>. J. i r ) •■-,-^r K •» - V ^(^0-^ H f^. ^' HIS HOLINESS PIUS X. Two Hundred and Sixty-Fourth Occupant of the Chair of Peter. Trials and Triumphs -OF THE- CATHOLIC CHURCH IN AMERICA J^^^^^^^^^J^^^^^ DURING FOUR HUNDRED YEARS, FROM THE LANDING OF THE FIRST MISSIONARY TO THE PRESENT TIME PUBLISHED WITH THE APPROBATION OF HIS GRACE THE MOST REVEREND ARCHBISHOP OF CHICAGO EDITED FROM AUTHENTIC RECORDS BY PROFESSOR P. J. MAHON, REV. J. M. HAYES, S.J. WITH PREFACE BY PROFESSOR M. F. EGAN, LL.D. CATHOLIC -UNIVERSITY, WASHINGTON, D. C. VOLUME I. EMBELLISHED WITH NUMEROUS ENGR AVISOS J. S. HYLAND & COMPANY CHICAGO IMPRIMATUR: * Patrick A. Feehan, Archbishop of Chicago. Copyright igoy, by J. S. HYLAND Q CO 6i )HOI Cardinal's Residence Baltimore, Md. J. S. Hyland & Co. Dear Sirs: — A second and more carefid perusal of "Trials and Tri- umphs" has increased my appreciation of the zvork. The copx which you kindly sent me and for zi'hich I return you my sincere thanks, is indeed handsomely bound and illustrated, and ivill prove an ornament to any library. But more noteivorthy still is the great amount of solid historical .matter Zi'hich you hazr put in the volume. I find there embodied all the most salient points of American Catho- lic History for the last four hundred years; and you have presented them in very readable form and very entertaining style. These facts zvhich our people should knozv intimately and perfectly, are thus made very accessible to all. The zvork will be a valuable hand-book of ready reference, which should be found on the desk of every student and on the tables of every family; so that its contents may become familiar to everyone. We have done so much in the discovery, exploration and dez'clopment of this country; the heroic labors of Catholic missionaries, and saintly and learned bishops, and priests have penetrated into so jnauy corners of the land, that it were ungrateful not to make their names household words among all who bear the glorious title of Catholic. I feel that "Trials and Triumphs," zvhich you so opportunely place before the American public, is destined to bring them into greater prominence and .died brilliant lustre on the Church of Christ zvhich begot them and sent them forth on their mission of love and benevolence. I take special pleasure in referring to the admirable Preface from the gifted pen of Mr. M. F. Egan, in zvhich are so beautifully e.vpressed the key- note, spirit and scope of your efforts. The imprimatur of the Most Reverend Metropolitan of Chicago is at once an evidence of the book's value and an assurance of succe.'^s. I bespeak for it a deep appreciation and an e.rtcnded circulation. Be- lieve me to be, faithfully and sincerely yours in Xto. Archbishop of Baltimore. T REFACE. THE honest American citizen possesses two things which he may leave to his children, and these two things are more precious than gold — they are love of God and love of country. The child that learns from his father or mother that he, being a Catholic, can be no alien on American soil, is rich — for he has the best of all knowledge in his possession, and knowledge makes him the equal of any other man. Knowledge is power. Kno^vledge is strength. Knowledge is the key opening all doors; and in this book lies that knowledge which causes our chil- dren to know and love their freedom, and which will give them the weapons necessary to defend their right to enjoy all the blessings of a land which their ancestors in the faith of the Catholic Church discovered, and in which other ancestors of theirs in the Catholic faith proclaimed freedom of conscience for the first time. "Your father was a foreigner," the descendant of the Mayflower pilgrims may say, "therefore I am more of an American than you." "You are a for- eigner," tliat living libel on American institutions, the modern Know-nothing may sneer, "You are a Catholic; this is a Protestant country." Without a knowledge of the truth, your child may blush and hang his head and be ashamed of his father. Without a knowledge of the truth, you may bt unable to meet the sneers of your neighbor, though your heart may be bitte> within you, and }0U may desire with all your might to assert your right to tho country in which you live. But how pcrwerless will you and your child b« without the knowledge that this book contains. In truth, it holds your title- deeds to vour land. Moreover, it is an education in itself; and, though you may not be able to send your son to college, here he will gain the substance of the lectures of many professors. And, if your children are too small to read, you or their mother may be their instructor in their rights and liberties. No man with a sensitive heart and high aspirations can fail to find himself thrilled and elevated bv the recital of the deeds of his spiritual ancestors. And Columbus, the Christ-bearer, and Las Casas, the saintly priest, and Father Marquette, and Father Jogues, and Charles Carroll, and Roger Taney, and a hundred other illustrious men who helped to create and to preserve American liberties, were nurtured in that faith which is our most precious treasure. The Catholic Church produced them; the Cathohc Church nourished them for that Church in all ages has taught that the sweetest of all things is freedom. Had the Catholic barons of England, with a Catholic bishop at their head, never wrested the Magna Charta from their tyrant king, George Wash- ington could never have learned that freedom was his right. Had the Fran- ciscan and Dominican friars not tiiirsted with Columbus for the salvation of souls in the Indies, the Santa Maria and the Pinta would never have sailed from Palos. And of the discoverers of America, spoken of by tradition before Co- lumbus, one was St. Brendan, a Catholic Irishman; the other, a Catholic Norse- man. The first book printed in all America was the work of Catholics; and so was the first college. The bravest of all the signers of the Declaration of In- dependence, Charles Carroll, was a Catholic. His brother, the Archbishop, helped, too, to lay the foundation of our present freedom. The French soldiers who came to the assistance of George Washington when all was darkest, were sent by a devoutly Catholic king and queen, Louis X\T and Marie Antoinette. And the bravest among them were of that Irish Brigade whose only regret was that they were debarred from fighting for the liberties of their own land; — strii, there are those who have the effrontery to call us strangers in a country which owes everything to Columbus, who, in a manner, brought it out of chaos and illumined its darkness by the light of the cross. "I should have sunk back many a time," said the late General Sherman, "if it were not for the encouragement of my wife." That noble wife w-as a Cath- olic. General Sheridan took every occasion to show how grateful he was to that devout Catholic mother who gladly gave him to his country. And shall we forget Thomas Francis Meagher and General Shields and Colonel Mulligan, and hosts of others? But how shall we remember our claims to citizenship in this glorious coun- try if we do not realize them — if we do not know them? It is not necessary that we should have a great library in order to