E fo .Bfe AND PUBLIC SERVICES HON. JAMES G. ELAINE. THE BRILLIANT ORATOR AND SAGACIOUS STATESMAN. THE BOSOM FRIEND OF THE LAMENTED GARFIELD, AND NOW THE CHOICE OF THE NATION FOR PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES* PREPARED WITH GREAT CARE BY HIS FRIEND AND ASSOCIATE, H. J. RAMSDELL, ESQ., For over twenty years a prominent Journalist at Washington. ALSO, The Life of the Courageous Soldier, Famous Senator and Nominee for the Vice- Presidency, GEN. JOHN A. LOGAN, BY BEN PERLEY BOORE, Author of Life of Napoleon, Gen. Burnside, &c., for thirty years a popular Journalist at Washington, and twenty-two years an Officer of the U.S. Congress. PROFUSELY ILLUSTRATED. HUBBARD BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS: PHILADELPHIA, NEW YORK, BOSTON, CINCINNATI, CHICAGO, ST. LOUIS, KANSAS CITY : A. L. BANCROFT & CO., SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. Copyright, According to Act of Congress, By ALFRED HAMILTON, 1884. PREFACE. CAMPAIGN Biographies are a national neces- sity. Why? Curiosity concerning candidates prompts many persons to secure and read them, but there is a broader and deeper reason for their production than the demand of mere curi- osity. Our Presidents are far from being absolute monarchs. The humblest citizen has no need to stand in personal fear of our Chief Magistrate. He is a citizen among his fellow-citizens, like them amenable to the laws of the land. And yet the Presidency is no sinecure. The President is not a figure head to the good "Ship of State." Nor is he the commander. He is rather the pilot. His hand is on the helm. He directs the move- ments so long as they be presumptively right and reasonably safe ; but there is a commander in the embodied nation whose word can dismiss the pilot, and whose might can control the ship, whether it be for her safety or her loss. The people know their power. They make and 5 6 PREFACE. unmake Presidents. But they do both these duties with reason and for cause, and this is why the thoughtful people will read about the candidates, for whom their votes are asked. Here rests, therefore, the national necessity for Campaign Biographies. And this Biography of the Republican candi- dates for our highest national offices is a most worthy one? Long before the nominating Con- vention met, careful inquiry was entered into to discover the certainties, the probabilities, and the possibilities of the approaching contest. The cer- tainties were few; the possibilities were unlimited. But all promising lines were worked, and, at no small expense, material was gathered concerning every probable candidate. In none of these experimental efforts was there better success than in the case of those on whom the uncertain honors fell at last. Forwarded beyond all compeers by this prelim- inary work, and vigorously pushed, night and day, by competent authors, this Biography of the Republican nominees is believed to be the first in the field, and wholly worthy of the nation's patronage. THE PUBLISHERS. CHAPTER I. THE NEW STANDARD-BEARER. BY the decision of the National Republican Convention, James Gillespie Blaine becomes the standard-bearer of that party for the Presidential contest of 1884. No man in American politics is more widely known, and none has so swayed the popular heart for years back as he. The widespread desire that he should receive the nomination for the Presidency has twice been deferred, but delay seemed only to intensify the nation's wish, and his final nomination was enthu- siastic and decided. And now, that James G. Blaine is the Republican nominee for the Presi- dency, a careful survey of his life is a most appropriate and pleasant duty. Great men generally come from sturdy ances- tors, and so did the hero of this sketch. His grandfather, Ephraim Blaine, was of the old Revo- lutionary stock. He was a colonel in the Revolu- tionary army, and became the commissary gen- eral under Washington. In the dark days of that terrible conflict, and especially in those memorable scenes at Valley Forge, Colonel Blaine was the most active of men, and to his grand efforts was 33 34 THE NEW STANDARD-BEARER. due what measures of comfort the soldiers did secure. Surrounded by poverty and desolation, the sources of supply almost nothing, this noble man struggled, and, under the circumstances, suc- ceeded well in efforts to relieve the suffering troops. That was stern old timber which stood such stress and strain, and the descendants of such men may naturally be great. The parents of James G. Elaine moved to the south-western portion of Pennsylvania, and settled at West Brownsville, Washington county, where our hero was born. The old church where he attended service still stands in midst of a rural burying-place, where the remains of Mr. Elaine's parents now lie. Their resting-place is neatly enclosed and marked by a monument which their distinguished son erected to their memory. In this borough of West Brownsville, James was born, on January 3ist, 1830. He began his studies there, but for a time made his home in Lancaster, Ohio, in the family of the Hon. Thomas Ewing, then Secretary of the United States Treasury. It is very likely that in this atmosphere the studious lad imbibed many of the notions and settled many of the principles, which have ever since distin- guished him in the political arena. When prepared for college he was entered at Washington, Pa., where he took the full curriculum, and was especially distinguished in mathematics and studies of the severer sort. He graduated THE NEW STANDARD-BEARER. 35 from Washington College in 1847. Of a studious habit, and with most excellent attainments, he soon found congenial employment as a professor in the Western Military Institute at Georgetown, Ky. Here he remained for two years, enriching his already liberal stores of knowledge by thorough work and extensive reading. In addition to the duties of his professional chair during this time, he applied himself to the study of law with so good results that at the end of this period he was admitted to the bar, though he never entered into active practice. Those who know Mr. Elaine speak often of his magnetic power. His personal magnetism is really wonderful. This power is the subject of many sneers. His enemies deride the men who are fond of him by calling them victims of this personal magnetism. Analyze this personal mag- netism and you will find it is nothing more than the fact of an unassuming intellectual superiority, a keen, trenchant common sense that commands admiration. Very few public men at short range fulfill the popular idea. They are apt to prove disappointing through the exhibition of some in- complete, undeveloped side. It is rare enough that a public man of prominence is a pleasant companion. Mr. Elaine is so many-sided as to be classed as a man of genius. He is an orator, a polished writer, a student of history, a successful financier, 36 THE NEW STANDARD-BEARER. a thorough man of the world, a complete master of the art of pleasing- in a social way. As a conversationalist, Mr. Elaine has few equals. He has a keen appreciation of fun, and can tell a story with a wonderful simplicity. There is no dragging prelude, no verbose details preceding a stupid finale. The story is presented always dramatically, and fired almost as if from a gun when the point is reached. His ability to enter- tain a private circle as well as a public audience shows that he has great powers as an actor. Yet even in his private talk he does not fall into the habits of the average public man of making speeches or soliloquizing. He is quite willing to listen when any one has anything to say, and never appears more at his best than when he is taking part in a running fire of bright, sharp talk. He has a great fund of personal anecdotes, which he enjoys in the most apt way upon nearly every occasion. He tells his stories as if he enjoyed them himself, and they very often empha- size his meaning as no heavier argument could do. In his manners, Mr. Elaine is essentially a democrat. He never yet in any of the various periods of his career has shown any pride of place. He is sim- ple and unaffected. He harbors few, if any, resentments. He does not believe in the statesmanship of revenge. Upon this subject he said one day: " Life is too short to lie in wait for personal retalia- CHAPTER II. AS A LITERARY WORKER. DURING all of Mr. Elaine's early life he was a frequent contributor to the journals of the day. In 1853, however, he removed to Augusta, Me., to take charge of the Kennebec Journal. In this relation he made a splendid reputation as a writer, and as a man competent to grasp, with a master's hand, all the complications of the political discus- sions of the times. In this connection he became intimately associated with the leading men of the land, and so prepared the way for his entry into the political arena, where he has so extensively and effectively figured. An idea of Mr. Elaine's ability is given by Dr. Chapin, President of the Philadelphia Institution for the Blind, in which Mr. Elaine taught for two years. He says : " He discharged his duty with a conscientious fidelity worthy the highest praise. A strong, positive man, having an opinion which he was ready to support and argue upon all oc- casions, Mr. Elaine made as many friends among his pupils as he did among the officers of the establishment. In every respect he proved worthy of the trust reposed in him. He was a methodi- 67 68 AS A LITERARY WORKER. cal man a master of statistics and exceedingly careful in his deportment. He appeared to be in love with his work here, and began a journal of the history of the institution, which is as much a model of neatness as it is of careful research. This journal, written throughout in a plain, somewhat angular hand, is, page after page, entirely free from blots or erasures, and affords ample evidence that the author was thoroughly interested in his work. It is a history of the Philadelphia Institution for the Instruction of the Blind, written throughout in the hand-writing of James G. Elaine, and is complete from the day on which the institution was opened until the day on which Mr. Elaine resigned his position. Mr. Elaine continued in this place for nearly two years, winning the affection of those he taught, the regard of his fellows, and the respect of his superiors. As a literary worker, since his withdrawal from political life, he has been somewhat of an anomaly. He has worked steadily on his "Twenty Years of Congress," but he believes that the writing of fifteen hundred words is a good day's work. More than this he has not averaged, although he has at times spurted up to the limit of 8000 words, with the aid of his secretaries. His average day's work is not more than an ordinary newspaper column. When Mr. Elaine was first retired to private AS A LITERARY WORKER. 69 life he thought some of going back to his old edi- torial work. But then the cost of a metropolitan newspaper and the doubtful possibilities connected with it made him hesitate. He thought also of a political weekly, but it was the history which finally captured his mind. With the modest investment required for the purchase of several quarts of ink, numerous reams of paper, and a box of pens, and the labor of five or six hours a day for nearly two years, Mr. Elaine will realize as liberal a reward as often falls to the lot of a liter- ary man. Through all his mature years Mr. Elaine has been a diligent student of American History. There is no man in public or private life to-day who is so thoroughly familiar with the growth and progress of his own country as Mr. Elaine. His memory is a marvelous one. He retains, without difficulty, everything that he reads, and rarely errs in his historical allusions. It is a matter of great pride with him that the first volume of his history has not as yet had any of its facts questioned. It is his idea that a man who writes history should have no other object than the honest recital of the facts connected with the period which he is seek- ing to describe. Where history is written with a certain object in view, the history itself is too apt to be colored to be of value to the impartial stu- dent. Mr. Elaine thinks that the one fault of the brilliant and great Macaulay's History of England CHAPTER III. IN POLITICS. ON the formation of the Republican party, Mr. Elaine naturally associated himself with it. He had made his mark as a vigorous thinker and writer, and soon he became equally famed as a logi- cal and impressive speaker. Not only could he write and speak, but he was a born general. He could organize and control. This faculty was so apparent that in 1858 he was chosen Chairman of the State Committee of his party. In this import- ant position he proved himself a master indeed. In the many years that he filled this chairmanship the Republicans never lost the State, but out of Elaine's hands the State lost her good record and passed her power for the time to the other party. The hold our hero gained upon the Republicans of Maine during those years has never been lost. He has ever since been their leader, their "Plumed Knight," whom they delight to follow and in whose exaltation they heartily rejoice. In 1858 Mr. Elaine entered the State Legisla- ture, an able, well-informed man, full of valuable information, which he held ready for momentary use. He retained his place here until 1862, being 86 IN POLITICS. Speaker of the House for two years. Meanwhile he removed to Portland, where he edited the Port- land Advertiser. In 1862 Mr. Elaine was sent to Congress, and he at once took an active part in the most momentous affairs there. Steadily he advanced to the most important positions on the main committees of the House, while on the floor he was a ready and fearless debater. Impulsive and brilliant, with wonderful memory of facts, per- sons and places, he became the Republican leader of the House on the death of Thaddeus Stevens. On all important questions since the war he has taken a prominent part. In 1869 he was chosen Speaker of the House, in which place he distin- guished himself by his thorough parliamentary knowledge, his quickness, firmness and general ability. Mr. Elaine held this position until 1875, when the Democratic party gained control of the House. In the next year, as General Grant's second term drew toward its close, Mr. Elaine was the most prominent candidate of the party, receiving the largest vote on six consecutive ballots, but on the seventh ballot, Rutherford B. Hayes was nominated and Mr. Elaine congratulated him heartily on his success. The Governor of Maine then appointed Mr. Elaine to fill the unexpired term of Mr. Mor- ril, who had been appointed Secretary of the Treasury, by Mr. Hayes. In the Senate, Mr. Elaine again distinguished himself, though the IN POLITICS. 87 floor of the House was, in many respects, a more congenial field for his genius. In the campaign of 1880, Blaine was again a candidate. Gen. Grant and ex-Secretary Sherman also had a strong following. Gen. Grant's friends rallied under the name of " Stalwarts," a name Mr. Blaine himself had introduced into the politi- cal vocabulary for another purpose, and with a pertinacity worthy of a better cause, they fought the people's first choice, Blaine, until by a happy turn to James A. Garfield, a new chord was struck and a hearty nomination was secured. On his inauguration, President Garfield at once appointed Blaine Secretary of State, and an able administration was the result, though opposed by some of the strongest politicians, and the ablest papers. Yet the administration rose in favor, and never seemed in better shape than on that fateful day when the President was shot down at the side of Secretary Blaine, on whom the management of national affairs devolved, until the suffering Chief Magistrate died, and Vice President Arthur became the head of the national government. As soon as possible after this, Mr. Blaine with- drew from the Cabinet and retired to private life at his home in Augusta, Me. But the American people are not content to allow Mr. Blaine thus to remain. His call into the activities of politics has been most emphatic, and the hope of the many is that he will be elevated CHAPTER VI. THE ORATOR. THE great American parliamentarian estimates at their true value the three chief requirements of an eloquent speaker demanded by the Ocean- taught Greek. Action in Elaine's speeches plays a leading part. He rarely stands in front of his desk. Moving out into the aisle, he often advances toward his opponent with upraised menacing fin- ger. This bit of acting gave great effect to por- tions of his master effort, especially to the perora- tion of: " The false issues raised by the Democratic party." He first summed up the absurdity of the South being alarmed at the existence of "sixty troops to every million of people " among them, and spoke thus : "And the entire South has 1155 soldiers to intimidate, overrun, oppress and destroy the liber- ties of 15,000,000 people ! In the Southern States there are 1203 counties. If you distribute the soldiers, there is not quite one for each county, and when I give the counties, I give them from the census of 1870. If you distribute them terri- torially, there is one for every 700 square miles of territory, so that if you make a territorial distribu- 117 Il8 THE ORATOR. tion, I would remind the honorable Senator from Delaware (Bayard), if I saw him in his seat, that the quota for his State would be ' One ragged Sergeant and two abreast,' as the old song has it. That is the force ready to destroy the liberties of Delaware." This and other witty and sarcastic sallies were greeted with hearty laughter. He concluded thus impressively with his favorite gesture : "All the war measures of Abraham Lincoln are to be wiped out," say leading Democrats. "The Bourbons of France busied themselves, I believe, after the restoration, in removing every trace of Napoleon's power and grandeur, even chiseling the ' N' from public monuments raised to perpetu- ate his memory ; but the dead man's hand from St. Helena reached out and destroyed them in their pride and folly. And I tell the Senators on the other side of this Chamber I tell the Demo- cratic party North and South South in the lead and North following that the slow, unmoving finger of scorn from the tomb of the martyred President on the prairies of Illinois will wither and destroy them. 