LIBRARY CATALOGUING By J.HENRY QUINN LIBRARY CATALOGUING Library Cataloguing BY J. HENRY QUINN Librarian, Metropolitan Borough of Chelsea; Library Association Examiner in Cataloguing and Lecturer in Librarianship, London School of Economics (Univ. of London.) LONDON : TRUSLOVE & HANSON, LTD. 1913. / LONDON : TRUSLOVB AND BRAY, LTD. PRINTERS, WEST NORWOOD, S.B. PREFACE. SOME years ago I prepared a Manual of Library Cataloguing, which met with more acceptance than was expected, and has been out of print for some time. Upon considering requests for a new edition, I concluded that a book upon somewhat different lines would be more likely to meet the present requirements of librarians and library assistants this volume is the result. No pretence is made that the work is exhaustive or complete, but it is hoped that it will serve as a practical and useful introduction to the several codes of cataloguing rules. The statements made in it are not meant to be dogmatic, but they indicate the lines upon which good and accurate work is to be accomplished. As the illustrative examples were chosen from every-day books, and are worked out as simply as possible, they should be found useful by beginners; especially in preparing for the examinations of the Library Association in this subject. I am indebted to my friend Mr. Frank Pacy, City Librarian of Westminster, for reading my proofs and suggesting many improvements, although I am sure he would not care to accept responsibility for all the views expressed or the mode of expressing them. J.H.Q. Chelsea, London, S.W. July, 1913. 274233 CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. Introductory. PAGE The Difficulties of Cataloguing a Library The Qualities Desirable in a Cataloguer The Necessity for Systematic Cataloguing i CHAPTER II. Short History of Modern Cataloguing. The British Museum Rules Jewett's Rules Crestadoro's Catalogues Huggins* Liverpool Catalogue Cutter's Rules The Anglo American Code Dziatzko's Instruction Dewey's Classification The British Museum and other Catalogues .... 7 CHAPTER III. Dictionary versus Classified Catalogues. Form to be fixed The users of Catalogues Questions Catalogues are expected to answer The Dictionary Catalogue The Classified Catalogue The Alpha- betico- Classed Catalogue Definitions . . 19 CHAPTER IV. Single Author Principal-Entry. Stationery The Author-Entry Full Names Imprint and Collation Order of Information Tabulated Subject-Entry Headings Class-Entry ... 32 CHAPTER V. Joint-Authors. J oint- Authors Collations Synonymous Subj ect- H ead - ings Participants in a Correspondence References Man and Wife as Joint Authors .... 48 CONTENTS vii. CHAPTER VI. Books by more than Two Authors. Composite Books. PAGE Books by Three Authors Choice of Subject -Headings Cross- References Books by a Number of Authors Ecclesiastical and other Titles of Honour The use of Capitals Editors Dates of Publication Title- Entries Punctuation " Indexing " Contents of Composite Books Separate Works printed together Volumes of Essays by Single Authors ... 58 CHAPTER VII. Illustrated Books. Music. Authors and Illustrators Translations of Foreign Titles of Books of Illustrations and of Music The Cata- loguing of Music Librettists " Indexing " Miscella- neous Music Dates of Publication .... 80 CHAPTER VIII. Publications of Governments, Societies, and Corporate Bodies. Co-operative Indexes Publications of Societies Pub- lishing Societies Government Publications Statutes Colonial and Foreign Government Publications Local Government Publications Associations and Institutions Congresses 95 CHAPTER IX. Compound Names. Names with Prefixes. Greek and Roman Names. Rendering of the Names of Foreign Authors Compound Names Changed Names Foreign Compound Names Names with Prefixes Short Entries Title- Entries Foreign Names with Prefixes Greek and Latin Authors no CHAPTER X. First Name Entry- Monarchs Queens Order of Arrangement Princes Popes Series Entries Saints Friars Media val Names Artists, &c .133 viii. CONTENTS CHAPTER XL Noblemen. Oriental Names. PAGE Noblemen Title v. Family Name Double Subject- Entry Oriental Names Indian Names Japanese and Chinese Names Hebrew Names Maori Names 148 CHAPTER XII. Pseudonyms. Married Women. Pseudonyms v. Real Names The Better-known Name Methods of Marking Pseudonyms Writers who use Two Names Phrase- Pseudonyms Specific Entry Repetition Dashes Use of Capitals for Emphasis Women's Names Changed by Marriage Anonymous Books The Discovery of Authors of Anonymous Books " By the Author of " Names consisting of Initials only 161 CHAPTER XIII. The Bible and other Sacred Books. Newspapers, &c. "Anonyma" continued The Bible and other Sacred Books Commentaries and Concordances News- papers and Periodicals Directories and Annuals . 185 CHAPTER XIV. Miscellaneous. Title- Entries Classics Specific Subject Concentra- tion of Subject Definite Headings Popular Terms Historical Fiction Novels in Series Sequels- Fiction Known by Special Titles Books with Changed Titles Annotations Form Entries Summary Hints 199 CHAPTER XV. The Printing of Catalogues. The Preparation of " Copy " Markings for Type Styles of Printing in Various Catalogues Table of Types Tenders for Printing Model Specification Reading and Correction of Proofs Type " Kept Standing " . 217 APPENDIX A. The Correction of Printer's Proof . . 236 B. A List of Contractions .... 239 C. A List of Pseudonyms with the Real Names 242 INDEX 250 Library Cataloguing. CHAPTER I. Introductory. The difficulties of Cataloguing a Library. The qualities desirable in a Cataloguer. The necessity for Systematic Cataloguing. AMONG the varied duties of a librarian that of cataloguing his books is generally supposed by the uninitiated to be one of the easiest. The popular idea is that books are sent to libraries public libraries at any rate by grateful publishers, when all the librarian has to do is " to catalogue them," put them up in rows on shelves, and hand them out to the first person who asks for them. The cataloguing of a library is ranked with that of any other inventory, and a catalogue popularly regarded as a mere list, calling for no particular knowledge, effort, or care in its production. The late Prof. John Fiske opens an interesting essay on "A Librarian's Work" in his Darwinism and other Essays (Macmillan, 1879) in these words, which are equally applicable to any library of any pretension : I am very frequently asked what in the world a librarian can find to do with his time, or am perhaps congratulated on my connection with Harvard College Library, on the ground that 2 LIBRARY CATALOGUING 4 ' being virtually a sinecure office (!) it must leave so much leisure for private study and work of a literary sort." Those who put such questions, or offer such congratulations, are naturally astonished when told that the library affords enough work to employ all my own time, as well as that of twenty assistants ; and astonishment is apt to rise to bewilderment when it is added that seventeen of these assistants are occupied chiefly with " cataloguing " ; for, generally, I find, a library catalogue is assumed to be a thing that is somehow " made " at a single stroke, as Aladdin's palace was built, at intervals of ten or a dozen years, or whenever a " new catalogue " is thought to be needed. " How often do you make a catalogue? " or . " When will your cata- logue be completed? " are questions revealing such transcendent misapprehension of the case that little but further mystification can be got from the mere answer, " We are always making a catalogue, and it will never be finished." Prof. Fiske then proceeds to describe the diffi- culties of cataloguing a library : " just cataloguing a book " not being by any means so simple a task ; and he goes on to demonstrate that the work requires " considerable judgment and discrimination " be- sides " a great deal of slow, plodding research." Perhaps there is no literary labour of the kind, mere " hewing of wood and drawing of water " though it be, that so quickly takes the conceit out of those essaying it, they finding it both " arduous and per- plexing." " The peculiarities of titles are, like the idiosyncrasies of authors, innumerable. Books are in all languages and treat of subjects as multitu- dinous as the topics of human thought." A good LIBRARY CATALOGUING 3 cataloguer should be learned in the history of all literary, scientific, religious, philosophical, economic, and political movements of all ages and all countries, and especially must he be abreast of the times in a knowledge of men and things, literary, scientific, and otherwise. He needs be something of a linguist, should be exact, orderly, methodical, with fixed ideas and yet an open mind, painstaking, and persevering. Even with the exercise of all these attainments and qualities, his work will not be found to be beyond criticism. No pretence is made to assert that cataloguers as a body do conform to this ideal ; if they did it is probable they would find more profitable employment. The next best thing to possessing these qualifications, however, is to have as many as can be attained, and make up for the rest by knowing where to find information as needed. If the cataloguer be not " a walking encyclopaedia" in himself, he at least should know how to utilise the printed ones, and all other litera- ture at his command. There are many kinds of library catalogues ranging from the mere lists made by private per- sons of their own books to the great " Catalogue of Printed Books in the British Museum," which is so extensive by reason of the number of books con- tained in it, that its entries are virtually limited to a single item for each book. Whether small or great, the principles governing their compilation are much the same, the following chapters being principally intended as a guide to the cataloguing of a public library of average size. No matter how good a library may be, its col- lections are practically lost and useless without an 4 LIBRARY CATALOGUING adequate, properly-compiled catalogue. As Carlyle puts it " A big collection of books without a good catalogue is a Polyphemus with no eye in his head." Even an indifferent library can be made to render comparatively good service with a good catalogue. In order to compile such a catalogue it is essential that certain particulars be given descriptive of the books, and in so systematic a way that, while the entries will afford all reasonable information to the person well-versed in books, they shall, at the same time, be so clear and simple in character as to be understood without much effort by anyone of average intelligence. These particulars should be comprehensive enough to afford some general idea of the nature and scope of the book described with- out actually examining it, though in this respect much depends upon the character and resources of the library. The full descriptions usual in special bibliographies meant for experts are not to be ex- pected or required in the catalogue of a popular general library. The value of a good catalogue does not depend upon its extent or size any more than does that of a good book, but rather upon the exactness of the method by which the information given is digested and concentrated. There are library catalogues so elaborately compiled and imposing in appearance that they might be, and often are, considered to be most excellent productions, whereas those who use them find them little more than a medley of book- titles pedantic without being learned. On the other hand, " infinite riches in a little room " would often be an appropriate motto for some insignificant- looking catalogue. Sometimes it happens that quite LIBRARY CATALOGUING 5 a small library has a large catalogue. This does not always arise from a desire to make the most of the library, but may, likely enough, be owing to the fact that the compilation was undertaken by some over-zealous committeeman or other amateur, who, being " fond of books," considered this a suffi- cient qualification for cataloguing them without knowing that it is far easier to over-catalogue a library than to do the w r ork judiciously the result being both wasteful and disastrous. The first cata- logues of the smaller public libraries are sometimes of this character, not always for the reason just stated ; probably owing to the desire to save the salary of the librarian by postponing his appointment to the last moment. He is then expected to select and purchase the books as well as produce a printed catalogue of them within a few weeks : the con- ception being that a library can be selected, arranged, and listed in bulk as goods are bought, displayed, and ticketed in a shop, and in as short a time. The cataloguing, then, has perforce to be delegated to an assistant, who possibly has no training whatever. For this reason and others the catalogue of a new public library can seldom be taken as representing the knowledge or ability of the librarian as a cataloguer. With the spread and rise in the standard of education, more exact and better work is now de- manded in libraries than was the case during the early years after the passing of the first Public Libraries Act. The slipshod, unsystematic cata- loguing at one time in vogue is not acceptable now, and the public demands something more than bald lists compiled upon no principle in particular, which 6 LIBRARY CATALOGUING are often more bewildering than helpful to an in- quiring reader. The student and that interesting person " the general reader " have a better under- standing than formerly of the uses and peculiarities of books, and look for precise information concern- ing them. No better evidence of the general interest taken in books is needed than that afforded by the large place occupied by the reviewing of literature of all kinds in the daily press and popular journals, even in minor periodicals. There must be a public for such reviews, otherwise editors would not provide them; and, no doubt, the spread of libraries has something to do with it. The old dictum that it was not the business of a cataloguer to go behind, or add to, the information deemed sufficient by an author for the title-page of his book does not now find acceptance. Those who are possessed of even a little ex- perience will know that it is impossible to compile a library catalogue in a haphazard fashion, and that clear and definite rules for guidance must be laid down before any part of the work is attempted, otherwise confusion and want of proportion will result, to say nothing of the likelihood of the loss of work already done. Happily for a number of years now the rules governing the proper compila- tion of catalogues have been codified, and the fol- lowing chapters, while based upon no particular code, are meant to serve as a practical introduction to the best-known of them with some little modi- fications that have been found to be convenient in practice. CHAPTER II. Short History of Modern Cataloguing. The British Museum Rules. Jewett's Rules. Crestadoro's Catalogues. Huggins' Liverpool Catalogue. Cutter's Rules. The Anglo - American Code. Dziatzko's Instruction. Dewey's Classification. The British Museum and other Catalogues. BEFORE proceeding to consider the practical side of the subject, we may take a brief glance at the history of modern cataloguing of public libraries in this country. The earlier catalogues were limited either to author-entries or were classi- fied according to the whims of the compiler, some- times according to the rooms or shelves in which the books were placed. The subject of cataloguing received the most serious attention in the year 1850, and, roundly, we may date its history from then. " The Rules for the Compilation of the Catalogue of Printed Books in the Library of the British Museum " had been adopted in 1839, and were printed in 1841. In a great measure they may be regarded as the basis of all cataloguing rules since that time, at any rate for author-entry or its equivalent. In 1850 a Royal Commission on the management of the British Museum had sat and issued its report, and rate- supported public libraries were coming into exist- ence. There had been much discussion on the need for an adequate and promptly-produced catalogue of the books in the Museum, and many views upon 8 LIBRARY CATALOGUING the subject were set forth, especially by literary experts. Their criticism was in the main directed against the existing rules known as Panizzi's. Anthony Panizzi, then Principal Librarian, with others of the Museum staff, including Thomas Watts, Winter Jones, and Edward Edwards, had each separately prepared a set of rules according to his own ideas for the compilation of the projected catalogue, and these were afterwards discussed by the compilers collectively, and differences of opinion decided by vote. The Secretary of this Royal Commission was J. Payne Collier, and he was one of the opposers of Panizzi's rules, especially taking exception to the fulness of entry because of the delay it entailed. To show practically how he would catalogue he tried his hand on twenty-five books in his own library and submitted the results. Mr. Winter Jones re- ported upon it, and said it contained almost every possible error which can be committed in cataloguing books. Payne Collier's attempt and his justification of it appear in the first part of the Gentleman's Magazine for 1850, where it will be seen that a German edition of Shakespeare is entered under the editor alone, and a play of Aristophanes is also so treated, besides other mistakes of a very amateurish nature. In this same year (1850) attention was being directed in America to library cataloguing. The Smithsonian Institution sent out a circular to the effect that, being desirous of facilitating research in literature and science, and of thus aiding in the increase and diffusion of knowledge, it had resolved to form a general catalogue of the various libraries LIBRARY CATALOGUING 9 in the United States. The librarian of the institu- tion, Prof. Charles C. Jewett, had prepared plans for the accomplishment of this object. The first part related to the stereotyping of catalogues by separate titles in a uniform style. This stereotyping was proposed to save time, labour, and expense in the preparation of new editions of such a general catalogue. Only as many copies as were needed for present use were to be struck off, and then new editions were to be printed from time to time with later additions also in stereotype. This idea, though it crops up from time to time, has now no novelty about it, though recent inventions in type-setting machines have certainly given cause for its reconsideration. No plan of this kind, particularly if it were to be co-operative among the libraries, could be of the least value unless there were uniformity of compilation according to fixed rules, and so the second part consists of a set of general rules to be recommended for adop- tion by the different libraries of the United States in the preparation of their catalogues. Jewett's code was based upon Panizzi's " Rules for the British Museum," with modifications and addi- tions to suit them to general use, and more especially in connection with his proposed co- operative catalogue. Upon this point he says, " The rules for cataloguing must be stringent, and should meet as far as possible all difficulties of detail. Nothing, so far as can be avoided, should be left to the individual taste or judgment of the cata- loguer. He should be a man of sufficient learning, accuracy, and fidelity, to apply the rules." In order to emphasise further the need for uniformity, he 10 LIBRARY CATALOGUING proceeds to say that " if the one adopted were that of the worst of our catalogues, if it were strictly followed in all alike, their uniformity would render catalogues thus made far more useful than the present chaos of irregularities." From his point of view of a national catalogue, he was perfectly right, though for general cataloguing the argument is not convincing. Probably there is room for a greater degree of uniformity in the catalogues of public libraries than exists at present, and a better under- standing upon this point might be of some advantage to readers and workers generally. The fact that catalogue rules of a standard kind exist does not seem to have exercised any great influence in this respect. The full title of Jewett's work is " On the Con- struction of Catalogues of Libraries and their Publication by means of separate Stereotyped Titles, with Rules and Examples, by Chas. C. Jewett, Librarian of the Smithsonian Institution, Washington." The first edition was issued in 1852, and another in the following year. The number of rules is thirty-nine, and they are furnished with a series of examples and a specimen subject-index. This may be regarded as the first code of rules which contains subject-entries as well as author- entries. In 1856, some two years before Jewett put his rules into practice in a catalogue of the Boston Public Library, Mr. A. Crestadoro published a pamphlet on " The Art of Making Catalogues of Libraries." The system he recommended was to compile the catalogue with the titles of the books given fully, leading off with the author's names, but LIBRARY CATALOGUING 11 arranged in no particular order. These entries were to be consecutively numbered. To this list of books there was to be an index of authors and subjects in a brief form with the number referring to the entry in the main catalogue. The subject-words were to be taken from the titles of the books themselves and accordingly books with synonymous titles were entered under those titles with such cross- references as were needed. This method was put into force by Crestadoro when librarian of the Manchester Public Library, and the catalogue still remains in use for the older books in the Reference Library there. The first volume was published in 1864, the entries being numbered from I to 26,534, though they are arranged more or less alphabetically under authors' names, or the principal subject- words if anonymous. To this volume is attached a brief subject-matter index. Two later volumes were published in 1879, and in these the books are apparently entered very much as they were received into the Library. A separate volume, however, serves as an index, both of authors and subjects, to all three volumes, and this volume is still the real finding catalogue, the volumes with the full particulars being little used in comparison. This index-form of brief entries of authors and subjects in one alphabet was utilised for catalogues of lending libraries in Manchester; the following example of later date being taken from one of these : - Glacial Period, Man and the. By Wright Glaciers of the Alps : a Lecture. By Molloy Gladiators. By Melville Gladman (F. J.) School Method ... 12 LIBRARY CATALOGUING Gladstone (Catherine) Life of. By Pratt Gladstone (J. H.) Michael Faraday. Gladstone (W. E.) Biography of. By Russell Biography of. By Smith Character of England under. By McCarthy.. Essay on. By Brown Gladstone's House of Commons. By O'Connor Gleanings of Past Years Government. By Kent Homer Impregnable Rock of Holy Scripture A similar arrangement was also adopted for the Birmingham Public Library by the late J. D. Mullins in 1869. At this time, or a little earlier, Samuel Huggins, a retired architect, was engaged by the Liverpool Corporation to compile a catalogue of the Public Reference Library there. He took Jewett's Catalogue of the Boston Public Library as his model, but with certain modifications. He says " in the shaping out of all its chief features Poetry, Painting, Music, Architecture, the Drama, Novels, and the Bible group, it has been so treated as to constitute it an original and unique catalogue, which in regard both to form and detail of these great departments of the field of knowledge is superior, so far as I know, to any other work of the kind. The subjects generally are more concentrated, brought into fewer and larger groups than in the excellent catalogue just named " that is Jewett's Boston one. One of the principles that he lays down is that a book of science or art with a geographical limitation will be found not under the scientific subject of which it treats, but under the name of LIBRARY CATALOGUING 13 the country or place to which the scientific research is confined, and so a book on the conchology of France does not appear under Conchology but under France subject division " Natural History." Mr. Huggins apparently was not satisfied that this idea met all needs as he printed an appendix to his volume " wherein for the greater convenience of the student, those works in the catalogue which, by the geographical principle of distribution, are classed under the places to which their subjects respectively are confined, and so, wide scattered, are brought together, and grouped according to their subject." The work was published in 1872, its main prin- ciples being more distinctly those we now under- stand by the form " a dictionary catalogue " and it was probably the first of the kind in this country. Under the older index catalogues a book upon Palestine might be under such headings as Palestine, Holy Land, Land of Promise, Lands of the Bible, Bible Lands, or any other title adopted by the authors on their title-pages, whereas these were all concentrated under a single heading with such reasonable references and cross-references as were needed to bind the whole together or " syndetic " as Cutter terms it. This catalogue is still in use in the Liverpool Reference Library, but has been improved in detail in the later supplementary volumes, including the elimination of the form- headings, of which Mr. Huggins made so much. Other developments in library cataloguing about this period lay more in the direction of attempts to combine the hitherto almost general classified cata- logues with subject and author catalogues in the unsatisfactory alphabetico-classed form. 14 LIBRARY CATALOGUING Up to this time, however, there was no adequate code of rules suited to all require- ments. As we have seen, the British Museum rules were for author-entry, and Jewett's were by no means complete enough for the purpose. In 1876, Mr. C. A. Cutter published his " Rules for a Printed Dictionary Catalogue," this work forming the second volume or part of the " Special Report of the U.S. Bureau of Education on the History, Condition, and Management of Public Libraries in the United States of America." These rules numbered 205 as compared with Jewett's 39, and Mr. Cutter put them into use in, if they were not actually based upon, his large Catalogue of the Library of the Boston Athencsum. A second edition of these rules, with corrections and additions, was issued as a separate work in 1889, a third in 1891, and a fourth in 1904. This last edition con- tained Mr. Cutter's latest corrections and additions (he died in September, 1903), the number of rules being increased thereby to 369. It is at present the standard and most exhaustive work of the kind, and is unlikely to be soon superseded, though it will be improved upon from time to time as library practice requires and its essential principles become embodied in other codes. Librarians of all ranks are indebted to the American Government for the generosity with which they distributed it freely to applicants. Both the American and British Library Associa- tions formulated rules the former in 1878 and the latter in 1883 though neither can be said to have been of much service, the American being a conden- sation of Cutter with some unimportant variations, LIBRARY CATALOGUING 15 and the British getting no further than author and title entries. The two Associations have now combined in a series of rules known as the " Anglo- American code " and entitled " Cataloguing Rules, Author and Title Entries, compiled by Committees of the American Library Association and of the Library Association." This was published in 1908, and the history of its production forms a preface to the work. A fuller history and description of it by the Secretary of the British Committee, Mr. John Minto, is contained in the Library Association Record, volume 11, 1909. A noteworthy statement he makes is " I do not think that it was supposed to be the business of the Committee to provide for the needs of very small libraries, which, on account of the inadequacy of their funds, are unable to provide full catalogues, and are obliged to be content with mere title-a-line lists. The requirements of such libraries are already well served with existing codes for example Cutter's Rules which provide alter- native forms, short, medium, and full, for various grades of libraries." For this very reason the Anglo-American code will never find much favour for practical use in this country, though it is at present the basis for the Library Association exami- nations in this subject. In 1886 Prof. Dziatzko published his "Instruc- tion fiir die Ordnung der Titel im alphabetischen Zettelkatalog der Koniglichen und Universitats- Bibliothek zu Breslau " which Mr. K. A. Linderfelt of Milwaukee translated and adapted in 1890, with the other standard rules, under the title " Eclectic Card Catalog Rules, Author and Title Entries, based on Dziatzko's ' Instruction ' compared with 16 LIBRARY CATALOGUING the Rules of the British Museum, Cutter, Dewey, Perkins, and other Authorities." It is so ample in its details that it covers all possible forms of authors' names and is therefore most valuable for reference or for compiling any catalogues, though it may contain a great deal that is rarely required in average library practice. The appendix, containing a list of oriental titles and occupations with their significance, is a useful feature of the work. So many classified catalogues have appeared of late years arranged according to the Dewey Decimal System that no notes upon the history of cataloguing would be complete without some reference to that system. There is no doubt that it is mainly respon- sible for the revival of this form of catalogue. The system was planned or invented by Mr. Melvil Dewey, when librarian of Amherst College, U.S.A., and was in the first instance intended for cata- loguing and indexing purposes, though it is now more commonly used for classifying and numbering the books upon the shelves. It was the result of a good deal of careful study of library needs and, on the face of it, is simple and practical. As to this Dewey says " in all the work philosophical theory and accuracy have been made to yield to practical usefulness. The impossibility of making a satisfactory classification of all knowledge, as preserved in books, has been appreciated from the first, and nothing of the kind attempted. Theoretical harmony and exactness have been repeatedly sacrificed to the practical requirements of the library." In spite of this statement it is astonishing how few defects it has as a system of classification, LIBRARY CATALOGUING 17 especially when it is remembered that every class and every subject is divided into ten heads. This limitation has the tendency to congest some subjects while others do not admit of the use of so many as ten numbers. Withal it is very elastic and useful, though, as may be expected, things American get preferential and fuller treatment. The first edition was published from Amherst College Library in 1876, the second from Columbia College Library in 1885, the third in 1888, the fourth from the New York State Library in 1891 ; the last ("edition 7") being that of 1911, each being a revision and enlargement of the earlier edition. The very full index attached to the scheme makes it comparatively easy to use, but, in the process of using, it is astonish- ing how many books have to be specially considered as to their correct place, a comparison of catalogues compiled under the system showing that different minds have interpreted the scheme quite differently. There are other schemes of classification applicable to cataloguing, as for instance that known as the " Expansive," the compilation of the late C. A. Cutter, and the "Adjustable" of Mr. J. D. Brown. This last is used in several public libraries worked upon what is termed the " open access " system. The earlier history of classified cataloguing is treated fully enough for most pur- poses in Mr. J. D. Brown's books on library classification. Even this mere sketch in outline of cataloguing history would be incomplete without some allusion to the printing of the " British Museum Catalogue of Printed Books." The printing of the first portion, containing the books to the end of 1881, was the 18 LIBRARY CATALOGUING work of twenty years, and consists of 393 parts, which superseded more than 2,000 folio volumes of the manuscript catalogue. The supplement contain- ing the books added to the Museum during the years 1882-1899 was completed in 1905, and those who have the opportunity of constant reference to the pages of the complete work know how valuable even indispensable it is, and look forward to the appearance of the next supplement. Decennial supplements would be none too frequent. When to-day so many excellent catalogues of libraries are produced it would be invidious to single out any for special praise, but no excuse is needed for naming that of the London Library published in 1903 with its subject volume of 1909, both volumes being remarkable for condensation and accuracy. At this time (1913) a new revised and enlarged edition is announced for publication. Mr. H. B. Wheatley's interesting little book, " How to Catalogue a Library," must not be over- looked in connection with the history of modern library cataloguing, particularly the chapter on " The Battle of the Rules." CHAPTER III. Dictionary versus Classified Catalogues. Form to be fixed. The users of Catalogues. Questions Catalogues are expected to answer. The Dictionary Catalogue. The Classified Catalogue. The Alphabetico- Classed Catalogue. Definitions. WE now proceed to consider the needs of those for whom our catalogues are prepared. It may be presumed that most of those who use this book are engaged in municipal or similar libraries, where the requirements of the many must be taken into account rather than the special needs of the few. For those who have yet to acquire experience it is as well to state that in cataloguing, as in most other departments of library work, a definite decision as to the form and methods to be adopted must be made at the outset, as it is impossible to start upon one form and then change to another without confusion or the sacrifice of work already done. Then, again, readers as a rule are extremely conservative, and not only dislike a change but are quick to resent it even when the advantages are sufficiently obvious to warrant it. Librarians and their assistants, too, get accustomed to a particular method, and after several years of working find it difficult to make a change to another without it affecting their work, often unconsciously. The spread of education and reading nowadays would lead us to suppose that most people possess 20 LIBRARY CATALOGUING a sufficient amount of general knowledge to enable them to make an intelligent use of a catalogue, provided it is compiled upon well-defined and logical principles. Should the compiler happen to have all the accomplishments named in Chapter L, and yield to the temptation to air them by the production of a highly scientific catalogue, he will find that his labours are unappreciated, and that he must adapt his work to the needs of the average " man in the street." Mr. H. B. Wheatley says as to this " that some persons seem to think that everything is to be brought down to the compre- hension of the fool; but if by doing this we make it more difficult for the intelligent person, the action is surely not politic. The consulter of a catalogue might at least take the trouble to understand the plan upon which it is compiled before using it." Mr. Wheatley's experience is not that of public librarians generally, as not one person in a thousand does take this trouble. However this may be, there is no difficulty in attaining the happy medium whereby the ignorant (speaking, of course, comparatively) finds his wants met as readily as the most learned, and with simplicity and thoroughness. It has been put in other words thus : " The right doctrine for a public library catalogue is that it should be made not from the scientific cataloguer's point of view, with a minimum of indulgence for ignoramuses, but from the ignoramus's point of view with a minimum of indulgence for the scientific cataloguer. That the person who not only does not know but does not even know how to search should be primarily pro- vided for." Therefore this idea of suiting the needs LIBRARY CATALOGUING 21 of the particular public using the library must never be overlooked by the cataloguer. Besides considering what are likely to be the needs of the majority of the readers who will use the library to be catalogued, we must decide what is the maximum amount of information that the catalogue should afford them, also which form will give the most of this information with the least trouble and delay to the inquirer. What are the questions likely to be asked that a catalogue can be reasonably expected to answer? These do not exceed a dozen, and are as follows : i. Have you a particular book by a given author? 