know them, and to make our children proud of their birthright. Here they arc in the pages before you. Here they are told by some of the wisest and most eloquent and most earnest writers of our time. Here you will find the red in Columbia's flag is tlie red of Catholic blood, the white the purity of Catholic zeal, and the blue the color of the Immaculate Patroness whom Columbus and Balboa, De Smet and Charles Carroll and Cardinal Cheverus and Roger Taney and Orestes Brown- son loved and trusted as we do. Compared with our part in the history of America, the coming of the May- flower is but an episode. Open this book, and a new and splendid world of knowledge spreads before us. We find our own again, and we claim it. In- solence and bigotry can no longer make us angry and silent. Mass was said on this soil before the spire of a meeting-house rose in Virginia, or among the New England hills. After this, who shall dare in our presence to call America a Protestant country? We have only to open this book to behold splendid scenes of history, bloody scenes of mart)Tdom, tranquil scenes of peace in which the actors are of that faith which is the breath of our nostrils, the core of our hearts, and which discovered and preserved America! MAURICE FRANCIS EGAN, LL.D. Catholic University, Washington, D. C. CONTBNTS, Vol. I. CHAPTER I. THE CROSS BORXE TO AMERICA. HISTORY as the Antidote of Bigotry.— A Brave and Pious Sailor.— Strange Vicissi- tudes of Life.— Discovery on tlie Brain.— A Mendicant with Great Dreams.— Home and Hope in a Convent.— Influence of a Queen's Confessor.— Crown Jewels Offered for Pawn.— Preparing a Great Expedition.- Columbus Puts Out *.o Sea.— Blessings on the Venturesome Mariners CHAPTER II. CAREER OF A GREAT DISCOVERER. CNC'IDENTS on the Ocean Wave.— Pious Hymns to Our Lady.— Mutiny Among the Sailors.— First Sight of Land.— Thanksgiving Before the Cross.— The Natives and Their Fair Domain.— Wreck of the Admiral's Ship.— Sent Home in Chains.— Evening of a Saintly Life.— The End and the World's Tribute CHAPTER III. FAMOUS SPANISH EXPLORERS. ALONZO de Oj«da.— Fierce American Natives.— Proclaiming the True Faith.— Death of an Aged Pilot.— The Commander's Gallantry.— Shipwrecked on Cuban Shores. —The Fatal March.— The Indians of Comagrc— Balboa's Rash Expedition.- Joy on Discovering the Pacific— Ponce de Leon and the Fountain of Youth.— A Wairior's Death and Epitaph 50 CHAPTER IV. THE EMPIRE OF THE AZTECS. YOUTH and Training of Cortes.— A Vast and Daring Enterprise.— Following the Velvet Banner.— Eventful March In Mexico.— The Beautiful City.- Capture of the Emperor.— A Stubborn Siege. — Battle and Bloodshed.— Conquest of the Cap- ital.— Later Years of the Conqueror.— Conversion of a Whole Race 68 CHAPTER V. IN THE SOUTHERN CONTIXEXT. AalERICUS the Explorer —Columbus Gives a Testimonial— Naming of a Continent.— Ideas on CircJing the Globe.— Prayer on the Path of Discovery.— Magellan Rounds Cape Horn —Among Savage Islanders.— Pizarro the Conqueror.— In the Land of the Incas.— Fighting Near the Andes.— Murder of a Brave Com- mander.— The Church 94 CHAPTER VI THE TRUE LORDS OF THE SOIL. tiOD Guiding the Discoverers.— America's Native Tribes.- The Indian Life and Cus- toms.- Hunting for Subsistence.— War as a Lifelong Trade.— The Great Tribes of the Continent.— Crude Notions of the Deity.— The Harmony of Indian Names. — Missionaries Who Made Books.— Las Casas. Bishop and Historian.— First Ordination In America 110 CHAPTER VII. 'WORK OF SPANISH MISSIONARIES. ROME Proclaims the Field.— Twelve Franciscan Apostles.— Wanderings of Friar Mark.— Father Padllla and Brother John.— Kxpedlilon of DeSolo— The Long and Terrible March.— The Leader's Death and Tomb.- Don Tristan as an Ex- £lorer.— An Admiral Seeks His Son.— Founding of Florida's Capital.— Father tarllnez Gains His Crown 127 CONTENTS. CHAPTER VIII. IX THK LAND OK FLOWERS. JESriTS Obtain a Province— Worklnp Ilcyoncl State Lines.— A Superior Class of Native.-*.— The FouiKlInc of a Jesuit Keiluctlon.— Another Band of Kr.-inclscans. — Attarka on Many Missionaries.- A Mass and Then a Crown.— Long Con- realment In a Tree.— The British Game of Grab.— Missions in New Mexico and Texas 14! CHAPTER IX. E.\nLY MISSIONS IX CALIFORXI.l. VISITING a NcRlecled Field.— Bravery of Father King.— The Black Gowns Exiled.— Arrival of Fathi-r Serra.— Fonndlnp of San Diego Mission.— Bad Indians Are Had Neighbors— Attacks on the Mission.- Father Jayme Falls a Victim.— The Deviltrj' of California Redskins.— Planting of San Francisco and Other Set- tlements.— Plunder and Ruin of the Missions.— Dark Days IKi CHAPTER X. THE CROSS IX XEW FR.\XCE. JACQfES CARTIER the Explorer.— The Baptism of St. Lawrence River.- Cele- bration by Chiefs and Squaws.— The Commander Acts as Chaplain.— First Set- tlement at Montreal.— In the Name of F'rance.— Jacques Cartler's Death. — Early Life of Champlain— Visiting the Shores of Acadia.— First Landing at Quebec— Many Fervent Missionaries.- End of the Illustrious Pioneer 181 CHAPTER XI. THE MISSIOXS IX MAINE. HOW the French Missionaries Worked.— Arrival on the Shores of Maine.- A Young and Courtly Envoy.— Sailing of Two Apostles.— Exploits of the Pirate Argall — Treachery Ruins St. Sauveurs — The Cross on Kennebec River.- Father Rale In the Field.— Labors. Plots and Persecutions.— Murder of Rale.— Woe of Abnaki Indians.— Later Apostles and Labors 199 CHAPTER Xn. PIOUS D.\MES OF FR.\XCE. THE HOLY CHILD at Tours.— Becomes a Wife and Widow.— A Vision from Our Lady.— Mary of the Incarnation.- A Banfi of Missionary T'rsulines.— Work Among Indian Children— Tolls and Privations of the Ladies.— Death of Mother Mary.— Beautiful Madame De La I'^ltrie.- Saintly Jane Mance.— Story of Fair Montreal.— Poverty, Grief and Death 2It CHAPTER XIII. jovs .\XD sonno-ws of .*cadia. TREACHERY of a Freebooter.— A Mission of Rapine and Death —Providence Shields Father Biard.— Port Royal in Two Visions —Abnaki and Micmac Tribes— The En.elish De.=ecrate Port Royal.— Deep Desolation in the Land.— Frequent Change of Masters -Banishment of the Colonists.— Loyalty in Exile and Dispersion 243 CHAPTER XIV. THE MISSIOX TO THE HIROXS. LIVES of Holinesa and Toil.— Father Caron and His Colleagues.— The Wyandot Tr.- dians— Father Brebceut and His Sa\ age Children.— The River Journey and the Arrival.— Welcome to ■^k'hcn."— The Missicn Crofs— A Plague in the Land- Superstition and Danger.— Glorious Marlyrdom.— Iroquois Warriors and Their Deeds.— Burning of a Martyr's Church.— Invasion. Torture and Death 272 CHAPTER XV. AMONG THE FIVE XATIOXS. NATIVES of Stalwart Types.— Hurons in a Death Trap.— Cruelty of Mohawk In- dians—Torture of Father Isaac Jogues.— A Blood-Stained Journey— Search for Father Goupil's Rtmains. — Voyayr to Eurone and Helurn. — An Irishman on Manhatlan Island.— Joy and Gratitude.— Revisiting Old Scenes— The Mo- hawks Crown a Martyr 293 CONTENTS. CHAPTER XVI. MISSIONS TO THE IROai'OIS. WAR Begun by Mohawks,— Torture of Father Poncet.— The Mission to Onondaga.— Return to Canada.— A Fiou.s Indian Chief.— The Forest as a Church.— Arrival of Father Chaumonot.— New York w First House of Worship.— Charges AgalnsJ the Missionaries.— A Couneil at OnonduKa. —Massacre of Hurons.