BIOLOGY LIBRARY 
 

 ,/ /w^ 
 
 THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 PRESENTED BY 
 
 PROF. CHARLES A. KOFOID AND 
 MRS. PRUDENCE W. KOFOID 
 
CONVEKSATIONS 
 
 ox 
 
 BOTANY. 
 
 WITH PLATES. 
 
 NINTH EDITION. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 PRINTED FOR 
 
 LONGMAN, ORME, BROWN, GREEN, & LONGMANS, 
 
 PATERXOSTER-ROW. 
 
 1840. 
 
PRINTED ' 
 
 LONDON : 
 
 Printed by A. SPOTTISWOODE, 
 New-Street-Square. 
 
Bio 
 
 Ub 
 
 THE object of the following pages is to 
 enable children and young persons to 
 acquire a knowledge of the vegetable 
 productions of their native country, by 
 introducing to them, in a familiar manner, 
 the principles of the Linnaean system of 
 Botany. 
 
 For this purpose, the arrangement of 
 Linnaeus is briefly explained ; a native 
 plant of each class, with a few exceptions, 
 is examined, and illustrated by an Engrav- 
 ing ; arid a short account is added of some 
 of the principal foreign species. 
 
 The classification of Linnaeus has been 
 in part relinquished, in order to conform 
 to that adopted by Dr. Withering, whose 
 valuable " Arrangement of British Plants " 
 is one of the best works of reference upon 
 A 2 
 
 
IV 
 
 this subject, for persons unacquainted with 
 Latin. In this volume, therefore, the 
 plants of four of the Linnaean classes 
 Gynandria, Monoecia, Dicecia, and Poly- 
 gamia, are distributed among the pre- 
 ceding classes, according to the number 
 of their stamens. The English Flora of 
 Sir James Edward Smith furnishes a sys- 
 tematical account of all our native plants, 
 according to the original method of Lin- 
 naeus. 
 
 What Miss Edgeworth has said of Che- 
 mistry may with equal truth be applied to 
 Botany, and may serve to recommend the 
 study of it, as a branch of general educa- 
 tion : "It is not a science of parade, it 
 affords occupation and infinite variety, it 
 demands no bodily strength, it can be pur- 
 sued in retirement ; there is no danger 
 of its inflaming the imagination, because 
 the mind is intent upon realities. The 
 knowledge that is acquired is exact ; and 
 
the pleasure of the pursuit is a sufficient 
 reward for the labour."* 
 
 It may be due to the author of the ad- 
 mirable " Conversations on Chemistry," to 
 mention, that the title of the present vo- 
 lume was chosen, because it was the only 
 one that seemed to be adapted to the 
 nature of the subject, which had not been 
 appropriated by preceding writers. 
 
 * " Letters for Literary Ladies," 3d edit, page 60. 
 
 A 3 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 LIST of the Plates - - Page xii 
 
 Explanation of the Table of the Classes, Plate 2. xiii 
 Pronuncia.Ion of the Latin Names of Plants - xvi 
 
 CONVERSATION THE FIRST. Page 1. 
 Botany in General. Linnaeus. Uses of Botany. 
 Parts of a Flower. 
 
 CONVERSATION THE SECOND. Page 9. 
 
 Linnaean Arrangement of Plants. Classes. Alter- 
 ations adopted by Dr. Withering. Orders. Ge- 
 nera. Species. 
 
 CONVERSATION THE THIRD. Page 19. 
 
 Class 1 . Monan'dria. Mare's-tail. Glasswort. 
 Grass-wrack. Indian Arrow-root. Turmeric. 
 
 Indian Shot. Class 2. Dian'dria. Veroni'ca 
 
 Chamaed'rys, Germander Speedwell, examined. 
 Privet. Pepper. Ash-tree. Olive. Rose- 
 mary. Sage. 
 
 A 4 
 
Vlll CONTENTS. 
 
 CONVERSATION THE FOURTH. Page 30. 
 Class 3. Trian'dria. Cro'cus versus, Spring Crocus, 
 examined. The Grasses. Wheat. Barley. 
 Oats, &c. Sugar-cane. Sugar-making. Reed. 
 Bamboo. Dac'tylis glomera'ta, rough Cock's - 
 foot Grass, examined. Butcher's Broom. Sedge. 
 
 CONVERSATION THE FIFTH. Page 45. 
 Class 4. Tetran'dria. Flex Aquifo'lium, common 
 Holly, examined. Clothiers' Teasel. Madder. 
 Birch-tree. Alder. Dutch Myrtle. Box. 
 
 Centun'culus min'imus. Miseltoe Parasitical 
 
 Plants. Flower-of-the-Air. Rose-coloured Bal- 
 sam-tree. The Great Flower, Raffle'sia. 
 
 CONVERSATION THE SIXTH. Page 59. 
 Class 5. Pentan'dria. Genus Sola'num, Potatoe. 
 Woody and Garden Nightshade. Deadly Night- 
 shade, a different Genus. At'ropa. Ivy. Buck- 
 thorn. Myoso'tis palus'tris, Water Mouse-ear, ex- 
 amined. Vine. Currant and Gooseberry. 
 Coffee-tree. Tobacco. Violet. 
 
 CONVERSATION THE SEVENTH. Page 70. 
 Class 5. concluded. Description of an Umbel. 
 Umbelliferous Plants. Elder. Teak-wood. 
 Tamarisk-tree. Su'mach. Flax ; its Uses. 
 Paper. 
 
 CONVERSATION THE EIGHTH. Page 81. 
 Class 6. Hexan'dria. Galan'thus niva'lis, Snowdrop, 
 examined. Nectaries. Double and Single Flowers. 
 
CONTENTS. ix 
 
 Barberry; its Filaments. Sorrel. American 
 Aloe. Indian Reed. Large Plants of hot Climates. 
 
 Great Fan Palm. Aristolo'chia. Adanso'nia. 
 
 Climbers. Tendrils. Terms explained. 
 Lilies. Bulbous Roots. Kamschatka Lily. 
 
 CONVERSATION THE NINTH. Page 98. 
 
 Class 7. Heptan'dria. Trientalis. Horse Chesnut- 
 
 tree. Class 8. Octan'dria. Heaths. Daph'ne 
 
 meze'reum, common Mezereon, examined. Maple. 
 
 Nut-tree. Walnut. Balm of Gilead. Poplar. 
 
 Cork-trep. Oak ; its various Uses. Class 9. 
 
 Ennean'dria. Bu'tomus umbella'tus, Flowering 
 Rush, examined. Laurel-tree. Cinnamon. 
 Camphire. Rhubarb. 
 
 CONVERSATION THE TENTH. Page 114. 
 Class 10. Decan'dria. Strawberry-tree. Saxifrage. 
 Pink. Carnation. Agrostem'ma githa'go, Corn- 
 cockle, examined. Wood-sorrel. Lignum- Vitae- 
 tree. Logwood. Brasil-wood. Locust-tree. 
 Mahogany-tree. 
 
 CONVERSATION THE ELEVENTH. Page 123 
 Class 11. Dodecan'dria. Sempervi'vum tecto'rum, 
 common Houseleek, examined. Defects of Sys- 
 tems. Mignonette. Chesnut-tree. Beech. 
 
 Class 12. Icosan'dria. Situation of the Stamens; 
 its Importance. Ro'sa cani'na, Dog-Rose, exa- 
 mined. Roses. Sweet-briar. Fruit-trees. 
 Hawthorn. Thorns. Clove-tree. Myrtle. 
 Peach and Almond Trees. Pomegranate-tree. 
 
X CONSENTS. 
 
 CONVERSATION THE TWELFTH. Page 139. 
 
 Class 13. Polyan'dria. Papa'ver rhce'as, common 
 Poppy, examined. Seeds. Opium. Tea-tree. 
 
 Caper-bush* Water-Lily. Sacred Bean of 
 India. Tulip-tree. Side-saddle Flower. Anotta. 
 
 Story of an Indian Woman. 
 
 CONVERSATION THE THIRTEENTH. P. 161. 
 
 Class 14. Didyna'mia. Natural Orders. Glecho'ma 
 hedera'cea, Ground Ivy, examined. Leaves. 
 Other Plants of this Class. Honey Flower. Fo- 
 reign Trees. Situation and Distribution of Plants. 
 
 Effects of Climate, and of Light. 
 
 CONVERSATION THE FOURTEENTH. P. 177. 
 
 Class 15. Tetradyna'mia. Orders. Cheiran'thus 
 
 chei'ri, common Wall- Flower, examined. Class 16. 
 
 Monaderphia. Orders. Mal'va sylves'tris, com- 
 mon Mallow, examined. Yew-tree. Pines; their 
 various Uses. Cotton-plant. 
 
 CONVERSATION THE FIFTEENTH. Page 190. 
 
 Class 17. Diadel x phia. Papilionaceous Flowers. 
 Sleep of Plants. Pod and Legu'men. Lo'tus 
 Cornicula'tus, Bird's-foot Clover, examined. Tre- 
 foils. Furze. Indigo. Moving Plant. Acacia. 
 
 Class 18. Polyaderphia. Hyper'icum andro- 
 
 Bse'mum, common Tutsan, examined. Chocolate- 
 Nut Orange and Lemon Trees. 
 
CONTENTS. XI 
 
 CONVERSATION THE SIXTEENTH. Page 205. 
 
 Class 19. Syngene'sia. Structure of a Compound 
 Flower. Aggregate Flower. Natural Character 
 of this Class. Calyx, Seeds, and Down. Orders. 
 Bel'lis peren'nis, common Daisy, examined. 
 Other Plants of this Class. 
 
 CONVERSATION THE SEVENTEENTH. P. 216. 
 
 The Four Classes omitted by Withering. Class 20. 
 
 Gynan'dria. Natural ^rder Orchid'eae. Class 21. 
 
 Monoe'cia. Bread-fruit Tree. Maize. Cocoa- 
 nut Indian Rubber. Water-proof Cloth. Tal- 
 low-tree Castor-oil Plant Manchineel-tree. 
 
 Other valuable Trees. Class 22. Dioe'cia. 
 
 Willows. Date-palm. Pista'chia. Mastick. 
 
 Hemp. Nutmeg. Class 23. Polyga'mia 
 
 Plantain. Sensitive Plant. Gum Ar'abic. Fig. 
 
 CONVERSATION THE EIGHTEENTH. P. 229. 
 
 Class 24-. Cryptoga'mia. Orders. Ferns. 
 Mosses ; their various Uses. Li'chens. Rein- 
 deer Moss or Lichen. Sea- Weeds. Mushrooms. 
 
 EXPLANATION of the Botanical Terms made use of in 
 
 this volume - - Page 24-5. 
 
 General Index - - Page 269. 
 
LIST OF THE PLATES. 
 
 Class 
 
 Time of To face 
 
 Flowering. Page 
 
 1. PARTS of a Flower 6. 
 
 2. Table of the Classes 12. 
 
 3. Veroni'ca chamaed'rys, 
 
 Germander Speedwell II. May, June. 26. 
 
 4. Cro'cus ver'nus, Spring 
 
 Crocus III. Feb. April. 31. 
 
 5. Dac'tylis glomera'ta, 
 
 Rough Cocksfoot Grass III. June, Aug. 41. 
 
 6. Anthoxan'thum odora'- 
 
 tum, sweet-scented Ver- 
 nal Grass i- II. May, June. 42.] 
 
 7. Flex aquifo'lium, com- 
 
 mon Holly IV. May, June. 47. 
 
 8. Myoso'tis palus'tris, 
 
 Water Mouse-ear - V. April, Aug. 64. 
 
 9. Galan'thus niva'lis, 
 
 Snowdrop VI. Feb. April. 82. 
 
 10. Daph'ne meze'reum, 
 
 common Mezereon VIII. Feb. April. 100. 
 
 11. Bu'tomus umbella'tus, 
 
 Flowering Rush - IX. June, July. 109. 
 
 12. Agrostem'ma githa'go, 
 
 Corn-Cockle X. June, July. 117. 
 
 13. Sempjervi'vum tecto'rum, 
 
 common Houseleek XI. July, Sept. 124. 
 
 14. Ro'sa cani'na, Dog-Rose XII. June, Aug. 130. 
 
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 2. xiii 
 
 Class 
 
 Time of To face 
 
 Flowering. Page 
 
 15v Papa'ver rhce'as, com- 
 mon red Poppy XIIL June, July. 140. 
 
 16. Glecho'ma hedera'cea, 
 
 Ground Ivy XIV. Mar. May. 165. 
 
 17. Cheiran'thus chei'ri, 
 
 common Wall-Flower XV. April, July. 179- 
 
 18. Mal'va sylves'tris, com- 
 
 mon Mallow XVI. May, Oct. 184. 
 
 19. Lo'tus cornicula'tus, 
 
 Bird's-foot Clover XVII. June, Aug. 192. 
 
 20. Hyper'icum androsa3 x - 
 
 mum, common Tutsan XVIII. July, Sept. 202. 
 
 21. Bel'lis peren'nis, com- XIX. Nearly all 205. 
 
 mon Daisy - the year. 
 
 22. Cryptogamic Plants XXIV. 230. 
 
 The two parts of Plate 2. are to face each other. 
 
 EXPLANATION OF THE TABLE OF THE 
 CLASSES. PLATE 2. 
 
 THIS Plate represents the flower of a native plant, 
 in each of the twenty-four classes ; viz. 
 
 Class 1. A Flower of the Hippu'ris vulga'ris, com- 
 mon Mare's-tail, slightly magnified. 
 May, June. 
 
Xiv EXPLANATION OF PLATE 2. 
 
 Class 2. A Flower of the Veroni'ca officina'lis, common 
 Speedwell, magnified. May, 
 July. 
 
 3. . Valeria'na officinalis, great wild 
 
 Valerian, magnified. June, 
 July. 
 
 4. Cor'nus sanguin'ea, wild Cornel- 
 
 tree. June, July. 
 5. Polemo'nium caeruleum, Greek 
 
 Valerian. May, July. 
 6 Scil'la bifo'lia, two-leaved Squill, 
 
 February, April. 
 
 7. Trienta'lis Europae'a, Chickweed 
 
 Winter-green. May, June. 
 8. Chlo'ra perfolia'ta, yellow Centaury. 
 
 June, August. 
 
 9. Bu'tomus umbella'tus, Flowering 
 
 Rush. June, July. 
 
 10. . Saxifraga stella^ris, Hairy Saxi- 
 frage. June, July. 
 
 11. Sempervrvum Tecto'rum, com- 
 mon House-leek July, Sep- 
 tember. 
 
 12. Pru'nus insiti'tia, Bullace Plum. 
 
 April. 
 
 13- Chelido x nium ma'jus, common Ce- 
 landine. April, October. 
 14-. Teu'crium scorodo'nia, Wood Sage. 
 
 July, August. 
 
 15. Cardam'ine praten'sis, common 
 
 Cardarnine April, May. 
 
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 2. XV 
 
 Class 16. A Flower of the Althae'a officina'lis, Marsh- 
 Mallow July, September. 
 
 17. Genis'ta tincto'ria, Dyer's Green- 
 weed June, August. 
 
 18.. Hyper 'icum pul'chrum, upright 
 
 St. John's Wort July. 
 
 19. Son'chus caeru'leus, blue Sow- 
 Thistle. July, August 
 
 20. Or'chis mas'cula, early purple Or- 
 chis. April, May. 
 
 21. A Spike of Flowers of the Ca'rex pulica'ris, 
 
 Flea Sedge, with two flowers magnified ; 
 one having stamens only, the other only 
 a pistil. June, July. 
 
 22. Two Catkins, from different Plants, of the 
 
 Sa'lix argen'tea, silky Sand- Willow; one 
 bearing flowers with stamens, the other 
 with pistils; with a single flower of each 
 kind magnified May. 
 
 23. A spike of flowers of the At'riplex pat'ula, 
 
 spreading Orache ; with two flowers of 
 different kinds, magnified. June, Sep- 
 tember. 
 
 In this genus, which is the only native 
 one of the class Polygamia, none of the 
 flowers have stamens only. 
 
 24. A small specimen of a Fern, Asple'nium 
 
 trichoma'nes, common Maiden-hair ; 
 and of a Moss, Hyp'num taxifolium. 
 Yew-leaved Feather Moss, both of the 
 natural size October, and through the 
 winter months. 
 
PRONUNCIATION 
 
 OF THE 
 
 LATIN NAMES OF PLANTS. 
 
 IT will be necessary for persons unacquainted with the 
 Latin language, to observe the following rules, in pro- 
 nouncing the botanical names of plants : 
 
 1. The letter E, at the end of a word, is always to be 
 sounded ; for example, the word GA'LE is to be pro- 
 nounced as if composed of two syllables, GA'-LE : and 
 not like the English word Gale. 
 
 2. When the letters C and H come together, they are 
 to be pronounced hard, like K. Thus, LI'CHEN, is pro- 
 nounced Li' KEN. 
 
 3. When the vowels A and E, O and E t or E and /, 
 occur together, if not marked with two dots placed over 
 them, as in DABOECIA, pronounced DA-ZO-E-CIA, they 
 are to be pronounced as one sound. Thus, 
 
 Cratse'gus, is to be pronounced Cra-te'-gus. 
 
 Monoe'cia Mo-ne'-cia. 
 
 Cheiran'thus - - Ki-ran'-thus 
 
 with the /long, like the word Eye. 
 
 4. In words that end in -IDES, the / is always to 
 be pronounced long, like the word Eye; eye-des; 
 thus LICHENOIDE'S is to be pronounced LIKEN-O-EYE- 
 DES. 
 
 The termination -ides, which is sometimes added 
 to other words, is derived from the Greek word, eidos, 
 which signifies form, resemblance, figure. 
 
 In this volume, wherever the accentuation of the 
 Latin name or terms is not obvious, they are divided 
 and marked, as they are to be pronounced; and the 
 accent, or force of the voice, is to be thrown upon the 
 syllable which precedes the mark. Thus, 
 Ar'butus, is to be pronounced Afi'butus, not Arsj/'tus. 
 Veroni'ca - Verotf/ca, not Veronica. 
 
CONVERSATIONS 
 
 BOTANY. 
 
 CONVERSATION THE FIRST. 
 
 BOTANY IN GENERAL. LINN.SUS. USES OF BOTANY. 
 
 PARTS OF A FLOWER. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 WHAT are you doing, mamma? 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 I am examining the pretty little yellow flower, 
 that we found this morning in the hedge. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 How do you examine a flower ? 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 You cannot understand the method, my dear, 
 until you have learned something of Botany. 
 B 
 
2 LINNAEUS. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 What is Botany ? 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 It is the science that makes us acquainted with 
 plants, and teaches us how to distinguish them from 
 one another. The term Botany is derived from a 
 Greek word signifying an herb or grass. Do you 
 not recollect what your aunt and I were talking of 
 yesterday in the garden ? I thought you seemed 
 attentive to our conversation. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 You said something about a very industrious 
 man, who had examined a great many plants. 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 Yes : we were speaking of Linnaeus, a cele- 
 brated botanist, who did so much to increase our 
 knowledge of the works of nature, that he was 
 called the Father of Natural History. He was 
 born in Sweden, in the year 1707. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 Am I too young to learn botany? I think I 
 should like it very much. 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 By no means, my dear. It is so simple a study, 
 that the youngest persons can understand it, when 
 
USES OF BOTANY. '3 
 
 the principles are properly explained to them; and 
 if you like, I will teach you all I know of it. Lin- 
 naeus himself was scarely four years old, when he 
 heard his father describing to a friend some flowers, 
 which he had just gathered from the turf where 
 they sat. This first botanical lecture made such an 
 impression upon him, that, afterwards, he used to 
 ask his father the names and properties of all the 
 plants he could procure; and even at that early age ? 
 he began to attend to the habits and distinctions of 
 animals and insects also. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 What is the use of Botany ? 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 You are not yet old enough to understand all 
 its uses, but I will endeavour to tell you some of 
 them. You will be surprised to learn the variety of 
 purposes to which plants are applied. They form 
 the principal part of our food, medicine, clothing, 
 and furniture ; and several of the most beautiful 
 dyes are obtained from them. But in some in- 
 stances the different kinds resemble each 'other so 
 nearly, that ignorant persons have often mistaken 
 those which are hurtful, or of no value, for the use- 
 ful ones. Some animals are guided by an instinct 
 which teaches them what plants to choose and what 
 to avoid: but men must have recourse for this pur- 
 B 2 
 
 
4 USES OF BOTANY. 
 
 pose to their own experience, or to the observations 
 of others; and without a knowledge of botany, we 
 could neither understand the descriptions given by 
 other persons, nor describe them ourselves so as 
 to be understood. As an amusement. Botany has 
 many recommendations : it may be studied with 
 less expense than most other sciences ; it invites 
 us into the country, and increases the pleasure of 
 every walk ; and the cultivation of plants in the 
 garden affords one of the most innocent and health- 
 ful occupations that we can enjoy. Indeed, the 
 study of natural history in every department is so 
 attractive, that those who once engage in it seldom 
 give it up. The sameness of most other pursuits 
 becomes at last fatiguing; but the naturalist meets 
 with endless variety, and at every step discovers 
 beautiful contrivances in the works of nature, which 
 escape the attention of common observers. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 But when do you think I shall be able to 
 examine a plant, as you do now? It is very 
 difficult. 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 At first it may appear so to you: but do not be 
 frightened; you will soon find that it is not a 
 great undertaking. Nothing is required but to 
 have patience : to begin at the beginning : after 
 
PARTS OF A FLOWER. O 
 
 that your progress will be easy ; and you need 
 not go any farther than you choose. An indolent 
 person, it is true, can never expect to become 
 a good botanist, nor, indeed, to excel in any 
 thing. When Linnaeus was about to publish one 
 of his most celebrated works *, he examined the 
 characters of eight thousand flowers; rj that you 
 may judge how very industrious he must have been. 
 If you are attentive, and try to remember what I 
 shall tell you, I think that at the end of a month 
 you may be able to examine the flowers you meet 
 with in your walks, without my assistance. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 I long to begin ! Will you take a walk with 
 me to-morrow in the fields, to bring home some 
 flowers ? 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 With pleasure, my dear ; I am very glad to see 
 you so eager to begin this delightful study. But 
 before we set out, you had better learn the names 
 of the different parts of a plant. You already 
 know, that the Root is what grows in the 
 ground, and supplies the rest with nourishment. 
 The Stem rises from the root, and is generally 
 clothed with green leaves. The Flower is the 
 beautifully coloured part that you so often admire : 
 
 * Genera Plantarum, Genera of Plants. 
 B 3 
 
6 PARTS OF A FLOWER. 
 
 it is subdivided into several different parts, which I 
 will explain to you, if you will go into the garden 
 and bring me a branch of any plant you like. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 Here, mamma, is some Wall-flower: it is the 
 first that I could find in blow. 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 It will do very well ; but if we had a larger 
 flower you could see the different parts more dis- 
 tinctly. [PLATE 1.] You may now break off one 
 of the flowers, and hold it by the little stalk, be- 
 tween your thumb and finger. The green part, 
 that you see close under the yellow blossom, and 
 which is not unlike a cup,, is called the Ca'lyx or 
 flower-cup. The yellow leaves that grow out of 
 it are called Pet'als, or blossom-leaves : the petals 
 altogether form what is called the CoroFla or blos- 
 som. Pull off, very gently, from the little stalk, the 
 calyx and petals, and you will see seven threads ; 
 one in the middle, thicker than the rest, and 
 six others with yellow heads ; those with heads 
 are called Stamens, and are each composed of 
 the heads, called Anthers, and the threads which 
 support them, Fil'aments; as this penknife might 
 be divided into the handle and the blade, which 
 are together called a knife. The centre thread is 
 called the Pistil, and consists of three portions ; the 
 
PARTS OF A FLO WF.H. 
 
 FLowe. 
 
 <' 
 
 Lalvj-.or Clip 
 
 Corolla., or BLt. 
 
 \ 
 
 f 
 
 R 
 
 Pistil , 
 
 Sfed VetsaL opened 
 
 jr 
 
 Tlu- Flowr h.-iv slK.^u is that <f ilu- COMMON \\AI.L FLOWER. 
 
 P. Petal, f^.Anlha'- K N. Nec&vy. 
 
 S. Summit .. Jit.jh'^ _ G. Germen,- R.. 
 
PARTS OF A FLOWER. 7 
 
 Germen or seed-bud, which is the thickest green 
 part at the bottom, the Style which stands upon 
 it, and the Summit, or top of the style. When 
 the petals fall off, after the plant has been in flower 
 for some time, the germen grows larger, and is then 
 called the Seed-vessel, because it contains the seeds 
 within it. In the Wall-flower, the seed-vessel is a 
 long pod, containing several flat se^Is. If you 
 now pull off the stamens and pistil, you may per- 
 ceive what is called the Receptacle : it is only the 
 top of the stalk, to which all the other parts of the 
 flower is fixed. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 I have done so ; but I do not see any thing 
 remarkable. 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 You are right. In many flowers the receptacle 
 is not very conspicuous, and the Wall-flower is one 
 of them ; but in others it is very large, particularly 
 in the Artichoke, which you sometimes see at din- 
 ner. What we commonly call the bottom, which 
 remains, after we have taken off the leaves, and the 
 bristly substance, or choke, is the receptacle. 
 
 Another part of a flower, as well as the recep- 
 tacle, is very often indistinct. It is called the 
 Nectary, and its use is supposed to be to prepare 
 a sweet fluid, like honey or nectar, which it 
 frequently contains. It is from this part that bees 
 collect their honey. The form of the nectary 
 B 4 
 
8 PARTS OF A FLOWER. 
 
 varies in different flowers ; in some it is very con- 
 spicuous, in others less visible, and in many it 
 appears to be entirely wanting. The nectaries of 
 the Wall-flower are two little greenish bodies sur- 
 rounding the lower part of the short stamens ; but 
 you cannot easily see them ; and I shall take an 
 opportunity of showing you the nectaries when we 
 examine a plant that has larger ones. There are 
 many flowers so small, that their separate parts 
 cannot be seen distinctly without the help of a 
 magnifying-glass ; here is one that you shall have 
 to assist you : and you will find a needle and a 
 sharp-pointed penknife also very useful ; for some 
 flowers are too delicate to be divided by the fingers 
 alone. 
 
CONVERSATION THE SECOND. 
 
 LINNJEAN ARRANGEMENT OF PLANTS. CLASSES. 
 
 ALTERATIONS ADOPTED BY DR. WITHERING. 
 
 ORDERS. GENERA. SPECIES. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 WHEN I have examined a plant, mamma, how am 
 I to find out its name ? 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 Before you can do so, you must learn how the 
 vegetables that are known have been arranged; 
 and I will now explain to you, as clearly as I can, 
 the system of Linnaeus, which is an arrangement 
 very generally used in this country. 
 
 Linnaeus distributed all the plants, that were 
 known to him, in twenty-four divisions, each of 
 which is called a CLASS ; and each class he sub- 
 divided into Orders. The first eleven classes are 
 distinguished by the number of separate stamens 
 in each flower. But tell me whether you recollect 
 what the stamens and pistils are ? 
 
 EDWARD. 
 I think you said, that the whitish threads, called 
 
10 ARRANGEMENT. CLASSES. 
 
 filaments, and the yellow heads, or anthers, were 
 both together the stamens ; and the thicker thread, 
 that stands in the middle of them, the pistil. 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 You are quite right. I am very glad to find that 
 you remember so well what I tell you. 
 
 In the first class, MONAN'DRIA, each flower 
 contains one Stamen. 
 
 In the second, DIAN'DRIA, two Stamens ; and 
 so on, to the tenth class, DECAN'DRIA, which has 
 ten Stamens in each flower. 
 
 In the eleventh class, DODECAN'DRIA, each flower 
 contains from eleven to nineteen Stamens. 
 
 In the twelfth, ICOSAN'DRIA, there are twenty 
 Stamens, or more, in each flower, the precise num- 
 ber not being of any consequence; and they are 
 fixed to the calyx. 
 
 The thirteenth class, POLYAN'DRIA, at first sight, 
 is like the twelfth; but the difference, which is 
 very important, is, that the Stamens are fastened 
 to the Receptacle, instead of growing from the 
 sides of the calyx. If you do not perceive this 
 difference at once, in examining plants of these 
 two classes, the surest way is to pull off the calyx 
 gently, and then, if the stamens remain, you may 
 conclude that they grow upon the receptacle, and 
 that the plant is in the class Polyandria. 
 
 The character of the fourteenth class, DIDY- 
 
ARRANGEMENT. CLASSES. 1 1 
 
 NA'MIA, is, that the flowers have each four Stamens, 
 two of them long and two short. 
 
 In the flowers of the fifteenth class, TETRADY- 
 NA'MIA, there are six Stamens, four long and two 
 short. 
 
 In the sixteenth, MONADEL'PHIA, the Filament" 
 are all united together, forming a little tube round 
 the pistil. 
 
 In the flowers of the seventeenth class, DIADEL'- 
 PHIA, the Filaments are united at the bottom, gene- 
 rally in two sets. 
 
 The eighteenth class, POLYADEL'PHIA, contains 
 those plants which have their Filaments united at 
 the bottom into three or more little parcels or 
 bundles; as you may see in the large Saint- John's- 
 wort in the garden. 
 
 In the nineteenth class, SYNGENE'SIA, the Anthers 
 are united, and form a little tube ; but the fila- 
 ments are separate. 
 
 In the twentieth class, GYNAN'DRIA, the Stamens 
 adhere to the Pistil itself. 
 
 The twenty-first class, MONGE'CIA, contains those 
 plants, in which the Stamens and Pistils grow in 
 separate flowers, but on the same plant. 
 
 The twenty-second, DICE'CIA, those in which the 
 Stamens and Pistils grow in separate flowers, and 
 on different plants. 
 
 In the twenty-third class, POLYGA'MIA, three 
 different sorts of flowers grow on the same plant ; 
 
1 2 ARRANGEMENT. CLASSES. 
 
 some of them having pistils only, some stamens 
 only, and others both stamens and pistils. 
 
 But Dr. Withering, in his " Arrangement of 
 British Plants," which is one of the best books 
 that you can refer to, until you have learned 
 Latin, has distributed the plants of these last four 
 classes among the first nineteen, according to the 
 number of their stamens. 
 
 Those that belong to the twenty-fourth class, 
 CRYPTOGA'MIA, have flowers which are not visible 
 to the naked eye; such as ferns, mosses, sea- weeds, 
 mushrooms, &c. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 I am afraid I shall never remember the dis- 
 tinctions of all these classes. 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 Do not be alarmed, my dear ; here is a draw- 
 ing I have made [PLATE 2.], ,to assist your me- 
 mory, and show you their different characters ; and 
 I have written the Latin names over the figures, 
 that you may learn them, as well as the numbers, 
 - because they are used by all botanists in speak- 
 ing of the classes. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 Then how can I learn botany, without knowing 
 Latin ? 
 
T A 13 I. K O F 
 
 PART J 
 
 If 
 
 C-4. TETRANVRIA . 
 
 /,'// . S/V/W/7/.i'. 
 
 Two Stamens. 
 5 . PENTANDRL4 
 
 C-6. IIEXANDRIA. 
 
 Fi'iir Stamen?. 7?iy0 Stamens. Si& Jbamenf. 
 
 HKPTANDKIA. C.ft. OCTANDlllA. r_.9. E&NEANDRIA. 
 
 Seven S:,. Eight Stantais* Wme s?infti.v. 
 
 IO. DKCANDRIA. C-lLDODECAffDRIA. C.12. ICOSA\I>I11A 
 
 'i^t' 
 
c. TH K < I. AS S KS ,.,,. 
 
 POLY.iyiHti.i . ru I>[I>Y.\ ///./ </ /////->/.>//./ 
 
 c-iti.M.oxADELpni.1. 
 
 bvo Iffng iuid two <rfwrt. 
 
 r n. DIADET^PHLA . 
 
 f;y.\.i.\DRiA. 
 
 m 
 
 four long and. t*v short 
 
 r^is. POLYADELPHU 
 
 77if Suuttfiit ^Tvtrirur upan The Statnais and. fistHs in ffa- 
 
 anihe safngJ'fant. 
 
 * 
 
 Stamens en/,fifts 
 &r both in 
 
 The Stamnris tUidUjtOs 
 
 
ARRANGEMENT. ORDERS. 13 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 There are several English books in which the 
 Latin words employed in botany are very clearly 
 explained*; and until you are able to make use of 
 them without my assistance, I will explain every 
 thing as we go on. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 Will you now tell me something about the 
 Orders, mamma ? 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 In the first thirteen classes, from Monandria to 
 Polyandria, the Orders are known by the number 
 of Pistils in each flower. 
 
 When there is only one pistil, the plant is said 
 
 to be in the order MONOGYN'IA. 
 If there are two pistils, DIGYN'IA. 
 If three, TRIGYN'IA. 
 If four, TETRAGYN'IA. 
 If five, PENTAGYN'IA. 
 
 If six, which is not common, HEXAGYN'IA. 
 If seven, HEPTAGYN'IA ; still less common. 
 If eight, which scarcely ever occurs, OCTA- 
 
 GYN'IA. 
 If nine, of which there is hardly an instance, 
 
 ENNEAGYN'IA. 
 If ten, DECAGYN'IA. 
 
 * Martyn's Language of Botany, & 
 
14 ARRANGEMENT. ORDERS. 
 
 If about twelve, DODECAGYN'IA. 
 
 Many pistils, that is, more than twelve, 
 POLYGYN'IA. 
 
 In the fourteenth class, Didynamia, the orders, 
 which are two, depend upon the seeds being con- 
 tained in seed-vessels or not. They are called, 
 
 GYMNOSPER'MIA, when the seeds are naked or 
 without a covering : and 
 
 ANGIOSPER'MIA, when the seeds are inclosed in a 
 seed-vessel. 
 
 The orders of the fifteenth class, Tetradynamia, 
 are also two, and are determined by the shape of 
 the seed-vessels, which are called Pods. 
 
 The first has broad short pods, and is called 
 SILICULO'SA. 
 
 The second has long pods, and is named SILI- 
 QUO'SA. 
 
 In the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth 
 classes ( Monadelphia, Diadelphia, and Polyadel- 
 phia), the orders are known by the number of 
 Stamens. 
 
 The nineteenth class, Syngenesia, contains five 
 orders : but as they are rather difficult to under- 
 stand, it will be time enough to learn them when 
 you come to examine plants of that class, which I 
 should not advise you to do for some time. Nor 
 is it necessary for you to learn at present the 
 orders of the five remaining classes, which are 
 also difficult. 
 
TULIP. POLLEN. 15 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 I should like to try to find out, by myself, what 
 class and order some plant belongs to. 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 That is the best thing you can do now, and here 
 is a Tulip to begin with. It is always a good way, 
 when you find a plant that is new to you, to exa- 
 mine some of the flowers which are not yet quite 
 opened, as well as those that are ; for the anthers 
 are then more distinct, and you may be sure that 
 none of them have been lost. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 I think this Tulip is in the sixth class, Hexan- 
 dria, and the order Monogynia. 
 
 MOTHER. 
 It is, my dear ; but why do you think so ? 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 Because it has six stamens and one pistil. But 
 the anthers are black, instead of being yellow like 
 those of the Wall-flower that we examined yester- 
 day. Does that make any difference ? 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 No. The pewder with which the anthers are 
 covered, and which is called Pollen, or Fari'na, is 
 of different colours in different plants. 
 
16 TULIP. GENERA. SPECIES. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 I wish the Tulip had a sweet smell, it looks so 
 beautiful. 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 We must not expect to find many perfections 
 united in plants, more than in other things : - 
 Those that look best are seldom the most useful. 
 Do you remember the lines our friend wrote for 
 you the other day ? 
 
 EDWARD. 
 I believe I do ; 
 
 For brilliant tints, to strike the eye, 
 "What plant can with the Tulip vie ? 
 Yet no delicious scent it yields, 
 To cheer the garden or the fields ; 
 In vain in gaudy colours drest, 
 'Tis rather gazed at than caress'd. 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 I must now finish what I was going to say, be- 
 fore we take our walk. 
 
 Linnaeus divided the Orders into what are called 
 Genera, and these genera again into Species. 
 
 A GENUS, which is the singular of the word 
 Genera, is formed of a number of plants, that agree 
 with each other in the structure of their flowers 
 and fruit. 
 
 A SPECIES includes such plants as agree in these 
 particulars, but differ in others ; as in the leaves, 
 the stem, the root, or other parts besides the flower. 
 
NAMES OF PLANTS. 17 
 
 For instance, you often see in green-houses a great 
 many different sorts of Geranium; these Gera- 
 niums form a genus of plants, and each different 
 sort is a species of that genus; so that when you 
 hear a person say, an Ivy-leaved Geranium, a 
 Rose-scented Geranium, or a Butterfly Geranium 
 you know that they all belong to the Genus Gera- 
 nium, and that the Ivy-leaved, &c. are the different 
 species. 
 
 In distinguishing plants, two words are always 
 employed by Botanists ; the first, which is applied 
 to all the species of the same genus, is called the 
 Generic name; but the second is confined to a 
 single species only, and is called the Specific, or 
 Trivial, name. This mode of naming plants is so 
 much approved of, that it is universally used, even 
 by those botanists who arrange them in a different 
 manner from Linnaeus. The two names thus em- 
 ployed are understood in every part of the world, 
 by those who study Botany, but the common names 
 are different in different countries. If you were to 
 talk of Wall-flower, or Stock-Gilliflower, to a 
 French or German Botanist, he would not under- 
 stand you, nor would you know what he meant 
 by the French or German names of those plants, 
 though very abundant in his own country; but the 
 names Cheiran'thus fruticulo'sus, and Cheiran'thus 
 sinua'tus would immediately signify to him that 
 you were speaking of two different species of the 
 c 
 
IS NATIVE PLANTS. 
 
 genus Cheiran'thus; and if he did not know them 
 he could find their descriptions by referring to 
 botanical books. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 Shall we examine a Geranium first, as we have 
 so many in our green-house ? 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 No, my dear ! That genus is in the sixteenth 
 class, Monadelphia ; and I think it will be easier 
 for you to begin with a plant in one of the first ten 
 classes, which depend on the number only of the 
 stamens. Besides, the Geraniums in the green- 
 house are not natives of England, that is, they do 
 not grow wild in the hedges and fields : l and we 
 had better confine ourselves, for some time, to the 
 examination of native plants only. Although these 
 are generally called weeds, many of them are so 
 beautiful that they are cultivated in flower-gardens. 
 An acquaintance with the plants of our own country 
 is more desirable for you than a knowledge of 
 foreign ones, as they are more within your reach ; 
 and it will be impossible to be thoroughly ac- 
 quainted with both, unless you devote much more 
 time to Botany, than you can give it without 
 neglecting your other employments. 
 
19 
 
 CONVERSATION THE THIRD. 
 
 CLASS 1. MONAN'DRIA. MARE'S-TAIL. GLASSWORT. 
 GRASS-WRACK. INDIAN ARROW-ROOT. TUR- 
 MERIC. INDIAN SHOT CLASS 2. DIAN'DRIA 
 
 VERONI'CA CHAMJED'RY'S, GERMANDER SPEEDWELL, 
 
 EXAMINED. PRIVET. PEPPER. ASH-TREE. 
 
 OLIVE. ROSEMARY. SAGE. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 MAMMA, shall we find plants of all of the first ten 
 classes in our walks ? 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 I do not think we shall, for there are very few 
 native plants in the classes Monandria, Heptandria, 
 and Enneandria, (the first, seventh, and ninth,) 
 and they are not common. But all that I wish you 
 to do at present is, to gain such a knowledge of 
 the different parts of plants, with their classes and 
 orders, as will enable you to understand and make 
 use of the books which are generally employed by 
 persons who study Botany. Even if we did find a 
 plant in the class Monandria, I should not advise 
 you to examine it, as the flowers are very small, 
 and not easily distinguished by a young beginner. 
 
 The Mare's tail, to which Linnaeus gave the 
 c 2 
 
20 
 
 generic name of Hippu'ris, and the specific name 
 vulga'ris, is in the first class ; it grows in muddy 
 ponds, though not very commonly found. The 
 flowers are very small, and grow close to the stem, 
 at the bottom of the leaf; and their structure is 
 very simple ; for they have no blossom, and only 
 one stamen, one pistil, and one seed. [PLATE 2. 
 Class 1.] 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 But how can it be called a flower without having 
 a blossom ? 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 All the parts which are necessary to form a per- 
 fect flower are the stamens and pistils, for these 
 alone are concerned in the production of the seed. 
 You will find, hereafter, that some flowers have 
 not any calyx, and others no petals, which parts 
 you recollect, form the blossom; but you will 
 never find any without stamens or pistils. 
 
 If we were near the sea, I could perhaps show 
 you the Jointed Glasswort, Salicor'nia herba'cea, 
 a useful plant, which is also in the class Mo- 
 nandria. It has a saltish taste, and cattle are 
 very fond of it. In some countries this plant, with 
 several others that grow near the coast, is cut 
 down towards the end of summer, when fully 
 grown ; and being first dried in the sun, they are 
 burnt for the sake of their ashes, which are used 
 in making glass and soap, and are called Kelp. 
 
ARROW-ROOT. TURMERIC. 21 
 
 Another plant of this class, the Grass-wrack, 
 Zoste'ra mari'na, grows near the sea, and in salt- 
 water ditches. In some of the northern parts of 
 Europe, it is used for bedding, and has lately been 
 imported in large quantities from the Continent 
 into this country, for stuffing mattrasses, and for 
 other purposes, to which horse hair is generally 
 applied. It is also said to be very useful for pack- 
 ing bottles and other brittle ware. 
 
 The Indian Arrow-root, too, that your little bro- 
 ther has sometimes for breakfast, is obtained from 
 a plant of this class, Maran'taarundina'cea; which 
 is a native of South America, and has its English 
 name from being supposed to extract the poison 
 from wounds made by the poisoned arrows of the 
 Indians. It has a thick fleshy root, which, when 
 washed, pounded, and bleached, makes the powder 
 that we use as food. 
 
 The Turmeric, so commonly used in dyeing 
 yellow, is the root of a plant, also in the first 
 class, called by Linnaeus Curcuma lon'ga. It is 
 very much cultivated in the East Indies and in 
 China for the sake of its roots, which are sold in 
 our shops as a dye. Indian Shot, Can'na In'dica, 
 a native of both the Indies, and Ginger, Zin'giber 
 officina'le, a native of the East Indies, belong also 
 to this class. But I dare say you are now anxious 
 to examine a plant yourself, so let us go into the 
 fields and look for one. 
 
 c 3 
 
22 EXAMINATION OF A PLANT. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 Oh, here is a nice little blue flower; I should like 
 
 to take it home, it is so pretty ? 
 
 I 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 Do so, my dear ; and if you can tell me the class 
 and order it belongs to, I will show you how to 
 find out its name, in Withering's Botany. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 I see only two stamens, and one pistil ; so that, 
 I suppose, it is in the second class, and the first 
 order. Am I right? 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 Yes, perfectly right; but you must remember, if 
 you can, to call each class and order by the names 
 Linnaeus gave them. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 Then this plant is in the class Diandria, and the 
 order Monogynia. What am I to do next ? 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 Now hold the flower in your hand, and look 
 at every part, very attentively, while I read to 
 you the descriptions of a few genera in the class 
 Diandria. The first genus described has " a very 
 " small cup; of one leaf," that is, consisting of 
 
EXAMINATION OF A PLANT. 23 
 
 one piece ; " with four blunt teeth, or divisions, 
 " in its rim." Look at your calyx, and see if it 
 is like this. [PLATE 3.] 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 It is of one piece, but the divisions are sharp. 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 Very well. Now look again at your flower. 
 " The blossom of one petal " 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 It cannot be that ; for mine has four petals. 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 Pull them out, and let me see. I think you will 
 find, that when you attempt to take one, they will 
 all come off together. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 So they do ; and the stamens with them ! 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 Then you see that your blossom has but one pe- 
 tal, with four divisions, though at first you thought 
 it had four petals. Blossoms formed of one piece 
 are called Monopet'alous ; those of many pieces, 
 Polypet'alous. In flowers of one petal, the sta- 
 mens are generally fastened to the blossom; but in 
 those with more petals, they are fixed to the recep- 
 c 4 
 
24 EXAMINATION OF A PLANT. 
 
 tacle or calyx; so that in the latter case we may 
 take away the petals without the stamens. This ob- 
 servation affords an easy and pretty certain rule for 
 knowing whether a corolla consists of one petal, or 
 of several ; which it is sometimes not very easy to 
 decide. When the calyx is formed of one piece, as 
 is the case in this plant, it is said to be Monophyl- 
 lous; when of more than a single piece, Diphyl- 
 lous, or two-leaved; Triphyllous, three-leaved, 
 &c.; or Polyphyllous, many-leaved; according to 
 the number of distinct pieces of which it consists. 
 We must now go on with our description where we 
 left off. 
 
 " Blossom of one petal, shaped somewhat like 
 " a funnel ; tube of the blossom longer than the 
 " cup;" the Tube, in a blossom of one petal, 
 is the lower part which stands in the calyx 
 " Border of the blossom," that is, the upper 
 spreading part, " divided into four egg-shaped 
 " segments or divisions. Filaments opposite to 
 {; each other. Anthers nearly as long as the blos- 
 " som. The germen, or lowest part of the pistil, 
 " nearly round ; style very short ; summit thick, 
 " blunt, cloven," that is, divided, half-way down. 
 Does this agree with your plant ? 
 EDWARD. 
 
 I think it is something like it, except in the 
 pistil. The summit of mine is not divided, and 
 the style is not very short. 
 
VERONI'CA CHAM^ED'RYS EXAMINED. 25 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 Well, we must see if the next genus will answer 
 better, " Calyx of one leaf, with two divisions. 
 " Blossom two petals." We need not go faiv 
 ther with this genus, for your flower has but one 
 petal ; let us try another. " Calyx, a cup ; with 
 " four divisions, each of them sharp. Blossom of 
 " one petal; tube of the blossom, nearly as long as 
 " the cup ; border flat, divided into four egg-shaped 
 " parts, the lowest division narrower than any of 
 " the others. Stamens two ; filaments thinner at 
 " the bottom than in the other parts ; anthers 
 " oblong. Germen compressed or flattened ; style 
 " thread-shaped, as long as the stamens ; summit 
 " undivided." 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 That is exactly like mine, in every thing. 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 It is your plant, my dear ; so that we need not 
 read any more at present. The genus is called 
 Veroni'ca, and is distinguished from all other ge- 
 nera of the same class and order by having the 
 lowest division of the blossom narrower than the 
 rest. We ought now to determine w r hat species of 
 Veroni'ca your plant belongs to, by comparing it 
 with the different descriptions given by Wither- 
 ing ; but as there are a great many species, and 
 some of them very like each other, I will tell you 
 
26 DOWN OF LEAVES. 
 
 which it is at once, that you may not be too much 
 puzzled. It is Veroni'ca Chamged'rys, called in 
 English Germander Speedwell [PLATE 3.] ; and 
 it is known from the other species by the bunches 
 of flowers rising from the sides of the main stem. 
 The leaves are egg-shaped, wrinkled, toothed at 
 the edges, and sitting, that is, growing close to 
 the stem, without any little stalks of their own ; 
 and the stem, through 'its whole length, has two 
 hairy lines, one on each side, but placed alternately 
 between the joints. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 The young leaves that are not yet opened look 
 as if they were covered with down. 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 The leaves of several plants, especially when 
 young, are clothed with very fine hairs ; which 
 Grew, an English botanist who lived in the time 
 of Charles the Second, supposed to be intended for 
 their protection; the leaves being exceedingly ten- 
 der in their infant state : " So that they seem," 
 he says, " to be vested with a coat of frize, or to 
 " be kept warm, like young and dainty chickens, 
 " in wool." * 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 I never thought it could be so easy to find out 
 the name of a plant. How plain the description 
 is ! But what was the first plant that you read 
 about, which had the summit divided ? 
 * Grew's Anatomy of Plants, p. 34. 
 
PLATE 3. 
 
 Putil inatwme,/ 
 
 Veronica Chamaedrys Crt /////////<"/ J/ 
 
 Class TL.&IAN&WA^ytfer MO1TOGYNI4. 
 
 fublLfheJ, Jttfr 2S4O, t 
 
PEPPER. ASH. 27 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 It was common Privet, Ligus'trum vulga're, of 
 which hedges are often made, as it grows very fast. 
 The purple colour upon cards is prepared from its 
 berries ; which are filled with a spongy violet- 
 coloured pulp, and make also a good green dye, 
 with the addition of alum. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 Are there many useful plants in the class Di- 
 
 andria ? 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 Not so many as in several of the other classes ; 
 but I will mention a few of them. 
 
 The black Pepper plant, Pi'per ni'grum, is a 
 native of the East and West Indies, and some of 
 the South Sea Islands. It is cultivated with great 
 success in the Molucca Islands, Java and Sumatra, 
 and exported from them to every part of the world 
 where regular trade is carried on. White pepper 
 was formerly thought to be a different species from 
 the black ; but it is really nothing more than the 
 ripe berries deprived of their skin, by steeping them 
 in water, after which they are dried in the sun. 
 It is this berry, ground into powder, that you see 
 used every day at dinner. 
 
 The common Ash, Frax'inus excel'sior*, is a 
 native of England ; and is placed, by Withering, in 
 * In the twenty-third class, Polygamia, of Linnaeus. 
 
28 OLIVE. LILAC. 
 
 the class Diandria, because the flowers contain two 
 stamens. In the north of Lancashire, when grass 
 is scarce, the tops of the ash trees are cut down 
 to feed the cattle. The wood is hard and tough, 
 and is much used for making tools employed in 
 husbandry. It is one of the latest trees in coining 
 into leaf, and loses its leaves early in autumn. 
 
 The Olive tree belongs to the genus O'lea, in 
 this class, of which there are several species. It 
 is supposed to have come originally from Asia, 
 where it gave the name to the Mount of Olives 
 near Jerusalem. The O'lea Europae'a is a small 
 evergreen tree, universally cultivated in the south 
 of Europe for the sake of its fruit, from which 
 olive oil is obtained by pressing it in. a mill. The 
 Unripe olives, when pickled, are sent over in barrels 
 to England, where they are eaten at desserts. An- 
 other species, called the sweet-scented Olive, O'lea 
 fra'grans, is kept in greenhouses in this country : 
 it is valuable for the delightful scent of its little 
 white flowers, and is used on that account to fla- 
 vour the most delicate green tea. 
 
 The common Lilac, Syrin'ga vulga'ris, a native 
 of Persia, white Jessamine, Jasmi'num omcina'le, 
 of the south of Europe, Rosemary, Rosmari'nus 
 officina'lis, and Sage, Sal' via, are also in the class 
 Diandria; and they all show very distinctly the 
 characters of their class and orders. Rosemary, 
 which you have seen in the garden, is an evergreen 
 
SAGE-TEA. VERNAL GRASS. 29 
 
 shrub, and grows wild on the shores of the Medi- 
 terranean sea. It was formerly so abundant in 
 Languedoc, about the sixteenth century, that the 
 inhabitants burnt scarcely any other fuel. 
 
 There are more than sixty different species of 
 Sage, many of which are natives of Europe; but 
 two only have been found wild in England, 
 Meadow- Sage, Sal'via praten'sis, and wild English 
 Clary, Sal'via verben'ica. An infusion of sage 
 leaves is sometimes used as tea : and the Chinese 
 were surprised that Europeans should come to 
 them for tea, when we have sage, which they think 
 far better. The Dutch formerly were in the habit 
 of collecting large quantities of sage leaves, in 
 Holland and the south of France, which they 
 dried like tea, and packed in cases for exportation 
 to China where they received, in exchange for 
 every pound of sage, four pounds of tea. 
 
 But I am afraid that if I tell you any more at 
 present you will be tired ; so we shall leave the 
 third class, Triandria, until to-morrow. 
 
30 
 
 CONVERSATION THE FOURTH. 
 
 CLASS 3. TRIAN'DRIA. CRO'CUS VER'NUS, SPRING 
 
 CROCUS, EXAMINED. THE GRASSES. WHEAT. 
 
 BARLEY. OATS, ETC. SUGAR-CANE. SUGAR- 
 MAKING. REED. BAMBOO. DAC^TYLIS GLOME- 
 
 RA'TA, ROUGH COCK'S-FOOT GRASS, EXAMINED 
 BUTCHER'S BROOM. SEDGE. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 MAMMA, will you come out with me now to look 
 for a plant in the third class ? 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 Yes : but we need not go farther than the gar- 
 den ; for you cannot have a better example than 
 the Crocus, which is a native of England, though 
 it does not grow wild in our neighbourhood. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 Here are purple, yellow, and white Crocuses ; 
 are they of different species ? 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 Perhaps not ; for the character of the species 
 does not depend upon the colour, size, or smell of 
 
Crocus vernus _ . Spri/uj 
 
 Class ill. TRIANDRIA _Order MONOGYN1A. 
 
 . 
 
VARIETIES. 31 
 
 the flower. Plants which differ in these respects 
 only are called Varieties ; and if you compare these 
 three different-coloured Crocuses, you will pro- 
 bably find that they agree in the leaves and other 
 parts, which, I told you, were to be attended to, in 
 distinguishing species. The different parts of plants 
 have, generally, peculiar colours. The root is 
 commonly black, white, or brown; seldom yellow, 
 or red, but never green. The stem and leaves 
 are commonly green ; and rarely blue, yellow, or 
 red. The calyx is generally green, but with 
 some exceptions ; that of the Daph'ne Laure'ola, 
 Spurge Laurel, is yellow, and the blossom green ; 
 the calyx of the Fuch'sia coecin'ea, scarlet Fuchsia, 
 is a bright scarlet, and the petals in the centre of 
 the richest purple. Corollas have almost every 
 colour; but are rarely green, and scarcely ever 
 black. The black spot in the blossom of the com- 
 mon garden Bean is the darkest colour I have 
 ever seen in any plant. Now bring in a Crocus, 
 and I will read you a description of it. [PLATE 4.] 
 You perceive that it has three stamens, and one 
 pistil : what class and order then does it belong to ? 
 
 EDWARD. 
 To the class Triandria, and order Monogynia, 
 
 MOTHER. 
 Very well. Now look at it as you did at the 
 
32 CRO'CUS SATI'VUS EXAMINED. 
 
 Veroni'ca. This sort of calyx, which is really a 
 Bractea, is very different from those I have already 
 described to you : it is called a Spatha or Sheath, 
 and is composed of one leaf rising from the stem : 
 you see it is formed of a thin skinny substance, not 
 green, like the cups of most other flowers, but 
 whitish, tinged with brown. " The blossom is of 
 * one petal. Tube of the blossom very long : 
 " border with six divisions, standing upright;" 
 not open and spreading, like that of Veroni'ca. 
 " Segments egg-shaped, pointed, and all of the 
 *' same size. Stamens three ; filaments shaped like 
 " an awl, shorter than the blossom ; anthers like 
 " the head of an arrow. The germen, which is 
 " placed below the blossom and concealed in the 
 " sheath, is roundish ; the style thread-shaped ; 
 " and the summits, three in number, are notched, 
 " like the teeth of a saw, and a little twisted." 
 
 This is the generic character of Cro'cus. Our 
 species is the ver'nus, or Spring Crocus; which 
 is distinguished by the summits being of a pale 
 colour, not very long, and standing up straight 
 within the flowers. 
 
 There are two other native species, sati'vus and 
 nudiflo'rus: but the last is very rare. In the 
 Cro'cus sati'vus, or Saffron, the tube of the blossom 
 is very long; and the summit of the pistil is divided 
 into three long strap- shaped segments, which are 
 of a full orange colour, and hang out of the 
 
SAFFRON. GRASSES. 33 
 
 blossom. The petals are violet-coloured, and the 
 plant has an agreeable smell. The leaves of the 
 Saffron are not so broad as those of the Spring 
 Crocus. 
 
 The summits of the pistil of the Cro'cus sati'vus 
 are, I believe, the only parts of any of the species 
 that are made use of. They are carefully picked, 
 pressed together, and dried in kilns, and are then 
 the Saffron that is sold in the shops, which was 
 formerly very much used in medicine. There is 
 a place in Essex called Saffron- Walden, from 
 the quantity of this plant which was formerly 
 cultivated there, for the purpose of preparing the 
 drug. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 Can we find any other plants of this class in the 
 fields? 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 You cannot go into any field without meeting 
 some of them ; for the class Triandria contains 
 almost all the grasses, which are, you know, so 
 common and so useful ; the leaves affording pasture 
 for cattle, the small seeds food for birds, and the 
 larger for men. 
 
 The grasses form about a twelfth part of all the 
 species on our globe, especially in open situations. 
 But if the numbers of the individuals be compared, 
 they probably outnumber all the other plants, with 
 visible flowers, put together. Most of them are 
 D 
 
34 GRASSES. 
 
 without scent, bat some are fragrant, especially 
 when dry; and few are known to be poisonous, 
 except the Darnel, Lo'lium temulen'tum, and 
 Festu'ca tridenta'ta, which have poisonous seeds. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 I have never seen the flowers of grasses. Are 
 they pretty ? 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 I am not surprised that you have never observed 
 them ; for not having petals of brilliant colours, 
 the flowers are generally overlooked; but their 
 construction is not less curious than that of the 
 most beautiful in appearance. 
 
 The care taken by nature to ensure the produc- 
 tion of grass is truly wonderful. Though the leaves 
 be trodden down or consumed, the roots still in- 
 crease ; and the stalks which support the flowers 
 are seldom eaten by cattle, so that the seeds are 
 always allowed to ripen. Some of the grasses that 
 grow on very high mountains, where the heat is not 
 sufficient to ripen the seed, are propagated by 
 suckers or shoots, which rise from the root, spread 
 along the ground, and then take root themselves. 
 Grasses of this kind are called Stolonif'erous. Some 
 others are propagated in a manner not less remark- 
 able : the seeds begin to grow within the calyx 
 itself, which in grasses is called the Husk; and 
 plants are formed there with little leaves and roots; 
 
SEEDS OF GRASSES. CORN. 35 
 
 these fall to the ground, where they take root, and 
 then continue to grow like the parent plant from 
 which they sprung. In these cases the grass is 
 called Vivip'arous. There is a native species, called 
 Festu'ca vivip'ara (viviparous Fescue-grass), which 
 grows in this way, whether on the tops of moun- 
 tains or in plains. It is found in perfection in 
 Scotland, on dry walls, and in the moist crevices 
 of rocks. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 But what sorts of grass seeds do men eat ? 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 Wheat, barley, oats, rye, and corn of all kinds, 
 are the seeds of different grasses. Wheat, Trit'i- 
 cum hyber'num, is the grain of which bread is 
 chiefly made; but it must first be ground into flour, 
 or meal. Starch, and hair powder, which is only 
 ground starch, are also prepared from wheaten 
 flour. Barley, Hor'deum vulga're, is with us used 
 principally for making beer ; but in Spain, where 
 malt liquor is little known, horses are fed with 
 it, as ours are with oats. The poorer people of 
 England, Scotland, and Ireland make use of Oats, 
 Ave'na sati'va, ground into meal, for porridge; and 
 in Scotland oaten bread is a common article of 
 food. The inhabitants of Norway make bread of 
 barley and oatmeal, which keeps thirty or forty 
 years, and is even considered as the better for being 
 D 2 
 
36 NATIVE GRASSES. 
 
 old. At the christening of a child, bread is some- 
 times made use of that was baked in the time of its 
 great-grandfather. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 Are all these grasses natives of England ? 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 The particular species which are most valuable 
 are not native; but we shall find others of the same 
 genera that are. 
 
 Couch-grass, the weed that our gardener finds 
 so troublesome, belongs to a genus formerly placed 
 in the genus Trit'icum, but now considered as an 
 Agros'tichum. In this species (A. repens), the 
 roots, which have a sweet taste like liquorice, are 
 sold in the markets at Naples as food for horses, 
 and are sometimes ground and made into bread. 
 The seeds of the Festu'ca fiVitans, floating Fescue, 
 are very large and sweetish, and are gathered for 
 the table in Poland, and some other countries, 
 where they are called manna. 
 
 Wall-barley or Way Bennet, Hor'deum muri'- 
 num, is a weed very common by road-sides, and is 
 eaten by horses and sheep. 
 
 The animated Oats, that your aunt sometimes 
 amuses you with, are the seeds of the Ave'na fa'tua, 
 which grows wild in corn-fields. 
 . The Sea- Ly me- grass jEl'ymus arena'rius, which 
 is found pretty commonly on some of our own, 
 shores, grows abundantly in Iceland and Green- 
 
SUGAR-CANE. SUGAR. 37 
 
 land, where the climate is too cold to allow the 
 better kinds of corn to ripen ; and the seeds are 
 sometimes made into bread by the inhabitants of 
 those miserable countries. 
 
 In the island of Rasay, one of the Scottish 
 Western Isles, the fishermen use ropes for their 
 nets made of the mountain Melic-grass, Mel'ica 
 nu'tans, which grows plentifully there, and is re- 
 markably tough. 
 
 The Sugar-cane and Reed are also grasses. 
 The former, Sac'charum officina'rum, is supposed 
 to have been originally a native of Spain and Sicily, 
 and to have been carried by the Europeans into 
 America and the West Indies, where it is now 
 very extensively cultivated. It is from the juice of 
 its stem, which sometimes grows to the height of 
 twenty feet, that all our sugar is prepared. The 
 canes or stems of the plant, when ripe, are bruised 
 between the rollers of a mill, to squeeze out the 
 juice, which is collected and put into large boilers, 
 with a small quantity of quicklime, or strong ley 
 of vegetable ashes : when this has been boiled to 
 the consistence of a syrup, and carefully skimmed 
 it is drawn off and allowed to cool, in vessels per- 
 forated with small holes, through which the impure 
 liquid part, called molasses or treacle, escapes, and 
 is received in a cistern below ; while the re- 
 mainder becomes a mass of small and hard grains 
 of a brownish colour, called moist or raw sugar. 
 D 3 
 
3 SUGAR FROM DIFFERENT PLANTS. 
 
 When this is imported into Europe, it is farther 
 purified by other processes, and converted into re- 
 fined or loaf sugar, such as we use at breakfast and 
 tea. 
 
 The tops of the sugar-canes, and the leaves that 
 grow upon the joints, make very good provender 
 for cattle ; and the refuse of the cane itself is used 
 as fuel, so that no part of this plant is without its 
 use. 
 
 But the sugar-cane is by no means the only plant 
 from which sugar can be obtained. The juice of 
 the A'cer sacchari'num, American Maple, yields it 
 in such abundance, that American farmers manu- 
 facture Maple sugar for their own use. The juice 
 of the grape, also, when ripe, yields a sort of sugar, 
 which is called Sugar of grapes, and has lately been 
 employed in France as a substitute for what is 
 brought from the West Indies, though not so sweet 
 or agreeable to the taste. In Mexico, sugar is ob- 
 tained from the Aga've America'na, American 
 Agave; and in Kamschatka, from the Hera'cleum 
 Sphondyl'ium, Cow-parsnep, and Fu'cus saccha- 
 ri'nus, a species of sea- weed called Dulse. Several 
 roots also yield sugar ; as the common beet, tur- 
 nip, carrot, and parsnep. 
 
 The Sea-reed, Arun'do arena'ria, grows on the 
 driest sandy parts of our sea-shores, where it is so 
 useful in binding the sand, and preventing it from 
 being blown into the neighbouring fields, that 
 Queen Elizabeth forbade its extirpation. In the 
 
BAMBOO. 39 
 
 north of Scotland, mats, floor-brushes, ropes, and 
 hats are manufactured of it ; and in China, the 
 sailors, in rainy weather, use large hats, jackets, 
 and trowsers, made of reeds laid close together, 
 from which the rain runs off, as from the feathers 
 of water-birds. 
 
 The Bamboo, a native of the East Indies, is 
 another species of reed, Arun'do bam'bos of Lin- 
 naeus, the stalks of which are almost solid when 
 voung, but become hollow as they grow older, 
 except at the joints ; they sometimes measure fifteen 
 inches round, and sixty feet in height ; and being 
 strong, durable, and very light, are much used in 
 the construction of buildings, and for making fur- 
 niture. In the East they serve also for the poles 
 that support a sort of litter orbed, called Palanquin, 
 which is carried about by men, and used like a 
 sedan chair in this country ; only that the palan- 
 quin bearers put the poles upon their shoulders, 
 instead of holding them in their hands, like our 
 chairmen. 
 
 In Malabar, Bamboos are trained over iron 
 arches, and when they have acquired a curved form, 
 they are used to support the canopies of the pa- 
 lanquins : a lofty bamboo arch of this description 
 is of great value. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 But if the stems are hollow, how can they be so 
 strong ? 
 
 D 4 
 
40 HOLLOW STEMS. 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 I am not surprised at your question : The 
 reason is, that the same quantity of matter acquires 
 much greater strength, by being disposed in the 
 form of a hollow cylinder, than if it were compressed 
 into a solid one, which would be much thinner. 
 The woody part of the smaller roots of trees is 
 generally in the centre, which makes them pliable ; 
 while in the trunk the wood is at some distance 
 from the centre, and thus gives great strength to 
 the stem, and is favourable to its upright growth. 
 We see other instances of the same structure in 
 bones, and in the feathers of birds; the strongest 
 bones, as those of the legs of most animals, being 
 hollow : and the hollow quills which are exceed- 
 ingly light, that the bird may fly the better are 
 wonderfully strong, and much less apt to bend, 
 than if their substance were contracted into a solid 
 cylinder. 
 
 When the joints of the bamboo are bored 
 through, they serve for water-pipes ; and walking- 
 sticks and fishing-rods are made of the smaller 
 stalks. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 Are not the chairs in your room made in imi- 
 tation of bamboo ? 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 The frames are but the seats are made of 
 Bull-rushes, Scir-pus lacus'tris, a plant also of the 
 
Maantted. 
 
 Dactylis "ioincrat a />/////// Cocks -foot. 
 
 Qass Ifl. TRLlNDRIAJbvfav DEGYNfA. 
 
DAC/TYLIS GLOMERA'TA EXAMINED. 41 
 
 third class, that grows very commonly in clear 
 ditches and streams in England. Cottages are 
 sometimes thatched with these rushes, and cattle 
 eat them when other food is scarce. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 I should like to examine some of the grasses, 
 they seem to be so useful. 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 They are so very numerous, and their flowers 
 so minute, that many persons neglect them alto- 
 gether, and attend only to more striking plants. 
 Most of the species seem, at first sight, to be very 
 much alike ; but this apparent resemblance will 
 vanish when you make yourself acquainted with 
 their flowers, which you can very easily do with 
 the assistance of a microscope. I should advise 
 you, however, not to examine many grasses, till you 
 are better acquainted with botany in general. But 
 to give you some idea of their structure, we will 
 now look at one that is very common, the Dac'tylis 
 glomera'ta, rough Cocksfoot. [PLATE 5.] I have 
 already told you that the calyx of most of the 
 grasses is called the husk; in this instance it 
 is composed of two leafits, which are called valves : 
 they are both keeled, or shaped like a little boat, 
 and the inner one is larger than the other. 
 The calyx contains several florets collected into 
 
42 DAC'TYLIS GLOMERA'TA EXAMINED. 
 
 an oblong spike, called a spiket. The blossom 
 is composed of two petals, which are also called 
 valves; they are concave and sharp-pointed, the 
 lower one a little longer than the upper : there 
 are two nectaries, spear-shaped, and tapering to a 
 point ; three stamens, the filaments like hair, sup- 
 porting oblong anthers forked at each end: the 
 germen is egg-shaped, with two styles spreading 
 out, and feathered summits. In some species there 
 is one floret in each calyx ; in others four or five, 
 sometimes more. There are but two native species 
 of Dac'tylis; stric'ta, and glomera'ta. In our plant, 
 which is of the latter species, the flowers are dis- 
 posed in what are called Panicles ; and they all 
 point one way. In rainy seasons the florets some- 
 times become viviparous. This grass has been 
 much cultivated by farmers : if suifered to grow 
 tall, it is very coarse ; but when kept short, it 
 makes a valuable pasture for sheep, and grows very 
 fast. It was found by experiment in Norfolk, that 
 this plant shot up four inches in less than three 
 days. It grows at midsummer during droughts, 
 when almost every thing else is burnt up. 
 
 The sweet-scented Vernal Grass, Anthoxan'thum 
 odora'tum, that smells so delightfully in new made 
 hay, is one of the native grasses. I will give you 
 a drawing of it (PLATE 6.), to show its general ap- 
 pearance. 
 
 The ancient Romans used, on some occasions, 
 

 \ntliiixautlmni 
 
BUTCHERS'-BROOM. 43 
 
 to bestow a crown of grass upon their generals ; 
 and this reward for their services, though of so 
 little value in itself, was one of the most honour- 
 able; for it was never given but for some great 
 exploit ; as when an army reduced to the last ex- 
 tremities had been saved from destruction by the 
 skill and courage of the general. 
 
 Besides the Crocus and the grasses, there are 
 several other plants of this class, which you will 
 find growing wild. Do you remember how much 
 pleased you were last winter, in Devonshire, with 
 the plant in the woods that had the pretty little 
 flowers growing on the middle of the leaves ? 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 O yes ! and it had beautiful red fruit, like cher- 
 ries. What was the name of it ? 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 Butchers'-broom, Rus'cus aculea'tus. It is in 
 the class Triandria of Withering's arrangement ; 
 but as the stamens and pistils are not in the same 
 flowers, nor even upon the same plants, Linnaeus 
 has placed this genus in the twenty-second class, 
 Dioecia. In general, the berries are not larger 
 than black currants, but the warmth of the climate 
 in Devonshire increases their size. In Italy, the 
 plant is made into brooms, which butchers use 
 for sweeping their blocks ; and from this circum- 
 stance it has obtained its name. 
 