'Though dead, he speaketh.' ' There is common sense in all Mr. Elaine's utterances, and snap in his mode of expression. Quickness and personal magnetism constitute the quintessence of the powerful impression produced by his addresses. In that remarkable winter of 1875-6, when the Speaker resumed his seat on the THE ORATOR. IIQ floor of the Representative Chamber, frequent were the challenges to tilts with the leaders of the majority. Right gallant bouts were those. Leg- islative assembly never witnessed scenes more, dramatic. Pitted against a whole band of orators of no mean calibre, Blaine held his own most brilliantly. Despite such odds against him, despite the Democratic sympathies of Washington au- diences, the member from Maine carried all before him winning applause often amounting to the wildest enthusiasm from prejudiced auditories and adverse majorities. No one understands better than Mr. Blaine the art of first winning the sup- port of his hearers, and when once sure of this, making use of their plaudits to assist him in hush- ing an opponent in debate. Once when the chivalric Tucker was addressing the House, Mr. Blaine arose and questioned him concerning the accuracy of his statements. Mr. Tucker's reply indicated that he doubted Mr. Elaine's ability to pass correct judgment on legal subjects, as that gentleman was not a lawyer. Elaine's memory enabled him to rejoin by remind- ing the distinguished member from Virginia of some egregious blunder committed by Mr. Tucker when filling the Attorney-Generalship of the Old Dominion, and concluded by saying that if the commission of such mistakes were the result and so-called advantage of being a lawyer, he at least congratulated himself on not belonging to the CHAPTER VII. ELAINE AS A CANDIDATE. THERE never was in the history of any canvass for a Presidential nomination such an absence of personal effort upon the part of any candidate as there was upon the part of Mr. Elaine. It is a fact, that even his enemies have to concede, that he did nothing to advance his own interests. With- out encouraging devoted friends, he committed himself only in one way, and that is, he has not disapproved their works when they have gone ahead to advance his interest. He made a reso- lution early in the canvass not to lift his finger as a candidate, and to this he rigidly adhered. In a recent conversation upon the general sub- ject of the canvas Mr. Elaine said that he would pay $1000 a line for any note that he had written this year to any one on the subject of politics. So, without personal effort, without official position, or without a single one of the advantages that ordi- narily are possessed by leading candidates, Mr. Elaine outstripped them all. He undoubtedly has a hold upon popular favor surpassing anything ever known in the history of modern politics. In the face of this strong unsolicited and unguided 152 ELAINE AS A CANDIDATE. political movement it is absurd to talk about Mr. Elaine having doubtful ability as a candidate. A man whose mere name, unsupported by any orga- nization or machine, can conjure up such a popu- lar support will make one of the most enthusiastic canvasses ever known in the history of the coun- try. There is nothing negative about Mr. Elaine. You cannot remain neutral with him. You are either very much for him or very much against him. Even his enemies who fight him the hardest secretly admire his brilliant abilities. He is him- self a fighter who thrives and grows upon opposi- tion. His individuality will pervade the canvass. He personally has more power to secure a devoted following than any other member of the Republi- can party. In the very prime of his intellectual growth, with strong, vigorous health, he has a power that is well-nigh irresistible over every one with whom he comes in contact. Mr. Elaine is very remarkably linked with vari- ous sections of the country, and his consequent familiarity with their resources and their needs fit him pre-eminently for the Presidency. To New England he has devoted the best years of his life. In early childhood he mingled with the farmers, the miners and manufacturers of Western Penn- sylvania, observing their ways. In Ohio, whither he was sent at eleven years of age, and placed under the care of his kinsman, the Hon. Thomas Ewing,' then Secretary of the Treasury, he ob- CHAPTER XI. THE CONVENTION. CHICAGO is never a quiet place, nor does excessive modesty mark the average resident of that goodly city, but the early days of June 1884, saw it a busier city than usual, its streets swarmed with men headed by bands of music, and not overwhelmed with a modest or retiring spirit. An observer of these scenes said : "The crowds are great and noisy, the bands are numerous and brassy, as are other blowers of human kind." On Monday there was an atmospheric tempest, with rain and hail, thunder and lightning, but it was a mere ripple compared to that which raged about the Palmer House, where rumor said a dicker had been made which turned an instructed and pledged delegation into channels other than that fore-ordained for them. There were other storm-centres developed where the thunders of profanity rolled, and where wit and logic flashed, but the peace was kept in a general way, and preparations went on vigorously for the great meeting of Tuesday. 289 THE CONVENTION. 291 Affairs were in charge of the National Repub- lican Committee, which is composed as follows : DWIGHT M. SABIN, Minnesota, Chairman. JOHN A. MARTIN, Kansas, Secretary. Alabama, Paul Strobach ; Arkansas, S. W. Dor- sey ; California, Horace Davis ; Colorado, John L. Routt ; Connecticut, ; Delaware, Christian Febiger ; Florida, William W. Hicks ; Georgia, James B. Devereaux ; Illinois, John A. Logan ; Indiana, John C. New ; Iowa, John S. Runnels ; Kansas, John A. Martin ; Kentucky, W. O. Bradley ; Louisiana, H. C. Warmouth ; Maine, William P. Frye ; Maryland, James A. Cary ; Massachusetts, John M. Forbes ; Michi- gan, James H. Stone ; Minnesota, D. M. Sabin ; Mississippi, George McKee ; Missouri, C. I. Filley ; Nebraska, James W. Dawes ; Nevada, John W. Mackey ; New Hampshire, W. E. Chandler ; New Jersey, George A. Halsey ; New York, Thomas C. Platt ; North Carolina, W. P. Canady ; Ohio, W. C. Cooper ; Oregon, D. C. Ireland ; Pennsyl- vania, J. D. Cameron ; Rhode Island, W. A. Pierce ; South Carolina, Samuel Lee ; Tennessee, William Rule ; Texas, ; Vermont, George W. Hooker ; Virginia, Samuel M. Jones ; West Virginia, John W. Mason ; Wisconsin, Elihu Enos ; Arizona, R. C. McCormick ; Dakota, ; District of Columbia, ; Idaho, George L. Shoup ; Montana, A. H. Beatty ; New THE CONVENTION. 295 a vote adopted by the last Convention, the present body is largely made up of men instructed by their own constituents, and it was therefore to be hoped that the voice of the people would be largely puissant in its deliberations. [Applause.] Mr. Sabin concluded by nominating Hon. Powell Clayton, of Arkansas, for Chairman pro tern, but the Convention, by a vote of 431 to 387, chose to this post the Hon. John R. Lynch, of Mississippi, an act which indicated that the spirit of independent action was abroad in the Conven- tion. After considerable discussion on minor matters, and the settlement of some preliminary business, the great body adjourned for the day, all its members seemingly at sea as to the coming nominees. Soon after eleven o'clock on Wednesday, June 4th, the Convention reassembled, Chairman Lynch presiding. At once the scene became animated with the multitude of communications, resolutions, and similar offerings which were thrust before the House, only to be referred right and left to the various committees. After con- siderable discussion and oratory, the Committee on Permanent Organization reported, recommend- ing as Permanent Chairman, General J. B. Hend- erson, of Missouri, who, upon taking his post, made the regulation speech of thanks, distributing his complimentary words on all sides, and to all the possible candidates for the honors of the Con I H 5 3 35 g = H ^ 2 I " ^ I s 296 THE CONVENTION. vention. More resolutions, on all manner of topics, were received and referred, and so the work of the day closed, the main committees not being ready to make their reports. Little was accomplished in this day's work, so far as appeared on surface, but one of the keenest and most experienced of the observers on the floor summed up the situation at the close, thus : "The situation, as it stands to-night, is simple enough. Elaine is stronger than any individual candidate. But the field is stronger than he. His friends will stand together, and when the field undertakes to make combinations, it is more than likely enough, votes will slip through their fingers to give the needed help to Elaine. Kansas will probably give him eighteen instead of thirteen, and every gain of five votes counts ; and Ohio is wavering, so far as John Sherman is concerned. It may not be palatable, but two and two must make four, and if the problem had to be solved to-night, Elaine would be the nominee." Early in the proceedings the name of General W. H. Sherman was much mentioned in connec- tion with the first nomination, but the old warrior routed this combination by a telegraphic bomb to this effect : " I would not accept the nomination if tendered me. I would not serve if I was elected. "W. T. SHERMAN." CHAPTER XII. THE PLATFORM. "Do not stand on the platform when the train is in motion," is a legend seriously employed in railroad travel and ironically employed among the political parties. Every party is supposed to have certain principles which constitute its dis- tinctive features and form a basis on which to rest its demand for votes. These features are technically "the planks," of which "the party platform " is constructed, and on which it pre- sents itself to the world and does its work. It is a natural impulse to make unsightly and un- sound platforms look the best possible. The rough planks of the platform at the country picnic are decorated with evergreens ; the extem- porized platform of the Fourth of July rally is covered with flags, and so the unsightliness and unsoundness of many a party platform has been concealed with redundant verbiage and vague phrases. Indeed, so much does the average " platform " deal in meaningless, or double-mean- ing phrases, that no man can be fairly credited with standing on it. And yet the party platform is an institution. The stump speakers of the cam- 298 299 THE PLATFORM. paign quote it, and the excited disputants appeal to it. To many it has the authority of both law and gospel. The platform for the campaign of 1884 was adopted at Chicago, Thursday, June 5th. As the platform was being read there were in- terruptions of applause at the points approving the President's administration ; declaring that duties shall be made not for revenue only ; claiming full and adequate protection for sheep husbandry ; recommending legislation to regulate the rail- roads ; disapproving the importation of contract labor, whether from Europe or Asia ; favoring the civil service law ; condemning the acquisition of large tracts of lands, especially by non-resident aliens ; declaring the policy of non-interference with foreign nations, and that foreign nations shall refrain from intermeddling in American affairs ; for the enforcement of the laws against polygamy and condemning the fraud and violence of the Democracy in the Southern States. The resolu- tions were adopted .without discussion and amid much applause. The full text of the platform is given below: THE REPUBLICAN PLATFORM. The Republicans of the United States, in Convention assembled, renew their allegiance to the principles upon which they have triumphed in six successive Presidential elections, and congratulate the American people on the THE PLATFORM. 30 1 but that in raising the requisite revenues for the Govern- ment, such duties shall be so levied as to afford security to our diversified industries, and protection to the rights and wages of the laborer, to the end that active and intel- o ligent labor, as well as capital, may have its just award, and the laboring man his full share in the national prosperity. Against the so-called economical system of the Democratic party, which would degrade our labor to the foreign standard, we enter our earnest protest. The Democratic party has failed completely to relieve the people of the burden of unnecessary taxation by a wise reduction of the surplus. The Republican party pledges itself to correct the inequalities of the tariff, and to reduce the surplus, not by the vicious and indiscriminate process of horizontal reduc- tion, but by such methods as will relieve the tax-payer without injuring the laborer or the great productive inter- ests of the country. We recognize the importance of sheep husbandry in the United States, the serious depression which it is now experiencing, and the danger threatening its future prosperity, and we therefore respect the demands of the representatives of this important agricultural interest for a readjustment of duty upon foreign wool, in order that such industry shall have full and adequate protection. We have always recommended the best money known to the civilized world, and we urge that an effort be made to unite all commercial nations in the establishment of the international standard which shall fix for all the rela- tive value of gold and silver coinage. . POWERS OF CONGRESS. The regulation of commerce with foreign nations, and between the States, is one of the most important preroga- 3O2 THE PLATFORM. tives of the General Government, and the Republican party distinctly announces its purpose to support such legislation as will fully and efficiently carry out the con- stitutional power of Congress over inter-State commerce. The principle of the public regulation of railway corpo- rations is a wise and salutary one for trre protection of all classes of the people, and we favor legislation that shall prevent unjust discrimination and excessive charges for transportation, and that shall secure to the people and to the railways alike the fair and equal protection of the laws. We favor the establishment of a national bureau of labor, the enforcement of the eight-hour law, a wise and judicious system of general education by adequate appropriation from the national revenues wherever the same is needed. We believe that everywhere the pro- tection to a citizen of American birth must be secured to the citizens by American adoption, and we favor the settlement of national differences by international arbi- tration. The Republican party, having its birth in a hatred of slave labor, and in a desire that all men may be free and equal, is unalterably opposed to placing our workingmen in competition with any form of servile labor, whether at home or abroad. In this spirit we denounce the import- ation of contract labor, whether from Europe or Asia, as an offense against the spirit of American institutions, and we pledge ourselves to sustain the present law restricting Chinese immigration, and to provide such further legisla- tion as is necessary to carry out its purposes. CIVIL SERVICE REFORM. The reform of the civil service, auspiciously begun under Republican administration, should be completed CHAPTER XIII. NAMING THE CANDIDATES. No session of the Convention had awakened so general interest and enthusiasm as that held on Thursday night, when naming the candidates was the order of business. The Convention presented a most brilliant and imposing spectacle. More than a thousand gaslights illuminated the hall, and fully one-third of the galleries and half the stage platform were filled with ladies. The night was clear and cool, the occasion one of uncommon inspiration, and everything befitted the greatest work of the greatest people of the earth. The States were called in order, and such as had a favorite son to name presented him in a suitable speech from a chosen representative. Connecticut was the first to respond, which she did in the person of Augustus Brandagee, of New London, who presented the name of General Joseph R. Hawley. He spoke at length of Gen- eral Hawley's services to the party and his war record. " He fought," said Mr. Brandagee, " the war through, from a private at Bull Run until that day when the Democratic party laid down its arms under the apple tree of Appomattox. [Applause.] 306 GENERAL JOSEPH R. HAWLEY, U. S. Senator for Connecticut. NAMING THE CANDIDATES. 307 He went in with a musket. He came out as a major-general. But, sir, it is not in the purple testament of bleeding war that his name is written ; among the foremost alone he stands, as well in the front rank of debaters, orators and Senators. There is no State where his voice has not been heard, preaching the gospel of Republicanism. He was a Republican before the Republican party was born. [Applause and cheers.] He believed in its creed before it was formulated. [Applause and cheers.] There is no question in the Senate of the United States which has not received his intelligence." Mr. Brandagee said his character was without stain, and there was nothing to apolo- gize for, but if the Convention concluded it had a better candidate than Hawley, Connecticut would cheerfully support him. Illinois responded to the call through Senator Callow, who presented the name of General John A. Logan. He dwelt on Logan's war record, and said he had never lost a battle, nor disobeyed an order. His remarks were frequently cheered, but he and his second exhausted the enthusiasm of the house by the inordinate length of their remarks. The call of Maine produced a storm of applause, shaking the building from the floor to the dome. Hats, canes, umbrellas, handkerchiefs, even bon- nets, were wildly waved. The applause was incessant. The audience got upon chairs, the 308 NAMING THE CANDIDATES. ladies waving their handkerchiefs. .The band finally tried to drown the enthusiasm of the multi- tude, but only an occasional strain could be heard. The chairman vainly tried to secure order. Judge West, of Ohio, finally took the floor to present the name of James G. Blaine. He paid an eloquent tribute to Blaine. There was intense applause upon reference to Abraham Lincoln, the immortal emancipator. The Judge asked, "Who shall be our candidate ? " which evoked loud replies from the audience of " Blaine ! " " Blaine ! " and pro- duced a shouting combat of voices, the supporters of each loudly shouting their favorite name. When West mentioned Blaine's name, the audience arose to its feet, and tremendous cheering was long continued. The audience took the flags fastened around the gallery and waved them. Then they pulled the banners down from the walls of the hall, waving them amid deafening cheering. When West had finished there was renewed cheering, which continued for some time afterward. Ex-Governor, Cushman K. Davis, of Minnesota, took the floor to second the nomination. He said the people of the country asked this Convention to grant their twice-deferred desire ; that Blaine was not of one State, but of all, from Maine to California. He concluded his speech amid another outburst of applause. General William Cassins Goodloe, of Kentucky, from the home of Henry Clay, followed in a speech 1 ll < s II NAMING THE CANDIDATES. 309 seconding Elaine's nomination. By this time the crowd outside of the Convention had taken up the enthusiasm, their cheers preventing much of the speech being heard at remote points in the hall. Ex-Senator Thomas C. Platt, of New York, also seconded the nomination. He asked the Elaine delegates to stand firm, and victory now and in November was theirs. He was followed by Hon. Galusha A. Grow, of Pennsylvania, who also spoke for Elaine. When New York was called the house burst into cheers, which were generally participated in. The cheering continued and. flags and handker- chiefs were waved and many delegates threw their hats in the air. Finally the galleries struck up the old refrain, "John Erown's Body." Martin I. Townsend took the floor to present Arthur. His speech was freqently interrupted by cheers. He said Arthur's nomination would give satisfaction to all classes of citizens. Townsend's reference to Conkling and Platt resigning on account of Elaine's wickedness was received with a storm of hisses. The latter part of Townsend's speech was delivered amid a good deal of con- fusion and interruption. General Harry Bingham, of Pennsylvania, seconded the nomination of Arthur, in an enthu- siastic speech, which was well received. When he spoke for Pennsylvania, and pledged the electoral vote for Arthur by 30,000, he revived the Arthur CHAPTER XX. THE ' VICE-PRESIDENTIAL NOMINEE. JOHN A. LOGAN, the senior Senator from Illinois, and nominee of the Republican party for Vice- President, was born on a farm in Southern Illinois, about fifty-eight years ago. He received a com- mon school education, and was elected county clerk when he was scarcely out of his teens. He enlisted as a private in the war with Mexico, and left the army a quartermaster. He then studied and practised law, but, his aptitude for politics reasserting itself, he became a member of the Illinois Legislature in 1852, and again in 1856, having served one term as prosecuting attorney in the meantime. He was a Presidential elector in 1856, and then went to Congress, serving con- tinuously until the outbreak of the civil war. Enter- ing the army as colonel, he attained the rank of major-general. In 1865, he was appointed Min- ister to Mexico, but declined. He was elected to the Fortieth and Forty-first Congresses, and in 1871 was chosen to succeed Hon. Richard Yates in the United States Senate. After serving one term he returned to his law practice, but was again sent to the Senate in 1879. 