— Death of Father Le Moyne.— A Holy Indian Maiden 307 CHAPTER XVII. INDIANS BY THE irPPER L.\KES. FATHERS GARREAU and Druillettes.— Slain on the Doorstep.— Father Renard.— A Very Hungry Journey.— On Lake Superior Shores— Gift o£ a Kindly Squaw.— Death in the Far Wilderness.— Father Claude Alloucz as an Apostle.— Noble Father Marquette.- Journey in a Canoe. — Mission and Exploration Work.— Down the Mississippi.— Sad Return and Death.— Post Mortem Honors 333 CHAPTER XVIII. DE L.V S.VLLE THE EXPLOREU. DESCENT From Gallant Stock.— Seeks a Life of Adventure.— Foundation of a Colony. — Honors from King Louis.— Father Hennepin's Chapel.— Niagara Falls Discovered.— A Council and a Great Journey. — Holy Sacrifice at Mackinaw Island.— The Iroquois and the Miamis.— Down the Great River to the Gulf.— The Return, Revolt and Murder 357 CHAPTER XIX. TRIBES OF THE ILLINOIS. RESULT of Marquette's Labors.- Tough Subjects for Mission Work.— A Station with the Pporias.— Michael Ako's Courtship.— A Bride Who Was a Victim.- Instruction by Means of Pictures.— Conversion of the Illinois.— Chief Chicago — The Natchez Tribes.- Indian Sun-Worshippers. — Remnants of the Illinois.— Re- moval to the Far West 374 CHAPTER XX. LABORS OF FATHER DE SMET. YOUTH in Belgium.- Receives a Holy Vocation.— As a Priest at Sugar Creek.— En- during Many Privations.— Annoyance from Drunken Indians.— Dangers and Toils of the Mission.— Mastering Savage Dialects.- The Mormon Movement to Utah.— A Jesuit Made U. S. Chaplain.— Many Labors and Successes.— The Edify- ing Close 386 CHAPTER XXI. THE VENERABLE MARGARET BOURGEOIS. CHILDHOOD at Troyes. in France.— The New Spirit of Vocation.— Decides to Be- come a Nun.— Foundation of a Community.— Sister Margaret Gives All Her Wealth.— The Voyage to New France.— Convent Life In Montreal.— Penury of Home and Table.— P'ounding the Sisters of Notre Dame.— Trials, Tolls and Con- solations.— A Blessed Death 420 CHAPTER XXII. CANONIZED SAINTS OF .IMERICA. SANCTITY in the New World.— A Sainted Archbishop.— St. Peter Clavcr the Domin- ican.— Giving Comfort to the Slaves.— Ministering from a Deathbed.— Martyrs of the Society of Jesus.- The Pious Virgin of Lima.— A Rose of Southern Climes.- The Struggle for a Vocation.— A Saint of Suffering and Sweetness.^ Miracles That Proved Holiness.— An Incorrupt Body 441 CHAPTER XXIII. FAMOUS NEW ^VORLD SBRINES. CONVERSION of an Aztec Indian.— A Strange Mountain Walk.— Visions of the Dazzling Princess.— Message to the Bishop.— Flowers and Portrait as Tokens. —Various Miracles at Guadalupe.— Shrine of a Whole Nation.— Vow .of Breton Sailors —Chapel of St Anne de Beaupr*.— Relics and Miracles.— Other Shrines of Our Lady 456 CHAPTER XXIV. Ot'R IIE.4VEXLV PATHOMCSS. SIGNIFICANCE of the Santa Maria.— The Great Discoverer's Devotion to Our Lady.— Pletv of Navigators and Explorers— Ml.'fsUmaries Who Honored Mary — CltleB and Churches Named for Her —Mountains, Lakes and Rivers.- Charities and Hospitals Inspired by Her.— Devotees of Dirferent Nations.— Extension and Prevalence of the Sentiment 485 CONTENTS. CHAPTER XXV. the: first ENGLISH MISSIONARY. CATHOLICITY In the British Possessions.— Lord Baltimore's Colonial Scheme.— Ca- reer of Father Andrew White.— The Voyage oT Ark and Dove.— K.scape from NumerouB Perils.— On the Vlrclnlan Shore. — Sailing Up the Chesapeake.- Among Kindly Native Chiefs —The King of the Patuxents.— The Cavaliers as Colonists.— Cecil Calvert as Gracious Governor 601 CHAPTER XXVI. EARLY DAYS IN MARYL.\ND. TBIBES of the Potomac Region.— A Pascataway King.— Choosing the Site.— Pur- chase of Land for St. Mary's.— Sketches by Father White.— Building the First Chapel —Superstition Among the Natives.— Missionary Toils and Successes.- A Wolf Enters the Fold— Claiborne the Bigot and Schemer.— Days of Trouble and Persecution.— Father White's Exile and Death.— Oppression Displaces Freedom 515 CONTENTS Vol. II. CHAPTER XXVII. CATHOLICITY DURING THE REVOLUTION. FIRST Sl^ns of Independence.— Catholics an Ill-Treated Minority.— Patriotism For- gets Persecution.— Memories of Ireland Aid the Cause.— Bigotry of John Jay.— Maryland Catholics Outspoken.— How Canada Was Estrange'd.- John Carroll and Benjamin Franklin.— Father Gibault Seeking Alliances.— Help from Cath- olic France.— English Toryism.— Washington Counsels Liberality 537 CHAPTER XXVIII. FIRST PRELATE IN THE REPUBLIC. DESCENT from Cavalier Stock.— A Touth In Penal Times.— Education and Priest- hood In Europe.— Return to the Maryland Home.— The Mission with Benjamin Franklin— Created a Prefect Apostolic— Sings a Te Deum for Liberty.— Be- comes Bishop of Baltimore.— Bringing in Priests and Religious.— The Bonaparte- Patterson Marriage. — Elevated to an Archbishopric. — A Toilsome Life and Blessed Death 557 CHAPTER XXIX. A HOLY AMERICAN FOUNDRESS. MARRIAGE and Widowhood of Catherine Seton.— Voyage to Italy.— Influence of Catholic Scenes and Associations.- Struggles for the Light of Faith.— The Widow Returns Home.— Received Into the Fold.— Charity to Little Children.— The Founding of a Sisterhood.— Growth of a Noble Institution.— Zeal and Labors of the Foundress.— End of a Holy Life 67» CHAPTER XXX. WORK OF THE METROPOLITAN SEE. OLD Age Crowned with Blessings.— Death of Archbishop Neale.— A Lawyer Who Graced the Priesthood. — Establishment of a Theological Seminary. — Early Days at "The Mountain." — Consecration of Archbishop Whitefield.— First Provincial Council.— Other Prelates and Assemblies.— Chaplains for the National Forces.— Kenrlck, Spaulding and Bayley.— The Vatican Council.— The Cardinal Primate.. 613 CHAPTER XXXI. MISSIONS IN VIRGIM.\. FAME of the Old Dominion.— Memories of Long Past Missions.— Work of Padre Segura.— Log Chapel on the Rappahannock.- Walter Raleigh's Expedition.— I'lanting of the Anglican Weed.— Expulsion of Irish Colonists— Penal Laws Against "Papists."— Father Carroll Among the Faithful.— AlHlctlons of the Livingston Family.— Bishop Whelan's Success.— In Days of Civil War.— Bishop Kaln 63S CHAPTER XXXII. THE F.41TH IN PENNSYLV.WIA. JESUITS from Old Maryland —The Quaker Colony of Penn— Chapel In an Irish Home.— Mr. Doyle and the Missionary.— First Philadelphia Church— Father Farmer and His Mission Journeys. — Friendly Mennonlle Colonists.— Priests In Time of Plague.— Riots of the Know-Nothlngs.— Career of Father Barber.— The Province Under Late Metropolitans 654 CONTENTS. CHAPTER XXXIII. THE NATIVE AMERICAN FREXZY. BIGOTHY In Epidemic Form.— Free Worship and the Gonstltullon.— The Charles- Ion (_\)iivent.— Slanders on I'rsullru- Sisters. — HlROts Burn and De.-jtroy.— A Book of Fal.sohood and Obscenity.— Maria Monk and Her Cultured Friends.- Politi- cians Tratllc III Prejudice.— Church Burning and Rioting.- Assault on a Vener- able Priest.— Bigotry Not Yet Dead CHAPTER XXXIV. IN THE ALLEGH.WV MOIXTAINS. SOLITUDE of Father Braeurs.— An Old French Fort.— Father Smith's Arrival.— Story or a Russian Prince.— Gallltzln's Family and Youth —Blessing of a Good Mother.— Saved tor the Holy Priesthood.— The Prince as a Missionary.— Sturdy Captain McGulre.- Labors for God in the Hill Country.— The Princes Church and VIllaKe— Devotion lo the Queen of Heaven.- A Saint Sleeps in God.— The Pittsburg Diocese 685 CHAPTER XXXV. IN NEW YORK CITY. MANHATTAN In Olden Times.