44 SEDGE. 
 
 Withering places the genus Ca'rex, or Sedge, in 
 the third class, though it properly belongs to the 
 twenty-first, Moncecia, of Linnaeus. Most of the 
 Sedges grow on the banks of rivers^ ditches, and 
 ponds ; and if suffered to increase, will quickly fill 
 up any piece of water. They have creeping roots, 
 which easily make their way through swampy 
 ground ; and hence these plants are often found 
 in meadows. In Italy, the leaves of the sharp 
 Vernal Carex, Ca'rex acu'ta, are used by glass- 
 makers, to bind round flasks for wine and oil. 
 
45 
 
 CONVERSATION THE FIFTH. 
 
 CLASS 4. TETRAN'DRIA. I'LEX AQUIFO'LIUM, COM- 
 MON HOLLY, EXAMINED. CLOTHIERS' TEASEL. 
 
 MADDER. BIRCH-TREE. ALDER. DUTCH MYR- 
 TLE. BOX.-"-CENTUN'CULUS MINIMUS. MISELTOE. 
 PARASITICAL PLANTS. ROSE-COLOURED BAL- 
 SAM-TREE. FLOWER-OF-THE-AIR. THE GREAT 
 
 FLOWER, RAFFLE'SIA. 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 WELL, Edward, if you are inclined to begin the 
 fourth class, Tetrandria, to-day, bring me a piece 
 of Holly from the garden, and we will compare it 
 with the description. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 Is Holly a native plant, mamma ? 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 Yes, one of the species grows wild in England. 
 The botanical name is Flex Aquifo'lium; and it is 
 in the order Tetragynia of this class. 
 
 EDWARD, 
 
 I thought that all the leaves of holly were prickly, 
 but here are some quite smooth. 
 
46 HOLLY. LEAVES AND WOOD. 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 It has been observed, I think by Linnaeus, that 
 the lower branches, within the reach of cattle, 
 bear thorny leaves ; while the upper ones, which 
 do not want a defence, are without thorns. 
 
 u Below, a circling fence, its leaves are seen 
 
 " Wrinkled and keen, 
 " No grazing cattle through their prickly round 
 
 " Can reach to wound ; 
 " But as they grow where nothing is to fear, 
 " Smooth and unarm'd the pointless leaves appear."* 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 But would cattle eat the leaves, if they had no 
 thorns ? 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 They would; and in winter, when other food is 
 scarce, the upper boughs, that have smooth leaves, 
 are sometimes cut down, and strewed upon the 
 ground to feed deer and sheep. They peel off the 
 bark also very nicely, and eat it along with the 
 smooth leaves. 
 
 The wood of the holly is remarkably white and 
 hard, and takes a fine polish ; it is much used by 
 inlayers and engravers on wood, and some of the 
 pretty Tunbridge ware is made of it. Holly 
 planted in hedges makes a very durable as well as 
 ornamental fence. 
 
 * South ey. 
 
/LA TK 
 
 I'lox Aquifoliuni Coninit-n /ff/ly. 
 ('hiss \\.TE-rnA.\DKiA ()nl-r TK TR .\a\ .\IA. 
 
l'LEX AQUIFO'LIUM EXAMINED. 47 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 Will you now read the description of the holly, 
 while I look at the flower ? 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 In the genus Flex [PLATE 7.], "The calyx is a 
 " very small cup, which has four or five teeth at the 
 " edge. The blossom is of one petal, generally 
 " with four divisions, but there is some variety in 
 " this respect: the segments roundish, and spread- 
 " ing out. The stamens are four, shorter than 
 " the blossom. The germen roundish ; with four 
 " summits, but no styles. The seed-vessel is a 
 " roundish berry, containing four very hard seeds." 
 The leaves, in our species, Aquifo'lium, " are 
 " egg-shaped, thorny, and evergreen, surrounded 
 " by a thickened border : " and in the tree from 
 which this specimen was taken, they are what is 
 called variegated, the leaves in the wild state not 
 being stained with white, but of an uniform dark 
 green colour. The berries are of a bright scarlet. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 I do not understand what is meant by evergreen. 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 Plants which retain green leaves all the year, 
 in winter as well as in summer, are called so. 
 
48 EVERGREENS. TEASEL. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 Then do they never change their leaves ? 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 They change them once in the course of a year, 
 but the plant is always green, because the young 
 leaves come out before the old ones decay. Leaves 
 are usually Deciduous, that is to say, they last only 
 one season; but there are a few plants whose leaves 
 last two or three, and sometimes as long as four 
 years. 
 
 In the East and West Indies almost all the 
 trees are evergreen, and have broad leaves ; but 
 most of the trees in our cold regions cast their fo- 
 liage every year; and such as do not have narrow 
 and sharp leaves. It is supposed that if the leaves 
 were broader, the snow which falls during the 
 winter would collect among them, and often break 
 the branches by its weight; their slenderness pre- 
 vents this, by allowing the snow to pass between 
 them. This precaution would be unnecessary in 
 India, and other countries where snow is not 
 known. 
 
 I will now tell you of a few other plants in the 
 class Tetrandria. The clothiers' Teasel, Dip'sa- 
 cus fullo'num, is very much cultivated in the west 
 of England, for the use of cloth manufactories. 
 The heads are fixed to the edge of a large broad 
 wheel, which is kept turning, while the cloth is held 
 
AWNS. MADDER. WHITE BIRCH. 49 
 
 against them, and the crooked awns, with which 
 they are furnished, raise the knap of the cloth. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 What are the Awns? 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 They are slender, sharp bristles, such as grow 
 from the husks of barley and oats, and which you 
 call the beard. One use of the awn is, to attach 
 the ripe seeds to the coats of animals, that they 
 may be more widely dispersed. In this species of 
 teasel, it is the stiff, strong awns, hooked backwards 
 at the ends, which make the plant so useful to 
 clothiers. 
 
 There is a plant of this class, common in the 
 west of England, called Dyer's Madder, Ru'bia 
 tincto / rum, the root of which affords a very beau- 
 tiful scarlet dye ; but what is cultivated in Holland 
 is considered by dyers as better than that -of our 
 country. Madder has the property of tinging 
 with its red colour the milk, and even the bones, 
 of the animals that feed upon it. 
 
 The white Birch, Bet'ula al'ba (in this class, 
 according to Withering*), is very useful to the 
 inhabitants of the north of Europe ; it endures the 
 severity of cold climates better than any other tree ; 
 
 * Tn class twenty-one, Moncecia, of Linnaeus. 
 
50 WHITE BIRCH. 
 
 and the seeds, which are furnished with little 
 wings, are often carried by the wind to the tops 
 of buildings, and of high rocks, where they take 
 root and grow. The sap or juice, obtained from 
 the trunk in spring, with the addition of sugar, is 
 said to make a pleasant wine ; and in the northern 
 parts of Lancashire, the young twigs are made 
 into brooms, which are exported to different coun- 
 tries. The bark is much more firm and durable 
 than the wood itself. A French traveller*, in 
 passing through Lapland, where there are vast 
 forests of birch, observed, upon examining the 
 trees which had been blown down by the storms, 
 that in several instances the wood was entirely 
 gone ; the trunks, though to all appearance solid, 
 consisting only of an empty shell of bark. In 
 Norway, Sweden, and Russia, this bark is cut into 
 square pieces like tiles, to cover the roofs of the 
 houses ; the Swedish fishermen make shoes of it ; 
 the inhabitants of Kamschatka, hats and drinking 
 cups ; and the people of Canada, canoes. An es- 
 sential oil is extracted from the bark of the birch 
 in Russia, which is used in preparing Russia 
 leather, and gives the peculiar scent to it. The 
 inner silky bark of this tree was used for writing 
 on, before the invention of paper. 
 
 The catkins and seeds of the dwarf Birch, Bet'ula 
 
 * M. Maupertuis. 
 
ALDER. DUTCH MYRTLE. BOX. 51 
 
 na'na, are the principal food of grouse and ptarmi- 
 gans in northern countries. 
 
 The Alder-tree, which you may see on the banks 
 of rivers, is a species of Al'nus, (A. glutinosa,) the 
 wood of which is soft and brittle, but lasts a long 
 time under water, and is therefore used for pumps 
 and water-pipes, and for beams to lay under the 
 foundations of buildings in marshy places. For 
 this reason the Alder-tree is very much cultivated 
 in Flanders and Holland. It makes, too, the best 
 charcoal for gunpowder ; and the bark and leaves 
 are employed in tanning leather and staining fish- 
 ermen's nets. 
 
 The Dutch Myrtle, Myri'ca Ga'le, which is found 
 in our bogs, is in the class Tetrandria, according 
 to Withering.* The flowers grow in little clus- 
 ters, which are called Catkins; and when these 
 are boiled in water, they throw up a scum like 
 bees' -wax, that would make candles if collected 
 in sufficient quantity. In America, candles, soap, 
 and sealing-wax, are actually made from another 
 species, called Candle-berry Myrtle, Myri'ca 
 cerifera. 
 
 The common Box, Bux'us sempervi'rens, with 
 which part of our garden is bordered, is also placed 
 by Withering in the fourth class.f It is an ever- 
 
 * In the twenty-second class, Dicecia, and order Tetrandria 
 of Linnaeus. 
 
 J- In the class Moncecia, and order Tetrandria, of Linnaeus, 
 E 2 
 
52 BOX. BOTANICAL KNOWLEDGE. 
 
 green, and grows more slowly than almost any of 
 our trees, which renders its wood particularly hard, 
 and of a fine close texture, and therefore very valu- 
 able for musical and mathematical instruments, and 
 for the finer kinds of turner's ware, which require 
 wood of a smooth grain. The beautiful figures 
 of animals and birds, by Bewick, are cut upon box- 
 wood. The hardest wood is always of slowest 
 growth, as in the oak and holly ; and the softest 
 grows- the most rapidly, as the horse-chesnut and 
 ash. 
 
 You have seen only small trees of Box, but it 
 grows to the height of ten or twelve feet, at Box- 
 hill, in Surrey ; and at Bodenham, in Hereford- 
 shire, there is one tree more than twenty feet high. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 Will our borders ever be so tall ? 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 No : what is used for garden-borders is a dwarf, 
 or a very small variety, but not a different spe- 
 cies of Box. It never grows to a great height. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 How many curious things you know about 
 plants, mamma ! How did you find them out ? 
 
 MOTHER. 
 By reading different botanical works, and books 
 
PARASITICAL PLANTS. 53 
 
 of travels, which I will lend you when you are old 
 enough to understand them : but you will find that 
 I know very little of the subject, indeed almost 
 nothing, in comparison with many other persons, 
 and less than you yourself can easily learn here- 
 after. I hope that if ever you become a good 
 botanist, you will still recollect the lines that you 
 heard sung last night : 
 
 What though I trace each herb and flower 
 
 That drinks the morning dew, 
 Did I not own Jehovah's power, 
 
 How vain were all I knew ! 
 
 But there are some other plants of the fourth 
 class, that I must not forget ; the Pimpernel 
 Chaff-weed, Centun'culus min'imus, the smallest of 
 all the British plants that have distinct flowers, the 
 stem being hardly an inch high ; and some others 
 which are called parasites. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 What does that mean ? 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 Parasitical plants are those which are produced 
 
 upon the trunks, branches, or any parts of. other 
 
 vegetables; and which, in many instances, will not 
 
 grow in the ground ; as is the case with Miseltoe, 
 
 and some kinds of funguses. The Miseltoe, Vis'cum 
 
 al'bum *, is an evergreen shrub, that grows in great 
 
 * In the twenty-second class, Dicecia, of Linnaeus. 
 
 E 3 
 
54 DODDER. 
 
 perfection on apple-trees. Nobody has ever yet 
 succeeded in making it take root in the earth, but 
 if the berries, when fully ripe, are pressed and 
 rubbed on the smooth bark of almost any tree, they 
 adhere closely, and will produce plants the follow- 
 ing winter. 
 
 Parasitical plants have been lately discovered, 
 that grow upon others which are themselves para- 
 sites ; but these are very rare. 
 
 There are parasites of another kind, less pro- 
 perly called so, which first take root in the ground, 
 and afterwards fasten themselves to trees, or other 
 substances within their reach, where they strike 
 out roots from their own stems. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 Then Ivy, I suppose, is a parasitical plant? 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 Yes, it is one of those I have just mentioned ; 
 and you shall hear more about it, when we come 
 to the fifth class to which it belongs. But some 
 of the most remarkable native parasites belong to 
 the genus Cuscu'ta, or Dodder, in the second order 
 of the fourth class : they have no leaves, but only a 
 slender stalk, with which they lay hold very closely 
 of some other plant stronger than themselves, from 
 whence they draw all their nourishment. There 
 are two native species C. Europe'a and C. Epi'- 
 
ROSE-COLOURED BALSAM-TREE. 55 
 
 thymum, which grow upon beans, hops, flax, heath, 
 and the nettle ; and often in such profusion as to 
 destroy the plant that supports them. 
 
 There is a genus peculiar to hot climates, the 
 Epiden'drum of Linnaeus, one species of which, 
 called Flos-a'e'ris, or Flower-of-the-Air*, is par- 
 ticularly curious. It is found in abundance in the 
 East Indies, beyond the river Ganges. The smell 
 of the flowers is so delightful, that the inhabitants 
 suspend it from the ceilings of their houses, where 
 it will vegetate for years f ; it is always trained 
 over Bamboo; and grows and even blossoms in the 
 air, without attaching itself to any solid body. 
 
 Mirbel, a French botanist, says, that in North 
 America there are even parasitic trees, growing 
 upon other trees. The long roots of the Clu'sia 
 ro'sea, rose-coloured Balsam-tree, a parasite of this 
 kind, descend from the top of the trees on which 
 they grow, to the ground ; and sometimes several 
 of these roots become engrafted into each other, 
 , and are covered with the same bark, so as to form 
 a great case, in which the trunk of the tree that 
 supports the Clu'sia in the air is enclosed. 
 
 There are parasites also, which grow upon the 
 roots of other plants ; and one of these produces 
 the most extraordinary flower that has ever yet 
 
 * Now called Renan'thera arachni'tis; in the twentieth 
 class, Gynandria, of Linnaeus. 
 
 f Wildenow's " Principles of Botany," p. 263. 
 E 4 
 
56 GREAT FLOWER, RAFFLE'siA. 
 
 been discovered. It was found in the island of 
 Sumatra, in the year 1818, by Dr. Joseph Arnold, 
 who gives this account of his discovery, in a letter 
 to one of his friends : 
 
 " Here, at Pulo Lebbar, on the Manna river, 
 " I rejoice to tell you, I happened to meet with 
 '" what I consider as the greatest prodigy of the 
 " vegetable world. I had ventured some way from 
 " the party, when one of the Malay servants came 
 " running to me with wonder in his eyes, and said, 
 " c Come w r ith me, sir, come ! a flower, very large, 
 " 'beautiful, wonderful !' I immediately went with 
 " the man about a hundred yards in the jungle" 
 (this name is given in India to wild bushy under- 
 wood), " and he pointed to a flower growing close 
 " to the ground, under the bushes, which was 
 " truly astonishing. My first impulse was to cut 
 " it up, and carry it to the hut. I therefore 
 " seized the Malay's parang, a sort of instrument 
 " like a woodman's chopping hook, and finding 
 " that it sprang from a small root which ran hori- 
 " zontally, about as large as two fingers, or a little 
 " more, I soon detached it, and removed it to our 
 " hut. To tell you the truth, had I been alone, 
 " and had there been no witnesses, I should, I 
 " think, have been fearful of mentioning the size 
 " of this flower, so much does it exceed every 
 " flower I have ever seen or heard of; but I had 
 " Sir Stamford and Lady Raffles with me. 
 
GREAT FLOWER, RAFFLE'siA. 57 
 
 " The whole flower was of a very thick sub- 
 " stance, the petals and nectary being in but few 
 " places less than a quarter of an inch thick, and 
 " in some places three-quarters of an inch ; the 
 " substance of it was very succulent. 
 
 " Now for the dimensions, which are the most 
 " astonishing part : it measured a full yard across ; 
 " the petals, which were roundish, and five in 
 " number, being twelve inches in length, and it 
 " being about a foot from the insertion of the one 
 " petal to the opposite one ; Sir Stamford, Lady 
 " Raffles, and myself, taking immediate measures 
 " to be accurate in this respect, by pinning four 
 " large sheets of paper together, and cutting them 
 " to the precise size of the flower. The nectary, 
 " in the opinion of all of us, would hold twelve 
 " pints, and the weight of this prodigy we cal- 
 " culated to be fifteen pounds. 
 
 " A guide from the interior of the country said 
 " that such flowers were rare, but that he had seen 
 "^everal, and that the natives called them Krubut, 
 " or the Great Flower. You may judge how well 
 " they deserve this name, from the dimensions of 
 " the buds, which are about the size, and have very 
 " much the appearance, of moderate cabbages." 
 
 Mr. Brown, who described the specimens of this 
 gigantic flower that were first sent to England *, 
 was of opinion that the root on which it grew be- 
 
 * Transactions of the Linnaean Society, vol.xiii. part 1. 
 
58 GREAT FLOWER, RAFFLE'SIA. 
 
 longed to a sort of vine ; since ascertained to be 
 Cissus Angustifolia. He named the genus Raf- 
 flesia, in honour of Sir Stamford Raffles, then 
 governor of the East India Company's establish- 
 ment at Sumatra; and called the species, Arnordi, 
 in memory of Dr. Arnold, who unfortunately died 
 almost immediately after its discovery. 
 
59 
 
 CONVERSATION THE SIXTH. 
 
 CLASS 5. PENTAN'DRIA. GENUS SOLA'NUM, POTATOE. 
 
 WOODY, AND GARDEN NIGHTSHADE. DEADLY 
 
 NIGHTSHADE, A DIFFERENT GENUS. AT'ROPA. 
 
 IVY* BUCKTHORN. MYOSo'TIS PALUs'TRIS, WATER 
 
 MOUSE-EAR, EXAMINED. VINE. CURRANT AND 
 
 GOOSEBERRY. COFFEE-TREE. TOBACCO. VIOLET. 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 THE fifth class, Pentandria, comprehends more 
 than a tenth part of all the plants that are known 
 at present; and some of our most useful vegetables 
 belong to it. I shall begin with the Potatoe, So- 
 la'num tubero'sum, which is in the order Mono- 
 gynia. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 Do Potatoes grow wild in England ? 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 No ; they were brought from America, by Sir 
 Walter Raleigh, who, on his return from that part 
 of the world, about the year 1597, distributed a 
 number of Potatoes in Ireland, where they were 
 planted and multiplied very fast. It is said that 
 they were afterwards brought from Ireland into 
 England ; and tliat a ship, laden with potatoes 
 
60 POTATOE. 
 
 having been wrecked on the coast of Lancashire, 
 the cultivation of them soon became general. But 
 the native place of the potatoe is still doubtful ; 
 and all that can be said with certainty is, that it 
 came from South America. 
 
 It is remarkable that Virginia, the country from 
 which, it was at one time supposed, potatoes were 
 first brought to Europe, was afterwards saved from 
 famine by a supply of them from Ireland. Linnaeus 
 took great pains to introduce the culture of the 
 potatoe into Sweden, but it was not until near the 
 end of the last century that it became general in 
 that country. 
 
 Go and ask the gardener for some of the blos- 
 soms, and you will see that they are in the first 
 order of the fifth class. It is commonly supposed 
 that what we eat is the root; but this is not pre- 
 cisely true, the potatoe itself being no part of the 
 root, but a kind of underground stem, which 
 botanists call a Tuber. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 Here is one bunch with white, and another with 
 purple flowers. Are they only varieties ? 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 That is all ; the plants with white flowers are 
 said to afford white potatoes, and those with purple 
 flowers, red ones. I have been told that in many 
 
GENUS SOLA'NUM. 61 
 
 parts of Germany, the purpled-flowered potatoes are 
 preferred to the white ; and in Saxony, where they 
 are cried about for sale, the colour of the blossom 
 is always mentioned. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 And these little green balls; are they the seeds ? 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 They are the seed-vessels, and contain the seeds 
 within them. When the seeds of any one plant are 
 sown, they produce a great many different va- 
 rieties : and on this account the Potatoe is propa- 
 gated by planting the eyes ; which are unde- 
 veloped buds, growing on the Tuber, as the buds 
 do on the stems of other plants. This ensures 
 the production of plants of the same quality. 
 
 Look at the anthers, and you will perceive that 
 they are nearly united at top, in a point, and that 
 there are two little holes in each of them ; this is 
 the principal distinguishing character of the genus 
 Sola'num, of which there are more than three hun- 
 dred species; but only. two of these are natives of 
 England, the Dulcama'ra and Ni'grum. You will, 
 perhaps, be surprised to hear that the woody 
 Nightshade, which grows wild in our hedges, and 
 bears the pretty scarlet berries that I have so often 
 told you were poisonous, belongs to the same genus 
 as the potatoe : it is the Sola'num Dulcama'ra. 
 
 The garden Nightshade, Sola'num ni'grum, is 
 
62 DEADLY NIGHTSHADE. IVY. 
 
 also poisonous ; and even the smell of it is said to 
 occasion sleep : the flowers are white, and the ripe 
 berries black. The deadly Nightshade is another 
 plant of the same class and order ; and from its 
 English name you might suppose it to be of the 
 same genus; but the flower is very different; 
 and this may serve to show you how necessary it is 
 to use the botanical names, in speaking of plants, 
 when we wish to distinguish them with accuracy. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 Then what is the botanical name of Deadly 
 Nightshade ? 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 At'ropa Belladon'na. It grows wild in Europe, 
 particularly in England and Austria ; and every 
 part of it is poisonous. 
 
 The Tomato, or Love Apple, that you often see 
 in fruit shops, is the Sola'num Lycoper'sicum : the 
 berry is about the size of a plum, and is used in 
 soups. Another species, the Sola'num Melonge'na, 
 is very much cultivated in Jamaica, and is called 
 the egg-plant, or vegetable-egg, from the fruit 
 which in shape and size is very? like the egg of a hen. 
 
 Our common Ivy, Hed'era He'lix, is also in the 
 class and order, PentandriaMonogynia. It is the 
 only native species of Hed'era, and is the latest 
 flowering of all our plants, for it blossoms in 
 October and November ; but the berries are not 
 ripe until the following spring. 
 
IVY. BUCKTHORN. 63 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 But are not there two kinds of ivy growing on 
 the old church? 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 Although the leaves are different, they belong in 
 reality to the same plant. When the ivy trails on 
 the ground, the branches are small and weak, and 
 the leaves have three divisions; but when it climbs 
 up walls or trees, the plant grows much stronger, 
 and the figure of the leaf is changed to egg-shaped. 
 The roots of the common ivy make beautiful cups 
 and boxes, and I have seen even tables made of 
 them. 
 
 The Buckthorn, Rham'nus cathar'ticus, which 
 belongs to the same class and order, grows wild in 
 woods and hedges in various parts of Europe. 
 The unripe fruit is sold under the name of French 
 berries, and affords a juice which is used for staining 
 maps and paper yellow. The juice of the ripe 
 berries, mixed with alum, forms the sap-green 
 employed by painters ; and if the berries are ga- 
 thered late in autumn, their juice is purple. The 
 bark of the stem dyes a beautiful yellow colour. 
 The unripe fruit of another species, the yellow- 
 berried Buckthorn, Rham'nus infecto'rius, a native 
 of the south of Europe, is said to give the yellow 
 colour to Turkey or Morocco leather. 
 
 In Africa, the negroes make bread of a sweet 
 
64 MYOSC/TIS PALUS'TRIS EXAMINED. 
 
 yellow berry, the fruit of the Rham'nus Lo'tus, 
 which they call Tomberongs. When the berries 
 are dried, they pound them into meal, and make 
 cakes of it, which, when dried in the sun, have the 
 colour and taste of gingerbread. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 Shall not we examine a plant to day ? 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 Yes, certainly ! and I am glad you have re- 
 minded me of it. The best way to learn botany is 
 to examine plants themselves. Here is a piece of 
 water Mouse-ear, Myoso'tis palus'tris [PLATE 8.] 
 tell me its class and order. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 I do not see any stamens ; where are they ? 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 Pull off one of the blossoms, and cut it open 
 with your penknife. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 Now I do see five stamens ; but the anthers are 
 almost covered by the little yellow parts that met 
 in the middle before I opened the flower. 
 
 MOTHER. 
 But you have not told me the order ? 
 
//../// 8. 
 
 Gifyx 
 
 .Blossom opened and magnified: 
 
 Mvosotis palus X tris _ Water Mouse Kui\ 
 Class V: PENTdNDRLA _ OrdfJ MOXO GYM. / 
 
WATER MOUSE-EAR EXAMINED. 65 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 It is the first, Monogynia, for I see only one 
 pistil, which has remained in the calyx. 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 Very well. " The calyx is a cup, with five ob- 
 " long sharp divisions. The blossom is of one petal ; 
 " the border has five blunt divisions, very slightly 
 " notched at the ends ; the mouth, or upper part, 
 " of the tube is closed with five small projecting 
 <6 parts, called Valves: the stamens are placed in 
 " the neck of the tube, and the filaments are very 
 "short; the anthers small, and covered by the 
 " valves. The style is as long as the tube of the 
 "blossom. There is no seed-vessel, but the cup 
 " enlarges as the seeds ripen, and contains them 
 " within it. In this species, Myoso'tis palus'tris, 
 " the leaves are spear-shaped, the seeds smooth, 
 " and the calyx funnel-shaped, with straight and 
 " close-pressed hairs." 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 I think I shall always know Mouse-ear, when I 
 see it, by the little valves in the middle of the 
 blossom. 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 These do form one of the principal characters of 
 
 the genus : but you must attend besides to the other 
 
 circumstances that I have mentioned; for there 
 
 are other genera of the same class and order, which 
 
 F 
 
66 VINE. GENUS RI'BES. 
 
 are furnished with valves, as well as Myoso'tis. 
 The Mouse-ear is also called Forget-me-not. 
 
 The Vine, Vi'tis, is a genus of this class. The 
 common species, vinif era, which produces grapes, 
 is a native of the south of Europe, where a great 
 many varieties are cultivated, from which different 
 kinds of wine are obtained. The fruit, you know, 
 is generally produced in hot-houses in this part of 
 England ; but it grows and ripens very well in the 
 open air in some of the southern counties. And 
 formerly the vine flourished so well in the neigh- 
 bourhood of London, that wine was made there 
 in considerable quantities. Lee and Kennedy's 
 nursery-garden, at Hammersmith, is still called 
 the Vineyard, from the goodness of the grapes 
 which were at one time produced there. 
 
 The Currant and Gooseberry are also in the 
 class Pentandria, and order Monogynia. Their 
 generic name is Ri'bes. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 Then are currants and gooseberries of the same 
 genus ? They look very different from each 
 other, 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 When you examine the plants, you will find 
 that their botanical characters agree. Each of the 
 little yellowish flowers of a currant or gooseberry- 
 bush has five petals, which, as well as the sta- 
 
CURRANT AND GOOSEBERRY. 67 
 
 mens, are fixed to the calyx : the style is cloven ; 
 and the blossom is superior, that is, it grows 
 above the germen; and this germen afterwards 
 becomes the fruit, and contains within it little hard 
 seeds, dispersed through a pulpy substance; as you 
 will find if you open a currant or gooseberry. 
 
 There are several species of Ri'bes, some pro- 
 ducing different sorts of currants, and others goose- 
 berries. All the currant kind are without thorns, 
 and bear clusters of flowers and fruit; but the 
 branches of the gooseberry are thorny; and the 
 flowers are, in general, what is called Solitary, 
 only one growing from the same part of the plant, 
 instead of a bunch. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 Are they all natives of England ? 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 No ; there are not more than six or seven native 
 species : two of gooseberries, and four or five of 
 currants. Both fruits succeed very well in our 
 gardens. 
 
 No thin-skinned fruits, such as grapes, cnerries, 
 currants, strawberries, plums, apricots, and peaches, 
 nor even common apples and pears, come to per- 
 fection in very hot climates ; and this is remark- 
 able, because a much greater number of vegetables 
 seem to be calculated to bear a high degree of 
 warmth, than to endure cold. 
 F 2 
 
68 -" COFFEE. TOBACCO. 
 
 The Coffee-tree is of the genus Coffe'a, in the 
 fifth class, and first order ; the oriental kind Cof- 
 fe'a arab'ica, is a native of Arabia ; and a second 
 species, occidentals, grows in the West Indies. 
 The trees are evergreen, but seldom grow higher 
 than seventeen or eighteen feet. The fruit, which 
 is the only useful part, is like a small cherry, and 
 when fit to be gathered is of a deep red colour ; it 
 contains two seeds, and these, when roasted and 
 ground, are what we make use of. They are col- 
 lected in large quantities, and sent to all parts of 
 Europe. It is said that coffee was first sold in 
 England about the year 1680, by the servant 
 of a Turkish merchant. 
 
 Tobacco, Nicotia'na Tab'acum, is also in this 
 class and order. The custom of smoking it is 
 said to have been introduced in England by Sir 
 Walter Raleigh, after his discovery of Virginia, 
 about the year 1536. King James the First had 
 such a dislike to the fumes of this plant, that he 
 wrote a pamphlet against it, which he called a 
 " Counterblast to Tobacco." It is sold everywhere 
 in China, where, next to Tea, it is considered as 
 the best preservative of health, and is used by all 
 ranks of people. In Italy it is cultivated for use : 
 but we seldom see the plant in England except in 
 greenhouses. It is not however our climate which 
 prevents its being cultivated in the open air, but 
 the regulations of the revenue, by which it is pro- 
 
PRIMROSE. VIOLET. 69 
 
 hibited. It flowers in July and August, and bears 
 a great number of long, tubular, rose-coloured 
 blossoms. 
 
 There are some other genera in the first order 
 of the fifth class, that you will be glad to hear of; 
 the Primrose, Prim'ula; Honeysuckle or Wood- 
 Jbine, Lonice'ra; Bindweed, Convol'vulus ; Peri- 
 winkle, Vin'ca ; Bell-flower, Campan'ula ; and the 
 Violet 3 Vi'ola. You will perhaps be surprised to 
 hear that the Auricula, Prim'ula Auric' ula, so often 
 cultivated in gardens, and a native of Switzerland, 
 belongs to the same genus as the Cowslip, Prim'ula 
 ve'ris, and the Primrose, Prim / ula vulga'ris, which 
 both grow wild in England, and appear in the 
 spring when the violets are in blow. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 Don't you love violets? they smell so sweet, and 
 grow in such pleasant shady places. 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 There are five or six other native species, besides 
 your favourite, the sweet violet, which is called 
 Vi'ola odora'ta ; the Heart's-ease or Pansy, Vi'ola 
 tric'olor, is one of these, though its flower is so 
 different in appearance from that of the sweet- 
 scented species. 
 
 F 3 
 
70 
 
 CONVERSATION THE SEVENTH. 
 
 CLASS 5. CONCLUDED. DESCRIPTION OF AN UMBEL. 
 
 UMBELLIFEROUS PLANTS. ELDER. TEAK-WOOD. 
 
 TAMARISK-TREE. SU ; MACH. FLAX: ITS USES. 
 
 PAPER. 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 BY far the greater portion of the order Digynia, in 
 the fifth class, is composed of what are called Um- 
 belliferous or Umbel'late plants, from the Umbels 
 in which their flowers are disposed, in a very 
 curious arrangement. From the top of a straight 
 stalk several smaller ones, called spokes, spread 
 out, like the wires in the inside of an umbrella 
 when it is open (the word umbella, indeed, is 
 the Latin for an umbrella). Each set of spokes 
 forms what is called an Umbel ; and every spoke 
 is terminated by another little umbrella or Um- 
 lellule^ which consists of a number of smaller stalks, 
 with a single flower at the end of each. You 
 cannot have better examples of this tribe than the 
 common Hemlock and garden Parsley. 
 
UMBELLIFEROUS PLANTS. 71 
 
 Several of the umbelliferous plants are remark- 
 able for their uses as food or medicine, or else for 
 their poisonous qualities. The roots of most of 
 those which grow in dry soils have a spicy smell 
 and taste; but in moist situations, or in water, they 
 are nearly all poisonous. 
 
 The water Cow-bane, Cicu'ta vin/sa, grows in 
 pools and rivers, and is one of the most violent of 
 vegetable poisons. Early in the spring cows are 
 often killed by eating it; but as the summer ad- 
 vances, the smell of the plant becomes stronger, and 
 they carefully avoid it. Linnaeus mentions, in his 
 Lapland Tour, that he was told of a disease amongst 
 the cattle at Torneo, which killed a great many of 
 them in the winter, but was still more prevalent in 
 the spring, when they were first turned out to grass; 
 and which the inhabitants could not account for. 
 
 On examining the place where the cattle had fed, 
 he found it to be a marsh, in which the Cicu'ta vi- 
 ro'sa grew in abundance ; and by pointing out the 
 plant, he enabled the people to guard against the 
 danger ever after. 
 
 The water Parsnep, Si'um latifo'lium, and water 
 Hemlock, Phellan'drium aquat'icum, both natives 
 of England, are also very poisonous. The carrot, 
 Dau'cus Caro'ta; Parsnep, Pastina'ca sati'va; An- 
 gelica, Angelica Archangel'ica; Carraway, Ca'rum 
 Car'ui , Coriander, Corian'drum sati'vum ; Earth- 
 nut, Bu'nium flexuo'sum; Fennel, Me'um Foanic'-* 
 F 4 
 
72 ANGELICA. COW PARSNEP. CARROT. 
 
 ulum; Parsley, A'pium Petroseli'num; and celery, 
 A'pium grave'olens ; most of which you are ac- 
 quainted with, are all umbelliferous plants, and 
 grow wild in England. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 Do Carrots grow wild in the fields ? 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 The garden carrot is nothing more than the wild 
 carrot or Bird's-nest, but so much improved by 
 cultivation that^ou would hardly suppose them to 
 be the same. A comparison of this plant in the 
 wild and cultivated state affords a good illustration 
 of the effect of culture, which sometimes renders 
 useless weeds most serviceable vegetables. The 
 roots of the garden carrot are very nourishing; 
 and at the Cape of Good Hope the Dutch planters 
 cultivate large fields of it, as food for their cattle. 
 
 Angelica grows very abundantly in Greenland, 
 where the inhabitants consider the inner part of its 
 root and stalk as a great delicacy. Like many 
 other eatable plants, it has a much better flavour in 
 cold climates than in warmer countries. Some of 
 the gardeners near London propagate great quan- 
 tities of this plant, which they sell to the confec- 
 tioners who make a sweetmeat of the tender stalks. 
 
 In Poland, the poor people make a fermented 
 drink, which they use instead of ale, from the 
 
DISTINCTIONS OF UMBEI/LATE PLANTS. 73 
 
 leaves and seeds of the cow-parsnep, Herac'leum 
 Sphondyl'ium, another umbellate plant, which is 
 a troublesome weed in our meadows; and the 
 Kamschatkans and Russians peal its stalks and 
 eat them. 
 
 But do you think you can distinguish an umbel- 
 liferous plant from any other, by the description 
 that I have given you ? Go out, and try if you 
 can find one. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 Here, mamma, are two, from the side of the field, 
 next the road. 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 You have made a very good attempt, my dear ; 
 and are right in one of them, the Shepherd's needle, 
 Scan'dex Pec'ten. And I am not surprised at your 
 taking the other for an umbelliferous plant, as it 
 certainly has the general appearance of one. It is 
 the common Elder, Sambu'cus ni'gra. But if you 
 look again, you will find that it has not exactly the 
 structure which I have described to you; for* 
 though all the principal ribs grow from the same 
 stalk, like those in the umbel of the shepherd's 
 needle, there are no umbellules, the smaller stalks 
 not being regularly arranged. 
 
 The character of the umbelliferous tribe is in 
 part, also, taken from the structure of the flower 
 itself. In umbellate plants, the corolla has five 
 
74 ELDER LEAVES. 
 
 petals, with a stamen between every two; and two 
 styles, each with a single summit, which rise from 
 the centre of the flower, and remain after the petals 
 and stamens fall off, so as to crown the two seeds. 
 
 Now look at your Elder, and you will see that 
 the blossom, instead of having five petals, is of one 
 piece, divided into five parts: there are, it is true, 
 five stamens, but there is no style ; and you will 
 more frequently find three summits than two. 
 The fruit of the elder is a soft berry ; but in the 
 umbelliferous tribe it consists of two dry and naked 
 seeds. 
 
 The branches of the elder tree are full of a very 
 light kind of pith, but the wood of the trunk is 
 uncommonly tough and close grained. You will 
 generally find that stems which contain the most 
 pith are protected on the outside by wood that is 
 particularly strong and elastic. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 Why does the gardener spread elder leaves near 
 mole-hills ? 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 To keep away the moles, which will not come 
 near elder. You may have seen the coachman also 
 fixing branches of it on the horses' heads, to keep 
 off the flies, for few insects can endure the smell of 
 this plant. The faculty that most animals possess, 
 of distinguishing plants from each other by the 
 
ELM-TREE. 
 
 75 
 
 smell or taste, and of avoiding those which are 
 noxious, is very extraordinary, and of great import- 
 ance to them. If all plants were equally wholesome 
 to animals of every kind, some animals might de- 
 prive others of subsistence ; whereas, at present, 
 each kind has its appropriate food, which is agree- 
 able to their sense of smell or taste, and cannot feed 
 on other vegetables without suffering. 
 
 The common Elm-tree, Ul'mus campes'tris, is 
 in the order Digynia of the fifth class. It grows 
 wild in England, and the wood is very serviceable, 
 where it can be kept, constantly, either dry or 
 moist. It is used for water-works, mills, pumps, 
 and keels of boats, from its not being disposed to 
 split or crack ; and coffins also are made of it, be- 
 cause it lasts longer under ground than most other 
 timber. The clearness of the grain makes elm par- 
 ticularly fitted for carved works, and architectural 
 ornaments. Silk-worms devour the tender leaves 
 with great avidity. The flowers have a smell re- 
 sembling that of violets ; in this country, they do 
 not commonly produce perfect seeds, and the 
 tree is propagated by suckers and grafts ; but the 
 seeds have ripened, among other places, at Lea- 
 Park near Canterbury. The city of Ulm, in Ger- 
 many, derives its name from the great number of 
 Elm-trees that grow in its neighbourhood. 
 
 The North American Indians hollow the trunks 
 of the red Elm, Ul'mus america'na, into canoes, 
 
76 SAMPHIRE. 
 
 some of which, made out of one trunk, will hold 
 twenty persons. Bears and wild cats sometimes 
 live in the hollow stems of these trees during the 
 winter months. 
 
 Samphire, Crith'mum marit'imum, is in the 
 same class and order with the Elm : it grows 
 wild on the sea-shore, but is never covered by the 
 water ; and a knowledge of this was useful, in a 
 way that might not have been expected, to some 
 French sailors, who were shipwrecked near 
 Beachy-head, in Sussex. The vessel, to which 
 these poor men belonged, was driven on shore by 
 a storm, in the month of November, 1821 ; the 
 whole crew were washed overboard; and only four 
 escaped from the sea by climbing to the top of a 
 heap of rocks which had fallen from the cliff above. 
 It was a very dark night; and they expected every 
 moment to be swallowed up by the waves, when 
 one of them found a plant, growing among the 
 rocks, which he knew to be samphire. As this 
 convinced them that the tide did not rise so high, 
 they knew that they were safe, and did not move 
 from the place till day- break, when they were seen 
 by the people on the cliffs, who immediately came 
 to their assistance. 
 
 I shall conclude to-day, by telling you something 
 about a few foreign trees, and our own useful 
 plant, the Flax, which are in the class Pent- 
 andria. 
 
TEAK-WOOD. TAMARISK. 77 
 
 The Marking-nut tree, Semicar / pus anacarMium, 
 is a native of woody mountains in the East Indies. 
 It is a lofty tree, and bears a fruit which contains 
 a black resinous juice, that is used in the East for 
 marking linen. This is done by putting the linen 
 over the nut, and pricking it till the juice comes 
 through, which makes a stain that never washes 
 out. The fleshy receptacle, when roasted, has the 
 flavour of apples, and is eaten by the natives of 
 India. 
 
 The forests of Java, Ceylon, and some other 
 islands in the East Indies, afford a very valuable 
 tree called the Indian oak, or Teak-wood, Tec'tona 
 gran'dis. The leaves, even of the young trees, are 
 nearly two feet long and more than a foot in 
 breadth. The trunk grows to a great size, and 
 the wood is the most useful timber of the East ; 
 it is supposed to be superior to every other for 
 building ships, as the worms which destroy deal 
 and oak, do not injure it. 
 
 The order Trigynia contains, besides other 
 genera, the Tamarisk- tree, one species of which 
 Tam'arix gal'lica, grows wild on the southern 
 coast of England, the Guelder-rose, or Snow- 
 ball tree, Viburnum Op'ulus, the Laurusti'nus, 
 Viburnum Ti'nus, and the Sumach-tree, Rhus. 
 The Varnish-sumach-tree, Rhus Ver'nix, produces 
 the gum from which the Japanese make their beau- 
 tiful black varnish. 
 
78 FLAX. PAPER. 
 
 The common flax, Li'nurn usitatis'simum, in 
 the order Pentagynia of this class, is one of the 
 most valuable of plants ; for every kind of linen is 
 manufactured from the bark of its stalks ; and 
 linen worn to rags makes paper. It is said that 
 the plant came originally from Egypt ; but it is 
 now found wild in many parts of England. The 
 seeds afford linseed-oil, which is used in great 
 quantities for painting; and after the oil has been 
 pressed out they form what are called oil-cakes, 
 with which cattle are fattened. The Linnet has its 
 name from the Li'nuin, because flax-seed is its 
 favourite food. You will be interested very much 
 by reading an account of the method of preparing 
 flax for making linen. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 Is all paper made of linen rags ? 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 No : what we most commonly use in England 
 is so ; but there are several other kinds, made of 
 different materials. Paper was first manufactured 
 in Europe about the year 1300; and it appears 
 to have been first made of linen towards the 
 beginning of the fourteenth century, but the in- 
 ventor is not known. The first paper-mill in 
 England was erected in 1 588. 
 
 In ancient Egypt paper was made of the in- 
 ner coat of the stem of the Papy'rus, Cy'perus 
 
PAPER OF VARIOUS SORTS. 79 
 
 Papy'rus, a species of rush, in the class Triandria, 
 which still grows on the banks of the Nile. The 
 plant was much valued by the Egyptians, who ap- 
 plied it to several other useful purposes, and it is 
 often represented on their monuments. They made 
 vases of the roots ; and boats of the stalks, woven 
 together and coated over with some resinous sub- 
 stance. When the bark of the stalk is peeled off, 
 the inside can be separated into very thin layers, 
 and of this they made not only paper, but a kind 
 of cloth for dresses. Their mode of making paper 
 was to place a number of these layers close beside 
 each other, with as many more ranged across them, 
 and then to wet the whole with water, which made 
 the different pieces stick together. When this was 
 pressed and dried, it was equal to our paper in 
 solidity and lightness. 
 
 In China paper is prepared from the bark of 
 several different trees ; among others, of the elm 
 and mulberry, but chiefly of the cotton-tree. Great 
 quantities of paper are now made in Europe from 
 cotton rags; but it is not so good as that from 
 linen. Our blotting-paper is made principally of 
 woollen rags; and our coarse brown paper, of pieces 
 of old rope. I have seen, also, paper that was 
 manufactured of silk, straw, sea-weed, and even of 
 leather ; this last kind was said to be particularly 
 useful for packing, as it was water-proof, and did 
 not easily tear, or take fire. 
 
 
80 BOOK. ROLL. VOLUME. 
 
 The word Paper is derived from the Egyptian 
 plant papyrus; and from the general custom 
 among the ancients of writing on the leaves of 
 trees, our books are still said to be composed of 
 leaves. 
 
 Liber, the Latin name for a book, signifies also 
 the inner bark of a tree, which the ancients used 
 to write upon; and Volumen, a roll, was the 
 manuscript rolled up ; from whence come our 
 words Library and Volume. The English word 
 Book comes from the Saxon boc, or beech, be- 
 cause beechen tablets were formerly used to write 
 on. 
 
81 
 
 CONVERSATION THE EIGHTH. 
 
 CLASS 6. HEXAN'DRIA. GAL AN'THUSNIVA'LIS, SNOW- 
 DROP, EXAMINED. NECTARIES. BARBERRY ; ITS 
 
 FILAMENTS. SORREL. AMERICAN ALOE. INDIAN 
 
 REED LARGE PLANTS OF HOT CLIMATES. GREAT 
 
 FAX-PALM. ARISTOLO'CHIA. ADANSO'NIA. 
 
 CLIMBERS. TENDRILS. TERMS EXPLAINED. LI- 
 LIES. BULBOUS ROOTS. KAMSCHATKA LILY. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 WHAT shall we do to-day, Mamma ? I hope we 
 shall examine a plant in the sixth class. 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 I believe, my dear, that the Snowdrop is one of 
 the best examples you can have, for the flower is 
 very remarkable; and the only species which is 
 known is a native of England. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 But the Snowdrop has done flowering long ago. 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 Very true: it is one of our earliest spring flow- 
 ers. You remember Mrs. Barbauld's lines, which 
 G 
 
82 , SNOWDROP EXAMINED. 
 
 I gave you to learn in the winter, when you 
 brought me the first Snowdrop from the garden. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 Already now the Snowdrop dares appear, 
 The first pale blossom of the unripen'd year : 
 As nature's breath, by some transforming power, 
 Had changed an icicle into a flower ; 
 Its name and hue the scentless plant retains, 
 And winter lingers in its icy veins. 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 We cannot, then, procure a living plant at pre- 
 sent : but I will read you a description of it, 
 which you may compare with this drawing 
 [PLATE 9.], and you must not forget next spring 
 to examine a real one. " The flower has six 
 66 stamens and one pistil; " it is therefore in the 
 class Hexandria, and order Monogynia. " There 
 " is no cup, but instead of one a sheath," a kind 
 of calyx, of which this plant affords a very good 
 example : and " there are six petals, three smaller 
 " than the rest, standing within the other three, 
 " and notched at the ends." 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 How very different the small ones are from the 
 other petals ! 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 For this reason they were considered by Linnaeus 
 
I'LATK .'I. 
 
 Stamen 
 
 I'-a'aiithus uivalis .Snowdrop. 
 \\.HKXAXURIA. Order MO-\OY.\/.\. 
 
NECTARIES. 83 
 
 as distinct from the petals, and called by him the 
 Nectaries. In the snowdrop, these three inner 
 parts of the flower, whether we call them nectaries 
 or petals, form the distinguishing character of the 
 genus, which is named Galan'thus. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 But when we were examining the wallflower, 
 you said that the nectaries were little green 
 bodies, surrounding the lower part of the sta- 
 mens. 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 Yes; but I also told you, that nectaries had very 
 different forms in different flowers. The use of 
 the nectary is very doubtful ; but it has been sup- 
 posed to be intended to contain the honey, which 
 some plants produce. In monopetalous flowers, 
 the tube of the blossom itself answers this purpose; 
 but in flowers with several petals, and open calyxes, 
 which have no tube for the honey, there is in ge- 
 neral a distinct part which holds it. 
 
 In some genera, the nectary is a sort of horn 
 or spur, at the back of the flower, as you will see 
 very distinctly in the Larkspur and Columbine. 
 There is a genus in the fifth class, called Par- 
 nas'sia, in which the nectaries are very curious ; 
 and in the species Palus'tris, which grows wild 
 in England, they are particularly beautiful. 
 There are five in every flower, placed alternately 
 G 2 
 
84 GALAN'THUS NIVA'LIS EXAMINED. 
 
 between the stamens, and each of them consists 
 of a little heart-shaped substance, beautifully 
 fringed with bristles : every bristle bearing on its 
 extremity a transparent yellow ball, which looks 
 like melted wax. Here is a little drawing 
 that will give you some idea of their figure. 
 The English name of the Parnas'sia palus'- 
 tris is Grass of Parnassus. 
 
 But let us return to our Snowdrop. " The fila- 
 " ments, in the genus Galan'thus, are very short, 
 " and the anthers end in a fine point like a bristle. 
 " The pistil is longer than the stamens ; the style 
 " thread-shaped ; and the germen is rather large, 
 " roundish, and inferior ; " that is, placed below 
 the blossom, so that you can see it without pulling 
 off the petals. The specific name of the snowdrop 
 is Niva'lis. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 You have not described the leaves or the root. 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 It is not necessary to do so, for the purpose of 
 distinction^ when there is but one species known 
 of any genus. The character of the genus, as I have 
 told you, depends upon the structure of the flower; 
 and the distinctions between the species, principally 
 upon differences in the roots, leaves, or other parts. 
 But where there is only one species, as of Galan'- 
 
TULIP. PINE- APPLE. 85 
 
 thus, we have not any others to compare it with, 
 and cannot form a specific character. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 I like to examine plants that have but one 
 species. 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 It certainly is less difficult for a beginner, than 
 when there are many ; which is my reason for 
 choosing such plants for you, when I can. 
 
 You already know that the Tulip is in the sixth 
 class. One of the species, called the wild Tulip 
 Tu'lipa sylves'tris, is a native of England. It 
 differs from the garden Tulip, Tu'lipa Gesneria'na, 
 which grows wild in the Levant, in having narrow 
 leaves, a flower that nods or bends downwards, and 
 is fragrant : the pollen also, on the anthers of the 
 native species, is yellow, instead of black. 
 
 The garden Tulip was first brought from Con- 
 stantinople, about the middle of the sixteenth cen- 
 tury, to Vienna; whence it has found its way over 
 all the rest of Europe. 
 
 The Pine-apple, Brome'lia An'anas, that you see 
 in the hot-house ; Lily-of-the- Valley, Convalla'ria 
 maja'lis ; Asparagus, Asparagus officina'lis ; Hya- 
 cinth, Hyacin'thus non-scrip'tus ; Daffodil, Nar- 
 cis'sus Pseu'do-Narcis'sus ; Barberry, Ber'beris 
 vulga'ris; Garlic, Ariium Schcenopra'sum ; and 
 Sweet-rush, Ac'orus Cai'amus ; are amongst the 
 G 3 
 
86 HYACINTH. DOUBLE FLOWERS. 
 
 plants in the first order of the sixth class. They 
 are all natives of England, except the pine-apple, 
 which is said to have come originally from South 
 America; the English name for the fruit was given 
 from the resemblance of its shape to the cone or 
 seed-vessel of some of the pine-trees. 
 
 The garden Hyacinth, Hyacin'thus orienta'lis, 
 is a native of the Levant. The flower was formerly 
 admired, in its simple or single state, on account of 
 the regularity and equality of the petals ; and double 
 hyacinths were then no more valued, than double 
 tulips are now. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 What are double flowers ? 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 All flowers, which have a greater number of pe- 
 tals than usual, are commonly called Double ; 
 but, strictly speaking, they should be called double, 
 treble, quadruple, and so on, according to the 
 number of rows of the petals. Great richness of 
 soil, and high cultivation, have such an effect upon 
 plants, that they grow very luxuriantly ; and the 
 stamens, in some kinds, are converted into petals. 
 When all the stamens are changed in this way, the 
 flower is said to be " Full," and can no longer pro- 
 duce seeds; and in order to bring back the plant to 
 its natural state, we ought to put it into a poorer 
 soil; or, in other words, to give it less food, or 
 
FILAMENTS OF THE BARBERRY. 87 
 
 not of so rich a quality. Flowers which have many 
 petals often become full; but those of one petal are 
 more disposed to be changed into double or treble, 
 &c., which botanists call being Multiplied. In 
 either state, they are generally thought to be more 
 beautiful, and are very much valued by gardeners. 
 A Dutch florist at Haerlem used to throw the 
 double hyacinths out of his collection ; till, by ac- 
 cident, one of them attracted his attention, and 
 appeared to be so beautiful, that he cultivated the 
 plant, and raised others from it. These were so 
 much prized, that he sold them at a high price, and 
 afterwards cultivated double flowers with as much 
 care as he had formerly taken to reject them ; and, 
 at last, double hyacinths came into such request, 
 that from one to two hundred pounds have been 
 given for a single root. 
 
 The genus Al'lium includes the different species 
 of Leek, Onion, Shalot, and Garlic. The broad- 
 leaved leek, Al'lium Por / rum, and the common 
 onion, Al'lium Ce'pa, which are cultivated in al- 
 most every cottage garden in this country, are 
 natives of Switzerland. 
 
 There is one circumstance relating to the Bar- 
 berry, Ber'beris vulga'ris, that deserves particular 
 attention. The flowers contain six stamens, each 
 of them fastened by its lower part to one of the 
 petals, which are also six in number : the filaments 
 G 4 
 
 
88 SORREL. 
 
 spread out a little, and the anthers are covered by 
 the upper part of the petals. If any thing, an 
 insect, for example, in search of honey, touches 
 the filament near the bottom, it immediately con- 
 tracts, and strikes its anther against the summit of 
 the pistil ; but any other part of the filament may 
 be touched without producing this effect. The 
 filament which has contracted gradually goes back 
 of itself to its original position, and may be made 
 to move as before, several times, without losing 
 this property ; and even when the petals fall off, 
 along with the stamens which are fixed to them, 
 the filament still retains the power of moving. 
 
 The berries of the barberry are so very acid, 
 that birds will not eat them; but we use them 
 boiled with sugar as a sweetmeat. The leaves 
 also are very acid. In Poland, the bark of the 
 root is used for dyeing leather of a beautiful yellow 
 colour. 
 
 Sorrel, Ru'mex aceto'sa, and Meadow-saffron, 
 Col'chicum autumna'le, are in the order Trigynia 
 of this class. The Laplanders use Sorrel in pre- 
 paring a kind of whey from reindeer's milk, which 
 will keep a long time. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 Is that the same kind of Sorrel that we some- 
 tunes eat when we gather it in the fields ? 
 
ALOE. RICE. 89 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 Yes ; and it is also used in salad. In France 
 another species, Ru'mex scuta'tus, French sorrel, 
 is cultivated for the table. 
 
 I must not forget the Aloe, which was first intro- 
 duced into Europe from America in the year 1561, 
 and is now planted for hedges in Spain, Sicily, 
 and Calabria. 
 
 It is a common opinion that this plant blossoms 
 only once in one hundred years ; but the time of its 
 flowering depends on the quickness of its growth : 
 so that in hot countries, where it grows fast, it 
 blossoms after a few years, but in colder climates 
 it is much longer before even the stem shoots up. 
 When vigorous, it grows to the height of more 
 than twenty feet. 
 
 The tallest aloe of which there is any account, 
 was in the King of Prussia's garden, and grew to 
 forty feet high. In another plant, which flou- 
 rished in Cheshire, in the year 1737, the stem began 
 to appear in June, and grew five inches a day for 
 some weeks; the flower branches were perfected in 
 twelve weeks, and then ceased to grow for a month, 
 while the buds were forming. This plant produced 
 one thousand and fifty flowers ; but one that 
 blossomed at Leyden, in 1760, produced more 
 than four thousand. 
 
 The Rice-plant, Ory'za, is in the order Digynia 
 of this class ; but it has the form and structure of 
 the grasses, and differs from them only in the num- 
 
90 INDIAN REED. RATAN. 
 
 ber of the stamens. Linnaeus was acquainted with 
 but one species, the Ory'za sati'va; but I believe 
 that others have been since discovered. The 
 common rice is a native of India, and throughout 
 the East is of the greatest importance to the in- 
 habitants, as an article of food. Rice is also much 
 cultivated in the north of Italy. 
 
 The Indian Reed, Cal'amus petrae'us, is another 
 plant of the class Hexandria, which also in some 
 respects resembles a grass ; but the stems grow to 
 more than a hundred feet in height, and are then 
 at least as thick as a man's arm. They are used 
 in Cochin-China for making soldiers' pikes; and 
 the inner part of the young shoots is eaten by the 
 natives. Another species of Cal'amus, the ro'tang, 
 or ratan, has very smooth glossy stems, marked 
 with dark spots : it grows abundantly on both sides 
 of the Straits of Malacca, from whence it is sent 
 into Europe. The long spaces between the joints 
 are used for walking-canes. A third species, Cal'- 
 amus ver'nus, is very common in forests in the 
 East Indies : though not thicker than a man's 
 finger, it often grows to the length of more than a 
 hundred feet ; and when split into strips, is used 
 for making ropes, the seats of chairs, and different 
 parts of several other articles of furniture. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 How very large the plants in India seem to be ! 
 
LARGE PLANTS OF WARM CLIMATES. 91 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 In all hot countries vegetables grow to a much 
 greater size, and are found in greater abundance 
 than in cold climates, where they are diminutive, 
 and few in number. The difference of size in 
 going south from England begins to be perceived 
 even in Italy, where millet, a sort of corn, attains 
 the height of four or five yards. In the Island of 
 Jamaica, in Madagascar, and on the coast of Co- 
 romandel, botanists have hitherto found from four 
 to five thousand native species of plants ; in Pied- 
 mont, two thousand eight hundred ; in Branden- 
 burg, two thousand; in Sweden, about thirteen 
 hundred ; in Iceland, five hundred and fifty-three ; 
 in Lapland, five hundred and thirty-four ; in Spitz- 
 bergen, only thirty. 
 
 In the East Indies there is a plant called the 
 greatFan-palm, Cor'ypha umbraculif era, with leaves 
 more than six yards in breadth, which have the 
 form of an umbrella; and a species of Aristolo'chia*, 
 that grows on the banks of the river La Madalina, 
 in South America, has flowers so large that the 
 children use them in play for hats. Another 
 species of this genus, Aristolo'chia clemafitis, 
 grows wild in our woods and hedges. 
 
 The Monkey's Bread-tree, Adanso'nia digita'ta, 
 is found on the banks of the river Senegal in Africa, 
 
 * Class Hexandria, of Withering; but in the twentieth 
 class, Gynandria, of Linnaeus. 
 
92 CLIMBERS. 
 
 and the genus has its name from M. Adanson, a 
 French traveller, who resided several years in that 
 country. The roots often spread to more than a 
 hundred feet around; the top is crowded with 
 great branches, like trees, which run out from it 
 in all directions, and touch the ground at their ex- 
 tremities ; and though the stem is not more than 
 twelve or fifteen feet high, it is often from eighty 
 to ninety feet round. You will not, then, be sur- 
 prised to hear that whole families of negroes some- 
 times live in the hollow trunk of this singular tree; 
 which is remarkably long-lived, and has been even 
 computed to live more than a thousand years. 
 
 Near the equator, too, gigantic climbers are 
 found, which grow to the length of several hun- 
 dred yards. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 What are Climbers? 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 Im a glad that you have asked this question"; and 
 whenever I mention any thing that you do not quite 
 understand, you must not hesitate to say so. Plants 
 are called climbers, when they are unable to sup- 
 port themselves, but take advantage of whatever is 
 near to raise themselves upon ; such as the Vine, 
 and Virgin's bower. Many of these are furnished 
 with tendrils, or claspers, with which they take hold 
 of whatever can support them; some of them twist- 
 
CLIMBERS. 93 
 
 ing round their prop from left to right, or according 
 to the apparent motion of the sun, as the Honey- 
 suckle; and others, on the contrary, from right to 
 left, as the great Bind-weed. In some instances, as 
 in the black Bryony, the tendril twists itself a 
 certain number of times one way, and then takes a 
 contrary direction, probably for the purpose of se- 
 curing a more certain hold. 
 
 The common Ivy, Hede'ra he'lix, is a climber; 
 and what are generally mistaken for the roots are 
 in reality tendrils, which grow in the form of small 
 fibres along the stem or branches, on the side next 
 the supporter ; insinuating themselves into the very 
 substance of it, if a vegetable, and fixing themselves 
 like real roots; or clinging even to naked walls: 
 for they are covered with hairs, which yield a gluey 
 substance, that fastens them to the smoothest 
 surfaces. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 Then Hops, I suppose, are climbers ? 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 Yes ; and the poles are used to encourage their 
 growth, by giving support to the young branches- 
 In countries where wine is made, entire fields are 
 planted with vines, which are supported on poles, 
 just like the hops that you have seen in Kent and 
 Surrey. And now, while I recollect it, I will tell 
 you the distinctions between the terms Tree, Shrub* 
 
94 TREE. SHRUB. UNDER-SHRUB. HERB. 
 
 Under- Shrub, and Herb, which are frequently em- 
 ployed by botanists. 
 
 TREES bear flowers for several years in succes- 
 sion, and send up a lofty trunk, divided at the top 
 into many branches. 
 
 A SHRUB is like a small tree ; with a woody 
 stem, which lasts many years, but begins to be 
 divided into branches near the ground. 
 
 An UNDER SHRUB is described by Decandolle, 
 a French botanist, as a plant of whose stems the 
 lower part only is woody ; but the upper part, 
 being of an herbaceous nature, dies every year. 
 
 HERBS, or HERBACEOUS PLANTS, have soft, not 
 woody, stems. If they bear leaves and seeds within 
 one year arid then die, they are called Annuals ; 
 when they bear leaves in the first year, and flowers 
 in the second, and then die, they are Biennials ; 
 and if they live and flower for more than two years, 
 they are called Perennials. 
 
 The Oak and Horse-Chestnut are trees; Myrtle 
 and Privet are shrubs; Candy-tuft is an under 
 shrub; Parsley and Mint are herbs. 
 
 Climate and cultivation have great effect upon 
 the growth and duration of all plants ; so that, in 
 warm climates, the shrubs of cold countries attain 
 the size of trees ; and, in a few instances, even 
 herbaceous plants become as large as the trees in 
 our orchards. On the contrary, the trees of warm 
 or temperate climates dwindle into shrubs in cold 
 
LILIES. BULBS. 95 
 
 countries. The colours, too, in tropical flowers, 
 particularly those of Asia, are much richer and 
 more variegated than in those of cold climates, 
 which are principally white and blue. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 What is the meaning of Tropical? 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 It is a term used in geography, which you will 
 find explained in books on that subject. The 
 space that lies between what are called the Tropics 
 is more directly under the influence of the sun, and 
 much warmer than any other part of the globe. 
 But I used the words Tropical plants only to sig- 
 nify those which grow in the warmest climates of 
 the world. 
 
 I must not omit the Lil'ium, a genus which be- 
 longs to the sixth class, and one of the most im- 
 portant in a very numerous tribe, which bears the 
 general name of Lilies. The flowers of this genus 
 are very beautiful, being shaped like a bell, and 
 composed of six petals, generally of the most 
 brilliant colours. The roots are round, fleshy, 
 Bulbs ; a sort of root of which there are several 
 different kinds, and of which the Crocus and Snow- 
 drop afford good examples. [PLATES 5. and 9.] 
 In the tulip the bulb is solid, hard, and smooth: in 
 the lily it is scaly, something like the skin of a fish, 
 
96 KAMSCHATKA LILY. 
 
 or the cup of a thistle : and in the onion it is 
 coated, which means, composed of layers one 
 over another. 
 
 Bulbs are commonly considered, and very often 
 described, as roots ; perhaps because they are 
 lodged entirely in the ground when planted by the 
 gardener ; but the true root of the plant is, not 
 the bulb, but the fibres that issue from its under sur- 
 face ; and if these are cut away, the bulb will not 
 grow. Linnaeus calls the bulb the winter quarters 
 of the future plant, furnished with a root suitable 
 
 to its peculiar structure. 
 
 % 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 Are turnips bulbous roots ? 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 No ; but they are sometimes described as such. 
 What we call the turnip, and generally consider as 
 the root, is only a kind of intermediate stem, swelled 
 into a bulbous form, between the real stem and the 
 root. 
 
 The bulbous roots of the Kamschatka Lily, 
 Lil'ium Camschatcen'se, called by the natives Sa- 
 ranne, forms a principal part of the food of the in- 
 habitants of that country ; and, fortunately for 
 them, it is very abundant, all the grounds in 
 Kamschatka blooming with its flowers in summer. 
 During the season when fish is scarce, the Saranne 
 is plentiful ; and at other times the rivers supply 
 
KAMSCHATKA LILY. 97 
 
 provision. The roots are gathered by the women, 
 dried in the sun, and laid up for use. After being 
 baked, they are ground into powder, or flour, of 
 which the best Kamschatkan bread is made ; and 
 they are also sometimes eaten like potatoes. 
 
 But it is not to the labour of the women alone 
 that the Kamschatkans are indebted for a stock of 
 these roots ; a species of mouse saves them a great 
 deal of trouble in procuring it. The Saranne forms 
 part of the winter provision of that little animal, 
 which not only gathers them in the proper season, 
 and lays them up in its magazines, but has the fore- 
 sight to bring them out to dry in sunny weather 
 to prevent their decaying. The natives search for 
 these hoards ; but always take care to leave a part 
 for the micey that these useful little creatures may 
 not perish for want of food. 
 
98 
 
 CONVERSATION THE NINTH. 
 
 CLASS 7. HEPTAN'DRIA TRIENTA'LIS. HORSE- 
 
 CHESNUT-TREE CLASS 8. OCTAN'DRIA. HEATHS. 
 
 DAPH'NE MEZE'REUM, COMMON MEZEREON, EXA- 
 MINED. MAPLE. NUT-TREE. WALNUT. BALM 
 
 OF GILEAD. POPLAR. CORK-TREE. OAK; ITS 
 
 VARIOUS USES. CLASS 9. ENNEAN'DRIA. BU'TO- 
 
 MUS UMBELLA'TUS, FLOWERING-RUSH, EXAMINED. 
 LAUREL-TREE. CINNAMON. CAMPHOR. RHU- 
 BARB. 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 WE are now come to the least numerous of all the 
 Linnean classes, the seventh, Heptandria ; of 
 which there is but one genus native in England ; 
 and of that only one species is known, the Chick- 
 weed Wintergreen, Trienta'lis europae'a. It grows 
 in woods, and on turfy heaths in the northern 
 counties, but you are not likely to meet with it in 
 our own neighbourhod. 
 
 The Horse-chesnut, ^Es'culus Hippocas'tanum, 
 in the first order of the class Heptandria, is a native 
 of the northern parts of Asia, whence it was in- 
 troduced into Europe, about the year 1 500. There 
 are several Horse-chesnut trees in our plantations, 
 
HORSE-CHESNUT. BUDS. 99 
 
 
 
 and you know how beautiful the buds and-flowers 
 are, in the months of April and May. The tree 
 affords a fine shade while the leaves remain upon 
 it, but as they begin to fall in July, it soon loses its 
 beauty. Deer are particularly fond of the nuts ; 
 which, in Turkey, are ground and mixed with the 
 horses' food: and in England a paste or size is 
 prepared from them, which is preferred by book- 
 binders and paper-hangers to that made from 
 wheaten flour. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 Is the wood of the Horse-chesnut made any 
 use of ? 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 None, that I know of, except for water-pipes 
 underground ; but I have heard that the bark is 
 sometimes used in medicine. The prickly husks 
 of the nuts are used in tanning leather. 
 
 In England and all cold climates, trees and 
 shrubs are universally provided with buds ; which 
 seem to be intended to protect the new parts about 
 to be added to the plant, from the cold ; since the 
 same trees which are furnished with buds in our 
 climate do not produce them in hot countries. 
 The bud of the Horse-chesnut is remarkably large 
 and beautiful. 
 
 The eighth class, Octandria, contains a very 
 numerous and beautiful genus, that of the Heaths, 
 Eri'ca, which is confined entirely to Europe and 
 H 2 
 
100 GENUS ERl'CA, HEATHS. 
 
 the southern parts of Africa. The country about 
 the Cape of Good Hope especially abounds with 
 them ; the Cape alone, it is said, producing more 
 than two hundred and fifty species. It is remark- 
 able that this genus has not yet been discovered 
 in New Holland, Asia, or the continent of Ame- 
 rica ; and, what is still more extraordinary, it does 
 not occur between the tropics, although found 
 both in the Northern and Southern hemispheres 
 in corresponding latitudes. The heaths in general 
 are not fragrant, but the Eri'ca o'dor-ro'sea has a 
 scent like otto of roses, and the tenuiflo'ra has the 
 odour of a carnation. 
 
 Our native heaths, of which there are five, 
 though inferior to the foreign species, are very 
 beautiful. The most common, vulga'ris, is very 
 useful to the poor inhabitants of the north of Scot- 
 land, who make beds, and thatch the roofs of their 
 cottages, with it. In England and Ireland, brooms 
 are made of its branches ; and in the island of 
 Islay, one of the Western Isles, ale is sometimes 
 made of the young tops, with the addition of a 
 little malt. Bees extract a great deal of honey 
 from the flow'ers of heath. 
 
 Here is a drawing of the Mezereon, [PLATE 10.] 
 a plant in the order Monogynia of this class ; 
 which you must be contented with for this year, as 
 the plant itself flowers in February and March, 
 and is now out of blow. 
 
fLATE 
 
 DapKiie Me z e'reu m _ f <'//////"/> JA ?//?>// 
 Class VIII OCTAXDIUA Border MO .\oc\y 1 A. 
 
 t'lM^-hfti . fti 
 
DAPH'XE MEZE'REUM EXAMINED. 101 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 Then you will read a description of it, while I 
 look at the drawing ; and next spring we can try 
 to find some real Mezereon in the hedges. 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 It is not a very common plant, and I do not 
 think you will find it growing wild in this part of 
 the country ; but that in our garden is of the same 
 species ; and will do as well for examination. The 
 generic name is Daph'iie, and the characters of the 
 genus are these: " It has no calyx ; the blossom 
 " is of one petal, shaped like a funnel; the tube of 
 " the blossom is longer than the border, which 
 " has four flat divisions, ending in points. There 
 " are eight stamens, growing on the inside of the 
 " tube, in two rows; four of them below the other 
 " four, but placed alternately. The germen is egg- 
 " shaped, and contained within the blossom ; the 
 " style very short. The seed-vessel is a pulpy round 
 " berry, which contains a single seed." 
 