321 OUR FORMER PRESIDENTS A BIRD'S-EYE VIEW OF THE NATION'S HISTORY. GEORGE WASHINGTON, FIRST President of the United States, was born in Westmoreland County, Virginia, on the 22d of February, 1732. He was the son of Augustine Washington, a wealthy planter, and his second wife, Mary Ball. John Washington, the great-grandfather of the illus- trious subject of this sketch, emigrated from Eng- land and settled in Virginia about 1657. George Washington's father died when he was in his eleventh year, leaving him in the care of his mother, a woman of marked strength of charac- ter. She was worthy of her trust. From her he acquired that self-restraint, love of order, and strict regard for justice and fair dealing, which, with his inherent probity and truthfulness, formed the basis of a character rarely equaled for its simple, yet commanding nobleness. Apart from his mother's training, the youthful Washington received only the ordinary country- 385 OUR FORMER PRESIDENTS. school education of the time, never having attended college, or taken instruction in the ancient Ian- o ' guages. He had no inclination for any but the most practical studies, but in these he was remark- ably precocious. When barely sixteen Lord Fair- fax, who had become greatly interested in the promising lad, engaged him to survey his vast estates lying in the wilderness west of the Blue Ridge. So satisfactory was his performance of this perilous and difficult task, that, on its comple- tion, he was appointed Public Surveyor. This office he held for three years, acquiring consider- able pecuniary benefits, as well as a knowledge of the country, which was of value to him in his subsequent military career. When only nineteen, Washington was appointed Military Inspector of one of the districts into which Virginia was then divided. In November, 1753, he was sent by Governor Dinwiddie on a mission to the French posts, near the Ohio River, to ascer- tain the designs of France in that quarter. It was a mission of hardship and peril, performed with rare prudence, sagacity, and resolution. Its bril- liant success laid the foundation of his fortunes. "From that time," says Irving, "Washington was the rising hope of Virginia." Of Washington's services in the resulting war, we cannot speak in detail. An unfortunate mili- tary expedition to the frontier was followed by a campaign under Braddock, whom he accompanied GEORGE WASHINGTON. as aid-de-camp, with the rank of colonel, in his march against Fort Duquesne. That imprudent General, scorning the advice of his youthful aid, met disastrous defeat and death. In the battle, Washington's coat was pierced by four bullets. His bravery and presence of mind alone saved the army from total destruction. Washington, on his return, was appointed com- mander-in-chief of all the troops of the colony, then numbering about two thousand men. This was in 1755, when he was but little more than twenty-three years of age. Having led the Vir- ginia 'troops in Horbes' expedition in 1758, by which Fort Duquesne was captured, he resigned his commission, and, in January, 1759, married Mrs. Martha Custis (nee Dandridge), and settled down at Mount Vernon, on the Potomac, which estate he had inherited from his elder brother Lawrence, and to which he added until it reached some eight thousand acres. The fifteen years following his marriage were, to Washington, years of such happiness as is rarely accorded to mortals. It was the halcyon period of his life. His home was the centre of a generous hospitality, where the duties of a busy planter and of a Judge of the County Court were varied by rural enjoyments and social intercourse. He managed his estates with prudence and econ- omy. He slurred over nothing, and exhibited, even then, that rigid adherence to system and -,gg OUR FORMER PRESIDENTS. accuracy of detail which subsequently marked his performance of his public duties. In the difficulties which presently arose between Great Britain and her American Colonies, Wash- ington sympathized deeply with the latter, and took an earnest, though not specially prominent part in those movements which finally led to the War of Independence. In the first general Con- gress of the Colonies, which met in Philadelphia, on the 5th of September, 1774, we find the name of Washington among the Virginia Delegates. As to the part he took in that Congress, we can only judge from a remark made by Patrick Henry, also a Delegate : " Colonel Washington," said the great orator, " was undoubtedly the greatest man on that floor, if you speak of solid information and sound judgment." In the councils of his native province, we also get glimpses of his calm and dignified presence. And he is ever on the side of the Colonies mod- erate, yet resolute, hopeful of an amicable adjust- ment of difficulties, yet advocating measures look- ing to a final appeal to arms. At length the storm broke. The Battle of Lexington called the "whole country to arms. While in the East the rude militia of New Ene- o land beleaguered Boston with undisciplined but stern determination, Congress, in May, 1775, met a second time in Philadelphia. A Federal Union xvas formed and an army called for. As chair- GEORGE WASHINGTON. 389 man of the various Committees on Military Affairs, Washington drew up most of the rules and regu- lations of the army, and devised measures for defense. The question now arose By whom was the army to be led ? Hancock, of Massa- chusetts, was ambitious of the place. Sectional jealousies showed themselves. Happily, how- ever, Johnson, of Maryland, rising in his seat, nominated Washington. The election was by ballot, and unanimous. Modestly expressing sin- cere doubts as to his capability, Washington accepted the position with thanks, but refused to receive any salary. " I will keep an exact account of my expenses," he said. " These I doubt not Congress will discharge. That is all I desire." On the 1 5th of June he received his commis- sion. Writing a tender letter to his wife, he rapidly prepared to start on the following day to the army before Boston. He was now in the full vigor of manhood, forty-three years of age, tall, stately, of powerful frame and commanding presence. "As he sat his horse with manly grace," says Irving, "his military bearing de- lighted every eye, and wherever he went the air rung with acclamations." On his way to the army, Washington met the tidings of the Battle of Bunker Hill. When told o how bravely the militia had acted, a load seemed lifted from his heart. "The liberties of the coun- try are safe !" he exclaimed. On the 2d of July OUR FORMER PRESIDENTS. he took command of the troops, at Cambridge, Mass., the entire force then numbering about 1 5,000 men. It was not until March, 1776, that the siege of Boston ended in the withdrawal of the British forces. Washington's admirable con- duct of this siege drew forth the enthusiastic ap- plause of the nation. Congress had a gold medal struck, bearing the effigy of Washington as the Deliverer of Boston. Hastening to defend New York from threat- ened attack, Washington there received, on the 9th of July, 1776, a copy of the "Declaration of Independence," adopted by Congress five days previously. On the 27th of the following month occurred the disastrous battle of Long Island, the misfortunes of which were retrieved, however, by Washington's admirable retreat, one of the most brilliant achievements of the war. Again defeated at White Plains, he was compelled to retire across New Jersey. On the 7th of De- cember he passed to the west side of the Dela- ware, at the head of a dispirited army of less than four thousand effective men. many of them with- out shoes, and leaving tracks of blood in the snow, This was the darkest period of the war. But suddenly, as if inspired, Washington, in the midst of a driving storm, on Christmas night re- crossing the Delaware, now filled with floating ice, gained in rapid succession the brilliant vic- tories of Trenton and Princeton, thus changing GEORGE WASHINGTON. the entire aspect of affairs. Never were victories better timed. The waning hopes of the people in their cause and their commander were at once restored as if by magic. It is not possible, in this necessarily brief sketch, to give the details of the agonizing strug- gle in which Washington and his little army were now involved. Superior numbers and equip- ments often inflicted upon him disasters which would have crushed a less resolute spirit. Cheered, however, by occasional glimpses of vic- tory, and wisely taking advantage of what his troops learned in hardship and defeat, he was at length enabled, by one sagacious and deeply planned movement, to bring the war virtually to a close in the capture of the British army of 7,000 men, under Cornwallis, at Yorktown, on the i Qth of October, 1781. The tidings of the surrender of Cornwallis o filled the country with joy. The lull in the ac- tivity of both Congress and the people was not viewed with favor by Washington. It was a period of peril. Idleness in the army fostered discontents there, which at one time threatened the gravest mischief. It was only by the utmost exertion that Washington induced the malcon- tents to turn a deaf ear to those who were at- tempting, as he alleged, " to open the flood-gates of civil discord, and deluge our rising empire with blood." OUR FORMER PRESIDENTS. * On September 3d, 1783, a treaty of peace was signed at Paris, by which the complete indepen- dence of the United States was secured. On the 23d of December following, Washington for- mally resigned his command. The very next morning he hastened to his beloved Mount Ver- o non, arriving there that evening, in time to enjoy the festivities which there greeted him. Washington was not long permitted to enjoy his retirement. Indeed, his solicitude for the per- petuity of the political fabric he had helped to raise he could not have shaken off if he would. Unconsciously, it might have been, by his letters to his old friends still m public life, he continued to exercise a powerful influence on national affairs. He was one of the first to propose a remodeling of the Articles of Confederation, which were now acknowledged to be insufficient for their purpose. At length, a convention of delegates from the several States, to form a new Constitution, met at Philadelphia, in May, 1787. Washington pre- sided over its session, which was long and stormy. After four months of deliberation was formed that Constitution under which, with some subse- quent amendments, we now live. When the new Constitution was finally ratified, Washington was called to the Presidency by the unanimous voice of the people. In April, 1 789, he set out from Mount Vernon for New York, then the seat of Government, to be inaugurated. GEORGE WASHINGTON. 303 " His progress," says Irving, " was a continuous ovation. The ringing of bells and the roaring of cannon proclaimed his course. Old and young, women and children, thronged the highways to bless and welcome him." His inauguration took o place April 3Oth, 1 789, before an immense multi- tude. The eight years of Washington's Administra- tion were years of trouble and difficulty. The two parties which had sprung up the Federalist and the Republican were greatly embittered against each other, each charging the other with the most unpatriotic designs. No other man than Washington could have carried the country safely through so perilous a period. His prudent, firm, yet conciliatory spirit, aided by the love ajid ven- eration with which the people regarded him, kept down insurrection and silenced discontent. That he passed through this trying period safely cannot but be a matter of astonishment. The angry partisan contests, to which we have referred, were of themselves sufficient to dis- hearten any common man. Even Washington was distrustful of the event, so fiercely were the par- tisans of both parties enlisted the Federalists clamoring for a stronger government, the Repub- licans for additional checks on the power already intrusted to the Executive. Besides, the Revolu- tion then raging in France became a source of contention. The Federalists sided with England, OUR FORMER PRESIDENTS. who was bent on crushing that Revolution; the Republicans, on the other hand, sympathized deeply with the French people : so that between them both, it was with extreme difficulty that the President could prevent our young Republic, bur- dened with debt, her people groaning under taxes necessarily heavy, and with finances, commerce, and the industrial arts in a condition of chaos, from being dragged into a fresh war with either France or England. But, before retiring from the Presidency, Wash- ington had the happiness of seeing many of the difficulties from which he had apprehended so much, placed in a fair way of final adjustment. A finan- cial system was developed which lightened the burden of public debt and revived the drooping energies of the people. The country progressed rapidly. Immigrants flocked to our shores, and the regions west of the Alleghanies began to fill up. New States claimed admission and were received into the Union Vermont, in 1791 ; Ken- tucky, in 1792 ; and Tennessee, in 1796 ; so that, before the close of Washington's second term, the original thirteen States had increased to sixteen. Having served two Presidential terms, Wash- ington, declining another election, returned once more to Mount Vernon, " that haven of repose to which he had so often turned a wistful eye," bear- ing with him the love and gratitude of his. country- men, to whom, in his memorable " Farewell Ad- GEORGE WASHINGTON. ?* dress," he bequeathed a legacy of practical politi- cal wisdom which it will be well for them to remember and profit by. In this immortal docu- ment he insisted that the union of the States was "a main pillar" in the real independence of the people. He also entreated them to " steer clear of any permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world." At Mount Vernon Washington found constant occupation in the supervision of his various estates. It was while taking his usual round on horseback to look after his farms, that, on the 1 2th of December, 1 799, he encountered a cold, winter storm. He reached home chill and damp. The next day he had a sore throat, with some hoarse- ness. By the morning of the i4th he could scarcely swallow. " I find I am going," said he to a friend. " I believed from the first that the attack would be fatal." That night, between ten and eleven, he expired, without a struggle or a sigh, in the sixty-eighth year of his age, his disease being acute laryngitis. Three days afterward his remains were deposited in the family tombs at Mount Vernon, where they still repose. Washington left a reputation on which there is no stain. " His character," says Irving, " possessed fewer inequalities, and a rarer union of virtues than perhaps ever fell to the lot of one man. * * * It seems as if Providence had endowed him in a pre-eminent degree with the qualities -,Q 6 OUR FORMER PRESIDENTS. requisite to fit him for the high destiny he was called upon to fulfill." In stature Washington was six feet two inches in height, well proportioned, and firmly built. His hair was brown, his eyes blue and set far apart. From boyhood he was famous for great strength and agility. Jefferson pronounced him " the best horseman of his age, and the most grace- ful figure that could be seen on horseback." He was scrupulously neat, gentlemanly, and punctual, and always dignified and reserved. In the resolution passed upon learning of his death, the National House of Representatives described him for the first time in that well-known phrase, " First in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen," a tribute which succeding generations have continued to bestow upon Washington without question or doubt. By common consent to him is accorded as pre-emi- nently appropriate the title, " Pater Patriae," the " Father of his Country." Of Washington, Lord Brougham says : " It will be the duty of the historian and the sage, in all ages, to omit no occasion of commemorating this illustrious man ; and until time shall be no more will a test of the progress our race has made in wisdom and virtue be derived from the veneration paid to the immortal name of Washington." JOHN ADAMS. JOHN ADAMS, SECOND President of the United States, was born at Braintree, now Quincy, Mass., October igth, 1735. He was the eldest son of John Adams, a farmer, and Susanna Boylston. Graduating from Harvard in 1 755, he studied law, defraying his expenses by teaching. In 1764, hav- ing meanwhile been admitted to the bar, he mar- ried Miss Abigail Smith, a lady whose energy of character contributed largely to his subsequent advancement. As early as 1761, we find young Adams look- ing forward, with prophetic vision, to American Independence. When the memorable Stamp Act was passed in 1765, he joined heart and soul in opposition to it. A series of resolutions which he drew up against it and presented to the citizens of Braintree was adopted also by more than forty other towns in the Province. He took the ad- vanced grounds that it was absolutely void Parliament having no right to tax the Colonies. In 1 768 he removed to Boston. The rise of the young lawyer was now rapid/and he was the lead- ing man in many prominent cases. When, in Sep- tember, 1774, the first Colonial Congress met, at Philadelphia, Adams was one of the five Delegates from Massachusetts. In that Congress he took a prominent part He it was who, on the 6th of OUR FORMER PRESIDENTS. May, 1776, boldly advanced upon the path of Independence, by moving " the adoption of such measures as would best conduce to the happiness and safety of the American people." It was Adams, who, a month later, seconded the resolu- tion of Lee, of Virginia, " that these United States are, and of right ought to be, independent." It was he who uttered the famous words, " Sink or swim, live or die, survive or perish, with my country is my unalterable determination." He, too, it was, who, with Jefferson, Franklin, Sher- man, and Livingston, drew up that famous " Dec- laration of Independence," which, adopted by Con- gress on the 4th of July, 1776, decided a question, " greater, perhaps, than ever was or will be de- cided anywhere." During all these years of engrossing public duty he produced many able essays on the rights of the Colonies. These ap- peared in the leading journals of the day and exerted wide influence. The motion to prepare a Declaration of Independence was opposed by a strong party, to the champion of which Adams made reply and Jefferson said, " John Adams was the ablest advocate and champion of indepen- dence on the floor of the House." Writing to his wife on July 3d, 1776, and refer- ring to the Declaration of Independence, that day adopted, he forecast the manner of that day's celebration by bonfires, fireworks, etc., as " the great anniversary festival." During all the years JOHN ADAMS. 