- Priests Who Visited the Island.— Ingratitude and UlKotry of the Dutch.— Governor Dungan.— Terrorism Among the Faithful — Hanging of a F'riest.— The I'nconquerable Jesuits.— Arnold the Betrayer.— Re- turn of Toleration.— Old St. Peter's Church.— Rioters Baffled at St. Patrick's.- Manhattan Converts.— The First Bishop of New York.— His Famous Successors.. 701 CHAPTER XXXVI. SOME ILWSTRIOrS PRELATES. OCCASION Brings Forth the Man.— Raised for a Holy Calling.— Eloquence In the Pulpit.— Mistake of a Cardinal.— Turbulent Times In New York.— Fighting the Trustee System.— Burning Question of Education.— Abuse, Bigotry and Riot- ing.— The Bishop and the Know-Nothing Mayor.— Scoring the Editors.— New York's Stately Cathedral.— Some Other Famous Prelates.— First American Cardinal 722 CHAPTER XXXVII. IN THE PIRIT.\NS' DOMAI.N. CATHOLICS Alone Unwelcome.— Persecution and Prisons.— Penalty of Praying In Irish.— Conversion and Work of Father Thayer.— Better Feeling Grows.— In- fluence of French Alliance— Noble Father Cheverus.— Cathedral Raised by Poverty.- Tom Paine and His Closing Hours— A Succession of Worthy Prel- ates.— New England Almost Catholic— Boston Past and Present 752 CHAPTER XXXVIII. BRILLIANT BISHOP ENGLAND. OSTRACISM of Catholics in the South.— Father O'Callag'ier's Mission.— A Bishop for the Palmetto State— Career of a Young Corkonian.— Blossoms as a Priest and Editor.- Too Much Boldness of Speech.— Promoted for the American Mission.- A Scant and Scattered Flock.— The Bishop Among Cherokees and Protestants.- His Wit, Work. Learning and Success.— Other Prelates 776 CHAPTER XXXIX. CAREER OF C-4RDIN.4L GIBBONS. TARDY Results In Carolina.— Creation of a Vicar Apostolic— Birth In Maryland.— Education In Ireland.— Successes as a Student —Shining Light in Priesthood.— Work as a Young Prelate — Brilliant Addresses and Publications,— Favorable Impression Among Non-Catholics.— Called to the Primacy.— A Mother's Joy. —Receives the Red Hat.— A Fruitful and Illustrious Life 79S CHAPTER XL. ALONG THE OHIO VALLEY. CREATION of Bardstown Diocese,- First Friends from Maryland.— Failure of Father W helan,— Early Days of Father Badin.— Glimpse of "the French Revo- lution.— On the Mission In Kentucky.— Journeys In the Wilderness.— Church In a Shanty— Appointment of Bishop Flaget.— Death of the Protopriest,— Good Father Nerlnckx.-Humble Episcopal Quarters,- Cincinnati Receives a Bishop. — Fenwick, Pureell and Elder 809 CONTENTS. CHAPTER XLI. THE india:>ja field. VINCENNES as a Military Post.— Kather Gibault an Early Laborer.— In the Baras- town Jurisdiction. —Bishop Briitf- First Shcpheril.— Life of a Saintly French- man —Good Slock and Kindly Growth.- At Mt. St. Marys— Mother Seton's Director.— The Bishop Paid in Corn.— Charity and Toil to the End.- Notre Dame and St. Mary's.— Later Bishops.- Division of the Diocese 82g CHAPTER XLII. IN THE WKSTEKN METROPOLIS. FATHER Marquette on the Site of Chicago.— Arrival of First Settlers— Work of Father St. Cyr.— Visit from Bishop Brute.— Creation of the See.— Biography of First Bishop.— Pious Mother and Holy Youth.— Mt. St. Mary's and the Priesthood.— Plague and Conllagration.— Good Works and Death.— Succeeding Bishops.— Chicago a Metropolitan See.— The First ArchbLshop. — City of the Catholic Congress 845 CHAPTER XLIIL IX THE GRE.\T NORTHWEST. ANCIENT Fort at Detroit.— First Church Laid In Ashes.— First Pastor Slain —Priest Who Became Congressman.— First Printer In the West.— A Convert Who Fell Away —Bishop Caspar Borgess.— Copper Mines Bring a Rush —Missions on the Upper Peninsula.— Baraga the Saintly.— Growth of See and Later Bishops... 876 CIL\PTER XLIV. THE FAR Vl^ESTERN PLAINS. INDIAN Reservations and Agencies —Catholic Tribes Suffer.- Spoliation of Lands. —The Development of Kansas.— Rapid Rise of Religious Interest.— Creation of Three Dioceses —A Nebraska College Foundation— At the Foot of the Rockies. —Bishop Machebceuf of Denver.— Zealous Bishop Marty S'l CHAPTER XLV. ON THE P.\CIFIC SLOPE. EARLY Days— A Rival of the Gold Seekers.— Gold the Only Worship —San Fran- cisco's First Church.— Hard Work for the Clergy.— Institutions Gradually Es- tablished—Work Among the Miners.— Zeal of Archbishop AUemany.— In Oregon and Washington States.— Zealous Father Blanchet.— Later Prelates and Events.. 908 CHAPTER XLVI. IN THE DOMINION OP CANADA. TREATIES Despised by Britons —Plunder of the Jesuits.— Toleration That Never Came —In the War of Independence —Catholic Bishops Prohibited— Persistent Growth of Church Interests.— The Loyal French Canadians.- A Scotch Catholic Colony.— Many Trials and Wanderings.— A Bishop of the MacDonalds — Late Days In the Dominion '^ CHAPTER XLVII. THE F.tlTH IN MEXICO. CONVERSION of the Whole Race —Missionaries and Conquerors Side by Side.— Franciscan and Dominican Workers.— Sufferings of the Aztecs.— Zeal of the Missionaries— Brother Peter's Humility.- Las Casas and the Natives —Crimes of the Conquerors.- Mexico's First Archbishop.— A Loyal Catholic People.— Recent Days. »46 CHAPTER XLVIII. HOW C.VTHOLU'S STOOD IN THE WAR. CHURCH of God Was Never Partisan —Religion and Charity. -Service of the Sick and Wounded.— The Sisters and Their Holv Work.— Converting Hatred Into i;steem and Love —Making Converts by KIndness.-Absolution on the Bai'Je Field —Heroism of Catholic Soldiers.- Irish Bravery at All Points.— Bold Deeds and Shining Examples CHAPTER XLIX. TRirMPH AND PROMISE. SERIES Of Happy Events.— The Congress at Baltimore-Pomp In the Cathedral — Review of One Century.- Position of the Lally.-A Joyous Procession-Great Catholic ITnlver.slty.— A Noble Rector— World's Fair Triumphs —Another Con- (jress -A Papal Delegate -Diplomacy of the Holy See. -Succession of Car- dinals Satolll and Martinelll 959 978 CONTENTS. CHAPTER L. LATE DIOCKSAN HAPPENINGS. OHANOES in the Episcopacy.— WilmiDcton niid Savaiiiiali.— BurlinRton and Port- laiiil, Xlf. — ("liiontio and PtHjria. — A Calhodral's Jubilee. — Columbus and Kt. Wayne. — l>ubuiiui''s Loss and (Jain. — Historic Maniuette. — New Orleans and Mobile. — .\rchbisliop CorriKan's Silver Jubilee. — New York and Newark. — On-gon and Nestjually. — iK'aths of Archbishops Corrigan, Feehan, Kain, Kat- «er. KIder. and Cliapelle. — Growth of Catholic Societies. — A Glimpse of Alaska. — New I'uslors in Various Se«s 1195 CHAPTER LI. IN OCR ISLAND DEPENDENCIES. FRUITS of Recent War.— A Senator's Judgment.— The Pearl of the Antilles. — Catholic from Discovery Times. — Churches and Clergy. — An American Papal Deleirate. — Projects of Wisdom. — Two New Prelates. — Story of the Philip- pines. — The Friars and Their Work. — Conversion of Savage Races. — The Press Slanderers Rebuked by Facts. — A Future of Golden Promise.— Aglipay De- cision 1011 Cbaptett I. The Cro$$ Borne to Jlmcnica. HISTORY AS THB Antidote of Bigotry. —A Brave and Pious SAitoR.— Strange Vicissitudes of Life. — Discovery on thb Brain.— A Mendicant WITH Great Dreams.— Home and Hope in a Convent.— Influence of a Queen's Confessor.— Crown Jewew Offered for Pawn. — Preparing a Great Expedition.