ROTHSCHILD. EDWARD F. -LAWRENCE. Ro Co CHLOWIRW. CHARLES EH. SCHWAB. W. Po KETCHAM. CHARLES HENROTIN. MEMBERS OF THE. BOARD OF DIRECTORS. THE GRAPHIC HISTORY OF THE FAIR _ _ THE COURT OF HONOR FROM THE ADMINISTRATION BUILDING A‘ 61 ADMINISTRATION. THE THE COURT OF HONOR LOOKING WEST 62 ST ei Sn Coe AW EDIE ON Gemma tell MIN @ JG Veen ©) iter Wlel0 ype avec Sm, 6, amy eee BaF B88 ae: ahs ane WEE: Ba AN ELECTRIC LAUNCH my office,’’ he said in his speech accepting the honor and trust con- ferred, ‘‘ will be an example, so far as possible, of the application of legal principles to business methods with military discipline.” ‘The purpose thus concisely announced and faithfully adhered to, made his administration an honorable success without appreciable flaw or blemish. His duties were comprehensive and varied. The heads of the departments were subject to his exclusive authority and control. He prescribed rules and regulations governing exhib- itors and the reception and installation of exhibits in all the build ings. The state buildings were also subject, in part, to similar regu- lations. ‘Their structural plan, as a prerequisite, must receive his endorsement and that of the chief of construction. ‘The entire A NOOK OF THE general supervision of grounds, buildings, and exhibits was intrusted to him, and for all practical purposes his zAse dex7t was law para- mount within the Exposition domain. It also devolved upon him to do much of the receiving and entertaining of distinguished guests at home and abroad a superadded care that was no inconsidera- ble tax on his time and talents. During his tenure of office the director-general passed through many trying ordeals, but by his forceful energy, kindly manners, zeal, tact, and (not the least among good qualities) imperturbable good temper, he secured the confidence and won the respect and affectionate regard of his official and business associates, as well as the unqualified esteem of the public. WOODED ISLAND. THE ADMINISTRATION. 63 A. F. SEEBERGER, H. O. EDMONDS, W. ‘Treasurer. Secretary. Entering upon his duties, his first-great responsibility was the selection of his chiefs of departments, and of most immediate im- portance was that of the Department of Publicity and Promotion. The office was tendered to and accepted by the accomplished journalist, Mr. Moses P. Handy, under whose direction the depart- ment achieved in a field of unparalleled magnitude and extent most effective results in arousing the attention of the civilized world to the grandeur, attractiveness, and completeness of the pro- posed Exposition. The thoroughness with which information was disseminated can be judged from the fact that a quarter of a million of documents were mailed per week, thirty thousand electro- types of buildings were sent out, ninety thousand lithographs judi- ciously given away, and more than one hundred thousand dollars’ worth of stamps used to prepay postage. It was costly work, and some of the directors were appalled at first by the lavish expen- diture. But the substantial results proved that the end justified the means. The men chosen for the exhibit departments of the Exposition were selected solely with reference to their knowledge of the pecu- liar problems incident to their respective divisions of industry, science, and art. The measure of their success will appear from the chapters descriptive of the various departments. It was early recognized that a proper representation of the arts and industries and a maximum attendance necessitated the co-opera- UR, ACKERMAN, A. W. SAWYER, Sea] CRAWIORD, Auditor. Secretary of Council. Assistant Secretary. tion of transportation companies. After tedious negotiations with all the leading railway and hundreds of steamship companies, by correspondence and personal interviews, a general arrangement was concluded for the return of exhibits free of cost on condition that full rates should be paid one way to Chicago; with many minor roads, from which no large amount of business could be expected terms still more favorable were perfected. By South American steam- ship companies liberal reductions in freight and traffic schedules were granted. A general rate of two and one-half dollars a ton was established with trans-oceanic steamship lines and coast, lake, and other transportation companies. By some railroad systems of the United States a reduction from a fifth to a third on regular passenger rates was allowed, with return tickets available for two or more months from the 1st of May, 1893. But in respect to passenger fares the railroad corporations were less liberal than in their rates for transporting exhibits, some making only slight con- cessions, and others none at all. The rate of charges for the reception and handling of exhibits on the Exposition grounds, as announced in January, 1893, was six ‘cents per hundred pounds, with a minimum of fifty cents for single packages, an extra rate for exhibits exceeding fifteen tons weight to be made in advance of their reception by the managers. Similar charges were to be paid on the removal of exhibits, except those in care of officials representing states and territories and foreign powers. Finally, no duty was to be levied on foreign exhibits, VICTOR F. LAWSON. ALEXANDER H. REVELL. ARTHUR DIXON. IDIOM IN| NEVER ROBERT A. WALLER. ol ia, “a3 CHARLES L. HUTCHINSON. WILLIAM J. CHALMERS. OTTO YOUNG. EUGENE S. PIKE. JOHN J. P. ODELL. ISAAC N. CAMP. GEORGE P. ENGELHARD. ADOLPH NATHAN. CHARLES H. CHAPPELL. MEMBERS OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS. MILTON W. KIRK. THE GRAPHIC HISTORY OF THE FAIR. JAPANESE WORKMEN BUILDING THE JAPANESE PAVILLION ON THE WOODED ISLAND THE ADMINISTRATION. SS) OV MOSES P. HANDY, Publicity and Promotion. HORACE TUCKER Admissions CHIEFS OF except for such as might be sold in the United States. event the regular custom dues would be exacted. Provision for transportation facilities between the center of the city and the fair grounds a distance of seven miles early received the careful thought of the directory. In this Magnificent steamers, espe- cially constructed for this traffic, were put into service under a concession to their owners by the directory guaranteeing practically a monopoly of the water route. These steamers landed passengers at KARL BITTER, Sculptor. FRANK D. MILLET, Chief of Decoration. a commodious pier near the center of the grounds that extended one thousand two hundred feet into Lake-Michigan. Other adequate means of communication were supplied by electric, elevated, and cable lines from all points west, north, and south. Within the grounds every known device for locomotion on land and water, from the intramural railroad and movable sidewalk to the invalid chair, the sedan, the electric launch, and the gondola, was employed to insure com- fort and pleasurable excitement to visitors in’ transit, while numberless chairs and benches everywhere offered welcome rest to the pedestrian weary of walking, or to DR. J. E. OWEN, Medical Service. WALKER FEARN, Foreign Afiairs. DEPARTMENTS. the family who enjoyed nothing better than an open-air lunch in the midst of such attractive surroundings. In fact, the means and methods of conveyance and comfort provided constituted in them- selves a part of the general exhibit quite as interesting as anything else seen and experienced. The Columbian Guard was an organization of men carefully selected for their mental, moral, and physical qualifications for the duties to which they were assigned. The discipline was military, ROBERT M. HUNT, COL. EDMUND RICE, Architect. Commandant Columbian Guards. and their commandant, Colonel Edmund Rice, was an officer in the regular army. They were under the exclusive control and direction of the Exposition, and at one time numbered two thou- sand five hundred men. ‘The secret-service contingent was directed by Captain John Bonfield. They performed police and GLIMPSFS OF THE GROUNDS. 66 THE GRAPHIC HISTORY OF THE FAIR. - VIEW OF THE GROUNDS FROM NEAR THE ILLINOIS BUILDING. THE ADMINISTRATION. 67 FREDERICK G. BROMBERG, Alabama. OSCAR R. HUNDLEY, Alabama. J- 2 We DIL AR, Arkansas. ALEXANDER T. BRITTON, District of Columbia. ALBERT A. WILSON, District of Columbia. J. H. CLENDENING, Arkansas. LOUIS L. WILLIAMS, Alaska. EDWARD DE GROFF, W. K. MEADE, Alaska. Arizona. assisted at fire-patrol duty, and (up to May 1) at the gates, each member working eight hours out of the twenty-four, two reliefs during the day having four hours on and then four hours off, the night relief having a continuous tour of eight hours. For vigilance, fidelity, honesty, courage, and courtesy their record is without blemish. They did effective patrol, ambulance, and fire-department work. Their splendid conduct on the day of the cold-storage ware- house fire won the admiration of all beholders. They responded to every visitor’s appeal for aid or guidance, and by the time their services were no longer required, it was the general verdict that they had done infinite credit to themselves and the Exposition management. Other and equally efficacious methods and means were adopted for the conservation of life, health, and property. The fire depart- ment consisted of a strong and reliable corps of men drilled up to the highest standard, cool-headed and experienced, equipped with the best modern appliances, and on duty day and night, with har- nessed engines, ready to rush to the point of danger at a moment’s notice. Fire buckets, Babcock extinguishers, and chemical engines were distributed by the score, and hose enough to reach the tallest CHARLES H. DEERE, Illinois. WILLARD HALL PORTER, GEORGE V. MASSEY, Delaware. Delaware. THOMAS M. WALLER, Connecticut. LEVERETT BRAINARD Connecticut. MICHEL H. DE YOUNG, WILLIAM FORSYTH, California. GEORGE F. COATS, Arizona. California. roofs had, for their source of water supply, sixty-four million gal- lons daily. In the canal the ‘“‘ Fire Queen’’ was stationed, with powerful pumps and a half-mile of hose, ready for instant service. The system of electric signals and fire alarms was also admirable. The headquarters of the guards, police, and fire department, was in the Service Building near Horticultural Hall. Here, also, was the hospital, in charge of Dr. J. E. Owens, the medical director, supplied with the most complete modern appointments, ambulance corps, trained nurses, surgical instruments, medicines, etc. From two hundred to three hundred sufferers from injuries were treated here during the construction period. In the Woman’s Building was another model hospital, provided with physicians and nurses, with arrangements so perfect that in itself it was an exhibit. Here couches and beds for cases of sudden indisposition or accident not requiring serious treatment were provided. The floor space of dining-rooms and restaurants covered five acres. The food supply was ample and varied, and cooked to the taste of the gourmand or the robust feeder who cared more for quantity than quality. In all there were twenty-seven restaurants and cafes, with one hundred and fifteen dining-rooms whose tables WILLIAM ¥Y. KING, Illinois. Iowa. Towa. ADLAI T. EWING, JOSEPH EIBOECK, THOMAS GARVIN, CaaS Aen a Indiana. Florida. ELIJAH B. MAFPTINDALE, Indiana. JAMES A. M’KENZIE, Kentucky. GEORGE A. MANNING, JOHN FE. STEARNS, Idaho. Idaho. MEMBERS OF THE DAVIDSON B. PENN, Louisiana. JOHN BENNETT, Kentucky. THOMAS J. WOODWARD, Louisiana. NATIONAL COMMISSION. 68 THE GRAPHIC HISTORY OF THE FAIR. JAMES HODGES, LLOYD LOWNDES, JOSEPH M. BYNUM, ROBERT L. SAUNDERS, CHARLES H. JONES, THOMAS B. BULLI 9 Maryland. Maryland. Mississippi. Mississi Missouri. Missouri. CHAUNCEY M. DEPEW, ROSWELL E. GOODELL, LAFAYETTE M’LAWS, CHARLES K. HOLLIDAY 5 H. B. MORE, ORSON V. TOUSLEY, New York. Colorado. Georgia. Kansas. Minnesota. Minnesota. were supplied from kitchens as complete as those of a first-class hotel, with seating capacity for eight thousand persons, and employ- ing over one thousand waiters and cooks. There were also smaller restaurants and lunch-counters connected with the state buildings, and in the Dairy Building a lunch-room in which the choicest dairy products were served. The Sunday-closing question was the most vexatious of all the difficult problems the Exposition authorities were called upon to GEORGE H. BARBOUR, M. HENRY LANE, decide. It was the one discordant element that marred the general Michigan. Michigan, harmony, and proved not only an annoyance growing into a nui- sance, but the source of vexatious litigation in the courts. When THOMAS E. PROCTOR, congress appropriated five million souvenir half dollars, and the Massachusetts. directory (fully aware that a half loaf was better than no bread) accepted the gift, a condition was attached stipulating that the act should remain inoperative unless the fair was closed to visitors on Sunday. This restriction of their religious liberty was deemed, by a large class of people, unjust and a violation of their personal rights. A bitter and acrinronious discussion in the religious and secular press grew out of the conflict of opinion. Clergymen denounced WILLIAM J. SEWELL, ‘THOMAS SMITH, any infraction of the law of congress, and prophesied ruin to the New Jersey. New Jersey. Exposition by an organized boycott of the churches. Meanwhile, so unmistakable seemed to be the popular demand that the directors WILLIAM G. DAVIS, Maine felt bound to order the gates opened on Sunday (the act of congress having been in effect nullified by subsequent amendments), although no work other than what was absolutely essential to the welfare of buildings and grounds was permitted. A large proportion of the exhibits, also, were voluntarily closed. The public, or that por- tion, at least, who had clamored so vociferously for open gates, failed to turn out e2 masse as by some was expected or hoped. The attendance each Sunday was notably meager and unprofitable. ALEX. B. ANDREWS, THOMAS B. KEOGH, In fact, it grew ‘‘small by degrees and beautifully less?” Wine North Carolina. North Carolina. public, including even the church element in time, manifested as areas ae . nothing more than a pronounced indifference to the subject. ‘The See eae cues ; ~ Maine. directors finally ordered the gates closed on Sunday, but were com- pelled subsequently to re-open them by order of a local court, which held that the fair grounds, as public park property, could not be closed against the public. The total attendance for twenty-two Sundays when the fair was open (it was closed four Sundays) was only one million two hundred and sixteen thousand eight hundred and-sixty one, the average being so insignificant as to be more a financial detriment than advantage. In addition to gate receipts, the disposal of concessions was a : : = ; a ee x * = LEWIS H. HERSHEIELD, ARMISTEAD H, mircuErL, Prolific source of revenue to the Exposition treasury. Sometimes STEIN VIS) Voom ropes aT wD Montane Montana. they were purchased ontright for the season, but generally a Ohio RICHARD M. WHI PHOMA yi ARLES D. ) ’DUFFIE, WALTER AIK WILLIAM M’INTYR i, MERRITT H. DAY, New Mexico. New Mexico. New Hampshire. New Hampshire. South Dakota. South Dakota, MEMBERS OF THE NATIONAL COMMISSION: _ THE ADMINISTRATION. 69 ARCHELAUS M. COCHRAN, JOHN 'P. DICKINSON, OTHNIEL BEESON, FRANK R. GAMMON, PHIL ALLEN, JR., JOHN M. COBURN, Texas, Texas. Oklahoma. Oklahoma. Wisconsin. Wisconsin. proportion of all sales was paid over ranging from twenty to seventy percent. ‘The concessionaires were under close surveillance, and subject to regulations that were strictly enforced. No games of chance, no soliciting of buyers, no uncleanliness or rude or dis- orderly conduct was permitted, and all goods sold had to be pre- cisely as represented. Concessionaires were responsible to the man- agement for the prompt payment of their dues, and any infringement of prescribed rules was punishable by forfeiture of contracts, and in EUCLID MARTIN, extreme cases, expulsion from the grounds. ‘The total concession LYMAN P. GOFF, GARDINER C. SIMS, Nebraska. MAN P. f NER C. SIM receipts paid to the Exposition amounted to $3,699,681. 43. Rhode Island. Rhode Island. The Bureau of Public Comfort, as its title indicates, was organ- ized by the directory to contribute to the accommodation, con- venience, and comfort of visitors, especially those coming from abroad. It was a bureau of information, as well before the opening day as after, co-operating with reputable householders and citizens in providing for their patrons suitable rooms and board in hotels and homes at reasonable rates and at fixed prices, and interposing its protection against extortion of any kind by unscrupulous landlords. ‘Thousands of visitors took possession on their arrival ALBERT G. SCOTT, SCuECeCnine $6109 2 44 “ej 7 Qe >] ; a mre perp me of quarters secured and assigned to their use in advance of their FREDERICK J. KIESEL, PATRICK IL, LANNAN, coming g, and were saved an infinite amount of annoyance and Utah. Utah. trouble. A special building was erected for the bureau in the north Nebraska. end of the park, in which lavatories, retiring-rooms, polite attend- ance, and all means for making a desirable headquarters for the people, were provided free of charge. The central idea that animated the labors of this bureau was to provide a restful resort after the fatigue of sight-seeing, with free accommoda- tions, and to minister to the personal needs of callers at a just and moderate cost. Its mission, both within and without the grounds, was accomplished to the great satisfaction of all who shared its benefits. GEORGE RUSSELL, Nevada The exclusive control and management of gate admissions and the z aa 4 are CHARLES B. HOPKINS, HENRY DRUM, sq] a kets were aleoate. Mr se tke , : zl - sale of tickets were delegated to Mr. Horace F. Tucker, who turned aoene on Wieeningion! over each day’s receipts to the treasurer’s office, where they were counted and credited. ‘There were no commutation rates, the uni- form price being fifty cents for one adult and half price for children under twelve years of age, while those of six years or younger were admitted free. Tickets of admission insured visitors access to all department, state, and other buildings within the grounds, and also the Midway Plaisance. To some of the side exhibits in this locality, to the Esquimau Village, and the home of the Cliff Dwellers, an extra fee, ranging from ten to fifty cents, was charged. The total number of admissions during the season was 27,529,- JAMES W. HAINES, 400, the total of business and special passes, complimentaries, etc., ‘THOMAS L. WILLIAMS, HENRY G. HAY, Nevada. was 6,059,380. The paid admission gates, Tennessee. Wyoming. after May first, were closed four Sundays and open twenty-two Sundays and one hun- dred and fifty-seven week days. ‘The total gate receipts amounted to $10,626,330.76. The administration of the Exposition in all its parts demanded the most sys- tematic organization. ‘The achievement rep- resented in the successful organization of the vast and complicated enterprise was in itself, perhaps, the most marvelous of all ae an B. SMALLEY, HENRY H. M’INTYRE, MARTIN RYAN, VIRGINIUS D. GRONER, the exhibits of the Exposition. North Dakota. Virginia. Vermont. Vermont. I i : : H. P. RUCKER, MARTIN WILKINS, HENRY KLIPPEL, JOHN W. WOODSIDE, R. BRUCE RICKETTS, JAMES D.. BUTTE, North Dakota. Oregon. Oregon. Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania. West Virginia. MEMBERS OF THE NATIONAL COMMISSION. AGRICULTURAL BUILDING. FROM THE ADMINISTRATION PLAZA THE GRAPHIC HISTORY OF THE FAIR CHAPTER VII. GRICULTURE as an art A applied to the prolific energies of the soil has from time immemorial engaged the study and labor of mankind. All are alike directly concerned in whatever encourages and strengthens its development. The consumer eagerly appropri- ates and enjoys what the hus- bandman creates and_ harvests, and into these two classes ‘ the whole world may be divided. the natural and benefi- Agriculture is cent mother of all the other arts and industries, and as such is universally honored and esteemed. No wonder the Peruvian pros- trated himself before the rising sun, or the Greek instituted festivals in honor of Ceres, or the Egyptian worshiped Osiris eaci: divinity symbolizing that fertility and abun- dance which brought happiness to the fireside and made their respective nations rich and powerful. Then, as now, home was a mockery when the larder was empty, and arms. and discipline availed little when the commissariat lacked supply. One of the most conspicuous and beauti- ful temples dedicated to Art, Science, and Industry, surrounding the Court of Honor, was the palace of Agriculture. This structure occupied a command- ing site, its main facade paralleling the grand basin. It was eight hundred feet long, east and west, by five hundred feet wide, with an annex three hundred by five hundred feet. Although but one story high, its design and agrchitectural plan was notably bold and heroic, producing effects that were classic, dignified, and harmoni- ous. Its general cornice line was sixty-five feet above grade. On either side the main entrance, which leads through an opening sixty-four feet wide into a vestibule of the rotunda, were mammoth Corinthian pillars five feet in diameter and fifty feet high. Similar pillars support the pavilions at each corner of the edifice. The rotunda, one hundred feet in diameter, was surmounted by a glass dome one hundred and thirty feet high. The graceful statue of «Diana,’’ by St. Gaudens, like an eerial spirit, crowned its summit, fac- ing with fixed arrow and bended bow the onslaught of every fickle wind. ‘* DIANA.’’ PHILIP MARTINY, BY ST. GAUDENS. The corner pavilions were connected by curtains that formed a Each pavilion was continuous arcade around the entire building. surmounted by a dome ninety-six feet high, above which towered a group of statuary composed of four nude female figures of heroic size together supporting a globe of huge dimensions. These figures were admirable is drawing and attitude, representing different racial forms and characteristics of expression and feature. The west front faced Machinery Hall, with which it was connected by a Venetian bridge. The east end overlooked Lake Michigan. The design of the architects, McKim, Mead & White, was to erect their main building around a hollow square divided in the center by two open naves intersecting at right angles, and on their sides two-storied aisles with longitudinal passageways through the four courts into which the floor is thus divided. On both exterior and interior construction and decorative treatment no expense was spared to perfect an edifice worthy of the vast interests here represented. The work of Philip Martiny, the sculptor, was exemplified in twelve single ‘Signs of the Zodiac,’’ twenty single figures of ‘‘Abundance,’’ two groups of ‘‘Ceres,’’ two of the ‘¢Four Seasons,’’ four of ‘‘The Nations’’ (on each corner pavil- ion), a horse group, a cattle group, and four pediments elaborat- ing agricultural themes. The bas-relief representing the ‘‘ Triumph of Ceres,’’ in the pediment over the main entrance, was modeled by Larkin G. Mead, the Florentine artist, and was greatly admired. To George W. Maynard was entrusted the decoration of the pavilions. Here were large plaster surfaces which offered a most inviting prospect. Mr. Maynard selected the subjects for representation with keen appreciation of their appropriateness. Upon a background of Pompeiian red a most excellent relief to the graceful columns in the front of the pavilions when seen from a distance, and also a very effective back- ground for his figures Mr. Maynard painted, in graceful, fluent outlines, female figures representing the seasons, and other subjects of agricultural suggestion. Above the Pompeiian red wall ran a broad band of yellow frieze, on which were painted bulls, oxen, horses, and small groups of figures in harmony with the general design. The main portico the entrance to the rotunda with the impressive statue of “‘ Ceres ’’ in its interior was the culmination of his decorative scheme. Here the colossal figures of ‘Fertility’? and ‘‘ Abundance’’ occupied niches on either side of the entrance, while on the side walls were depicted ‘* King Trip- tolemus,’’ the mythical inventor of the plow, and the goddess “¢Cybele,’’ symbolizing the fertility of the earth. There are character and grace in these figures, and this work, as a whole, ranked as one of the most successful of the World’s Fair decorations. Single or in groups, the statuary of this building symbolized, in classic form and grouping, some characteristic feature or phase of agricultural pursuit and development. Both its conception and execution greatly enhanced the reputation of the artists who con- ceived and supervised the work and so happily harmonized it in THE ‘* TRIUMPH OF CERES, PEDIMENT. 72 THE GRAPHIC HISTORY OF THE FAIR. perfect accord with the general agricultural design. It was also eminently fit and proper as the United States is the largest and most resourceful agricultural country of the globe, and the Exposition was held in the very heart of the continent discovered by Columbus Ml Be THE AGRICULTURAL BUILDING FROM THE COLUMBIA FOUNTAIN, that this edifice, erected in honor of our most important industry, should be thus honored by the genius and skill of some of the best sculptors, architects, and artists the world has produced. Of the bewildering number and variety of exhibits in the Agricultural Palace, as in all the other great buildings of the fair, it is impossible to speak in detail. Twenty-nine states and territories, as well as foreign countries, made a display, and each vied with all the rest in making its particular showing the most attractive. When all have done so well it may seem invidious to particularize; but, perhaps, from the prominence attached to agricul- ture in the great northern and western states, their displays, as a rule, were the largest; some of them, indeed, being gems of industrial and artistic decoration. The scene on the main floor was at all times beautiful, according as the different grasses, grains, and fruits, that constituted the chief ornamentation, varied in the color of their conditions and combi- nations. Even the youngest and smallest of the western territories, Oklahoma, ‘‘ the Mis- tletoe State,’ had a good exhibit, taking awards for << the tallest corn,’’ and fifteen or twenty premiums for grains and grasses. ‘Though opened for settlement only four years before, it proved its capacity for raising all the grains grown elsewhere, wheat running sixty-two, corn seventy, and oats one hundred and twenty-five bushels per acre. There are also sixty cotton-gins in the territory. During the blissful water-melon season, Mr. Lyman Cone, who had charge of this pavilion, distributed the luscious fruit free to all comers. Wyoming, the youngest of the states, claims that it raises the largest and finest potatoes in the world. It won some twenty medals for potatoes, grasses, and grains, some grown by irrigation six thousand seven hundred feet above sea level. Nebraska the third corn state in the Union, as announced on the arch of its pavilion exhibited chiefly corn, other grains, and grasses. She also madea fine representative display of her sugar-beet industry. Colorado had a large pavilion. On its roof were artistic reproductions in oil BR) LEE THE DEPARTMENT GROUP BEFORE AGRICULTURAL AND MANUFACTURES BUILDINGS. of scenes from ‘the Centennial State.’? A peculiarly luscious- looking exhibit of honey made from mountain flowers, a relief map of the “Big Thompson Valley,’’ a pyramid of potatoes, and grains and grasses of all kinds completed its showing. They indicated that silver was not the only resource of this great state. The two Dakotas did remarkably well, the display of North Dakota surpassing that of many older states. in this 2xhibit was very large, numbering three hundred and ninety specimens, and, aside from the sedges, there were represented “« Miss Dakota,’’ or ‘¢ The God- so-called, was the central attraction of this It was a figure of heroic stature, fourteen feet The collection of grasses forty-nine genera of true grasses. dess of the Harvests, exhibit. 2? high, made from grains and grasses, whose dress was of heads of wheat, the face of bleached wheat, hair of flax, a wreath of barley round her head, and buttons of corn-stalks for her dress. South Dakota also had a fine pavilion, the entrance to which was through arches inclosing a porch of corn and wheat resting on columns of native woods. Minnesota’s pavilion had on its central arch the words ‘’The Banner [written in wheat straw] Wheat State’ [written with heads of wheat], and, it is needless to add, that its display made its great staple in its various forms its chief exhibit. Cane sugar and syrup of good quality also formed a notable feature. Iowa’s corn palace was among the most conspicuous of The red color of corn-cobs gave it a distinctive appearance. It was of Pompelian archi- tecture with grains worked in mosaic. A pyramid at each corner was elaborately ornamented with jars of seeds and grains. In the center of the California pavilion stood what would naturally suggest a corn-shock made of corn-stalks sixteen feet high. A nearer inspection proved it to be a wigwam structure. Mam- moth pumpkins and squashes, one of which weighed two hundred western exhibits. and sixty-five pounds, beets, gourds, grains, and fruits made up the remainder of the display, but the visitor had to go to the State Building and Horticultural Hall to see California at her best. Oregon’s pavilion, fashioned like a Grecian temple, with its col- umns and entablature gracefully wreathed in leaves and blossoms, presented a handsome appearance, and its show of cereals and grasses was exceptionally fine. A prominent feature in Washing- ton’s display was flour in sacks of different sizes. Kentucky’s show was characteristically placarded ‘‘ Kentucky’s Exhibit, Walk in.’’ Another announcement read: ‘‘ Kentucky leads the world in tobcaco, All the best varieties of tobacco were shown in bulk as well as in smaller and more graceful forms. hemp, and horses.”’ A picture of Boone, in tobacco, that Kentucky’s famous pioneer would have relished, graced one side of the pavilion. and on the other were pictures of horses and stock-farms. Wisconsin, like Minnesota, made a profuse display of cereals in its elegant oak pavilion with glass sides, showing grains in bottles. Illinois, as was to be expected of a state honored by the location of the Columbian Exposition in its chief city, made a great showing. Its pavilion did not differ materially from the liberal display made by other western states, but the state’s chief display was made in the State Building, which in size surpassed all other state or foreign buildings. THE FOUR RACES. OF AGRICULTURE. 73 In addition to grains, Utab displayed bales of hay and straw, tastefully arranged. Figures dressed in grains formed one of the features of Michigan’s exhibit in her splendid Corinthian temple. The Ohio pavilion was in the form of a Greek temple, the columns being of glass filled with grains. The tobacco display of Missouri was very elaborate. In the center of her pavilion was a pyramid surmounted by a globe on which the continents were marked out in grains. The pavilion of Pennsylvania was one of the handsom- est of all the state exhibits. glass of key-stone shape, while in the center hung a graceful cereal reproduction of the famous Liberty Bell. original was there, half covered with little wisps of straw. In front of Its arches were formed of grain in Even the crack in the It was surmounted by a Liberty cap of multi-colored beans. the booth the arms of the state were illustrated on a huge picture composed of beans. On each side, two horses rampant, one white and one brown, supported the shield. in the arrangement of the beans on cloth so as to produce the desired artistic effects. Even flowers of delicate tints of the same materidl were woven into the design. Another remarkable feature was a map of the United States, eighteen by twenty-four feet, made entirely of pickles, vegetables, and fruits. The lakes and rivers were represented by vinegar and the larger cities by spices. This little souvenir of the pickling and preserving industry cost fifteen hundred dollars, and was made by a private firm. The Connecticut display occupied a booth erected in the colo- nial style, and consisted mostly of cereals. ‘There was also an old- fashioned flax-break, mortar, and spinning-wheel, and in the center a tent made of corn ears. Great ingenuity was evinced New York made a plain but extensive and interesting display of products in her pavilion; cereals of all kinds, fruits and flowers, and the nuts of her woods and forests. Great globes of glass holding delicious- looking maple syrup constituted an appetizing feature. New Hampshire made a very unique display. In the center of its pavilion was a corn-crib, in front of which stood a massive plow which was thus lettered: ‘‘ This plow was made by Daniel Webster, and used by him on his Marshfield estate.’’ ‘This relic was one of the most interesting in the Agricultural Building, and at- A ‘clock-reel,’’ an old-time linen-wheel, a hominy-mortar, and a flax- hetchel, vividly recalled primitive Puritan times. Mis- sissippi had no state exhibit, but by the patriotism and pluck of the Columbian Club of Mississippi an exceed- ingly interesting and creditable display of state products was made. Cotton, in all its stages, formed the chief The office of the pavilion was a_ beautiful tracted the attention of all visitors. exhibit. bower of Spanish moss. ‘The exhibits received four awards. To the lady president of the Columbian Club, Mrs. S. H. McKee of Jackson, Miss., is due all praise for the indomitable energy by which Mississippi was enabled to make a creditable show- ing at the fair. In the Massachusetts display (largely cereals) a case of birds was shown destroyers of the gypsy moth, a pest towards whose extermination the state contributes two hundred thousand dollars a year. Indiana made a fine showing of her GROUP BEFORE MANUFACTURES AND AGRICULTURAL BUILDINGS, 74 THE GRAPHIC HISTORY OF THE FAIR. GROUP ON MAIN PIERS. resources in a white pavilion decorated with corn in the ear and grain in the straw. The pavilion of Louisiana was in the Japanese style, and was divided into three sections, the first devoted to rice, the second to cotton, and the third (an Egyptian model) to cane sugar and molasses. Kansas cereals were shown in bottles. ‘The state displayed, also, sheaves of wheat and numerous samples of corn. The cotton, peanuts, and tobacco of North Carolina were amply re- presented. Maine potatoes were exceedingly fine, and West Vir- ginia had just reason to be proud of her grains, cotton, grasses, and corn. Of paramount importance was the Experiment Station exhibit, in the southwest corner of the main floor, covering an area of eight It included the entire work of agricultural ex- thousand square feet. perimental stations, establis and supported by the nati6 and state governments in dif- ferent localities covering the whole field of practical re- search in crops, botany, ento- mology, horticulture, animal nutrition, dairy.solids, milk tests, and veterinary science. The state exhibits were so placarded that visitors could take in their most instructive features at a The names of exhibitors + glance. Spjects shown were given; also information where grown, the nature of the soil, the quantity of seed per acre required, the method of cultivation, date of har- South of the Cali- fornia section New Mexico grouped a small but tasteful array of vesting, yield, weight, price of product, etc. grains, especially wheat, of which there were five hundred samples. Directly west stood the handsome pavilion reared by Montana, containing an exhaustive presentment of her industries and resources. Idaho, in addition to grasses and cereals, exhibited specimens of leaf tobacco, flax, and Swedish turnips, grown by irrigation. The exhibits of Nevada consisted in the main of cereals and grasses in frames neatly housed. place of honor in her display to tobacco, using wheat, corn, and Old Virginia awarded the oats for a background. Exhibits by private business houses were numerous and in elegant and tasteful pagodas and booths of symbolic and artistic design. Direct outgrowths from the soil chiefly occupied the main floor, while food products in their numberless diversified forms were arranged in the galleries. Reference to the foreign products in Agri- cultural Hall is necessarily limited, for a hun- dred volumes the scope of this history would not suffice for a specific and detailed description. PROMENADE BEFORE THE AGRICULTURAL BUILDING. Especially noteworthy was a model in the center aisle of the famous Brookfield stables, owned by Mr. Burdett Coutts, M. P., of England, which were perfect in all their accessories and appoint- ments, representing stabling for seventy-five horses, with harness, granary, sheds, and riding-school. In the British Guiana section not only the native products of farm, forest, and mine, but exceed- ingly interesting specimens of fishes, beasts, and birds of prey were shown. Probably the finest exhibit of wool in the building was made by New South Wales, eliciting the plaudits alike of American and English visitors. In the Canada section the province of Ontario exhibited a monumental cake of cheese, made in Perth, It was six feet high, twenty-eight feet in circumference, and was valued at from four to five thousand that weighed eleven tons. dollars. Spain and the Philippine Islands occupied, with a characteristic display, nearly four thousand square feet to the right of the main entrance. Near this section were ranged in attractive styles the various products of Chili, Cuba, Hayti, Curacoa, Liberia, Peru, Brazil, Mexico, Siam, and other countries. These consisted chiefly of valuable tobaccos, rubber, curious woods, cane, coffee, palm oil, fruit, corals, rice, vanilla beans, etc. Mexico made a fine display of sugar-cane, coffee, cereals, tobacco, and pulque. Japan housed her display in a unique rustic pavilion made of bamboo, cane, fiber ropes and twine, showing fine silks and teas. ion of Germany covered nearly twelve thousand square feet, the The splendid pavil- larger space being devoted to her immense brewery industries, every part of the empire contributing specimens of malt liquor. In Russia’s large display wheat France was represented by models and ob- was the leading specialty. ject lessons showing what an agricul- tural experiment station and school for instruction should be. Italy was represented by wines, liquors, olives, oils, and fruits; Ceylon by spices and teas. Great Britain, as might have been expected, utilized her ten thousand square feet to creditable advantage, and so, also, did her colonies, Australia and the Cape of Good Hope. Notable exhibits were made by Denmark, Sweden, and Algeria, and other French provinces, and Holland, Ecuador, Colombia, Bolivia, and Argentine Republic. Immense and diverse collections of food products by different manufacturers were arranged in the gallery in most suggestive and appetizing forms. mal THE DEPARTMENT THE BUREAU OF POMOLOGY. The entire space assigned to the pomological division was filled from the beginning of the fair, although this was supposed to be impossible, on account of the total failure of the fruit crop in many states the preceding year. A continual display of fruit was kept up the entire season something never attempted at any _previ- The exhibitors deserved great credit for the sacri- fices they so cheerfully made. The perishable character of their display rendered frequent replacement necessary, and exhibitors received no aid from the Exposition as those in the floricultural division. ous exposition. An excellent opportunity was here presented to judge the effects of climatic and soil conditions, from the quality and appearance of different fruits. It was observed that the russet apple of the Mis- sissippi Valley became bright yellow when grown on the irrigated lands of Colorado. Many varieties of medium size in the East and the Mississippi Valley assumed mammoth proportions in the north- western states; others which grew to an average size in those states became larger and of finer quality when transplanted to the East. Fruits which it was thought could be grown only in certain limited districts met ou the tables of the Horticultural Building their pro- totypes from distant sections. Fruit-growing reaches out into every neighborhood where soil and water combine to produce vegetation, therefore every person was vitally interested in knowing the species and varieties best adapted to his own, or localities of similar conditions. The benefits derived by the people from this fruit exhibition, if it could be estimated, would show that it more than compensated for the entire Exposition. California made an excellent display of citrus fruits, and had her tables full on the 1st of July long after the proper season of oranges, lemons, limes, and shaddocks. Some exhibitors of that state demonstrated that their lemons, in competition in the same hall, equaled the best Sicilian product. This discovery by the dealers repaid that state for the expense of its exhibit. fvery species of fruit grown in that favored land was shown in a natural condition in preservative fluids, or without artificial protection upon plates. The visitor’s curiosity was ever excited by this exhibi- tion of tropical and semi-tropical fruits, including the flowers and green and ripe specimens of the same variety. The varied produc- tions of the Golden State were exemplified in this way as they could not have been by any other method. The northwestern states excelled in the fine appearance of their exhibits of fruits of the previous season’s growth, but being new countries the number of varieties was not so great as from the middle or eastern states. Oregon, Washington, and Idaho exhibited in the most artistic manner pears weighing several pounds each; apples, not only of unusually large size and beautiful color, but free from attacks of insects and fungus growth; berries and tender small fruits preserved in fluids; prunes and nuts which compared favorably if they did not surpass the imported products. The pleasure and profit of fruit-growing attract more cultivators of the soil to a country than all other causes combined, and, therefore, intending immigrants constantly surrounded the obliging gentlemen in charge of these exhibits. New York displayed the greatest varieties of apples, pears, and grapes of the previous summer’s growth, and in early vegetables, berries, etc., of the current season’s crop it was one of the strongest Illinois, Minnesota, Missouri, and Wisconsin, Michigan, competitors for first honors. New Jersey had excellent installations. Iowa, Colorado, Florida, and many other states had exhibits which greatly augmented as fruits of the present year’s crop ripened. Canada advertised herself as the ‘‘apple’’ belt of America, and claimed to surpass other countries in many other species of fruits. OF HORTICULTURE. 