 Withering mentions two native species ; and 
 the character which distinguishes the Meze'reum, 
 of which the English name is Mezereon, or Spurge- 
 Olive, consists in the flowers being Sessile, or sit- 
 ting close, without any flower-stalks, and grow- 
 ing upon the sides of the stem, generally three to- 
 gether. The leaves, which are spear-shaped, grow 
 from the ends of the branches, and fall off in the 
 H 3 
 
102 MEZEREON. LACE-BARK. 
 
 autumn. The berries are red ; and Linnaeus says 
 they are so poisonous, that six of them will kill a 
 wolf. The Mezereon does not produce its flowers 
 till January or February; but if a bud is dissected 
 in the month of August preceding, the petals, 
 the stamens, and other 'parts of the young fruit, 
 may be distinctly perceived. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 Is Mezereon a shrub or a tree ? 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 It is only a shrub; as you may perceive from its 
 throwing out branches so near the ground. 
 
 There is another species of Daph'ne, the Laget'to, 
 called the Lace-bark-tree, from the resemblance of 
 its inner bark to net-work or lace. This bark is 
 very beautiful, and consists of several layers, which 
 can easily be pulled out into a fine white silky web, 
 three or four feet wide, like lace or gauze, and 
 which has often been used for ladies' dresses, 
 Swartz, a celebrated botanist, says that it may be 
 washed without injury. King Charles the Second 
 is said to have had a cravat made of this web, 
 presented to him by the governor of Jamaica ; 
 of which island, and of Hispaniola, it is a native. 
 
 The common Maple, A'cer campes'tre, and the 
 Sycamore, or Plane tree, A'cer Pseu'do-plat'anus, 
 
MAPLE. SYCAMORE. 103 
 
 are placed by Withering in the same class and 
 order as the Mezereon *, and both are natives of 
 England. The wood of the Maple is much used 
 by musical instrument-makers on account of its 
 lightness ; that of the Sycamore is one of the best 
 that can be employed for turning, and it was in 
 universal use for trenchers, before the introduc- 
 tion of earthenware. The Sugar-Maple, A'cer 
 sacchari'nus, grows in great abundance in Penn- 
 sylvania, where sugar is made in large quantities, 
 from the juice or sap obtained by piercing the 
 stem of the tree in spring. This sugar is made 
 nearly in the same manner as that procured from 
 the sugar-cane, of which I have already given you 
 an account. 
 
 The Whortle-berry, or Bilberry, Vaccin'ium 
 myrtil'lus, and Cranberry, Vaccin'ium oxycoc'cus, 
 are in the first order of this class, and grow plen- 
 tifully in Scotland and some parts of England. 
 Whortle-berries are the principal food of the 
 moor-game in Scotland ; and Cranberries are so 
 much liked for making tarts, that they are brought 
 to London from the northern counties of England, 
 and even imported from Russia; as are the berries 
 of another species of Vaccin'ium, the Macro- 
 
 * In the twenty-third class, Polygamia, and order Moncecia, 
 of Linnaeus. 
 
 H 4 
 
104 BILBERRY. CRANBERRY. HAZEL-NUT. 
 
 car'pon, nearly resembling the European, but with 
 larger fruit, from North America. In China, the 
 Vaccin'ium formo'sum is a sacred plant : the 
 flowers are gathered at the beginning of the 
 Chinese year, and placed in all the temples as an 
 offering. 
 
 The Hazel-nut-tree, Cor'ylus avella'na, in the 
 order Digynia of this class, according to Wither- 
 ing *, grows very commonly in our woods, and its 
 timber is used for several different purposes. I 
 need not describe the nuts to you, for you saw 
 them yesterday at dinner. Squirrels live almost 
 entirely upon them, and the leaves of the tree are 
 eaten by horses. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 What is the tree that produces Walnuts ? 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 The Ju'glans re'gia, which was originally brought 
 from Persia, but now grows commonly in this 
 country. The genus Ju'glans is in the class Mo- 
 ncecia of Linnaeus. The tree grows to the height 
 of about fifty feet, and bears large green clusters 
 of fruit, enclosing furrowed nuts, which ripen in 
 September and October. The young fruit is 
 
 * Class twenty-one, Moncecia, order Polyandria, of Lin- 
 naeus. 
 
WALNUT. BALM OF GILEAD. POPLAR. 105 
 
 pickled, and, when ripe, the kernels are eaten. It 
 is from these nuts that what is called Nut-oil is 
 obtained: but the hazel-nut also affords a kind of 
 oil which is used by painters. The wood of the 
 Walnut-tree takes a fine polish, and was formerly 
 much used in furniture : its principal use at pre- 
 sent is, for making gun-stocks, for which purpose 
 the king has plantations of the tree in different 
 parts of England. 
 
 The Amy'ris Gil'eadensis, Balm of Gilead, is a 
 shrub of this class and order, which grows in Judea 
 and Arabia, and produces the resin or gum cele- 
 brated in Scripture for its medical virtues. It is 
 so highly valued by the Turks that its exportation 
 is prohibited. 
 
 I had almost forgotten to tell you, that the 
 Poplar, of which there are three or four native 
 species, belongs, according to Withering, to the 
 order Monogynia, of the eighth class.* The bark 
 of the trembling Poplar, or Aspen-tree, Pop'ulus 
 trem'ula, is the principal food of beavers: and 
 Linnaeus mentions that in West Bothnia, a part 
 of Sweden, it serves as fodder for cows, goats, and 
 sheep, being cut into very small pieces in autumn, 
 and laid up to dry till the following spring, wfyen 
 hay is very scarce in that country. The wood- 
 pecker is very fond of the Aspen-tree, for the bark 
 
 * Class and order Dioecia Octandria, of Linnaeus. 
 
106 POPLAR. CORK. 
 
 is so soft that he can easily make his nest in it ; 
 and great numbers of insects are to be found in 
 the decayed wood. 
 
 The poplar is the fittest of all trees for raising 
 a shade quickly ; it sometimes grows fourteen feet 
 in a single season. The bark of the black Poplar, 
 Pop'ulus ni'gra, is so light, that it is sometimes 
 employed by fishermen, instead of cork, to support 
 their nets in the water. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 But what is real Cork ? 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 It is the outer bark of a species of Oak, Quer'cus 
 su'ber, a genus placed by Withering in the class 
 Octandria *, which grows in the south of Europe 
 and the north of Africa. 
 
 The Cork-tree does not begin to be productive 
 until it is fifteen years old ; and even then the 
 bark is only fit for fuel; nor does it arrive at 
 perfection till about the twenty-third year; but 
 from that period it continues to yield good cork, 
 every tenth year, for about an hundred and fifty 
 years. The season for stripping off the bark is in 
 July and August, and great care is taken not to 
 wound the inner bark, which in time becomes good 
 cork also. 
 
 * Monoecia Polyandria, of Linnaeus. 
 
CORK. OAK. 107 
 
 The best sort comes from Spain and Portugal ; 
 and is imported in great quantities into England, 
 where it is cut into corks for bottles, and applied 
 to many other purposes. The Spaniards cover the 
 walls of their houses with cork, like wainscoting, 
 which not only makes them warm, but very dry ; 
 and the peasantry in Spain lay broad planks of it 
 at their bed-sides, as we do carpets ; they also burn 
 it to make what is called by painters Spanish black. 
 The Egyptians formerly made coffins of cork lined 
 with resin, which preserved their dead bodies for a 
 very long time. 
 
 Two species of Quer'cus, or Oak, grow natu- 
 rally in England, one of which, the Quer'cus ro'bur, 
 is of great value ; it is, indeed, the most valuable of 
 all our native trees. The oak attains a great size, 
 the full-grown tree sometimes measuring from fifty 
 to sixty feet round. The wood is hard and tough, 
 it takes a good polish, and, when well manufactured, 
 has a very handsome appearance. The roofs and 
 frame-work of almost all our ancient buildings 
 which are the best preserved are formed of this tim- 
 ber; and it is now always employed where strength 
 and durability are required. The crooked branches 
 of the oak are of peculiar value in building ships, 
 and there are extensive forests in England belong- 
 ing to the King, which are reserved entirely for 
 that purpose. Oak saw-dust is one of the prin- 
 cipal vegetable ingredients used in dyeing the dif- 
 
108 TANNING. GALLS. INK. 
 
 ferent shades of brown and drab colour. The bark 
 of the tree is universally employed for tanning 
 leather ; and the acorns or fruit which enclose the 
 seed, for fattening deer and pigs. The Oak is a 
 very long lived tree ; it is at least one hundred 
 years attaining its utmost perfection : it continues 
 vigorous for perhaps a hundred more, and then 
 begins to decay. At Calthorpe, near Wetherby, 
 in Yorkshire, there is an oak which measures 
 seventy-eight feet in circumference close to the 
 ground, and forty-eight feet at the height of a 
 yard. It began to decline, it is said, in the reign 
 of Queen Elizabeth ; and though now much de- 
 cayed, is still likely to stand for many years. 
 
 The light spongy bodies about the size of 
 walnuts, called oak-apples, which you have often 
 seen, are excrescences that grow from the leaves 
 and other tender parts of the oak, when wounded 
 by insects in depositing their eggs : they are called 
 also Galls ; and there are several different kinds, 
 produced by the wounds made by different insects. 
 Some of them are very useful in dyeing black, and 
 the common gall is an essential ingredient in the 
 ink that we write with. It is extremely bitter and 
 astringent ; but the galls of the Sal'via pomif era, 
 Apple-bearing Sage, a plant in the class Diandria 
 and order Monogynia, are said to be of a very 
 pleasant flavour, and are considered as a great 
 delicacy in eastern countries. 
 
ttsl 
 
 Hu to in us uinbelhitus 
 Class IX. ENJSTEAN'nRLA Order RKXAGYNIA. 
 
 Publishes! .//,- 
 
CLASS ENNEAN'DRIA. 109 
 
 The plants of the ninth class, Enneandria,^ are 
 so few in number, that I think we can go through 
 them to-day ; and I dare say it will give you plea- 
 sure to examine this one, which I have just pro- 
 cured for you. [PLATE 11.] 
 
 EDWARD. 
 How beautiful it is ! I long to find out its name. 
 
 * 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 That you can easily do ; for there are but three 
 native genera in this class, according to Withering, 
 and only one in the arrangement of Linnaeus. 
 Here, hold the plant in your hand, while I read 
 what Withering says about the genera. 
 
 The first genus described, Mercuria'lis *, is in 
 the order Digynia ; " it has no blossom, and the 
 " flowers with stamens are on different plants from 
 " those with pistils:" we need not read any far- 
 ther, for your plant, having six pistils, is in the 
 order Hexagynia , and it has both stamens and 
 pistils in every flower. 
 
 In the second genus, Bu'tomus, " the calyx, 
 " which is called an Involu'crum, is composed of 
 " three leaves." 
 
 * In the class and order Monoecia Enneandria, of Lin- 
 naeus. 
 
110 BU'TOMUS UMBELLA'TUS EXAMINED. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 But these flowers have no calyx. 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 It is true that each flower has not a separate 
 calyx; but if you look at the top of the stem, from 
 which the flower-stalks grow, something in the 
 manner of an umbelliferous plant, you will perceive 
 three sharp-pointed brownish leaves, that form a 
 sort of a general calyx to the umbel or set of 
 flowers : this is called an Involu'crum. " The 
 " blossom is round, hollowed out like a bowl, and 
 " composed of six petals ; three of them smaller 
 " than the rest, and standing alternately on the 
 " outside between the others. There are nine 
 " stamens, the filaments are awl-shaped, and the 
 " anthers composed of two flat pieces laid close 
 " together; and six pistils, each consisting of a 
 " germen, which gradually passes into a style, 
 " with a summit slightly notched." 
 
 In the next genus of Withering, Hydrocha'ris*, 
 the stamens and pistils are in the flowers of differ- 
 ent plants : so that Bu'tomus must be our genus ; 
 of which there is but one species known, called 
 Umbella'tus, from the resemblance of its sets of 
 flowers to an umbel. The English name is Flower- 
 
 * Class and order Dicecia Enneandria, of Linnaeus. 
 
LAUREL. CINNAMON. Ill 
 
 ing-Rush, and it grows on the margins of lakes 
 and slow-running rivers. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 I wish we could always have real plants to exa- 
 mine ; it is so much more easy to remember them 
 than the drawings. 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 So do I, my dear ; and I hope we shall succeed 
 in finding some living Plants in the classes that we 
 have still to go through ; but it is not possible to 
 obtain them all in the same period of the year. 
 
 The genus Lau'rus, or Laurel, is in the order 
 Monogynia, of the ninth class ; none of the species 
 grow wild in England. 
 
 The sweet Bay- tree, Lau'rus nob'ilis, is a native 
 of Italy, and is said to be the Laurel of the an- 
 cients, with which they crowned their generals 
 when they gained victories. It is a fine aromatic 
 evergreen, and grows to the height of thirty feet. 
 
 The cinnamon-tree, Lau'rus cinnamo'mum, is a 
 native of Ceylon, where it grows commonly in the 
 woods and hedges, and is used by the Ceylonese 
 as fuel. The whole plant is covered with a bark, 
 which is at first green, and afterwards red : when 
 the tree is three or four years old, this bark is 
 peeled off and cut into narrow slips ; and these, 
 when dried in the sun, curl up into flakes like 
 
 
112 CAMPHOR. RHUBARB. 
 
 quills, which are the Cinnamon we see in the shops. 
 That of Ceylon is more highly flavoured than what 
 is produced in any other country. The fruit of the 
 tree is shaped like an acorn, but not so large. A 
 kind of pigeon that feeds on it is very useful in 
 propagating the cinnamon tree in Ceylon ; for in 
 carrying the fruit to its young, it often drops it in 
 different places, where it takes root. When the 
 seeds are boiled in water, they yield an oil, that 
 hardens into a white substance, which has a de- 
 lightful smell, and is made into candles at Ceylon; 
 but only for the use of the king. 
 
 The Lau'rus campho'ra, or Camphor-tree, is so 
 called from its affording what is called Camphor ; 
 a white brittle substance, which is so inflammable, 
 that it burns even on the surface of water. This 
 species grows in Japan, and is there a large and 
 valuable timber-tree; it is used in the best build- 
 ings, and for the masts of ships. 
 
 Rhubarb, Rhe'um, is an herbaceous plant in the 
 order Trigynia of the ninth class. The common 
 sort, Rhe'um Rhapon'ticum, is a native of Turkey 
 in Asia, but is frequently cultivated in our gardens; 
 and we use the young leaf-stalks in spring for tarts. 
 The Chinese Rhubarb, Rhe'um palma'tum, and 
 another species that grows in Tartary, Rhe'um com- 
 pac'tum, have thick, fleshy, yellow roots, which are 
 much used in medicine. The Rhe'um palma'tum 
 is a remarkably quick-growing plant, and the stem 
 
RHUBARB. 1 13 
 
 has been known to grow upwards of eleven feet in 
 three months. Some of the leaves are five feet in 
 their largest extent; and the root, which remains 
 in the ground during the winter, grows also to a 
 very large size. Roots of five years old, produced 
 in this country, have been sometimes found to 
 weigh more than seventy pounds when fresh. 
 
 We shall leave the tenth class till to-morrow ; 
 for I think you have heard quite enough for the 
 present 
 
114 
 
 CONVERSATION THE TENTH. 
 
 CLASS 10. DECAN'DRIA. STRAWBERRY-TREE. SAXI- 
 FRAGE. PINK. CARNATION. AGROSTEM'MA GI- 
 
 THA'GO, CORN-COCKLE, EXAMINED. WOOD-SORREL. 
 LIG'NUM-VI'T./E TREE. LOGWOOD. BRAZIL- 
 WOOD. LOCUST-TREE. MAHOGANY-TREE. 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 THE common strawberry-tree, Arbutus une'do, 
 is one of the native plants most remarkable for 
 beauty, amongst those of the class Decandria. 
 It belongs to the order Monogynia, and grows wild 
 in Ireland, Italy, and Spain. It flowers in No- 
 vember or December, but the fruit does not ripen 
 till the following winter ; and it is singular to see 
 a tree in the open ground, at that season, covered 
 with both flowers and fruit ; for, when the fruit is 
 ripe, and still remaining on the tree, the flowers of 
 the succeeding crop are in full bloom. 
 
 Plants which flower the earliest in this country, 
 do not always ripen their fruit the soonest : the 
 
AR'BUTUS, STRAWBERRY-TREE. 115 
 
 Hazel blows in February, but does not ripen its 
 fruit till autumn; while the Cherry, which does not 
 blow till May, is ripe in June. It may be taken, 
 however, as a general rule, that if a plant blows in 
 summer, it ripens its fruit in autumn, as is the 
 case with the Vine ; and if it blows in autumn, the 
 fruit is ripe in the winter ; but the Meadow-Saffron, 
 though it blows in the autumn, does not ripen its 
 seeds till the succeeding spring. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 The Ar'butus berries look like strawberries : 
 I have tasted some of them in the shrubbery, but 
 they were not very good. 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 They are insipid; but they are sometimes eaten 
 by the country people in the south of Ireland, 
 where this tree grows abundantly and in great 
 perfection, especially among the rocks of the Lakes 
 of Killarney. 
 
 The black-berried Strawberry-tree, Ar'butus 
 Alpi'na, which grows on mountains in Scotland, 
 flowers in June and July, and bears a fruit like 
 the black currant, both in shape and flavour. 
 
 The second order, Digynia, of this class, con- 
 tains the genus Saxif raga, or Saxifrage, of which 
 there are several native species. London Pride, 
 I 2 
 
116 PINKS. CARNATIONS. 
 
 Saxif raga umbro'sa, is one of them ; and though 
 so common in all our gardens, its natural situation 
 is on high mountains. 
 
 The beautiful genus of Pinks, Dian'thus, which 
 includes all the varieties of Carnations and Sweet 
 Williams, is also in this order ; and there are five 
 or six native species of it. The fine double Car- 
 nations, that are so much admired, are only varie- 
 ties of the common Pink, Dian'thus caryophyl'lus : 
 but a botanist considers every thing as a deformity 
 which does not appear in a plant in its uncultivated 
 state ; and if I wished to examine the botanical 
 characters of a species of Dian'thus, I should choose 
 a wild specimen with a single flower. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 But don't you like double Carnations a great 
 deal better than single Pinks and Sweet Williams? 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 I certainly do admire the wonderful variety and 
 beauty of their colours. Can you read these 
 lines ? 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 Where is the labour of the loom 
 Can vie with the Carnation's bloom ? 
 He who can thus adorn a flower, 
 That 's doomed to perish in an hour, 
 Forbids his creatures to despair 
 His universal love to share. 
 

 Pi*tU* 
 
 A gr os tern ma Githaga^'^/TZ Cvc 
 CI&SS X.DECANDlifA _ Order PENTAOYNIA. 
 
AGROSTEM'MA GITHA'GO EXAMINED. 117 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 Here is the plant which I have brought in this 
 morning to examine. [PLATE 12.] Can you tell 
 me its class and order ? 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 It must be in the tenth class, Decandria, and 
 the order Pentagynia ; for it has ten stamens, and 
 five pistils. 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 Very well ; now compare it with this descrip- 
 tion : " Calyx, a cup of one leaf, of a texture 
 " something like that of leather, with five sharp 
 " divisions ; blossom composed of five petals ; the 
 " lower parts of the petals, which are called Claws, 
 " as long as the tube of the cup ; border of the 
 " blossom spreading out. The filaments are awl- 
 " shaped, and the styles of the pistils thread- 
 " shaped, as long as the stamens, with undivided 
 " summits." This is the generic character of 
 Agrostem'ma, and you see it answers very well. 
 There is but one species native : the specific cha- 
 racter consists in the whole plant being hairy; the 
 cup having ten ribs, with divisions reaching beyond 
 the blossom ; and the petals being undivided, and 
 without down or hair. The English name of the 
 plant is Corn-Cockle, and the botanical name 
 Agrostem'ma Githa'go. 
 
 i 3 
 
118 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 I think I have seen it in corn-fields. 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 I dare say you have, for it grows in abundance 
 amongst corn, where it is a troublesome weed. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 What a thick calyx this flower has, with such 
 delicate petals ! 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 The use of the calyx is to protect the other 
 parts, before the flower opens, and afterwards to 
 support them in their proper places : its figure 
 varies a good deal in different flowers ; and it is 
 sometimes altogether wanting, as in the tulip, 
 which has fleshy and firm petals, standing on a 
 broad and firm basis, and not requiring support. 
 Carnations, on the contrary, whose petals are par- 
 ticularly long and slender at the lower part, and 
 would be apt to break, have a calyx composed of 
 one piece; which is indented at the top, that it may 
 fold over the petals before they expand, and sup- 
 port them better, by spreading under them, when 
 the flower is in full blow. In some flowers, where 
 the petals are very long and slender, the calyx is 
 composed of several pieces, lying over each other 
 like the scales of fishes. 
 
 The pretty little Wood- Sorrel, Oxa'lis aceto- 
 
OPENING AND SHUTTING OF FLOWERS. 119 
 
 sel'la, is in the same order with the corn-cockle. 
 The leaves, which are like those of the trefoil, 
 close up on the approach of rain ; and open again 
 when it is dry. They are very acid, like those of 
 the common Sorrel, Ru'mex aceto'sa ; and a salt 
 is prepared from them, which is sold in the shops 
 under the name of essential salt of lemon. 
 
 By the opening and shutting of several flowers 
 as well as leaves, we are enabled to judge of the 
 state of the atmosphere. If the Son'chus Siber'icaj 
 Siberian Sow-thistle, shuts at night, the following 
 day will probably be fine; but if it remains open, 
 it will be cloudy and rainy. When the African 
 Marigold, Tage'tes erec'ta, continues shut, long 
 after its usual time of opening in the morning, 
 rain is nearly approaching ; and the Convolvulus 
 arven'sis, small Bindweed, and Anagal'lis arven'sis, 
 scarlet Pimpernel, even after they have opened, 
 shut themselves up again on the approach of rain. 
 From this circumstance, the Pimpernel has 
 been called the poor man's weather-glass. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 Are there any trees in the tenth class ? 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 I do not know of many, and none of them 
 except the Ar'butus are native: but I will tell you 
 what I recollect of a few foreign ones, 
 i 4 
 
120 DECAN'DRIA. FOREIGN TREES. 
 
 The Lig'num-Vit'ae tree, Guai'acum officina'le, 
 in the order Monogynia of this class, is a native of 
 the West Indies. The wood is so heavy that it 
 sinks in water, and so hard that it often breaks the 
 tools employed in cutting it down : it is, therefore, 
 seldom used for common purposes, but is used by 
 sugar-planters, for making wheels in their sugar- 
 mills, and is frequently made into bowls, mortars, 
 and other utensils for which very hard wood is ne- 
 cessary. 
 
 It is said that almost all parts of this tree, the 
 wood, bark, the gum, which is called Gum-guaia- 
 cum, the fruit, and even the flowers, are useful in 
 medicine. 
 
 The Logwood-tree, Haematox'ylon Campechi- 
 a'num, which is of the greatest use in dyeing, and 
 in staining wood, is a native of South America. It 
 is very heavy, and is brought to Europe in logs of 
 about a yard long, which are cut and bruised by a 
 mill before they can be used by the dyer. 
 
 The Brazil-wood, Caesalpi'nia Brasilien'sis, 
 which is used particularly for dyeing cloth of a 
 beautiful scarlet colour, comes from the West 
 Indies. The wood is very hard and dry, of a red 
 colour, and takes a good polish. 
 
 The Egyptian Cassia, or Senna-tree, Cas'sia 
 senna, is a native of Persia, Syria, and Arabia. 
 The leaves are gathered in those countries, and 
 sent to Alexandria in Egypt, from whence they 
 
MAHOGANY. 121 
 
 are brought to Europe, and are very much used 
 in medicine. 
 
 The :Locust-tree, Hymene'a Courba'ril, which 
 grows in the West Indies, produces from its roots 
 a fine transparent resin, called in the shops Gum 
 an'ime, which, when dissolved in spirit of wine, 
 makes a very fine varnish. The wood of the tree 
 is remarkably heavy. 
 
 The Mahogany-tree is the last I shall mention 
 in this class. Its botanical name is Swiete'nia 
 Mahog'ani ; and it grows in the warmest parts of 
 America, and some of the West India islands. The 
 seeds, which are very light, are often blown into 
 the chinks of rocks, where they take root, and 
 sometimes produce trees of considerable size ; and 
 the wood of those that spring in this manner, from 
 exposed situations, is harder and better than what 
 grows in other places. 
 
 Mahogany is more used than any other timber 
 for cabinet-maker's work, because it takes a fine 
 polish, and is very durable. It was first brought 
 to England about a hundred years ago, by a West 
 India captain, as ballast for his ship ; but being too 
 hard to be cut with the common tools used by car- 
 penters, it was laid aside as useless. Afterwards, 
 it is said, the captain's wife wanting a box to hold 
 her candles, thought that wood so hard would keep 
 put the mice, and had stronger tools employed to 
 make one. The wood was then found to be so 
 
122 HOUSELEEK. 
 
 beautiful, that the fame of mahogany became ge- 
 neral, and it has ever since been imported in large 
 quantities. 
 
 I do not wish to tell you any thing more at 
 present, my dear, as it will be better for you to 
 remember well what you have already heard ; and 
 if you try to learn too much at one time, you can 
 retain nothing in your memory. 
 
 To-morrow we will go into the village, and look 
 for some Houseleek ; which grows on the roofs of 
 cottages, and the tops of old walls. It is the best 
 plant of the eleventh class, that I can think of, for 
 examination ; and there is but one native species. 
 But we must try to find some of it growing in dif- 
 ferent situations, for a reason I shall tell you when 
 we examine the plant. 
 
123 
 
 CONVERSATION THE ELEVENTH. 
 
 CLASS 11. DODECAN'DRIA. SEMPERVI'VUM TECTO'- 
 
 RUM, COMMON HOUSELEEK, EXAMINED. DEFECTS 
 
 OF SYSTEMS. MIGNONETTE. CHESNUT TREE. 
 
 BEECH. CLASS 12. ICOSAN'DRIA. SITUATION OF 
 
 THE STAMENS ; ITS IMPORTANCE. RO'SA CANl'NA, 
 
 DOG-ROSE, EXAMINED. ROSES. SWEET-BRIAR. 
 
 FRUIT-TREES. HAWTHORN. THORNS. CLOVE 
 
 TREE. MYRTLE. PEACH AND ALMOND TREES. 
 
 POMEGRANATE-TREE. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 ARE you ready now, mamma, to read a descrip- 
 tion of the Houseleek ? 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 Yes, my dear. But I wish I could have pro- 
 cured a flower that would show the character of 
 the class Dodecandria more distinctly : since the 
 number of stamens varies, under different circum- 
 stances, even in the same species, of the genera 
 which are native. The Houseleek, however, is 
 certainly placed in this class by botanists. Can 
 you tell me the order it is in ? 
 
124 SEMPERVI'VUM TECTO'RUM EXAMINED. 
 EDWARD. 
 
 I suppose it is Dodecagynia, for I see twelve pis- 
 tils, and I think you told me that whenever there 
 were about that number in each flower, the order 
 was called so. 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 You are right. The number of the pistils in the 
 genus Sempervi'vum, to which this plant belongs, 
 is commonly twelve : but it often varies. Here 
 then is the description. [PLATE 13.] " The calyx 
 " is a cup, of one piece, with twelve or more sharp 
 " divisions : the blossom is longer than the cup, 
 " and composed of the same number of sharp 
 " petals, each of which is fringed with fine hairs. 
 " The number of stamens is, in general, the same 
 " with that, of the petals :" but frequently, in this 
 species, some of them are imperfect, and of very 
 different appearance from the rest. " There are 
 " about twelve germens, placed in a circle, which 
 " have sharp summits." In our plant, Semper- 
 vi'vum tecto'rum, the leaves grow in thick tufts, 
 and are very fleshy, and fringed at the edges with 
 hair. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 Look at this piece that grew upon the wall ; it 
 has only eight pistils. 
 
 MOTHER. 
 In the Houseleek you will often find, that the 
 
Seinpervivum 
 Class ^.DODECANDRIA^ Order nODECA(,YM.\ 
 
 ful-h'ftic./ .fllh- jmo.l? irnpman Iff" 
 
CLASS DODECAN'DRIA IMPERFECT. 125 
 
 number of all the parts of the flower, especially of 
 the pistils, varies according to the richness of the 
 soil in which the plant has grown ; and it was for 
 this reason that I wished to bring home specimens 
 from different situations. The branch we have 
 just examined, was from the thatched roof of the 
 cottage, where I suppose the soil was richer than 
 on the top of the wall. 
 
 Houseleek was formerly planted on the tops of 
 houses, from a superstitious idea that it was a pre- 
 servative from lightning and thunder. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 I am afraid that I should not have been able 
 to find out the name of this plant, if you had not 
 told me. 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 It is unsatisfactory to examine the plants which 
 are placed in this class, because the character itself 
 is imperfect. You must always recollect, that 
 eveiy botanical arrangement, or System, as it is 
 called, must be defective ; because the acquaintance 
 with plants, even of the best botanists, is very far 
 from being complete. The method of Linnaeus 
 is, upon the whole, one of the best; but it has 
 some faults, and the imperfection of this eleventh 
 class is one of them; for the class has no found- 
 ation in nature, and has been formed merely for 
 convenience ; whereas the grasses, and some othei 
 
126 RESE'DA: MIGNONETTE. 
 
 tribes of plants that I have told you of, besides 
 being so regular in the number and situation of 
 the different parts, upon which the classes and 
 orders are founded, have a general and natural 
 character that distinguishes them. 
 
 The genus Rese'da, of which the Mignonette is 
 a species, belongs also to the class Dodecandria ; 
 and Linnaeus himself says, that there is scarcely 
 any genus which it is more difficult to determine ; 
 the number and shape of the parts of the flower 
 varying considerable in different species. Two of 
 these species grow wild in England, Rese'da lu'tea, 
 or wild Reseda; and R. Lute'ola, Dyer's weed. The 
 latter is made great use of in woollen manufactories 
 for dyeing yellow ; and it gives the colour also to 
 the yellow paint called Dutch pink. The Lute'ola 
 flowers in July; and Linnaeus observes that the 
 spike of flowers follows the course of the sun, 
 turning towards the east at sunrise, towards the 
 west as the sun declines, and at midnight towards 
 the north. 
 
 The garden Mignonette, Rese'da odora'ta, which 
 has its name from the delightful odour of the flower, 
 is a native of Egypt; but was introduced into 
 France about the year 1725, and thence into Eng- 
 land in 1740. It blossoms from June till the be- 
 ginning of winter, and the flowers when dried 
 retain their scent for several months. 
 
 These three species of Rese'da are all annuals ; 
 but the odora'ta, if the blpssoms are cut off as fast 
 
ANNUALS. BIENNIALS. PERENNIALS. 127 
 
 as they blow, continues to bear flowers from yeai 
 to year, like a perennial. You recollect what the 
 words Annual and Perennial mean ? 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 An annual is a plant that bears leaves and 
 flowers within one year, and 'then dies. 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 Very well. Several plants which are annual in 
 warmer climates become Biennial, or live for two 
 years with us : because the heat of this country is 
 not sufficient to bring them to perfection in one 
 year, and the seeds do not ripen till the second 
 summer. Some, that in warm countries are Peren- 
 nial, which means lasting many years, become an- 
 nual with us ; the root being killed by our severe 
 winters. And some which are perennial in cold 
 climates become annuals when they are trans- 
 planted to a warmer one, the heat and drought 
 causing the roots to dry away. 
 
 But we must finish the eleventh class, that we 
 may go on to the twelfth, which is very extensive, 
 and contains several plants that you will be pleased 
 to hear of. 
 
 The Chesnut-tree, Fa'gus casta'nea, which, ac- 
 cording to Withering, is in the class Dodecandria *, 
 and order Trigynia, is one of the finest of our 
 
 * In the class and order Moncecia Polyandria, of Lin- 
 naeus. 
 
128 CHESNUT. BEECH. 
 
 native trees, and is remarkably long lived. In 
 Gloucestershire there is a chesnut-tree which is 
 known to have stood there ever since the year 1 1 50, 
 and even then was so remarkable, as to be called the 
 great Chesnut of Tortworth ; it measures fifty-two 
 feet round, and still continues to bear fruit, though 
 probably not less than a thousand years old. 
 But tha largest chesnut-trees known grow upon 
 Mount ./Etna in Sicily. The tree is very beautiful, 
 and Salvator Rosa, who painted often in the 
 mountains of Calabria, where the chesnut flou- 
 rishes, frequently represents it in his pictures. The 
 nut forms a great part of the food of the common 
 people in the south of Europe, and the wood is 
 very valuable. 
 
 The common Beech, Fa'gus sylvat'ica, is also a 
 native of England. The old leaves, after turning 
 brown, sometimes remain on the tree throughout 
 the winter; and they are often gathered in the 
 autumn by poor people, for the purpose of making 
 mattresses, which are much better, and more dur- 
 able, than those of straw or chaff. The wood soon 
 decays when exposed to the weather: but it lasts a 
 long time under water, and is of the greatest value 
 for making carpenters' tools. The nuts, when 
 dried and ground, are said to make a tolerable sort 
 of bread, but, if eaten raw, they cause giddiness : 
 the poor people of Silesia use an oil procured from 
 them, instead of butter. 
 
CLASS ICOSAN'DRIA, HOW DISTINGUISHED. 129 
 
 Now, my dear Edward, tell me, do you recol- 
 lect how the twelfth class, Icosandria, is distin- 
 guished ? 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 I believe there are more than twenty stamens in 
 each flower ; and if the petals are pulled off, the 
 stamens remain on the receptacle. 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 Bring your little drawing of the classes [PLATE 
 2.], and see, yourself, whether you are right. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 Oh ! I have made a great mistake ! It is in 
 the thirteenth class, Polyandria, that the stamens 
 grow upon the receptacle. In Icosandria they are 
 fastened to the sides of the calyx. 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 Here are two plants, a Dog-rose and a Butter- 
 cup ; tell me to what class each of them belongs ? 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 I have pulled off the calyx of both flowers ; and 
 I think that the Rose is in the class Icosandria, 
 and the Butter-cup in Polyandria, for all the 
 stamens of the rose came off along with the calyx, 
 but in the butter-cup they remain on the re- 
 ceptacle. 
 
 K 
 
130 RO'SA CANI'NA EXAMINED. 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 Exactly so. This character of the flower in the 
 class Icosandria is very important ; as it indicates, 
 almost certainly, that the pulpy fruit, which comes 
 after the flower, is wholesome. No traveller in an 
 unknown wilderness need be afraid to eat the fruit 
 of any plant whose stamens grow upon the calyx : 
 but the other parts should be carefully avoided, 
 for in some species they are poisonous.* 
 
 The plant that we shall examine to-day, is a 
 Rose, which belongs to the genus Ro'sa, in the 
 order Polygynia; and as there are several native 
 species, I will at once tell you that this is the com- 
 mon Dog-rose, Ro'sa cani'na. [PLATE 14.] 
 
 " The cup in this genus is of one leaf; with five 
 " divisions in its border, which are narrow and 
 " sharp-pointed. The blossom has five heart- 
 " shaped petals, as long as the cup, and fixed to its 
 " neck." You recollect, that in this class, the pre- 
 cise number of the stamens is not material ; but 
 there are more than twenty. The filaments are 
 short, and fixed to the sides of the calyx. There is 
 no seed-vessel; but the cup itself swells into a berry, 
 which is generally of a bright red colour, when 
 ripe, and contains a great many oblong seeds rough 
 with stiff hairs. It is this cup which forms the 
 principal distinction of the genus Ro'sa : its shape 
 
 * Smith's Introduction to Botany, 5th edition, p. 3 1 7. 
 
Kosa CanLtia - Common />/ 
 Class XK. icosAXimiA _ Order 
 
ROSES. 131 
 
 is something like a boy's top, bulging out below 
 and drawn in at the neck or upper part, as if con- 
 fined by a string ; and it opens at the upper part 
 to let out the ripe seeds. 
 
 Ro'sa cani'na is distinguished from the other 
 Roses, by having oblong fruit ; the stalks which 
 bear the flowers smooth, but those supporting the 
 leaves prickly : and crooked prickles also on the 
 stem, two in every joint between the knots, placed 
 alternately on opposite sides. In the calyx two of 
 the divisions have teeth on both edges ; two have 
 none ; and the fifth has teeth on one edge only. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 How pretty the Dog-roses are ! I often wish 
 to bring some home ; but the thorns are so sharp, 
 that I can hardly pull them in the hedges. 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 Roses are always accompanied by thorns, and 
 these lines were written to reconcile us to them : 
 
 Why does the painful thorn presume 
 
 To spoil the Rose's soft perfume ? 
 
 It was by Providence intended 
 
 Our pains and pleasures should be blended ; 
 
 We smile to-day, to-morrow mourn, 
 
 Nor find a rose without a thorn. 
 
 The Sweet-briar, or Eglantine, is another species 
 of rose, Ro'sa rubigino'sa, which is common in 
 England; its flowers sometimes grow double, and, 
 K 2 
 
132 ROSES. 
 
 as well as the leaves have a very delightful scent, 
 The Provins, and Damask roses, provincia'lis and 
 damasce'na, are the most fragrant of the genus 
 Ro'sa. There are two varieties of the damasce'na 
 which blossom more than once a year; one called 
 the Monthly rose, the other the rose of Paestum, 
 which has been celebrated by Latin poets for blos- 
 soming twice a year. The Moss rose, Ro'sa mus- 
 co'sa, has its name from the substance like moss, 
 with which the flower-stems and calyx are covered; 
 it is, in fact, a collection of glands, containing a 
 resinous and fragrant fluid. 
 
 The Rose is a favourite plant in every country 
 where it is found ; but it is remarkable that no 
 roses have ever been met with in the southern 
 hemisphere. All the species at present known 
 grow between the seventieth and twentieth degrees 
 of northern latitude; except the Ro'sa Montezu'ma 
 of Mexico, which is found in the nineteenth de- 
 gree, at an elevation of nearly ten thousand feet 
 above the level of the sea. Asia, which may be 
 called the land of roses, produces about forty 
 species ; Europe has twenty-five species ; of which 
 five are common to Asia and Europe : and two 
 species are peculiar to Africa. Among the ancients, 
 particularly the Egyptians', roses were considered as 
 symbols of silence ; for which reason, the goddess 
 Isis, and her son Harpocrates, who was the god of 
 silence, were crowned with chaplets of these flowers. 
 
133 
 
 Red and white roses are remarkable in English 
 history as emblems of the houses of York and 
 Lancaster ; for when those two families were con- 
 tending for the crown, in the reign of Henry the 
 Sixth, the white rose distinguished the partisans of 
 the house of York, and the red those of Lancas- 
 ter. 
 
 There is another genus in this class, and of the 
 same order, the Brambles, Ru'bus, that in some 
 respects resembles the rose. Most of the species 
 grow in cool climates or mountainous situations, 
 and are valuable for their fruit, which is wholesome 
 and agreeable. The berry is composed of a num- 
 ber of juicy grains, in general attached to each 
 other, so that they cannot be separated without 
 tearing ; and a number of these little grains are 
 placed close together, round a receptacle like a 
 sugar loaf; which you see when you pull a ripe 
 raspberry. 
 
 The wild Raspberry, Ru'bus Idse'us, is plentiful 
 in the North of England, Scotland, and Wales, 
 and, though smaller than what is cultivated in gar- 
 dens, which is a variety of the same species, tht 
 fruit has a much sweeter flavour. The fresh leave, 
 are the favourite food of kids. The Blackberrys 
 so common in all our hedges, is the Ru'bus fru- 
 tico'sus. 
 
 The Cloudberry, Ru'bus Chamaemo'rus, has its 
 English name from growing on the tops of very 
 K 3 
 
134 PLUM. PEAR. APPLE. 
 
 high mountains, which are often covered by clouds. 
 It grows plentifully in the north of England and 
 Scotland, and in many parts of the north of Eu- 
 rope. The Norwegians pack up the berries in 
 wooden vessels, and send them to Stockholm, where 
 they are sold for desserts, and for making vinegar; 
 and the Laplanders bury them under the snow to 
 preserve them from one year to another. 
 
 The dwarf crimson Bramble, Ru'bus arc'ticus, 
 is so diminutive, that an entire tree, with all its 
 branches, leaves, and fruit, has been put into a 
 bottle capable of holding only six ounces.* 
 
 The Plum, Prunus : the Medlar, Mes'pilus; 
 and the Pear and Apple trees, Py'rus, all belong 
 to this class, and are all found wild in England. 
 
 The Cherry and Apricot, as well as the Plum, 
 are species of the genus Pru'nus. And though 
 the fruit in this genus is so good, the leaves of se- 
 veral of the species are poisonous; especially those 
 of the Pru'nus Laurocer'asus or Laurel Cherry. 
 Many species of plum are covered with a substance 
 called the Bloom, which is sprinkled over the 
 outer surface of the fruit, and has very often a 
 delicate tinge of blue : it is easily rubbed off with 
 the finger, but resists the most violent rains. 
 
 The Pru'nus Armeni / aca, or Apricot, has its 
 specific name from having been originally a native 
 
 * Clarke's Travels, Vol. V. 
 
THORNS. PRICKLES. 135 
 
 of Armenia ; it was first brought to this country 
 about two hundred and fifty years ago. 
 
 The Sloe-tree, or Blackthorn, Pru'nus spino'sa, 
 in its natural state, is almost covered with thorns ; 
 indeed most of our fruit-trees, in their wild state, 
 are furnished with thorns; but cultivation soon 
 causes these to disappear, or greatly diminishes 
 their number. Thorns are, in fact, buds, which 
 a sufficient supply of food would convert into 
 branches and leaves, but whose growth is checked 
 for want of nourishment. In temperate climates 
 few vegetables are furnished with thorns ; but in 
 hot countries they render some of the forests 
 quite impenetrable. In some species of Mim'osa, 
 the thorns are so strong and thickly set, as to 
 form a complete defence against animals, except 
 such as have very thick and hard skins, like the 
 rhinoceros. 
 
 Several plants are furnished with Prickles, which 
 are sometimes almost as stiff and sharp-pointed as 
 thorns; but there is this difference, that the prickle 
 springs from the outer bark, and may be peeled 
 off along with it, while the thorn grows from the 
 wood itself, and remains after the bark is taken 
 away. What we commonly call thorns in the 
 rose-bush, are only prickles. Grew remarks, that 
 " thorns being part of the wood, which has a ten- 
 " dency to grow upwards, generally point upwards 
 K 4 
 
136 PEAR. APPLE. STRAWBERRY. 
 
 " but prickles, which proceed from the bark only, 
 " are in most cases pointed downwards." * 
 
 All the varieties of pears and apples belong to two 
 species only of Py'rus. The wood of the pear- 
 tree, Py'rus commu'nis, is light and smooth, and 
 much used for making carved work; and when 
 stained, it serves to make the black keys of piano- 
 fortes, and black picture-frames. The juice of the 
 Pear, fermented, is called Perry; which is made in 
 great quantities in England, especially in Worces- 
 tershire and Herefordshire. 
 
 The wild Apple, or Crab-tree, Py'rus Ma'lus, 
 though so harsh and disagreeable, is the original 
 from which all our varieties of apples have been 
 produced. The tree lives a long time; and the 
 wood is much used by millwrights. The juice of 
 the wild fruit, which is extremely sour, is called 
 Verjuice, but that of the cultivated kinds, when fer- 
 mented, makes Cider. 
 
 The Strawberry, Fraga'ria, is another valuable 
 genus of this class, and grows wild in England. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 Are the large strawberries in our garden of the 
 same genus as the little ones, that we find in the 
 woods ? 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 They are; and even the species is the same, 
 * Grew's Anatomy of Plants, p. 34. 
 
CLOVE. MYRTLE. 137 
 
 Fraga'ria vesca; but the fruit is enlarged to the size 
 that you see in the garden, by cultivation and rich- 
 ness of soil; which you remember, render the 
 growth of almost all plants more luxuriant.* 
 
 The Hawthorn, Cratae'gus Oxyacan'tha, which 
 grows in almost every hedge, and the Mountain- 
 ash, Sor'bus aucupa'ria, that is so ornamental in 
 shrubberies, are in the orders Digynia and Tri- 
 gyn- ia, of the class Icosandria. 
 
 Amongst the foreign genera of this class, the 
 Clove-tree, the Myrtle, and the Peach and Almond- 
 trees are remarkable. 
 
 The Clove- tree, Euge'niacaryophylla'ta, belongs 
 to the order Monogynia, and is a native of the 
 Molucca islands. Its general appearance resem- 
 bles that of the laurel. The flowers, which are 
 produced at the ends of the branches in great 
 numbers, are first white, then green, and at last red 
 and hard, in which state they are cloves. The 
 season for gathering this spice is from October to 
 February, when large cloths are spread under 
 the trees to receive the flowers, which are beaten 
 off the boughs with long reeds; as they dry 
 they become yellow ; and when gathered for some 
 time, they are of a deep brown colour, such as 
 we see. 
 
 The common Myrtle, the pretty evergreen shrub 
 that is to be found in almost every green-house, is 
 * Page 86. 
 
138 PEACH. EUCALYP'TUS. 
 
 the species commu'nis of the genus Myr'tus; and is 
 a native of Asia, Africa, and the southern parts of 
 Europe. Lord Anson mentions, in his Voyage 
 round the World, that the largest trees for timber 
 on the island of Juan Fernandez, and from which 
 he obtained beams of forty feet in length, were of 
 this genus. 
 
 The Peach-tree, Amyg'dalus Per'sica, of which 
 there are two varieties, the Peach with downy 
 fruit, and the Nectarine without down, is in the 
 first order of this class. Its native country is not 
 known, but it is supposed to have come originally 
 from Persia. Another species the Almond-tree, 
 Amyg'dalus commu'nis, is a native of Barbary. 
 
 In the same order of this class are the Pomegra- 
 nate-tree, Pu'nica Gran a'tum, which bears the fruit 
 supposed to have been the golden apple of the an- 
 cients ; and the Eucalyp'tus, a genus peculiar to 
 Australia, of which nearly a hundred species have 
 been already discovered, most of them trees of very 
 large dimensions. The Eucalyptus glob'ulus, and 
 another species peculiar to the south end of Van 
 Diemen's Island, frequently attain the height of a 
 hundred and fifty feet, and measure, near the base, 
 from twenty to five-and-forty feet round. 
 
139 
 
 CONVERSATION THE TWELFTH. 
 
 CLASS 13. POLYAN'DRIA. PAPA'VER RH^'AS, COM- 
 MON POPPY, EXAMINED. SEEDS. OPIUM. TEA- 
 TREE. CAPER-BUSH. WATER-LILY. SACRED 
 
 BEAN OF INDIA. TULIP-TREE. SIDE-SADDLE 
 
 FLOWER. ANOTTA. STORY OF AN INDIAN 
 
 WOMAN. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 I HAVE brought in some beautiful Poppies from the 
 corn fields ; and I am sure they are in the thir- 
 teenth class, Polyandria, for all the stamens are 
 fixed to the receptacles, and there are more than 
 twenty of them. Will you read the description of 
 the poppy for me ? 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 I will, my dear, with pleasure. It gives me 
 great satisfaction to find that you begin to distin- 
 guish the classes by yourself. But we must go on 
 regularly: is there nothing else to be determined 
 before we come to the genus ? 
 
140 POLYAN'DRIA. - GENERA 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 Oh, yes; the order. Well there is only one 
 pistil, so it is Monogynia. 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 Very well. The genera of this order are for 
 convenience, divided into three sets, consisting of 
 plants, which have flowers with four petals, or with 
 five, or with a greater number. This plant has but 
 four; and in that division there are only three 
 genera, to one of which, of course, the poppy 
 belongs. 
 
 The seed-vessel of the first genus, Chelido'nium 
 is a long pod, something like that of the wall-flower 
 [PLATE 1.]. Is that the case in your plant ? Look 
 at the largest of the seed-vessels [PLATE 15.], and 
 tell me. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 No, mamma; this has a round, smooth, seed- 
 vessel, with a little thing like a coach-wheel on the 
 top. 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 Then it is not Chelido'nium. In the next 
 genus with four petals, Actae'a, the seed-vessel is a 
 berry, consisting of a pulpy substance, with the seeds 
 dispersed through it, like a currant or gooseberry, 
 but quite unlike this one. Our plant, then, must 
 be a Papa'ver; and we will now see whether your 
 

 Pup aver Rhceas __ Ccmmm fleet -I'wy- 
 Class XIH./V>y:.ZV/Mf/,4 ___ Order ' MONOGYNIA. 
 
 Published. . 
 
 hy Lcn.jman K 
 
POPPY EXAMINED. 141 
 
 flower agrees with the full description of that genus 
 [PLATE 14.]. 
 
 " The cup consists of two egg-shaped leaves."- 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 But these flowers have no cup. 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 You must look at some of those which are not 
 fully blown, for in this genus the calyx falls off as 
 soon as the blossom opens. When this is the case, 
 the calyx is said to be Cadu'cous ; if it falls off 
 along with the other parts of the flower, it is called 
 Decid'uous, as in the Wall-flower; when it re- 
 mains after the other parts of the blossom fall, it 
 is said to be Permanent, as in the Corn-cockle. 
 
 " The cup consists of two egg-shaped leaves, 
 " notched at the ends. The blossom is composed 
 " of four round flat petals, large and spreading out, 
 " and narrowest at the end next to the receptacle. 
 " The filaments are numerous, like hair, and much 
 " shorter than the blossom ; and the anthers are 
 " oblong and flattened. In the pistil the germen 
 "is large, and in general, nearly round, like a 
 "globe;" but in some of the species it is oblong, 
 as in this instance ; " there is no style ; and the 
 " summit is shaped like a target, (or something 
 " like a saucer turned upside down), flat, and divid- 
 " ed into rays, like the spokes of awheel. The seed- 
 
142 POPPY. SEEDS. 
 
 " vessel is called a Capsule, and has only one cell, 
 " divided half-way through by little partitions that 
 " run from top to bottom. The large flat summit 
 " forms a sort of crown on the top of the seed- 
 " vessel, which, when the seeds are ripe, opens in 
 " several places, close under the crown, to let them 
 " out. The seeds are round and numerous." 
 
 EDWARD. 
 What is a Cell? 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 It is a hollow space in the seed-vessel, for hold- 
 ing the seeds. A capsule is composed either of 
 one such hollow, or of several ; and these cells are 
 sometimes provided with little partitions, to which 
 the .seeds are fixed, until they are quite ripe and 
 fit for sowing. Can you find the seeds of your 
 poppy? 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 Yes ; but they are very small. Would every one 
 of these little things grow into a plant, if I were to 
 put them into the ground ? 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 Under favourable circumstances they would: 
 but it is probable that a good many of them might 
 be destroyed by damp, or eaten by insects ; which 
 is, perhaps, one of the reasons why they are so nu- 
 merous. 
 
SEEDS. 143 
 
 The number of seeds produced by some annuals 
 is very astonishing. More than thirty thousand 
 have been found in a single head of poppy-; and in 
 some other plants the number is still greater. In 
 the great Cat's Tail, T/pha ma'jor, the seeds are 
 blown off by the wind, and no doubt many of them 
 lost ; but this effect is provided against by their vast 
 number, each spike generally bearing about forty 
 thousand seeds ! so that upon the three spikes, which 
 every plant commonly produces, there are every year 
 more than a hundred and twenty thousand seeds. 
 The Tobacco, Nicotia'na Tab'acum, of a genus in 
 the class Pentandria, has been known to produce, 
 on one plant, three hundred and sixty thousand 
 seeds ; and the annual produce of a single stalk of 
 Spleenwort, a kind of Fern, has been estimated at 
 a million. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 And do all plants produce seeds ? 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 All annual and most perennial plants do so, 
 when they grow in a favourable soil and situ- 
 ation. 
 
 The structure of seeds, and the manner in 
 which they grow, or germinate, are of great im- 
 portance in botany ; because they are found to 
 be always connected with great differences, both 
 in the inward structure, and in the form and ap- 
 
144 PARTS OF SEEDS. 
 
 pearance of the plants which spring from the seed. 
 But as this subject is difficult, I will mention to you 
 only some of the principal parts into which seeds 
 are divided, and these are, chiefly, the Skin or 
 Husk, the Cotyl'edon, and the Embryo. 
 
 The Skin, or Husk, is no more than a sort of 
 case, by which the parts within are defended from 
 injury; it is commonly of a darker colour than 
 the parts which it contains. 
 
 The Lobes, or Cotyledons, immediately sur- 
 round the Embryo ; and when the stem has begun 
 to grow, they generally appear upon the surface 
 along with it, in the form of the first leaf or leaves. 
 When there is only one lobe, the plant is said to 
 be Monocotyle'donous ; when two it is called 
 Dicotyle'donous, which is by far the most nume- 
 rous division. Other seeds have a greater number 
 of Cotyledons than two ; and some have none at 
 all. 
 
 The Embryo is the future plant in miniature, 
 and in general is exceedingly small. Linnaeus 
 calls it the Cor'culum, or little heart. It is the 
 portion which all the rest of the seed is intended to 
 nourish and protect, and is itself divided into two 
 parts ; one called the Plu'mula, which always grows 
 upwards, and becomes the stem and branches of the 
 future plant ; the other, which is called the Rad'icle, 
 becomes the root, and grows down into the earth. 
 These parts may be readily distinguished in the 
 
GROWTH OF SEEDS. 145 
 
 common garden bean, the skin or husk of which 
 it is very easy to separate ; the two flat portions, 
 which form the greater part of the bean, being the 
 Cotyledons, with the little plant or Cor'culum be- 
 tween them. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 Must the seeds be quite ripe, before they can 
 grow ? 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 Seeds that are not ripe very seldom grow; but 
 there are a few exceptions to this rule. Peas have 
 been known to germinate, even when put into the 
 earth in a green and soft state ; and the seed of a 
 lemon has been observed to shoot out a little ra- 
 dicle and plumula, even before it was taken from 
 the fruit. 
 
 Some kinds of seeds take a much longer time to 
 germinate than others. Those of the grasses are 
 among the number whose seeds grow the quick- 
 est ; and the plants of the Rose-tribe are perhaps 
 the slowest. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 But if the seeds are not gathered when they are 
 ripe, what becomes of them ? 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 Nature takes various methods to ensure their 
 being sown. The seeds of several plants, which 
 grow best in a peculiar soil, as of the A'rum, are 
 
 L 
 
146 DISTRIBUTION OF SEEDS. 
 
 small, and heavy enough to fall directly into the 
 ground when the seed-vessel opens ; so that they 
 grow without further care, nearly in the same 
 place where the parent plant flourished. If the 
 seeds are so large and light, as to be borne by the 
 wind, they are often furnished with little hooks, to 
 prevent their straying too far, till they are safely 
 lodged in the earth. Some, on the contrary, have 
 little wings, that, when they are ripe, they may be 
 carried by the wind to some distance ; lest they 
 should all fall together, and come up so thick as 
 to injure each other. The seeds of the ash and 
 maple are of this description. Other seeds are 
 scattered, not by flying about, but by being 
 spurted, or darted away, by the plant itself: those 
 of the Wood-sorrel, for instance, which has a run- 
 ning root, are thrown off in this manner ; the 
 seed-vessel being of such a construction, that when 
 it begins to dry, it bursts open, and in a moment 
 is violently turned inside out, so that the seeds are 
 scattered to a great distance. When oats are 
 ripe, the grains are thrown from the calyx with 
 such a sound, that, in passing near an oat field 
 in a fine dry day, you may hear a crackling 
 noise. 
 
 Birds and animals also sometimes disperse the 
 seed, when the seed-vessel forms part of their food. 
 This is the case with such fruits as the cherry, the 
 sloe, and haw ; which birds carry away, till they 
 
SEEDS. 147 
 
 find some convenient place for devouring the pulpy 
 seed-vessel, and then drop the stone, with the seed 
 which it contains, upon the ground. 
 
 Where the seed itself is liable to be totally de- 
 stroyed, provision is made for the propagation of 
 the plant by other contrivances. Thus in the 
 strawberry, the seeds of which are eaten along 
 with the pulp, and often devoured by vermin, 
 the plant is easily made to grow from suckers, or 
 young shoots ; much in the same manner as the 
 stoloniferous grasses which I described to you the 
 other day. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 Shall we try now to find out what species of 
 Poppy this is ? 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 There are six or seven native species of Papa'- 
 ver ; two of which, du'bium and Rhce'as, resemble 
 each other in their general appearance, and are 
 both very common. As yours is one of these, I 
 will read the characters of both, and you shall de- 
 cide for yourself. 
 
 In the species du'bium, " the capsules are smooth 
 " and oblong," that is, of an oval shape, or some- 
 what like an egg; "the stem bears several flowers; 
 " and the stalks are covered with a bristly sort of 
 " hair, which lies close down upon them." 
 L 2 
 
148 PAPA'VER RHOS'AS EXAMINED. 
 
 In the other species, " the capsules are smooth, 
 " and shaped like an urn, broader at the top than 
 " at the bottom ; the stem bears several flowers, 
 " and is hairy ; and the hair on the fruit stalks, 
 " instead of lying close down, spreads or stands 
 out." 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 I did not know that poppies had any fruit ; but 
 you speak of their fruit stalks. What are they ? 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 In all plants, the part that contains the seed is 
 called the fruit, whether it is fit to be eaten or 
 not ; and the fruit stalks are those which support 
 this part. Now, can you tell me, which of 
 the descriptions that I have just read suits 
 your poppy ? 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 The last, I think : because the seed-vessel is 
 broader at the top than at the bottom, and the hairs 
 stand out from the fruit-stalks. 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 Very right : our plant is of the last species that 
 I have mentioned, Papa'ver Rhre'as, common red 
 Poppy; one of the most troublesome weeds the 
 farmer meets with among his corn, for it is more 
 difficult to destroy than any other. The seeds will 
 lie for a very long time in unploughed land with- 
 
POPPY. OPIUM. 149 
 
 out shooting ; but as soon as the corn begins to 
 grow, they spring up. 
 
 When the Poppy is only in bud the stem is 
 curved, and the head hangs down, so as to pre- 
 vent the rain and dew from getting into it; but 
 when the flower has become larger, and is ready to 
 open, the stalk stands up, as if for the purpose oi 
 presenting the flower to the sun's rays. 
 
 Opium, which is so much used in medicine, on 
 account of its power to relieve pain, and to occa- 
 sion sleep, is the juice obtained from the unripe 
 seed-vessels of another species of Papa'ver, the 
 somnif erum, or white Poppy. In many parts of 
 Asia Minor the inhabitants chew Opium, as the 
 sailors and common people chew tobacco in Eng- 
 land ; and whole fields are sown with the seeds of 
 this plant, just as ours are with corn. When the 
 heads are nearly ripe, they are cut into on one 
 side with a sharp instrument, and a white liquor 
 flows out, which the heat of the sun hardens upon 
 them ; this is the Opium : it is collected the next 
 day, when fresh cuts are made on the opposite 
 side of the seed-vessel ; but what comes from the 
 first wound is greatly superior to that obtained 
 from the second. After the opium is collected, it 
 is moistened with a small quantity of water or 
 honey, and worked upon a board until it becomes 
 of the consistence of pitch, when it is formed into 
 cakes or rolls for sale. Tincture of opium, which 
 
 L 3 
 
150 TEA. 
 
 is made by dissolving it in spirit of \\ine, is called 
 Laudanum. 
 
 There is another plant, called Yellow horned- 
 Poppy, Chelido'nium Glau'ciurn, which is in the 
 same order of this class, but of a different genus. 
 It is found in many parts of England near the sea ; 
 and has its English name from the great length of 
 the pods, which may be compared to horns. It is 
 a very poisonous plant, which is the case with most 
 of those belonging to the class Polyandria. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 Then are there no fruits in this class fit to eat ? 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 There are a few ; but none of them are natives 
 of this country. But there is one tree belonging 
 to it which is very remarkable, and is considered 
 as almost a necessary of life in several other parts 
 of the world, as well as in England, though it does 
 not produce an eatable fruit. The Tea-tree, The'a, 
 is a native of China, Japan, and Tonquin ; and had 
 never been found wild in any other country, till 
 it was unexpectedly discovered in Assam, a pro- 
 vince on the East of India, between Hindoostan 
 and China. It attains the height of ten or twelve 
 feet, and is an evergreen. The leaves, which are 
 the only valuable part, are about an inch and a 
 half long, and resemble those of sweet-briar ; the 
 flowers are something like the wild white rose; 
 
GATHERING OF TEA-LEAVES. 151 
 
 and the seeds are round, blackish, and about the 
 size of a large pea. Linnaeus says, that there are 
 two species of this plant, the Bohe'a, or black, 
 and the vir'idis, or green tea. The green, which 
 has much longer leaves than the black, is a more 
 hardy plant, and, with very little protection, bears 
 the severity of our winters. 
 
 As tea is a most important article of commerce 
 to the Chinese, they bestow the greatest possible 
 care upon its cultivation. It is propagated by 
 seeds, from six to twelve of which are put into 
 holes at regular distances from each other, and 
 about five inches deep ; so many of the seeds being 
 sown together, because it is supposed that only a 
 small number grow. 
 
 When the tree is three years old, the leaves are 
 fit to be gathered ; and the men who collect them 
 wear gloves, that the flavour may not be injured. 
 They do not pull them by handfuls, but pick them 
 off one by one, taking great care not to break any ; 
 and although this appears to be a very tedious 
 process, each person gathers from ten to fifteen 
 pounds a day. 
 
 The fresh leaves are first exposed to the steam 
 of boiling water, after which they are put on plates 
 of copper, and held over a fire till they become 
 dry and shrivelled: they are then taken off the 
 plates with shovels, and spread upon mats ; some 
 of the labourers taking a small quantity at a time, 
 L 4 
 
152 TEA IN CHINA. 
 
 which they roll in their hands, always in the same 
 direction ; while others are continually employed 
 in stirring the tea-leaves on the mats, that they may 
 cool the sooner, and retain their shrivelled appear- 
 ance; and this process is repeated several times 
 before the tea is fit for use. 
 
 The tea-leaves are gathered at three different 
 seasons. What are first procured, while they are 
 very young, are called Imperial tea ; which is ge- 
 nerally reserved for the court and persons of rank, 
 because it is considered as of the finest quality. 
 The last gathering, when the leaves have attained 
 their full growth, is the coarsest tea of all, and is 
 used by the common people. 
 
 In China and Japan, tea is sold in every town, 
 and on all the public roads, as beer is in England; 
 and is drunk in the same manner by labourers and 
 travellers : it is used without cream or sugar ; and 
 in Chinese drawings, the people are seldom repre- 
 sented at work of any kind without a tea-pot and 
 tea-cup. People of rank in those countries take 
 as much pains to procure tea of excellent quality, 
 as Europeans do to obtain good wine ; and they 
 generally keep it a year before it is made use of. 
 
 The Tea-tree is said to grow in China, princi- 
 pally in a mild and temperate climate, in the coun- 
 try about Nankin ; in Japan, that which is most 
 esteemed grows in the neighbourhood of a small 
 town called Udis; where there is a celebrated 
 
CAPER. WATER-LILY. 1 53 
 
 mountain of that name, near the sea, the whole of 
 which is planted with tea for the Emperor's use, 
 and surrounded with a wide ditch for its protection. 
 
 Tea was first brought to Europe from China, by 
 some Dutch merchants, about the year 1641. 
 
 The Caper-bush, Cap'paris spino'sa, Polyandria 
 Monogynia, grows wild in the Levant. It is as 
 common there as the bramble is with us, growing 
 out of old walls, the chinks of rocks, and amongst 
 rubbish ; and is cultivated in the south of Europe, 
 for the sake of the young flower-buds, which are 
 pickled and exported in great quantities, and used 
 at table in England. It is a very beautiful shrub 
 ( But I must return to our native plants, some of 
 which, of this class, are too remarkable to be passed 
 over; particularly the Water-lily, which is equal 
 in beauty to almost any foreign flower. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 I have seen a white Water-lily growing in our 
 ponds. What is its botanical name ? 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 Nymphae'a al'ba, of a genus in the order Mono > 
 gynia. You must watch it in the evening when 
 the flowers close and lie down upon the water : at 
 night they sink below the surface ; and in the mid- 
 dle of the day, when the weather is bright and 
 hot, they rise some inches above it, and expand 
 
154 LILY OF THE NILE. LIME. 
 
 The yellow Water-lily, Nymphse'a lu'tea, is also a 
 very beautiful flower, though much smaller ; it 
 grows in the same situations as the white, in ponds 
 and slow-running rivers. 
 
 Nymphse'a Nelum'bo, the Sacred Bean of India, 
 is celebrated by the Chinese poets. The flowers, 
 which resemble tulips, are composed of numerous 
 petals, tinged with a delicate pink ; and they are 
 very splendid. The seed is like a small acorn 
 without its cup ; it is eaten green, and often pre- 
 served as a sweet-meat; and the root also is used 
 as food. 
 
 The Egyptian Lotus, or Lily of the Nile, is 
 another species, the Nymphee'a Lo'tus. 
 
 The common Lime, or Linden-tree, Til'ia Eu- 
 ropse'a (Polyandria Monogynia), is a native of 
 England. The wood is preferred by carvers to 
 every other, on account of its delicate colour, and 
 of its not being liable to split or to be injured by 
 worms. The beautiful festoons of fruit and flowers 
 at Windsor Castle, and some of the ornaments of 
 the choir of St. Paul's church in London, which 
 were carved by Gibbons in the time of Charles the 
 Second, are of this wood, and are still in perfect 
 preservation. The leaves of the Lime-tree are 
 dried as winter-food for sheep and goats ; and the 
 bark is sometimes made into ropes and fishing- 
 nets. Sugar is prepared in some countries from 
 the sap; and the flowers, which are delightfully 
 
SIDE-SADDLE FLOWER. 155 
 
 fragrant, particularly at night, are eagerly sought 
 after by bees. 
 
 Some of the most common garden flowers be- 
 long to native genera in the orders Pentagynia 
 and Polygynia of this class : Larkspur, Delphin'- 
 ium consol'ida; Monk's-hood or Wolfs-bane, 
 Aconi'tum Napel'lus ; Columbine, Aquile'gia vul- 
 ga'ris; Traveller's Joy, Clem'atis Vital'ba; andPio- 
 ny, Pseo'nia coralli'na, (which last grows wild on 
 some of the islands in the Severn,) are among the 
 number. 
 
 There is a tree also, in the order Polygynia of 
 this class, a native of North America, which bears 
 a flower very much resembling our garden tulip, 
 and is therefore called the Tulip-tree, Lirioden'- 
 dron Tulipifera. It grows to the height of 
 seventy or eighty feet, and its wood is used for all 
 sorts of carpenters' work. The flowers, which 
 have six petals, spotted with green, red, white, and 
 yellow, are succeeded by large cones, or seed- 
 vessels, but these never ripen in England. 
 
 The Sarrace'nia, Side-saddle Flower, is of sin- 
 gular structure, both in the flower and the leaves ; 
 the plant is very common in the swamps in North 
 America, but it is extremely difficult to cultivate in 
 this country. The singularity of the flower con- 
 sists chiefly in the stigma, which is spread out over 
 the stamens like an umbrella. The leaves are 
 hollow tubes, capable of holding water ; and it is 
 
156 ANOTTA. 
 
 said that in dry weather, birds and other animals 
 repair to them for drink. 
 
 I forgot to mention to you, that the dye, called 
 Anotta, is obtained from the berries of a tree be- 
 longing to the first order of this class, called Bix'a 
 Orella'na, a native of the East and West Indies. 
 The Mexicans employ the anotta, which affords a 
 bright orange colour, in staining wood and in 
 drawing; and it is used in England to give a 
 colour to cheese. The bark makes good ropes for 
 common purposes ; and the wood is much used by 
 the American Indians for procuring fire, which 
 they do by rubbing pieces of it together. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 You promised once to tell me a story of a poor 
 Indian woman, who suffered a great deal because 
 she did not know this way of making a fire. 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 I did so ; and as we have finished our thirteenth 
 class you shall hear it now, though it has no im- 
 mediate relation to Botany, because it shows the 
 value of knowledge and ingenuity in time of dis- 
 tress. I read the account in Hearne's Journey to 
 the Northern Ocean. 
 
 When some of Hearne's companions were hunt- 
 ing in one of the wildest parts of North America, 
 they observed the track of a strange snow-shoe. 
 
STORY OF AN INDIAN WOMAN. 157 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 Is that different from a common shoe ? 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 It is made of an oblong wooden rim, with cords 
 woven like a net, from side to side, something like 
 the rackets with which you play, but much longer 
 and wider than the foot ; it is fastened to the sole 
 of the foot, and is used to prevent the person who 
 wears it from sinking in the soft snow. 
 