— Columbus puts out to Sea. — Blessings on the Ven- turesome Mariners. IKE the fatal poison of an epidemic the spirit of religious bigotry has sometimes been manifest in this American Republic. An insolent secret society, for example, by means of calumny and treachery, seeks to excite hatred against the Catholic Church and to defraud her loyal children of their social and civic rights. It is chiefly among the ignorant that such a foul propaganda can hope to succeed, and therefore it behooves all Catholics, for defense as well as instruction, to know and be able to state the relations of Catholicity to the whole American continent. The facts of history we present should fill the Catholic heart with joy and pride. To the Church of our love and allegiance America owes her discovery, her exploration, her civilization, and, in a great measure, the civil liberty, development, safety and glory of the United States. Instead of prejudice or aversion Catholicity is thus entitled to the gratitude and utmost reverence of this people; and Catholics themselves should feel that they are at home in a nation which they have helped to create and pre- serve by their genius, toils and blood. It is a fascinating history which was begun by a Catholic sailor of the fifteenth century, 9 lO TRIALS AXD TRIUMPHS Of THE It is not easy to cast back the imagination four centuries. How shall we conceive what Europe was before Martin Luther? or how can we well imagine tlie condition of America before Columbus? The huge continent on this side was an almost unbroken forest, save where the wide prairie rolled its billows of grass towards the western mountains, or was lost in the sterile and sandy plains of the southwest. No city raised to heaven spire, dome, or minaret; no plow turned up the rich alluvial soil; no metal dug from the bowels of tlie earth had been fashioned into instruments to aid man in the arts of peace and war. The simplest requirements of civil- ized life were unknown. The country was chiefly inhabited by tribes of a wandering nature, rarely collected in villages except at particular seasons or for specific objects. Around each isolated tribe lay an unbroken wilder- ness, extending for miles on every side, where the braves roamed and rioted, hunters alike of beasts and men. In form, manners, and in habits, these tribes presented an almost uniform appearance and language alone could distinguish the nation to which each belonged. All alike were sunk in the night of baibarism. Let us now turn to the other side. Behold the Europe of four cen- turies since. Printing had only just been invented; the ocean was as yet a mystery; Protestantism had not yet arisen; the Turks had but lately taken Constantinople; the men of trade, enrolled in exclusive guilds, pursued the arts of peace in the intervals of war; the Italian cities were the centers of that traffic which had not yet removed its outposts into Holhind or England; Commerce, shivering amidships in her open boat, steered from cape to cape, dropping her anchor in the evening to weigh it again with the dawn; walled and battlemented cities stretched along the seas and rivers, swarming with a laborious and believing generation. Above all rose Rome, mother and mistress of Christian nations, patron of every science, protector of every art, preserver of every relic of enlightened antiquity. Such were the Old and the New Worlds, henceforth to be linked in destiny by the glorious achievement of a Catholic navigator, whose career accordingly merits to be noted with generous detail. Christopher Columbus was born in the year of grace, 1436, in the proud city of Genoa — Genoa the Magnificent. This beautiful city had sprung from the sea, derived its support from the sea, and its glory was drawn from the sea; a city almost cut off from the inland and from its pursuits by a chain of high mountains surrounding it in the rear, whilst its CATHOLIC CHURCH IN AMERICA II majestic palaces, temples, fortifications and noble streets turned incessantly towards the water, and looking across the graceful semi-circle of the harbor, instinctively schooled its gallant men and agile youth to look ardently and ambitiously to the sea. The Genoese were essentially and from necessity a maritime people. "Whose re.idy sails with every wind can fly And cov'nant make with the inconstant sky; . . . Who tread on billows with a steady foot." The ordinary life of a Genoese was commenced from early youth and spent on the water. It was a daily school for fascinating danger and bold adventure. Particularly was tiiis the case at the time of the birth and boy- hood of Columbus. It was a period when the battles of Christian Europe against the Turks and Mussulmen, when struggles of merchantmen on the high seas with outlaws and corsairs, when incessant brawls and contests with the Mediterranien pirates, fired the hearts and aroused the ambition of every spirited and generous Genoese youth. Thus all united to inspire the mind and heart of Columbus with a love of the water from his youth. And the generous boy was equal to his opportunities — for he was a precocious sailor and made his first voyage to sea at the age of fourteen. But there was another training, deeper and more beneficent, which Columbus received during the first fourteen years of his life. After bestow- ing on him some elementary instruction his wise and Christian father, Domenico, sent him at the age of ten to the university of Pavia. At this gentle age he studied the elements of mathematics, physics, astronomy, Latin and mental and moral philosophy, for such were the studies for which this noted school was famous. Here it was also that he received the Sacraments of Confirmation, which made him through life a soldier of the Cross, and of the Holy Eucharist, by which he became in fact, as in name, the Bearer of Christ — this being the signification of his baptismal name, Christopher. The seafaring life of Columbus, from his fourteenth year to the year 1470, when he arrived in Portugal at the age of thirty-five, is involved in much regrettable obscurity. We know, however, that at the age of twenty- four he had reached the rank of a captain, and commanded a ship in the service of Jean of Anjou, who was struggling to assert his sovereignty over the Kingdom of Naples, Columbus having been certainly an active participant in this war. It was at a later period and during a fierce naval encounter off Cape St. Vincent, that an event occurred which gave a new direction to his life. On this occasion the ship commanded by Columbus took fire and wa» 12 TRIALS AXD TRIUMPHS OF THE soon enveloped in flames. The sea alone offered a place of safety, and tlie future discoverer of America, seizing an oar, boldly struck out for land, some six miles away. He reached the shore, after a desperate struggle, and piously thanked Heaven for his fortunate escape. Finding himself now penniless on a strange coast, which he learned to be that of Portugal, he directed his steps to Lisbon, the capital of the country. Here he was so happy as to meet his brother Bartholomew, who was likewise a brave and adventurous mariner. The Portugese capital was then the center of all that was eminent in commerce and navigation. Columbus found a home under the hospitable roof of his enterprising brother, and supported himself by drawing maps and charts. Nor did he ever forget