95 Every province in the Dominion, from British Columbia to Nova Scotia, was well represented. As the current season’s crop of berries and other fruits came in, fresh evidences of competition were revealed. From Nova Scotia to California, and from British Columiba to Florida, fruits of differ- ent zones were placed on the tables, inviting comparison and study. New South Wales, not less enterprising in pomology than floriculture, kept up a continual exhibit of beautiful fruits. Some apples, pears, and grapes started from the same orchard in opposite directions around the world and met on the exhibition tables. Subsequently oranges, lemons, and other fruits were added, thus showing an unrivaled climate for both tropical fruits and those of the temperate zone. Several foreign countries preferred sending wax mode's to running the risk of transporting perishable speci- mens in their natural state, thus in size, form, and color reproduc- ing the original fruit. THE VITICULTURAL DIVISION. The viticultural division included wines and brandies from all The pavilions in this division The exhibition far exceeded any previous display in quantity and quality of wines, extent of installation, and number of countries represented. Spain occupied a large space with a design modeled after the Alhambra. France filled a large area both on the first floor and in the gallery of this pavilion, the champagne manufacturers occupying the last location. Germany, dissatisfied with the large space assigned to her in the building, erected an extensive wine cellar for some five hundred growers along the Rhine and Moselle. A beautiful panorama of the wine districts of those historic streams extended around a wall, Portugal had an the large grape-growing countries. were very elaborate and expensive. making true pictures of their vine-clad hills. elaborately fitted-up display, while the Greeks, with patriotic pride, erected a Grecian temple and filled it with the vintage of vines grown on her classic soil. Italy, as one of the greatest wine-pro- ducing countries of the world, filled an entire end of the gallery. California made a collective exhibit of wines, while every large firm from that state tried to convince the world that it was only necessary to use their wines to appreciate them. Some of the finest pavilions were from Missouri, and that state furnished other evidences of enterprise in the general character of her exhibits. Extensive displays of wines of excellent quality were made by New York, Ohio, New Mexico, Canada, and other states and countries. The south court of the Horticultural Building contained, besides the German wine cellar, two large basins filled with nymphia, the large-leaved Victoria regia and other acquatic plants, producing white, pink, blue, red, and other colored flowers. The north court was used by California for a model orange and lemon orchard. A miscellaneous class of exhibits was included in the north pavil- ion. All the leading manufacturers of lawn mowers and sprinklers made displays, adopting various plans to stimulate public interest. Miniature lawns with scenic back-grounds were mowed by minia- ture automatic people. Eastern and western seed firms were about equally divided in extent of displays, arousing considerable rivalry in their exhibits. The leading canners and driers of fruits made expensive displays, and here, as in the south pavilion, some of the best and handsomest booths were in the gallery. Cider mills in operation, spraying machines, cutlery, and garden implements from Europe and America demonstrated great variety in manufacture, and enabled the gardener to select many useful tools with which he had not been familiar. Nuts, vegetables, plans for parks, etc., were also included in this division, whose allotment comprised nearly one-fourth of all the exhibiting space in the Horticultural Building. Eb GWARENG EIStORY OK anEih, HATR: 96 CIBUNPINBIR: IDC. DR Revie Okt Ss be A ND be Ee: HE architectural design of the Fisheries Building was more unique than that of any other on the Exposition grounds. Many difficulties at the outset were en- countered, not the least of which was the irregular, pear-shaped ground selected for its site. The plan of the architect, Henry Ives Cobb of Chicago, however, adjusted itself to all requirements, and the universal commendation that rewarded the comple- tion of his work was fairly earned. The imposing edifice he reared was not only recognized at once as admirably appropriate to its situation and environment, but it was equally apparent that the artist had attained this result without com- promising in the slightest the dignity of its proportions, the beauty of its accessories, or the convenience of its interior arrangements. It was not only a pronounced architectural success, but, from a practical standpoint, realized in its stately approaches, well-lighted space, thorough ventilation, and tasteful adornment, all that patrons could desire for the advantageous in- stallment and dis- play of their ex- hibits. Its location was north of Wooded Island in the la- goon, its main fa- cade fronting south- east, opposite the Government Build- ing. Its type was Spanish Roman- esque, an uncom- mon form, admit- ting profuse deco- ration. It consisted of a central rectangular structure, and a poly- gonal building at each end connected with it by narrow curved arcades. [he central structure measured 365 x 165 feet, the an- nexes having a diameter of 135 feet. Beautiful effects were notice- able on the pillars and arches of the colonnades, which were richly BOATS IN THE UNITED STATES SECTION. FISHERIES BUILDING, LOOKING NORTHEAST OVER THE WOODED ISLAND. ornamented with curious marine forms crabs, turtles, lobsters, etc. There were two grand entrances, each through loggias about eighty feet long, projecting forty-one feet beyond the main building, and flanked at each corner with poly- gonal towers. story, capped with a conical roof, surmounted the quadrangular first A great circular story. This roof was crowned with a graceful open turret, four smaller towers surrounding its base. The J. W. COLLINS, capitals of the double row of en- Chief. gaged columns forming the exterior face of the building were formed of ingenious groupings of marine growth, while on the delicate open work of the gallery-railings different species of fish were portrayed. The circular story was in- closed by a broad exterior gallery the four towers of the entrances and the smaller ones of the roof terminating in open turrets, which commanded extensive views of the grounds. The roofs were covered with glazed Spanish tile. The general color scheme of walls and roof blended tones at once subdued and brilliant, joining their harmony to the graceful rhythm of the architectural lines. The sculptor’s art brought into strong relief in the pedi- ment over the south: main entrance a whale-fishing scene, while the angles were surmounted by statues of fishermen in the act of casting the spear, throwing the hand-line, and holding the prey. The in- finite ornamental details of fishes and aquatic animals with which the columns, arches, friezes, capitals, modillions, and cornices were decorated, using only fish and other sea forms as the motif of design, indicated a skill and ingenuity remarkable for its originality and fitness. The total floor area of the main building was 55,536 feet. The gallery, thirty feet wide, ex- tending its entire length and breadth, afforded 27,120 feet additional space. On the wall side of the gallery were pret- ty little booths or bays, yielding effective ar- rangements of space for exhibits. In the center of the east polygonal building was a rotunda of sixty feet diameter, containing a pool twen- ty-six feet wide, fed by streams of water splash- ing over a mass of rocks, through reeds and HENRY IVES COBB, Architect. 98 THE GRAPHIC HISTORY OF THE FAIR. aquatic plants, into the basin below, where gorgeous gold fishes, ides, and tench disported. Here was the live fish- eries exhibit. From the rotunda one side of the larger series of aquaria could be examined. These were ten in number, each having a capacity of 7,000 to 27,- ooo gallons of water. Passing out of the rotunda, along a corridor fifteen feet wide, could be seen on one hand, the opposite side of a series of huge tanks, and on the other, smaller tanks from 750 to 1,500 gallons capacity. The glass fronts of the aquaria were about 575 feet long, having 3,000 square feet of surface. Their total water capacity, exclusive of reservoirs, was 140,000 gallons, 40,000 of which was devoted to the marine exhibit. The entire salt- water circulation included about 7o,- 000 gallons. The government aquaria (in a circu- lar annex one hundred feet in diameter) were converted into picturesque ar- DETAIL OF COLUMNS. rangements of water and rock, where live fish freely swam about, having soon accustomed themselves to their congenial surroundings. BEFORE THE SALT-WATER AQUARIUM. A row of aquaria lined the outer walls, the space being broken only at the doors. The effect, as one passed through the aisle, was that of walking on the bottom of a lake, whose waters were held in check by heavy plate glass. The inner row, twelve feet wide, contained a big aquarium that held all varieties of fish found in the Mississippi River and its tributaries catfish, sturgeon, and pickerel of enor- mous size and weight. From the great lakes were 100 varieties whitefish, trout, perch, etc., and as many invertebrates. A_ series of aquaria along the south aisle displayed many varieties of trout and salmon. An aquarium near the west door of the annex was bright with colors of anemones in grottos and their food, algze, besides starfish and sea-urchins. This tank was erated by a contrivance that forced the air through the bottom in small bubbles. In other salt- water tanks could also be seen all known fish specimens from the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. ‘Their average depth was five feet, and length six to sixty feet. Calcareous tufa, a limestone formation found in springs in northern Ohio, was liberally used in making the decorative submerged arches, grottoes, reefs, ti pi WY < An FAN Were Zs ntl IN THE EXHIBIT OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. and mountains, while vegetable matter coated with limestone was wrought into rough fantastic designs. and crannies where black earth had been deposited. the aquaria space was reserved for fresh-water fish, the remain- der for natives of the sea. The tank decorations of the open basin at the center and along its circumference consisted of stalagmites grouped in effective designs. Aquatic plants grew in holes ‘Two-thirds The main building was mostly filled with exhibits of the preserved and cured products of seas, lakes, and rivers; the western annex was devoted to the display of angling implements, such as are used in different parts of the world. Here, too, were some live fish exhibits, and a full display of fishing boats and their apparatus, characteristic of all nations and zones. Fish propagation was also a feature of this exhibit. The Department of Fish and Fisheries was organized and Captain Joseph W. Collins appointed its chief February 13, 1891. A choice more eminently judicious could not have been made. He had been identified all his life with fishing industries and scientific researches relating thereto. For nearly five years he had charge of the collection and preparation of statistics and reports on the methods and relations of the fisheries of this country, and _ his efficient work gave him a world-wide reputation. In 1884 he organized the sec- tion of naval architecture in the National Museum at Washington, of which he was honorary curator, and in 1890 was appointed VISITORS IN THE CORRIDOR BETWEEN THE AQUARIA. DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND FISHERIES. MODEL OF INDIAN FISHERMEN. PART OF MINNESOTA EXHIBIT. curator of the section of fisheries. The same year he was appointed representative of the United States Fish Commission on the govern- ment board of management and control, and the national fishery exhibit in the Government Building of the Columbian Exposition. The object of this department was to show, practically, all that related to commercial fishing, fish culture, scientific investigation bearing upon the fisheries, and angling. In accordance with the classification, the purpose was to illustrate by fresh, stuffed, or pre- served specimens, or by casts, drawings, or other representations, the numerous forms of aquatic life (marine and fluvial) which are objects of fishery. These embraced algz, sponges, corals, polyps, jelly-fish, mollusca ofall kinds, including oysters, clams, and various other forms of shells, associated with which are the ‘‘devil-fish,’’ or octopus, and squids. Next came the os starfish, sea-urchins, worms used for bait, etc., crustacea ofall kinds, includ- ing lobsters, crabs, shrimps, and other Fishes naturally occupied a prominent place, important commercial forms. as did aquatic mammalia, such as ot- ters, seals, whales, blackfish, sea-lions, and walrus, while many forms of aquatic birds, and an almost endless variety of reptiles, such as tortoises, turtles, terra- pins, alligators, lizards, frogs, newts, etc., were included. Even tne characteristic plant and ani- mal life at great depths were not forgotten. Immediately associated with these were the literature of aquatic zoology and botany, maps illustrating geographical distribution and migration of fishes and other PREPARATION OF LARGE AQUARIUM. aquatic animals, and also maps of fishing grounds, which are essentially the points where at certain seasons these various objects of fishery can be found in, greatest abundance. Under the head of sea-fishing and angling there was brought together gear of every description, and of all nations, used in every mode or system of fishing, including hooks, jigs, drails, rods, and reels for lines and nets, nets and seines, rakes and dredges, or mate- rial used in their manufacture; also fish-traps of every sort, such as weirs, pounds, and floating traps; and various other apparatus, including knives and gaffs, or other implements employed in the A SWORDFISH. “IN HOC SIGNO VINCES.’’ THE CODFISH. capture of fish or preparation of products. There were boats and vessels employed in the fisheries, and representations of special fishery industries, as those for the whale, seal, cod, mackerel, hali- but, herring, menhaden, etc. These were supplemented by litera- ture of fishing, including fishery laws, reports, statistics, and emblems. Under the section of fresh-water fishing and angling were embraced not only the angler’s trophies and literature of angling, but boats, rods, reels, lines, hooks, flies, and various other material employed in connection with ‘the gentle art,’’ even the angler’s camp and its outfit. Provision was made also for representations of special fresh-water fisheries of commercial importance. Among these could be mentioned the fisheries pursued on the great lakes, and the river fisheries for shad, salmon, sturgeon, and other important varieties. The illustration of the preparation of fishery products was one of the most important object-lessons of the department, inasmuch as the welfare of mankind is largely dependent upon the success with which this work is carried on. Innumerable are the uses of fish and other aquatic products. Not only do they serve an imyortant STURGEON FROM NEW YORK EXHIBIT. GLIMPSE OF THE FISHERIES BUILDING, ANGUS, GIVAPIBUUC IshiSWOIRW Oly ANSh8, 1AUUR, purpose as food, but a fish product or the live-fish ex- _[ alone makes possible the most deli- hibits of Pennsyl- cate perfumes on a lady’s dressing- vyania and Wis- case, while the rarest gems that en consin, in the circle her throat or arms come from western annex, creatures of sea and river, that live there could be and die to furnish them. Even the seen in wonderful most beautiful and costly furs that variety aneffective cover her, the wonderful tortoise- setting of living A ‘*CHEBACCO’’ BOAT. fish, of algee, and : 2 S LYING FISH. shell combs that hold in ee foro or ee aquatic plants. confinement her hair, and 4 Al i Also shells, crustacea, sponges, corals, and other forms equally interesting, but of less commercial importance. In the main building the collection of fish, of alge, shells, mam- malia whales, sea-lions, seals, beavers, white bears, otters, etc. some of the most healing medicines upon which health depends are results of fishery. Sea monsters : he was simply bewildering, while reptiles and aquatic birds were al are dissected for their oil, // Py 8» I | so : : Sc y numerously represented. bone, orivory, while others SS s ’ é ee : IN Among the most salient points of various exhibits were the furnish leather, or shagreen, aes St : ISS SS collections of greater or less importance made by Norway, Sweden, so much admired when pre- NY Se ZZ Germany, France, Great Britain, Japan, Australia, Brazil, Mexico, and Canada. Eleven states also contrib- uted their collections of fish and fish- eries, while individual exhibitors and important fishing towns sent large and interesting displays. pared for use. A pINKEY, 2 Models and illustrations were also shown of fish-curing and canning establishments, as well as of the factories devoted to the preparation of oil, fish glues, and other secondary products; the methods for drying, salting, curing, smoking, or otherwise preparing fish products for food or for the arts and sciences, as could be represented by photographs, engravings, and models. In the same way fish markets were presented, also appli- ances for caring for or preserving fish during transport or Among foreign countries Norway stood pre-eminent, occupying a space of more than 7,000 feet, filled with SSS SE otherwise. : SSS Ss SS = It is impossible to attempt the enumeration of the various eS SS 2 1 bb, kinds of products coming under the head of the classifica- A GRAND BANKER OF 1741 tion. Suffice it to say that everything used as food, either dried, A smoked, cured, salted, tinned, or otherwise, as well as secondary products, like oils, isinglass, and fertilizers, were included. Then é there were sponges, pearls, mother-of-pearl in short, everything from the ordinary seaweed, used in the crude state for fertilizing pur- poses, to the costly gem which might serve as the ransom for a fo princess. ee Intimately related to this was the science of fish-culture, and GANS to-day no fishery exhibit is considered complete which does not x = embrace adequate representations of what man is doing, and has done, to maintain an abundance of fish in waters that have been depleted through over-fishing and other means. Hence, not only the history of fish-culture was detailed, but by model, or otherwise, the hatching, breeding, and rearing establishments, together with the apparatus and implements connected with the artificial propaga- tion of fish. Even the fish-ladders, which enable anadromous fish to mount over obstructions in rivers, such as dams or falls, in order to reach their natural spawning grounds, were included. Also the diseases of fish, and the