403 of the war he was a most zealous worker and val- ued counselor. After its years of gloom and trial, on the 2ist of January, 1783, he assisted in the conclusion of a treaty of peace, by which Great Britain acknowledged the complete inde- pendence of the United States. On the previous October, he had achieved what he ever regarded as the greatest success of his life the formation of a treaty of peace and alliance with Holland, which had a most important bearing on the nego- tiations leading to the final adjustment with Eng- land. He was United States Minister to England from 1785 to 1788, and Vice-President during both the terms of Washington. During these years, as presiding officer of the Senate, he gave no less than twenty casting votes, all of them on ques- tions of great importance, and all supporting the policy of the President. Mr. Adams was himself inaugurated President on the 4th of March, 1797, having been elected over Jefferson by a small majority. Thomas Pinckney was nominated for the Vice-Presidency with him, they representing the Federal party, but in the Electoral College Thomas Jefferson received the choice and became Vice-President. He retained as his Cabinet the officers previously chosen by Washington. He came into office at a critical period. The conduct of the French Directory, in refusing to receive our ambassadors, and in trying to injure OUR FORMER PRESIDENTS. our commerce by unjust decrees, excited intense ill-feeling, and finally led to what is known as "the Quasi War " with France. Congress now passed the so-called "Alien and Sedition Laws," by which extraordinary and, it is alleged, unconstitutional powers were conferred upon the President. Though the apprehended war was averted, the odium of these laws effectually destroyed the pop- ularity of Adams, who, on running for a second term, was defeated by Mr. Jefferson, representing the Republicans, who were the Democratic party of that day. On the 4th of March, 1801, he re- tired to private life on his farm near Quincy. His course as President had brought upon him the reproaches of both parties, and his days were ended in comparative obscurity and neglect. He lived to see his son, John Quincy Adams, in the Presidential chair. By a singular coincidence, the death of Mr. Adams and that of his old political rival, Jefferson, took place on the same day, and almost at the same hour. Stranger still, it was on July the 4th, 1826, whilst bells were ringing and cannon roar- ing to celebrate the fiftieth Anniversary of the Declaration of Independence, their own immortal production, that these two men passed away. Mr. Adams was asked if he knew what day it was. "Oh lyes!" he exclaimed, "It is the Fourth of July. God bless it! God bless you all ! It is a great and glorious day!" and soon after quietly expired, in the ninety-first year of his age. THOMAS JEFFERSON. Mr. Adams possessed a vigorous and polished intellect, and was one of the most upright of men. His character was one to command respect, rather than to win affection. There was a certain lack of warmth in his stately courtesy which seemed to forbid approach. Yet nobody, we are told, could know him intimately without admiring the simplicity and truth which shone in all his actions. THOMAS JEFFERSON. THOMAS JEFFERSON, who succeeded Adams as President, was born at Shadwell, Albermarle County, Va., April 26., 1743. Peter Jefferson, his father, was a man of great force of character and of remarkably powerful physique. His mother, Jane Randolph, was from a most respectable English family. He was the eldest of eight children. He became a classical student when a mere boy, and entered college in an advanced class when but seventeen years of age. Having passed through college, he studied law under Judge Wythe, and in 1767 commenced practice. In 1 769, he was elected to the Virginia Legislature. Three years later, he married Mrs. Martha Skelton, a rich, handsome, and accom- plished young widow, with whom he went to reside in his new mansion at Monticello, near to the spot where he was born. His practice at the bar grew 406 OUR FORMEK PRESIDENTS. rapidly and became very lucrative, and he early engaged in the political affairs of his Qwn State. For years the breach between England and her Colonies had been rapidly widening. Jefferson earnestly advocated the right of the latter to local self-government, and wrote a pamphlet on the subject which attracted much attention on both sides of the Atlantic. By the spring of 1775 the Colonies were in revolt. We now find Jefferson in the Continental Congress the youngest mem- ber save one. His arrival had been anxiously awaited. He had the reputation " of a matchless pen." Though silent on the floor, in committee " he was prompt, frank, explicit, and decisive," Early in June, 1776, a committee, with Jefferson as chairman, was appointed to draw up a " Decla- ration of Independence." Unanimously urged by his associates to write it, he did so, Franklin and Adams, only, making a few verbal alterations. Jefferson has been charged with plagiarism in the composition of this ever-memorable paper. Vol- umes have been written on the subject; but those who have investigated the closest, declare that the Mecklenburg Declaration, from which he was charged with plagiarism, was not then in existence. Jefferson distinctly denies having seen it. Prob- ably, in preparing it, he used many of the popular phrases of the time ; and hence it was that it seized so quickly and so irresistibly upon the public heart. It was the crystallized expression ~^mk . THOMAS JEFFERSON: of the spirit of the age. Edward Everett pro- nounced this Declaration " equal to anything ever born on parchment or expressed in the visible signs of thought." Bancroft declares, " The heart of Jefferson in writing it, and of Congress in adopting it, beat for all humanity." Chosen a second time to Congress, Jefferson declined the appointment, in order that he might labor in re-organizing Virginia. He therefore accepted a seat in the Legislature, where he zealously applied himself to revising the funda- mental laws of the State. The abolition of primo- geniture and the Church establishment was the result of his labors, and he was justly proud of it. No more important advance could have been made. It was a step from middle-age darkness into the broad light of modern civilization. In 1778, Jefferson procured the passage of a law prohibiting the further importation of slaves. The following year he was elected Governor, succeeding Patrick Henry in this honorable posi- tion, and at the close of his official term he again sought the retirement of Monticello. In 1782, shortly after the death of his beloved wife, he was summoned to act as one of the Commissioners to negotiate peace with England. He was not required to sail, however ; but, taking a seat in Congress, during the winter of 1 783, he, who had drawn up the Declaration of Independence, was the first to officially announce its final triumph. 4 IO OUR FORMER PRESIDENTS. At the next session of Congress, he secured the adoption of our present admirable system of coin- age. As chairman of a committee to draft rules for the government of our Northwest Territory he endeavored, but without success, to secure the prohibition of slavery therefrom forever. In May, 1 784, he was sent to Europe, to assist Adams and Franklin in negotiating treaties of commerce with foreign nations. Returning home in 1789, he received from Washington the appointment of Secretary of State, which office he resigned in 1 793. He withdrew, says Marshall, " at a time when he stood particularly high in the esteem of his coun- trymen." His friendship for France, and his dis- like of England ; his warm opposition to the aggrandizement of the central power of the Gov- ernment, and his earnest advocacy of every mea- sure tending to enlarge popular freedom, had won for him a large following, and he now stood the acknowledged leader of the great and growing Anti-federal party. Washington declining a third term, Adams, as we have already seen, succeeded him, Jefferson becoming Vice-President. At the next election, Jefferson and Burr, the Republican candidates, stood highest on the list. By the election law of that period, he who had the greatest number of votes was to be President, while the Vice-Presi- dency fell to the next highest candidate. Jeffer- son and Burr having an equal number of votes, THOMAS JEFFERSON. * T it remained for the House of Representatives to decide which should be President. After a long and heated canvass, Jefferson was chosen on the thirty-sixth ballot. He was inaugurated, on the 4th of March, 1801, at Washington, whither the Capitol had been removed a few months pre- viously. In 1804, he was re-elected by an over- whelming majority. At the close of his second term, he retired once more to the quiet of Monti- cello. The most important public measure of Jeffer- son's Administration, to the success of which he directed his strongest endeavors, was the pur- chase from France, for the insignificant sum of $15,000,000, of the immense Territory of Louisi- ana. It was during his Administration, too, that the conspiracy of Burr was discovered, and thwarted by the prompt and decisive action of the President. Burr's scheme was a mad one to break up the Union, and erect a new empire, with Mexico as its seat. Jefferson is regarded as hav- ing initiated the custom of removing incumbents from office on political grounds alone. From the retirement into which he withdrew at the end of his second term, Jefferson never emerged. His time was actively employed in the management of his property and in his exten- sive correspondence. In establishing- a Univer- sity at Charlottesville, Jefferson took a deep in- terest, devoting to it much of his time and means. 4! 4 OUR FORMER PRESIDENTS. He was proud of his work, and directed that the words " Father of the University of Virginia " should be inscribed upon his tomb. He died, shortly after mid-day, on the Fourth of July, 1826, a few hours before his venerable friend and compatriot, Adams. Jefferson was the very embodiment of the democracy he sought to make the distinctive feat- ure of his party. All titles were distasteful to him, even the prefix Mr. His garb and manners were such that the humblest farmer was at home in his society. He declared that in view of the existence of slavery he "trembled for his coun- try when he remembered that God is just." He was of splendid physique, being six feet two and a half inches in height, but well built and sinewy. His hair was of a reddish brown, his countenance ruddy, his eyes light hazel. Both he and his wife were wealthy, but they spent freely and died in- solvent, leaving but one daughter. His moral character was of the highest order. Profanity he could not endure, either in himself or others. He never touched cards, or strong drink in any form-. He was one of the most generous of men, lavishly hospitable, and in everything a thorough gentleman. Gifted with an intellect far above the average, he had added to it a surprising culture, which ranked him among our most accomplished scholars. To his extended learning, to his ardent love of lib- JAMES MADISON. erty, and to his broad and tolerant views, is due much, very much, of whatever is admirable in our institutions. In them we discern everywhere traces of his master spirit. JAMES MADISON. WHEN Mr. Jefferson retired from the Presidency, the country was almost on the verge of war with Great Britain. Disputes had arisen in regard to certain restric- tions laid by England upon our commerce. A hot discussion also came up about the right claimed and exercised by the commanders of English, war-vessels, of searching American ships and of taking from them such seamen as they might choose to consider natives of Great Britain. Many and terrible wrongs had been perpetrated in the exercise of this alleged right. Hundreds of American citizens had been ruthlessly forced into the British service. It was when the public mind was agitated by such outrages, that James Madison, the fourth President of the United States, was inaugurated. When he took his seat, on the 4th of March, 1809, he lacked but a few days of being fifty-eight years of age, having been born on the I5th of March, 1751. His father was Colonel James Madison, his mother Nellie Conway. He gradu- OUR FORMER PRESIDENTS. ated at Princeton College, New Jersey, in 1771, after which he studied law. In his twenty-sixth year he had been .a member of the Convention which framed the Constitution of Virginia ; in 1 780 had been elected to the Continental Congress, in which he at once took a commanding position ; had subsequently entered the Virginia Legislature, where he co-operated with his friend and neighbor, Jefferson, in the ab- rogation of entail and primogeniture, and in the establishment of religious freedom ; had drawn up the call in answer to which the Convention to Draught a Constitution for the United States met at Philadelphia in 1787, and had been one of the most active members of that memorable assem- blage in reconciling the discordant elements of o o which it was composed. He had also labored earnestly to secure the adoption of the new Con- stitution by his native State ; had afterward en- tered Congress ; and when Jefferson became President, in March, 1801, had been by him ap- pointed Secretary of State, a post he had declined when it was vacated by Jefferson in December, 1793. In this important post for eight years, he won the highest esteem and confidence of the > nation. Having been nominated by the Repub- licans, he was in 1808 elected to the Presidency, receiving one hundred and twenty-two electoral votes, while Charles C. Pinckney, the Federal can- didate, received but forty-seven. THE FAMOUS EAST ROOM OF THE WHITE HOUSE. THE WHITE HOUSE HOME OF THE PRESIDENTS. JAMES MADISON. ,j~ In 1794, he married Mrs. Dorothy Todd, a young widow lady, whose bright intelligence and fascinating manners were to gain her celebrity as one of the most remarkable women who ever presided over the domestic arrangements of the Presidential Mansion. Of a weak and delicate constitution, and with the habits of a student, Mr. Madison would have preferred peace to war. But even he lost patience at the insults heaped upon the young Republic by it ancient mother ; and when, at length, on the 1 8th of June, 1812, Congress declared war against Great Britain, he gave the declaration his official sanction, and took active steps to enforce it. Though disasters in the early part of the war greatly strengthened the Federal party, who were bitterly opposed to hostilities, the ensuing Presi- dential canvass resulted in the re-election of Mr. Madison by a large majority, his competitor, De Witt Clinton, receiving eighty-nine electoral votes to one hundred and twenty-eight for Madison. On the I2th of August, 1814, a British army took Washington, the President himself narrowly esca- ping capture. The Presidential Mansion, the Cap- itol, and all the public buildings were wantonly burned. The 1 4th of December following, a treaty of peace was signed at Ghent, in which, however, England did not relinquish her claim to the right of search. But as she has not since attempted to exercise it, the question may be regarded as hav- ing been finally settled by the contest. OUR FORMER PRESIDENTS. On the 4th of March, 1817, Madison's second term having expired, he withdrew to private life at his paternal home of Montpelier, Orange County, Va. Durino- his administration, two new States O had been added to the Union, making the total number at this period nineteen. The first to claim admittance was Louisiana, in 1812. It was formed out of the Southern portion . of the vast Territory, purchased, during the Presidency of Jefferson, from France. Indiana the second State was admitted in 1816. After his retirement from office, Mr. Madison passed nearly a score of quiet years at Montpe- lier. With Jefferson, who was a not very distant neighbor, he co-operated in placing the Charlottes- ville University upon a substantial foundation. In 1829, he left his privacy to take part in the Con- vention which met at Richmond to revise the Constitution of the State. His death took place on the 28th of June, 1836, in the eighty-fifth year of his age. JAMES MONROE. MADISON'S successor in the Presidential chair was James Monroe, whose Admin- istration has been called " the Era of Good Feeling," from the temporary subsidence at that time of party strife. He was a son of Sperice Monroe, a planter. He was born on his father's JAMES MONROE. . T Q plantation in Westmoreland County, Va., on the 28th of April, 1758. At the age of sixteen he entered William and Mary College; but when, two years later, the Declaration of Independence called the Colonies to arms, the young collegian, dropping his books, girded on his sword, and en- tered the service of his country. Commissioned a lieutenant, he took part in the battles of Harlem Heights and White Plains. In the attack on O Trenton he was wounded in the shoulder, and for his bravery promoted to a captaincy. Subse- quently he was attached to the staff of Lord Ster- ling with the rank of major, and fought by the side of Lafayette, when that officer was wounded at the battle of Brandy wine, and also participated in the battles of Germantown and Monmouth. He was afterward given a colonel's commission, but, being unable to recruit a regiment, began the study of law in the office of Jefferson, then Gover- nor of Virginia. When only about twenty-three years old, he was elected to the Virginia Legislature. The next year he was sent to Congress. On the expiration of his term, having meanwhile married, in New York, Miss Kortright, a young lady of great intelligence and rare personal attractions, he re- turned to Fredericksburg, and commenced prac- tice as a lawyer. He espoused the cause of the Anti-Federal or Republican party, being thor- oughly democratic in his ideas, as was his eminent 420 OUR FORMER PRESIDENTS. preceptor, Jefferson. In 1 789, he was elected to the United States Senate. In 1 794, he was ap- pointed minister-plenipotentiary to France, but recalled from his mission two years later because of his 'outspoken sympathies with the republicans of that country. Shortly after his return, Monroe was elected Governor of Virginia, which post he held for three years (1799-1802). On the expiration of his official term, he was sent to co-operate with Ed- ward Livingston, then resident Minister at Paris, in negotiating the treaty by which the Territory of Louisiana was secured to the United States. In 1811, he was again elected Governor of Virginia, but presently resigned to become Madison's Sec- retary of State. During the period following the capture of Washington, September, i8i4-March, 1815, he acted as Secretary of War, and did much to restore the nation's power and credit. He continued Secretary of State until March, 1817, when he became President. He was chosen by the Dem- ocratic party, till then known as the Republican. He received one hundred and eighty-three elec- toral votes, his opponent, Rufus King, receiving but thirty-four votes. The violence of party spirit greatly abated during his first term, and he was re-elected in 1821, with but one dissenting vote out of the two hundred and thirty-two cast by the electoral college. On the 4th of March, 1825, he - JAMES MONROE. * 2 j retired to the quiet and seclusion of his estate at Oak Hill, in Loudon County, Virginia. During Monroe's Administration, the bound- aries of the United States were considerably enlarged by the purchase of Florida from Spain. Five new States were also admitted into the Union: Mississippi, in 1817; Illinois, in 1818; Alabama, in 1819; Maine, in 1820; and Missouri, in 1821. The discussion in Congress over the admission of Missouri showed the existence of a new dis- turbing element in our national politics. It was the question of the further extension of slavery ; not so