his aged parents, to whom, from time to time, he remitted sums of money. Filial love was one of the most beautiful traits in his exalted character. While at Lisbon, a romantic attachment, that ended in marriage, took place between Columbus and a noble young lady, Doiia Felipa de Perestrello. Her only riches were her virtue, beauty and accomplishments. She was the daughter of an eminent navigator who died Governor of Porto Santo, but who, by an unhappy reverse of fortune, was compelled to leave his family with little but the memory of an honored name. This alliance of Columbus with a family of eminence, however, proved serviceable to him in more ways than one. It introduced him to the greatest men of the court, and the most noted scholars of the country. Besides, his ardent spirit of discovery received a fresh impulse in the notes and journals of his deceased father-in-law. He engaged in many voyages, carefully noting everything new or valuable. His studies, his researches, his experi- ments, all tended towards one object — the grand project of penetrating the great ocean which stretched away towards the west. By degrees he became convinced of the true shape of the earth; and his piercing intellect grasped the great problem of reaching other continents by a direct course across the Atlantic, on whose wide expanse no mariner dared to venture. Its vast and deep waters were regarded with mysterious awe, seeming to bound the world as with a chaos, into which conjecture could not penetrate, and where enterprise feared to meet ruin or misfortune. Columbus was poor in the goods of this world. To aid him in carrying out such a vast and brilliant design, the assistance of a rich patron was essen- tial. But alas, for manly worth and genius, long years were spent in fruitless efforts to obtain even a hearing. Nothing, however, could daunt the energy CATHOLIC CHURCH IX AMERICA 13 of this incomparable man. He was a firm believer in the divinity of his mission. He was convinced that the time had arrived to accomplish it. For " There is a tide in the affairs of men, Which taken at the flood, leads on to fortune." The long and painful preparatory efforts of Columbus to interest Europe in his enterprise would, at this day, seem almost incredible. He besought Genoa and Venice for a ship or two to find his world, and they refused him. The Portugese tried to steal his plan, and carry it out themselves, but Provi- dence had graciously decreed that America should not be discovered by thieves. At the period of his sojourn in Lisbon, Columbus was in the very prime of life and was a noble type of manhood. He is described as of a tall stature, powerfully built and admirably proportioned, and was graceful, dignified and noble in his carriage and bearing. In his diet he was frugal, and in his dress plain, though exceedingly neat. While his manner was affable in conversa- tion with strangers, and mild with servants, he was naturally grave. But it was his religious character and practices that most of all challenge praise. He spent much time in prayer, observed the most rigid fasts, attended the Holy Mass every day, and recited daily the whole canonical office of a religious. He was a devout client of the Blessed Virgin JSIary and a great admirer and imitator of St. Francis of Assisium. That a man should have thus preserved his purity of sentiment and so pious and religious a character through twenty years of a seafaring life, amid scenes of adventure, turbu- lence and danger, is the strongest proof that Columbus was a representative of the Most High and a chosen missionary and embassador of the faith. The death of his wife dissolved the last tie that bound Columbus to Portugal. Taking his little son, James, by the hand, he shook the very dust from his feet, and turned his back upon a country which had treated him with such meanness and little faith. This was at the close of the year 14S4. It was in the following year that he arrived in Spain. Here he is first heard of as a wanderer asking for a little bread at the gate of the Franciscan convent of La Rabida, close to the small sea-port town of Palos, in Andalusia. He had his dear little boy with him, and was on his way to Huelva to see a sister-in-law, with whom, in spite of her poverty, he no doubt wished to leave the child. Father John Perez, the Guardian of the convent, found his friend, Dr. Garcia Hernandez, the physician of the house, in conversation with the stranger on the porch. Some good angel had certainly guided Columbus to M TRIALS AND TRIUMPHS OF THE La Rabida, for Father Perez was no ordinary man. There was scarcely anotlier in Spain so well prepared by nature and study to appreciate tlic great thoughts of that singular mendicant. Father Perez had been the confessor of Queen Isabella, but a court life was less to his liking than retirement and study. He was a religious of deep piety, well versed in profane as well as sacred science, the sound of feasting and bustle of the city were ill suited to his disposition and his love of study and prayer, and, therefore, quitting the court, and despising the prospect of future honor and greatness, he returned to his humble duties as guardian of the little monastry of Santa Maria de la Rabida. His love for mathematics and cosmography was only the handmaid of his zeal for souls. He longed for the discovery of new lands, in order that Christ might be preached to more men, and the place of his abode was admirably suited to feed his imagi- nation and his Christian hopes. He had built a kind of observatory on the roof of his monastery, and he spent much of his spare time in contemplating the stars by night and the sea by day. Did that wide and gloomy ocean really bound the world, or had it a farther shore with races of men to be evange- lized? There was infinite room for speculation where all was conjecture. Some cosmographers thought that it could be sailed across in three years, and some thought it was of indefinite extent. Father Perez had reached the advanced stage of venturing to believe that a voyage across was practicable, V. hen Columbus appeared at his convent gate, and soon the doubt of an alleged impossibility gave place to the ardent desire of an actual accomplishment. From the first Father Perez was a good friend. He made Columbus live at his convent till a favorable opportunity should present itself for laying his plans before the Spanish monarchs, Ferdinand and Isabella. The good Franciscan had an influential friend at court, Father Ferdinand de Talavera, confessor to the King and Queen, a priest of learning and virtue; and he felt that in recommending Columbus to the intercession of such a man, he was almost ensuring the successful issue of his application. But Father Talavera had no mind to assist a project which he deemed a delusion. He listened with perfect politeness to the explanations of Columbus, but he did not intend at that time, more particularly, when the attention of the sover- eigns was concentrated on the Moorish war, to allow any idle dreams to molest their ears. Columbus was helpless, and had to fall back upon calig- raphy and map-making for his support. This was at Cordova, where the sovereigns, always in movement, then