processes of rendering polluted streams innocuous to fish life. The investigation and research into aquatic fauna of fresh and salt water all came in for consideration as bearing upon the subject of fish culture, and its consequent influ- ence upon the welfare of mankind. Entering the aquarial pavilion, east of the main Fisheries Building, Uy GLU A TRAWLER OF 1882. A CLIPPER OF TO-DAY. IN THE GLOUCESTER, MASS , EXHIBIT --MODELS OF FISHING VESSELS. ae, as a, ag AAR Sw ARO SSS DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 101 rich and varied collections that adequately rep- resented the fish- ing industry, which, in that COUMUTY, Cin ploys the largest percentage of the population of any European nation, more SKATE FISH. than 80,ooo men and nearly 19,- ooo boats being thus engaged. A marked feature of the exhibit was several full-sized fishing boats, such as are employed in the cod, herring, and mackerel fisheries on the west and north coasts of Norway, and for hunting seals on the ice-floes of Spitzbergen. Canada won great credit for her fishery exhibit. In her large and judiciously chosen collection were some of the finest specimens of stuffed fish. It made the nerves of the fisherman visitor fairly tingle to the finger tips to see the beautiful Atlantic salmon, speckled trout, and black bass, their sides glistening and iridescent as if they had just come from the water, reminding him of experi- ences with rod and reel that remain among the most pleasant memories of life. New South Wales had a pretty little exhibit, the most conspicu- ous objects of which were a fine series of painted fishes, a group of great Australian seals climbing upon a rock, and a lighthouse built of fish products, the base being covered with pearl oyster shells. The collection from Japan deserved much credit for its scientific arrangement, as well as for the completeness with which it illus- trated various phases of the fishery industry of that country. Models of boats, fish-traps, and other appliances for the capture of fish were numerous and interesting, while methods of fishing were well illustrated by models and sketches, many of the latter being characteristically original in perspective. The Netherlands exhibit graphically illustrated the important phases of the great herring fishery that fishery which for centuries was the pride of Holland, and the prosecution of which enhanced her power and commerce to such an extent that for many years she was practically commercial mistress of the seas. Russia, whose shipments had been delayed by the ice embargo in the Baltic during the previous winter, was able to show before the close of the fair many creditable characteristics of fisheries in her seas, lakes, and rivers. Her caviare, so highly esteemed by epi- cures all over the world, was placed in competition with similar products from our own fisheries. Great Britain detailed the interesting work accomplished by the fishery school at Baltimore in Ireland, contributing a fine model of the buildings erected for that institution through the munificence of Baroness Burdett-Coutts. The exhibit of fish-hooks was espe- cially noteworthy. France was represented by a fine and complete display in sardines as well as maps and literature relating to her fisheries. Mexico contributed curious specimens of dried fish, pearl shells and other articles peculiar to that country. Germany, though late in de- ciding to make a fishery exhibit, was, through the creditable efforts of Herr Wermuth, the imperial com- missioner, well represented in this department as in others throughout the Exposition. Germany has been foremost among foreign nations in her efforts to de- velopand improve her fisheries in her waters through PORTION OF NORWEGIAN FISHERIES EXHIBIT. scientific methods, and her literature and models of fishing-gear attracted general interest. The city of Gloucester (Mass.) portrayed in a graphic manner the deep-sea Atlantic fisheries, which have made her famous throughout the world as the leading fishing port of America. She was suc- cessful, also, in showing the progress made in our fisheries from the earliest settlement of the country to the present time. Models of old ketches, pinkies, chebacco boats, and square-stern ‘‘ hookers,”’ as well as the old cob wharf, stood side by side with the modern fishing clipper (which has attained a world-wide fame for speed and sea-worthiness) and the fine piers, large packing houses, and marine railways which are characteristic of the fishing industry as prosecuted from this famous old port. The almost innumera- ble forms of fishing nets, from the device used for landing a salmon or dipping herring to the great purse seine and pond net, were well represented by full-sized specimens and models. A Boston firm made a most interesting display illustrative of the market fishery of New England, which supplies to this country a large portion of the fresh sea fish that find their way to nearly every city and hamlet east of the Rocky Mountains. Every phase of this fishery was well represented, and one could trace its various methods from baiting the hook to the landing and marketing of products. Although the territorial area of Rhode Island is small, the entire Atlantic is at her command for fishing uses, and her hardy and enterprising fishermen were not slow in sending their tributes from the sea. ‘The beautiful cat-boat used in the scallop and other fish- erles, full-sized purse-net boats, the boat of Ida Lewis the famous SKELETON OF WHALE IN FISHERIES BUILDING. Grace Darling of America models of fishing steamers, photographs of fisheries and fishermen’s homes were objects in the Rhode Island exhibit well worthy of mention. North Carolina, Minnesota, Washington, Oregon, California, and Maine stood side by side, each showing in its own way much that was interesting in connection with its fish or fisheries. In the western annex, in addition to the live fish and fish cultural exhibit of Pennsylvania and Wisconsin, to which allusion has been made, and the collection from Brazil, were gathered trophies and literature of angling, as well as casts, paintings, and mounted specimens of fish, angler’s boats, rods, reels, lines, etc., in great abundance. Thus the angler was able to study here the various forms of tackle which interested him, and also gaze on living speci- mens of the beautiful denizens of our waters which it would delight his heart to capture. The importance of this exhibit to the American public was beyond computation. Of the millions of people who visited the World’s Fair none had enjoyed the opportunity to see a collection like this, for it was the first attempt in the history of America to make a fisheries exhibit worthy of the name. The educational value of this display to children alone was worth many times more than it cost. The average person acquired more knowledge of fish and their habits in an hour by watching the aquaria than could be learned in a lifetime under ordinary conditions. Then, to the majority of visitors there was an interest in fishing tackle, in fishing boats, and a romance about the lives of those who gather the harvests of the sea which made this department singularly fascinating and instructive. THE GRAPHIC HISTORY OF THE FAIR. 102 THE MINES AND MINING BUILDING. _ _. ee PED Deak EVEN © he oveEN HS and guided the vessel’s course. CHARIEIRE xe HEN the Spaniards under Columbus set sail from Palos, the motive that chiefly influenced their departure was the hope of acquiring mineral riches in some El Dorado beyond The lofty ideal of Columbus was to open up new the unknown sea. realms to commerce and plant the standard of Castile and the cross on lands in the far West, whose very existence had theretofore been deemed impossible. Such aspira- tions were not shared, however, by his crew. The sailors considered them of small or at least secondary importance. This fact is of perti- nent interest in its relation to the discovery of the new world. Though the sails were impelled by a divine afflatus, Avarice stood at the helm History teaches that man’s cupidity has been, not seldom, a dominating force in the shaping and accomplishment of momentous events. Could the mutin- ous, freebooting ele- ment of Columbus’ fleet when have entered, they landed, such a palace as that illustrating the mines and mining of the world, and beheld on every side the evi- dences of vast riches there accumulated the gold, silver, ru- dia- monds galore they rubbed their eyes in aston- bies, pearls, would have ishment and believed that the Aladdin was no fable. story of Here, in endless pro- fusion and bewilder- ing array, were the CASTING THE very metals and minerals which served as such an incentive to the S. S.. BEMAN, Architect. voyagers, and hardly less so to Ferdinand and_ Isabella, who, when they reluctantly equipped his expedition, hoped that in some indefinite way Columbus would discover new avenues to wealth that would replenish the royal cof- fers and aggrandize the crown. But with what unspeakable zest and irresistible ardor (had the chance been offered them) would the followers. of the great explorer have looted this department, loading their gal- leons with precious spoils and transporting its chief to their mother ceuntry as a trophy of their Spanish valer. ‘CREHAN ’’ ASIN D2) WENGE: G. The honor tance attached to the mining and impor- display in the Columbian Exposition may be inferred from the fact that at no pre- vious world’s fair had mines and mining been accorded a rank given to this depart- ment by act of congress. The building, of which Mr. S. 5S. Beman of Chicago was the architect, was situated at the southern extremity of the western lagoon, between the Electricity and Transporta- tion buildings. It was the first of the central white pal- aces that challenged the admi- ration of visitors who entered the grounds from the elevated railway station. FREDERICK J. V. SKIFF, Chief. Its dimensions were o by 7oo feet, covering an area of nearly six acres. 35 Via , 8 } Though not so stately and grand as some of its companion struc- tures, it was in some respects one of the most handsome and graceful. SILVER: STATUE. It was less imposing, verhaps, only in the matter of height and extent of space occu- pied. Yet the main fronts were 65 feet high from the ground to the top of the cor- nice, and the main entrances were go feet to the centnal apex of the pediment, while the interior space enclosed was 630 feet long and 230 feet wide, with an ex- treme height of too feet in the center and 47 feet at the sides below the galleries. The building was the only one of the Expo- sition group that had cantilever steel roof trusses. There were four great entrances, elaborate in design and of massive and graceful ornamentation, each being embellished with sculptural figures emblematic of mining and its allied industries. Over the main passageway was a classical representation of ‘ Min- ing,’”’ the industry to which the building was dedicated the work of the sculptor Richard W. Bock. The figure was that of a colos- sal female in Grecian drapery holding in one hand a miner’s lamp and in the other a pick. relief symboliz- ing the interior wealth of the and the sturdy hands of earth the miners who made it available for man’s use. The depart- ment was organ- ized by thie There were, also, other figures in bas- DEPARTMENTAL ASSAY LABORATORY, 104 THE GRAPHIC HISTORY OF THE FAIR appointmentof Fred- enicks |p We Skith: of Colorado as chief, in June,1891. He had previously been named a member of the national commis- sion to represent Colorado, and was the chairman of the commis- sion’s committee on mines and Mr. E. L. Burchard was his efficient chief clerk. It must also be mentioned to their honor that it was chiefly due to the efforts of Commissioner R. £. Goodell of Colorado and Governor McDonald of California that the special building of mines and mining was mining. provided for in the act of congress creating the Exposition. The Department of Mines and Mining was divided into twenty-six groups, which in turn were divided into classes, of which there were one hundred and twenty-nine. covered the whole range of the mineral king- dom, artistically arranged and systematically The exhibits classified. The amount of money appropriated by the different states and countries of the world to defray the expenses of their exhibits (aggre- gating over $1,980,000) attested the interest that was taken in this department by contributors from abroad. The arrangement of exhibits was simple and impressive. ‘‘ Bullion Boulevard’’ extended through the center of the building north and south, while parallel to this central avenue were ‘‘ Industrial Way ’’ on the east, and ‘‘ Royal Row”’ on the west. On the west side of ‘‘ Bullion Boulevard ”’ were the great displays of France, New South Wales, Canada and Great Britain, Germany, Brazil, Cape Colony, and Mexico. On the east of this central aisle were exhibits of the various states of the United States. “* Royal Row,’’ embracing the entire western side of the building, included the exhibits of Germany, Austria, New South Wales, Canada, Italy, Japan, Russia, Argentine, Spain, Greece, Bolivia, and Chili, in regular order. The eastern side of the building, across «« Industrial Way,’’ was devoted to mining and metallurgical machin- ery and various private exhibits. In the gallery on the west side was the technical metallurgical display of the various countries, and the eastern gallery contained the varied industrial, technical, and coal display. Numerous apartments were provided in the gallery for scientific literature upon the subject of mines and mining, and a library effect was given by placing the cabinets back to back, leaving broad walks on either side, and through alcoves, formed by the cabinets. Included in this display was every kind of material from the rough state to the finished product, with intermediate processes of extraction, treatment, and manufacture, elaborately shown. Germany, foremost in all the other departments, assumed no Her display cost A mass- secondary place in that of Mines and Mining. $50,000, and required four months of preparatory labor. ive portico of cast-iron pipe surmounted by a heroic statue repre- senting the dignity of Labor, at whose feet misshapen dragons that guard the treasures of the mine lie conquered, formed an appropri- ate entrance to her pavilion. flanked by an obelisk of rolled and forged iron, while back of these were lofty columns of rolled beams and coils of wire, cast-iron pipe On either side, the portico was NORTH FACADE OF THE MINES AND MINING BUILDING. THE DEPARTMENT and sewer pipe, so combined as to make an exceedingly impressive dis- play. The black eagle of Prussia spread its wings at the southern cerners, while as a background for the exhibit appeared artistic repre- sentations of the rolling mills, foun- dries, etc., which have made the name of Baron Stumm known all The strong figures of iron-workers in bronze, repre- sented in the act of labor at the foundry, constituted a charming center-piece. over the world. Baron Stumm ’s imposing iron exhibit was made on the personal request of the emperor, and cost over $200,000. Students of metallurgy found more to interest them in this exhibit than in any other, for mining and metal-working in Ger- many date back to prehistoric times, while the separation of the metals from ores had in the middle ages approached a comparatively high standard of excellence. As a natural result, in no other country has a greater degree of perfection and carefulness been attained. : Of the metals now produced in Germany, iron takes the first rank in quantity and value of product. lead and copper come next. Zinc stands second, while All the great iron districts of Ger- many, those in Lorraine, Luxembourg, and on the Saar, the copper district of Upper Silesia, the Hartz Mountains, the lead and silver districts of Stolberg and Aix-la-Chapelle, the copper region of Mansfeld, and others, were well represented. The beau- tiful amber goods from Danzig and the display of bricks, marble, ornament stones, and quarry stones were exceedingly beautiful and interesting. The combination picture of Roessler & Co.’s mines in Spain, and their gold and silver extraction works in Germany, made a notable addition to the German mining section. Spain presented silver, iron, quicksilver, coal, lead, copper (from the famous Rio Tinta mines), marble, and salt, in sufficient quanti- ties to give a good idea of the value of her products. The scientific part of the exhibit was enriched by beautiful geographical maps and by a complete collection of the Escolapios of Guanabacoa, Cuba. The Island of Cuba, whose mineral wealth is now being exploited, sent good examples of her productions. Metallurgy was represented OF MINES AND MINING. 105 by splendid spec- imens from the factories at Bil- bao. The entrance to the pavilion of New South Wales was marked by columns of metal ingots, each con- taining six tons of copper, tin, antimony, and silver oar. Pillars of bituminous coal stood 12 feet high and 4 feet square, the average thickness of the vein; alsoa column of cannel coal, known as ‘ petro- leum shale,’’ which yields 150 gallons of crude’ oil to the ton. nected by a triple arch sprinkled with coal dust on which the yearly output of minerals was The coal columns were’ con- inscribed in silver lettering. Fine specimens of reef and placer gold, copper, iron, man- ganese, and other metals were shown on raised platforms. A solid silver shaft 30 feet high, surmounted by a stooping ‘‘Atlas’’ bearing a silver globe on his shoulders, represented the actual yearly silver output of the celebrated mines of Australia. There were also highly INTERIOR VIEW OF THE MINES BUILDING, 106 10608, GIVAPSHIC IS0ISTORW Ol Weis, AIR, polished purple, red, and black marbles, and a dazzling array of sapphires, opals, amethysts, diamonds, and other gems. Australia also disclosed among her treasures the ‘‘ Welcome’”’ gold nugget of 2,166 ounces weight, worth £41,883, from Ballaire. ‘The <¢ Precious,’’ near by, was worth $31,577, while several smaller ones were rated at $17,000 to $22,000. A fascinating feature on this floor was the process of diamond- washing, assorting, and cutting as carried on in South Africa. The dirt used was from the famous Kimberley mine, and was worked by Kaffirs in their native dress. The diamond-earth storehouse was in the western part of the grounds, where giant Zulus, armed to the teeth, guarded the precious dirt. A large wire-rope tramway ran from this diamond storehouse to the southern end of the Mining Building, by which the dirt was transported to the Diamond Court, to be ground, washed, and searched. Here, also, a huge Zulu kept the crowd at a safe distance as the sorting operation was 7 The work of cutting and polishing was effected by ‘There were carried on. little machines making 2,000 revolutions per minute. 40,000 rough diamonds valued at $750,000. Here, also, were shown pictures and models of the great diamond mines of South Africa, and specimens of richest ores. The cut diamonds in this collection were valued at $150,000 and were kept in a glass case. Most of these were white stones, though there were pink, orange, and other varieties, the most valuable being a yellow stone of 282 carats, valued at $15,000. Canada, in variety of ores, stone, and minerals, fairly competed for precedence with some of her sister colonies perhaps more richly endowed with metalliferous wealth. A stack of heavy gold bars from Quebec served as a substantial token of the mineral wealth of that province. Ontario bordered its space with salts and oils in glass jars placed on stands. From Nova Scotia came great sheets of Gypsums, stone, and marbles made an attractive display. INTERIOR OF THE MINES BUILDING, THE DEPARTMENT OF mica and serpentine rock streaked with asbestos; also sets of maps and charts disclosing the geo- graphical history of the Dominion country, with a dis- play of rocks syste- matically arranged. _InGreatBritain’s area, in the central court, were elabo- rate enclosing struc- tures by different exhibitors. There were fine displays of platinum and rare metals and samples of the cele- brated Sheffield steel and Low Moor Om, luis woe salt served as mate- rial for a spirited reproduction of the statue of ‘‘ Liberty Enlightening the World?” “Wages were $12,000 worth of polished por- phyry in statuary ALSEN PORTLAND CEMENT. : and mosaics; also a solid block of cannel coal, raised from a depth of 1,300 feet, weigh- ing 3,600 pounds. Of iron and steel products, Sweden made a fine showing, among which was a giant band saw 220 feet long and 12 inches wide, that was rolled at Sandwick. The bulk of the iron exhibit was fine edge-tools and specimens of Dannemora steel. There were also fine pottery, carved woods, and art furniture. Brazil, considering its internecine troubles, had a fine display. Its diamonds still maintain their superiority in purity and luster, and they were here of all grades and colors. Mexico exhibited a splendid cabinet collection in ornamental bronze and glass cases, combining the contributions of a dozen provinces. A feature was the onyx for which this country is celebrated. There was also an interesting display of mining machinery, ancient and modern. Its entire col- lection of minerals was valued at $4,000,000. Russia was chiefly represented by its iron and steel, in the manufacture of some grades of which it still maintains supremacy. Pictures in polished sections of these metals adorned the walls. From Austria came exhibits of crucible steel and a panorama of the Carlsbad mineral springs; from Italy, beautiful marbles and Sicilian sulphurs. EXHIBIT OF GOLD AND SILVER REFINERY, FRANKFORT-ON-MAIN, MINES AND MINING. 