A L T> E CITIZEN S MANUAL. A TEXT-BOOK ON GOVERNMENT, COMMON m ;*>>. , . m r - P^Tvli I JOSEPH ALDKN, D.D.,LL.D., PKBSIUKNT OF !Ht STATE NOJIMAL SCHOOL, ALBANY, N. T M AUTHOR of "KLEMBNT8 OF INTKLI.ECTl!AL PHIiOSOFHY," " T1!K SOIRNC1 OF GOVtKNMKNT," "CHRIgHAX KTVlCt." ETC. UC-NRLF 3DS MEfi SHELDON & COM PA VKv YORK AND CHICAGO. GIFT Sheldon & Company s 2 ext-Sooks. Sha er\ gr< tut SM l. 2. . 3. reivr 4. type, 1 and A 5. rente text- public Sha Li N. of Th ! cially liter* style. As believ Slia A fro Ti for of Yc W Sha GIFT OF C. F. Hassler Lit- th th* Insti- J.IAM Dk: tirely r-sized [I and 10 best aerican and BENJ. eCity Espe rlcan >f their s, it is ture. lected lly by larged , Prof. New Literature. JBy rnos. 13. SHAW, M.A., WM. DJIUXII, LL.D., author of Smith s Bible and Classical Dictionaries, and Prof. HENR/ T. TUCKERMAN. With copious notes and illustrations. 1 vol. iaxge 12mo, 540 pp. Sheldon & Company s Text- Books. Mental Philosophy. 1 vol. 12mo Including the Intellect, the Sensibilities, and the Will. By j JOSEPH HAVEN, Professor of Intellectual and Moral Philos ophy, Chicago University. It is believed this work will be found pre-eminently distinguished for the completeness with which it presents the whole subject, \ Moral Philosophy. Including Theoretical and Practical Ethics. By JOSEPH HAVEN, D.D., late Professor of Moral and Intellectual Philos ophy in Chicago University. Royal 12mo, cloth, embossed. History of Ancient and Modern Philosophy. By Prof. JOSEPH HAVEN, D.D. The preparation of this work ran parallel with the studies which filled the life of the author, and its completion and revision for publication was his last work. Burritt s Geography of the Heavens. 352 pp. Burritt s Celestial Atlas. Large quarto. By Prof. HIRAM MATTISON, A. M., and ELIJAH H. BUKRITT, A. M. The popularity of these standard text-books is shown by its sale of more than 300,000 copies. Burritt s Geography of the Heavens, as revised by Prof. Mattison, is one f the most useful and successful school books ever published. BULLIONS S LATIN DICTIONARY. Bullions s Latin Lexicon (now complete). The cheapest and best Latin-English and English-Latin Lexicon published. 1 vol. royal octavo, about 1400 pages. We recently published a copious and critical Latin-English Dictionary, for the use of schools, etc., abridged and re-arranged from Riddle s Latin-English Lexicon, founded on the German-Latin Dictionaries of Dr. Wm. Freund and others, by Rev. P. BULLIONS, D.D., author of the series of Grammars, English, Latin, and Greek, on the same plan, etc., etc., to which we have now added an English-Latin Dictionary, making together the most useful and convenient, at the same time the cheapest Latin Lexicon published. I* C-u ALBERTS CITIZEN S MANUAL A TEXT-BOOK ON GOVERNMENT, COMMON SCHOOLS. BY REV. JOSEPH ALDEN, D.D.,LL.D., PRESIDENT OF THE STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, ALBANY, N.Y., AUTHOR O "ELEMENTS OF INTELLECTUAL PHILOSOPHY," "THE SCIENCE OF GOVERNMENT," "CHRISTIAN ETHICS," ETC. SHELDON" & COMPANY, NEW YORK AND CHICAGO. Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1867, by JOSEPH ALDEN, In the Clerk s Office of the District Court of the United States for the Northern District of New York. EDUCATION T.1BB7 DR. ALDEN S BOOKS ON GOVERNMENT A RE THE CITIZEN S MANUAL: A Text-Book for Common Schools. One volume, 12mo, half bd. THE SCIENCE OF GOVERNMENT IN CONNECTION WITH AMERICAN INSTITUTIONS. A Text- Book for High Schools, Academies, and Colleges. One Tolume, 12mo. ( STEREOTYPED AT THE BOSTON STEREOTYPE FOUNDRY, No. 4 Spring Lane, f& i PREFACE. THE publishers of the " Science of Government in cour.ee lion with American Institutions," a work designed for Col leges and High Schools, have received abundant assurances, from various parts of the country, that the general introduction of the study of the science of government into common schools would follow the appearance of a text-book adapted to the wants and circumstances of common school teachers. The author was thus led to consult a number of intelligent and experienced teachers. Having possessed himself of their views, which met his full approbation, he prepared a work, and submitted it to an able and successful teacher, who care fully revised every part of it, and made many valuable sug gestions. The work was then wholly re-written, and is now given to the public with the hope that it will meet the appro bation of common school teachers, and aid them in doing a work which no other class of men can do that of preparing fche masses for intelligently exercising their rights as citizens af the Republic. The teacher who may use this little volume will find its topics more fully treated in the " Science of Government," above mentioned. J. A. M598544 CONTENTS. 2ft * me r-MH I. ORIGIN OF CIVIL SOCIETY AND GOVERNMENT 1 II. MONARCHY. ARISTOCRACY. REPUBLIC. LIBERTY AND LAW 1<J III. DESPOTISM. FREE GOVERNMENT. RIGHT AND DUTY OF SELF-GOVERNMENT 13 IV. COLONIAL GOVERNMKNTS 15 V. THE CONFEDERATION II VI. FORMATION AND ADOPTION OF THE CONSTITUTION. . . 91 VII. THE NATURE OF THE CONSTITUTION 28 VIII. DIVISION OF POWERS. CONGRESS. HOUSE -OF REPRE SENTATIVES 30 IX. THE SENATE 3f X. MEETINGS OF CONGRESS. PRIVILEGES OF MEMBERS. 38 XI. MODE OF PASSING LAWS 42 XII. POWERS OF CONGRESS 4fi XIII. POWERS OF CONGRKSS, CONTINUED 50 XIV. PROHIBITIONS ON THE UNITED STATES 54 XV PROHIBITIONS ON THE STATES. 58 XVI. THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. ELECTION OP run PRESIDENT AND VICE-PRESIDENT 63 XV 11. ELECTION OF PRESIDENT AND VICE-PRESIDENT, CON TINUED 6fi XVIII. DUTIES OF THE PRESIDENT 8M XIX. THE JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT 75 XX. JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT, CONTINUED -8 (W CONTENTS. XXL TREASON. FUGITIVES FKOM JUSTICE. ADMISSION OP NEW STATES 8fl XXII. MODE OF MAKING AMENDMENTS. SUPREMACY OF THE CONSTITUTION ya XXIII. AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION 88 XXIV CONSTITUTIONS OF THE STATES. 93 XXV. THE ENGLISH CONSTITUTION 98 XXVI. THE ENGLISH EXECUTIVE 102 XXVII. THE ENGLISH JUDICIARY , 104 IX. VII I. INTERNATIONAL LAW 107 JLXiX. DIFFERENT KINDS OF LAW 113 COWeTlTUTIOB OF THE UXITKD 8TATM. . . ill THE YOUNG CITIZEN S MANUAL CHAPTER I. ORIGIN OF CIVIL SOCIETY AND GOVERNMENT. 1. Why do men live together in society? Because God made them to live together in society 2. How does that appear ? God has given to men a social nature, which ren- Jers society necessary to their happiness and im provement. 3. If a man is willing to forego the advantage* of society -, may he not cease to be a member of it f He has no right to forego the advantages of society. 4. now does that appear? God designed that he should live in society and enjoy its benefits, and he has no right to act con trary to that design. 5. What is necessary in order that men may Iiv4 together in peace in society f There must be good laws obeyed and enforced. THE YOUNG CITIZEN S MANUAL, 6. "Why are laws necessary ? They are necessary to restrain men from inteiv fering with one another s rights. 7. How does this appear f Experience has shown that some men are disposed to act unjustly, and hence need to be restrained by law. 8. Who makes and executes the laws f The government. 9. Who make the government f The people. 10. May the people make just such a government as they choose? They may, provided it is adapted to secure justice and the public prosperity. 1 1 . What power does the government possess f The power conferred upon it by the people. 12. Can the people authorize the government to act unjustly f They cannot. Justice is the fundamental law which both the people and the government are un der obligation to obey. Wliat is the instrument by which the people determine tJie form and define the powers of gov* ernment f The Constitution. 14. Who make the laws f The legislature. 15. What is the legislature? A body of men chosen ty the people to maki mrm OB TEXT-BOOK ON GOVERNMENT, 3 16. What is the difference between the Constitu* tion and the laws made by the legislature f The Constitution is the higher law, to which all the laws enacted by the legislature must be con formed. 17. Z> there any higher law than the Constitution f The Constitution is the highest human law; but the law of God is the highest of all laws. 18. May not the people who make the Constitution disobey it if they please f The people, as well as the government, are under obligation to obey the Constitution. 19. May the people change the Constitution? They may change it in the way pointed out by the Constitution. 20. How does it appear that it is God s will thai the people should have government ? It appears from the fact that government is neces sary to the existence of society and the well-being of men, and from the Bible. 21. What does the Bible say on the subject ? "The powers that be are ordained of God;" which is the same as saying, " Government is ordained of God." 22. What does the Bible say respecting magis trates f It commands us " to obey magistrates." 23. Suppose their commands come in conflict with the law of God? Then "we ought to obey God rather than meo." Acts 5 : 29. 10 THE YOUNG CITIZEN S MANUAL, 24. Is it ever right to resist the government f It is sometimes right to resort to revolution. 25. What is meant by the right of revolution f The right to overthrow the government by forcot *nd establish another in its place. 26. When may the right of revolution be resorted to f When the oppression is very great, and the pros feet of success good. CHAPTER II. MONARCHY. ARISTOCRACY. REPUBLIC. LIBERT f AND LAW. 1. Who determine the form of the government f The people. 2. What are the three forms of government f Monarchy, aristocracy, and republic. 3. What is a monarchy? A monarchy is a government by a single person.* 4. What is an absolute monarchy ? One in which all the powers of the government are possessed by the monarch. 5. What is a limited monarchy? One in which the power of the monarch is limited 1>y the Constitution and laws. * "The titles of the different monarchs of Europe are, Emperor, Czar, or Sultan, the ruler of an empire; King or Queen, of a kingdom; Prince, of a principality; Grand Dvikt, of a grand duchy ; Duke, of a duchy ; and Pope, of the pope dom." Worcester. OB TEXT -BOOK ON GOVERNMENT. 11 6. What is an hereditary monarchy f One in which the oldest surviving son or nearest heir succeeds to the crown on the death of the monarch. 7. What is an elective monarchy? One in which the monarch is elected by the peo pie, or by some portion of them. 8. What is an aristocracy? Aristocracy "is a form of government which places the supreme power in the nobles, or the prin cipal persons of the state." 9. What may be said of this form of government f It is the worst form. 10. What is a republic ? A republic is that form of government in which the power of the state is exercised by agents chosen by the people. 11. What is a democracy? Democracy is a government by the people. 12. What is a pure democracy? One in which the power of the state is exercised directly by the people. 13. What is a representative democracy? A representative democracy does not differ from a republic. 1 4. Are the three forms of government mon archy, aristocracy, and republic always kepi separate ? They are not. The three forms are blended in the English government. 15. What is the best form of government ? That which is the best adapted to promote justicf and the public prosperity. lli THE YOUNG CITIZEN S MANUAL, 16. What should determine the form of a nation?* government f The character and circumstances of the people. 17. For what nations is a republic the best form f Those in which the people are intelligent and moral 18. Why are representatives chosen f Because all the people of a nation cannot meet together, and make laws. 19. For what other reason f Because men selected on account of their wisdom are best qualified to make laws. 20. To whom are the representatives responsible f To the people and to God. 21. Do wise and just laws interfere with liberty f They do not. Civil liberty is the result of law. 22. What can men reasonably claim f Liberty to do right, and protection against wrong 23. Do laws which restrain a man from doing wrong infringe on his liberty? They do not ; for he has no right to do wrctg. 24. What would perfectly wise laws require? They would require men to do what is just. 25. What would they prohibit f Everything unjust. 26. What would be the result of perfectly wise laws faithfully executed? Every one would be at liberty to do right, and would be secure from wrong. 27. If one was free to do right, and secure againti vyrong, what would he have f Perfect liberty. OE TEXT-BOOK ON GOVERNMENT. 13 28. What, then, is the relation between liberty and law f The perfection of law would secure the perfection of liberty. CHAPTER III. DESPOTISM. FREE GOVERNMENT. EIGHT AND DUTY OF SELF-GOVERNMENT. 1. What is a despotic government f A government in which the rulers exercise irre eponsible power. 2. May a republican, government be despotic f Those intrusted with power by the people may, for a time, use that power in a despotic manner. 3. What is the remedy in such a case? The remedy is found in the ballot-box. Other men must be elected to wield the powers of govern ment. 4. What is a military despotism f Government by a military despot whose will is the sole law. 5. What is a free government f A government of laws securing liberty. 6. May not an absolute despot make wise and j ml laws f He may. 7. Would not such laws secure liberty? They would for the time being; but theie would be no security for their continuance. 14 THE YOUNG CITIZEN S MANU.4X, 8. Why would there be no security ? Because they would depend upon the will of on man, whose will might change at any moment. 9. Is government by the people necessarily a fret government f Not necessarily; for the people, or a majority of them, may construct a government which will not secure liberty. 10. Have the people a right to govern themselves? It is both their right and duty to govern them . Helves wisely and righteously. 11. How have governments often originated? In fraud and force, and not in the consent of the people governed. 12. May such governments become legitimate f They may. 13. How may they become legitimate f Only by becoming good governments, and re ceiving either the express or the tacit consent of the people. 1 4. What do you mean by a legitimate government f A lawful government. 15. May it be the duty of a people to obey a mili tary despot f It may be the duty of a people to obey a despot for a time. 16. How does that appear? Christ taught the duty of obedience to Caesar, who t\ ,as a military despot. 17. On what ground may it be our duty to obey a m Hi tary despot f On the ground that any government is better than anarchy, or lawlessness. OB TEXT-BOOK ON GOVERNMENT. Id 18. How long may it be the duty of a people tc obey a military despot ? Till they can overthrow his government, and es tablish a better one in its place. 19. What is meant by the divine right of kings? The claim put forth by some monarchs that they leceived their power directly from God, and not Irom the people. 20. WJiat doctrine was founded upon this claim f The doctrine of passive obedience and non-resist ance. 21. What did that doctrine teach f It taught that implicit, unquestioning obedience should be given to the government, and that no resist ance should be made even to the most oppressive acts. 22. Are the people infallible in matters of govern ment f No individual is infallible; hence no collection of individuals is infallible. 23. Can an ignorant and vicious people establish and maintain a free government ? Reason and experience show that they cannot. 24. Wfiat are the greatest safeguards of freedom f Intelligence and morality on the part of the people, CHAPTER IV. COLONIAL GOVERNMENTS. 1. When did the Pilgrims land at Plymouth f December 22, 16 20. 2. In what ship did they cross the ocean ? The May Flower. 16 TOE YOUNG CITIZEN S MANUAL, 8 Btfore leaving the May Flower, what provision lid they make for yoverniaettt 2 They drew up and signed a compact binding themselves to obey the laws which should be made ky Die majority. 1. WJiat officers did they choose f A governor and an assistant. 5. Who made the laws ? The people of the colony. 6. How long did this state of things continue f Until 1639 nineteen years. 7. What change then took place ? Tbe settlements had become so widely extended ttvat it tvas inconvenient for the people to assemble and mak*j laws. 8. Whai measures were then taken ? The peopio elected representatives to meet and make laws for them. 9. Did the representative* thus elected constitute the first legislative assembly in America ? No ; the first representative legislature sat in Vir ginia in 1619.* 10. In what respect were the governments of all the colonies similar f Each colony had a governor, a council constituting the upper house of the legislature, and representatives rhoeen by the people, constituting the lower houso. * Previous to 1019, the people of Virginia had been gov- f i ned by a governor and council appointed by the king of Great Britain. The people then claimed the right, as British subjects, to be represented in the government. Sir George Yeardley, the governor, permitted the various plantations to elect repn sentatives. who formed the lower house of the legis lature, the council forming the upper house. OB TEXT-BOOK ON GOVEKNMENT. 17 11. How were the governors appointed 1 ? In most of the colonies, they were appointed b* the king. 12. What powers had the colonial legislatures, ? They had power to make laws for their respective colonies, provided the laws made were not contrary to the laws of Great Britain. 13. What poioer had the governors ? They had power to veto any and every act of the legislatures ; that is, to prevent the act from becom ing a law. 14. What powers had the governor and council acting together ? They had power to establish courts and appoint judges, to raise troops and proclaim martial law in cases of invasion or rebellion. 15. Had the colonists much liberty f They had the forms of liberty,without the substance. 1 6. Who possessed the political power ? All real power was possessed by the king, or by those holding office at his will. 17. Were the colonies united wider one gemral government ? They were united only in a common relation to the crown and to the mother country. I 3. On what ground did the colonists claim thai they should not be taxed without their consent ? On the ground that they were entitled to all the pri v lieges of Englishmen, especially that of representation. 19. What led to the revolution 1 ? The attempt of the Parliament of Great Britain to raise a revenue in the colonies while denying thenj representation in Parliament. 18 THE YOUNG CITIZEN S MANUAL, 20. Wliat act of Parliament was passed for that purpose f The Stamp Act, which required the colonists to nse stamped paper for all legal documents. 21. What state took the lead in opposition to iht measures of the British government? Massachusetts recommended that a Congress o! deputies from all the colonies should assemble to de liberate on the state of affairs. 22. When and where did this Congress meet? In Philadelphia, September 4, 1774. 23. How were the delegates to this Congress ap pointed? In some colonies by the lower branches of the legislatures, and in others by conventions of the people held for that purpose. 24. When and where did the second Congress meet f In May, 1775, in Philadelphia. 25. What were some of the acts of this Congress f They appointed George Washington Commander- in-chief of the troops of the colonies, and declared independence July 4, 1776. CH1PTER V. THE CONFEDERATION. 1. When did Congress appoint a committee to prepare Articles of Union between the states f On the llth of June, 1776, the same day on which they appointed a committee to prepaie the Declara tion of Independence. OB TEXT-BOOK ON GOVERNMENT. 19 2. What were the Articles thus prepared by Con> gress called? Articles of Confederation and of Perpetual Union between the States. 3. When were tfiey adopted by Congress ? Kovember, 1777. 4. When were Ike Articles to become binding on th* Mates? When adopted by the legislatures of all the states 5. When did they become binding f In March, 1781, nearly five years after the declara tion of independence. 6. Were the states separate^ independent states up to that time? They were ; but Congress had by general consent assumed the powers of a government for the United States. 7. What has that government been called? The revolutionary government. 8. What was the government established by tht " Articles " called? The government of the Confederation. 9. Where were the powers of this government vested? In Congress. 10. Of how many Houses did Congress consist? It consisted of one House. 11. How were the members appointed? By the legislatures of the states. 12. How many delegates could each state send? No state could send less than two nor more than seven. 20 THE YOUNG CITIZEN"* MANUAL, 13. For what length of time were the delegate! appointed? For one year; but each state could recall its dele* gates nt any time, and send others in their stead. 14. llo 10 teas the voting done in Congress? Each state had one vote, which was determined by auijority of its delegates. 15. "What were some of the powers of Congress? Congress had power to declare war and make peace ; to coin money ; to regulate the standard of weights and measures; to establish post-offices; to borrow money on the credit of the United States, and tu emit bills of credit; to ascertain the amount of money needed by the United States, and to ap portion the same among the states; to agree upon the number of the land forces, and apportion them among the states; to build and equip a navy; and to appoint one of their number to preside in Congress. 16. What was the presiding officer called? The President of Congress. 17. Was there any President of the United States with powers similar to those the President now has f No. 1 8. Had Congress power to lay and collect taxes . It had not. 19. Had Congress power to regulate commerce v\*h foreign nations? It had not. 20. How were all important matters determined f By the consent of nine states. 