 The party followed the track, and came at last 
 to a little hut, where they discovered a young 
 woman sitting alone. They soon found that she 
 understood their language, and was one of a 
 western tribe of Indians, who, with some others, 
 had been taken prisoners by another tribe. The 
 savages, according to their custom, surprised her 
 party in the night ; and her father, mother, hus- 
 band, and even her young child who was only 
 five months old, were put to death. This act of 
 cruelty gave her such an abhorrence to those In- 
 dians, although she herself was treated with kind- 
 ness, that she resolved to leave them, if possible, 
 and to return to her own country, at the hazard 
 of the greatest misery and danger : and she 
 succeeded in escaping; but the windings of the 
 rivers and lakes were so numerous, that she lost 
 her way, and was obliged, with her own hands, to 
 
158 STORY OF 
 
 build the hut in which she was found, to give her 
 shelter during the winter. 
 
 From her account of the number of moons that 
 had passed since her escape, for that was her way 
 of reckoning time, it appeared that she had been 
 near seven months without seeing a human face ; 
 but during all that time she had supported herself 
 very well, by snaring partridges, rabbits, and 
 squirrels. 
 
 The methods practised by this poor creature to 
 procure a subsistence were truly admirable. Five 
 or six inches of an iron hoop, made into a sort of 
 knife, and the iron head of an arrow, which 
 served her as an awl, were the only tools she had ; 
 but with these she had contrived to make herself 
 complete snow-shoes, and many other useful arti- 
 cles. When the few deers' sinews that she had 
 taken with her were all used, in making snares for 
 game, and sewing her clothes, she had nothing to 
 supply their place but the sinews of the rabbits' legs 
 and feet: but she twisted these together with great 
 dexterity into threads ; and the wild animals that 
 she caught not only supplied her with food, but 
 with a suit of warm clothing for the winter, which 
 she had made of their skins. 
 
 It would scarcely be imagined, that a person in 
 her forlorn situation could be so composed, as to 
 contrive or execute anything that was not abso- 
 lutely necessary to existence ; but all her clothes, 
 

 AN INDIAN WOMAN. 159 
 
 besides being calculated for real service, showed 
 great taste, and even variety of ornament. 
 
 Her hours of leisure from hunting had been 
 employed in twisting the inner bark or rind of 
 willows into small lines like twine, of which she 
 had prepared several hundred yards ; and of this 
 she intended, as the spring advanced, to have made 
 a fishing net, after the manner of her country. 
 
 One of her greatest difficulties was to make a 
 fire. She had no instruments for that purpose 
 but two hard stones; - but by rubbing or striking 
 these together, after a great many attempts, she 
 obtained a few sparks, and at last succeeded in 
 kindling some touchwood. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 Is that the wood of the anotta tree ? 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 No; touchwood is not the produce of any 
 particular tree, but dried decayed wood, of almost 
 any kind, which in England is used to catch the 
 sparks struck from steel or iron by a flint. When 
 I rub this metal button very quickly on the cover 
 of the table, you perceive that it becomes hot; 
 and if I could rub it hard enough, it might even 
 be made to set fire to the cloth. The same effect 
 is actually produced when a piece of steel is 
 struck against a flint ; for the scraping or rubbing 
 
160 STORY OF AN INDIAN WOMAN. 
 
 causes so great a heat, as to set fire to the little mor- 
 sel of steel which is struck off by the violent blow. 
 I suppose the poor woman knew that sparks could 
 be struck out from two hard stones ; and that she 
 found, by good fortune, some pieces of decayed 
 wood, fit to be set on fire by them : but as this 
 method was very laborious and uncertain, she 
 thought it best to keep her fire burning, with 
 great anxiety, through the whole winter. 
 
161 
 
 CONVERSATION THE THIRTEENTH. 
 
 CLASS 14. DIDYNA'MIA. NATURAL ORDERS GLE- 
 CHO'MA HEDERA'CEA, GROUND IVY, EXAMINED 
 
 LEAVES OTHER PLANTS OF THIS CLASS. HONEY 
 
 FLOWER. FOREIGN TREES. SITUATION AND DIS- 
 TRIBUTION OF PLANTS. EFFECTS OF CLIMATE, 
 
 AND OF LIGHT. 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 I HAVE already told you, Edward, that the flowers 
 of the fourteenth class, Didyna'mia, contain four 
 stamens, two of which are long and two short. 
 But besides these distinctions, this class is known 
 by some others, which it is important to attend 
 to, because they form what is called a Natural cha- 
 racter. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 What does that mean ? 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 Some plants, although belonging to different 
 genera, bear so strong a resemblance to each other, 
 
162 NATURAL ORDERS OF PLANTS. 
 
 in their whole structure, and appearance, that 
 botanists are enabled to arrange them into sets or 
 groups, which they call Natural Orders ; and the 
 circumstances that distinguish these, are called the 
 Natural character ; because they form distinctions 
 which are pointed out by nature itself. Whereas 
 the classes and orders which depend upon the num- 
 ber of the stamens and pistils, though they afford a 
 very convenient method of finding out the names of 
 plants, sometimes separate plants that are in reality 
 very like each other. The umbelliferous plants, 
 for example, have a very obvious natural character. 
 The lilies, of which the orange and white lilies and 
 the Crown Imperial in the garden are good ex- 
 amples, form a very distinct natural family ; and 
 may easily be known from other tribes, by their 
 bulbous roots, long slender leaves, and handsome 
 flowers, and by having either no calyx, or instead 
 of one a sheath. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 But the hyacinth and tulip are very like what you 
 describe, as well as the lilies. 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 So they are; and from this general resemblance, 
 they are placed in the same natural order, and the 
 whole together are called Lilia'ceous plants. 
 
 The grasses form another natural tribe ; which 
 
SYSTEMS DEFECTIVE. 163 
 
 includes all plants that have a straight hollow stem, 
 without branches, and commonly jointed, a single 
 undivided leaf, part of which surrounds the stem 
 like a sheath growing from each joint, and 
 flowers each bearing only one seed. [See PLATES 
 5. and 6.] Plants which have these characters, 
 whatever be the class in which they have been 
 placed according to the method of Linnaeus, be- 
 long to the natural order of grasses, called in Latin 
 Gram'ina. The different species of rush, and the 
 rice-plant, for instance, are placed in the sixth 
 class of Linnaeus, because they have six stamens ; 
 out they belong to this natural order, as well as the 
 various kinds of corn and the sugar-cane, which 
 have only three. This separation of genera that are 
 so much alike, is one of the principal defects of the 
 Linnaean system. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 But is there no arrangement better than Lin- 
 naeus's ? 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 Several different systems or arrangements of 
 plants have been invented by other botanists ; 
 which are founded, some upon the fruit, some upon 
 the corolla, and others upon the general appear- 
 ance, or natural character, of the whole plant, 
 without regard to the number of stamens and pistils. 
 There is not any one quite free from objections ; 
 but the ingenuity of some of them will interest 
 M 2 
 
164 LINNJEAN SYSTEM. 
 
 and delight you very much, when you are suf- 
 ficiently acquainted with the structure of plants to 
 understand them. 
 
 My reasons for having chosen the system of Lin- 
 naeus, in preference to any other, were, that it 
 is used in England very generally ; and that it will 
 enable you to find out the genera and species of 
 plants with greater ease and certainty than any 
 other, which is all that I propose to instruct you 
 in at present. The Natural orders, in short, are 
 the best to teach the structure of pi ants: the Ar- 
 tificial orders, serve to distinguish one plant from 
 another, or to find their places in the arrangement. 
 Linnaeus himself, indeed, allows, in his Gen'era 
 Planta'rum, that his artificial method is of use only 
 to ascertain plants. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 But have not a great many plants been found 
 since Linnaeus's time ? 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 Botanists are constantly discovering new spe- 
 cies ; and travellers seldom visit distant countries, 
 without bringing home even new genera. Sir 
 Joseph Banks found nearly a thousand species, 
 during the voyage in which New South Wales was 
 discovered ; and Mr. Brown a celebrated botanist, 
 who went out with Captain Flinders, on a voyage 
 of discovery to New Holland, in the year 1801, 
 
Clecbdma hcdrra'(va (',rtnin<t Ivy. 
 Class XIV. DWYNAMIA Ol'doi' VYMNOSI'KKMIA. 
 
NUMBER OF PLANTS KNOWN. 165 
 
 collected nearly four thousand different species, 
 most of them new. 
 
 The whole number of plants, at present known, 
 may be estimated at thirty-three thousand ; with- 
 out including those peculiar to New Holland. 
 Those belonging to the class Cryptogamia, already 
 published by various authors, exceed six thousand. 
 
 But we must come back to the class Didynamia ; 
 and we shall now examine the common Ground- 
 Ivy, which is a good example of it. [PLATE 16.] 
 
 There are two orders in this class, the first called 
 Gymnosper'mia, in which the seeds are naked; 
 the second, Angiosper'mia, having the seeds covered. 
 Pull out one of the blossoms, and tell me to which 
 of these orders the Ground-Ivy belongs. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 I suppose it must be the first; for I see four little 
 seeds in the bottom of the cup, without any cover- 
 ing. But what were the two little white crosses 
 that I saw in the blossom? 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 They were the anthers; but you must not be too 
 sure of their number, until you have opened the 
 blossom ; you will then find that what you took for 
 a cross, is in reality composed of two parts, so shaped 
 
 that when they meet, 1) C <^C they look like 
 
 a little cross. This is what constitutes the prin- 
 M 3 
 
166 GLECHO'MA HEDERA'CEA EXAMINED. 
 
 cipal distinction of the genus Glecho'ma, to which 
 our plant belongs ; and we shall now try, whether 
 the remaining characters correspond with the de- 
 scription. 
 
 " The cup is small, in proportion to the size of 
 " the blossom, and formed of one leaf, in five un- 
 " equal divisions, each of which ends in a point. 
 " The upper lip of the blossom is upright, and 
 " slightly notched in the middle ; the lower lip is 
 " large, turns down, and has three divisions, the 
 " middle one the broadest, and notched at the 
 " end. The style is thread-shaped, and the sum- 
 " mit cloven into two pointed divisions. There is 
 " no seed-vessel : but the seeds are placed at the 
 " bottom of the cup, without any covering;" as 
 you have seen. All this agrees so well with our spe- 
 cimen, that there can be no doubt about the genus. 
 
 There is but one native species of Glecho'ma, the 
 hedera'cea ; and it may be distinguished from the 
 foreign species by the leaves, which, you perceive, 
 are nearly kidney-shaped, and scolloped at the 
 edges. When rubbed on the under side, they have 
 a pleasant smell ; the upper side has none. The 
 leaves and young shoots of this plant were used in 
 England for giving a flavour to ale, till the reign of 
 Henry the Eighth, about which period hops were 
 substituted. 
 
 The figure of the leaf has been found to be of 
 great use for distinguishing the species ; and bo- 
 
SIZE OF LEAVES. 167 
 
 tanists have therefore spared no pains to determine 
 and describe the various forms of leaves, of which 
 there are upwards of a hundred. The size also 
 of the leaf varies much in different plants; and the 
 largest plants have not always the largest leaves : 
 those of the Marsh Marigold, Cal'tha palus'tris, a 
 small herb, being larger than those of the oak. 
 The largest leaves produced by any British species, 
 are, I believe, those of the Burdock, Arc'tium 
 Lap'pa, and the Butterbur- Coltsfoot, Tussila'go 
 Petasi'tes; but these are very small, in comparison 
 with the leaves of some foreign plants. The 
 leaf of the Strelit'zia Regi'na, an African plant, 
 grows to the length of three or four feet, and is 
 eighteen inches at the broadest part. Those of the 
 plaintain tree are sometimes ten feet long, and two 
 feet in breadth at the base ; and they are used in 
 a variety of ways to screen the inhabitants of the 
 countries in which they grow from the sun. The 
 largest leaves are generally found in tropical cli- 
 mates, where shade is most wanted. 
 
 Leaves are of great service to the plants which 
 bear them, by affording protection to the flowers 
 and fruit. Such tender fruits as require to be 
 shaded from the sunbeams while young, are ac- 
 companied by very large leaves ; while in the pear 
 and apple, and other trees in which the fruit does 
 not need protection, the leaves are comparatively 
 small. 
 
 M 4 
 
168 USES OF LEAVES. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 But if the leaves are so useful, why do not the 
 trees die when they fall off? 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 When vegetation ceases, that is, when the 
 plants do not continue to grow, as is the case with 
 many of them during the winter in this country, 
 the leaves become unnecessary, and then fall off or 
 decay ; but when warm weather approaches new 
 ones appear, and the plant begins to grow again. 
 The under side of leaves is furnished with a great 
 number of little vessels, or tubes, which seem to be 
 intended to imbibe the moisture of the air. M. 
 Bonnet, indeed, proved this by a very simple ex- 
 periment : he placed a leaf of the white mulberry, 
 Mo'rus al'ba, with its upper surface upon water, 
 and found that it did not continue fresh and green 
 for more than six days ; but another leaf of the 
 same tree, placed with its under surface upon 
 water, continued fresh for six months. The upper 
 surface of the leaf serves as a defence to the under 
 side ; and this position of the two surfaces appears 
 to be essential to the health of the plant ; for if a 
 branch be turned upside down, in such a manner 
 as to reverse the natural situation of the leaves, 
 they will turn back again of themselves. 
 
 But we must not forget the fourteenth class, 
 where we left off. You can now, probably, under- 
 
169 
 
 stand its natural character; which consists in its 
 having a calyx formed of only one leaf, like a tube, 
 with five divisions, and being permanent, or 
 remaining upon the stalk until the seeds are ripe. 
 The blossom, too, is of one petal, the lower part 
 like a tube ; and the border is divided into two 
 parts like lips ; from which last circumstance the 
 flowers belonging to the class are called La'biate, 
 or Lipped, and some of them, from their resem- 
 blance to an open mouth, are said to gape or grin. 
 In most instances the upper lip is like a hood or 
 helmet, and the lower one spreads out, and is 
 divided into three segments. 
 
 The plants in the order Gymnospermia, (with 
 naked seeds,) are almost universally odoriferous, 
 and none of them are poisonous. Lavender, La- 
 van'dula Spica ; several species of Mint, Men'tha; 
 the common Marjoram, Orig / anumvulga / re; Balm, 
 Melis'sa; white Horehound, Marru'bium vulga're; 
 and Vervain, Verbe'na omcina'lis,are among them: 
 and these are all natives of England, except the 
 lavender, which came originally from the south of 
 Europe. 
 
 In the second order, Angiosper'mia, where the 
 seeds are enclosed, some of the species are poison- 
 ous ; and the common Fox-glove, Digitalis pur- 
 pu'rea, which grows plentifully in England, though 
 very useful in medicine, is one of these : indeed 
 every medicine would be poisonous, if taken in suf- 
 
170 VERBE'NA. ODOROUS LEAVES. 
 
 ficient quantity. The Honey-flower, Melian'thus, 
 a Cape plant, is of this class and order. It pro- 
 duces honey in such great abundance, that a tea- 
 spoonful may be collected every morning from each 
 of its flowers, of which there is always a great 
 number ; but the strong and disagreeable smell of 
 the plant when it is bruised indicates a poisonous 
 quality. There is another flower, but of the class 
 Hexandria, the Crown Imperial, Fritilla'ria impe- 
 ria'lis, which produces nearly as much honey ; but 
 the plant is so poisonous that bees will not collect 
 it : this beautiful plant, now so common, was intro- 
 duced into Europe by Clusius, a professor of bo- 
 tany at Leyden, who received it from the East, 
 along with the Horse Chesnut, more than two hun- 
 dred years ago. 
 
 Snapdragon, Antirrhinum, and Vervain, Ver- 
 be'na, are other examples of the order Angio- 
 spermia in the fourteenth class. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 Verbe'na is the plant in the greenhouse that has 
 such sweet-scented leaves ; they have a smell of 
 lemon, even when they are dry. 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 There are several species of Verbe'na, and the 
 one you mean is the triphyl'la, or three-leaved 
 Vervain. It is a native of Chili in South America. 
 
CALABASH. NATIVE TREES. 171 
 
 The leaves of se^teral plants retain their aromatic 
 smell for a long time, even when dried. Those of 
 a great many Geraniums are very fragrant, and you 
 are well acquainted with the odour of the leaves of 
 Mint, Thyme, Rosemary, Lavender, and several 
 other plants, commonly cultivated in gardens. 
 
 There are but few trees in the class Didynamia, 
 and none of them are natives of this country. The 
 Calabash tree, Crescen'tia, is in the order Angio- 
 spermia, and there are two species, the oval and 
 the round-fruited, Crescen'tia Cuje'te, and C. cu- 
 curbiti'na. Both are natives of the West Indies, 
 and they are easily propagated by seed. The 
 wood of the Calabash tree is hard and smooth, 
 and is used for making different kinds of furniture. 
 The fruit varies from two inches to a foot in dia- 
 meter; but the pulp is seldom eaten, except by 
 cattle in time of drought. The small shells, of the 
 long-fruited species, are formed into spoons and 
 ladles, and those of the round fruit into cups. The 
 large shells, which sometimes hold fifteen pints, serve 
 for boiling water in, and bear the fire very well. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 I think you have told me, of very few trees that 
 are natives of England, in comparison with other 
 countries. 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 When you consider how very small a part of the 
 
172 WOODS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 world England occupies, you cannot be surprised 
 that the native trees are comparatively few in 
 number; and I ought to have mentioned to you 
 before, that the proportion of trees to herbaceous 
 plants is much greater in hot countries than in 
 temperate and cold climates. But it is singular, 
 that in some parts of North America, though the 
 average climate is colder than that of England, the 
 vegetation is richer. In the United States alone, 
 it is supposed that more species are found, of the 
 single genus Quer'cus, or oak, than there are, of 
 different genera in the whole of Europe. 
 
 Trees grow in such profusion in many parts of 
 North America, that great pains are taken to 
 destroy them. The ground cannot be tilled, nor 
 can the inhabitants support themselves, until the 
 trees are removed ; and the person who cuts down 
 the largest number, and makes the fields about his 
 house most free from wood, is looked upon as 
 the greatest improver in the country. I have 
 heard that when some Americans landed on a part 
 of the north-west coast of Ireland, which we should 
 consider as very desolate and dreary, they expressed 
 the greatest surprise and pleasure at the beauty and 
 improved state of a country, "so" clear of trees." 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 What curious things you tell me ! I thought, at 
 first, that botany would teach me only the names 
 and shape of plants. 
 
BOTANICAL GEOGRAPHY. 173 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 You will find, as you advance, that what relates 
 to the various situations in which vegetables grow, 
 and their distribution in different countries, is very 
 interesting. Some species, for instance, are con- 
 fined to exceedingly narrow limits, while others 
 are diffused, almost universally, over the world. A 
 species of marjoram, Orig'anum Tournefor / tii, a 
 plant of the class Didynamia, was discovered by 
 Tournefort, a celebrated French botanist, in the 
 year 1700, upon one rock only in the little island 
 of Amorgos, in the Archipelago. It was found 
 eighty years afterwards, by Sibthorpe, another 
 botanist, on the same island, and even upon the 
 very same rock ; but no one has ever yet observed 
 it anywhere else. 
 
 Some plants grow wild on mountains only, and 
 are called Alpine, from the word Alps, which sig- 
 nifies very high mountains ; some grow in valleys 
 only, others nowhere but on plains; and some 
 which are entirely confined to water, are called 
 Aquatic. Some require the hottest climates, some 
 temperate ones, while others thrive only in the 
 midst of ice. Asiatic plants are remarkable for 
 their beauty ; those of Africa for their thick and 
 succulent leaves : and of America for the length 
 and smoothness of their leaves, with some pecu- 
 liarity in the shape of the flower and fruit. The 
 flowers of Europe are seldom very beautiful. 
 
174 EFFECT OF CLIMATE ON PLANTS. 
 
 The plants peculiar to the polar regions are ge- 
 nerally low, with small compressed leaves, and 
 flowers which are large in proportion to the other 
 parts ; those of New Holland are distinguished try 
 'Small and dry leaves, which often have a shrivelled 
 appearance. In Arabia, the plants in general are 
 low and dwarfish ; in the islands of the Mediterra- 
 nean and Archipelago, they are generally shrubby, 
 and furnished with prickles; while, in the Canary 
 Islands, many which in other countries are merely 
 herbs, assume the appearance of shrubs and trees. 
 Nature, however, has endowed some tribes with 
 the capacity of growing in almost all climates; 
 and this is fortunately the case with the grasses, 
 and with many eatable roots, such as carrots, tur- 
 nips, potatoes, so that these have followed man 
 into all the climates and quarters of the globe. 
 Between the tropics, where the heat is always high, 
 it often happens, that plants flower more than once 
 in the year. 
 
 Light also, as well as heat, has a great effect 
 upon the colour and growth of plants ; so that, 
 when they are deprived of it, they become white 
 and colourless, and shoot up into pale weak stalks. 
 The outer leaves of a cabbage are green, but the 
 heart or inner part is nearly white, merely from 
 being shut up. Potatoes often grow in cellars, 
 where there is but little light and air ; and the 
 stems shoot to a great length towards the light, 
 
EFFECT OF LIGHT ON PLANTS. 175 
 
 but they are very weak, and trail upon the ground. 
 I have myself seen plants, which had grown in 
 dark rooms or cellars, and were perfectly white, 
 gradually become green on being exposed to the 
 light. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 Then does the gardener cover up endive and 
 celery with earth, to make them grow white ? 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 He does, my dear ; and earthing them up in 
 this manner is called blanching. The position of 
 the leaves of plants depends in some measure on 
 their exposure to light, to which they always turn 
 their upper surface; and it has been remarked, 
 that the ripe ears of corn, which bend down with 
 the weight of the grain, scarcely ever incline to 
 the north, but always turn towards the sun, or to 
 the south; you may observe this yourself in a field 
 of ripe corn. The opening of flowers is also 
 effected by light : many of them do not expand 
 their petals fully except when the sun shines, 
 and therefore open them during the day, and shut 
 them at night, alternately. There are some 
 flowers, however, which open only in darkness, 
 and shut up their blossoms on the approach of 
 light : M. Decandolle, a French botanist, who 
 tried some curious experiments on the subject, 
 found that the Mirab'ilis Jal'apa, Marvel of Peru? 
 
J76 OBSERVATION ON NATURE. 
 
 opened its flowers when put into a very dark place, 
 but shut them at night, even when artificial light 
 was introduced. 
 
 Trees show how beneficial the light is to them, 
 by their branches being generally thicker and more 
 full of leaves on the side exposed to the sun than 
 on the opposite one. And the knowledge of this 
 circumstance is very useful to the Laplanders, who 
 are unacquainted with the compass, and would lose 
 their way in their long journeys, through wild 
 districts without roads or paths, if they were 
 not guided by this and other natural appearances, 
 which enable them to distinguish the points of north 
 and south. The inhabitants of several other coun- 
 tries also make great use of their observations on 
 the periodical appearances of plants. Some tribes 
 of American- Indians plant their corn " when the 
 " wild-plum blooms," or " when the leaves of the 
 " oak are about the size of a squirrel's ears : " and 
 some of their months are named from the state of 
 vegetation ; one being called the budding month, 
 another the flowering month, one the straw- 
 berry, and another the mulberry month; and the 
 Autumn is expressed by a term which signifies 
 "the fall of the leaf." 
 
177 
 
 CONVERSATION THE FOURTEENTH. 
 
 CLASS 15. TETRADYNA'MIA. ORDERS CHEIRAN'- 
 THUS CHEI'RI, COMMON WALL-FLOWER, EXAMINED. 
 
 CLASS 16. MONADEL'PHIA. ORDERS. MAL'vA 
 
 SYLVES'TRIS, COMMON MALLOW, EXAMINED YEW- 
 TREE. PINES J THEIR VARIOUS USES. COTTON- 
 PLANT. 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 I HOPE, Edward, that we can examine two plants 
 to-day, which I know will give you pleasure, 
 for I have not much to tell you about the fifteenth 
 class, Tetradynamia. Do you recollect how it is 
 distinguished ? 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 The flowers contain six stamens ; four of them 
 long, and two of them short. 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 You are quite right ; but as the difference of 
 their length is not always very striking, and the 
 plants of the sixth class have the same number of 
 
 N 
 
178 CRU'CIFORM PLANTS. 
 
 stamens, it will save you trouble, to remember 
 that the flowers in the class Hexandria never have 
 four petals, while those of the fifteenth class always 
 have that number. The last are generally called 
 Cru'ciform, or cross-shaped, from the four petals 
 being so placed as to form a kind of cross ; and 
 this circumstance forms the natural character of 
 the class Tetradynamia. 
 
 In moist situations, and during wet seasons, the 
 cruciform plants acquire a hot and biting taste, 
 like mustard; but none of them are poisonous 
 Even the common Turnip, Bras'sica Ra'pa, whose 
 root in a dry sandy soil is so sweet and juicy, be- 
 comes, in wet land, hard, and disagreeable to the 
 taste ; and the common Horse-radish, Cochlea'ria 
 Armora'cia, when it grows near water, is so ex- 
 tremely acrid that it can hardly be used. 
 
 The orders of this class, you may remember, 
 are two. They are distinguished from each other by 
 the shape of the seed-vessel, which in both is a Pod. 
 In the first order, Siliculo'sa, the pod is broad and 
 short; and in the second, Siliquo'sa, it is long and 
 narrow. 
 
 The first order contains about twelve native ge- 
 nera: among which are Sea-kale, Cram'be marit'i- 
 ma ; Shepherd's-purse, Thlas'pi Bur'sa-pasto'ris ; 
 Candy-tuft, I'beris ama'ra, which is very often 
 cultivated in flower-gardens ; and common Whit- 
 low-grass, Dra'ba ver'na, a pretty little plant, 
 
fLATE J 
 
 Cheiranthus Cheiri _ tiHiumw l\' 
 Oi'dor S 
 
 '$tu i 
 
ORDERS SILIQUC/SA AND SILICULO'SA. 179 
 
 which shows very well the effect of climate upon 
 vegetables ; for in Sicily it is in flower all through 
 the winter ; in England, Holland, and France, it 
 does not begin to flower till February; in Germany, 
 till March ; and in Sweden it does not flower until 
 the month of April. 
 
 The second order, Siliquo'sa, contains about 
 eleven native genera, some of which we use as 
 food. The common Water-cress, for instance, 
 Sisym'brium Nasturtium ; the Turnip, Bras'sica 
 Ra'pa; Cabbage, Bras'sica olera'cea ; Rape, Bras'- 
 sica Na'pus, which is cultivated chiefly for the sake 
 of the oil that is procured from its seeds ; Mustard, 
 Sina'pis ni'gra; and the Radish, Raph'aniis Rapha- 
 nis'trum. The Chinese Cabbage, Bras'sica chi- 
 nen'sis, is to the people of China nearly what the 
 potato is to the Irish. It is prized by all classes, 
 and is considered a necessary of life: it often weighs 
 from fifteen to twenty pounds, and reaches the 
 height of three or four feet. The leaves are used 
 raw, as salad; and, when boiled, they have the 
 flavour of asparagus. 
 
 The Wall-flower, too, that you brought in from 
 the garden, to learn from it the different parts of a 
 flower, is in this second order. It is a good ex- 
 ample of the class, and we will now examine its 
 characters. [PLATES 17. and 1.] 
 
 The pods that contain the seeds, you perceive, 
 are long ; the order therefore is Siliquosa, in which 
 N 2 
 
180 CHEIRAN'THUS CHEI'RI EXAMINED. 
 
 there are two divisions of the genera ; one having- 
 the calyx open, with the leafits spreading; the 
 other, to which this plant belongs, having a close 
 cup, and the leafits approaching each other at the 
 top. This genus is named Cheiran'thus, and is 
 distinguished from the others, of the same division, 
 principally by two little roundish bodies, called 
 glands, which surround the bottom of the two 
 shorter stamens [PLATE 1.]; but they are not 
 easily seen without the assistance of a magnifying 
 glass. These glands, as I have already told you, 
 form the nectaries of the Wall-flower. " The cup 
 " consists of four upright spear-shaped leafits, of 
 " which the two outermost bulge, or swell a little 
 * 6 at the bottom. There are four petals, forming 
 " a cross, the claws as long as the cup. The 
 " four long stamens are of the same length as the 
 " calyx ; and the two shorter ones are curved out- 
 *' wards at the lower part," being pushed out, as it 
 were, and made to appear shorter, by the glands 
 that surround them at the bottom. " The anthers 
 " are long, upright, pointed at the top, and cloven 
 " at the bottom. The germen is as long as the 
 " filaments, and supports a very short style, with 
 " a divided summit. The seed-vessel is a long 
 " pod, containing several flat egg-shaped seeds." 
 
 The specific name of our plant is Chei'ri. It is 
 supposed by several botanists to be a variety of the 
 native species, Fruticulo'sus, and is so common in 
 
STOCK-GILLY-FLOWER, 
 
 181 
 
 all our gardens, that I wished to examine it with 
 you. It differs, however, from the plant that 
 grows wild on old walls, and the roofs of houses, in 
 having somewhat larger flowers, with petals not of 
 an uniform yellow, but stained with brown or rust 
 colour ; but the two plants are very nearly alike. 
 The leaves are spear-shaped, and the stem is some- 
 what shrubby. 
 
 There are two other native species of Cheiran'- 
 thus ; one of which, the Inca'nusj or Stock-gilly- 
 flower, is very much cultivated in gardens, and has 
 been found wild only in one place in England. 
 The Sinua'tus, or Sea-stock, grows upon the sea- 
 shore ; and in both these species the flowers are 
 purplish, and the whole plant is covered with a 
 short whitish down. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 The stem of the Wall-flower is so hard and 
 woody, that it is very like a shrub. Is it one ? 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 No, my dear ; but it is called shrub-like, from 
 its having a woody stem. It is a perennial plant ; 
 and in old gardens I have seen the stem so thick, 
 and so like wood, that I could almost have mistaken 
 it for a shrub myself: and I have been told, that 
 it grows very well from cuttings; in which also 
 it agrees with the shrubs. 
 N 3 
 
182 
 
 We have now done with the class Tetradynamia ; 
 and as I am afraid that the character of the six- 
 teenth class, Monadelphia, is not very easy to re- 
 member, we had better look at your drawing, and 
 go over the description of it again. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 Here it is [PLATE 2. fig. 16.] : the filaments are 
 all joined at the bottom, but separate at the top. 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 Yes ; and the class is called Monadelphia, from 
 two Greek words, which signify one brotherhood. 
 In most of the classes that we have already ex- 
 amined, the orders are determined by the number 
 of pistils ; but in this one the number of the sta- 
 mens determines the order. All the genera hitherto 
 discovered come under eight orders, but only three 
 of these contain plants which grow wild in England: 
 Triandria with three stamens, Decandria with 
 ten, and Polyandria with more than twenty. 
 
 The calyx is the part by which the different ge- 
 nera in this class are principally distinguished ; 
 and it is of great importance. 
 
 The order Triandria contains, according to Wi- 
 thering, but one native genus ; and there is only 
 one native species of it, the Juniper-tree, Junip'erus 
 commu'nis. * The berries of this plant are two 
 * Class Dioecia, order Monadelphia, of Linnaeus. 
 
183 
 
 years in ripening, and afford an oil, which gives 
 the flavour to gin or juniper- water. The ripe 
 berries, when dried, were used in this country as 
 we now use pepper, before that spice became com- 
 mon. The bark is sometimes made into ropes; 
 and the wood of juniper, which is hard and durable, 
 and of a reddish colour, is used by cabinet-makers 
 for different purposes. Frankincense, which is 
 the produce of another species, Junip'erus l/cia, 
 is brought to this country from Turkey and the 
 East Indies, but principally from Arabia. The 
 wood used in making black-lead pencils, though 
 commonly called Cedar, is really that of another 
 species of Juniper, Junip'erus bermudi'ana, which 
 grows to a considerable size. 
 
 The Tamarind-tree, Tamarin'dus indicus, whose 
 fruit is so delightfully acid, is a native of the East 
 and West Indies, and belongs also to this order. 
 
 The Gera'nium, of which there are several 
 native species, and a great number of foreign ones, 
 is the only genus in the order Decandria, of the 
 class Monadelphia. It has, however, been divided 
 by M. L'Heritier, a French botanist, into three 
 genera Ero'dium, Pelargo'nium, and Gera'nium: 
 the first two of which he has placed in the order 
 Pentandria, and only the last in Decandria. The 
 seed-vessels of all these genera are wonderfully 
 constructed, and are well worth your observing. 
 The Geraniums found in Africa are much larger, 
 N 4 
 
184 
 
 and have far more brilliant flowers, than those 
 which grow in Europe ; but some of the species 
 that we find in our own woods and hedges are 
 very beautiful. 
 
 In the order Polyandria, there are, according 
 to Withering, five native genera : the Marsh- 
 Mallow, Althse'a; common Mallow, Mal'va; tree 
 Mallow, Lavate'ra; the Yew-tree, Tax'us; and the 
 Fir or Pine-tree, Pinus : but the last two genera 
 are in the classes Dioecia and Monoecia of Lin- 
 naeus. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 I have seen the common Mallow so often, that I 
 should like to examine it. 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 Well, then, bring m some of it, and we will go 
 through the description. You cannot fail to meet 
 with it in the next hedge. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 It looks as if there were two calyxes. [PLATE 
 
 18.] 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 It has what is called a Double calyx, or one 
 within another; and it is the structure of the outer 
 calyx, which is distinctly composed of three leaves, 
 that constitutes the principal character of the 
 genus Mal'va ; Lavate'ra having an outer cup of 
 
Malv'a 
 (lass xvi 
 
 />#ZT>LV/>/.'/ / 
 

 MALLOW. YEW. 185 
 
 one leaf, with divisions only, not three separate 
 leaves; and in Althae'a, of which the Hollyhock 
 in our garden is a Chinese species, the divisions 
 are nine. " The inner cup of the Mal'va is of one 
 " leaf, with five shallow divisions. The blossom is 
 " composed of five heart-shaped flat petals, united 
 " at the bottom to the tube formed by the filaments. 
 " The middle of the receptacle rises like a little 
 " pillar; and the seed-vessels, which are generally 
 " eight in number, with one seed in each, stand 
 <c round it in a circle." 
 
 There are three or four native species of Mal'va: 
 ours, which is the Sylves'tris, or common Mallow, 
 is distinguished from the others by a rough, up- 
 right, and somewhat woody stem. The leaves are 
 hairy, with five or seven divisions, and they all 
 have a dark purplish stain at the lower part, 
 near the stalk ; the edges unequally notched : the 
 leaf-stalks and fruit-stalks are hairy. The ancients 
 made considerable use of mallows in their food ; 
 but these plants are no longer employed for that 
 purpose. 
 
 Of the Yew-tree, Tax'us, there is but one spe- 
 cies, Bacca'ta, native in England, the wood of which 
 is uncommonly hard, tough, smooth when cut, 
 and beautifully veined with red. It is so durable, 
 that it is a common saying, amongst the inhabitants 
 of New-Forest, in Hampshire, that a post of 
 yew will outlive a post of iron. Yew-trees were 
 
186 .GENUS PI'NUS. 
 
 formerly very generally planted in churchyards in 
 this country, and were employed by the parishioners 
 for making their long bows, in the use of which 
 our ancestors were very skilful. 
 
 The Yew, though of slow growth, sometimes 
 attains a great size. Pennant mentions one in Fon- 
 tingal churchyard, in the Highlands of Scotland, 
 the ruined trunk of which measured fifty-six feet 
 and a half in circumference ; and I have myself 
 seen one at Crowhurst in Sussex, the stem of which 
 was more than thirty-six feet round. 
 
 The genus Pi'nus*, or Pine, includes several 
 species ; but the only native one is the Sylves'tris, 
 or Scotch Fir, which grows plentifully through- 
 out the Highlands of Scotland. When this tree 
 is planted in a grove, the trunk becomes tall and 
 naked ; but in open sunny places it sends off nu- 
 merous branches. It is said to live sometimes to 
 the age of four hundred years. The wood, which 
 is called red deal, is very smooth and light. The 
 bark will tan leather, and in years of scarcity it is 
 dried, ground to powder, and made into bread, by 
 the people of the north of Europe. The inhabi- 
 tants of the Scottish Highlands dig up the roots, 
 and divide them into small splinters, to burn in- 
 stead of candles ; for they contain a great quan- 
 tity of resin, and easily take fire. 
 
 * Class Monoecia, order Monadelphia, of Linnaeus. 
 
CEDAR OF LEBANON. LARCH. 187 
 
 The black Spruce, Pi'nus ni'gra, is a native of 
 North America. The young shoots of this species 
 are used for making spruce-beer. 
 
 The Pinus Ce'drus, Cedar of Lebanon, grows 
 on mountains in the Levant, especially on the ce- 
 lebrated Mount Lebanon, from which it takes its 
 name. The wood is not destroyed by insects, 
 which cannot endure its bitter taste ; and for this 
 reason the ancients used tablets of cedar to write 
 upon, and smeared their books and writings with 
 a juice drawn from the wood, to preserve them. 
 Solomon's temple and palace, it is supposed, were 
 built of this wood. 
 
 The Larch-tree, Pi'nusLa'rix, is a native of the 
 Alps and Apennines, where it sometimes grows to 
 the height of nearly two hundred feet. The wood 
 is said to be more durable even than oak, and has 
 the valuable property of not warping or shrinking. 
 It was used, more than any other, by painters, 
 before the use of canvass became general, and seve- 
 ral of Raphael's pictures are painted on boards of 
 larch. The piles upon which the houses of Venice 
 were built, many hundred years ago, are of this 
 wood, and are still fresh and sound. The resinous 
 substance, erroneously called Venice-turpentine, is 
 extracted from the tree. 
 
 The Norway Pine, Pi'nus A'bies, affords the 
 white deal, which is employed for a great many 
 useful purposes in England; it is from its sap 
 
188 CONES OF PINES. 
 
 that pitch, tar, common resin, and turpentine 
 are obtained. You will find an account of the 
 method of preparing these different substances 
 very curious. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 What are the cones that we see on the fir-trees 
 in the shrubbery ? 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 They are the seed-vessels or fruit of the fir : : 
 the cone, or Strob'ile, as botanists call it, is a 
 tough, woody seed-vessel, consisting of the general 
 receptacle, with a number of hard scales attached 
 to it. When the fruit of the pine is mature, these 
 scales lie over each other like tiles, covering the 
 seeds, or nuts, so completely, as to have the ap- 
 pearance of one undivided body. In this state, the 
 cone hangs upon the tree during the winter-season, 
 and protects the seeds which it contains ; but as 
 soon as the warm weather comes again, the scales of 
 the cone begin to shrink and separate, leaving open- 
 ings for the ripe seeds to escape. If a number 
 of cones happen to burst at the same moment, 
 which is often the case, the noise can be heard at 
 a considerable distance. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 Are there any other useful plants in this class, 
 besides the pines? 
 
COTTON. 189 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 That which produces cotton is the principal one 
 that I recollect. The botanical name of the genus 
 is Gossyp'ium, and all the species at present known 
 are natives of the East and West Indies. What 
 we call cotton is a soft downy substance that sur- 
 rounds the seeds ; which in one species, the com- 
 mon Cotton Gossyp'ium herba'ceum, is of a snowy 
 white : but in the species barbaden'se, which grows 
 in Barbadoes, and in great perfection in the Chi- 
 nese province of Kiang-nan, of which Nankin is the 
 capital city, the down, in its natural state, has a 
 yellowish colour inclining to red. The kind of 
 cloth called Nankin, which is made of it in China, 
 is of great value, because it is very strong, and 
 fades very little, even after long use and frequent 
 washing. 
 
190 
 
 CONVERSATION THE FIFTEENTH. 
 
 CLASS 17. DIADEL'PHIA. PAPILIONA'CEOUS FLOWERS. 
 
 SLEEP OF PLANTS. POD AND LEGU'MEN. LO'- 
 
 TUS CORNICULA'TUS, BIRDS'S-FOOT CLOVER, EXA- 
 MINED. TREFOILS. FURZE. INDIGO. MOVING 
 
 PLANT. ACACIA. CLASS 18. POLYADEL'PHIA. 
 HYPER'ICUM AND ROS^SE'MUM, COMMON TUTS AN, EXA- 
 MINED. CHOCOLATE-NUT ORANGE AND LEMON 
 
 TREES. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 I THINK I can tell you the character of the seven- 
 teenth class, Diadelphia: the filaments are all 
 united in two sets. 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 That is certainly the character given by Linnaeus; 
 but some other circumstances must be attended to, 
 besides the connection of the stamens and number 
 of the sets ; for the flowers of different genera in 
 this class differ from each other in these respects; 
 some having the filaments united in one set only. 
 In doubtful cases the shape of the blossom will 
 enable you to decide ; for it is always irregular, 
 that is, the petals are unequal, and of different 
 
BUTTERFLY-SHAPED FLOWER. 191 
 
 figures ; and it has generally some resemblance to 
 a butterfly, like the sweet-pea blossom that you see 
 in the garden; for which reason the flowers of this 
 class are called Papilionaceous, from the word 
 Papil'io, the Latin for a butterfly. In flowers of 
 this shape, the number of stamens is most com- 
 monly ten; which sometimes are all quite distinct; 
 and then, of course, the plant would be referred 
 to the class Decandria : but whenever you meet 
 with a flower shaped like a butterfly, if any of the 
 filaments are joined together, you may be sure that 
 it belongs to the class Diadelphia of Linnaeus. 
 
 The Orders, of this class, depend upon the num- 
 ber of the stamens; which are either five, six, 
 eight, or ten. The last number is by far the most 
 common; nine of the stamens being generally 
 united, and the tenth standing by itself. 
 
 You will understand better what I have said 
 about the shape of the flowers, when we have ex- 
 amined a plant of this class ; and I think I have 
 seen one in the meadow near the gardener's house. 
 Let us go and look out for it. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 Here is a very pretty plant, with a blossom 
 something like what you have just told me of; but 
 the flower is so different from those we have exa- 
 mined already, that I don't think I can understand 
 the parts by myself. 
 
192 SLEEP OF PLANTS. 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 The shape of the blossom in this class is so pecu- 
 .liar, that its petals, which are five, are called by 
 different names. Take off one of the flowers, 
 and I will show them to you. [PLATE 19.] This 
 large uppermost one that turns backwards, is 
 called the Standard; the two next, which are 
 both alike, and placed one on each side, are the 
 Wings; the lowermost, between the wings, is 
 called the Boat or Keel, and is generally composed 
 of one hollow petal, but sometimes of two : this 
 contains within it the stamens and pistil, which it 
 defends from rain. 
 
 The flowers of this tribe in general spread out 
 their wings in fine weather, to admit the rays of 
 the sun, and fold them up again as the night ap- 
 proaches. I have lately read an account of the 
 manner in which Linnaeus first discovered this 
 fact, which shows how attentive he was to the ap- 
 pearances of nature. A friend having sent him 
 some seeds of a papilionaceous plant, he sowed 
 them in his greenhouse, and they soon produced 
 two beautiful flowers. The gardener was absent 
 when these were first observed ; and in the even- 
 ing, when Linnaeus took with him a lantern to see 
 them, they were nowhere to be found ; so that he 
 himself supposed they had been destroyed by in- 
 sects, or by some accident ; but the next morning, 
 
/Y..-/7 1 /; 
 
 Lotus Conuculatus. Bird* foot Jhefoil/. 
 
 class ^\-\i. j)Lii>f-:r.i'HLi Order I>I:CA\[)RIA. 
 
SLEEP OF PLANTS. 193 
 
 to his great surprise, he found his flowers just where 
 they had been the day before. He took his gar- 
 dener therefore again in the evening to look at 
 them; they were not to be seen; but the next 
 morning he found them again, looking as fresh as 
 ever. The gardener said, " These cannot be the 
 same flowers; they must have blown since:" but 
 Linnaeus himself was not so easily satisfied. As soon 
 as it was dark he visited the plant once more; and 
 lifting up the leaves, one by one, he found the two 
 flowers folded up under them, and so closely con- 
 cealed, that it was impossible, at first sight, to dis- 
 cover where they were. This led him to pay atten- 
 tion to other plants of the same tribe; and he had 
 the satisfaction to find that they all possessed the 
 property of closing their flowers, more or less, at 
 night. For want of a better term, he called this 
 the " Sleep of Plants." 
 
 Do you think you can find the germen or seed- 
 vessel, of the plant in your hand ? 
 
 EDWARD. 
 I believe I can ; but it is not very distinct 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 You will find it more so in the flowers that have 
 shed their petals; but for the unripe ones you must 
 use your magnifying-glass. 
 o 
 
194 
 
 POD. LEGU MEN. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 Is it not a pod ? It is something like the seed- 
 vessel of the wall-flower, and is full of little seeds. 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 It is something like a pod; but there is a remark- 
 able difference, which you must remember. In the 
 seed-vessel of the wall-flower, you recollect, there 
 was a partition between the two outer shells ; on 
 both sides of which the seeds were arranged, being 
 fixed alternately to different edges : but in this 
 seed-vessel (and you will see the same thing more 
 plainly in the common pea), there is no partition. 
 All the seeds are fastened to one of the seams ; but 
 in such a manner, that when the seed-vessel is 
 opened, they lie, alternately, in the two shells. I 
 have made a drawing to explain this to you more 
 distinctly. 
 
 Legu'men. 
 
 Legu'men opened. 
 
LEGU'MINOUS PLANTS. 195 
 
 This last kind of seed-vessel is called a Legu'- 
 men ; and the plants that bear it are said to be 
 Leguminous. Very few of them are poisonous ; 
 indeed most of them produce very wholesome food 
 for man and the larger animals ; but there is one 
 species found in the West Indies, called Jamaica 
 Dog-wood, or Fish-bean, Piscid'ia Erythri'na, the 
 leaves and branches of which, when thrown into 
 water where there are fish, have such an effect 
 upon them, that they come up and float upon the 
 surface, and may be easily taken with the hand. 
 The seeds of the Laburnum, Cyt'isus Laburnum, 
 and of Lupine, Lupi'nus, are also extremely 
 noxious. I have heard of a child being killed by 
 eating only three or four Laburnum-seeds ; and 
 Hasselquist, a Swedish botanist, who travelled in 
 the East, informs us, that the inhabitants of Egypt, 
 who live near the banks of the Nile, destroy the 
 hippopotamus, or river-horse, which does great 
 mischief at night to their gardens and fields, by 
 placing near his haunts the seeds of Lupine, which 
 he devours greedily. 
 
 But let us examine our plant. [PLATE 19.] 
 If you reckon the stamens, which are of different 
 lengths, you will find that there are ten ; nine of 
 them united together at the lower part, into a sort 
 of membrane, which covers the germen. The 
 order, then, is Decandria; and this contains so 
 o 2 
 
196 LO'TUS CORNICULA'TUS EXAMINED. 
 
 many genera, that, for convenience, it is subdivided 
 into six sets ; four of which depend, chiefly, upon 
 the shape and structure of the legumen. This 
 plant belongs to the division that has a legumen 
 of one cell, with several seeds. The name of the 
 genus is Lo'tus ; and the principal characters are, 
 that the wings of the flower nearly meet at the 
 upper part, and that the legumen is round and 
 full. The species that we have is the Cornicula'- 
 tus, or Bird's-foot Clover; which is distinguished 
 by the heads of flowers, consisting of a small num- 
 ber only, and being flat at the top ; the legumens 
 spreading out like the spokes of a wheel ; and the 
 stems generally trailing on the ground. The 
 leaves have three divisions, of an oblong figure ; 
 and where they spring from the stalks, there are 
 two other little leaves, called Stip'ules, which are 
 of a different shape from the divisions of the leaf 
 itself. The flowers, before they open, are of a red 
 colour ; but, when expanded, of a rich yellow. 
 The plant varies very much in different situations; 
 it is Decumbent, or commonly grows near the 
 ground; but in meadows it is often upright, like 
 this specimen. 
 
 The genus Lo'tus is one of a very numerous tribe 
 of plants, called Trefoils, from the genus Trifo'- 
 lium, which signifies three-leaved, because each 
 leaf looks like three. The common English name 
 of all the trefoils is clover; and almost all the spe- 
 
TREFOILS. CLOVER. 197 
 
 cies are of great value to fanners, as they afford 
 good pasture for cattle, and make excellent hay. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 I have often seen both purple and white clover; 
 but I do not think the flowers looked as if they were 
 butterfly-shaped. 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 You probably took each head of clover for a 
 single flower; but if you examine one of the heads, 
 you will soon find that it consists of a great number 
 of small flowers; each of which has a little calyx of 
 its own, with a blossom as perfect as that of the 
 Lo'tus, and composed of a standard, two wings, 
 and a keel. But if you wish to see the stamens 
 and pistils distinctly, you must look at them through 
 your magnifying glass. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 How pretty the little flowers must be ! When I 
 go out to-day I will gather some clover, and exa- 
 mine it. Are the peas and beans, that we eat, 
 in this class, as well as the sweet-pea in the gar- 
 den? 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 They are, my dear; and in the order Decandria 
 also: as are the Kidney-bean, Phase'olus vulga'- 
 ris ; the Vetch, Vicia ; wild Liquorice, Astrag'alus ; 
 o 3 
 
198 PEA. BEAN. FURZE. 
 
 Lucern, Medica'go sati'va; and Saintfoin, He- 
 dys'arum. The botanical name of the Pea is 
 Pi'sum, and the species that we eat is called Sati'- 
 vum; the Bean is a species of vetch, Vicia Fa'ba: 
 but neither of these species grows wild in England. 
 The Bean is a native of Egypt. The Pea came 
 Originally from the south of Europe ; and cultiva- 
 tion has produced a great many varieties of the 
 seed, which differ very much from each other in size 
 and flavour. 
 
 The garden Sweet-pea is a native of Sicily ; its 
 botanical name is Lath'yrus odora'tus. 
 
 The common Broom, Spar'tium scopa'rium, be- 
 longs to this class, and grows wild in England; as 
 well as the Dyer's Green-weed, Genis'ta tincto'ria, 
 and the Furze, U'lex europae'us, that you see in 
 such large bushes on the heath. This last shrub, 
 though it is so abundant in England, is by no 
 means common in other parts of Europe: Portugal 
 and France produce it more plentifully, perhaps, 
 than any other country except our own. In Corn- 
 wall this plant grows, with great luxuriance, to the 
 height of six or eight feet; but it will not bear severe 
 cold. Linnaeus tried to preserve some plants of it 
 through the winter in Sweden, under cover, with 
 as much care as we bestow on hot-house plants, 
 but without success : and when he came to England, 
 in the year 1736, he was so much delighted with 
 the golden bloom of the furze, which he saw for 
 
PLANTA GENIS'TA. INDIGO. 199 
 
 the first time on the commons near London, that, 
 it is said, he fell on his knees to admire it. 
 
 Dyer's Green-weed, Genis'ta tincto'ria, is a na- 
 tive of England, and is frequently met with on dry 
 banks in the borders of fields. The whole of the 
 plant dyes a yellow colour, and is preferred to all 
 other yellows for colouring wool ; and by means of 
 Woad, Isa'tis tincto'ria, a plant of the fifteenth 
 class, which affords a blue tint, the yellow can 
 afterwards be made green. 
 
 The name of Plantagenet, of which you have 
 read so much in the history of England, is supposed 
 to be derived from this plant. Fulke, Earl of 
 Anjou, who lived a century before the Norman 
 conquest, was enjoined, by way of penance for some 
 crime which he had been guilty of, to go to the 
 Holy Land : he wore, it is said, a sprig of genista 
 in his cap, as a mark of humility, and afterwards 
 adopted from it the title of Plantagenet, (Planta ge- 
 nis'ta, or genes' ta), which his descendants retained. 
 
 The remaining plants of the class Diadelphia, 
 that I shall now mention to you, are not natives 
 o/ England. 
 
 That which affords the Indigo, with which blue 
 ctoth is dyed, Indigo'fera tincto'ria, in the order 
 Decandria, is a native of the East Indies. The 
 4ye is obtained by steeping the leaves and small 
 branches of the plant in water, and drying the 
 o 4 
 
200 MOVING PLANT. 
 
 sediment which they deposit. It is a light substance, 
 somewhat of the consistence of raw starch, but of 
 a deep blue colour. In this prepared state, indigo 
 is poisonous ; but the plant itself is harmless. All 
 the different species of Indigo'fera afford it ; which 
 is the case indeed with several other leguminous 
 plants. The leaves of the Lo'tus cornicula'tus, as 
 they dry, become blue. 
 
 A foreign species of Saintfoin, called the Moving 
 Plant, Hedys'arum gy'rans, which belongs to a 
 genus of the class Diadelphia, is very remark- 
 able. It grows in the East Indies, on the banks 
 of the river Ganges, near Bengal, and was first 
 made known in England in the year 1772, when 
 it was produced from seeds. It is an armual 
 plant, and reaches to the height of three or four 
 feet : the leaves are of a bright green colour, and 
 the flowers generally of a pale red. Its leares 
 possess the singular property of moving without 
 being touched; sometimes one of them vill 
 move suddenly, while the rest remain still; at 
 other times they all move together, or separately, 
 without any regularity ; and even when detached 
 from the plant, they still retain their power of mo- 
 tion. You will find hereafter, that there are se- 
 veral other marks of a sort of feeling among plant; 
 of different tribes. The leaves of the trefoils al- 
 ways fold themselves up when rain approaches. 
 
GOAT'S THORN. ACACIA. 201 
 
 Gum Trag'acanth is the produce of another 
 plant in this class and order, great-Goat's 
 Thorn, Astragalus tragacan'tha, a thorny shrub, 
 which grows in the islands of the Levant. The 
 gum which exudes from its stem and branches 
 resembles gum-arabic in many of its properties : 
 it is used in medicine, calico-printing, and in 
 making ink. 
 
 The Acacia-tree, Robin'ia Pseu'do-aca'cia, which 
 is so much admired in our shrubberies, has such 
 very brittle wood that a slight blast of wind is 
 sufficient to break off its branches ; so that it is not 
 fit for exposed situations : but it makes amends 
 for this defect by sending up from the roots 
 innumerable suckers, which grow very rapidly. 
 I have read of a farmer, at Long Island, in North 
 America, who, during the year after his marriage, 
 planted a field of fourteen acres with suckers of 
 this tree, as a provision for his children. When 
 his eldest son married, at twenty-two years of age, 
 the farmer cut down about three hundred pounds' 
 worth of timber out of his acacia wood ; and gave 
 the money to his son to buy a farm with. Three 
 years after he did the same for one of his daugh- 
 ters : and in this way he provided for his whole 
 family in succession ; the wood, in the mean 
 time, repairing by its suckers all the losses that it 
 sustained. 
 
202 HYPER'ICUM ANDROS^'MUM EXAMINED. 
 
 We have now come, Edward, to the eighteenth 
 class, Polyadelphia. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 Is it not in this class that the Stamens are 
 united into more than two sets ? 
 
 MOTHER? 
 
 Yes ; but in some species the filaments are so 
 much separated, that unless you examine them 
 quite down to the bottom, you might suppose 
 that they were all distinct, and consider the plant 
 as belonging to the class Icosandria or Polyan- 
 dria. 
 
 The orders, according to Linnaeus, depend upon 
 the number of the stamens ; and the plant that I 
 have chosen for you to examine [PLATE 20.] be- 
 longs to the third order, Polyandria, which con- 
 tains plants with very numerous stamens, not fixed 
 to the calyx. 
 
 In the genus Hyper'icum, the only native ge- 
 nus of this class, " the calyx is placed below the 
 " germen, and has five divisions ; the petals are 
 " five in number, and blunt at the ends ; the sta- 
 " mens are very numerous, like hairs, and united 
 " at the base into three or five sets, corresponding 
 " with the number of the styles : the capsule is 
 " round ; it is divided into as many cells as there 
 " are styles, and contains several seeds." 
 
PLATE -'(>. 
 
 A ttroiip vf 
 
 Rerr\ 
 
 Hyp eficum Andro s aeiiium - Tntsran. 
 Class XVW..rOLYADELPHIA -Order POLYANDRIA. 
 
 
TUTSAN. CHOCOLATE-NUT. CITRUS. 203 
 
 This species, Hyper'icum Androsae'mum, though 
 not very common in England, happens to grow 
 in our neighbourhood, and shows the character 
 of the class very distinctly. It may be known 
 from the others by having three pistils, a 
 shrub-like stem with two edges, and fruit con- 
 sisting of a pulpy berry, which is black when ripe. 
 The flower is large, and of a rich yellow colour ; 
 and the plant grows naturally in woods, and in 
 damp ground under hedges : it generally blossoms 
 in July and August, but the flowers seldom expand 
 fully, except in very bright sunshine. The English 
 name of our species is Tutsan. 
 
 The most remarkable foreign genera of this class 
 are the Chocolate-nut tree, Theobro'ma caca'o; 
 the Orange and Citron trees, Ci'trus auran'tium 
 and Ci'trus med'ica, of which last the Lemon 
 and Lime are varieties ; and the Caju-Puti tree, 
 Melaleu'ca leucaden'dron, a native of the East 
 Indies, from which Cajeput oil is obtained. The 
 Chocolate-nut tree is very handsome, and grows 
 naturally in South America to the height of twelve 
 or sixteen feet : it bears leaves, flowers, and fruit, 
 all the year round. The seeds are very nourishing ; 
 they are generally ground to powder and made 
 into a paste, in which state they are much used in 
 England and America. 
 
 The Orange and Citron trees are very handsome 
 evergreens, and frequently cultivated in green- 
 
204 BERGAMOT. MALTA ORANGES. 
 
 houses in England ; but they are generally much 
 smaller with us than in their native country, the 
 warmer parts of Asia, where they grow to the 
 height of twelve or fifteen feet. From one of the 
 varieties of orange tree, the perfume called berga- 
 mot is obtained : it is said to have derived its 
 name from Bergamo in Italy. Although the 
 oranges produced in Malta, which is not far from 
 Italy, are now the most esteemed in Europe, the 
 fruit was unknown to the ancient Greeks or Ro- 
 mans. Orange trees sometimes live to a great age. 
 I have seen one in the gardens of Versailles, near 
 Paris, said to be more than four hundred years 
 old. 
 
JJcliis ncroiiiiis Conn/wii Dni.vy. 
 ClilSS XIX. SYNdKlYESlA Ol'dcr l'O/.Y<UMJA SlirK 
 
-205 
 
 CONVERSATION THE SIXTEENTH. 
 
 CLASS 19. SYNGENE'SIA. STRUCTURE OF A COMPOUND 
 
 FLOWER AGGREGATE FLOWER. NATURAL CHA- 
 RACTER OF THIS CLASS. CALYX, SEEDS, AND DOWN. 
 
 ORDERS. BEL'LIS PEREx'xiS, COMMON DAISY, 
 
 EXAMINED. OTHER PLANTS OF THIS CLASS. 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 I HAVE brought in a Daisy, Edward, for you to 
 examine this morning ; and before I tell you any 
 thing of the nineteenth class, Syngenesia, to which 
 it belongs, we will try to find out how the flowers 
 are constructed. [PLATE 21.] At first, you per- 
 ceive, they do not look like any of those that you 
 have already examined. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 No, indeed ! There is a sort of cup, and a 
 great many white and pink petals ; but instead of 
 stamens and pistils in the middle, I see only a 
 great number of yellow dots. What are they ? 
 
206 A COMPOUND FLOWER EXAMINED. 
 MOTHER. 
 
 Pull off all the parts that are within the cup, 
 and look at them again with your magnifying 
 glass. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 Oh ! now I see that the yellow spots were the 
 tops of beautiful little things like flowers; and 
 these, I suppose, are seeds, below them. 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 Well; now I will open one of these little flowers 
 with my needle, for it requires some practice, and 
 you cannot do it so readily yourself. Can you 
 perceive with your glass that each little blossom 
 is shaped like a funnel, with five divisions in its 
 border ? The stamens are so small in" the daisy, 
 that you can hardly see them: but in larger flowers 
 of this class you will find that they are five in 
 number, with the filaments distinct, but the an- 
 thers joined together, side by side, like a tube ; a 
 single pistil with a notched summit passes up 
 through this tube ; and there is an egg-shaped 
 seed below. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 How very beautiful it is ! 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 Now look at what you called the white and pink 
 
A COMPOUND FLOWER EXAMINED. 207 
 
 petals, and try if you can describe one of them as 
 they appear to you. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 They look like little blossoms too, but they are 
 very different from the yellow ones. There is a 
 long white part, tipped with red, coming out from 
 one side ; and the blossom looks as if the other 
 petals had been torn off. 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 The white part is one of the divisions in the 
 border of the little blossom, but much longer than 
 the rest ; you see it is shaped something like the 
 head of a spear, blunted, with a very slight notch 
 at the end ; and you will find, with your glass, that 
 the other part of the border, which you thought 
 was torn, has three very small teeth. When we 
 open the blossom, you perceive that there are no 
 stamens; but the style comes up from the seed 
 through the tube of the blossom itself, and has 
 two summits curled a little backwards. There is 
 no seed-vessel : but the seeds, as in the little yel- 
 low flower that we have just examined, are* single, 
 naked, shaped somewhat like an egg a little flat- 
 tened, and placed immediately below the blossom. 
 Now, if you look at the receptacle, from which we 
 have pulled off all these little flowers, you will find 
 that it stands up, like a sugar-loaf, in the middle 
 
208 COMPOUND FLOWERS. DAISY. 
 
 of the cup, and is dotted all over with little holes ; 
 these are the places in which the seeds were fixed ; 
 and when I cut down through the sugar-loaf, you 
 see that it has a soft pith within. [PLATE 21.] 
 This flower is called the Daisy, (Day's-Eye, or the 
 Eye of Day,) from its opening to the rising sun. 
 When the sun declines, the flower shuts itself 
 up, as if to take its rest. It has always been a 
 favourite with poets ; and Chaucer, who lived in 
 the fourteenth century, and was one of the first to 
 take notice of the opening and shutting of flowers 
 at particular times of the day, expresses great par- 
 tiality for it. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 And is every daisy that we see in the fields 
 made like this, of so many beautiful little 
 
 flowers ? 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 . All the flowers of this class, not only the 
 Daisy, but the Dandelion, the Thistle, and a great 
 number of the most common wild flowers, are 
 formed nearly in the same way ; and, when magni- 
 fied, are equally beautiful and curious. But there 
 are differences in the shape and arrangement of 
 their parts, which enable botanists to divide the 
 class into orders and genera ; and these you will 
 now be able to understand. I shall not, however, 
 give you more than a general explanation of them ; 
 for I do not advise you to examine many plants 
 
CLASS SYNGENE'SIA. 209 
 
 of this class, until you are better acquainted with 
 those that have larger and more simple flowers. 
 
 The class Syngenesia comprehends the flowers 
 which botanists call Compound, that is, which 
 are composed^ like the daisy, of a number of small 
 flowers, or Florets, all placed upon the same 
 receptacle, and within one common calyx: the 
 stamens in each flower being five in number, 
 with distinct filaments, but the anthers united side 
 by side, so as to form a little tube. There are 
 some other flowers, as the Scabious and Teasel, in 
 the class Tetrandria, also composed of florets, but 
 in which the anthers are not united into a cylinder ; 
 these are called Aggregate Flowers. And you 
 must remember this distinction ; for tne general 
 appearance of these plants might otherwise lead 
 you to suppose, that they belonged to the class 
 Syngenesia. 
 
 Compound flowers are all so far alike, that this 
 class has a very perfect natural character, which 
 their general resemblance to the daisy will suf- 
 ficiently point out to you ; but the calyx and the 
 seeds are to be particularly attended to. 
 
 The Calyx consists, sometimes of a single row 
 of leaves or scales ; sometimes of two rows, as 
 in the daisy ; and in some flowers, as in the com- 
 mon artichoke, these scales are placed over each 
 other, alternately, like tiles upon the roof of a 
 house. The calyx, in many instances, opens as 
 p 
 
210 SEEDS. DOWN OF DIFFERENT KINDS. 
 
 the florets expand, and closes when they fall off, 
 as if to confine the young seeds ; but as the seeds 
 ripen and increase in size, it opens again to make 
 room for them ; and in some plants turns quite 
 back, to let them escape. The Dandelion and 
 Coltsfoot are in this state, when you see their heads 
 covered with down. 
 
 The seeds, in several of the species, are very 
 remarkable : they are placed below the corolla, 
 and there is never more than one to each floret. 
 In many instances, they are topped with a beautiful 
 down, consisting of a great number of spokes 
 or rays; the spokes, themselves, are sometimes 
 branched or feathered : and in some cases, as in 
 the common Dandelion, an entire crown or wheel 
 formed of the branches is fixed upon a sort of 
 stem, or pillar, which is itself attached to the 
 seed. Thus : 
 
 Seed. Simple Down. Feathered Down. Feathered Down 
 
 on a pillar. 
 
 The down is a beautiful object for the micro- 
 
ORDERS OF THE CLASS SYNGENE'SIA. 211 
 
 scope ; and its use is very important ; for it ena- 
 bles the wind to carry the seeds to great distances 
 from the plant, and to sow them, as it were, in 
 situations which otherwise they might never have 
 reached. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 The down of the Coltsfoot is very soft, like cot- 
 ton. Is it ever made any use of? 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 I have heard of its being used for making tinder. 
 The poor people in the Highlands of Scotland 
 stuff pillows with the down of several different 
 plants. 
 
 The Orders, in the class Syngenesia, are founded 
 upon the uniformity or differences of the florets, 
 and on the manner in which the florets, when of 
 different kinds, are disposed in the compound 
 flower. They may be all of one kind ; or there 
 may be florets of one sort in the centre, and others 
 of a different structure in the circumference, or 
 border, of the flower. 
 
 In the first order, called Polyga'mia equa'lis, all 
 the florets have both stamens and pistils; and every 
 floret has one seed. 
 
 In the second order, Polyga'mia super'flua, the 
 florets of the centre have both stamens and pistils ; 
 but those of the border, pistils only : and all have 
 seeds. 
 
 p 2 
 
212 
 
 In the third order, Polyga'mia frustra'nea, the 
 florets of the centre have both stamens and pistils 
 but those of the circumference have neither. 
 
 In the fourth order, Polyga'mia necessa'ria, the 
 florets of the centre have stamens only, without 
 seeds : and those of the border have pistils only, 
 with seeds. 
 
 In the fifth order, Polyga'mia segrega'ta, the 
 structure of the flower is not quite the same with 
 that in the other four. All the florets have five 
 stamens, with united anthers, and they are all in- 
 cluded in one general calyx ; but each floret has, 
 besides, a little calyx of its own. Of this order 
 there is no native genus. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 I am afraid it will be a long time before I 
 know this class well ; for it is not easy to under- 
 stand the orders. 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 You will soon find, that the knowledge you 
 acquire, by examining a few plants yourself, will 
 remove all your difficulties, and give you better 
 instruction than any thing that I can tell you. 
 The chief point to be attended to, in the class 
 Syngenesia, is the Union of the Anthers. There 
 are some flowers in other classes, which at first you 
 might suppose to belong to this one, but which 
 have not the anthers united : and, with regard to 
 
BEI/LIS PEREN'NIS EXAMINED. 213 
 
 the orders, all that you need attend to is the 
 manner in which the two kinds of florets, those 
 with stamens, or with pistils, are distributed in 
 the compound flower. 
 
 We may now go on to the characters of our 
 Daisy. The florets in the centre of the flower 
 have both stamens and pistils; but those in the 
 circumference pistils only. It is then in the second 
 order, Polygamia superflua. The name of the 
 genus is Beriis; which is distinguished from the 
 other genera, of the same order, by the receptacle 
 being conical, without hair or bristles ; the calyx 
 roundish; and the seeds egg-shaped, and with- 
 out down. There is only one native species, the 
 peren'nis, or common Daisy : and its distinctions 
 from the foreign species are, that the flower-stalks 
 have no leaves ; each supporting only a single 
 flower ; and that the root is Creeping, that is, 
 spreading to some distance, and putting forth 
 fibres. The Daisy is in blow almost all the year 
 round, but shuts up its flowers every night, and 
 on the approach of rainy weather. 
 
 You can never fail to procure plants in this class, 
 for it is a very numerous one, and contains several 
 that grow wild in England. Among others, the 
 Dandelion, Leon'todon Tarax'acum ; Burdock, 
 Arc'tium Lap'pa ; Thistle, Car'duus ; Tansey, 
 Tanace'tum vulga're; Coltsfoot, Tussila'gofar'fara; 
 Groundsel, Sene'cio vulga'ris ; the Ox-eye Daisy, 
 p 3 
 
214 DANDELION. ARTICHOKE. 
 
 Chrysanthemum Leucan'themum ; Blue-bottle, 
 Centau'rea Cy'anus ; and Chamomile, Anthe'mis 
 nob'ilis. Of these, the Dandelion is, perhaps, the 
 most common ; growing on rubbish and unculti- 
 vated land, as well as in meadows, where you have 
 seen it, and bearing flowers the greater part of the 
 year. In France, this plant is very much used in 
 salad; and at Gottingen, the roots are roasted and 
 used like coffee by the poorer inhabitants. The 
 juice of the roots and leaves is employed as a me- 
 dicine in England. The name Leon'todon is 
 taken from the supposed resemblance of its jagged 
 leaves to the teeth of a lion; and the English 
 name, Dandelion, which is a corruption of the 
 French Dent de lion, expresses the same idea. 
 
 The Artichoke, Cyna'ra Scol'ymus; Dah'lia; 
 China Aster, As'ter chinen'sis; and Sun-flower, 
 Helian'thus, of which there are several species, 
 belong also to the class Syngenesia. The artichoke 
 is a native of the south of Europe, where it is 
 much more generally used than with us, and is 
 even eaten raw with salt and pepper. The com- 
 mon Sun-flower, Helian'thus an'nuus, grows wild 
 in Mexico and Peru; and another species, the Jeru- 
 salem Artichoke, Helian'thus tubero'sus, is a native 
 of Brazil. The vegetable oil most esteemed in 
 Russia is obtained from the seeds of the Sun- 
 flower. 
 
