THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES f] C fat- S The "Instruction Book." [Birr. AT STATIONERS' HALL.] POCKNELL'S LEGIBLE SHORTHAND. AN ORIGINAL WORK, SHOWING HOW, BY THE DISCOVERY OF SYSTEMATIC AND SIMPLE METHODS, UNWRITTEN VOWELS MAY BE "UNDERSTOOD" IN THE CONSONANT OUTLINE ; WITH FULL INSTRUCTIONS FOR SELF-TUITION ; AND HISTORICAL NOTES " ON THE ORIGIN OF MODERN SHORTHAND SIGNS," AND OTHER MATTERS. BY EDWARD POCKNELL, Professional Shorthand Writer and Reporter; Hon. Secretary to the Shorthand Writers' Association. " Shorthand is found to depend, not on a formidable array of mar- shalled hieroglyphics, but upon the active mano3uvring of a few select signs." Gould's "Art of Shorthand" (Philadelphia), 1832. LONDON : THE AUTHOR, 2, FALCON COURT, FLEET STREET; JOHN HEYWOOD, 11, Paternoster Buildings ; HART & Co., 54, Pater- noster Row; THOBURN & Co., 86, Fleet Street; and JAS. WADE, 18, Tavistock Street, Covent Garden. MANCHESTER : John Hey wood. LEEDS : The Northern Educa- YORK : John Sampson; The tional Trading Co. (Limited). Northern Educational Trading WORCESTER : Herald Office. Co. (Limited); and R. Thackray, CARLISLE : J. C. Mason. 15, Tanners Moat. BATH : J. R. Williams ; and J. EXBTER: J. G. Commin. Saunders, 8, Paradise Street. EDINBURGH AND GLASGOW: John Menzies & Co. NEW YORK : D. L. Scott-Browne, 23, Clinton Place, 8th Street. TORONTO : Bengough Brothers. MELBOURNE : Anglo-Australian Press Agency, Collins Street. AND OP ALL BOOKSELLERS. [All rights reserved]. Jas. Wade, Printer, Publisher, anl Bookseller, 18, Tavistock-street, Covent-garden, W.C. John Saunders, 8, Paradise-street, Bath, Engraver. r DEDICATED (BT PERMISSION) TO THE PRESIDENT, COUNCIL, AND MEMBERS OF THE SHORTHAND WEI TERS' ASSOCIATION, IN RECOGNITION OF THEIR ENCOURAGEMENT OF EVERY PRACTICAL EFFORT TO IMPROVE THE ART-SCIENCE OF SHORT- WRITING. TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE PBEFACE vii WHAT FOEMEB INVENTORS DESIRED .... xii INTRODUCTION TO LEGIBLE SHORTHAND . . xv PRO BONO PUBLICO, SHOWING THE SUPERIOEITY OF LEGIBLE SHORTHAND xx INSTRUCTIONS. PABT 1 1 to 34 v> Hj PABT II. ... 35 to 61 COMPARATIVE SPECIMEN WITH " PHONOGBAPHT" . 62-3 2g PHOTO-LITHOGRAPH OF NOTES WRITTEN FBOM as. DICTATION, WITH ANALYSIS AND KEY . . . 64-7 Zj SHOBTHAND IN SCHOOLS (an Opinion by the President w of the Shorthand Writers' Association) ... 68 HISTORICAL NOTES %.*f -sc. ON THE OBIGIN OF MODERN SHORTHAND SIGNS .69-71 ^ PHONOGRAPHY 100 YEARS AGO (the Rev. Thomas Hervey's System) , .72-74 tj t A COINCIDENCE 74 WAS JEREMIAH RICH AN INVENTOB ? (a Corre- spoudence in the Alkenceum) ..... 75-77 SHORTHAND LITERATUEE, ANB WHERE TO FIND IT .78-80 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF AUTHOR (by Professor Everett) 80-2 PROFESSIONAL OPINIONS ON "LEGIBLE SHORTHAND" . 83-4 INDEX TO "INSTRUCTIONS" . . 85-7 448606 ERRATA. Page 7 3rd col. The character for " wh" should be thick. Page 19. In last line of par. 97 read (j) for (g). Page 22. In last line but two read "consonant" for " letler." Page 26. To par. 115 (Section 3) add the words "for distinguishing between similar outlines as man (on line) and men (through line)." PEE FAG E. As a justification for adding another system of Shorthand to those already before the public, the author desires to state briefly its claims, which are as follows : 1. The invention of a complete simple-stroke Alphabet, with two attendant curves to each stroke, being a simple triple- character Alphabet. (Page 2.) 2. The invention of a mode of attaching six symbols regularly to each character of the Alphabet so that the combined charac- ters will represent not only a FEW blended consonants (i.e. two, three, four or more consonants without any intervening vowel) but ALL the blended consonants occurring in any word, a result never before attained, though often sought after. (Page 16.) .3. The invention of a similar mode of representing syllables (i.e. two consonants with one intervening vowel) by combined characters. (Page 18.) 4. The invention of a method (arising out of the foregoing) of showing, or indicating, the place of every medial vowel, not by writing it, but by the point of junction of the single and combined characters of the system. (Pages 25 and 26.) 5. The invention of a method of indicating, without writing, a final mute vowel. (Pars. 99 and 113 e.) Besides these discoveries of new principles applicable to Shorthand, the following IMPEOVEMENTS are claimed : (a) An improved method of indicating, by the use of the curved characters, initial and final vowels without writing them. (Par. 113 c, d.) (b) An improved method of obtaining, by definite rule, vary- ing outlines for words composed of the same consonants. (Pages 25 and 26.) (c) An improved use of the principle of " Position" by apply- ing it to classes of words, thus lessening the burden on the viii memory which that principle always involves. (Pages 36, 37, 38, and 44.) (d) Several improved methods of Abbreviation, especially two which enable the writer to imitate the common method of abbreviation used in longhand writing. (Pages 567.) (e) An improved method of writing, briefly and legibly, monosyllables and short words. (Pages 9, 17, 19, and 20.) Among other ADVANTAGES of the system may be named : I. The total absence of exceptions to rules in fully-written words. II. The abolition of the old practice of allowing single or compound characters to represent several words arbitrarily as logograms. III. The power of deciphering all words readily by rule, because written by rule. IV. The general rule that the consonant formation of the word to be written, and not the will of the writer, determines the form, or variety of forms, which the shorthand outline may take. V. The arrangement of characters and symbols in such a way that the shorthand signs ai % e written in the same sequence in which the letters they represent are pronounced. VI. The immense power for the development of logograms given both by the triple alphabet, and the combined characters arising therefrom. VII. A rigid adherence to the assignment of single characters to single letters (except when the syllabic character embraces two single letters with intervening vowel), and of combined characters to blended consonants in fully -written words. Thus Legibility, Brevity, Systematic Arrangement, Simplicity and Comprehensiveness are all characteristic of the system. The development of these inventions, improvements, and advantages has involved several years of patient study, and the consultation of all the principal works on the subject written since 1602. The main principle contained in this little treatise has ob- tained the assent of many experts in the art. It is the indi- cation of the vowels' place by the perfect means of expressing single and blended consonants, distinctively, wherever they occur. Discarding, for the purposes of comparison, all abbre- viating devices, the following longhand interpretation of a sen- tence written in shorthand would be a fair example of former systems : " Ltr gnst wst f tm Knvrs ftn wth yrslf nd nthr Ivsh yr tm nr sfr thrs t rb y f t. Mny f r hrs r stln frm s nd thrs ps nsnsbl wy ; bt f bth ths Iss th uist shmfl s tht wh hpns thr r wn uglkt," &c.f With the means of showing where the vowels occur, which no other system has, the following would be the longhand repre- sentation of the equally brief shorthand characters of this system. [The hyphens show where the vowels occur. An asterisk represents a final mute vowel : ] " L-t-r -g nst w-st* -f t-m*. K-nv-rs* -ft-n w-th y rs.lf -nd n th-r l.v.sh y r t-m* n-r s-f-r -th-rs t- r-b y -f -t. M-ny -f r h rs -r* st-l-n fr-m -s -nd -th-rs p-ss -ns-ns-bly -w-y ; b-t -f b-th th-s* 1-ss-s th- m-st sh-m-f-1 -s th-t wh-ch h-p-ns thr gh r -wn u-gl-kt."t Experts will decide which of these renderings is the most legible. If for each hyphen and asterisk the vowel "e" were substituted the sound of each word would be given with sufficient accuracy for any intelligent student : thus : " Leter egenst weste ef teme. Kenverse eften weth yeerself end neether levesh yeer teme ner sefer ethers te reb yee ef et. Meny ef eer heers ere stelen frem es end ethers pess ensenseble ewey ; bet ef beth these lesses the mest shemefel es thet whech hepens threegh eer ewn neglekt."f Probably to those not accustomed to deciphering shorthand the last would be more legible than the second example ; but those who are familiar with consonant sounds alone would t It is hardly necessary to give the common longhand orthography for the above sentence viz., " Letter against waste of time. Converse often with yourself and neither lavish your time nor suffer others to rob you of it. Many of our hours are stolen from us and others pass insensibly away ; but of both these losses the most shameful is that which happens through our own neglect." decide iu favour of the hyphens being more legible, as giving a wider choice to the vowel needed to be inserted. It is this style which is exactly pictured in every fully-written shorthand out- line in this system; and it cannot be imitated in any other system for want of a means of EXPRESSING ALL blended consonants, The fully-written outline, aided by a Jew logograms only, can be acquired in a short time by the study of Part I. merely ; and would yield a speed sufficient for correspondence dictated at 80 to 100 words per minute. The full outline, however, would not in the case of some long words be very elegant. It was not the intention of the author to provide a system capable only of moderate speed. His aim was to supply a system adequate to the most rapid note-taking, and the student who diligently studies Part II. in succession to Part I. will find that the inelegant forms will vanish on the application of the abbre- viating principles. The longest words are then brought into the smallest compass, and they become as elegant as is consistent with rapid writing, where the art of the drawing-master has neces- sarily to be abandoned. It is for this reason that, in the course of the Instructions, the author warns the student who aims at becoming a professional Reporter against attempting to write the full outlines of long words until, after becoming fully versed iu Part I., he is in a position to take a general view of Part II., so as to write the long words according to the rules there laid down for his guidance. The speed to be attained within any given time depends entirely on the amount of attention given by the student. Mr. A. E. C. White, who acquired this system from oral instruc- tion, succeeded, after practising two hours a day for seven months, in writing 60 words a minute (and, what was better, his transcription was always easily made and accurate) in the style of Part I. only Part II. being not then accessible to him. In eleven months, using but very few of the abbreviating principles of Part II., he wrote 80 words a minute, still trans- cribing with pleasant ease as well as accurately, and at the end of twelve months he passed the preliminary admission examina- tion of the Shorthand Writers' Association, involving writing in shorthand from dictation and reading it off at once ; and was elected a member of that body. The statements often published ever since the art flourished about learning to write 100 words per minute, in any system, in a few weeks, or in two or three months, with a practice of an hour a day, are simply ludicrous to those who have had any experience. The principles of a good system may be acquired as fast as the student pleases to read them ; but reducing them to PBACTICE is an essentially different thing. The author, after two years' daily practice of Lewis's system, in his early profes- sional career, could not write 100 words per minute ; and on abandoning that system for Phonography, which he also prac- ^ised daily, sometimes at long spells, as a Reporter of Speeches For the Press, three years passed before he could write 140 words per minute. This statement is made in the assurance that the experience of other practising writers has been the same. The principle of sound is here followed to the extent of omitting all silent and redundant letters, but the orthographic principle is admitted wherever, for the sake of distinction or legibility, differences of outline may be obtained for words which would otherwise have the same formation. Theory and practice in shorthand are sometimes at variance ; and as the PBACTICAL has been chiefly aimed at, the THEO- RETICAL may have, here and there, perhaps, suffered. To have adhered too slrictly to the theoretical would have endangered the full usefulness of the method to the practitioner. The details of the system are now submitted for criticism to experts in the art and to the public. While the author believes he has made an essential advance on former systems and prin- ciples, more especially in regard to Legibility and Systematic Arrangement, he is disinclined to adopt the formula of the old authors, and to say that " no further improvement is possible," but, on the contrary, will welcome all bond fide suggestions, from whatever quarter they may come, towards the ultimate perfection of the art. EDWARD POCKNELL. 2, FALCON COUBT, 32, FLEET STREET, LONDON, Dec, 31, 1880. xii WHAT FORMER INVENTORS DESIRED. To show that many of the methods embraced in this system are in accord with the aims of the most ingenious inventors of the past, I would refer to only a few opinions and statements on the undermentioned points, to be found in the works of authors from 1602 downwards. LEGIBILITY. There are two ends proposed by Shorthand writing : First, to take a Speech or Sermon verbatim, as a person talks in com- mon ; and secondly, to read it again with ease at any Distance of Time. Thos. Gurney, 1751. THE ALPHABET. The most simple characters possible ought to be found out, and their conveniency of writing and joining considered, in order to signify all the principal single sounds and their modifications, and as many compound ones as can be done in a convenient and short manner. David Lyle, 1762. " A compound character should never be used in forming a system of Shorthand until all the simple lines of nature are exhausted." Lewis's History, 1816. Of all the Stenographic systems that have hitherto been pub- lished, not one has ever come into general use. * * * Why ? * * The art has never yet been simplified. The fact is, that none of the Stenographic writers have ever availed them- selves of the variety which lies before them. * * * Having taken a wrong path, by adopting a deficient and ill-chosen alphabet, their difficulties increase at every step. Leonard's Shorthand for the People, 1838. MONOSYLLABLES. Every syllable should be answered by a single dash, and every word of one syllable, by once setting of the pen to paper. Now the English tongue consisting so much of these, and these being generally appointed to be writ with two characters, it follows that the greatest difficulty lies in these, and that the shortest words are the greatest obstacles to short writing, which, if it could be remedied, would much facilitate the work. Variety of letters may do something ; variety of places will do more. And if both could be joyn'd together all in mosyllables might be comprehended. Elisha Coles (10th Edition), 1707. Rev. Philip Gibbs (in his Historical Account of Compendious and Swift Writing), remarking on John Willis's system (1602-36), says "And particularly as to monosyllables that are produced that is to say, pronounced as having in them a long vowel, or diphthong he points out a way of distinguishing them from words written with the same lettei's, whose vowels are short; tvhich, no doubt, is desirable if it can conveniently be done." Gibbs, 1736. Monosyllables and other short words usually contain the greatest proportion of consonants, and therefore present the most formidable obstacle to expeditious writing. Gawiress, 1819. VOWELS. As the vowels are of eminent use in sounding words, to express them by proper "places," is of great advantage. Thomas Gurney, 1751. * * # j} u t th e omission of the vowels for all practical purposes is indispensable." Leivis, 1816 (on Macaulays System, 1747). There cannot be a greater error than to suppose that all writing will be legible in which intermediate vowels are never employed : a power, then, ought to be provided by which they may be represented, seeing that they are very subservient to legibility, and cannot in every word be dispensed with, which has often been proved, and a ivant of a remedy as often re- gretted. Mr. Benjamin Hanbury's Treatise on Stenography (quoted by Harding, 1830, llth edition). BLENDED CONSONANTS. " Further, the characters which I have assigned to my double and treble initial consonants are quite different from the single letters which signify them separately, the advantage of which is this : they are not only as short and easily wrote, but much more legible; because there is no danger of reading a vowel between the single letters, which, must often happen when the INITIAL characters are made up of them."* David Lyle, 1762. "The number and simple forms of the double consonants greatly increase our power of expressing readily the numerous triple, quadruple, and even quintuple consonants that abound in our language. Of these but little notice has been taken by former stenographers. The triplets usually given are chr, spr, sir, and thr. Beyond these they do not penetrate, although there are no less than 16 different combinations of triple conso- nants to be found at the beginning of words ; 76 others at the end ; and about 336 in the middle." Leonard's Shorthand for the People, 1838. * This argument is equally applicable to MEDIAL and FINAL combined consonants. (E. P.) xiv The value and necessity of the double letters in this art cannot be too much insisted on. In a species of writing which very generally dispenses with the vowels, it is a point of the greatest importance to denote, if possible, what part of the word the omitted vowel would have occupied. Now double consonants, from their nature, exclude a vowel from between them, and therefore tend, in an eminent degree, to clear the writing and render it more legible. Lewis's System of Short- hand, 1815. LOOOGEAMS AND INITIAL SYLLABLES. The primary syllable, and the next letter being formed, the rest of the word may safely be omitted in a vast number of instances, as the context will supply it. Bkmchard, 1786. Many long words are described in common writing by their first syllable only, with a mark or dash to show that something is wanting, as mult , for multitude ; cor , for correspond- ence. So, in Shorthand, wben the sense of the passage will easily discover them, long words may be denoted by their first syllable, with as many points annexed as there are syllables wanting; and when despatch is required the points may be entirely omitted. Gawtrest, 1819. "I speak from experience when I say that the first syllable of a word offers the greatest difficulty in reading Shorthand notes, particularly when, it is recommended to omit the initial vowels." Rinton, 1832. SEQUENCE. In fact it is indispensably requisite to the perfection of a system of Shorthand that the word or sentence which is first pro- nounced should be first written.