21. How many states were there at that time f Thirteer OB TEXT-BOOK ON GOVERNMENT. 2? 22. Had Congress power to establish a national judiciary f It had not 23. What courts could it establish f Courts for " receiving and determining rinally aj> peals in all cases of captures." 24. What was the great defect of the government of the Confederation f Its want of power.* 25. Towards what were things tending f Towards a state which threatened to place the people in a worse condition than they were in before the revolution.! CHAPTER VI. FORMATION AND ADOPTION OP THE CONSTITUTION. 1. What measures were taken to remedy the de fects of the Confederation? A Convention was called for that purpose. 2. Who recommended the calling of a Convention? Congress. * "The Confederation," said Washington, "seems to me to be little more than a shadow without the substance, and Congress a nugatory body, their ordinances being little at tended to." f Washington, in view of the state of things, wrote that H plight be " a subject of regret that so much blood and treasure have been lavished to no purpose, that so many sufferings have been encountered without compensation, and that so many sacrifices have been made in vain." 22 THE YOUNG CITIZEN S MANUAL, 8. Who were especially influential in bringing about that event? James Madison and Alexander Hamilton. 4. How were the delegates to the Convention ap pointed? By the legislatures of the states. 5. Did all the states send delegates f All except Rhode Island. 6. What was the Convention catted f The Federal Convention. 7. Where and when did it meet f In Philadelphia, May 5, 1787. 8. Who was chosen President of the Convention f George Washington. 9. What was one of the rules of the Convention f That the proceedings of the Convention should be ktpt secret. 10. How did those proceedings become known? Mr. Madison made a daily record of them, and after his death that record was published by order of Congress. 11. What was the Convention expected to do? To revise and amend the Articles of Confederation 12. Of what was a majority of the Convention soon convinced? That something more than a revision and amend ment of the Articles was needed. 13. What was the first resolution adopted by the Convention ? " Resolved, that a national government ought to be established, with a supreme legislative, executive, and judiciary." OR TEXT-BOOK ON GOVERNMENT. zS 14. Were all the members of the Convention in fivor of that resolution f There were dome who insisted that they were ap pointed to araond the Articles of Confederation, and that they had no right to proceed to form a national gnveinment. 15. Was the question of abandoning the Confed eration, or league of the states, and of forming a national government for the United States, brought distinctly before the Convention ? It was. 16. How did the states, by their delegates, vote on that question ? Massachusetts, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, Vir ginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia seven states voted for the national plan. 17. What states voted for the league plan f New York, New Jersey, and Delaware three states. The vote of Maryland was divided. 18. What did the Convention then proceed to dof To form the Constitution. 19. Was the formation of the Constitution a dif ficult work? It was a work of so great difficulty that Washing ton wrote to a friend, " I almost despair of seeing a favorable issue to the proceedings of the Convention^ and I do therefore regret that I have had any agency iu the business." 20. What was done with the Constitution when finished by the Convention ? It was published and laid before Convention called by the legislatures of the states to adopt or t reject it. 24 THE YOUNG CITIZEN S MANUAL,, 21. Who were prominent among the writers in favor of the Constitution? Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay. 22. What is the work written by them called ? The Federalist. 23. What were the friends of the Comtitittien called? Federalists. 24. What were its opponents called? Anti-Federalists. 25. How was the Constitution adopted? By state conventions. 26. What states adopted the Constitution nam* mously f Delaware, New Jersey, and Georgia. 27. What states adopted it by large majorities ? Pennsylvania, Maryland, and South Carolina. 28. What states adopted it by small majorities? Massachusetts, New York, and Virginia. 29. What state rejected it ? North Carolina. 30. What state did not call a Convention to cm- * Merit? Rhode Island. 31. How many states were required to ratify tte Constitution before it could go into operation? Nine states. 32. What was done by Congress when eleven states had ratified it ? On the 13th of September, 1788, Congress ap pointed the first Wednesday of January. 1789, fof OR TEXT-BOOK ON GOVERNMENT. 2 the choice of electors for President, and the first Wednesday of March following for commencing pro ceedings under the new Constitution. 33. Who were elected President and Vice-Presi de it? George Washington and John Adams. o 1. When and where did the first Congress under the Constitution meet ? On the 4th of March, 1789, in New York. 35. When were the votes for President counted? On the 6th of April. 36. Why were they not counted sooner f Because a quorum of both houses of Congress did not assemble till that time. 37. When was Washington sworn into office? On the 30th of April, 1789. 38. Who were members of his Cabinet? Thomas Jefferson was Secretary of State, Alexan der Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury, Henry Knox, Secretary of War, and Edmund Randolph, Attorney-General. 39. Did the Constitution go into full operation when Washington was sworn into office f It did not, because Congress had first to pass laws organizing the different departments. 40. Did all the officers of the Confederation ceast fc act on the th of March, 1789? They did not, but continued to attend to their de partments until relieved by officers appointed under tl.e Constitution. 41. When was the Constitution in full operation? In the autumn of 1789. 2b THE YOUNG CITIZEN S MANUAL. 42. WJien did North Carolina and Rhode Island adopt the Constitution f North Carolina adopted it in November, 1789, and Rhode Island in May, 1790. QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW. ORIGIN OP SOCIETY AND GOVEENMENT. 1. Is society of human or divine origin ? 2. What is meant when it is said that society is of divine origin? 3. Are men under obligation to live in society ? 4. Why are laws necessary ? 5. Who make and execute the laws ? 6. How does it appear that it is God s will that there should DO government? 7. What is the fundamental law of society and government ? 8. What are the three forms of government? 9. Who determine the form of government? 10. What is the best form of government? 11. For what nations is a republic the best form? 12. On what ground may it be the duty of a people to obey a despotic government? 13. In what way may a government established by fraud of force become a lawful government? 1 4. When did the Pilgrims land at Plymouth? 15. By whom were their laws made at first? 16. IIow were they made when the population became anore numerous? 17. Is convenience the only reason for choosing representa tives ? 18. What other reason can be given? 19. When and where did the first legislative assembly meel In America? OR TEXT-BOOK ON GOVERNMENT. 27 20. In wheat respects were the Colonial governments similar I 21. What powers had the Colonial legislatures ? 22. By whom was all real power retained ? 23. What led to the ^Revolution ? jJ4. What state recommended a meeting of delegates from Jhe Colonies ? <J5. When and where did the first Congress meet ? 26. When did the second Congress meet ? 27. What was the distinguishing act of that Congress ? 28. What measures did it take to unite the states ? 29. When were the Articles of Confederation adopted by all We states ? sJO. Where were the powers of the Confederation vested ? 61. Of how many houses did Congress consist? 52. How was the voting done ? 33. What was the great defect of the Confederation ? 34. Could it lay and collect taxes and raise soldiers ? 35. What could it do when money and men were wanted? 36. Who took the lead in measures for forming the Consti tution? 37. When and where did the Federal Convention meet? 38. With what purpose did a majority of the members come together? 39. What was the first resolution passed by the Convention f 40. What did they then proceed to do ? 41. Was the formation of the Constitution a work of diffi culty? 42. How was the Constitution adopted ? 43. How many states had adopted it when it went inte operation ? 44. When were the electors for President chosen ? 45. Who was the first President? 46. When and where did the first Congress under the to * etHution meet? 28 THE YOUNG CITIZEN S MANUAL, CHAPTER VII. THE NATURE OF THE CONSTITUTION. 1. How is the Constitution divided as to its form / It is divided into articles, sections, and paragraph* 2. How many articles did the Constitution contain when it was adopted? Seven. 3. How many have since been added as amend* ments ? Fifteen. 4. Are these amendments as much a part of the Constitution as the original articles ? They are. 5. Repeat the Preamble of the Constitution ? "We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common de fence, and promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America." 6. By whom was the Constitution ordained and established? By the people of the United States. 7. By whom then can the Constitution be altered >r abolished ? By the people of the United States.* * An early decision of the Supreme Court declares, " The Constitution of the United States was ordained and established &ot by the states in their sovereign capacity, but emphatically as the Constitution declares, by 4 the people of the United States. " OR TEXT-BOOK ON GOVERNMENT. 29 8* ~When is an act said to be performed by tht people of the United States ? When it is performed by a majority of the peoplo, 9. Is the Constitution a league between the States ? No ; it is the fundamental law of a national gov* irnment for the people of the United States. 10. Why may not a state withdraw or secede from the Union f Because the Constitution does not authorize it. 11. Suppose Congress should make a law contrary to th i Constitution, may not the people of a statA declare it null and void? They have no right or power to do so. 12. What would be the remedy in case Congress should pass such a law f The Supreme Court would declare it null and void. 13. By what authority would it do so f By authority given it by the Constitution. 14. How does that appear f It appears from the express language of the Con stitution. 15. Quote the language in point. :t This Constitution . . . shall be the supreme law of the land, and the judges in every state shall be bound thereby, anything in the Constitution and laws of any state to the contrary notwithstanding." 16. Sow does it appear that the Supreme Court has power to declare laws that are contrary to th Constitution null and void? The Constitution says, "The judicial power shall extend to all oases in law or equity arising under thii Constitution, the laws of the United States," &c. SO THE YOUNG CITIZENS MANUAL, 1 7. Does the Supreme Court decide upon the con stitutionality of the laws before they go into operation 1 } It does not. 18. Can any one who deems a law unconstitutiotv* al refer it to the ^Supreme Court for a decision ? lie cannot. In order that the court may pro nounce a decision on a law, it must be legally brougL t before the court in a case to be adjudicated. 19. Is the decision of the Supreme Court final? It is. 20. Suppose it should be erroneous ? There is no help for it. It must stand till reversed by the same court, or by an amendment to the Con* Btitution. 21. Can the states be properly termed sovereign states ? They cannot, for they have not sovereign power. 22. What is sovereign power f Sovereign power is supreme power ; the Constitu tion is the supreme law of the land. CHAPTER VIII. DTVJSTON OP POWERS. CONGRESS. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 1. How are the powers of government divided by the Constitution? They are divided into three departments, viz., the legislative, the judicial, and the executive. 2. What is the office oj the legislative department} To make the laws. OR TEXT-BOOK ON GOVERNMENT. 31 8. What is the office of the judicial department f To interpret and apply the laws. 4. What is the office of the executive department f To execute the laws. 5. Why should not one man or one set of men make, interpret, and execute the laws f Experience has shown that there is greater security (injustice when the three departments of government are separate. 6. Should the different departments be independent of one another ? They should be as far as is practicable. 7. Suppose the judges were dependent on the ex- ecutivefor their offices and salaries f They might be tempted to consult his wishes rather than the dictates of justice. 8. Is it practicable to make the different depart ments of government entirely independent of on* another f It is not. 9. What constitutes the legislative department of the government of the United States f Congress. 10. Repeat Art. I. Sec. 1 of the Constitution. "All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate* and House of Representa tives." 11. Why should Congress consist of two houses iistead of one ? Two houses furnish greater security for wise legis lation ; for if a bill passes one house without due con- Biduration, its defects may be discovered in the othe? bouse. 32 THE YOUNG CITIZEN S MANUAL, 12. How is the House of Representatives com posed f "The House of Representatives shall be composed >f members chosen every second year by the people of the several states, and the electors in each state ihall have the qualifications requisite for electors of llie most numerous branch of the state legislature." - - Art. I. 2. 1. 13. Why should not the representatives be elected for one year instead of two ? If chosen for one year only, the members would scarcely become familiar with their duties and the mode of doing business before their term of service would pxpire. 14. Why, then, was not a longer term than two years fixed upon f The term, as it now stands, was the result of com promise between those who preferred to have the representatives elected annually and those who pre ferred to have them elected for a longer period. 15. What qualifications are required for a repre sentative f "No person shall be a representative who shall not have attained to the age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that ntate in which he shflll be chosen." Art. I, \ fi. 2. 16. To whom is reference made in the expression * seven years a citizen of the United States " f To foreigners. 17. How do foreigners become citizens? By becoming naturalized according to law OR TEXT-BOOK ON GOVERNMENT. 33 18. Why mutt a foreigner be a citizen for seven years before /te can be a wpwue/itative ? To give him time to become weaned from his na tive land, ami to become more strongly attached to the land of his adoption. 19. Could a citizen of Boston be elected a repre- tentative from New York? lie could not ; because the Constitution requires the representative to be an inhabitant of the state for which he is chosen. 20. What are congressional districts f Each state is by a law of the state divided into as many congressional districts as it has representatives. 21. Does the Constitution require that such a di vision be made ? It does not. 22. Must the representative be an inhabitant of the district for which he is chosen? The Constitution does not require it, but it is the established custom. 23. How are representatives apportioned among the states? " Representatives and direct taxes shall be appor tioned among the several states which may be in cluded within this Union, according to their respec tive numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding f u iians not taxed, three fifths of all other persons." Art. I. 2. 3. 21. What is meant by " three fifths of all other persons " ? Slaves. 25. How is the number of the people known 7 3 84 THE YOUNG CITIZEN S MANUAL, The Constitution requires that the census shall be taken, that is, that the people shall be numbered, every ten years 26. What is the constitutional provision as to tfa number of representatives f " The number of representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand; but each state shall have at least one representative." Art. I. 2. 3. 27. As the population has increased, has the ratio of representatives been enlarged? Congress has from time to time enlarged the ratio to prevent the house from having too many members. 28. What is the present ratio f One representative for one hundred and twenty- seven thousand inhabitants. 29. Do the representatives vote by states or by in dividuals f Each member has one vote. 30. Suppose a representative should die or resign ? "When vacancies happen in the representation from any state, the executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies." Art. f . 2. 4.) 31. What is meant by the executive of a state 1 The governor. 32. Who is the presiding officer of the House of "The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and other, officers, and shall have the sole power of impeachment." Art. I. 2. 5.} 33. What is impeachment ? A formal written accusation of an officer under government as guilty of some public offence or mis demeanor OS TEXT-BOOK ON GOVERNMENT. 35 CHAPTER IX. THE SENATE. ] How is the /Senate composed ? " The Senate of the United States shall be com posed of two senators from each state, chosen by the legislature thereof, for six years; and each senator shall have one vote." Art. I. 3. 1. 2. Why are senators chosen for a longer period than representatives ? Because they have duties to perform which are tL > ght to require greater experience. 3. What are some of those duties ? They share with the President the responsibility of appointing men to office, and are connected with him in managing the foreign affairs of the govern ment. 4. How did the Constitution, at first, require tfl6 Senate to be divided ? "Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first election, they shall be di vided as equally as may be into three classes. The seats of the senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year ; of the second class, at the expiration of the fourth year; and of the third class, at the expiration of the sixth year; so that one third may be chosen every second year." Art. I. 3. 2. 5. What was the design of this provision ? The main design was to make the changes in thi Senate gradual. 36 THE YOUNG CITIZEN S 6. Do some senators now serve only two years } ot do all serve six years. AM senators now serve for six years, except thoss who may be chosen to fill the places of those whose tt?rm of service may not have expired. 7. What are the qualifications for a senator ? " No person shall be a senator who shall not have attained to the age of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of th.e United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state for which he shall be chosen." Art. I. 3. 3. 8. Have the small states as much power in the Senate as the large states? They have, because each has two senators, and ihus two votes.* 9. Who is the presiding officer of the Senate ? " The Vice-President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no vote un less they be equally divided." Art. I. 3. 4. 10. Why should not the Senate choose one of their < >wn number to preside ? It would interfere with the equality of the states n the Senate. 11. What is done when the Vice- President is absent ? " The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also i president pro tempore in the absence of the vice-president, or when he shall exercise the office of ! resident of the United States." Art. I. 3. f>. * This provision was the result of compromise. Under th Confederation, the states had equal power, oach state having one vote ; n Congress. When the Constitution was funned, the small states yielded their equality in the He use a:id re tained it in the Senate. OK TEX T-J50OK ON GOVERNMENT. 37 12. What in the custom of the Senate in regard to the choice of a president pro tempore ? The Vice-President vacates the senatorial chair g short time before the end of each session, in ordei that the Senate may choose a president pro tempore^ who is thus already in office if the Vice-President is called, in the recess, to exercise the office of President, 13. Suppose a senator should die or resign ? " If vacancies happen by resignation or otherwise, daring the recess of the legislature of any state, the executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies." Art. I. 3. 2. 14. What judicial power does the /Senate possess 1 " The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation." Art. I. 3. 6. 15. Where is the power of impeachment vested? In the House of Representatives. 16. Suppose the President of the United State* should be impeached and tried 1 "When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief-Justice shall preside ; and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two thirds of the members present." Ait. J. 3. 6. 17. Wliy should not the Vice- President presidf when the President is tried? Because he would succeed to the office of Piexi dent in case the President were convicted and re moved from office. 18. Why is a \\ote of two thirds required to con viet a man ? It is an additional security against injustice. 38 THE YOUNG CITIZEN^ MANUAL, 19. Suppose the impeached person is f omul guilty \ what punishment can be inflicted f " Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not ex tend further than to removal from office, and dis qualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust, or profit under the United States; but the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and sub ject to indictment, trial, judgment, and punishment according to law." Art. I. 3. 