2. What books have you by a given author? 3. What books in the library has a particular person edited, translated, or illustrated? 4. \Vhat books have you upon a specific subject? say roses. 5. What books are there relating to a general subject? say all kinds of flowers. 6. What books have you in a particular class of literature? say biography or theology. 7. What books have you in a particular language ? 8. What books have you in a particular literature? say French. (This is a some- what remote but not unreasonable question.) 9. Have you a book (author unnamed) bearing a particular title? and, on the same footing with this inquiry, Have you any of the series called so and so? 22 LIBRARY CATALOGUING 10. What books have you in a particular form of literature? as poetry. ii. Have you a novel or other work by a par- ticular author dealing- with a particular period? or any similar question relating to the inner nature of a book. 12. In what volume of an author's works is a particular essay contained? (This last question is really the same as the first in another form.) The first and second questions will be answered by a catalogue consisting of author-entries, that is a dictionary of authors, or if compiled under the British Museum rules it will answer these and the third also to a large extent. In addition it should answer No. 12. Questions 4, 5, 6, and 10 can be answered by means of the catalogue known as classified the entries being arranged in general classes and sub-divided as necessary, but logically, according to the scientific relations of the subjects of the books. If an author-index is added other questions also would be answered with a little trouble. The same questions will be answered by the form known as alphabetico-classed that is a catalogue of subject, class, and form entries arranged alphabetically. No one style of catalogue, however, will answer all of these questions, but the one that will answer most of them with the least trouble and loss of time to the user is that known as the dictionary catalogue. It consists of an arrangement of author, subject, and (to a limited extent) title entries in a single alphabeti- cal sequence, and is by far the most popular form. It is neither economical nor the most logical, but its LIBRARY CATALOGUING 23 convenience for ready reference compensates for these defects. It ordinarily answers questions I, 2, 4, 5, 9, and can be made to answer questions 3, 7, n, and 12 that is nine questions out of the twelve. The two most common forms of catalogues are the dictionary and the classified. For many years much controversy has arisen respecting their com- parative usefulness, and there is much to be said in favour of both, each having merits, as already shown, not possessed by the other. The late C. A. Cutter points out the advantages of the classified catalogue, thus : " One who is pursuing any general course of study finds brought together in one part of the catalogue most of the books he needs. He sees not merely books on the particular topic in which he is interested, but in immediate neighbour- hood works on related topics, suggesting to him courses of investigation which he might otherwise overlook. He finds it an assistance to have all these works spread out before him, so that he can take a general survey of the ground before he chooses his route; and as he goes back, day after day, to his particular part of the catalogue he becomes familiar with it, turns to it at once, and uses it with ease. The same is true of the numerous class who are not making any investigation or pur- suing any definite course of study, but are merely desultory readers. Their choice of books is usually made from certain kinds of literature or classes of subjects. Some like poetry or essays or plays [curiously he omits novels]; others like religious works, or philosophical works, or scientific works, not caring about the particular subject of the book 24 LIBRARY CATALOGUING so much as whether it be well-written or interesting. To these persons it is a convenience that their favourite kind of reading should all be contained in one or two parts of the catalogue, and freed from the confusing admixture of titles of a different sort. An alphabetical list of specific subjects is to them little more suggestive than an alphabetical list of authors. It is true that by following up all the references of a dictionary catalogue under Theology, for example, a man may construct for himself a list of the theological literature in the library; but to do this requires time and a mental effort, and it is the characteristic of the desultory reader that he is averse to mental effort. What is wanted by him and by the busy man when now and then he has the same object, is to find the titles from which he would select brought together within the compass of a few pages; few, that is, in comparison with the whole catalogue. It may be 500 pages, but 500 pages are better than 10,000. The classed catalogue is better suited also than any other to exhibit the richness of the library in particular departments." Cutter, at the same time, proceeds to name some of the disadvantages of this style of catalogue. " A large part of the public are not pursuing general investigations. They want to find a particular book or a particular subject quickly; and the necessity of mastering a complex system before using the catalogue is an unwelcome delay or an absolute bar to its use." Then, again, there is the difficulty of want of agreement as to classifications. The simple remedy for such difficulty is an alpha- betical index of all the subjects appearing in the catalogue, whereby an inquirer is directed LIBRARY CATALOGUING 25 to the particular part of the catalogue in which he will find books upon the subject or topic he wants. There are very few, if any, catalogues of the kind without indexes now, though in the early days they were seldom provided. As said already, early catalogues of libraries were mostly either classified or simply author cata- logues. The classification was, often enough, very poor, the sub-division not being carried very far, and this led to the invention or evolution of the dictionary catalogue and brought the classified, such as it was, into disrepute. The cataloguing of a library is one of the most troublesome and expensive departments of its administration. The cost of printing is greater than ordinary printing, and the expense to a library with its limited income is always serious, because people will not buy a catalogue even at half the cost price of printing but prefer to make use of the copies provided at the desks. Moreover, at the end of six or even fewer months after publication the public usually regard it as out of date and decides to wait for the next edition. In this respect the classified catalogue has the advantage, as it costs less to print, and for this reason, as well as owing to the custom of admitting readers to the shelves of public libraries, there has been a revival of this style of catalogue in late years, especially as it serves as a key or guide to the arrangement of the books upon the shelves of " open access " libraries. It can moreover be printed and issued in sections without affecting its completeness in the end. The dictionary form, as distinguished from a mere alphabetical list of authors, consists 26 LIBRARY CATALOGUING of entries of books under their specific sub- jects, instead of their classes. To quote Cutter again : " Thus if a book treats of Natural History it is put under that heading; if it treats of Zoology alone that word is the rubric; if it is on Mammals it will be found under mammals; and, finally, if one is looking for a treatise on the elephant, he need not know if that animal is a mammal ; he need not even be sure that it is an animal; he has merely to be sufficiently acquainted with his alphabet to find the word Elephant, under which will appear all the separate works that the library contains on that subject. Nothing, one would think, can be more simple, easy to explain, easy and expeditious to use than this. No matter what he wants he will find it at once provided that the library has a book on just that subject and that it has been entered under the very word which he is thinking of. If these conditions are not fulfilled, however, there is more trouble. If the library has no book or article sufficiently im- portant to be catalogued on that topic he must look in some more comprehensive work in which he will find it treated (as the history of Assyrian art is related in the histories of Art), in which case he will get no help whatever from any dictionary catalogue yet made, in finding the general work, he must trust to his own knowledge of the subject and of ordinary classification to guide him to the including class, or there may be something to his purpose in less general works (as books on Iron bridges or Suspension bridges might be better than nothing to a man who was studying the larger subject Bridges), but in this case also LIBRARY CATALOGUING 27 he will very seldom get any assistance from dictionary catalogues, and must rely entirely upon his previous knowledge of the possible branches of his subject. Even in those cata- logues which relieve him of this trouble by giving cross-references, he must look twice, first for his own word and then for the word to which he is referred from that." A judicial statement of the merits of both these styles of catalogue is contained in a paper by Mr. F. T. Barrett, of Glasgow, entitled "The Alpha- betical and Classified Forms of Catalogues com- pared," printed in the Transactions of the Second International Library Conference^ 1897. In the Library Association Record^ 1901 (pt. i), pp. 514- 531, there is a verbal and friendly duel between Mr. W. E. Doubleday and the author upon the matter, mainly from the practical point of view. The Alphabetico-Classed catalogue, as its name denotes, is an attempt at a classified catalogue in alphabetical order of subjects or classes, and is a mixture of the two systems already spoken of, and about as satisfactory as hybrids usually are. The late Prof. Justin Winsor characterised it as " the mongrel alphabetico-classed system, a primarily classed system with an alphabetical graft upon it is a case of confusion worse confounded." The great difficulty both to compiler and user is to know where the subjects leave off and the classes begin in other words, whether a subject or a class entry is likely to be the one wanted. One of the best examples of this kind of catalogue is the late Mr. Fortescue's "Subject Index to the British Museum Catalogue," and he apparently experienced 28 LIBRARY CATALOGUING the difficulty of deciding, as for instance a book on the elephant appears under Elephant, but a work upon the Elk must be looked for under " Deer." The usefulness of this particular catalogue cannot be gainsaid as its value is too well known, mainly because there is no other form of subject-catalogue for the library of the British Museum. Besides it has such a comprehensive series of cross-references that difficulty is largely obviated, and then again it is only meant as a subject supplement to the principal catalogue. Admirable as it is, we may see how it works out in practice. Suppose we are interested in Law. Under the heading " Law " we find a large number of entries divided into par- ticular kinds of law as " Commercial," " Criminal/' " Ecclesiastical," &c, and these are further sub- divided under the names of countries. One would suppose that the subject would be here treated in a most exhaustive manner. But that is not so, as if we require books on the Laws of England we must turn to the word " England." Thus we have books on English criminal law under "Law"; a book upon English general law under " England " ; and a book say upon English election law under " Elections, Law of." If it is right to put books on the law of elections under Elections it might be assumed that books on criminal law would go under " Criminal law," but there is not even a reference to say where they are to be found. Admittedly " Law " is a large and complex subject, and would fill many pages if the books upon it were brought together. As it is the searcher must take a long time to ascertain in any exhaustive manner what books upon the subject LIBRARY CATALOGUING 29 are contained in Mr. Fortescue's Indexes. Even if the inquiry is narrowed down to say Italian law, searches must be made in many places without touching special Italian law at all. However there is no system but has its drawbacks, though probably the alphabetico-classed has the most. There is such a thing as a dictionary system that combines an unseen but systematically classified system. Its root method would be to adopt some thorough scheme of classification permitting of the finest possible detail in topic and adjust thereto any necessary cross- references to cover synonymous names and double subjects. The cataloguer would keep the complete scheme in all its details before him and, by means of an alphabetical index to every adopted name, he would have a list of the subject-headings in dictionary order and to these he would adhere. There would still be specific entry. This is the method that should be pursued in the compilation of dictionary catalogues. The classification may exist only in the mind of the cataloguer and be formulated in no other way unless he relies upon headings already fixed in his catalogue. By trying to adjust headings in such catalogues to any logical classification one can soon ascertain whether they are systematic or haphazard. The following definitions should be noted before proceeding to the next chapter: Author-Catalogue is one in which the entries are arranged alphabetically according to the names of the authors (a dictionary of authors). Title-Catalogue is one in which the entries are arranged alphabetically according to some word of 80 LIBRARY CATALOGUING the title, especially the first (a dictionary of titles). Subject-Catalogue is one in which the entries are arranged according to the subjects of the books, alphabetically by the words selected to denote those subjects (dictionary arrangement). If these subject entries are not arranged alphabetically, but are formed into classes philosophically according to the scientific relations of the subjects, then it is a classed or classified catalogue. Form-Catalogue is one in which the entries are arranged according to the forms of literature and the languages in which the books are written, either alphabetically or according to the relations of the forms to one another. Apart from these there is a style of catalogue in which the entries are selected to suit the kind of person for whom the books are designed. A catalogue of books for children would be of this order. While it would include books in all classes of literature written to suit juvenile capacity, yet it may reasonably be regarded as a class in itself, and a place is usually assigned to it in a classified catalogue. When a catalogue of a particular class of literature is separately published it is called a Class-List. A catalogue of novels, or of poetry, or of music would be so termed. By the term Dictionary Catalogue we under- stand a combination of the first three, viz., Author, Title, and Subject catalogues in a single alphabet The last two forms when thrown together, not in alphabetical but in logical arrangement, make the Classified Catalogue. LIBRARY CATALOGUING 81 The same two if arranged alphabetically and not logically form the Alphabetico-Classed Catalogue. With this last form the author- catalogue could be combined without any dis- turbance of its arrangement. It can only be added to the classified as an index or appendix. CHAPTER IV. Single Author Principal-Entry. Stationery. The Author-Entry. Full Names. Imprint and Collation. Order of Information Tabulated. Subject- Entry. Headings. Glass-Entry. TO study systematically the various codes of cataloguing rules is of great value to the beginner in the work of cataloguing a library, though the apparent variations and contradictions in the codes are at first somewhat confusing. Their practical application to work in hand serves better to prove the usefulness and necessity of adopting some code or a modification of it before much progress is made. Once a choice is made, it is better to adhere to it uniformly throughout The purpose of the catalogue has a bearing upon the nature of the stationery required. A catalogue cannot be written into a book like an inventory; each item even books by the same author or upon the same subject must be upon a separate paper slip or card cut uniformly to any size fixed upon. Paper slips serve quite well for manuscript, or " copy " as it is termed, for the printer, but tough cards of good quality are needed for a catalogue on cards to be handled by many persons. It is a good plan in any case first to prepare the cata- logue upon slips or cards for office use; then, when checked and revised, to copy from these for public use, either upon the good quality cards as suggested, or into the book-form of catalogues with separate LIBRARY CATALOGUING 3B leaves, known as " sheaf-catalogues." This last- named form is preferable for public use, and takes up less room. Any size of slips or cards may be adopted provided they are exactly cut to a fixed size, 5 inches by 3 inches being convenient; or the size usually provided with the index filing outfits, now so generally in commercial use, which were first used in the cataloguing of libraries, and then applied to other purposes. If the slips or cards are for handwriting, they should be ruled " feint " across, and whether so written or typed, are better with red lines marking margins of about half an inch at each side. If written by hand, the writing should be round, clear, of fair size, and above all, free from flourishes, whether written for public use or for the printer. Two of the first questions a catalogue will be expected to answer are Have you a particular book by a given author ? What books have you by a named author? These two questions are not precisely identical, though they are both answered by the same form of catalogue entry, namely, that under the surname of the writer of the book, known as the " author- entry." This, or some substitute therefor, is invariably regarded as the main, or principal, entry. Though the placing or position of such an entry is not the same in both the dictionary and classified forms of catalogue, one falling under the author's name according to its place in the alphabet, and the other into its position in a class, the form of the entry itself is the same in both. The particulars for this entry must always be taken from the full title-page of the book, never from 34 LIBRARY CATALOGUING the binding or from the preliminary or half-title, though at times this half or " bastard-title " will furnish the name of the series or some other detail not given elsewhere but wanted for full-entry. The title-page of the first book we deal with reads : IN PORTUGAL BY AUBREY F, G. BELL Oh quern fora a Portugal Terra que Deus bemdizia ! Romance. (O to go to Portugal, land heaven-blest) LONDON : John Lane, The Bodley Head. NEW YORK: John Lane Company. MCMXII. The surname of the author then is Bell, and we either enclose his further names in parentheses, as Bell (Aubrey F. G.) or with a comma and full stop, as Bell, Aubrey F. G. There is no reason for advocating the adoption of one of these styles more than the other, especi- ally in these days of type-setting machines. Where LIBRARY CATALOGUING 35 hand composition is still in use, and particularly in small printing offices, the use of a large number of parentheses ( ) causes " a run on sorts," that is, the supply wanted is greater than is ordinarily found with a fount of jobbing type. Nowadays, it being merely a question of taste, and not one of expediency, it matters less, and as my personal preference is for the use of the comma and point, that style is used in the examples given throughout this book. The form decided upon must be adhered to if only to ensure uniform appearance certainly both forms should not be found in one catalogue. Attention to details of this kind is the essence of good work, and after a time cataloguers, becoming accustomed to a particular style, fall, as a matter of course, into its use quite readily. The surname is followed, as shown, by the Christian or forenames, but we are often confronted with the necessity for deciding how much of these forenames shall go in shall they be given as on the title-page, or shall we find out the full names covered by the initials, or will initials alone suffice ? In some catalogues the full names are given, in others only the initials, and in a few rare instances of " index-entry " catalogues the sur- name alone. For an average catalogue to give the name in its fullest possible form is more than is required, and is wasteful of space, while the bare initials do not enable us to discern whether the author is a man or a woman. It is more helpful to give the first or other important fore- name, and to do so does not lengthen the catalogue to any appreciable extent. The danger of this omission is exemplified at the end of this chapter. 86 LIBRARY CATALOGUING In the catalogues of large libraries it is often necessary to take the trouble to get all names as fully and correctly as possible, otherwise, owing to the likelihood of numerous entries under persons with the same surnames, errors may result if the authors are not distinguished from one another in this way. This does not imply that the cataloguer of a collection of books up to 100,000 volumes need go to the trouble of giving every name in full as if he were compiling a biographical dictionary; nor need he add the dates of the author's birth and death to the name, as is sometimes done, because the labour will be unappreciated, and be wasted. Such dates, however, have at times to be given to distinguish between authors whose names are alike. It is a wise plan, in any case, to limit the fore- names or initials to those used by an author on his books at any time during his career. For all reasonable purposes, or any purpose, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, for example, is sufficient, though his name was properly Gabriel Charles Dante Rossetti, Charles Dickens, instead of Charles John Huffam Dickens, will not be mistaken for any other of the name, and Joaquin Miller will serve better than Cincinnatus Heine Miller. A few instances taken from recent books by well- known authors will show how difficulties may arise in this connection. George Bernard Shaw's " Man and Superman " according to the title-page is " by Bernard Shaw," whereas his " The quintessence of Ibsenism " is " by G. Bernard Shaw." Martin Hume's work on " The love affairs of Mary, Queen of Scots " is given as " by Martin Hume," but his " Spain : its greatness and decay " is " by Martin LIBRARY CATALOGUING 37 A. S. Hume." There is the " Life of Gladstone" "by Herbert Woodfield Paul," a book "Men and letters," " by Herbert Paul/' and " Matthew Arnold " (in the " English Men of Letters " series), " by Herbert W. Paul." Then we have the case of the well-known writer on animal life who changed his name recently on his books from Ernest Seton Thompson to Ernest Thompson Seton. This leads the unwary cataloguer into the mistake of getting books by the same author under different names. It must be confessed that the risk is not great where such well-known writers are concerned, but if they should be unknown authors of a past age or another country, the cataloguer would probably not be so well - informed, and fall into error. To cite an instance of this, the French author, Louis Jacques Napoleon Bertrand, we are told, took the name of Ludovic Bertrand, and later substituted Aloysius for Ludovic, the wonder being that he did not change the Bertrand also. There is need to be constantly on the alert for those who have no fixity of name. The only little satis- faction the cataloguer has if he finds he has tripped is that few will have sufficient knowledge to dis- cover his fault. Besides the catalogues of important libraries, the following may be named as among the more useful works of reference for working out the names of authors and other personages : PHILLIPS, Lawrence B. The dictionary of bio- graphical reference. 1871 and later reprints. STEPHEN, Sir Leslie, and Sir Sidney LEE (Eds.) The dictionary of national biography ; with the supplements. 1885-1912. 38 LIBRARY CATALOGUING ALLIBONE, S. A. Critical dictionary of English literature and British and American authors; with supplement of J. F. Kirk. 1885-91. SMITH, B. E. (Ed.) The Century cyclopedia of names. 1894. AUGE, Claude (Ed.) Nouveau Larousse illustre; avec supplement. Biographic universelle, ancienne et moderne. 1811-28. Nouvelle biographic ge"nerale. 1852-66. Allgemeine deutsche Biographic. 1875-1908. Appleton's Cyclopaedia of American biography. 1888-89. The New York State University Library Bulle- tin, Bibliography, No. 5, issued in 1898 at the price of 3d., consists of "A selection of Reference Books for the use of Cataloguers in finding Full Names." To revert to the book we are dealing with. As the author gives his first Christian name in full and two initials for the others we may regard it as quite full enough for any style of catalogue, and adding the title of the book, the entry becomes BELL, Aubrey F. G. In Portugal. The quotation on the title-page, with its translation, is ignored altogether, as would be anything of a similar nature, such as a motto; these are merely adornments of the title-page, and have no bearing whatever upon the book from the cataloguer's standpoint. If it were intended to be very exact the omission could be indicated by three dots (...) but the need for doing this only applies in the case of rare or special editions. We have now got the first two parts of our catalogue entry, and in the order from which there LIBRARY CATALOGUING 89 can be no deviation. Our next step is to decide how much further information is to be given. A catalogue of a library has been denned as a list of the titles of books which it contains, and that it (the catalogue) must not be expected to give any further description of a book than the author gives, or ought to give, on the title-page, and the publisher in the imprint, or colophon. The catalogue can be made to give, besides the titles of books, such descriptions, more or less extended, drawn from all available sources of information, as may be necessary to furnish means of identifying each work, of distinguishing its different editions, of ascertaining the requisites of a perfect copy, of learning all facts of interest respecting its authorship, publication, typography, subsequent casualities, alterations, etc., its market value, and the estimation in which it is held. For our entry we shall adopt the happy mean between these two and add to this entry, because it is the principal one, the information contained in the " imprint " at the foot of the title-page, giving the place of publication, the publisher's (or printer's) name, and the date of publication. In the early days of printing this information was given at the end of a book, and termed the " colophon." We shall also give the information spoken of as " the collation," consisting of a statement of the number of pages in the book, whether it is illustrated, and how, by maps, portraits, or otherwise, and even rf the illustrations are in colour. The first-named place of publication on the title- page of the book is London. In the catalogues of British libraries it is a recognised custom to omit 40 LIBRARY CATALOGUING naming the place of publication when a book is unmistakably published in London, this being taken as understood, all other places being given. Except in booksellers' lists and similar catalogues, the name of the publisher may also be left out, though it is often given in the full form of library catalogues. In the case of this book, the name of the second place, New York, is merely supplemental, the book being printed as well as published in this country. The date of publication must always be given, and in every entry (with the single exception of works of fiction, referred to later), not in Roman numerals, however, but in Arabic. When books are in a number of volumes, the earliest and latest dates are given. These dates are not necessarily those of the first and last volumes, as the volumes may not have appeared in regular sequence, or a set may be made up from editions of varying dates. For " the collation " we carefully examine the book and find that it has eight pages of prefatory matter marked with Roman numerals (i. vifi.), and the body of the work contains 227, paged in Arabic. This is shown as pp. viii.+ 227, or as pp. viii., 227. The book has no map or illustrations. The enumeration of the pages in this way, it may be said, conveys no very exact idea of the extent of the work, as, of course, large type requires many more pages than small. Even the thickness of the book is not indicated by stating the number of pages, as an india-paper edition will contain just the same number of pages as one on thick paper. For these and other reasons, such information can be omitted if economy of space is of any conse- LIBRARY CATALOGUING 41 quence. If a book is in more than one volume it is unusual to give the number of pages, though it is sometimes done in publishers' lists. A " book " is invariably understood to mean a complete work, whether in one or many volumes. The size of the book may also be given, and will occasionally prove useful, while completing the entry. The book we are dealing with is octavo in size, coming between the sizes known as " crown " and " demy," but as these terms convey no special idea to the uninformed in book sizes, and, indeed, no very definite idea to those who are, it will suffice for most purposes to call the book 8 (octavo) un- less the height is given instead in inches or in centi- metres, as 8|in. or 21 cm. For most catalogues it will be found sufficient to give the sizes when they exceed octavo, it being understood that all books are of that size, or less, unless the contrary is indi- cated by the signs 4 (quarto) or f (folio). The entry completed upon these lines becomes BELL, Aubrey F. G. In Portugal. London and New York, John Lane, 1912. pp. viii., 227. 