* Lewis's History, 1816. ABBREVIATION. This method of abbreviation, which describes the beginning and end of words, leaving a vacancy in the middle that may be readily supplied by the sagacity of the reader, cannot be too much recommended. By it a great number of words, in general use, may be very briefly and legibly expressed. Gawtress, 1819. OUTLINE. As far as possible, each word, when written in Shorthand, should have its own consonant, outline, whereby, independently of vocalization, it may be distinguished at a glance from every other word. Pitman's Phonographic Vocabulary, 1852. PHHASEOGBAPHY. We would not too much recommend the joining of many words together, for oftentimes the combination of two or three words will form one. Swaine and Simms, 1766. * He might have added "letter," so as to read "letter, word, or sentence." (E. P.) INTRODUCTION. THE old systems of shorthand are commonly known as "steno- graphic," while the later systems, English and American, are termed "phonographic;" but stenography, or "short-writing," has always been written by sound, and phonography, or " sound- writing," has always partaken of the brief orthographic methods found in stenography. The chief difference between the two styles is that the phono- graphic systems are richer in their means of expressing a few additional vowel-sounds. As, however, vowel distinctions are refinements which the rapid writer pays little attention to (except when certain vowels are much accentuated), both styles rely chiefly on the consonant signs to express words ; and, so far, both are on an equality. If, therefore, the old stenographies are "ABC systems," as it is the fashion to call them, as a term of opprobrium, so also are the different phonographies which have appeared in England and America during the last half -century. One of the foremost paragraphs in the work of John Willis (1602), the father of the Shorthand Alphabet, states : " When; it is to be observed, that this art prescribeth the writing of words, not according to their orthographic as they are written, but according to their sound as they are pronounced." In all shorthand systems the same rule has been followed, and all authors who have given any instructions on the point have said in effect exactly the same as John Willis. Excepting in Bordley's " Cadmus Britannicus" and Alexander Melville Bell's " Popular Stenography," no system has appeared until now having three or more characters for each letter. In neither of the cases mentioned, however, were the characters of their alphabet altogether simple ones. In both systems there was an attempt to indicate the place of the vowel by the shorthand character used. Bordley, in his system, had a curious way of showing the exact vowel, but had no means of indicating whether it preceded or followed the consonant. In Bell's system the place of the vowel was exhibited, but not its exact value; and as he used no compound characters, the vowel- ivi place could not be shown at the junction of simple and com- pound characters, as in this system. Very early in the history of the art, the principle of having two characters for many of the letters, with the object of con- venient junction or for showing an initial vowel, was adopted. For the purpose of junction alone, Dr. Byrorn, in 1767, admitted three characters to represent the letter L thus: / / ^J so that in reality triple signs are not the novelty which those who see them now for the first time may imagine. The object which the author had> in seeking to discover a new system of shorthand, was to gain greater legibility while retain- ing or even increasing the brevity of the shortest systems extant. His first task was to discover enough simple strokes to apply one to each letter of the alphabet. After much persevering labour this was accomplished, as set out in the Triple-Character Alphabet Table given in the " Instructions" (page 2) ; but FOUR other important principles were discovered immediately afterwards, viz. : 1st. That two curves might be allotted to each stroke, and that in the curvature or concave side of each a vowel might be imagined ; for instance, the stroke / repre- sents the letter * ; the first curve _J represents as, es, in, os, us ; the second curve /^ represents sa, se, si, so, su ; and the same method is carried out with all the other letters, the curves showing (according to the one that is written) whether a vowel precedes or follows. (Page 2.) 2nd. That having a stroke and two curves for each letter, symbols, such as circles, loops, or hooks, may be added to every letter of the alphabet, for the purpose of re- presenting blended consonants by combined characters, which are thus obtained with regularity and order, and to the fullest extent required by the language. (Page 16.) 3rd. That triple and other combinations of consonants without intervening vowels may also be expressed by correspond- ing combined shorthand signs. (Pages 21 and 23 [&].) 4th. That by a reversal of the signs used for blended con- sonants, ALL syllables composed of two consonants and intervening vowel may also be expressed by a combined character. (Page 18.) As to the first principle, it is almost impossible to conceive a better way of showing an unwritten initial or final vowel than by assuming it to lie in the concave side of the curve written either at the end or at the beginning of a word. As to the second point, writers of current systems will recog- nise the importance of having overcome those difficulties which the student of other systems finds on meeting with exceptions to rules in regard to the formation of combined characters to represent double consonants. As to the second and third points, combined (the discovery of a possibility of writing all needed combinations of consonants in a regular way), it is believed the method will be regarded as the starting-point of a new era. in the art, involving as it does the practical abolition of the necessity for writing vowels, because their place is naturally shown at the ordinary junctions of the single and compound shorthand characters. As to the fourth point, it enables the first syllable of thou- sands of words to be expressed with unfailing accuracy. (Page 23 [*].) These most important principles having been discovered and brought into practical working, the attention of the author was turned to a better representation of monosyllables and short words than that currently adopted, which too frequently requires the insertion of a detached vowel-mark at the expense of speed, in order to avoid illegibility and clashing. The student will observe, in the rules laid down in the " Instructions" in regard to these monosyllables, one of the many advantages of a triple alphabet. The plan here adopted was put in practice many months before the author discovered that while the mode of execution was original the principle of applying particular rules for writing different classes of monosyllables was used by John Willis in 1602, and by several of the earlier inventors who followed him. The same plan was continued more or less down to the time of Gurney, in 1753. These earlier writers, whilst securing great legibility, failed to attain the necessary brevity for these short words. After Gurney, strange as it may appear, inventors totally abandoned the principle, instead of trying to improve the practice ; and from the time of that abandonment, through too great a desire for brevity, the decline of legibility in shorthand may be dated more especially as, at the same time, the use of attached initial vowel-marks was dis- continued. In this system, however, while the brevity of the modern methods in regard to monosyllables is surpassed, the perfect legibility of the ancient systems is once more revived. The power of a triple alphabet to distinguish between mono- syllables having one consonant only, as well as between mono- syllables having two or more consonants, may he seen by the illustrations in the " Instructions." (Pages 9, 17, 19, and 20.) The comparative legibility of the shorthand outline may be made apparent even to a person unacquainted with shorthand by the following longhand representation of the value of each shorthand sign (given at page 21) for the following seven words XV111 WILLIS. GUBNEY. TAYLOR. LEWIS. PHONO- POCKHELL. GKAPHY. 1602. 1753. 1786. 1815. 1837. 1880. gan gan gn gn gn g-n gone gon gn gn g-n* gun gun gn gn gn g-n genee gni gn gn gne g-n. agan agn gn gn gn -g-n agone agon gn gn gn -g.u* agony agni gn gn. gne -g-n- gain gone gun guinea again agone agony The hyphens shown in the foregoing illustration of the present method represent the sounded vowels, and the asterisks repre- sent the final mute vowels. It will be seen that the hyphens are so variously disposed in each word that the exact vowel is not wanted by a transcriber who knows the language. The place of the vowel, therefore, answers all practical purposes ; and, as seen by the illustration, sixteen vowels are shown by outline alone in this system in the above seven words, whereas in the systems of Taylor and Lewis no vowel is shown, leaving it to the reader to guess whether the vowels occur initially, medially, or finally ; and in Phonography only two of the words show the vowel by the outline. In Taylor's system the vowel may be added by a dot in the place where it occurs ; in Lewis's system the vowel mark may be placed where the vowel occurs ; in Pitman's system position above, through, or below the line or a dot or dash in position would signify the exact vowel, but in the former case would leave it uncertain whether the vowel precedes or follows. In this system exact vowel marks may also be placed where they occur, but the necessity for using them seldom arises. The method by which our varying outline is obtained for the above words is clearly explained by the rules in the "Instructions" which follow. Similar rules regulate the writing of longer words in full, and each fully-written outline, even where the consonants are the same, is distinct and defined (see illustrations, page 25) except where the vowels fall in like places in two or more words, when the insertion of a vowel sign sometimes becomes necessary, unless the context can be relied on. It has struck me as very curious that the Shorthand systems of the seventeenth century should have reached so many editions, while others of the eighteenth and nineteenth century have expired as soon as they were born, though eminently superior in general design and structure. As there were many writers of the systems of Willis, Richf (or that which goes by his name), and Mason, and as there are, :it the present time, many writers of a popular system, while the works of most intermediate authors have passed unpractised, it has occurred to t See Page 75, " Was Jeremiah Rich an Inventor 1" 7ne whether the " setting out" of a work has not had some- thing to do with the patronage hestowed on it. The older systems, like the most modern, were illustrated amid the text. In the books of John and Edmond Willis, Cartwright, and many others, the illustrations were written in with ink. In Rich's books, Metcalfe's, and Mason's, wood blocks were inserted with the text. Gurney's earlier books were illustrated con- currently with the explanation by means of copper-plates. The later editions of Gurney, like many others of the eighteenth and beginning of the nineteenth century, were illustrated with plates at the end only, difficult of reference, and therefore obnoxious to the student. With the art of cutting Shorthand types in metal, Stenography has taken a new lease of life ; ex- planations and profuse examples can be exhibited concurrently at a glance ; and it may be expected to become more commonly used the more explicitly it is presented to view by those whose long practice has enabled them to detect and remedy the defects of former works. I have endeavoured, in the following " Instructions," to give examples of every rule. I fear that in many instances I have not chosen the best that might have been given, but they are those that occurred to me at the moment. The student need not be alarmed at the number_of the rules or the length of the " Instructions." Many of the rules are permissive, and not obligatory on the writer. I have tried to be explicit, and to treat the student as a perfect novice in the Art of Shorthand Writing. The rules, though numerous, are easy to learn, because they arise naturally out of each other ; and in Part I. there are no exceptions in regard to the regular characters of the alphabet and their manoeuvring. The triple alphabet affords so wide a basis of operations that there is ample material, and to spare, for every purpose. The same is the case with the Abbreviating methods, where the materials at command are greatly in excess of the requirements of the language. The student must not expect to acquire the system without labour. The study of every Shorthand system is dry work ; but it may be laid down as a pretty safe rule that the less the labour required to learn a system, the less its value to the writer when acquired. " Perseverance" must be the watchword of every student. The Art, even when learned, is easily forgotten ; thus constant practice in it is essential. Nor is it of any service to be able to write Shorthand unless it can be read correctly at sight afterwards. Most systems fail in that particular so much so that many persons hold that it is the man, and not the system, that makes a good Stenographer. There is a good deal of truth in the statement ; but henceforth, with " Legible Shorthand" at his fingers' ends, it will be the system, and not the man, which will make the perfect SHOETHAND WSIXEE. PRO BONO PUBLICO. In answer to many inquiries during the progress of this work through the press the Author begs to state, for the information of all whom it may concern, that Legible Shorthand surpasses " Phonography," in the following particulars : Pars. 1. In expressing syllables ...... 89 93 2. ,, double, treble, and other blended consonants ......... 77 87, 104 3. In indicating initial, final, and medial vowels without writing them ...... 113, 6 c d 4. In indicating mute final vowels, ditto . 113, e 5. Informing distinctive outlines by rule . . .114 6. In several important and improved methods of abbreviation .... 138, 142, 145, 1648 7. In improved methods of forming logograms . 148 8. distinguishing mono- syllables by classification . . 54, 88, 94 102 9. In adherence to the sequence of characters in conformity with Longhand Words . . 104 107 10. In Brevity and Legibility ....... 62 And, further, 11. IN LESSENING THE BURDEN OP RECOLLECTING POSITION. 12. IN THE ABSENCE OP EXCEPTIONS TO RULES. Ac. c. &c. * Refer to Pages 83 and 84 for Professional Opinions on this System. INSTRUCTIONS. PAET I. DEFINITION OF TEEMS USED. 1. LETTER. Any of the common longhand letters, including the digraphs, of the Alphabet ; as, I, b, p, m, &c. th, eh, nh, tch, and tty. 2. CHARACTER. The shorthand stroke, curve, or formation representing the longhand letter or letters ; as, / I \ r _j t\ X t I 1; -* 3. SYMBOL. A circle, loop, or hook, as, oO tl tf u u rep- resenting a LETTER only when in combination with a stroke or curve. 4. COALESCENT. The combination of a character and symbol; as, J c/ (o d indicating that a vowel cannot intervene. 5. SYLLABIC. The combination of a symbol and character ; as, 1 J? C f f / <= & c -> indicating that one vowel only must intervene. 6. DIGRAPH. Two consonants expressed either by the coalescent ,, , . , , ( _/ a coalescent digraph, or syllabic character; as, j ^ & syUablc dig D rap i. 7. TRIQHAPH. Three consonants expressed either in the coalescent 7, i v. , ( / a coalescent trigraph. or syllabic character; as, { ^ & &yllabic trigr g ap ^ 8. POLYGRAPH. Four or more consonants expressed either in the coalescent or syllabic character ; as, { J^jtfS'SfflBC 9. LOGOGRAM. An arbitrary shorthand character representing a longhand word ; as, _ V... and_~ ~_ representing /o?- and the. 10. GRAMMALOGUE. The longhand word represented by a logo- gram ; as, for, the, represented by the logograms _ V___ and 11. OUTLINE. The completed shorthand representation, of any word, whether fully written or abbreviated. WHITING BY SOUND. 12. Shorthand, from the time of the earliest Alphabet invented by John Willis in 1602, has always been written by sound. The instructions of all authors are to omit mute or silent letters ; and to write one letter for another, as when C is sounded like k ; PAlike/; S like sA ; C%like&; Tion like shon ; and so on. But though the consonant signs have always been used phonetically, short-writing (whether stenography or phonography) has, until this century, laboured under a deficiency in regard to the number of exact vowels used. 13. Phonetic principles are therefore necessarily followed in this system, as a general rule ; except when for the sake of distinction, the use of unsounded letters gives variety of outline, or insures more perfect legibility. g H a V, J J ^ c r \ / / fc PH PR "c* I S - v. OQ M 3 THE ALPHABET. 14. The normal dimensions of the characters of the Alphabet are represented on the opposite page : small, medium, and double- length. 15. They are either stroke, first-curve, or second-curve ; each letter having three characters ; as, / s, _J s, / *. 16. The meaning of a character depends on its length, inclin- ation, said thickness; as, / k, / s, / sh, / g, / ch, / j. 17. Curves invariably follow the inclination, the length, and the thick or thin form of the strokes ; as, \ w, ~\ w, ^_ w ; ~ 18. All characters are written downward, or forward, except r, n, and m, which are written upward, at an angle of 30 degrees ; as, ^ r, ^ n, ^^ m. 19. The following pairs are arranged according to the law of phonetics, the difference between the letters of the pairs being expressed by difference of length or thickness : K / Ch / G / 3 / P \ P\ B V\ T 20. The pairs following are arranged as a matter of expediency,, with somewhat less regard to the principles of sound : S / Sh / Y \ W \ 21. The remaining pairs are arbitrarily arranged for the sake of suitable application hereafter : Th \ L - K H Th [Note. The student will discover the potoer obtained by this pairing of the letters when he arrives at the Tables of Coalescents and Kyllabics.~[ EXERCISE. 22. Copy with exactness every character of the Alphabet. 23. Write each character about a hundred times, each time naming aloud the letter it represents. 24. Call each letter by its usual name, except "Sh" which pro- nounce like sh in sheep, "G" like g in get, "Ch" like cha in chair, "Th" like th in thin, "T. h," like th in thine, "Wh" like whe in when, and "Ng" like ing m being. 4 2.3. Vary the practice of copying the characters by alternating strokes with curves, long letters with short, first-curves with second-curves, and so on. 26. Continue practising till each letter can be written instantly on being named. 27. Aim at copying accurately rather than quickly. 28. Thoroughly learn one lesson before proceeding to the next. OPTIONAL EXTRA LETTERS. 29. [C, Q, and X.] These letters are generally omitted from shorthand Alphabets. It is argued that S and K serve for the soft and hard sounds of C; that Km, or Ku, conveys the sound of Q; and that Ks represents with sufficient approximation the sound of X. But a paucity of simple characters at command has had something to do with casting these letters out ; for the rep- resentation of them by distinct characters (especially so with Q and X, and occasionally with C as an initial) often improves greatly the legibility of an outline. Simple characters for Q and X may be defended also on the score of greater brevity. 30. The upward curves, thickened, are therefore applied to these letters ; as, [Note. It is impossible, at speed, to thicken these curves accurately in the centre-bend. As any portion of a character thickened shows that the whole is intended to be made thick, these upward ncrVM may be both easily written and afterwards identified and read.] THE OPTIONAL DIGRAPH, "OH". 