7. 20. Suppose the President of the United States, or some other civil officer, should be impeached for treason or murder, and convicted, could he be pun ished by death f Not by the Senate : the Senate could only remove him from office, and disfranchise him. He could then be tried by a court of law, and punished like any other criminal. CHAPTER X. MEETINGS OP CONGRESS. PRIVILEGES OF MEMBERS, 1. Who determine the times, places, and manner of holding elections for senators and representa* Hues f " The times, plates, and manner of holding elec tions for senators and representatives shall be pre scribed in each state by the legislature thereof; but Congress may at any time, by law, make or alte? such regulations, except as to the place o f choosing senators." Art. I. 4. 1. OB TEXT-BOOK ON GOVERNMENT. 89 2. Sow often must Congress assemble? "The Congress shall assemble at least once in every -year, and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by law ap* point a different day." Art. I. 4. 2. 3. Who are to judge of the elections, returns, an\\ qualifications of members ? " Each house shall be the judge of the elections, rctun s, and qualifications of its own members." Art. 1. 5 1. 4. /Suppose two persons from the same district claim that they have been elected representatives for that district ? The house decides which is entitled to a seat. 5. How large a number of each house constitutes a quorum ? "A majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business." Art. I. 5. 1. 6. Suppose there is not a majority present ? " A smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members, in such a manner, and under such penalties, as each house may provide." Art. I. 5. 1. 7. Wh~ determine the rules of proceeding in each " Each house may determine the rules of its pro ceedings, punish its members for disorderly conduct, and, with the concurrence of two thirds, expel a member." Art. I. 5. 2. 8. Wliat are the rules adopted by legislative bodiet for transacting business called? Parliamentary law. THE YOUNG CITIZEN S MANUAL. 9. When is a man said to be unparliamentary* When he does not observe parliamentary rules. 10. WJ-iat does the Constitution require in regard to a journal * p "Each house shall keep a journal of its proceed. gs, and from time to time publish the same, ei< ceptmg such parts as may in their judgment req lire secrecy." Art. I. 5. 3. 11. When must the yeas and nays be entered on the journal? "The yeas and nays of the members of either house on any question shall, at the desire of one fifth of those present, be entered on the journal." Art. J. 5. 3. 12. Why was this provision ? That it may be known how every member votes on a question. 13. What evil may result from this provision ? A factious minority may, by calling for the yeas an<} ,,ays on every question, needlessly consume time and impede legislation. 14. What is theprovision in regard to adjournment? Neither house, during the session of Congress, shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for moretiian three days, nor to any other pla^e than that in which the two houses shall be sitting "- Art. I. 5. 4. 15. Do the members of Congress receive compete sationfor their services? "The senators and representatives shall receive a compensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the treasury of the United States." Art. I. 6. 1 OB TEXT-BOOK ON GOVERNMENT. 4 1 16. What compensation do they now [1867] re* ceive f Five thousand dollars a year, and eight dollars for every twenty miles travelled in going to and return ing from the seat of government. 17. What are the constitutional privileges of members of Congress? " They shall, in all cases, except treason, felony, and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session of their re spective houses, and in going to and returning from the same ; and for any speech or debate in eithei house, they shall not be questioned in any other place." Art. I. 6.1. 1 8. Why is this privilege from arrest given f That the constituents may not be deprived of the services of their representative. 19. Suppose a member uses language in the house which would subject him to prosecution if uttered elsewhere ? He cannot be called to account for it elsewhere. 20. Why is he thus protected f In order that there may be perfect freedom of speech in debate. 21. To what offices are senators and representa tives ineligible ? "No senator or representative shall, during the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased, during such time." Art. I. 6. 2. *2 THE YOUNG CITIZENS MANUAL, 22. What is the object of this provision ? To prevent corruption on the part of members of Congress. 23. Can any one holding an office under the United States be a member of Congress? "No person holding any office under the United States shall be a member of either house during his continuance in office." Art. I. 6. 2. 24. Suppose an officer in the army is elected to Congress f ^ He must resign his commission before he can take his seat. 25. Why is this required? That the different departments of government may be kept distinct. CHAPTER XI. MODE OP PASSING LAWS. 1. Where must revenue bills originate f "All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives; but the Senate may pro- poao or concur with amendments as on other bills " Art. I. 7. 1. 2. What reason can be given for this f It may be said that the representatives are moro closely connected with the people who pay the taxes, and therefore, lulls for laying ia~es should original* With them OR TEXT-BOOK ON GOVERNMENT, 43 3. What is done with a bill when it has passed both houses of Congress f " Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it be come a law, be presented to the President of the United States. If he approves, he shall sign it ; but if not, he shall return it, with his objections, to that house in which it shall have originated, who Bhall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsidera tion, two thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall be likewise recon sidered, and if approved by two thirds of that house, it shall become a law." Art. I. 7. 2. 4. How shall the votes in such cases be determined? " In all such cases the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each house respectively." Art. I. 7.2. 5. In what other way may a bill become a law without the signature of the President? " If any bill shall not be returned by the President within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it slill have been presented to him, the same shall be a law in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Con gress by their adjournment prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law." Art. I. 7. 2. 6. What must be done with every order, resolution, or vote of the Senate and House of Representatives f "Every order, resolution, or vote, to which the concurrence of the Senate and House of Represent-*. 44 THE YOUNG CITIZEN S MANUAL. tives may be necessary (except on a question of ad journment), shall be presented to the President of the United States ; and before the same shall take effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill" Art. I. 7. 3. 7. WJiat is the object of this provision 9 To prevent Congress from passing a law, under the name of an order or resolution, without the con sent of the President. ^ 8. What is the power of the President to nega tive laws called ? The veto power. 9. WJiy should he possess it ? It is an additional security against the enactment of rash and improper laws. 10. Can the President defeat a measure that u of vital importance to the country ? He can, unless two thirds of ooth houses vote to pass it. QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW. NATURE OF THE CONSTITUTION, ETC. 1. Is the Constitution a league of sovereign States ? 2. What was it designed to form? Ana. A national government, 8. By whom was it ordained and established . 4. By whom can it be changed or abolished*? 5. Who is to decide as to the constitutionality of acts 01 Congress ? JB TEXT-BOOK ON GOVERNMENT. 49 6. How ire the powers of government divided by the Con Btitution ? 7. Wha\ is the duty of the legislative department? 8. What is the duty of the judicial department? 9. What is the duty of the executive department? 10. Where is the legislative power placed by the Consti tition? 11. How is Congress composed? 12. Why are two houses of Congress better than one? 13. How is the House of Representatives composed? 14. What are the qualifications of members ? 15. How are representatives apportioned among the states? 16. What is the present ratio of representation? 17. Suppose a state has less than that number of inhabitants 1 18. What is done when vacancies occur in the representa tion from any state ? 19. Who presides over the House of Representatives ? 20. Who decide cases of contested elections ? 21. Who decide cases of contested elections in the Senate? 22. Where is the power of impeachment vested ? 23. What is an impeachment ? 24. By whom are impeachments tried ? 25. How is the Senate composed? 26. Why are senators chosen for a longer time than repre sentatives ? 27. Why do not all the senators go out of office at the same lime? 28. What are the qualifications for senators ? 29. Who is the presiding officer of the Senate ? 80. Suppose vacancies occur in the representation of a state ? 31 What judicial power does the Senate possess? 32. Who would preside if the President of the United States should be tried? 33 What punishment can follow conviction on impeachment? 34. How often must Congress meet? 35. What constitutes a quorum of each house? 86. When may the yeas and nays be called for? 87. What is the compensation of members of Congress? 46 THE YOUNG CITIZENS MANUAL, 88. What are the privileges of members ? 39. To what offices are they ineligible? 40. May a member of Congress hold any office under lh% government of the United States. 41. May an officer in the army have a seat in Congress? 42. State the mode of passing laws ? 43. What is done if the President refuses to sign a bill ? 44. What is the veto power? CHAPTER XII. POWEES OF CONGKE8S. 1. What is the power of Congress in respect to taxation f "Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common defence and general welfare of the United States; but all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States." Art. I. 8. 1. 2. What are duties and imposts f Taxes levied on goods upon their importation from a foreign country. 3. What are excises f Taxes levied upon goods manufactured, or sold, or naed in a country. 4. .For what objects is it here stated that taxet may be laid? " To pay the debts and provide for the common defence and general welfare of the United States." OB TEXT-bOOK ON GOVERNMNET. 47 5. Has Congress power to lay duties in order ta Detect and foster dcmestic manufactures f Repeated decisions of the Supreme Court have settled this question in the affirmative. 6. What is the second power of Congress men* turned in the eighth section of the first Article of the Constitution ? * To borrow money on the credit of the United States." 7. Why is Congress empowered to borrow money 1 Because there are times especially when the country is engaged in war when the expenses would be too great to be met by the usual means of income with sufficient promptness. 8. What is the third power? " To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes." 9. Why should Congress possess this power f In order to prevent encroachments on our com merce by foreign nations, and in order that the regulations may be uniform throughout the United States. 10. What is a tariff? A law imposing duties or taxes on goods imported from foreign countries. 11. What is a revenue tariff? A tariff having for its sole object the raising of money for the government. 12. What is a protective tariff? A tariff which has for its object the encourage- ment of domestic products and manufactures. 48 THE YOUNG CITIZEN S MANUAL, 13. How are tariff duties collected? The law requires all foreign goods to be lauded a) ceitain ports, called ports of entry, and at every port of entry a collector is appointed to receive the dutios lovied by law on goods imported. 1 4. What is a custom-house f The custom-house is the building in which the collect Dr and his assistants transact the business of the revenue. 15. What is the fo urth po-wer f " To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies, through out the United States." 16. What are naturalization laws f Laws regulating the manner in which foreigners may become citizens of the United States. 17. How may a foreigner become a citizen? He must go before a court, and declare upon oatb his intention to become a citizen. 18. How long before his admission as a citizen must thif, declaration be made f Two years. 19. What must he do at the end of the two years / lie must go before the court and take an oath to support the Constitution, and renounce his allegiance ID all other governments. 20. How long must he live in tJie United State bt/bre he can become a citizen f- Five years. 21. What are bankrupt laws f Laws discharging insolvent debtors from the legal obligation to pay thdr debts. 22. What is the fifth power? OB TEXT-BOOK ON GOVERNMENT. 49 "To coin money, regulate the value thereof and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures." 23. Why was this power given to Congress f In order that the coin and the standard of weights aud measures may be uniform throughout the United States. 24. What is the sixth power f "To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United States." 25. What is the seventh power f " To establish post offices and post roads." 26. WJiy was this power given f In no other way could a harmonious postal sys tem embracing all the states be secured. 27. What is the eighth power ? " To promote the progress of s ience and the use ful arts, by securing for limited ti mes to authors and inventors the exclusive right *o their respective writings and discoveries." 28. What laws have been passed under this power ? Copyright and patent laws. 29 What is a copyright law f A law securing for a limited time to authors the exclusive right to publish and sell their works in the United States. 30. For what length of time does the law now in force secure to authors this right f Twenty-eight years. 31. Wliat is a patent law ? A law securing for a limited time to inventors the exclusive right to manufacture and sell the ID vention in the United States. 4 60 THE YOUNG CITIZEN S MANUAL, 32. What is the ninth power f u To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supremi Court." 33. What is the tenth power f " To define and punish piracies and felonies com mitted on the high seas, and offences against the law of nations." 34. What is the eleventh power ? " To declare war, grant letters of marque and re prisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water." 35. What are letters of marque and reprisal ? Commissions granted by a government to one or more of its citizens to seize the property of an enemy. 36. What are vessels sailing under such commis sions called ? Privateers. CHAPTER XIII. POWERS OP CONGRESS CONTINUED. 1. What is the twelfth power conferred on Con* gress by the Constitution? "To raise and support armies; but no appropria tion of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years." 2. Why this restriction in regard to time ? That the people, if they do not approve of the war, may put an end to it ty electing new repre sentatives who will refofle to vote money for carrying it on, OK TEXT-BOOK ON GOVERNMENT. 5 1 3. What are the thirteenth and fourteenth powers! "To provide and maintain a navy; to make rule* lor the government and regulation of the land and naval forces." 4. What is the fifteenth power ? " To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions." 5 . What is the sixteenth power f u To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplin ing the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving to the states respectively the ap pointment of the officers, and the authority of train ing the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress." 6. Why should Congress have power to prescribe the rules for training the militia ? That there may be that uniformity of organization and discipline which is necessary to the highest efficiency when called into active service. 7. Why is the right to appoint the officers of tht militia reserved to the states ? To prevent jealousy of the general government on the part of the state governments. 8. Wherein does the regular army ef the United States differ from the militia? The regular army consists of men enlisted and officered by the authority of the United States, and are under its exclusive control ; while the militia are nnder the control of the several states, except when called into the service of the United States. 62 THE YOUNG CITIZKN s MANUAL, 9. What is the power of Conyress over the trict tf Columbia ? "To exercise exclusive legislation, in all cases whatsoever, over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular states win i ho acceptance of Congress, become the seat of government ;>f the United States, and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by the con sent of the legislature of the state in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenal?, dock-yards, and other needful buildings." Art 1. 8. 17. 1 0. What can be said in favor of these provisions f Complete control of the seat of government is necessary to the independence of Congress, and the property of the Union should not be subject to the control of any one of the states. 11. What is the eighteenth power mentioned? " To make all laws necessary and proper for carry ing into execution the foregoing powers, and ail other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any depart ment or officer thereof." Art. I. 8. 18. 12. Has Congress power to charter a national bank or banks f It has. A national bank was chartered during {he first administration of Washington, and another during the administration of Madison. 13. Was the constitutionality of those acts ques tioned? It was; but two decisions of the Supreme Court settled the question in the affirmative. OR TEXT-BOOK ON GOVERNMENT. 53 14. When were ih<e national banks now in exist ence chartered? They are the result of "An Act to provide a na tional currency, secured by a pledge of United States Blocks, and to provide for the circulation and redemp tion thereof," passed by Congress in 1863. QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW. POWERS OF CONGRESS. 1. What is the power of Congress limited by? 2. What is the power of Congress as to taxation ? 3. Can it lay and collect taxes for any object whatever? 4. Could the Congress of the Confederation ly and collect taxes ? 5. What are duties and imposts ? 6. What are excises? 7. Can Congress impose higher duties at New York than at Boston ? 8. Why not? 9. Where are duties collected? 10. Who can borrow money on the credit of the United States ? 11. What does the money thus borrowed constitute? Ait The national debt. 12. Who can regulate foreign and domestic commerce ? 13. Had the Congress of the Confederation power to regts late commerce? 1 4 . Have the state governments this power ? 15. What duties can the state legislatures lay? See Art, 1 5 10. 2. 16. What is a tariff ? 17. What is a revenue tariff? 54 THE YOUNG CITIZEN S MANUAL, 18. What is a protective tariff? 19. Can Congress pass a protective tariff? 20. What is an alien? 21. How can foreigners become citizens? 22. What are bankrupt laws ! 23 Who have power to pass such laws ? 24 . Who can coin money ? 25. Can the states coin money? 26. Why is the power to coin money and fix the standard f weights and measures exclusive with Congress ? 27. Who can establish post offices and post roads ? 28. Can a state establish a postal system within its limits ? 29. What are copyright laws ? 30. What are patent laws ? 31. Why is the power to pass such laws vested in Congress ? 32. By whom may war be declared? 33. For how long a time may appropriations of money for carrying it on be made ? 34. Why this restriction ? 35. Can the Senate introduce a bill for revenue ? 36. Can it introduce all other bills ? 37. Where is the power to build a navy placed? 38. What are letters of marque? 39. Can a state grant letters of marque ? 40. When can the militia be called out by the United States ? 41. Can the militia be called out by the executive of a state to execute the state laws? 42 Over what territory has Congress exclusive jurisdiction f 43. Can Congress charter a national bank? 44. Haj the Supreme Court decided this question? OS TEXT-BOOK ON GOVERNMENT. 55 CHAPTER XIV. PROHIBITIONS ON THE UNITED STATES. 1. Why does the Constitution contain prohibi* ft - <ns on the United States f As the national government is one of limited powers, it is proper to state what it cannot do. 2. Repeat the paragraph of the Constitution re lating to the slave trade. " The migration or importation of such persons as any of the states now existing shall think proper to admit shall not be prohibited by Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight ; but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person." Art. I. 9.1. 3. Did some tf the framers of the Constitution wish to abolish the slave trade at once? They did. Among them were some of the leading statesmen of Virginia and other southern states. 4. ^VJien was it abolished? A law was passed in 1804, prohibiting its continu ance after 1808. 5. When may the writ of habeas corpus be sus pended f "The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when, in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may require it." Art. I. 10. 2. 66 THE YOUNG CITIZEN S MANUAL, 6. What is meant by a writ of habeas corpus f It is an order, issued by a judge or court, com. manding the person having another in custody or in prison, to bring the prisoner before him. If the pris oner is illegally or improperly in custody, the judge frill discharge him. 7. What is the great value of the habeas ?orpus It is a safeguard against illegal imprisonment. 