10 GROUP IN STUMM BROTHERS’ EXHIBIT. Japan, original and artistic as ever, presented a characteristic showing for the admiration of occidentals. eral product, was displayed in every grade of purity and fineness, Native methods of Copper, its chief min- Japanese letters being stamped on each ingot. working and refining were graphically illustrated by photographic views. There were also geological maps framed in bamboo delin- eating the mineral formations of that country, and curiously put-up packages of salts, gypsums, and mineral waters. France installed a series of maps, charts, views, and statistics establishing the magnitude of its coal industries. The various uses to which asphalt is adapted, and the process of mining it, were illustrated by maps, pictures, and sections of conduits and pave- ments. Nickel ores were.also shown from New Caledonia, and carbonate of manganese from the only mine in the world which yields that material. Greece made up in quality of interest what was lacking in quan- In this section were tools and samples of ore that Primitive tity of material. antedated Athens, and were over 3,000 years old. methods of mining, centuries before Christ, differed little from those now prevailing in some of the South American countries, the ores being carried in leather bags instead of baskets. Much of the mining of to-day in Greece is carried on in shafts and excavations left by the ancients, and in these have been found utensils and apparel left by contemporaries of ‘Themistocles. The South American states completed the list of foreign exhibits, demonstrating that, although mining is carried on there by crude processes, and desolating wars have more or less affected all pro- ductive industries, their treasures are by no means squandered, and will not be so long as their mineral resources are practically inexhaustible. The mineral display of the gold and silver states in the United States was exceptionally fine, and so was that representing the useful metals and minerals, in the production of which this country sur- passes all others. Every year the United States manufactures more than NASSAU-SIECEN MINING EXHIBIP 108 THE GRAPHIC HISTORY OF THE FAIR. THE CANADIAN SECTION, 10,000,000 tons of pig iron, and about 5,000,000 tons of steel. This vast industry was fitly represented in the Mines and Mining Building. The equally important coal industries, especially those of Kentucky, Pennsylvania, and Ohio were also strikingly illustrated. An enormous block of semi-bituminous coal 14 feet high, weighing 7% tons, standing in front of the west entrance, was from Cumber- land county, Maryland. Another of the curiosities ot this depart- ment was the monument of minerals, a conglomerate representing DIAMONDIFEROUS ORE FROM KIMBERLEY DIAMOND MINES, SOUTH AFRICA, the quantity of every sort of ores and metals mined per second all over the United States. Other unique exhibits were the largest piece of copper ever mined, a statue cut out of rock salt and called <¢ Lot’s Wife,’’ Idaho’s silver brick, and Montana’s silver statue. Ranged on the east side of ‘‘ Bullion Boulevard’’ was a series ot pavilions, pagodas, classic columns supporting pediments, arched entrances and colonnades, characterizing structures erected by the different states. The products contained therein enabled the visitor to gain a comprehensive idea of the boundless mineral SPANISH SECTION. resources of this country. Including displays in the gallery, thirty- two states in all were represented. These were grouped according to the kind and character of their predominant mineral products. Those of the states yielding precious metals, such as Montana, Colorado, and Utah, were at the south end of the aisle, while those producing commercial minerals, such as clays, cement, and stone, were located at the north end. EGYFTIAN PORPHYRY AND CANNEL COAL IN ENGLISH SECTION. The space occupied by Wisconsin was marked at each corner by massive monoliths of its peculiar red sandstone, which is suscepti- ble to a polish equal to that of fine marble, and as a building stone for ornamental purposes is unexcelled. Many valuable specimens served as material in the construction of its beautiful pagoda 25 feet high and covering 49 by 45 feet of space. The four sides were inclosed by green jasper and fancy granites. The center rested on four blocks of different colored granite, the capitals of the columns being studded with amethysts and other stones. ‘lhe fountains were also of amethyst. The exhibit consisted of handsome cases con- BRAZILIAN SECTION. taining the best specimens ot ores and minerals in the state. Mon- tana ranks high as a producer, and demonstrated this fact by the beautiful statue of Ada Rehan posing as ‘‘ Justice,’’ with scales in one hand and a silver sword in the other. The figure was life-size, of solid silver, and mounted on a plinth of gold. The silver poured into the mold was estimated to be worth $61,800, the gold used for the base $230,000, while the cost of sculpture and founding brought up the aggregate value to over $300,000. Pennsylvania, as a coal-producer, leads all other commonwealths of the Union, and its display appealed to the pride of every native of that state. The grand entrance to its pavilion was supported by Corinthian columns, in the center of which appeared in bold relief THE DEPARTMENT OF THE NEW YORK PAVILION. the state arms. The exhibits of coal, iron, and petroleum were of extraordinary merit. A huge relief map, 7 by 14 feet, indicated the location of its coal and iron mines, oil and glass fields, blast furnaces, pipe lines, and railroads. A complete working model of a coal mine and breaker in operation was shown, occupying 24 by 8 INTERIOR VIEW, SHOWING MINING MACHINERY. feet. Nine engines at work illustrated the manner in which coal was brought up the inclines, dumped into the screens and sorted into merchantable sizes for delivery, the mine cars being returned by gravity for fresh loads. A rectangle composed of 16 truncated THE MICHIGAN EXHIBIT. MINES AND MINING. 109 pyramids dis- closed all the vari- eties of anthracite found, with their analyses. At the corners were glass cases showing dif- ferent kinds of bi- tuminous coal. The manufacture of zinc oxide and spiegelite was also shown. Speci- mens were given of 78 varieties of building stone and 30 of fine clay, crude and burnt. Samples of glass sands, soapstone, nickel, iron, and man- ganese were also to be seen, while around a_primi- tive furnace were grouped various implements used in mining. In the center of the building stood a shaft of anthracite showing a vertical section of a 54-foot vein in Schuyler county with the coal-slate seams in place. There were also numerous photographs, relief maps, and charts of geological surveys on the walls. Access to the collective display of California was through a triumphal arch, 20 by 37 feet, faced with mottled marbles mined in the different quarries, the great seal of the state occupying the THE CALIFORNIA PAVILION. immediate foreground. ‘There were three entrances flanked by loggias 12 feet high. ‘The form of architecture was that of a Gre- cian temple, and the material used was ornamental stone from all parts of the state. ‘The capitals of the four columns at the entrance were of gold and silver, and the base of composite and finished copper. A curiosity of its extensive display was the original gold nugget found in 1848 by John Marshall. Near by was an oil painting of its discoverer. The facade of Ohio’s pavilion aroused universal admiration, consisting of many colored, burnt, unburnt, and glazed brick, with freestone bays and copings. The grand arch, resting on graceful pillars, was flanked on either side by small pavilions with tile roofs. The display was large and in all respects creditable, the useful metals and minerals predominating. One ate THE GRAPHIC HISTORY OF THE FAIR. THE OHIO PAVILION. feature was the illustration by actual operation of the evaporation of salt and its conversion, by purifying processes, into the refined article for table consumption and use. The entrance to the Ken- tucky pavilion was through a mammoth arch of polished cannel coal, 30 feet high by 23 wide, on which the name of the state was emblazoned. mens of burnt tile. Iron, coal, stone, and clay were arranged in groups representing the east and west sections of the state. It had A map 5 by 10 The tiers of steps each side included splendid speci- a skylight of transparencies of mining scenes. feet revealed every town, city, and county within its boundaries, besides showing its geological features. The chief feature of interest, in addition to mineral products, was a section of the Mammoth Cave rso feet long beneath the building, reproduced in a realistic manner by means of paper and plaster work, the stalactites being made of staff. Colorado exhibited gold nug- gets and free gold sufficient to pave a space of roo feet square. The Breckinridge collection was valued at over $250,000. A circle of marble columns of native material adorned the Col- orado inclosure, the low parapet being faced with light-colored varieties of onyx. Each county contributed cabinet collections readily indicating the geographical distribution of minerals. A noble statue of solid silver, from Aspen, called the ‘‘ Silver Queen,’’ exemplified its product. Col- orado’s full and varied display was fitly supplemented by superb photographs and oil paintings, portraying the grandeurs of its Rocky Mountain scenery. An arched doorway, supported by pillars of red sandstone, & WEST VIRGINIA’S WEALTH OF MINERALS. THE MISSOURI PAVILION. formed the entrance to Michigan’s pavilion, above which was the state arms, surmounted by an allegorical group in copper repre- senting the crowning of two miners with laurel wreaths. On either side stood an obelisk of gypsum, from Grand Rapids. Over the low parapet were four obelisks of pure copper. The display of copper and iron ores and refined copper was lavish. There were miles of drawn cop- per wire and rolled sheets of the same material, as bright and clear as polished mirrors: An attractive feature was a minia- ture model of the largest cop- per mine and reducing mills in All the counties of the upper peninsula were repre- sented. the world. Missouri, ranking first in the production of zinc and second in lead among the states, was prominently represented by these metals in a pyramidal structure containing about 17 tons of these ores, one mass of galena alone weighing 6,500 pounds. Fine specimens, show- ing the superior quality of Iron Mountain ores, zinc, kaolin, granite, marble, lime, and sandstone, were to be see The vast extent and richness of its coal and iron measures and sodium and glass-sand deposits will eventually make Wyoming one of the greatest of manufacturing states. Its coal output in 1883 of 779,- 620 tons, increased to 2,322,787 tons in 1893. cover 26,000 square miles. Its iron-ore fields Its lubricating oils are unsurpassed. Its mines of tin promise large yields. Its moss agates, petrified MONTANA MINING EXHIBIT AND ‘‘ADA REHAN SILVER STATUE,”’ THE WYOMING PAVILION. THE DEPARTMENT OF MINES AND MINING. 111 D. C. BOYCE, Coal and Iron Expert. J. B. GOODMAN, Superintendent of Installation. woods and ornamental stone are of rare beauty and susceptible to exquis- Its pyramids and shafts of coal, blocks of sodium, and other minerals were inclosed in a beautiful pavilion of artistic design, ‘There were many other pavilions of striking merit and orig- inal forms, the facades of the \ \ 3 ite finish. PHOSPHATE FROM FLORIDA. EXHIBIT OF SMELTING PROCESS AND ASBESTOS WEAVING. MODEL OF COAL MINE AND BREAKER, LOUIS WOHL, Engineer, Department of Mines. OBELISK SHOWING PRODUCT OF MINES OF UNITED STATES DURING ONE SECOND OF TIME. GEORGE F. KUNZ, Honorary Special Commissioner. Jee Su CARSY : Assayer and Chemist. Iowa, South Dakota, Washington, and eyecare? cee Minnesota structures eliciting special marks of approval. Utah’s exhibit, like that of its neighbor state, was very fine. In addition to ores of silver, gold, copper, lead, antimony, bismuth, tellurium, and quicksilver, its list of gems included topaz, garnets, opals, malachite, onyx, and rare agates and crystals. New Mexico, with its miner’s cabin, had an excel- lent display, while the copper specimens in blocks and in cases, and petrified woods from Arizona constituted a series of surprises. A conspicuous object was a block of coal from Washington 24 feet long, nearly 5 feet high, and 5 feet 8 inches wide, weighing 41,000 pounds. On the east side, beneath the gallery, mining machinery in operation was shown, including all methods and appli- ances for sinking, for shafting, and for driving levels, STANDARD OIL COMPANY. FACADE OF THE KENTUCKY PAVILION. EXHIBIT OF LOW MOOR COMPANY, BRADFORD, ENGLAND. pumps and engines for driving and_hoist- ing, tramways and cars, crushers, apparatus for quarrying stone, and furnaces for roasting ores. Also a miniature working plant to illustrate placer and hydraulic mining, and apparatus used in drilling for water, gas, and oil. From an outside ore-yard, connected with the building by a tramway, material was drawn by cars, for demonstrating purposes, to the mouth of a tunnel at the south end of the main floor. In the north gallery the Standard Oil Com- pany made an interesting exhibit of crude THE GRAPHIC HISTORY OF THE FAIR. CARBONATE OF MANGANESE, FRANCE. and graded oils and manufactured products in paraffin wax; modeis showing methods of drilling, for piping, storing and distributing oils, and others showing the geological strata of oil-bearing districts. In a series of courts along the east gallery were grouped industrial WET METHOD CONCENTRATOR, GERMANY. and economic mineral material, such as chemical salts, pigments, asphalt, graphites, abrasives, etc. There were sam- ples of coal from all the mines in the country upon aluminum mounts, arranged about a large plate-glass map showing the relative geological position of the MODEL REDUCING WORKS, GERMANY. contributing mines. Also a coke plant accu- rately reproduced in miniature. At the southeast corner was an operating assay labo- ratory, and in the southwest corner a select mining library and reading-room, open to all visitors. Here, also, were the headquarters of the associated societies of mining and civil engineers. In the northeast gallery models of famous mines and special mine-workings were shown. ‘The entire west gallery was occupied by mineralogical and metallurgical collections in cases and cabinets, illustrating valuable and scientific mineral series,ewhile metal-reduction samples exemplified the processes employed in the metallurgic arts. The entire mineral display was an inexhaustible source of infor- mation to people of every class, and from a scientific standpoint fully met the expectations of men skilled in metallurgy, geology, chemistry, and the industrial arts. Its collection, clas- sification, and arrangement were in the highest degree creditable to the chief and the able experts who co-operated in the accomplishment of his plans. It was one of the most conspicuously grand and successful features of the World’s Columbian Exposition, incomparably superior to any preceding attempt of a similar nature either in the old world or new. Henceforth it will stand as an example for future Expositions to emulate if they wish or surpass if they can. E. L. BURCHARD, Chief Clerk. Coe THE DEPARTMENT OF MINES AND MINING. 113 . INTERIOR OF THE MINES AND MINING BUILDING. 114 THE GRAPHIC HISTORY OF THE FAIR MACHINERY HALL. ptAne houses side by side. (VANDA als kh HAT architectural wonder, the Manufac- Ny tures and Liberal Arts Building, was the largest of the numerous impressive structures of the Columbian Exposi- tion, covering 1,328,000 square feet. Next in size and in the grandeur and beauty of its proportions was the Palace of Mechanic Art, or Machin- ery Hall, which occupied about 20 acres of ground. Its design was of the Spanish Renaissance, the archi- tects, Peabody & Stearns of Boston, having derived their inspira- tion from the architecture of Seville and other cities whose memory is associated with the name and fame of Columbus. The accomplishment of their scheme was a gratifying conclusion to all admirers of the builder’s art. In the opinion of many, Machinery Hall in its completed magnificence was second only to the Administration Building. Yet such was the harmonious grouping and co-ordinate splendor of the structures of the quad- rangle which environed the Grand Plaza and Court of Honor, that it was impossible to define the proportion contributed by each to the perfected plan. Here was centered the transfiguration of architecture, the nearest approach it ever made to the charm of its more captivating sister arts sculpture and painting. The main building, 850 feet long by 500 feet wide, was spanned by three arched trusses of about 50 feet on centers, and 125 feet span, the interior presenting the appearance of three railroad train- ‘The naves were lighted and aired from above by large monitor roofs. At the center, instead of monitors, were three domed roofs, each covering an open space 125 feet square. On the north, east, and south, outside of this immense three-naved room, ran a 50-feet-wide two-story building. This opened directly into the main hall, both on the first floor and on the north and east fronts of the second floor, forming a great gallery. Of the two grand entrances, one on the north faced the Admin- istration Building, the other on the east side fronting Agricultural Hall. four corners of the building with other adjacent staircases. A grand staircase led up to a domed pavilion at each of the Minor portals along the sides and ends afforded plentiful facilities for en- trance and exit. ‘The Annex contained three naves, running 550 feet westward, and carrying out the long naves formed by trusses in the main building. The vast steam and electrical plant, which supplied power to the whole Exposition buildings and grounds, was contained ina one-story structure which extended the entire length of the south side of the main building. With the view of sustaining safely and securely the immense superincumbent weight of ponder- f é "TIE COLONNADE AND OBELISK. THE EAST FACADE OF MACHINERY HALL, Pie) Pek vere © MeA@ i Nena. ous engines and machines in operation, extraordinary precautions were observed. The heavy planking of the floor rested on trestle work and piles driven to a great depth, forming a massive and solid foundation. With the exception of the iron trusses the framework was of wood. The building and annex together afforded a per- spective of nearly 1,400 feet in a straight line. In each of the naves an electric crane, used for installing and moving exhibits, traveled back and forth from one end to the other. The exterior was of staff, and the leading motive of the figure and ornamental work was, as far as practicable, suggestive of the character of the display. Three avenues or aisles traversed the main building and annex their entire length, the central avenue being 25 feet wide THE CANAL BEFORE MACHINERY HALL. and the parallel aisles 15 feet each. ‘Tracks of auxiliary railroads entered at the west end conveying exhibits to the first cross aisle, whence they were carried by traveling cranes to their destined place. Though dedicated to material and practical uses, the exterior architectural design comprehended all that grace, dignity, and sen- timent could impart to flawless lines and purely harmonized pro- portions. Around the four sides covered promenades were formed by two-storied porticoes and Corinthian colonnades, accented at each corner by a pavilion 50 feet square, inside of which were columns supporting an interior dome made accessible by a double stairway. Above this, resting on a circular terrace, rose an