 Yellow is the prevailing colour of the flowers in 
 
WILD LETTUCE. 215 
 
 this class ; and, although most of the plants are 
 bitter, none of them are poisonous ; except, per- 
 haps, the wild Lettuce, Lactu'ca viro'sa, when it 
 grows in shady situations. No trees, or bulbs, and 
 but few shrubs, belong to it. 
 
 p 4 
 
216 
 
 CONVERSATION THE SEVENTEENTH. 
 
 THE FOUR CLASSES OMITTED BY WITHERING. 
 
 CLASS 20. GYNAN'DRIA. NATURAL ORDER OR- 
 CHID'E^E. CLASS 21. MONOE'CIA. BREAD-FRUIT- 
 TREE. MAIZE COCOA-NUT. INDIAN-RUBBER. 
 
 WATER-PROOF CLOTH. TALLOW-TREE. CASTOR- 
 OIL PLANT. MANCHINEEL-TREE. OTHER VALU- 
 ABLE TREES. CLASS 22. DIOE'ciA. WILLOWS. 
 
 DATE-PALM. PISTA'CHIA. M As'TICK. HEMP. 
 
 NUTMEG. CLASS 23. POLYGA'MIA. -PLANTAIN. 
 
 SENSITIVE PLANT GUM-ARABIC FIG. 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 You will be sorry to hear, Edward, that we have 
 no plant to examine to-day. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 But there are twenty-four classes ; and we have 
 gone through only nineteen. 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 Very true; but, in Dr. Withering's arrange- 
 ment of British plants, those of the twentieth, 
 twenty-first, twenty-second, and twenty-third 
 
CLASS GYNAX'DRIA. 217 
 
 classes are distributed among the first nineteen, 
 according to the number of their stamens : and 
 I have thought it best, as I have already men- 
 tioned (p. 12.), to follow this method, in speaking 
 of the native plants of England, although it 
 has not been approved of by some very good 
 botanists. 
 
 Look at your drawing of the classes [PLATE 2. 
 figures 20, 21, 22, and 23.], and you will find a 
 short character of the four classes omitted by Dr. 
 Withering; the names of which are Gynandria, 
 Monoecia, Dioecia, and Polygamia. 
 
 The plants of foreign countries, however, which 
 belong to these classes, are universally arranged 
 according to the original method of Linnaeus ; and 
 some of these are so curious, and so useful, that 
 I must mention a few of them. 
 
 In the twentieth class of Linnaeus, GYNANDRIA, 
 the stamens grow upon the pistil itself, either 
 on the style or germen ; and the Orders depend 
 upon their number. The plants which have this 
 character the most distinctly belong to a natural 
 tribe called Orchid'eae, which includes, besides 
 other genera, the Or'chises, of which there are 
 several native species. I have drawn the flower 
 of one of these, in the table of the classes [PLATE 
 2. fig. 20.], which will give you an idea of the 
 general appearance of the tribe; but as their struc- 
 ture is not- easily understood, I shall not at present 
 
218 CLASS MONOE'CIA. 
 
 say any thing more about them. The substance 
 called Salop is prepared from the root of one spe- 
 cies, the early purple Orchis, Orchis ma'scula. 
 
 In the classes Monoecia and Dioecia, and in part 
 of Polygamia, all the flowers are imperfect ; some 
 being without stamens, others without pistils. 
 
 In the twenty-first, MONOECIA [PLATE 2. fig. 
 21.], some of the flowers have stamens only, and 
 others, on the same plant, only pistils ; but none 
 of them have both. This class contains a great 
 number of important genera. 
 
 The Bread-fruit-tree, Artocar'pus inci'sa, which 
 is of great use to the inhabitants of the South- Sea 
 Islands, belongs to one of these genera. It grows to 
 the height of about forty feet, and the fruit which is 
 as large as a child's head, hangs upon the boughs 
 like apples. The eatable part lies between the 
 skin and the core : it is very white, soft, and of the 
 consistence of new bread, with a sweetish taste, 
 like that of the Jerusalem artichoke ; but it must 
 be roasted before it is eaten. The fruit is fit for 
 use, for about seven months of the year, and during 
 the whole of that time supplies very wholesome 
 and agreeable food to the inhabitants of the islands; 
 who also make cloth of the bark of the tree, and 
 use the wood in building their huts and canoes. 
 There is another species of this genus, the Arto- 
 car'pus integrifo'lia, or Indian Jaca-tree, which is 
 a native of the East Indies : its fruit is said to 
 
MAIZE. SAGO. COCOA-NUT. 219 
 
 weigh about thirty pounds, and is used as food, but 
 not so generally as the bread-fruit. 
 
 The maize, or Indian corn, Ze'a Ma'ys, Monoe- 
 cia Triandria, is a very useful plant. It is a native 
 of America, and is cultivated in several other 
 countries. The seeds grow in ears, which are very 
 large, each of them bearing about eight rows of 
 grain; and every row contains at least thirty grains, 
 which give much more flour than those of wheat, 
 or any of our kinds of corn. The stalk of the 
 maize is jointed, like the sugar-cane and bamboo, 
 and it contains a juice from which a syrup, like 
 that of sugar, is often made. 
 
 The Sago Palm, Sa'gus Rum'phii, from the pith 
 of which the substance called Sago is prepared, 
 and the Cocoa-nut-tree, Co'cos nucif era, were 
 originally natives of the East Indies ; but they have 
 been introduced into several other warm countries. 
 The cocoa-nut thrives remarkably well on the sea- 
 shore ; indeed, the neighbourhood of the sea ap- 
 pears to be almost necessary to its growth: and the 
 celebrated traveller Humboldt, mentions, that on 
 the banks of the river Oronoco, when the nut is 
 planted, a quantity of salt is thrown into the hole 
 along with it. The tree grows to the height of 
 sixty feet, and has a fine appearance ; the top of 
 the stem being crowned with about fifty leaves, 
 which are from ten to fifteen feet long, with nuts 
 nearly as large as a man's head hanging from it, 
 
21220 COCOA-NUT. CYPRESS. 
 
 g in clusters of about a dozen each. You have often 
 seen the inner shells of these nuts, which consist 
 of a very hard case, containing a thick hollow 
 kernel of an agreeable flavour, and a sweet milky 
 liquor. The cases are employed with us for 
 making sugar bowls, and various toys, and are 
 very useful to the natives of the countries where 
 the tree grows. A sort of wine, called Toddy, is 
 made from the sap of the stem, which looks like 
 whey. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 You told me, yesterday, that the mat at the 
 green-house door was made of part of the cocoa- 
 nut. How can that be ? 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 In their natural state, the inner shells, which 
 contain the kernel, are surrounded with a very 
 thick coating, of coarse fibres, with a smooth rind 
 on the outside. The fibrous part is employed 
 for making mats, a purpose which it answers 
 very well. The Indians make ropes of the bark 
 of the tree, and mats, baskets, and brooms, of the 
 leaves. 
 
 The wood of the Cypress-tree, Cupres'sus sem- 
 pervi'rens, is said to resist worms and moths re- 
 markably, and to last for many centuries. Some 
 of the chests that contain the Egyptian mummies 
 are made of it; and the coffins in which the A the- 
 
INDIAN RUBBER. CAOUTCHOUC. 221 
 
 nians buried their heroes were of cypress wood. 
 The doors of Saint Peter's church at Rome were 
 originally made of this timber; and when they were 
 removed at the end of six hundred years, that 
 gates of brass might be put into their place, they 
 did not show the slightest appearance of decay. 
 In the island of Candia, where the cypress grows 
 in abundance, the trees are so valuable, that one 
 of them is reckoned a daughter's portion. 
 
 The tree that produces the Indian rubber, or 
 Caoutchouc, which was first introduced into Eu- 
 rope about the beginning of the last century, is a 
 native of the West Indies. This substance is an 
 elastic resin, of very singular properties, which is 
 deposited by a liquor that oozes out from incisions 
 cut in the bark of a tree called Jat'ropha elas'tica, 
 and when fresh and pure is of a whitish colour ; 
 but it becomes brown by exposure to the air. A 
 gum of the same kind is procured from several 
 other trees ; among which is the Jaca-tree, that I 
 have already mentioned to you. The Indians make 
 boots of Caoutchouc which are water-proof, and, 
 when smoked, look like leather : the inhabitants of 
 Quito, in South America, prepare from it a kind 
 of cloth which they use as we do oil-cloth and sail- 
 cloth ; and in India, flambeaux are made of it, 
 that burn without a wick, and are used by fisher- 
 men when they go out at night to fish. A very 
 ingenious application of it, for making cloth water^ 
 
222 WATER-PROOF CLOTH. 
 
 proof, was invented some years ago by a gentle- 
 man of Glasgow, and is now universally used in 
 England. The Caoutchouc is dissolved in Naphtha 
 (a brownish liquor obtained in the process for 
 making gas from coal), so as to form a varnish, with 
 which the surface of cloth, or silk, or calico, is 
 covered. This alone would be sufficient to pre- 
 vent the rain from penetrating : but as the varnish 
 is very glutinous, and would be inconvenient if it 
 were exposed, it is covered up by a second thin 
 cloth ; and the whole being then passed between 
 rollers, is made quite smooth, and of equal thick- 
 ness all through. I have seen water-proof cloaks 
 made in this manner, of double calico, or silk, with 
 Indian rubber between, which were lighter than a 
 single woollen cloth, such as you wear. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 But will not the rain melt away the Indian rub- 
 ber from between the folds of the calico? 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 No ; because it cannot be dissolved in water ; 
 indeed there are few liquors besides Naphtha 
 that will dissolve it. 
 
 Since the invention of water-proof cloth by 
 Mr. Macintosh, Indian rubber has been imported 
 in much larger quantities than before ; and has 
 been applied to a great number of new and very 
 
TALLOW-TREE. MANCHINEEL. 223 
 
 useful purposes, especially in making elastic cloth 
 and cordage. 
 
 The Tallow-tree, the Castor oil plant, or Palma 
 Christi, and the Manchineel tree, belong to the 
 class Monoecia. 
 
 The Tallow-tree, Stillin'gia sebif era, is remark- 
 able for the quantity and peculiar nature of the 
 oil obtained from its berries ; which so nearly re- 
 sembles wax or spermaceti, that candles are made 
 of it ; but they produce a very disagreeable smell 
 in burning. The tree is a native of China. 
 Castor oil is obtained from the seeds of the Ric'i- 
 nus * commu / nis, which are dried in the sun when 
 ripe, pounded in wooden mortars, and then boiled 
 in water. The oil rises to the surface of the water, 
 and is skimmed off and put into jars for use. In 
 this country it is employed only as a medicine ; 
 but in the West Indies the planters burn it in 
 lamps, and apply it to various other purposes. 
 The seeds themselves of the Ric'inus commu'nis 
 are an extremely powerful medicine. 
 
 The Manchineel, Hippom'ane Mancinel'la, is a 
 very large West Indian tree, the wood of which 
 is beautifully clouded, takes a fine polish, and is 
 very durable. The Indians are said to poison 
 their arrows with its juice, which is so very corro- 
 sive, that the wood-cutters make a fire round the 
 tree before they cut it down, to cause the juice to 
 * In this word the c is pronounced soft, like s. 
 
224 
 
 run out, and to avoid the danger of losing their 
 sight by its flying into their eyes. 
 
 Besides these plants, the class Monoecia of Lin- 
 naeus contains some of the most valuable trees that 
 grow in England, either originally natives, or in- 
 troduced from foreign countries ; among which 
 are the Oak, the Firs, Beech, Birch, and Mul- 
 berry : and the genus Cu'cumis, which includes 
 the Melon and the common Cucumber, with seve- 
 ral other species, also belongs to it. 
 
 In the twenty-second class, DIOECIA [PLATE 2. 
 fig. 22.], the stamens and pistils are in different 
 flowers, and on separate plants ; the orders in ge- 
 neral depend upon the number of stamens. 
 
 This class, among other valuable species, con- 
 tains the great Date-palm, the Pistachia-tree, 
 Hemp, and the Nutmeg-tree ; with several others 
 that I have already mentioned to you among the 
 native plants. 
 
 The genus Sa'lix, or Willow, contains about 
 sixty native species, and several foreign ones. In 
 some of these trees, all the flowers contain stamens 
 only, two in each flower ; and in others, the flowers 
 have a pistil only, with a divided summit, and a 
 single seed-vessel close below. The flowers are 
 collected, in both cases, into what are called 
 Catkins, from their resemblance to the tail of a 
 cat; each little flower having neither calyx nor 
 petals, but being separated from the rest by a small 
 scale. In the table of the classes [PLATE 2. Class 
 

 DATE-PALM. PISTACHIA-NUT. 225 
 
 22.] you will see two such catkins as I describe, 
 with a flower of each kind magnified. The com- 
 mon Osier, the twigs of which are so much used for 
 making baskets and bird-cages, is a native species 
 of Sa'lix, the vim'inalis. The Weeping Willow, 
 Sa'lix babylo'nica, is a native of Asia, and was 
 brought into this country about fifty years ago. 
 
 The Date-palm, Phce'nix dactylif era, is a na- 
 tive of the Levant : it grows from sixty to a hun- 
 dred feet in height, with a cluster of leaves, like 
 branches, eight or nine feet long, springing from 
 the top, spreading all round like an umbrella, and 
 bending towards the ground. The shape of the 
 fruit is something like that of an acorn. 
 
 There is scarcely any part of the Date-tree that is . 
 not useful. It supplies the place of corn to the in- 
 habitants of the countries where it grows, and fur- 
 nishes them with almost the whole of their subsist- 
 ence. Besides the fruit, they eat the young leaves; 
 and of the old ones they make mats, and many 
 other articles, with which they carry on a consider- 
 able trade. The tree, when wounded, affords a 
 white juice, called by the natives " the milk of the 
 date ; " which has a sweet and agreeable taste, and 
 is given to invalids as a refreshment; and even the 
 stones of the fruit, though very hard, are not 
 thrown away; for, when bruised or softened in 
 water, they are given to sheep and camels as food. 
 
 The Pistachia-nut-tree, Pista'cia Terebin'thus, 
 Q 
 
226 HEMP. NUTMEG. 
 
 grows naturally in Arabia, Persia, and Syria, from 
 whence the nuts are brought to Europe. I will 
 show you some of them after dinner : they contain 
 a kernel of a pale greenish colour, with a pleasant 
 flavour. The Mas'tich-tree is another species of 
 Pista'cia, the Lentis'cus : it affords the resinous 
 substance called Mas'tich, which is much used for 
 making varnish, and sometimes employed in me- 
 dicine. 
 
 Hemp, which you have often heard of, is ob- 
 tained from a plant that is cultivated in many 
 parts of England, particularly in Lincolnshire and 
 Suffolk, but is a native of India; the botanical 
 name is Can'nabis sati'va, Dioecia Pentandria. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 Is it not hemp, that ropes are made of? 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 It is ; and sail-cloth also ; and the seeds yield 
 a great quantity of oil. The whole plant, when 
 fresh, has a disagreeable smell ; and the water, in 
 which the stalks are soaked, for the purpose of se- 
 parating the tough rind or outer coating, becomes 
 poisonous. 
 
 The Nutmeg-tree, Myris'tica moscha'ta, is very 
 beautiful, and grows abundantly in the East Indies. 
 The leaves have a very fragrant smellj as well as 
 the fruit, which is about the size of a nectarine, and 
 consists of three coats : the first a fleshy pulp ; 
 
PLANTAIN. 227 
 
 the second a coloured membrane, which is the 
 spice called mace ; and the third a shell, contain- 
 ing within it the nutmeg, which is the seed of the 
 plant. In India, the nutmeg-fruit, preserved en- 
 tire, is introduced with tea, but the pulp and 
 mace only are eaten. 
 
 The plants of the twenty-third class, POLYGAMIA 
 [PLATE 2. fig. 23.], bear flowers of three different 
 kinds : 1 . with stamens only ; 2. with pistils 
 only; 3. w ith both and these grow either. on 
 the same plant, on two distinct plants, or on three* 
 But as very few plants have these characters, several 
 good botanists think this class unnecessary. The 
 only species belonging to it, that I recollect, are the 
 Plantain-tree, the Sensitive-plant, and the Fig. 
 
 The fruit of the Plan tain- tree, Mu'saparadisi'aca, 
 is one of the greatest blessings the inhabitants of 
 hot climates enjoy. It is cultivated in all the 
 West Indian islands ; where the plantains serve the 
 negroes instead of bread. The tree rises, with a 
 soft stalk, to the height of fifteen or twenty 
 feet; and the leaves, which are often eight feet 
 long, come out from the top on every side. The 
 fruit, or plantain, is about a foot long, and from 
 three to six inches round; it has a tough skin ; and, 
 within, a soft pulp of a very sweet flavour, which 
 js roasted and eaten. Every part of the tree is 
 applied to some useful purpose in the West Indies. 
 
 The Sensitive-plant, Mimo'sa pudi'ca, which 
 Q 2 
 
'228 MIMO'SA. GUM AR'ABIC. FIG. 
 
 you have seen in the hot-house, is a native of Bra- 
 zil ; and belongs to a genus, several other species 
 of which have the singular property of moving their 
 leaves or branches when touched : but they differ 
 from the Hedys'arum gy'rans, which I have de- 
 scribed, with the 17th class, in not having the power 
 of moving of themselves.* Gum- Arabic is pro- 
 cured from the Mimo'sa Nilot'ica, a tree that grows 
 abundantly on the sandy soil of Arabia and Egypt, 
 and several parts of Africa. The purest gum is 
 brought to Cairo, by the Arabs of the country 
 round Mount Tor and Sinai, who convey it across 
 the country, sewed up hi bags of skin on the backs 
 of camels. 
 
 The common Fig, Fi'cus Car'ica, is a native of 
 the south of Europe. What we consider as the fruit, 
 is called by Linnaeus the receptacle, or a sort of 
 common calyx of the flowers ; and he describes it 
 as being top-shaped, fleshy, closed at the broad end, 
 with several scales, and having the inside covered 
 with little flowers, both perfect and imperfect, 
 sometimes on the same plant, and sometimes on 
 different trees. In other plants, generally, it is 
 the flower that contains the young fruit ; but in this 
 plant the fruit encloses and conceals the flower. 
 
 It was a long time before it was known how the 
 fig was propagated ; and the history of this tree 
 is so very curious, that at some future time you 
 shall read an account of it. 
 
 * See page 200. 
 
Sea Weed, 
 
 Class XXIV. CRYPTOGAMIA. 
 
229 
 
 CONVERSATION THE EIGHTEENTH. 
 
 CLASS 24-. CRYPTOGA'MI A. ORDERS. FERNS. 
 MOSSES ; THEIR VARIOUS USES. Ll'CHENS. REIN- 
 DEER MOSS OR Ll'CHEN. SEA-WEEDS MUSH- 
 ROOMS. 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 THE plants of the twenty-fourth class, CRYPTO- 
 GAMIA, are so very different from those of all the 
 other classes, that the study of them might be con- 
 sidered as forming a distinct department of botany ; 
 and I do not recommend them to your particular 
 attention, unless hereafter you wish to devote a 
 large portion of your time to this subject. There 
 are several books well calculated to assist your 
 progress, whenever you are disposed to pursue it ; 
 and you will be equally astonished and pleased by 
 the wonderful regularity and minuteness of the 
 parts of these plants, and the beautiful contri- 
 vances of nature for their nourishment and dis- 
 tribution. 
 
 The character of this class consists, as I have 
 already told you, in the plants that compose it 
 Q 3 
 
230 CRYPTOGAMIC ORDERS. 
 
 having flowers, which cannot be referred to any of 
 the preceding classes *, as the stamens and pistils 
 are either not well ascertained, or not to be num- 
 bered with certainty. 
 
 The orders, or rather groups, into which the class 
 is now divided, are five; consisting of tribes entirely 
 different from each other in their characters and 
 appearance. 
 
 The first is called FII/ICES, or Ferns ; the second, 
 Mus'ci, or Mosses, includes a great many genera 
 and species ; the third, HEPAT'IOE, or Liverworts, 
 consists of genera bearing some resemblance to 
 the mosses ; the fourth, calledAi/G^;, comprehends 
 the Lichens and Sea-weeds ; and the fifth, FUN'GI, 
 contains all the Mushrooms and Funguses. Wi- 
 thering, and some other botanists, have still another 
 order, which they call Miscellaneous, including 
 plants that are not easily referred to any of the 
 tribes I have just mentioned. The drawing that 
 I have made for you [PLATE 22.] is intended 
 merely to show the general appearance of some 
 of the most common cryptogamic genera in each 
 order. 
 
 The FERNS, in general, have (what is called) 
 their fruit, disposed in spots or lines upon the un- 
 der side of the leaves ; and the genera are distin- 
 guished, principally, by the shape and structure 
 
 * Smith's Introduction, &c. p. 321. 
 
FERNS. '231 
 
 of these spots. They are a beautiful tribe ; but 
 the uses to which they are applied are not very 
 numerous. 
 
 Several of our common kinds of fern are em- 
 ployed as firing by the poorer classes of people ; 
 who also mix the ashes with water, and form them 
 into balls, which they dry in the sun, and use 
 instead of soap for washing their linen. 
 
 The leaves of most of the species, if cut when 
 fully grown and properly dried, make a thatch for 
 houses more durable than any sort of straw ; and 
 the root of one kind, called the Flowering Fern, 
 Osmun'da rega'lis, when boiled in water, is em- 
 ployed in the north of Europe, like starch, to stiffen 
 linen. 
 
 Humboldt tells us, that at Santa Maria, one of 
 the Azores, almost all the plants of the fern tribe 
 assume the form and size of trees. In the time of 
 Linnaeus, botanists were acquainted with only four 
 of these arborescent species ; but five new ones 
 have been discovered in Santa Maria alone. 
 
 In South America, also, some ferns, not unlike 
 our common Brakes or Polypody, Pte'ris aquili'na, 
 grow to such a size, that they may be compared 
 to trees; and at the southern extremity of Van 
 Diemen's Island a species has been found, whose 
 trunk is sometimes from twelve to sixteen feet 
 high : it is remarkable that no fern of this descrip- 
 Q 4 
 
232 STRUCTURE OF MOSSES. 
 
 tion has been discovered beyond the northern 
 tropic. 
 
 A species found in North America, called the 
 Sensitive Fern, Onoc'lea sensib'ilis, is said to wi- 
 ther immediately on being touched by the human 
 hand, though it may be touched by other bodies 
 without injury. Sprengel, a German botanist, 
 asserts that he repeated this experiment several 
 times, and always with the same effect. 
 
 The MOSSES, which form the second order of 
 the class Cryptogamia, have roots and leaves 
 something like those of other plants ; but the fruit 
 is very different. Small threads, like the filaments 
 of stamens, generally grow out of the bosom of 
 the leaves, and support little roundish bodies re- 
 sembling anthers, but which are really the capsules 
 that contain the seeds. These capsules are hollow, 
 of various figures, and in general furnished with 
 what is called a Calyp'tra, or Veil, like a little ex- 
 tinguisher ; and when this is removed, the mouth 
 of the capsule itself, which sometimes has a Lid 
 besides, is found to be surrounded with one or two 
 rows of fringe, of great delicacy, and of surprising 
 regularity in the number of the teeth that compose 
 it. The genera of mosses are founded, chiefly, upon 
 the situation of the capsule ; and on other circum- 
 stances, among which the structure of the fringe 
 at the mouth is the most important. The form of 
 the leaves of mosses is extremely simple: they are 
 
MOSSES. 233 
 
 all destitute of leaf-stalks, and are never either 
 winged or divided. 
 
 Mosses are generally perennial and evergreen, 
 and capable of growing in much colder climates 
 and situations than most other vegetables. I have 
 heard, that in the dreary country of Spitzbergen, 
 the rocks, which rise out of everlasting masses of 
 ice, are thickly clothed with mosses ; and a botanist 
 named Crantz, who travelled in Greenland, 
 counted above twenty different species, without 
 moving from a rock where he was seated. They 
 possess the singular property of reviving when 
 moistened, after having become very dry and to 
 all appearance withered ; and even after they have 
 been gathered and kept in a dry state for many 
 years, if put into water, every part of them will 
 expand, and become apparently as fresh as when 
 they were growing. They overspread the trunks 
 and roots of trees, and in winter defend them 
 against frost: in wet weather they preserve 
 them from decay; and, during the greatest 
 drought, provide them with moisture, and protect 
 them from the burning heat of the sun. It has 
 been observed, too, that mosses grow chiefly on 
 the northern side of the trunks and branches of 
 trees as if to shelter them from the cold north 
 wind. 
 
 The poor Laplanders derive several of their 
 comforts from the mosses. Of the Golden Maiden- 
 
234 MOSSES. 
 
 hair, Polyt'richum commu'ne one of the largest 
 species belonging to this tribe, they form excellent 
 beds, by cutting thick layers of it, one of which 
 serves as a mattress, and the other as a coverlet. 
 Linnaeus tells us, that he himself often made use 
 of such a bed, when he was travelling in Lapland. 
 These mossy cushions are very elastic : so that a 
 bed may be rolled up into a parcel small enough 
 to be carried under a man's arm, and the inha- 
 bitants can easily take them about with them in their 
 jpurneys. They do not grow hard by pressure ; 
 and when they lose a part of their elasticity by 
 long use, it can soon be restored by dipping them 
 in water. 
 
 The Lapland women make great use of the 
 grey Bog-moss, Sphag / num palus'tre, which is 
 particularly soft, like a thick fur, or fleece. They 
 wrap their infants up in it without any other 
 clothing, and place them in leathern cradles, lined 
 with the moss. In these soft and warm nests the 
 little babies are completely defended from the cold. 
 The Greenlanders use this moss as tinder, and for 
 wicks to their lamps. 
 
 There is a plant of another cryptogamic genus, 
 Lycopo'dium clava'tum, which though not belong- 
 ing to the same order, is called Club-moss: the 
 seeds of it are collected and sold in various parts 
 of Europe, for the purpose of imitating lightning 
 
MOSSES. MUNGO PARK. 235 
 
 on the stage at theatres; for being very light 
 and combustible, they take fire very quickly, and 
 with a sort of hissing noise, while floating in the 
 air. 
 
 The structure of the mosses is so beautiful, that 
 they are objects of the greatest interest and admir- 
 ation, to all who understand them. Mungo Park, 
 a traveller celebrated for his fortitude and courage, 
 who ventured alone into the midst of the great un- 
 known countries of Africa, wrote an account of his 
 journey that w T ill give you pleasure at some future 
 time ; and I will now read you a part of it : "I 
 " found myself in the midst of a vast wilderness, 
 " naked and alone, surrounded by savage animals, 
 " and by men still more savage. I was five hun- 
 " dred miles from the nearest European settlement; 
 " I considered my fate as certain, and that I had 
 " no alternative but to lie down and perish. At 
 " this moment, the extraordinary beauty of a 
 tc small moss irresistibly caught my eye; and 
 <J though the whole plant was not larger than the 
 " top of one of my fingers, I could not contemplate 
 " the delicate conformation of its roots, leaves, and 
 " capsules, without admiration. Can that Being, 
 " thought I, who planted, watered, and brought 
 " to perfection, in this obscure part of the world, 
 " a thing which appears of so small importance, 
 " look with unconcern upon the situation and sufc 
 
236 HEPAT'IC^E. AL'G^E. LI'CHENS. 
 
 " ferings of creatures formed after his own image ? 
 " Reflections like these would not allow me to 
 " despair : I started up, and, disregarding both 
 " hunger and fatigue, travelled forwards, assured 
 " that relief was at hand ; and I was not disap- 
 " pointed." 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 And did he ever come home ? 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 He did, my dear ; but he went out again to 
 Africa to make new discoveries, and was killed by 
 some of the natives. 
 
 The HEPAT'IC^ or Liverworts, form the next 
 order of Cryptogamic plants ; they are a tribe of 
 small herbaceous plants resembling the mosses ; 
 the name is derived from a Greek word signifying 
 the liver, perhaps because some of them were for- 
 merly employed to cure diseases of the liver, or 
 from their supposed resemblance to the lobes or 
 divisions of the liver. 
 
 The AL/GJS consist of plants, some of which are 
 tormed of a mere crust, others of a leathery or 
 jelly-like substance ; and there are two principal 
 divisions, the Lichens, and the Aquatic, or 
 Submersed Al'gse, some of which occur in fresh 
 water, others in the sea., The latter are commonly 
 
Ll'CHENS. 237 
 
 called Sea- weeds; and the genera, in both divisions 
 of the order, are distinguished, either by the situ- 
 ation of what is supposed to be the flower or seed, 
 or by the resemblance of the whole plant to some 
 other well-known substance. 
 
 The nearer we approach either to the north or 
 south pole, the more we find the earth to abound 
 with lichens and liverworts : in advancing towards 
 the equator, the class of plants next in abundance 
 are the mosses ; and then the grasses. 
 
 Li'chens commonly grow in fleshy or leather - 
 like patches, on the stems of trees, rocks, old build- 
 ings, palings, and other solid bodies. 
 
 EDWARD. 
 
 Are those lichens, that grow, like rough yellow 
 and bluish crusts, upon the old gooseberry-bushes 
 and apple-trees in the garden ? I think your draw- 
 ing is like them. 
 
 MOTHER. 
 
 They are some of the most common species. 
 Lichens, as well as mosses, are found to thrive in 
 all kinds of soil, and in every climate ; and, like 
 mosses, they have the property of growing again, 
 when placed in situations adapted to them, though 
 they may have been kept in a dry state for many 
 years. They are not destroyed either by heat of 
 
238 Ll'CHENS. 
 
 climate or by severe cold, and are found growing 
 where no other vegetation is to be seen. 
 
 One species of this tribe of plants, the Li'chen 
 rangiferi'nus, or Reindeer-Moss, is the most use- 
 ful vegetable that grows in Lapland; for it is the 
 principal food of the reindeer, without which va- 
 luable creature the inhabitants of that miserable 
 country could scarcely exist. The rein-deer draws 
 them in sledges over countries buried in snow ; its 
 flesh and milk afford them nourishment, its skin 
 clothing, and even its bones and sinews are made 
 into several useful articles. 
 
 The Rein-deer Lichen, or Rein-deer Moss, as 
 it is sometimes called, is of a whitish colour, and 
 grows in Lapland to the height of at least a foot, 
 covering the ground like snow; but in this country, 
 where it is found in some mountainous situations, 
 it seldom attains the height of six inches. 
 
 The inhabitants of Iceland find another species 
 of lichen, called Iceland-moss, Li'chen Islan'dicus, 
 which grows abundantly in their country, highly 
 serviceable ; they make use of it as food in various 
 ways, and consider it as very nourishing. 
 
 Several different species of lichen afford beautiful 
 dyes ; and one of them, called Dyer's Li'chen, or 
 Orchall, Li'chen roccel'la, is particularly valuable, 
 from its communicating various shades of purple 
 and crimson to wool and silk. The plant, which 
 is brought chiefly from the Archipelago and the 
 
AQUATIC AI/G^:. SEA- WEEDS. 23 
 
 Canary Islands, is of great importance as an article 
 of commerce ; and, when scarce, has been sold for 
 even a thousand pounds a ton. 
 
 The purple powder, called Cudbear, that is used 
 in dyeing purple, is prepared from the Lichen tar- 
 ta'reus, which is common in many parts of Eng- 
 land ; but it can be used only for dyeing woollen 
 cloth, as it does not communicate its colour to 
 vegetable substances. 
 
 The Aquatic Alga?, including the Sea-weeds, 
 imbibe all their nourishment through their surface, 
 the roots serving only to fasten them to the bottom ; 
 many of them, indeed, float about in the water, 
 without being attached to any solid body. They 
 constitute a very large tribe. 
 
 Some of the Sea-weeds are used as food ; and all 
 are of great importance to farmers on the sea-coast, 
 for manuring their land. In the islands of Jura 
 and Skye, the Bladder-fu'cus, or Sea- wrack, Fu'cus 
 vesiculo'sus, often serves as winter food for the 
 cattle, which regularly go down to the shores, when 
 the tide is out, to eat it ; and even the deer have 
 been observed to come from the mountains, to 
 feed upon this plant. Linnaeus says, that the in- 
 habitants of Gothland in Sweden boil this fu'cus 
 in water, and feed their hogs with it, mixed with 
 meal : in Scandinavia, the poor people thatch their 
 cottages with it. But one of the most important 
 purposes to which this sea-weed is applied, in 
 
40 FU'CI. 
 
 common with many other species, is the prepar- 
 ation of Kelp, a kind of salt, which is a principal 
 ingredient in the manufacture of soap. 
 
 If the leaves of this plant receive a wound, while 
 growing, abundance of young shoots are thrown 
 out from the injured part ; and even if a hole or 
 rent be made in the middle of a leaf, a new one 
 will spring from each side of it. 
 
 In Scotland, the Sea-tangle, Fu'cus digita'tus, 
 and the Dulse, Fu'cus palma'tus, are employed as 
 food ; and the stems of the former plant are some- 
 times used for making handles of knives. For this 
 purpose a thick stem is chosen, and cut into pieces 
 about four inches long ; the hilts of the knives are 
 stuck into these while fresh, and as the stem 
 dries, it contracts and hardens firmly around them. 
 These handles, when tipped with, metal, can 
 scarcely be distinguished from horn. The large 
 stalks of the plant are dried, and used as fuel, in 
 the Orkney and Shetland islands. 
 
 The size that some of the larger kinds of sea- 
 weeds attain, and the rapidity of their growth, are 
 truly wonderful. The Gigantic Fu'cus, Fu'cus 
 gigante'us, is said to extend often to the length of 
 a thousand or fifteen hundred feet : and it grows 
 in such profusion, that the masses of it resemble 
 islands. In the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian 
 Oceans, there are vast tracts of sea-weeds; one 
 of which has been called by navigators the Grassy- 
 
CONFER' V^E. 241 
 
 sea, from its great extent. The entire surface in 
 such places is literally covered with these plants ; 
 and ships on their voyages are several days in pass- 
 ing through them. 
 
 Fu'cus te'nax is employed in China as glue 
 and gum-arabic are with us; when washed and 
 steeped in warm water it dissolves, and as it cools, 
 stiffens into a glue, with which large sheets of 
 paper are coated, in order to make them trans- 
 parent ; mid these are used, instead of glass, for 
 lanterns and windows. In China, too, windows 
 are sometimes made of slips of bamboo, which are 
 crossed, and the spaces between are filled up with 
 thin sheets of this glue alone. 
 
 The Fu'cus lichenoi'des is in high estimation in 
 the East Indies, particularly at Ceylon, as a luxury 
 for the table. You will be surprised to hear that 
 the nests of a kind of swallow are eaten as a deli- 
 cacy in China, and throughout the East, and even 
 imported to London. These nests, it is supposed, 
 are made by the birds almost entirely of the Fu'cus 
 lichenb'i'des. 
 
 The little branch of sea-weed that I have 
 sketched for you [PLATE 22.], does not resemble 
 any of the kinds which I have been speaking of. 
 It is a species of Confer 7 va ; and I have drawn it 
 merely to give you an idea of the difference between 
 the Aquatic Al'gse (of which this is a genus) and 
 the Li'chens, which form the two divisions of the 
 
242 FUN'GI. MUSHROOMS. 
 
 order Algae. Several species of Confer' va are found 
 to be very beautiful and curious, when examined 
 with a magnifying glass. 
 
 What is called the dry-rot, in wood, is a decay 
 supposed to be occasioned by a peculiar kind of 
 plant, Bys'sus sep'tica, belonging to the order Algge. 
 Though of so light a texture that the breath will 
 disperse it like the finest wool, this little plant, 
 in time, destroys the hardest wood. 
 
 The FUNGI are a very singular tribe. They 
 have, properly, no leaves ; their whole substance 
 being fleshy, generally of quick growth and short 
 duration, and of various degrees of firmness, from 
 a watery pulp to a leathery or even woody texture. 
 Several of the species are poisonous. 
 
 The only kind of fungus that we venture to eat 
 in England, is the Agar'icus campes'tris, or com- 
 mon Mushroom; which is often cultivated in hot- 
 beds, and grows wild in parks and fields, that have 
 been undisturbed by ploughing for many years to- 
 gether. The most splendid of all the mushrooms, 
 Agar'icus xerampeli'nus, is common in Italy, and 
 is brought to the markets there for sale as food ; 
 but it is very rarely found in this country. It is 
 of a beautiful red and orange colour. But the 
 Agar'icus delicio'sus, which also grows in Italy, 
 and has been found in England, is of much superior 
 flavour, and was highly prized as a luxury by the 
 ancient Romans. 
 
CONCLUSION. 243 
 
 In Lapland, Linnaeus saw the Bole'tus igni- 
 a'rius, another kind of mushroom, which is shaped 
 like a horse's hoof, hung up on the walls of the 
 cottages, and used as a pincushion. It is made 
 use of also as a tinder in some parts of England 
 and Germany. 
 
 I have now told you, my dear Edward, all that 
 I intended to mention about Botany ; and I hope 
 that what you have already learned will enable 
 you to make use of books upon this interesting 
 subject, without my assistance. I shall be very 
 much gratified, if your desire to pursue it is at 
 all increased by anything that I have said. 
 
 R 2 
 
245 * 
 EXPLANATION 
 
 OF 
 
 THE BOTANICAL TERMS 
 
 MADE USE OF IN THIS VOLUME. 
 
 AGGREGATE ; a term applied to flowers which consist 
 of several florets placed upon one receptacle, and 
 included within one common calyx, but in which the 
 anthers are not united ; as Scab'ius and Teasel, in 
 the class Tetrandria. 
 
 ALTERNATE, branches, leaves, or flowers ; coming 
 out regularly one above another, but on different 
 sides ; not opposite. 
 
 ANGIOSPER'MIA ; the name of one of the orders of the 
 class Didynamia ; in which the seeds are enclosed in 
 a seed-vessel. 
 
 ANNUAL, plants or roots ; living only one year. 
 
 AN'THER ; the uppermost part of a Stamen, fixed upon 
 the top of the filament, and containing the Pollen- 
 [Plate 1.] 
 
 ARBORES'CENT, stem; distinguished from herbace- 
 ous, becoming woody. 
 
 ARROW-SHAPED ; like the head of an arrow : as the 
 leaves of common Sorrel, or the anther of the Crocus. 
 [Plate 5.] 
 
 AWL-SHAPED ; slender, and becoming fine towards the 
 end, like an awl ; as the filaments of the flowering 
 Rush. [Plate 11.] 
 
 R 3 
 
246 EXPLANATION CF 
 
 AWN ; a slender, stiff, sharp substance, growing from 
 the husks of some grasses and other flowers ; as in 
 Oats, Barley, and Teasel. 
 
 B 
 
 BARK ; the outermost covering of the roots, stems, and 
 branches of vegetables. It is generally divided into 
 three parts ; the Cuticle or skin, the Outer, and the 
 Inner bark. 
 
 BERRY ; a pulpy seed-vessel, without valves, in which 
 the seeds are surrounded with the pulp : as in the 
 Gooseberry, and common Holly. [Plate 7.] 
 
 BIENNIAL ; living two years, and then perishing. In 
 biennial plants, a root and leaves are formed during 
 the first year, and the flower and fruit are completed 
 in the second. 
 
 BLOSSOM, or Corolla; that part of a flower which, 
 in general, is coloured, and consists of one or more 
 petals. [Plate 1.] 
 
 BORDER ; the upper spreading part of a blossom of one 
 petal : as in Germander Speedwell. [Plate 3.] 
 
 BRACTEA, or floral leaf; a leaf different from the other 
 leaves in shape and colour : generally situated on 
 the same stalk with the flower and fruit. 
 
 BRISTLES ; strong, stiff, roundish hairs. 
 
 BUD ; a scaly or leafy receptacle of leaves or flowers ; 
 on the stem or its branches. It is supposed to pro- 
 tect its contents from cold ; for most plants in cold 
 countries have buds, but very few in hot climates. 
 
 BULB, or T the part, commonly round and 
 
 BULBOUS-ROOT ; J fleshy, from which the stem of 
 
BOTANICAL TERMS. 247 
 
 some plants arises, and which sends down fibres into 
 the ground. The fibres are the true root. Bulb- 
 ous roots, as they are called, are either Solid, as in 
 the Crocus and Snowdrop [Plates 5. and 9.] ; 
 Coated, as in the Onion, or Scaly, as in the Lily. 
 
 BULGING ; swelling out irregularly : as the two outer 
 leaves in the calyx of the Wall-flower. [Plates 1. 
 and 17.] 
 
 BUNCH ; a fruit-stalk, or flower-stalk, furnished with 
 short branches at the sides. White and red Currants 
 grow in bunches ; as also the flowers of Germander 
 Speedwell. [Plate 3.] 
 
 CADU'COUS, (from cado, to fall) ; falling off quickly. 
 In the Poppy the calyx is caducous. This term is 
 applied also to stipules, leaves, and petals. 
 CA'LYX ; that part of a flower which, in general, grows 
 close under the corolla. [Plate 1.] There are seven 
 different kinds of calyx ; but the following only are 
 mentioned in this volume, viz. 
 
 A Cup, as in Corn-cockle and Ground Ivy. 
 
 [Plates 12. and 16.] 
 An Involu'crum, as in the Flowering Rush. 
 
 [Plate 9.] 
 A Catkin, as in the Willow. [Plate 2.] Class 
 
 Dioecia. 
 A Sheath, as in the Crocus and Snowdrop. 
 
 [Plates 5. and 9.] 
 
 A Veil, as in the Mosses. [Plate 22.] 
 
 CAPSULE ; a dry hollow seed-vessel, which opens na- 
 
 R 4 
 
248 EXPLANATION OF 
 
 turally, when the seeds are ripe, to let them out : 
 as in the Poppy. [Plate 15.] 
 
 CATKIN ; a composition of flowers and chaff, upon a 
 long, slender, thread-shaped receptacle; the whole 
 resembling the tail of a cat; as in the common 
 Willow. [Plate 2. Class Dioecia.] 
 
 CELL ; a hollow space in a seed-vessel, (particularly in 
 a capsule), for holding the seed. 
 
 CENTRE FLORETS, are those which occupy the middle 
 part of a compound flower : as the yellow ones in 
 the Daisy. [Plate 21.] See FLORET. 
 
 CIRCUMFERENCE ; the outward line, or boundary, of 
 a circle. The word is used, in speaking of compound 
 flowers, to express the florets which are farthest from 
 the centre ; as the white ones, that surround the - 
 yellow florets, in the Daisy. [Plate 21.] 
 
 CLAW ; the lower part of the petal, which stands within 
 the calyx, in a polypetalous flower : as in Wall-flower 
 and Corn-cockle. [Plates 1. and 12.] 
 
 CLIMBERS ; plants which are weak, and require the 
 support of some other body to raise themselves upon : 
 as Ivy, Vine, &c. Climbers do not twine round the 
 bodies to which they are attached. 
 
 CLOVEN; divided or split, the edges of the divisions 
 being straight : as the summit of the pistil in 
 Ground Ivy. [Plate 16.] See NOTCHED. 
 
 COATED ; composed of layers, one over another ; like 
 an Onion. 
 
 COLOURED ; of any other colour than green. The 
 calyx is sometimes coloured. 
 
 COMMON, applied to the calyx; containing several 
 blossoms: as in plants of the class Syngenesia, 
 Dandelion, Thistle, Daisy, &c. [Plate 21.] 
 
BOTANICAL TERMS. 249 
 
 COMPOUND ; a term applied to the flowers of the class 
 Syngenesia, which consist of many florets, or little 
 flowers, placed upon one receptacle, and included 
 within one common calyx ; each floret having 
 the anthers united: as the Daisy. [Plate 21.] 
 
 COMPRESSED ; flattened on the sides. 
 
 CONE, or STROBILE ; a solid body shaped like a sugar- 
 loaf. The fruit of the Fir, and of several other 
 trees, is called a cone, because it has this shape. 
 
 CON'ICAL ; shaped like a cone or sugar-loaf; as the 
 receptacle of the Daisy. [Plate 21.] 
 
 COROLLA, or Blossom. See BLOSSOM. 
 
 COTYL'EDON; a seed-lobe, intended to nourish the 
 heart of the seed, and then to perish. 
 
 CREEPING applied to stems and roots; extending 
 itself along, or under, the ground, and putting forth 
 fibrous roots. 
 
 CROSS-SHAPED FLOWERS, are those which have four 
 equal petals, spreading out in the form of a cross ; 
 as the Wall-flower. [Plates 1. and 17.] 
 
 CRU'CIFORM ; cross-shaped. 
 
 CRYPTOGA'MIA ; the name given by Linnaeus to the 
 twenty-fourth class : stamens and pistils not visible 
 to the naked eye, or not ascertained. [Plates 2. 
 and 22.] 
 
 CUP; a kind of calyx, so called because it is com- 
 monly shaped like a cup. It is either of one leaf, 
 as in Mouse-ear and Corn-cockle [Plates 8. and 
 12.] ; or formed of several leaves, as in Wall-flower 
 [Plates 1. and 17.]; and is sometimes double, as in 
 Mallow. [Plate 18.] And it contains either one 
 flower, as in the examples above mentioned, or 
 several, as in the Daisy. [Plate 21."] 
 
250 EXPLANATION OF 
 
 D 
 
 DECAN'DRIA ; the name of the tenth class: ten stamens 
 in each flower. [Plates 2. and 12.] Also the name 
 of one of the orders, in the classes Monaderphia, 
 Diadel'phia, and Polyadel'phia. [Plate 19.] 
 
 DECIB'UOUS (leaf) ; falling off in the autumn. The 
 term is also applied to the calyx, corolla, legumen, 
 and stipula. 
 
 DECUMBENT, applied to the stalk ; lying upon, or near 
 the ground. 
 
 DIADEI/PHIA ; the name of the seventeenth class : fila- 
 ments united in two sets ; flowers butterfly-shaped. 
 [Plates 2. and 19.] 
 
 DIAN'DRIA ; the name of the second clat>s : two stamens 
 in each flower. [Plates 2. and 3.] Also the name 
 of an order, in the classes Gynandria, Monoecia, and 
 Dioecia. 
 
 DIDYNA'MIA ; the name of the fourteenth class : four 
 stamens in each flower ; two of them long, and two 
 short. [Plates 2. and 16.] 
 
 DIGYN'IA ; the name of one of the orders in each of 
 the first thirteen classes, except the ninth and 
 twelfth; two pistils in each flower. [Plate 6.] 
 
 DIOE'CIA ; the name of the twenty-second class of Lin- 
 naeus: the flowers which contain stamens growing up- 
 on distinct plants from those with pistils. [Plate 2.] 
 Also the name of one of the orders in the class 
 Polygamia. 
 
 DIPHYI/LOUS, calyx; two-leaved: as in the Poppy. 
 [Plate 15.] 
 
BOTANICAL TERMS. 251 
 
 DODECAGYN'IA ; the name of one of the orders in the 
 
 eleventh class : twelve, to eighteen or twenty pistils 
 
 in each flower. [Plate 13.] 
 DODECAN'DRIA ; the name of the eleventh class: from 
 
 eleven to nineteen stamens in each flower. [Plates 
 
 2. and 13.] 
 DOUBLE ; a flower is commonly so called, when the 
 
 petals exceed the usual number, while some of the 
 
 stamens remain. See FULL. 
 DOUBLE CALYX ; *me calyx within another : as in the 
 
 Mallow. [Plate 18.] 
 DOWN; the fine hair, or feather-like substance, with 
 
 which the seeds of some plants are furnished : as in 
 
 Dandelion and several other compound flowers. 
 
 [Wood-cut, page 210.] 
 
 ENNEAN'DRIA ; signifies that there are nine stamens 
 in each flower : the name of the ninth class, [Plates 
 2. and 9.] ; and also of one of the orders, in the 
 classes Monadel'phia and Dice'cia. 
 
 EVERGREEN ; bearing green leaves throughout all 
 seasons of the year : as common Holly. [ Plate 7.] 
 
 EYE, of a seed, as in the bean ; the external mark, or 
 scar, by which the seed adheres to the seed-vessel. 
 
 In the Potatoe, (which is itself a sort of under- 
 ground stem connected with the true roots ), the 
 buds are called Eyes. See TUBER. 
 
 FARI'NA, or Pollen. See POLLEN. 
 
252 EXPLANATION OF 
 
 FEATHERED ; applied to hair, bristles, or down : hav- 
 ing smaller hairs growing on the sides of others. 
 The down of seeds sometimes consists of simple 
 hairs : sometimes it is feathered, as in Dandelion. 
 [Wood-cut, page 210.] 
 
 FERNS, Fil'ices ; the name of a natural tribe of plants, 
 which form one of the orders of the class Crypto- 
 gamia. [Plates 2. and 22.] 
 
 FII/AMENT ; that part of a stamen which supports the 
 anther. [Plate 1.] 
 
 FII/ICES ; Ferns. 
 
 FLESHY ; of a consistence more solid than pulp ; as 
 the fruit of the Apple, the root of the Turnip, and 
 the leaves of some plants. See PULPY. 
 
 FLO'RET ; a little flower, one of those which form a 
 compound flower : as in the Daisy. [Plate 20.] 
 
 FLOWER; that part of a plant which produces the 
 seed. 
 
 FRUIT; the seed or seeds, with their seed-vessel; 
 but the seed is the essential part. 
 
 FRUIT-STALK ; a stem or branch bearing fruit or 
 flowers, but not leaves. [Plates 3. 11. &c.] 
 
 FULL ; this term is applied to flowers, commonly called 
 double, when by richness of soil, or other causes, all 
 the stamens have been changed into petals. Full 
 flowers cannot produce seeds. 
 
 FUN'GI ; the name of one of the orders in the class 
 Cryptogamia ; including the Funguses, and Mush- 
 rooms. [Plate 22.] 
 
 FUNNEL SHAPED ; applied to a blossom of one petal, in 
 which the lower part is like a tube, and the upper 
 like a cup : as in Mezereon. [Plate 10.] 
 
BOTANICAL TERMS. 253 
 
 G 
 
 GAPING ; a term applied to the blossoms of several 
 plants in the class Didynamia, from their re- 
 semblance to an open mouth : as Ground Ivy. 
 [Plate 16.] 
 
 GELATINOUS ; like jelly. 
 
 GEN'ERA ; the plural of the word genus. 
 
 GE'NUS ; one of the subdivisions in every Botanical 
 system ; containing Plants of the same classes and 
 orders, which agree in their flowers and fruit. 
 
 GERMEN ; the lower part of a pistil. It is the young 
 fruit, scarcely formed, and becomes afterwards the 
 Seed-vessel. [Plate 1.] The germen is sometimes 
 placed below the calyx and corolla, sometimes above 
 or within them. See INFERIOR, and SUPERIOR. 
 
 GLANDS ; solid bodies, which afford a peculiar fluid : 
 differently situated in different plants. In the Wall- 
 flower, they are placed at the foot of the shorter sta- 
 mens. [Plate 1.] 
 
 r , fa natural family of plants ; comprehend- 
 
 vjrRA^t IN A } I 
 
 C \ * n & P rmci P a lly those of the order Di- 
 
 Lgynia, in the class Triandria. 
 
 GRINNING, or Ringent. See RINGENT. 
 
 GYMNOSPER'MIA ; (naked-seeded) having seeds 
 
 L without a covering; as in Ground Ivy. [Plate 16.] 
 The name of one of the orders in the class Didy- 
 namia. 
 
 GYNAN'DRIA ; stamens growing upon the pistils: the 
 name of the twentieth class ; in which the flowers 
 have a very peculiar structure ; as in the Orchises. 
 [Plate 2.] 
 
254- EXPLANATION OF 
 
 H 
 
 HEADS of flowers. When several flowers grow 
 thickly together, in a kind of ball, fthey are said 
 to form Heads ; as in the common red and white 
 Clover, Bird's- foot Clover [Plate 19.], Clothiers' 
 Teasel (p. 48.). 
 
 HEART-SHAPED ; a term applied to some leaves and 
 petals, from their resemblance to the shape of a 
 heart. When the narrow end is next the stem, 
 the term is ' Inversely heart-shaped : ' as the petals 
 of the Mallow. [Plate 18.] 
 HEPTAGYN'IA ; having seven pistils : the name of one 
 
 of the orders in the seventh class. 
 HEPTAN'DRIA ; seven stamens in each flower : the 
 
 name of the seventh class. [See Plate 2.] 
 HERB ; or HERBACEOUS PLANT ; terms opposed to 
 WOODY, and applied to plants which are succulent 
 and tender. The Mouse-ear, and common garden 
 Pea, are herbs ; the stem of the Wall-flower is some- 
 what woody : the Mezereon is a shrub ; the Ash, 
 Oak, &c. are trees. 
 
 HEXAGYN X IA ; in which every flower has six pistils : 
 the name of one of the orders in the sixth, ninth, 
 and thirteenth classes. [Plate 11.] 
 HEXAN'DRIA ; six stamens in each flower : the name 
 
 of the sixth class. [Plates 2. and 9.] 
 HUSK ; the calyx and blossom of the Grasses are 
 called husks ; they are thin and dry, like chaff; 
 consisting of one or more leaves, called Valves, 
 with or without awns, and containing the grain or 
 seed. [Plate 6.] See AWN. 
 
BOTANICAL TERMS. 255 
 
 ICOSAN'DRIA ; twenty stamens or more ; the name of 
 the twelfth class ; in which the stamens are all 
 attached to the calyx. [Plates 2. and 14.] 
 
 IMPERFECT FLOWER ; wanting either stamens or pistils, 
 or both ; as in the classes Monoecia, and Dioecia, 
 [Plate 2.] In the Daisy, the florets of the border 
 having no stamens, are called imperfect. [Plate 21.] 
 
 INCOMPLETE, flower ; wanting the calyx or the 
 corolla: as the Mezereon. [Plate 10.] 
 
 INFERIOR; applied, principally, to the germen, when 
 it is placed below the cup : as in the Snowdrop. 
 [Plate 9.] 
 
 INVOLU'CRUM ; a sort of calyx distant from the co- 
 rolla ; exemplified principally, but not exclusively, 
 in umbelliferous plants. In the Flowering Rush also 
 the calyx is an Involucrum. [Plate 11.] 
 
 J 
 
 JOINTED STEM ; having knots, or joints : like the straw 
 of Wheat, &c. [Plate 6.] 
 
 KEEL ; the lowermost petal in a butterfly-shaped 
 blossom ; so called from its resemblance to the keel 
 of a boat. [Plate 19.] 
 
 KNOTS ; the joints of the stem of Grasses and Reeds, 
 [Plate 6.] 
 
256 EXPLANATION OF 
 
 LA'BIATE, or Lipped ; applied to a corolla of an ir- 
 regular figure, which has some resemblance to a 
 mouth ; as in several flowers of the class Didynamia. 
 [Plate 16.] 
 
 T Tone of the smaller leaves, in a leaf com- 
 
 LEAFIT, or . ' 
 
 T < posed of many : as in the Doar-Kose. 
 
 LEAFLET ; J *_ J 
 
 L [Plate 14.] 
 
 LEAF-STALK ; the stalk which supports a leaf, but not 
 a flower. 
 
 LEGU'MEN ; a seed-vessel, of two valves, in which the 
 seeds are fixed to one seam only : as in the common 
 Pea. [Wood-cut, page 194.] When the seeds are 
 attached, alternately, to opposite seams, the seed- 
 vessel is called a Pod. See POD. 
 
 LEGU'MINOUS PLANTS ; those in which the seed-vessel 
 isalegumen. [Plate 19.] 
 
 LID ; the cover of the capsule, in several of the Mosses. 
 [Plate 22.] 
 
 LIPS ; the upper and under divisions of a Labiate or 
 Gaping blossom. [Plate 16.] 
 
 M 
 
 MONADEL'PHIA signifying one Brotherhood; the 
 name of the sixteenth class : all the filaments united, 
 in a tube which surrounds the pistil. [Plates 2. 
 and 18.] 
 
 MONAN'DRIA : the name of the first class : one stamen 
 in each flower. [Plates 2. and 3.] 
 
 MONOE'CIA ; (a single house or dwelling) the name 
 
BOTANICAL TERMS. 257 
 
 of the twenty -first class : stamens and pistils in 
 separate flowers, but on the same plant. [Plate 2.] 
 Also the name of one of the [orders in the twenty- 
 third class, Polygamia, of Linnaeus. 
 
 MONOGYN'JA ; one pistil in each flower. The name 
 of the first order in each of the first thirteen classes, 
 [Plates 3. 5. 8, 9, 10. 15.] 
 
 MONOPET'ALOUS ; a blossom is so called, when it is 
 composed of only one petal : as in Germander 
 Speedwell, [Plate 3.] ; Crocus, [Plate 5.] ; Meze- 
 reon, [Plate 10.] ; Ground Ivy. [Plate 16.] 
 
 MONOPHYI/LOUS ; a calyx is so called when it is com- 
 posed of one piece ; the Primrose, and Corn-cockle 
 [Plate 12.], afford good examples. 
 
 MOSSES, Mus'ci ; a natural tribe of plants, forming one 
 of the orders in the class Cryptogamia. [Plate 22.] 
 
 MOUTH ; the opening of the tube, in blossoms com* 
 posed of one petal ; as in Mouse-ear [Plate 8.] ; 
 and Ground Ivy. [Plate 16.] 
 
 Mus'ci ; Mosses. [Plate 22.] 
 
 MUSHROOMS, Fungi ; the name of a natural tribe of 
 plants forming one of the orders in the class Cryp- 
 togam^. [Plate 22.] 
 
 N 
 
 NAMES. In all the Botanical systems at present in use, 
 every Plant has two names ; 1. The Generic name, 
 which applies to all those of the same Genus ; 
 2. What is called the Trivial name ; which is con- 
 fined to plants of one Species only. 
 
 Whenever a third name occurs, it denotes a Variety 
 
258 EXPLANATION OF 
 
 of the species. Thus, Geranium malvtfo'lmm- 
 pusillum, signifies a very small variety (pusillum) 
 of the Geranium malvifo'lium, or mallow-leaved 
 Geranium. See SPECIFIC, and TRIVIAL. 
 
 NATURAL ORDER, or CLASS; an assemblage of 
 Plants, of several different genera, which agree in 
 their general appearance, structure, and qualities: 
 as the Umbelliferous and Leguminous tribes, the 
 Grasses, &c. 
 
 NECTARY ; a part of a flower, the use of which is 
 doubtful, but in which honey is supposed to be 
 formed, or contained ; it is of various forms in dif- 
 ferent flowers. In the Wallflower, the Nectary is a 
 distinct gland [Plate 1.], 'but is not conspicuous. 
 See pp. 8. 83, 84. 
 
 NODDING ; a term applied to a flower, when the stalk 
 is bent down near the end ; as in the Daffodil, Hya- 
 cinth, and Snowdrop. [Plate 8.] 
 
 NOTCHED, at the end or sides ; having angular inci- 
 sions, but not so deep as when cloven : like the 
 summits of the pistils in the Flowering Rush- 
 [Plate 11.] 
 
 NUT ; a seed, enclosed in a hard woody shell : as the 
 common Hazel-nut ; and the stone of the Peach, 
 Plum, and Cherry^ &c. ; the seed, within, is called 
 the Kernel. 
 
 O 
 
 OCTAN'DRIA ; eight stamens in each flower. The 
 
 name of the eighth class. [Plates 2. and 10.] 
 OPPOSITE, leaves or branches ; growing in pairs, 
 
BOTANICAL TERMS. 259 
 
 from the same part of the stem, but on opposite 
 sides. [Plate 3.] 
 
 P 
 
 PAPILIONACEOUS ; Butterfly-shaped. Some blossoms 
 are so called from their resemblance to a butterfly, 
 in Latin Papil'io. The term is applied generally to 
 plants of the class Diadelphia. [Plates 2. and 19.] 
 
 PARASITICAL ; growing upon some other plant, but 
 not in the ground : as Miseltoe. 
 
 PENTAGYN'IA ; five pistils in each flower. The name 
 of one of the orders in the classes Pentandria^ 
 Decandria, Dodecandria, Icosandria, and Polyandria. 
 [Plate 12. ] 
 
 PENTAN'DRIA ; five stamens in each flower. The name 
 of the fifth class. [Plates 2. and 8.] 
 
 PERENNIAL ; lasting for many years, or at least 
 more than two. 
 
 PERFECT FLOWER ; having both stamens and pistils. 
 See IMPERFECT. 
 
 PERMANENT ; applied principally to the calyx re- 
 maining on the plant after the fruit is ripe ; as in 
 the Mouse-ear [Plate 8.] ; and Ground Ivy. 
 [Plate 16.] 
 
 PET'ALS ; the leaves which form the blossom, or 
 corolla, of a flower. They are generally coloured. 
 [Plate 1.] 
 
 PILLAR; a little shaft, or stem, supporting part of 
 the down of some seeds ; as in Dandelion. [Wood- 
 cut, page 210.] The term is applied also to the 
 receptacle, around which the capsules are placed, 
 in the Mallow. [Plate 18.] 
 s 2 
 
260 EXPLANATION OF 
 
 PISTIL ; part of a flower ; composed of the Germen, 
 Style, and Summit. [Plate 1.] 
 
 PITH ; a soft spongy substance, which occupies the 
 middle, or clothes the inner surface of the hollow 
 trunk in some plants ; as in the Rush and Elder. 
 
 PLU'MULA ; the plume, or ascending part, of the cor- 
 culum or heart of the seed. 
 
 POD : a seed-vessel, composed of two yalves or shells ; 
 with a partition, to which the seeds are fixed, al- 
 ternately, to each of the seams or sides. [Plates 1. 
 and 17; and Wood-cut, page 194.] 
 
 POL'LEN, or Fari'na ; a fine powder contained in the 
 anthers of flowers. 
 
 POLYADEL'PHIA ; the name of the eighteenth class : 
 stamens united, by the filaments, in three or more 
 sets. [Plates 2. and 20. ] 
 
 POLYAN'DRIA ; many (more than twenty) stamens. 
 The name of the thirteenth class ; [Plates 2. and 
 15.] in which all the stamens are fixed to the recept- 
 acle. Also the name of an order in the classes 
 Monad elphia,Diadelphia, and Polyadelphia. [Plates 
 18. and 20.] 
 
 POLYGA'MLA ; the name of the twenty-third class, of 
 Linnaeus; three different sorts of flowers on the same, 
 or on separate plants ; some of them containing 
 pistils, some stamens, and others both. [Plate 2.] 
 
 The term is applied also to the subdivisions of the 
 class Syngenesia ; signifying that florets of different 
 kinds are variously combined, and enclosed within 
 one common calyx : the five orders of the class 
 being named as follows, viz. 
 
BOTANICAL TERMS. 261 
 
 1. Polyga'mia JEqua'lis ; all the florets furnished 
 with both stamens and pistils. 
 
 2. Super' flua ; florets of the centre 
 
 having both stamens and pistils, those of the 
 circumference pistils only. The common daisy 
 is an example of this order. [Plate 21.] 
 3. Frustrafnea ; florets of the centre hav- 
 ing both stamens and pistils, those of the circum- 
 ference neither. 
 
 4. Necessa'ria ; florets of the centre hav- 
 ing stamens and pistils, without seeds ; those of 
 the circumference pistils only, with seeds. 
 
 5. Segregate, ; several florets enclosed 
 
 within one common calyx ; each having, besides, 
 a separate calyx of its own. 
 
 POLYGYN'IA ; having many pistils. The name of one 
 of the orders, in the classes Pentandria, Hexan- 
 dria, Icosandria, and Polyandria. [Plate 14.] 
 POLYPET'ALOUS, corolla or flower ; having more than 
 one petal: as the Rose or the Poppy. [Plates 14. 
 and 15.] 
 
 POLYPHYI/LOUS, calyx ; many-leaved. 
 PRICKLES ; sharp points growing from the bark, only, 
 of a Plant, and coming off along with it : as in the 
 Rose [Plate 14.], and Bramble. THORNS grow from 
 the wood. [Plate 22.] 
 
 PROCUMBENT ; lying on the ground, but without put- 
 ting forth roots. 
 
 PULPY ; softer than fleshy : applied to fruit, as in the 
 Gooseberry and Currant, and sometimes to leaves. 
 A Cherry is pulpy, but an Apple is fleshy, 
 s 3 
 
262 EXPLANATION OF 
 
 R 
 
 RAD'ICLE ; a root-leaf proceeding immediately from 
 the root. 
 
 RECEPTACLE ; the seat or base, upon which all the 
 other parts of a flower are placed, and by which they 
 are connected. It is remarkable in the Artichoke, 
 but in some flowers is not conspicuous. [Plate 1.] 
 
 RIN'GENT, or Grinning ; a term applied to the corolla 
 of several flowers of the class Didynamia ; in which 
 the border is divided into two parts, called Lips, and 
 is supposed to resemble an open mouth : as in 
 Ground Ivy. [Plate 16.] When the lips are closed 
 the flower is called Personate. 
 
 ROOT ; that part of a plant which grows in the earth, 
 and supplies the rest with nourishment. It may be 
 Fibrous ; Bulbous ; Tuberose, &c. 
 
 SAP ; the juice of plants. 
 
 SCALY ; composed of scales, lying one over another, 
 like those in the skin of a fish ; as in the outer coat 
 of the bulb of a Lily, the cup of a Thistle, &e. 
 
 SEAM ; the line formed by the meeting of the valves 
 in a seed-vessel. The legumen of a Pea has two 
 valves ; and all the seeds are fastened to one of the 
 seams. [Wood- cut, page 194.] See also POD. 
 
 SEED-VESSEL ; a vessel, or case, containing the seeds. 
 Seed- Vessels are of the following kinds : 
 A CAPSULE ; as in the Poppy. [Plate 15.] 
 
BOTANICAL TERMS. 263 
 
 A POD ; as in the Wall-flower. [Plate 1. and 
 
 Wood-cut, page 194.] 
 A LEGU'MEN ; as in Bird's-foot Clover. [Plate 
 
 19 and Wood-cut, page 124.] 
 A BERRY ; as in the Holly, [Plate 7.], and in the 
 
 Rose. [Plate 14.] 
 A CONE ; as in the Fir. 
 A DRU'PA, enclosing a nut ; as in the Cherry, 
 
 and Peach. 
 
 A POMUM ; as in the Apple. 
 
 SEGMENTS; the divisions of leaves, blossoms, &c. 
 SESSILE. See SITTING. 
 
 SHEATH (SPATHA) ; a kind of calyx, composed of a 
 thin, skinny, leaf: as in the Crocus, and Snowdrop. 
 [Plates 5. and 9.] 
 
 SHRUB ; a term commonly applied to plants with a 
 perennial, woody, stem ; divided, near the ground, 
 into branches. Mezereon is a shrub. 
 SILTC'ULA (a little siliqua) ; a short broad pod. 
 SILICULO'SA (having siliculas.) The name of one 
 of the orders of the class Tetradynamia ; in which 
 the seed-vessel is a Silicula. 
 SIL'IQUA ; a long narrow pod. f Plates 1. and 17. and 
 
 Wood-cut, page 194.] 
 
 SILIQUO'SA ; the name of one of the orders of the 
 class Tetradynamia : in which the seed-vessel is a 
 Siliqua. [Plates 1. and 17.] 
 
 SIMPLE ; applied to the stem or stalk, means undivided* 
 SITTING, or Sessile, leaves or flowers ; joined imme- 
 diately to the stem, without leaf-stalks or fruit-stalks : 
 as the leaves of the Germander Speedwell [Plate 
 3.], and the flowers of the Mezereon. [Plate 10.] 
 s 4 
 
264" EXPLANATION OF 
 
 The terms are applied also to the down of seeds, 
 when there is no pillar, or stalk, between it and the 
 seed. [Wood-cut, page 210.] 
 
 SKINNY; like skin, or gold-beater's leaf ; thin, tough, 
 and transparent. 
 
 SOLITARY; flowers, seeds, or leaves, are so called, 
 when only one grows upon the same part of a 
 plant. 
 
 SPATHA. See SHEATH. 
 
 SPEAR-SHAPED ; shaped like the head of a spear : as 
 the leaves of the Mouse-ear. [Plate 8.] 
 
 SPECIES ; a group of plants, which agree in the general 
 structure of their flowers and fruit, and therefore 
 belong to the same Genus ; but which differ in the 
 characters of their stem, leaves, and other parts. 
 
 SPECIFIC NAME ; Linnaeus used these words in a dif- 
 ferent sense from that which is now frequently 
 connected with them. His " specific names " were 
 brief enumerations of the essential differences of 
 the species, derived from the number, figure, situa- 
 tion, and proportion of the parts of plants. What 
 we now commonly speak of as the specific name, 
 consisting of one word only, was called by Linnaeus 
 the " Trivial name/' (See TRIVIAL.) 
 
 SPIKE ; a number of sessile flowers, placed alter- 
 nately on each side of a simple fruit-stalk : as in 
 lavender, the ear of wheat or barley, and many of 
 the Grasses. 
 
 SPI'KET (a little spike) : a part or subdivision of a 
 spike : chiefly applied to the Grasses. [Plate 6.] 
 
 SPOKES ; the little stalks which support the umbel- 
 
BOTANICAL TERMS. 265 
 
 lules, or the separate flowers, in umbelliferous 
 plants. 
 