8. By whom may the writ of habeas corpus be suspended? The Constitution does not say. During the late rebellion it was suspended by the President, and his act was afterwards sanctioned by Congress. 9. What is a bill of attainder f An act of the legislature inflicting capital punish ment on persons supposed to be guilty of high offences, such as treason and felony, without any trial by a court of justice. 10. W hat is an ex post facto law f A law making an act criminal which was not criminal when it was performed. 1 1. Can Congress pass such laws ? " No bill of attainder, or ex post facto law, shall be passed." Art. I. 9. 3. 12. Why this prohibition f Because great injustice could be done if an act, which was not a crime when it was performed, could afterwards be declared to be a crime. 13. What is the restriction as to taxes? " No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the census or enumeration hereinbefore directed to be taken." Art. L 9. 4. OR TEXT- BOOK ON GOVERNMENT. 57 14. What is a capitation tax A poll tax ; that is, a uniform tax on individuals Without regard to the unequal value of their property. 15. "What is said respecting taxes on exports? " No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported oin any state. No preference shall be given, by any regulation of commerce or revenue, to the porta ^f one state over another; nor shall vessels bound to or from one state be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another." Art. I. 9. 5. 16. What was the design of these provisions f To give a national character to the Union of the states by forbidding state preferences or superiori ties. 17. Can Congress lay an export duty on cotton? It cannot, for it cannot lay a tax on any article exported from any state. 18. Can Congress lay a tax of any kind upon cotton f It can lay a tax on its production, just as it can lay a tax on the production of any other article. 19. Give an example of a tax on production. Congress has laid a tax on every gallon of whiskey distilled, and on every gallon of oil refined ; and BO it may lay a tax on every bale of cotton produced or sold. 20. What is said respecting drawing money from the treasury f " No money shall be drawn from the treasury but in consequence of appropriations made by law; and a regular statement and account of the receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published from time to time." Art. I. 9 6. 58 THE YOUNG CITIZEN S MANUAL, 21. Who has thus the general control of the publit purse? Congress. 22. Who has the immediate control of it f Tho Secretary of the Treasury. 23. Who has the money of the United States in his keeping? The Treasurer of the United States. 24. Where is the Treasury? At Washington. 25. Is all the money of the United States kept at Washington ? There are Sub-Treasuries and Sub-Treasurers in the principal cities of the Union. 26. Why must an account of the receipts ana expenditures be published? In order that the people may know what is done with their money. 27. What is said respecting titles of nobility f "No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States ; and no person holding any office of profit or trust under them shall, without the consent of Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title of any kind whatsoever from any king, prince, or foreign state." Art. I. 9. 7. 28. What was the design of these provisions ? To preserve the equality of citizens necessary in a republic, and to guard against foreign influence ovei the public servants of the United States. OB TEXT-BOOK ON GOVERNMENT. 69 CHAPTER XV. PROHIBITIONS ON THE STATES. 1. WJiy are there prohibitions on the states? To prevent them from interfering with the opera- tions of the national government when exercising the powers conferred on it by the Constitution. 2. What are some of the prohibitions on the states f " No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation ; grant letters of marque and reprisal ; coin money; emit bills of credit ; make anything but gold and silver coin a legal tender in payment of debts; pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts ; or grant any title of nobility." Art. I. 10. 1. 3. What are bills of credit ? Notes issued by the government intended fco cir culate as money. 4. What does this clause of the Constitution pro hibit? It prohibits the emission of any paper medium by a state government for the purpose of common cir culation. 5. Can Congress make anything but gold and iilver coin a legal tender for the payment of debts? The Constitution does not forbid Congress to do it.* * An act of Congress, passed 1862, made United Statei treasury notes a legal tender. 60 THE TOUXG CITIZEN S MANUAL, 6. What is meant by impairing the obligation of contracts f Any law which enlarges, abridges, or in any man ner changes the intention of the parties who made it 7. How extensive is the meaning of the term u con tract" as here used? It includes legislative grants, charters, and com pacts between states. 8. Can a state pass a bankrupt law f It cannot. 9. Why not f Because such a law would be one impairing the obligation of contracts. 10. What laws in relation to discharging the ob ligation of debtors may a state pass f Laws discharging such contracts only, as are made after the passing of such laws, and such as are made within the state between citizens of the same state. 11. Mention some further prohibitions on the states. " No state shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports, ex cept what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection laws." Art. I. 10. 2 12. What are inspection laws? Laws requiring goods to be examined by public officers, that their quality may be ascertained ? 18. Suppose such duties are laid bij a state. " The net produce of all duties and imposts laid by any state on imports or exports shall bo for the use of the treasury of the United States ; and all eucli laws shall be subject to the revision and trol of Congress." Art. I. 10. 2. OB 1EXV-EOOK ON GOVERNMENT. 61 14. What prohibitions are there in regard to ton* nage, troops, etc. ? " No state shall, without the consent of Congress^ lay any duty on tonnage, keep troops or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another state, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay." Art I. 10. 2. 15. What is a tonnage duty ? A tax laid upon vessels in proportion to their ton nage. 16. What can be said in favor of these restric tions on the states f They are necessary, in order that there may be no interference by the states with the exercise of those powers of the national government which relate to the common interests of all the states. 17. What is one of the characteristic powers of a sovereign state f The power to make treaties with other states and nations. 18. Does any one of the United States possess this power f No; because the Constitution says, "No state tihaJl enter into any agreement or compact with aDOthei tale or a foreign power." 62 THE YOUNG CITIZEN S MANUAL, QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW. PROHIBITIONS ON CONGRESS AND THE STATES. 1. Was the slave trade in operation when the Ccnstitutici <* as formed ? 2. How long did the Constitution permit it to exist ? 3. What is the writ of habeas co> pus ? 4. When may it be suspended? 5. What is the effect of such suspension? 6. What is a bill of attainder ? 7. What is an ex post facto law? 8. Why is Congress prohibited from passing such laws ? 9. Can Congress lay a tax on exports ? 10. Can a state lay such a tax ? 11. In what way may Congress lay a tax upon cotton? 12. Can Congress give the ports of one state any advantage! over those of another ? 13. Why not? 14. How can money be drawn from the United States treasury ? 15. Who has the general charge of the finances of the government ? 16. Who has the immediate charge of the public money ? 17. What is a Sub-Treasury? 18. Can Congress confer any title of nobility? 19. Who confers titles of nobility in Great Britain? Ant The king. 20. Can an ambassador to England accept a preseit fro a? the queen? 21. Why not? 22. What is a legal tender? 23. What only can the states make a legal tender? 24. Can the United States make anything else R legal tender ? 26. What ha?e they made a legal tender? OB TEXT-BOuK ON GOVERNMENT. S 26. Can a state issue treasury notes to circulate as money ? 27. Can a state form a league with another state or states ? 28. What clause in the Constitution forbids it? 29. Can the legislature pass a law declaring a man guilty of a crime, and inflict punishment upon him? 30. Why not? 31. Suppose a man has contracted a debt, can the leghla lore of a state release him from the legal obligation to pay it! 32. Why not? 33. Do not the states pass insolvent laws ? 34. What debts do they affect? 35. Could the state of New York enter into an agreement with the British government respecting flour shipped from New York? 36. Why not? 37. When can a state raise troops and engage in war? CHAPTER XVI. THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. ELECTION OF THB PRESIDENT. 1. What is the duty of the executive department? To execute the laws. 2. Where is the executive power vested? " The executive power shall be vested in a Presi . lent of the United States of America. He shall hokl ofliee during the term of four years." Art. II. 1. 1. 3. How are the President and Vice-P resident chosen ? " Each state shall appoint, in such mannc- a* the legislature thereof may direct, a number of electors equal to the whole number of senators and ief resen 64 TOE YOUNG CITIZEN S MANUAL, tatives to which each state may be entitled in Con gress; but no senator or representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States, shall be appointed an elector." Art. IT. 11,2, 1, In what manner do the electors proceed to make ihe election f "The electors shall meet in their respective stales, and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice-President;, and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign, and certify, and transmit, sealed, to the seat of government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate; the President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and the House of Represen tatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted ; the person having the greatest number of votes for President shall be President, if ench number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if no person shall have such majority, then, from the persons having the highest numbers, not exceeding three, on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members of two thirde of the OR TEXT-BOOK ON GOVERNMENT. 65 states, and a majority of all the states shall bo neces sary to a choice. Aud if the House of Representative! shall not choose a President, whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth of March next following, then the Vice-President shaL act as President, as in case of the death or othe ? constitutional disability of the President." Amend Aft. XII. 1. 5. Wh.it is said as to the Vice- President ? "The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President shall be the Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of elec tors appointed; and if no person have a majority, then, from the two highest on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice-President : a quorum for the pur pose shall consist of two thirds of the whole number of senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice." Amend. Art. XII. 2. "But no person constitutionally ineligible to tho office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice- President of the United States." Amend. Art. XII. 3. 6. Is this the original method prescribed by the Constitution for choosing the President and Vice- President ? It is not, but is the result of an Amendment to fhe Constitution, proposed by Congress in October, I03, and ratified before September, 1804. 7. What is the provision of the Constitution in regard to the choice of electors ? "The Congress may determine the time of choos ing the electors, and the day on wnich they shall give their votes ; which day shall be the same throughout the United States." Art. II. 1. 4. 5 &> xnii; YOUNG CITIZEN S MANCJAL, 8. Why was this power conferred upon Congress 1 That the time of choosing electors may be the same throughout the Union. 9. Why is this desirable ? It has a tendency to repress political intrigues an 1 corruption. 10. How does that appear? Suppose the electors for President were to vote in different states at different times, and that the elec tors of all the states except one had voted, and that the result of the election depended upon the vote of that state, great efforts would be made to secure the vote of that state. CHAPTER XVII. ELECTION OP PRESIDENT AND VICE-PEE SIDENT, CONTINUED. 1. What states have the advantage when the Pres* ident is chosen by the electors? The most populous states, as they have more elec toral votes than the smaller states. 2. What happens when the choice devolves on tht House of Representatives ? Each state has then an equal voice in the choice of the President, because the house votes by states. 3. How many times has the choiee devolved on th* house ? Twice. Jefferson s first election was by the house, and John Quincy Adams was chosen hy the house. OR TEXT-BOOK ON GOVEBNMENT, 61 4. What are the qualifications of the President? "No person except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United States at the time of the adop tion of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the office of President; neither shall any person be eligi ble to that office who shall not have attained to the tige of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident within the United States." Art. II. 1. 5. 5. Suppose a man has lived abroad several years in the service of his country? That would not interrupt his residence so as to disqualify him for the office of President. 6. How often may the President be reflected ? As often as the people please. 7. What is done in case of the inability or death of the President, or his removal from office? "In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to dis charge the powers and duties of the said office, th& same shall devolve on the Vice-President; and the Congress may by law provide for the case of re moval, death, resignation, or inability both of the President and Vice-President, declaring what officer shall then act as President ; and such officer shall act accordingly until the disability be removed, or a President shall be elected." Art. II. 1. 6. 8. In what cases has the Vice-President succeeded to the office of President? John Tyler in place of William H. Harrison, Mil lard Fillmorc in place of Zachary Taylor, An drew Johnson in place of Abraham Lincoln, and Chester A. Arthur in place of James A. Garfield. 68 THE YOUNG CITIZEN S MANUAL, 9. What officer has Congress declared shall act a\ President in case of the removal, death*, or resign* i tion both of the President and Vice- President? Congress has provided that the President pro tempore of the Senate shall act as President, and in case there is no president pro tempore^ the Speaker of the House of Representatives. 10. What provision does the Constitution make for the compensation of the President f " The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a compensation which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that period any other emolument from the United States, or any of them." Art. II. 1. 7. 11. What is the salary of the President as fixed by Congress? Twenty-five thousand dollars a year were voted by the first Congress under the Constitution; it has since been raised to fifty thousand dollars. 12. What oath or affirmation must the President take before entering on the execution of his office ? " I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faith fully execute the office of President of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United SUtes."--Art. II. 1.8. OK TKXT-UOOK ON GOVERNMENT. 69 CHAPTER. XVIII. DUTIES OP THE PRESIDENT. 1 . What military power does the President possess * "The President shall be commander-in-chief of the array and navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several states when called into the ac tual service of the United States." Art. II. 2. 1. 2. What may he require of the heads of depart ments f "He may require the opinion in writing of the principal officer in each of the executive depart ments upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices." Art. II. 2. 1. 3. What power has he with respect to reprieves and pardons? " He shall have power to grant reprieves and par dons for offences against the United States, except in cases of impeachment." Art. II. 2. 1. 4. What is the design of the pardoning power ? It is designed to promote justice and the public good. 5. In what way can it promote justice ? Men are sometimes convicted of crimes when they are innocent, and they must suffer wrongfully unless delivered by the pardoning power. 6. Why may not the President pardon, those whc have been impeached and found guilty ? It would be in his power to shield his favorites from punishment, however great might be their po litical offences. 70 THE YOUNG CITIZEN S .MANUAL, 7. What is his power with respect to treaties ? "He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two thirds of the senators present concur." Art. II. 2. 2. 8. What is the usual method* of making treaties 1 Treaties are negotiated on the part of the United States by the Secretary of State, or by a foreign minister under instructions from the Secretary. When the treaty is completed, it is sent to the President, who lays it before the Senate. If two thirds of the senators present approve it, he may give it his signature, when it becomes a part of the supreme law of the land. 9. May the President withhold his signature after the Senate has approved the treaty ? He may. 10. When a treaty has been approved by the Senate. and signed by the President, and money is wanted to carry it into execution, is the House of Represep fa- fives bound to vote the money needed, even if they do ^ot approve the treaty ? They are. The power of making and ratifying treaties belongs to the President and Senate. 11. What is the Presidents power of appointment to office* "He shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States, whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by law. 71 ^ An. II. 2. 2. OB TEXT-BOOK ON GOVERNMENT. 71 12. Are all the officers of the United States dp pointed by the President and Senate? No. "The Congress may by law vest the ap pointment of such inferior officers as they think proper in the President alone, in the courts of law or in the heads of departments." Art. II. 2. 2, 1 3. jSiyipose vacancies occur during the recess of the /Senate. " The President shall have power to fill all .vacan cies that may happen during the recess of the Senate by granting commissions which shall expire at the end of their next session." Art. II. 2. 3. 14. Where is the power of removal from offic6 vested by the Constitution? The Constitution is silent on the subject of re movals except by impeachment. 15. By whom has the power of removal always been exercised? By the President alone. 16. What is required of the President in relation to Congress ? " lie shall from time to time give to the Congress information of the state of the Union, and recom mend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient." Art. II. 3. 1. 17. IVJiy should he do this? Because he may have important information not possessed by Congress, especially in relation to for eign affairs. 18. Does the President communicate with Con yress orally <>- by message? By message. 72 THE YOUNG CITIZEN S MANUAL, 19. Is Congress obliged to consider the recommit* dations made by the President 9 No. 20. Has the President power to call extra K MOM of Congress ? "He may on extraordinary occasions convert both houses, or either of them." Art. II. 3. 1. 21. What power of adjourning Congress does tht President possess ? "In case of disagreement between them with re- spect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper " Art. II. 3. 1. 22. What is th* duty of the President as to fc^fign ministers ? " He shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers." Art. II. 3. 1. 23. Is this an important power ? It is ; for it gives the President a great degree of power in determining the relations of the United States to other nations. 24. Sitppose a colony of a country rebels and sets up a new government, and the President receives their ambassador, what would be the effect of such reception* It would be an acknowledgment of the indepen ilence of the rebels by the United States. 25. What might this acknowledgment occasion ? War with the narent state. 26. What is the duty of the President in regard to };<*. Laws ? "He shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall commission all the officers of th United States." Art. II. 3. 1. OB TEXT-BOOK ON GOVERNMENT. 27. How may the President and oth*r officers fa removed from office f " The President, Vice-President, and all civil offi. cers of the United States shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery or other high crimes or misdemeanors." Art. II. 4. 1. 28. How are military officers tried? They are tried by a court martial, which is a court composed of military officers detailed for that pur pose by the commanding officer. 29. How many executive departments have been constituted by Congress? Five, viz., the department of state or foreign affairs, of the interior, of the treasury, of war, and of the navy. 30. Who constitute the cabinet f The heads of departments, together with the attorney-general and the postmaster-general. QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW. THE EXECUTIVE. 1. What is the duty of the executive?- 2. Have the Unitod States a single or plural executir?? 3 Where is the executive power vested ? 4. Where was the executive power of the Republic :f Koine vested? Ans. In two consuls. 