much in regard to its moral aspects as to its bearing on the question of the balance of polit- ical power. For a brief period two parties, one in favor of and the other against admitting any more Slave States, filled Congress and the country with angry discussion. This was quieted for the time by what is known as " the Missouri Compro- mise," which restricted slavery to the territory lying south of the southern boundary of Missouri. The somewhat celebrated " Monroe Doctrine " is regarded as one of the most important results of Monroe's Administration. It was enunciated in his message to Congress on the 2d of Decem- ber, 1823, and arose out of his sympathy for the new Republics then recently set up in South America. In substance it was, that the United States would never entangle themselves with the 422 OUR FORMER PRESIDENTS. quarrels of Europe, nor allow Europe to interfere with the affairs of this continent. In 1830, the venerable ex-President went to reside with his son-in-law, Samuel L. Gouverneur, in New York, where he died in the seventy-fourth year of his age, on the 4th of July, 1831, being the third of our five Revolutionary Presidents to pass from earth on the anniversary of that memorable day, which had contributed so largely to the shaping of their destinies. JOHN QUINCY ADAMS, THE son of John Adams, our second Presi- dent, and himself the sixth chief executive of the Union, was born at Quincy, Mass., on the nth of July, 1767. He enjoyed rare opportunities for culture from his mother, who was a lady of very superior talents. While yet a mere boy, he twice accompanied his father to Europe, and at the age of fourteen was appointed private secretary to Francis Dana, then Minister to Russia. Graduating from Harvard in 1788, he studied law under Theophilus Parsons, and com- menced practice in Boston in 1791. In 1794, he was appointed by Washington Minister to Holland. In July, 1797, he married Louisa, daughter of Joshua Johnson, then American Consul at London. In 1797, his father, who was then President, gave him the mission to Berlin, being urged to this JOHN Q UINC Y AX>AMS. recognition of his own son by Washington, who pronounced the younger Adams " the most valu- able public character we have abroad." On the accession of Jefferson to the Presidency, Mr. Adams was recalled from Berlin. Soon after his return, however, he was elected to the United States Senate, where he speedily won a command- ing position, ardently supporting Jefferson's mea- sures of resistance against the arrogance and insolence of England in her encroachments upon our commerce and in her impressment of our seamen. The Legislature of Massachusetts having censured hkn for his course, Adams resigned his seat; but, in 1809, was selected by Madison to represent the United States at St. Petersburg. On the 24th of December, 1814, he, in conjunction with Clay and Gallatin, concluded the Treaty of Ghent, which closed " the Second War of Inde- pendence." In 1817, he was recalled to act as Secretary of State for President Monroe. At the election for Monroe's successor, in 1824, party spirit ran high. The contest was an excit- ing one. Of the two hundred and sixty electoral votes, Andrew Jackson received 99, John Quincy Adams 84, Wm. H. Crawford 41, and Henry Clay 37. As there was no choice by the people, the election devolved upon the House of Repre- sentatives. Here Mr. Clay gave the vote of Kentucky to Adam-, and otherwise promoted his cause, so that he received the votes of thirteen States, and was elected. 424 OUR FORMER PRESIDENTS. The Administration of the younger Adams has been characterized as the purest and most economical on record. Yet, during his entire term, he was the object of the most rancorous parti- san assaults. He had appointed Clay as his Sec- retary of State, whereat the Jackson men accused them both of " bargaining and corruption," and in all ways disparaged and condemned their work. In his official intercourse, it was said Adams often displayed " a formal coldness which froze like an iceberg." This coldness of manner, along with his advocacy of a high protective tariff and the policy of internal improvements, and his known hostility to slavery, made him many bitter enemies, especially in the South, and at the close of his first term he was probably the most unpopular man who could have aspired to the Presidency ; and yet, in his contest with Jackson at that time, Adams received eighty-three electoral votes, Jack- son being chosen by one hundred and seventy- eight. On the 4th of March, 1829, General Jackson having been elected President, Mr. Adams re- tired to private life; but, in 1831, was elected to the House of Representatives of the United States, where he took his seat, pledged, as he said, to no party. He at once became the leader of that little band, so insignificant in numbers, but powerful in determination and courage, who, re- garding slavery as both a moral and a political FRANKLIN PIERCE. elected to the National Senate and, during the following year, removed to Concord, where he at once took rank among the leading lawyers of the State. Though Mr. Pierce had declined the office of Attorney-General of the United States, offered to him by President Polk, he, nevertheless, when hostilities were declared against Mexico, accepted a brigadier-generalship in the army, successfully marching with twenty-four hundred men from the sea-coast to Puebla, where he reinforced General Scott. The latter, on the arrival of Pierce, imme- diately prepared to make his long-contemplated attack upon the City of Mexico. At the battle of Contreras, on the igth of August, 1847, where he led an assaulting column four thousand strong, General Pierce showed himself to be a brave and energetic soldier. Early in the fight his leg was broken by his horse falling upon him, yet he kept his saddle during the entire conflict, which did not cease till eleven o'clock at night. The next day also, he took part in the still more desperate fight at Churubusco, where, overcome by pain and exhaustion, he fainted on the field. At Molino Del Rev, where the hottest battle of the war was fought, he narrowly escaped death from a shell which bursted beneath his horse. The American army triumphantly entered the City of Mexico on the I3th of September, 1847. General Pierce remained there until the following 462 OUR FORMER PRESIDENTS. JAMES BUCHANAN, FIFTEENTH President of the United States, was born in Franklin County, Pa., April ' 22d, 1791. His father, a native of the North of Ireland, who had come eight years before to America, with no capital but his strong arms and energetic spirit, was yet able to give the bright and studious boy a good collegiate educa- tion at Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pa., where he graduated in 1809. He then began the study of law at Lancaster, and, after a three years' course, was admitted to practice in 1812. He rose rap- idly in his profession, the business of which in- creased with his reputation, so that, at the age of forty, he was enabled to retire with an ample fortune. Mr. Buchanan early entered into politics. When but twenty-three years old, he was elected to the Legislature of Pennsylvania. Though an avowed Federalist, he not only spoke in favor of a vigorous prosecution of the War of 1812, but likewise marched as a private soldier to the de- fense of Baltimore. In 1820, he was elected to the lower House of Congress, where he speedily attained eminence as a finished and energetic speaker. His political views are shown in the following extract from one of his speeches in Congress : " If I know myself, I am a politician JAMES BUCHANAN. neither of the West nor the East, of the North nor of the South. I therefore shall forever avoid any expressions the direct tendency of which must be to create sectional jealousies, and at length dis- union that worst of all political calamities." That he sincerely endeavored in his future career to act in accordance with the principles here enunciated no candid mind can doubt, however much he may be regarded to have failed in doing so, especially during the eventful last months of his Administration. In 1831, at the close of his fifth term, Mr. Bu- chanan, having declined a re-election to Congress, was sent as Minister Plenipotentiary to St. Peters- burg, where he concluded the first commercial treaty between the United States and Russia. On his return home in 1833, he was elected to the National Senate. Here he became one of the leading spirits among the supporters of Presi- dent Jackson, and also supported the Administra- tion of Martin Van Buren. He was re-elected to the Senate, and his last act as a Senator was to report favorably on the admission of Texas, he being the only member of the Committee on Foreign Relations to do so. On the election of Polk to the Presidency, in 1845, Mr. Buchanan was selected to fill the im- portant position of Secretary of State. He strongly opposed the " Wilmot Proviso," and all other provisions for the restriction of slavery. 466 OUR FORMER PRESIDENTS. so soon after this event, added strength to their apprehensions. As soon as the result of the canvass became known, South Carolina seceded from the Union, Mr. Buchanan, apparently re- garding the fears and complaints of the South as not without some just grounds, seems to have endeavored to bring about a peaceful solution of the difficulties before him by attempts at concilia- tion. But however good his intentions may have been, his policy, which has been characterized as weak, vacillating, and cowardly, so signally failed, that when, on the 4th of March, 1861, he retired from the Presidency, he handed over to his suc- cessor an almost hopelessly divided Union, from which seven States had already seceded. Mr. Buchanan also used his influence for the purchase of Cuba as a means of extending slave territory. He permitted the seizure of Southern forts and arsenals, and the removal of muskets from Northern to Southern armories as the seces- sion movements matured, and in his message of December, 1860, he directly cast upon the North the blame of the disrupted Union. Remaining in Washington lonof enough to wit- Z5 o O o ness the installation of Mr. Lincoln, Mr. Buch- anan withdrew to the privacy of Wheatland, his country home, near Lancaster, in Pennsylvania. Here he spent the remainder of his days, taking no prominent part in public affairs. In 1866, he published a volume entitled, Mr. Buchanans ABRAHAM LINCOLN: Administration, in which he explained and de- fended the policy he had pursued while in the Presidential office. He never married. His death occurred at his mansion at VVheatland, on the ist of June, 1868. ABRAHAM LINCOLN, SIXTEENTH President of the Union, was born in Hardin County, Kentucky, on the 1 2th of February, 1809. His parents were extremely poor, and could give him but scant opportunities of education. It is supposed that his ancestors came to this country from England among the original followers of William Penn. About the middle of the last century they lived in Berks County, Pennsylvania, whence one branch of the family moved to Virginia. The subject of this sketch was taught to read and write by his mother, a woman of intelligence far above her o humble station. When he was in his eighth year, the family removed to the then wilderness of Spencer County, Indiana, where, in the course of three or four years, the boy Abraham, who was quick and eager to learn, had a chance to acquire the rudiments of the more ordinary branches of such a common-school education as was to be obtained in that rude frontier district; but his mother died when he was about eleven years old, 468 OUR FORMER PRESIDENTS. which was to him a sad loss. At the a 2 OUR FORMER PRESIDENTS. Democratic boys attacked the party of Whigs, and young Arthur, who was the recognized leader of the party, ordered a charge, and, taking the front ranks himself, drove the young Democrats from the field with broken heads and subdued spirits. He was a delegate to the Saratoga Con- vention that founded the Republican party in New York State. He was active in local politics, and he gradually became one of the leaders. He nominated, and by his efforts elected, the Hon. Thomas Murphy a State Senator. When the latter resigned the Collectorship of the Port, in November, 1871, he was nominated by President Grant to the vacancy. He was nominated for the Vice-Presidency at Chicago on the evening of Tuesday, June loth. He was heartily indorsed by the popular and electoral vote, and on the death of President Garfield, September iQth, 1881, he assumed the Presidential chair. PRESIDENTIAL CONTESTS. BIRD'S-EYE VIEW OF THE PRESIDENTIAL CONTESTS. Washington, Adams, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, John Quincy Adams, and Jackson were chosen to the Presidency without the machinery of either State or National Conven- tions for their nomination. WASHINGTON was chosen by common consent and demand, receiving the unanimous electoral vote, sixty-nine, ten States only voting, New York, Nurth Carolina, and Rhode Island not having adopted the Constitution or framed election laws, and four qualified delegates being absent. At his second election he received all the votes but three, viz. : one hundred and thirty-two out of one hundred and thirty-five, fifteen States voting. In 1789, eleven other persons were voted for on the same ballots with Washington, he who received the next highest vote to be the Vice-President, as was the rule until 1804. John Adams was thus chosen by thirty- four votes over the following competitors: John Jay, R. H. Harrison, John Rutledge, John Hancock, George Clinton, Samuel Hunt- ingdon, John Milton, James Armstrong, Benjamin Lincoln, and Edward Telfair. In 1792, John Adams was again chosen Vice-President, by seventy-seven out of one hundred and thirty-two votes, over George Clinton, Thomas Jefferson, and Aaron Burr. Adams represented the Federalist or Adminis- tration party of the day, the opposition being then knovvn as the Republican party. ADAMS, having twice held the Vice-Presidency, was thought to have a claim on the higher position, and in 1796, sixteen States voting, he received seventy- one electoral votes, Jeffer- son receiving sixty-eight, and becoming Vice-President over Thomas Pinckney, Aaron Burr, Samuel Adams, Oliver Ells- worth, George Clinton, John Jay, James Iredell, George Washington, John Henry, S. Johnson,. and Charles C. Pinck- ney, for each of whom from one to fifty-nine electoral votes r-,, PRESIDENTIAL CONTESTS. were cast. The successful candidates represented the two parties of the day. In 1800, the parties in Congress each held a caucus and each nominated its own candidates. JEFFERSON was chosen President in 1800, on the thirty- sixth ballot of the House of Representatives, he and Aaron Burr having a tie vote of seventy-three in the Electoral Col- lege, sixteen States voting. Burr then became Vice- President over John Adams, Charles C. Pinckney, and John Jay, who represented the Federalists. In 1803, the Constitution was amended prescribing the present method of choosing the nation's chief officers. After this for a long period the Re- publican party and its successor, the Democratic party, had things as they pleased. In 1804, Jefferson was re-elected over Charles C. Pinckney by one hundred and sixty-two votes to fourteen, George Clinton becoming Vice-President over Rufus King. This was a result of the Congressional caucus. Seventeen States voted. MADISON, the nominee of the Republican caucus, received one hundred and twenty-two electoral votes in 1808, seventeen Statesvoting, his opponent, Charles C. Pinckney, receiving but fourteen, and George Clinton, another candidate, receiving none. Clinton received one hundred and thirteen votes for the Vice-Presidency, however, and was chosen over Rufus King, John Larigdon, James Madison, and James Monroe. In 1812, Madison received one hundred and twenty-eight electoral votes out of two hundred and eighteen, eighteen States voting, I)e Witt Clinton receiving eighty-nine votes. Elbridge Gerry was chosen to the second place by one hun- dred and thirty-one votes, Jared Ingersoll receiving eighty-six. MONROE was twice lifted into power by the caucus, receiv- ing one hundred and eighty-three votes to thirty-four for Rufus King, in 1816, and two hundred and thirty-one to one only for John Quincy Adams, in 1820, nineteen States voting in the first election and twenty-four in the second. D. D. Tompkins received one hundred and eighty-three votes for PRESIDENTIAL CONTESTS Vice-President in 1816, and two hundred and eighteen in 1820, his competitors in the first race being JohnE. Howard, James Ross, John Marshall, and Robert G. Harper, and in the second Richard Stockton, Daniel Rodney, Robert G. Har- per, and Richard Rush. At the end of Monroe's term parties began to break up and new combinations to form under lead of the State Legislatures, several of which brought out their favorite sons. JOHN QUINCY ADAMS was the Coalition nominee of Massa- chusetts in 1824. Jackson was put forward by Tennessee, as were William H. Crawford and Henry Clay by their respective States; twenty-four States voted in this contest, having two hun- dred and sixty-one electoral votes, of which Jackson received ninety-nine, and Adams eighty-four, the remainder being divided among the other two candidates. No choice being made, the House of Representatives settled the contest, giving Adams thirteen States, Jackson seven States, and Crawford four States. Jackson's popular vote was one hundred and fifty-five thousand eight hundred and seventy-two; that cf Adams, one hundred and five thousand three hundred and twenty-one, while Crawford and Clay together polled ninety thousand eight hundred and sixty-nine. A tempest of ill-feel- ing was begotten by this decision. John C. Calhoun was chosen Vice-President, however, receiving one hundred s^d eighty- two votes, his opponents feeing Nathan Sanford, Nathaniel Macon, Andrew Jackson, Martin Van Buren, and Henry Clay. JACKSON was so enraged by his defeat that he left the Senate and threw all his tremendous energy into the campaign of 1828, he being the leader of the newly formed Demociatic party. Twenty-four States voted, with two hundred and sixty one electoral votes, of which Jackson secured one hun- dred and seventy-eight, to eighty-three for Adams, and a popular vote of six hundred and forty-seven thousand two hundred and thirty-one, to five hundred and nine thousand and ninety-seven for Adams. Calhoun again became Vice- president by one hundred and seventy-one votes, Richand 536 PRESIDENTIAL CONTESTS. Rush and William Smith being his vanquished rivals. In 1832, Jackson again swept the board, receiving two hundred and nineteen electoral votes and six hundred and eighty-seven thousand two hundred and thirty-one popular votes, Henry Clay, the National Republican candidate, receiving forty-nine electoral votes, and five hundred and thirty thousand one hundred and eighty-nine popular votes. John Floyd and William Wirt received some thirty-three thousand votes from the people and eighteen from the electors. Martin Van Buren became Vice-President in Jackson's second term, re- ceiving one hundred and eighty-nine votes, his competitors being John Sergeant, Henry Lee, Amos Ellmaker, and William Wilkins. The Convention system was born under Jackson's Adminis- tration. Its object was to prevent defeat by scattered votes in the same party The anti-Masonic party held the first gathering of the sort, William Wirt being its nominee. The National Republicans followed in 1831, the Democrats in 1832. This machinery bore its first fruits in Jackson's second Presidential campaign. The Whig party made its first ap- pearance in 1836, but its counsels were divided and it lost. VAN BUREN was nominated by the Democrats, and in 1836, twenty-six States voting, he received one hundred and seventy electoral *ates, four Whig candidates, William H. Harrison, Hugh L. White, Daniel Webster, and W. P. Mangum divid- ing among themselves eleven electoral votes. Van Buren's popular vote was seven hundred and sixty-one thousand five hundred and forty-nine ; that of all others, seven hundred and thirty-six thousand six hundred and fifty-six. R. M. Johnson, who received one hundred and seventy electoral votes for Vice-President, not receiving a majority of all, was elected by the Senate. His competitors were Francis Granger, John Tyler, and William Smith. HARRISON, in 1840, received a popular vote of one million two hundred and seventy-five thousand and seventeen, and an electoral vote of two hundred and thirty-four, as did John PRESIDENTIAL CONTESTS. 