31. "Gh" is generally a mute digraph, though it sometimes has the sound of / in tough, cough, $c. It is mute in though, m-> sight, A sighting.] 5 SILENT LETTERS. 31. The silent letters that may be omitted without detriment to legibility are the following among others (When so omitted the new outline is the one that should be represented by the characters} : J5 as in idellium, dumi, de^t, &c. C in science, (7zar, muscle, black, acquiesce, indict, schedule, wreck, &c. I) in Wednesday, handkerchief, &c. G in bagnio, seraylio, phlegm, &c. S to. thyme, rAeum, KAan, John, gAastly, dipAthong, &c. K in know, &c. L in afons, sa/mon, wou&l, ha^f, &c. M in mnemonics, &c. 2fin hymw, &c. P in cupboard, ptarmigan, pneumatics, psalm, bump- kin, assumption, pshaw, &c. 8 in demesne, isle, viscount, chamois, &c. T in fasten, soften, trait, mortgage, hautboy, &c. W in sword, two, knowledge', &c. Z in rendezvous, &c. Ch in dracAm, yacAt, scAism, &c. Ck in blackguard, &c. Dh'm. bud?Aist, &c. Ph in pAthisical, apopAthegm, &c. .ffAincatar/'A, opportunity^ ever ~~^v for V^_ particular^ very V G give / Q, question^ ^/ W with O- again j quarter f /*~ gone f E are ^ without V^. H have hear ) earl-y _x real-ly ^" Wh will what ) had ( J just / gentle;; j ^~ -^ S said / ask _J some f ot, / 4- would \ ~K. example ^J expect /^" ] U1 7 r Sfc 1-^ QILffi I Y yes \ 1 K case / sufficieni-ly j ti yet -^ call J satisfy /* your v^ came C Shall shaU Z M;S L legal 7 7 \ \ altjr ^ usual- Ly 1 used , / let ~ should ( has ( [Note. With a few exceptions, which are printed in italics, the character chosen for the word in the first consonant of such word.]. 46. Theforegoinglistmustbe committed to memory, as the signs, being arbitrarily allotted, the Rules of the system do not afford the student any aid to recollection. Logograms are, of course, optional, and if preferred, the words may be written in full. VOWEL TICK. 47. A tick in any direction, as \ I / joined initially to a charac- ter, is a mark used for any initial vowel sound, when necessary. CLASSES OF WORDS. 48. Monosyllables and Short Words have always been the stumbling block to the shorthand inventor, and a strict adherence to phonetic principles has only made confusion worse confounded. Legibility justifies a return to the ancient method of dividing monosyllables into classes, thus escaping the lift of the pen to insert an exact vowel ; or allotting, say the character " L " for such dissimilar words, as, ale, ail, hale, hail, all, &c. "N" for in, on, own, one, won, inn, no, nay, now, knew, &c. "P" for tip, ope, pea, pay, hop, hope, &c. "Nt" for ant, haunt, hunt, not, note, knit, night, &c. "Nd" for end, hound, need, kneed, node, neighed, gnawed, &c. "Md" for mad, made, mood, mowed, and so on throughout the alphabet. 49. The triple alphabet of this system, and the triple "position" (when necessary to resort to it) permits such a classification of all monosyllables that no such difficulty, as that referred to, arises here. A few simple Rules reduce chaos to order, and render legible signs which in other systems stand for so many words that obscu- rity cannot but result, derogating much from the simplicity and method that should characterise the Art. MONOSYLLABLES [OB SHOET WOBDS] CLASS I. Having one Consonant, or one Consonant-sound. 50. This class of monosyllables is easily comprehended and ex- pressed by the letters of the alphabet, with the addition, in certain cases, of a "tick" joined before or after the character. 51. The Rules governing the List opposite are as follows : 52. RULE II. Monosyllables (Class I) are written on the line- 53. RULE III. (a) If one vowel precedes the consonant, write a first-curve; as, "N^ up. (b) If two or more vowels precede the consonant, write a first- curve with a tick preceding (to indicate the additional vowel or vowels) ; as, _f oak. (e) If one vowel follows the consonant, write the stroke ; a&^^'me. (a") If one or more vowels precede and follow the consonant, and the following vowel is a silent one, write the stroke with a tick before it; as, < ode. (e) If two vowels follow the consonant, write the second-curve ; as, \^.fee. (f) If one or more vowels precede and follow the consonant, and the following vowel or vowels are sounded, write the second- curve with a preceding tick ; as -f aha, k -^ adu'tt. (-^ do N no ^ thee, thoux-^ ode < an, in, on _J Th. tho' die, doe, due, x ^ ad eu idea, ^ s one >>^ P Po \ V eve >. vie V F if, Of ~>y oaf "S^ ape, ope ^ \\r\ ~~~\ Wwe \ fee, fie, foe^_ a go / UjJ ^ (K}appy* V pea, pie V__ ewe, owe \ woo, woe ^ "Wh who wlnF* ago, ague f H ah, eh, oh ) ho hoe, hue ( aha T Q, queue f E re (Latin) -" ere, ire, ore /-- or ^/ whoa / "X. axe\ _J Yye \ V 3 Joe X"~ air, ear, oar, our ^ aye, eye -\ If age, e(d)ge / rue /^" S so / yea v_ Z as (az) \ K eke, ache / use / ease, oose 1 / cue f is, us ^7 echo f see, sea f~ I The learner may choose between writing these words as above, or by the method assigned to Monosyllables Class It. t These words are not strictly written by the Rule, as there are no stroke char- acters for C, Q, and X. [Note. W and Y are regarded as vowels or consonants as most con- venient for affording legibility to the outline.} 10 55. The principle underlying, not only the foregoing Rules, but the whole of the system, is that legibility is secured by indicating where the vowels are, without showing their exact sound. But the indication of the place of a vowel often shows what vowel it is, because it can be but one : as in the words, do, go, cue, echo, no, one, &c. (The same remarks apply to polysyllables.) 56. Whenever it is thought necessary to distinguish between such words as ma, me; at, it; tea, too; an, in, on; fee, foe; die, due; idea adieu; &c., observe OPTIONAL "VOWEL POSITION." 57. RTTLE IV. [Applicable to Monosyllables, Class I. only*] To indicate vowel a, or approximate sound, write ox the line. ,, e or i ,, partly THROUGH ,, ,, o or M touching UNDEE ,, EXAMPLES. a f ON ~] a L the line J _s^ '..-at, ^....an, .^. ^....ma. t> or i ["THROUGH"! 6 OT t I the line J --^^ c..it, --../-in, .... ^l.jny, ... / ir^ v f UNDER "I of, ... _,...on, ... ^ loo, ---*- i v or u L_ t j ie jj ue j ^ \ ~y too. 58. The student should endeavour to compose sentences with the logograms and monosyllables with which he is now acquainted, but should not attempt other words until he has proceeded to acquire a knowledge of the Rules by which they must be written. EXERCISE. Has she ever had a beau? Yes, she had a gentleman who was very particular. Why should they do it ? What is being done in the case ? If the foe should come again, be sure and call me. She really said they would never go to sea. Let me ask a question as to the cause. Eat up the pie. What was going on by the Sea? &c., &c. A AND AND. 59. For a (indefinite article) use a dot ON the line; thus__..__ For and use a dot ABOVE the line ; thus . 60. When it is desired to join a or and, represent each by a thick tick [s i /] about half the size of a short stroke character, joined at an angle, as most convenient. 61. RULE V. To distinguish between a and and when joined, join "and'' 1 AT THE BEGINNING of a word, and "a" AT THE END of a word ; as, AND -*=--and the, -^\.. and if, ...jandon, .I^-..and to, &c. A .^. of a, .-^..if a, .^..in a, .^4... ata.&c. [TSoie. The dotted line shows the general writing line.] "Vowel position" is limited to thisclBsof Monosyllables in order to use "position" for other words, hereafter, with greater power and effect. "Vowel position" even tor monosyllables should be used as sparingly as possible. 11 PERSONAL PRONOUNS, 7, HE, WE, AND YOU. 62. Alternative signs* are allotted to /, he, we, and you,-\ for convenience of joining with characters that may follow. The signs are / or n He c or a We c or You o or A 63. RULE VI. These signs, used alone, or attached initially, must be written ow M &e. [Note. Joined logograms following these signs will be sufficiently legible though removed, in consequence of the joining, from their assigned position above the line.] The student may now utilize his acquaintance with these charac- ters to extend his construction of sentences iu practice ; thus EXEECISE. He has j ust come to me. They will have that yet. Give me your aid. I should mention that again if I had the oppor- tunity of doing so. Which one could it have been ? I have shown you there are not many. Are you sure of that? Yes, very sure. He will ask for your axe, but I shall not give it. That shoe is of no use at all. Might I call on you ? My ma is gone in to tea. &c. COALESCENTS AND STLLABICS. 64. The student must next turn his attention to the Coalescent and Syllabic characters, the knowledge of which will enable him to understand the mode of constructing further classes of Mono- syllables. 65. Diligent study and practice of the Coalescents and Syllables hereafter following, and they may be studied advantageously together, the latter being simply in the reversed order of the for- mer will give the power of expressing in the shorthand characters any word in the English language. 66. The Coalescent form (digraph, trigraph, and polygraph) gives the power of representing unmistakably ALL the double, triple, and quadruple sounded consonants that occur (and they occur very frequently) in any words, initially, medially, or finally. Without the power of representing AT.T. these as blended (that is, without the possible intervention of a vowel) no system of shorthand can make any pretence to absolute legibility. The following lists are given to show the student how important these "blended" consonants are, and how frequently they enter into the composition of words. These signs are borrowed from the "Exact Vowel Scale." t Tlwu the, and it, are included in the Ust of Monosyllables; and they, in the Logograms. We is duplicated in the Monosyllable list and the Pronouns. 12 67. The "articulative combinations which occur at the beginning English syllables"are thus given in Bell's "Principles of Speech :" ofEngl bw* as in buoy by* bl br py pl gl as in glass si as in slave ft great queen sm sn smile snow a cue cleave sf sp sphere spire tar crime st steam my muse sk sky ny neuter spl spleen ? few flight spr spy spring spume fr fright str straw vy view sty stew thw thwart skr scream thy thew skw squint thr three sky skew sw sway shr shrine sy sue beauty blade bride pew place pr price ay due dw dwarf dr draw dzh=j jew ty tune tw twelve tr try tsh=ch chair gw Guelph gy gewgaw 68. The following list of words with three blended initial con- sonants is taken from Leonard's "Shorthand for the People," 1838. (The figures before the word indicate the number of words com- mencing with each combination.) 28 splendid 48 spring 150 strength 60 trough. 4 thwart " 3 chlorine &c. 30 school 40 chromatic 3 Sclavonic 11 jt>A/ebotomy 74 scripture 10 phrase 40 sArewd 1 pshaw 2 sfcreen 13 sphere "Add words commencing with ex followed by 2 consonants 4 earAange I 16 excrescence i 1 exspuition 12 exclaim I 26 explain \ 88 extract" 69. The triple consonants at the end of words are thus given by Leonard debts laughs health sixth drachm thought salts "branch yacht *ff* waltz distinct rocks facts signs &lch sylph helps ends rings odds mulct crumbs thanks hreadth walks hymns inns ami/Lit fields nymph again at cu/s walls lamps month fifth alms prompt saints wafts whilst texts depth * The difrraphs bv> and bo are unnecessary in practice, as a vowel sound is sufficient, but they are included in tee lilt to show that an absolute following of -sound" would lead to needless complications. The other combinations with j/ are for the most part useless in practice, except for Loyoyramt hereafter. 13 orbs forms vrorth arch learas hearts words harps qua/-/;* dwarfs excerpt pasc/i \>wgh catarrA tusks works "burrs cha.sws world ]ii;u>/(. guests girls first Poath 70. The blended consonants that occur medially in words, arc of still greater number and variety. As a sample, take the fol- lowing as abstracted by the author from a small dictionary, under the letter "A" only : fowls goions growth bd as in abdicate ffr as in affray | rt as in abortive bgr abgregation ggr aggregate rb absorbent bj abject gd amygdalate rp absorption bl ablution kn acknowledge rv acervation bn abnegate Ich alchymist rnm adjournment br abrasion Ik alkali rn alternative bsc abscond Iph alphabet re amerce bs absence It adulterate rph anamorphosis bst abstemious mp accompany rd ardent bstr abstract mbr adumbrate rs arsenal t>y abyss mph amphibious rtl artless ct addicted mpl amplify r R argue dg abridge nth acanthus rtf artful ddl addle nd abundant rthr arthritic ddr address nk anker str administrate dh adhere nch anchor sb asbestos dm admonition nt antimony scr ascribe dj ad j ust n g angel thw athwart dstr adstriction nvm anonymous thl athletic dv advantage nth anthem ttr attract dyu anodyne ppl applaud wr awry ffl afflux ppr approach wkw awkward phth apophthegm [Note. Many of the above are to be expressed by their sound, and not by their letters; thus, Iph will be If ; rph will be rf ; Ich will be sometimes Ik : dg will be j ; scr will be skr ; $c.] 71. In compound words, the blended consonants run into quad- ruple and quintuple combinations ; but compound words are usually divided in shorthand. 72. Mr. Leonard calculates that there are 16 combinations of triple consonants at the beginning of words; 76 others at the end, arid about 336 in the middle. Including words beginning with "ex," there are 680 that begin with triple consonants. 73. Of quadruple consonants, 2 combinations begin words ; 21 end words (chiefly formed of the plural of words given above as ending with triple consonants), 163 are in the middle, differing from those found at the end of words. 14 74. The quintuple consonants are given by the same author as 22 combinations in compound words, such as ckthr in packthread; ngthw in lengthways, &c. 75. The mischief created by the possible admission of a vowel between blended consonants can easily be illustrated : If a writer of any shorthand system wants to write "burnt," he must use the consonants of that word to get the sound. If he writes the word with a single b, and a trigraph to represent rnt, he will safely enough read b-rnt (the hyphen denoting vowel place). But sup- posing he has no trigraph form for rnt, and no means of showing that a vowel cannot intervene, he would write a form that might read for b-rn-t (Barnet), or br-nt (brunt), or br-n-t (brunette), or b-r-n-t (baronet). The outline b-rnt can only mean "burnt," but the possible admission of a vowel anywhere else, at once changes the possible reading, and consequently obscures legibility. This is a defect in all pre-existing systems, arising from the narrow basis of their alphabets. Thousands of instances of the same kind might be quoted. F-rm can only be farm, firm, or form, but without the digraph it may be also either from, frame, or forum, and in many systems it would mean affirm, unless a vowel is placed before it; H-rm can only be harm, but without the digraph it might be harem ; Sw-rd could only be sward or sword, but without the first digraph, it might be also Seward, seaward, and by the pho- netic method of excluding the silent w, it might be seared or soared. 76. This matter has been somewhat dwelt upon in order that the student may see the importance of pursuing this part of the system the key to the whole with the utmost earnestness. He may be confident he will be the more rewarded the greater pains he takes with his studies in this particular. THE COALESCENT DIGRAPH. 77. A Coalescent digraph is the combination of a stroke or curve, with a Symbol attached at its end, which combination excludes any intervening vowel, representing such blended letters as, pr, pi, Im, kw, sw, mn, tr, rd, &c. (See Coalescents.) 78. A Symbol is a circle oO, loop d tf , or hook u o (see Table of Coalescent Digraphs) having no value of its own ; that is, when standing alone, it does not represent any letter ; but, in com- bination with strokes or curves it represents certain fixed letters according to its relative position on either side of the stroke or curve. For example : RULE VII. (a) Attach the small circle symbol " o " to the end of the stroke / s, on the left, thus ^/ , and the symbol gains a value equal to s, the digraph the symbol has the value of r, and the digraph is consequently sr. 79. This symbol [o] is attached to all the other letters of the alpha-, bet, as well as to the characters for ment I , shon \ , and shall by exactly the same rules, and adds to each letter, s or sh, when placed on the left, and I or r, when placed on the right of the strokes or curves. This symbol " o " alone then, combining, in this way, 4 letters with each of the 27 characters in the Alphabet Table, yields 108 Coalescent Digraphs. 80. RULE VIII. In the same manner (as will be seen by the Coalescent list which follows), deal with the large-circle symbol O, to add y or w if placed on the left, and n and m if placed on the right of strokes and curves^ [Note. This symbol alone, adds another 108 Coalescent digraphs.'] 81. RULE IX. Treat the small-loop symbol in like manner, to add k or g, if placed on the left, and p or b if placed on the right of strokes and curves. (See Table.) [Note. 108 more Coalescent digraphs are added in this way.] 82. RULE X. Use the large-loop symbol to add ch or j on the left, and/ or v on the right of the strokes and curves. (See Table.) [Note. This will add another 108 Coalescent digraphs.] 83. RULE XI. Lastly, use the small hook to add t and d; and the large hook to add fh, th, and h, as in the Table. [Note. These yield together 108 additional Coalescent digraphs.] 84. Thus, these six symbols applied uniformly to all the alpha- betical characters, as shown, yield no less than 540 Coalescent digraphs or double consonants between which it is impossible that any vowel can appear; and they include ALL digraphs whose sound it is necessary to represent. 85. When attached to an upward Coalescent character, the sym- bol always maintains its proper right and left ; except the hook, which is reversible. 86. When attached to a horizontal character, the symbol is written below, as equivalent to the left ; and above, as equivalent to the right. [Note. Paragraphs 85 and 86 are illustrated in the Table that follows.} 16 COALESCENTS. 87. Showing the mode of attaching the "Symbols" so that no Vowel intervenes between the two Consonants. DIGRAPHS. rhe Capital Letter is the letter which il added to the stroke or curve by the Sym'jol. Illustrated sS tK --= tG /^> tp -- tB ^7 tCH-^ U /^ tF -^ tV ^? tT =^ tD >^ iTH 3 ATT ^ p Illustrated nS ^ by the character f Upward C nSH_J? or "w," representing all the Characters. nL s* 3 nE /^ "\T O n x ^^ nW __9 nN ^o nM /O n l\^ ^^ nG J> nP ^ nB /=> /"^ITT ^O Hx>Xl. ^^ nJ J) nF x^ -> nT ^S nD ^ n?" ^ nH Of 17 MONOSYLLABLES [OR SHORT WORDS] CLASS II. Of the form of By, Any, Two, Ebb, Knee, $c. 88. RULE XII. Words of this class, though not very numerous, may be expressed by the Coalescent form when thought desirable, in order to relieve Class I., and avoid the ambiguity that might arise by always regarding y and w as vowel sounds. Antecedent vowels, if thought necessary, may be represented by the following signs : For A, a tick in any direction / \ / (being part of vowel a). E, the proper vowel sign c or o e. I, the vowel sign o or < i. ,, 0, the vowel sign for oi and ow t / or ? as most convenient for junction. ,, V, the vowel sign u or o u*. A following vowel is indicated by an attached tick, as a universal vowel. EXAMPLES. *-N own ^C or \) knee $ ebb \ shy Q/ old airy ,Por > awry V> t% O SYLLABICS. 