5. Where is the executive power of Great Britain vested? 6. How is the President elected ? 7. Under what circumstances does the election devol* upon the House of Representatives ? 74 THE YOUNG CITIZEN S MANUAL, 8. How is the vote then taken ? 9. What Presidents were chosen by the House of Repr Bentatives ? 10. Who choose the Vice-President vrhen there is m choici by the electors ? 11. For what length of time is the President chosen? 12. How often may he be reClected? 18. Has any President served for more than two terms? 14. What are the qualifications for President? 15. Could a foreigner have been elected President when the Constitution was adopted ? 16. Can a foreigner be elected now ? 17. Why not? 18. When the office of President becomes vacant, who suc ceeds to it? 19. Suppose there is no Vice-President ; who is to exercise the office of President ? 20. Suppose there is no President pro tempore f 21. Does the Constitution say that the President of the Senate pro tempore, or the Speaker of the House, shall exer cise the office of President ? 22. By what provision are they to exercise the office in certain circumstances ? 23. Who is commander-in-chief of the army and navy? 24. Who has the superintendence and general control of all matters pertaining to the army ? 25. Who has immediate command of all the armies of the United States ? Ans. The general. 26. Who appoints and commissions all important military and civil officers ? 27. Suppose the Senate is not in session when the vacancy occurs ? 28. Who has the power of removal from office? 29. How are treaties made? 30. itow is war declared? 31. How may extra sessions of Congress be called? 32. Who receives ambassadors and other public ministers? 33. Show that this is an important power. 34. What is the duty of the President with respect to exe* cutir.g the laws ? OB TEXT-BOOK ON GOVERNMENT. 70 86. Suppose the people of a state refuse to obey the laws of the United States ? 36. Can a state be coerced into obedience? Ans. All men, wherever found within the limits of the United States, can bl compelled to render obedience to the lavs. 37. How can the President be removed from office? 38. How can the Vice-President and all civil officers :f L- I. oiled States be removed from office? 39 Are members of Congress civil officers of the Lnitcd States, and liable to impeachment? 40. How can a member be removed from either house of Congress before his term has expired? CHAPTER XIX. THE JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT. 1. Where is the judicial power vested? The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish." Art. III. 1. 1. 2. How many national courts have been established by Congress? Three: the Supreme Court, the Circuit Court, and the District Court. 3. Of what does the Supreme Court consist ? The Supreme Court consists of a Chief Justice and eight associate justices, any six of whom constitute a quorum. 4. How often does the Supreme Court hold its sessions ? It holds one terra annually, commencing on th second Monday in October, at Washington. 76 THE YOUNG CITIZEN S MANUAL, 5. How is it chiefly occupied? In hearing and deciding appeals from the Circuit End District Courts. 6. Into how many judicial circuits are the United States divided? Nine; there are nine circuit judges. 7. Do the justices of the Supreme Court serve in the Circuit Courts 9 Each supreme justice must thus serve at least one term, every two years. 8. Into how. many judicial districts are the United States divided? Fifty-eight. 9. Has each district a district judge 9 Generally. In a few cases one judge serves for several districts. 10. How are the judges appointed 9 By the President and Senate. 11. What are the other officers of the national courts besides the judges ? The attorney-general, the district attorneys, the marshals, and the clerks. 12. What are the duties of the attorney-general and the district attorneys? To conduct all suits in the United States court* in which the United States are concerned. 13 What duties has the attorney -general in con*- nection with the cabinet f The attorney-general is a member of the cabinet, and meets with the other members to advise the President ; he gives legal opinions on all questions submitted to him by the government. OB TEXT-BOOK ON GOVERNMENT. 77 14. What are the duties of the marshal? The marshal executes the ordeiu and decisions of the court. 15. What are the duties of the clerks ? To keep records of the proceedings of their courts, and sign and seal all processes. 1 6. What is the tenure of office of the judges ? " The judges, both of the supreme and inferioi courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior; and shall at stated times receive for their services a compensation which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office." Art. III. 1. 1. 17. Why was this tenure of office adopted? That the judges may be independent. 18. How does it make them independent? If they held office at the will of Congress or of the President, they might be led to consult the will of Congress or of the President, rather than the dictates of justice. 19. Who determine the compensation of tfa Congress. 20. Why cannot their compensation be diminished } Congress might overawe them into submission to its will by that means, thus destroying thf/ir indo- tndence snd fiiirnesfl. 78 THE YOUNG CITIZEN S MANUAl*. CHAPTER XX. JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT, CONTINUED. . 1. To what does the judicial power extend? "The judicial power shall extend to all cases in law and equity arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority; to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls; to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction ; to controversies to which the United States shall be a party ; to controversies between two or more states ; between a state and citizens of another state ; between citizens of different states j between citizens of the same state claiming lands under grants of different states ; and between a state or citizens thereof and foreign states, citizeus, and subjects." Art. III. 2. 1. 2. ffas the Supreme Court jurisdiction in eq*. *iy as well as law f It has. 3. What is equity jurisprudence ? "A system of jurisprudence, the object of which i-* to render the administration of justice more com plete, by affording relief where the courts of law aro incompetent to give it, or to give it with effect." 4. Are not courts of equity commonly from courts of law ? They arc in England and in some of the states. 5. What are such courts called f Courts of chancery. OS TEXT-BOOK ON GOVERNMENT. 6. What are courts of admiralty f Courts which have jurisdiction over cases of cap tures and seizures at sea, and all civil arid criminal maritime cases. 7. Save the United States courts of admiralty ? The District Courts have admiralty powers. 8. When has the Supreme Court original juris> diction f "In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and those in which a state ^hall be a party, the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction." Art. III. 2. 2. 9. What is meant by " original jurisdiction" in these cases f Suits relating to them may be commenced in the h rst instance in the Supreme Court. 10. How do all other cases come before the Su preme Court f By appeal from the Circuit Courts. 11. What does the Constitution say on this point J "In all other cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions, and under such regulations, as the Congress shall make." Art. III. 2.2. 12. May appeals be taken from the state courts to the national courts f They may. The Supreme Court has from time to time sustained the right to such appeals. 13. What other courts are there under the control of the United States f There is the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia, and the courts established in the terri tories of the United States. 80 THE YOUNG CITIZEN S MANUAL, 14. Are the territorial courts regarded as a part of tlie national judiciary f They are not. 15. Is the right of trial by jury preserved in all of these c ourts ? *The trial of all crimes, except in cases of im peachment, shall be by jury; and such trial shall be held in the state where said crimes shall have been committed ; but when not committed in any state, the trial shall be at such plnce or places as the Congress may by law have directed." Art. III. 2. 3. 16. What evil is here guarded against f That of trying a man at a great distance from the scene of his alleged crime, and where, if innocent, it vould be difficult to prov^ bis innocence. CHAPTER XXI. . FUGITIVES FROM JUSTICE. ADMISSION OF NEW STATES. 1. What is the definition of treason given by the Constitution ? " Treason against the United States shall consist otly in levying war against them, or in adhering to llieir enemies, giving them aid and comfort." Art, 111 3. 1. 2. What testimony is necessary to convict one of treason ? " No person shall be convicted of treason, unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court." Art. HI. 3. 1 OB TEXT-BOOK ON GOVERNMENT. 81 3. Who is to declare the punishment of treason^ and how is that punishment limited? " Congress shall have power to declare the pun ishment of treason ; but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture, except during the life of the person attainted." Art. III. 3.2. 4. What punishment for treason has Congress imposed? Death by hanging. 5. What is the provision of the Constitution in regard to public acts, records, &c. " Full faith and credit shall be given in each state to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other state, and the Congress may by gen eral laws prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof." Art. IV. 1. 1. 6. What privileges are guaranteed to the citizens of each state f " The citizens of each state shall be entitled to- all the privileges and immunities of citizens in the sev eral states." Art. IV. 2. 1. 7. Does this mean that a citizen of Massachusetts is entitled, when in South Carolina, to all the rights and privileges he enjoyed in Massachusetts? It means that he is entitled in South Carolina to all the rights and privileges enjoyed by the citizens of that state. 8. What is the provision of the Constitution re specting fugitives from justice f "A person charged in any state with treason, felony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice, 6 82 THE YOUNG CITIZEN S MANUAL, and be found in another state, shall, on the demand of the executive authority of the state from which he fled, be delivered up to be removed to the state having jurisdiction of the crime." Art. IV. 2. 2. 9. By whom may new states be admitted into the Union, and what limitations are there to the power of admission f "New states may be admitted by Congress into the Union ; but no new state shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other state, nor any state be formed by the junction of two or more states, without the consent of the legislatures of the states concerned, as well as of Congress." Art. IV. 3. 1. 10. What is the power of Congress over the terri tories f " Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the United States ; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any particular state." Art. IV. 3. 2. OB TEXT-BOOK ON GOVEHNMENT. 85 CHAPTER XXII. MODE OF MAKING AMENDMENTS. SUPREMACY Of THE CONSTITUTION. 1. What does the Constitution guarantee to every state f "The United States shall guarantee to every state in this Union a republican form of government, and shall protect each of them against invasion, and, on application of the legislature, or of the executive (when the legislature cannot be convened), against domestic violence." Art. IV. 4. 1. 2. Suppose there should be an armed opposition to the laws of a state by a portion of the people of that state, would it be the duty of the President and of Congress to interfere f It would be their duty to furnish aid in enforcing the laws, on application of the legislature, or of the governor when the legislature cannot be convened. 3. Suppose the majority of the people of a state should attempt to establish a monarchy ? It would be the duty of the United States gov ernment to put down the attempt ; for the United States are bound to guarantee to every state in the Union a republican form of government. 4. In what ways may the Constitution be amended f " Congress, whenever two thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution; or, on the application of the legislatures of two thirds of the several states, shall call a conven tion for proposing amendment?-, which, in either case 84 THE YOUNG CITIZKX R MANUAL, ghnll be valid to all intents unil purposes, as a pail of this Constitution, when ratified by the legislatures of three fourths of the several states, or by conven tions in three fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Con gress." Art. V. 1. 5. State in what two ways amendments may b6 proposed. They may be proposed by Congress, or by a con vention called on application of the legislatures of two thirds of the states. 6. In what ways may the proposed amendments be ratified? By the legislatures of three fourths of the states, or by conventions in three fourths of the states. 7. In what way were the amendments that have been made proposed and ratified? They were proposed by Congress, and ratified by the legislatures of the states. 8. What limitations are there to the power of amendment ? "Provided, that no amendment which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article an 1 that no state, without its consent, shall be de prived of its equal suifrnge in the Senate." Art. V. 1. 9. What do the clauses above mentioned refer to? To the importation of slaves, and to capitation and other direct taxes. 10. What is said of debts contracted by the United States before the adoption of the Constitution f OR TEXT-BOOK ON GOVERNMENT. 85 "All debts contracted and engagements entered into, before the adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this Con stitution, as under the Confederation." Art. VI. 1. 11. What is said of the supremacy of the Oonsli tution f " This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the su preme law of the land; and the judges in. every state shall be bound thereby, anything in the constitution and laws of any state to the contrary notwithstand ing." Art. VI. 2. 12. What does this prohibit f It prohibits any state from seceding, and from making any law contrary to the Constitution and laws of the United States. 13. What was the doctrine of nullification f The right claimed by some of the states to nullify an act of Congress within their borders, provided they judged the act unconstitutional. 14. What tribunal has the Constitution made the judge as to the constitutionality of laws ? The Supreme Court. 15. Who are bound by oath to support the Coth stitution f "The senators and representatives before men tioncd, and the members of the several state legist tures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of the United States and of the several states, shall be bound by oath or affirmation to support this Coristi tution." Art, VI. 3 86 THE YOUNG CITIZEN S MANUAL, 16. 7s there any religious test allowed? "But no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to anjfc office or public trust under the United States." Art. VI. 3. QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW. THE JUDICIARY. 1. What is the office of the judiciary? 2. Where is the judicial power of the United States Tested 8. Of what does the Supreme Court consist? 4. What are the Circuit Courts ? 5. Into how many circuits are the United States divided? 6. Into how many districts are tlio United States divided ? 7. How are the judges appointed ? 8. Where and how often does the Supreme Court hold ita sessions ? 9. To what does the judicial power extend? 10. What is meant by equity jurisprudence ? 11. What are courts of equity commonly called? 12. Has the Supreme Court both original and appellate jiirisdiction ? 13. When does it exercise original jurisdiction? Ans. When suits are commenced in that court? 14 When does it exorcise appellate jurisdiction? 15. In what cases has the Supreme Court original juris- lietbn? 16. In what cases has it appellate jurisdiction? 17. May appeals in some cases be taken from the state to the national courts ? 18. What is the tenure of office of the judges of the Unite.! States courts? 19. Who determine the compensation of the judges ? 20. What limitation is there to the power of Congress IB Ibis matter? OB TEXT-BOOK ON GOVERNMENT. 87 21. What officers besides judges are connected with thf courts of the Unite* States ? 22. What are the duties of the attorney-general and of thf district attorneys? 23. What are the duties of the marshals ? 24. What are the duties of the clerks? 25. What is treason as defined by the Constitution ? 2G. What is necessary to convict one of treason? 27. What punishment has Congress ordained for treason? 28 What rights has a citizen of New York when he is in the state of Georgia? 29. Suppose a criminal flees from justice to another state, now can he be arrested ? 30. By whom may new states be -admitted to the Union ? 81. Under what conditions may a new state be formed from a portion of one or more states ? 32. What is the power of Congress over the territories of the United States ? 33. Do the judges of the territorial courts belong to the national judiciary? 84. Can any state lay aside a republican form of govern ment? 36. What is essential to a sovereign state? Ans. That it have power to change its form of government whenever it chooses to do so. 36. Suppose a state should attempt to establish a monarchy, what would Congress and the President do ? 37. How does it appear that the Constitution requires theif interference ? Art. IV. 4. 38. In what two ways may the Constitution be amended? 39. In what way have all the amendments been made? 40. Show that the Constitution is supreme. Art. VI. 2. 41. What officers are required to take an oath or affirma tion to support the Constitution? 42. Can any religious test be required as a qualification fci office? 88 THE YOUNG CITIZEN S MANUAL, CHAPTER XXIII. AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION. 1. When were most of the amendments to iht Constitution made? Soon after the adoption of the Constitution, 2. To what were they owing ? Several of the states proposed to adopt the Con stitution on condition that certain amendments be made ; but they were led to adopt it unconditionally, and to recommend the amendments desired. 3. What action was taken in the matter ? Congress selected the most important articles thus recommended, and proposed them to the legislatures of the states, by whom they were adopted, and thus became parts of the Constitution. 4. Can Congress establish a state religion ? " Congress shall make no law respecting an estab lishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof." Art. I. 5. Suppose Congress should make a law favoring $ne religious denomination at the expense of another ? It would be unconstitutional. 6. Can Congress abridge freedon of speech or of the press? They cannot make any law " abridging the free dom of speech or of the press." Art. I. 7. Do laws forbidding slander and libel abridge the freedom of speech or of the press? They do not. OK TEXT-BOOK ON GOVERNMENT. 89 8. Ts the right of petition guaranteed by the Con* Btitution? It is ; for Congress can pass no law interfering with "tlie right of the people peaceably to assemble, ami (o petition the government for a redress of grievances." Art. I. 0. Is it the duty of Congress to receive all ptti tions that are respectfully presented f It is. 1 0. Can the government disarm the people ? "A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed." Art. II. 11. What is said respecting quartering soldiers? " No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house, without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. "Art. IH 12. What is the provision against unreasonable searches and seizures? " The right of the people to be secure in their per sons, houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures shall not be violated." Art. IV. 13. What is required in order that a warrant am be issued by a magistrate? * No warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by onth or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the person or things to be seized." Art. IV. 14. What is required before a man can be tried for a capital or infamous crime ? 90 THE YOUNG CITIZEN S U A.NUAL, " No person shall be held to answer lor a capita^ or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising ir the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in ncUial service in time of war or public danger." Art. V. 15. What is an indictment? An accusation, indorsed by the grand jury, certi fying that they have found sufficient evidence of guilt to justify the trial of the accused. 16. Suppose a man has been tried for his life, and acquitted for want of evidence of his guilt, and af terwards overwhelming proof of his guilt is found? He cannot be arrested and tried again ; for the Constitution says, "Nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb." Art. V. 17. Can any one be compelled to bear witness against himself? No one "shall be compelled, in any criminal case, to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law." Art. V. 18. Can the government take for the public use the property of citizens? Not without just compensation ; for the Constitu tion forbids that "private property be taken for pub lic, use without just compensation." Art. V. 1 9. What provision is made for the trial of those accused of crime ? " In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein tli OR TEXT-BOOK ON GOVERNMENT. 91 crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law." Art. VI. 2(L What injustice does this provision guard It secures the accused against a long imprisonment before being brought to trial, and prevents them from being taken for trial to a part of the country remote from the scene of the alleged crime. 