happened to be. CATHOLIC CHURCH IX AMERICA 1 5 It was (luring this painful suspense that Columbus married a young lady of rank, Dona Beatrix Enriquez, who became tiie mother of his second son, and future biographer, Don Fernando. His marriage did not change his plans. When he found that Father Talavera was a hindrance, not a help, he wrote with his own hand this characteristic letter to King Ferdinand: "Most Serene Pkince: I have been engaged in navigation from my youth. For nearly forty years have I voyaged on the seas. I have visited nearly all the known quarters of the world, and have conversed with a great number of learned men — with ecclesiastics, seculars, Latins, Greeks, and persons of all kinds of religion. I have acquired some knowledge of navigation, astronomy and geometry, and am sufficiently expert in designing the chart of the earth to place the cities, rivers and mountains in their correct situations. To the study of works on cosmography, history and philosophy I have also applied myself. At present I feel strongly urged to undertake the discovery of the Indies, and I come to your Highness to supplicate you to favor my enterprise. That those who hear it will turn it into ridicule I doubt not, but if your Highness will give me the means of executing it, let the obstacles be what they may, I hope to be able to make it succeed." Of this letter no notice was taken. He succeeded, however, in making the acquaintance of Antonio Geraldini, formerly Papal Nuncio, who at the Queen's request had returned to Spain to be tutor to her eldest daughter, and was by him introduced to the great Cardinal Mendoza, Grand Chancellor of Castile. The keen eye of Mendoza recognized at once the extraordinary merit of Columbus, and he felt it a duty to obtain for him an audience. Notwithstanding the poorrtess of his dress and his foreign accent, Columbus appeared before the sovereigns of Spain without hesitation or awkwardness. The native dignity of his air and the grace of his deport- ment, together with the noble familiarity of his language, won their attention. He spoke with the confidence of one who brings his masters more than they can give him in return. " In thinking what I was," he wrote at a later period, "I was overwhelmed with humility; but in remembering what I brought, I found myself equal to crowned heads. I was no longer myself, but the instrument of God, chosen and marked out to accomplish a vast design." But nothing very satisfactory was done. King Ferdinand, with habitual caution, directed Talavera to call together a council, or Junta, of scientitic men, to consider the case. Before the council dispersed the court had left I6 TRIALS AND TRIUMPHS OF THE Salamanca, where this measure of progress was attained. For Columbus it was an unpropitious time. The Junta had proved unfriendly. Far from dreaming of the conquest of regions beyond unknown seas, Ferdinand and Isabella were engrossed in recovering their own dominions from the Moors. These victorious Mussulmen, after a long and prosperous possession, beheld themselves stripped, one by one, of the towns and provinces they had held as their own. In spite of their exploits they were everywhere defeated, and were now compelled to occupy the mountains and valleys around Granada, the capital and wonder of their empire. Ferdinand and Isabella employed all their powers, all their efforts, and the resources of their united kingdoms to wrest from the Moors this citadel of Spain. United by a marriage of policy which love had sealed, and which was radiant with a common glory, the one had brought the kingdom of Aragon, the other that of Castile, as a marriage portion to this union of crowns. But although the king and queen had blended tlieir separate provinces into one country, they yet preserved a distinct and independent dominion over their hereditary kingdoms. They had each a council and ministers for the sepa- rate interests of their personal subjects. These councils were only united in one common government when patriotic interests common to the two king- doms and the two sovereigns were at stake. Ferdinand, a little older than Isabella, was an able politician and an accomplished soldier. Before that age when by experience man learns to know men, he had already divined them. His greatest fault was a certain coldness which sprang from mistrust, and which closed his heart to enthu- siasm and magnanimity. His royal companion, however, more truly deserves attention and ad- miration. Of all the illustrious women of history, Isabella alone is honored with the beautiful title of The Catholic, in consideration of her greatness and Ulustrious piety. In the annals of the past, hers is one of the brightest names. In person she was of the middle height, and well proportioned. She had a clear, fresh complexion, with light blue eyes and auburn hair — a style of beauty exceedingly rare in Spain. Her features were regular and uncom- monly beautiful. Her manners were most gracious and pleasing. They were marked by natural dignity and modest reserve, tempered by an affabil- ity which flowed from the kindness of her disposition. She showed great tact in accommodating herself to the peculiar situation and character of those CATHOLIC CHURCH IX AMERICA 17 around her. She appeared in arms at the head of her troops, and did not even shrink from the hardships of war. But the principle which gave a peculiar coloring to every feature of Isabella's mind, was piety. It shone forth from the very depths of her soul with a heavenly radiance, which illuminated her whole character. Fortu- nately her earliest years had been passed under the eye of a mother, who implanted in her serious mind such strong principles of religion as nothing in after life had power to shake. In the flower of youth and beauty she had been introduced to her brother's court; but its blandishments, so dazzling to a young imagination, had no power over hers, for she was surrounded by a moral atmosphere of purity, "Driving far off eacii thing of sin and guilt." But to come back to Columbus. He was, by this time, well inured to delay, scoffs and ridicule; but the delay now seemed likely to be intermina- ble. The end of the war was an event of the uncertain future, and he felt that his time was growing, with every wasted year, more and more precious. He made up his mind to go at once to the King of France, who had written an encouraging letter. But he went first to La Rabida to take James from the care of Father Perez. We may imagine the grief of the good Franciscan to see his friend, after so many years of patient hope, return with his prayer unheard. He called in the learned village doctor, Garcia Hernandez, and they again put Columbus steadily through his proofs, with the objections to them and solutions, like another Junta of Salamanca. The monk and the physician were both completely convinced. Father Perez felt that it was time for prompt action. As the former confessor of the queen, he felt that he could speak and be listened to, and so he wrote a letter to Isabella; but he was determined that it should be placed without delay in her royal hands, and they sent it accordingly by a trusty envoy. The letter found the queen at