537 Tyler, his associate on the Whig ticket. He was opposed by Van Buren, who polled one million one hundred and twenty- eight thousand seven hundred and two popular votes, and sixty of the electoral college, and by James G. Birney, of the Liberty or Abolition party, who polled seven thousand and fifty-nine votes. R. M. Johnson, L. W. Tazewell, and James K. Polk were candidates for the Vice-Presidency, receiving in all sixty electoral votes. Twenty-six States voted. Harrison's election was the first Whig success, and the campaign preced- ing it has been aptly termed " the great national frolic." POLK was chosen President in 1844 over Birney, the Abo- litionist, and Clay, the Whig, receiving a popular vote of one million three hundred and thirty-seven thousand two hundred and forty-three, and an electoral vote of one hundred and seventy, to Clay's one million two hundred and ninety- nine thousand and sixty-eight popular and one hundred and five electoral, Birney's vote being sixty-two thousand three hundred popular and none electoral. For Vice-President George M. Dallas received the same electoral vote as Polk, and Theodore Frelinghuysen the same as Clay. TAYLOR was chosen by the Whigs in 1848, Clay and Web- ster being abandoned. He and his associate, Millard Fill- more, received each one hundred and sixty-three electoral votes and a popular vote of one million three hundred and sixty thousand one hundred and one. Lewis Cass, the Demo- cratic nominee, and Wm. O. Butler, his associate, were re- garded as a weak combination, but they polled one million two hundred and twenty thousand five hundred and forty-four votes, with one hundred and twenty-seven electors. Van Buren ran on the Free Soil ticket with Charles Francis Adams, and received two hundred and ninety-one thousand two hundred and sixty-three votes, thirty States voting. Taylor died, and Fillmore quarreled with his party, thus impairing its strength sadly. PIERCE rode into power over the fragments of the Whig party, he and his associate, William R. King, receiving two 538 PRESIDENTIAL CONTESTS. hundred and fifty-four electoral and one million six hundred and one thousand four hundred and seventy-four popular votes. Winfield Scott and William A. Graham, the Whig nominees, received forty-two electoral and one million three hundred and eighty-six thousand five hundred and seventy- eight popular votes, John P. Hale and George W. Julian, Free Democrats, polling one hundred and fifty-six thousand one hundred and forty-nine suffrages. This contest ended the Whig party. Thirty-one States voted. BUCHANAN was chosen in 1856 by one hundred and sev- enty-four electoral votes, John C. Breckenridge being his associate, they receiving a popular vote of one million eight hundred and thirty-eight thousand one hundred and sixty- nine, John C. Fremont and Wm. L. Dayton, nominees of the newly-formed Republican party, receiving one hundred and fourteen electoral and one million three hundred and forty- one thousand two hundred and sixty-four popular votes, while Mil lard Fillmore and A. J. Donelson, of the American party, had eight electoral and eight hundred and seventy-four thousand five hundred and thirty-four popular votes. This was a most bitter campaign, saturated with all the issues of slavery, disunion, and border ruffianism. LINCOLN was elected in 1860 by a popular vote of one million eight hundred and sixty-six thousand three hundred and fifty-two, and an electoral vote of one hundred and eighty, Hannibal Hamlin being his associate. This was the first victory for the Republicans. Democrats, Constitutional Unionists, and Independent Democrats voted respectively for Breckenridge and Lane, Bell and Everett, and Douglas and Johnson, who received electoral votes as follows: Breckenridge, seventy-two ; Bell, thirty-nine ; Douglas, twelve ; and popular votes : Breckenridge, eight hundred and forty-five thousand seven hundred and sixty-three; Bell, five hundred and eighty-nine thousand five hundred and eighty-one ; and Douglas, one million three hundred and seventy-five thousand one hundred and fifty-seven. Thirty- PRESIDENTIAL CONTESTS. three States engaged in this contest, of which Lincoln carried seventeen, Breckenridge eleven, Bell three, and Douglas two. Lincoln's second election, Andrew Johnson being his associate, was by two hundred and twelve electoral and two million two hundred and sixteen thousand andsixty-seven pop- ular votes, George B. McClellan and G. H. Pendleton receiv- ing twenty-one electoral and one million eight hundred and eight thousand seven hundred and twenty-five popular votes. Eleven States and eighty-one electors were not represented in this election. Of twenty-five voting States Lincoln carried all but three. GRANT was chosen in 1872 over Horatio Seymour by two hundred and fourteen votes of the Electoral College to eighty, twenty-three electors, three States, not represented. Schuyler Colfax and Frank P Blair, Jr., were the respective Vice-Pres- idential nominees. The popular vote was three million fifteen thousand and seventy-one, for Grant, to two million seven hundred and nine thousand six hundred and thirteen for Sey- mour. At the election of 1872 Grant had a long line of com- petitors, but he polled three million five hundred and ninety- seven thousand and seventy popular votes, and two hundred and eighty-six electoral out of a possible three hundred and sixty-six. All the States voted. His competitors on various tickets were Horace Greeley, Charles O' Conor, James Black, Thos. A. Hendricks, Charles J. Jenkins, and David Davis. Henry Wilson was chosen Vice-President, overB. Gratz Brown, Geo. W. Julian, A. H. Colquitt, John M. Palmer, T. E. Bram- lette, W. S. Groesbeck, Willis B. Machen, and N. P. Banks. HAYES was elected, with his associate, Wm. A. Wheeler, in a scattering contest. His popular vote was four million thirty- three thousand nine hundred and fifty. Samuel J. Tilden, (Democrat) received four million two hundred and eighty- four thousand eight hundred and eighty-five votes. Peter Cooper, (Greenback) eighty-one thousand seven hundred and farty. Green Clay Smith (Prohibition), nine thousand five hundred and twenty-two, and two thousand six hundred and PRESIDENTIAL CONTESTS. thirty-six were scattering. T. A. Hendrickswas Mr. Tilden's associate. The disputed vote was settled by an Electoral Com- mission which awarded Hayes one hundred and eighty-five electoral votes and Tilden one hundred and eighty-four. GARFIELD received, in 1880, a popular vote of four million four hundred and forty-nine thousand and fifty-three, and an electoral vote of two hundred and fourteen, together with Chester A. Arthur, his associate. Winfield S. Hancock and William H. English received four million four hundred and forty-two thousand and thirty-five popular, and one hundred and fifty-five electoral votes. The Greenback candidates, James B. Weaver and B. J. Chambers, received three hundred and seven thousand three hundred and six votes, and twelve thousand five hundred and seventy-six were reported as scat- tering. Thus the Republicans held the Presidency from Lin- coln's election in 1860. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. [Went into operation on the first Wednesday in March, 1789.] PREAMBLE. WE, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the com- mon defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Con- stitution for the United States of America. ARTICLE I. OF THE LEGISLATIVE POWER. SECTION 1. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and Housa of Representatives. OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. SEC. 2. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen every second year by the people of the several States, and the elec- tors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State Legislature. No person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their re- spective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons. The actual enumeration shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The num- ber of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each State shall have at least one Representative; and, until such enume- ration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence Planta- tions one, Connecticut five. New York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five and Georgia three. When vacancies happen in the representation from any State, the execu- tive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. The House of Representatives shall choose their speaker and other offi- cers; and shall have the sole power of impeachment. OF THE SENATE. SEC. 3. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes. The seats of the Senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expira- tion of the second year, of the second class nt the expiration of the fourth year, and of the third class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one-third may be chosen every second year; and if vacancies happen by resignation, or otherwise, during the recess of the Legislature of any State, the executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies. 541 542 CONSTITUTION No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the age ol thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who Khali not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen. The Vice-President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and have a President pro temp&re, in the absence of the Vice- President, or when he shall exercise the office of President of the United States. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or allirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside; and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the members present. Judgment In cases of Impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust or profit, under the United States; but the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment and punishment according to law. MANNER OF ELECTING MEMBERS. SEC. 4. The times, places and manner of holding elections for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time, by law, make or alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing Senators. CONGRESS TO ASSEMBLE ANNUALLY. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meet- ing shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a different day. POWERS. SEC. 5. Each house shall be the judge of the elections, returns and quali- fications of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business: but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner, and under such penalties, as each house may provide. Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its mem- bers for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member. Kach house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may, in their judgment, require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the members of either house on any question shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journal. Neither house, during the session of Congress, shall, without the con- sent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting. COMPENSATION, ETC., OF MEMBERS. SEC. 6. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a compensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the Treasury of the United States. They shall in all casses, except treason, felony and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective houses, and in going to and returning from the same; and for any speech or debate in either house, they shall not be questioned in any other place. No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased during such time; and no person holding any office under the United States, shall be a member of either house during his continuance in office. MANNER OF PASSING BILLS, ETC. SEC. 7. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Repre- sentatives ; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments as on other bills. OF THE UNITED STATES. 543 Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the President of the United States; if he approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his objections, to that house in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to recon- sider it. If, after such reconsideration, two-thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of that house, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each house respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the President within ten days (Sunday excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their adjournment prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. Every order, resolution or vote, to which the concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of adjournment), shall be presented to the President of the United States; and before the same shall take effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be re-passed by two-thirds of the Senate and House of Repiesentatives, according to the rules and limitations pre- scribed in the case of a bill. POWER OF CONGRESS. SEC. 8. The Congress shall have [power to lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States; but all duties, imposts and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States; To borrow money on the credit of the United States; To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian tribes; To establish an uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States; To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures; To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and cur- rent coin of the United States; To establish post-offices and post-roads; To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries ; To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Crrart- To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and offenses against the law of nations; To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water; To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years; To provide and maintain a navy; To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces ; To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections and repel invasions; To provide for organizing, arming and disciplining the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively the appointment of the officers, and the authority of training the militia according the discipline proscribed by Congress; To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever, over such dis- trict (not exceeding ten miles square) as may-, by cession of particular States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the government of the United States, and to exercise like authority over all places pur- chased by the consent of the Legislature of the State in which the same shall be, for the erection efforts, magazines/arsenals, dockyards and other needful buildings; and To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Con- 514 CONSTITUTION Btitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof. LIMITATION OK TIIK POWERS OF CONGRESS. SEC. 9. The migration or importation of such persons as any of tlie States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dol- lars for each person. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it. No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed. No capitation, or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the census or enumeration hereinbefore directed to be taken. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State. No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue to the ports of one State over those of another; nor shall vessels bound to, or from, one State, be obliged to enter, clear or pay duties in another. No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in consequence of appropriations made by law; and a regular statement and account of the receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published from time to time. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States : and no person holding any office of profit or trust under them shall, without the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office or title, of any kind whatever, from any king, prince or foreign State. LIMITATION OF THE POWERS OF THE INDIVIDUAL STATES. SEC. 10. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance or confederation; grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; emit bills of credit; make anything but gold and silver coin a tend_er in payment of debts; pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility. No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection laws; and the net produce of all duties and imposts, laid by any State on imports or exports, shall be for the use of the treasury of the United States; and all such laws shall be subject to the re- vision and control of the Congress. No State shall, without the consent of Congres , lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops, or ships of war, In time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another State, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay. ARTICLE II. EXECUTIVE POWER. SEC. 1. The executive power shall he vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four years, and together with the Vice-President, chosen for the same term, be elected as follows : MANNER OF ELECTING. Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress; but no Senator or Representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States, shall be appointed an elector. The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant with the same State as themselves. And they shall make a list of all the persons voted for, and of the number of votes for each ; which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representa- tives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed ; and if there be more than one who have such majority, and have an equal OF THE UNITED STATES. 545 mimber of votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately choose by ballot one of them for President; and if no person have a majority, then from the five highest on the list the said House shall in like manner choose the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each State having one vote ; a quorum for this purpose shall consistof a member or members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after the choice of the President, the person having the greatest number of votes of the electors shall be the Vice-President. But if there should remain two or more who have equal ^otes, the Senate shall choose from them by ballot the Vice-President. TIME OF CHOOSING ELECTORS. The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the day on which they shall give their votes; which day shall be the same throughout the United States. WHO ELIGIBLE. No person except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United States at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the office of President; neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not have attained the age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident within the United States. WHEN THE PRESIDENT'S POWER DEVOLVES ON THE VICE-PRESIDENT. In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, resig- nation or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice-President, and the Congress may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation or inability, both of the President and Vice-President, declaring what officer shall then act as President, and such officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be removed, or a President shall be elected. PRESIDENT'S COMPENSATION. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a compensa- tion which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that period any other emolument from the United States, or any of them. OATH. Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the following oath or affirmation : ' I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States." POWERS AND DUTIES. SEC. 2. The President shall be Commander-in-Chief of the army and navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several States when called into the actual service of the United States; he may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive de- partments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices, and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offences against the United States, except in cases of impeachment. He shall have power, by and with the advice' and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senators present concur; ana he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, Judges 01 the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States, whose ap- pointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by law; but the Congress may by law vest the appointment of such inferior officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the Courts of law, or in the heads of departments. The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions which shall ex- pire at the end of their next session. SEC. 3. Pie shall, from time to time, give to the Congress information of the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such mca- 546 CONSTITUTION snres as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both houses, or either of them, and'in case of disagree- ment between them, \yith respect, to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper; he shall receive am- bassadors and other public ministers; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the United States. OFFICERS REMOVED. SEC. -1. The President, Vice-President, and all civil officers of the United States, shall be removed from office, 0:1 impeachment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery or other high crimes and misdemeanors. ARTICLE III. OF THE JUDICIARY. SEC. 1. The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the Supreme and infe- rior Courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, and shall, at stated times, receive for their services a compensation which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office. SEC. 2. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority ; to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls; to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to controversies to which the United States shall be a party; to controversies between two or more States; between a State and citizens of another State; between citizens of different States; between citizens of the same State claiming lands under grants of different States, and between a State, or the citizens thereof, aj)d foreign States, citizens or subjects. JURISDICTION OF SUPREME COURT. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls. and those in which a State shall be a party, the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions, and under such regulations as the Congress shall make. OF TRIALS FOR CRIMES. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jury ; and such trial shall be held in the State where the said crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed within any State, the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have directed. OF TREASON. SEC. 3. Treason against the United States shall consist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open Court. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture, except during the life of the person attainted. ARTICLE IV. STATE ACTS. SEC. J. Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the public acts, records and judicial proceedings of every other State. And the Con- gress may, by general laws, prescribe the manner in which such acts, records and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof* PRIVILEGES OF CITIZENS. SEC. 2. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States. A person charged in any Slate with treason, felony or other crime, who shall llee from justice, and be found in another State, shall, on demand of OF THE UNITED STATES, ARTICLE VI. MODE OF TRIAL. In all criminal prosecutions the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previ- ously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the.uccusa.tion ; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor; and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense. ARTICLE VII. KIGHT OF TRIAL BY JURY. In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved; and no fact tried by jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the United States than according to the rules of the common law. ARTICLE VIII. BAIL. FINES. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor eruel and unusual punishments inflicted. ARTICLE IX. RIGHTS NOT ENUMERATED. The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights, shall not be con- strued to deny or disparage others retained by the people. ARTICLE X. POWERS RESERVED. The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively or to the people. ARTICLE XI. LIMITATION OF JUDICIAL POWER. The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects of another State, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign State.. ARTICLE XII. ELECTION OF PRESIDENT. The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an in- habitant of the same State with themselves; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice-President; and they shall make distinct lists of all per- sons voted for as President and of all persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of votes for each, which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the Government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate; the President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted; the person having the greatest number of votes for President shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if no person have such a majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers, not exceeding three, on the list, of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately by ballot the President. But in choosing the President, the vote shall be taken by States, the representatives from each State having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President when- ever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as President, a* 550 CONSTITUTION- OF THE UNITED STATES. in the case of the death or other Constitutional disability of the PresU dent. The. person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President shall be the Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if.no person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice- President ; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necssary to a choice. But no person Constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States. [Ratified in 1865.] ARTICLE XIII. SEC. 1. Neither Slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punish- ment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. SEC. 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. [Ratified in 18G8.] ARTICLE XIV. SEC. 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United Suites, and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges and immunities of citizens of the United States. Nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty or property, without due process of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. SEC. 2. Representati'ves shall be apportioned among the several Slates according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of per- sons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed; but whenever the right to vote at any election for electors of President and Vicfc-President, or United States Representatives in Congress, executive and judicial officers, or the members of the Legislature therof, is denied to any of the male in- habitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion or other crimes, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in that State. SEC. 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, elector of President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or mili- tary, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State Legislature, or as an executive or judi- cial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof; but Congress may, by a vote of two- thirds of each House, "remove such disability. SEC. 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States authorized by law, including debts incurred for the payment of pensions and bounties for service in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be ques- tioned; but neither the United States nor any State shall assume to pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave, but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be illegal and void. SEC. 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legis- lation, the provisions of this article. [Ratified in 1870.'; ARTICLE XV. SEC. 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States, or by any State, on account of race, color or previous condition of servitude. SEC. 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this Article by appro- priate legislation; HOMES OF THE PRESIDENTS. 551 PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. Presi- dential Term. Name. Qualified. Born. Died. I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ii 12 3 14 5 16 7 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 George Washington.. George Washington.. John Adams April 30, 1789 March 4, 1793 March 4, 1797 March 4, 1801 March 4, 1805 March 4, 1809 March 4, 1813 March 4, 1817 March 5, 1821 March 4, 1825 March 4, 1829 March 4, 1833 March 4, 1837 March 4, 1841 April 6, 1841 March 4, 1845 March 5, 1849 July 9, 1850 March 4, 1853 March 4, 1857 March 4, 1861 March 4, 1865 April 15, 1865 March 4, 1869 March 4, 1873 March 5, 1877 March 4, 1881 Sept'r 20, 1 88 1 Feb. 22, 1732 Oct. 19 1735, April 2, 1743 March 5, 1751 April 28,1758 July II, 1767 Mar. 15, 1767 Dec. 5, 1782 Feb. 9, 1773 Mar. 29, 1 790 Nov. 2, 1795 Nov. 24, 1 784 Jan. 7, 1800 Nov. 23, 1804 April 22, 1791 Feb. 12, 1809 Dec. 29, 1808 April 27, 1822 Oct. 4, 1822 Nov. 19, 1831 (.Jet. 5, 1830 Dec. 14, 1779 July 4, 1826 July 4, 1826 June 28, 1836 July 4, 1831 Feb. 23, 1848 June 8, i 45 July 24, 1862 April 4, 1841 Jan. 17, 1862 June 15, 1849 July 9, 1850 Oct. 8 1869 June I, 1868 April 15, 1865 July 30,1875 Sept. 19, 1 88 1 Thomas Jefferson.... Thomas Jefferson James Madison James Madison James Monroe James Monroe fohn Quincy Adams. Andrew Jackson Andrew Jackson Martin Van Buren... \Vm. II. Harrison.* John Tyler fames K. Polk Z ichary Taylor* Millard Fillmore Franklin Pierce James Buchanan Abraham Lincoln.... Abraham Lincoln *.. Andrew Johnson Ulysses S. Grant . ... Ulysses S. Grant Rutherford B. Hayes James A. Garfteld* . . . Chester A. Arthur ... Total number of incumbents, 21. * Died in office. HOMES OF THE PRESIDENTS. Native State. Whence Elected. Virginia Massachusetts. Massachusetts . u 11 Adams, T. Ouincv ... Massachusetts Massachusetts. Jackson .-. .North Carolina (Tennessee. Van Buren iNew York !New York. Harrison i Virginia jOhio. Tyler ' (Virginia. Polk North Carolina j Tennessee. Taylor iVirgim i Louisiana. Fillmore Now York New York. Pierce : New Hampshire... New Hampshire. Buchanan i Pennsylvania Pennsylvania. Lincoln Kentucky Illinois. Johnson [North Carolina jTennessee. Grant [Ohio Illinois. Hayes > " ...'Ohio. Garfield I ' | " Arthur ... New York New York. 552 VICE PRESIDENTS. VICE-PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. Vice- Pres. Term. Name. Qualified. Born. Died. I John Adams June T., 1780 1 2 John Adams Dec. 2, 17Q1 f '735 1826 Thomas Jefferson March 4, 1797 I74-> 1826 March 4, 1801 17^6 18^6 5 George Clinton March 4, 1805 1 6 George Clinton* March 4, 1809 j 1739 1812 7 William II. Crawfordf Elbridge Gerry* April 10, 1812 March 4, 1813 1772 1744 1834 1814. John Gaillard* Nov. 2C, 1814 lK'5/'. 8 Daniel D. Tompkins March 4, 1817 "1 Daniel D. Tompkins March 5, 1821 / 1744 1825 10 John C. Calhoun March 4, 1825 "I ii John C CalhounJ March 4, 1829 / 1782 1850 Hugh L. Whitef Dec. 28, 1832 177"? 1840 12 Martin Van Bu ren March 4, 1833 1782 1862 J^ Richard M. Johnson March 4, 1837 1780 i8?o John Tyler? . March 4, 1841 I7QO 1862 Samuel L. Southard"}" . April 6, 1841 1787 1842 Willie P. Mangum-); May 31, 1842 1792 1861 1C George M. Dallas March 4, 1845 1792 1864 16 Millard Fillmore? March ^. 1849 1 800 1869 William R. Kingf July I r, iSso ") 17 William R. King- March 4, 1853 / 1786 1853 David R. Atchisonf April 18, 1853 1807 Jesse D. Bright f Dec. 5, 1854 1812 18 John C. Breckenridge March 4, 1857 1821 187? 19 Hannibal Hamlin March 4, 1861 1809 20 March 4, 1865 1808 1875 I^afayette S. Fosterf April 15, 1865 1806 Benjamin F. Wadef March 2, 1867 1800 21 Schuyler Colfax March 4, 1869 1823 22 Henry Wilson* March 4, 1873 1812 1875 Thomas W. Ferry f Nov. 22, 1875 1827 2"? William A. Wheeler March 5, 1877 1819 24 Chester A. Arthur March 4, 1881 1830 David Davis f. Oct. 13, 1881 1815 George F. Edmundsf March 3, 1883 1828 * Died in ofTiGe. t Acting Vice-President and President pro tern, of the Senate. \ Resigned the Vice-Presidency. % Became President. CABINETS OF THE PRESIDENTS. GEORGE WASHINGTON: April 30, 1789 March 4, 1797 (two terms). Secretary of Slate: Thomas Jefferson, appointed Sept. 26, 1789 '' " Edmund Randolph, " Jdn. 2, 1794 " " Timothy Pickering, " Dec. 10, 1795 CABINETS OF THE PRESIDENTS. 553 Secretary of Treasury: Alexander Hamilton, appointed Sept. II, 1789 " " Oliver Wolcott, " Feb. 2, 1795 War: Henry Knox, " Sept. 12, 1789 " " Timothy Pickering, Jan. 2, 1795 if tt James McHenry, Jan. 27, 1796 Postmaster General: Samuel Osgood, " Sept. 26, 17^9 it Timothy Pickering, " Aug. 12, 1791 " " Joseph Habersham, " Feb. 25, 1795 Attorney- General: Edmund Randolph, " Sept. 26, 1789 (i William Bradford, Jan. 27, 1794 " " Charles Lee, " Dec. 10, 1795 JOHN ADAMS : March 4> *797 March 4, 1801 (one term). Secretary of State : Timothy Pickering, appointed March 4, 1797 " " John Marshal], " May 13, 1800 ' Treasury . Oliver Wolcott, " March 4, 1797 ' " Samuel Dexter, " Jan. I, 1 80 1 War: James McHenry, " March 4, 1797 " Samuel Dexter, " May 13, 1800 ' " Rodger Griswold, " Feb. 3, 1801 ' Navv: Benjamin Stoddart, " May 21, 1798 Postmaster- General: Joseph Habersham, " March 4, 1797 Attorney- General: Charles Lee, " March 4, 1797 a tt Theophilus Parsons, " Feb. 20, I So I THOMAS JEFFERSON: March 4, 1801 March 4, 1809 (two terms). Secretary of Stale : James Madison, appointed March 5, 1801 " Treasury Albert Gallalin, May 14, 1801 War: Henry Dearborn, March 5, 1801 '' Navy: Benjamin Stoddert, March 4, 1801 '' " Robert Smith, July 15, iSoi '> J. Crowninshield, March 3, 1805 Postmaster- General : Joseph Habersham, March 4, 1801 " " Gideon Granger, Nov. 28, 1 80 1 Attorney- General: Levi Lincoln, March 5, 1801 >< Robert Smith, March 3, 1805 John Breckinridge, Aug. 7, 1805 " " Csesar A. Rodney, Jan. 28, 1807 JAMES MADTSON: March 4, 1809 March 4, 1817 (t vo terms). Secretary of State : Robert Smith, appo nted March 6, 1809 " " James Monroe, April 2, 1811 Treasury .- Albert Gallatin, ' March 4, 1809 " " George W. Campbell, Feb. 9, 1814 it Alexander J. Dallas, Oct. 6, 1814 William II . Crawford, Oct. 22, 1816 War: William F.ustis, March 7, 1809 u i< John Armstrong, Jan. 13, 1813 " " James Monroe, Sept. 27, 1814 " " William H. Crawford, Aug. I, 1815 Navy: Paul Hamilton, March 7, 1809 it a William Jones, Jan. 12, 1813 n it B. W. Crowninshield, Dec. 19, 1814 554 CABINETS OF THE PRESIDENTS. Postmaster- General : Attorney- General : Gideon Granger, Return J. Meigs, Jr., Qesar A, Rodney, William Pinkney, Richard Rush, appointed March 4, 1809 March 17, 1814 March 4, 1809 Dec. 11, 1811 Feb. 10, 1814 JAMES MONROE: March 4, 1817 March 4, 1825 (two terms). Secretary of State: John Quincy Adams, " Treasury William H. Crawford, War : George Graham, " John C. Calhoun, Navy: B. W. Crowninshield, " Smith Thompson, " Samuel L. Southard, Postmaster- General ': Return J. Meigs, Jr., John McLean, Attorney- General : Richard Rush, William Wirt, 2^) ^iwo icrmsj. appointed March 5, 1817 " March 5, 1817 ad interim. Oct. 8, 1817 March 4, 1817 Nov. 9, 1818 Sept. 16, 1823 March 4, 1817 June 26, 1823 March 4, 1817 Nov. 13, 1817 JOHN QUINCY ADAMS : March 4, 1825 March 4, 1829 (one term). Secretary of State : " Treasury War: " Navy : Postmaster- General : Attorney- General : Henry Clay, Richard Rush, James Barbour, Peter B. Porter, Samuel L. Southard, John McLean, William Wirt, ANDREW JACKSON: Secretary of State : Postmaster- General ': Attorney- General : March 4, 1829 March 4, Martin Van Buren, Edward Livingston, " Louis McLane, " John Forsyth, Treasury: Samuel D. Ingham, " '' Louis McLane, " " William J. Duane, " Roger B. Taney, Levi Woodbury, John II. Eaton, Lewis Cass, John Branch, Levi Woodbury, Mahlon Dickerson, William T. Barry, Amos Kendall, John M. Berrien, Roger IS. Taney, Benjamin F. Butler, War. appointed March 7, 1825 " March 7, 1825 " March 7, 1825 " May 26, 1828 " March 4, 1825 " March 4, 1825 " March 4, 1825 1837 (two terms). appointed March 6, 1829 " May 24, 1831 " May 29, 1833 June 27, 1834 " March 6, 1829 " Aug. 2, 1831 " May 29, 1X33 Sept. 23, 1833 June 27, 1834 " March 9, 1829 " Aug. i, 1831 " March 9, 1829 " May 23, 1831 " June 30, 1834 " March 9, 1829 May i, 1835 March 9, 1829 " |uly 20, 1831 " Nov. 15, 1833 MARTIN VAN BUREN: March 4, 1837 March 4, 1841 (one term). Secretary of Slate : John Forsyth, appointed March 4, 1837 " Treasury: Levi Woodbury, " March 4, 1837 " War : }oel R. Poinsett, " March 7, 1837 NATIONAL ELECTIONS. THE PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION. The Presidential election will take place on Tuesday, November 4th, 1884. The Constitution prescribes that each State shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a number of electors equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in Congress. For the election this year the electors by States will be as follows : States. Electoral States. Electoral Vote. Vote. Alabama iO]Missouri 16 Arkansas yiNebraska 5 California 8 ! Nevada 3 Colorado 3 New Hampshire 4 Connecticut 6 s Nevf Jersey 9 Delaware 3 New York 36 Florida 4 North Carolina n Georgia i2;Ohio 23 Illinois 22 Oregon 3 Indiana 15 Pennsylvania 30 Iowa 13 Rhode Island 4 Kansas 9 South Carolina 9 Kentucky 13 Tennessee 12 Louisiana 8 Texas 13 Maine 6 Vermont 4 Maryland 8 Virginia 12 Massachusetts 14 West Virginia 6 Michigan 13 Wisconsin n Minnesota 7 Mississippi 9 Total 401 Necessary to a choice, 201. No Senator or Representative, or person holding an office of profit or trust under the United States, shall be an elector. In all the States, the laws thereof direct that the people shall choose the electors. The Constitution declares that the day when electors are chosen shall be the same throughout the United States. The electors shall meet in their respective States on the first Wednesday in December, and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same State as themselves. CHIEF OFFICERS OF THE U. S. NA VY. CHIEF OFFICERS OF THE U. S. ARMY. Entered the Army. General of the Army Lieut. -Gen. Philip II. Sheridan 1853 Major-Generals Winfield S. Hancock 1844 John M. Schofield 1853 John Pope 1842 Brigadier-Generals Oliver O. Howard 1854 Alfred H. Terry 1865 Christopher C. Augur 1843 George Crook 1852 Nelson A. Miles 1866 Ranold S. Mackenzie... 