8 The information to be given, when tabulated, falls into this order i. Author's surname. 2. The author's forenames. 3. The title of the book. 4. The name of editor or translator. 5. The edition if stated. 6.- The name of series or publication society (if any). 7. Place of publication. 8. Publisher's (or printer's) name. 42 LIBRARY CATALOGUING 9. The date of publication. 10. The collation (or the number of volumes if more than one), ii. The size. 12. The shelf, press, or other finding mark. 13. Any descriptive note or contents. Numbers 4, 5, 6, 12, and 13 are not required or given in the above entry, but are here inserted to make the table complete. With the exception of numbers I to 4, this order may be varied at will, but only at the outset, as whatever order is decided upon must afterwards be adhered to. The follow- ing statement of the order given in some of the rules is of interest in this connection, and will be helpful : - "British Museum order under its Rules (3, 16-22) : i, Author. 2, Title. 3, Edition. 4, Number of parts or volumes or numbered pages if a single volume. 5, Place of printing or publication and printer's name (if necessary). 6, Date. 7, Size. 8, Press mark. 9, Note, if required. Cutter's Rules : i, Author. 2, Title. 3, Edition. 4, Place of publication. 5, Publisher's name. 6, Date. 7, Number of volumes or number of pages, illus- trations, etc. 8, Size. 9, Notes of contents. Library Association and American Library Asso- ciation Rules : i, Author. 2, Title. 3, Additions to title, if any. 4, Edition. 5, Place of publication. 6, Pub- lisher's name. 7, Place of printing, if given. 8, Date. 9, Volumes or pages, illustrations, etc. 10, Size, n, Series. 12, Contents and notes. LIBRARY CATALOGUING 43 For most libraries the information can be satis- factorily curtailed and limited to the following : I, Author. 2, Title. 3, Edition. 4, Date. 5, Press mark. 6, Contents or annotations. To these may be added, between 3 and 4, an abbrevia- tion telling if the book is illustrated, as " illus.", instead of giving the collation in full. The reduced entry for our book accordingly becomes BELL, Aubrey F. G. In Portugal. 1912 Having the author or principal entry complete, we now proceed to examine the book for subject- entry, and find that it consists of descriptions of journeys to places off the beaten track in Portugal. Even with the title of the book so obvious and the subject so clearly named in it, it is wise not to take it for granted, and examine the book as it may contain something of value belonging to another subject for example, there is a book of travel in the Near East bearing the title " Pen and pencil in Asia Minor " which contains no less than thirteen chapters upon silkworms and the silk industry, not only in the Levant, but in France and elsewhere quite a respectable book within a book, but this the title-page fails to reveal. The subject of our book, however, is open to no doubt, and for the dictionary catalogue the subject-entry is Portugal : Bell, A. F. G. In Portugal. 1912 No further entries are called for than these two (author and subject). 44 LIBRARY CATALOGUING In all entries subordinate to the main entry, where the fullest particulars concerning the book are given, the information is condensed suf- ficiently to identify the book upon the supposition that those who require more details will turn to the main entry for them. The omissions from the subordinate entries are the full Christian names of authors (initials alone being given), the names of editors, translators, or illustrators, the names of series, the collations, sizes, and places of publica- tion. The entries used throughout this work demon- strate this. The dates of publications are invariably given in all entries except where shown. It has been contended that all details are as much wanted under the subject as under the author. There is much to be said in favour of this, but it is impossible to make every entry a main-entry when expense and the size of the catalogue have to be considered. When the time comes for preparing the manu- script of the catalogue for the press, should it happen that there was no other book upon the subject, then the form of entry can be changed to what may be called a subject-title-entry, thus Portugal, In. Bell, A. F. G. 1912 upon the principle that a " heading " is not required unless there are two or more books to go under it. By the reverse process, if there should be two or more title-entries of books unquestionably upon the same subject then these are converted into entries under a single subject-heading. If the two entries were Portugal, In. Bell, A. F. G. 1912 Portugal, Sunshine and storm in. Watson, G. 1904 LIBRARY CATALOGUING 45 they are changed to Portugal : Bell, A. F. G. In Portugal. 1912 Watson, G. Sunshire and storm in Portugal. 1904 It is possible further to economise these entries : Portugal : Bell, A. F. G. In P. 1912 Watson, G. Sunshine, etc. in P. 1904 This style was adopted in quite good catalogues, and there is no particular loss of information through it, though the gain of space hardly com- pensates for the want of clearness, to say nothing of the somewhat bald appearance of the entries. In all the subject-entries above it will be observed that the author's surname leads, the reason for this being that it serves to guide to the name under which the main-entry is to be found. The books are also arranged in alphabetical order by these surnames under the subject-heading. If the catalogue we are compiling is not dic- tionary but classified in its arrangement, then, as already stated, there is but one entry (other than the brief index entries), and that the main-entry. Upon this is marked the numerical symbols of the classification adopted, which we shall presume throughout is the best-known and most used, Dewey's Decimal Classification. For convenience in sorting, the numbers are better written on the top right-hand of the slip or card. Our entry is marked accordingly 914.69 BELL, Aubrey F. G. In Portugal. London and New York, John Lane, 1912. pp. viii., 227. 8 46 LIBRARY CATALOGUING This entry can be curtailed if considered desir- able, as shown above for the dictionary catalogue. As some persons may not have used the Dewey Classification, it may be explained that these numerical symbols signify goo History (the General Class). 910 Geography and Travels. 914 Europe. 914.6 Spain (the Iberian Peninsula). 914.69 Portugal. Brief entries are needed for the author and subject- index or indexes, which appear at either the end or beginning of the catalogue when printed, thus Bell, A. F. G. In Portugal. 914.69 Portugal (Travels). 914.69 In the following pages all the examples given to illustrate the various points which arise in the cataloguing of books are worked out in full for both the dictionary and classified catalogues, in order to show the whole method of treatment, as well as to prevent the misunderstanding which arose upon explanations given only by way of suggestion, and not as completed examples, in my former book upon this subject. To show how difficult it is for experienced cataloguers to avoid error and the pitfalls in their way, it may be mentioned that several otherwise good catalogues have these two books Here and there in Italy and over the border, by Linda Villari. 1893 Italian life in town and country, by L. Villari. 1902 entered as VILLARI, Linda. Here and there in Italy. 1893 Italian life in town and country. 1902 LIBRARY CATALOGUING 47 though the latter book is by Luigi Villari. With nothing in either book to show this, the presump- tion that both books are by the same author is excusable, the initials of the authors' names and the subject being alike, yet it proves that it does not do to jump to conclusions. Correctly catalogued, the entries are VILLARI, Linda. Here and there in Italy and over the border, pp. viii., 269. 1893 VILLARI, Luigi. Italian life in town and country. (Our neighbours.) pp. xii., 261, illus. 1902 and the subject-entries are Italy. Villari, L. Here and there in Italy. 1893 Villari, L. Italian life in town and country. 1902 Both entries will be marked 914.5 for the classi- fied catalogue (History Geography and Travels Europe Italy), and the index entries will be Villari, Linda. Here and there in Italy. 914.5 Villari, Luigi. Italian life. 914.5 Italy (Travel). 914.5 CHAPTER V. Joint-Authors. Joint-Authors. Collations. Synonymous Subject-Headings, Participants in a Correspondence. References. Man and Wife as Joint-Authors. WHEN a book is written by two authors, the entry is given under the first-named on the title-page. The following is an illustration of the method of treatment in such a case, and in order to make the matter clear, the title-page is set out in full as before. The whole title is printed in capital letters, and has no other punctuation than that shown. ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS TOGETHER WITH A SHORT SKETCH OF ECONOMIC HISTORY RICHARD T. ELY, Ph.D., LL.D. PROFESSOR OF POLITICAL ECONOMY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN AND GEORGE RAY WICKER, Ph.D. ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF ECONOMICS IN DARTMOUTH COLLEGE NEW YORK THE MACMILLAN COMPANY LONDON : MACMILLAN & CO., LTD. 1910 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED LIBRARY CATALOGUING 49 Upon the lines already laid down, the main- entry becomes ELY, Richard T., and George Ray WICKER. Elementary principles of economics ; together with a short sketch of economic history. New York, Macmillan Co., 1910. pp. xii., 388 Frequently the names of the authors are seen rendered in this fashion ELY, Richard T., and WICKER, George Ray While it is essential and unavoidable that the name of the first author should be turned about to get his surname as the leading word, yet there is no object in twisting about the second author's name in like manner, as it is not so required, there- fore the ordinary reading of the name is better and simpler, as given in the first entry. Unless needed to distinguish between different authors of the same name, the academical degrees are omitted, as well as any statement concerning the professorships held by these authors, although the fact that they hold such offices goes to prove their qualifications for dealing with this subject. If it were desired to direct attention to this, it could be done by means of a note or annotation to the entry, after this manner The first author is Prof, of Pol. Econ., Wisconsin Univ., and the second Asst. Prof, of Economics, Dart- mouth Coll. The share of the second author in the book needs to be recognised, and this is accomplished by means of a reference, as WICKER, George Ray (Joint- Author.) See Ely,. Richard T. 60 LIBRARY CATALOGUING If this writer happens to be the sole author of another work, then the form of reference is made to read WICKER, George Ray. (Joint- Author). See also Ely, Richard T. To give the reference in this form may seem to be a contradiction of the previous statement that the second author's name need not be turned about, but in this case it is necessary to point directly to the name Ely under which the entry is found. An alternative style for both the above references so far as the use of capitals and punctuation is concerned is WICKER, Geo. Ray (joint-author) see ELY, Richard T. WICKER, Geo. Ray. (joint-author) see also Ely, Richard T. It must be borne in mind that whatever style is adopted should be strictly followed throughout. An explanation concerning the collation (number of pages) is required. The book has six prefatory leaves, paged in Roman numerals, i. to xi., made up of the half-title and the title (both unpaged), three pages of preface (the second and third being marked vi., vii), a blank page, three pages with a list of contents (the second and third are marked x., xi.), and a blank page, making twelve pages in all. Doubt will arise in a case of this kind as to whether the title leaves and the blank pages should be taken into account, but as the printer has seen fit to include them all in his pagination, the state- ment of these prefatory pages is better given as LIBRARY CATALOGUING 51 xii. The rest of the book is straightforward, being paged from I to 388. A briefer form of author-entry is ELY, R. T., and G. R. WICKER. Elementary principles of economics; with a short sketch of economic history. N. F., 1910 The places of publication may be shortened in this way where the abbreviation used can be readily recognised NY. for New York. Examples of other places will readily occur to the cataloguer, especially if they are in common use, as Edin. for Edinburgh, Dub. for Dublin, Oxf. for Oxford, Camb. for Cambridge, Mane, for Manchester, Vpool for Liverpool, and so on. The London Library Catalogue goes much further than this, and gives A. for Amsterdam, C. for Cambridge, D. for Dublin, L. for Leipzig, and other bare initials in the same way, though they are not consistently used. It not only omits London as the place of publication from English books, as already recom- mended herein, but carries out the idea to the exclusion of all capital cities in the cases of native published books, leaving Paris, Berlin, Madrid, to be taken as understood when these cities are the places of publication of French, German, and Spanish books respectively. In many ways the economies effected in the London Library Catalogue are notable, though so numerous that a consider- able explanatory list has to be given in the preface. The book we are dealing with would appear in this style in the Author Catalogue Ely (Richard Theodore) & G. R. Wicker. Elem. princ. of economics, w. a short sketch of econ. hist. s8 N.Y. 1910 52 LIBRARY CATALOGUING and in the Subject Index would be further con- densed. The shortest form allowable in the cata- logue of a popular library, without abbreviating the words, is ELY, R. T., and G. R. WICKER. Elementary principles of economics. 1910 In considering the subject-heading for this book, we have the choice of synonymous terms, viz., Economics and Political Economy. The first is the more modern term which is gradually sup- planting the other in use, and for that reason it is the better to adopt. Having made the choice definitely, we at once proceed to write a cross- reference, which will prevent the placing of any other book upon the same subject under the dis- carded heading whatever be the terms on the title- page. The reader will be thus guided to the heading which has been chosen for the subject. It is a fundamental principle of the dictionary catalogue, which cannot be too often impressed upon the cataloguer, that a book is entered under its specific subject quite irrespective of the terms used upon the title-page, and that two books upon the same subject ought not to be in two places. Accordingly the reference to this end will be Political Economy. See Economics. which prevents the placing of any book under Political Economy. The subject-entry is Economics : Ely, R. T., &c. Elementary principles of economics. 1910 LIBRARY CATALOGUING 53 Besides the economies in subordinate entries already referred to, it will be seen that the second author's name has " etc." substituted for it ; as a well-recognised further economy that may be adopted without hesitation. No other entries of any kind are needed for the dictionary catalogue, as the book is adequately catalogued as shown. For the classified catalogue, the author-entry is marked 330.2 (300 Sociology, 330 Political Economy, 330.2 Compends), and the entries for the indexes are Economics 330 Political Economy 330 Ely, R. T., &c. Elem. economics 330.2 The writers of a published correspondence are regarded as joint-authors in the same way, except that a book like The correspondence of Thomas Carlyle and Ralph Waldo Emerson, 1834-1872. 2 v. ports. 1883 cannot be covered very satisfactorily by an entry under the first-named and a reference under the second, as in the Ely-Wicker above, such a book needing two entries. An examination of it shows that the letters were edited by Charles Eliot Norton, and, though this is not stated on the title-page, it goes into the principal entry, but between brackets (not parentheses), which, as Cutter says in his Rules, are important, " both as a check on indiscriminate addition and as an aid to identification." The main-entry is CARLYLE, Thomas, and Ralph Waldo EMERSON. Correspondence, 1834-72 ; [ed. by Charles Eliot Norton.] 2 v. ports. 1883 54 LIBRARY CATALOGUING and the second entry under EMERSON, Ralph Waldo, and Thomas CARLYLE. Correspondence, 1834-72. 2 v. 1883 A reference is required under the editor's name, thus NORTON, Charles E. (Ed.) See Carlyle, Thomas. Most catalogues will have a goodly number of entries under Carlyle. To enlarge the reference sufficiently to describe the particular book involves a reference as long as an entry. In such case give the entry NORTON, Charles E. (Ed.) Correspondence of Thomas Carlyle and Ralph W. Emerson. 2 v. 1883 or, shorter still, NORTON, Chas. E. (Ed.) Correspondence of Car- lyle and Emerson. 2 v. 1883 This is better than a reference, as it takes up no more room and saves the searcher the trouble of turning to another part of the catalogue. A book of this kind, obviously, has no subject-entry. In the classified catalogue a dual book like this needs two entries one in 816.3 (American Letters) for Emerson, and another in 826.8 (English Letters) for Carlyle, with the index entries Carlyle, Thos. Correspondence with Emerson, 826.8 Emerson, R. W. Correspondence with Carlyle, 816.3 The book itself cannot go under both these numbers on the shelves; choice of one must be made, preferably the Carlyle number, though this does not affect the entries in the catalogue except LIBRARY CATALOGUING 55 so far as the necessary clue to the position of the book for finding is concerned. A somewhat exceptional example of joint- authors, fortunately for the cataloguer, is that of a man and wife whose names appear on their books sometimes with the one leading, sometimes the other. This is to be found in the books by the mountaineers and explorers Mr. and Mrs. Workman, two of whose books may be taken to illustrate the matter, and catalogued as they would be under ordinary circumstances, viz., WORKMAN, William Hunter and Fanny Bullock. Through town and jungle : fourteen thousand miles awheel among the temples and people of the Indian Plain. 1904. pp. xxiv. , 380, map, illus. WORKMAN, Fanny Bullock and William Hunter. In the ice world of Himalaya : among the peaks and passes of Ladakh, Nubra, Sum, and Baltistan. 1900. pp. xvi., 204, maps, illus. Owing to the names being reversed, these entries would not come together in the catalogue, so the cataloguer is quite justified in stretching the mean- ing of the rules in order to avoid their separation. The name that appears first in the majority of the books by the two authors is adopted for the entry, which in this case is the lady. Accordingly the first book will be brought under the second form of the names, and other books they have written conjointly will be so entered, that all of them may come together. In order to prevent misunder- standing, and lest the second name be read as Hunter, the names can be shortened, as 56 LIBRARY CATALOGUING WORKMAN, Fanny B. and Wm. H. In the ice world of Himalaya : among the peaks and passes of Ladakh, Nubra, Suru, and Baltis- tan. 1900. pp. xvi., 204, maps, illus. Through town and jungle : 14,000 miles awheel among the temples and people of the Indian Plain. 1904. pp. xxiv., 380, map, illus. It is allowable to interpret " fourteen thousand " as 14,000, in the middle of a title, as above; if the title commenced with it, the words are better. Although the separate names of these authors may come together in the catalogue, it is better not to anticipate that they will, so it is safer to give the necessary reference WORKMAN, William H. (joint-author.) See Work- man, Fanny B. At the time of printing this reference may be omitted if it is found that no other name comes between, though the reference stands if the rules are literally followed. For the first of these two books the subject- entry is Himalayas, The : Workman, F. B., &c. In the ice world of Himalaya. 1900 and two references will be desirable and necessary, India : See also Himalayas. Mountaineering : See also Himalayas. The first of these will insure that a person requiring books upon India in all parts will not overlook LIBRARY CATALOGUING 57 those upon the Himalayas, and the second will show that books upon mountain climbing in par- ticular regions are entered under the names of those regions. As the journey chronicled in the second of these books covered the length and breadth of India, it is entered under the name of the country accord- ingly, and placed in that sub-division of the subject allotted to books of travel. India : Travels and Description. Workman, F. B., &c. Through town and jungle. 1904 Any subject-heading comprising a comparatively large number of books is better sub-divided, as it not only facilitates reference, but in a way indi- cates the character of the books. Here again title - entries under " In " or " Through " would be useless and wasteful. For the classified catalogue the first of these books is marked 91542 (History, Geography and Travels, Asia, India, North-west Provinces, etc.), and the second 9154 (Travels in India generally). The index-entries are Workman, F. B., &c. Ice world of Himalaya. 915.42. Through town and jungle. 915.4 Himalayas, The 915.42 India (Travels), 915.4 CHAPTER VI. Books by more than Two Authors. Composite Books. Books by Three Authors. Choice of Subject-Headings. Cross-References. Books by a number of Authors. Ecclesiastical and other Titles of Honour. The use of Capitals. Editors. Dates of Publication. Title-Entries. Punctuation. " Indexing " Contents of Composite Books. Separate Works printed together. Volumes of Essays by Single Authors. A BOOK written by more than two authors or of a composite character needs careful considera- tion as to the best method of entry. If the number of authors does not exceed three, the book can be dealt with on the lines indicated in the preceding- chapter. The principal entry of a book of this nature is CADBURY, Edward, M. Ce"cile MATHESON, and George SHANN. Women's work and wages : a phase of life in an industrial city. 1906 The method of giving the imprint and collation having already been shown, they are omitted as far as they can be from this and all subsequent entries taken in illustration, upon the understanding that those who desire to give them in full know how to do so, and others the majority who look upon them as burdening the entry, can see how far they may be judiciously left out. LIBRARY CATALOGUING 59 The second and third authors of the above book require references from their names MATHESON, M. Cecile (joint-author.) See Cad- bury, Edward. SHANN, George (joint-author.) See Cadbury, Edward. Where strict economy of entry is of importance, these two references could be dispensed with, though it is undesirable to omit them if space can be spared. The economy can, of course, be carried much further by laying down a rule to the effect that, when a book has more than two authors, only the first shall be taken into account, in this way CADBURY, Edward, and others. Women's work and wages. 1906 in which case the references cannot be given, as there is nothing to refer to, the names of the other authors not appearing in the entry. Some cata- logues economise by leaving out all references from the names of joint-authors without any serious difficulty arising, though it is not in accor- dance with good cataloguing principles. An alternative method of entry, and one recog- nised by the rules, though it is cumbersome, is to take the name of the first-mentioned author as the " heading," followed by " and others," and bring the names of all into the entry, after this fashion CADBURY, Edward, and others. Women's work and wages : a phase of life in an industrial city, by Edward Cadbury, M. Cecile Mathe- son, and George Shann. 1906 60 LIBRARY CATALOGUING the references (" added entries ") from the two last-named authors being given as recommended above. This book requires two subject-entries and a reference, it being upon women's work and the pay- ment therefor among the poorer class of workers in Birmingham, and is a contribution to the litera- ture of the labour question as regards women. Therefore it is entered under the heading " Labour," with a sub-heading " Women's work." Labour : Women's work. Cadbury, E., &c. Women's work and wages. 1906 We have the choice of another heading, viz., " Women " ; and as there will certainly be other books in a reasonably sized library upon the labour and wages aspects of the question, it would be a waste of space to give double entries (under both headings), therefore we proceed to put the matter right by a reference Women : See also Labour (Women's work). If we consider that the book has some bearing, as this has, upon the social question in general, sweating, and poverty, we add See also references under any headings adopted for these subjects. Social Question, The : See also Labour. Sweating : See also Labour. Poor: See also Labour. LIBRARY CATALOGUING 61 When the time for printing arrives, if the com- pleted catalogue has no books entered under any of these headings, the See also reference must either be withdrawn altogether or converted into a See reference. For example, the reference from " Sweating " might be given as Sweating-. See Labour. upon the supposition that books solely upon this aspect of the labour question might be better placed under the more general heading, though this is somewhat against the rule for specific entry. The difference between these two forms of refer- ence may again be emphasised. The See reference is intended to prevent books being entered under the subject-heading referred from in order that they be placed under the heading referred to; the See also reference is an appendix to a subject- heading, under which books relating to the subject in general are entered, and is meant to direct to lesser or related divisions of the same subject. The scope of the inquiry of the book is local and has an important bearing upon social condi- tions in Birmingham, which must be taken into account, therefore an entry is given Birmingham : Social, &c. Conditions. Cadbury, E., &c. Women's work and wages. 1906 The fact that the book is so entered signifies in itself that it applies particularly to Birmingham, without any further necessity for showing the connection. 62 LIBRARY CATALOGUING In the classified catalogue the book is placed at 331.4 (Sociology. Capital. Labour and Wages. Labour of Women), and the index entries are Cadbury, E., &c. Women's work. 331.4 Labour, 331.4 Women's work, 331.4 Birmingham, Women's work, 331.4 The next book we take in hand has the names of no less than twenty-three contributors on its title-page, and is entitled The Church and life of to-day, by the Bishop of Bristol, the Dean of Manchester, the Bishop of Durham [and twenty other names follow- ing.] 1910 Clearly all the names cannot be reckoned with in this case, and so we take the first, the Bishop of Bristol. Under no circumstances would the book be entered by the name of the See or Deanery of any of the writers, and, if not given in the book, the name of the Bishop or Dean must be ascertained from a Clergy List or any other available source, taking care that the name is that of the right per- son. Accordingly the entry under the surname of the first-named author becomes BROWNE, G. F., Bp. of Bristol, and others. The Church and life of to-day. 1910 The Bp. of Bristol may be curtailed to simple Bp., as bishops change their sees at times, and it must be a rare occurrence to have two bishops of the same surname at the same date. It is the rule to give the highest position attained at the time the catalogue is prepared, irrespective of the date of publication of the book, even though it may appear to be an anachronism. This, by the way, LIBRARY CATALOGUING 68 applies not only to ecclesiastical preferment, but to changes in the peerage or any other accessions in rank. The second essay in this volume illus- trates this point, though not so far as this book is concerned. It is by " the Rt. Rev. J. E. Welldon, Dean of Manchester, late Bishop of Calcutta." The cataloguer does not trouble to notice both offices, but takes the highest which has been held, and enters as WELLDON, J. E. C., Bp. While the rules recommend reference from the name of the See, it serves no very useful purpose, and would multiply entries largely if always given. The form when used would be Bristol, Bishop of. See Browne, G. F. It has already been shown that the offices held by a writer and his academical or other honours are ignored by the cataloguer unless for the special pur- pose of distinguishing between authors of the same name. If the title is so used, it is given as SMITH, Rev. John, if the degree, as SMITH, John, M.A. and not in the form occasionally seen, of SMITH, M.A., John. Anything required to distinguish between authors may be used, even the name of the place with which a man is identified. A good example of four authors, sometimes mixed for want of this, is TAYLOR, Isaac, Baptist minister, Calne. TAYLOR, Isaac, Canon of York. TAYLOR, Isaac, Indep. minister, Ongar. TAYLOR, Isaac, of Stanford Stevens. 64 LIBRARY CATALOGUING As three of these are " Rev.," no purpose is served by affixing that title to their names, and in cata- loguing would generally be no more useful than to attach " Mr. " to others. It is considered to be quite in order to ignore all ecclesiastical titles below that of a dean, and, in the democracy of cataloguing, military and civil distinctions share the same fate. It is a matter of no moment to the cataloguer that the compiler say of a dictionary of quotations holds the rank of colonel. Civil distinctions below that of a knight may safely be disregarded, even " Hon." omitted from the names of younger sons and daughters of the nobility, though it is customary and better to give the higher courtesy titles of Lord and Lady. The custom here outlined works quite satisfactorily in practice, and is economical of space, but any who wish to be particularly exact and deferential in this respect cannot do better than follow the British Museum rule (No. 15) in its entirety and after the manner of the examples attached thereto. The honours lists of each New Year and King's Birthday must be closely examined, and the changes in titles noted for alteration in the catalogue. Something must be said here as to the use of capital letters in cataloguing. Until comparatively recent years it was the recognised custom to give a capital initial to every word that would admit of it, but this fashion is not now so generally observed. Perhaps our American cousins are to be blamed (or praised) for this. As has been truly said " The reasons for writing and printing all catalogue titles in small letters and with only such capitals as cannot be avoided is two-fold. First, LIBRARY CATALOGUING 65 there can be no standard prescribing what words should or should not be capitalised [that is, a rule saying what words should have a capital letter under the older fashion], and so the cataloguer will be constantly at a loss, or will use capitals in the most unprincipled way. He will write one day, The Dangers of great Cities, and the next, The dangers of Great Cities ; with no particular reason for either form. Secondly, the appearance the symmetry of a title or a sentence, whether written or printed, is best attained by the exclusion of capitals. Nothing can be more unsightly than the constant breaking up of the harmony of a line by the capricious use of capitals.'