21. What further provision is made for justice to the accused? The Constitution requires that he "be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation ; to be confronted with the witnesses against him ; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor ; and to have the assistance of counsel for his defence." Art. VI. 22. Are such safeguards necessary f The history of the past shows that men were often condemned to punishment without knowing the crimes with which they were charged, nor the testi mony that was brought against them, and without having the means or opportunity of defence. 23. What is the provision for trial by jury in suits at common law f " In suits at common law, where the value in con troversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved ; and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise recxamined in any court of the United States than according to the rules of the common law." Art. VII. 24. What is the provision in relation to excessive 7 and cruel punishments? 92 THE YOUNG CITIZEN S MANUAL, Excessive bail shall not be required, nor exces sive fines imposed, nor cruel nor unusual punishments" inflicted." Art. VIII. 25. What is the ninth article of amendment f "The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people." 26. What is the tenth article f " The powers not delegated to the United Statea by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people." 27. Does the word " expressly " occur before " dele gated"? It does not. 28. What is the amendment relating to the judi cial power f " The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity commenced or prosecuted against any one of the Ui ited States by citizens of another state, or by citizens or subjects of a foreign state." Art. XI. 29. What was the object of this amendment f To prevent suits from being brought against a itate by citizens of another state. 30. If a citizen is wronged by a state, how can \ obtain justice ? By the passage by the legislature of the state of a law for his relief. 31. WJiat does the thirteenth amendment do 9 It abolishes slavery. OR TEXT-BOOK ON GOVERNMENT. 93 32. Wliat does the fourteenth amendment do? It states who are citizens, apportions representa tives according to population, states who may hold office, and affirms the validity of the public debt. 33. What docs the fifteenth amendment do 9 It provides that the right of suffrage shall not be denied to persons of color, and those who have been slaves. CHAPTER XXIV. CONSTITUTIONS OP THE STATES. 1. What may be said of the constitutions of the several states f They are, in the main, similar to the Constitution of the United States, and similar to one another. 2. How were they made f By conventions of delegates chosen in each state for that purpose. 3. How do they all divide the powers of govern ment? Into the legislative, judicial, and executive depart ments. 4. Are all the state legislatures composed of two houses f They are. 5. Sow often do the legislatures meet f In most of the states they meet annually ; in some biennially. 94 THE YOUNG CITIZEN S MANUAL, 6. Where is the executive power in each state vested? In a governor. 7. Are all the governors possessed of equal powers $ There is a difference In different states. 8. Are the judicial systems of the several tfatet cimilar f They are similar in many respects, and yet con siderable differences exist. 9. How are the judges appointed? In some states they are appointed by the governor and confirmed by the senate, or confirmed by a council. In other states, the judges are elected by a popular vote. 10. WJiat is the tenure of office of the judges f In some states it is during good behavior, and iu some they are appointed or elected for a year or term of years. 11. Wherein does the jurisdiction of the state courts differ from that of the national courts f The state courts have jurisdiction of cases which arise under the laws of the state. 12. Are the operations of the national and state courts perfectly distinct f Appeals in some cases are made from the state k< the national courts, and in regard to some tilings, the national and state courts have concurrent juiis- diction. 13. By what inferior officers is a large part of the judicial business of the country transacted? By justices of the peace. OR TEXT-BOOK ON GOVERNMENT. 95 14. To what is this owing? To the fact that they have jurisdiction in smaller matters, in regard to which the great majority of cases of litigation take place. 15. How are they appointed? In some states they are appointed by the str,te governments, and in others they are elected by the people. 16. What is the advantage of having state govern ments in addition to the national government ? The state governments make and execute the laws required by the peculiar interests of each state. 17. Could not the general government make those laws ? It would be impossible for Congress to make the great number of laws which are needed for the well- being of all the people in eo extensive a country as the United States. 18. How are the "states divided? All the states are divided into counties except South Carolina, which is divided into districts, and Louisiana, which is divided into parishes. 19. Is there a county government in each county ? There are certain county officers in each county, and there is a county seat, where courts are held and an office kept for recording legal documents. 20. How are the counties divided? In New England, New York, and some other states, they are divided into towns or townships, and these again into villages. 21. Wliat powers do the townships possess? The inhabitants meet annually to elect officers, and to make regulations in regard to local matters. 96 THE YOUNG CITIZEN S MANUAL, 22. What is a city government f A local government possessing certain powers contained in a charter granted by the legislature of the state. 23. Where are the legislative powers of the gov ernment of a city vested? In a board of aldermen or city council, elected by the people. 24. On what subjects may they legislate ? On those only which are specified in the charter. 25. Who is the chief executive officer of the city? The mayor, who is chosen by the people. 26. What is necessary in order that an act of the aldermen or council may be valid ? It must be approved by, and receive the signature of the mayor. 27. Suppose he vetoes it 9 It usually becomes valid without his signature, if passed by two thirds of the members. 28. Are the city governments in our country simi lar to one another 9 They vary considerably, having charters specially granted by legislative enactment. OR TEXT-BOOK OX* GOVERNMENT. 97 QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW. AMENDMENTS. STATE GOVERNMENTS. 1. What did some of the states connect with their ratifica tions of the Constitution ? 2. What action was taken by Congress in regard to these recommendations ? 3. Car Congress pass a law for the union of church and state? 4. What does the Constitution secure to every citizen as to his religion ? 6. Can Congress pass a law punishing a man for speaking and writing against the government ? 6. Why not? 7. Suppose a man is guilty of slander or libel ? 8. Is Congress under obligation to receive all petitions that are properly presented? 9. How does that appear ? 10. Can Congress prohibit citizens from keeping and bear ing arms ? 11. What is necessary before a man can be tried for an Infamous or a capital crime? 12. Suppose a man has been tried for his life and acquitted? 13. What security does the Constitution furnish against a long imprisonment of the accused before he is tried? 14. What other provisions are there for securing justice to th^ accused? 15. What provisions against excessive bail and cruel pun- itfhments? 16 What was the object of the thirteenth amendment officially announced on December 18, 1865 ? 17. How were the state constitutions formed ? 18. How do they compare with the Constitution of the United States ? 19. How do they all divide the powers of government ? 20. Of what are the legislatures of all the states composed ? 9K THE YOUNG CITIZEN S MANUAL, 91. What are the executives of the states called? 22. Are the judiciaries of the states similar to that of th United States? 23. What laws are they to interpret? 24. Can they ever decide contrary to the laws of tie United States ? 25. What is the tenure of office of the judges ? 26. Into what are the states divided ? 27. What is the advantage of having state governments ? 28. Suppose a fftate pass a law conflicting with a law of the United States? CHAPTER XXV. THE ENGLISH CONSTITUTION. 1. What kind of a government is the English government ? A limited hereditary monarchy. 2. Is it a constitutional government f It is. 3. Has it a written or unwritten Constitution f It has no written Constitution, like ours, adopted by the vote of the people. 4. Of what, then, does it consist? It consists partly of established usages having the force of law, and partly of written laws. 5. How are the powers of the government divided ? They are divided into the legislative, the judicial^ and the executive departments. 6. Where does the legislative power reside ? In Parliament. OB TEXT-BOOK ON GOVERNMENT. 99 7. Of what is Parliament composed? Of the House of Commons and the House of Lords, 8. Of what is the House of Commons composed? The House of Commons is composed of six hun dred and fifty-five members, chcsen by the people. 9. Who may vote for members of the Souse of Commons f Certain property owners or tenants, prescribed by act of Parliament. This list is increased from time to time by Parliamentary enactments. 10. For what length of time are the members chosen f For seven years, unless Parliament is sooner dis solved by the King^ 11. Has the King power to dissolve Parliament? He can dissolve Parliament whenever he please, and order a new election of members of the House of Commons. 12. How often does Parliament meet f It meets annually. 13. "What are the powers of Parliament f The power of Parliament to make laws is anlira ited, except by the constitutional usages. 14. What is necessary in order that a bill may become a law ? It must receive a majority of the votes of both houses of Parliament, and receive the assent of the King. 15. What compensation do the members of th* House of Commons receive f They receive no pecuniary compensation, th honor of being a member being deemod sufficient. 100 THE YOUNG CITIZEN S MANUAL, 16. At what age may a man become a member of the House of Com 1 ). ions f Twenty-one years. 17. Where must all bills for revenue originate $ In the House of Commons. J 8. Can the House of Lords alter or amend suoh i bill f They cannot ; they must pass or reject it without alteration. 19. What power does this give the House of Commons f They can attach to a revenue bill any provisions they please, and the lords must assent to them, or reject the bill, and thus leave the government with out funds. 20. Can the Senate of the United States alter and amend a bill for revenue ? They can. 21. Who presides over the House of Commons f The Speaker, who is chosen by the house, but must be approved by the King. 22. How is the House of Lords composed f The House of Lords is composed of the peers of England, sixteen representative peers of Scotland, and twenty-eight representative peers of Ireland, and the archbishops and bishops of the church of England. 23. Who are the peers of England f The nobility of England. 24.^ What are the different orders of nobility f Dukes, marquises, earls, viscounts, and barons. on TEXT-HOOK ON GOVERNMENT. 101 25. Who succeed* to the title and seat of a peer at his death ? His oldest son or nearest surviving male heir. 26. Why do not all the peers of Scotland and Ire land have seats in the House of Lords ? When Scotland and Ireland were united to the British crown, it was agreed that the peers of Soot- land should elect sixteen -of their number, and the peers of Ireland twenty-eight, to have seats in the House of Lords. 27. Who is the presiding officer of the House of Lords? The Lord High Chancellor 28. Where does the power of impeachment reside In the House of Commons. 29. By whom are impeachments tried f By the House of Lords. 30. What punishment may be inflicted in case of conviction ? Removal from, and disqualification for, holding office, banishment, forfeiture of goods, imprisonment, and death. 31. Are the sessions of Parliament open to spec tators? No one can be present without an order for *3 mission signed by some member. 102 THE YOUNG CITIZEN S MANUAL, CHAPTEE XXYI. THE ENGLISH EXECUTIVE. 1. Where does the executive power reside 9 In a King or Queen.* 2. What is a maxim of the English Constitution in rcyard to the King ? " The King can do no wrong." 3. What is the meaning of that maxim ? The responsibility of all executive acts rests not with the King, but with his ministers. 4. Who are the ministers ? Men appointed by the King to conduct the execu tive affairs of the government. 5. Are the ministers responsible for all the official acts of the King ? They are. 6. Suppose the King commands them to do an ille gal act f They can be punished for doing it. 7. How could they avoid doi)ig the illegal act ? By resigning their offices. 8. What constitutes the administration in tte British government f The King s ministers. Q. What is their tenure of office f They hold office at the will of the King. 10. Can the ministers be also members of tht ITouse of Commons? They may; but they must be elected after they have been appointed ministers. At present, it is the Qijeen. OB TEXT-BOOK ON GOVERNMENT. 103 11. What usually takes place when a majority of the House of Commons is opposed to the measure* of the administration ? The ministers resign, and new ministers are ap pointed, whose views are supposed to correspond , with those of the majority of the House of Com mons 12. What other course is sometimes taken ? They advise the King to dissolve Parliament, and order the election of a new House of Commons. 13. When is this course taken ? When the ministers believe that they can secure in the new house a majority favorable to their views. 14. What power has the King with respect to war and peace f He has the sole power to declare war and make peace. 15. Does not this give the King nearly absolute power f No ; for he cannot carry on war without money, and he can get no money unless it is voted by a majority of the House of Commons. 16. The sword and the purse, then, are not in the same hands ? The King holds the sword, and the House of Com mons the purse. 17. By whom are all civil and military officers of \he government appointed^ By the King. 18. What is their tenure of office? All officers, except tho judgos, hold office at the will of the King. 104 THE YOUNG CITIZEN S MANUAL, 19. What is the relation of the King to the estab lished church 1 He is the head of the church. 20. By whom are the bishops appointed ? By the King acting by his ministers. 21. Can the King suspend or alter any law * lie cannot. 22. Does he possess -an absolute veto on all acU of Parliament ? He does ; but that power has not been exercised for nearly two centuries. 23. What is meant by the maxim, " The King never dies " f That the executive department is never vacant. As soon as the King dies, his successor is immediately clothed with all his authority. 24. Of whom does the Privy Council consist ? The Privy Council consists of such persons as the King sees fit to appoint. 25. What power has the Privy Council? It has power to decide questions relating to colo* cial charters and rights, and in relation to commerce, CHAPTER XXVII. THE ENGLISH JUDICIARY. 1. What is the highest court in England? The High Court of Chancery. 2. Who presides over it f The Lord High Chancellor. OB TEXT-BOOK ON GOVERNMENT. 105 3. By whom is he appointed ? By the King. 4. What is his tenure of office 1 The will of the King ; but as he is a cabinet officer, he usually comes into and goes out of office with the ad ministration. 5. 76 the Court of Chancery solely a court of equity f It is both a court of equity and of common law; but the equitable jurisdiction constitutes its principal business. 6. What inferior Courts of Chancery are there f The Court of the Master of the Rolls, and the Courts of the Vice-Chancellors of England. 7. What are the Superior Courts of Westminster Hall? The King s Bench, the Common Pleas, and the Court of Exchequer. 8. Were the jurisdictions of these courts originally distinct ? They were. 9. What cases did the King s Bench take copni zance of? Criminal cases. 10. What suits were brought before ike Common Vleasf Suits respecting land titles and contracts. 11. To what did the jurisdiction of the Court of Exchequer relate f To matters relating to the King s revenue. THE YOUNG CITIZEN S MANUAL, 12. What may be said of the jurisdiction of thes& courts now? The three courts possess concurrent jurisdiction in all civil matters, except that real actions must be brought in the Court of Common Pleas. 13. What is a real action ? An action relating to real estate. 14. Of what a.ies the Court of the King s Bench consist ? Of one Chief Justice, and four puisne judges as they are termed. 15. Of what does the Common Pleas consist? Of a Chief Justice and four puisne judges. 16. Of what does the Court of Exchequer consist? )f one Chief Baron and four puisne barons. 17. How are the judges appointed* By the King. 18. What is their tenure of office? During good behavior. 19. Which court of the three Superior Courts is the highest in rank ? The King s Bench. 20. Which is next in rank? The Common Pleas. 21. To what body may appeals from the Court oj Chancery and the Courts of Westminster Hall be taken ? To the House of Lords. 22. \Vho always presides when the House of Lcrdi tits as a court of appeal in civil trials ? The Lord High Chancellor. OR TEXT-BOOK ON GOVERNMENT. 107 23. What other members of the legal profession are always present f The judges of the Superior Ccurts of Westminster lliill and the attorney-general. 24. Do they take any part in the proceedings ? Their opinions are taken on all difficult questions. 25. What original criminal jurisdiction does tht House of Lords possess ? All peers of the realm are exempt from trial by jury for treason and felony, and can be tried foi those crimes only by the House of Lords. 26. What is the Court of Admiralty? A court that takes cognizance of causes relating to maritime affairs. CHAPTER XXVIII. INTERNATIONAL LAW. 1. What is international law ? The rules that regulate the intercourse of nations. 2. What should those rules be founded on ? Justice. 3. What do they consist of? The usages to which all Christian nations has* given their assent. 4. Is international law the result of legislation ? It is not. There is no international legislature to make laws for the government of the nation. 108 THE YOUNG CITIZEN S MANUAL, 5. When does a rule or principle become a part of international law f When it has received the assent of all the nations of Christendom. 6. In the view of international law, what relation do nations sustain to one another? The relation of equality. 7. What follows from this equality? That every nation has a right to regulate its own concerns, and that no nation should interfere with the internal affairs of another. 8. What effect do changes in the government of a nation have on its relations to other nations ? They have no effect. Treaties formed with a na tion under a kingly government remain in force though that kingly government be changed to a democracy. 9. What does the jurisdiction of a nation em brace ? A nation has exclusive jurisdiction over all it* territory, and over the adjoining sea to the extent of a marine league from the shore. 10. To whom does the open sea belong ? The open sea is the common property of all nations. 11. What rights have foreigners residing in n country ? They are subject to the laws of the country in which they reside, and can claim protection and justice, though they cannot claim all the privileges of citizens. OR TEXT-BOOK 9X GOVERNMENT. 100 12. Are ambassadors residing in a foreign coun try subject to its laws? They are not. They are the representatives of th i country from which they are sent, and are sub ject to its laws only. 13. What is a treaty? A treaty is a contract between two ur more nations. 14. Suppose one party violates the treaty? The other party is released from obligation to observe it. 15. Suppose a nation is treated unjustly by another, and is refused redress? Then war is its only means of redress. 16. Is a formal declaration of war, and notice thereof to the enemy, necessary before commencing hostilities ? It is not. After a declaration of war within its own territory, a nation may commence hostilities. 17. What is the effect of a state of war on com merce? A state of war renders all commercial intercourse between the citizens of the nations at war unlawful. 18. What property is liable to capture? An enemy s property of whatever character at sea is liable to capture and confiscation. 19. What must be done with property thus cap- in fed? It must be brought into port, and condemned by a prize court sitting in the country of the captor or of an ally, before it can be appropriated by the captor. 110 THE YOUNG CITIZEN S MANUAL, 20. May any one capture the enemy s property a\ sea ? Those only can make captures who have commis sions from the government. 21. When two or more nations are at war, whAl it the duty of other nations ? All other nations are bound to maintain an iin partial neutrality. 22. What are the rights of neutrals f Neutral nations have a right to carry on their ordinary commerce with the nations at war. They must not deal in articles contraband of war. 23. What are contraband articles f Arms and ammunition and other articles used in military operations. 24. From what are neutrals prohibited? Neutrals are prohibited from trading with ports that are under blockade. 25. When is a port blockaded? When there is at hand a force sufficient to prevent vessels from leaving or from entering it. 26. What is the penalty of attempting to violate the blockade ? The confiscation cf the ship and cargo, if captmed. 