exterior dome crowned by alantern. The east and north fronts of the build- ing were broken at the center by a high wall surface rising to a cornice, on the middle portion of which were ranged emblematic figures of heroic size, representing ‘‘Science’’ and her attendants, CCST cco sia ace GY cig el uae oc Nitro uTn m Vel TeeOMUNUTINeTaRCI Clonal tower built of a succession of graceful turrets rose to a lofty alti- tude, terminating in a winged figure of ‘‘ Victory’’ extending in one hand a laurel wreath. Between these towers, over the main entrance north, was a semi-circular pavilion spported by columns, above which stood statues holding medallions on which were emblazoned the portraits of men distinguished in science and inven- tion. Just inside was an imposing figure of ‘* Columbus,’’ mounted on a high pedestal, holding, in a thoughtful attitude, a chart and compass. The pavilion at the north end, shaped like an Athenian temple, was surmounted by a pediment on which were grouped designs in relief by M. A. Waagen, the principal sculptor of the building. The central figure was ‘‘ Columbia,’’ seated on a throne, holding in one hand a sword and in the other an olive branch. ‘‘ Honor’? stood near grasping a laurel wreath, while ‘‘ Wealth,’’ at the foot of the throne, scattered from a cornucopia the blessings of peace and plenty. To the right and left were inventors of machinery and a jury of examiners studying their work. ? At the corners, ‘‘ Force,’ 116 THE GRAPHIC HISTORY OF THE FAIR, THE GREAT ALLIS ENGINE. controlled and guided by ‘ Genius,’’? was symbolized by lions led by children. The six figures bearing shields and the figures of «* Victory’? were designed by Robert Kraus. When gazing from the grand plaza on the architect- ural picture presented by the Palace of Mechanic Art, the sudden music of chimes of bells in the campaniles served to enhance its grow- ing charm. Their sweet influence alone was needed to captivate the senses, kindle the spirit of admira- tion into enthusiasm, and invest the scene with a sen- timent of poetry as exquisite : as that which pervades an Arcadian dream. L. W. ROBINSON, Chief, ORGANIZATION. The department was organized in the summer of 1891 by the appointment of L. W. Robinson of the United States Navy as Chief. Mr. Robinson was not only a professional engineer, competent by education and experi- ence to creditably fill the position, but was withal a thoroughbred gentleman it was both a pleasure and honor to know. Uniformly courteous and considerate, without arro- gance or pretension, he was cordially esteemed and beloved by all with whom he held business or social re- lations. Modest merit was a distinguishing trait that made him averse to accept even that degree of commen- dation which justly rewards the prompt and faithful per- formance of duty. Though comparatively young in years, he had seen much active service. He was no H. FITZ JOHN PORTER, merely Assistant Chief. ornamental navy adjunct, wearing his uni- form for decorative purposes, but had smelled gunpowder and heard the whiz of shot and shell | He was with the fleet at New Orleans, te INTERIOR OF MACHINERY HALL, THE DEPARTMENT OF MACHINERY. elnGg was at the passage of the forts at Vicksburg, was with Farragut in the desperate battle in Mobile Bay resulting in the capture of the Confederate forts, was present at the second surrender of Galveston, and took part in many minor engagements. Subsequently he was attached to the United States armed vessels, the ‘¢ Shamoken’’ and <‘Ticonderoga,’’ on the east coast of South America, and assigned to other important posts of duty, serving as chief of machinery at the Centennial Exposition. His assistant was a son of Major-General Fitz John Porter. and a highly educated, accom- plished, efficient gentleman. POWER PLANT. The inquisitive investigator, exceedingly anxious to find out ‘*what makes the wheels go round?’’ readily ascertained the source of this manifestation of forceful energy when he visited the south interior side of building and annex. He found there a vast array of more than 40 ponderous steam engines, covering a space 1,000 feet long by too wide, and aggregating 24,000 horse power. Of this total, 17,000 was devoted to electricity, there being two dyna- mos, with a capacity of to,ooo lights, which were run by the famous Allis engine. ‘The iron and steel of this engine weighed more than 225 tons, its wheel of 30 feet diameter and shaft repre- senting over roo tons. It exerted almost double the power of the Corliss engine, which was the gigantic won- STATUE OF COLUMBUS, IN PORT- LAND CEMENT, NORTH ENTRANCE. der of the Centennial, and occupied 3,000 square feet of space. Besides these there were 15 other engines located in different parts of the hall, each doing its allotted work. The power was distributed by six lines of shafting, each 766 feet long, making with six continuous lines of shafting in the annex a total of about 7,280 feet. Some of the engines were used to drive long iron shafts on which revolved numerous pulleys 15 feet from the floor, the exhib- itor who wanted power attaching his belt to the nearest pulley. The power plant proper, however, furnished but a small portion of this force. The shafting was divided into 18 sections, each as a general thing being driven by its own engine. English, German, and American raachinery was driven respectively by its own engines. The engines that furnished electric power, with aggregate 5,000 horse capacity, were located at the north end. Then came those that supplied incandescent lights, then arc lights, then the air com- pressors at the south end. The electric power current generated was sent over wires to the Adriinistration, the Mines, Agricultural, Manufactures, and other buildings to run elevators and do whatever was requisite. It even operated the dynamos in the Electricity suilding. In the list of nine huge engines devoted to the pro- duction of incandescent lights tor buildings and grounds, with a capacity of supplying 120,00o though not that many were required stood first and foremost the Allis quadruple expansion condensing, with a possible 3,000 horse power, the greatest in the Exposition. The arc lights were supplied by about 23 engines having an aver- age capacity of 200 horse power each, the lowest being 125 and the highest 500. At the south extreme of the building were six steam air compressors, whose stored energy at a pressure of 125 pounds to the square inch was conveyed in two six-inch iron pipes to the Mines and Mining and Transportation buildings to demon- strate the utility of compressed-air motors in those departments. Nothing amazed the visitor more than the steel steam boilers ranged like stabled behemoths in the immense corrugated shed adjoining the hall south. These stupendous object lessons- them- selves exhibits illustrated every new point of superior excellence in the mechanical construction of a boiler, and occupied a space 650 feet long. The boiler-house, separated from the main boiler- room by the south entrance, was equipped by eight exhibitors. Among these the largest was the Climax of 1,000 horse power, 53 feet 6 inches high, 56 inches in diameter, and its main shell 7 of an inch thick. The greater portion of these boilers were arrayed in batteries of two, each pair feeding steam into one pipe, which delivered it into the 36-inch headers under the gallery. ‘The main headers were fastened at the center to masonry foundations. The additional support of rollers every few feet permitted free expansion. A drain-pipe of four inches diameter, running the entire length of the boiler-room, discharged its contents into a tank EXHIBIT OF COTTRELL PRINTING PRESSES. outside, the condensed water being carried back into the boilers by a system of loops. The boilers were fed by pumps and injectors of various make, which were catalogued as exhibits. ‘The fuel used was oil, atomized by a steam jet as it was discharged into the furnace. ‘The oil was conducted from a brick storage vault of 112,000 gallon capacity, half a mile distant, by two mains to a five-inch header, which was tapped as needed, and the supply conveyed through separate pipes to each make of boiler. The flow into the furnaces was regulated by automatic pressure-gauges. The safety-valves were set at 125 pounds. The dynamos, 130 in all, were classed in the electricity exhibit, the boilers, pumps, etc., belonging to the machinery display. The oil was pumped from Whiting, Ind., by the Standard Oil Company. West of the batteries were their serviceable allies the machine and blacksmith shops supplied with all the necessary tools for keeping the machinery in good repair. EXHIBITS FROM ABROAD. The genius for mechanical invention is limited to no one favored locality or race, and all the leading nations of earth were here represented. Commencing with Great Britain and Canada at the east end, the foreign display extended along the north side nearly the entire length of the building. Great Britain utilized the large space of 29,496 square feet, and her 118 THE GRAPHIC HISTORY OF THE FAIR. a A CROSS-COMPOUND ENGINE. varied. exhibit was only surpassed by that of the German section, which excelled that of every other. It comprised hydraulic and pneumatic apparatus, fire engines and their appliances, machines for manufacturing textile fabrics and cloths, wood-working machines, printing presses, typesetters, machines for the preparation of food, for working clay, minerals, and stone. An ingenious contrivance for washing, rinsing, racking, and drying dishes was studied with admiring interest by many an overworked housewife. There were fine specimens of engines showing great power with small consump- tion of steam. Machinery for the manufacture of textiles included a complete set of cotton cleaning, combing, aud carding apparatus, and looms for cotton, wool, and silk patterns. By'a machine from Leeds, brick was made at a single operation. The display made by France consisted largely of apparatus for cutting glassware, lenses, and delicate embroideries. There were AMONG THE LINEN-MAKING MACHINERY. also gun-metal castings, statuary, bronze metal work, etc. Mexico had high-speed engines, and Russia models of enginery of war. Austrian booths were rich in cut-glass ware, embroideries, machines for making them, and bonbons and lithographs. a coffee-cleaning apparatus. In the Belgian section were examples of merchantable iron, sections of girders, sleepers, columns, and machinery for embroideries and confections, also fire-engines. Canada had a collection of small single-valve automatic engines, and wood and iron working machinery, and several brickmaking New South Wales presented a case of electrotypes as samples of work done at the machines, together with a model fire-engine. government printing office. From Sweden came a few dynamos, and a machine that would turn out 200 barrels an hour. Spain had machines for raising water and for planing. Switzerland prac- tically illustrated processes of electro-plating with gold and silver. Italy displayed lenses, embroidery, and oil manufacturing machines. In the German section the exhibits were large, varied, and significant-of the ingenuity and methodical care of that nation in all branches of mechanism. They occupied 50,000 square feet. One feature was a triple expansion engine with dynamo for illumi- nating purposes of 1,000 horse power, wrought-iron frame, 28-inch stroke, and making too revolutions per minute. There were gas and Brazil exhibited - petroleum engines of especial merit; metal-sawing and wood-work- ing machines; tools and saws of all sizes and patterns, one saw of steel, 4 feet in diameter, with teeth half an inch thick; machines for drawing brass, steel, and silver wire to a fineness as delicate as silk thread, and a machine in a model factory that would cut 12,000,000 matches a day. Two machines for cutting, folding, and labeling MAIN PORTICO AND TOWERS. the boxes could turn out nearly 4o,c0o a day. Foundries and machine shops were largely represented. ‘There were portable steam engines, seamless steel tubes in all kinds of steel, turbines of fifty- horse power, Krupp crushing and grinding machines, smoke-con- suming furnaces, water tube boilers, superheating steam apparatus, power-transmitting appliances, etc. There were also machines for cutting garments from the cloth; for producing sheet metal bobbins, apparatus for knitting and spin- TRON AND BRASS WORKS. ning. One paper-ruling machine with a single operative could rule 4,000 sheets an hour on both sides. On one press with automatic lifter and feeder 40,000 envelopes could be printed per day. Ma- chines for the preparation of food products were numerous, and such as were used in chocolate and candy, white lead and paint and ink, soap, and perfumery factories. Among miscellaneous were smoke hoods for firemen, apparatus for cord and rope factories, for making THE DEPARTMENT OF MACHINERY. 119 shoes, for cement, and meat and sausage machines of infinite variety. Many of the foregoing were in actual operation, practically demon- strating their capacity and efficiency to all observers. Limited space will allow but brief allusions to some of the most noteworthy of the exhibits that filled Machinery Hall, its annex and outside buildings, the latter covering in all 20 acres of ground. Our numerous illustrations, moreover, give a more vivid idea of their scope and detail than any written description could do. The immense power plant in the annex for the generation and distribution of electric and steam force was substantially the work Elaborate reference is made to this predominant feature of the machinery department in solely of American inventors and mechanics. other pages, especially in the chapter devoted to electricity. The aggregate of less conspicuous but not less useful United States ex- hibits were located in the west end. An interesting lumber machine of recent patent, taking in boards % to 6 inches thick, practically showed how they could be changed so as to imitate 15 varieties of wood; such as oak, ash, bird’s-eye maple, etc. The process was simple, though the result was wonderful. Its maximum capacity was 60,000 fect per day of 10 hours. A display of traveling cranes illustrated the Without their aid the massive objects in this and other departments could not have been installed. They were of enormous size, 75 feet span, the tracks being laid on plate girders supported by steel columns 20 feet high. As they rolled along, above the din and roar of machinery, with majestic sweep from one end of the hall to the other ‘éall the while sonorcus metal braying martial sound ’’ it was like the thunderous tread of a herd of trumpeting elephants or a regiment of dragoons on the charge. There were also other kinds of hoisting machines, for building, bridge construc- method of handling heavy weights and machinery. During the season they were used for carrying passengers. tion, mining, and various special uses. About 50 exhibitors displayed pump- ing machines of all kinds, single and double, horizontal and vertical, of iron and wood, operated by hand, compressed One firm erected a large reservoir into which a powerful pump dis- charged huge columns of water and jets This fountain was a popular A steam pump for factory, mine, and irrigation air and steam. of spray. resort during the summer heat. uses could raise a copious flow of water from a depth of 500 feet. Refrigerating plant was shown in the ill-fated Cold Storage building, except one 150-ton double-acting refrigerating compressor in the hall. ‘The majority of the fire en- gines were distributed to fire stations In the west annex, however, were chemical apparatus, throughout the grounds. hose, couplers, escapes, and appliances for THE ROGERS TYPOGRAPH, A SAWMILL EXHIBIT. extinguishing fires, and in the machine shop many specialties of Within the hall could be seen riveting and milling machines, portable forges, planers, and all metal forgings, lathes, vises, drills, etc. kinds of improved tools and machinery for tinsmiths, steam-fitters, and blacksmiths. There were machines also that would convert solid blocks of steel into wire netting for fences, and into lath. Very ingenious, also, was a machine for washing an.l rinsing bottlcs, and apparatus for carbonizing soda and mineral waters. In one section, gold-bead necklaces, watch chains, and similar ornaments were manufactured while the purchaser watched the process. The manufacture of textiles silks, woolens, cottons for carpets, could be ob- tapestries, embroideries, laces, ropes, leather-working served here in all stages of progress, from the raw material to the Some of the looms produced before the spectator’s eyes silk patterns Uf intricate finished product, in more than 70 separate exhibits. figure, interweaving emblems, badges, and portraits. ‘lo accentuate contrasts in means and methods, an aged man labored at asmall, old- fashioned woolen loom, working the treadle with his foot and the NORTHEAST CORNER OF MACHINERY HALL. ELECTRIC FOUNTAIN IN FOREGROUND. 120 THE GRAPHIC HISTORY OF THE FAIR shuttles by hand, near a loom of modern type weaving a gorgeous bordered carpet 12 feet square, Elsewhere a ‘Turk in native cos- tume wearily operated a hand loom with depressingly slow results near an improved Jacquard machine that rapidly wove two towels at a time. The display of printing presses by makers of world-wide renown was of remarkable merit. Visitors crowded around these miracles of human genius. ‘They never wearied of seeing a continuous sheet fed by a huge roll of paper enter one end of the machine and come out a live, sentient newspaper of six to thirty pages, printed, folded, and ready for distribution, as fast as copies could be gathered up by an attendant. In capacity the different presses ranged from 12,000 to 48,000 impressions per hour, according to number of sheets printed at atime. The entire process from molding the matrix to its adjustment upon the cylinder, was shown. The stereotype equipment in an outside building comprised full sets of machinery in operation, by different makers. The latest and best approved labor-saving machines in the art of bookbinding formed another great attraction. The accuracy and speed characterizing their work challenged universal admiration. It is not surprising that at all hours of the day and evening the Palace of Mechanic Art was thronged by men, women, and chil- WESTINGHOUSE DYNAMOS. dren, upon whom the numberless objects and details there shown exercised a peculiar fascination. At first the noise, jar, and fury of revolving wheels, cylinders, shafts, cogs, belts moved by gigantic 3ut the Babel of sounds soon be- came an accustomed harmony full of meaning and intelligence. unseen forces, was bewildering. Order grew out of chaos, coherence supplanted confusion. Each specialty drew its group of admirers, representing all classes and pursuits. The daintily dressed lady and shop girl watched with undisguised wonder the multicolored ribbons evolved from filaments of silk, delicate as a spider’s web. ‘The thrifty housekeeper gazed with astonishment on the strands of wool as the diligent loom worked them into carpets and tapestries of original artistic designs. The printer scrutinized the noiseless, wonderfully efficient action of the presses by the hour. The carpenter stood in absorbed con- templation before the improved and exquisitely finished tools of his craft. The blacksmith noted the strength, temper, and respective points of merit of the anvils, hammers, tongs, nippers, shoes made by English and American manufacturers. The engineer stood enthralled before the enormous steam boilers and engines, studying STEAM FIRE ENGINE. the apt contrivances which governed and guided the tremendous power they developed. ‘The electrician was especially drawn to the huge dynamos and apparatus of the largest plant ever before con- structed. Pretty girls from city and country eagerly patronized a little machine that blocked out nicely perfumed soap at five cents a cake. Around the sewing machines, accomplishing with incon- ceivable rapidity all and more than deft feminine fingers could do in months and years of hard work, were grouped hundreds of enrap- tured lookers-on from morning till night. Not less interesting was the process of making delicious ice cream from its incipient formation to its concluding stage when served by prompt and polite girls in white caps and aprons, in the adjacent cool refresh- ment booth. The variety of exhibits gathered in Machinery Hall and other space belonging to that department was comprehensive in a degree never before equaled and afforded a practical illustration of the marvels wrought during the past quarter-century by human ingenuity and skill. POWER HOUSE, SHOWING BOILERS AND OIL-BURNING FURNACES, CHAPTER XII. OUBTFUL and difficult as the } task seemed to gather un- der one roof forms of trans- portation repre- Gy P A "ah senting all periods Dy of human history Me the result fully justified the time, money, and | | | : -- labor expended in prosecuting the work to a successful issue. The exhibits here were unique, interesting, and instructive. Starting from primitive and obsolete types, they illustrated successive centuries of formation to the latest im- proved means and methods of travel and conveyance on land and water. ‘The col- lection comprehended, not one country or clime, but all parts ef the world and all racial conditions. Its object lessons, aligned in chronological order, served as landmarks to designate the stages of human progress from barbarism to enlightenment. From donkey to palace- car, from hollow log to ocean steamer, from palanquin to pleasure carriage, long periods of time and slow developments intervene. To remodel the crude work of the ancients, and from that starting- point to contrast subsequent links in the chain of evolution with the splendid attainments of to-day, constituted the inspiring motive of the grandest historic and realistic display ever consummated. In the field of accomplishment, past and present, nothing of the DENIS PAPIN, GEORGE STEPHENSON. JAMES WATT. kind on so broad a scale has been achieved of greater value to JOSEPH M. MONTGOLFIER. technical science, the mechanical arts, and productive industries. FIGURES ON BALUSTRADE. THE ‘‘GOLDEN DOOR.” THE GRAPHIC HISTORY OF THE FAIR THE TRANSPORTATION BUILDING. THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION EXHIBITS. 