1862 CHIEF OFFICERS OF THE U. S. NAVY. NAME. Whence Ap- pointed. Original Entry into Service. Rank. David D. Porter Penn.. .. 1820 Admiral. Stephen C. Rowan John L. Worden Ohio N. Y 1826 18^4 1 Vice-Admiral. Edward T. Nichols Ga 1836 N. Y.. l8^7 Aaron K. Hughes Charles H. Baldwin N. Y N. Y 1838 1870 - Rear- Admirals. ' Robert W. Shufeldt N. Y 1870 Thomas Pattison N. Y j8^Q Edward Simpson.. N. Y .. 1840 William G. Temple Vt 1840 Thomas S. Phelps Maine 1840 Clark H. Wells Penn 1840 S. P. Quackenbush N. Y. ... 1840 Earl English John H. Upshur Francis A. Roe N. J D. C N. Y 1840 1841 1841 Samuel R. Franklin Penn 1841 Penn 1841 J.C. P. de Krafft Ill 1841 Commodores. Oscar C. Badger . Penn 1841 Stephen B. Luce .. N. Y 1841 John Lee Davis ... Ind 1841 Alexander A. Semmes Md 1841 William T. Truxtun Penn 1841 Ill 1841 William K. Mayo Va 1841 James E. Jowett T. Scott Fillebrown Ky Maine.... 1841 1841 Johnuss H. Rell Md 1841 , SPEAKERS OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.* Name. State. Con- gress Term, ot Service. F. A. Muhlenberg Jonathan Trumbull F. A. Muhlenberg Pennsylvania ... Connecticut Pennsylvania.... ISt 2d 3d u 4 th Sth 6th 7 th 8th 9th loth nth i2th I3th 1 3th 1 4th I5th 1 6th i6th i yth i8th igth 20th 21St 22d 230! 23d 24th 2$th 26th 27th 28th 2gth 3oth 3 ist 32d 33d 34th 35th 36th 37th 38th 39 th 4Oth list .(2(1 43d 44 th 44th 45th 4 6th 47th 4 8th April i, 1789, to March 4, 1791 October 24, 1791, to March 4, 1793 December 2, 1703, to March 4, 1795 December 7, 1795, to March 4, 1797 May 15, 1797, to March 3, 1799 December 2, 1799, to March 4, 1801 December 7, 1801, to March 4, 1803 October 17, 1803, to March 4, 1805 December 2, 1805, to March 4, 1807 October 26, 1807, to March 4, 1809 May 22, 1809, to March 4, 1811 November 4, 1811, to March 4, 1813 May 24, 1813, to Jan'y 19, 1814 January 19, 1814, to March 4, 1815 December 4, 1815, to March 4, 1817 December i, 1817, to March 4, 1819 December 6, 1819, to May 15, 1820 November 15, 1820, to March 4, 1821 December 4, 1821, to March 4, 1823 December i, 1823, to March 4, 1825 December 5, 1825, to March 4, 1827 December 3. 1827, to March 4, 1829 December 7, 1829, to March 4, 1831 December 5, 1831, to March 4, 1833 December 2, 1833, to June 2, 1834 June 2, 1834, to March 4, 1835 December 7, 1835, to March 4, 1837 Septembers, 1837, to March 4, 1839 Decemberi6, 1839, to March 4, 1841 May 31, 1841, to March 4, 1843 December 4, 1843, to March 4, 1845 December i, 1845, to March 4, 1847 December 6, 1847, to March 4, 1849 December22, 1849,10 March4, 1851 December i, 1851, to March 4, 1853 December 5, 1853, to March 4, 1855 February 2, 1856, to March 4, 1857 December 7, 1857, to March 4, 1859 February i, 1860. to March 4, 1861 July 4, 1861, to March 4, 1863 December 7, 1863, to March 4, 1865 December 4, 1865, to March 4, 1867 March 4, 1867, to March 4, 1869 March 4, 1869, to March 4, 1871 March 4, 1871, to March 4, 1873 December i, 1873, to March 4, 1875 December 6, 1875, to Aug. 20, 1876 December 4, 1876, to March 4, 1877 October 15, 1877, to March 4, 1879 March 18, 1879, to March 4, 1881 Decembers, 1881, to March 4, 1883 December 3, 1883, to Theodore Sedgwick Nathaniel Macon Joseph B. Varnum Henry Clay \... Massachusetts.... North Carolina.. Massachusetts.... Kentucky South Carolina. . Kentucky New York Henry Clay John W.Taylor Henry Clay John W.Taylor Andrew Stevenson John Bell Kentucky New York Virginia James K. Polk Robert M. T Hunter. John White John W. Jones Kentucky John W. Davis Robert C. Winthrop Howell Cobb Linn Boyd Indiana Massachusetts ... Georgia Kentucky Massachusetts... Nathaniel P. Bank's James L. Orr 'South Carolina... Wm. Pennington New Tersev Galusha A. Grow Schuyler Cplfax James G. Blaine Michael C. Kerr Samuel J. Randall J. Warren Keifer John G. Carlisle Pennsylvania.... Indiana Maine Indiana Pennsylvania Ohio Kentucky * Not including Speakers pro tern. CONGRESSIONAL REPRESENTATION OF THE STATES. I. RATIO OF REPRESENTATIVES AND POPULATION. By Constitution, 1789 One to 30,000. " 33,000. First Census, from March 4th, 1793. Second " " " 1803.. " Third " " "1813. 33,000. 35,000. 566 CONGRESSIONAL REPRESENTA TION. By Fourth Census, from March 4th, 1823 One 1040,000. Fifth Sixth Seventh Eighth Ninth Tenth 1833. 1843- 1853- 1863 1873- 1883. 47,7oo. 70,680. 93,423. 127,381. 131,425. II. REPRESENTATIVES FROM EACH STATE UNDER EACH CENSUS. STATES. Consti- tution, 1789. ist census ^1 8 Uf j. 3 *i X 3 \n C 3 6th census 3 . c V o sl g X 3 J= 3 Ov= c V M O Connecticut 5' I 3 6 8 3 4 6 8 i 5 10 7 i 2 8 14 4 5 10 10 13 2 6 19 2 2 7 i 4 9 17 5 6 7 12 18 2 8 22 6 4 3 7 2 6 9 20 6 6 27 13 23 2 9 23 10 6 6 6 6 i 7 9 13 6 6 34 '3 26 2 9 22 12 5 9 14 3 i 3 3 7 i i 6 i 9 8 12 5 6 40 13 28 2 9 21 13 5 13 19 5 3 7 3 8 2 2 Delaware I 8 6 10 4 5 34 9 24 2 7 15 10 4 ii 21 7 7 10 4 7 4 5 i 3 I 8 6 II 3 5 33 8 25 2 6 13 10 3 10 21 7 9 ii 4 6 5 7 2 4 2 I 2 2 I 2 3 i 7 5 10 3 5 3i 7 24 2 4 ii 9 3 8 19 6 14 ii 5 5 5 9 3 6 3 i 6 2 I 4 6 i i i I 9 6 ii 3 7 33 8 27 2 5 9 10 3 10 20 8 9 13 6 5 6 13 4 9 4 2 9 3 i 6 8 3 i i i 3 293 i 10 6 12 2 7 34 9 28 2 7 10 ii 2 10 21 8 20 13 6 4 7 H 5 ii 6 2 II 5 i ii 9 7 3 i i 4 325 Maryland Massachusetts New Hampshire New Jersey New York North Carolina Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina.... Virginia Kentucky Vermont. Ohio Alabama Illinois Indiana Louisiana Maine Mississippi Missouri Arkansas Michigan Florida Minnesota Wisconsin Kansas Nebraska Colorado West Virginia Whole number 6 5 105 141 TsT 213 240 223 237 243 WHERE OL'R CHIEF OFFICERS CAME FROM, WHERE OUR CHIEF OFFICERS CAME FROM. From the beginning of the Government in 1789 to 1884. STATES. Presidents. Vice- Presidents. Secretaries of State. Secretaries of Treasury. Secretaries of War. Secretaries of Navy. Secretaries of Interior. Postmasters- General. "rt c . c o < Supreme Court Justices. Presidents pro tan, of Senate. 3 O V ^ 3 1 c/l "1 _0 Alabama I 2 ? 5 Arkansas I i Colorado Connecticut T T 2 I A I I 7 I 1C Delaware 7 T T 4 Florida T ? 7 I 2 2 7 T 14 Illinois 2 I 7 I I I 8 Indiana I T T 2 2 I 7, ii Iowa ?, 2 I 5 Kansas Kentucky 2 T 7 I 4 7 7. 2 4 73 Louisiana. , T T T T 4 Maine. I I 2 I I I 8 I 2 T 7. 2 C r 2 21 Massachusetts.. 2 1 7 4 C I 1 2 4 7,6 Michigan I I 2 2 6 Minnesota f i Mississippi T I I I 4 Missouri I I I 3 Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire 1 I 7 i 3 8 New Jersey.... I 7 ? T 7 New York 3 7 ^ /\ 5 7 4 7. 6 T T -11 North Carolina /\ ? 3 T 10 Ohio... 7 A 7 7. 7 7 c i 1 ?6 Oregon I i Pennsylvania . i i 2 7 6 2 2 6 4 7 7 38 Rhode Island ? 7! South Carolina i ?. ?, I T ?, 3 2 '4 Tennessee 4 i I ? 7 I I ? ? 16 Texas T I Vermont I 7 4 Virginia 5 ?, 6 3 /\ I 4. 5 6 4 1 West Virginia Wisconsin... 2 i 7 Total ?T 20 ?r> 7r1 77 7O 7,0 1 40 5 3 38 568 OUR REPRESENTATIVES ABROAD. OUR REPRESENTATIVES ABROAD. COUNTRY. Name and Rank. Residence. Salary. Argentine Republic Austria-Hungary ... Thomas O. Osborn, Min. Res Alphonso Taft,* E. E. and M. P Juenos Ayres $7,5 12,000 3' 5o 7.5o 5,ooo 12,000 I, 800 IO,OOO 10,000 12,000 5,000 7.50 5.000 5,000 17.500 3,625 2,000 17.500 2,625 2,000 17,500 2,625 2,000 6.500 7,500 5,000 12,000 3.500 I2,OOO 2,500 2,500 5,OOO I2.OOO 1, 800 7.500 5,000 5,000 10,000 5,000 6,500 17,500 2,625 6,500 5,000 12,000 3,OOO 7,500 5,000 7,500 3,500 3,OOO 7.500 ienry White, Sec. Leg., and C. G /ienna Bolivia. Brazil Richard Gibbs, M. R. and C. G Thomas A. Osborne, E. E. and M. P. ^a Paz Central American States Chili Henry C. Hall. E. E. and M. P C. A. Locan, E. E. and M. P juatemala |. Russell Young, E. E. and M. P Peking Jhester Holcombe, Sec. and Int Win. L. Scruggs, Minister Res Peking Bogota Corea Denmark Uicius H. F ote, E. E. and M. P Wick'm Hoffman, M. R. and C. G...'. Levi P. Morton, E. E. and M. P Seoul Copenhagen Paris.. E. J. Brulatour, Sec. Legation Paris. rlenri Vign.md, ad Sec. Legation Paris Aaron A. Sargent, E. E. and M. P.... Berlin H. Sidney Everett, Sec. Legation Berlin Berlin [ames R. Lowell, E. E. and M. P Greece Hawaiian Islands.... Hayti kVm. J. Hoppin, Sec. Legation E. S. Nadal, ad Sec. Legation Eugene Schuyler, M. R. and C. G .... Rollin M. Dagcett, Min. Res John M Langston, M. R. and C. G.. Wm. W. Astor, E. E. and M. P. London London Athens Honolulu Port au Prince Lewis Richmond, Sec. of Leg. and C. G |ohn A. Bingham, E. E. and M. P.... justavits Goward, Sec. Legation Willis N. Whitney, Interpreter J. H. Smyth, M. R. and C. G Philip H. Morgan, E. E. and M. P... Tokei (Yedo) Tokei (Yedo) Tokei (Yedo) Monrovia Liberia Netherlands Paraguay and Uru guay Persia Henry H. Morgan, Sec. Legation Wm. L. IJaylon, Minister Res Wm Williams, Charge d'Affaires S. G. W. Benjamin, Min. Res. and Mexico The Hague Montevideo Teheran Peru SethS. Phelps, E. E. and M.P John M. Francis, M. R.and C. G Lima Roumania Eugene Schuyler, M.R.andC. G George W. Wertz, Sec. Legation Eugene Schuyler, M. R. and C. G..... J. A. Halderman, M R.and C. G John W. Foster, E. E. and M. P Dwight T. Reed, Sec. and C. G Wm. W. Thomas, Jr., Min. Res Michael J. Cramer, M. R. and C. G... Lewis Wallace, E. E. and M. P G. Harris Heap. Sec. Leg. and C. G. A. A. Gargiulo, Interpreter Jehu Baker, Minister Res Athens St. Petersburg St. Petersburg Athens 'Bangkok Madrid Madrid Stockholm Berne, Constantinople Constantinople j Constantinople [Caracas Servia Siam < Sweden and Norway Switzerland Turkey Venezuela OUR REPRESENTATIVES FROM ABROAD. 569 OUR REPRESENTATIVES FROM ABROAD COUNTRY. Argentine Republic. NAMB. Senor Don Louis L. Dominguez.* Senor Don Florencio L. Dominguez.f Austria-Hungary Baron Ignatz von SchaefFer (absent).*, Count von Lippe Weissenfield.^; Belgium Mr. Bounder de Melsbroeck.* iCount Gaston d'Arschot.J Brazil Senhor J. G. do Amaral Valente.J Chili Senor Don Joaquin Godoy.* Senor Don Federico Pinto. f China Mr. Cheng Tsao Ju.# Mr. Tsii Shau Fung.-}- Denmark,.., iMr.-Carl Steen Anderson de Billie. France Mr. Theodore Roustan (absent).* Mr. Horace Denaut.J Germany , Captain C. von Eisendscker.* Count Lyden.f Great Britain The Honorable L. S. Sackville West.* Dudley E. Saurin, Esq.f Hawaii Mr. H. A. P. Carter." Hayti Mr. Stephen Preston. I Mr. Charles A. Preston.f Italy Baron de Fava (absent).* Marquis A. Dalla Valle de Mirabello.J Japan '. Joshii Terashima Munenori (absent 1 ).* Mr. Naito Ruijiro.-j- Mexico Senor Don Matias Romero (absenO.* Senor Don Cayetano Romero. J Netherlands Mr. G. de Weckherlin (absent). $ Baron P. de Smeth Van Alphen J Peru Sefior Don J. Federico Elmore.$ Portugal Viscount das Nogueiras.* Russia Mr. Charles de Struve.* Mr. Gregoire de Willamov.j- Spain Senor Don Juan Valera.* Senor Don Enrique Dupuy de Lome.J Count Carl Leweuhaupt (absent).* Mr. C. de Bildt.J Switzerland Colonel Emile Frey.* Major Karl Kloss.f Turkey Tewfik Pasha.* Rustem Effencli.j- Uruguay Senor Don Enrique M. Estrazulas. \ Sweden and Norway. * Envoy Extraordinary- and Minister Plenipotentiary, t Secretary of Legation. \ Counselor and Charge d' Affaires. j{ Minister Resident^ind Consul General. 570 QUALIFICATIONS FOR VOTERS. QUALIFICATIONS FOR VOTERS. STATES. < Requirement as to Citizenship. Residence in Registration. V 09 >, 3 J Alabama 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 Citizens or declared intention. Citizens or declared intention. Actual citizens I yr. I yr. I yr. 6mo I yr. I yr. I yr. I yr. lyr. 6 mo 6 mo 6 mo 2 yrs I yr. 3 mo lyr. I Yr. 3 mo 6 mo gods 6 mo I mo 6 mo 6 mo gods oods 6ods ryr. 6 mo 6 mo No law. Prohibited. Required. Required. Required. Not required. Required. No law. Required. No law. Required. Req'd in cities Not required. No law. Required. Required. Required. Required. Required. Required. Req'd in cities Required. Required. Required. Req'd in cities Req'd in cities Required. Not required. Required. Required. Required. Not required. Prohibited. Required. Required. Prohibited. Required. Arkansas California .... Colorado Citizens or declared intention. Actual citizens Actual County taxpayers Connecticut... Delaware Florida Georgia ( United States citizens or ) \ declared intention j Actual citizens. Illinois Actual citizens Indiana Citizens or declared intention. Actual citizens Iowa Kansas Citizens or declared intention. Free white male citizens.. Kentucky Louisiana Citizens or declared intention. Actual citizens Maine Maryland Massachusetts. Michigan Actual citizens Citizens Citizens or declared intention. Citizens or declared intention. Actual citizens. 3 mo 4mo 6 mo 'y- 6 mo 6 mo I mo 6ods 3ods 5 mo 4mo gods Minnesota Mississippi. ... Missouri Citizens or declared intention. Citizens or declared intention. Citizens or declared intention. Actual citizens Nebraska Nevada.. . N. Hampshire New Jersey... New York.... N. Carolina... Ohio Actual citizens yr. yr. vr. Actual citizens. Actual citizens Actual citizens yr. Oregon Citizens or declared intention. Actual citizens mo yr. Pennsylvania. Rhode Island S. Carolina Tennessee Texas Actual tax-paying citizens Actual citizens yr. .yr. F- y- y r - 6ods 6 mo 6 mo Actual citizens Citizens or declared intention. Actual citizens Vermont Virginia \V. Virginia... Wisconsin Actual citizens yr. yr. 6ods Citizens or declared intention. NOTE. In several States women are permitted to vote on the school questions, selec- tion of directors, etc. PUBLIC DEBT OF THE UNITED STATES. 571 PUBLIC DEBT OF THE UNITED STATES. $10,434,221 14 66 j l8 39 ................... 3,573,343 82 04184 ................... 5,250,875 54 \_To January ist of each year to 1842. To July ist,from 1843-1 883.] I79 1 75.463,476 I79 2 77.227,924 1793- 80,352,634 1794 78,427,404 1795-' 80,747,587 1796 83,762,172 1797 82,064,479 1798 79,228,529 1799 78,408,669 1800 82,976,294 i So i 83,038,050 1802 86,712,632 1803 77,054,686 1804 86,427,120 1805 82,312,150 1806 75,723,270 1807 69,218,398 1808 65,196,317 1809 57,023,192 1810 53,i73> 21 7 1811 48,005,587 1812 45,209,737 1813 55,962,827 1814 81,487,846 1815. 99,833,660 1816 127,334,933 1817 123,491,965 1818 103,466,633 1819 95,529,648 1820 91,015,566 1821 89,987,427 1822 93,546,676 1823 90,875, 8 77 1824 90,269,777 1825 83,788,432 1826 81,054,059 1827 73,987,357 1828 67,475,043 1829 58,421,413 1830 48,565,406 1831 39,123,191 1832 24,322,235 1833 7,001,698 1834 4,760,082 1835 37,513 1836 336,957 1837 3,308,124 1841 ................... 13,594,480 73 1842 ................... 20,601,226 28 1843 ......... ......... 32,742,922 oo 1844 ................... 23,461,652 50 1845 ................... 15,925,303 01 1846 ................... 15,550,202 97 1847 .................. 38,826,534 77 1848 ................... 47,044,862 23 1849 ................... 63,061,858 69 1850 ................... 63,452,773 55 1851 ................. 68,304,796 02 1852 ................... 66,199,341 71 1853 ................... 59,803,117 70 1854 ................... 42,242,222 42 1855... ................ 35,586,858 56 1856 ................... 31,972,537 90 1857 ................... 28,699,831 85 1858 ................... 44,911,881 03 1859 ................... 58,496,837 88 1860 ................... 64,842,287 88 1861 ................... 90,580,873 72 1862 .................. 524,176,412 13 1863 ................... 1,119,772,138 63 1864 ................... 1,815,784,370 57 1865 .................. 2,680,647,869 74 1866 ................... 2,773,236,173 69 1867 .................. 2,678,126,103 87 1868 ................. 2,611,687,851 19 1869 ................... 2,588,452,213 94 1870 ................... 2,480,672,427 81 18/1 ................... 2,353,211,332 32 1872 .................. 2,253,251,328 78 1873 ................... 2,234,482,993 20 1874 ................... 2,251,690,468 43 1875 ................... 2,232,284,531 95 1876 ................... 2,180,395,067 15 1877 ................... 2,205,301,392 10 1878..... ............. 2,256,205,892 53 1811879 ................... 2,245,495,072 04 83 1880 .................. 2,120,415,370 63 o8ji88i ................... 2,069,013,569 58 05,1882 ................. 1,918,312,994 03 83^1883 ................... 1,884,171,728 07 7 | PAYMENTS FOR PENSIONS. PAY OF CHIEF OFFICERS OF THE U. S. ARMY. Pay of Officers in Active Service. GRADE OR RANK. 1 Nearly Pa> First 5 years After 5 years After 10 years After 15 years After 20 years General $n.?oo 10 /. C. 20 /. c. 30 /. c 40 /. c. Lieutenant-General 11,000 Major-General 7,500 Brigadier-General ... 5,500 Colonel , "S^oo &i 8=;o $4,2OO Sd.^OO ft/i coo Lieutenant-Colonel ^,000 3, 100 3,600 3OOO 4 ooo Major 2,500 2.75O ?,ooo 7.2SO j, coo Captain, mounted 2,000 2,200 2,400 2 6OO 2 800 Captain, not mounted 1, 800 i. 080 2 1 60 2,^4O 2 C2O Regimental Adjutant. ,800 i 980 2 1 60 2 74.O 2 C2O Regimental Quartermaster 1st Lieutenant, mounted ,800 600 1,980 1,760 2,160 I 92O 2,340 1 2,o8o 2,520 2 240 1st Lieutenant, not mounted... 2d Lieutenant, mounted ,500 ,500 1,650 1,650 1, 800 1, 800 1,950 i,9;o 2,100 2,IOO 2d Lieutenant, not mounted.. Chaplain ,400 ,500 1,540 1,650 1, 680 1, 800 1,820 1,950 1,900 2,100 PAYMENTS FOR PENSIONS IN 1883. Pensions paid during the Year. Number of Pensioners. STATES. For Regular Pensions. For Arrears of Pensions. Salary and Expenses of Pension Agents. Total Disburse- ments. 1882. 1883. Dollars. J,948,453-54 4,045,320.08 5,863,544-76 5,636,155.64 2,087.440.80 i 3,616,997.31 2.755.227.40 5,100,507.50 2,842,400.69 1,600,370.16 3,282,322.78 2,809,5^5.73 3,176,762.17 3.54 975-95 408,379.66 4,088,557.37 4,174,62448 3,572,433-21 Dollars. 52'-47 4,091.60 5,263.30 8,43'- 57 4,216.72 i,4i3-73 2,760.28 4,126.67 7,483-83 7-353-60 3,5i5-42 3-9 6 5-93 5-364-72 4,081.47 Dollars. 11,938.11 18,858.6^ 22,643.97 23,562.99 13.264.55 14,358.56 14,039.04 17,483-23 i5,379.76 8,353-37 i4.39 I - I 3 19,205.99 '7.997 49 13 224.50 5.859-22 19,240.51 16,438.17 22,915.73 Dollars, i 1,960,913.12 4,068,270.28 5,891,449.03 5 608,150.20 2,104,922.67 3.632,769.60 2,772.026.72 5,122,117.40 2,865,264.28 1,616,077.13 3,300,229.33 2,832,707.65 3,200,124.38 3,072,281.92 414,238.88 4,109,995.89 4.199,115.66 3,601,319.31 11,526 22,004 23,557 26,163 II/.28 13,860 11,099 18,805 17,693 6,606 i3, 33 16,017 18,715 16,750 1,962 20,962 i5,J93 20,324 11,827 23,495 25,854 27,686 11,007 16,051 13,080 20.921 17,189 7,001 14-653 16,141 19,300 16,006 2,191 22,338 17,525 21,393 Massachusetts Ohio New Hampshire... Tennessee Pennsylvania Pennsylvania California New York 2,198.01 8,053.01 6,97-37 Dist. of Columbia.. 6o,o64.ooq.2i 70 808.70 288,154.92 60,431,972.85 285,697 1303,658 REVENUES OF THE UNITED STATES. 575 YEAR ENDED JUNE 30. Amount collected. Expense of collecting. Per cent. of cost. 1858 $^ I 789 620 96 *i2 OO7 Tift Rrt 1859..., AQ c6c KZA 78 6.94 f. 0- 1860 SI I&7 til I S? 34793 l *77 1861 70 ^82 I2C 64 .27 7 iK 1862 4Q O?6 7Q7 6"> 7. is A AT 1863 60,01:0,64.2 4.O 3 181 026 17 w 1864 102 316 152 90 p 1865 84 928,260 60 4.09 w 1866 I 70 046 651 58 U -J9 " n^ > 1867 1 76,417,810 88 '9 lS w 4 1868 164,464 599.56 7,641,1 1 6 68 A 6c 1860.... 180,048 426 63 5 388 082 3 1 Jg 1870 1 04, 1578 774.44. 6 277.747 68 7 2O 1871 206 270,408 05 6,568 350 61 7 18 h 1872 216.770 286.77 6 CKO 177 88 7 21 p 1877 188,089 5 22 7 7 O77 86/1 7O 7 76 u 1874 167,107,877.60 7 721 4.6Q O4 4. An w 1875 i c? 167 722.71; 7,o 7 8 5^1 80 A A1 1876 148 071,984.61 6,704 858 09 4tT7 H 1877 1 7o,