* The use of capitals is now mostly limited to proper names and to adjectives derived from them, besides those customary in ordinary usage. In foreign names the custom of the language is followed, and, therefore, speaking generally, there would be more capital letters in the Teutonic languages, and fewer in the Romance languages. In the entry of the book under notice it is seen that the word Church has an initial capital because the Church of England is meant and not the Christian church in general. There is a recommendation to the effect that a capital initial should be used to the second word in the title of a book if the first word is an article, and this, though not commonly adopted in practice, has the advantage of emphasising the word where- by the entry is usually alphabetised (as shown later), as the articles "a," "an," and "the," are invariably ignored for this purpose when beginning a title, though they are taken into account in the middle of a title. The use made of capital letters 66 LIBRARY CATALOGUING throughout the illustrative entries in this book is that becoming general, and can be noted in passing. It is not intended to dogmatise on the use of capitals, as it resolves itself into a question of taste rather than one of utility the rule is, however, " in all doubtful cases avoid the use of capi- tals." The twenty-three essays or articles in the book before us range over as many topics, opening with one on novels and novelists, and closing with one on training in patriotism. As there is a more or less single purpose or idea running through them all, viz., the influence or bearing of the ChurcH of England on the ethical and social questions of the day, the whole book is entered under the name of that Church for subject. Church of England : Browne, G. F., &c. The Church and life of to-day. 1910 As already stated, when the number of entries under such a subject-heading warrant it, they should be sub-divided to facilitate reference and indicate as far as possible the nature of the books. As a rule such divisions suggest themselves by the quantity and nature of the material in hand when arranging it under the heading, the entries falling into sections like History, Customs, Ritual, Polity, etc., this being marked and placed with the sub- division most appropriate. The book also has a large bearing upon the ethics of these days, and seems to need an addi- tional entry under "Morals" or "Ethics." If any doubt exists as to the value of the book as a LIBRARY CATALOGUING 67 contribution to the subject, let the mistake be made on the right side, and give the entry Ethics : Browne, G. F., &c. The Church and life of to-day. 1910 and the reference from the synonym Morals. See Ethics. For the classified catalogue the entry is marked 261.4 (Religion. The Church. Church and Morals.), and the index entries Ethics, Church and, 261.4 Church of England and Morals, 261.4 Morals, Church and, 261.4 Browne, G. F., &c. The Church and life of to-day. 261.4 A book somewhat similar to the last but varying in the method of treatment is The citizen of to-morrow : a handbook on social questions edited by Samuel E. Keeble for the Wesleyan Methodist Union for Social Service. London, Charles H. Kelly Examining the book we find that there are three series, each consisting of five essays, classified as "Historical and General," "Labour and Poverty," and " Citizenship and Service." The book, having a general editor, the main-entry is given under his name, and because of this is not entered under that of the writer of the first essay, as in the previous example. KEEBLE, Samuel E. (Ed.) The citizen of to- morrow : a handbook on social questions. (Wesleyan Methodist Union for Social Ser- vice.) [1906] 68 LIBRARY CATALOGUING The abbreviation Ed. may be used either for editor or edited, the position marking the meaning. The year of publication is not on the title-page, but is taken from the end of the preface, which is dated "June 30, 1906"; being, therefore, an addition to the title-page it is enclosed in brackets. The value of giving the year of publication wherever possible is unquestionable. When there is no clue to it in the book itself, all available sources of reference should be searched, more particularly the English Catalogue of Books and library catalogues. In the event of the search proving fruitless, the letters " n.d.", signifying no date, are put in place of the date. As was the case with the previous book, each essay in the book deals with a separate subject, yet the whole forms a single subject, and may be fitly placed under a heading entitled, say, Social Question, The : Keeble, S. E. (Ed.) The citizen of to-morrow. [1906] Such a heading would be specially reserved for books dealing with the whole social problem, and no book should find a place under it if upon a particular phase, such as housing, the land, un- employment, etc., as the position for these is under the name of the special subject they deal with. As recommended already, See also references should be given from it as books upon the separate sub- jects come up for cataloguing. The book is unlike that upon the Church of England, inasmuch as it lays no particular stress upon the efforts of the Wesleyan Methodists towards LIBRARY CATALOGUING 69 social reform. At the same time, the work has been prepared under the auspices of the Wesleyan Methodist Union for Social Service, and this must be recognised, in full catalogues at any rate, by the entry Wesleyan Methodist Union for Social Service. The citizen of to-morrow ; ed. by S. E. Keeble. [1906] A book of this varied nature is a little puzzling in regard to its right place in the classified catalogue, as some parts of it bear on topics in the class Sociology, though in the aggregate it may be re- garded as belonging to Social Ethics, and so is marked 177. In the books hitherto taken as examples, no entries have been given under the first words of the titles, as it is not considered that they are required. There is the remote possibility in this instance of the book being remembered by its title, but that does not justify the entry, as any person interested would remember one of the three entries already given. When it is thought essential or desirable to give a title-entry, it will be shown as we proceed. The older catalogues of popular libraries were largely based upon the principle of a title-entry for every item; the first or some other striking word of the title-page being taken; it being considered rank heresy to go behind the words of the title, as already mentioned. The result was often confusing, if not actually misleading. A case in point is that of the first book we took in illustration (page 34). Under the old system this would have appeared as Portugal, In. By A. F. G. Bell. 70 LIBRARY CATALOGUING while Lady Jackson's " Fair Lusitania," though identical in subject, would be in another part of the catalogue, as Lusitania, Fair. By Lady Jackson. It may be noted in passing that every book taken so far in illustration is virtually without a punctuation mark of any kind on the title-page. If the title-pages had been punctuated by the printer, it is probable that no two of them would have been alike in principle, therefore the cataloguer must provide the punctuation as he proceeds, cer- tainly it cannot be left to the printer. The entry above under " Keeble " lends itself to an explanation of the punctuation used in it. The parentheses enclosing the (Ed.) serve to isolate it from the initials of the author's name, and so prevent mis- understanding in that respect. Occasionally the form used is KEEBLE (Samuel E.) ed. A colon is used between the title of the book (" The citizen of to-morrow ") and its explanatory sub-title (" a handbook on social questions ") which makes the distinction clear. If the second title were an alternative one preceded by " or," the first title is followed by a semi-colon and the second preceded by a comma, as The citizen of to-morrow ; or, a handbook on social questions. The printing of the name of the Union of Social Service in italics enclosed in parentheses emphasises in some measure the fact that it is published for that body, and indicates the point of view LIBRARY CATALOGUING 71 taken. In the entry under " Wesleyan Metho- dist Union" the semi-colon before the " ed. by S. E. Keeble " is a good form, separating the name from the title of the book without cutting it off altogether as a full stop would do. On the other hand, if he were the sole author of the book, the " ed.," being omitted, the " by " would be preceded by a comma, as Wesleyan Methodist Union for Social Service. The citizen of to-morrow, by S. E. Keeble. The next is apparently of the same kind as the two preceding books, yet it calls for quite different treatment. The title-page reads Essays and studies by members of the English Association. Collected by A. C. Bradley. Oxford, at the Clarendon Press, 1910 Here the English Association in its corporate capacity is regarded as the author of its own publications, the editor or collector occupying a subsidiary place, more particularly in this case, as each of the three volumes of these Essays and studies so far published has a different editor. Accordingly our entry becomes English Association, The. Essays and studies; collected by A. C. Bradley. Ox/., 1910 with a reference BRADLEY, A. C. (Ed.) See English Association. The volume contains seven essays, each by a dif- ferent author upon a separate subject, and, unlike the other two books, without a general idea running through the whole. For full, and, indeed, for average catalogues, each of these essays must be 72 LIBRARY CATALOGUING reckoned with, both for authors and subjects. Where space is not of much consequence, and it is desired to catalogue the book fully, then the con- tents are set out under the principal entry, and each of the essays dealt with as if it were a distinct work. This is for the dictionary cata- logue. To carry it out adequately fifteen entries are necessary, and are here fully worked out. English Association, The. Essays and studies; ed. by A. C. Bradley. Oxf. f 1910 English place-names, by H. Bradley. On the present state of English pronunciation, by R. Bridges. Browning, by W. P. Ker. Blind Harry's Wallace, by G. Neilson. Shakespeare and the grand style, by G. Saintsbury. Some suggestions about bad poetry, by E. Sichel. Carlyle and his German masters, by C. E. Vaughan. This is the principal entry for the dictionary cata- logue, and the only one for the classified catalogue, where it is marked 820.6 (English Literature. Societies.) The extent to which the contents of such a book would be noticed in the indexes to a classi- fied catalogue is a matter of discretion, and pre- sumably they would be ignored. Not so, however, in the good dictionary catalogue; as it is a matter of every-day experience with librarians to find that essays of the kind often give the gist of a subject in such a way as to be sufficient for the needs of most of those interested in it, and, moreover, such an article or essay may prove to be the only con- tribution to the subject appearing in the catalogue, or the only one the library contains. The further entries then for the dictionary catalogue are these : BRADLEY, Henry. English place-names. (English Assoc. essays.) 1910 LIBRARY CATALOGUING 78 Place-Names : Bradley, H. English place-names. (English Assoc. essays.) 1910 Names, Place. See Place-names. It is essential that the " (English Assoc. essays) " be in every entry as a guide to the book containing the essay. More correctly it should be given with more detail, as BRIDGES, Robert. On the present state of English pronunciation. (English Assoc. Essays and studies.) 1910 but the shorter form serves its purpose. For the subject-entry of this last item we can choose between " Pronunciation, English," " Eng- lish Pronunciation," and " Phonetics." An exami- nation of the essay proves that for several reasons the first is the best to select, and it becomes Pronunciation, English : Bridges, R. The present state of English pronunciation. (English Assoc. essays.) 1910 The matter can be easily put right, as before, by the serviceable references English pronunciation. See Pronunciation, Eng- lish. Phonetics. See also Pronunciation. The apparent frequency of such references seems to suggest that the catalogue would be chiefly composed of references, but as a matter of actual practice this is not so, as often a single reference serves for many books. KER, W. P. Browning. (English Assoc. essays.) 1910 74 LIBRARY CATALOGUING Browning, Robert. Ker, W. P. Browning. (English Assoc. essays.) 1910 NEILSON, Geo. On Blind Harry's Wallace. (English Assoc. essays.) 1910 Harry, Blind. See Henry the Minstrel. Henry the Minstrel. Blind Harry's Wallace. Neilson, G. (English Assoc. essays.) 1910 SAINTSBURY, Geo. Shakespeare and the grand style. (English Assoc. essays.) 1910 Shakespeare, Wm. Saintsbury, G. Shakespeare and the grand style. (English Assoc. essays.) 1910 This heading is likely to be so large in quantity of material that it will need some sub-division of the works on Shakespeare (which will follow those by him.) SICHEL, Edith. Some suggestions about bad poetry. (English Assoc. essays.) 1910 Poetry. Sichel, E. Some suggestions about bad poetry. (English Assoc. essays.) 1910 A heading of this kind, of course, only includes books upon poetry as a subject, and not works because they are written in poetical form. VAUGHAN, C. E. Carlyle and his German masters. (English Assoc. essays.) 1910 Carlyle, Thomas. Vaughan, C. E. Carlyle and his German masters. (English Assoc. essays.) 1910 The suggestion made in the Shakespeare entry above also applies to this Carlyle entry. There is no occasion to repeat the heading of Carlyle as LIBRARY CATALOGUING 75 subject when printing, as this style of type seems to imply, though it is sometimes done, and there is nothing against it. Books by and on an author can be distinguished by the use of the dash and indent, as below, or by printing the books on in smaller type. CARLYLE, Thomas. The French Revolution. 3 v. [1888] The life of Friedrich Schiller. 1873 Sartor resartus. 1891 Arnold, A. S. The story of Carlyle. 1888 Vaughan, C. E. Carlyle and his German masters. (English Assoc. essays.) 1910 If the exigencies of space necessitate making choice between setting out the contents of a volume of this miscellaneous character, as in the principal entry above, or index-entries for author and sub- ject in this way, there can be no question that in- dexing is the better, because each of the articles is a contribution to the subject, and if not so indexed is lost. This loss must perforce be risked when the collections are so voluminous that they require an enormous number of entries to complete. Unless space and expense are of no consequence, there is no alternative but to dispense with the index entries. Sainte Beuve's Causeries du lundi is a case in point, and the opposite course of setting out the contents of these volumes under the princi- pal entry must suffice for most catalogues. Whatever doubt may arise as to the policy of indexing such a work, none whatever exists as to the necessity for dealing separately with the con- tents of a volume which consists in reality of 76 LIBRARY CATALOGUING several works brought together by an editor or publisher. A good example of this is Ideal commonwealths : Plutarch's Lycurgus, More's Utopia, Bacon's New Atlantis, Cam- panella's City of the Sun, and a fragment of Hall's Mundus alter et idem; with an intro- duction by Henry Morley. loth edition. London : Routledge. Each of the individual works must be catalogued separately and completely precisely as if each were a separate publication. The main-entry may appear under the name of Morley as editor (though his share in the production seems to consist merely of a preface of four pages) in this form MORLEY, Henry (Ed.) Ideal commonwealths, n.d. Plutarch's Lycurgus. More's Utopia. Bacon's New Atlantis. Campanella's City of the Sun. Hall's Mundus alter et idem (fragment). The subordinate or added entries in this case being given under each author. PLUTARCH. Life of Lycurgus. (Morley. Ideal commonwealths.) n.d. MORE, Sir Thomas. Utopia. (Morley. Ideal commonwealths.) n.d. BACON, Francis, Lord. New Atlantis. (Morley. Ideal commonwealths.) n.d. CAMPANELLA, Tommaso. The City of the Sun. (Morley. Ideal commonwealths.) n.d. HALL, Joseph. Mundus alter et idem ; transl. by Wm. King. (Morley. Ideal commonwealths.) n.d. In the Campanella item above the Christian name is kept in the vernacular, as it is a customary rule LIBRARY CATALOGUING 77 to so enter all names instead of anglicizing them, even when the books are translations. In addition to the foregoing entries, all the works contained in the book, the Plutarch excepted, will need title-entries in the dictionary catalogue. Utopia. More, Sir T. (Morley. Ideal common- wealths.) n.d. The " (Morley. Ideal commonwealths) " must be inserted in every entry as a guide to the book con- taining the works. The form more correctly is "(Morley, H. (Ed.) Ideal commonwealths.)", though the shorter form is sufficiently distinctive. Even this could be left out if it happened that the entry covered the only edition of any of the books contained in a library, when the usual shelf- mark attached to the entry might be regarded as a sufficient guide, and the entry reduced to the simplest form of Utopia. More, Sir T. n.d. 320.1 though this is not recommended. On the other hand, if a library had a collection of editions of the Utopia, it would be a good and reasonable economy to cover the whole by a refer- ence to the author's name, where they would be found set out in detail, as Utopia. More, Sir T. See under More, Sir Thomas. The remaining entries, continued on the same lines, are New Atlantis. Bacon, Lord. (Morley. Ideal commonwealths.) n.d. 78 LIBRARY CATALOGUING City of the Sun, The. Campanella, T. (Morley. Ideal commonwealths.) n.d. Mundus alter et idem. Hall, J. (Morley. Ideal commonwealths.) n.d. For the classified catalogue the full entry, as shown under Morley above, is numbered 320.1 (Political Science. Theory of the State), and each author must appear in the index. The foregoing rules and suggestions are also applicable to works of a varied character when the work of a single author volumes of essays usually meriting and receiving separate entries under the subjects. Fletcher's A. L. A. Index to General Literature, Boston, 1905, is a useful work of reference in this connection, though it does not compensate for the want of the indexing referred to in this chapter. A volume may consist of a number of essays or articles by an individual author upon topics so closely related that they are a contribution to a single subject. Such, for example, is PELHAM, Henry F. Essays; collected and ed. by F. Haverfield. pp. xxiv., 328, map. la. 8 Oxf., 1911 ... 937 This is lettered on the publisher's cover " Essays on Roman History." The contents of the volume, which should be set out under the above entry, are Biographical note. The Roman curiae. Chronology of the Jugurthine War. The early Roman emperors (Caesar- Nero). Problems in the constitution of the Princi- pate. The domestic policy of Augustus. Notes on the reign of Claudius. Hadrian. The Roman frontier system. The Roman frontier system in Southern Germany. Arrian as legate of Cappadocia. Discoveries at Rome, 1870-89. The imperial domains and the colonate. Pascua. Pagus. LIBRARY CATALOGUING 79 Although so miscellaneous in character, this book requires but one subject-entry, as it would be a work of supererogation to index each essay separately. Rome : History. Pelham, H. F. Essays. 1911 937 For the classified catalogue the book is not placed under English Essays (824), but under Ancient History Rome (937), the index entries being Pelham, Henry F. Essays. 937 Rome, Ancient (History). 937 CHAPTER VII. Illustrated Books. Music. Authors and Illustrators. Translations of Foreign Titles of Books of Illustrations and of Music. The Cataloguing of Music. Librettists. "Indexing" Miscellaneous Music. Dates of Publication. IN these days of cheap processes of reproduction of illustrations, particularly in colour, the cataloguer is called upon to decide whether the author (that is, the writer of the text) or the illus- trator is the more important person in connection with a book. The real occasion of a book's existence may be that an artist has produced a series of pictures considered to be worth reproduction, and the author has been engaged to write appropriate text for them. To put it another way, the former custom was for the artist to illustrate an author's text, whereas nowadays an author may write text for illustrations. This does not by any means imply that the text in itself is not valuable apart from the illustrations, and therefore most of such books need double entry, or at least references, as in the case of joint-authors. The following three books are of this class : Hampshire, painted by Wilfrid Ball, R.E., des- cribed by Rev. Telford Varley, M.A., B.SC. 1909 Kent, by W. Teignmouth Shore, painted by W. Biscombe Gardner. 1907 The Channel Islands, painted by Henry B. Wim- bush, described by Edith F. Carey. 1904 LIBRARY CATALOGUING 81 In each of these examples the first-named, whether artist or author, should be taken for the main- entry, but the mode of entry does not follow that for joint-authors; the share of each in the book must be shown, as BALL, Wilfrid (Illus.) Hampshire; described by Telford Varley. pp. xii. , 316, 75 col. illus. , map. 1909 VARLEY, Telford. Hampshire described; [illus.] by W. Ball. 1909 Hampshire : Ball, W., &c. Hampshire painted and des- cribed. 1909 For short-entry catalogues, or as an economy, the " added entry " for the second of the persons named may be reduced to the reference, as VARLEY, Telford. Sec Ball, Wilfrid. Where the artist's name appears in the secondary place, as in the second book, a reference like this meets all reasonable requirements, though the same cannot be said when the writer of the text occupies that place, as in the first instance, and an entry is preferable to the reference if the trifling addi- tional space can be afforded. In reality it does not resolve itself into a question of sparing space for the entry of a particular book, but of finding room for many similar cases. The second book is SHORE, W. Teignmouth. Kent; [illus.] by W. Biscombe Gardner. pp. x., 240, 73 col. illus., map. 1907 GARDNER, W. Biscombe (Illus.) Kent; [des- cribed] by W. T. Shore. 1907 82 LIBRARY CATALOGUING or alternatively GARDNER, W. Biscombe (Illus.) See Shore, W. Teignmouth. Kent: Shore, W. TV, &c. Kent 1907 The abbreviation "illus." is used equally to mean illustrator, illustrated, and, in the collation, illus- trations, without any likelihood of confusion of idea by a person of ordinary intelligence, the position and context denoting the meaning. Some- times this abbreviation is curtailed to "il.", or "ill", with a loss of clearness, and as no real saving of space results, it cannot be recommended. The third book is WIMBUSH, Henry B. (Illus.) The Channel Islands; described by Edith F. Carey, pp. xiv., 294, 76 col. illus., map. 1904 CAREY, Edith F. The Channel Islands; [illus.] by H. B. Wimbush. 1904 Channel Islands, The: Wimbush, H, B., &c. The Channel Islands painted and described. 1904 As a rule there is no occasion for the cataloguer to notice the illustrator, except for books of this special character. Where the artist is famous and his illustrations lend value to a book, or where books are likely to be required because illustrated by a notable artist, it is well to mark the fact either by entry or reference. Such illustrators as Bewick, Beardsley, Blake, Brangwyn, Crane, Cruikshank, Dulac, "Phiz," Rackham, Rowlandson, Hugh Thomson, Turner, to name a dozen among the best known, should be noticed, either by entry under LIBRARY CATALOGUING 88 their names, or after the manner shown in the following entries. Suppose the first book received is Tales from Shakespeare, by Charles and Mary Lamb, illustrated by Arthur Rackhanu 1909 we proceed to write our main-entry, taking care to note that the book is illustrated by this particular artist, LAMB, Charles and Mary. Tales from Shake- speare; illus. by Arthur Rackham. 1909. We then give the reference from the artist RACKHAM, Arthur (Illus.) See Lamb, Charles and Mary. Later we get a book, the title-page of which reads The Rhinegold and the Valkyrie, by Richard Wagner, with illustrations by Arthur Rack- ham, translated by Margaret Armour. 1910 and on the half-title we find The Ring of the Niblung a trilogy with a prelude by Richard Wagner translated into English by Margaret Armour, i. so we combine and adapt the two titles, as WAGNER, Richard. The Ring of the Niblung; transl. by Margt. Armour; illus. by Arthur Rackham. i. 1910 i, The Rhinegold. The Valkyrie. and give the usual references ARMOUR, Margaret (Transl.) See Wagner, Richard. RACKHAM, Arthur (Illus.) See Wagner, Richard. 84 LIBRARY CATALOGUING " Transl." is a perfectly clear abbreviation for either translated or translator the shorter form, " tr." , may mean anything, and is to be avoided. Later still we get another book, the principal entry for which is BARRIE, Jas. M. Peter Pan in Kensington Gar- dens ; illus. by Arthur Rackham. 1910 when we make another reference RACKHAM, Arthur (Illus.) See Barrie, Jas. M. Last of all we receive the second part of " The Ring of the Niblung," which we embody in the former entry, converting it into WAGNER, Richard. The Ring of the Niblung; transl. by Margt. Armour; illus. by Arthur Rackham. 2 v. 1910-11 v. i. The Rhinegold. The Valkyrie. v. 2. Siegfried. The twilight of the gods. If we have forgotten that the former reference was made, which is unlikely, we make another, as before RACKHAM, Arthur (Illus.) See Wagner, Richard. When the time comes for printing the catalogue, if it has not already been done, these references are all amalgamated into: RACKHAM, Arthur (Illus.) See Barrie, Jas. M. ; Lamb, Chas. and Mary ; Wagner, Richard. A certain amount of knowledge and discretion is required in cataloguing the illustrators of books; cheap modern reprints of standard books with illustrations by Cruikshank or " Phiz " hardly call for notice by the cataloguer. LIBRARY CATALOGUING 85 Although it is the duty of the cataloguer to adhere to the language of the title-page in tran- scribing a title, it is conceivable that the usefulness of books in foreign languages, when they consist altogether or mainly of illustrations, may be ex- tended in popular libraries, if a free explanatory translation of the title or a note is attached to the entry, after the manner shown in the following three entries : SEGUY, E. Les fleurs et leurs applications decora- tives [Flowers and their application in orna- ment], pi. 30. f Paris, [1903] REMON, Georges. Soixante planches de peintre decorative. f Dourdan, n.d. Sixty plates in colour for house decoration. LEHNER, Jos., und Ed. MADER. Neue Dekora- tions-Malereien im modernen Stil. pi. 60. f Wien, [1904] Original ornamental designs in colour. So far as the orthodox rules for cataloguing are concerned, it is something of a heresy to suggest that, as these books contain no text, the original titles might be ignored, and a translation alone be given if space is a consideration, but if so cata- logued, they would make a larger appeal in many libraries, and, after all, books are catalogued for the purpose of ensuring that they shall be used. The entries might be SEGUY, E. Flowers and their application in orna- ment, pi. 30. f [1903] It must be understood that this translation is not a recommendation, but is only by way of sug- gestion, as there are not many books similar in 86 LIBRARY CATALOGUING character. If the suggestion is adopted, it must be carried out uniformly through all entries. R&MON, Georges. Sixty plates of decorative painting [house]. f n.d. LEHNER, J., and E. MADER. New painted decora- tions in the modern style, pi. 60. f [1904] The subject entries and references required for these books are Ornament : Seguy, E. Les fleurs et leurs applications decoratives. 1903 Decoration. See Ornament. Design, Ornamental. See Ornament. Flowers in ornament. See Ornament. The first two references are for synonymous terms for the subject The last is required for two reasons. Firstly, there are sure to be other books in the catalogue in which floral design will form the principal feature without any reference to flowers on the title-page; secondly, a book of the kind is better placed under the subject-word " Ornament " or whatever term is taken for the decorative arts, rather than " Flowers ", to prevent it being mistaken for a work on botany or gardening. The next book is on ornament as applied to house decoration only, and the designs are not meant for other purposes, certainly not for orna- ment generally, therefore the entry is House Decoration : Remon, G. Soixante planches de peintre decorative, n.d. LIBRARY CATALOGUING 87 and the supplementary references are Decoration, House. See House Decoration. Ornament. See also House Decoration. If the title of this book were printed "60 planches de peintre decorative", and the title had to be transcribed in full, the language of the original must be followed, and not a hybrid title given, as " Sixty planches de peintre decorative ". The third book, being upon ornament in general, receives an entry accordingly Ornament : Lehner, J., &c. Neue Dekorations-Maler- eien im modernen StiL [1904] No further references are needed beyond those already given to the first of these three books. It would be literally correct but none the less pedantic to convert the " &c." of the above entry to "u.s.w." (und so weiter), as Lehner, J., u.s.w. and such a procedure is not recommended. The entries of the first and third of these books would be marked for the classified catalogue 745 (Art. Ornamental Design), and the second 729.4 (Art. Architectural Design and Decoration. Painted Decoration), the index-entries being Seguy, E. Les fleurs decoratives, 745 Ornament, 745 Floral Ornament, 745 Decoration, Ornamental, 745 Remon, G. Peintre decorative, 729.4 House Decoration, 729.4 Decoration, House, 729.4 Lehner u. Mader. Dekorations-Malereten, 745 88 LIBRARY CATALOGUING The foregoing suggestion for the translation of title-pages, where the text of the book is non- existent or immaterial, is also applicable in the case of music, more especially instrumental music, as many persons understand music without under- standing continental languages, and therefore to give a translation of the title-pages of musical works (not works upon music, which is a different matter) in a catalogue may serve a most useful purpose. Take these as examples : BEETHOVEN, Ludwig van. Sammtliche Sinfonien fur das Pianoforte zu zwei und vier Handen ; arrangirt von F. W. Markull. No. 8-9, vierhandig. 4 IVolfen- biittel, n.d. JADASSOHN, S. Sechs Clavierstucke. 4 Leipzig, n.d. LECLAIR, Jean M. Le tombeau : senate a violon avec la basse continue ; arrangtje pour le violon avec accom- pagnement de piano par Gustav Jensen. 4 n.d. There is no great reason why these and similar works should not be usefully adapted for the cata- logues of popular libraries at any rate, as BEETHOVEN, Ludwig van. Collected pianoforte symphonies ; arranged by F. W. Markull. Nos. 8-9, Piano duet. 4 Woljeributtel, n.d. JADASSOHN, S. Six pianoforte pieces. 4 Leipzig, n.d. LECLAIR, Jean M. Le tombeau : sonata, with continued thorough- bass ; arranged for the violin, with piano accompaniment by Gustav Jensen. 4 n.d. LIBRARY CATALOGUING 89 As " Le tombeau " is the distinctive title of this particular piece, it is as well to give it in the original form, or, if in translation, as " Le tombeau (The tomb)." It should be unnecessary to add that, where space is of no consideration, the above titles can be given in the original with the translation following enclosed within brackets; to do this would conform with literal accuracy. As music is introduced here in connection with translated titles, we may also at this place con- sider the whole question of cataloguing it. Usually the catalogue of music is printed apart from the general catalogue of a library, in the form of a class-list, the entries being sub-divided into sec- tions and divisions, according to the amount of material. Whether in a separate publication or in the general catalogue, the composer occupies the place held by the authors of other works, and his surname is taken for the main-entry, as shown in the following examples of operas. The title- pages read : Maritana. Opera in three acts, the music com- posed by W. Vincent Wallace. The words by Edward Fitzball. Edited by Myles B. Foster. Boosey & Co. The Bohemians (founded upon " La vie de Boheme " by Henry Murger.) An opera in four acts by Giuseppe Giacosa and Luigi Illica. Music by Giacomo Puccini. English version of Acts I. and II. by William Grist, Acts III. and IV. by Percy Pinkerton. Arranged by Carlo Carignani. G. Ricordi & Co. Copyright 1897. (Printed in Italy.) 90 LIBRARY CATALOGUING and these we proceed to condense and adapt after this manner: WALLACE, W. Vincent. Maritana : opera ; words by Edward Fitzball ; ed. by Myles B. Foster. (Royal ed.) pp. ii., 284. n.d. PUCCINI, Giacomo. The Bohemians : an opera by Giuseppe Giacosa and Luigi Illica; English version by Wm. Grist and Percy Pinkerton; arranged by Carlo Carignani. pp. viii., 204. 4 i897 In the first entry the added words denoting the edition are taken from the printed cover of the book. The above represent the full form for the dictionary catalogue. Any additional entries would be in the way of references from the names of the writers of the libretti, the translators, editors, or arrangers, as FITZBALL, Edward. See Wallace, W. Vincent. FOSTER, Myles B. See Wallace, W. Vincent. It may be considered that the writer of the libretto is of equal importance with the composer in such work, both often being named together in connection therewith, as " the Gilbert-Sullivan operas." It must be remembered, however, that in musical works like these the libretto as given seldom represents the complete work of the author, the spoken words being omitted; therefore, not only is his place secondary, but his share in the work is incomplete. For this reason even the reference can be dispensed with, except in full catalogues, where every name is taken into account. In the contrary case, where the words of an opera are LIBRARY CATALOGUING 91 published without the music, the reverse method would be followed, and the name of the composer ignored for cataloguing, because his work is not included. Besides references as above, there is the possible usefulness of title-entries (in the dictionary cata- logue only), as Maritana : opera. Wallace, W. V. n.d. Bohemians, The : opera. Puccini, G. 1897 If the collection of music in a library is not sufficient to warrant the publication of a separate catalogue, it is desirable to embody in the dictionary catalogue a class-list of music under the heading " Music ", treated as subject, although this is not strictly in accordance with the principles govern- ing the compilation of such a catalogue. The entries under the heading would be sub-divided as required, in this way Music. Operas. (Vocal scores, with piano f. accom.) Puccini, G. The Bohemians. 