UC-NRLF lllllll ■ $B 7ME b^S ('pi^£^iM^ "^^Prwr^) 10^ ma. cyo Report/ of the STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE TO THE GOVERNOR OF .WASHINGTON , DOCUM^NtG DEP'^'^VIfNT REPORT OF THE State Council of Defense TO THE Governor of Washington COVERING ITS ACTIVITIES DURING THE WAR JUNE 16, 1917 to JANUARY 9, 1919 PUBLISHED BY THE 16th LEGISLATURE IN COMPLIANCE WITH GOVERNOR'S RECOMMENDATION OT^YMPIA^ WASH. FRANK M. LAMBORN t^^^o PUBLIC PRINTER 1919 STATE OF WASHINGTON Office of Governor Olympia January 15, 1919 To the Honorable, the Senate and the House of Repre- sentatives of the State of Washington: I have the honor to herewith transmit to you a copy of the report submitted to me by the State Council of Defense covering its activities and accomplishments from the date of its appointment, June 16, 1917, to the date on which it ended its work, January 9, 1919. As I stated in an earlier Message to you today, I consider the report a document worthy of be- ing printed in sufficient quantity so that it may be available to all members of the Legislature, and to others who may de- sire a copy of it. I urge that the report be printed. Respectfully submitted, ERNEST LISTER, Governor. .' ^m^ ^ 111 ERNEST i;iSTER Washington's War Governor Died June 14, 1919. ' €rne£(t ILi^ttv \j^ AR'S grim demands on the State of Wash- ington were not satisfied by the outpouring of its young manhood over the battlefields of France. Governor Ernest Lister rislted and lost his all with the same steadfast, conscious response to America's call as that which carried more than fifty thousand of Washington's boys and men into the Army and the Navy. His death did not come as the result of sudden illness or quick accident. For months before the armistice was signed Governor Lister forged ahead through the multitude of tasks arising hourly, witli full knowledge that he was paying out vitality which could never return to him. After the close of hostilities he plunged into the first of the problems of reconstruction with the same intense application, heedless of his own health. To manfully perform a duty, once recognized, is a trait essential in any one who does big things, but a mental discipline which impels one to a con- stant scrutiny of events and to unhesitatingly recog- nize and assume responsibility, is rare indeed. The keynote of Governor Lister's policy throughout the war was found in ceaseless vigilance on the part of the nation, the state, the community, the citizen, not merely to perform, but to recognize, duty. h5lO CZVJZB 973 FINAL REPORT — of— WASHINGTON STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE Page PART I. ORGANIZATION . 5 PART II. ACTIVITIES: Co-ordination of Patriotic Work 18 Co-operation in Direct Government Activities. . . 32 Conservation of Resources 39 Home Defense 53 Publicity and Education 63 Miscellaneous 68 WASHINGTON STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE FINAL REPORT PART I.— ORGANIZATION Membership and Officers. On June 16, 1917, pursuant to recommendation of the Council of National Defense and the Conference of Gover- nors held in Washington, D. C, on May 2 and 3, 1917, Governor Ernest Lister appointed the following persons as members of the Washington State Council of Defense : Henry Suzzallo, Co-ordination of Societies and Educa- tional Institutions, Seattle. W. A. Peters, Home Defense, Seattle. Charles Hebberd, Food Supply and Conservation, Spo- kane. Dr. Ernest C. Wheeler, Sanitation and Medicine, Tacoma. E- P. Marsh, Labor, Everett. A. L. Rogers, Farm Labor, Waterville. Mrs. J. S. McKee, Woman's Work, Hoquiam. Everett G. Griggs, Lumber, Tacoma. J. G. Kelly, Publicity, Walla Walla. George Donald, Transportation, Yakima. John T. Heffernan, Manufacturing, Seattle. W. A. Lowman, Fisheries, Anacortes- C. J. Lord, Shipbuilding, Olympia. W. E. Boeing, Aviation, Seattle. E. S. McCord, Law and Finance, Seattle. All of these members served throughout the period of the State Council's existence, except Dr. Wheeler and Mr. Marsh. Dr. Wheeler was commissioned in the Army Medical Corps at Camp Lewis and resigned as member of the Council early in May, 1918, because of his inability to attend meetings and give the necessary time to his duties with the State Coun- cil of Defense. Mr. Marsh resigned as member of the Council shortly after his appointment to President Wilson's Labor Mediation Board, because of his almost continuous absence [5] Report of Washington