123 LOUIS H. SULLIVAN, Architect. DANKMAR ADLER, Architect. It is noteworthy in this connection that upon by that gentleman as a prerequisite to transportation at the World’s Columbian Ex- position for the first time was conceded that international status its importance demanded, occupy- his acceptance of the position. And yet Mr. St. John was only a conspicuous example of that spirit of patriotism which animated all classes of people in Chicago and the West, in whatever concerned the welfare of the Columbian Exposition. ing an edifice of stupendous size and unequaled beauty for the exclusive manifestation of its many phases and forms. The organization of the department followed the appointment of Mr. Smith as Chief by the Director Vhen it was first proposed to organize a distinct General in July, 1891. Mr. Smith proved to be an department for transportation exhibits, the novel sug- officer of versatile and exceptional ability. The assist- gestion was received with enthusiastic approval on both ants he selected for the three grand divisions under sides the Atlantic. Railway managers and those who which the exhibits were grouped were as follows: T. Hackworth Young, grandson of the famous inventor Hackworth, and peculiarly fitted by education and experience to discharge his official functions, was represented the potencies of steam in all branches of manufacture and traffic were at once interested. Invi- tations to the leading railway magnates and engineers of England, France, Germany, and other foreign coun- instructed to look after the railway division. Mr. A. A. Abbott, a popular and influential citizen, a carriage builder and connoisseur in everything belonging to tries to participate in the coming display, were promptly accepted. Proffers of sympathy and co- operation from railways and industrial works in the his specialty of manufacture, assumed charge of United States were universal and practically unan- vehicles, while Lieutenant A. C. Baker of the U. S. imous. Especially did the railway fraternity of Navy, detailed for that purpose, superintended the Chicago take hold of their share of the enterprise marine division. It was a corps of experts, each with a zeal and vigor that betokened sure success. having an extensive acquaintance among intending As chairman of the finance committee representing exhibitors and those who, through personal influence, twelve trunk lines with terminals in this city, Mr. E. might be induced to makea display in his particular field, and to their several and united efforts the success of the department, as a whole, was largely due. St. John, General Manager of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway, paid into the treasury of the Exposition subscriptions to stock amounting to $1,000,000. He also signally aided in negotiating The site of the Transportation Building was happily chosen. It occupied the southwest corner of the quadrangle formed by itself and Horticultural Hall on the west, the Mines and Mining and Electri- the reduced schedule of rates on transportation of exhibits which was adopted by the Atlantic and South American steamship lines acting in the capa- city of chairman of the meeting called for the special city structures south, the Manufactures and T’ederal consideration of that subject. His influence, further- buildings east, and the Woman’s, the Illinois State, more, was largely instrumental in securing the ready concurrence of the general managers of the principal railway lines in the nomination of Mr. Willard A. eo aay er eae : eee “THE PILOT.’’ FIGURE ON Smith?as Chief their indorsement being insisted BALUSTRADE, PAVILION AT MAIN ENTRANCE. ““NAVIGATION,’’ SCULPTURE BY J. J. BOYLE, 124 THE GRAPHIC HISTORY OF THE FAIR. WILLARD A. SMITH, Chief. LOCOMOTIVE OF THE ‘‘ EMPIRE STATE EXPRESS.”’ and other edifices north. It overlooked the wooded island and lagoons that encircled that fifteen acres of fairy land, and was the cynosure of attraction to the admiring eyes of passengers of every launch and gondola that made the grand circuit to and from the central basin. Thescene from this standpoint was always animated, and the landscape with imposing fronts of architecture on every side indescribably beautiful. The original design of the building was somewhat modified by the architects, Adler & Sullivan of Chicago, to better adapt it to the purpose for which it was built. The main building, 960 feet front by 256 deep, had an annex, the total floor space, including gal- LGICS He rceUKe Remarc TING special structures, amounting to nearly 20 acres. IPIne iimiberet@nr central longitudinal THE ‘‘DE WITT CLINTON’ TRAIN. have was 800 feet long by 96 wide, rising to an altitude of 110 feet. This height per- mitted the introduction of two ranges of clerestory windows, of which the lower ones were circular. The nave was paralleled by two-storied aisles the entire length of the building. Both nave and aisles were furnished with double-pitched roofs and skylights. The FRENCH LOCOMOTIVES. cupola the highest point accessible to visitors in the early part of the season was 165 feet from the floor. Eight elevators, with a capacity for carrying 2,000 people per hour, ran, three to the res- taurant and five to the dome. After the disaster at the cold-storage warehouse access to cupola and restaurant was prohibited as a precautionary measure. TO relieve ane brighten the unbroken regularity of the east front, the exterior wall space was decorated with polychromatic colors in stencil. The treatment in various portions varied. In some parts were broad sheets of color, while in others the colors were woven into inter- lacing forms. Each alternate spandrel was decorated with a beau- tiful white-winged Egyptian figure hold- ing a tablet on which the name of some illus- trious inventor or patron of the science of transportation was inscribed. ‘The intervening one was decorated with colors illumi- nating intricate geometrical designs. The general effect was_brill- iant, with no suggestion of tawdriness or exaggeration, the evenly diffused richness of tones and shadows on either side forming an harmonious prelude to the climax of gorgeous color in the arches of the portal called ‘*The Golden Door.”’ This majestic main entrance of the E. ST, JOHN, Of Railway Finance Committee. east facade was the culmination and keynote of both architectural design and color scheme. It was a daring yet successful attempt of the artist that first Sa => ~ SSN ee a a OF THE PULLMAN COLUMBIAN EXHIBITION TRAIN. A PORTION THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION EXHIBITS. WOODEN TRAM-ROAD OF SIXTEENTH CENTURY, IN EXHIBITION FROM OSNABRUCK, GERMANY, excited surprise, succeeded by admi- ration unqualified and universal. It was undoubtedly the most fasci- nating single feature of the Expo- sition, incorporating the two-fold charm of majesty and beauty. It consisted of a series of concen- tric arches enclosed by a massive rectangular frame, elaborately adorned with borders and spandrel panels in arabesque, and carried up to the ornate coping, that projected Giglme eat loyoinel ie, Ine Inenwal TURKISH SEDAN CHAIR, lines of this frame were relieved by balconies projecting on a level with the impost of the arches, and surmounted by octagonal pavilions. The seven receding arches lessened to the interior doors, the center of which was 14 feet above the ground floor. The first arch, with a radius of 9 feet, sprang from a large relief in panel. The second was 6 feet, the four next 344, and the last 8 feet wide, making the largest radius 38 feet. All were richly orna- EXHIBIT SHOWING DEVELOPMENT OF RAILWAYS OF GERMANY, mented in stucco relief. The surrounding space and entire superfi- cial area not appropriated to bas-reliefs were finished after the Moor- Rich tints of silver and bronze accenting a groundwork of gold imparted to this master- piece the finishing touches. ish style, in arabesque and foliate designs. The relief work was treated with aluminum and gold lacquer, some of the ornamentation being indi- at EXHIBIT OF BICYCLES. vidualized by color. ‘The effect was superb. The whole mass seemed to glow and quiver with effervescing fire evolved from some latent igneous source. In the semicircular space formed by the last interior arch was a strik- ing bas-relief representing the genii of transportation. ‘The scene was laid in mid-ocean the principal figure, a loosely-draped youth astride a revolving globe, waving in each hand a branch of laurel. There were plung- fee ing horses, turbulent waves, female figures signifying different attributes, and dol- phins a sunburst that flamed up from horizon to zenith forming the back- ground. It was a realistic group sym- bolizing the elements LARGEST STEAM HAMMER IN THE WORLD, EXHIBITED BY BETHLEHEM IRON WORKS, 126 THE GRAPHIC HISTORY OF THE FAIR. ? THE ‘*GRACE DARLING’’ BOAT. of air, solar light, electricity, and animal power, controlled and directed by human intelligence, the source of all forms and systems of transportation. On the spandrels above the exterior arch the fol- lowing inscriptions appeared in gilded letters: <¢ Of all inventions, the alphabet and printing press alone excepted, those inven- ’ -MACAULAY. tions which abridge distance have done most for civilization.’ <¢ There be three things which make a nation great and pros- perous; a fertile soil, busy workshops, and easy conveyance {\ for man and goods from place to place.’’ BAcon, In the large historical panels supporting the arch system, the oneat the extreme left delineated in relief the styles of locomotion in the remote past, dating from the Stone age. This theme was fur- ther detailed in the next adjoining panel. On the cor- responding one op- posite, a palace dining-car interior depicted the luxur- ies of modern trans- portation. Its in- dustrial and com- mercial aspects were revealed in the extreme right-hand panel. On either side the main en- eras! VOT S (OO LOCOMOTIVE AND CAR smaller portals, on each side of which, groups of statuary of three figures each, were posed on massive pedestals. They were of heroic size, and ideal- ized in artistic form diversified aspects of transportation on land, water, and in air. The first of the series north, of groups which adorned the east facade, was desig- nated ‘‘ Navigation.’’ ‘The central figure, standing on the prow of a ship, held in one hand asextant; the other rested on the wheel THE ‘*STOURBRIDGE LION’’ LOCOMOTIVE. STUN etc) © Leslee Lea eae AUTEN of a propeller. She was supported by a graceful female form representing ‘‘ Commerce.”’ sive in attitude, typified “Conquest.’? The group opposite suggested land tr-nsportation, the pilot of an engine, with chains, serving as a base for the central Minerva-like figure, sheathed in The remaining figure, more aggres- armor and wearing a helmet. The third and next group illustrated aerial navigation. The central male figure was a winged genius, on a rocky eminence, intently contemplat- ing a hemisphere in his hand. To the left was a youth looking heavenward at an experimental balloon, another youth at his right regarding with awe the unsolved prob- lem of aerial flight. An eagle preparing to soar sky ward was a graphic inciden- tal feature. The group at the left represented SOE ctlCliypmme vine latest factor im transportation. The dominant figure was a half-nude female poised ona Ghanem, lim Inere right hand she car- mieG a Inorm Ol abundance, from which she scattered WHEELS. FRENCH SECTION. the blessings to be derived from this new force. She was supported by two subordinate fgures, one grasping an oar, and the other a telegraph instrument. These groups, each ro feet high (duplicated at the two entrances south of the Golden Door), greatly relieved by their noble yroyor- tions and graceful outlines an otherwise monotonous stretch of wall surface, lending extraordinary dignity, not only to the portals they guarded, but to the entire facade. On the north side of the building, on eight balusters along the terrace, were imposed as many large statues. The figure on the extreme right was that of a stalwart helmsman, who typified water transport. He grasped a steering rudder wheel, his attitude and fixed look expressing intense vigilance. Figure two was that of Robert Fulton, whose name is associated with some of the most important discoveries in steam navigation. C S ? THE ‘‘ TRAVELER’? LOCOMOTIVE. THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION EXHIBITS. 127 SEDAN CHAIR USED BY MRS. SHELDON IN INTERIOR OF AFRICA. Then follow John fricsson, inventor of the famous ‘‘ Monitor” and the screw method of propulsion; John Stevens, who discovered an 1 first applied to use the twin screw; James Watt, who, in 1773, first demonstrated the practicability of steam as a motor; Dennis Pepin, the French inventor of the steam safety-valve; George Stephenson, who first successfully used the steam blast and tubular BRAZILIAN EXHIBIT. boiler, and with his locomotive, the ‘‘ Rocket,’’ initiated the rail- way; and figure eight, an alert, robust brakesman suggesting travel by land. Some of the foregoing were duplicated at the south end, with the addition of other statues as follows: Montgelfier, the French aero- naut, who launched, in 1780, the first balloon; Vanderbilt, the organizer of the great system which is still directed and controlled by members of the distinguished family he founced; Edgar A. Thomson, president. of = thie Pennsylvania rail- way system for 27 successive years; nomas A Seo, the brilliant officer who succeeded him; Joie We Garrett, president of the Bal- timore & Ohio for more than a quarter of a century, and Richard Trevitheck, who invented the first high-pressure engine, and drew with it the first load of pas- AFRICAN SEDAN CHAIR, sengers ever conveyed over a tram road. The designer and author of all the sculpture of the building was John J. Boyle of Philadelphia, and his work unquestionably con- firmed the reputation he had previously earned as an artist of the first order. His conception of groups was original and_ skillfully handled, while his individual figures were strongly characterized. run SLEIGH EXHIBITED BY BREWSTER & COMPANY. The annex was of trapezoidal shape, covering 8.4 acres. The roof was sustained by posts 32 feet apart both ways, with the excep- tion of the transfer 8144 feet wide, and where the general plan was interrupted by the elevated and intramural railways, whose tracks extended over the roof. The interior was lighted by a continuous skylight between each two rows of posts. Fully two-thirds the space, including all of the south portion, was devoted to railway exhibits, the remaining third at the north end being occupied by vehicles other than those used on railways. or the installation of ponder- derous locomotives, cars, and heavy machinery, an electric transfer table 70 feet in span was employed, traversing a pit 614 feet long. it was provided with an electric capstan that hauled the rolling stock on or off the table upon the tracks. As fast as exhibits were placed this table was withdrawn and the pit floored over. At the close of the Fair it was again brought into requisition for the removal of MODELS OF STREET CARRIERS OF CONSTANTINOPLE. 128 MODEL OF CHINESE BALSA. exhibits. This powerful machine was itself an exhibit, and like the elevators and launches com- bined service to the department and public with MODEL OF CARAVEL a demonstration of its own peculiar functions. The approaches to the entresol or gallery were by elevators and six broad stairways. This floor, 75 feet wide, extended around the interior walls, broken at intervals by light-wells each 32 feet square. Midway, its sides were connected by a wide bridge that formed also i MODEL OF OUTRIGGER BOAT FROM CEYLON, MODEL OF the first elevator landing. From this standpoint a superb coup @ etl was obtained of ground floor exhibits. The gallery was illuminated by a skylight 12 feet wide in the middle of a trussed roof, and at 32 feet intervals by large exterior semicircular windows. Connection with the nave was by a balustrade 5 feet wide divided by columns 16 feet apart. Foreign countries were complimented with generous allotments centrally located. To the right of the main entrance was the exhibit of Great Britain and Canada, much of it stretching into the annex. Next came Australia, Spain, Brazil, Mexico, and Argentine Republic, each represented by a choice and typical collection. These were supplemented north by important American railway exhibits and the bulk of the vehicle section. South of main transept was the French display, that included locomotives, railway machinery, wheels, appliances, and a fine assortment of vehicles. Then came EXHIBIT OF THE INTERNATIONAL NAVIGATION COMPANY, ““SANTA MARIA,”’ STATE CAIQUE FROM CONSTANTINOPLE. MODEL OF DUTCH GALIOT. Russia, with elegant sleighs,droskies, fur robes, harness, military trappings, etc.; then Austria, Turkey, and Japan, each showing unique and characteristic products. Next south was the principal and most conspicuous portion of the marine section. The magnificent exhibit of the German empire filled the entire southern part of main building, gallery, and annex. Bicycles, hardware, saddles, and accessories were allotted to the north end and north half of gallery on each side, except foreign specialties of this class and vehicles which formed part of the display in space allotted to each. American manufactures were apportioned to areas not appropriated as above or otherwise assigned. In the annex could be seen a majestic array of monster locomo- tives, from every establishment in the United States, except two, with entire trains on track, and various forms of passenger, freight, street, cattle, refrigerator, and horse cars, railway signal and track apparatus and all conceivable appliances used for rolling stock and in the operation of railways. Side by side with the finest pro- ductions of modern workshops and foundries were engines of primitive build and antiquated specimens of tram- way and track. ‘The growth of co- ordinate and asso- ciated industries from crude begin- nings was in like manner made prominent by contrast. The splendid contribution of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, costing over $60,- ooo, presented a complete _histori- cal resume of rail- way and locomo- tive development from the first invention to the latest product. he story of evo- lution was toid by a series of object lessons, consisting of 13 old MODEL OF CHINESE JUNK. MODEL OF FULTON’S STEAMBOAT. THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION EXHIBITS. Les engines and 39 full-sized reproductions. Including wall space for 1,750 pictures, the exhibit covered 50,000 feet. South of this, and extending directly east from a miniature model of the town of Pull- man (where it was made), stood two trains of Pullman cars one a counterpart of the famous Chicago Limited. Its interior arrange- ment contrasted strangely with that of a sumptuous compartment car near by of English build. The Baldwin Locomotive works were represented by 15 single expansion and compound locomotives, jacked up and wheels running by compressed air. One engine of too tons had a record of 95 miles an hour. All were built to stand- ard gauges and templates, and adapted to every service. The Northern Pacific, in two superb ves- tibuled cars with bay windows, exhibited grains, grasses, fruits, minerals, and other products of states traversed by its lines. The Westinghouse display was elaborate, showing signal apparatus and air brakes There were 24% miles of track in the annex, and every inch was in operation. occupied with engines, from the pigmy “Rocket’’ to the mighty mogul, full lines of safety heating, lighting, and ven- tilating devices, special features, modifi- cations of old methods, boilers, coup- lers, smoke consumers, switches, running gear, cattle-guards, everything pertaining to construction, equip- ment, and operation. Here were gathered broadly international phases of display epitomizing the entire railway world. One of the grandest of all outdoor exhibits was that of the Van- derbilt system just south and outside of the annex, completely pro- tected, however, by a canvas canopy from sun and rain. People never tired gazing on the monster locomotive ‘‘ g99,’’ that made a run of 100 miles an hour over the New York Central tracks, and the elegant Wagner palace train to which it was attached. The train stood on a standard 1oo-pound rail, stone-ballasted track, and alongside, on strap rail, meekly crouched the first train of cars of a stage-coach pattern, drawn by a teapot engine, the ‘* DeWitt Clin- ton’’ which ran on that line west of Albany. The beautiful EXHIBITS OF STEAMSHIP COMPANIES. marbleized structure further south, in the form of a triumphal arch, was another portion of its exhibit. The wings on which it rested were used as offices. They contained models, maps, photographs, railway literature, and attendants who courteously welcomed all seekers after information. Across the avenue the Pennsylvania lines utilized an acre of _ VEHICLE DIVISION. 