1897 Wallace, W. V. Maritana. n.d. Music and musical works fall logically into place as part of a classified catalogue, and are as readily dealt with there as in a separately published catalogue of music. The two principal entries of the above operas are marked 782.1 (Music- Dramatic Music Opera.) When a library contains an extensive or com- paratively large selection of music, there are sure to be included volumes of " albums," " gems," 92 LIBRARY CATALOGUING " selections," and other miscellaneous collections, which in the ordinary way are catalogued after this manner: Music. Piano /. solos. Klassiker-Perlen : Gems from the classics. (Conservatoire ed.) Bk. i. 4 n.d. Bk. i. Prelude, C major, by Bach. Largo, by Handel. Gavotte, by Gluck. Traumerei, Warum? and Summerlied, by Schumann. Nocturne, by Field. The song of the lark, Chant sans paroles, and Bacarolle, by Tschaikowsky. Moment musical and Menuett, by Schubert. Melody in F, by Rubinstein. Unless the contents of such volumes are at least set out as above they cannot be regarded as properly catalogued. If the library had any one of these pieces as a separate publication, it would, no doubt, receive individual treatment, and be dealt with in this way (to take the last item in the above book) : Music. Piano}, solos. Rubinstein, Anton. Melody in F. (Op. 3, no. i.) n.d. For this reason, when the number of books is large, and the separate catalogue, therefore, of consider- able size, such miscellaneous collections should be dealt with (" indexed ") as if each item were a separate work. If it is essential to index the con- tents of other books of a miscellaneous character, it is doubly necessary for miscellaneous music, more especially as it brings all the works of a composer together according to the nature of the compositions. If this course is pursued, then, as a counter-balancing economy, the contents need not LIBRARY CATALOGUING 93 be set forth under the principal entry, the separate "indexing" being sufficient, as Music. Piano /. solos. Bach, J. Sebastian. Prelude. (Gems from the classics, Bk. i.) n.d. This recommendation of separate entry is for a class-list of music (that is, a separately-published catalogue of music), and only applies to volumes containing works by several composers. Separate entries are not required in the case of a collection of pieces by a single composer. One entry only is needed, as Music. Piano/, solos. Menynski, M. Esquisses russes pour piano, pp. 48. 4 n.d. This contains six pieces, each with a distinctive title, and these titles can be set out, if thought well, as contents under the above entry. No further entries should be given, even in the dictionary catalogue, as title-entries for the items in works of this kind are superfluous. There are, also, many collections of miscel- laneous music much too comprehensive to allow of the separate cataloguing of each item, and these must, of necessity, be simply catalogued, even with- out the contents being set out. Examples of col- lections of this type are: HATTON, J. L. (Ed.) The songs of England : a collection of 200 English melodies, including- the most popular traditional ditties, &c., of the last three centuries. (Royal ed.) 2 v. n.d. 94 LIBRARY CATALOGUING PAUER, E. (Ed.) March-album : a collection of the most celebrated Italian, French, and Ger- man marches, pp. 114, n.d. In either the music or the classified catalogue, these would be respectively allotted to the divisions Music Vocal Music Ballad and Song (Dewey 784.3) and Music Pianoforte Solos Marches (Dewey 786.44). In a short-entry catalogue, they can be con- densed to HATTON, J. L. (Ed.) The songs of England, 2 v. n.d. PAUER, E. (Ed.) March-album : Italian, French, and German marches. n.d. Experience proves that no useful purpose is served by giving the dates of publication of modern music in an ordinary catalogue; in fact, it can only be given in exceptional cases, the majority being "n.d.", as the above examples testify. The works of the classic masters appear in so many forms and editions that the dates, when ascertained, are of no particular help. CHAPTER VIII. Publications of Governments, Societies, and Corporate Bodies. Co-operative Indexes. Publications of Societies. Publishing Societies. Government Publications. Statutes. Colonial and Foreign Government Publications. Local Govern* ment Publications. Associations and Institutions. Congresses. THE extent to which the work of dissecting and " indexing " the contents of books of a miscellaneous nature is to be carried out in a library catalogue depends largely on the nature and pur- pose of the library, though a limit must be set to it in any case. It would be unusual to index the proceedings or transactions of a society, or the contents of reviews, or other periodical publica- tions, however valuable they might be. For this most libraries must depend upon the co-operative indexes, such as the Royal Society's Catalogue of Scientific Papers, the International Catalogue of Scientific Literature, the International Institute of Technical Bibliography, Poole's Index to Periodical Litera- ture, the Engineering Index, the Index to Archao- logical Papers (unfortunately of little value because it it only an index of authors instead of subjects), and other works of the kind. The Library Asso- ciation publishes a Class-Catalogue of Current Serial Digests and Indexes of the Literature of Pure and Applied Science. The form of entry for the publications of societies will vary according to their nature. As 96 LIBRARY CATALOGUING already stated, societies or other bodies in their corporate capacity are regarded as the authors of their memoirs, transactions, proceedings, journals, etc., and entry is made under their names accord- ingly. The question arises, under what part of the name? and it may be laid down in general terms that if a society be national or general in its scope and character, and its headquarters are in London, then the first word of the official name of the society, other than an article, is the correct entry-word. The following are illustrative examples of this : Royal Society of London. Catalogue of scientific papers, 1800-1900. Subject-index, v. 3, Physics, pt. i. Camb., 1913 Society of Antiquaries of London. Archaeologia ; or, miscellaneous tracts relating to antiquity. v. 1-59, with indexes. 4 1770-1905 Chemical Society. Abstract of papers. 17 v. 1896-1912 Linnean Society. Proceedings, 1838-55. 2 v. 1849-55 British Association for the Advancement of Science. Reports. 20 v. 1891-1910 Institution of Civil Engineers. Minutes of pro- ceedings, v. 56-142. 1879-1900 On the other hand, if the society be national for Scotland, Wales, or Ireland, or provincial, colonial, or foreign, the entry-word depends upon the nature of the society. The publications of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, for instance, might be better placed under " Edinburgh, Royal Society " than under " Scotland. Royal Society of Edin- burgh," notwithstanding that it is a national and not a local body. Against this, the publications of LIBRARY CATALOGUING 97 the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland are better entered under " Scotland, Society of Antiquaries of," although there is much to be said in favour of treating such important bodies after the manner shown in the previous entries, as Royal Society of Edinburgh. Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. in which case these references are necessary : Scotland, Society of Antiquaries of. See Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. Edinburgh, Royal Society of. See Royal Society of Edinburgh. The British Museum practice is inconvenient and affords no help in cataloguing the publications of societies, because all of them are brought together, irrespective of character, country, or locality, under the general heading of " Academies," and arranged according to the names of the places of publication in one general alphabet (not in national or geographical order), as Abbeville, Aberdeen, Abo, Acireale, Adelaide, etc. If it is desired to find say the " Proceedings of the In- stitution of Mechanical Engineers," it is necessary to turn first to " Academies," and then to " Bir- mingham," provided one knows or remembers that the Institution has its centre there. Publications like those of the Early English Text Society or the Hakluyt Society must be sought first under " Academies " and afterwards under " London." This method of general, then local entry, is not a simple and ready one. Even local entry is not always satisfactory, as often enough the place of 98 LIBRARY CATALOGUING publication or of the meetings of a society are merely incidental, and, therefore, the proceedings of a county antiquarian society should be entered under the name of the county or society, and not the place the Kent Archaeological Society under Kent and not Maidstone, the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire under Lancashire ("Lanca- shire and Cheshire, Historic Society of "), not under Liverpool, and the Chetham Society under that distinctive name, not under Manchester. These societies cause little or no trouble, as their names usually suggest the best entry-word, even in the case of foreign societies. It must clearly be understood that when a society is established for the publication of separate works upon subjects coming within the scope of the society's purpose, and not for the reading and discussion of papers, its publications require full cataloguing, as if each work had been issued inde- pendently, in addition to whatever entry is given under the name of the society. A case in point would be this : > Chetham Society. Remains, historical and literary, connected with the palatine counties of Lan- caster and Chester. v..6i, newser. M'chester, 1907 v. 6. Materials for the history of Lancaster, by Wm. Oliver Roper. Pt. i. This is the main-entry in full catalogues. The essential sub-entries are ROPER, Wm. O. Materials for the history of Lancaster. Pt. i. (Chetham Soc., v. 61, new ser.) 1907 LIBRARY CATALOGUING 99 Lancaster : Roper, W. O. Materials for the history of Lancaster. Pt. i. (Chetham Soc. t v. 61, new ser.) 1907 Whatever economy may be exercised, neither of these two last entries can be dispensed with, rather let the list of contents and the volumes under the main-entry be omitted, especially if the list is a long one, involving a hunt through many items to find a particular book. Under ordinary circumstances a summary entry for a whole set can be made to suffice in this fashion : - Chetham Society. Remains, historical and literary, connected with the palatine counties of Lan- caster and Chester. 116 v. M f Chester, 1844-93 Includes indexes to v. 1-30 and v. 31-114. Similar entries for the whole set would be made under " Lancashire " and " Cheshire." By this arrangement a person requiring a particular work in the series could find it by reference to the entry under the author's name, or under the definite sub- ject, if the book does not deal with either of these counties in general, and one or the other is certain to be remembered. It may be explained that the summary entry for the whole series, when given under the names of the two counties, obviates any necessity for separately entering any particular book under these counties. For example, the late Chancellor Christie's volume (No. y of the new series) on the old church and school libraries of Lancashire requires no separate entry under " Lancashire," as it is covered by the general 100 LIBRARY CATALOGUING entry under the name of this county the separate entries are given under " Christie " and " Libraries." The book by Roper, taken in illustration above, which is given as " Pt. I," does not require a second entry for Pt. 2 when it is received later. All that is necessary is to adapt the entries in this way Chetham Society. Remains (and the rest of the entry as before]. v. 61-62. Materials for the history of Lancaster, by Wm. Oliver Roper. 2 v. ROPER, Wm. O. Materials for the history of Lancaster. (Chetham Soc., v. 61-62, new ser.) 2 v. 1907 Lancaster : Roper, W. O. Materials for the history of Lancaster. (Chetham Soc., v. 61-62, new ser.) 2 v. 1907 There are other societies which publish separate and independent books, lending themselves to this separate treatment, when each work must be dealt with individually. Among them may be named the Camden, Early English Text, Folk-Lore, Hakluyt, Harleian, Malone, Navy Records, ancl Surtees Societies. These publications present the same problem for the classified catalogue as they do for shelf-classi- fication, viz., shall they be kept together under the name of the Society, or be distributed throughout the catalogue according to the nature of their con- tents? If the volumes of the Camden Society or the Hakluyt Society are so scattered, they appear in many parts of the catalogue, whereas they are not usefully entered if grouped together. Some of the other societies do not raise this difficulty, LIBRARY CATALOGUING 101 and the correct solution appears to be, as in the case of the dictionary catalogue, to give a general entry for the whole set in its place, and a separate entry for each volume in its own particular place. It is true there is usually a special place in the Dewey Classification for such collections (the Hakluyt Society is 910.6), but whether the volumes are all kept together on the shelves or not, they are virtually lost for usefulness unless, as already suggested, the entries are distributed according to countries or other subjects in the catalogue. The publications of the state, of local govern- ment authorities, and other official bodies are regarded in much the same light for the main- entry as societies. In a British catalogue the publi- cations of the home government or its departments cannot be usefully or conveniently grouped together under a general heading of " England " or " Great Britain," but are better placed under the names of the respective departments. On the other hand, the publications of any other government and its de- partments are brought together under the name of the state, and those of the governing body of any specified area, local, home, or colonial, under the name of that area. These points can be made plainer by examples. To take the home government reports first : Local Government Board. Annual report, 1908-9. 2 v. 1909 ... ... 352.042 Board of Trade, Labour Department. Abstract of labour statistics of the United Kingdom, 1908-9. 1911 ... ... ... ... 331.8 Board of Education. Special reports on educa- tional subjects, v. 21. 1907 ... 372.942 v. 21. School excursions and vacation schools. 102 LIBRARY CATALOGUING Imperial Education Conference, 1911. Report. 1911 ... 370.6 Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis. Re- port, ign. 1912 35 2 -2 While these official titles of the respective depart- ments are the correct form of entry, there is no particular objection to reversing the titles, when they admit of it, thus bringing them under the name of the public service concerned, as Trade, Board of, Labour Department. Education, Board of. Education Conference, Imperial. Police, Commissioner of, of the Metropolis. Any necessary guiding references must be furnished if required, as Board of Trade. See Trade, Board of. Board of Education. See Education, Board of. Imperial Education Conference. See Education Conference. If the entries are so reversed, this does not convert them into a combined form of corporate-author and subject-entries; they will still need entries under whatever subject to which they appertain, unless a reference is substituted to meet the case under the subject. Should a library contain, say, many of the volumes of the special reports of the Board of Education, or a collection of the various reports on Labour issued by the Board of Trade, the setting of them out in detail twice over can be avoided by these two references Education. See also Education, Board of. Labour. See also Trade, Board of (Labour Dept.) LIBRARY CATALOGUING 10* The police report can be entered under " London," though by " Metropolis " is meant a much larger district than that usually understood as London, as it includes several outside county and other boroughs while excluding the City itself. Nominally the report is that of the chief officer, but there is no occasion to enter it under his name. Upon the principle already outlined, editions of the statutes would, in the ordinary course, be entered under " Parliament," but it is better to take a separate heading, as "Acts of Parlia- ment " or " Statutes, British," referring from " Par- liament." Illustrative examples are Acts of Parliament : Statutes, The. A.D. 1235-1900. 2nd revised ed. 2ov. 1888-1909 ... ... 346.2 Chitty's Statutes of practical utility. 6th ed.,byW. H.Aggs. v. 1-14. I9ii-i3..346.2 Statutes, British. See Acts of Parliament. Parliament. See also Acts of Parliament. Law. See also Acts of Parliament. References should be given from the names of any editors, compilers, digesters, or annotators, as Chitty and Aggs. A volume of Acts relating to a specified subject, say, Copyright, Theatres, or Workmen, is not entered under the general head- ing, but under the name of the subject and the compiler. Such works ordinarily contain the law as well as the statutes, and therefore any references required from the general to the particular would be given under "Law." Legislative publications of other countries corresponding to our Acts of Parliament are entered under the names of those countries. 104 LIBRARY CATALOGUING The manner of stating the number of volumes in the second (Chitty) of the above examples indi- cates that the work is still in course of publication; if it were complete the number of volumes would be given as in the first entry. This first entry also takes precedence of the Chitty for order because it is the official " By authority " edition. As said above, the publications of colonial and foreign governments are first entered under the names of places, then by departments, as United States. Bureau of Education. Circular of information No. i, 1902. Contributions to American educational history ; ed. by Herbert B. Adams. No. 30, History of education in West Virginia, by A. R. White- hill. Washington, 1902 ... ... 572.973 Canada. Department of Mines. Summary report of the Geological Survey Branch, 1911. Ottawa, 1912 557- 1 An item like that of the U.S. Bureau of Educa- tion needs entries for subject and for the author of the particular section. Presuming that the whole series is covered under the heading " Education " by a reference to " United States. Bureau of Education," the other entries are Virginia, West : Whitehill, A. R. History of education in West Virginia. (U.S. Bureau of Educa- tion, Circulars of information, No. i, 1902.) 1902 ... ... 57 2 -973 WHITEHILL, A. R. History of education in West Virginia. (U.S. Bureau of Education, Cir- culars of information, No. i, 1902.) 1902 572.973 LIBRARY CATALOGUING 105 The first of these entries raises a question in connection with double place-names, i.e., should the entry be given as above or under " West " ? Following the recommendation of the Joint- Code rule (No. 130), three standard gazetteers were consulted ; two gave the name under " Vir- ginia " (as in our entry), and one under " West." Accumulation of headings in one place is pre- vented when place-names qualified by the points of the compass, or in some similar way, are entered under the name following the prefix. All the same, each name must be considered independently. To enter New York or New Zealand under " York " and " Zealand " is incorrect, though the Isle of Man or the Isle of Wight are better under " Man " and " Wight " respectively. If there is the least doubt give the reference, which in this case is West Virginia. See Virginia, West. Examples of local government publications would be London County Council. Statistical abstract for London, 1911-12. v. 14. 1912 ... 314.21 Education Committee. Report on vacation schools and organised vacation play. 1912 f 371-74 The " f " attached to the classification numbers is meant to mark the book as a folio, and, while indicating the size, serves also as a guide to its probable position on the shelves, because folios are not usually placed with octavos. If the book were a quarto, it would be marked " q ", as "q 37174" 106 LIBRARY CATALOGUING Another local government publication is Hammersmith Borough Council. i2th annual report, 1911-12. 1913 352.042.1 The libraries of various localities usually make a point of obtaining all reports and docu- ments bearing upon their particular areas, and, therefore, need special methods both for classi- fication and cataloguing, according to the extent of their collections, so we may consider how the above items may be treated in a typical London public library. Presuming that all the publi- cations of the London County Council are received, they would be so numerous that it is not worth while entering them again under "London" as subject. The entries under "London County Council " and under " London " would not only be many in number, but would come together in the catalogue. A better plan is carefully to enter all under " London County Council ", sub- dividing the entries according to their nature. Though the Hammersmith report needs a reference under " London ", an entry thereunder could not be justified, as in the case of the publications of the larger body. The references would be in this manner London : Local Government. London County Council. Publications. See London County Council. This is placed in order exactly as if it were an entry, whereas the Hammersmith reference comes at the end of the entries in the usual way, as See also the names of the Metropolitan boroughs, as Hammersmith, Shoreditch, Stepney. LIBRARY CATALOGUING 107 Perhaps the first form of what may be termed an "entry-reference" is better exemplified by sup- posing it to be the most suitable style when under a general heading like " Education ", and the entry references are Education : Board of Education. Reports, &c. See Board of Education. London County Council. Education reports. See London County Council. United States. Board of Education. Pub- lications. See United States. These fall into place under the heading as "Board", "London", "United States", and not as references at the end. This style is only recom- mended where there are many entries under both the heading and the name referred to, the ordinary method being Education : See also Board of Education, London County Council, United States (Bureau of Educa- tion). The foregoing principles for the entry of government documents also apply to the publica- tions of associations and institutions. The officers making reports in an official capacity are usually disregarded so far as their personal names are concerned, though at times a special report or other publication may justify and require an entry under the name of the writer, but this depends upon its nature. International and local exhibi- tions are entered under the names of the places where held, unless the organisations arranging 108 LIBRARY CATALOGUING such exhibitions are, more or less, permanent bodies having exhibitions at intervals in different places, when the entries are given, not under the names of places, but under the official name of the organising body, as Royal Agricultural Society, National Rose Society, International Horticultural Exhibition. The same applies more particularly to congresses and conferences of all kinds regularly held, the places of meeting being merely incidental. The following is an example of such a congress, which is held at intervals in different parts of the world, and with a certain continuity : National Council of Peace Societies. Official re- port of the i yth Universal Congress of Peace, held at Caxton Hall, Westminster, London, July 27th to August ist, 1908. 1909 ... 172.4 The National Council is, apparently, a central body representing British peace societies, and is responsible for this report only. When the congress is held in another country, presumably some body in that country makes itself responsible for the publication of the report, in which case it is probable the title would be in German or in French, which- ever country issues the report, and this must be remembered. The title " Universal Congress of Peace", not being the name of a body, but the purpose of the congress, is met by a subject-entry, the above serving as a main-entry for this par- ticular report. Peace Question, The : National Council of Peace Societies. Report of the Universal Congress of Peace, London, 1908. 1909 J 7 2 -4 LIBRARY CATALOGUING 109 This is a subject-heading that permits of a concentration of books, both for and against international peace, and may be made to include those upon international arbitration, the Hague Conferences, reducing of armaments, and other phases of the subject, even with the opposite term of " war " in their titles, provided the books bear upon the question in the ethical, social, or economic aspect, and are not purely military in character. The references then would be of this nature : War versus Peace. See Peace Question. Arbitration, International. See Peace Question. Armaments, Reduction of. See Peace Question. Militarism. See Peace Question. The heading is better sub-divided, the books in favour of international peace and arbitration leading, and those opposed to it following, under some suitable sub-headings. Amalgamation of sub- jects under a single heading is further referred to in Chapter XIV. CHAPTER IX. Compound Names. Names with Prefixes. Greek and Roman Names. Rendering of the Names of Foreign Authors. Compound Names. Changed Names. Foreign Compound Names. Names with Prefixes. Short Entries. Title-Entries. Foreign Names with Prefixes. Greek and Latin Authors. WE shall not have proceeded very far with the work of cataloguing before problems in connection with the varying forms of personal names will arise. Translations of works by foreign authors will, at times, have varieties of renderings of their names, making it necessary to hunt out and decide which is the vernacular form or tran- scription of the name, and, therefore, the right one to adopt. An instance of a troublesome name of the kind is that of the Russian novelist, rendered upon title-pages as Turgenev, Turgenieff, Tour- gueneff, Turgueniev, and Tourgenief. Another source of worry is that of compound names, or their equivalent hyphenated-surnames, that is to say, names compounded without the authority of a deed-poll, or even without obligations as beneficiaries under a will. It is a growing affectation, to which many persons are partial, especially if their surnames happen to be among those most common. A person is born, say, Smith, and having the maternal surname as a second Christian name, he compounds with it, and Thomas Jackson Smith in time becomes T. Jackson-Smith. Generally speaking, the simplest LIBRARY CATALOGUING ill and most convenient plan is to enter all such names, if English, under the last name. When authors have undoubtedly changed or added to their names, and have written under both forms, this may be a good reason for entering under the first part of a double name, though the necessity for it can be obviated by the ever-useful reference. Whatever method of entry may be adopted, the latest form of the name must be given, particularly in the case of those who have written under both forms. The Dean of Gloucester, for example, who has written some historical works under his name of H. D. M. Spence, has now published a guide to Gloucester Cathedral, under the name of H. D. M. Spence- Jones. If the entries are retained under the first form of name, the " Jones " must be added to all entries subject as well as author; if the new name is taken, it should be dealt with after the manner shown in the next paragraph. To enter under the last name will not be strictly in accordance with the orthodox rules, but it will prove by far the most convenient method for all concerned. Accordingly the undermentioned books are so entered, and not under the double names of Eardley Wilmot, Betham Edwards, and Collison Morley, although these writers may at times be spoken of by their double names. WILMOT, Sir S. Eardley. Forest life and sport in India, pp. viii., 324, illus. 1910 EDWARDS, Matilda Betham. Unfrequented France by river, and mead, and town. pp. x., 204, illus. 1910 MORLEY, L. Collison-. Modern Italian literature. pp. viii., 356. 1911 112 LIBRARY CATALOGUING The hyphen may be put in, as shown in the last entry, but this is not essential, at any rate in short- entry catalogues. Full catalogues give the references EARDLEY-W 7 iLMOT, Sir S. See Wilmot. BETHAM-EDWARDS, Matilda. See Edwards. CoLLisox-MoRLEY, L. See Morley. The cataloguer sometimes comes across a name which he may remember as a decidedly changed name from his point of view, when there is no alternative but to adopt the newer form. A writer, for example, who at one time was known as F. H. Perry Coste, has now become Perrycoste, and, unless the cataloguer's memory serves him well, this author's books will be entered under Coste and Perrycoste. The subject-entries of the foregoing books are as follows : India : Travel and Description. Wilmot, Sir S. E. Forest life and sport in India. 1910 As this book is for the most part concerned with state forestry in India, it is likely to be service- able in connection with forestry as a subject, though not specifically upon it, the meaning of the rules may be liberally interpreted to include the entry Forestry : Wilmot, Sir S. E. Forest life, &c,, in India. 1910 LIBRARY CATALOGUING m At the time of publication the author was a C.I.E., but later, becoming a K.C.I.E., the " Sir " is added to his name. France : Travel and Description. Edwards, M. B. Unfrequented France. 1910 Italian Literature : Morley, C. L. Modern Italian literature. 1911 The last book, not being upon literature in the universal sense or in the abstract, is entered under its definite subject of Italian literature as shown. Here the serviceable covering reference again removes all possible doubt. Literature. See also the names of national literatures as English, Italian, Spanish. To enter compound names under the last name, as recommended, does not by any means imply that the first part of the hyphenated name should be reduced to initials in the principal entry of even a short-form catalogue, and, therefore, the briefest style for these names is Wilmot, Sir S. Eardley; Edwards, M. Betham; Morley, L. Collison. If the codes of rules which stipulate for entry under the first part of a compound name are fol- lowed, the names are given after this fashion, to take one of the above books in illustration, BETHAM-EDWARDS, Matilda. Unfrequented France by river, and mead, and town. pp. x., 204, illus. 1910 France : Betham-Edwards, M. Unfrequented France. 1910 114 LIBRARY CATALOGUING The reverse form of reference then becomes necessary, as EDWARDS, Matilda Betham. See Betham-Edwards. The Dewey numbers for the classified catalogue of these three books are respectively 915.4 (Geo- graphy and Travels India), 914.4 (Geography and Travels France), and 850.9 (Literature Italian Literature History). The index entries are Wilmot, Sir S. E. Forest life in India, 915.4 India (Travels) 915-4 Edwards, M. B. Unfrequented France, 914.4 France (Travels) 914.4 Italian Literature (History), 850.9 Morley, L. C. Mod. Italian literature, 850.9 Compound names are a greater source of worry \vhere foreign authors are concerned, and, irrespec* tive of the rules, it is an excellent plan to use a native biographical dictionary to ensure correctness of entry. A rule of a general character may be laid down to the effect that foreign names are subject to the opposite method of treatment to that for English names, and the first part of the name is taken. It is said, though the statement is not vouched for, that in France, and, no doubt, elsewhere, such names are obtained in an odd way. A person say of the name of Saluste lives in a small town and on the left bank of the river running through it. In order that he may not be confused with another person of the same name living in another part, he is spoken of as Saluste of the Left Bank, and in course of time this distinguishing name is absorbed by his family, its patronymic eventually becoming Saluste de la Rive Gauche. LIBRARY CATALOGUING 115 However this may be, the following represent the correct forms for such names : BARBEY D'AUREVILLY, Jules. Ce qui ne meurt pas. 2 v. Paris, n.d* LEROY-BEAULIEU, Pierre. La renovation de 1'Asie : Sibe'rie, Chine, Japon. pp. xx., 482. Paris, 1900 CANTACUZENE-ALTIERI, Princesse Olga. Respon- sable. 