89. RULE XIII. A Syllabic Digraph is the combination of a Symbol attached before a stroke or curve; being just the REVERSE of the Coalescent ^Digraph; and the meaning attached to the syllabic form is, that a vowel (shown here by the hyphen) inter- venes between the letter represented by the symbol and the letter represented by the stroke ; thus, was si in the Coalescent form, but when reversed [ /] it is l-s (las, /es, Us, los, Ins,) ; ^> was rt in the Coalescent form, but reversed \_c^~\ it is t-r (t&r, ter, tir, tor, tur,) and so on. 90. Syllables are chiefly useful in fixing the first syllable of a word, and providing terminations. (See Rules and Terminations.) 91. In using the Syllabic form for the initial part of a word, the alternative hooks for T are unnecessary, and one of them is therefore applied to Wh (see Table) ; slightly varying the regular alternative use of hooks. 92. By this arrangement, the means of writing 567 syllables beginning and ending with a consonant is at once provided. (See paragraph 93.) The Vowel Signs will be found at the end of Part I., but as the system does not depend on Vowels, it ig undesirable to introduce them further than is neces- sary at the earlier stages. t These words, being of constant occurrence, are also represented as in Class I. 18 SYLLABICS. 93. A Syllabic is a "Caulescent Digraph" reversed. A Vowel is unptied between the two Consonants, and is indicated in this Table by a hyphen. The Capital Letter IB the -Symbol preceding the ttroke or curve character. Illustrated by the character for "*," representing all the Downward Characters. s-s ; Y-s 9 K-8 f CH-s f SH-s J w-s 5 G-s J J-8 J? L-8 / N-8 / P-8 / F-s /> E-8 (* M-s p B-8 /^ V-8 p ^:s 7/ 1 H-s j?^> WH-s / Illustrated by the character for "," representing all the Horizontal Characters. S-t o SH-t eo L-t ^_ E-t Q_^ Y-to- W-t 6^ N-t Q_ M-t Q^ K-t ~~ G-t ^~^ P-t e_ B-t c^ CH-t c=r J-t 7~^ F-t c^. V-t ^ T-t cr- D-t X TH- C H-t C -^ WH-t c_ Illustrated by the character for "," representing all the Upward Characters. E-n M-n \^*r \S G-n CH-n J-n P-n F-n B-n Y-n T-n WH-n 19 MONOSYLLABLES CLASS III. Formed like Tar, Red, Men, $c., and like Day, Paw, $c. 94. RULE XIV. Words having a single vowel between two consonants as above, (y and w being here regarded as consonants) are written with the syllabic form; thus, c^ tar, < ^ red, <5~ men, ^\ day, \ paw. 95. Several hundreds of words are by this rule distinctly written so as to avoid clashing with other monosyllables having the like consonants but differently placed in regard to each other. For instance, led is written, by Rule XIV., Q ; lead by Rule XV., -> / ; and lode, by Rule XVII., ^ 96. The words in this class ending with y and w are preferably written according to this rule, for the sake of diminishing the number of monosyllables in Class I., in which they would have to be included if the y and w were regarded as vowels merely. MONOSYLLABLES CLASS IV. Formed like Meet, Doat, Mean, Keep, Cheap, $c. 97. RULE XV. Words with two vowels between two consonants are written with a stroke for the first consonant, and a first-curve for the final consonant. Examples : ^^^-^ meet, ^_^doat, /^ mean, ^\keep, L^ soon, *^cheap,$c.[$ieea.lao"General MulesJgJ," Paragraph 113.] "MEDIAL VOWEL HOOK FOR o, u, oo, 01, AU,OW, &c. 98. RULE XVI. To distinguish whether words written accord- iiiTto Rule XV. have vowels of the a, ah, e, i, kind, or the o, u, oo oi, ow, kind, express the latter, when desired, by a joined hook, a& pout \ instead of \ which would then represent peat ; ^^ mouth, instead of -^ which would then represent Meath ; boat ^^^ instead of v. which would then represent beat ; the absence of the hook showing that the vowel belongs to the former series.* MONOSYLLABLES CLASS V. Formed like Kite, Bake, Sale, Here, $c. 99. RULE XVII. Words with a vowel between two consonants and 'ending with a mute or silent vowel, as above, are written with a stroke for each consonant. Thus : L kite, N. bake, /_ sale, y here, &c. [Note. When the two consonants are of the same slope, or inclina- tion as none, write _^"~" or r~^ ; the important point being to express the latter consonant by the stroke character to carry the following mute vowel understood.] As the njllabic form U not admissible except at the beginning of w" rd <" General Huk : s), no ambiguity can arise in using tins method oi distinction, Im ig iiuite optional. 20 Rule XVI. is applicable to Class V. for the purpose of showing the kind of vowel hi the word. Examples : 7 take, 7 /o/.v, ^> l&te, /-* lute. MONOSYLLABLES CLASS VI. Formed like Find, Film, Malt, Talk, $c. 100. RULE XVIII. In words commencing with a single con- sonant succeeded by one vowel and a double consonant, as above, follow the loughaud outline, and write a single character and a coalescent digraph. Examplu : V/rf, \Q film, ^ malt, / ^ talk, tfr. [Note. Rule XJ r I. is again applicable to distinguish the kind of vowel. Example : V^ find, ^^? f wnd.] See paragraph 107 for alternative method of writing this class of word*. MONOSYLLABLES [AND SHOET WOBDS] CLASS VII. Formed like Great, Ground, Found, Flaunt, $c. 101. In words beginning or ending with double consonants, or both, with two vowels intervening, as above, also follow the longhand outline and Rule XVIII., by writing single or coalescent characters as needed. Example: ^_^areat, ^J) ground, N/^" foHn flint ; but observe 102. RULE XIX. That whenever it is requisite to show whether one, or whether two vowels intervene, so that grind and ground, grit and great, find and found, flint a.nd flaunt, shall not clash, let the double vowels be shown thus : a. thin tick crossing the character next following the junction shall represent vowels of the a, ah, e, i, kind : and a thick tick crossing shall represent the remainder of the vowels : thus, (^ great, ^ groat, 4 y ground, V x 'i found, \vr> flaunt. The absence of the tick shows the vowel at the junction to be a single vowel.* When the two vowels are each sounded distinctly, as in coalesce, double the tick by an angle ; as, > ^- -7 ; thus : coalesce 1^. , fluent \ Q ^-> when great accuracy is needed. EXERCISE. The student being now in possession of the method of writing all monosyllables, and a few dissyllables, should obtain some reading primer of any bookseller, and copy by the foregoing rules as many phrases of short words as possible, until he is tolerably familiar with all that are commonly used in set speeches. 103. Let not the student imagine that the foregoing distinctive methods of writing short words is an unnecessary refinement. These devices are for the practical note- taker, who may be glad of a roufrh and ready method of showing the Mud ot vowel, instead of the exact vowel; whilst th "eoirapondwt" would naturally hare recourse to the "Exact Vuteel Scale" hero- alter given. 21 Any practical writer to whom he may appeal will tell him, from experience, that the deciphering of short words is infinitely more difficult than reading long words in the shorthand character. Therefore the student will ultimately advance quicker by first gaining a full knowledge of monosyllabic outlines, rather than desiring to rush on to the writing of longer words, each of which may require the application to it of one or more of the rules hereafter set forth. " More haste, less speed," is an adage that should never be forgotten by the student of the shorthand art. TRIGRAPHS. 104. RULE XX. A Caulescent Trigraph is formed by adding an additional symbol to the Coalescent Digraph. The symbol so added should take its proper place on the side of the stroke or curve of the digraph according to the rules applicable to digraphs. But, inasmuch as the symbol " o," represents both s and sh on the left, and I and r on the right, some distinction is necessary to show which letter is intended. This is accomplished by thick- cniiitj the symbol when it represents sh on the left and r on the right, and so on with the other symbols. It will be easily remem- bered that the right-hand letters of the pairs are those which are to be represented by the thickened symbols. No vowel can intervene between the symbols. 105. By Rule XX. the following useful initial treble-consonants are written easily according to their proper sequence : spl / sir skr ^ spr [Note. Let the student practise the writing of as many coalescent trigraphs as he can discover. They will be more frequently used medially than initially, and will be made available also in Part II.] IOC. RTTLE XXI. A Syllabic Trigraph is a symbol added to the Syllabic Digraph either before or after such Digraph. It is sometimes convenient, preceding or following a syllabic di- graph, to add to a stroke a symbol which ought properly to be applied to a curve, and vice versa. In such case, make the added symbol thick, as in the examples "sens?" and "darw," below, where the symbols, if they had remained thin, would have been t and m respectively. 10". This form of trigraph gives the power of writing in an alternative way certain monosyllables in Class VI. (see par. ] 00) : thus, oo serf, oo serve, o^> sent, o^i send, ^ left, O darn, O harm, e^ stir, g^^stem, coturn, f> speck (the vowel always remaining in its proper place in the digraph to which the symbol is added). 108. Observe that such words as lift and left may thus be distinguished by different outlines, both written by a definite rule, 22 and therefore equally easy to read. The practitioner will, in a case of this kind, choose the form he caii write the more easily for the more commoiily-used word. Of the two forms ~\j ^ the latter probably would be considered by experienced writers as the easier and quicker. Most writers would make no dis- tinction between the outline for lift and left, but trust to the context in reading. [Note. Syllabic Trigraphs will be frequently useful at the com- mencement of words, and will be made available also in Part II., so that the student may employ himself in writing as many of them as he can discover.'] POLYGRAPHS. 109. RULE XXII. Polygraphs are formed on the same prin- ciple as the Trigraphs. 1 10. A COALESCENT Polygraph is rarely needed in a word outline, but is a convenient form for abbreviated writing. (See Part II.) 111. A SYLLABIC Polygraph takes an added symbol both before and after the digraph. No vowel can intervene between the symbols. Example : eo stern, &Q sterns, e? stirs, &O storm. [Note. This form may be used at the beginning of long words when convenient, but it will be chiefly useful for abbreviations.'} 112. When the symbol added before or after a Syllabic Di- graph does not naturally take its proper application to the stroke or curve, thicken the symbol as explained in paragraph 106. GENERAL RULES FOE FULLY-WBITTEN WORDS. 113. RULE XXIII. The following general rules for writing unabbreviated words, include many already given in regard to monosyllables. (a) Leave out mute and redundant letters, and follow the sound of the remainder, unless where an abrogation of this rule will prevent ambiguity. () When the letters of a word represent the sounds, repre- sent single letters by single characters or syllables ; and double and triple consonants, &c., by the coalescent characters. It follows that if the single and blended consonants are thus disposed, the place of the vowels is shown at the junction of the different single and compound characters. [See (i) and () for alternative methods of obtaining the same result.] [Note. Ch, sh, th, ng, wh, ment, $c., are regarded as single letters, because single characters are assigned to them in the Alphabet.'] (c) Indicate an initial vowel, followed by a single letter, by writing the first consonant with a first-curve, as ^/^ amend, attached. 23 (d} Indicate a final sounded vowel, or a Y, by writing the pre- ceding consonant with a second -curve, as / ^ soda, \^~ ferry. (e) Indicate a final mute vowel by writing the preceding con- sonant with a stroke, as // nice, \/ fine, /*. rife. (/) When a single consonant begins a word, followed by a vowel, and a double consonant succeeds, write the initial con- sonant with a stroke, thus : fa_J garden, y\ window ; or by the alternative rule. (See i.) (g) When an initial single consonant is followed by two vowels, the two vowels may be shown by writing the initial con- sonant with the second curve, as V_ people, C choice. (A) If a double consonant begins a ivord, write the coalescent form; as, (^ great, /T small, I, spar, / dide, ) switch. (i) If a syllable, as bel, ses, der, &c., begins a word, it may be expressed in the syllabic form. Example : a w sitting, Q / nature. Should the syllable be followed (1) by a vowel, begin the word on the line, as above ; (2) by a consonant, begin the word through the line ; as, _2 secretary ; or (3) the initial part of a word may be written according to Eules b and f above. (/) The ending of a word with a final single consonant is shown by writing that consonant with a first - curve : thus, pieces, ^/ jeermg, <=^ comet. (K) Should a coalescent character, at any time or in any place, involve au awkward form or outline, express it by dividing it into its alphabet elements, lifting the pen, and placing the second against the first in the first position ; as I / *./ showing by this position that no vowel intervenes. The second character may be joined up to the first, or disjoined. (I) When a vowel precedes a double consonant at the commence- ment of a word, begin (1) by a tick for the vowel, attached to the commencement of the coalescent character, as ff Usk ; or (2) by a first- curve character for the first consonant of a digraph, and a stroke or curve for the second consonant; commencing the word, in this case, through the line, which position is intended to show that no vowel intervenes between the two consonants, as I Usk. [Note. The tick referred to in I 1 may be replaced by an exact vowel, if preferred. See "Exact Vowels."} 24 (>H) An initial vowel before a syllabic character at the com- mencement of a word may be expressed by a tick commenced on the opposite side of the stroke or curve to that on which the symbol is attached ; thus, d-^_^ / isolated, I/) iteration. (n] A syllabic form is never used in the middle of a word; nor at the end, except it be disjoined. (o) Any awkward junction maybe avoided by lifting the pen and writing the next character against the preceding one (as in k) ; but ivhen a vowel intervenes, place the second character in the third position. Example: spoke, / NOT / (or A. by rule /.), (p) Single letters in the middle of words may be represented by strokes or curves indiscriminately, easy junction being the chief consideration. (q} The danger of writing a circle for a loop, and vice versa, may to a great extent be obviated by traversing the circle as far round as possible before striking the next character : thus, slope, NOT . slide, NOT (V) When an error in writing any character occurs, such as writing a syllabic for a coalescent, and so on, a small circle symbol should be struck across the wrongly-written character, so as to call especial attention to it in reading afterwards. 114. The student will now be able to appreciate the LEGIBILITY of this system by contrast with some others, exhibited in the following table. The dotted lines show where "position" has been adopted in aid of legibility. This system requires no such extraneous aid for this purpose. ' Willis 1602 Gurney 1753 Taylor 1786 Lewis 1815 Phono- graphy 1837 Pocknell 1880 gain x-J J_ L -^ -* L^ gone _> .__ L 1W J= 1^ gun -1 -t L -^ -, ^ guinea J JL X, c^, .-,_. tr again 4 L V . 3 j agone /U -4... L. c _^ ^a_ )^ agony xU ...L. L, ^ r^ y- [For the longhand signification of the letters actually represented by the foregoing signs, see " Introduction."] Take some other illustrations of LEGIBILITY. To gain a differ- ence of outline, phonographers have to make arbitrary forms in position ; whereas in this system the distinctions are made by Rules, most of which the student has already acquired, but without resort to "position." 1. Xo Papal, ^\ people, \\ pupil, \>~* papilla. pitted, 5. j passions, / or A patience. 6 ^}P en > \ / - ne "\/ ' \J ~\J$ open, v x" \ x- O ( 7oww, V jsiawo, V penny, <7 1 ,p MWV 7. Vj placed, \p placid, \^ pleased, 6 <~~S 6 ^~7 pattisade, <^ ^ pellucid. 8. jP price, \ praise, \? purse, \J pierce, yor/ peruse, [racy. 9. ^^ 'aperture, v^ ^ operator, \S*J porter, tray, v^* parterre. 26 10. ^ stray, /- ' star, &-~ store, - or ./..^_ story, satire, f^ or 7 Easter, (r ~J--"3~ - or .3 austere, -' astir, print, \j^> printed; \/ port, \# parted. SQ, S-Q. 117. Sq is usually expressed in Phonetic systems by skw ; and s-q by s-kw. *y skw is rather an awkward form; whilst / is easy enough. But as we have a character for Q, the beet way is to write / ^/ for s-q ; and ../I. for sq, according to Rule XXIII., I 2, which may be made applicable to words beginning with double consonants not preceded by a vowel. EXACT VOWEL SCALE. 118. The following vowel scale is almost an exact copy of that given by Mr. Bell, in " Principles of Speech," as more than sufficient to embrace every English vowel sound : but is re- arranged for ready reference. The diphthongal vowels i, oi, and ow, and those commonly called broad or long, as ah, a, ee, an, o, oo, together with the long u (yoo or ew), are marked with a wave line. The vowels that are bracketed are sometimes long and sometimes short. The first table illustrates the sound, and the second table gives the sign for each sound. Mr. Bell distinguishes as a separate sound the short u in urn ; but the u in up and e in err are so similar, that a further representation is practically unnecessary. 27 A E I O U 01 AS IN AS IN AS IN AS IN AS IN AS IN ah! ~el T,fe 'old nude oil ale are ill ore up ow ask ( ell If 'ought ( pool AS IN u an ( err \ \ on (pull owl 119. The following Table gives the different corresponding SIGNS for the above sounds,* together with, in the third column, the gramma toy ue, prefix, and termination for which the same sign "in position" may be used. (See Rule XXVI., y.) A E I , ^ 3 09 " 00 9 5; ^ S 3 s I S> s 5* S til 1 00 1 60 < 5 a v =ah after fit e >~ head i u=7 wise a v=a way e" c meal i ship a A ward u e s 1 less y u I a A gain e c ) ness U 01 8 _ - B a 5 s B ^i 5 S* s *S* i^ lr* 3 CQ ^ CQ Q Sunder 81 4=01 like o > o fold u w etf inter i intro o" > money u u rt some OW a 2 o' < = az< over u /-= 00 hood | J> < long u 7 full o'w l/=OU out The common method, dcrcended from the earliest shorthand writers, of indicating diflerent Rounds by dots.or ticks, in positiun against a character, is here discarded, one reason being its inability to express the vowel sounds when uttered d from the consonant letter. 28 120. The scale is here arranged under the old A, E, I, O, IT, sequence for ready recollection. Practically the proficient in the art will look only to the "junctions" to indicate the vowels, or at any rate will be content to use, for notes which he will himself read, any one of the signs under each head to represent the other ; but when writing that which other persons may have to read, the power of giving the exact sound of the vowel will be appreciated. 121. The most useful application of these signs to the practical writer will be for the purpose of representing the grammalogues, prefixes, and terminations by logograms, as above, as also the personal pronouns (paragraph 62). For this purpose the signs must be committed to memory. 