 STA'MEN ; part of a flower ; composed of a Filament 
 and an Anther. [Plate 1.] 
 
 STANDARD ; the upper petal of a butterfly-shaped 
 blossom. [Plate 19.] In the common Pea, the stan- 
 dard is very remarkable. 
 
 STEM ; the trunk of a plant, supporting the leaves, 
 branches, and flower-stalks, or flowers. It rises 
 immediately from the root. [Plates 5. and 9.] 
 
 STIP'ULA ; a scale, at the base of young leaf-stalks. 
 [Plate 19.] 
 
 STOLONIF'EROUS ; putting forth suckers. 
 
 STRAW ; the stem of a Grass. 
 
 STROBILE. See CONE. 
 
 STYLE ; that part of a pistil, which stands upon the 
 germen and supports the summit. [Plate 1.] 
 
 SUCKERS ; shoots which spring from the root, spread 
 along, or under, the ground, and then take root 
 themselves. 
 
 SUMMIT ; the uppermost part of a pistil. [Plate 1.] 
 
 SUPERIOR ; a term applied to the calyx or corolla, when 
 it is placed above the germen ; which last is then 
 called Inferior. [Plate 9.] The Germen is Supe- 
 rior, when it is placed above, or within, the calyx or 
 corolla. [Plates 10. and 12.] 
 
 SYNGENE'SIA, (production, or growing, together.) The 
 name of the nineteenth class : flowers compound ; 
 anthers united. [Plates 2. and 21.] 
 
266 EXPLANATION OF 
 
 TARGET-SHAP.ED ; round and flattened ; something 
 like the under side of a saucer, or the head of a 
 common brass nail : as the summit of the pistil in the 
 Poppy. [Plate 15.] 
 
 TETRADYNA'MIA ; (signifying four powers); the 
 name of the fifteenth class; six stamens in each 
 flower ; four longer (more powerful) than the other 
 two. [Plates 1. and 17.] 
 
 TETRAGYN'IA ; four pistils in each flower. The name 
 of one of the orders, in several of the classes. 
 
 TETRAN'DRIA ; four stamens in each flower. The 
 name of the fourth class. [Plates 2. and 7.] 
 
 THORNS ; sharp-pointed projections, growing from the 
 woody substance of a plant, as in the Furze and 
 Blackthorn. Prickles grow from the bark only. 
 [Plates 14. and 22.] 
 
 TREE ; a vegetable with a single, woody, trunk, di- 
 vided, at the top, into branches, and enduring for 
 many years. 
 
 TRIAN'DRIA ; three stamens in each flower. The 
 name of the third class. [Plates 2. and 5.] 
 
 TRIGYN'IA ; three pistils in each flower. The name 
 of one of the orders, in several of the classes. 
 
 TRIVIAL NAME; that which is now, universally, added 
 to the generic name, to denote the species : as in 
 Cro'cus ver'nus ; the first of these words being 
 the Generic, the second the Trivial name. The 
 Trivial name is now generally called the specific 
 name of the plant ; but Linnaeus used the latter 
 term in a different sense. (See SPECIFIC.) 
 
BOTANICAL TERMS. 267 
 
 TUBE ; the lower, narrow part, of a blossom of one 
 petal, by which it is fixed to the receptacle. [Plates 
 5. 10. and 16.] 
 
 TUBER ; a solid fleshy knob, connected with fibres, in 
 a root ; the potatoe is a tuber, and is supposed to 
 be an imperfect underground stem, the eyes repre- 
 senting buds. 
 
 U 
 
 UMBEL ; an assemblage of flowers, in which a number 
 of slender fruit-stalks grow from the same centre, 
 and rise nearly to the same height ; so as to form a 
 flat surface at top : as in Hemlock, and Cow Pars- 
 nip. The separate fruit-stalks are often called the 
 Spokes of the umbel. 
 
 UMBELLIFEROUS; a term applied to plants, which 
 produce their flowers in umbels. 
 
 UMBELLULE (a little umbel). In many umbelli- 
 ferous plants, each spoke of the umbel has an um- 
 bellule at its end. 
 
 UNDER-SHRUB ; a plant, in which the lower part only 
 of the stem is woody, but the upper part herba- 
 ceous, and dying every .year. 
 
 VALVES ; the pieces that compose a seed-vessel. 
 [Wood-cut, page 1 94.] The pod of the Wall-flower 
 has two valves, with a partition between them. 
 [Plate 1.] 
 
 The term is applied also to the projecting sub- 
 
268 EXPLANATION OF BOTANICAL TERMS. 
 
 stances, which, in some blossoms, close the mouth 
 of the tube ; as in Mouse-ear. [Plate 8.] 
 
 VARIETIES ; plants, of the same species, which differ 
 slightly from each other, as in colour, size, or other 
 unimportant circumstances. The purple, yellow, 
 and white Crocuses, for example, are varieties of 
 the species Ver'nus. When seeds are sown, the 
 plants which they produce are often different va- 
 rieties of the parent species ; but the specific cha- 
 racter remains the same in all. 
 
 VEIL ; a conical covering of the capsule, in several 
 Mosses ; somewhat like an extinguisher. [Plates 
 2. and 21.] 
 
 VIVIP'AROUS ; a term used where seeds, instead of 
 falling to the ground, as is common, germinate or 
 grow, without being separated from the parent plant. 
 Examples may be seen in several of the Grasses. 
 
 W 
 
 WHEEL-SHAPED; a term applied to a blossom of one 
 
 petal, with a flat border, and very short tube ; (like 
 
 a coach wheel :) as in Germander Speedwell. 
 
 [Plate 3.] 
 WINGS ; the side petals, in a butterfly-shaped blossom. 
 
 [Plate 19.] 
 WINGED; applied to seeds: furnished with a thin 
 
 flat membrane on each side ; as in the Maple. 
 WOODY ; like wood, not herbaceous. The principal 
 
 stem of the Wall-flower may serve as an example ; 
 
 it is somewhat Woody. [Plate 16.] 
 
269 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 Page 
 
 Page 
 
 ACA'CIA tree 
 
 201 
 
 American maple-tree 
 
 38 
 
 A'cer campes'tre 
 
 103 
 
 plants 
 
 173 
 
 Psudo-plat'anus 
 
 103 
 
 ] AQ 
 
 Amyg'dalus commu'nis 
 
 138 
 
 1 Qft 
 
 Aconi'tum Napellus 
 
 117O 
 
 155 
 
 Amy'ris Gileaden'sis 
 
 loo 
 
 105 
 
 Ac'orus Cal'amus 
 
 85 
 
 Anagallis arven'sis 
 
 119 
 
 Actas'a 
 
 140 
 
 Angel'ica 
 
 71 
 
 Adanso'nia digita'ta 
 
 91 
 
 Angiosper'mia 14. 
 
 165 
 
 jiEs'culus Hippocas'tanum 98 
 
 Animated oat 
 
 36 
 
 African marigold 
 
 119 
 
 Annuals 92. 
 
 127 
 
 plants 
 
 173 
 
 Anotta 
 
 156 
 
 Agar'icus campes'tris 
 
 242 
 
 An'themis nob'ilis 
 
 214 
 
 delicio'sus 
 
 242 
 
 Anthers 
 
 6 
 
 xerampeli'nus 
 
 242 
 
 Anthoxan'thumodoratum 42 
 
 Aga've America'na 
 
 38 
 
 Antirrhi'num 
 
 170 
 
 Aggregate flowers 
 
 209 
 
 A'pium grave'olens 
 
 72 
 
 Agrostem'ma Githa'go, 
 
 
 Petroseli'num 
 
 72 
 
 described 
 
 117 
 
 Apple-tree 
 
 136 
 
 Agros'tichum re'pens 
 Alder-tree 
 
 36 
 50 
 
 Apple-bearing sage 
 Apricot-tree 
 
 108 
 134 
 
 Al'gae 
 
 241 
 
 Aquile'gia vulga'ris 
 
 154 
 
 , submersed 
 
 242 
 
 Ar'butus alpi'na 
 
 115 
 
 , aquatic 
 
 241 
 
 une'do 
 
 114 
 
 Al'lium 
 
 87 
 
 Arc'tium Lap'pa 167. 
 
 214 
 
 (Y'ni 
 
 87 
 
 Aristolo'chia Clemati'tis 
 
 91 
 
 
 Por'rum 
 
 87 
 
 Arrow-root 
 
 21 
 
 Schcenopra'sum 
 
 85 
 
 Artichoke 7. 
 
 214 
 
 Almond-tree 
 
 138 
 
 Toi'n col - 
 
 214 
 
 
 Aloe, American 
 
 89 
 
 Artificial orders 
 
 164 
 
 Alpine plants 
 
 173 
 
 Artocar'pus inci'sa 
 
 218 
 
 A 1th JP^A 
 
 18.5 
 
 
 oic 
 
"270 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 
 Page 
 
 Page 
 
 Arun'do arena'ria 
 
 38 
 
 Birch-tree 
 
 49 
 
 bam'bos 
 
 39 
 
 Birch-tree, Dwarf 
 
 50 
 
 Ash-tree 
 
 27 
 
 Bird's-foot clover, de- 
 
 
 Asiatic plants 
 
 173 
 
 scribed 
 
 196 
 
 Aspar'agus 
 
 85 
 
 Bird's-nest 
 
 72 
 
 Aspin-tree 
 
 105 
 
 Bix'a Orella'na 
 
 156 
 
 Assam tea 
 
 150 
 
 Blackberry 
 
 133 
 
 As'ter chinen'sis 
 
 214 
 
 Black bryony 
 
 93 
 
 Astrag'alus Tragacan'tha 20 1 
 
 pepper 
 
 27 
 
 At'ropa Belladon'na 
 
 62 
 
 poplar 
 
 106 
 
 Auric'ula 
 
 69 
 
 spruce fir 
 
 187 
 
 Ave'na fat'ua 
 
 36 
 
 thorn 
 
 135 
 
 sati'va 
 
 35 
 
 Bladder fu'cus 
 
 239 
 
 Awns 
 
 49 
 
 Bloom 
 
 134 
 
 
 
 Blossom 
 
 6 
 
 B 
 
 
 monopet'alous 
 
 23 
 
 
 Balm 
 
 169 
 
 , polypet'alous 
 
 23 
 
 of Gilead 
 
 105 
 
 Blue-bottle 
 
 214 
 
 Balsam -tree 
 
 55 
 
 Bog-moss 
 
 234 
 
 Bamboo 
 
 39 
 
 Bole'tus ignia'rius 
 
 243 
 
 Barberry 
 
 85 
 
 Border of the blossom 
 
 24 
 
 , its stamens 
 
 88 
 
 Botany 
 
 2 
 
 Barley 
 
 35 
 
 , its uses 
 
 3,4 
 
 ,Wall 
 
 36 
 
 Box-tree 
 
 51 
 
 Bay-tree 
 
 111 
 
 Bractea 
 
 32 
 
 Beans 
 
 198 
 
 Brakes 
 
 231 
 
 , Kidney 
 
 197 
 
 Bramble 
 
 133 
 
 Beech-nut oil 
 
 128 
 
 , Dwarf crimson, 
 
 134 
 
 tree 
 
 128 
 
 Bras'sica chinen'sis 
 
 179 
 
 Beet, common 
 
 38 
 
 IVn, DUS 
 
 179 
 
 
 Bell-flower 
 
 69 
 
 olera'cea 
 
 179 
 
 Bel'lis peren'nis, de- 
 
 
 T? i^nn 
 
 179 
 
 
 scribed 
 
 213 
 
 Brazil-wood 
 
 120 
 
 Ber'beris vulga'ris 
 
 85 
 
 Breadfruit tree 
 
 218 
 
 Bergamot 
 
 204 
 
 Briar, Sweet 
 
 131 
 
 Bet'ula al'ba 
 
 49 
 
 Brome'lia Ana'nas 
 
 85 
 
 . Al'nus 
 
 50 
 
 Broom 
 
 198 
 
 / 
 
 50 
 
 
 43 
 
 Biennials 
 
 127 
 
 Bryony, Black 
 
 93 
 
 Bilberry 
 
 103 
 
 Buckthorn 
 
 63 
 
 Bindweed 
 
 69 
 
 "VollriYiir Vinfi'ifv 
 
 1 63 
 
 
 . , Small 
 
 119 
 
 Buds 61 
 
 .99 
 
GENERAL INDEX, 
 
 271 
 
 Bulbs 
 
 Bullrush 
 
 Bi/nium flexuo'sum 
 
 Burdock 
 
 Butchers' broom 
 
 Bu'tomus umbella'tus, 
 
 described 
 
 Butterbur coltsfoot 
 Buttercup 
 
 Bux'us sempervi'rens 
 Bys'sus sep tica 
 
 Caducous calyx 
 Caesalpi'nia brasilien 
 Cajaput oil 
 Caja-Puti-tree 
 Calabash-tree 
 Cal'amus petrae'us 
 
 Ro'tang 
 
 versus 
 
 Cal'tha palus'tris 
 
 Calyp'tra 
 
 Ca'lyx 
 
 , cadu'cous 
 
 , decid'uous 
 
 , diphyl'lous 
 
 , double 
 
 , monophyllous 
 
 , permanent 
 
 ,polyphyl1ous 
 
 , triphyl'lous 
 
 Campanula 
 Camphire-tree 
 Candle-berry myrtle 
 Candy-tuft 
 Can'na In'dica 
 Can'nabis sati'va 
 Caper-bush 
 Cap x paris spino'sa 
 Capsule 
 
 Page 
 
 Page 
 
 95 
 
 Caoutchouc 221 
 
 41 
 
 Car x duus 214 
 
 71 
 
 Ca'rex 44 
 
 167. 214 
 
 acu'ta 44 
 
 43 
 
 Carnation 116 
 
 us, 
 
 Carraway 71 
 
 110 
 
 Carrot 71 
 
 167 
 
 Ca'rum Car'ui .71 
 
 129 
 
 Cas'sia sen'na 120 
 
 s 51 
 
 Castor-oil plant 222 
 
 242 
 
 Catkins 224 
 
 
 Cat's tail 143 
 
 
 Cedar of Lebanon 187 
 
 179 
 
 Celery 72 
 
 141 
 
 Cell 142 
 
 'sis 120 
 
 Centau'rea Cy'anus 214 
 
 203 
 
 Centun'culus min'imus 53 
 
 203 
 
 Chamomile 214 
 
 171 
 
 Cheiran x thus Chei'ri, de- 
 
 90 
 
 scribed 180 
 
 on 
 
 /* f* 1 ' 1 OA 
 
 yu 
 QO 
 
 inoi^nii^ 1 f-i 1 
 
 c7Vf 
 Ifi7 
 
 ri iTim / i"n" 1Q1 
 
 1U 4 
 
 232 
 
 Chelido'nium Glau'cium 150 
 
 6. 118 
 
 Cherry-tree 134 
 
 141 
 
 Chesnut-tree 128 
 
 141 
 
 Chick-weed winter-green 98 
 
 23 
 
 China aster 214 
 
 184 
 
 Chinese rhubarb 112 
 
 23 
 
 Chocolate-nut-tree 203 
 
 141 
 
 Chrysanthemum Leu- 
 
 23 
 
 can'themum 214 
 
 23 
 
 Cicu x ta viro x sa 71 
 
 69 
 
 Cinnamon-tree 111 
 
 112 
 
 Cis'sus angustifolk 58 
 
 51 
 
 Citron-tree 204 
 
 92. 178 
 
 Ci'trus Auran'tium 204 
 
 21 
 
 Med'ica 204 
 
 226 
 
 Clary, }Vild English 29 
 
 153 
 
 Claspers 92 
 
 153 
 
 Class, 9 
 
 142 
 
 one 10. 19 
 
272 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 
 Page 
 
 Page 
 
 Class two 
 
 10. 22 
 
 Coffee-tree 
 
 68 
 
 three 
 
 10. 31 
 
 Columbine 
 
 155 
 
 four 
 
 10. 45 
 
 Colt's foot 
 
 214 
 
 five 
 
 10. 64 
 
 Colours 
 
 30 
 
 six 
 
 10. 81 
 
 Compound flowers 
 
 209 
 
 seven 
 
 10. 98 
 
 Cones 
 
 188 
 
 eight 
 
 10. 99 
 
 Conferva 
 
 241 
 
 nine 
 
 10. 109 
 
 Convalla'ria majalis 
 
 85 
 
 ten 
 
 10. 117 
 
 Convol'vulus 
 
 69 
 
 
 
 1 f\ 1 OO 
 
 n*w-L*t '<-.?* 
 
 1 1Q 
 
 twelve 
 
 10. 129 
 
 Cor'culum 
 
 1 1 t7 
 
 145 
 
 thirteen 
 
 10. 139 
 
 Coriander 
 
 71 
 
 fourteen 
 
 11. 161 
 
 Corian'drum sati'vum 
 
 71 
 
 fifteen 
 
 11. 177 
 
 Cork-tree 
 
 106 
 
 sixteen 
 
 11. 182 
 
 Corn-cockle, described 
 
 117 
 
 seventeen 
 
 11. 191 
 
 Corolla 
 
 6 
 
 eighteen 
 nineteen 
 
 11. 202 
 11. 299 
 
 Cor'ylus avella'na 
 Cor'ypha umbraculif era 
 
 104 
 91 
 
 twenty 
 
 11. 217 
 
 Cotton-tree 
 
 189 
 
 twenty-one 
 
 11. 218 
 
 Cotyl'edons 
 
 144 
 
 > twenty-two 
 
 11. 224 
 
 Couch-grass 
 
 36 
 
 twenty-three 
 
 11. 227 
 
 Cow-bane 
 
 71 
 
 . twenty-four 
 
 12. 229 
 
 parsnep 
 
 72 
 
 Classes 
 
 10 
 
 Cowslip 
 
 69 
 
 Claws 
 
 117 
 
 Crab-tree 
 
 136 
 
 Clem'atis Vital'ba 
 
 155 
 
 Cram'be marit'ima 
 
 178 
 
 Climate, effects of, on 
 
 Cranberry 
 
 103 
 
 plants 
 Climbers 
 
 173 
 92 
 
 Cratae'gus Oxyacan'tha 
 Crescen'tia cucurbiti'na 
 
 137 
 171 
 
 Clothiers' teasel 
 
 48 
 
 Cujc'tc 
 
 171 
 
 
 Cloud-berry 
 
 133 
 
 Crimson Bramble 
 
 134 
 
 Clove-tree 
 
 137 
 
 Crith'mum marit'imum 
 
 76 
 
 Clover, Bird's foot, 
 
 de- 
 
 Cro'cus nudiflo'rus 
 
 32 
 
 11 
 
 IQfi 
 
 aA*S***%tf 
 
 QO 
 
 scriueQ 
 Club moss 
 
 1 t/U 
 
 234 
 
 
 Ov 
 
 32 
 
 
 Plii'sia rr/!pa 
 
 ( 
 
 vrAvti'vnttfl 
 
 32 
 
 \_ylu. bid I (J tsLcl -*c* 
 
 Cochlea'ria Armora'cia 178 
 
 Crown imperial 
 
 170 
 
 Cock's foot, Rough 
 
 41 
 
 Cru'ciform flowers 
 
 178 
 
 Cocoa-nut tree 
 
 219 
 
 Cryptoga'mia 12. 
 
 229 
 
 Co'cos nucif era 
 
 219 
 
 Cucumber 
 
 224 
 
 Coffe'a arab'ica 
 
 68 
 
 Cu'cumis 
 
 224 
 
 occidentalis 
 
 68 
 
 Cudbear 
 
 239 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 273 
 
 Page 
 Cultivation, effects of, on 
 plants 72 
 Cupres'sus sempervi / rens 220 
 Cur'cuma lon'ga 21 
 Currants tf6 
 Cuscu'ta Europae'a 54 
 Cyder 136 
 Cyna'ra Scorymus 214 
 Cy'perus Papy'rus 78 
 Cypress-tree 220 
 Cyt'isus Labur'num 195 
 
 D 
 
 Dac'tylis glomera'ta, de- 
 scribed . 41 
 
 Digyn'ia 
 Dioe'cia 
 DiphyHous calyx 
 Dip'sacus fullo'num 
 Distribution of plants 
 
 Page 
 13 
 11.224 
 23 
 ' 48 
 173 
 146 
 54 
 14. 124 
 10. 123 
 130 
 195 
 184 
 86 
 210 
 210 
 a 
 210 
 210 
 241 
 38.240 
 51 
 126 
 ll 50 
 198 
 126 
 238 
 
 71 
 173 
 
 '72 
 173 
 173 
 62 
 131 
 120 
 154 
 79 
 73 
 74 
 75 
 75 
 
 Dodder 
 Dodecagyn x ia 
 Dodecan'dria 
 Dog-rose, examined 
 Dog-wood 
 Double calyx 
 
 Down 
 
 , feathered 
 
 Daffodil 85 
 Dahlia 214 
 Daisy, described 206.213 
 OX-PVP l / li 
 
 pillar 
 , simple 
 Dry-rot 
 Dulse 
 Dutch myrtle 
 pink 
 Dwarf birch-tree 
 Dyers' green-weed 
 weed 
 lichen 
 
 E 
 
 Earth-nut 
 Effects of climate 
 cultivation 
 
 Damask rose 152 
 Dandelion 213 
 Daph'ne Laget'to 102 
 Meze'reum, de- 
 scribed 101 
 Darnel 34 
 Date-palm 225 
 Dau'cus Caro'ta 71 
 Deadly nightshade 62 
 Decagyn'ia 13 
 Decan'dria, class 10.117 
 
 Decid'uous calyx 141 
 leaves 48 
 Decumbent plants 196 
 Delphinium consoHda 155 
 DiadeKphia 11. 190 
 Diai/dria 10. 22. 
 Diaa'thus caryophyHus 116 
 Dicotyledonous plants 144 
 Didyna'mia 10. 161 
 Digitalis purpu'rea 169 
 T 
 
 light 
 Egg-plant 
 Eglantine 
 Egyptian Cassia 
 
 
 Elder 
 leaves 
 Elm-tree 
 , Red 
 
274 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 El'ymus arena'rius 
 Embryo 
 Enneagyn'ia 
 Ennean'dria 19. 
 Epiden'drum flos-a'eris 
 Eri'ca 
 
 36 
 
 13 
 
 109 
 55 
 100 
 100 
 100 
 183 
 138 
 138 
 137 
 ,48 
 61 
 
 127 
 128 
 91 
 15 
 210 
 
 210 
 71 
 232 
 231 
 35 
 36 
 34 
 35 
 228 
 228 
 6 
 230 
 187 
 186 
 195 
 78 
 209 
 35 
 55 
 6 
 
 Flowering fern 
 rush, described 
 Flowers, aggregate 
 
 231 
 110 
 209 
 209 
 178 
 86 
 86 
 169 
 87 
 191 
 20 
 102 
 86 
 67 
 86 
 66 
 169 
 136 
 183 
 27 
 63 
 88 
 170 
 148 
 31 
 240 
 240 
 241 
 240 
 38 
 241 
 239 
 86 
 242 
 198 
 
 84 
 108 
 61 
 
 .84 
 
 , cru'ciform 
 , double 
 
 full 
 
 tenuiflo'ra 
 Ero'dium 
 Eucalyp'tus 
 
 , labiate 
 
 
 
 Euge'nia caryophylla'ta 
 Evergreens 47 
 Eyes of potatoes 
 
 F 
 
 Fa'gus casta'nea 
 
 
 , single 
 
 trrhlr 
 
 Forget-me-not 
 Fox -glove 
 Fraga'ria ves'ca 
 Frankincense 
 Frax'inus excel'sior 
 French berries 
 sorrel 
 Fritilla'ria imperia'lis 
 Fruit-stalks 
 Fuch'sia coccin'ea 
 Fu'cus digita'tus 
 gigante'us 
 
 Fan-Palm 
 Fari'na 
 Feathered down 
 
 pillar 
 Fennel 
 Fern, sensitive 
 Ferns 
 Fescue-grass 
 Festu'ca flu'itans 
 
 
 vivip'ara 
 Fi'cus Car'ica 
 Fig 
 Fil'aments 
 Fil'ices 
 Fir, black spruce 
 , Scotch 
 Tish-bean 
 Flax 
 Florets 
 Floating fescue 
 Flower-of-the-Air 
 -, parts of a 
 
 sacchari'nus 
 
 
 Full flowers 
 Fungi 230. 
 Furze 
 
 G 
 
 Galan'thus niva'lis, de- 
 scribed 
 Galls 
 Garden nightshade 
 tulip 15 
 
GENERAL INDEX, 
 
 275 
 
 Page 
 
 Gen'era 16 
 
 Genista tincto'ria 198 
 
 Ge'nus 16 
 
 Geranium 18. 183 
 Germander speedwell, 
 
 described 25 
 
 Germen 6 
 
 Gigantic Fu'cus 240 
 
 Gilead, Balm of 105 
 
 Gilly-flower 181 
 
 Ginger . 21 
 
 Glasswort 20 
 Glecho'ma hedera'cea, 
 
 described 166 
 
 Goat's thorn 201 
 
 Golden maiden-hair 233 
 
 Gooseberry 66 
 
 Gossyp'ium 189 
 
 Gram'ina 163 
 
 Grapes, sugar of 38 
 Grass, Rough cock's-foot, 
 
 examined 41 
 
 Grass of Parnassus 84 
 
 wrack 21 
 
 Grasses 33.163 
 
 , stoloniferous 34 
 
 , viviparous 35 
 
 , very numerous 33 
 
 Grassy crown 43 
 
 Sea 240 
 
 Great flower 56 
 
 Green-weed, Dyers' 199 
 
 Grey bog-moss 234 
 
 Ground ivy, described 166 
 
 Groundsel 214 
 
 Guelder-rose 77 
 
 Guai'acum officina'le 120 
 
 Gum an'ime 121 
 
 Arabic 228 
 
 guai'acum 120 
 
 mas'tick 226 
 
 trag'acanth 201 
 
 T 
 
 Gymnosper"mia 14. 165 
 
 Gynan'dria 1L 217 
 
 H 
 
 Haematox'ylon campea- 
 
 chia'num 120 
 
 Hair powder 35 
 
 Hairs upon leaves 26 
 
 Hawthorn 137 
 
 Hazel-nut-tree 104. 115 
 
 Heart's-ease 69 
 
 Heat, effects of, on vege- 
 
 tation 
 Heaths 
 
 Hed'era Helix 
 Hedys'arum gy'rans 
 Helian'thus an'nuus 
 tubero'sus 
 
 174 
 100 
 
 62 
 200 
 214 
 214 
 
 71 
 226 
 
 Hemlock, water 
 Hemp 
 
 Herac'leum Sphondyrium 73 
 
 Herbaceous plants 94 
 
 Herbs 94 
 Hepat'icas 230. 236 
 
 Heptagyn'ia 13 
 
 Heptan x dria 19. 98 
 
 Hexagyn'ia 13 
 
 Hexan'dria 19. 82 
 Hippoma'ne MancineHa 223 
 
 Hippu'rus vulga'ris 20 
 
 Holly, described 47 
 
 Hollyhock 185 
 
 Honey-flower 170 
 
 suckle 69. 93 
 
 Hops 93 
 
 Hor'deum muri'num 36 
 
 vulga x re 35 
 
 Horehound 169 
 
 Horned poppy 150 
 
 Horse-chesnut 98 
 
 radish 178 
 
 Houseleek, described 124 
 2 
 
276 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 Page 
 
 1 
 
 D age 
 
 Husk 34. 144 
 
 Junip'erus commu'nis 
 
 182 
 
 Hyacinth 85 
 
 ly'cia 
 
 183 
 
 Hyacin'thus non-scrip'tus 85 
 
 
 
 _* i. /|" Qf\ 
 
 
 
 Hydrocha'ris 110 
 Hymene'a Courb'aril 121 
 
 , 
 Kamschatka lily 
 Kelp 20. 
 
 96 
 240 
 
 Hyper'icum Androsae'- 
 
 Kidney-bean 
 
 197 
 
 mum, described 202 
 
 
 
 
 L 
 
 
 I 
 
 Labiate flowers 
 
 169 
 
 I'beris ama'ra 178 
 Iceland moss 238 
 Icosan'dria 10. 130 
 I'lex Aquifo'lium, de- 
 scribed 45. 47 
 Imperial tea 152 
 Indian arrow-root 21 
 
 Laburnum 
 Lace-bark-tree 
 Lactu'ca viro'sa 
 Larch-tree 
 Larkspur 
 Lath'yrus odora'tus 
 Laudanum 
 
 195 
 102 
 215 
 187 
 155 
 198 
 150 
 
 porn 10 
 
 Laurel 
 
 111 
 
 Jaca tree 18 
 
 Cl-| p 1*1*1 7- 
 
 134 
 
 
 
 , Spurge 
 
 31 
 
 lr*rrl OO 
 
 Lau'rus campho'ra 
 
 112 
 
 rubber 221 
 
 S-ltlfl*H11 ^'v% 
 
 111 
 111 
 
 
 
 i, . ~C 1 K.rf 
 
 Laurusti'nus 
 
 77 
 
 Indigo 199 
 Indigo'fera tincto'ria 199 
 Inferior germen 88 
 Involu'crum 109 
 
 Lavan'dula spi'ca 
 Lavate'ra 
 Lavender 
 Leaves, deciduous 
 
 169 
 184 
 169 
 48 
 
 Isa'tis tincto'ria 199 
 Ivy 54. 62 
 
 Legu'men 
 Legu'minous plants 
 
 194 
 195 
 
 
 Lemon, salt of 
 
 119 
 
 
 faAA 
 
 904 
 
 Jaca-tree 218 
 
 Leon'todon Tarax'acum 
 
 <Cl/TD 
 
 213 
 
 Jamaica dog-wood 195 
 
 Lettuce, wild 
 
 215 
 
 Jasmi'num officina'le 28 
 
 Lichen, Dyers' 
 
 238 
 
 Jat'ropha elas'tica 221 
 
 T^, 1 *- ' A i ^ i *-, 
 
 238 
 
 
 Jerusalem artichoke 214 
 
 *< ' C +* f 
 
 237 
 
 
 Jessannne 28 
 
 _ _ _ _1/1_ 
 
 OQQ 
 
 Ju'glans re'gia 104- 
 
 tarta'reus 
 
 COO 
 
 239 
 
 Juniper.tree 182 
 
 Li'chens 
 
 237 
 
 Junip'erus bermudia'na 183 
 
 Lid 
 
 232 
 
GENERAL 
 
 INDEX. 277 
 
 Page 
 
 Page 
 
 Light, effects of, on plants 174 
 Lig'num-vi'tae-tree 120 
 
 Mal'va sylves'tris, de- 
 scribed 
 
 185 
 
 Ligus'trum vulga're 26 
 
 Manchineel-tree 
 
 223 
 
 Lilac 28 
 
 Maple-tree 
 
 103 
 
 Liliaceous plants 162 
 
 , American 
 
 38 
 
 Lil'mm Camschatcer/se 96 
 
 sugar 
 
 103 
 
 Lilies 95 
 
 Maran'ta arundina'cea 
 
 21 
 
 Lily, Kamschatka 96 
 
 Mare's tail 
 
 20 
 
 of the Nile 154 
 
 Marigold, African 
 
 119 
 
 nftVio u-illn-Lr ft 8 ! 
 
 Mir~Vi 
 
 167 
 
 
 
 , White water 153 
 
 Marjoram 
 
 169 
 
 , Yellow water 154 
 
 Marking-nut-tree 
 
 77 
 
 Lime-tree 154 
 
 Marru'bium vulga're 
 
 169 
 
 Linden-tree 154 
 
 Marsh mallow 
 
 184 
 
 Linnaean system 9 
 
 marigold 
 
 167 
 
 T/innrpnc 9 
 
 r-imnhirr* 
 
 on 
 
 J-jlllIlCCUo & 
 
 Linseed-oil 78 
 
 Marvel of Peru 
 
 \J 
 
 176 
 
 Li'num usitatis'simum 78 
 
 Mastick-tree 
 
 226 
 
 Liquorice, wild 198 
 Lirioden'dron Tulipif era 155 
 
 Meadow saflron 
 
 *""ifrr fc 
 
 115 
 
 28 
 
 "" OCtgC 
 
 Liverworts 236 
 
 Medlar 
 
 134 
 
 Lobes 144 
 
 Melaleu'ca leucaden'- 
 
 
 Locust-tree 121 
 
 dron 
 
 203 
 
 Logwood-tree 120 
 
 Melian'thus 
 
 170 
 
 Lo'lium temulen'tum 34 
 
 Mel x ic grass 
 
 37 
 
 London pride 115 
 
 Mel'ica nutans 
 
 37 
 
 Lonice'ra 69 
 
 Melis'sa 
 
 169 
 
 Lo'tus cornicula'tus, de- 
 
 Melon 
 
 224 
 
 scribed 196 
 
 Men'tha 
 
 169 
 
 , Egyptian 154 
 
 Mercurials 
 
 109 
 
 Love apple 62 
 
 Mes'pilus 
 
 134 
 
 Lycopo'dium clava'tum 234 
 
 Me'um Fcenic'ulum 
 
 71 
 
 Lupine 195 
 
 Mezereon, described 
 
 101 
 
 Lupi'nus 195 
 
 Mignonette 
 
 127 
 
 
 Mimo'sa Nilofica 
 
 228 
 
 M 
 
 pudi'ca 
 
 227 
 
 Madder 49 
 
 Mint 94. 
 
 169 
 
 Mahogany-tree 121 
 
 Mirab'ilis JaKapa 
 
 175 
 
 Maize 219 
 
 Misletoe 
 
 53 
 
 Mallow, described 185 
 
 Monaderphia 11. 
 
 182 
 
 TVTir"h 1 ft J. 
 
 Monan'dria 10. 19 
 
 
 tree 184 
 
 Monkey's bread tree 
 
 91 
 
 T 
 
 3 
 
 
278 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 Page 
 
 Paze 
 
 Monkshood 
 
 155 
 
 Natural orders 162. 
 
 164 
 
 Monocotyle'donous 
 
 
 Nectarine-tree 
 
 138 
 
 plants 
 
 144 Nectary 7. 83 
 
 Monce'cia 1 1 , 
 
 218 
 
 Nicotia'na Tab'acum r 68. 
 
 143 
 
 Monogyn'ia 13 
 Monopet'alous blossoms 
 
 . 15 
 23 
 
 Night-shade, Deadly 
 
 62 
 61 
 
 
 Mx)nophyl'lous calyx 
 
 23 
 
 W v 
 
 fil 
 
 Monthly rose 
 
 132 
 
 Norway bread 
 
 U 1 
 
 35 
 
 IVto'rus al'ba 
 
 Itfflj 
 
 n*vA 
 
 1R7 
 
 Moss, Club 
 
 JlOO 
 
 234 
 
 Number of plants known 
 
 J.C5 i 
 
 165 
 
 , Grey bog 
 
 234 
 
 Nut oil 
 
 105 
 
 - , Iceland 
 
 238 
 
 Nutmeg-tree 
 
 226 
 
 , Rein-deer 
 
 238 
 
 Nymphae'a al'ba 
 
 153 
 
 rose 
 
 132 
 
 Lo'tus 
 
 154 
 
 Mosses 
 
 232 
 
 lu'tea 
 
 154 
 
 Mount of Olives 
 
 28 
 
 Nelum'bo 
 
 154 
 
 Mountain ash 
 
 137 
 
 
 
 Mouse-ear, described 
 
 65 
 
 
 
 
 Moving plant 
 
 200 
 
 Oak apple 
 
 108 
 
 Mulberry-tree 168. 
 
 224 
 
 tree 94. 
 
 107 
 
 Multiplied flowers 
 
 87 
 
 Oats 
 
 35 
 
 Mungo Park 
 
 235 
 
 , animated 
 
 36 
 
 Mu'sa paradisi'aca 
 
 227 
 
 Octan'dria 
 
 100 
 
 Mus'ci 
 
 230 
 
 Octagyn'ia 
 
 13 
 
 Mushrooms 
 
 242 
 
 Oil of beech-nut 
 
 128 
 
 Mustard 
 
 179 
 
 . 
 
 203 
 
 ", cajaput 
 
 Myoso'tis palus'tris, de- 
 
 
 , cakes 
 
 78 
 
 scribed 
 
 65 
 
 , castor 
 
 223 
 
 Myri'ca cerif era 
 
 51 
 
 , linseed 
 
 78 
 
 Ga'le 
 
 51 
 
 , nut 
 
 105 
 
 Myris'tica moscha'ta 
 
 226 
 
 , olive 
 
 28 
 
 Myrtle 
 
 137 
 
 of rape-seed 
 
 179 
 
 , Candleberry 
 
 51 
 
 O'lea europae'a 
 
 28 
 
 , Dutch 
 
 51 
 
 fra'grans 
 
 28 
 
 Myr'tus commu'nis 
 
 138 
 
 Olive oil 
 
 28 
 
 
 
 tree 
 
 28 
 
 N 
 
 
 , Spurge 
 
 101 
 
 Names of plants 
 
 71 
 
 Olives, Mount of 
 
 28 
 
 Nankin 
 
 189 
 
 Onoclea sensib'ilis 
 
 232 
 
 Naphtha 
 
 222 
 
 Opium 
 
 149 
 
 Narcis'sus Pseudo-Nar- 
 
 
 Orange-tree 
 
 204 
 
 cis'sus 
 
 85 
 
 Orchall 
 
 238 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 279 
 
 Orchid'eae 
 Orchis mas'cula 
 
 -, early purple 
 
 217 
 218 
 218 
 217 
 9 
 
 236 
 
 14. 165 
 13 
 182 
 13 
 
 14. 124 
 13 
 230 
 230 
 
 Orchises 
 Orders 
 Order Al'gse 
 
 Angiosper'mia 
 
 Decagyn'ia 
 
 Decan'dria 
 
 Digyn'ia 
 
 Dodecagyn'ia 
 
 Enneagyn / ia 
 
 -p.'!/' J 
 
 ril ices 
 
 Fun'gi 
 
 Gymnosper'mia 14. 165 
 
 Hepat'icse 230 
 
 Heptagyn'ia 1 3 
 
 Hexagyn'ia 1-3. 109 
 
 Monogyn'ia 13. 15 
 
 Mus'ci 230 
 
 Octagyn'ia 13 
 
 Pentagyn'ia 13.117 
 
 Pentan'dria 183 
 
 Polyan'dria 182. 202 
 
 Polyga'inia aequa'lis 211 
 
 frustra'nea 212 
 
 necessa'ria 212 
 
 segrega'ta 212 
 
 supe/flua 211 
 
 Polygyn'ia 
 
 Siliculo'sa 
 
 Siliquo'sa 
 
 Tetragyn'ia 
 
 TrianMria 
 
 Trigyn x ia 
 
 Orders, artificial 
 -, natural 
 
 14. 130 
 14. 178 
 14. 178 
 13 
 182 
 13 
 164 
 164 
 
 Ox'alis acetoseHa 
 Ox-eye daisy 
 
 Page 
 118 
 214 
 
 Paeo'nia coralli'na 
 Paestum, Rose of 
 Palanquin 
 Palma Christ! 
 Panicle 
 Pansy 
 
 Papa x ver du'bium 
 Papa'ver Rhoe'as, de- 
 scribed 
 
 Papa'ver somnirerum 
 Paper 
 
 Papilionaceous flowers 
 Pap/rus 
 Parasitical plants 
 Parnas'sia palus'tris 
 Parsley 
 Parsnep 
 Parts of a flower 
 
 plant 
 
 Pastina'ca sati'va 
 Peach-tree 
 Pear-tree 
 Pea 
 
 , Sweet 
 
 Pelargonium 
 Pentagyn'ia 
 Pentan'dria, class 
 , order 
 
 On/anum Tournefor'tii 173 
 
 vulga're 169 
 
 Oryza sati'va 89 
 
 Ositr 224 
 
 Osnun'da rega'lis 231 
 
 155 
 
 132 
 39 
 
 222 
 42 
 69 
 
 147 
 
 T 4 
 
 Pepper 
 
 ,White 
 
 Perennials 
 
 Perfect flowers 
 
 Periwinkle 
 
 Permanent calyx 
 
 Perry 
 
 Petals 
 
 Phase'olus vulga'ris 
 
 Phellan'drium aquat'icum 71 
 
 148 
 149 
 78 
 191 
 78 
 53 
 84 
 72 
 71 
 6 
 5 
 71 
 138 
 136 
 198 
 198 
 183 
 
 13. 117 
 59 
 183 
 27 
 27 
 127 
 20 
 69 
 141 
 136 
 6 
 197 
 
280 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 ] 
 
 Phce'nix dactylif era 
 Pimpernel chaffweed 
 , Scarlet 
 Pine apple 
 Pines 
 Pinks 
 Pinus Abies 
 Ce'drus 
 La'rix 
 
 Page 
 225 
 53 
 119 
 85 
 186 
 116 
 187 
 186 
 187 
 187 
 188 
 155 
 27 
 195 
 225 
 226 
 225 
 6 
 198 
 103 
 5 
 199 
 227 
 173 
 173 
 173 
 127 
 173 
 127 
 196 
 144 
 173 
 94 
 195 
 162 
 
 144 
 17 
 165 
 191 
 53 
 127 
 
 Plants, Tropical 
 TTmhrl'lite 
 
 Page 
 95 
 70 
 70 
 29 
 134 
 144 
 194 
 15 
 202 
 .139 
 202 
 227 
 211 
 212 
 212 
 212 
 211 
 14 
 23 
 23 
 31 
 234 
 138 
 119 
 105 
 106 
 105 
 150 
 148 
 149 
 106 
 105 
 59 
 135 
 69 
 69 
 (69 
 69 
 '69 
 94 
 132 
 134 
 
 , Umbelliferous 
 
 Plum-tree 
 Plu'mula 
 Pod 
 Pollen 
 Polyadel'phia 1 1 
 Polyan'dria,class 10. 129 
 
 nrrlrr 1 S*^ 
 
 ni gra 
 sylves'tris 
 Piony 
 Pi'per ni'grum 
 Piscid'ia erythri'na 
 Pistachia-nut-tree 
 Pista'chia Lentis'cus 
 
 Polyga'mia 1 1 
 
 frustra'nea 
 
 
 
 Pistil 
 Pi'sum sati'vurn 
 Plane-tree 
 Plant, parts of a 
 Plantagenet 
 Plantain-tree 
 Plants, African 
 
 Polygyn'ia 
 Polypet'alous blossom 
 Polyphyrious calyx 
 Polypody 
 Polyt / richum commu'ne 
 Pomegranate-tree 
 Poor man's weather-glass 
 Poplar-tree 
 , Black 
 
 
 
 , Asiatic 
 
 Poppy, Horned 
 
 
 . , White 
 Pop'ulus ni'gra 
 
 , Dicotyledonous 
 
 
 Potatoe 
 Prickles 
 Primrose 
 Prim'ula 
 
 , Leguminous 
 
 
 donous 
 , names of 
 , number of known 
 , Papilionaceous 
 -, Parasitical 
 
 ve x ris 
 vulga^is 
 Privet 26 
 Provins rose 
 Pru'nus 
 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 281 
 
 
 Page 
 
 Page 
 
 Pru'nus armeni'aca 
 
 134 
 
 Rhus 
 
 Laurocer'asus 
 
 134 
 
 ver'nix 77 
 
 <r.*-kirt*-7r.r* 
 
 135 
 
 Ri'bes 66, 67 
 
 
 Pte'ris aquili'na 
 
 231 
 
 Rice 89 
 
 Pu'nica Grana'tum 
 
 138 
 
 Ric'inus commu'nis 222 
 
 Purple orchis 
 
 218 
 
 Robin'ia Pseudo-aca'cia 201 
 
 Py'rus 
 
 136 
 
 Root 5 
 
 commu'nis 
 
 136 
 
 , creeping 213 
 
 Ma'lus 
 
 136 
 
 Ro'sa cani'na, described 130 
 
 
 
 AnmnortfSnn 1 QO 
 
 Q 
 
 
 Montezu'ma 132 
 
 Quer'cus Ro'bur 
 
 107 
 
 musco'sa 132 
 
 Su'ber 
 
 106 
 
 provincia'lis 132 
 
 
 
 rubigino'sa 131 
 
 R 
 
 
 Rose, Damask 132 
 
 Radish 
 
 179 
 
 , Dog, described 130 
 
 Radicle 
 
 144 
 
 , Monthly 132 
 
 Raffle'sia 
 
 56.58 
 
 , Moss 132 
 
 Rape 
 
 179 
 
 of Paestum 132 
 
 seed oil 
 
 179 
 
 , Provins 132 
 
 Raph'anusRaphanis'trum 1 79 
 
 Rose-coloured balsam- 
 
 Raspberry 
 
 133 
 
 tree 55 
 
 Ratan 
 
 90 
 
 Rosemary 28 
 
 Receptacle 
 
 7 
 
 Rosmari'nus officina'lis 28 
 
 Red elm 
 
 75 
 
 Rough cock's-foot grass, 
 
 Reed 
 
 38 
 
 described 41 
 
 , Indian 
 
 90 
 
 Ru'bia tincto'rum 49 
 
 Rein-deer moss 
 
 237 
 
 Ru'bus arc'ticus 1 34 
 
 1" l 
 
 232 
 
 ^"11 si/nt i o 1 QQ 
 
 
 
 o o ^#-K K "'<" 
 
 *, 
 
 frutico /f ii cl 133 
 
 jAt-iitiii Lncru iirciciini tis *j'j 
 Rese'da lu'tea 126 
 
 Idse'us 133 
 
 l.-.^.n/xxl** 
 
 1 O5 
 
 T? ' f ^ o QQ 1 1 Q 
 
 lute oia 
 
 126 
 
 "cutd'tu 89 
 
 , Wild 
 
 126 
 
 Rus'cus aculea'tus 43 
 
 Rham'nus cathar'ticus 
 
 63 
 
 Rush, Flowering, de- 
 
 1 infecto'rius 
 
 63 
 
 scribed 110 
 
 Lo'tus 
 
 64 
 
 , Sweet 85 
 
 Rhe'um compac'tum 
 
 112 
 
 
 palma'tum 
 
 112 
 
 
 I^MVhtfMw'^WMUM 
 
 112 
 
 S 
 
 
 Rhubarb 
 
 112 
 
 Sacred bean of India 154 
 
 , Chinese 
 
 112 
 
 Sac'charum officina'rum 37 
 
282 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 
 Page Page 
 
 Saffron 
 Saffron-Walden 
 
 32, 33 Seeds, distribution of 146 
 33 Seed-vessels 7. 188. 193 
 
 Sage 
 
 28 Semicar'pus anacar'dium 77 
 
 . , Apple-bearing 
 
 ; 102 Sempervi'vum tecto'rum, 
 
 , Meadow 
 
 28 described 124 
 
 Sago 
 
 219 Sene'cio vulga'ris 214 
 
 palm 
 
 219 Senna-tree 120 
 
 Sa'gus Rum'phii 
 
 219 Sensitive plant 227 
 
 Saintfoin 
 
 198 fern 232 
 
 Sa'lix 
 
 224 Sessile flowers 102 
 
 babylo'nica 
 
 225 Sheath 32 
 
 vimina'lis 225 Shepherd's needle 73 
 Salicor'nia herba'cea 20 purse 178 
 
 Salop 
 
 218 Shrub 92 
 
 Salt of lemon 
 
 119 Shipwreck 76 
 
 Sal' via 
 
 28 Shot, Indian 21 
 
 pomif'era 
 
 108 Side-saddle flower 155 
 
 praten'sis 
 
 29 Siliculo'sa, order 14. 178 
 
 verben'ica 
 
 29 Siliquo'sa, order 14. 178 
 
 Sambu'cus nigra 
 
 73 Simple down 210 
 
 . Samphire 
 
 76 Sina'pis ni'gra 179 
 
 , Marsh 
 
 20 Single flowers 86 
 
 Sap-green 
 
 63 Sisym'brium Nastur'tium 179 
 
 Saranne 
 
 97 Si'um latifo'lium 71 
 
 Sarrace'nia 
 Saxif raga umbro'sa 
 
 155 Sleep of plants 193 
 116 Sloe-tree 135 
 
 Saxifrage 
 Scan'dix Pec'ten 
 
 115 Snapdragon 170 
 73 Snow-ball-tree 77 
 
 Scarlet fuchsia 
 
 31 Snow-shoe 157 
 
 pimpernel 
 Scir'pus lacus'tris 
 
 119 Snowdrop, described 82 
 41 Sola'num Dulcama'ra 60 
 
 Scotch fir 
 Sea kale 
 
 186 Lycoper'sicum 62 
 178 _ Melonge'na 62 
 
 lyme grass 
 
 36 ni'grum 60 
 
 reed 
 
 38 tubero'sum 59 
 
 stock 
 
 181 Solitary flowers 67 
 
 tangle 
 
 240 Son'chus Siber'ica 119 
 
 weeds 
 
 237. 239 Sor'bus aucupa'ria 137 
 
 wrack 
 
 239 Sorrel 88 
 
 Sedge 
 
 44 1 French 89 
 
 Seed-bud 
 
 6 , Wood 118 
 
 Seeds, described 
 
 143,144 Sow thistle 119 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 283 
 
 
 Page 
 
 
 Page 
 
 Spanish black 
 
 107 
 
 Syngene'sia 
 
 11.209 
 
 Spa'tha 
 
 32 
 
 Syrin'ga vulga'ris 
 
 28 
 
 Spar'tium scopa'rium 
 
 198 
 
 System of Linnaeus 
 
 9. 163 
 
 Species 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 Specific name 
 
 17 
 
 T 
 
 
 Speedwell, Germander, 
 
 
 Tage'tes erec'ta 
 
 119 
 
 described 
 
 25 
 
 Tallow-tree 
 
 223 
 
 Spiket 
 
 42 
 
 Tamarind-tree 
 
 183 
 
 Sphag'num palus'tre 
 
 234 
 
 Tamarin'dus in'dica 
 
 183 
 
 Spruce fir 
 
 187 
 
 Tamarisk-tree 
 
 77 
 
 Spurge laurel 
 
 31 
 
 Tam'arix gaHica 
 
 77 
 
 i- 
 
 r^ltirf* 
 
 102 
 
 Tanace'tum vulga're 
 
 214 
 
 
 Stamen 
 
 6 
 
 Tansy 
 
 214 
 
 Starch 
 
 35 
 
 Tax x us bacca'ta 
 
 185 
 
 Stem 
 
 5 
 
 Tea-tree 
 
 150 
 
 Stems, hollow 
 
 40 
 
 -, Imperial 
 
 152 
 
 Stillin'gia sebif era 
 
 223 
 
 Teak-wood 
 
 77 
 
 Stock gilly-flower 
 
 181 
 
 Teasel, Clothiers' 
 
 48 
 
 , Sea 
 
 181 
 
 Tec'tona gran'dis 
 
 77 
 
 Stolonif erous grasses 
 Strawberry 
 
 34 
 136 
 
 Tendrils 
 Tetradyna x mia 
 
 92 
 11. 177 
 
 ftflMMI 
 
 i ij. 
 
 Tetrag^'n'ia 
 
 13 
 
 Blncl~ berried 1.15 
 
 Tetran x dria 
 
 10. 45 
 
 Strelit'zia regi'na 167 
 
 The'a Bohe x a 
 
 151 
 
 Strobile 
 
 188 
 
 vir"idis 
 
 151 
 
 Style 
 
 6 
 
 Theobro"ma caca'o 
 
 203 
 
 Submersed algae 
 
 236 
 
 Thistle 
 
 214 
 
 Sugar 
 
 37 
 
 Thlas x pi Bur'sa-pasto'ris 178 
 
 cane 
 
 37 
 
 Thorns 
 
 135 
 
 of Grapes 
 
 38 
 
 Tiria europae'a 
 
 154 
 
 maple-tree 
 
 103 
 
 Tobacco 
 
 68. 143 
 
 Sumach-tree 
 
 77 
 
 Tomato 
 
 62 
 
 Summit 
 
 6 
 
 Tomberongs 
 
 64 
 
 Sun-flower 
 
 214 
 
 Touch-wood 
 
 159 
 
 Superior blossom 
 
 67 
 
 Traveller's joy 
 
 155 
 
 Sweet bay-tree 
 
 111 
 
 Treble flowers 
 
 87 
 
 briar 
 
 131 
 
 Tree 
 
 94 
 
 pea 
 
 198 
 
 Trefoils 
 
 196 
 
 rush 
 
 85 
 
 Trembling poplar-tree 
 
 10, 
 
 William 
 
 116 
 
 TrianMria 
 
 10.31 
 
 Swiete'nia Mahog'ani 
 
 121 
 
 Trienta'lis europae'a 
 
 98 
 
 Sycamore-tree 
 
 103 
 
 Trigyn x ia 
 
 13 
 
284 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 Page 
 
 Triphyl'lous calyx 
 
 23 
 
 Verbe'na officina'lis 
 
 Trit'icum hyber'num 
 
 35 
 
 .-:~u,,i/i~ 
 
 
 re'pens 
 
 36 
 
 Verjuice 
 
 Trivial name 
 
 17 
 
 Vernal carex 
 
 Tropical plants 
 
 95 
 
 
 
 Tuber 
 
 60 
 
 Veroni'ca Chamaed'rys, 
 
 Tube of the blossom 
 
 24 
 
 described 
 
 Tulip, Garden 15. 86 
 
 Vervain 
 
 tree 
 
 155 
 
 Vetch 
 
 , Wild 
 
 86 
 
 Vibur'num Op'ulus 
 
 Tu'lipa Gesneria'na 
 
 86 
 
 Ti'nus 
 
 sylves'tris 
 
 86 
 
 Vic'ia Fa'ba 
 
 Turmeric 
 
 21 
 
 Vin'ca 
 
 Turnip 38, 96. 
 
 178 
 
 Vine 
 
 Turpentine 
 
 188 
 
 Vi'ola odora'ta 
 
 Tussila'go far'fara 
 
 213 
 
 tric'olor 
 
 Petasi'tes 
 
 167 
 
 Violet 
 
 Tutsan, described 
 
 202 
 
 Virgin's bower 
 
 Ty'pha ma'jor 
 
 143 
 
 Vis'cum al'bum 
 
 
 
 Vi'tis vinif era 
 
 U 
 U'lex europae'us 
 
 198 
 
 Vivip'arous grasses 
 
 Ul'mus america'na 
 
 75 
 
 W 
 
 campes'tris 
 
 75 
 
 Wall barley 
 
 Umbel 
 
 70 
 
 Wall-flower, described 
 
 Umbel'late plants 
 
 70 
 
 Walnut-tree 
 
 Umbelliferous plants 
 
 70 
 
 Water-cowbane 
 
 Umbellule 
 
 70 
 
 Water-cress 
 
 TT 1 V V* 
 
 O/l 
 
 T-^^i^l s^nlr 
 
 U riGCr -SliiLlD 
 
 Uses of Botany 
 
 3,4 
 
 
 
 leaves 
 
 168 
 
 mouse-ear, de- 
 
 
 
 scribed 
 
 v 
 
 
 lAVtonAn 
 
 V 
 
 Vaccin'ium formo'sum 
 
 104 
 
 Water-proof cloth 
 
 _^ M _ ,,/ 
 
 104 
 
 Way bennet 
 
 mdcrocar pon 
 
 myrtil'lus 
 
 103 
 
 Weed, Dyers' 
 
 oxycoc'cos 
 Varieties of plants 
 
 103 
 29 
 
 Weeping willow 
 Wheat 
 
 Varnish sumach-tree 
 
 77 
 
 White pepper 
 
 Vegetable egg 
 
 62 
 
 water-lily 
 
 Veil of mosses 
 
 232 
 
 Whitlow-grass 
 
 Venice turpentine 
 
 187 
 
 Whortle-berry 
 

 GENERAL 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 285 
 
 
 Page 
 
 
 Page 
 
 Wild liquorice 
 
 198 
 
 
 
 reseda 
 
 126 
 
 Y 
 
 
 Wild tulip 
 
 86 
 
 Yellow water-lily 
 
 154 
 
 Willows 
 
 224 
 
 Yew-tree 
 
 185 
 
 Woad 
 
 199 
 
 
 
 Wolf's-bane 
 
 155 
 
 Z 
 
 
 Woodbine 
 
 69 
 
 Ze'a Ma x ys 
 
 219 
 
 Wood-sorrel 
 
 118 
 
 Zin'giber officina'lis 
 
 21 
 
 Woody night-shade 
 
 61 
 
 Zoste'ra mari'na 
 
 21 
 
 THE END. 
 
WORKS PUBLISHED BY LONGMAN AND CO. 
 
 GUIDE TO THE ORCHARD AND KITCHEN GAR- 
 DEN. By G. LINDLEY, C.M.H.S. Edited by DR. LINDLEY. 
 8vo. 16*. boards. 
 
 By SIR WILLIAM JACKSON HOOKER. 
 
 THE BRITISH FLORA THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND 
 THE FERNS. 8vo. 4th Edition, with Plates, containing 82 
 Figures of the Grasses and Umbelliferous Plants. 12s.; or co- 
 loured, 16*. 
 
 *** In this Edition all the newly discovered Species are intro- 
 duced. The Linnsean Arrangement is followed; but in the Ap- 
 pendix are given the Characters of all the Natural Orders, with a 
 List of the Genera. 
 
 Vol. II. Parti, of the above (CRYPTOGAMIA). 8vo. 12s. Vol. II. 
 Part 2. ( FUNGI), completing the Work; by Sir W. J. HOOKER, 
 and the Rev. M. J. BERKELEY. 8vo. 12s. 
 
 MUSCOLOGIA BRITANNICA. THE MOSSES OF GREAT 
 BRITAIN AND IRELAND, systematically arranged; with Plates. 
 By Sir W. J. HOOKER, and Dr. TAYLOR. 2d Edition, 8vo. 
 31s. 6d. plain; 3Z. 3s. coloured. 
 
 ICONES PLANTARUM; OR, FIGURES, WITH BRIEF DE- 
 SCRIPTIVE CHARACTERS AND REMARKS, OF NEW AND RARE 
 PLANTS. 2 vols. 8vo, with 200 Plates. 21. 1 6s. cloth lettered. 
 
 Parts I. & II. of a CONTINUATION (forming Vol. Ill, Price 28s. 
 cloth lettered), comprising 50 Plates and Descriptions, (to be com- 
 pleted in 2 more Parts,) 14s. each. 
 
 By SIR JAMES EDWARD SMITH. 
 
 THE ENGLISH FLORA. 6 vols. 8vo. 31. 12s. boards. 
 
 Vols. I. to IV. the FLOWERING PLANTS and the FERNS. 21. 8s. 
 bds. 
 
 Vol. V. Part 1. 12s. CRYPTOGAMIA. By Sir W.J. HOOKER. 
 
 Vol. V. Part 2. 12s. The FUNGI. By Sir W.J. HOOKER, 
 and the Rev. M. J BERKELEY. 
 
 COMPENDIUM OF THE ENGLISH FLORA. 2d 
 Edition. By Sir W. J. HOOKER. 12mo. 7s. 6d. 
 
 THE SAME IN LATIN. 5th Edition, 12mo. 7s. 6d. 
 
 INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF PHYSIO- 
 LOGICAL AND SYSTEMATICAL BOTANY. New Edi- 
 tion. By Sir W. J. HOOKER. -8vo, 36 Plates. 16s. cloth. 
 
AN ALPHABETICAL CATALOGUE 
 
 NEW WORKS 
 
 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS LITERATURE, 
 
 PUBLISHED BY 
 
 MESSRS. LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, AND LONGMANS, 
 PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON. 
 
 CLASSIFII 
 
 Agriculture and Rural 
 Affairs. 
 
 Pages 
 lyldon on Valuing Rents, etc. - - f 
 Jaird's Letters on Agriculture - 8 
 Jecil's Stud Farm 8 
 ,oudon'sKncvclop;edia of Agriculture - 17 
 ,, Self-Instruction for Farmers, etc. I/ 
 ,, (Mrs.) Ladv'sCountry Companion 17 
 w's Elements of Agriculture : - 18 
 
 Arts, manufactures, ana 
 Architecture. 
 
 Iddison's Kniehts Templars - 5 
 Jourue's Catechism of the Steam Engine 7 
 ,, On the Screw Propeller - - 6 
 rande's Dictionary of Science, etc. - 7 
 resv's E.icvclo. of Civil Engineering - 8 
 utlake on Oil Painting - - . < 
 twill's Encyclopedia of Architecture - 11 
 meson's S;i':red and Legendary Art - ! 
 .oudon's Rural Architecture - - 18 
 oselev's Engineering- and Architecture 21 
 Steam RninJ (The), bv the Artisan Club 5 
 ate on Strength of Materials - 29 
 re's Dictionary of Arts, etc. - - 30 
 
 Biography. 
 
 Baines's Life of Baines - - - - 6 
 
 :D INDEX. 
 
 Pages 
 Lardner's Cabinet Cyclopedia - - 16 
 Loudon's Self Instruction - - 17 
 ,, (Mrs.) Amateur Gardener 17 
 Maunder's Treasury of Knowledge - 20 
 ,, ScientificandLiteraryTreasu y 20 
 ,, Treasury of History - 20 
 , , Biographical Treasury - 
 , . Natural History - 20 
 Pocket and the Stud ... 12 
 Pycroft's Course of English Reading '.'4 
 Reece's Medical Guide - 24 
 Rich's Companion to the Latin Dictionary 24 
 Riddle's Latin Dictionaries and Lexicon 24 
 Rogers's Vegetable Cultivator - - 25 
 Roget's English Thesaurus - - - 25 
 Uowton's Debater ----- 26 
 
 Stud ^The) for Practical Purposes - - 12 
 Thomson 'si merest Tables - - - 30 
 Traveller's Library ----- 31 
 Webster's Domestic Economy - - 32 
 Wilmot's Abridgment of Blackstone's 
 Commentaries - 32 
 
 Botany and Gardening. 
 
 Conversations on Botany ... 8 
 Hooker's British Flora ... - 13 
 ,, Guide to Kew Gardens - - 12 
 Lindley's Introduction to Botany - - 17 
 Loudou's HortusBritannicus - - IS 
 ,, EncyclopaediaolTreesSc Shrubs 17 
 ,, Gardening - 17 
 Plants - - 18 
 ,, Self-Inatruction for Gardeners 17 
 ,, (Mrs.) Amateur Gardener - 17 
 Rivers's Rose Amateur's Guide - - 25 
 Rogers's Vegetable Cultivator - - 25 
 
 Chronology. 
 
 Blair's Chronological Tables ... 6 
 Buiisen's Ancient Egypt - - - 7 
 Haydn's Bo.k of Dignities - - - 12 
 Nicolas's Chronology of History - - 16 
 
 Commerce and Mercantile 
 Affairs. 
 
 Francis's Bank of England - - - 10 
 English Railway - ]0 
 ,, Stock Exchange - - 10 
 Lorimer's Letter* to a Master Mariner 37 
 M'Culloch's Dictionary of Commerce 19 
 Steel's Shipmaster's Assistant 28 
 
 oss's Judges of England ... 
 I's Life of Kirby 
 '> Autobiography, by Taylor 
 
 10 
 10 
 29 
 31 
 12 
 16 
 20 
 
 Ml 
 
 23 
 21 
 
 27 
 27 
 23 
 29 
 29 
 30 
 30 
 
 5 
 6 
 7 
 8 
 12 
 
 s (Lord) Memoirs - 
 Kmrduer's Cabinet Cvclopa-dia 
 winders BiographicalTreasury - 
 
 ., Lord Peterborough 
 Russell's Memoirs of Moore - 
 Bouthev's Life of Wesley 
 ; ,, Life and Correspondence 
 Stephen's Ecclesiastical Biography 
 .Taylor's Lm-ola 
 Wesley 
 
 \\ at .Ttun's Autobiography and Essays - 
 
 Books of General Utili 
 
 (ton's (Eliza) Cookery Book 
 lack's Treatise oil Brewing 
 Mabinet Gazetteer (The) ... 
 , Lawyer (The) - ... 
 JTHints on Etiquette - 
 
 I On Making \Viils - - 
 
 13 
 
 Thomson's Tables o {Interest - 29 
 
 London: Printed by M- MASON, Ivy Lane, Paternoster Row. 
 
CLASSIFIED INDEX 
 
 Criticism, History, and 
 Memoirs* 
 
 Pages 
 
 Addison's Knights-Templars - 5 
 
 Anthony's Footsteps to History - 5 
 
 Balfour's Sketches of Literature - - f 
 
 Belfast's English Poets - 6 
 
 Blair's Chron. and Historical Tables - 6 
 
 Burton's History of Scotland - - 7 
 
 Bunseu's Ancient Egypt - - 7 
 
 Con'ybeare and Howson's St. Paul - 8 
 
 Dennistoun's Dukes of Urbino - - 9 
 
 Kastlake's History of Oil Painting - 9 
 
 Felice's French Protestants 10 
 
 Foss's Judges of England - - - 10 
 
 Francis's Bank of England - 10 
 
 English Railway - 10 
 
 Stock Exchange . - - 10 
 
 Glcig's Leipsic Campaign - - - 31 
 
 Gurney's Historical Sketches - 11 
 Hamilton's Essays from the Edinburgh 
 
 Review - 11 
 
 Haydon's Autobiography, by Taylor - 29 
 Harrison On the English Language - 11 
 Holland's (Lord) Foreign Reminis- 
 cences ----- 12 
 ,, Whig Part r - - 12 
 Jeffrey's (Lord) Contributions - - 14 
 Kemble's Anglo-Saxons in England - 15 
 Lard ner's Cabinet Cyclopsedia - - 16 
 
 Macaulay's Essays IS 
 
 History of England - - 18 
 Mackintosh's Miscellaneous Works - 18 
 M'Culloch's Dictionary, Historical, Geo- 
 graphical, and Statistical - - 19 
 Maunder's Treasury of History - - 20 
 Marriotti's Fra Dolcino - - -19 
 Martineau's Church History - - 20 
 Memoir of the Duke of Wellington - 31 
 Merivale's Roman Republic - - 20 
 History of Rome - - 20 
 Moore's (Thomas) Memoirs, etc. - - 21 
 Mosheim's Ecclesiastical History - - 22 
 Mure's Greek Literature - 22 
 Rat.ke's Ferdinand and Maximilian - 31 
 Rich's Companion to the Latin Dictionary 24 
 Riddle's Latin Dictionaries - 24 
 Rogers's Essays from the Edinburgh Rev. 25 
 Roget's English Thesaurus - - - 25 
 St. John's Indian Archipelago - - 25 
 Schmitz's History of Greece - - - 29 
 Sinclair's Popish Legends - - - 2fi 
 Smith's (S.) Lectureson Moral Philosophy 27 
 Southey's The Doctor etc. - - - 27 
 Stephen's Ecclesiastical Biography - 28 
 
 m i. Lectures on the History of 
 
 Sydney Smith's Works - - 
 
 Taylor's Loyola 
 
 Wesley - 
 Thirl wall's History of Greece - 
 Townsend's State Trials - 
 lurner's England during the Middle Ao-es 
 
 ,, Anglo-Saxons - 
 
 Sacred History of the World - 
 Zumpt's Ltiu Grammar - 
 
 Geography and Atlases. 
 
 Butler's Ancient and Modern Geography 7 
 
 Atlas of General Geography - 7 
 
 Cabinet Gazetteer (The) - 7 
 
 Pages 
 
 Hall's Large Library Atlas - - 13 
 
 Hughes (K.) New School Physical Atlas 31 
 
 (W.) Austrian Colonies - 13 
 
 ,, Mathematical Geography - 11 
 
 Johnston's General Gazetteer - - 14 
 
 M'Culloch's Geographical Dictionary - 19 
 
 M'Leod and Weller's Scripture Atlas - IS 
 
 Murray's Encyclopedia of Geography - 21 
 
 Sharp's British Gazetteer - 26 
 
 Juvenile Books. 
 
 Amy Herbert ------ 
 
 Anthony's Footsteps to History 
 Calling and Responsibilities of a Go- 
 Corner's Children's Sunday Book - 
 Earl's Daughter (The) - - - - 
 
 Experience of Life (The) 
 
 Gertrude - 
 
 Graham's Studies from the English Poets 
 Howitt's Boy's Country Book - 
 
 Children's Ye'ar 
 Laneton Parsonage - 
 Mrs. Marcet's Conversations - 
 Margaret Percival - - - - - 
 Pycrof t's Course of English Reading 
 
 Medicine* 
 
 - 5 
 
 7 
 
 Ancell On Tuberculosis 
 Bull's Hints to Mothers 
 
 MaiiHgement of Children - - 7 
 
 Copland's Dictionary of Medicine - - 8 
 
 Holland's Mental Physiology - - 12 
 
 Latham On Diseases of the Heart -15 
 Moore On Health, Disease, and Remedy 21 
 
 Pereira On Food and Diet - 23 
 
 Reece's Medical Guide - - - -24 
 
 Thomas's Practice on Physic - - -29 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 and General Literature. 
 