2me e*d. pp. 349. Paris, 1897 Foreign names of this kind rarely require references from the latter or other part of the name, but they may be given in very doubtful cases. The first and third of these books being works of fiction, require no subject-entries. Works of this class receive instead an entry under the first word of the title, other than an article (a " title-entry "), because people often remember and ask for such works by their titles without knowing the author's names. These will be Ce qui ne meurt pas. Barbey d'Aurevilly, J. 2 v. n.d. Responsable. Cantacuzene-Altieri, Princesse. 1897 While it is altogether against the principle of the dictionary catalogue to gather novels together under a heading " Fiction " or " Novels " in any part of it, yet there can be no objection to furnishing a guide to the authors of fiction in a particular foreign language contained in the catalogue after this style French Fiction. See the names of the following authors: Barbey d'Aurevilly, Cantacuzene- Altieri. 116 LIBRARY CATALOGUING The second of the above books needs not only a subject-entry under Asia, but also one under the names of the three countries dealt with in it, as Asia, Eastern: Leroy-Beaulieu, P. La renovation de 1'Asie. 1900 Siberia : Leroy-Beaulieu, P. La renovation de 1'Asie. 1900 with similar entries under " China " and " Japan," and references, binding the whole together, in this way East, The Far. See Asia, Eastern. Asia, Eastern. See also China. Japan. Siberia. It is hardly necessary to say that the translation of works by a foreign author in no way alters the form of name. Because M. Leroy-Beaulieu's name is attached to a book in English, it does not bring him under the rules for English compound names, any more than it makes an Englishman of him. This last book in translation, therefore, appears as LEROY-BEAULIEU, Pierre. The awakening of the East: Siberia, Japan, China; transl. by Richard Davey, with a preface by [Sir] Henry Norman, pp. xxviii., 299. 1900 The fullest form of catalogue will have references under the translator and the writer of the preface, thus DAVEY, Richard (Transl.) See Leroy-Beaulieu, Pierre. NORMAN, Sir Henry. See also Leroy-Beaulieu, Pierre. LIBRARY CATALOGUING 117 The average catalogue will not only dispense with these references, but may make them impossible by omitting to mention the names in the main-entry. It may be said in passing that it is customary to give works in the original precedence over trans- lations in the order of arrangement and altogether irrespective of the alphabetical order of the titles. The subject-entries for this work, being the same as before, need not be repeated except to give both books under one of them to show this order Asia, Eastern : Leroy-Beaulieu, P. La renovation de 1'Asie. 1900 The awakening of the East. 1900 The classified catalogue entry for the book will be marked 950 (History Asia), although each of the countries named has a separate number. The novels will fall into 843.89 (Literature French Fiction Later I9th Century). Though this sub- division may be of service on the shelves, it is more convenient in the catalogue to arrange French fiction, or any other fiction, under a general number (in this case 843), and place the entries in one alphabetical sequence by authors' names without regard to their period. As a rule, however, both on the shelves and in the catalogues fiction receives special treatment. Names with prefixes are also troublesome, and call for variation in treatment according to nationality. In all British names the entry is made under the prefix and not under the name following. Accordingly the Fitzes, the Macs, the Aps, and the O's attached to names are regarded as being 118 LIBRARY CATALOGUING embodied in them, as FitzHerbert, McColl, Ap John, O'Brien, and all with similar prefixes are brought together. This statement also applies to those sur- names preceded by " St." The following are examples of all these : FITZ-GERALD, S. J. Adair. Stones of famous songs, pp. xviii., 426. 1898 The style in which the author prints his name in the book should be adhered to by the cataloguer, though whether printed as Fitz-Gerald, Fitz Gerald, or Fitzgerald, all are regarded as alike, an'd arranged together for alphabetical position in the catalogue. McCABE, Joseph. The Iron Cardinal : the romance of Richelieu, pp. xii., 389, ports. 1909 Here also the alphabetical order remains the same whether the prefix is spelled Mac, Me, or M', this name being arranged as if Maccabe. As the illus- trations to the book consist exclusively of portraits, this is stated by " ports." instead of " illus. " given with the collation. If the illustrations consist of portraits, pictures, and maps, they are separately named, as shown in the " St. John " entry below. AP JOHN, Lewis. William Ewart Gladstone : his life and times, pp. 329, port. 1887 The preliminary pages in this book are marked i. to xvi., and the succeeding pages 17 to 329, and these are given as above instead of as pp. xvi., 313. O'GRADY, Standish. The story of Ireland, pp. via., 214. 1894 LIBRARY CATALOGUING 119 ST. JOHN, Charles. Short sketches of the wild sports and natural history of the Highlands. New ed., with . . . memoir by M. G. Watkins. pp. xxiv., 319, port., illus., map. The author's name in this entry is according to the title-page, but a full catalogue will either give it in full Charles William George St. John or with initials, as Charles W. G. St. John. In the sorting of this and similar entries for alphabetical order, the procedure of taking the pre- fix as part of, and one with, the name following does not apply. The others were regarded as Fitzg, Mace, Apj, and Obr respectively, but in this case the " St.," besides being taken as " Saint " in full, stands isolated from the rest of the name, when it falls into place among all names with a similar prefix and then in the alphabetical order of the main name. Accordingly St. John, or Saint-Simon, or Saint-Yves come before Sainta or Sainte-Beuve. Before proceeding further, these books may be completed for the dictionary catalogue and assigned their places in the classified. Songs : Fitz-Gerald, S. J. A. Stories of famous songs. 1898 If but a single book appears on the subject a title-entry suffices Songs, Famous, Stories of. Fitz-Gerald, S. J. A. il This is better and less clumsy than Songs, Stories of famous. Fitz-Gerald, S. J. A. 1898 120 LIBRARY CATALOGUING Richelieu, Cardinal : McCabe, J. The Iron Cardinal. 1909 In full form catalogues the heading can be given at length Richelieu, Armand-Jcan Du Plessis, Cardinal (1585-1642). The title " The Iron Cardinal " must be so given, and not as " The iron cardinal," although it may be a fanciful title made use of by this author alone. Gladstone, William Ewart : Ap John, L. Gladstone ; his life and times. 1887 In arranging the order it is the correct and better plan to put the books by a person before those upon him, and it is an advantage to print the latter in smaller type. The books in the extract from the Manchester catalogue given on pages II and 12 would be better arranged in this order : GLADSTONE (W. E.) Gleanings of past years. Homer. Impregnable Rock of Holy Scripture. Biography of, by Russell. Biography of, by Smith. Character of. Essay on, by Brown. This meagre, telegraphese style of catalogue can never be satisfactory, so it is not surprising to learn that Mr. C. W. Sutton, the Manchester Librarian, has superseded it by the classified form. Ireland : History, O'Grady, S. The story of Ireland. 1894 LIBRARY CATALOGUING 121 Scotland : Natural History, St. John, C. Wild sports and natural history of the Highlands. 1893 Highlands, Scottish. See Scotland. There is no occasion to give a title-entry for any of these books as they are adequately catalogued as shown. It may be assumed that any person who wants them will remember either the authors* names or the subjects. To give entries under "Stories," "Iron Cardinal," "Story of Ireland," " Short sketches," would be both futile and wasteful. In the classified catalogue the main-entries given above would be numbered and arranged, the book on songs, 821.04 (English Literature Poetry Lyric, Ballads), Richelieu as 923.2 (Biography of Sociology Statesmen) rather than 922.2 (Bio- graphy of Religion Cardinals) and the Glad- stone would be the same number, 923.2. It is a convenience in the case of biographies in a classified catalogue to lead off with, and arrange by, the name of the subject of the biography, in which case the entries are changed to this form : 923.2 Biography of Sociology Statesmen. Gladstone, William Evvart : his life and times, by Lewis Ap John. pp. 329, port. 1887 Richelieu, Cardinal. The Iron Cardinal, by Joseph McCabe. pp. xii., 389, ports. 1909 It is still more convenient to throw all the works of biography into a single alphabet of the names of the subjects without any sub-division. This enables the consulter of the catalogue to find 122 LIBRARY CATALOGUING a biography without having to stop and consider whether the person was a cardinal or a statesman. The story of Ireland is 941.5 (History Ireland), it being a general history, and not one upon a par- ticular period. The book on the Highlands deals with the fish, birds, and animals, and is therefore allocated to 591.941 (Science Zoology Geo- graphical Distribution Scotland). The index entries are Fitz-Gerald, S. J. A. Famous songs. 821.04 Songs and Ballads (Literature) 821.04 McCabe, J. Iron Cardinal (Richelieu) 923.2 Richelieu, Cardinal, 923.2 Ap John, L. Gladstone, 923.2 Gladstone, William E. (biographies) 923.2 O'Grady, S. Story of Ireland, 941.5 Ireland (History), 941.5 St. John, C. Wild sports of the Highlands, 591.941 Scotland (Zoology), 591.941 Highlands', Scottish (Zoology), 591.941 Other prefixes, mostly of foreign origin, as De, De la, Le, Van, become the entry-word when attached to British surnames, as in the following examples : DE MORGAN, William. Alice-for-Short. DE LA WARR, Constance, Countess. A twice crowned queen : Anne of Brittany. 1906 LE FEUVRE, Amy. A bit of rough road. VAN DYKE, Henry. The blue flower. All these are alphabetized as if the prefixes were part of the names following, as Demor, Delawa, Lefeu, Vandyke. The illustrative entries worked out from this point onwards will be curtailed to the limits of an average or short-entry catalogue, upon the supposi- LIBRARY CATALOGUING 123 tion that most of those who use this book will require compressed entries, the style for full-entry catalogues having been already sufficiently indi- cated. It is easier to give entries in full than to condense them without the loss of any information of moment. In the following pages an endeavour will be made to show reasonable condensation of entries or other economies that may be effected and adopted. Putting this into practice, it will be observed that the collation has been left out of these entries, and that the dates of publication are not given in three of them. This latter omission is be- cause they are works of fiction, and books in this class of literature are frequently worn out in popular libraries. The editions replacing them are seldom of the same date, therefore it serves no particular purpose to give the dates; the great majority of persons wanting such books are not in the least concerned as to when the book was pub- lished, unless it be that it is the " latest out." The title-entries for these same three books are Alice-for-Short. De Morgan, W. Bit of rough road, A. Le Feuvre, A. Blue flower, The. Van Dyke, W. It is often a puzzle where properly to introduce the articles a, an, and the, in titles turned about to bring the word following into place; under no circumstances should entries be given under the articles. Generally they fall into place to read easily and correctly if brought in before the pos- sessive or at the end. Guidance must be largely a matter of sight or sound, as no definite rule can be laid down. It is incorrect to omit them 124 LIBRARY CATALOGUING altogether, because the sense of the title is often changed or spoiled. Under the author-entry the articles should be left in their place, as shown, and not twisted about, as is occasionally seen, after this fashion. DEEPING, Warwick. Bertrand of Brittany. Lame Englishman, The. Red Saint, The. Woman's war, A. Under the author-entry the books are placed in alphabetical order by the word following the article. Some rules recommend that this be emphasised by the use of a capital initial to it, in this way DEEPING, Warwick. Bertrand of Brittany. The Lame Englishman. The Red saint. A Woman's war. This point is further referred to and illustrated in Chapter XII. Every article when part of a title (apart from the initial one) is taken into account for alphabetising purposes, as Story of a play. Story of Aline. Story of an African farm. Story of Leah. Story of the Gadsbys. The historical biography yet remains for atten- tion and requires a title-as-subject entry. Anne of Brittany. A twice crowned queen. De la Warr, Countess. 1906 LIBRARY CATALOGUING 125 A title-entry may be given if desired, but it cannot be said to be of much use. Twice crowned queen, A : Anne of Brittany. De la Warr, Countess. 1906 For the classified catalogue the works of fiction, in a " free library " at any rate, will hardly be marked 823 (Literature English Fiction), but will be treated as a class apart; all the entries being arranged alphabetically by author's names, not by the periods in which the books were written, or the nationalities of the authors. It is true there are other possibilities in arranging works of fiction in the classified catalogue, though they introduce an element of obscurity and hinder ready reference. Historical fiction can be kept apart and arranged under the countries and periods, or the idea can be carried further and the books sub-divided under such headings as Human Careers, Adventures Abroad, America, English Life, Irish Life, Scottish Life, Short Stories and Sketches, Detectives and Crime. It is conceivable that there are people who would appreciate a division of this kind, though it would not suit the general convenience. To bring all the works of fiction together under a heading " Novels " in the dictionary catalogue, as said pre- viously, is foreign to its nature, and should not be attempted. The foregoing illustrations were examples of Anglicized foreign prefixes. When the prefixes are to genuine foreign names they require careful con- sideration and varying treatment according to their character. If " De " is part of a name undoubtedly French, it is not the entry word, but the 126 LIBRARY CATALOGUING name which follows or precedes it If a prefix embodies the definite article in it, as " Du," then that is the entry-word, whether the name be English or French, so also is the definite article of " de la ", as shown in the de la Brete item below. The above points are all illustrated in the following examples : HARCOURT, Louis d\ Le sabre du notaire. MAUPASSANT, Guy de. Fort comme la mort. Du BOISGOBEY, Fortune^ La loge sanglante. LA BRETE, Jean de. Mon oncle et mon cur. LE Roux, Hugues. Le fils a papa. When the prefix is embodied as part of the surname, then the whole name is regarded as a single one, and comes under the ordinary rule. It is as well to give examples of these also. DECOURCELLE, A. Un homme d 'argent. DELABORDE, Vicomte Henri. La gravure : precis &ementaire. [1882] All the above are works of fiction, the last excepted, and therefore receive the usual first-word title- entries in the dictionary catalogue, the rules governing the use of the article remaining the same for foreign fiction. To prevent misunderstanding, the correct form for such entries is here shown Sabre, Le, du notaire. Harcourt, L. d'. Fort comme la mort. Maupassant, G. de. Loge sanglante, La. Du Boisgobey, F. Mon oncle et mon cur. La Brete, J. de. Fils a papa, Le. Le Roux, H, Homme d 'argent, Un. Decourcelle, A. Whatever economy may be effected by leaving out the articles in English titles, it is better and more LIBRARY CATALOGUING 127 correct not to attempt it in French. The last of the books is on engraving, which word becomes the subject-heading, as under no circumstances should the name of any subject be given in any form but English in the catalogue unless, as happens in remote cases, there is no equivalent in English for the subject. Accordingly the entry is Engraving : Delaborde, Vicomte H. La gravure. [1882] The instruction that when the definite article is a prefix, or part of a prefix, to a name it becomes the entry word must not be blindly followed in all cases, as there are exceptions. If it were the middle part (conjunction) of a double name, for example, it is not the entry-word. To name some instances of this Viollet-le-Duc is so entered, and not as Le Due; Verdy du Vernois, and not Du Vernois; Leconte de Lisle, and not Lisle or De Lisle; and Puvis de Chavannes, not Chavannes or De Chavannes. Such names require to be treated with knowledge and discretion. The inexperienced and the young cataloguer, they are not necessarily the same, need to exercise due care lest they blunder stupidly if unwittingly. Perhaps they have a book by, say, J.-H. Rosny le Jeune one day, and on another one by J.-H. Rosny Aine, when it need hardly be said the entry-names are not Le Jeune or Aine, or even Rosny le Jeune or Rosny Aine, but ROSNY, J.-H., ami. ROSNY, J.-H., le jeune. and in this order. This note of warning is not unnecessary, as might be supposed. 128 LIBRARY CATALOGUING Much the same principles govern Italian and Spanish names with prefixes. In German and Dutch " von " and " van " are not the entry -words, except in Anglicized names as already shown, or if clearly embodied in the surname. This latter remark applies to " van," as " von " is seldom, if ever, so found. It is customary in entering books by the Greek and Latin classical authors to adopt the name con- tained in some modern standard dictionary, such as Smith's " Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography." This is usually the Latin form, as Virgilius, Homerus, and while it is wise in the case of a college or other library to follow this, it is better for a public library to adopt the English style, as Homer, Horace, Ovid, Pliny, Virgil; at the same time taking care to adhere to the English forms throughout and to see that all the books are entered under that adopted, no matter what may be the languages of the various editions. The author's name as the entry-word must, of course, be turned into the nominative, and not left in the case in which it appears on the title-page, though this difficulty does not arise when the English renderings of the names are chosen. The following examples are given to elucidate the matter as well as emphasise it. The title-pages of the four books selected for the purpose read : Q. Horati Flacci Opera Edited by T. E. Page, M.A. London Macmillan & Co. 1895 Sophoclis Tragoediae Edited by Robert Yelver- ton TyrelL London Macmillan & Co. 1897 P. Vergili Maronis Bucolica Georgica Aeneis Edited by T. E. Page, M.A. London Mac- millan & Co. 1895 LIBRARY CATALOGUING 129 M. Tullii Ciceronis De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum Libri Quinque With Introduction and Commentary by W. M. L. Hutchinson. London Edward Arnold 1909 The first three books have on the preliminary title- pages " The Parnassus Library of Greek and Latin Texts." To revert to the style of the full form of entry, these would appear as HORATIUS FLACCUS, Quintus. Opera ; ed. by T. E. Page. (Parnassus lib. of Greek and Latin texts.) pp. xxii., 252. 1895 SOPHOCLES. Tragoediae ; ed. by Robert Y. Tyrrell. (Parnassus lib. of Greek and Latin texts.) pp. xxvi., 272. 1897 VIRGILUS MARO, Publius. Bucolica, Georgica, Aeneis ; ed by T. E. Page. (Parnassus lib. of Greek and Latin texts.) pp. xxii., 376. 1895 CICERO, Marcus Tullius. De finibus bonorum et malorum ; with intro. and commentary by \V. M. L. Hutchinson. pp. xxxii., 238. 1909 It should be noted that the form of words of the titles of the books is not altered or amended, the dipthongs in " Tragoediae " and " /Eneis " being taken from the books, as it is the rule to follow the wording of a title-page literally, even to the extent of copying obvious mistakes. References are required from the names of the various editors PAGE, T. E. (Ed.) See Horatius. Virgilius. TYRRELL, Robert Y. (Ed.) See Sophocles. HUTCHINSON, W. M. L. (Ed.) See Cicero. 130 LIBRARY CATALOGUING For " an average catalogue " by which is meant one that is intended for the use of all classes, learned or unlearned the popular form of names is not only more suitable but is more convenient. The entries, then, would be HORACE. Opera ; ed. by T. E. Page. (Parnassus lib.} 1895 SOPHOCLES. Tragoediae; ed. by R. Y. Tyrrell. (Parnassus lib.) 1887 VIRGIL. Bucolica, Georgica, Aeneis ; ed. by T. E. Page. (Parnassus lib.) 1895 CICERO. De finibus bonorum et malorum ; ed. by W. M. L. Hutchinson. 1909 The fact that the titles of the books are given in Latin would in itself be a sufficient indication to the observant that the works are in the original and not translations. Apart from the references from editor's names, the above would be the sole entries in any style of catalogue, as most classical authors, certainly the Greek and Latin, do not have subject-entries, or anything corresponding thereto, probably upon the supposition that the contents of their works are so well known by those who read them that further entries are uncalled for. In the classified catalogue most of the classic authors have a specific place, those above being respectively 874.5 (Literature Latin Lyric Poetry Horace), 882.2 (Literature Greek Dramatic Poetry Sophocles), 873.1 (Literature Latin Epic Poetry -Virgil), and 875.4 (Literature Latin Oratory- Cicero Philosophical Works.) LIBRARY CATALOGUING 181 In all subsequent illustrations the position in the Dewey Classification will be shown by the number attached to each principal entry, as if it were the shelf ("finding" or "location") number in the dictionary catalogue, and this will obviate the neces- sity for any separate statement relating to the classified catalogue unless it seems to be required. CHAPTER X. First Name Entry. Monarch*. Queens. Order of Arrangement. Princes. Popes. Series Entries. Saints. Friars. Mediaeval Names. Artists, &c. AMONG other names rather puzzling to the cataloguer are those of persons who have no surnames in the ordinary accepted sense, and who are known and entered by their Christian or fore- names, such as potentates, popes, saints, and mediaeval writers. Their names will arise more frequently for subject-entry than as authors, but the style of entry remains the same in either case. To take the names of royal personages first, the book chosen is catalogued as VICTORIA, Queen. Letters : a selection, 1837-61 ; ed. by Arthur C. Benson and Viscount Esher. 3 v. ports. 1907 942.081 This would be a sufficiently full entry for most catalogues, yet the title-page of the first volume reads The Letters of / Queen Victoria / a Selection from Her Majesty's / Correspondence between the / Years 1837 and 1861 / Published by Authority of / His Majesty the King / Edited by Arthur Christopher Benson, M.A. / and Viscount Esher, G.C.V.O., K.C.B. / In three volumes / Vol. i / 1837-1843 / London / John Murray, Albemarle Street, W. / 1907 LIBRARY CATALOGUING 133 The markings in this title denote the division into lines of the title-page, and are introduced merely to illustrate and explain such markings when seen in catalogues. They are only used in the case of rare editions and bibliographical curiosities, or where a very exact description is wanted. This book is not allotted to the biography of sociology in the classified catalogue, but to English History Queen Victoria, where it rightly belongs. The biographies of monarchs are rarely separable from the histories of their reigns, and these letters are regarded accordingly. The usual references are required from the names of the editors individually, as BENSON, Arthur C. (Ed.) See Victoria, Queen. ESHER, Viscount (Ed.) See Victoria, Queen. The next work is one of a purely literary character by the queen of a reigning monarch, viz., ELISABETH, Queen of Roumania (" Carmen Sylva. ") Pilgrim sorrow: a cycle of tales; transl. by Helen Zimmern. 1884 ... 833.89 A title-entry is required for the book Pilgrim sorrow : tales. Elisabeth, Queen of Roumania. 1884 ... ... ... 833.89 This book is not placed with Roumanian literature in the classified catalogue, but with German fiction of the later igth century, as the Queen writes in her native German. In the remaining illustrations the royal per- sonages come as subjects, not as authors. The principal entries are BAIRD, Henry M. The Huguenots and Henry of Navarre. 2 v. 1886 272.4 134 LIBRARY CATALOGUING BEAZLEY, C. Raymond. Prince Henry the Navi- gator, the hero of Portugal and of modern discovery, 1394-1460. (Heroes of the nations.) illus. 1895 ... ... 923.9 BIGELOW, Poultney. The German Emperor and his Eastern neighbours, port. 1892 943.084 CAPEFIGUE, J. B. Gabrielle d'Estre'es et la poli- tique de Henri IV. 1859 944.031 YOUNGHUSBAND, Lady Helen A. Marie-Antoin- ette : her early youth, 1770-74. ports., illus. 1912 ... ... ... ... ... 923.1 The first and fourth of these books come together under the same heading- Henry IV., of France: Baird, H. M. The Huguenots and Henry of Navarre. 2 v. 1886 272.4 Capefigue, J. B. Gabrielle d'Estre'es et la politique de Henri IV. 1859... 944.031 A reference is desirable Henry of Navarre. See Henry IV., of France. These books need further entries for subject, the first under the heading " Huguenots, The," and the other a title-entry Estrees, Gabrielle d', et la politique de Henri IV. Capefigue, J. B. 1859 944. 031 Presuming that the catalogue will contain no other book than that above on Prince Henry, we write a title-entry Henry, Prince, the Navigator. Beazley, C. R. 1895 923-9 The next book becomes William II., Emperor of Germany : Bigelow, P. The German Emperor and his Eastern neighbours. 1892 ... 943.084 LIBRARY CATALOGUING 135 Whenever a number is used in the titles of monarchs either in the heading or in transcribing the title of a book, it is given in Roman numerals, as shown above, and not as " Henry 4th," or even as " William the Second." The last book requires a further entry under " Russia," the " Eastern neighbours " of the title, as the book bears upon German relations with Russia. It does not need an entry under " Germany," as all books dealing with a particular monarch or his reign are entered under his name, as in this instance, and covered by a reference from the name of the country, as Germany. See also William II. or more comprehensively Germany. For the lives of monarchs and the histories of their reigns see their names as William II. This example affords an opportunity for explain- ing that in the catalogues of popular libraries the names of foreign monarchs are Anglicized, where they admit of it, as shown (William instead of Wilhelm); that all English monarchs of the same name take precedence in the order of arrangement; and that the sovereigns with the same name of a particular country are kept together, and then arranged in chronological order. The following list demonstrates this point William I., the Conqueror. William II. (1087-1100). William III. William IV. William I., Emperor of Germany (1861-88). William II., Emperor of Germany. 136 LIBRARY CATALOGUING If considered desirable, the dates of the reigns can be added, as shown in the second and fifth of these names. This adds a certain clearness to the entry, though the catalogue is not meant to serve as an historical dictionary. The last of the above selection of books is entered Marie-Antoinette, Queen : Younghusband, Lady. Marie-Antoinette : her early youth. 1912 In assigning a place in the classified catalogue for this and similar books we are faced with the neces- sity for deciding whether they shall go in 923.1 (Biography of Sociology Chief Rulers, Kings, Queens, etc.). By the Queen Victoria book it was shown that her letters were inseparable from the history of her reign, and the same view is taken of the biographical and other books above, as indicated by the numbers attached to the entries. If this is considered to be the better and more useful placing for a book dealing with a monarch, it is a moot point whether the lives of their consorts are not also to a large extent contributions to the histories of their periods, and warrant similar treat- ment, when this book would be numbered with others on the reign of Louis XVI. (944.035). A confirmation of this view is found in the Subject- Index of the London Library, where no references whatever to books on Marie- Antoinette are to be found under her name, as they are under Louis XVI., though this is no criterion for so dealing with books catalogued according to the principles laid down in these pages. In the classified cata- LIBRARY CATALOGUING 187 logue the books can be entered at 944.035, and a reference given to it at 923.1. Following out the contrary idea, the book upon Prince Henry the Navigator is not put with the Biography of Princes, but with the Biography of Travellers, Discovery. We may take two books upon Popes at this point, though the method of treatment is virtually the same, MCCARTHY, Justin. Pope Leo XIII. (Public men of to-day.) 1896 922.21 STEPHENS, W. R. W., Dean. Hildebrand and his times. (Epochs of church hist.) map. 1888 922.21 Contrary also to the views expressed above, but with as good reason, these two books are not classified with Religion History of the Roman Catholic Church, but with the Biography of Religion Popes. The subject-entries for the dictionary catalogue are Leo XIII. , Pope : McCarthy, J. Pope Leo XIII. 1896 922.21 Gregory VII. , Pope : Stephens, W. R. W. Hildebrand and his times. 1888 922.21 This last calls for the reference Hildebrand. See Gregory VII., Pope. The lives of popes, or any other works dealing with them as individuals, do not need references from their family names, because these names are merged when the bearers are raised to the pontificate, and it is unlikely that anyone will look under Pecci for 138 LIBRARY CATALOGUING Leo XIII. Two useful general references can be added Roman Catholic Church. See also Popes. Popes. See also the names of Popes as Gregory VII., Leo XIII. These references assume that there are books in the catalogue upon the popes generally. It will have been observed in passing that both these books, and that upon Prince Henry the Navigator, in the previous examples, belong to series, the titles of which are contained in the entries. They are usually noticed for headings in the dictionary catalogue, as it can be made to furnish a list of the volumes in a library, belonging to a series, under the name of the series. As such a list is not intended to serve as a make- shift form of subject-entry, the first word (articles excepted) of the title of the series is taken for the entry-word of the heading, as Heroes of the Nations, Public Men of To-day, Epochs of Church History, capitals being used to denote that these are special names. There are three ways of entering under a series heading, viz., (i) by the authors' names arranged in alphabetical order, as Heroes of the Nations ; ed. by Evelyn Abbott : Beazley, C. R. Prince Henry the Navigator, 1895 (2) by the subject, especially in a series of a biographical or personal nature, as Public Men of To-day : Leo XIII., by J. McCarthy. 1896 ...... 922.21 LIBRARY CATALOGUING 139 and (3) by the number if the volumes in the series bear a consecutive number, as International Scientific Series : v. 74. Stebbing, T. R. R. History of Crustacea. 1898 595-3 Though allowed for by some of the codes of rules, this latter is a form not to be commended, as it often involves a search through a long list to find a particular book. The only possible advantage it has is that the latest published volumes are to be found at the end of the list, though this would not apply to new and revised editions if they had the old volume numbers. When economy of space is of some moment, as it too often is in the printed catalogues, there being a certain element of doubt as to the utility of these series entries, they can be dispensed with, upon the presumption that a person requiring a book will know either the name of the author or its subject, and the author-entry reveals if it is one of a series. Whatever likelihood there may be of a person wishing to read all the books in the Heroes of the Nations or English Men of Letters Series, it is improbable that anyone will want to read systematically from volume I to 74 of the International Scientific Series owing to the variety of subjects. The name of the series should be given in the author-entry even in the brief form of catalogue. A certain amount of discretion has to be exercised in giving lists of series, as many publishers' series, like the Pitt Press Series, Bohn's Libraries, Clarendon Press Series, Everyman's Library, pass unnoticed. If space can be afforded, it serves some little purpose towards 140 LIBRARY CATALOGUING indicating the character and scope of books to give the names of such series in the principal entry. There is no place in the classified catalogue for separate lists of series. The saints and similar personages next claim our attention. The entries will be under their names, and not under by Rev. James Wood. 1902 Carlyle's name does not appear upon the title-page as the author, probably because it was deemed un- necessary to give it, but it is rendered simply as CARLYLE, Thomas. Sartor resartus; annotated, with an intro. essay on Carlyle, by James Wood. 1902 ... ... 