122. The following rule regulates the use of the above signs for their various significations : RULE XXVI. (a) As an initial rowel before a word outline (to be used only when absolutely requisite), detach the sign ; as, unite, --"Sv-.- upright, &c. (4) As an initial vowel applicable to logograms (see Part II.), join the sign to the logogram, thus : 7 rv/ (c) As representing any prefix in the above list, write the sign disjoined in front of the character, as (d) As representing by itself a grammalogue write the sign above the line, thus : _ _ wise, _?_.. less, __*.. gain, &c. (e) As representing by itself a personal pronoun (paragraph 62), write the sign on the line : thus, v I, i\ you, c he, &c. (/) As representing a personal pronoun joined to the following word, write the sign on the line, as, H J have, / you are, &c. (ff) As representing a personal pronoun, the sign may follow a word, joined to the preceding letter, as, .__^ 124. There are several silent vowels, both in the middle and at the end of words. Mr. Bell gives the following examples : E is silent in hidden, fasten, soften, &c. ; and generally when final. I devil, &c. ,, mutton, prison, &c. AI ,, Britain. UA , , victwals. UE plage, barque, haraugwe, &c. PREFIXES, TERMINATIONS, AND INTERMEDIATE SYLLABLES, EXPRESSED BY "DOT, TICK, AND SYMBOL" IN "POSITION." 125. RTTLE XXVII. The following marks, in first, second, and third position, against any character, stand lor the prefixes, terminations, and intermediate syllables, as assigned hereunder.f They will be found useful in shortening many outlines. The vertical dotted line represents any character against which the marks are placed. The vowel siftns may be joined one to another when they form a convenient junction, as 5 lessness iu the word carelessness. t This method, first adopted by Blanchard in 1786, for prefixes and terminations only, was much approved by Mr. Lewis (" History of Shorthand"), It is here ex- tended to intermediate syllables, and a plural form is also added. 30 Position Singular Position Plural 1 con, coun, com, car, col 1 '! ( cons, couns, coms,cars, i \ cols 2 . ac, ect, awk 2 ,| acs, ects, awks, ox par, prin 1 I pars, prins o tar, der, ther 2 !J tars, ders, thers o 1 end, ent, ound, ount 1 s; j ends, ents, ounds, ounts 2 sub, sup, suf 2 0| > subs, sups 1 icle, cle, cule, ically 1 J icles, cles, cules, icallies 2 . bel, pel 2 jjbels, pels 1 ence, ounce, ency 1 :i j ences, ounces, encies 2 _able, iple, ably, ipally 2 ]i ables, iples O 1 ary, ity, ify 1 !Q j aries, ities, ifies 2 otre, dre 2 JQtries, dries 126. The ticks, thin and thick, are intended to be made horizontal or vertical, without reference to the angle they may form with the succeeding or preceding letter. 127- Some of the syllables are both prefixes and terminations, In the above table the first half of the marks are placed before the 31 character and the second half after the character ; but as the marks all differ, they may be used indiscriminately before or after a word, or for any of the syllables medially. The stroke through the small and large circles must be struck without lifting the pen. EXAMPLES. \ fickle, >% pretence, ^ pretences, **%. subsistence, \^s^y parsimonious, CM wonders. INITIAL AND FINAL ARBITKARY SIGNS. 128. ETJLE XXVIII. The following signs, placed before or after a character, detached, as in the diagram (where the vertical stroke is used only for example), have the following significations : ., circum- - , ante , supra com self stances afore before above an tj below SU p er msuper P - - / t O Plural in s, ss, or es O / / o O Past Posses- Popses- self felve Tense before sive sive below soever insoever in ed Singular Plural Thus it will be seen that (a) A DOT before any character signifies com-, as ,/ commend. (b) A DOT after any character signifies the plural in s or es, as & 1 ~-. gods, IP' churches. (c) A SMALL CIECLE symbol before a character signifies self, ax .^r^L... self-contained.* (d) The same symbol following a character likewise signifies ^ self, as .....^ir. myself, - yourself. (e) A LAEGE CIECLE symbol before a character signifies circum- stances (for further explanation of which see paragraph 130) ; after which symbol words may be omitted at discretion : thus, in the phrase, " circumstances of the crime," of the may be omitted, and "circumstances crime" written thus : (/) The same symbol after a character signifies selves, as .TT7.ri themselves, .....Q.. yourselves. (ff~) A THIN TICK, struck horizontally or vertically before any character signifies the word or prefix "afore," as i ' aforetime. (h) The same sign following a character signifies the past tense in ed, as V occupied. \i (i) A THICK TICK, struck horizontally or vertically, before or after any character, in either case signifies the word or prefix "before," as, l^> before-stated* \^ hereinbefore. _ * For explanation of this final syllable, see paragraph 131. 32 (j) A THIN TICK, struck obliquely before a character, signifies the word or prefix " above," as ^j? above-stated, (k) The same sign, struck after a character, signifies the possessive case, singular, as, (r) A LAEGE LOOP, thickened in any part, and struck, obliquely or otherwise, after a character, signifies the termination insoever, as U^ 1 whereinsoever. ARBITRARY LOGOGRAMS. 129. Some of the above signs, when written above tJie line, may represent logograms for the following words: ,... self, _.Q_. cir- cumstances, ..r..or...L. afore, . _or_J__ before, _<'__or...'i__ above, .?.... below. THE SIGN FOR CIRCUMSTANCES. . 130. The sign O for " circumstances " being well adapted for the arbitrary representation of the common phrases in which that word occurs, the following devices may commend themselves to the writer. The sign should be always written above the line as a logogram. <2_ under the circumstances .'.P.. Before - mentioned circum- ... * n present circumstances 'O the above circumstances on 1 account of the circum- stances an > Dances \O the peculiar circumstances O- after the circumstances l"X" ., ,. , \9.< the peculiar circumstances of the case P/. the circumstances of the case }Q the former circumstances [Note. This list may be added to at the will of the writer.] 33 VOWEL-PLACE OMISSION IN FINAL SYLLABLES. 131. In many final syllables the vowel -place may be left uniudicated, and the coalesceut formation used instead, without danger to legibility, as in the following, among others ; viz. : EXAMPLE. Trrminntivt. \ Terminative Syllables. tyllahlr. i d for -ed for -ted write -td (1st curve & hook) v _ ? ; for -bed, -bd ^^ ; for tied, nd _J) or /^~* d for -ide 'for -tide write -td (2nd curve & hook) ^^ ; for -bide, in :for -ence for pence write pns for tive for tiff for ten v for -ive /for -iff n for -en rdfor-ered for tit for -entlfor nent rs for -erse\ioi terse sfoi is&es.for -sis ; for -fence, -tns Q e, sv T~ tv ^jy ; for tf ^D tn D ; for ken, kn 5 trd ^oa. ; for dered, drd v^. nnt /t ; for tent, tut Q trs V_JB ^ for => may be had .> may have been e^> may have done & niay have had J In the same way muni be, &c. must do, &c. must have, &c. must have been had, &c. have been, &c. have done, &c. Q) would have, &c. f^^> cannot have, &c. / might not have, &c. 140. This method is applicable to the logograms for the following words ; viz., can has ought to was could it shall which dp may should what did might to will ever must that would have never they &c. had not there 141. OK, the method may be carried out partially by one symbol being attached, and then the phrase finished by adding, if needed, may ha re logogram characters, as been, &c. PREFIXES. 142. A series of valuable prefixes is gained by using an initial symbol above the line, attached to any character (according to the Syllabic Rule XIII., paragraph 93), to represent a definite prefix to that character. In such case, according to the following table (paragraph 143), Q_J which on the line would bo m-t becomes, above the line ...... mis-t, the symbol, as a prefix, changing its meaning from m to mis." Thus, again, (T* is r-nd, but above the line the symbol becomes the prefix recom- or recon, and 5 ___ represents recom-nd [recommend]. These symbols, when used as prefixes, should have some following mark besides the simple character, or they may be misread for symbol- prefix logograms, to be explained hereafter. 37 143. Symbol for b d f g h j k 1 m n P r s t V w y th wh ch sh SYMBOL PREFIXES Prefix abs dis for, fore ffrat, great . . * here .. juris com, con alttr, ultra . . mis {incon, incom \ uncon, Micom } ' ' pre, pro {recoff, recol \ recon, rccom } ' ' super, supra , . trans over with you there where char self [written Example ^ ABOVE line]. Longhand Word abstain dissolute foretell gratitude hereunder jurisdiction contact altercate mistake incompetent profane recompose supervise transact overthrow withered you- are- not therefore whereupon churning self- willed ^ -_ C7~S c> 3 ..?!$ _ 0^ ^2 V V } 1 ^^s 0^ oT" V ^~J f / g J g r e h ) h ( h CHARACTER PREFIX Prefix bat abre, abbre bene accom .. circum discom, discon , . admin . . . . demon inef offer affect .. .. gov again, agon . . gen head her, hear hyper, hypo .. LES [AI E V tovE LINE]. uaafiM battery abreast beneath accompany circumspect /> discomfort ""/" ^r 1. \ t admonition demonology inefTervescence offertory affectionate governess agonized generation headway horrible hypothecate ^r ^ \^r ^ $ 1 Q L L c^ 39 Character A Prefix jest Just i i Examples 1 jesting & gent 2 genteel f ,- / k jer, jur con, cont .-/ f jurist content J k incontra, incontro . . ,4 incontrollable i legis, logis -^ logistic ^ i lat,let t ^-5> latitude s^ m iniscon .. /~~ ~Z misconduct _^S m amply, emploi, impli ^>~ implicate / m imper, impre, impri "^ . imperative ^ n inde, indi, undi /X6 indifferent 1 ^ n indis, undis .. .'_?_ indisputable ^" n unprc, utipro .. C3i unprotected \ P compl, compre \ complacent ^ P appro,, appre, appro 7 appraising S. P par, per i person ^ q quest .. questuary i q \ quar, quer querulous ** r refer, retro t retrospect -^ r irresp 1 s\ irresponsiva /- r resp r-S response 40 Chare.cter / S Prefix insuper, umuppor . . Ex A tiniiles unsupported y s insub, unsub .. J^~ insubordinate f s some . . . . . . C^ something X--N t temp . . . . . . ,_ v/ - temporary v_X t attempt ^^^ attempting V even V event y. ever s evermore V,v ver, veri . . . . ^x veracity N w wes, west \y. westward ^ w own . . ^ owner V- w war ^ world ^ * exam .. .. .. ^ exemplify r , exp ,> expend \ y yest vo yestern ^ y year -UV yearling V~ 7 young.. .. > youngest ) . use, iisu .. 1 usurp | wh wel ^ welfare ) wh what, whet I whetstone ( wh win Cpa window 41 Character ! ment Prefix ment, maint, mount Ex ty amples mountaineer ) ment amount L, amounting ( ment man . . . . ii mankind /sh sub, sub) I, subtract [Note. Two characters for Z and Sh, and those for Th and Til* ng, shon, and shall, may be appropriated as PBEFIXES, should the writer discover any use for them.~\ ADDITIONAL LOGOGRAMS. 146. The most extensive method of shortening is gained lay using the initial part of a word to signify the whole word. These signs are called LOGOGBAMS, and to distinguish them from fully- written words, they are placed in such "position" as is not already appropriated. If the initial part of a word were made to signify the whole, without some distinctive place, confusion would result in reading. The strokes, curves, coales- cents, and syllables, may all be used in the formation of logograms, and their number may be multiplied by adding either an initial vowel sign or a tick. On the bases hereafter laid down, the student will be able to manufacture logograms for himself, whenever he meets with a very long or difficult full outline. The old plan of inventing arbitrary characters, having no rela- tion to any letter of the word to be represented as a logogram, is altogether discarded here, as also the plan still in vogue in some systems, of using the middle or ending letters of a word as a logogram, as, for instance, nq for language or thing ; nn, opinion ; ns for influence ; pi for comply ; pit for complete, &c.; a plan which lays great burden on the memory. In using position to show an unfinished definite word, we avoid the possibility of reading the shortened form for a, full ivord, whereas in some systems the shortened m-ff for magnificent, for instance, might mean also mug ; b-ng for bankruptcy, may also mean bang or bung ; and so on. LOGOGEAM KEY. 147. The beginnings of words vary very much in regard to allocation of vowels and consonants. This can be shown better and briefer by marks than by any description. Suppose a hyphen [-] for a, vowel, a, perpendicular stroke \ for a consonant, a circle QoJ for a character-prefix, and a double-size circle [OH for a symbol prefix, and for & following character, and the eye will perceive the variety at a glance. On this plan the following Key is arranged. Against the marks are placed the forms or outlines to be used, and the "position," 1 and 2, signifying respectively above and through the line. 42 us. KEY TO LOGOGKAM FOBMS. Mark. '/bmtf*' Example. Expressed as Logograms by Petition -II ( anointment ( t'2/ipsis 51 vowel and stroke 1 & 1 -I authority ^JL. ,, first curve 1 & 2 _L L. I II alienation seemingly "L ,, second curve stroke and vowel 1 & 2 1 & 2 applied to U, X, and (J, as ^ extraordinary. irilliant \3- coalescent digraph 1 & 2- II. proportion -V ,, ,, and tick 1 & 2 IL HI -II -III Jill LI LL s/JOrttaiieous scripture strangulation tfyriculture agronomy ( instruction \ instrument beyiuning revelation __.... ~L ,, ,, & character trigraph ,, ,, & character vowel & coalescent digraph > trigraph } polygraph 1 1 & 2 1 1 & 2 1 & 2 1 & 2 2 2 t ^ -/=>-- w syllabic digraph ,, ,, and vowel 1.11 sensible ^JL. trigraph 2 ILI stereotype ..^..... trigraph 2 11.11 .LI .1.11 stultify adaptation adulter&tQ T" polygraph tick and syllabic digraph trigraph 2 1 & 2 1 & 2 ^L -ILI o O O- astonish Discontent Mistaken iNCOM/wtible ..k-.:... ,, trigraph 1 & 2 2 1 1 character prefix symbol prefix and character ( symbol prefix, character, ( and vowel 43 149. In forming logograms by this method, it is not necessary, though it is desirable, to have a vowel following the outline. 150. A logogram should not have two stroke or curve characters in it, except in the case of the coalescent character, where, if need be, a stroke or curve may be added after the coalescent, or after C, X, and Q. 151. The vowel signs used in connection with logograms are the same as those used in respect of monosyllables (Class II.), paragraph 88, with the addition of a "tick" before a syllabic form, which, when so used, signifies any vowel. 152. The "position" in which to place TWO words of the same formation is governed as follows : 1. In words beginning with an exact vowel: by the following vowel, a or e, taking first position, and i, o, or u, second position. 2. In words beginning with a vowel, expressed by a " tick" (indefinite vowel) : by the initial vowel in order as above. 3. In words beginning with single, double, or triple con- sonants : by the first vowel following 4. If the first vowel in two words happens to be the same, position is governed by the next differing vowel, or in lieu thereof, by the next differing consonant. 153. It is not necessary to acquire these logograms all at once, but they may be introduced gradually. 154. It will be observed that the alternative hook characters give an opportunity of duplicating words in each "position." These will require more memorising than the rest. 155. As the logogram form always represents the first part of the word (and "position" shows it to be an unfinished word), the tax on the memory is reduced to the lowest possible minimum by this scheme. 156. The exact vowel sign used after a syllabic form, gives an opportunity of distinguishing (as well as including) words differing only by a vowel or vowels, as revelation, revolution, revulsion. 157. Abbreviating marks, as the dots and ticks (paragraph 125), and the signs in paragraph 128 may, when desired, be used with a logogram character. 158. In syllabic trigraphs, a final hook may represent both t and d, whether attached to a stroke or curve (see No. 20 in Key). 159. The logogram forms at the disposal of the student are about 7,000, vastly more than can be used, as many different words have the same initial letters. It is therefore necessary to be careful that the same outline in either position is not applied to more than one word. It is possible, however, in some cases to apply different rules so as to represent the same initial form in more ways than one. On this principle the following list of words (not at all an exhaustive one) has been compiled, and the number before each refers to the key already given, and the dotted line indicates the " position." 160. The letters in italics or SMALL CAPITALS in the following list are those represented by the shorthand outline. 44 LOGOGRAM FORMS. Tiie numbers refer to the Key (j>. 4-2). 22 ABBEEviation ^X 11 ff/>jo/ication ..A, _ p *j 22 ACCOMmodate -y 1 anointment < \ 5 accessible (zs 1 ) ***f 22 AppEEciate X. ' 1 accumulate ^ 11 a7?j0rehend-sion 'Vo k -./- p 11 ac&wowledge -r 11 appropriate p -A^.: 3 acquaintance i/^~~ 1 arranged ^ 19 a^a^tation 1 arrive _^..... 1 acWitional /. 12 astronomy ..A 20 adulterate <> 2 awiAority ...A^.. 11 advance / v_^? 21 astonish fe/ 11 advantage ^^.-..^fp. 14 becoming ^L, 22 ADMraistration .v^^ 14 beginning 2. 19 a^rmative 14 benefit ....^... f oo AGAINst -J 22 BENEvolent V 22 11 agriculture ^ 14 baptize , \__.__, 3 alienation /-> 14 believe -..... 23 coM/nunicate 11 ajDjoJicable \> 23 COMjsromise s p FORMS, CONTINUED. 22 22 18 23 23 22 23 14 14 14 14 22 14 14 14 23 23 22 23 23 23 23 23 5 22 confident -/ consequence -^2 consideration / 1 11 22 11 11 11 11 19 11 19 5 11 1 11 11 11 19 22 19 5 22 5 5 5 22 e^icient X e/sewhere ....j^...^ EMPLOYmeut ewcourage >^ k coxTEibute f- convenient > e/ranchise ^^>- enhance ^5... eno>-moua & fcclaratioii ~....y. k f A difficult _.. .^___ deliver f^. DEiroxstrate -^ x- .... /requeut ^y 47 11 11 11 1 1 22 11 12 12 13 13 11 11 11 11 11 11 1 1 22 14 23 23 14 6 LOGOGEAM FOI ingratitude u*j> JUS, 6 4 22 14 14 15 14 14 14 14 14 22 22 14 14 16 4 4 14 15 15 23 23 23 23 22 CONTINUED, known . in/tabitant /^ learning LEGislation iw/udicious i/-^ innovation n^" innumerable -f^ liberal 9. liberty R iNSEPAEable "/" literature longitude magistrate -yCE*. j magnify -...fZL institution --KS& in*ruction . fi^_ instrument -x?^*- insufficient ~~7y- intelligence . "^ MANufacture ( material Q-y... mathematics --Q^t . ma<>imony Qi^ meantime interest ~^* interval -_x investigate f^ => involuntary ~rf^ > - irregular ~* meetin ^^ member ~Q- memorandum Q- irrelevant -v* lEEESPonsible -=s yi 23 Mismanage /C 11 ordinary ^>..... 23 Misrepresent <~ 11 orthodox. ^> 23 Mistake Q^ 11 or 23 OBServe f 14 l?ojular *\^ 11 o^ain 15 jsojowlous "' '\A"~ 11 omnipotent ~^&.. 16 /?o.?.?ession ...-?.- Provision for these is inadvertently otnilled in the Key. LOGOGRAM FORMS, CONTINUED. 14 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 6 8 24 7 7 14 H 16 15 15 j 22 22 14 4 4 14 4 4 14 15 14 23 23 23 23 23 23 15 16 15 14 15 16 14 14 QUESTionable ^/.~ k pRE6?ominate "^ radical -n,.^.. railroad _.^... pEEe;iiieut ^^ PEE/er . . r^__. railway .,*- XO ^'a^ioual sh reality -^ PEEfiminary *_ PEEjaratiou \ ' PEErogative . ^ reasonable x 1 receive f c reciprocal (^ s reckon f 3 - k EECOGwize PEE^end Ca ~^-- PEErent . \ principle ^ > ._ \ PEO^ress / EECOL/CCt O-' PEO/abit 1 EECOMwzence ..