 Calling, etc. (The) of a Governess - 8 
 
 Carlisle's Lectures and Addresses - 31 
 
 Eclipse of Faith (The) - - - - 9 
 
 Graham's English 11 
 
 Greg's Essays on Political and Social 
 
 Science - - - - - - II 
 
 Haydn's Beatson's Index - -II 
 
 Holland's Medical Physiology - - li 
 
 Hooker's Kew Guide - - - - IS 
 
 Howitt's Rural Life of England - - 13 
 
 ,, Visits to Remarkable Places - la 
 
 Jeffrey's (Lord) Contributions - - 14 
 
 Lang On Freedom for the Colonies - la 
 
 Lardner's Cabinet Cyclopaedia - - II 
 Loudon's(Mrs.) Lady'sCountry Companion 17 i 
 
 Macaulay's Critical and Historical Essavs 18 
 Mackintosh's (Sir J.) Miscellaneous Work* 18 
 
 Maitland's Church in the Catacombs - 19 
 
 Memoirs of a Maitre d'Armes - - 31 
 
 Pxwcal's Works, by Pearce - - - la 
 
 Pytroft's Course of English Reading - 24 
 
 Rich's Companion to the Latin Dictionary 241 
 
 Riddle's Latin Dictionaries and Lexicon 24j 
 
 Rowton's Debater ----- 36 
 
 Seaward's Narrativeof his Shipwreck - 25 
 Sir Roger De Coverley - 
 
 Sketches bv a Sailor - 3j 
 
 Southey's Common-Place Books - - *t 
 
 .. The Doctor etc. - - - 
 
TO MESSRS. LONGMAN AND Co.'s CATALOGUE. 
 
 I 
 
 Stow's Training- Svstem - 
 Sydney Smith's Works - 
 Townsend's State Triais - 
 Willoaghby's (l,a<ly; Diary 
 Zumpt's Latin Grammar ... 
 
 Natural History in 
 General. 
 
 Catlow's Popular Coneholoiry - 
 Doubleday. Westwood, and Hewitson's 
 
 Butterfties - 
 
 Ephemera and Young on the Salmon 
 Gosse's Xaturnl History of Jamaica 
 Kemp's Natural History of Creation 
 Kirby and Spence's Entomology 
 Lee's Elements of Natural History 
 Maander's Treasury of Natural History 
 Tartan's Shellsoftke British Islands 
 Wnterton's Essays ou Natural History 
 Youatt'sThe Dog - 
 
 ,, The Horse ... 
 
 One Vol. Encyclopaedias 
 and Dictionaries. 
 
 BI tine's, of Rural Sports - . - - 6 
 
 Branrie's, of Science, Literature, and Art 7 
 
 Copland's, of Medicine - - - - 8 
 
 Cre.--v's, of Civil Engineering - - - 8 
 
 | Gwilt's, of Architecture - - - - 11 
 
 Johnston's Geographical Dictionary - 14 
 
 i Loudon's, of Treesand Shrubs - - 17 
 
 ,, of Gardening - 1; 
 
 of Agriculture - - - - 17 
 
 ., of Plants .... IS 
 
 ,, of Rural Architecture - - 18 
 
 I MCulloch's Geographical Dictionary - 19 
 
 ,, Dictionary of Commerce - 19 
 
 Murrav'sKncyclopafdiaof Geography - 22 
 
 Political Economy and 
 Statistics. 
 
 Pages 
 
 Banfield's Statistical Companion - 6 
 
 Caird's English Agriculture ... 8 
 
 Francis's Bank of England - - - 10 
 
 English Railway - - - 10 
 
 Stock Exchange - 10 
 
 Greig's Essays on Political and Social 
 
 S.-ience 11 
 
 Laing's Denmark and the Duchie* - - 15 
 Notes of a Traveller ... 15 
 MClloch'sGeographical, Statistical, and 
 
 Historical Dictionary - - 19 
 
 M'Culloch's Dictionary of Commerce - 19 
 
 Londou 31 
 
 ,, On Taxation and Funding - 19 
 
 ,, Statistics of the British Empire 19 
 
 Marcet's Conversations on Polit. Economy 19 
 
 Pashley on Pauperism - ... 23 
 
 Religious and Moral 
 Works, etc. 
 
 j's iArts, Manufactures, and Mines - 30 
 Webster's Domestic Economy - - 32 
 
 Poetry and tne Drama. 
 
 Aikin's (Dr.) British Poets - - - 5 
 
 llie's (Joanna) Poetical Works - 5 
 
 fast's Lectures on the English Poets 6 
 
 , by Cavley ..... 8 
 
 s and their Kindred Thought* - 22 
 
 t* from the Garden and Field - - 23 
 
 Hsroitli's Poems, illustrated - 11 
 
 Goethe's Faust, by Falfk Lebahn - - 15 
 
 Graham "s Studies from the English Poets 1 1 
 
 Kippis's Hymns ..... 15 
 
 L. E. L.'s Poetical Works - . . 15 
 
 Linwood's Anthologia Oxoniensis - - 17 
 
 Macaulav's Lays of Ancient Rome - - IS 
 
 Montgomery's Poetical Works - - 20 
 
 .Orininal Hymns - - 20 
 
 Moore's Irish Melodies - 21 
 
 Lalla Rookh .... 21 
 
 Poetical Works .... 21 
 
 Songs and Ballads ... 21 
 
 Shakspeare, oy Bowdler ... 26 
 
 's Sentiments and Similes - |4 
 
 's Songs and Ballads - - 26 
 
 Southey's Poetical Works - 27 
 
 " British Poets - - 23 
 
 Swain's English Melodies ... 28 
 
 Thomson's Seasons, illustrated * - 29 
 
 atts's Lvrics of the Heart ... 32 
 
 Winged Thoughts 22 
 
 Amy Herbert ------ 
 
 Biooinfield'sGreek Testament 
 
 Annotations on ditto - 
 
 College and School ditto 
 
 Calling and Responsibilities of a Governes 
 Conybeare and Howson's St. Paul - 
 Comer's Sunday Book - 
 Dale's Domestic Liturgy 
 Discipline ...... 
 
 Earl's Daughter (The) - - - - 
 
 Eclipse of Faith (The) - - 
 
 Englishman's Hebrew Concordance 
 
 Greek Concordance 
 
 Experience of Life (The) - - 
 
 Felice's French Protestants - 
 
 Harrison's Light of the Forge 
 
 Hope's Brittany and the Bible 
 
 Hook's (Dr.) Leetureson Passion Week 
 
 Horne'sl ntroduction to the Scriptures - 
 ,, Compendium of ditto 
 
 Jameson's Sacred and Legendary Art - 
 Monastic Legends - 
 
 Legends of the Madonna 
 
 Jeremy Taylor's Works - 
 
 Kippis's Hymns - 
 
 Laneton Parsonage - 
 
 Letters to my Unknown Friends 
 
 ,, on Happiness .... 
 
 Maitland's Church in the Catacoaibs 
 
 Margaret Percival 
 
 M'Leod and Weller's Scripture Atlas - 
 
 Mariotti's Kra Dolcino - 
 
 Mxrtineau'i Church History - 
 
 Milner's Church of Christ - 
 
 Montgomery's Original Hymns 
 
 Moore on the Power of the Sonl - 
 on the Use of the Body 
 on Man and his Motives 
 
 Mosheim's Ecclesiastical History . 
 
 Neale's Risen from the Ranks 
 Closiug Scene - 
 
 ,, Resting Places of the Just 
 Riches that bring no Sorrow 
 
 Newman's (J. H.) Discourses - - 
 
 Pascal's Works, by Pearce 
 
 Ranke's Ferdinand and Ma milian 
 
 Readings for Lent - - - - - 
 
 Robinson's Lexicon of the Greek Testa. 
 meat ..-.._ 
 
 Saints our Example (The) ... 
 
4 CLASSIFIED INDEX. 
 
 Pages 
 Self- Denial the Preparation for Easter - 25 
 Sketches by a Sailor - 
 Sinclair's Journey of Life - 26 
 Popish Legends - - - X> 
 Smith's (J.) St. Paul's Shipwreck - - 27 
 (S.) Lectures on Moral Philosophy 27 
 Southey's Life of Wesley - - - 27 
 Stephen's (Sir J.) Ecclesiastical Biography 28 
 Tayler'sdlev.C.BOM-g-^ - - 29 
 
 Taylor's (J.) Thumb Bible - 29 
 7 ,, (Isaac) Loyola ... 29 
 Wesley * " *" 
 TomYine's Introduction to the Bible - 30 
 Turner's Sacred History - 
 Willoughby's (Lady) Diary ... 32 
 
 Rural Sports. 
 
 Elaine's Dictionary of Rural Sports - . 6 
 Cecil's Stable Practice - 
 
 Pages 
 Portlock's Geology of Londonderry - 24 
 Smee's Klectro-Metallurgy - - - 27 
 Steam Emrine (The), by the Artisan Club 5 
 Tate on Strength of Materials - - 28 
 Exercises on Mechanics - - 27 
 ,, Mechanical Philosophy - - - 28 
 Wood's Algebra, by Lund - 32 
 
 Veterinary Medicine. 
 
 Cecil's Stable Practice - - - - 8 
 
 The Hunting Field 11 
 The Pocket and the Stud - - -12 
 Practical H orsemanship - - 11 
 Stable Talk and Table Talk - - - L 
 The Stud for Practical Purposes - - 11 
 Youatt'sThe Dog ----- 32 
 The Horse .... 32 
 
 Voyages and Travels. 
 
 Adams's Canterbury Settlement - - 5 
 Davis's China ------ 9 
 Eothen 31 
 Forbes's Dahomey ----- H 
 Forester and Biddulph's Norway - - 
 Hope's Brittany and the Bible - - 31 
 Hmrhes's Australian Colonies - 31 
 Hue's Tartary, Thibet, and China - - 31 
 Humboldt's Aspects of Nature - - 14 
 Jameson's Canada ----- 31 
 Jerrmann's Pictures from St. Petersburg 31 
 Lang's New South Wales - 15 
 
 The Cricket Field 9 
 Ephemera on Angling - - - * 
 's Book of the Salmon - - H 
 Hawker'sInstructionstoSportsmen - 12 
 
 The Hunting Field "*.".," U 
 Loudou's Lady's Country Companion - 17 
 Pocket and the Stud - - * 
 Practical Horsemanship - - ' J 
 Pulman's Fly-Fishing- .... 24 
 Stable Talk and Table Talk - - - 12 
 The Stud, foi Practical Men - - - 1^ 
 Wheatley's Rod aud Line ... 32 
 
 The Sciences in General 
 and Mathematics. 
 
 Bourne's Catechism of the Steam Engine 7 
 on the Screw Propeller - - 6 
 Brande's Dictionary of Science, etc. - 7 
 DelaBeche on theGeology of Cornwall, etc. 9 
 ,, 's Geological Observer - - 9 
 De la Rive's Klentricity - - - - < 
 Herschel's Outlines of Astronomy- - 12 
 Humboldt's Aspects of Nature - - 14 
 
 Norway 31 
 Notes of a Traveller - 15 
 Lardner's Loiidun, etc. - - - - 15 
 Osborn's Arctic Journal - . - - 2i 
 Peel's Nubian Desert - - - - 23 
 Pfeiffer's Voyage round the World - - 31 
 Power's New Zealand Sketches - - ~4 
 
 Seaward's Narrative ot his Shipwreck - 25 
 Snow's Arctic Vovaye - 27 
 St. John's (H.) ln'dia"n Archipelago - 25 
 (J.A.) Isis - - - - 25 
 Sutherland's Arctic Voyage - - 28 
 
 Holland's Mental Physiology - - 12 
 Lardner's Cabinet Cvclopredia - - 16 
 ,, Great Exhibition - - 15 
 Lund's Companion to Wood's Algebra - 32 
 Marcel's Conversations - - - 19 
 Moseley's Practical Mechanics - - 22 
 ,, Engineering and Architecture 22 
 
 Werue's African Wanderings . - 31 
 
 Works of Fiction. 
 
 Lady Willouyhbv's Diary ... 32 
 MacdonaldVVilia Verocchio - - - IS 
 Sir Roger De Coverley .... 26 
 Southey's The Doctor etc. - - - 27 
 
 Peschel's Physics 23 
 Phillips^* Mineralogy - - - - 23 
 PulaeozoicFossilsof Cornwall, etc. 24 
 
Ax ALPHABETICAL CATALOGUE 
 OP 
 
 NEW WORKS AND NEW EDITIONS 
 
 PUBLISHED BY 
 
 MESSRS. LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, AND LONGMANS. 
 
 MISS ACTON'S MODERN COOKERY-BOOK. 
 
 Modern Cookery in all kg Branches, reduced to a System of Easv Practice. For the use of 
 Private Families. In a Series of Practical Receipts, all of which have been strictly tes'eil . 
 and are given with the most minute exactness. ByEliza Acton. New Edition ; with I>ire< timis 
 for Carving, and other Additions. Foolscap 8vo. with Plates and Woodcuts. It. 6d. cloth. 
 
 ADAMS. A SPRING IN THE CANTERBURY SETTLE- 
 MENT. By C. Warren Adams, Esq. With Five Illustrations. Post Svo. price 5*. W. cloth. 
 
 ADDISON. THE HISTORY OF THE KNIGHTS TEMPLARS, 
 
 By C. G. Addison, of the Inner Temple, Esq., Barrister-at-Law. Third Edition, corrected 
 and improved : with Four Lithographic and Three Woodcut Illustrations. Square crown 
 Svo. 10*. 6d. cloth. 
 
 AIKIN. SELECT WORKS OF THE BRITISH POETS: 
 
 From Ben Jonson to Coleridge. With Biographical and Critical Prefaces by Dr. Aikin. 
 A New Edition ; with additional Selections, from more recent Poets, bv Lucy Aikin. Medium 
 Svo. 18*. cloth. 
 
 ANCELL. A TREATISE ON TUBERCULOSIS, 
 
 The Constitutional Origin of Consumption and Scrofula. By Henry Ancell. late Surgeon 
 to the Western General Dispensary, and Lecturer on Materia Medita and Jurisprudence in 
 the School of Anatomy and Medicine adjoining St. George's Hospital. Svo. price One 
 Guinea, cloth. 
 
 ANTHONY. FOOTSTEPS TO HISTORY: 
 
 . Being an Epitome of the Histories of England and France ; to which are added, slight 
 Sketches of LiierKture, Arts and Manufactures. By Louisa Anthony. The Second Edition, j 
 thoroughly revised, with considerable Additions. Foolscap Svo. price 03- 6d. cloth. 
 
 THE ARTISAN CLUB. A TREATISE ON THE STEAM- 
 
 ENGIXE, in its Application to Mines, Mills, Steam Navigation, and Railways. By the 
 Artisan Club. Edited by John Bourne, C.E. New Edition. With 30 Steel Plates, and 
 about 350 Wood Engravings. 4to. 27*. cloth. 
 
 JOANNA BAILLIE'S DRAMATIC AND POETICAL WORKS, 
 
 Complete in One Volume : Comprising the Plays on the Passions, Miscellaneous Dramas, 
 Metrical Legends, Fugitive Pieces, and Ahalya Baee. Second Edition ; including a Life 
 of Joanna Baiilie, now first published: with a Portrait engraved by H. Kobinson, and a 
 Vignette View of Bothwell Manse. Square crown Svo. 21*. cloth, or 42*. bound in morocco 
 by Hayday. 
 
NEW WORKS AND NEW EDITIONS 
 
 BAINES. THE LIFE OF EDWARD BAINES, 
 
 late M. P 
 oj'the C 
 
 late M. P. for the Borough of Leeds. By his Sou, Edward Baines, Author of The Hhtory 
 ' otton Mauujueture. With a 1'oitrait, engraved in line by tireatbach. 8vo. Ste. 
 
 BALFOUR. SKETCHES OF ENGLISH LITERATURE, 
 
 from the Fourteenth to the Present CenUuy. By Clara Lucas Baltour, Author of lf'fneJi of 
 Scripture, etc. Foolscap 8ve. 7*. cloth. 
 
 BANFIELD. THE STATISTICAL COMPANION: 
 
 Exhibiting the most interesting Facts in Moral and Intellectual, Vital, Economical, and 
 Political Statistics, at Home and Abroad. Corrected to the Present Tisie : and including 
 the Results of the Census of the British Population taken in 1851. Compiled from Official 
 and other Authentic Sources, by T. C. BauHeld, E<|., Statistical Clerk to the Council of 
 Education. Foolscap 8vo. price 5s. cloth,. 
 
 BAYLDON'S ART OF VALUING RENTS AND TILLAGES, 
 
 and Tenant's Right of Entering and Quitting Farms, explained by several Specimens of 
 Valuations) with Remarks on the Cultivation pursued on Sails in different Situations. 
 Adapted to the Us.e of Landlords, Ld Ageuts, Appraisers, Farmers, aud Tenants. New 
 Edition, corrected and revised by John Donaldson. Svo. 10s. 6*. cloth. 
 
 LORD BELFAST. LECTURER ON THE ENGLISH POETS 
 
 AND POETRY OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. By the Right Hon. tfee Earl of 
 Belfast, Foolscap 8vo. price 6*. 6rf. cloth.. 
 
 BLACK'S PRACTICAL TREATISE ON BREWING, 
 
 Based on Chemical and Economical Principles: With Formula? for Public Bews, and 
 Instructions for Private Families. New aud greatly improved Edition, with considerable 
 Additions. _ 8vo. 10. 6rf. cloth. 
 
 ELAINE'S ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF RURAL SPORTS; 
 
 Or, a complete Account, Historical, Practical, and Descriptive, of Hunting, Shooting, Fishing, 
 Racing, and other Field Sports and Athletic Amusement* of the present day. A New and 
 thoroughly revised Edition; with copious Additions and Improvements, and numerous 
 additional Illustrations. The Hnnting, Racing, and nil relative to Horses and Horsemanship, 
 revised by Harry Hteoner; Shooting and Fishing by Ephetnern ; and Coursing by Mr. A. 
 Graham. With upwards of OUU YYoodeut*. 8vo. ot>. knit-bound. 
 
 BLAIR'S CHRONOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL TABLES, 
 
 tic Writers ; including the Computation of St. Paul, as connecting: the Period from the 
 Kzode to the Temple. Under the revision of Sir Henry Ellis, K.H., Principal Librarian of 
 the British Museum. New Edition, corrected. Imperial 8vo. 31*. 6d. half morocco. 
 
 BLOOMFIELD. THE GREEK TESTAMENT: 
 
 With copious English Notes, Critical, Philological, and Explanatory. Formed for the use 
 of advanced Students of Divisiity and Candidate* for Holy Orders'. By the Rev. S. T. 
 Bloomfield, D.D. F.S.A. New Edition. 2 vols.Svo. with a Map of Palestine, 40a. cloth. 
 
 THE RKV. I>R. BLOOMFIKLD'S ADDITIONAL ANNOTATIONS ON THE NEW TES- 
 TAMKNTi being a Supplement to his larger Edition of the Grek Testament with English 
 Notes. New Edition. 8vo. 15*. cloth. . 
 
 BLOOMFIELD. THE GREEK TESTAMENT FOR COLLEGES 
 
 AND SCHOOLS; with shorter English Notes, Critical, Philological, and Explanatory. 
 By the Rev. S. T. Bloomfield, D.D. , F.S.A. New Edition, enlarged, with a New Map and 
 an Index. Foolscap 8vo. 10*. 6f. cloth. 
 
 BOURNE. A TREATISE ON THE SCREW PROPELLER: 
 
 With various Sugge stions of Improvement. By John Bourne, C.E. Editor of Tke Artisan 
 Club'* Treatise on the Steam tinging. With it) large Plates and numerous Woodcuts 
 4to. price 3s. tloth. 
 
m 
 
 PUBLISHED BY MESSRS. LONGMAN AND Co. 7 
 
 BOURNE.- A CATECHISM OF THE STEAM-ENGINE, 
 
 Illustrative of the Scientific Principles upon which its Operation depends, and the Practical 
 Details of its Structure, in its Applications to Mines, Mills, Steam Navigation, and Railways ; 
 \v(tu various Suggestions of Improvement. By Joan Bourne, C. E. Third Edition. Foolscap 
 vo. 6*. clotk. 
 
 BRANDE. - A DICTIONARY OF SCIENCE, LITERATURE, 
 
 AND ART: Comprising the History, Description and Scientific Principles of every 
 Branch of Human Knowledge ; with the Derivation and Definition of all the Terms in 
 general use. Edited by W.T. Brande, F. R.S.I,, and E.; assisted by Dr. J. Cauvin. Second 
 Edition, revised and corrected ; including a Supplement, and numerous U'ood Engravings. 
 Svo. price 60. cloth. 
 
 The SUPPLEMENT separately, price 3j. 6rf. 
 
 BULL. HINTS TO MOTHERS. 
 
 For the Management of their Health during the Period of Pregnancy and In the Lying-in 
 Room: with an Exposure of Popular Errors in connexion with those subjects, etc.; andHmts 
 upon Nursing. By Thomas Bull, M.D. New Edition. Foolscap Svo. 5*. cloth. 
 
 BULL. THE MATERNAL MANAGEMENT OF CHILDREN. 
 
 In HEALTH and DISEASE. By Thomas Bull, M.D. Inte Physician Accoucheur to the 
 riusbury Midwifery Institution. New Edition, revised and enlarged. Fcap.Svo. 5*. cloth. 
 
 BUXSEN. HIPPOLYTUS AND HIS AGE ; 
 
 Or.DoL-trine and Practice of the Church of Rome under Commodus and Alexander Severns : 
 And Ancient and Modern Christianity and Divinity compared. By C. C. J . Bunien, D.C.L. 
 With the Effigy of Hippolytus. 4 vol. post 8o. 42*. cloth. 
 
 BUXSEN. EGYPT'S PLACE IN UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 
 
 An Historical Investigation, in Five Books. By C. C. J. Bunsen, D.C.L. Translated 
 from the Germin, by C. H. Cottrell, Ksq. M.A. Vol. I. containing the First Book, or 
 Sources and Primeval Facts of Egyptian History; with an Egyptian Grammar and Dictionary 
 and a complete List of Hieroglyp'hical Signs; an Appendix of Authorities, embracing the 
 complete Text of Manetho and Eratosthenes, yfigyptUca from Pliny, Strabo, etc., and Plates 
 representing the Egyptian Divinities. With many Illustrations. Svo. 28*. cloth. 
 
 . The SECOND VOLUME, comprising the Second and Third Volumes of the original 
 German Edition, revised and corrected by the Author, is preparing for publication. 
 
 BURTON. THE HISTORY OF SCOTLAND, 
 
 From the Revolution to the Extinction of the last Jacobite Insurrection (16S9-17IS.} By 
 John Hill Burton, Author of The Life of David httme, etc. 2 rols. Svo. [/ tke pre.i. 
 
 BISHOP BUTLER'S SKETCH OF MODERN AND ANCIENT 
 
 GEOGRAPHY. New Edition, carefully revised throughout, with such Alterations introduced 
 as continually progressive Discoveries and the latest Information have rendered necessary. 
 Edited by the Author's Son. the Kev.T. Butler. Svo. 9*. cloth. 
 
 BISHOP BUTLER'S GENERAL ATLAS OF MODERN AND 
 
 ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY. Comprising Fifty-one full-coloured Maps; with complete In- 
 dexes. New Edition, nearly all re-engraved, enlarged, and greatly improved; with Correc- 
 tions from the most authentic Sources in both the Ancient aiid Modem Maps, many 
 of which are entirely new. Edited by the Author's Son, the Rer. T. Butler. Royal 4to 
 24*. half bound. 
 
 >, r -, f } v S Tn e Modern Atlas, 28 full-coloured Maps. RovJil 8ro. 12*. half-bound. 
 * \The Ancient Atlas, 23 full-coloured Maps. Royal Svo. 12*. half-bound. 
 
 THE CABINET GAZETTEER: 
 
 A Popular Exposition of all the Countries of the World ; their Government, Population, 
 Revenues, Commerce and Industries; Agricultural. Manufactured, and Mineral Products ; 
 Religion. Laws, Manners, and Social State: with brief Notices of their History and 
 Antiquities. From the latest Authorities. By the Author of Tke Cabinet Laieyrr. In One 
 Volume, with a coloured Map. Fcap.Svo. price 10*. 6<f. cloth ; or 13*. calf lettered. 
 
NEW WORKS AND NEW EDITIONS 
 
 THE CABINET LAWYER: 
 
 A Popular Digest of the Laws of England, Civil and Criminal ; with a Dictionary of Law 
 Terms, Maxims, Statutes, and Judicial Antiquities ; Correct Tables of Assessed Taxes, Stamp 
 Duties, Excise Licences, and Post-Horse Duties; Post-Office Reflations, and Prison 
 Discipline. Fifteenth Edition, with Supplements. Fcap. Svo. 10*. 6d. cloth. 
 
 CAIRD. ENGLISH AGRICULTURE IN 1850 AND 1851: 
 
 Its Condition and Prospects 
 jnissioner of The Times. See 
 
 Its Condition and Prospects. By James Caird, Esq., of Baldooii, Agricultural Com- 
 nd Edition. 8vo. 14*. cloth. 
 
 THE CALLING AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF A GOVERNESS. 
 
 By Arnica. Fcap. Svo. price 4*. 6d. cloth. 
 
 CATLOW. POPULAR CONCHOLOGY; 
 
 Or, the Shell Cabinet arranged : being an Introduction to the modern System of Conchology ; 
 with a Sketch of the Natural History of the Animals, an Account of the Formation of the 
 Shells, and a complete Descriptive List of the Families and Genera. By Agnes Callow. 
 With 312 Woodcuts. Foolscap Svo. 10. 6rf. cloth. 
 
 CAYLEY. DANTE'S DIVINE COMEDY. 
 
 Translated in the Original Ternary Rhyme. By C. B. Cayley, B.A. Vol. I. THE VISION 
 OF HELL. Fcap. Svo. 6s. cloth. Vol. 11. THE PURGATORY. Fcap. Svo. price 6s. cloth. 
 
 CECIL. STABLE PRACTICE. 
 
 Or, Hints on Training for the Turf, the Chase, and the Road, with Observations on Racing 
 and Hunting, Wasting, Race Riding and Handicapping. Addressed to Owners of Racers, 
 Hunters, and other Horses, and to all who are concerned in Racing, Steeple-Chasing, and 
 Fox Hunting. By Cecil. Fcap. Svo. with Plate, price 5. half- bound. 
 
 CECIL. THE STUD FARM ; OR, HINTS ON BREEDING 
 
 HORSES FOR THE TURF, THE CHASE, AND THE ROAD. Addressed to Breeders 
 of Race Horses and Hunters, Landed Proprietors, and especially to Tenant Farmers. By 
 Cecil. Fcap. Svo. with Plate, 5*. half-bound. 
 
 CONVERSATIONS ON BOTANY. 
 
 New Edition, improved. Foolscap Svo. with 22 Plates, 7s. 6d. cloth ; withcoloured Plates, 12. 
 
 CONYBEARE AND HOWSON. THE LIFE AND EPISTLES 
 
 OF ST. PAUL; Comprising a complete Biography of the Apostle, and a Translation 
 of his Epistles inserted in Chronological order. Edited by the Rev. W. J. Conybeare, M.A. 
 late Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge ; and the Rev. J. S. Howson, M.A. Principal of 
 the Collegiate Institution, Liverpool. With 40 Engravings on Steel and 100 Wootcuts, 
 including'Views of the Principal Places visited by the Apostle, from Ori.ginal Drawings 
 made on the spot by W. H. Bartlett, and other Travellers ; also Maps, Charts, Plans, 
 Coins, Antiquities, etc. 2 vols. 4to. price 2/.8. cloth. 
 
 COPLAND. A DICTIONARY OF PRACTICAL MEDICINE. 
 
 Comprising General Pathology, the Nature and Treatment of Diseases, Morbid Structures, 
 and the Disorders especially incidental to Climates, to Sex, and to the different Epochs of 
 LiTe, with numerous approved Formulae of the Medicines recommended. ByJames Copland, 
 M.D., etc. etc. Vols. I. and II. Svo. 3f. cloth ; and Parts X. to XVI. 4s. 6d. each. 
 
 CORNER. THE CHILDREN'S OWN SUNDAY-BOOK. 
 
 Bv Miss Julia Corner, Author of " Questions on the History of Europe," etc. With Two 
 Illustrations engraved on Steel. Square fcap. Svo. bs. cloth. 
 
PUBLISHED BY MESSRS. LONGMAN AND Co. 
 
 THE CRICKET-FIELD; 
 
 Or, the Science and History of the Game. Illustrated with Diagrams, and enlivened with 
 Anecdotes. By the Author of Principlei of Scientific Batting, Fcap. 8vo. with Plate, 
 at. half-bound. 
 
 DALE. THE DOMESTIC LITURGY AND FAMILY CHAP- 
 
 LAIN: in Two Parts: the First Part being Church Services adapted for Domestic Use, 
 with Prayers for every Day of the Week, selected exclusively from the Book of Common 
 Piaver. 'Part II. comprising an appropriate Sermon for every Sunday in the Year. By 
 the' Rev. Thomas Dale, M.A., Canon-Residentiary of St. Paul's Cathedral. 2d Edition. 
 Post 4to. 21s. cloth; or, bound by Hayday, 31 . 6rf. calf lettered ; 50. morocco. 
 
 c ,, /THE FAMILY CHAPLAIN, price 12i. cloth. 
 
 Separately | THE DOMESTIC LITURGY, price 10*. 6rf. cloth. 
 
 DAVIS. CHINA DURING THE WAR AND SINCE THE 
 
 PEACE. By Sir J. F. Davis, F.R.S. Bart., late H. M. Plenipotentiary in China ; Governor 
 and Command er-iu-Chief of the Colony of Hongkong. 2 vols. post 8vo. with Woodcuts, 
 price -Is. cloth. 
 
 DELABECHE. THE GEOLOGICAL OBSERVER. 
 
 By Sir Henry T. Delabeche, F.R.S. Director-General of the Geological Surrey of the 
 United Kingdom. New Edition ; with numerous Woodcuts. 8vo. 18*. cloth. 
 
 DELABECHE. REPORT ON THE GEOLOGY OF CORN- 
 
 WALL, DEVON AND WEST SOMERSET. By Sir Henry T. De la Beche, F.R.S., 
 Director-General of the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom. With Maps, Wood- 
 cuts, and 12 large Plates, 8vo. 14. .cloth. 
 
 DE LA RIVE. A TREATISE ON ELECTRICITY, IN THEORY 
 
 AND PRACTICE. Bv Auguste De la Rive, Professor in the Academy of Geneva. In 
 Two Volumes, with numerous Wood Engravings. Vol. I. 8vo. price 18. cloth. 
 
 DENXISTOUN. MEMOIRS OF THE DUKES OF URBINO; 
 
 Illustrating the Arms, Arts, and Literature of Italy, from MCCCCXL. to MDCXXX. 
 James Ueunistoun, of DeunUtouii. With numerous Portraits, Plates, r'ac-sitniles, a 
 Engravings on Wood. 3 vols. square crown 8vo. 21. 8. cloth. 
 
 DISCIPLINE. 
 
 By the Author of Letters to my Unknown Friends, etc. Second Edition, enlarged. 
 18mo. price Half-a-Crown, cloth. 
 
 DOUBLED AY, WESTWOOD, AND HEWITSON. THE GENERA 
 
 OFBUFTERFLIES, OR DIURNAL LEPIDOPTERA : Comprising their Generic Charac- 
 ters, a Notice of the Habits and Transformations, and a Catologue of the Species, of each 
 Genus. By Edward Doubleday, F.L.S., F.Z.S. late Assistant in the Zoological Department 
 of the British Museum ; and John O. Westwood, President of the Entomological Society of 
 London. Illustrated with Eighty-six coloured Plates from Drawings by W. C.Hewhson, 
 Author of British Oology. 2 vols. imperial 4to. price la/, la*. half-bound in morocco. 
 
 EASTLAKE. MATERIALS FOR A HISTORY OF OIL 
 
 PAINTING. By Sir C. L. Eastlake, President of the Royal Academy. 8vo. 16*. cloth. 
 
 THE ECLIPSE OF FAITH ; OR, A VISIT TO A RELIGIOUS 
 
 SCEPTIC. New Edition. Post 8vo. price 9*. 6rf. cloth. 
 
 " It it absolutely neceisary to meet them" [itijidel writers of the modern school] " on their 
 own ground, andjight them vith their own weapons. And this it what the little book at the 
 head vf this article pro/rue* to do ; and it does iff work well. It it learned and Ivgtcul, and 
 
 at the snme tim' lively mnd entertaining. Itt irony it very powerful and cutting, and vet it 
 ipen tn the apparent objection of grave and serinas subjects being treated flippantly, 
 from the nature of the subject, it might fairly be entitled Theological Fragments, 
 
 from the- method in irAtcft the subject is treated it is as interesting as a collection of scenes of 
 society." liritaunia. 
 
10 
 
 NEW WORKS AND NEW EDITIONS 
 
 THE ENGLISHMAN'S GREEK CONCORDANCE OF THE 
 
 NEW TESTAMENT; being an attempt at a Verbal Connexion between the Greek 
 and the English Texts ; including a Concordance to the Proper Names, with Indexes, 
 Greek-English and English-Greek. Second Edition, carefully revised ; with a new Index, 
 Greek and English. Royal 8vo. 42*. cloth. 
 
 THE ENGLISHMAN'S HEBREW AND CHALDEE CON- 
 CORDANCE OF THE OLD TESTAMENT; being an attempt at a Verbal Connexion be- 
 tween the Original and the English Translations: with Indexes, a List of the Proper Names 
 and their Occurrences, etc. etc. 2 vols. royal 8vo. 31. 13*. 6rf. cloth; large paper, 41. 14*. Cd. 
 
 EPHEMERA. THE BOOK OF THE SALMON. 
 
 Salmon; with Lis 
 of 
 
 Comprising- the Theory, Principles, and Practice of Fly-Fishing for Salmon; with List 
 of good Salmon Flies for every good River in the Kmpire ; with the Natural History o 
 
 the Salmon, all its known Habits described, and the best way of artificially Breeding it 
 explained. With numerous coloured Engravings of Salmon Flies and Salmon Fry. By 
 Ephemera, assisted by Andrew Young, of Invershin, Manager of the Duke of Sutherland's 
 Salmon Fisheries. Foolscap 8vo. with coloured Plates, 1-1*. cloth. 
 
 EPHEMERA. A HAND-BOOK OF ANGLING: 
 
 Teaching Fly Fishing, Trolling, Bottom Fishing, and Salmon Fishing. With the Natural 
 History of River Fish, and the best Modes of Catching them. By Ephemera. New 
 Edition, enlarged and improved. Foolscap 8vo. with Wood Engravings, 9. cloth. 
 
 THE EXPERIENCE OF LIFE. 
 
 By the Author of Amy Herbert, Gertrude, etc. Fcap. 8vo. price 7*- 6rf. cloth. 
 
 FELICE'S HISTORY OF THE PROTESTANTS OF FRANCE 
 
 From 1521 to 1851. Translated from the Second, revised, aud corrected Edition, by E. 
 West. 2 vols. post 8vo. [In the pres. 
 
 FORBES DAHOMEY AND THE DAHOMANS: 
 
 Being the Journals of Two Missions to the King of Dahomey, and Residence at his Capital, 
 in the Years 1849 and 185(1. By Frederick E. Forbes, Commander, R.N., F.R.U.S. With 10 
 Plates aud Wood Engravings. 2 vols. post 8vo . il*. cloth. 
 
 FORESTER AND BIDDULPH. NORWAY IN 1848 & 1849: 
 
 Containing Rambles among the Fjelds and Fjords of the Central and Western Districts; 
 aud including Remarks on its Political, Military, Ecclesiastical, and Social Organisation 
 By Thomas Forester, Esq. ; and Lieutenant M.S. Biddulph, Royal Artillery. With Wood 
 Engravings, aud 10 coloured Plates. 8vo. 18*. cloth. 
 
 FOSS. THE JUDGES OF ENGLAND: 
 
 With Sketches of their Lives, and Miscellaneous Notices connected with the Courts at West- 
 minster from the time of the Conquest. By Edward Foss, F.S.A., of the Inner Temple. 
 Vols. I. II. III. and IV. 8vo. 66. cloth. 
 
 FRANCIS. -THE HISTORY OF THE BANK OF ENGLAND; 
 
 Its Times and Traditions. By John Francis. Third Edition. 2 vols. 8vo. 21*. cloth. 
 
 FRANCIS. A HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH RAILWAY; 
 
 Its Social Relations and Revelations. By John Francis. 2 vols. 8vo. 24. cloth. 
 
 FRANCIS. CHRONICLES AND CHARACTERS OF THE 
 
 STOCK EXCHANGE. By John Francis. Second Edition. 8vo. 12*. cloth. 
 
 FREEMAN. THE LIFE OF THE REV. WILLIAM KIR BY, 
 
 M.A., F.R S., F.L.S., etc.. Rector of Barbara ; Author of one of th<j Bridgewater Treatises, 
 and Joint-Author of the Introduction to Kntomolo^y. By the Rev. John Freeman, M.A., 
 Rector of Ashwicken, Norfolk, and Rural Dean. With a Portrait of Mr. Kirby (engraved 
 by Henry Robinson) , a Fac-simile of his Handwriting, and a View ot Baa-ham Parsonage. 
 8vo. price 15*. cloth. 
 
PUBLISHED BY MESSRS. LONGMAN AND Co. 
 
 THE POETICAL WORKS OF OLIVER GOLDSMITH. 
 
 Illustrated by Wood Engravings, from Designs by Members of the Etching Club. Edited 
 by Boltou Coruey, Esq. Square crown Svo. 21*. cloth ; or 36*. bound in morocco, by 
 Hay day. 
 
 GOSSE. A NATURALIST'S SOJOURN IN JAMAICA. 
 
 By P. H.Gosse, Esq. With coloured Plate*. Post Svo. 14*. cloth. 
 
 GRAHAM. STUDIES FROM THE ENGLISH POETS: 
 
 Comprising Selections from Milton, Shakspeare, Pope, Gray, Goldsmith, Cowper, and 
 Collins; with the strikingly beautiful Passages printed in italics ; Kiplnnatory Notes and 
 Illustrations ; and Examination Questions for exercise in English Composition. By G. F. 
 Graham. 12mo. price 7*- cloth. 
 
 GRAHAM. ENGLISH; OR, THE ART OF COMPOSITION. 
 
 Explained in a Series of Instructions and Examples. By G. If. Graham. New Edition, 
 revised and improved. Foolscap avo. 6*. cloth. 
 
 MR. W. R, GREG'S CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE EDIN- 
 BURGH REVIEW.-ESSAYS ON POLITICAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCE, contributed 
 chiefly to the Edinburgh Review. By William R. Greg. 2 vols. Svo. price 24*. ciota. 
 
 GURNET. HISTORICAL SKETCHES; 
 
 Illustrating some Memorable Events anil Epochs, from A.D. 1400 to A-D. 1546. By the Rev. 
 John Hampdeu Guruey, M.A., Ilector of St. Mary's, Mary-le-bone. Feap. Svo. 7*. 6<<. cloth. 
 
 GWILT. AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ARCHITECTURE: 
 
 Historical, Theoretical, and Practical. By Joseph Gwilt. Illustrated with more than 
 One Thousand Engravings on Wood, from Designs by J. S. Gwilt. Second Edition, with 
 Supplemental View of the Symmetry and Stability of Gothic Architecture : Comprising 
 upwards of 80 additional Woodcuts. 8vo. 52*. 6d. cloth. The SUPPLEMENT separately, 6*. 
 
 SIDNEY HALL'S GENERAL LARGE LIBRARY ATLAS OF 
 
 FIFTY-THREE MAPS (size 20 in. by 76 in.), with the Divisions and Boundaries carefully 
 coloured; and an Alphabetical Index of all the Names contained in the Maps. New 
 Edition, corrected from the best and most recent Authorities; with the Railways laid 
 down, and many entirely new Maps. Colombier 4to. 51. at. halt-bound in russia. 
 
 HAMILTON. DISCUSSIONS IN PHILOSOPHY AND 
 
 LITERATURE, EDUCATION AND UNIVERSITY REFORM. Chiefly from the 
 Edinburgh Review; corrected, vindicated, enlarged, in Notes and Appendices. By Sir 
 William Hamilton, Bart. Svo. 18*. cloth. 
 
 HARRISON. THE LIGHT OF THE FORGE; 
 
 Or, Counsels drawn from the Sick-Bed of E. M. Bv the Rev. William Harrison, M. A., 
 Rector of Birch, Essex, aud Domestic Chaplain to H.K.H. the Duchess of Cambridge. 
 With 2 Wood Engravings. Foolscap Svo. price 5*. cloth. 
 
 HARRISON. ON THE RISE, PROGRESS, AND PRESENT 
 
 STRUCTURE OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. By the Rev. M. Harrison, M.A., late 
 Fellow of Queen 's College, Oxford. Po&t 8ro . 8*. M. cloth. 
 
 HARRY HIEOVER. THE HUNTING-FIELD. 
 
 By Harry Hieover. With Two Plates, one representing The Right Sort ; the other, The 
 Wrung Surt. Fcap.8vo.5. half-bound. 
 
 HARRY HIEOVER. PRACTICAL HORSEMANSHIP. 
 
 By Harry Hieover. With 2 Plates, one representing Going like Workmen } the other, 
 G'niiig like Mxjfs. Foolscap Svo. 5*. half-bound. 
 
12 NEW WORKS AND NEW EDITIONS 
 
 HARRY H1EOVER. THE STUD, FOR PRACTICAL PUR- 
 
 POSF.S AND PRACTICAL MEN: being a Guide to the Choice of a Horse for use more 
 than for show. By Harry Hieover. With 2 Plates, one representing- A pretty good sort for 
 most purposes ; the other, Rayther a bad sort for any purpose. Fcap. 8vo. 5s. half-bound. 
 
 HARRY HIEOVER. THE POCKET AND THE STUD; 
 
 Or, Practical Hints on the Management of the Stable. By Harry Hieover. With a 
 Portrait of the Authoron his favourite Horse Harlequin. Second Edition. Foolscap 8vo. 5s. 
 half-bound. 
 
 HARRY HIEOVER. STABLE TALK AND TABLE TALK; 
 
 Or, SPECTACLES for YOUNG SPORTSMEN. By Harry Hieover. New Edition. 2vols. 
 8vo. with Portrait, 24. cloth. 
 
 HAWKER. INSTRUCTIONS TO YOUNG SPORTSMEN 
 
 In all that relates to Guns and Shooting. By Lieut. Col. P. Hawker. 9th edition, corrected, 
 enlarged, and improved ; with Eighty-five Plates and Woodcuts, by Adlard and Branston, 
 from Drawings by C . Varley , Dickes, etc. 8vo. 21. cloth. 
 
 HAYDN'S BOOK OF DIGNITIES: 
 
 Containing Rolls of the Official Personages of the British Empire, Civil, Ecclesiastical, 
 Judicial, Military, Naval, and Municipal, from the Earliest Periods to the Present Time: 
 compiled chiefly from the Records of the Public Offices. Together with the Sovereigns of 
 Europe, from the Foundation of their respective States; the Peerage of England and of 
 Great Britain ; and numerous other Lists. Being a New Edition, improved and continued, 
 of BEATSON'S POLITICAL INDEX. By Joseph Haydn, Compiler of The Dictionary 
 of Dates, and other Works. 8vo. 25. half-bound. 
 
 SIR JOHN HERSCHEL. OUTLINES OF ASTRONOMY. 
 
 By Sir John F. W. Herschel, Bart. etc. New Edition; with Plates and Engravings on Wood. 
 8vo.l8. cloth. 
 
 HINTS ON ETIQUETTE AND THE USAGES OF SOCIETY: 
 
 With a Glance at Bad Habits. By AywyOf. "Manners make the Man." NewEdition, 
 revised (with Additions) by a Lady of Rank. Foolscap 8vo. 2s. 6rf. cloth. 
 
 HOLLAND. MEMOIRS OF THE WHIG PARTY DURING MY 
 
 TIME. By Henry Richard Lord Holland. Edited by his Son, Henry Edward Lord Holland. 
 Vol.1, post 8vo. 9s. 6rf. cloth. 
 
 LORD HOLLAND'S FOREIGN REMINISCENCES. FOREIGN 
 
 REMINISCENCES. By Henry Richard Lord Holland. Comprising Anecdotes, and an 
 Account of such Persons and Political Intrigues in Foreign Countries as have fallen 
 within his Lordship's Observation. Edited by his Son, Henry Edward Lord Holland. 
 With Fac-simile. Second Editiou. Post 8vo. 10s. 6d. cloth. 
 
 HOLLAND. CHAPTERS ON MENTAL PHYSIOLOGY. 
 
 By Henry Holland, M.D., F.R.S. ; Physician Extraordinary to the Queen ; and Physician h 
 Ordinary to His Royal Highness Prince Albert. Founded chiefly on Chapters contained ii 
 Medical Notes and Reflections, by the same Author. 8vo. price 10s. Grf. cloth. 
 
 HOOK. THE LAST DAYS OF OUR LORD'S MINISTRY; 
 
 A Course, of Lectures on the principal Events of Passion Week. By Walter Farquhar 
 Hook, D.D., Chaplain in Ordinary to the Queen. New Edition. Foolscap 8vo. 6s. cloth. 
 
 HOOKER. KEW GARDENS: 
 
 Or a Popular Guide to the Royal Botanic Gardens of Kew. By Sir William Jackson Hooker, 
 K.H. U.C.L. F.R.A. & L.S. etc. etc. Director. New Edition; with numerous Wood- 
 Engravings. IGino. price Sixpence. 
 
PUBLISHED BY MESSRS. LONGMAN AND Co. 13 
 
 HOOKER AXD ARNOTT. THE BRITISH FLORA; 
 
 Comprising the Phxuogamous or Flowering Plants, and the Ferns. The Sixth Edition 
 with Additions and Corrections, and numerous Figures, illustrative of the Umbelliferous 
 Plains, the Composite Plants, the Grasses, and the Ferns. By Sir W. J. Hooker, F.R.A. 
 and L.S.etc., and G. A. Walker Arnott, LL.D. 12mo. with 12 Plates, 14*. cloth; or with 
 the Plates coloured, price 21*. 
 
 HORXE. AN INTRODUCTION TO THE CRITICAL STUDY 
 
 AND KNOWLEDGE OF THE HOLY SCRIPTURES. By the Rev. Thomas Hartwell 
 Home, B.D. of St. John's College, Cambridge. New Edition, revised and corrected ; with 
 Maps and Fac-similes. 5 vols. svo. 3/. 3s. cloth ; or 51. bound in calf. 
 
 HORXE. A COMPEXDIOUS INTRODUCTION TO THE 
 
 STUDY OF THE BIBLE. By the Rev. Thomas Hartwell Home, B.D. of St. John's 
 College, Cambridge. Being an Analysis of bis Introduction tn the Critical Study nnd 
 Knowledge of the Holy Scripturet. New Edition. 2mo. with Maps and Engravings on 
 Wood. 9s. cloth. 
 
 HOWITT. THE CHILDREN'S YEAR. 
 
 By Mary Howitt. With Four Illustrations, engraved by John Absolon, from Original 
 Designs by Aima Mary Howitt. Square 16mo.o. cloth. 
 
 WILLIAM HOWITT'S BOY'S COUNTRY BOOK; 
 
 Being the real Life of a Country Boy, written by Himself: Exhibiting all the Amusements. 
 Pleasures, and Pursuits of Children in the Country. New Edition. Fcap. Svo. with 40 
 Woodcuts, 6s. cloth. 
 
 HOWITT. VISITS TO REMARKABLE PLACES; 
 
 Old Halls, Battle-Fields, and Scenes illustrative of Striking Passages in English History and 
 Poetry. By William Howitt. New Edition ; with 40 Woodcuts. Medium Svo. 21*. cloth. 
 
 SECOND SERIES, chieflv in the Coupties of DURHAM and NORTHUMBERLAND, with a 
 Stroll along the BORDER. With upwards of 40 highly-finished Woodcuts, from Drawings 
 made ou the spot. Medium Svo. 21*. cloth. 
 
 HOWITT. THE RURAL LIFE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 By William Howitt. New Edition, corrected and revised. With Engravings on Wood by 
 Bewick and Williams ; uniform with Vwtt to Hemarbable Placet. Medium avo. 21*. cloth. 
 
 HUDSON. THE EXECUTOR'S GUIDE. 
 
 By J . C . Hudson, Esq., late of the Legacy Duty Office, Lon 
 for Making IH/li. New Edition. FoolscapSvo.o*. cloth. 
 
 Br J . C . Hudson, Esq., late of the Legacy Duty Office, London ; Author of Plain Directions 
 ' "HI*. New' 
 
 HUDSON. PLAIN DIRECTIONS FOR MAKING- WILLS 
 
 In conformity with the Law : with a clear Exposition of the Law relating to the Distribution 
 of Personal E'state in the case of Intestacy, two Forms of Wills, and much useful Information 
 etc. By J.C. Hudson, Esq. New Edition, corrected. Fcap. Svo. 2.64. cloth. 
 
 Theabove Two Worki may be had in One Volume, prict 7i. cloth. 
 
 HUGHES (E.) A XEW SCHOOL ATLAS OF PHYSICAL, 
 
 POLITICAL, AND COMMERCIAL GEOGRAPHY. By Edward Hughes, F.R.G.S., Head 
 Master of the Royal Naval Lower School, Greenwich Hospital. Containing Seventeen 
 coloured Maps, with a descriptive Letterpress. The Maps engraved on Steel br E. Weller, 
 F.R.G.S. Koyal SYO. price 10*. 6rf. half-bound. 
 
 HUGHES (W.) A MANUAL OF MATHEMATICAL GEOGRA- 
 
 PHY: comprehending an Inquiry into the Construction of Maps; with Rules for the 
 Formation of Map Projections. By William Hughes, F.K.G S. late Professor of Geography in 
 the College for Civil Engineers. Second Edition; with o Plates. Fcap. Svo. price 4i . 6d. 
 cloth. 
 
14 NEW WORKS AND NEW EDITIONS 
 
 HUMBOLDT'S ASPECTS OF NATURE, 
 
 In Different Lands and Different Climates , with Scientific Elucidations. Translated, with the 
 Author's sanction and co-operation, and at his express desire, by Mrs. Subine. ICiuo. 
 6. cloth : or in 2 vols. 3*. 6rf. each cloth ; 2*. Crf. each sewed. 
 
 HUMBOLDT'S COSMOS; 
 
 Or, a Sketch of a Physical Description of the Universe. Translated, with the Author's 
 sanction and co-operation, by Mrs. Sabine. New Edition. Vols. [. and II. 16mo. 3*. fid. 
 each cloth ; 2*. 6rf. each sewed : or in post Svo. price 12*. each. Vol. III. post Svo. 12. fjd. 
 cloth: or hi 16mo. Part 1.2*. 6d. sewed, 3.6d. cloth ; and Part II. 3*. sewed, 4s. cloth. 
 
 HUMPHREYS. SENTIMENTS AND SIMILES OF SHAKS- 
 
 PEARK: with an elaborately illuminated Border in the characteristic Style of the 
 Elizabethan Period, and other Embellishments ; bound in very massive carved and pierced 
 covers, containing in deep relief a medallion Head and Cypher. The Illuminations and 
 Ornaments designed and executed by Henry Noel Humphreys. Square post Svo. price One 
 Guinea. 
 
 MRS. JAMESON'S LEGENDS OF THE MONASTIC ORDERS 
 
 As represented in the Fine Arts. Containing St. Benedict and the early Benedictines in 
 Italy, France, Spain, and Flanders, the Benedictines in England and in Germany; the 
 Reformed Benedictines; early Royal Saints connected with the Benedictine Order; the 
 Aujrnstines; Orders derived from the Augustine Rule ; the Mendicant Orders , the Jesuits ; 
 and the Order of the Visitation of St. Mary. Forming the SECOND SERIES of Sacred and 
 Legendary Art. Second Edition, corrected and enlarged ; with 11 Etchings by the Author 
 and 88 Woodcuts. Square crown Svo. 23*. cloth. 
 
 MRS. JAMESON'S SACRED AND LEGENDARY ART; 
 
 Or, Legends of the Saints and Martyrs. FIRST SERIES. Containing, Legends of the 
 Angels and Archangels; the Evangelists and Apostles; the Greek and Latin Fathers; the 
 Magdalene; the Patron Saints; the Virgin Patronesses; the Martyrs; the Bishops ; the 
 Hermits; and the Warrior-Saints of Christendom. Second Edition, with numerous Wood- 
 cuts, and 16 Etchings by the Author. Square crown Svo. 28*. cloth. 
 
 MRS. JAMESON'S LEGENDS OF THE MADONNA, 
 
 As represented in the Fine Arts. Forming the THIRD and concluding SERIES of Sacred 
 and Legendary Art. With 55 Drawings by the Author: 152 Wood Engravings. Square 
 Svo. price 28*. cloth. 
 
 LORD JEFFREY'S CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE EDINBURGH 
 
 REVIEW. A New Edition, complete in One Volume, uniform with Mr. Macaulay's Essays, 
 and Sir James Mackintosh's and the Rev. Sydney Smith's Works; with a Portrait engraved 
 by Henry Robinson, and a Vignette View of Cr'aigcrook, engraved by J. Cousen. Square 
 crown Svo. [Nearly ready. 
 
 *,* Also, the Second Edition, in 3 vols. tivo. price 42*. cloth. 
 
 BISHOP JEREMY TAYLOR'S ENTIRE WORKS: 
 
 With the Life by Bishop Heber. Revised and corrected by the Rev. Charles Page Eden, 
 Fellow of Oriel College, Oxford. In Ten Volumes. Vols. II. to X. Svo. price Half-a- 
 Guinea each. 
 
 * The First Volume comprising Bishop ffeber's Life of Jeremy Taylor, extended by the 
 Editor, ii nearly ready for publication. 
 
 READINGS FOR EVERY DAY IN LENT. 
 
 Compiled from the Writings of Bishop Jeremy Taylor. By the Author of Amy Herbert, 
 The Child's First Hiitory of Home, etc. Fcap. Svo. 5. cloth. 
 
 JOHNSTON. A NEW DICTIONARY OF GEOGRAPHY, 
 
 Descriptive, Physical, Statistical, and Historical: Forming a complete General Gazetteer 
 of the World. By Alexander Keith Johnston. F.R.S.E. F.R.G.S. F.G.S. ; Geographer at 
 Edinburgh in Ordinary to Her Mj,jcstv. In One Volume comprising nearly 50,000 Names of 
 Places. 8vo.3l). cloth ; or strongly half- bound in russia, price 41. 
 
PUBLISHED BY MESSRS. LONGMAN AND Co. 
 
 KEMBLE. THE SAXOXS IX ENGLAND: 
 
 A History of the English Commonwealth till the period of the Norman Conquest. By John 
 Mitchell Kemble, M.A., F.C.P.S., etc. 2 vols. Svo. 28*. cloth. 
 
 KIPPIS. A COLLECTION OF HYMNS AND PSALMS FOR 
 
 PUBLIC AXD PRIVATE WORSHIP, Selected and Prepared by Andrew Kippis. D.U., 
 F.R.S., Abraham Kees, D.D.. F R.S., the Rev. Thomas Jervis, and the Rev. Thomas 
 Morgan, LL.D. New Kcliiioti ; including a New Supplement by the Rev. Edmund Kell, 
 M.A. 18mo. 4*. cloth ; or 4t. 6d. bound iu roan. The SUPPLEMENT separately, price Hd. 
 
 KIRBY AXD SPEXCE. AN INTRODUCTION TO ENTO- 
 
 MOLOGY ; or, Elements of the Natural History of Insects: comprising an account of 
 noxious and useful Insects, of their Metamorphoses, Food, Stratagems, Habitations, 
 Societies, Motions, Noises, Hybernation, Instinct, etc. Bv \V. Kirby, M.A. F.R.S. & L.S. 
 and \V. Spence, Esq., F.R.S.& L.S. New Edition, enlarged. 2 vols.Svo. 31.6d. cloth. 
 
 L. E. L. THE POETICAL WORKS OF LETITIA ELIZABETH 
 
 L-ANDON: Comprising the IMPROVISATRICE, the VENETIAN BRACELET, the 
 GOLDEN VIOLET, the TROUBADOUR, and other Poetical Remains. New Edition, 
 with 2 Vignettes by Richard Doyle. 2 vols. 16ino. 10*. cloth ; morocco, 21*. 
 
 LAING. OBSERVATIONS ON THE SOCIAL AND POLITICAL 
 
 STATE OF DENMARK AND THE DUCHIES OF SLBSWICK AND HOLSTEIN, 
 in 1S51 : Being the Third Series of \otei of a Traveller. By Samuel Laing, Esq. With a 
 Plan of the Battle of Idstedt. 8vo. price 12*. cloth. 
 
 LAING. OBSERVATIONS ON THE SOCIAL AND POLI- 
 
 TICAL STATE OF THE EUROPEAN PEOPLE IN 1848 AND 1849: Being the Second 
 Series of Xottt of a Traveller. By Samuel Laing, Esq. 8vo. 14*. cloth. 
 
 LANG. FREEDOM AND INDEPENDENCE FOR THE 
 
 GOLDEN LANDS OF AUSTRALIA ; the Right of the Colonies, and the Interest of Britain 
 and of the World. By John Dunmore Lang, M.A., D.D. With a coloured Map. Post Svo. 
 price Is. 6d. cloth. 
 
 LANG. AN HISTORICAL AXD STATISTICAL ACCOUNT 
 
 OF NEW SOUTH WALES ; Including a Visit to the Gold Regions, and a Description of 
 the Mines ; with an Estimate of the probable Results of the Great Discovery. By John 
 Dunmore Lang, M.A., D.D. Third Edition (three-fourths entirely new), bringing down the 
 History of the Colony to July 1, 1852; with a large coloured Map. 2 vols. post Svo. price 
 21*. cloth. 
 
 LARDXER. THE GREAT EXHIBITION AND LONDON IN 
 
 1S51. Reviewed bv Dr. Lardner, Michel Chevalier, John Leinoiune, and Hector Berlioz. 
 With Wood Engravings. Crown Svo. price 14*. cloth. 
 
 LATHAM. ON DISEASES OF THE HEART. 
 
 Lectures on Subjects connected with Clinical Medicine : Diseases of the Heart. By P. M. 
 Latham, M.D., Physician Extraordinary to the Queen. New Edition. 2 vols. limo. 16*. cloth. 
 
 DR. FALCK LEBAHN. GOETHE'S FAUST. 
 
 With copious English Notes, Grammatical, Philological, and Exegetical, for advanced 
 Students of the German Language. By Falck Lebahu, Ph.D., Professor of the German 
 Language; Author of Practice in German, etc. Svo. price 15*. cloth. 
 
 LEE. ELEMENTS OF NATURAL HISTORY; OR, FIRST 
 
 PRINCIPLES OF ZOOLOGY: Comprising the Principles of Classification, interspersed 
 with amusinsc nd instructive Accounts of the most remarkable Animals. By Mrs. R. Lee. 
 New Edition, enlarged ; with mauy additional Woodcuts. Foolscap Svo. ti. 6a. cloth. 
 
16 
 
 NEW WORKS AND NEW EDITIONS 
 
 LARDNER'S CABINET CYCLOPAEDIA, 
 
 Of History, Biography, Literature, the Arts and Sciences, Natural History, and Manu- 
 factures. Comprising a Series of Original Works by Sir John Herschei, Sir James 
 Mackintosh, Robert Southey, Sir David Brewster, Thomas Keightley, John Forster 
 Sir Walter Scott. Thomas Moore, Bishop Thirlwall, the Rev. G. R. Gleig, J. C. L'. 
 lismoudi, John Phillips, F.R.S., G.S., and other eminent Writers. 132 vols. feap 8vo. 
 
 with Vignette Titles, price NINETEEN GUINEAS, cloth. The works 
 Series, price THREE SHILLINGS and SIXPENCE each Volume. 
 
 parately, in Se 
 A List of the Workt comprising the CABINET CYCLOPAEDIA. 
 
 1. Bell's History of Russia . 3 vols. 10*. 6d. 
 
 2. Bell'sLivesofBritishPoets,2vols. 7- 
 
 3. Brewster's Optics, New Edi- 
 tion, corrected to 1853 . 1vol. 3*. 6d. 
 
 4. Cooley's Maritime and In- 
 
 land Discovery . . 3 vols. 10*. 6d. 
 
 5. Crowe's History of France, 3 vols. 10. 6d. 
 
 6. De Morgan on Probabilities, I vol. 3*. 6d. 
 
 7. De Sismondi's History of 
 
 the Italian Republics . 1vol. 3*.6d. 
 
 8. De Sismondi's Fall of the 
 
 Roman Empire . . 2 vols. 7*. 
 
 9. Donovan's Chemistry . 1 vol. 3*. 6d. 
 
 10. Donovan's Domestic Eco- 
 
 nomy .... 2vols. 7*. 
 
 11. Dunham's Spain and Por- 
 
 tugal .... 5 vols. 17.6d. 
 
 12. Dunham's History of Den- 
 
 mark, Sweden, and Nor- 
 way .... 3 vols. 10s. 6d. 
 
 13. Dunham's History of Po- 
 
 land .... 1vol. 3*.6d. 
 
 14. Dunham's Germanic Em- 
 
 pire .... 3 vols. 10*. 6d. 
 
 15. Dunham's Europe during 
 
 the Middle Ages . . 4 vols. 14*. 
 
 16. Dunham's British Drama- 
 
 tists .... 2 vols. 7*. 
 
 17. Dunham's Lives of Early 
 
 Writers of Great Britain, 1 vol. 3*. 6<t. 
 
 18. Fergus's History of the 
 
 United States . . 2 vols. 7*. 
 
 19. Fosbroke's Greek and Ro- 
 
 man Antiquities . . 2 vols. 7*. 
 
 20. Forster's Lives of the 
 
 Statesmen of the Com- 
 monwealth . . . 5 vols. 17*. 6d. 
 
 21. Gleg's Lives of Military 
 
 Commanders . . 3 vols. 10s. 6d. 
 
 22. Grattan's History of the 
 
 Netherlands. . . 1vol. 3.6d. 
 
 23. Henslow's Botany . . 1vol. 3*. 6d. 
 
 24. Herschel's Astronomy . 1vol. 3. 6d. 
 
 25. Herschel's Discourse on 
 
 Natural Philosophy . 1 vol. 3*. 6d. 
 
 . History of Rome . . 2 vols. 7. 
 
 27. History of Switzerland . 1vol. 3*.6d. 
 
 28. Holland's Treatise on the 
 
 Manufactures in Metal, 3 vols. 10*. 6d. 
 
 29. James's Lives of Foreign 
 
 Statesmen . . . 5 vols. IJs.Gd. 
 
 30. Kater and Larduer's Me- 
 
 chanics . . . 1vol. 3. 6d. 
 
 31. Keightley's Outlines of 
 
 History .... 1vol. 3.6d. 
 
 32. Larduer'a Arithmetic . 1 vol. 3i. 6d. 
 
 33. Lardner's Geometry . 1vol. 3*. 6d. 
 
 34. Lardner on Heat . . 1vol. 3*. 6d. 
 
 35. Lardner's Hydrostatics and 
 
 Pneumatics . . . 1vol. 3*. 6d. 
 
 36. Lardnerand Walker's Elec- 
 
 tricity and Magnetism, 2 vols. 7. 
 37- Mackintosh, Forster, and 
 Courtenay's Lives of Bri- 
 tish Statesmen . . 7 vols. 24*. 6d. 
 
 38. Mackintosh, Wallace, and 
 
 Bell's History of Eng- 
 land .... 10 vols. 35*. 
 
 39. Montgomery and Shelley's 
 
 Eminent Italian, Spanish, 
 
 ls. 10*. 6d. 
 
 41. Nicolas's Chronology of 
 
 History . .1 vol. 3. 6d. 
 
 42. Phillips' Treatise on Geo- 
 
 logy, corrected to 1852 2 vols. 7*. 
 
 43. Powell's History of Natural 
 
 Philosophy ... 1 vol. 3. 6d. 
 
 44. Porter's Treatise on the 
 
 Manufacture of Silk . 1 vol. 3*. 6d. 
 
 45. Porter's Manufacture of 
 
 Porcelain and Glass . 1vol. 3*. 6d. 
 
 46. Rescue's British Lawyers, 1 vol. 3*. 6d. 
 
 47. Scott's History of Scot- 
 
 land .... 2 vols. 7*. 
 
 48. Shelley's Lives of Eminent 
 
 French Authors . . 2 vols. 7*. 
 
 49. Shuckard and Swainson's 
 
 Insects .... 1 vol. 3*. 6d. 
 
 50. Southey's Lives of British 
 
 Admirals ... 5 vols. 17*. 6d. 
 
 51. Stebbing's Church History, 2vols. 7*. 
 
 52. Stebbing's History of the 
 
 Reformation . . 2 vols. 7s. 
 
 Natural History . . 1vol. 3*.6d. 
 
 54. Swainson's Natural His- 
 
 tory and Classification of 
 
 Animals . . . J vol. 3.6d. 
 
 55. Swainson's Habits and In- 
 
 stincts of Animals . 1vol. 3.6d. 
 
 56. Swainson's Birds . . 2 vols. 7. 
 
 57. Swainson's Fish, Reptiles, 
 
 etc 2 vols. 7*. 
 
 58. Swainson's Quadrupeds . 1vol. 3*.6d. 
 
 59. Swainson's Shells and 
 
 Shell-fish . . . 1vol. 3*. 6d. 
 
 60. Swainson's Animalsin Me- 
 
 nageries . . . 1vol. 3*. fid. 
 
 61. Swainson's Taxidermy and 
 
 Bibliography . . 1vol. 3.6d. 
 
 62. Thirlwall's History of 
 
 Greece .... 8 vols. 28*. 
 
PUBLISHED BY MESSES. LONGMAN AND Co. 17 
 
 LETTERS ON HAPPINESS, ADDRESSED TO A FRIEND. 
 
 By the Author of Letteri to My Unknown Friends. Foolscap 8vo. 6. cloth. 
 
 LETTERS TO MY UNKNOWN FRIENDS. 
 
 By a Lady. Third Edition. Foolscap Svo. 6. cloth. 
 
 LINDLEY. AN INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 
 
 By Prof. J. Lindley, Ph.D.. F.R.S. L.S. etc. New Edition, with Corrections and numerous 
 Additions. Svuls. Svo. with Six Plates and numerous Woodcuts, 24*. cloth. 
 
 LIXWOOD (W.)-ANTHOLOGIA OXONIENSIS; 
 
 Sive, Florilegium e lusiluis poeticis diversorum Oxoniensium Greets et Latinis decerptum. 
 Curante Gulielmo Linwood, M.A. yEdis Christi Alummo. Svo. 14*. cloth. 
 
 LITTON. THE CHURCH OF CHRIST, 
 
 In its Idea, Attributes, and Ministrv: with a particular reference to the Controversy on 
 the Subject between Romanists and Protestants. By the Rev. Edward Arthur Litton, M.A.. 
 Vice-Principal of St. Edmund Hall, Oxford. Svo. 16*. cloth. 
 
 LORIMER. LETTERS TO A YOUNG MASTER MARINER 
 
 On some Subjects connected with his Calling. By the late Charles Lorimer. A New Edi- 
 tion. Foolscap Svo. 5*. 6d. cloth. 
 
 LOUDON. THE AMATEUR GARDENER'S CALENDAR: 
 
 Being- a Monthly Guide, as to what should be avoided as well as what should be done in a 
 Garden in each Month : with plain Rules Hoa to o what is requisite ; Directions for laying 
 out and planting Kitchen and Flower Gardens, Pleasure Grounds, and Shrubberies; and a 
 short account, fit each Month, of the Quadrupeds, Birds, and Insects, then most injurious to 
 Gardens. By Mrs. London. 16mo. with numerous Wood Engravings, /. 6d. cloth. 
 
 LOUDON THE LADY'S COUNTRY COMPANION; 
 
 Or, How to Enjov a Country Life Rationally. By Mrs. London, author of "Gardeningfor 
 Ladies," etc. Fourth Edition. Foolscap Svo., wi'th Plate and Woodcuts, 5*. cloth . 
 
 LOUDON'S SELF-INSTRUCTION FOR YOUNG GARDENERS, 
 
 ds, and Farmers; in Arithmetic, Book-kee 
 
 LOUDON'S ENCYCLOPEDIA OF TREES AND SHRUBS: 
 
 Being the Arboretum et Fruticrtnm Britannicum abridged: containing the Hardy Trees 
 and Shrubs of Great Britain, Native and Foreign, scientifically *ud popularly described : 
 with their Propagation, Culture, and Uses in the Arts. Svo. with 2,000 Woodcuts, price 
 50,. cloth. 
 
 LOUDON'S ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF GARDENING: 
 
 Comprising the Theory and Practice of Horticulture, Floriculture, Arboriculture, and 
 Landscape Gardening : including all the latest I raprnvements ; a General History of Garden- 
 ing in all Countries; and a Statistical View of its Present State ; with Suggestions for its 
 Future Progress in the British Isles. With many hundred Engravings on Wood. New 
 Edition, corrected and improved by Mrs. Loudou. Svo. 50t. cloth. 
 
 LOUDON'S ENCYCLOPEDIA OF AGRICULTURE: 
 
 Comprising the Theory and Practice of the Valuation, Transfer, Laying-out, Improvement, 
 and Management of Landed Property, and of the cultivation and economy of the Animal and 
 Vegetable Productions of Agriculture, including all the latest improvements. Fifth 
 Edition ; with upwards of 1,100 Engravings on Wood. Svo. 2i. 10. cloth. 
 
18 
 
 NEW WORKS AND NEW EDITIONS 
 
 LOUDON'S ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF PLANTS: 
 
 Including all the Plants which are now found in, or have been introduced into, Great Britain, 
 giving their Natural History, accompanied by such Descriptions, Engraved Figures, and 
 Elementary Details, as may enable a beginner, who is a mere English reader, to discover the 
 name of every Plant which he may find in flower, and acquire all the information respecting 
 it which is useful and interesting. New Edition, corrected throughout and brought down 
 to the year 1853, by Mrs. Loudon. {In the preti. 
 