824.82 with the usual reference from the editor WOOD, Jas. (J5&) See Carlyle, Thos. 0? more definitely ., James (Ed.) See Carlyle, Thomas (Sartor resartus.) 194 LIBRARY CATALOGUING The first of these references contains abbre- viated forms of Christian names, which, as economies, are quite allowable, because they are well recognised and convey the same meaning as if given in full. Other names of the kind are Alex., Alf. or Alfd, Chas., Edwd, Eliz., Fredk., Geo., Margt, Robt., Saml., Wm., though it is inadvisable to use them in the transcriptions of book titles; 41 The marriage of Wm. Ashe," " Sir Geo. Tressady," 41 Geo.'s mother," must be avoided. In the same category as commentaries come concordances, with some differences of opinion as to the necessity for giving the main-entry under the compiler's name or the author concordanced. The compiler is entitled to an acknowledgment of his work, although it is of the " scissors and paste " order of literature; it is, however, not a matter of great moment, as under any circumstances both entries are given. The following are illustrations : ELLIS, F. S. A lexical concordance to the poetical works of Percy Bysshe Shelley. 1892 821.77 HUSBAND, M. F. A. A dictionary of the characters in the Waverley Novels of Sir Walter Scott. 1910 ... ... 823.73 Shelley, Percy B. : Ellis, F. S. Concordance to the poetical works of Shelley. 1892 ... 821.77 Scott, Sir Walter : Husband, M. F. A. Dictionary of the characters in the Waverley Novels. 1910 823-73 Newspapers, magazines, periodicals, reviews, directories, annuals, almanacks, and publications of LIBRARY CATALOGUING 195 like kind are also regarded as anonymous, and are given a first-word title-entry. Newspapers of a general character published in London would be entered in British catalogues without any regard to the place of publication, as Times, The. Daily Telegraph, The. Westminster Gazette, The. Illustrated London News, The. and not as London Times, London Daily Tele- graph, London Westminster Gazette, London News, Illustrated. Local papers, on the other hand, are entered under the name of the place, whether the name appears in their titles or not, as Chelsea. West London Press. Manchester Guardian, The. Liverpool. Porcupine, The. Leeds Mercury, The. The number of volumes and period covered should be given as well as any change of names the papers have undergone. The editors, even when known, pass unnoticed, and no general heading of 41 Newspapers " (or any other entry) is required except in the classified catalogue, where all news- papers fall into place under the heading in the Dewey classification 072 (Newspapers English). Magazines and periodicals receive similar treat- ment, being entered under the first word of their distinctive titles, as Athenaeum, The. Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine. Dublin Review, The. Nature. Review of Reviews, The. Spectator, The. 196 LIBRARY CATALOGUING When newspapers, periodicals, or magazines change their titles without breaking the continuity of publication, retaining some connection between their old and new titles, the entries are given under the latest titles, with references from the earlier if required, as Nineteenth Century, The, and after. Nation, The (formerly The Speaker). Speaker, The. See Nation, The. The alternative and better form, especially where the periodical has a separate volume number sequence under each of the titles, is to enter both as if quite distinct publications, but with notes attached marking the connection, as Speaker, The. 10 v. 1890-1900 052 See under Nation, The, for continuation. Nation, The. v. 1-12. 1900-12 052 And continuation. Formerly The Speaker. See under Speaker. Weekly and monthly periodicals are sometimes the official organs of learned or scientific societies, in which case the name of the society becomes the entry word, as Society of Arts, Journal of the. Royal Geographical Society, Journal of the. Society of Chemical Industry, Journal of the. References are given, where deemed necessary, from the first word of the title to the name of the society Journal of the Society of Arts. See Society of Arts. Publications such as these, and other technical or scientific periodicals, deserve, and should receive, additional entries under the names of the subjects LIBRARY CATALOGUING 197 with which they are mainly concerned, even if the subjects are not indicated by their titles. The building papers, for example, are as much devoted to architecture as to building, and need subject- entries as well as main-entries, thus : Architecture : Periodicals. Architect, The. Architectural Review, The. British Architect, The. Builder, The. Building News, The. So far as the nature of the contents of all these papers goes, they may fitly be entered in the same manner under "Building" The Architect and The British Architect^ having as much to do with build- ing as The Builder and The Building News. To prevent misunderstanding, it may be explained that the mere titles above are given to show the method of entry; the number of volumes, dates of publica- tion, or other particulars must be added in the ordinary way. Directories, annuals, and other " books which are not books," receive first-word entry as already stated, but a few examples may be cited. Medical directory, The. 1912 926.1 Law list, The. 1913 923-4 Crockford's Clerical directory. 1913 ... 922 Kelly's Handbook to the titled, landed, and official classes. 1912 ... ... ... 923 Statesman's year-book, The; ed. by J. Scott Keltic. 1912 310 WHITAKER, Joseph. Almanack. 1913 ... 310 198 LIBRARY CATALOGUING Of these, the first two hardly need further entries, unless they be under " Doctors " and " Lawyers," the third must be entered under " Clergy," the fourth, though merely a directory of selected names, receives a title-entry, as Titled, landed, &c. classes, Kelly's Handbook. 1912 923 The last two might very well be entered under a heading of " Statistics " ; although not on statistics, they contain much statistical information. General directories are not entered under a heading " Directories," but under the names of the places or classes with which they are concerned. CHAPTER XIV. Miscellaneous. Title-Entries. Classics. Specific Subject. Concentration of Subject. Definite Headings. Popular Terms. Historical Fiction. Novels in Series. Sequels. Fiction Known by Special Titles. Books with Changed Titles. Annota- tions. Form Entries. Summary Hints. WITHOUT dwelling too much on the various points that seem to need emphasis, some may be recapitulated with advantage. There is a great tendency among cataloguers to overdo the title-entries in a dictionary catalogue, thereby adding to its bulk and cost without gaining any compensating advantage. One of the chief objections to the dictionary catalogue is superfluous first-word title-entries. To give a title-entry is an easy method of disposing of a book when its precise subject is not readily discerned. To enter books with titles like Factors in modern history under "Factors," The Winter Queen under "Winter," Romance of the renaissance chateaux under " Romance," ^Wanderings by Southern waters under " Wanderings," England's case against Home Rule under "England's," serves no practical purpose; in fact often leads to " hotch-potch " like the following : Dutch at Home. By Esquiros Dialogues. By Harlen Dictionary Figure Painters. By Gower Guiana. By Palgrave Painters. By Stanley Pictures. By Sala Republic : Address on. By Harrison Rise of the. By Motley School of Painting. By Havard... 200 LIBRARY CATALOGUING The second of these alone needed a title-entry, the others should have been allocated to their proper subjects. Title-entries of this type are seldom necessary outside works of fiction, volumes of essays or of poems with specific titles, and a few books that are specially known by their titles, of which Eothen, Sesame and lilies* Sartor resartus, are types. Title-entries should be the exception, not the rule. In the case of classics that is " classics " in a wide sense, not merely the Greek and Latin there is rarely any occasion to give more than the principal entries, the authors being so thoroughly well known that title-entries or refer- ences are redundant. None of Shakespeare's plays requires a title-entry; no entries are needed under "Iliad" or "Odyssey," or under "Inferno," or " Divine Comedy," or even under " Paradise Lost " or " Faust " (for Goethe's). It is a useful axiom for the cataloguer that he must ascertain clearly what is the definite subject of a book before he decides upon the proper subject- heading for it in the dictionary catalogue, as he is compelled to do before he can assign the exact place for a book in the classified catalogue. Further, he should not attach too much importance to the terms of the title-page in the process, else he will stumble on " pitfalls " in the shape of titles that may mislead, and so be induced to place a book on artificial lighting with the title " The art of illumination " under the wrong kind of " Illu- minating," an " Essay on Irish bulls " under " Cattle," " The psychology of socialism " under "Mind," and "The Fine Art of Jujutsu " under " Art," even misread " Jujutsu " as the name of aa artist. LIBRARY CATALOGUING 201 As already stated, it is well to avoid scattering books upon a single subject, even if viewed from varying standpoints, under several headings throughout the catalogue, if they can be reasonably brought together, and the fact that the books are in different languages must not be allowed to affect the matter. As a case in point, we may take such a subject of the day as " Tariff Reform." It is both possible and desirable to concentrate under some appropriate and inclusive heading, say " Free Trade Question" or "Tariffs," the books for and against free trade; embodying under it those dealing with special aspects of the question, instead of scattering them, on account of the terms used on their title-pages, under " Protection," " Food Taxes," "Imperial Preference," "Tariffs," "Fiscal Question," " Tariff Reform," " Fair Trade," " Reci- procity," etc. When these terms occur in the titles, a reference from them to the heading can easily be given if thought desirable. Omitting the principal entries, this may be illustrated by showing several books of apparently very different views that really bear upon this question, and justify inclusion under it. Free Trade Question: Ashley, P. Modern tariff history. 1904 Aubry, P. Etude critique de la politi- que commerciale de PAngleterre. 1904 Avebury, Lord. Free trade. 1904 ... Taussig, F. W. The tariff history of the United States. 1901 Unwin, Mrs. C. (Ed.) The hungry forties. 1904 Williams, E. E. The case for protec- tion. 1899 " Made in Germany." 1896 Williamson, A. British industries and foreign competition. 1894 ... 202 LIBRARY CATALOGUING This also serves to show the convenience of fixing upon some term of a permanent character for a subject-heading, and so " ear-marking " it by means of cross-references that synonymous headings cannot occur. It may be argued that these terms are not strictly synonymous, indeed, are mostly opposites, Free Trade not being Tariff Reform or Protection. It must be remembered that every book upon such a subject contains something on the other side of the question, therefore bringing books together in this fashion certainly gives a whole view of the subject. Were the entries numerous under the heading, they could be divided to show the books advocating free trade and those against There are other subjects that lend themselves to similar treatment, as for example that shown on page 109. Where the terms used are undoubtedly synonymous, definite choice of one has to be made, and the cross-reference given from the other; Ethics or Moral Philosophy, Political Economy or Economics, Physics or Natural Philosophy, and so on; the more modern or commonly used terms being preferable, as Ethics, Economics, Physics. Popular, rather than scientific or technical, names should be chosen for subject-headings, especially for the catalogues of libraries used by all classes of the community Spiders not Arachnida, Worms not Annelida, Fishes not Ichthyology, Crime (Punishment, etc., of) not Penology, Stamp- Collecting not Philately, Consumption not Phthisis. Care must be taken that the popular term means the same thing thus a book upon algae cannot be entered under " Sea-weeds " if it includes the fresh- water species. LIBRARY CATALOGUING 203 It is also customary to avoid the use of foreign terms if there are English equivalents, but this is not always the case " jiu-jitsu " (or " jujutsu "), for example, has no word in English meaning the same thing. It is trite and commonplace to say that there is much reliable Jiistory written in the form of fiction, and a great deal of fiction in the guise of serious books : this being so, the cataloguer is well advised to reckon with it. Whether we shall notice all novels " with a purpose " opens too wide a question, but many are not only true to life but are real history, and meant to be so. For example, a recently published book DIVER, Maud. The hero of Herat, while ostensibly a novel, is a biography, which may be read as such, of Major Eldred Pottinger, who devoted his life to furthering British interests on the Indian frontier. Another book of the kind, nominally fiction yet virtually a life of Hamilton, the American statesman, is ATHERTON, Gertrude F. The Conqueror. On the other hand, works of historical romance are got up in size and appearance, including the provision of portraits as illustrations, to range with histories and biographies, and thus they deceive the unwary, who are apt to regard them as authorita- tive and genuine, although perhaps it is not the intention of the author that they should be so regarded. Such a book is " HARE, Christopher " (Mrs. Andrews.) Isabella of Milan, Princess d'Aragona, and wife of Duke Gian Galeazzo Sforza : the intimate story of her life in Milan. 1911 204 LIBRARY CATALOGUING While written in the form of letters, it is pure romance, with an historical basis. In the ordinary way these books would receive quite different treatment, even for the classified catalogue. For the dictionary catalogue the books palpably novels would have title-entries given them, as Hero of Herat, The. Diver, M. Conqueror, The. Atherton, G. F. whereas the larger-sized book receives a subject- entry as a serious book, Isabella of Milan, Princess d'Aragona, &c. Hare, C. 1911 and would be placed with historical biography in the classified catalogue. This raises the important question whether the cataloguer is ever justified in giving subject-entries for works of fiction, especially historical romances. Much depends upon the nature and quality of the book. When it can be read as a contribution to the subject or period with which it deals, without being to any extent misleading, then it may fairly and usefully receive a subject-entry. Where so entered, it will prevent misunderstanding if a note (annotation) is appended to the entry, stating that the work is in fiction form. A schoolmaster, who was versed in the life of Sir Thomas More, read Anne Manning's " The household of Sir Thomas More" more than once, and could hardly be con- vinced that it was a work of fiction. Catalogued according to the suggestions here outlined, the entries for the works of fiction would be LIBRARY CATALOGUING 205 DIVER, Maud. The Hero of Herat : a frontier biography in romantic form. Though in fiction form the book is a biography of Major Eldred Pottinger, who devoted his life to furthering British interests on the frontier of India. Pottinger, Major Eldred, The Hero of Herat. Diver, M. A novel embodying Pottinger's life. ATHERTON, Gertrude F. The Conqueror : being the true and romantic story of Alexander Hamilton. Life of Hamilton, the American statesman, in fiction form. Hamilton, Alexander : Atherton, G. F. The Conqueror. Fiction, incorporating Hamilton's life. MANNING, Anne. The household of Sir Thomas More. A story based on More's life. More, Sir Thomas : Manning, A. The household of Sir Thomas More. A story founded on fact. The foregoing remarks not only relate to historical fiction, but also to other works that are undoubtedly contributions to their subjects apart from the form in which they are written. A book just published is RICHARDSON, Leslie. Vagabond days in Brittany. illus. 1913 ... ..^ 944.1 The preface opens with a statement to the effect that " although the book is cast in the form of a story, all trie facts about Brittany and her people are true, and may be relied upon by those who care to use the work as a guide-book." This 206 LIBRARY CATALOGUING warrants an entry under the subject "Brittany," and justifies the Dewey number given to it. If the proportion of fiction outweighs the fact so largely that the book is valueless except as romance, it is wiser to limit the entries to author and title. It is possible (but undesirable) to enter all the works of fiction dealing with a particular person, or epoch, or event, under the subjects, but they should be kept apart from serious works, under a sub-heading marking them distinctly as fiction. Valuable helps in this connection are Dr. E. A. Baker's Guide to the Best Fiction and Historical Fiction. When novels belong to a connected series, and are meant to be read in a particular order, it is helpful to indicate the order of reading. French fiction is noteworthy in this respect, Balzac's Scenes de la vie, Zola's Les Ron gon-Mac quart, Ohnet's Les batailles de la vie, and Holland's Jean- Cristophe, may be named as examples. In English fiction we have Trollope's Chronicles of Barsetshire and Mrs. Oliphant's Chronicles of Carlingford. A recent example is that of Mr. Hugh Walpole, whose novels are arranged in order of sequence in this way WALPOLE, Hugh. Studies in place : The wooden horse. Maradick at forty. Mr. Perrin and Mr. Traill. Prologues to " The rising city " : The prelude to adventure. Fortitude. The rising city. They can be given in this order in the catalogue, instead of alphabetically, for the reason that LIBRARY CATALOGUING 207 a general title is accorded to the series. Title-entries are required in the customary manner under 41 Wooden," " Maradick," " Mr.," " Prelude," " Forti- tude," " Rising," but not under " Studies in place " or " Prologues." The order of reading of sequels is indicated by means of notes to the entries, as WOOD, Mrs. Henry. The Channings. Roland Yorke. Sequel to the above. DUMAS, Alexandra. Chicot the jester. Sequel to Marguerite de Valois. - Forty-five guardsmen. Sequel to Marguerite de Valois and Chicot the jester. Marguerite de Valois. The sequels are Chicot the Jester and Forty-five guardsmen. Sometimes the books are placed in the order they are intended to be read, and numbered accordingly. The first comes into place in its alphabetical order of title, and the rest follow irrespective of the alphabetical order, after this manner Di MAS, Alexandre. The Chevalier d'Harmental i. The companions of Jehu 2. The first republic i. The conspirators - 2. The Regent's daughter ... The Count of Monte-Cristo The last Vendee ; or, the she-wolves of Machecoul i. Marguerite de Valois ... 2. Chicot the jester 3. Forty -five guardsmen This is not so desirable a form as the notes appended to the entries, because it is less clear in 208 LIBRARY CATALOGUING meaning. It also needs an explanatory note that the books are numbered in the order of sequence, otherwise it will not be understood that each series of numbers stands apart from the rest. At this point it may be mentioned that well- known works of fiction are often more familiarly known by short titles than by what may be called their official titles, especially if those titles include proper names. This has to be taken into account for title-entries, if not in the main entries. Accordingly " The life and adventures of Robinson Crusoe " is entered as " Robinson Crusoe," " The posthumous papers of the Pickwick Club " as " Pickwick Papers," and " The personal history and experience of David Copperneld the Younger " as "David Copperneld." Books with changed titles are among the " pit- falls " that beset the path of the librarian, and call for special alertness on the part of the cataloguer. Three such books came under notice on a single day recently, and are here named, as they show the difficulty of preventing the acquisition of duplicates and of the consequent addition of superfluous entries to the catalcgue. An American edition of a novel by Agnes and Egerton Castle, entitled The heart of Lady Anne t was duly catalogued by that title until found to be the same book as French Nan (American editions are troublesome in this respect) ; Anderson's The a b c of artistic photo- graphy in theory and practice (1913) was found to be identical with his The artistic side of photo- graphy (1908); and Norton's Bible student's hand- book of Assyriology (1913) to be merely a new edition of his Popular handbook of useful and LIBRARY CATALOGUING 209 interesting information for beginners in the elemen- tary study of Assyriology (1908). A most commendable feature of modern cata- loguing is the explanatory notes and other annotations appended to catalogue entries. These are for the most part to be found in the lists of additions to libraries published monthly, quarterly, or annually; such publications lending themselves readily to this descriptive form of cataloguing. The classified catalogue has also the advantage over the dictionary form for this purpose, because, rarely having more than a single entry for each book, the question as to where the note is to go does not arise. The dictionary catalogue having two or more entries, the addition of annotations enlarges it materially, besides presenting the diffi- culty of deciding to which of the entries the note is to be attached, if not to all. Some notes are better under the author-entry, and others are more appropriate to the subject. Nevertheless, some fully annotated dictionary catalogues have been issued, notably Mr. C. W. F. Goss's catalogues of the Bishopsgate Institute Library and Mr. W. E. Doubleday's Hampstead Public Library catalogues. When annotations are given, they should be pithy, to the point, and, as far as possible, free from criticism. A bookseller may have some strong religious leanings or political opinions which he can afford to publish by means of notes in his cata- logues without anybody being more than amused thereby, but the wise public official, as the servant of all creeds and parties, will respect all alike, and take care, if only for his own sake, that he does not hurt the susceptibilities of any. He will keep 210 LIBRARY CATALOGUING his personal opinions to himself in a " water-tight " compartment, where they cannot affect or influence his public work, whether it be in cataloguing or in book-selection. It is greatly to the credit of public librarians that they pursue this policy as a mere matter of course, their training enabling them to view all literature broadly, without prejudice or any reference to the bias of the contents of books. To say this, does not mean that a cataloguer may not attach a note to a controversial book of any kind indicating the point of view taken by the author, but he should do so without expressing his own opinion. Some annotations are nothing more than a repetition or paraphrase of the title-page, and so add nothing to the information contained in the catalogue entry. They appear to be given upon the supposition that every book in an annotated cata- logue must have an annotation, but this is a mistake, as the majority of title-pages admirably summarize the contents of books, for which purpose they exist. It is when they fail to do this, or do it indefinitely, or when the book has some especial feature not noticed in the title to which it is worth while directing attention, that the annotation is required and proves of value. Other features enter into the composition of an annotation. Brevity is not only the soul of it, but is absolutely essential if a catalogue is to be kept within bounds. A note based upon a review should avoid any appearance of partiality, as reviewers are not invariably impartial. It is helpful to readers to get some rough idea of the amount of knowledge needed to understand a book for example, a book LIBRARY CATALOGUING 211 dealing with astronomy mathematically would be above the heads of most people, and when a work is of this nature it should be so stated. The qualifications of an author for writing upon a sub- ject are often noted he may be a professor of the subject at a university, or have some other position or some experience that marks him as an authority. This, perhaps, is not of first-rate importance, as it may be presumed that no one would write a book upon a subject of which he knows nothing, or who is not qualified in some way to deal with it; a kindly, if not always correct, view to take. Summed up, the whole object of an annotation is to assist in the choice of a book, and to elucidate the treat- ment of its subject, though it may be said that the purpose is defeated in these days when so many opportunities for examining the book itself exist. The subject is exhaustively dealt with in Mr. E. A. Savage's Manual of Descriptive Annotations for Library Catalogues. The following are typical examples of annotations selected from various sources : - McCarthy, Justin. Story of Gladstone's life. N.Y. and London Macmillan 1897. 124-436 p. illus. portraits, plates, O. A Home-ruler's memoir of Gladstone ; based upon personal acquaintance ; of permanent value as a memoir ; written in an entertaining style and well illustrated, but partisan-eulogistic, gossipy and inaccurate. See for best biography G. B. Smith, for best short one G. W. E. Russell. Careful Gladstone biblio- graphy, Notes and queries, Dec. 10, 24, 1892; Jan. 7, 21, 1893. Ath. 1898. i :i82 ; Sat. R. 85 117^ ; Spec. 80 ^42 ; Acad. 53 1199. This is taken from a catalogue of American origin, and appeared before the publication of Morley's authoritative Life of Gladstone. The note is a somewhat elaborate one, valuable in its refer- 212 LIBRARY CATALOGUING ences to other books, but questionable in its criticism. The entry was meant for a card-catalogue, and not prepared for any particular library. STREET, G. S. Trials of the Bantocks. A satire. The trials of the Bantocks come in their endeavour to be fashionable. RICHTER, Eugene. Pictures of the socialistic future; freely adapted from Bebel. 1907 A satire against socialism. It tells the experi- ences of an ardent socialist workman and his family in Berlin and the dire results of the "coming revolution." UNWIN, P. W. Practical solid geometry. (Camb. mathematical ser.) 1909 An elementary course, complete in itself, covering Stage i of the Board of Education examination. JACOBY, Geo. W. Suggestion and psychotherapy. 1912 The influence of the mind in the causation and in the cure of disease. RUFFINI, Francesco. Religious liberty; with a preface by J. B. Bury. (Theol. transl. lib.) 1912 The author is Prof, of Ecclesiastical Law at Turin. The history of religious liberty and tolera- tion in a wide sense. Whether a catalogue makes any pretence of being annotated or not, every library contains books with some features that render them unique or almost so, when it is worth while showing this by means of a note attached to the entries as a matter of course. The books may be in manuscript, be works of the early printers, be extra illustrated, or be first editions of some value, and these facts are usually LIBRARY CATALOGUING 218 stated. The two following are taken from a cata- logue containing no annotations except such as may be characterised as inevitable : CAMDEN, William. Britannia; transl. and en- larged by Richard Gough. 4 v. in 23. f 1806 Interleaved copy, illustrated with engraved maps, views, portraits, &c., and original drawings and sketches, &c. Bible : - English. The Second Folio, Bishops' Version. 707 leaves. f London, Richard Jugge, 1572 Note. The Book of Psalms is printed in parellel columns of black letter and Roman type, the black letter from the Great Bible, and the Roman, a new version. - The Holy B. ; conteyning the Old Tes- tament and the New. f London, Robert Barker, 1611 Note. This is the 2nd Issue of the ist ed. of the Authorised Version of King James' Bible, and is commonly called the Great She Bible from Ruth iii. 15. Other forms of notes that are unavoidable have already been indicated, as for example, those de- noting the order of reading for sequels, and the amount of reliable history in works of fiction. In the previous pages it has been more or less hinted that form entries that is, entries for books written in a particular literary form, as poetry, drama, essays, fiction are out of place in a dictionary catalogue, and to introduce them is to drag in sections from the classified catalogue which do not suitably fit. While it is an exaggeration to say that if books in poetical form are to be entered 214 LIBRARY CATALOGUING under the heading " Poetry," then it logically follows that prosy books require a heading " Prose," or if novels and romances are to be entered under " Fiction," then serious books should be placed under " Fact " ; there is, all the same, a certain amount of truth behind it. If a poetical work has a general title, as " Poems " or " Poetical Works," then there is no need to do more than enter it under the author's name; if it has a distinctive title, a title-entry is given in addition. This also applies to dramas and dramatic works, and to volumes of sermons, letters, or essays. The method of dealing with volumes of essays has been more definitely shown in Chapter VI., and with works of fiction in other chapters. Volumes of letters or sermons bearing upon a definite subject are entered for subject as any other books, the form not signifying. Beginners in cataloguing may find the following direct and simple hints or rules useful for treating subjects in a dictionary catalogue : i. Clearly ascertain what is the definite subject of a book before cataloguing it. 2. Do not rely entirely upon the wording of the title-page. 3. Fix permanently the name adopted for a subject and in such a way that synonymous headings cannot occur. 4, Bring together all books upon the same subject irrespective of the language in which they are written. 5. Adopt popular terms in preference to scientific for subject-heading's, if the Library is intended to be used by all classes of the community. LIBRARY CATALOGUING 215 6. Make sure that the popular term has the same meaning as the scientific, and is as comprehensive. 7. Avoid scattering- books upon a single subject, though viewed from different standpoints, under several headings, if they can be concentrated under one heading. 8. Avoid entries under first or other word of the title as far as possible, where a subject- entry is all that is needed. Title-entries should be the exception not the rule. 9* Make a subject-heading when there are two or more books upon the same subject ; when only one give a subject title-entry. 10. Series entries are to be given as such and not as a makeshift form of subject-entry. n. Form entries, generally speaking, are out of place in the dictionary catalogue. If given they are better relegated to an appendix. 12, References and cross-references should be always subordinate and connected. 13. References are rarely given from lesser to greater subjects, but should not be over- looked from greater to lesser. I4> In no case should references be given from author to subject or vice versa, or in any form not distinctly relative, otherwise they are apt to be incongruous. 15. Volumes of a collective or miscellaneous character require that each item be con- sidered and catalogued as if a separate work. 216 LIBRARY CATALOGUING 1 6. Works of a marked classical character are not considered to require title entries, and seldom need subject-entries. 17. Works of fiction with proper names in their titles call for consideration as to the best form of title-entry. 18. When a book deals with a subject with a geographical limitation, choice between subject and geographical heading is some- times necessary for the sake of economy. When in doubt give both entries. 19. The above rule can be departed from in the case of the home country. 