Santa Yi. In a fortnight the envoy returned with an invitation to the Franciscan father and a message of encouragement to Columbus. The poor monk had no mule of his own to saddle, so Columbus had to borrow one for him. He obtained the ear of the queen, and his pleading was irresistible. Columbus was summoned to court anew, but now fate was hanging over the famous city of Granada, and all things human might wait a few days to watch the death agony of a war that had lasted for eight hundred years. He arrived just in time to witness the memorable surrender of that capital to the Spanish I8 TRIALS AND TRIUMPHS OF THE arms. On January 2, 1492, he beheld BoabdiI,the last of the Moorish kings, sally forth from Alhambra aiul yield up the keys of that favorite seat of Moslem power, while Ferdinand and Isabella, with all the chivalry and jjiagnificence of Spain, moved forward in proud and solemn procession to receive this token of submission. The air resounded with shouts of joy, songs of triumph and hymns of thanksgiving. In the midst of the rejoicings, Isabella kept her promise and sent for Columbus. She had full faith in him. She accepted his project, but the terms had to be agreed upon, and it so happened that Father Talavera, now Bishop of Avila, was appointed to arrange them. To Talavera's mind the price was too high to pay. "A beggar," said he, " made conditions like a king to monarchs." The queen, against her better judgment, was even per- suaded to tell Columbus that his demands were too large, and he took his departure. Spain would not pay the price, and the price could not be altered! Columbus now mounted his mule and rode from Santa Fe in the direc- tion of Cordova, fully convinced, at last, that eighteen good years of life had been spent to no purpose. The demands which the Bishop of Avila could not brook depended upon the success of a design which, if it were ever real- ized, would make Ferdinand and Isabella the debtors of their long-suffering petitioner beyond all their power to pay him back. A vice-royalty to him and his heirs in the event of great discoveries, would not be deemed an exces- sive recompense, and in the event of slight success or failure would not press heavily upon the donors. If he was human, Columbus must have included in one sweeping con- demnation court and courtiers, learned men and selfish politicians; and even Isabella could scarcely hope to escape censure. A man of his deep, earnest temperament would need all his Christian philosophy to bear up against such a disappointment. But he never lost faith in his cause, for he felt that the cause was God's, in whose hands are the hearts of rulers and the destinies of nations. Fortunately for Isabella, the Bishop of Avila was not the only counsel- lor at hand. Luis de St. Angel, receiver of ecclesiastical revenues, and Alonzo de Quintanilla, comptroller-general of finance, at whose house Colum- bus had been staying, were full of grief. St. Angel rushed into the presence of the queen, and in the fervor of his zeal for Christendom and Spain he even reproached her for the unworthy part she was playing under wrong- ful dictation. Isabella thanked him for his frankness. Quintanilla sup CATHOLIC CHURCH /.V AMERICA I9 ported the remonstrance. Father John Perez was in the queen's chapel close by on his knees before the Blessed Sacrament, praying with all his heart and soul that God, for the five sacred wounds of Jesus, would vouchsafe to guide her decision. Her eyes were opened. The thought of the vast interests at stake darted into her mind with the force of an inspiration, and her resolve was formed. No power on earth could change it then, not even her husband's unwilling- ness to move in the matter; for she was a sovereign in her own right, and as such, and for her own crown of Castile, she undertook the enterprise, and as the war had drained the royal coffers of Castile, she was ready to pledge her jewels to raise the funds required. " I undertake it," exclaimed this noble and generous lady, "for my own crown of Castile, and I will pledge my jewels to raise the necessary funds!" This was the brightest moment in the life of Isabella. It stamped her renown forever as the patroness of the dis- covery of the New World. The money, however, was a minor consideration at that stage of the proceedings. Ferdinand of Aragon agreed to lend to Isabella of Castile the sum required, and in due time was careful to exact repayment. An officer was sent in haste to overtake Columbus. When he came up with him at the bridge of Finos, two leagues from Granada, his first summons failed to induce the fugitive to retrace his steps; but as soon as Columbus heard of Isabella's noble declaration, he turned his mule, and hastened back to Santa F6. And well he might. His cause was now completely won. He was high in favor. Indeed, the queen gave him so warm a welcome that it was evident she wished to make amends for all past neglect. No more time was taken up in haggling about terms. All that had been asked for was conceded without a word, and Isabella, with delicate thoughtfulness, gracefully added to the more formal grant a personal favor which must have been particularly grateful to a sensi- tive and wounded spirit, appointing Don James, Columbus' eldest son, one of the pages of honor to Prince John, a distinction coveted for their sons by the highest grandees of Spain. The terms of agreement were, with all convenient dispatch drawn up by the queen's secretary, and Ferdinand affixed his signature conjointly, but he took no further interest in the matter, and Isabella singly was the life and soul of the whole enterprise. It was to the following effect: — The favors which Christopher Columbus has asked from the King and Queen of 30 TRIALS AND TRIUMPHS Of THE Spain, In recompense of the discoveries wliich lie has made in the ocean seas, and as a recompense for the voyages, which he is about to undertake, arc the following — 1. He wishes to be made admiral of the seas and countries which he is about to discover. He desires to hold the dignity' during his life, and that it should descend to his heirs. This request is granted hy the King and Queen. 2. Christopher Columbus wishes to be made viceroy of alllhe countries and islands. Granted bv the King and Queen. 3. He wishes to have a share, amounting to a tenth part, of the profits of all mer- chandise — be it pearls, jewels, or any other things — that may be found, gained, bought or exported from the countries which he is to discover. Granted by the King and Queen. 4. He wishes, in his quality of admiral, to be made sole judge of all mercantile matters that may be the occasion of dispute in the countries which he is to discover. Granted bv the King and Queen, on the condition, however, that this jurisdiction should belong to the office of admiral, as held by Don Enriquez and other admirals. 5. Christopher Columbus wishes to have the right to contribute the eighth part jf the expenses of all ships, which traffic in the new countries, and in return to earn the iighth part of the profits. Granted by the King and Queen. Santa Fk, in the Vega of Granada, April 17th, 1492. On the 30th of the same month, letters patent were made out an