 LOUDON'S ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF COTTAGE, FARM, AND 
 
 VILLA ARCHITECTURE and FURNITURE. Containing Designs for Cottages, Villas, 
 Farm Houses, Farmeries, Country Inns, Public Houses, Parochial Schools, etc. ; with the 
 requisite Fittings-up, Fixtures, and Furniture, and appropriate Offices, Gardens, and Garden 
 Scenerv: each Design accompanied by Analytical and Critical Remarks. New Edition, 
 edited by Mrs. Loudon. 8vo. with 2,000 Woodcuts, 63*. cloth. 
 
 LOUDON'S HORTUS BRITANNICUS; 
 
 Or, Catalogue of all the Plants indigenous to, cultivated in, or introduced into Britain. An 
 entirely New Edition corrected throughout: with a Supplement, including all the New 
 Plants down to March, 1850; and a New General Index to the whole Work. Edited by Mrs. 
 Loudon ; assisted by W. H. Baiter and David Wooster. 8vo. 31*. fid. cloth. 
 
 The SUPPLEMENT separately, price 14*. cloth. 
 
 LOW. ELEMENTS OF PRACTICAL AGRICULTURE: 
 
 Comprehending the Cultivation of Plants, the Husbandry of the Domestic Animals, and the 
 Economy of the Farm. By David Low, Esq. F.R.S.E. New Edition; with 200 Woodcuts. 
 8vo. 21*. cloth. 
 
 MACAULAY. THE HISTORY OF ENGLAND, 
 
 From the Accession of James II. By Thomas Babington Macaulay. New Edition. Vols. I. 
 and II. Svo. 32*. cloth. 
 
 MR. MACAULAY'S CRITICAL AND HISTORICAL ESSAYS 
 
 CONTRIBUTED TO THE EDINBURGH REVIEW. Three Editions, as follows : 
 
 1. LIBRARY EDITION (the Seventh), in 3 vols. 8vo. price 36*. cloth. 
 
 2. Complete in ONE VOLUME, with Portrait and Vignette. Square crown 8vo. price 
 
 21*. cloth ; or 30*. handsomely bound in calf, by Hayday. 
 
 3. A NEW EDITION, in 3 vols. fcap.Svo. price 21*. cloth. 
 
 MACAULAY. LAYS OF ANCIENT ROME, 
 
 1VRY and THE ARMADA. By Thomas Babington Macaulay. New Edition. 16mo. 
 4*. Gd. cloth; morocco, 10*. 6d. (bound by Hayday.) 
 
 MR. MACAULAY'S LAYS OF ANCIENT ROME. 
 
 With numerous Illustrations, Original and from the Antique, drawn on Wood by George 
 Scharf, jun. and engraved by Samuel Williams. New Edition. Fcap. 4to. 21*. boards; 
 or 42*. bound in morocco, by Hayday. 
 
 MACD ON ALD. VILLA VEROCCHIO; OR, THE YOUTH OF 
 
 LEONARDO DA VINCI: a Tale. By the late Diana Louisa Macdonald. Fcap. 8vo. 
 6*. cloth. 
 
 MACKINTOSH'S (SLR JAMES) MISCELLANEOUS WORKS: 
 
 Including his Contributions to The EDINBURGH REVIEW. A New Edition, complete 
 in One Volume; with Portrait and Vignette. Square crown 8vo. 21*. i cloth; or 'Ms. calf 
 extra by Hayday. 
 
 M'LEOD AND WELLER'S SACRED ATLAS. AN ATLAS OF 
 
 SCRIPTURE GEOGRAPHY. Adapted for the use of Training Colleges, Pupil Teachers, 
 and the Upper Classes in Elementary Schools. Comprising Kitteeu coloured Maps, and a 
 Section, engraved on Ten Plates: with Illustrative Letterpress, by Walter M'Leod, 
 F.R.G.S., Head Master of the Model School, and Master of Method in the Royal Military 
 Asylum, Chelsea. The Maps compiled and engraved by Edward Weller, F.R.G.S. Royal 
 8vo. price 7*. half-bound. 
 
PUBLISHED BY MESSRS. LONGMAN AND Co. 19 
 
 M'CULLOCH.-A DICTIONARY, GEOGRAPHICAL, STATIS- 
 TICAL, AND HISTORICAL, of the various Countries, Places, and Principal Natural 
 Objects in the World. By J. R. M'Culloch, Esq. Illustrated with Six large Maps. New 
 fetation, with a Supplement, comprising the Population of Great Britain from the Census of 
 1851. 2vols.8vo. 63*. cloth.-The SUPPLEMENT separately, price 3*. 64. 
 
 M'CULLOCH. A DICTIONARY, PRACTICAL, THEORETI- 
 CAL, AND HISTORICAL, OK COMMERCE, AND COMMERCIAL NAVIGATION. 
 
 Illustrated with Maps and Plans. By J. R. M'Culloch, Esq. A New Edition, corrected, 
 enlarged, and improved: Including a New Supplement. Svo. 50. cloth; or 55*. strongly 
 half-bound iu ruisia.-The SUPPLEMENT separately, price 4. 6rf. 
 
 M'CULLOCH. AN ACCOUNT, DESCRIPTIVE, AND STATIS- 
 TICAL, of the BRITISH.EMPIRE; exhibiting its Extent, Physical Capacities, Population, 
 Industry, and Civil and Religious Institutions. By J. R. M'Culloch, Esq. 3d Edition 
 corrected, enlarged, and greatly improved. 2 vols. Svo. 42. cloth. 
 
 M'CULLOCH. A TREATISE ON THE PRINCIPLES AND 
 
 PRACTICAL INFLUENCE OK TAXATION AND THE FUNDING SYSTEM. By J R. 
 M'Culloch, Esq. Second Edition, corrected, enlarged, and improved. Svo. 16*. cloth. 
 
 M'CULLOCH. A TREATISE ON THE CIRCUMSTANCES 
 
 WHICH DETERMINE THE R.VTB OP WAGES AND THE CONDITION OK THE 
 LABOURING CLASSES. By J. R. M'Culloch, Esq. Fcap. SYO. 3*. 6d. cloth. 
 
 MAITLAND. THE CHURCH IN THE CATACOMBS: 
 
 A Description of the Primitive Church of Rome, illustrated by its Sepulchral Remains. 
 By Charles Maitland. New Edition, revised; with numerous Woodcuts, hvo. 14*. cloth. 
 
 MRS. MARCET'S CONVERSATIONS ON CHEMISTRY: 
 
 In which the Elements of that Science are familiarly Explained and Illustrated by Experi- 
 ments. New Edition, corrected. 2 vols. foolscap 8vo. 14*. cloth. 
 
 MRS. MARCET'S CONVERSATIONS ON POLITICAL 
 
 ECONOMY: In which the Elements of that Science are familiarly explained. New 
 Edition, revised, and enlarged. Foolscap Svo. It. 6d. cloth. 
 
 MRS. MARCET'S CONVERSATIONS ON NATURAL PHILO- 
 
 M>I>HY: lu which the Elements of that Science are familiarly explained, and adapted to 
 the comprehension of Young Persons. New Edition, gieatly improved. Fcap. Svo. with 
 23 Plates, 10*. 6d. cloth. 
 
 MRS. MARCET'S CONVERSATIONS ON VEGETABLE 
 
 PHYSIOLOGY: comprehending the Elements of Botany, with their Application to 
 Agriculture. New Edition. Foolscap Svo. with Four Piates, 9*. cloth. 
 
 MRS. MARCET'S CONVERSATIONS ON LAND AND WATER. 
 
 New Edition, revised and corrected. Foolscap Svo. with coloured Map shewing the 
 comparative Altitude of Mountains, 5*. 6d. cloth. 
 
 MAPJOTTL FRA DOLCINO AND HIS TIMES : 
 
 Beinir an Account of a General Struggle for Ecclesiastical Reform, and of an Anti-Heretical 
 Crusade in Italv, in the early part of the Fourteenth Century. By L. Mariotti, Author of 
 Jtnly, Putt and Preirnt, etc. Post Svo. price 10*. Cd. cloth. 
 
20 NEW WORKS AND NEW EDITIONS 
 
 MARTINEAU. CHURCH HISTORY IN ENGLAND, 
 
 From the Earliest Times to the Period of the Reformation. By the Rev. Arthur Martineau, 
 M.A., late Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. J2mo. [In the presi. 
 
 MAUNDER'S SCIENTIFIC AND LITERARY TREASURY: 
 
 A New and Popular Encyclopedia of Science and the belles Lettres ; including all 
 Branches of Science, and every subject connected with Literature and Art. New 
 Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 10s. cloth ; bound in roan, 12*. ; calf lettered, 12s. 6rf. 
 
 MAUNDER'S HISTORICAL TREASURY; 
 
 Comprising a General Introductory Outline of Universal History, Ancient and Modern, and 
 a Series of separate Histories of every principal Nation that exists ; developing their Rise, 
 Progress, and Present Condition, the Moral and Social Character of their respective 
 inhabitants, their Religion, Manners, and Customs', etc. An entirely New Edition ; re- 
 vised throughout, and brought down to the Present Time. Foolscap 8vo. 10*. cloth; bound 
 in roan, 12*. ; calf lettered, 12s. 6d. 
 
 MAUNDER'S TREASURY OF NATURAL HISTORY; 
 
 MAUNDER'S TREASURY OF KNOWLEDGE, 
 
 And LIBRARY of REFERENCK: Comprising an English Dictionary and Grammar, an 
 Universal Gazetteer, a Classical Dictionary, a Chronology, a Law Dictionary, a Synopsis of 
 the Peerage, numerous useful Tables, etc. The Twentieth Edition (1853), carefully re- 
 vised and corrected throughout, with some Additions. Foolscap 8vo. 10*. Cloth; bound in 
 roan, 12s. ; calf lettered, 12s. 6rf. 
 
 MAUNDER'S BIOGRAPHICAL TREASURY: 
 
 Consisting of Memoirs, Sketches, and brief Notices of above 12,000 Eminent Persons of all 
 Ages and Nations, from the Earliest Period of History; forming a new and complete Dic- 
 tionary of Universal Biography. A New and carefully revised Edition; corrected through- 
 out, and extended by the introduction of numerous additional Lives. Foolscap 8vo. 10. 
 cloth ; bound in roan, 12s.; calf lettered, 12. 6d. 
 
 MERIVALE. A HISTORY OF THE ROMANS UNDER THE 
 
 EMPIRE. By the Rev. Charles Merivale, late Fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge. 
 Vols. I. and II. 8vo. 2Ss. cloth. Vol. III. completing the History to the Establishment of 
 the Monarchy by Augustus. 8vo. 14s. cloth. 
 
 MERIVALE. THE FALL OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC: 
 
 A Short History of the last Century of the Commonwealth. By the Rev. Charles Merivale, 
 B.D ., late Fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge. 12mo. 
 
 MILNER. THE HISTORY OF THE CHURCH OF CHRIST. 
 
 By the late Rev. Joseph Milner, A.M., With additions by the late Rev. Isaac Milner, 
 D.D. F.R.S. A New Edition, revised, with additional Notes by the Rev. Thomas 
 Grant ham, B.D. 4 vols. 8vo. price 52. cloth. 
 
 MONTGOMERY. ORIGINAL HYMNS FOR PUBLIC, SOCIAL, 
 
 AND PRIVATE DEVOTION. By James Montgomery. 18mo. price 5s. Crf. cloth. 
 
 JAMES MONTGOMERY'S POETICAL WORKS. 
 
 With some additional Poe 
 
 complete in One Volume . . . . 
 
 morocco, 2U. Or in 4 vols. foolscap 8vo. with Portrait, and Seven other Plates, 20*. 
 cloth; bound i 
 
 NTGOMERY'S POETICAL WORKS. 
 
 ditional Poems, and the Author's Autobiographical Prefaces. A New Edition, 
 ne Volume; with Portrait and Vignette. Square crown 8vo. ]0s. firf. cloth; 
 . Or in 4 vols. foolscap 8vo. with Portrait, and Seven other Plates, 20*. 
 in morocco, 11. 16. 
 
PUBLISHED BY MESSRS. LONGMAN AND Co. 21 
 
 MOORE. HEALTH, DISEASE, AND REMEDY, 
 
 Familiarly and Practically considered in a few of their Relations to the Blood. By George 
 Moore, M.D. Post Svo. Ji. 6d. cloth. 
 
 MOORE. THE POWER OF THE SOUL OVER THE BODY. 
 
 Considered in relation to Health and Morals. By George Moore, M.D. Member of the 
 Royal College of Physicians, etc. Filth Edition. Fcap.Svo. 6*. cloth. 
 
 MOORE. THE USE OF THE BODY IN RELATION TO THE 
 
 MIND. By George Moore, M.D. Third Edition. Fcap. Svo. 6*. cloth. 
 
 MOORE. MAN AND HIS MOTIVES. 
 
 By George Moore, M.D. Third Edition. Fcap. Svo. 6*. cloth. 
 
 MOORE. MEMOIRS, JOURNAL, AND CORRESPONDENCE 
 
 OF THOMAS MOORE. Edited by the Right Hon. Lord John Russell. With Portraits 
 and Vignette Illustrations. Vols. 1. and II. post Svo. price 21i. cloth. 
 
 1 L T D F i I [ ? D r, A ? D FOURT VOLUMES OF MOORE'S SERMONS, JOURNAL, AXD 
 CORRESPONDENCE, with Portraits of Sir John Stevenson and Samuel Rogers, Esq. ; 
 and V ignettes. by T Creswick, R.A., of the Meeting of the Waters, and Moore's Residence 
 at Mayneld. Vols. III. and IV. post 8vo. price 21*. cloth. 
 
 MOORE'S POETICAL WORKS: 
 
 Containing the Author's recent Introduction and Notes . Complete i n On e Volume, uniform 
 with Lord Byron's and Southey's Poems. With Portrait and View of Slopertou Cottage, 
 Chippenham. Medium Svo. II. 1*. cloth; or 42a. bound in morocco, by Hayday. 
 
 Also a New and Cheaper Issue of the First collected Edition of the above, in 10 TO!. 
 loolstap Svo. with Portrait,and 19 Plates, price 3o. cloth. 
 
 THOMAS MOORE'S SONGS, BALLADS, AND SACRED SONGS. 
 
 Kim collected Edition, with Vignette by Richard Doyle. 16mo. 6*. cloth; or 12. 64 
 bound in smooth morocco, by Hayday. 
 
 MOORE'S IRISH MELODIES. 
 
 New Edition. With the Autobiographical Preface from the Collective Edition of Mr. Moore's 
 Poetical Works, and a Vignette by D. Maclise, R.A. 16mo. 5. cloth -, 12*. 6rf. bound in 
 smooth morocco, by Hayday. -Or in foolscap Svo. with Viguette byCorbould, 10*. cloth; 
 
 MOORE'S IRISH MELODIES. 
 
 Illustrated by D. Maclise, R.A. New and cheaper Edition, with 161 Designs, and the 
 ee ePrSSeU *' *' ***"' *"" ** 
 
 Svo - boardt : "' orocc ' *' Hayday > 
 
 MOORE'S LALLA ROOKH: AN ORIENTAL ROMANCE. 
 
 New Edition; with the Autobiographical Preface from the Collective Edition of Mr. Mocre's 
 Poetical Works, and a Vignette by U. Maclise, R.A. 16mo. 5. cloth ; 12*. 6d. bo.md in 
 smooth morocco, by Hayday. Or in foolscap Svo. with 4 Plates by Westall, 10. 6rf. 
 cloth; or 14f. bound in morocco. 
 
 MOORE'S LALLA ROOKH: AN ORIENTAL ROMANCE. 
 
 With 13 highlv-finished Steel Plates, from Designs by Corbould, Meadows, and Stephanoff, 
 engraved under the superintendence of the late Charles Heath. New Edition. Square 
 crown Svo. 15*. cloth ; morocco, ttt.-Aftu, copiet of the Original Edition, in royal Svo. 
 price One Guinea, tttll remain. 
 
22 NEW WORKS AND NEW EDITIONS 
 
 MOSELEY. ILLUSTRATIONS OF PRACTICAL MECHANICS. 
 
 By the Rev. H.Moseley, M.A., Professor of Natural Philosophy and Astronomy in King's 
 College, London. New Edition. Fcap.Svo. with Woodcuts, 8*. cloth. 
 
 MOSELEY. THE MECHANICAL PRINCIPLES OF EN-! 
 
 GINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE. By the Rev. H. Moseley, M.A. F.R.S. SYO. 24*. 
 cloth. 
 
 MOSHEIM'S ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY, 
 
 Ancient and Modern. Translated, with copious Notes, by James Murdoch, D.D. New- 
 Edition, revised, and continued, by the Rev. Henry Soames, M.A. 4 vols. 8vo. 48s. cloth, j 
 
 MURE. A CRITICAL HISTORY OF THE LANGUAGE ANDi 
 
 LITERATURE OF ANCIENT GREECE. By William Mure, M.P.. of Caldwell. 3 voU.i 
 8vo. 36*. cloth. Vol. IV. comprising Historical Literature from the Rise of Pure Compo- 
 sition to the Death of Herodotus. 8ro. with Map, price IS*, cloth. 
 
 MURRAY'S ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GEOGRAPHY: 
 
 Comprising a complete Description of the Earth: exhibiting its Relation to the Heavenly 
 Bodies, its Physical Structure, the Natural History of each Country, and the Industry, Com- 
 merce, Political Institutions, and Civil and Social State of all Nations. Second Edition} 
 with 82 Maps, and upwards of 1,000 other Wood Engravings. 8vo. 31. cloth. 
 
 NEALE. RISEN FROM THE RANKS ; 
 
 Or, Conduct veritu Caste. By the Rev. Erskine Neale, M.A. Rector of Kirton, Suffolk. 
 Fcap. 8vo. [iVear/y ready. 
 
 NEALE. THE RICHES THAT BRING NO SORROW. 
 
 By the Rev. Erskine Neale, M.A., Rector of Kirton, Suffolk. Foolscap 8vo. 6*. cloth. 
 
 THE EARTHLY RESTING-PLACES OF THE JUST. 
 
 By the Rev. Erskiue Neale, M.A., Rector of Kirton, Suffolk. Fcap. 8vo. 7*. cloth. 
 
 NEALE.- THE CLOSING SCENE; 
 
 Or, Christianity and Infidelity contrasted in the Last Hours of Remarkable Persons. By the 
 Rev. Erskine Neale, M.A., New Editions. 2 vols. fcap.Svo. 61. each. 
 
 NEWMAN. DISCOURSES ADDRESSED TO MIXED CON- 
 GREGATIONS. By John Henry Newman, Priest of the Oratory of St. Philip Neri. Second 
 Edition. 8vo. 12*. cloth. 
 
 LIEUTENANT OSBORN'S ARCTIC JOURNAL. 
 
 STRAY LEAVES FROM AN ARCTIC JOURNAL; or, Eighteen Months in the Polar 
 Regions in search of Sir John Franklin's Expedition. Bv Lieut. Sherard Oshorn, R.N., 
 Commanding H.M.S.V. Pioneer. With Map and Four coloured Plates. Post 8vo. price 
 12*. cloth. 
 
 OWEN JONES. WINGED THOUGHTS. 
 
 A Series of Poems. By Mary Anne Bacon. With Illustrations of Birds, designed bv 
 E. L. Bateman, and executed in illuminated printing by Owen Jones. Imperial 8vo. 
 '.ill. Gd. elegantly bound in calf. 
 
 OWEN JONES. FLOWERS AND THEIR KINDRED 
 
 THOUGHTS : A Series of Stanzas. By Mary Anne Bacon. With beautiful Illustrations of 
 Flowers, designed and printed hi Colours by Owen Jones. Imperial 8vo. 31*. 6rf. elegantly 
 bound in calf. 
 
PUBLISHED BY MESSRS. LONGMAN AND Co. 
 
 OWEN JOXES. FRUITS FROM THE GARDEN AND THE 
 
 FIELD. A Series of Stanzas. By Mary Anne Bacon. With beautiful Illustrations of Fruit, 
 designed and printed in Colours by Owen Jones. Imperial STO. 31. 6rf. elegantly bound 
 in calf. 
 
 OWEN. LECTURES ON THE COMPARATIVE ANATOMY 
 
 AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS, delivered at the Royal 
 College of Surgeons in 1S43. By Richard Owen, F.R.S. Humterian Professor to the College. 
 New Edition, corrected. 8vo. with Woodcuts. [AVar/jr ready. 
 
 PROFESSOR OWEN'S LECTURES ON THE COMPARATIVE 
 
 AXATOMT AND PHYSIOLOGY f the VERTEBRATE ANIMALS, delivered at the 
 Royal College of Surgeons in 1S44 and 1846. Vol. I., with Woodcut . STO. 14. cloth. 
 
 THE COMPLETE WORKS OF BLAISE PASCAL : 
 
 With M. Villemain's Essay on Pascal considered as a Writer and Moralist, prefixed to 
 the Provincial Utter* .- and the Minetlmnrout Writing,, TkoufHtt Rrligion, and 
 EriieiKei of Chr'ntnnity, rearranged, with large Additions, from the French Edition 
 of MOMS. P. Faugere. Translated from the French, with Memoir, Introductions to th; 
 various Works, Editorial Notes, axd Appendices, by George Pearce, Esq. 3 vols. post 8vo. 
 with Portrait, 25j. 6rf. cloth. 
 
 Vol. I. -PASCAL'S PROVINCIAL LETTERS: with M. Villenain's Essay on Pascal 
 prefiied, and a new Memoir. Post 8vo. Portrait, St. 6rf. cloth. 
 
 Vol. II. -THE THOUGHTS ON RELIGION, AND EVIDENCES OF CHRISTIANITY, 
 with Addition* from original MSS.: from M. Faugere 's Edition. Post STO. 8*. W. cloth. 
 
 Vol. III. PASCAL'S MISCELLANEOUS WRITINGS, CORRESPONDENCE, DE- 
 TACHED THOUGHTS, etc. from M. Faugere's Edition. Post 8vo.8.6<*. cloth. 
 
 PASHLEY. PAUPERISM AND POOR LAWS, 
 
 By Rbert Pashley, M.A , F.C.P.S., One of Her Majesty's Counsel, and late Fellow of 
 Trinity College, Cambridge; Author of Traveti in Crete. 8vo. price 10*. 6rf., cluth. 
 
 CAPTAIN PEEL'S TRAVELS IN NUBIA. A RIDE THROUGH 
 
 THE NUBIAN DESERT. By Captain W. Peel, R.N. PostSvo. with a Route Map from 
 Cairo to Kordofau, price 5*. cloth. 
 
 PEREIRA.-A TREATISE ON FOOD AXD DIET: 
 
 With Observations on the Dietetical Regimen suited for Disordered States of the Digestive 
 Organs; and aa Account of the Dietaries of some of the principal Metropolitan aud other 
 Establishments for Piiupers, Lunatics, Criminal*, Children, the Sick, etc. By JOB. Pereira, 
 M.D.F.R.S.,aothorof Element* of Jfateria Afedica. 8vo. 16*. cloth. 
 
 PESCHEL'S ELEMENTS OF PHYSICS. 
 
 Translated from the German, with Notes, by E. West. With Diagrams and Woodcuts. 
 3voi8.fcap.Svo. 21*. cloth. 
 
 PETERBOROUGH.-A MEMOIR OF CHARLES MORDAUNT. 
 
 EARL OF PETERBOROUGH AND MONMOUTH : With Selections from his Corres- 
 pondeace. By the Author of Hoc/tela^ei and The Coaqtett uf Canada. 2 vols. post 8vo. 
 
 [In the preti. 
 
 PHILLIPS' S ELEMENTARY INTRODUCTION TO MINER A- 
 
 I.OGY. A New Edition, with extensive Alterations and Additions, br H.J . Brooke, F.R.S. , 
 F.G S.; and W.H. Miller, M.A., F.R.S., F.G.S., Professor of Mineralogy in the University 
 of Cambridge. With numerous Wood Engravings. Post 8vo. price 18*. cloth. 
 
24 NEW WORKS AND NEW EDITIONS 
 
 PHILLIPS. FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF THE 
 
 OZOIC FOSSILS OF CORNWALL, DEVON, and WEST SOMERSET; observed in 
 the course of the Ordnance Geological Survey of that District. By John Phillips, F.R.S. 
 F.G.S. Svo. with 60 Plates, comprising very numerous Figures, 9*. cloth. 
 
 PORTLOCK. REPORT ON THE GEOLOGY OF THE 
 
 COUNTY OF LONDONDERRY, and of Parts of Tyrone and Fermanagh, examined and 
 described under the Authority of the Master-Generalaud board of Ordnance. By J . E. Port- 
 lock, F.R.S. etc. Svo. with 48 Plates, 24*. cloth. 
 
 POWER. SKETCHES IN NEW ZEALAND, 
 
 with Pen and Pencil. By W. Tyrone Power, U.A.C.G. From a Journal kept in that Coui 
 try, from July 1846 to June 1848. With 8 Plates and 2 Woodcuts. Post Svo. 12*. cloth. 
 
 THE VADE-MECUM OF FLY-FISHING FOR TROUT: 
 
 Being a complete Practical Treatise on that Branch of the Art of Angling; with plain and 
 copious Instructions for the Manufacture of Artificial Flies. By G.P.R. Pulruan. Third 
 Edition, with several Woodcuts. Fcap. Svo. 6*. cloth. 
 
 PYCROFT. A COURSE OF ENGLISH READING; 
 
 Adapted to every Taste and Capacity. With Literary Anecdotes. By the Rev. 
 Pycroft, B.A., authorof The Collegian's Guide. New Edition. Fcap.8vo.5. cloth. 
 
 DR. REECE'S MEDICAL GUIDE: 
 
 For the use of the Clergy, Heads of Families, Schools, and Junior Medical Practitioners. 
 Comprising a complete Modern Dispensatory, and a PracticalTreatise on the distinguishing 
 Symptoms, Causes, Prevention, Cure, and Palliation of the Diseases incident to the Human 
 Frame. With the latest Discoveries in the different Departments of the Healing Art, 
 Materia Medica, etc. Seventeenth Edition, with considerable Additions; revised and 
 corrected by the Author's Son, Dr. Henry Reece, M.R.C.S. etc. Svo. 12. cloth. 
 
 RICH. THE ILLUSTRATED COMPANION TO THE LATIN 
 
 DICTIONARY AND GREEK LEXICON: forming a Glossary of all the Words respecting 
 Visible Objects connected with the Arts, Manufactures, and Every-day Life of the Anrifiits. 
 With Representations of nearly Two Thousand Objects from the Antique. By Anthony 
 Rich,jun.B.A., Post Svo. with about 2,000 Woodcuts, 21j. cloth. 
 
 JOURNAL OF A BOAT VOYAGE THROUGH RUPERT'S 
 
 LAND and the Central Arctic Sea, in Search of the Discovery Ships under command of 
 Sir John Franklin. With an Appendix on the Physical Geography of North America. By 
 
 Sir John Richardson, C.B.,F.R.S., etc., Inspector of Naval Hospitals and Fleets. With 
 a coloured Map, several Plates and Woodcuts. 2 vols. Svo. 31 
 
 . 31s. Grf. cloth. 
 
 RIDDLE. A COPIOUS AND CRITICAL LATIN-ENGLISH 
 
 LEXICON, founded on the German-Latin Dictionaries of Dr. William Freund. By the 
 Rev. J. E. Riddle, M.A., of St. Edmund Hall, Oxford. New Edition, with Corrections. 
 Post4to. 31. 6d. cloth. 
 
 RIDDLE'S COMPLETE LATIN-ENGLISH AND ENGLISH- 
 
 LATIN DICTIONARY, for the use of Colleges and Schools. New Edition, revised and 
 corrected. Svo. 21. cloth. 
 
 * Se aratelv I THE ENOLIS>H - LATIN DICTIONARY, price 15. 
 I THE LATIN-ENGLISH DICTIONARY, price 7. 
 
 RIDDLE'S DIAMOND LATIN-ENGLISH DICTIONARY 
 
 l'- 
 
 A Guide to the Meaning, Quality, and right Accentuation of Latin Classical Words. Ne 
 Edition. Royal 32mo. 4*. bound. 
 
PUBLISHED BY MESSRS. LONGMAN" AND Co. 25 
 
 RIVERS. THE ROSE AMATEUR'S GUIDE: 
 
 Containing; ample Descriptions of nil the fine leading varieties of Roses, regularly classed in 
 their respective Families; their History and Mode of Culture. By T. Rivers, Jun. fourth 
 Edition, corrected and improved. Foolscap 8vo.6*.cloth. 
 
 ROBINSON'S LEXICON TO THE GREEK TESTAMENT. 
 
 A Greek and English Lexicon of the New Testament. By Edward Robinson, D.D. LL.D. 
 Professor of Biblical Literature in the Union Theological Seminary, New York ; Author 
 of Biblical Researches in Palestine, etc. New Edition, revised and in great part re- 
 written. 8vo. 185. cloth. 
 
 ROGERS'S VEGETABLE CULTIVATOR; 
 
 Containing a plain and accurate Description of every species and variety of Culinary Vege- 
 tables : With the most approved Modes of Cultivating and Cooking them. New and 
 cheaper Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 5s. cloth. 
 
 ROGERS. ESSAYS SELECTED FROM CONTRIBUTIONS 
 
 TO THE EDINBURGH REVIEW. By Henry Rogers. 2 vols. 8vo. 2-U. cloth. 
 
 ROGET. THESAURUS OP ENGLISH WORDS AND PHRASES 
 
 classified and arranged so as to facilitate the Expression of Ideas and assist in Literary 
 
 Composition. By P. M. Ro 
 
 Medium 8vo. price 14. cloth. 
 
 Composition. By P. M. Roget, M.D., F.R.S. Second Edition, revised and enlarged. 
 " liumSvo. i ' 
 
 ROWTON (F.) THE DEBATER: 
 
 Being a Series of complete Debates, Outlines of Debates, and Questions for Discussion. 
 With ample references to the best sources of information upon each particular topic. By 
 Frederic Rowton. Second Edition. Foolscap 8vo. 6. cloth. 
 
 ST. JOHN (H.) THE INDIAN ARCHIPELAGO ; 
 
 Its History and Present State. By Horace St. John, Author of History of the British 
 Conquests in India, Life of Christopher Columbus, etc. 2 vols. post 8vo. price 21s. cloth. 
 
 MR. ST. JOHN'S NEW WORK ON EGYPT. ISIS : 
 
 An Egyptian Pilgrimage. By James Augustus St. John. 2 vols. post 870. price 21s. cloth. 
 
 THE SAINTS OUR EXAMPLE. 
 
 By the Author of Letters to My Unknown Friends, Letters on Happiness, etc. Fcap. 8vo . 
 price 7*. cloth. 
 
 SIR EDWARD SEAWARD'S NARRATIVE OF HIS SHIP- 
 
 WRECK, and consequent Discovery of certain Islands in the Caribbean Sea: with a 
 Detail of many extraordinary and highly interesting Events in his Life, from 1733 to 1749, 
 as written in his own Diary. Edited by Jane Porter. Third Edition. 2 vols. post 8vo. 
 21*. cloth. Also an Abridgement, in IGuio. price Half-a-Crown. 
 
 SELF-DENIAL THE PREPARATION FOR EASTER. 
 
 By the Author of Letters to My Unknown Friends. Foolscap 8vo. price 2*. 6d. cloth. 
 
 SEWELL. AMY HERBERT. 
 
 By a Lady. Edited by the Rev. William Sewell, B.D., Fellow and Tutor of Exeter Col- 
 lege, Oxford. New Edition, complete in One volume. Foolscap 8vo. price 6*. cloth. 
 
 SEWELL. THE EARL'S DAUGHTER. 
 I 
 
 By the Author of Amy Herbert. Edited by the Rev. W. Sewell, B.D. 2 vols. fcap. 8vo. 9s. 
 cloth. 
 
26 NEW WOIIKS AND NEW EDITIONS 
 
 SEWELL. GERTRUDE. 
 
 A Tale. By the Author of Ami/ Hfrbrrt. Edited by the Rev. W. Sewell, B.D. New 
 Edition, complete in One volume. Foolscap 8vo. price 6*. cloth. 
 
 SEWELL. LANETON PARSONAGE: 
 
 A Tale for Children, on the practical Use of a Portion of the Church Catechism. By the 
 author of Amy Herbert. Edited by the Rev.jW. Sewell, B.D. New Edition. 3 rols. 
 fcap.Svo. 16*. cloth. 
 
 SEWELL. MARGARET PERCIVAL. 
 
 By the Author of Aiy Herbert. Edited by the Rev. W. Sewell, B.D. New Edition. 2 
 vols. foolscap 8vo. 12*. cloth. 
 
 THE FAMILY SHAKSPEARE, 
 
 In which nothing is added to the Original Text; but those Words and Expressions are 
 omitted which cannot with propriety be read aloud. By T. Bowdler, Esq. F.R.S. New 
 Edition (1853), iu volumes for the Pocket. 6 vols. foolscap 8vo. price bO. cloth. 
 
 * Also a Library Edition ; with 36 Illustrations after Smirke, etc. 8vo. 21. cloth. 
 
 SONGS AND BALLADS OF SHAKSPEARE. 
 
 Illustrated in 18 Plates by the EichingClub. Imperial 4to. 42*. boards. 
 
 *. The first Nine Plates were originally published in 1843; and the Subscribers to those 
 Plates may purchase the last Nine separately, price 21. 
 
 SHARP'S NEW BRITISH GAZETTEER, 
 
 OR TOPOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY OF THE BRITISH ISLANDS AND NARROW 
 SEAS: Comprising concise Descriptions of about Sixty Thousand Places, heats, Natural 
 Features, and Objects of Note, founded on the best Authorities ; full Particulars of the 
 Boundaries, Registered Electors, etc. of the Parliamentary Boroughs ; with a Reference 
 under every Name to the Sheet of the Ordnance Survey, as fur as completed; and an 
 Appendix, containing a General View of the Resources of the United Kingdom, a short 
 Chronology, and ail Abstract of certain Results of the Census of 1851. 2 vols. favo. 
 2/. 16s. cloth. 
 
 SHORT WHIST : ITS RISE, PROGRESS, AND LAWS ; 
 
 With the recent Decisions of the Clubs, and Observations to make any one a Whist Player. 
 Containing alsothe Laws of Piquet, Cassino, Ecarte, Cribbage, Backgammon. By Major A. 
 New Edition. To which are added, Precepts for Tyros. By Mrs. B. Foolscap 8vo. 3*. cloth, 
 gilt edges. 
 
 SINCLAIR. THE JOURNEY OF LIFE. 
 
 By Catherine Sinclair. New Edition, corrected and enlarged. Fcap.Svo. 5. cloth. 
 
 SINCLAIR POPISH LEGENDS OR BIBLE TRUTHS. 
 
 By Catherine Sinclair. Dedicated to her Nieces. Fcap. 8vo. 6. cloth. 
 
 SIR ROGER DE COVERLEY. 
 
 From The Spectator. With Notes and Illustrations by VV. Henry Wills; and Twelve fine 
 Wood Engravings by John Thompson from Designs by Frederick Tayler. Crown 8vo. 15s. 
 boards ; or 27s. bound in morocco by Hayday. Also a Cheap Edition, without Engravings, 
 iu 16mo. price One Shilling. 
 
 SKETCHES BY A SAILOR; 
 
 Or, Things of Earth and Things of Heaven. By a Commander in the Royal Navy. 
 Contents: 1. The Shipwreck; 2. The Model Prison; 3. The Foot Race; 4. A Man Over- 
 board ; 5. The Assize Court ; C. The Fugitive. Fcap. 8vo. price 3*. 6rf. cloth. 
 
PUBLISHED BY MESSRS. LONGMAN AND CO. 27 
 
 SMEE. ELEMENTS OF ELECTRO-METALLURGY. 
 
 By Alfred Sraee, F.R.S., Surgeon to the Bank of England. Third Kdition, considerably 
 enlarged ; with Electrotypes and numerous Woodcuts. Post 8vo. 10. 6rf. cloth. 
 
 THE WORKS OF THE REV. SYDNEY SMITH. 
 
 Comprising the Author's Miscellaneous Writings, and Contributions to the Edinburgh 
 Review. New Edition, complete in One Volume: with Portrait and Vignette. Square 
 crown 8vo. 21. cloth} 30. call extra, by Hayday. Or in 3 vols. Svo. with Portrait,36. cloth. 
 
 SMITH.-ELEMENTARY SKETCHES OF MORAL PHILO- 
 
 SOPHY, delivered at the Royal Institution in the Years 1804, 1805, and 1806. By the late 
 Rev. Sydney Smith, M.A. Second Edition, bvo. li. cloth. 
 
 SMITH. THE VOYAGE AND SHIPWRECK OF ST. PAUL: 
 
 with Dissertations on the Sources of the Writings of St. Luke, and the Ships and Navigation 
 of the Ancients. By James Smith, Esq., F.R.S. etc. 8vo. with Illustrations, 14*. cloth. 
 
 SNOW. VOYAGE OF THE PRINCE ALBERT IN SEARCH 
 
 OF SIR JOHN FRANKLIN. A Narrative 
 Parker Snow. With a Chart, and 4 Illustrati 
 
 OF SIR JOHN FRANKLIN. A Narrative of Kvery-day Life in the Arctic Sea*. By W. 
 rations printed in colours. Post Svo. 12*. cluth. 
 
 THE LIFE AND CORRESPONDENCE OF THE LATE ROBERT 
 
 SOUTHEY. Edited by his Son, the Rev. Charles Cuthbert Southey, M.A. Vicar of Ardleigh. 
 With numerous Portraits ; and Six Landscape Illustrations from Designs by W. Westall, 
 
 A.R.A. 6 vols. post Svo. 63. cloth. 
 
 SOUTHEY'S COMMON-PLACE BOOKS. 
 
 THE COMMON-PLACE BOOKS of the late Robert Souther. Comprising 1. Choice 
 Passages: with Collections for the History of Manners and 'Literature in England; 2. 
 Special Collections on various Historical and Theological Subjects ; 3. Analytical Readings 
 in various branches of Literature ; and 4. Original Memoranda, Literarv and Miscellaneous. 
 Edited by the Rev. John Wood Warter, B.D. 4 vols. square crown Svo. 3/. 18. cloth. 
 
 Each Common-Place Book, complete in itself, may be had separately as follows i 
 FIRST SERIES-CHOICE PASSAGES, etc. 2d Edition; with Medallion. Price IS*. 
 SECOND SERIES-SPECIAL COLLECTIONS. Price 18*. 
 THIRD SERIES-ANALYTICAL READINGS. One Guinea. 
 FOURTH SERIES-ORIGINAL MEMORANDA, etc. One Guinea. 
 
 SOUTHEY'S THE DOCTOR ETC. 
 
 Complete in One Volume. Edited by the Rer. John Wood Warter. With Portrait, 
 Vignette, Bust, and coloured Plate. New Edition. Square crown Svo. 21*. cloth. 
 
 SOUTHEY'S LIFE OF WESLEY, 
 
 And Rise and Proarress of Methodism. New Kdition, with Notes by the late Samuel Taylor 
 Coleridge ; and Remarks on the Life and Character of John Weslev, by the late Alexander 
 Knox. Edited by the Rev. C. C. Southey, M.A. 2 vols. 8ro. with two Portraits, l/.8. cloth. 
 
 ROBERT SOUTHEYS COMPLETE POETICAL WORKS: 
 
 Containing all ihe Author's last Introductions and Notes. Complete in One Volume, with 
 Portrait and View of the Poet's Residence at Keswick ; uniform with- Lord Byron's and 
 Moore's Poetical Works. Medium 8vo. 21*. cloth; 4Cj. bound in morocco, by Haydny. Or 
 in 10 vols. foolscap Svo. with Portrait and 19 Plates, '21. 10i.; morocco, 4/. 10*. 
 
28 NEW WORKS AND NEW EDITIONS 
 
 SOUTHEY'S SELECT WORKS OF THE BRITISH POETS, 
 
 From Chaucer to Lovelace inclusive. With Biographical Sketches by the late Robert 
 Souther. Medium 8vo. 30*. cloth. 
 
 STEEL'S SHIPMASTER'S ASSISTANT, 
 
 For the use of Merchants, Owners and Masters of Ships, Officers of Customs, and all 
 Persons connected with Shipping or Commerce ; containing the Law and Local Regula- 
 tions affecting: the Ownership, Charge, and Management of Ships and their Cargoes j 
 together with Notices of other Matters, and all necessary Information for Mariners. New 
 Edition, rewritten throughout ; and containing the New Passengers Act passed during the 
 last Session of Parliament. Edited by Graham Willmore, Esq., M.A., Barrister-at-Law ; 
 George Clements, of the Customs, London ; and William Tate, author of The Modern 
 Cambist. Svo . 28*. cloth. 
 
 STEPHEN. LECTURES ON THE HISTORY OF FRANCE. 
 
 By the Right Honourable Sir James Stephen, K.C.B., LL.D., Professor of Modern History 
 in the University of Cambridge. Second Edition. 2 vols. Svo. 24. cloth. 
 
 " These masterly Lectures by Sir James Stephen, successor to the lamented Professor 
 Smythe in the University of Cambridge, a/though they take rather new ground, will be found 
 to cast a florid of light on the external and internal histories of the French people, discussing 
 as they do fully and with consummate ability, as was to be effected from the author of 
 Ecclesiastical Biography, the monarchical, judicial, and economical institutions of the Great 
 Nation ...... The present Lectures are at once profound {and] discriminative. 
 
 They are written in a style of singular fascination, and even to the general reader they 
 present historical truth 'in the attractiveness of romance. We indulge the hope that they 
 will attain a large circulation, especially among those classes who are so latetuainari/tn as tu 
 ignore the painful but palpable facts of ecclesiastical history.' 1 Electic Review. 
 
 STEPHEN-ESSAYS IN ECCLESIASTICAL BIOGRAPHY. 
 
 From The Edinburgh Review. By the Right Honourable Sir James Stephen, K.B..LL.D 
 Second Edition. 2 vols. Svo. 24. cloth. 
 
 STOW. THE TRAINING SYSTEM, THE MORAL TRAINING 
 
 SCHOOL, AND THE NORMAL SEMINARY. By David Stow, Esq., Honorary Secretary 
 to the Glasgow Normal Free Seminary. 8th Edition; with Plates and Woodcuts. Post Svo. 
 6. cloth. 
 
 SUTHERLAND JOURNAL OF A VOYAGE IN BAFFIN'S 
 
 BAY AND BARROW STRAITS, in the Years 1850 and 1851, Performed by H. M. Ships 
 Lady Franklin and Sophia, under the command of Mr. William Penny, in search of the 
 missing Crews of Her Majesty's Ships Erebus and Terror : with a Narrative of Sledge 
 Excursions on the Ice of Wellington Channel ; and Observations on the Natural History 
 and Physical Features of the Countries and Frozen Seas visited. By Peter C. Sutherland, 
 M.D.,M.R.C.S.E.,Surgeontothe Expedition. With Two coloured Charts by A. Petermann, 
 Six Plates (four coloured), and numerous Wood Engravings. 2 vols. post Svo. price 2/. 
 cloth. 
 
 SWAIN.-ENGLISH MELODIES. 
 
 By Charles Swain. Fcap. 8yo.6. cloth; or bound in morocco, 12*. 
 
 SYMONS. THE MERCANTILE MARINE LAW. 
 
 By Edward William Symons, Chief Clerk of the Thames Police Court. Fifth Edition, in- 
 cluding the Act passed in 1851 to amend the Mercantile Marine Act of 1850, aiid the 
 provisions of the New Act relating to the Merchant Seamen's Fund. 12mo. 5*. cloth. 
 
 TATE. EXERCISES ON MECHANICS AND NATURAL 
 
 PHILOSOPHY ; or, an Easy Introduction to Engineering. Containing various Applications 
 of the Principle of Work: the Theory of the Steam-Engine, with simple Mechanics! Theo- 
 rems and Problems on accumulated Work, etc. By Thomas Tate, K.R.A.S., of Kneller 
 Training College, Twickenham. New Edition. 12mo. 2*. cloth.-KEY, price 3*. 6d. 
 
 "The object of this work is to remove an evil pointed out by Professor Moseleii in his 
 Report on the Hydraulic Machines of the Great Exhibition the frequent sacrifice of capital 
 and of much mechanical ingenuity, in English machinery as compared with. French, fri.tn 
 the want of a knowledge of mechanical laws. Mr.- Tate enunciates the principles of his 
 subject, and illustrates them by meant of exercises conducted for the most part on algebraical 
 and geometrica I principles. Spectator. 
 
PUBLISHED BY MESSES. LONGMAN AND Co. 29 
 
 T ATE. THE PRINCIPLES OF MECHANICAL PHILOSOPHY 
 
 i Efercitet 
 Training 
 
 ATE. THE PRINCIPLES OF MECHANICAL PHILOSO] 
 
 APPLIED TO INDUSTRIAL MECHANICS. Forming a Sequel to the Author's Ef 
 on Mechanic! and Natural Philoiophy. Bv Thomas Tate, F.R.A.S., of Kneller Ti 
 College, Twickenham. With about 200 Wood Engravings. 8vo. price lOi . 6rf. cloth. 
 
 TATE. ON THE STRENGTH OF MATERIALS: 
 
 Containing various original and useful 
 Wrought Iron and Cast Iron Beams, etc. 
 
 Containing various original and useful Formulae, specially applied to Tubular Bridges, 
 By Thomas Tate, F.R.A.S. STO. 5*. 64. cloth. 
 
 TAYLER. MARGARET; OR, THE PEARL. 
 
 By the Rev. Charles B. Tayler, M.A. New Edition. Foolscap STO. 6*.cloth. 
 
 TAYLER. LADY MARY; OR, NOT OF THE WORLD. 
 
 By the Rev. Charles B. Tayler, M.A. New Edition. Foolscap STO. with Frontispiece 
 6i 6rf. cloth. 
 
 TAYLOR. THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF B. R, HAYDON, 
 
 Historical Painter. Edited, and continued to the time of his Death, from his own Journals, 
 by Tom Taylor, M.A. of the Inner Temple, F.sq. ; lute Fellow of Trinity College. Cam- 
 bridge ; and late Professor of the English Language and Literature in University College, 
 London. 3 vols. post 8vo. [In the pren. 
 
 TAYLOR. WESLEY AND METHODISM. 
 
 By Isaac Taylor. With a Portrait of Wesley. Post Svo. 10*. 6<f. cloth. 
 
 A II tftf characteriit ici of early Methodiint are analysed in tie preient volume trifft a dit- 
 crimination, and deicribed vith a clearness, such at we might expect from the- philosophical 
 arid eloquent anthnr af the Natural History of Enthusiasm ...... Of the Methtdirm 
 
 of the eighteenth century, the corporeal part remains in the Wetleyan Connexion ; the soul 
 of it, uhite partly animating that body, ' trantfuted into all Christian Churchei. How 
 that great movement became a ttartirtg-point in our mndern history, and how it teat the 
 lource of what it the ntott characterise of the present', time, HI contracted trit/i the correi- 
 ponding period of last century, not in religion only, but in general tone of national feeling, 
 and mannen, and literature, Sir. Taylor ably iheui." Literary Gazette. 
 
 TAYLOR LOYOLA: AND JESUITISM 
 
 In its Rudiments. By Isaac Taylor. With medallion Portrait. Post 8vo. 10*. 6d. cloth 
 
 THIRLTVALL. THE HISTORY OF GREECE. 
 
 Bv the Right Rev. 
 proved Library Ed 
 
 v the Right Rev. the Lord Bishop of St. David's, (the Rev. Connop Thirlwall). An im- 
 roved Library Edition ; with Maps. 8 
 8vo. with Vignette Titles, II. Si. cloth. 
 
 HISTORY OF GREECE, FROM THE EARLIEST TIME 
 
 TO THE TAKING OF CORINTH BY THE ROMANS, B.C. 146, mainly based upon 
 Bishop Thirlwall' s History of Greece. By Dr. Leonhard Schmitz, F.R.S ., Rector of the 
 High School of Edinburgh. Second Edition. 12mo. 7*. 6<f. cloth. 
 
 THOMAS'S MODERN PRACTICE OF PHYSIC: 
 
 Exhibiting the Symptoms, Causes, Prognostics, Morbid Appearances, and Treatment of the 
 Diseases of All Climates. Eleventh Edition, thoroughly revised, corrected, and to a con- 
 siderable extent rewritten, by Algernon Krampton, M'.D., Physician to the London Hos- 
 pital : assisted by Herbert Dstvies, M.D., Physician to the London Hospital; N. Parker, 
 M.D., Assistant-Physician to the London Hospital ; G. Critchett, F.R.C.S., Senior Assist. 
 ant-Surgeon to the London Hospital ; J. Wordsworth, F.R.C.S., Assistant-Surgeon to the 
 London Hospital: Henry Powell, M.D., Edinburgh ; and H. Letheby, M.D., Lecturer on 
 Chemistry and Toxicology in the London Hospital Medical School. 2vois.8vo. price 28*. 
 cloth. 
 
 THOMSON'S SEASONS. 
 
 Edited by Bolton Coruey, Esq. Illustrated with Seventy-sevenDesiirnsdrawn on Wood by 
 the Members of the Etching Cluh. Engraved by Thompson and other eminent Engravers. 
 Square crown Svo. 21*. cloth; bound in morocco, by Hayday,36. 
 
50 NEW WORKS AND NEW EDITIONS 
 
 THOMSON'S TABLES OF INTEREST, 
 
 At Three, Four, Four-and-a-half, and Five per Cent., from One Pound to Ten Thousand, 
 and from 1 to 365 Days, in a regular progression of Single Days; with Interest at all the 
 above Rates, from One to Twelve Months, and from Cine to Ten Years. Also, Tables 
 shewing the Exchange on Bills, etc. etc. New Edition. 12mo.8s. bound. 
 
 THE THUMB BIBLE; 
 
 Or, Verhum Sempiternum. By J. Taylor. Being an Epitome of the Old and New Testa- 
 ments in English Verse. New Edition, printed from the Edition of 1693, by C. Whittiug. 
 ham, Chiswick. 64mo. Is. 6d. bound and clasped. 
 
 TOMLINE'S INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF THE 
 
 TOWNSEND. MODERN STATE TRIALS. 
 
 Revised and illustrated with Essays and Notes. By William Charles Townsend, Esq. 
 M.A. Q.C. 2 vols. 8vo. 30. cloth. 
 
 TOWNSEND. THE LIVES OF TWELVE EMINENT 
 
 JUDGES OK THE LAST AND OF THE PRESENT CENTURY. By W. Charles 
 Townseud, Esq., MjA.Q.C. 2vols. 8vo. 28. cloth. 
 
 TURNER. THE SACRED HISTORY OF THE WORLD, 
 
 Attempted to be Philosophically considered, in a Series of Letters to a Son. By Sharoi 
 Turner, F.S. A. and R.A.S.L. Eighth Edition, edited by the Rev. Sydney Turner. 3voh 
 postSvo. 31.6d. cloth. 
 
 TURNER. A NEW EDITION OF SHARON TURNER'S 
 
 HISTORY OF ENGLAND DURING THE MIDDLE AGKS: Comprising the Reins from 
 William theConqueror to the Accession of Henry VIII. 4 vols. 8vo. [In the press. 
 
 TURNER THE HISTORY OF THE ANGLO-SAXONS, 
 
 From the Earliest Period to the Norman Conquest. By Sharon Turner, F.R.S. and R.A.S.L. 
 The Seventh Edition. 3 vols. 8vo.36*. cloth. 
 
 TURTON'S MANUAL OF THE LAND AND FRESH WATER 
 
 SHELLS OF THE BRITISH ISLANDS. New Edition, with Additions. By John Edward 
 Gray. Post 8vo. with Woodcuts, and 12 coloured Plates los. cloth. 
 
 URE. DICTIONARY OF ARTS, MANUFACTURES, AND 
 
 MINES: Containing a clear Exposition of their Principles and Practice. By Andrew Ure 
 M.D.F.R.S. M.G.S.M.A.S.Lond., M. Atd. N.S. Philad. ; S. Ph. Soc. N. Germ. Hanov. ; 
 Mullii, etc. etc. 3d Edition, corrected. 8vo. with 1,241 Woodcuts. 50*. cloth. Also 
 SUPPLEMENT OF KECENT IMPROVEMENTS. 2dEditiou. 8vo.l4. cloth. 
 
 WATERTON. ESSAYS ON NATURAL HISTORY, 
 
 Chiefly Ornithology. By Charles Waterton, Esq., author of Wandering* in South America 
 With an Autobioitraphy of the Author, and Views of Walton Hall. New Editions vols 
 foolscap 8vo. 10. cloth. -Separatrly-Vol. 1. (First Series), 5. 6d. Vol. 11. (Second 
 Series), 4*. Grf. 
 
PUBLISHED BY MESSRS. LONGMAN AND Co. 
 
 31 
 
 THE TRAVELLER'S LIBRARY, 
 
 lu course of Publication in Parts, at One Shilling and in Volumes price Half-a-Crown each. 
 C.>mpri>iiiff books of valuable information and acknowledged merit, in a torm adapted for 
 reading while Travelling, and of a character that will render them worthy of preservation ; 
 but the price of which has hitherto confined them within a comparatively narrow circle of 
 
 Already Publitked . 
 
 WARREN HASTINGS. By Thomirt Babiug. 
 >u Macaulay. Price One Shilling. 
 
 LORD CLIVE. By Thomas Babingtou 
 Macaulay. Price Oue Shilling. 
 
 . Mr. Maeaulay's Two Essays on Warren 
 Hastings and Lord'Clive may be had in One 
 Volume, price Half-a-Crown. 
 
 WILLIAM PITT, EARL of CHATHAM. 
 By Thomas Babiugtou Macaulay. Price 
 One Shilling. 
 
 RANKF/S HISTORY OF THE POPES. 
 
 Ai.a GLADSTONE ON CHURCH AND 
 
 STATE. By Thomas Babiugtou Macaulay. 
 Price One Shilling. 
 
 *. Mr.Macanlay's Essays on William Pitt, 
 Ranke's History of the Popes, and Gladstone 
 On Church and State, may be had in Oue 
 Volume, price Half-a-Crowu. 
 
 THE LIFK AND WRITINGS OF ADDISON. 
 And. HORACE WALPOLE. By Thomas 
 Babingtou Macaulay. Price One Shilling. 
 
 LORD BACON. By Thomas Babington 
 Macaulay. Price One Shilling. 
 
 Mr. Maeaulay's Three Essays on Addi- 
 gon, Horace Walpole, and Lord Bacon, may 
 be had iu One Volume, price Half-a-Crown. 
 
 LORD BYRON. And, THE COMIC DRAMA- 
 TISTS ot the RESTORATION. By Thomas 
 Babingtou Macaulay. Price Oue Shilling. 
 
 LORD JEFFREY'S TWO ESSAYS on SWIFT 
 and RICHARDSON. Price One Shilling. 
 
 THE AUSTRALIAN COLONIES: their 
 Origin a..d Present Condition. By William 
 Hughes, F.R.G.S. Two Parts, price One 
 Shilling each ; or in Oue Volume, price 
 H.dt-a-Crown. 
 
 LONDON IN ISoOand 1351. By J. R.M'Cul- 
 locu, Esq. Price Oue Shilling. 
 
 MR. S. LAING'S JOURNAL OF A RESI- 
 DENCE IN NORWAY. Two Parts, price 
 One s bill ing each; oriuOne Volume, price 
 Half.a-Crown. 
 
 EOTHEN; or, Traces of Travel brought 
 Home irom the East. Two Parts, price One 
 ShiLing each : or in Oue Volume, price 
 Halt-a-Crown. 
 
 IDA PKEIFFER'S LADY'S VOYAGE ROUND 
 THK WORLD. Two Parts, price One 
 Shilling each; or in One Volume, price 
 Half-a-Cro*n. 
 
 HUC'S TRAVELS IN TARTAR Y, THIBET, 
 and CHINA. Two Parts, price One Shilling 
 each; in One Volume, price Half-a-Crowu. 
 
 Mrs. JAMESON'S SKETCHES in CANADA 
 and RAMBLES among the RKD MEN. 
 Two Parts, price One Shilling each ; or in 
 Oue Volume, price Halt a-Crowu. 
 
 WKRNR'S AFRICAN WANDERINGS. 
 Two Parts, price Oue Shilling each ; or in 
 One Volume, price Half-a-Crowu. 
 
 JERRMANN'S PICTURES from ST. 
 PETERSBURG. Two Parts, price One 
 Shilling each ; or iu One Volume, price 
 Half-a-Crown. 
 
 MEMOIRS of a MAITRE D'ARMES ; or 
 Eighteen Months at St. Petersburg. By 
 Alexander Dumas. Two Pans, One Shil- 
 ling each ; or in One Volume, price Half-a- 
 Crown. 
 
 SIR EDWARD SEAWARD'S NARRATIVE 
 of bis SHIPWRECK. Abridged from the 
 last Edition of the Original. Two Parts, 
 One Shilling each ; or in One Volume, price 
 Half-a-Crown. 
 
 BRITTANY and the BIBLE ; with Remarks 
 on the French People and their Affairs. By 
 I. Hope. Price One Shilling. 
 
 RANKE'S FERDINAND the FIRST and 
 M AXIMILI AN the SECONDof AUSTRIA. 
 Price One Shilling. 
 
 MEMOIR of the DUKE of WELLINGTON. 
 Repiinted by permission from The Titnei 
 Newspaper. Price One Shilling. 
 
 THE LEIPSIC CAMPAIGN. By the Rev. 
 G. R.GIeig, M.A. Two Parts, One Shilling 
 ech ; or in One Volume, price Haif-u- 
 Crow n. 
 
 THOMAS HOLCROFT'S MEMOIRS. Re- 
 
 printed (185-:). Two Parts, price One 
 
 Shilling each ; or in One Volume, price 
 HaU-a-Crown. 
 
 LORD CARLISLE'S LECTURES AND 
 ADDRESSES. Price One Shilling. 
 
 THE NATURAL HISTORY of CREATION. 
 By T. Lindley Kemp, M.D. Price Oue 
 Shilling. 
 
 ELECTRICITY and the ELECTRIC TELE- 
 GRAPH, etc. By Dr. George Wilson. Price 
 One Shilling. 
 
 j SIR ROGER DE COVERLEY. From the 
 Spectator. With Notes and Illustrations 
 by W. H . Wills. Price One Shilling. 
 
PUBLISHED BY MESSRS. LONGMAN AND Co. 
 
 ALARIC WATTS'S POETRY AND PAINTING. LYRICS OF 
 
 THE HEART; with other Poems. By Alaric A. Watts. With Forty-one highly-finished 
 Line Engravings, executed expressly for this work by the most eminent Painters and 
 Engravers. Square crown 8vo. price 31*. 6rf. boanls, or 45s. bound in morocco by Hayday. 
 Proof Impressions, 63*. boards. Plain Proofs, 41 Plates, demy 4to. (only 100 copies 
 printed) 2J. 2*. in portfolio; India Proofs before letters, colombier 4to. (only 50 copies 
 printed), 51. 5s. in portfolio. 
 
 WEBSTER AND PARKES'S ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF DOMESTIC 
 
 ECONOMY: Comprising snch subjects as are most immediately connected with House- 
 
 Ventilating, 'and Lighting them A Description of the various Articles of Furniture, with 
 the Nature of their Materials Duties of Servants, etc. etc. New Edition. Svo. with nearly 
 1,000 Woodcuts, 50*. cloth. 
 
 WHEATLEY. THE ROD AND LINE; 
 
 Or, Practical Hints and Dainty Devices for the sure taking of Trout, Grayling, etc. By 
 Hewett Wheatley, Esq., Senior Angler. Foolscap Svo. with 9 coloured Plates, 10*. 6d. cloth. 
 
 LADY WILLOUGHBY'S DIARY. 
 
 Printed, ornamented, and bound in the style of the period to which The Diary refers (1635 
 to 1663). New Edition; in Two Parts. Square foolscap Svo. 8*. each, boards ; or 18*. each, 
 bound in morocco by Hayday. 
 
 WILMOT'S ABRIDGMENT OF BLACKST ONE'S COMMEN- 
 TARIES ON THE LAWS OF ENGLAND, intended for the use of Young Persons, and 
 comprised ina seriesof Letters from a Fatherito his Daughter. A New Edition, corrected 
 and brought down to the present day, by Sir John E. Eardley Wilmot, Bart., Barrister- 
 at Law, Hecorder of Warwick; and inscribed, by permission, to H.R.H. the Princess 
 Royal. I'Jmo. piice 6*. 6d. cloth. 
 
 WOOD'S ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA, 
 
 Designed for the use of Students in the Universit 
 enlarged, by Thomas Lund, B.D. late Fellow of Sadl 
 Cambridge. 8vo. price 12*. Gd. cloth. 
 
 LUND'S COMPANION TO WOOD'S ALGEBRA: 
 
 OOD'S ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA, 
 
 Designed for the use of Students in the University. Fourteenth Edition, revised and 
 enlarged, by Thomas Lund, B.D. late Fellow of Sadleriau Lecturer of St. John's College, 
 Cambride. 8vo. rice 12*. Gd. cloth. 
 
 ef 
 
 of Examples appended to Wood's Algebra. Secon 
 Edition, enlarged. Post 8vo. price 6s 
 
 Containing Solutions of various Questions and Problems ; and forming a Key to the chief 
 Difficulties found in the Collection of Examples appended to Wood's Algebra. Second 
 
 YOUATT. THE HORSE. 
 
 By William Youatt. With a Treatise of Draught. A New Edition; with numerous Wood 
 Engravings from Designs by William Harvey. Svo. 10. cloth. 
 
 ,* Messrs. Longman and Co.'i Edition should be ordered. 
 
 YOUATT. THE DOG. 
 
 William Youatt. A New Ed 
 iam Harvey. Svo. 6*. cloth. 
 
 By William Youatt. A New Edition; with numerous Wood Engravings from Designs by 
 
 ZUMPT'S LARGER GRAMMAR OF THE LATIN LANGUAGE. 
 
 Translated and adapted to the use of the English Students, by Dr. L. Schmitz. Rector of the 
 High School Edinburgh: with nunerous Additions and Corrections by the Author and 
 Translator. The Third Edition, thoroughly revised; to which is added, an Index (by the 
 Rev. 3. T. White, M. A.) of all the Passages of Latin Authors referred to and explained 
 in the Grammar. Svo. price 14*. cloth. 
 
 f.VarcA31,1853. 
 
 London: Printed by M. MASON, Ivy Lane, Paternoster Row. 
 
LARDNER'S CABINET CYCLOPEDIA 
 
 A SERIES Of ORIGINAL WORKS. 
 
 Price THREE SHILLINGS AND SIXPENCE each VOLUME. 
 
 THE SERIES, in 132 VOLUMES, \3. "9s. 
 
 The LIVES of British DRAMATISTS. 
 
 By Dr. Dunham, R. Bel., Esq. &c. 2 vols. 7s. 
 
 The EARLY WRITERS of GREAT 
 
 BRITAIN. By Dr. Dunham, R. Bell, Esq. 
 &c. 1 vol 3s. 6d 
 
 LIVES of the most Eminent FOREIGN 
 
 STATESMEN. By G. P. R. James, Esq. and 
 E. E. Crowe, Esq. ' 5 vols. . . . 17s. 6d. 
 
 LIVES of the most Eminent FRENCH 
 
 WRITERS. By Mrs. Shelley, and others. 
 2 vols '. 7s. 
 
 LIVES of the most Eminent LITE- 
 RARY MEN of ITALY, SPAIN, and POR- 
 TUGAL. By Mrs. Sr elley, Sir D. Brewster. 
 J. Montgomery, &o. 3 vols. . . 10s. 6d. 
 
 A PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE on 
 
 the STUDY of NATURAL PHILOSOPHY. 
 By Sir John Herschel. 1 vol. . . 3s. 6d. 
 
 The HISTORY of NATURAL PHI- 
 
 IPSOPHY, from 'he earliest Periods to the 
 present Time. By Baden Powell, A.M. Savil- 
 han Professor of Mathematics in the University 
 of Oxford. 1 vol 3s. 6d. 
 
 A TREATISE on ARITHMETIC. By 
 
 I). Lardner, LL.D. F.R.S. 1vol. 3s. 6d. 
 
 A TREATISE on ASTRONOMY. By 
 
 Sir John Herschel. 1 vol. . . 3s. 6d. 
 
 A TREATISE on MECHANICS. By 
 
 Capt. Knter and Dr. Lardner. 1 vol. 3s. Gd. 
 
 A TREATISE on OPTICS. By Sir 
 
 David Brewster. New Edition. 1vol. 3s. Gd. 
 
 A TREATISE on HEAT. By Dr. 
 
 Lardner. 1 vol 3s. 6d. 
 
 A TREATISE on CHEMISTRY. By 
 
 Michael Donovan, M.R.I.A. 1vol. 3s. 6d. 
 
 A TREATISE on HYDROSTATICS 
 
 and PNEUMATICS. By Dr. Lardner. 1 vol. 
 3s. 6d. 
 
 An ESSAY on PROBABILITIES, and 
 or. their application to Life Contingencies and 
 Insurance Offices. By Aug. De Morgan, of , 
 Trinity College, Cambridge. 1vol. 3s. 6d. | TREATISE On TAXIDERMY. With 
 
 A TREATISE on the MANUFAC- 
 TURE of SILK.. ByG. R. Porter, Esq. F.R S. 
 Author of " The Progress of the Nation." Ac. 
 1 vol. . . . . . . 3s. 6d. 
 
 A TREATISE on the MANUFAC- 
 TURES of PORCELAIN and GLASS. By 
 G. R. Porter, Esq. F.R.S. 1 vol. . 3s. 6d. 
 
 A TREATISE on the MANUFAC- 
 TURES in METAL. Bv J. Holland, Esq. 
 3 vols. . 10s. G<1 
 
 A TREATISE on DOMESTIC ECO- 
 NOMY. By M. Donovan, Esq. M.R.I.A. Pro 
 fessorof Chemistry to the Company of Apo- 
 thecaries in Ireland. 2 vols. . . .7s. 
 
 A PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE on 
 
 the STUDY of NATURAL HISTORY. By 
 W. Swainson, Esq. F.R.S. L S. 1 vol. 3s. 6d'. 
 
 On the HABITS and INSTINCTS of 
 
 ANIMALS. By AVilliaiTi Swainson, Esq. 
 1 rol ........ 3s. fid. 
 
 A TREATISE on the NATURAL 
 
 HISTORY and CLASSIFICATION of ANI- 
 MALS. By W. Swainson, Esq. 1 vol. 3s.6d. 
 
 On the NATURAL HISTORY and 
 
 CLASSIFICATION of QUADRUPEDS. By 
 "W. Swainson, Esq. 1 vol. . . 3s. 6d". 
 
 On the NATURAL HISTORY and 
 
 CLASSIFICATION of BIRDS. By W. Swain- 
 son, Esq. 2 vols ...... 7s. 
 
 ANIMALS in MENAGERIES. By 
 
 W. Swainson, Esq. 1 vol. . . 3s. Gd. 
 
 On the NATURAL HISTORY and 
 
 CLASSIFICATION of FISH, REPTILES, 
 &c. By W. Swainson, Esq. 2 vols . 7s. 
 
 The HISTORY and NATURAL 
 
 ARRANGEMENT of INSECTS. By W. 
 Swainson, Esq. and W. E. Shuckard," Esq. 
 Ivol ........ 3s. 6d. 
 
 A TREATISE on MALACOLOGY ; 
 
 or, the Natural Classification of Shells and 
 Shell-Fish. By William Swainson, Esq. 
 1 vol ..... . . 3s. Cd. 
 
 A TREATISE on GEOMETRY, and 
 
 its application to the Arts. By Dr. Lardner. 
 1 vol. .....' 3s. 6d. 
 
 A MANUAL of ELECTRICITY, 
 
 MAGNETISM, and METEOROLOGY. Bv 
 D. Lardner, D.C.L. F.R.S. &c. : ana C. V 
 Walker, Esq. Secretary to the Electrical So- 
 cietv. 2 vols. 
 
 the Biography of the Zoologists, and Noti 
 of their ^York's. By W. Swainson. 1 vol. 3s .ikl- 
 
 A TREATISE on GEOLOGY. Bv 
 
 Jchn Phillips F.R.S. G.S. Professor of Gco'- 
 logy, King's College. New Edit. 2 vols. . 7. 
 
 The PRINCIPLES of DESCRIPTIVE 
 
 and PHYSIOLOGICAL BOTANY. By th 
 Rev. J. S. Henslcw, M.A. &c. 1 vol. 3s. 6d. 
 
 LONDON: LONGMAN BROWN, GREEN, AND LONGMANS 
 
 
 
a 
 
 14 
 
 USE 
 
 RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORR< 
 
 SWIOC 
 
 This book ,s due on the last date stamped below, 
 
 RP ,1 u , C date to which ^newed. 
 Renewed books are subject to immediate recall 
 
 or 
 
 JUNTW 
 
 UNIV. OP CALIF., BERK 
 
 OCT 1 3 1994 
 
 U. C. BERKELEY 
 
 ~lNfONi!Lr 
 
 "AUGTOsT 
 
 U- 0. BERKELEY 
 
 LD 21-40w-5 '65 
 (F4308slO)476 
 
 General Library 
 
 University of California 
 
 Berkeley