20. The judicious abbreviation of entries is not so simple as it appears on the surface and requires care. 21. Alphabetical arrangement is not by any means as simple as a b c. 22. The use of repetition dashes should be strictly limited, and never exceed two under any circumstances. CHAPTER XV. The Printing of Catalogues. The Preparation of "Copy." Markings for Type. Styles of Printing in Various Catalogues. Table of Types. Tenders for Printing. Model Specification. Reading and Correction of Proofs. Type " Kept Standing." THE preparation of the manuscript of the catalogue for the press, and the reading and correction of proofs, call for great care on the part of the cataloguer, if the results of his labours are to be entirely satisfactory when in print. The slips being all sorted into exact order, it is well to paste them down on sheets of paper, to make the " copy " for the printer. Any kind of paper serves the purpose, provided it is strong and the sheets are uniform in size; back numbers of periodicals, if on good paper, do quite well. When the entries in the dictionary catalogue under a subject-heading are fairly numerous, they are sub- divided before they are pasted down; the entries themselves usually suggesting the appropriate sub- headings or " arrangement according to material." Some sub-divisions have been added to the illus- trative entries in these pages to show this. The headings of the second and subsequent entries under an author's name, and under a subject, are cut away before the slips are pasted down, or they must be scored through afterwards; watchful care has to be exercised lest too much be cut off the slips at this time. If the catalogue is classified the numerical symbols are interpreted, and such class-headings, 218 LIBRARY CATALOGUING divisions, and sub-divisions written as are required to be printed. The sheets of paper should be pasted and the slips laid on them and rubbed down, instead of pasting each slip separately. Should the catalogue entries be written or typed on good cards, inconvenient to paste down, or which it is desired to preserve, they can be numbered con- secutively and strung together for the printer; any- thing upon them not meant to be printed being marked out, including in this case also the headings of second and subsequent entries under a single heading and an author's name. Whether sent on separate cards or as pasted sheets, each entry must be marked for the sizes and styles of type the printer is to use. The following is a convenient and recognised method of doing this : For CAPITALS underline three times in black ink. For SMALL CAPITALS underline twice in black ink. For Italics underline once in black ink. For Clarendon, Antique, or other heavy type underline as before but in red. For smaller type than the body of the catalogue mark the portions down the margin with a vertical line. Various considerations enter into the question of the style or " get-up " (i.e., size, types, paper, binding) of the catalogue. In all rate-supported libraries the foremost of these is the expense involved. Owing to the disconnected nature of catalogue entries the setting is somewhat troublesome work for the compositor, and, taking longer time than straightforward work, costs more, though the modern LIBRARY CATALOGUING 219 type-setting machines, Linotype and Monotype, have facilitated the work. It is a well-known fact in connection with public libraries that the public will not pay more than a merely nominal sum for a catalogue, and certainly nothing approaching the cost of printing to be compelled to sell a catalogue for 6d. which cost is. 6d. or 2s. per copy to produce is a common experience. Sometimes the difference in cost is made good by advertisements, though this is an unreliable source of revenue. Advertisers do not regard a catalogue as a good medium for this purpose owing to the small number in an edition; the fact that it is in constant use does not weigh much with them. If advertisements can be dis- pensed with so much the better, as they detract from the appearance of a catalogue even if they do not actually disfigure it. The extent of the library catalogued also enters into the matter. A small one not requiring a large catalogue can use larger type in printing, though a small library and a small income often go together, when strict economy has to be exercised. Again there is the question of including the books of the reference department in the catalogue, making it a general one, which adds to its bulk and cost. The reference books having to be used upon the premises are quite sufficiently brought under notice by means of the card or sheaf form of catalogues, typewritten or in manuscript, now in general use, though it may be desirable for a newly-established library to have a complete catalogue of all departments. Those persons who understand a "reference department" to consist of a few directories, dictionaries, and almanacks, may thus learn that it comprises much LIBRARY CATALOGUING more. The extent of the collection also affects this, as it is desirable, if not actually necessary, that the printed catalogue shall be kept within such limits as to be portable, and in a single volume, because some people prefer to have their own copies rather than make use of those provided in the library, and others make their choice of books solely at home. All this applies more especially to the catalogues of lending libraries, as, generally speak- ing, printed catalogues of reference libraries are seldom seen nowadays they are more of a luxury than a necessity. The illustrative examples throughout this work give an idea of the styles of types recommended, though the choice is more one of usage or personal preference. The following examples, taken from various catalogues, are selected as representing the styles of printing usually met with in catalogues. A common and very economical form is set in 8-point (or brevier) old-style type, with authors* names, when leading, in small capitals, the subject- headings in antique, with the entries under them in 6-point (or nonpareil) as well as all contents and annotations. It is printed in double columns with a double rule dividing the columns, and on a royal octavo page: HAYNE, M. H. E., and H. W. TAYLOR. The pioneers of the Klondyke. 1897 .... I 4126 HAYNES, E. S. P. Religious persecution : a study in political psychology. 1904... B 1530 Hayti : Pritchard, H. Where black rules white. 1000 I 4986 St. John, Sir S. Hayti; or, the Black Re- public. 1889 I 4378 Texier, C. Au pays des gndraux: Haiti. 1891 I 1145 HEBBR, Reginald, Bp. Poetical works. '75 H 90 Robinson, T. The last days of Bishop Heber. 1831 .,. ... I 2348 LIBRARY CATALOGUING 221 A variation has the authors' names, wherever they occur, printed in clarendon (heavy type) and the subject-headings in capitals and small capitals after this fashion : Cellini, Ben venuto. Life of, [by himself] ; transl., [with an introduction,] by John A. Symonds. Illus 2v. roy. 8. 1888 E 7032 Birrell, A. A rogue's memoirs. (In his Obiter dicta, ser. i.) 1884 H 3462 Goethe, J. W. Yon. Benvenuto Cellini. (In his Samtliche Werke, v. 29.) [1885] H 3131 Celsus, Aurelius C. De medicina ; ad fidem op- timorum librorum denuo recensuit adnotatione critica indicibusque instruxit C. Daremberg. (Bibl script Grace, et Roman. Teubneriana.) pp. xlviii, 407 sm 8. Lipsiae. 1859 O 430 Froude, J. A. Origen and Celsus. (In his Short studies, ser. 4.) 1883 E 2926 CELTS. Guest, E. Origines Celticae 2 v. 1883 E 5178 Lemiere, P. L. Etude sur les Celtes et les Gaulois 1881 E 3848 Revue celtique. Tomes 4-11 8 v. 1881-91 H 1857 Rhys, J. Origin and growth of religion as illustrated by Celtic heathendom 1888 A 3481 Warren, F. E. The liturgy and ritual of the Celtic church 1881 A 3595 see also Ireland (Language and literature.) The disadvantage of this style is the over-emphasis of authors' names at the cost of subject-headings, which are somewhat obscured instead of being made prominent. The general appearance is not good, the page having a " spotty " look. The next example is much the same in character as the first, except that it is set in modern-faced type, the shelf numbers are given in heavy type, and the gauge is different. On the whole it presents a pleasing appearance, though the punctuation is unusual : 222 LIBRARY CATALOGUING Glaciers. Green (W. S.) Among the Selkirk glaciers. 1890. ill. maps. - C 2376 Helmholtz (H.) Ice and glaciers : in his Popular lectures, v. 1. 1884. - E 4726 Molloy (G.) The glaciers of the Alps : in his Gleanings in science. 1888. - E 4926 Rendu ( ) Theory of the glaciers of Savoy. 1874. map. - - - E 4623 in Tyndall (J.) The forms of water. 1885. ill. E 4179 Gladiators ; by G. J. W. Melville, v.d. F 6041, F 6042 GLADSTONE (J. H.) The life of Faraday: in Science lectures, Manchester, v. 2. 1885. E 3841 GLADSTONE (WILLIAM E.) Gleanings of past years. 1879-97. 8v. 12 H 8114-21 1. The Throne and the Prince Consort ; The Cabinet and constitution. 2. Personal and literary. 3. Historical and speculative. I. Foreign. 5-6. Ecclesiastical 7. Miscellaneous. 8. Theo- logical and Ecclesiastical. Homer. 1878. 12 - - - G 7233 " Old-style " in type does not mean old-fashioned, but the more artistic and readable type modelled on the lettering of the early printers, principally those of the Italian presses, and is that most pre- ferred at present. If anything, modern-faced type is the older fashioned. Fantastic or decorated types, even for initial capitals at the commencement of a division of the catalogue, are better avoided. The following is an example somewhat after the style of the second given above, but applied to a classified catalogue : 944 French History. Coignet (Clarisse) Francis I. [of France] and his times. [Translated] from the French by Fanny Twemlow. Lond. 1888. Svo. pp. iv. 371. 944. 028 C i Beauchamp (Comte de) Louis XIII. d'apres sa correspondance avec le Cardinal de Richelieu. Paris, 1902. fol. pp. [iv]. 460. Ports., map and illus. F 944. 032 B i LIBRARY CATALOGUING 223 Furse (George Armand) 1800. Marengo and Hohenlinden. Lond. 1903. 8vo. pp. xii. 478. Port., illus. and maps. 944. 046 F 2 Bowles (Thomas Gibson) The defence of Paris, [1870-71] narrated as it was seen. Lond. 1871. 8vo. pp. x. 405. Map and illus. 944. 08 B 4 When varying sizes of type are used for distinc- tive purposes, the contrast is better brought about by using for the smaller type one which is two sizes under that of the body of the catalogue. Thus if lo-point (or long primer) is used, then 8-point (or brevier) is taken for the small type rather than 9-point (or bourgeois), which would not be suffi- ciently distinctive. All the above examples are in 8-point (or brevier) with 6-point (or nonpareil) for the small size. The following table of types and the space they occupy is useful for reference : - SIZES OF TYPES. This is old-style 12-point (Pica) This is old-style n-point (Small Pica) This is old-style lo-point (Long Primer) This is old-style g-point (Bourgeois) This is old-style 8-point (Brevier) This is old-style y-point (Minion) This is old-style 6-point (Nonpareil) This is modern-faced 12-point ...(Pica) This is modern-faced 11-point... (Small Pica) This is modern-faced 10-point..(Long Primer) This is modern faced 9-point (Bourgeois) This is modem-faced 8-point (Brevier) This is modern faced 7-point (Minion) This is modern-faced 6-point (Nonpareil) 224 LIBRARY CATALOGUING Where cost has not to be considered, a better effect is obtained by printing a catalogue across the page instead of in double columns. This takes up nearly twice as much space, given the same size of type, and is usually printed in demy octavo size (8^ inches by 5^). If the number of entries is large the catalogue makes a thick volume, though this depends largely upon the size of type used. The following example is taken from a class-list printed in 8-point (or brevier) with notes and contents in 6-point (or nonpareil) as in the double-columned catalogues shown above : POOLE, G. AYLIFFE. History of ecclesiastical architecture in England, pp. xiv, 415, port 8 1848 and OTHERS. Architectural notices of the churches of the archdeaconry of Northampton : deaneries of Higham Ferrers and Haddon. pp. xii. 288, illus roy. 8 1849 POTTER, JOSEPH. Remains of ancient monastic architecture in England roy. f. [1845-7] Contents Buildwas Abbey church, pi. 33. Wenlock Priory church, pi. 30. Tintern Abbey church, pi. 49. Specimens of antient English architecture : . . . plans, eleva- tions, sections, and details. Ecclesiastical, pp. 31, pi. 42. roy. 4. 1848 PRICKETT, MARMADUKE. Historical and architectural description of the Priory church of Bridlington. pp. xxviii, 130, pi. 17. . 8. Cambridge, 1831 PRIOUX, STANISLAS. Monographic de 1'ancienne abbaye royale Saint- Yved de Braine ; [avec plans, elevations, &c.] pp. iii, 104, pi. 26. ... ...f. Pans,. 1859 It is with the object of using larger-sized types that catalogues are printed across the page, as the double-columned catalogue does not admit of the use of large type without adopting a wide page, which is somewhat inconvenient. The next three examples are of the larger-type character : LIBRARY CATALOGUING 225 226 LIBRARY CATALOGUING LIBRARY CATALOGUING 227 In this the type of the body of the catalogue is the same in size as the previous example (ii-point), the contents under subject-heading being in 8-point (brevier) take up less room. The catalogue contains 500 pages for 15,000 volumes. WILSON (JOHN) [Christopher North] Noctes am- brosianse. 4 v. ... See also De Quincey (T.) Works, v. 16 Hall (S. C.) Book of memories. [1876] WILSON (J. P.) Scriptural proofs. 1887 WILSON (R.) Steam boilers. 1879 WILSON (W.) Swimming instructor, il. 1883 Wiltshire. Murray's Handbook for Wiltshire, etc. map. 1882 Worth (R. N.) Guide to Wiltshire, map. 1887 WILLERT (P. F.) Henry of Navarre and the Huguenots in France, il. 1893 WILLIAM I. Freeman (E. A.) William the Conqueror. 1888 Planche (J. R.) The Conqueror and his com- panions. 2 v. ... WILLIAM II. Freeman (E. A.) Reign of William Rufus. 2 v. WILLIAM III. Traill (H. D.) William III. 1888... WILLIAM IV. Fitzgerald (P.) Life and times of William IV. 2 v. 1884 Greville (C. C. F.) Journals, v. 2-3. 1888 ... Huish (R.) Life and reign of William IV. il. WILLIAM of Malmesbury. Chronicle of the kings of England. [449-1142.] 1847 WILLIAMS (E. E.) " Made in Germany." 1896 ... There are other sizes of catalogues from a quarto to a duodecimo, so far as the size of the pages is concerned, but the above examples include all sizes of type that it is advisable to use; any- thing larger than n -point (small pica) being too 228 LIBRARY CATALOGUING large, and anything smaller than 6-point (nonpareil) is hardly readable. Brevier, or the nearest to it, 8-point, is a useful and economical size, as exami- nation of the foregoing examples proves, and while it is comparatively small it must be remembered that catalogues are merely looked at and not read through in the ordinary meaning of the term. The styles of types having been settled, it is customary to invite tenders for the work from printing firms selected because of their repute, experience, and ability to carry out such work. The possibility of securing a satisfactory or economical piece of work is very remote if it is open to all who choose to tender, even within a local area. The cheapest tender obtained in this way frequently proves the dearest in the end, to say nothing of the worry and vexation caused to the librarian by people undertaking work they have not the material or competence to execute properly. All firms must tender upon the same basis, and therefore it is essential that a specification be pre- pared for the purpose. The following is prepared for the style of printing first mentioned (page 220), though it can be easily altered in this and other respects to suit requirements. It is fairer to all concerned if a specimen page is set up embodying the cataloguer's intentions and all the styles of type it is proposed to use as nearly as possible in the right proportions, though this is not of first-rate importance if the various sizes to be used are separately priced and measured up for payment at the completion of the work. It must be remembered that though smaller type occupies less space it costs more to compose than the larger. It is also an LIBRARY CATALOGUING 229 advantage to have some portion of the manuscript ("copy") ready in order that a printer tendering may examine it and judge of its nature if he so desires. [Specification for Printing.] COUNTY BOROUGH OF BIBLIOVILLE. Specification for Printing a Catalogue of the Public Library. The Commitee of the Public Library invite tenders for printing a catalogue of their Lending Library upon the following conditions : Edition and Size. The edition to consist of three thousand copies, royal octavo in size (not less than 9^ by 6 when bound). NOTE. The number of the edition depends entirely upon local circumstances and probable sales. A library of 5,000 borrowers will take about seven years to sell 3,500 copies of a catalogue at 6d. per copy. Paper. To be at least 32lbs. royal to the ream, of good finish, white, uniform in tint throughout. Type and Setting. 8-point Old - style, with occasional small capitals, italics, and Clarendon or antique, with 6-point for subjects,* notes, and contents, and the proper accented letters in foreign languages. To be set solid, two columns to the page, seventy lines 8-point to the column (apart from page-heading, which is to contain a title and catch-word syllables), each fifteen ems wide, with * If the entries under subject-headings are to be in smaller type. 230 LIBRARY CATALOGUING double division rules between. Turnover lines to be indented one em, the repeat dash to be a one em rule, the class-letter and number to stand clear four ems, the 6-point indent to be two ems. Spaces between the end of the book-entry and the class-letter to be filled with leaders. The type must not be worn or broken, and must be free from wrong founts. The " copy " must be closely followed for the punctuation and use of capitals. Machining. The sheets to be well worked in perfect register, with good ink and uniform impression, afterwards rolling or pressing if needed. NOTE. Good printers do not now need to hot press or roll the sheets. Time. From the first receipt of copy, the work to be proceeded with at a rate of not less than two sheets of sixteen pages each per week until com- pleted [or in default thereof the printer to pay a sum of two pounds per week as damages.] NOTE. A penalty clause is optional ; much depends upon the printer, who may be very dilatory and use the work to fill up with when not otherwise busy. Proofs. Two copies of proof in galley and two copies of a revise in page to be furnished for reading and correction. The Librarian to have the right to demand a revise in galley and such revises in page as he shall deem necessary. No sheet to be sent to press until ordered by the endorsement of the Librarian thereon. Additions and corrections. The Librarian to have the right to insert additional matter in galley but not in page except as an author's correction. No extra charge to be allowed for author's corrections unless pointed out and priced at the time they are made. LIBRARY CATALOGUING 231 Number of pages.* The number of pages is esti- mated to be 250 more or less, but this is not guaranteed, and no allowance will be made for any miscalculation in this respect. Covers. Three thousand covers to be printed upon coloured paper of an approved tint, not less than 34lbs. to the ream (royal). The front of this cover to be printed with the title of the catalogue. NOTE. If the catalogue is not to be bound in boards, but is to have paper covers only, the weight of the paper should be at least yolbs. Binding. The whole edition is to be bound in good strawboards of suitable thickness, with cloth strip backs, and strongly sewn with thread, the covers being pasted on the front and back and the whole cut flush. Fourteen days will be allowed for binding after the last sheet has been returned for the press. Delivery. The catalogues when completed are to be securely tied up in brown paper parcels of fifty each and delivered to the Librarian at the Public Library. Tender. The tender is to state the price per page for 8-point and for 6-point type respectively, this price to be inclusive of all charges for press cor- rections, covers, binding, and delivery as afore- said. When completed the work is to be measured * An estimate made from the "copy" is liable to turn out wrong when the work is in type, the tendency being to overstate the number of pages, when the printer is within his rights, according to trade usages, in claim- ing for profit upon the full number of pages upon which his estimate is based ; therefore it is wise to leave the matter open in this way. 282 LIBRARY CATALOGUING up, and charges will be allowed according to the quantity used of each of the above types. Pay- ment will be made within three months afterwards. Other conditions.' The work is to be executed to the entire satisfaction of the Librarian, and if he is dissatisfied with it in any respect he is authorised to stop the work and refer the matter to the Library Committee for their decision, which shall be final and binding. Contract. The Committee may require the firm whose tender is accepted to enter into a contract with the Borough Council to carry out the work in accordance with this specification and its con- ditions, and to give an undertaking that the rate of wages paid and hours of labour observed are those that are generally accepted as fair by the printing trades. The Committee do not bind themselves to accep the lowest or any tender. Specimens of the kind of work required can be inspected at the Librarian's office, where also the 4 ' copy ' ' can be seen as far as ready. Tenders, with samples of the papers proposed to be used, are to be sent in sealed envelopes, endorsed "Catalogue," to reach the undersigned not later than noon on the 5th day of November, 1913. JOHN SMITH, Librarian. Public Library, The Broadway, Biblioville, 2oth October, 1915. LIBRARY CATALOGUING 233 The preliminaries having been settled, the work of printing is put in hand by furnishing the printer with a supply of "copy," of say 100 sheets, duly marked for varieties of type and other details. In due course the printer will send two or three copies of proofs printed in single column on long strips of paper known as "galleys," with ample margins on which to mark the corrections. The corrections are not marked on the printed matter alone, but the nature of the correction required is also marked in the margin. An assistant, possessing some know- ledge of the subject, should read out the "copy" slowly and distinctly to the cataloguer, at the same time directing attention to any peculiarities of spelling, punctuation, accented letters, and the like. It is a very difficult task to correct the proofs by reference to the " copy " without having it read aloud. Each galley having been once read through should have the shelf numbers called again, as mistakes in these cause most trouble. After this the cataloguer will be well advised to read the galleys through carefully once more, apart from the " copy," provided he can spare the time, and is not over- whelmed with proofs by the printer. He should also mark the places for the insertion of any additions, which are either written on the margins or, if large in number, made into a new sheet of " copy," with a separate numbering for each item, this numbering being used for marking the exact place where it is to be inserted. When the corrections are many, as they often are in the early stages of the work before the com- positor has got into the right way, it is advisable to have "a revise" in galley that is, an additional 234 LIBRARY CATALOGUING " pull " after the corrections are made. Should the corrections be comparatively few, the printer may safely be trusted to put them right, and a revise in page form will suffice. This revise in page needs careful reading for catch-letters and other page headings, and for the repetition of authors' names and subject-headings when they are divided at the tops of columns (or pages). This reading is done without the " copy," which, once being read, is not needed again, except for reference. Most catalogues are now set up on the Linotype or Monotype machines, when it is as well to ascer- tain which of these machines is in use. By the Linotype a single addition of a word or correction of a letter involves the resetting of the whole line, possibly two, and the lines must be re-read. Cor- rections on the Monotype are made by single pieces in the ordinary way. It is essential in hand-setting to look out for wrong founts, that is pieces of another size or style of type which have been acci- dentally mixed up with that being used, and if printed will mar the appearance. Broken and worn letters also should be marked to be changed. Work on the type-setting machines is not so much subject to these faults, though they are possible. The method of correcting a proof and the signs used in the process are shown in Appendix A. With the object of saving expense in the printing of new editions of catalogues, some librarians are trying the experiment of keeping the type standing and paying a small rental. The edition printed is then not so large as usual, and when a new edition is required the type is again used and the new additions inserted. An arrangement of this kind LIBRARY CATALOGUING 235 requires that the original estimate shall include a price per page for reprints with additions and for re-imposition. This attempt at economy has not yet got beyond the experimental stage. The storage of type until wanted for reprinting does not enter into consideration where the Mono- type setting machine is used, the perforated paper rolls being easily filed away until required again; though this is rather the concern of the printer than of the librarian. We may conclude with the following quotation taken from the preface of a library catalogue : - " In the former catalogue it was said that * It would seem to be impossible to produce a cata- logue absolutely free from errors of compilation or the press, and some are already noted for correction when the next edition is called for.' This statement still holds good." 236 LIBRARY CATALOGUING APPENDIX Ax. Specimen Page showing Marked Proof. LOISY, Alfred. The gospel and th^ church. 1903 * ., ... ... , ] LOLIE, Fjrjderic. A short Ijlistory of comparative literature. 1906 ... H2485 Lollards, The, of the Chiltern Hills. Summers, W. H. 1906 B 1652 Lollisr Cesare de. Vita di CristoforoJI ""Colombo. 1895 I 5&8 Lombard street. Bagehof^V. 1892 ... C 401 LoQibock. With the Dutch in\ the East. Cool, W. 1897 I 3978 LoMfeNiE, Louis de. Beaumarchais and his times. 4 v. 1856 ... 15563-66 LOMMEL, E. The nature of light. (Int. scien. ser.) 1885 ^ 1O ^ LONDON, Jack. The calfUhe/STlwild ... K2I55 A A daughter of the onow/> '. K 5590 The people of the abyss. 1903 ... C 1441 The liv^s oijoor in London. History arid Description. Allbut, R. London gambles with Chafles -Dickens, n.d. ;ii ' I 4 r 57 Apperson, G. L. Begone London life. 1903 ... I 4732 Arundell, T. Historical' reminiscences of the 'City and its livery companies. 1869 ... I 1404 See also the names of parishes as Chelsea, Kensing A ton, v/ buildings as the Tower, Westminster Abbey, ^Jkc.; and of places as Charing Cross. HydeJPark. Ludgate Hill, &o. Social, &>c. life. " Dogberry^JErf). Humours and oddities of the /^London police courts. 1894 ^ ^3 Wynter, A. Curiosities of civilization, n.d. ... H 2x73 LONG, A. L. Memoirs of general] Robert EJLee. iS86 I 2259 Long exile, Tne. TolstoJ, Count J 1875 *4- y.\. 1 tf LIBRARY CATALOGUING 237 APPENDIX A 2. Explanations of Markings used in Proof Correcting. . Small capitals. Capital. Full stop to be inserted. . Transpose. Insert a dash. Broken or worn letter. Alignment to be straightened. . Change capital to lower case (i.e. small letter). Space to be inserted. Indent (one em). Push down space showing. A turned letter. ' Wrong fount (the letter is of the wrong type). Space out to gauge. Insert a comma. Delete; remove letters or words. Italic to be used. Word not to be altered. Straighten perpendicularly. ^ Join letters to make one word. -/ A hyphen to be inserted. Change from italic to roman. V/jJ Insert quotation mark. C Substitute a bracket. (3 Commence new paragraph. 238 LIBRARY CATALOGUING APPENDIX A 3. Specimen Page Corrected. LOISY, Alfred. The gospel and the church. 1903 LOLIEB, Frederic. A short history of comparative literature. 1906 ... 112485 Lollards, The, of the Chiltern Hills. Summers, W. H. 1906 B 1652 LOLLIS, Cesare de. Vita di Cristoforo Colombo. 1895 I 5608 Lombard Street. Bagehot, W. 1892 ... C 401 Lombock. With the Dutch in the East. Cool, W. 1897 I 3978 LOMENIE, Louis de. Beaumarchais and his times. 4 v. 1856 ... I 5563-66 LOMMEL, E. The nature of light. (Int. scien.ser.) 1885 E 108 LONDON, Jack. The call of the wild ... K 4155 A daughter of the snows ^5590 The people of the abyss. 1903 ... C 1441 The lives of the poor in London. London : History and Description. Allbut, R. London rambles with Charles Dickens, n.d I 4157 Apperson, G. L. Bygone London life. 1903 ... I 4732 Arundell, T. Historical reminiscences of the City and its livery companies. 1869 I 1404 Ste also the names of boroughs as Chelsea. Kensing- ton, of buildings as the Tower, Westminster Abbey, &c., and of places as Charing Cross, Hyde Park, Ludgate Hill, &c. Social, &c. lift. Dogberry ' ' (Ed). Humours and oddities of the London police courts. 1894 C 883 Wynter, A. Curiosities of civilization, n.d. ... H 2172 LONG, A. L. Memoirs of [General] Robert E. Lee. 1886 I 2259 Long exile, The. Tolstoi, Count J 1875 LIBRARY CATALOGUING 239 APPENDIX B. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. The following are some of the words most frequently used in connection with books and in cata- loguing, with suitable abbreviations. All abbrevia- tions must be used guardedly and with discretion, so that they cannot be confused with other words, and are self-explanatory with the context. For a full list see a useful book, "Author and Printer," by F. Howard Collins (Frowde). About (circa) f. (with a date following) Account acct. Advertisements advts. Ancient anc. Anonym, Anonymous. anon. Archbishop Archbp., Abp. Atlas atl. Ausgabe Ausg. Band (German for volume) Bd. Bibliography, Biblio- bibliog. graphical Biography, biographical biog. Bishop Bp. Book, Books bk., bks. Born b. Calf (in binding) cf. Cardinal Card. Century cent. Chapter, Chapters chap., chaps. Cloth cl. Colonel Col. Coloured col. Company CO. Compiled, Compiler comp. Complete Continued compl. contd. County CO. Crown (in book sizes) cr. Demy Dictionary dy. diet. Died d. Duodecimo 12, tamo., duo. East E. Economy econ. 240 LIBRARY CATALOGUING Edited, Editor, Edition Editors, Editions England, English Enlarged Explanation, Explanatory Facsimile Folio Folios Frontispiece Gilt edges Great Britain Half (in binding} Handbook Herausgegeben Historical, History Illustrator, Illustrated, Illustrations Imperial (in book sines) Including, Inclusive International Introductions, Introductory Large Large paper Leaves Lectures Library Literary, Literature Manuscript Manuscripts Modern Morocco (in binding) New edition New series New Testament No date No place (of publication) No date or place No title-page North Number, Numbers Oblong Octavo Old Testament Original Out of print Pages Pamphlet, Pamphlets Parliamentary Part, Parts Plate, Plates Portrait, Portraits Preface, prefatory ed. eds. Eng. enl. explan. facs. f ff. frontis. or front. g.e. Gt. Brit. hf . (as hf. cf.) hdbk. hrsg. or herausg. hist. illus. imp. incl. internal. intro. la. lees. lib. lit. MS. MSS. mod. mor. n.e. or new ed. n.s. or new ser. N.T. n.d., N.D., or s.a. (sine anno) n.pl. s.a. et 1. n.t.-p. N. no., nos. obi. 8, 8vo., O. O.T. orig. o.p. pp. pamph. or phlt., phlts. parly, (as parly, paper) pt., pts. pi., pis. port., ports. pref. LIBRARY CATALOGUING 241 Preliminary Printed, Printer Privately printed Proceedings Professor Pseudonym, Pseudonymous Published Quarto Re-edited Reference Reprint, Reprinted Reproduction, Reproduced Reverend Revised Royal (in book sizes) Saint Sequel Series Sextodecimo Small (in book sizes) Society South Super (in book sizes) Supplement Thus Title-page wanting Traduit, Tradotto Translator, Translated United Kingdom. United States University Various dates Vocabulary Volume, Volumes Von, Van With prelim. pr. priv. pr. proc. Prof. pseud, or ps. pubd. 4, 4 to, Q. re-ed. ref. repr. reprod. Rev. rev! IT seq. ser. 16, sm. soc. i6mo. (names of Societies as Royal Soc.) S. sup. suppl. (sic) inserted to mark mistakes or peculiarities. t.-p.w. trad. transl. or tr. U.K. U.S.A. Univ. v.d. vocab. v. or vol. v. w. as w. col. illus. (with coloured illustrations). Places of publication (specimen abbreviations) : Birmingham Cambridge Dublin Edinburgh Glasgow Liverpool Manchester New York Oxford Philadelphia B'ham. Camb. Dub. Edin. Glasg. L'pool. M 'Chester. N.Y. Oxf. Philad. 242 LIBRARY CATALOGUING APPENDIX C. A short list of pseudonyms with the real names, including women authors whose names are changed by marriage : PSEUDONYM. A.L.O.E. Acheta Domestica Ackworth, John Adams, Mrs. Leith Adeler, Max Agnus, Orme Aimard, Gustave Ainslie, Noel Alexander, Mrs. Alien Allen, F. M. Amateur Angler, The Amyand, Arthur Andom, R. An gel 1, Norman Annunzio, Gabriele d* Anstey, F. Argles, Mrs. Aubrey, Frank Audley, John Aunt Judy Aunt Naomi Ayscough, John B., A. K. H. B., E. V. Barker, Lady Basil Bede, Cuthbert Belgian Hare, The Bell, Nancy Belloc, Marie A. Bentzon, Th. Bickerdyke, John Billings, Josh Bird, Isabella L. Birmingham, George A. Blackburne, E. Owens Boldrewood, Rolf Bovet, M. A. de Bo wen, Marjorie REAL NAME. Charlotte M. Tucker L. M. Budgen F. R. Smith Mrs. R. S. de Courcy Laffan Charles H. Clark John C. Higginbotham Olivier Gloux Edith Lister Annie F. Hector Mrs. L. A. Baker Edmund Downey Edward Marston Andrew Haggard Alfred W. Barrett R. Norman A. Lane Gaetano Rapagnetto Thos. Anstey Guthrie Mrs. Hungerford Francis H. Atkinson Mrs. E. M. Davy Mrs. Margaret Gatty Gertrude A. Landa F. D. Bickerstaffe Drew A. K. H. Boyd Eleanor V. Boyle Lady Broome Richard Ashe King Edward Bradley Lord Alfred Douglas Mrs. Arthur Bell Mrs. Belloc Lowndes Th