-. PEO/ect f EECOM^ense EECONcile C ,0 EEcoNiider / PEO regard (? reycuerate ( 50 LOGOGEAM FOEMS, CONTINUED. 15 reflate 14 separate _J9S_ 14 rel&te 16 September *. 15 religions __ ^>.___. 14 several ..J\. 15 refoctant _-s_>*- 14 s/iortcoming .._ _,_ 15 remember _.^T7L. 14 signature __ o 15 rewind ~^.y.,. 15 siwjwltaneous ^* 14 remove _.^.__ 14 simply ...^^i. 14 respect /?- 15 sinynliu: 22 16 16 22 15 14 15 EESPonsible ^ represent ^5- 6 6 11 15 22 6 6 s/ander / s/aughter retribution 0=9--. EETUEU * rerelation >v~. revenue --\---~. resolution A^-_ Sll / society _...?. s ' " BOHEwhat (~ special . * speculate --; / 15 14 revision _\_--- reward 5__... 9 8 sp/endid d spontaneous f 14 16 15 9 9 14 14 16 14 saobatb. -__\.^._ sawctimonious y^Z... k saviour _.S^... swipture fnt.pnp.R - ^ (v ""cT 5 "" 51 LOGOGKAM FORMS, CONTINUED. 14 23 suggestion --/ j SUPEEaiundant 14 16 tenant testator ?..... *>3 SUPEE/icial \ 14 ^stimony -J- 23 SUPEEf/UOUS X) 14 thankful ^/z.. 23 suPEEior o^ 4 theology "" TC 23 23 STJPEBiwpOSe "ft^. 14 23 thermometer c^~ TEANSeript ? 23 BUPEE^ative c 23 k TEANS/orm _i ... 23 STJPEEatural o^ 23 TEANS^ression .--?- supEEsede / 23 TEANsi^ory 23 <>v . . o^ 23 \ 16 surprise 23 TEANS/?arent --- 14 16 swsceptible o M*^ect 9 23 8 TEANgyerse traveller -\- 16 sustain 9 8 treasvity -^ 6 A tremble ^~^ 9 14 systematic / Or faiulate v 6 8 trespass trigonometry ^~-* 14 22 TEMPtation ...,*==,._ 23 UKCOsrfitional Q 52 LOGOGRAM FORMS, CONTINUED. / 11 un timely ~>^ 01 uNCOXwected 11 un toward -... 11 flarnished S? 26 ''1 k "/O UNCONscioUS / 11 wwfarying ~^~- ?3 * h " UNCONsidered / 11 unwarranted ^ 23 UNCONsritutional u 11 unwavering JjL. 23 UNCONi'aminated Q 22 USEful . .X- 11 ?/cfecided 14 vacillation J 11 11 M- 11 z/f/eveloped ^ 14 verity 11 w/avourable ^s~> 22 VEEsatile L 11 ww/brtunate .... f . / ^.. wyrouuded *'~._ 16 in?icate v^. 11 11 zo^uarded Mwwieaning ...^Q... 15 22 22 WELcome WESTern I 1 un necessary r^ v 1 19 unnoticed --&/? M?oijectionatle ^\ 22 16 22 wtWerness wiNter 19 w>!oiserved __.<-_ 23 WHEEEZfithal ^ 11 M ^aralleled ^ 23 TViTH^tand _9 11 12 MH^iarliamentary ...^^f-.- w^recedented ^^ . 22 YESTerday \ 22 12 11 UNPEOductive _..sr.. ww*upported .. /v ^?.... 22 22 6 YEAEly YOUNGer zymotic 5 [Note. The above characters may, as a general rule, be used for any others having the same root : thus the character for enormous nviy stand equally well for enormously or enormity ; instrument for in- strumentality ; disadvantage for disadvantageous^ ; $c.,$c. The memory and context will generally guide to the proper word.} 53 TERMINATIONS. 161. Detached terarnations are often a great help to brevity. The following list is given to show the capabilities of the system. The student will incorporate them gradually as he progresses in his practice of abbreviation. 16'2. These terminations are used in two positions ; viz., First, detached, and written at an angle to the preceding character, when they will represent the syllables given in column 2 ; Secondly, placed '' full-butt" against the preceding letter, when they will represent the longer or ELOXGATED SYLLABLES, some of which (but not by any means aii exhaustive list) are given in column 3 of the following table. EXAMPLE. lithography. ~ o reflect ion, affirm, affirmation, gas-meter, &c. inflict, 163. TABLE OF TERMINATIONS. Termina Elongated Termi- tion nation \ beit \ \ b bate bation l b ab able ^ , ability V * by ^ c cy ceive / cept j dem dom deem demy domy dent " ^-^ d ed ad edly r ^-~N d dy duality \ \ f form formal, formly formality "A f of ) V_ f fy full, fold, feet j ( Termina- tion Elongated Termi- nation fl fleet fleeted, -ing, -shoii fr from fraiu f-r firm fort firming, -ation g graph guage g g ogue ography g gy give, gal h head hood hand hind * ahead h hy hold rermlna- tlon Elongated Termi- nation rermina- tioii Elongated Termi- nation /J JUS just ustice ijism _X n in an n.-il gest joice oicing ' " ny aal, nally, nality J J aj, age ijust, igious, ogist \ P pate pect patron r, jy judge, jury, j udice "^ P ap apt option iptation opt / k cum . come cal cally, cality ^ P py ~>er, pal perty, pality j k ic ocrat, ocracy \o pi plate plant planted, -ing /^" k ky elude , k Vo pr press t> kl claim k claimed, -ing str strate stration I struct strativo \ > _^ V v y strict vile vail vailed, -ing a '' s-r serve servedly sorb \ W ward wardly ? s-k sect section ~> W aw away o^"s-m sume suming ^ W wy / sp spect spection ~^ X ext / sk scope scopy ix ixitj r * xy J s-s sist sisting t time tempted \ y yon ion ionated y tempt "^ y ay t at ^ t ty tive v_ y yual ual yually ^S> tr trace trance tracting z sound z sounding z trous sume tract z ) J r Termina- tion Elongated Tormi nutiuii Twm'na- ti.,11 Elongated Tcrini- uatiju az ize izing th thod thodica] thodisiu zy zyde (side) ^/ th eth chize chetical ^s th thy ach chy aching chism, chemy v^ ng / shall ing ishal ingly iiiguess ishally shus shusly isli ishiugly ) merit ament amentally shy ) shon aahon ashonally cli ch ch sh sh sh [Note. The short Terminations in the above list will afford the opportunity of expressing many indefinite Elongations, besides writing more easily many final short, sy tables which, when following combined c! quart / quarter f^ quire /^~ cwt. _9 ream -.? kilderkin 7 ' decimal Ib. ^ sack Q degree j) league /> scruples J divide ) divided by / ^ dozen ^) million /^^ seconds / shDlings / dram N P dwts. /* > minus y minutes ^^" months /^H. stones / strike subtract \ equal to J ' fathoms c ^- feet V_ multiply ) multiplied !- ^ by ounces ^J from ) J thousand ~^T firkin ) The presiding judge, magistrate, chairman, or other principal authority in courts or at meetings, may be briefly termed / chief in the note -book, the full title being given in the transcript. [Each practical writer will form his own marks for indicating Counsel, subordinate officials in courts, or speakers at meetings, but where names are known, he may prefer to write the name in shorthand or longhand.] (s) At meetings where speakers are unknown, it is convenient to number them 1, 2, 3, &c., and to obtain their names afterwards. (f) To indicate question and answer, where the marks in (d) and (e) are not used, begin the question close to the left edge of the book, continuing any succeeding lines in the same manner, but leave a margin alongside the lines of the answer. MATERIALS. The best gold pens, the most fluid ink, and the best ruled paper, are good enough for all shorthand purposes. It only remains to give the student two or three "specimens" of writing which he would do well to read frequently. I am aware, as Mr. William Gawtress justly says, that "the compact and reg- ular appearance of shorthand specimens is apt to mislead unprac- tised judges ;" and that such a specimen is "no criterion either of its [the system's] expedition or legibility." Consequently, I have thought fit to give a reduction by photo-lithography (about which there can be 110 cavilling) of the actual notes written in ordinary practice from dictation, in addition to the comparison with a fac-simile of Phonography in engraved types, copied from the briefest outlines given in Pitman's "Reporter's Companion" and elsewhere. This comparison shows that an average of 12 per cent fewer inflections of the pen are required in Legible Shorthand than in Phonography, while the LEGIBILITY is, to a still greater degree, in favour of the former, as an analysis, similar to that on page 64, would show. The photo-lithographic reduction has, to some extent, unnaturally diminished the circles and loops ; but it shows sufficiently well the appearance of the written shorthand, the primary object of including it in the work. [Note. In ''Characteristics of the Age" will be found loqograms (not included in the Tables) for organization, philanthropic, domestic, affliction, development, extension, numerous, hu- manity, and beneficial, thus illustrating how words may be shortened in this way at will, wherever the form and position have not already been appropriated.] T> (Tlic same, in fac-timile, in Phonography.) ^ hr- .' \ - V U , 1- x V -U - 63 CHAEACTEEISTICS OF THE AGE. The peculiar and distinguishing characteristics of the present age are in every respect remarkable. Unquestionably an extraordinary and universal change has commenced in the internal as well as the external world, in the mind of man as well as in the habits of society, the one indeed being the necessary consequence of the other. A rational consideration of the circumstances in which mankind are at present placed, must show us that influences of the most important and wonderful character have been and are operating in such a manner as to bring about, if not a reformation, a thorough revolution in the organization of society. Never in the history of the world have benevolent and philanthropic in- stitutions for the relief of domestic and public affliction, societies for the promotion of manufacturing, commercial, and agricultural interests; associations for the instruction of the masses, the ad- vancement of literature and science, the development of true political principles ; for the extension, in short, of every descrip- tion of knowledge, and the bringing about of every kind of reform, been so numerous, so efficient, and so indefatigable in their operation, as at the present day. We do not say that many of the objects sought by these associations are not extravagant and impracticable, but we do say that it is impossible that such influences can exist without advancing, in some degree, the interests of humanity. It would be idle to deny that, notwithstanding all these beneficial influences, a great amount of misery exists; but this is only the natural consequence of great and sudden changes. Let us hope that, in this instance at least, it may be but the in- dispensable preliminary stage in the cure of a deep-seated disease. THE LORD'S PEAYER. ^ -v.- V U3 Our Father which art in Heaven, Hallowed be Thy name. Thy kingdom come. Thy will be done in earth, as it is in Heaven. Give us this day our daily bread. And forgive us our trespasses, as we forgive them that trespass against us. And lead us not into temp- tation, but deliver us from evil: For Thine is the kingdom, the power, and the glory, for ever and ever. Amen. 61 MR. BRIGHT AT BIRMINGHAM, Nov. 16, 1880. (For explanation of analysis see note to page 67.) Line (1.) Mr. Br-ght, who r-s* at 20 m-n-t-a to n-n* o'kl-k, 499 7 RECEived a m-st ENTHusiortic gr-t-ng, the (2) v-st --d-ns 10 7 ch-r-ng again and again for 2 or thr m-n-t-s. He said, 7 10 7 7 9 11 7 Mr. Ch-mb-rl-n (3.) and gentlemen, tw or thr w-ks ago I 10 7 7 9 11 m-t with a p-r-GRAPH in a n-ws p-p-r -nFORMiNO the PUB/JC 7 10 9 10 7 that th-s (4.) MEEting was Asout to be h-ld, that Mr. Cham: 7 7 7 57 was to pRES-d*, and that I was to DELIVCI' what was 7 11 7 11 7 7 callfed) (5.) an -n-g-r-1 ad . Th-s r-th-r -1-rm-d me (laughter). 7 57 9 The wORd (6.) -n-g-r-t* is one that is not very h-rm-n-s, 7 99 ~7 9~T 7 and I th-ng it one of the 1-st pLeasant woRds (7.) .& a 10 11 9 9 -97- 10 s-nd in our 1-ng-j* (laughter). It com(s) d-wn from a verv 99 9 7 10 7 f-m-s p-pl, the (8.) R-m-ns of Id-n t-m*. They had^ a sm-1 7 9 7 7~ 10 k-l-j* of m-n who w-r* call(ed) --g-rs; they w-r* (9.) j n p . nt 997 7 9 of f-kt s-th s-y-rs. They had the r-p-t-tion of heing -bl* to 9 ~ 7~ 7 97 7 (10.) f-r-k-st come(in^) -v-nts and they did th-s by an 11 7 7 99 OBS-motion of the fl-ghts of b-rds and the (11.) f-d-ng and 97 49 10 ~ 10 it is even said the tw-t-r-ng of those iimresttng pARts of tb e 9 7 7 7 97 97 kr-tion. (12.) Now, we do not profess on this platform, to deal with prophecy or the prediction of (13) coming events, but I recollect, about six or seven months ago I think the week preceding (14) the General Election 1 did venture upon a prophecy which has since been pretty nearly (15) accomplished. It was after the dissolution of Par- liament, but it was before the elections, I think on the (16) Friday before the elections, just at the end of March, and I said, " During the month of (17) April we shall have a new Parliament." That was not a rash prediction (laughter) . Everybody seems to agree with (18) me in that (laughter), but further, I said, " In the month of May you will have a new administration (19), and in the month of June you will dis- cover that the country has adopted and sanctioned a new policy" (cheers). (20) That was a prophecy which has come, I believe, absolutely and literally true, and we might venture to-night on (21) prophesying, if there was time for it, and if we could do it with equal certainty (laughter). \_Key continued on page 67.] (Mr. Bright at Birmingham. 3V ov. 76 . 7880. &or "3ey" see opposite page.) ' - t( % ' /~ (L " 20 6^- ' "" > r - x/ v" *- 66 3%ey" see apposite page.) ? ^ ^ t -> ^ s \ \r\ - N ; V ^ ^ i~ ^ . ^^ - xy d . B 3 rn O Sh /? Ch and X were expressed by compound characters. The vowel scheme comprised separate signs for a, aa, e, i, o, oo, ou, u, uu, and uo ; dots in "position" for a, e, i, o, u; and a "vowel- mode" by disjoining and placing consonants in " position." The impracticability of the double-thick lines need not be commented on ; but here we find the thin and thick characters 74 for letters similar in sound, as in _;' and g, k and q ; the half- length characters, as in p, f, and elsewhere ; and the double- length character, as in g and ss. The hook character, both initial and final, is observable in the combination of n aud y for " ng" and ofy and I for "Jl," these hooks representing absolute letters, whereas in later days their signification has been arbitrarily fixed. It may be added that while Hervey acknowledged his in- debtedness to Annet, he appears only to have copied about eight of his alphabet characters ; and he expressly states : " The plan of the second part is wholly new as to anything found in Annet, for though the characters are chiefly his, yet 1 have been obliged to Byrom for the substance of the 17 first rules, and the other 25 are my own." Prompted by a " well-known ingenious and learned author," he indulged the hope that his system might become " universal" 1 submit the facts without comment to those Phonographers who have never investigated the question of the original use of signs so familiar to them. A COINCIDENCE. Mr. Matthias Levy, in his History of Shorthand Writing (1862), mentions that the Romans had an extensive system of longhand abbreviations, and that when printing was introduced abbreviations of a similar kind became more common. He proceeds : " This fact may easily be ascertained by a reference to some of the earliest-printed books. Wynkyn de Worde im- proved the system of abbreviation : he introduced into this country the Roman letter, which he used for the same purpose as we now use italics, and it was in consequence of mixing the Gothic and Roman characters together that he 'greatly ex- tended the then existing custom of using abbreviations' " A few years since the City Press (London) published a series of articles on the old buildings of London, including Fleet Street, and in one of them stated that Wynkyn de Worde set up his printing-office on the site of Falcon Court the same spot on which the author has been largely occupied with the preparation of this volume an attempt to make short writing yet shorter a work in principle the same as that of the illustrious Dutchman. 75 WAS JEREMIAH RICH AN INVENTOR? The following correspondence recently appeared in the Athenceum : (From the Athenceum, September 4.) JEREMIAH RICH. Falcon-court, Fleet-street, August, 1880. Jeremiah Rich has always been credited, in the historical accounts of Shorthand extant, with the invention of the systems known as " Art's Rarity," lb'54, and " The Pen's Dexterity," 1669 ; but in looking over some of the ancient Shorthand books in the British Museum for purposes connected with my " Legiole Shorthand" (now in the press), I have discovered a system not mentioned in any of the histories, pxiblished in the name of William Cartwright, the uncle of Jeremiah Rich, in 1642, which is practically the same system as that published as " Art's Rarity" twelve years afterwards by Rich in his own name. Jeremiah Rich was the publisher of Cartwright's book. It is so mentioned on the title-page, and in a preface Jeremiah Rich states : " Now as for my commending of the worke, I know not why any man should expect it seeing it is my owne : for although I am not father to it, yet I am the right heire, for my uncle dying left it to me only," &c. Strange to say, however, in "Art's Rarity" Rich makes no mention of Cartwright's volume, but publishes a preface signed by six writers of his system, who state : " We shall conclude with this, That this Art is his owne, not other mens Inventions put forth in his name which is usuall with some now adayes," &c. I have compared the two books page for page, and find that not only are the alphabets identical, but whole sentences are copied in "Art's Rarity" from Cartwright's " Semography," which was the title of the earlier work. I should be glad to know if any of your correspondents can give any explanation of this. It seems clear that either Rich has no claim to the invention of the system now called his, or that he published it originally under the assumed name of his dead uncle. Possibly some of your readers may throw light on the subject. EDWARD POCKNEIX. (From the Athenaeum, September 18.) JEBEMIAH RICH'S SHORTHAND. Stretford, near Manchester, Sept. 7, 1880. The explanation of the similarity of Rich's Shorthand characters and those of Cartwright may arise from the circum- 76 Stance that both persons arranged the scheme in common, and that upon the death of the latter, at a time when it was cus- tomary for nearly every person to take notes of sermons, Kich carried on the work of teaching it. But the fact was that the poverty of invention amongst the Shorthand authors between the time of Willis and Mason gave a striking uniformity in the several alphabets. The system, e.g., used by Pepys has always been considered as the method of Rich ; whereas it was, as I have pointed out in a paper on the cipher of Pepys's diary, the modification called Shelton's. Rich's alphabet, however, may be claimed for a writer earlier than Cartwright. Some years ago Mr. Thompson Cooper, F.S.A., the author of " Parliamentary Shorthand" (1858), which was based iu a great measure on the lines of Rich, called my attention to a system \\hioh, in 1632, went under the name of Arkisden's. This " inventor" was a graduate of Cambridge. His alphabet varies very slightly from that of Rich ; it is said to be " approved of in Cambridge to be the best yet invented," and the method was " not yet printed or common." My Shorthand collections contain notes of Cart- wright's very rare " Semography," dated 1642, taken from the British Museum copy (1043, b. 14), where it is certainly stated, in the words of a pretty common formula, that the work was invented and composed for the benefit of others by William Cartwright, and that it "is now set forth by his nephew, Jeremiah Rich, immediate next to the author deceased." Rich's method had an extraordinary career, and came under the com- mendation of John Locke. It had many titles. " Semigraphy," or " Art's Variety," appeared in 1654, when " the author and teacher" was dwelling in Mill-lane, St. Olave's, Southwark. He subsequently called it " The World's Rarity," and gave his re- sidence in Swithin's-lane. There was an edition of this issue before 1660, when it was advertised in Wiustanley's " England's Worthies." His tiny volume of the Psalms in metre was pub- lished in 1659, and was sold at his house, the Golden Ball, in Swithin-lane, near London Stone. The companion volume, the New Testament, appeared about the same time, with the names of many of his patrons. In 1669 his system appeared as " The Pen's Dexterity." The method was also issued on a sheet. About 1700 an edition was published by John Marshall, dedi- cated to the Hon. Lady Mary Rich, and in the same year T. Milbourn offered a rival edition, called " The Pen's Dexterity Completed, or Mr. Rich's Shorthand now perfectly taught, which in his lifetime was never done by anything made public in print, because it would have hindered his practice." Other editions were _ s ixth, 1713; another, 1716; fifteenth edition, 1750; eighteenth, 1764; nineteenth, 1775. Rich's editors, &c., were Addy, Botley, Stringer, Doddridge, &c. Most of these details are from copies in my own hands. JOHN E. BAILBT. 