130 THE GRAPHIC HISTORY: OF THE FAIR. FOSTORIA BUGGIES. ground from which rose a sightly arch, similar in type but differing in detail from that of its neighbor opposite. The interior wings were aiso devoted to offices and the dissemination of descriptive literature. A remarkable outside exhibit was a four-track standard railroad section with roo-pound rails, ballasted with crushed stone, with frogs, switches, signals, and concrete drains. Here stood the ‘John Bull”’ of 1831, with pilot and tender, the oldest locomotive in America. In the annex were numerous historical relics, such as the ‘ Pio- neer,’’ which drew the first train west of Chicago over the Galena Railroad; the ‘‘General,’’ associated with one of the most tragic events of the civil war; the ‘‘ Dan Nason’”’ (1858), and first pas- senger coach (1835) in New England, the only working model in the world but one of the Murdock high pressure engine (1784); the ‘¢ Mississippi ’’ (1836), an oddity of English build and varied experience, mounted on 18 feet strap rails laid on timbers; the ” the first mourtain climber; the ‘‘Samson’’ and «<< Peppersauce, ‘« Albion’’ (1838), from tne Nova Scotia coal mines, down to smaller articles, letters, badges, tickets, and literature of early periods. In this latter collection was a brass ticket used by open- carriage passengers in 1832 on the first English railway. Very interesting were the old signals, wooden engine and wheels, strap rails, and switches sent by the Smithsonian Institution. The Richmond (Va.) works sent a gigantic ro-wheel locomotive, of the latest pattern, weighing, with tender, 195,200 pounds. The Michigan Central installed the powerful steel and iron greyhound that drew its North Shore Limited; also a model of its Niagara cantilever bridge. The Burlington shops contributed a dynamome- ter car, and the Baltimore & Ohio a duplicate of its famous Royal Blue train. A noticeable series of monograms, shields, arms, and trade marks of home and foreign railways were attached to the columns supporting the gallery around the main court. Germany headed the procession in this as in other departments. A novelty in this section was a parlor car built of steel. It was brought over in seperate parts so nicely jointed that they were put together without a blow of the hammer. ‘The lower half of each side was a solid sheet of steel 30 feet long, 3 broad, and one-eighth of an inch thick. The side-plates were covered with sheet iron, and the cross bars of the running gear were made of pressed steel. The interior was finished in solid brass of fanciful design, buff silk, and blue velvet. ‘The top, of sheet steel, oval in shape, was tastefully THE ‘‘GENII OF TRANSPORTATION.’’- BAS-RELIEF AT ENTRANCE, ornamented. Here the whole subject of transpor- tation could be studied in historical perspective, from a section of old Roman plankway, excavated in 1892 near Osnabruck, down to the latest and best means and methods which BAS-RELIEF AT ENTRANCE, were grouped around it. France furnished specialties of high-speed compound locomotives and carriages, forged iron wheels, self-acting couplers, tram car engines and coaches. Austria presented models, photographs, and statistical diagrams of imperial routes, and railroad workings in Vienna. Mexico displayed a large relief map of her routes and methods of travel, and Switzerland, a colored relief which disclosed the marvelous tunnel, gradients, and curves of the St. Gothard route. The vastness and bewildering novelty of exhibits fairly dazed the visitor as he entered the Golden Doorway. ‘The first objects seen were the Santa Maria caravel, Grace Darling’s historical boat, and the splendid $20,000 model of the ill-fated battleship Victoria. Looking around, he caught glimpses of canoe, yacht, steamship, and cruiser, and wonderful marine devices, ancient and modern. On all sides were abounding evidences of types, methods, and appli- ances of transportation by water as well as land. The collection of mercantile and war vessels was undoubtedly the fullest and finest ever gathered under one roof. Among them, in striking contrast, were interspersed the curious methods of water transport employed by semi-civilized and barbarous tribes. ‘The British display was large and comprehensive. ‘There were superb models of Cu- MAGES, KieO©TMN the ‘‘Empress’’ (1840) to the lat- est type of Ocean greyhounds. Another _ series began with the Score lg trame melee a (1840), a side-wheeler; still another with the ‘‘ Warrior,’’ the first iron clad (1860), ending with the ‘‘ Rammellies’’ (1892) and modern cruisers. A ‘‘SCORCHER.”’ Progressive stages in iron ship building from 1834 were shown; also vessels built in floatable sections, mail steamers, steam dredgers, yachts, ferry boats, and appliances for the carriage of passengers, live stock, dressed meat, and miscella- neous cargoes. Among oddities of marine craft were skin canoes, rafts from Africa, balsas from Peru, walrus-hide boats from Alaska, Esqui- mau kyacks, birch-bark and parchment canoes, Turkish caiques, Venetian barges, Japanese pleasure boats (centuries old), Chinese junks, sampans, a war canoe from Para, catamarams, and other curiosities of hull, oar, and sail too numerous to mention, from all parts of the world. Primitive and peculiar forms and devices still used in many countries where methods of civilization are recent, were of frequent occurrence. The immense United States display comprised full lines of prod- ucts from the leading manufacturers of row, sail, life boats, steam and sail yachts, relief maps illustrating water routes and canal systems, i 2 1 . 7° eled by Bartholdi. pany occupied a rosewood pavilion Also silver dinner of octagonal shape, with sides of and tea service sets, plate-glass windows divided by one of 64 pieces val- Corinthian columns surmounted by ued at $25,000; typ- ‘ow domes. At the entrance was a centerpiece on a base of silver and gold, portraying in relief spirited scenes from Indian life. 7 MOSAIG RUSSIAN SECTION, An attractive exhibit of silver-plated ware was made by the Pairpoint Manufacturing Company in their white pavilion in the form of a Greek temple. In silver and i plated ware, jew- a elry, and watches, the Mermod & Jaccard Company Or St ILows, VASES IN AUSTRIAN SECTION. AUSTRIA. GLASSWARE. MOSAIC, RUSSIAN SECTION. AUSTRIA. FACADE OF PAVILION. THE DEPARTMENT OF MANUFACTURES AND LIBERAL ARTS. 145 VASE IN DUTCH SECTION, JAPAN. BRONZE. INTERIOR OF NORWAY’S SECTION. were well represented. Other creditable exhibits in this line were the Manhattan Plate Company, a Bridgeport company whose specialties were silver inlaid spoons and forks, and a Waterbury firm whose goods were of a similar character. In the department of Horology were many quaint, antique historic watches. ‘There was one made for Queen Elizabeth, one worn by Calvin, a watch that Bunyan carried when in prison, one that recorded the death of Lady Jane Grey, a timepiece worn by Crom- well, an astronomical watch, the property of Sir Isaac Newton, the shell-cased watch of William of Orange, and a triple metal-cased watch worn by Robert Burns. These were historic. Of antique watches there were more than 600 examples of the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eight- eenth centuries. On the dial of a skull watch was an engraving of the day of judgment. Several had musical cyl- inders. One chronom- eter belonged to the King of Spain, and not a few had gold or enam- STEINBOK CARVED IN WOOD. eled cases set with SWISS SECTION. JAPAN. REPRODUCTION OF PRAYER BELL, DRINKING HORN. NORWEGIAN SECTION, rubies, turquoise, and pearls. The Waltham Watch Company’s pretty pavilion contained chiefly watch movements, of which there were more than 2,000 varieties. A handsome feature was a watch made of quartz and agate, except the wheels, and valued at $1,700. Machinery in operation demon- strated that nicety of finish and adjustment of parts which a few years ago could be effected only by hand. In this pavilion were alsu displayed the products of the company’s factory. The crown- ing feature was the Century clock, valued at $60,000, in a black JAPAN. WOOD CARVING. JAPAN, KAWANO CLOISONNE VASE. INTERIOR OF NORWEGIAN SECTION, 146 tHE GRAPHIC HISTORY OF THE FAIR. a FROM : | : @ A CORNER OF THE JAPANESE SECTION, THE DEPARTMENT OF MANUFACTURES AND LIBERAL ARTS. 147 THE TIFFANY AND GORHAM EXHIBITs. iN Ten POTUERY SECTION: walnut case 16 feet high, adorned with moving figures, and illus- trating on its sides the progress of the mechanical arts. Another remarkable clock was shown in the pavil- ion of the Self- Winding Clock Company, which controlled all the other clocks in the building, ringing the hours with chimes of bells. ‘Prominent among others in this class of exhibits were the Aurora and Geneva Clock Companies, the Keystone Watch Case Company, the H. Muhr & Sons, the Cyclo Clock and Non-Magnetic Watch ROOKWOOD POTTERY. Company, and the Hender- son-Ames Company, the last named showing regalia, vest- ments, badges, and similar articles. _In the group of cottons, p,orrery AND GLASSWARE IN THE ENGLISH SECTION. silks, and textiles, there were sixty-six exhibitors, mostly New England factories. The cotton collection included all classes and grades. This industry represents an annual production of AX. $350,000,000 worth of fabrics. In silk manufactures, also, the & S United States excels all other nations except France, although “% % it was not until 1855 that the first spun silk was made. For 1876 our silk product was valued at $20,000,000, and for 1892 not less than $60,000,000. Still, foreign silks are very largely imported. 148 THE UNITED STATES. PAVILION OF MERMOD & JACCARD. More than forty exhibitcrs were represented in this group, and their manufactures included plain and figured, woven and printed silks, with satins, velvets, serges, ribbons, trimmings, braids, scarfs, hosiery, laces, veils, and whatever else was made or partly made of silk. Nearly half were from New Vork factories. One Chicago firm, beginning with the silkworm, illustrated every suc- cessive stage of formation to the completed product. Another dis- played a railroad train constructed of 8,000 spools of silk. Its wheels were of black silk, the bell of the engine of gold, while silk floss, shaded from black to white, streamed from the smoke-stack. In the class of woven and felted goods of wool and mixtures of GLASS AND POTTERY ! IN THE GLASSWARE PAVILION GROUP. GRAPHIC HISTORY OF THE FAIR. UNITED STATES SECTION. SILVERWARE. wool, there were rro exhibitors. In this section were blankets, robes, flannels, dress goods, cloths, cloakings, etc., of wool; admixtures of wool and cotton; felt goods in multiform varieties, and small wares, braids, cords, OF THE PAIRPOINT MANUFACTURING the galleries. tassels, dress trimmings and the like. COMPANY. The importance of the wool industry in the United States is shown in the value of the output, which, for 1892, amounted to about $400,000,000, employing the labor of 180,000 operatives. Eastern mills were mainly repre- sented, the and Pacific Coast states having few local fac- western tories, though producing an enor- The entire South One New York mill showed the progressive mous wool clip. had but a single display. quality of fabrics since 1836 EGYPTIAN Temple “LURSOn. 3200 VeaRs AG PRARAONIC Roya tey EGYPTIAN TEMPLE, CAIRO STREET. AN ALGERIAN. grouped, surrounded by German peasants in attitudes of respectful homage. A grand concert garden west of the village, shaded by trees and pretty pavilions, furnished accommodations for 8,000 people. Here two splendid German military bands, in full uniform, gave two daily concerts. The music was made all the more enjoyable to some, at least, in that it was washed down with copious libations of Bavarian beer. To the ‘‘Street in Cairo’’ was a transition from Germany that landed the visitor in the heart of Egypt. The plastered walls of irregular buildings, pierced with grated openings, presented a truly oriental aspect, heightened by a stately minaret that rose from the center of the mass. the mosque of a sultan, the dwelling of a rich Arab, the ‘‘ Kuttab,”’ From the east portal could be seen or mosque school, the theater. where the sword and candle dancers performed, the shops and many other buildings. The patient camels and docile donkeys were always in demand, and their bur- den-bearing capacities eagerly tested by scores of adventurous boys and girls. The conjurer, the female snake-charmers, the wrestlers, the barber, the jester, and turbaned artificers in flowing robes formed interesting Egyptian groups. To the south were three smaller concessions; the first an exhibit and lecture room, where the movements of animals were shown by TYPES IN THE STREET IN’ CATRO. 210 THE GRAPHIC HISTORY OF THE FAIR. WELSH. FROM THE CONGRESS OF BEAUTY. an instantaneous electric process a new study of vast interest to artists and scientists; the second a pavilion where Persian rugs, TYROLESE. Damascened cimeters, curious daggers, and other famous wares were sold by Turks in costume; the last a miniature reproduction, perfect in every part, of the great Eiffel Tower, one-fiftieth the size of the original. The wonderful Ferris Wheel was the ‘‘observed of all observers,”’ and perhaps the most attractive, as it was the most conspicuous, fea- ture of the Fair. It occupied the midway center of the Plaisance, towering to a height of 264 feet. It consisted of two exterior and interior wheels, 281% feet apart, held together by strong steel shafts. Between the outer rims of these wheels were suspended 36 passen- ger coaches balanced on steel pivots, and holding 60 passengers each. The axle revolved on two steel towers 137 feet high, 5 feet square at the top, and 40x50 at the bottom. The axle (forged at the Bethlehem Company works) was 33 inches in diameter, 45 feet long, weight 56 tons, and was the largest steel casting ever made. The round trip required about 20 minutes. ‘The motors were two engines of 2,000 horse power. ‘The view in all directions from the summit of this wheel was incomparably comprehensive and grand. The Algerian village covered an area of 165 x 125 feet west of Cairo street. Here native wares were sold, and in the theater 50 jugglers, dancing girls, and musicians performed. Its exterior was covered with glazed, richly colored tiles, from which rose a Moorish dome, towers, and minarets. Palms and fountains lent oriental coloring to the scene. There were, also, a cafe, Kabyle house, an Arab village, with desert tents, and adjoining it an Indian bazaar, where orientals sold their unique and characteristic wares. To the right of Algiers was the Tunisian street, where Arabs and negroes, male ibn We IN THE, CHINESE, JOss HOUSE: DANISH. ORIENTAL, and female, could be seen lazily following their wonted avocations. A notable feature of Cairo street was a reproduction of the famous temple of Luxor of Thebes, where Rameses II. worshiped. The front was covered with curious carvings. Each side of the entrance was guarded by asphinx. Over the door was a winged disk, and at each corner of the structure a monolithic obelisk 75 feet high. HAGENBECK’S PAVILION. The approach to the altar of Isis was through a double row of pillars sculptured in hieroglyphics and symbols. Two Egyptian women at the altar played on ancient harps, while another, in sacred robes, personated the high priestess. The walls and ceilings were pro- fusely decorated with historic and mythological themes- the sym- bol of eternity occupying the center on a blue ground studded THE MIDWAY PLAISANCE. 211 GROUP OF SOUTH SEA ISLANDERS. with stars. On the walls were pictured judgment scenes, one that of a soul condemned to a second probation on earth after living a lifetime in the body of an unclean animal; the other a soul in whose behalf the sisters of Isis were interceding. There were, also, fac- similes of famous Egyptian mummies, and reproductions of the tombs of Thi and of pis, the sacred bull. The period here exem- plified was that *,500 years before the Christian era. Pass where the Nubians, male and female, enacted , and the cyclorama, which presented a vivid picture of the seething crater of the volcano of Ki uea, Withsits out- pourings of lava, its sublimity of toppling crags, and (in the back- ground) its snow-crowned mountain peaks the visitor came to the Chinese settlement, which comprised a theater, joss house, bazaar, restaurant, and tea garden. The costumes for the actors wer imported from the Flowery kingdom, and were of the richest tex- ture. ‘The joss house was supplied with burning candles, incense, and grotesque idols. In the garden, tea to one’s liking was served, some packages being worth ¢100 a pound. In the res- taurant, dishes were prepared in both the Mongo- lian and Euro- pean styles, and served by excruci- atingly polite attendants. In the bazaar were ‘lovely silks and embroideries, table and_ toilet articles, and other curiosities. Wie Came, west, the captive balloon, whose career ended early in the season (be- ing wrecked in a storm), to be suc- ceeded by a resort where concerts were given and _ refresh- Then in order a Brazilian i ments served. music hall and an exhibit of the Blue Grotto of the island of Capri well worthy a detailed description. Last of all, the ostrich farm, where SOUTH SEA WARRIOR. these huge creatures were seen in all stages of adolescence, from the egg and chicken to the fully matured bird. ~ Crossing the avenue to the south side, the first exhibit at the west- ern extremity was the Hungarian Orpheum, consisting of a cafe, a pavilion, and roof-garden. Here concerts were given every half- hour, and songs and dances rendered by Hungarians in their national costumes. A gypsy band gave variety to the entertain- ments. The Lapland village adjoined this inclosure, where 37 Natives with reindeer teams and sledges, and in their peculiar apparel, aroused senera interest. Among the women were artists, musicians, and hair-worke::. who sold articles of their curious handiwork. Next to the east was the Dahomey Village, comprising 40 women A PARADE. DANCE OF SOUTH SEA ISLANDERS, 212 LTO pen Gt eu beta tO Goes tsd ll 918 ©) nov Gees ©)iemad IW tel0 Syms VAG Oh aes STREET IN THE JAVANESE VILLAGE. and 60 men fresh from the wilds of Africa. in huts encircling a platform, on which their various ceremonials and dances were shown. for cooking. satin through their exceedingly scant clothing. These were grouped There were, also, four open sheds used The skins of these original negroes shone like black The weapons of the Amazons were long pointed spears, which they brandished and hurled with remarkable dexterity. They were all ‘children of nature,’’ however, and, though at times fierce of aspect, were really gentle in manner, and apparently well ee pleased to receive the attentions of curious visitors. THE OSTRICH FARM. The next space east, 195 x 590 feet, the «