27. Suppose a neutral is in the port at the time the blockade is declared? lie is allowed to depart with goods previously purchased. 28. WJiat is the right of search ? The right of public armed vessels of the belliger ents to visit and search the vessels of neutrals, in order to determine whether property or despatches of the enemy, or contraband goods, are on board. OR TEXT-BOOK ON GOVERNMENT. Ill 29. What is a truce ? A truce or armistice is a temporary suspension ol he operations of war. 30. WJiat can be done daring a truce f Nothing to the prejudice of either party by the >(her which could have been prevented in war. 31. Is piracy forbidden by the law of nations? It is. Piracy is an offence against all nations, and is punishable by all, at will. 32. Is international law recognized in the legisla tion of nations? It is. Nations have laws rendering its violation penal. According to Blackstone, it is in England held to be a part of the law of the land. 33. How is it mewed by the United States f The United States, by acts of Congress and by judicial decisions, has endeavored to maintain ita obligations. QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW. CONSTITUTION OF GREAT BRITAIN. 1 What is the government of Great Britain? 2 , Has it a written constitution ? 3. How are the powers ol government divided? 4 Where does the legislative power reside? 6. Of what is Parliament composed? 6. Of what is the House of Commons composed? 7. Of what is the House of Lords composed? 8. How does the modi* of passing laws compare with thai f Congress ? 9. Where must ail bills for revenue originate? 10. Can the Lords alter -or amend a revenue bill? / 112 THE YOUNG CITIZEN S MANUAL, 1 1 . Can the Senate alter or amend such a bill ? iJ. Who presides over the House of Commons ? 13. Who presides over the House of Lords? 14. What is necessary that one may be admitted to witneai the dr liberations of each house of Parliament? 15. Are- the ordinary session? of Congress open to all? 16 Where does the power ol impeachment reside? 17 Where are impeachments tried? 18 What punishments may follow conviction on impeach- ment ? 19. Wherein does the Constitution of the United Statei 4iffer in this respect ? 20. Where is the executive power vested ? 21. What is meant by the maxim, "The King never dies "? 22. How does the King exercise his power? 23. Wh/: are his ministers? 24. Wlu constitute the administration? 25. What is meant by the maxim, "The King can do no wrong"? 26. Who are responsible for all executive acts ? 27. May the ministers be members of Parliament? 28. May the members of the United States cabinet hare seats in Congress ? 29. Can military officers have seats in Parliament? 30. By whom can Parliament be dissolved? 31. Has the President any such power over Congress? 32. When is Parliament usually dissolved? 33. W T ho has the sole power to declare war and make peace ? 34. Who must furnish the money to carry on war ? 35. Who may declare war en the part of the United States I 86. Who may make peace ? 37. Who has the control of the public purse of Great Britain? }JM. Who appoints all civil and military officers? B9. \Vlio has power to give titles of nobility? 40 Who is the head of the established church? 41 Of whom does the Privy Council consist? 42. What powers have the Privy Council? 43. What is the highest court of England? 44. Who presi \es in this eour< ? OB TEXT-BOOK ON GOVERNMENT. 113 *5. What is his tenure of office ? 46. What are the three Courts of Westminster Hall ? 47. Which is the highest in rank ? 48. Of what does the King s Bench consist? 49. Of what does the Common Pleas consist? 50. Of what does the Court of Exchequer ? 51. What is the tenure of office of the judges? 52. What is the final court of appeal for all the bighei c >urt3 ? CHAPTER XXIX. DIFFERENT KINDS OF LAW. 1. What is divine law ? Divine law is the will of God. 2. What relation should all laws sustain to it f All other laws should be conformed to it. 3. What is constitutional law f A system of fundamental rules determining the torm of the government and the extent of its power. 4. What is international law f A system of rules assented to by all the nations of Christendom for the regulation of their intercourse in peace and war. 5. What is municipal law ? Municipal law is a rule of civil conduct prescribed by the supreme power in the state. Municipal law is composed of written and unwritten law ; that is, statute D^4 conn ion law. 8 114 THE YOUNG CITIZEN S MANUAL, fi. W/mt is statute law ? Statute law " is the express written will of thd legislature, rendered authentic by certain prescribed forms and ceremonies." 7. What is common law f "Common law," says Burrill, "is that Iranch of the law of England which does not owe its origin to parliamentary enactment, being a collection of cus toms, rules, and maxims which have acquired the force of law by immemorial usage recognized and declared by judicial proceedings." 8. What is the civil law f The civil law is the Roman law, as comprised in the Code, Institutes, Pandects, and Novels of the Emperor JUSTINIAN and his successors. 9. What is the Code? " The Code, in twelve books, is a collection of all the imperial statutes that were thought worth pre serving from Hadrian to Justinian." 10. What are the Institutes f " The Institutes, or elements of Roman law, in four books, contain the fundamental principles of the ancient law in a small body, for the use and benefit of students at law." 11. What are the Pandects f The Pandects are an abridgment, in fifty books, ol the decisions of prastors and the writings and opirv ions of the ancient sages in the law. 12. What are the Novels ? The Novels of Justiaian are a collection of imperial statutes passed subsequently to the date of the Code, and intended to supply the omissions and correct the errors of the preceding publications. OR TEXT-BOOK ON GOVERNMENT. 115 13. Wliat influence has the Roman law had on the legislation of modern Europe ? The Roman law lies at the foundation of all the legislative systems of Europe, except that of Eng* limcl 1 1 What is the canon law f The canon law is a collection of ordinances for the regulation of the polity and discipline of the church of Rome. 15. What is martial law 1 Martial law is the expressed will of a military com mander. When martial law is proclaimed in a city or district, municipal law is suspended, and the will of the military commander becomes the supreme law. 16. What is parliamentary law f It is a system of rules for regulating the proceed ings of legislative and other deliberative bodies. 17. Whence were these rules originally derived? They were originally derived from the usages of the "British Parliament, and have been, with somr. modifications, adopted by Congress and the sta/tf legislatures. 18. Are not all deliberative bodies at liberty to make their own rules ? They are; but the same rules have been very gen- sraily adopted by all parliamentary bodies. *3 THE YOUNG CITIZENS MANUAL, QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW. INTERNATIONAL LAW. DIFFERENT KINDS OF LAW. 1 What is international law? 2. When does a rule or principle become a part of interna tional law? 3. What relations do nations sustain to one another in the new of toternational law? 4. Myone country interfere with the domestic concerns of other rations? 5. What effect has a change of go.vernment in a nation on its relati >ns to other nations ? 6. Waat is the remedy when one nation injures another, and refnses to make redress? 7. What effect has war on the lawfulness of commercial Intercourse between the people of the nations at war? 8. What property of an enemy is liable to capture? 9. May any one capture and appropriate the property of an enemy? 10. When war exists between two or more nations, what in the duty of other nations ? 11. What rights have neutrals as to trade? 12. What are contraband goods ? 13. When is a port blockaded? 14. What is the penalty of violating a blockade? 15. To whom does the sea belong? 16. How far from land does the jurisdiction of a count sxtend? 17. What is a treaty? 18. Suppose one party fails to observe its stipulations? 19. What is the moral or divine law? Ans. The law of right. 20. What is the standaid of this law? Ans. The will of God. 21. What relation should all other kinds of law sustain to it? OR TEXT-BOOK ON GOVERNMENT. 117 22. What is constitutional law? 23. What is municipal law? 24. What is statute law? 25. What is the common law? 26. What is the civil law ? 27. What is the Code ? 28. What are the Institutes ? 29. What are the Pandects ? 30. What are the Novels ? 31. What is canon law? 82. What is martial law? 88. What is parliament*!/ Isr? CONSTITUTION UNITED STATES OF AMERICA NOTE BY THE roBLisiittBB. The Constitution and Amendments are here printed with the orthography, punctuation, and capitals of the original doc uments, as certified to by the Hon. William H. Howard, late Secretary of State. The figures, however, at the heads of the parts of the sections are not in th* originals : they are here used for convenience in reference. % PREAMBLE. WE, the People of the United States, in order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tran quillity, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this CONSTITUTION for the United States of America. ARTICLE I. SECTION !.(!.) All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall con sist of a Senate and House of Representatives. SEC 2 (1.) The House of Representatives shall be com posed of Members chosen every second Year by the People ol the several States, and the Electors in each State shall have the Qualifications requisite for Electors of the most numerous Branch of the State Legislature. (2.) No Person shall be 8 Representative who shall not have attained to the Age of twenty-five Years, and been seven Year? 120 THE YOUNG CITIZEN S MANUA1,, a Citizen of the United States, and \vlio shall not, when elected be an Inhabitant of that state in which he shall be chosen. (3.) Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within tliii Union, according- to their respective Numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole Number of free Persons, including those bound to Service for a Term of Years, and xcluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other Persons The actual Enumeration shall be made within three Year* fter the first Meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent Term of ten Years, in such Man ner as they shall by Law direct. The Number of Representa tives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand, but each State shall have at Least one Representative ; and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to chuse three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New York eix, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Mary land six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three. (4.) When vacancies happen in the Representation from any State, the Executive Authority thereof shall issue Writs ol Election to fill such Vacancies. (5.) The House of Representatives shall chuse their Speakef and other Officers; and shall have the sole Power of Im peachment. SEC. 3. (I.) The Senate of the United States shall be com posed of two Senators from each State, chosen by the Legisla ture thereof, for six Years ; and each Senator shall have one Vote. (2.) Immediately after they shall be assembled in Conse quence of the first Election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three Classes. The Seats of the Senators of the first Class shall be vacated at the Expiration of the second Year, of the second Class at the Expiration of the fourth Year. and of the third Class at the Expiration of the sixth Year, so that one third may be chosen every second Year ; and if Va cancies happen by Resignation, or otherwise, during *.he Recesa of the Legislature of any State, the Executive thereof may make temporary Appointments until the next Meeting of tin Legislature, which shall then fill such Vacancies. (3.) No Person shall be a Senator who shall not have *t> OR TEX T-BOOK OF GOVERNMENT. 121 tained to the Age of thirty Years, and been nine Years a Citi ren of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen. (4 ) The Vice-President of the United States shall be Presi dent of the Senate, but shall have no Vote unless they b* squally divided. (5.) Tho Senate shall chuse their other Officers, and also a JVesiden pro tempore, in the Absence of the Vice-President, cr when he shall exercise the Office of President of the United States. (0.) The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all Impeach, ments. When sitting for that Purpose, they shall be on Oath or Affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside : And no Person shall be convicted without the Concurrence of two thirds of the Mem bers present. (7.) Judgment, in Cases of Impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from Office, and Disqualification to hold and enjoy any Office of honour, Trust or Profit under the United States : but the Party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to Indictment, Trial, Judgment and Punish ment, according to Law. SEC. 4. (1.) The Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State ty the Legislature thereof ; but the Congress may at any- time by Law make or alter such Regulations, ex cept as to the places of chusing Senators. (2.) The Congress shall assemble at least once in every Year, and such Meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by Law appoint a different Day. SEC. 5. (1.) Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections, Beturns and Qualifications of its own Members, and a Majority f each shall constitute a Quorum to do Business ; but a smallei Kumber may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized lo compel the Attendance of absent Members, in such Manner, ftnd under such Penalties as each House may provide. (2.) Each House may determine the Rules of its Proceedings, punish its Members for disorderly Behaviour, and, with the Concurrence of two thirds, expel a Member. (3.) Each House shall keep a Journal of its Proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such Parts ai may in their Judgment require Secrecy ; and the Yeas and 122 THE YOUNG CITIZEN S MANUAL, Nays of the Members of either House on any question shall, at the Desire of one fifth of those Present, be entered on th Journal. (4.) Neither House, during the Session of Congress, shall, without the Consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other Place than that in which the two Houses hall be sitting SEC. 6. (1.) The Senators and Representatives shall receiva % Compensation for their Services, to be ascertained by Law. *cd paid out of the Treasury of the United States. They shall in all Cases, except Treason, Felony and Breach of the Peace, bo privileged from Arrest during their Attendance at the ses sion of their respective Houses, and in going to and returning from the same ; and for any Speech or Debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other Place. (2.) No Senator or Representative shall, during the Time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil Office under the Authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the Emoluments whereof shall have been increased during such time ; and no Person holding any Office under the United States, shall be a Member of either House during his Continuance in Office. SEC. 7. (1.) All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives ; but the Senate may propose or concur with Amendments as on other Bills. (2.) Every Bill which shall have passed the House of Rep resentatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a Law, be presented to the President of the United States ; If he approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his Objec tions to that House in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the Objections at large on their Journal, and pro ceed to reconsider it. If after such Reconsideration two thirdi of that House shall agree to pass the Bill, it shall be sent, together with the Objections, to the other House, by which it fl B!! likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two thirds! "1 that House, it shall become a Law. But, in all such Cases, i he Votes of both Houses shall be determined by yeas and Nays, and the Names of the Persons voting for and against the Bill shall be entered on the Journal of each House respec tively. If any Bill shall not be returned by the President within ten Days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have be*;n presented to him, the Same shall be a law, in like Manner ai OR TEXT-HOOK OF GOVEUXMENT. 12J tf he Lad signed it, unless the Congress by their Adjournment prevent its Return, in which case it shall not be a Law. (3.) Every Order, Resolution, or Vote, to which the Concur rence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be K.^essary (except on a question of Adjournment) shall be pre- aented to the President of the United States ; and before th Same shall take Effect, shall be approved by him, or being lisapproved by him, shall be repassed by two thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the Rule* and Limitations prescribed in the Case of a bill. SEC. 8. The Congress shall have Power (1.) To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United States ; but all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States ; (2.) To borrow Money on the credit of the United States ; (3.) To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes ; (4) To establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization, and uniform Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the United States ; (5.) To coin Money, regulate the Value thereof, and of for- eign Coin, and fix the Standard of Weights and Measures ; (6.) To provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting the Securities and current Coin of the United States ; (7.) To establish Post Offices and post Roads ; (8.) To promote the progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the ex clusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries ; (^ To constitute Tribunals inferior to the supreme Court ; (10.; To define and punish Piracies and Felonies committed on the high Seas, and Offences against ihe Law of Na tions ; (11.) To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water; (12.) Tc raise and support Armies, but no Appropriation o! Money to that Use shall be for a longer Term than two Tears ; (13.) To provide and maintain a Navy ; (14.) To make Rules for the Government and Regulation 01 Ihe land and naval Forces ; 124 THE YOUNG CITIZEN S MANUAL (15.) To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute th Laws of the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Inva Bions ; (16.) To provide for organizing, arming, and discipliiiing the Militia, and for governing such Part of them as may b* employed in the Service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively, the Appointment of the Officers, and frbs authority of training the Militia according to the Discipline prescribed by Congress ; (17.) To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatso ever, over such District (not exceeding ten Miles square) as may, by Cession of particular States, and the Acceptance ol Congress, become the Seat of Government of the United States, and to exercise like Authority over all Places purchased ty the Consent of the Legislature of the State in which the same shall be, for the Erection of Forts, Magazines, Arsenals, Dock- Yards, and other needful Buildings ; And (18.) To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing Powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof. SEC. 9. (1.) The Migration or Importation of such Persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the Year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a Tax or Duty may be imposed on such Importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each Person. (2.) The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it. (3.) No Bill of Attainder or ex post facto Law shall be (4.) No Capitation, or other direct, Tax shall be laid, unlcst in Proportion to the Census or Enumeration hereinbefore di rected to be taken. (5.) No Tax or Duty shall be laid on Articles exported from nr State. (6.) No Preference shall be given by any Regulation of Com merce or Revenue to the Ports of one State over those of another : nor shall Vessels bound to, or from, one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay Duties in another. (7.) No Money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in OB TEXT-BOOK ON GOVERNMENT. 125 Consequence of Appropriations made by Law ; and a rt gulai Statement and Account of the Receipts and Expenditures ol all public Money shall be published from time to time. (8.) No Title of Nobility shall be granted by the United B ;ates : And no Person holding 1 any Office of Profit or Tnisl Wider them, shall, without the Consent of the Congress accept *? any present, Emolument, Office, or Title of any kind what ^er, from any King, Prince, or foreign State. SEC. 10. (1.) No State shall enter into any Treaty, Alliance, oar Confederation ; grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal ; coin Money ; emit Bills of Credit ; make any Thing but gold ard silver Coin a Tender in Payment of Debts ; pass any Bill of Attainder, ex post facto Law, or Law impairing the Obligation of Contracts ; or grant any Title of Nobility. (2.) No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any Imposts or Duties on Imports or Exports, except what may be absolately necessary for executing its inspection Laws : and the net Produce of all Duties and Imposts, laid by any State on Imports or Exports, shall be for the Use of the Trea sury of the United States ; and all such Laws shall be subject tr> the Revision and Controul of the Congress. (3.; No State shall, without the Consent of Congress, lay any Duty of Tonnage, keep Troops, or Ships of War in time of Peace, enter into any Agreement or Compact with anothei State, or with a foreign Power, or engage in War, unless ac tually invaded, or in such imminent Danger as wilJ not admit of Delay. ARTICLE II. SECTION !.