77 (From the Atheneeum, November 27.) JEEEMIAH HIGH. Falcon-court, Fleet-street, E.G. The statement in Mr. Bailey's interesting letter (September 18th) is quite correct so far as regards a family likeness between the alphabets of many of the earlier Shorthand systems, but his communication does not solve the problem I propounded viz., whether Jeremiah Rich is entitled to be considered the inventor of the system known as " Art's Rarity," seeing that it is palpably a copy not a modification, unless an important omission makes it so of " Semography" by William Cartwright. Mr. Bailey has obligingly furnished me with a copy of the alphabet known as Arkisden's, which he referred to in his letter. It differs from Cartwright's alphabet in respect to ten of the characters. On the other hand, it bears a closer resem- blance to the alphabet of Edmond Willis (1618), the difference being only in regard to six characters. Rich's alphabet, on the contrary, corresponds in every character to that of Cartwright, and, what is still more curious, the system is worked out in detail on the exact lines of Cartwright, and occasionally in the latter's own words. There is, however, one curious omission viz., the absence from "Art's Rarity" of a device which Cart- wright adopted for expressing such phrases as "the sons of God," "the servants of God," &c., by means of dots (or " tittles," as the old writers called them) in different positions around the principal character the word " God" or any other word to which the device was applicable. Yet in the " Pen's Dexterity" Rich's second book which contained the former alphabet and most of the details of " Art's Rarity," the before- mentioned device of Cartwright was appropriated by Rich without acknowledgment, and to him has been awarded special commendation for it by Mr. Lewis and other historians of the art. Mr. Bailey's suggestion that the scheme was worked out in common by Cartwright and Rich is unfortunately incompatible with Rich's disclaimer in his preface to Cartwright's " Semo- graphy," and also with the contrary statement, vouched by six persons, in the preface to " Art's Rarity" viz., that the latter was the invention of Rich alone. Unless further evidence is forthcoming, it would seem that the honour so long enjoyed by Rich must be now attributed to Cartwright. EDWABD POCKNELL. 78 SHORTHAND LITERATURE: WHERE TO FIND IT. (Written for the Journalist.') How many Shorthand writers, young or old, care much about the history of the art by the exercise of which they live ! My experience, extending over more years than I like to remember, supplies the answer " Very few." To what is this apathy due ? Probably to the comparative scarcity of Shorthand histories and systems. The early Pitmanites cannot read with any ease the excellent resum4 of systems which in a later style of Phono- graphy Mr. Pitman transcribed from his account that appeared in the Phonetic Journal in Phonotypy in the year 1847. But, supposing the Shorthand and Phonotypy to be easily read, these books are not now to be found everywhere. It was my good fortune, however, to meet with the Phonetic Journal of 1847, not many months ago, in a second-hand bookseller's shop. The Shorthand duplicate is seldom in the second-hand market, and I am told is not easily obtainable. The happy owners of it, no doubt, are many; but it does not appear to exchange hands often. Mr. Levy's history of 1862 is a work which gives con- siderable information, and brings down the history to later periods than does Mr. Pitman's. Occasionally Mr Levy's book may be picked up for a moderate sum. The Historical Account of Shorthand Writing, which is the fullest as far as it goes, viz., to the end of the last century is that of Mr. G. H. Lewis, the author of a system which is still, to some extent, practised. His book will give the student of cabalistic sigus a greater insight than any other as to what was done by English inventors of systems from 1602 to 1800. Setting aside some antiquated notions touching the impossibility of using thick as well as thin strokes and curves, and strokes and curves of different length, which certain inventors of the 18th century had the temerity to propose for use, Mr. Lewis's " Historical Account" (1816), beside? being impartial, is a marvel of industry and research ; and on the whole he exhibits judgment and acuteness in most of his observa- tions aud advice. His diction, too, is exceedingly well chosen, and may be followed with ease and interest. This book, also, is by no means easily obtained, but when met with may be looked upon as a prize worth the trouble of seeking. It is easier to meet with these works, however, than the still more antique accounts given by John Angell and Philip Gibbs. There is nothing very remarkable about Angell's account except its meagreness ; but Gibbs, who is said to have been an Independent minister at Islington, deals not only with the English inventors, but traces the use of a species of Shorthand to several nations of 79 antiquity, showing much ingenuity and learning in so doing. These five authors exhaust the list of English historians of the art. But an enthusiast in the art, desiring to know what has been accomplished by progenitors, may, by an occa- sional visit to some old book-shop, not only come upon a mine of information in one of these very volumes cited, but may possibly meet with some old system in a book probably without covers, and with dog's-ear leaves. These will open his eyes and his mind, and he will no longer fancy that the 19th century enjoys a monopoly of Shorthand ability and invention. Many such books are lying in second-hand shops, waiting to be rooted out by a hobby-rider of Shorthand. Some years ago an honorary official position in the Shorthand Writers' Association gave me the opportunity of consulting some Shorthand works which had been presented to its library. A perusal of these from time to time was succeeded by a mania for the collection of works of this kind. Visits to second-hand book-shops and stalls was the natural outcome of this desire, and I became a Shorthand bibliomaniac. On one occasion, in a provincial town, no less than 17 or 18 books, which had been carefully put away by a bookseller in a bundle, and covered with the dust of ages for want of inquiries, fell to my capacious maw ; and since then the same source has been productive of several others. Single prizes, however, have been generally the rule. On a very recent occasion I hunted up, I verily believe, all the Shorthand systems which were in the possession of the numerous second-hand book- sellers of Edinburgh. A prize at one shop, another at a second, and so on, soon enabled me to be the owner of more than a baker's dozen of works which I had heard about, and many of which I had seen, but also of some that I had not before seen. A letter to the Athenceum on a discovery in regard to Rich's system resulted in an offer from a far-distant locality of some valuable ancient books on the art, such as are seldom found now- a-days outside the portals of the British Museum. A Tiffin, a Rich, a Shelton, an Annet were thus obtained. The publication of the same letter ultimately led to another " find" of capital game ; for it was the foundation of a corre- spondence with the largest private collector of Shorthand works in this country, and perhaps in the world. This gentleman, who justly prides himself on having (including of course duplicate and other editions) not less than 400 differ ant volumes on Shorthand, embracing most of the systems, new and old, exchanged several volumes with me, to the mutual benefit of both parties. I am now the possessor, without much pains, and without any extravagant outlay, of a nice little library of nearly 100 volumes ; and at the same time I 80 have added a few volumes to the library of the Shorthand Writers' Association. I am happy at all times to allow any other Steno- graphic bibliomaniac to seek the fountain of knowledge within my bookcase. There are many collections of Shorthand in different places, both private and public. The British Museum, I believe, possesses the largest share ; but there are collections in the Bodleian Library at Oxford; at the Chetham Library, Man- chester ; at the Advocates' Library, Edinburgh ; at the Library of the Shorthand Writers' Association ; and, I doubt not, else- where. Many of the old inventors were collectors. In more modern times Mr. Lewis had a large number of books valued at a high figure. Mr. Pitman in his history infers that he had a great many. I believe Mr. Levy possesses some also. Mr. Irvine Smith, Edinburgh, has a large collection, I am in- formed, as also Mr. Thomas Anderson, London, formerly of Glasgow. Mr. J. E. Bailey, of Stretford (Manchester), to whom I have already referred, possesses the largest private collec- tion, both of English and foreign works. There are, however, yet more volumes some, no doubt, rare indeed to be had for the seeking when they fall into the market from large private libraries about the country ; and Shorthand Writers who have any veneration for their professional ancestors would do well to rescue these works from decay or destruction whenever and wherever they are to be met with. EDWAED POCKNELL. \_The following appeared in " Browne's Phonographic Monthly" (New York) for April, 1880, from the pen of Professor J. D. Everett, of Queen's College, Belfast, author of " Shorthand for General Use."'] BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF EDWAED POCKNELL, CONDUCTOR OF POCKNELL'S PBKSH AGENCY, AND HONOBABY 8ECBETABY TO THE LONDON 8HOBTHAND WEITEBS' ASSOCIATION. EDWAED POCKNELL was born in one of the suburbs of Exeter (Devonshire) in 1837. The schoolmaster under whose tuition he was educated up to the age of fifteen, selected him to be articled as Reporter to the editor of a local newspaper (now defunct), The Western Luminary, and from 1852 to 1854 he performed all the duties of junior reporter for that journal. He took up Lewis's System of Shorthand, but having only an imperfect copy of the plates (the book itself not being obtainable at that time) and none of the author's suggestions to work upon, he only 81 obtained a very moderate speed, sufficient, however, for the class of reporting expected from him in those early days of his career. After two years a change in the editorship took place, and he was transferred to Woolmer's Exeter and Plymouth Gazette to serve the remaining three years of his apprenticeship. Here he was induced to give up Lewis's System in favour of Pitman's Phonography (ninth edition), which he studied assiduously. His former acquaintance with stenography, while helping him to master the principles of phonography, led him to attach little importance to the exact indication of vowels, and to be content with the general indication of a vowel without indicating what particular vowel it was. This habit he still to a great extent retains, though he generally writes the u, ah, o, aw, oi, and ow, as useful aids to legibility. For the other vowels, as a rule, a dot or tick answers his purpose, and he pays little attention to position, either in vowels or words. He remained on the G-azette (a weekly paper) till 1857. During his connection with it he had every opportunity of becoming acquainted with all kinds of provincial reporting; and before his time was up he was the chief reporter of the staff. On the recommendation of a former colleague he was induced to apply for the situation of junior reporter on the Manchester Guardian, the most important daily paper -in the provinces, and the two colleagues of the Gazette found themselves brother reporters on the Manchester Guardian in May, 1857. At this time EDWARD POCKNELL, though only twenty years of age, had become a skilled shorthand writer, and it was not long before he was called on to show his abilities by taking five-minute turns in a staff of five or six in getting out verbatim reports of such men as John Bright, Richard Cobden, and Milner Gibson, after the memorable general election which had lost these gentlemen their seats in Parliament. In this work he came out successfully, while one or two of his older confreres broke down, and for nearly four years he remained on the staff of the Manchester Guardian doing general reporting work, and attaining the position of second reporter. In March, 1861, he joined the staff of the Manchester Examiner, where he remained till an opening occurred in 1862 for going to London. This consisted in an appointment as Secretary to Mr. J. S. Forbes, the present Chairman of the London, Chatham, and Dover Railway, and of other Railway Companies. With Mr. Forbes he now became not only secretary and shorthand amanuensis, but chief clerk of the department over which Mr. Forbes then presided as general manager of the railway. His position here being physically less onerous than the press- work and professional shorthand writing which his Manchester experience involved, he was glad to remain in it for seven years, and would have remained longer but for the " Black Friday" of August, 1866, which brought banks, railways, and railway con- tractors to grief. The Chatham and Dover Railway became bankrupt, and was thrown into Chancery ; an enormous reduction was made in the staff, and Mr. POCKNELL, among a host of others, had to make way at the end of 1868 for cheaper men. He reverted at once to his old business, but now on his own account, and established a Press Agency for the supply of news to country newspapers, together with reports of metropolitan meetings, deputations, arbitrations, law cases, and other matters of special interest to the readers of particular journals. He was fortunate enough to secure at once a number of clients both for newspaper reporting and shorthand writing, which are usually carried on as separate businesses, but which he combines together. As his connection increased he perceived the necessity of extending his basis of operations, a:id then he was led to found the " London Associated Reporters," a union of reporters and shorthand writers for mutual help in business matters, which, under his able direction, has established a reputation for the conscientious performance and punctual delivery of work. He is largely employed by many of the class papers of the metropolis papers representing railway, insurance, agricultural, church, dissenting, and other interests, which at times require verbatim reports of meetings of special interest to their clients. He is also the recognised shorthand writer of many railways and other joint-stock companies who store the proceedings of their general meetings among their archives, and of several scientific, learned, and other societies who print their discussions with their papers, and other proceedings. Some of this work for example, the reporting of the discussions at the Royal Astronomical Society is extremely difficult, the speaking being often rapid and in the highest degree technical. Mr. POCKNELL took part in the formation of " The Shorthand Writers' Association" in 1866, and has been annually re-elected to serve on its council. He filled the office of Secretary for two or three years, and now holds the less onerous post of honorary secretary. His name has occasionally appeared in the list of lecturers, and the subject to which he has given most attention of late is the improvement of shorthand. He is a great collector of works on shorthand, and is now engaged in elaborating an entirely new system in which his favourite idea of indicating where vowels occur without indicating what they are, will be very prominent. In his own practice he continues to write Isaac Pitman's Phonography according to the ninth edition. He writes with a fine-pointed gold pen upon single-ruled paper. Mr. POCKNELL has a kindly and genial manner, with a re- markably fair and candid turn of mind, which often reveals itself in discussion. 83 PROFESSIONAL OPINIONS ON " LEGIBLE SHORTHAND." THE following Shorthand writers, who were kind enough to examine the proof sheets of this work, have testified to its merits in the following letters, which are given in extenso : From MB. T. J. WOODS, President of the Shorthand Writers' Association, for thirty -one years a writer of Taylor, and who has latterly written Phonography concurrently " You have been good enough to send me the proof sheets of your new syst c m of Shorthand as they were printed, and, having now got the completed proofs, I have the pleasure to say that I have carefully examined these proof sheets, and as I am well acquainted with Taylor's system, and have a fair knowledge of Phonography, I am able to say that you have made a great advance on both in regai'd to legibility aud systematic arrangement. Your remarks and historical notes, coming from a practical man, will render your work valuable to all interested in Shorthand, and specially to students of your own system. If I were a younger man I would endeavour to master your system ; but, alas ! 65 is not an age for learning the A I? C of anything." From ME. RICHABD GOWINO (Editor School Board Chronicle), an old Phouographer " I did not thiuk that in our generation a new system of Short- hand would be likely to be invented that might be compared favourably with Pitman's. Your ' Legible Shorthand,' however, seems to me to be quite worthy to challenge the championship so long held by Phono- graphy. In your invention there is great originality, and remarkable success in the adoption of fresh devices to gain time and to secure legibility." From MR. ALFBED PABKEB, Librarian of the Shorthand Writers' Association, a writer of Phonography for many years, and a student of old systems " I have to thank you for your kindness in sending me the proof sheets of your ' Legible Shorthand." I have looked through the work with as much care as my limited leisure would allow, and 1 can testify, from a superficial acquaintance with numerous works on Stenography which have passed through my hands in my official capacity, that you have made good use of your predecessors. You appear to mo to have displayed great ingenuity and perseverance in the retention of their excellences, the rejection of their absurdities, and the production of much original matter of a very interesting character." From MR. THOMAS ANDEBSOX, a writer at intervals of Phono- graphy, Melville Bell's, Gurney's, Taylor's, and his own, author of " Synopsis of a New System of Short Writing 1 ," Glasgow, 1878, and late Shorthand writer in the Glasgow Sheriil"s Court " I have had, by your courteous permission, the pleasure of looking over the proof sheets of your work, entitled ' Legible Shorthand.' On repeated inspection and consideration of your papers, I am of opinion that your system is undoubtedly superior to Mr. Pitman's, and I further think that it obviates the mauy objections to which his is liable in a far more satisfactory manner thau does any other similar attempt I have seen. If Phonography, either in longhand or short- hand, is to be accepted as a proper basis for describing lau-,iuge on which point it is not necessary for me to say anything now theu, to iny mind, yours is the worthiest attempt in the English language and of English authorship with which I am acquainted, and 1 have been intromitting with the subject more or less for the last fifteen years." From MR. A. B. SPABKHALL, Assistant Librarian of the Short- hand Writers' Association, a Phonographer acquainted theo- retically and practically with a number of other systems "In reference to your system I can only say that, having by virtue of niy position (as Assistant Librarian) an extensive acquaintance with Shorthand systems, I know of none wherein the difficulties of a reporter are better appreciated, or which contains a more ingenious scheme for removing them; and if with that legibility which the system undoubtedly possesses by virtue of the principle underlying- it sufficient facility for a reporter's use can bo attained, I have no doubt it will attain a wide success." From ME. JOHN NEEDELL, for many years a writer of Taylor and afterwards of a combination of Taylor's and Phonography " One of the many ingenious features in connection with your system 'Legible Shorthand' is the method, applied universally, of so grouping the consonants of each word by combinations as to enable the writer to indicate the place of each vowel without even expressing it, thus preventing to a very great extent the possibility of numerous out- lines clashing. This facility alone shoul I make the system valuable as a means of increasing legibility and speed in reading and transcribing. The whole system seems to be most novel and ingenious iu all its details ; and if properly studied and acquired, will doubtless afford to the student every facility for extreme accuracy in writing as well as for a high rate of speed." From MB. A. E. C. WHITE, a writer of "Legible Shorthand" " Your Legible Shorthand,' which I have acquired and can write and read with the greatest possible ease in consequence of its simpli- city and systematic arrangement, will, I am sure, be much preferred to other systems which friends of mine have t-iken up, aud which, owing I know to the great number of exceptions to rules and the waut of systematic arrangement and vowel indication, have laid such a burden on the memory us to render the pursuit of the art a slow, tedious, and disagreeable process." INDEX TO " INSTRUCTIONS." [The numbers refer to ihe page.] "A" (article), 10. Abbreviating methods, 35, 56, 57, 58 ; C. X and Q, 35 ; auxiliary verbs, 35 ; prefixes, 36, 37, 38 ; logograms, 7, 44, 52 ; termi- nations, 53 ; longhand imi- tation, 56, 57 ; parts of words for whole ones, 57 ; to express initial letters, 57. Alphabet (triple) , 2 (explana- tion), 3. "And," 10. Arbitrary logograms, 32. Arbitrary signs (initial and final), 31. Auxiliary verb contractions, 35, 36. Awkward junction (how to avoid), 24. Blended consonants, 12, 13; danger of possible admission of vowel between, 14. Brevity, percentage of gain, in, 61. C (letter), 4,35. Characters definition, 1 ; joining, 5; coalescent and syllabic, 11 j "character" prefix list, 38; crossing abbreviation , 57 ; for weights, measures, and mathe- matical signs, 58. " Circumstances," sign for, 32. Classes of words : Class I., 8 ; list of ditto, S ; Class II., 17 ; Class III., 19; Class IV., 19; Cliss V., 19; Class VI., 20 j Class VII., 20. Coalescents definition, 1 ; re- marks on coalescents, 11 ; di- graph, how formed, 14; list of digraphs, 16 ; trigraph, and how formed, 21 ; polygraphs, 22 ; abbreviation by trigraphs, 56. Comment marks, 34. Comparison with other systems, 24, 25, 613. Consonants initial double, 12 ; initial triple, 12 ; final double and triple, 12 ; medial combi- nations, 13 5 final expressed by curves, 23. Crossing-character abbreviation?, 57. Curves, 3 ; xised to indicate initial and final vowels, 22, 23. Definition of terms, 1. Digraphs (definition), 1; "gh," 4; "ght,"4; coalescent, and how formed, 14 ; list of coa- lescent, 16 ; syllabic digraph, how formed, 17 ; list of sylla- bic, 18. Dot, tick, and symbol for prefixes^ terminations, and intermediate syllables, 29, 30. Double consonants, 12, 13. Ejaculations, 34. Elongated terminations, 53. Exact vowel scale, 27. Extra letters (optional), 4. Final and initial arbitrary signs, 31. Final double and triple con- sonants, 12, 13 ; vowel, how to indicate it, 23 ; final mute ditto^ 23. Final syllables (omission of vowel place), 33. Fractions, 59. General rule : Rule XXIII., 22. Grammalogue (definition), 1. Hook, medial vowel, 19. Imitation of longhand abbre- viation, 56, 57. Initia' and final arbitrary signs, 31. Initial double and triple cou swants, 12. Initial letters expressing words', 57. Init'al Vowel how to indicate it, 22 ; ho* to write it, 24. Intermediate syllable*, by dot, tick, and symbol, 29, 30. Joining characters, 5; to avoid "wkward junctions, 24. Letters definition, 1 ; pairing, 3 ; names of, 3 ; optional extra, -I ; C. X and Q, 4 ; silent, 5 ; that cbauge sound, 5 ; initial letters exoressin^ words, 57. Liue of writing, 6. Lists logograms, 7 ; mono- syllables, 9 ; coalescent di- graphs, 16 ; syllabic digraphs, 18 ; short words in comparison with other systems, 24, 25 ; vowels in " exact vowel scale," 27; auxiliary verb contractions, 35, 36; symbol prefixes, 37; character prefixes, 33 ; logo- gram key, 42 ; additional logograms, 44; terminations, 53. Logograms (definition), 1 ; list of, 7 ; arbitrary, 32 ; additional logograms, 41 ; logogram key, 42 ; explanation of key, 43 ; ad- ditional logogram list, 4452, 61. Longhand abbreviations imitated, 56, 57. Marks comment, 34 ; miscel- laneous, 60. Materials, 61. Mathematical signs, 58. Measures, 58. Medial double and triple con- sonants, 13 ; vowel hook, 19. Method of shortening, 35 ; C. Q and X, 35 ; auxiliary verbs, 35. Miscellaneous marks, 60. Monosyllables : Class I., 8 ; list of ditto, 9 ; Class II., 17 ; Class III., 19; Class IV., 19; Class V., 19; Class VI., 20; Class VII., 20. Mute vowel, how to indicate it, 23. Numbers expressed, 59. Omission of vowel-place in final syllables, 33. Optional letters, C X and Q, 4 ; " gh" and " ght," 4. Optional vowel-position, 10. Ordinal numbers, 59. Outline (definition) , 1 ; example of outlines distinguished by rule, 24, 25. Paired letters, 3. Parts of words to express whole ones, 57. Past tense, expression of, 26. Percentage of gain in brevity, 61. Personal pronouns, 11 ; rules for, 11. Phonetic basis, 1. Phraseography, 59. Plural number, expression of, 26. Polygraphs (definition), 1; for- mation of, 22 ; abbreviation by polygraphs, 56. Position (definition), 6; optional vowel-position, 10. Prefixes dot, tick, and symbol, in position, 29, 30 ; common, as in, un, ad, &c., 33; symbol-prefix list, 36, 37; character-prefix list, 38. Pronouns (see "Personal"). Q (letter), 4, 35. Kules I. (logograms), 6 ; II. and III. (monosyllables, Class I.), 8 ; IV., optional vowel, 10 ; V., joining "a" and "and," 10; VI., personal pronouns, 1J ; VII., coalescent diirraph, 14 ; VIII. (ditto), 15; IX. (ditto), 15; X. (ditto), 15; XI. (ditto), 15; XII., monosyllables (Class II.), 17; XIII. (syllabic di- graph), 17 ; XIV., mono- syllables (Class III.), 19; XV., ditto (Class IV.), 19; XVI. (medial vowel hook), 19 ; XVII., monosyllables (Class V.), 19; XVIII. ditt> (Class VI.), 20; XIX. (to distinguish between single and double vowels), 20; XX., coalescent Trigraphs, 21 ; XXI., syllabic trigraphs, 21 ; XXI/. (Poly- graphs), 22; XXI II. (GENE- RA i. Rules for fully- written words), 22; XXIV. (plural number), 26 ; XXV., past tense in "ed," 26; XXVI. (use of the vowel signs), 28 ; XXVII., "dot, tick, and symbol" for prefixes, terminations, and intermediate syllables, 29 ; XXVIII. (initial and final arbi- trary signs) , 31 ; TCXTY, (auxi- liary phrasing) 36. Scale (exact vowel), 27. Short words Class I., 8; list of ditto, 9; Class II., 17; Class III., 19 ; Class IV., 19 ; Class V., 19; Class VI., 20; Class VII., 20. Shortening methods, 35 ; C. Q and X, 35 ; auxiliary verbs, 35. Signs vowel signs, 27 ; initial and final arbitrary signs, 31 ; for "circumstances," 32; for weights, measures, and mathe- matical signs, 58. Silent letters, 5. Silent vowe s, 29. Sound, writing by, 1. Specimens of shorthand, 62, 63, 65, 66. Sq and S-q, 26. Syllables definition, 1 ; remark on, 11 ; formation of digraphs, 87 1 7 ; list of, 18 ; formation of trigraphs, 21 ; polygraphs, 22 ; not used medially, 24. Syllables (intermediate), by dot, tick, and symbol, 29, 30 ; omis- sion of vowel place iu final syl- lables, 33. Symbols (definition), 1, 14; dot, tick, and symbol for prefixes, terminations, and intermediate syllables, 29, 30; symbol prefix list, 36, 37. Terminations dot, tick, and symbol in position, 29, 30 ; detached terminations, 53. " This, thus, these, and those," 33. Ticks vowel, 8; "dot, tick, and symbol" for prefixes, termi- nations, and intermediate syl- lables, 29, 30. Trigraphs (definition), 1 ; coales- cent trigraph rule, 21 ; syllabic trigraph rule, 21. Triple consonants, 12, 13. Verb (auxiliary contractions), 35, Vowels tick, 8 ; optional " posi- tion,' 1 10 ; antecedent vowel rule, 17; medial hook, 19; initial vowel, how to indicate it, 22 ; to write it, 24 ; final vowel, ditto, 23 ; mute final ditto, 23 ; exact vowel scale, 26, 27 ; rules for writing vowel signs, 28 ; silent vowels, 29 ; vowel-place omission in final syllables, 33. W (letter), 9 (note). Weights, expression of, 58. Whole words expressed by part, 57. Words classes of short, 8 ; Class I., 8 ; list of ditto. 9 ; Class 71., 17; Class III., 19; Class IV., 19; Class V., 19; Class VI., 20; Class VII., 20; whole words expressed by part, 57 ; ex- pressed by initial letters, 57. Writing (Hue of), 6; rules (gene- ral) for, 22. X (letter), 4, 35. Y (letter), 9 (note). ADVERTISEMENTS. [!N ORDINABY TYPE.] Shorthand : A SCIENTIFIC MAGAZINE (Quarterly, with occasional Supplementary Numbers), Devoted to the world-wide Interests of the Art, and the ultimate discovery of a " Universal Standard" System. This Magazine will be conducted by MB. EDWARD POCKNELL and other practical Shorthand writers, and will contain Reviews and Criticisms of current and new systems, Notes on Practical and Theoretical Difficulties. Suggestions and Correspondence from all quarters, a New History of Shorthand from the Earliest Times, Eeprints of old Authors as far as regards Theories Expounded or Advocated, Explanations of Old Methods, Gossip about Shorthand Writers in all paits of the World, and other interesting matters. Shorthand Societies may arrange to make this Magazine tlieir authorised medium for announcements and views. E. POCKNELL, 2, FALCON COURT, FLEET STREET, E.G. INSTRUCTION IN "LEGIBLE SHORTHAND" GIVEN BY AN EFFICIENT TEACHER, WITH THE ASSISTANCE AND ADVICE OF THE AUTHOR. For terms apply to E. POCKNELL, 2, Falcon Court, Fleet Street, London, E.G. The assistance of a Teacher, when it can be obtained, is of great advantage in the study of this art. Men differ in their genius and perceptions, and every pupil has his own peculiar views and ideas. Difficulties present themselves to some minds which never occur to others, and which no writer on the subject can anticipate. It is impossible, in a public treatise, to lay down rules and explanations adapted to the capacities and satis- factory to the understandings of all who may endeavour to learn it. A master, however, has it in his power to give such minute and personal instructions as cannot fail to produce a beneficial result. He can at once explain to the student whatever seems obscure and ambiguous; can solve his difficulties, correct his mistakes, assist his invention, encourage him in his progress, and lead him on to practical proficiency. W. Gaiviress, 1819. Price, cloth, 3s. 107 pp. 2,500 cuts. LEGIBLE SHORTHAND, Professional Shorthand Writer and Reporter, Hon. Secretary to the Shorthand Writers' Association. Anticipatory Press Notices. Evening Standard: "The author claims to be the inventor of aii original Alphabet, and of some novel principles which will overcome the great drawback of Shorthand viz., the want of sufficient legibility, which has caused so large a percentage of learners to cease the steady pursuit of the art." Morning Post: "The raison d'etre of the innovation is to obtain greater legibility than is obtained by the present methods." Railtcay News : " To show the place of every vowel without writing it, or sacrificing brevity, is a result devoutly to be wished if it can be accomplished practically." Journalist (in Phonography) : " Mr. Pocknell is a practical short- hand writer of considerable experience. As far as he would let us into the secret we understand its chief power lies in the representa- tion of the vowels by the manner of writing the consonants. A pupil whom he has taught has made rapid progress with it." %* Sec Professional Opinions on paget 83 and 81. THE AUTHOR, 2, FALCON COURT, 32, FLEET STREET, B.C. LONDON & MANCHESTER : John Heywood. EDINBUBGH & GLASGOW: J. Menzies & Co. And of all Booksellers. PROFESSIONAL SHORTHAND WRITING. POCKNELL'S PRESS AGENCY,, 2, FALCON COURT, FLEET STREET. To Public Companies, Solicitors, Societies, and Class Newspaper Proprietors. A Staff of efficient Shorthand Writers may be engaged on the shortest notice, to attend Commercial or Societies' Meetings, Arbitrations, or Law Proceedings. Transcripts, Verbatim or Condensed, furnished with expedition. REFERENCES TO NUMEROUS CLIENTS GIVEN. Address E. POCKNELL, 2, FALCON COURT, FLEET STREET, E.G. THE JOUBNALIST. An Illustrated Phonographic Magazine FOR JOURNALISTS SHORTHAND WRITERS AND REPORTERS. ESTABLISHED NOVEMBER, 1879. EDITED BY H. E. EVANS. OPINIONS OF THE PRESS. Bristol Western Daily Press : " Admirably lithographed." Plymouth Western Daily Mercury : " The Journalist is deserving of the success which seems to he secured for it." Ipswich Daily News : " The most decided advance yet taken in publi- cations of the kind." Shorthand Magazine : " We hail the appearance of this high-class Journal as a significant hint of the progress and spread of Phono- graphy." Phonetic Journal : "It is magnificent and in this case there is no but to qualify the praise." Browne's Phonographic Monthly : " It is really a very handsome magazine." The Teacher :" The Journalist (which' we noticed on the issue of its first numher. a year ago) has improved with time. It contains, month by month, articles on general topics as well as on matters connected with the press, in addition to journalistic news and gossip. We cordially commend it to all who are learning, or have learnt, Pitman's Short- hand, as the best periodical printed in that system." La Semaine Francaise : " This Journal is got up with great taste and care ' Ce Journal cst fait avec beaucoup de goflt et de soin. A part la typographic qni est excellent, les articles qu'il contient, sent tres iut^ressants. Le Journalist s'addresse Fran?ais comme aux Anglais, du moins a ceux qui possedent 1'art Phonographique." PRICE SIXPENCE MONTHLY. The Journalist Office, Crosby Hall Chambers, London. THE LONDON ASSOCIATED KEPORTERS, 2, FALCON COURT, 32, FLEET STREET, E.C. POCKNELL'S PEESS AGENCY IN CONJUNCTION WITH THK LONDON ASSOCIATED REPOBTEBS. The latter organisation has been now at work several years successfully, and meets a want much felt by daily papers which require work done well, quickly, cheaply, and adapted to their particular journal. The Associated Reporters are simply a large number of independent London Reporters, pursuing their individual work for their own clients, but associated together for mutual help in heavy jobs, and for the advantage of co-operation as opposed to single-handed efforts- The direction of matters is in the hands of Mr. Pocknell, whose past conduct of his Press Agency is a guarantee of the work of the wider organisation being done promptly, accurately, and conscientiously. Mitchell's Newspaper Press Directory, 1880. The Business undertaken by the London Associated Reporters includes all London Reporting required by London Daily, Class, and Country Newspapers. Address the Manager E. POCKNELL, 2, FALCON COUKT, 32, FLEET STREET, E.C. THE MONTHLY ILLUSTRATED Interesting and Instructive Literature. Clever Sketches. Largest Circulation. Price 4:d. ; or Post Free, tyd. London : P. PITMAN, 20, Paternoster-row. Derby : G. J. PRATT, 16, Porester-street. And all Booksellers. BROWNE'S PHONOGRAPHIC MONTHLY AND REPORTERS' JOURNAL. ORGAN OP THE REPORTING PROFESSION. This publication is now in its fifth volume, and has added the feature of looking to the interests of newspaper, as well as stenographic, reporters. It will still contain fac-suniles of leading stenographers' notes, with their portraits and sketches. Among those recently given are the portraits of Professor J. D. Everett, of Queen's College, author of Shorthand for General Use'; J. L. Cobbin, Government stenographer at Cape Town, South Africa, author of a system called the People's Shorthand; E. Pocknell, a leading phonographer of London, and the author of a Shorthand system that will probably rival Isaac Pitman's Phonography ; J. W. Love, of Edinburgh, formerly popular lecturer on Phonography ; also the portraits of the American Congressional reporters and other distinguished stenographers in London and elsewhere. A series of illustrations of shorthand word forms and phrase-signs used by professional stenographers (commenced with those of the Congressional reporters at Washington) is a feature of eminent practical value to both amateur and professional writers by all systems. The Monthly, as heretofore, will give information in regard to all systems of Shorthand and events of the day pertaining to reporting. A grand double holiday number will be issued in December; all yearly subscribers will receive it without extra charge. The subscription price is Two dollars per year in America ; in foreign countries, 7s. The aim of the Monthly is to be bigoted in nothing, but open for communications on all branches of the subject, and to continue to be " The Leading and Representative Shorthand Journal the world over." Specimen copy, 2^d. Address ROBERT THACKRAY, 15, Tanner's Moat, York, Eng. THE CANADIAN ILLUSTRATED SHORTHAND -WRITER, IS COSMOPOLITAN IN CHABACTEB, Beiug devoted to no particular System, but treating all fairly. " The matter is professionally very interesting." Courant, Newcastle, England. " It must certainly meet favour with phonographers every- where." Journal of Commerce, Boston. " It should enjoy an enormous circulation." Spectator, Hamilton. Subscription: 1 dol. per annum; 10 cents per copy. BENGOUGH, BBOS., Publishers, Toronto, Canada. London Agent : JAS. WADE, Publisher, 18, Tavistock Street, Covent Garden. THE CHESS -MONTHLY. Edited by Messrs. L. HOFFEB and J. H. ZUKEBTOBT. Monthly, Is.; by post, Is. Id. IN VOLUMES, 11s. 6d. CASES FOR BINDING, Is. ; by post, Is. 1R ALL CHESS PUBLICATIONS PROCURED TO ORDER. CHESS \ Highly-finished Folding Chess Board, 12s. < Highly-finished Drawing Chess Board, 10s. BOARDS. ( Sliding Chess Board, Polished, 7s. 6d. JAS. WADE, Printer, Publisher, and Bookseller, 18, Tavistock Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C. 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