(!.) The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his Office during the Term of four Years, and, together with the Vice-President, chosen for the same Term, be elected as fol- DWS (2.) Each State shall appoint, in such Manner as the Legis- &t are thereof may direct, a Number of Electors, equal to the vhole Number of Senators and Representatives to which the 3tate may be entitled in the Congress: but no Senatoi or Representative, or Person holding an Office of Trust 01 Profit under the United States, shall be appointed an Elector 126 THE YOUNG CITIZEN S MANUAL, [3. *The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by Ballot for two Persons, of whom one at least shall not be an Inhabitant of the sam State with themselves.- And they shall make a List of all the Persons voted for, and of the Number of Votes for each ; which List they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the Seat of the Government of t-Je United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President oi the Senate Bhall, in the Presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open al] the Certificates, and the Votes shall then be counted. The Person having the greatest Number of Votes shall be the President, if such Numbei be Majority of the whole Number of Electors appointed; and if there be moie than one who have such Majority, and have an equal Number of Votes, thet the House of Representatives shall immediately chuse, by Ballot, one of them for President ; and if no Person have a Majority, then, from the five highest on the List, the said House shall, in like Manner, chuse the President. But, In chusing the President, the Votes shall be taken by States, the Representa tion from each State having one Vote ; A Quorum for this Purpose shall con sist of a Member or Members from two thirds of the States, and a Majority of all the States shall be necessary to a Choice. In every Case, after the Choice of the President, the Person having the greatest Number of Votes of the Electors shall be the Vice-President. But if there should remain two or more who have equal Votes, the Senate shall chuse from them, by Ballot, the Vice-president.] (4.) The Congress may determine the Time of chnsing the Electors, and the Day on which they shall give the^r Votes; which Day shall be the same throughout the United States. (5.) No Person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United States, at the time of the Adoption of this Consti tution, shall be eligible to the Office of President; neither dhall any Person be eligible to that Office who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty five Years, and been fourteen Years a Resident within the United States. (6.) In Case of the Removal of the President from Office, or ?f his Death, Resignation, or Inability to discharge the Powers and Duties of the said Office, the same shall devolve on the Vice-President, and the Congress may by Law provide for tba Case of Removal, Death, Resignation, or Inability, both of the President and Vice-President, declaring what Officer shall then act as President, and such Officer shall act accordingly, until the Disability be removed, or a President shall be elected. (7.) The President shall, at stated Times, receive for his Ser- dees, a Compensation, which shall neither be encreased no? diminished during the Period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that Period any othei Emolument from the United States, or any of them. This has been changed >y Article XFI. of the Amendments. Sec pe 183. OR TEXT-BOOK ON GOVERNMENT. 12? (8.) Before lie enter on the Execution of his Office, be sbau take the following Oath or Affirmation : "I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully exe cute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my Ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Con Btitution of the United States." SEC. 2. (1.) The President shall be Commander in (\hief oi *he Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Mi] his of the several States, when called into the actual Service oi ths United States ; he may require the Opinion, in writing, oi the principal Officer in each of the executive Departments, upon any Subject relating to the Duties of their respective Offices, and he shall have Power to grant Reprieves and Par dons for Offences against the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment. (2.) He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Con sent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur ; and he shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint, Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, J udges ol the supreme Court, and all other Officers of the United States, whose Appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by Law : but the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of Departments. (3.) The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by grant ing Commissions which shall expire at the end of their next Session. SEC. 3. (1.) He shall from time to time give to the Congress Information of the State of the Union, and recommend to their Consideration such Measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient. He may, on extraordinary Occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them, and in Case of Disagreement be tween them, with Respect to the Time of Adjournment, he ciay adjourn them to such Time as he shall think proper : he gl all receive Ambassadors and other public Ministers: he shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed . and shall Commission all the officers of the United States. SEC. 4. (t.) The President, Vice President, and all civil Officers of the United States, shall be removed from Office on 128 THE YOUNG L lTIXEN S UArfUAL, Impeachment for, and Conviction of, Treason. Bribery, or oth high Crimes and Misdemeanors. ARTICLE III. SECTION 1. (1.) The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such in fe riot Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the supreme and inferior Courts, shall hold their Offices during good Behaviour, and shall, at stated Times, receive for their Services, a Compensa tion which shall not be diminished during their Continuance in Office. SEC. 2. (1.) The judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in Law and Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Lawi of the United States, and Treaties made, or which shall be made, under their Authority , to all Cases affecting Ambassa dors, other public Ministers, and Consuls ; to all Cases 01 admiralty and maritime Jurisdiction; to Controversies to which the United States shall be a Party ; to Controversies between two or more States ; between a State and Citizen,* of another State ; between Citizens of different States ; be tween Citizens of the same State claiming Lands under Grants of different States, and between a State, or the Citizens thereof, and foreign States, Citizens or Subjects. (2.) In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Minis ters and Consuls, and those in which a State shall be Party., the supreme Court shall have original Jurisdiction. In all the other Cases before mentioned, the supreme Court shall have appellate Jurisdiction, both as to Law and Fact, with such Ex ceptions, and under such Regulations as the Congress shal make. (3.) The Trial of all Crimes, except in Cases of Impeachment shall be by Jury ; and such Trial shall be held in the Stnt tear re the said Crimes shall have been committed ; but when got committed within any State, the Trial shall be at such Place or Places as the Congress may by Law have directed. Sue. 3. (1.) Treason against the United States, shall con- s at only in levying War against them, or in adhering to theil Enemies, giving them Aid and Comfort. No Person shall be convicted of Treason unless on the Testimony of two Wit nesses to the same overt Act. or on Confession in oueu Cburt OR TEXT-BOOK ON GOVERNMENT. 129 (2.) The Congress shall have Power to declare the Punish ment of Treason, but no Attainder of Treason shall work (tor- ruption of Blood, or Forfeiture except during the Life of th Person attainted. ARTICLE IV. SECTION 1. (1.) Full Faith and Credit shall be given each State to the public Acts, Records, and judicial Proceedings of every other State. And the Congress may by general Laws prescribe the Manner hi which such Acts, Records and Pro ceedings shall be proved and the Effect thereof. SEC. 2. (1.) The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the several States. (2.) A Person charged in any State with Treason, Felony, or other Crime, who shall flee from Justice, and be found in another State, shall on Demand of the executive Authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having Jurisdiction of the Crima (3.) No Person held to Service or Labour in one State, under the Laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in Consequence of any Law or Regulation therein, be discharged from such Service or Labour, but shall be delivered up on Claim of the Party to whom such Service or Labour may be due. SEC. 3. (1.) New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union ; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the Jurisdiction of any other State ; nor any State be formed by the Junction of two or more States, or Parts of States, without the Consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned, as well as of the Congress. (2.) The Congress shall have Power to dispose of, and mak all needful Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory o. other Property belonging to the United States ; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to Prejudice any Claims of the United States, or of any particular State. SEC. 4, <1.) The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican Form of Government, and shall protect each of them against Invasion, and, on Applica tion of the Legislatuie, or of the Executive (when the Legisku tore ciumot be convened) against domestic Violence. 9 130 THE YOUNG CITIZEN S ARTICLE V. (1 ) The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses shal/ deem it necessary, shall propose Amendments to this Const! tution, or, on the Application of the Legislatures of two third of the several States, shall call a Convention for proposing Amendments, which, in either Case, shall be valid to all In tents and Purposes, as Part of this Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three fourths of the several States, o? by Conventions in three fourths thereof, as the one or the other Mode of Ratification may be proposed by the Congress ; Provided that no Amendment which may be made prior to the Year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any Man ner affect the first and fourth Clauses in the Ninth Section of the first Article ; and that no State, without its Consent, shall be deprived of its equal Suffrage in the Senate. ARTICLE VI. (1.) All Debts contracted and Engagements entered into, before the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution, as under the Confederation. (2.) This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary not- withstanding. (3.) The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and he Members of the several State Legislatures, and all execu tive and Judicial Officers, both of the United States and of the (several States, shall be bound by Oath or Affirmation, to sup port this Constitution ; but no religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office car public Trust undw the United States ARTICLE VII, (1.) The Ratification of the Conventions of nine States, shall to ittffieient for the Establishment of this Constitution betwei the States so ratifying the Same, OR TEXT-BOOK OF GOVERNMENT. 181 Done in Convention by the Unanimous Consent of the States present the Seventeenth Day of September in the Year 01 our Loid one thousand seven hundred and Eighty seven and of the Independance of the United States of America the Twelfth IN WITNESS whereof We have hereunto subscribed our Names, GEO WASHINGTON Prtsidt and deputy from Virginia, NEW HAMPSHIRE. John Langdon, Nicholas Gilman. MASSACHUSETTS. Nathaniel Gorham, Bufus King. CONNECTICUT. Wm. Saml. Johnson, Roger Sherman. NEW YORK. Alexander Hamilton. NEW JERSEY. Wil: Livingston, David Brearley, Wm. Paterson, Jona. Dayton. PENNSYLVANIA. B. Franklin Robt. Morris, Tho: Fitzsimons, James Wilson, /Thomas Mimin Geo: Clymer, Jared Ingersoll, Gouv: Morris. ATTEST DELAWARE. Geo. Read, John Dickinson, Jaco: Broom, Gunning Bedford, Jun r. Richard Bassett, MARYLAND. James M Henry Danl. Carroll, Dan: of St. Thos. Jenifer VIRGINIA. John Blair, James Madison, Jr., NORTH CAROLINA. Wm. Blount, Hu. Williamson. Rich d Dobbs Spaight SOUTH CAROLINA. J. Rutledge, Charles Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney Pierce Butler. GEORGIA. William Few, Abr. Baldwin WILLIAM JACKSON, 131 THE YOUNG CITIZEN S MANUAL, ARTICLES IN ADDITION TO, AND AMENDMENTS O? THE CONSTITUTION. PROPOSED BY CONGRESS, AND RATIFIED BY THE LEGISLA TUBES OF THE SEVERAL STATES, PURSUANT TO THE FIFTfl ARTICLE OF THE ORIGINAL CONSTITUTION ARTICLE I. Congress shall make no law respecting 11 Btablishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercia* thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to pell tion the Government for a redress of grievances. ART. II. A well-regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed. ART. III. No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time o\. war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. ART. IV. The right of the people to be secure in their per sons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shal issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirma tion, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. ART. V. No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indict ment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be t abject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of lif" or limb ; nor shall be compelled in any Criminal Case to be a witnesi gainst himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property Without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation. ART. VI. In all criminal prosecutions, the acci>uvd shal enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial nry of the State and district wherein the crime shall havo beefi committed, which district shall have been previously ascer* tained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause o. the accusation ; to be confronted with the witnesses against him ; to have Compulsory process for obtaining Witnesses in his favor and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence OB TEXT-BOOK OP GOVERNMENT. 133 ART. VII. In Suits at common law, where the value in con- kroversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury shall be other wise re-examined in any Court of the United States, than according to the rules ot the common law. ART. VIII. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excee live fine? imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments :UT licted. AIM. IX. The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rigl its shall not be construed to deny or disparage othen retain* d by the people. ART. X. The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are re served to the States respectively, or to the people. ART. XI. The Judicial power of the United States shall noi be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity com menced or prosecuted against one of the United States by Citizens of another State, or by Citizens or Subjects of any Foreign State. ART. XII. The Electors shall meet In their respective states, and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves ; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the per son voted for as Vice-President, and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate ; the President of th* Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Rep resentatives, open all the certificates and the votes shall then be counted ; the person having the greatest number of vote* for President, shall be the President, if such number be * majority of the whole number of Electors appointed ; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having tl*e highest numbers not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choosa immediately, by ballot, the President. But, in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by states, the repres&at*. tion from each state having one vote ; a quorum for this JJOT- poee shall consist of a member or members from two 134 THE YOUNG CITIZEN S MANUAL. of the states, and a majority of all tlie states shall be necec Bary to a choice And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next fol lowing, then the Vice-President shall act as President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President. The person having the greatest numbei of votes tfl Vice-President, shall be the Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed, and If no person have a majority, then from the two highest num bers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice-President ; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole num ber shall be necessary to a choice. But no person constitu tionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible tc that of Vice-President of the United States. ART. XIII. SEC. I. Neither slavery nor involuntary servi tude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shaL have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. SEC. 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. ART. XIV. SEC. 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citi zens of the United States, and of the State wherein they re side. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States ; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law, nor deny to any per- non within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. SEC. 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among th* several States according to their respective numbers, counting ,he whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indian! not taxed. But when the r ght to vote at any election for the choice of Electors for President of the United States, Repre sentatives in Congress, the executive and judicial officers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age- and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in th proportion which the number of such male citizens ahal) THE YOUNG CITIZEN S MANUAL. 135 bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty one jean of age in such State. SEC. 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or Elector of President and Vice President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or und any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a membef of Congress, or as a member of any State Legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the COB- titution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurreo. tion or rebellion against the same, or given aid and comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may, by a vote of two- thirds of each House, remove such disability. SEC. 4. The validity of the public debt of the United Statea, authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppreesing insurrection and rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obliga tion incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave ; but all such debts, obligations, or claims, shall be held illegal and void. SEC. 5. Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this articla AKT. XV. SEC. 1. The right of the citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States, or by any State, on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. SEC. 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this arti cle by appropriate legislation. NOTE. Article XV. was proposed by Congress in 1869, as an amend ment to the Constitution, and was declared adopted in March, 1870. Aldett ! 3 Q* ynanual Ah ^duc TJS7 A 5 14 DAY USE _ RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORRO^D EDUCATION - PSYCHOLOGY LIBRARY This book is due on the last date stamped below, or on the date to which renewed. Ft Renewed books are subject to immediate ilL v i 7 DAY USE DURING UMMER SESSIONS a a ___ eir. t.hn_ <* FEB 1 1967 . the :; MAR 7J967 or- A 3la ,; cts 7 /jr Of tl devt ng judg _ 1 ip- h othe T .._ . -n- ber,, mak to Th< s. B. N, Df d \\ Wi It, Ushea > i n ~ eectin over t " gener; LD 2lA-15m-4, 63 butn; (D6471slO)476 Chem 18 n ~~~ K General Library University of California Berkeley 8 YB 35273 Sheldon & Company s Text-Books. OLNEY S SERIES OF MATHEMATICS. Olney s First Lessons in Arithmetic Illus trated Olney s Practical Arithmetic Olney s Science of Arithmetic. (For High-Schools only.) Olney s First Principles of Algebra Olney s Complete Algebra Olney s Book of Test Examples in Algebra. . . Olney s University Algebra Olney s Elements Geom. & Trigonom. (Sch. Ed.) Olney s Elements of Geometry. Separate Olney s Elements of Trigonometry. Separate. . Olney s Elements of Geometry and Trigonom etry. (Univ. Ed., with Tables of Logarithms.) Olney s Elements of Geometry and Trigonom etry. (University Edition, without Tables.) Olney s General Geometry and Calculus The universal favor with which these books have been received by educators in all parts of the country, leads the publishers to think that they have supplied a felt want in our educational ap pliances. There is one feature which characterizes this series, so unique, and yet so eminently practical, that we feel desirous of calling special attention to it. It ia The facility with which the books can be used for classes of all grades, and in schools of the widest diversity of purpose. Each volume in the series is so constructed that it may be used with equal ease by the youngest and least disciplined who should be pursuing its theme, and by those who in more mature years and with more ample preparation enter upon the study.