State Council of Defense from the state in connection with the Mediation Board's duties- Governor Lister appointed William Short, President of the Washington State Federation of Labor, to succeed Mr. Marsh and appointed W. J. Patterson, of Aberdeen, to fill the vacancy occasioned by Dr. Wheeler's resignation. At the first Council meeting. Dr. Henry Suzzallo was elected Chairman and Director of the State Council of Defense. Subsequently the Council authorized him to select a member as Vice-Chairman and he appointed Mr. W. A. Peters to that office. On numerous occasions Dr. Suzzallo was called out of the state on special service for the Federal Government, chiefly to assist in investigating and conferring on threat- ened strikes and labor disputes, and, later, with preliminary plans for the Students Army Training Corps. During the three months immediately preceding the armistice. Dr. Suz- zallo was obliged to give practically all of his time to special work for the War, Navy and Labor Departments, making several extended trips to Washington, D. C. From the early part of June, 1918, until the signing of the armistice, Mr. Peters acted as Chairman and Director of the State Council of Defense- On July 3rd, 1917, M. P. Goodner, of Seattle, was ap- pointed by the Chairman as Executive Secretary and was in charge of the office of the Council at Olympia throughout the period of its activity. State Council of Defense Meetings. Although the members of the State Council of Defense received no compensation for their services and no allowance whatever for expenses, sixteen regular meetings of the Coun- cil were held, with attendance ranging from ten to fourteen. The first and organization meeting was held in Olympia on June 25th and 26th, 1917. During the summer and early fall of 1917 meetings were held at intervals of two weeks ; later the period was extended to an average of five weeks. Of the regular meetings, three were held in Olympia, one in Yakima, seven in Tacoma and five in Seattle, besides the War Confer- ences in Seattle and Spokane in May, 1918. Numerous special [6] Report of Washington State Council of Defense hearings before committees of the Council were held at Yaki- ma, Tacoma, Spokane and other cities. Scope of This Report. The activities outlined in this report are necessarily limit- ed to those initiated by the Council or its executive officers under general or special suggestions from the Federal or State Government. No attempt has been made to cover ade- quately the vast field of work performed by the fifteen mem- bers of the State Council of Defense in their individual capaci- ties, although during the first months of the Council's life the individual efforts of the members and those chosen by them on their advisory committees constituted a very necessary and potent influence in hastening the crystalization of senti- ment supporting the Government in prosecuting the war. After nineteen months of war, during many months of which hundreds of thousands of American soldiers have been on foreign soil, our memories are so crowded with vivid pictures all witnessing unity of aims and hopes that it is impossible to re-live those first weeks of uncertainty through which we groped, conscious that thousands of loyal Americans did not yet grasp the real meaning of our struggle with Germany. We cannot now lift out of the maze those vital moments and those vital acts which so quickly drew the clear line between patriotism and selfishness, between a short-sighted choice of today's false security for tomorrow's lasting peace, but here and there in those first days were courageous, clear- seeing men and women whose wholesome word and decisive act drew around them an ever-widening circle of robust patriots. There are few States in the Union where the prompt rallying of the people was more vital to the winning of the war. Washington's forests of fir, white pine and spruce, her ship- yards, her fields of wheat, her fisheries, her orchards and her canneries gave her a position of unique importance and the huge task of marshalling these assets to the Nation's use was begun by small groups of citizens who sprang to action at a time when the great majority of the people had slight con- ception of the issues involved. [7] Report of Washington State Council of Defense Woman's Part. Though a separate report will be made covering the work of the department of Woman's Work and the State Division of the Woman's Committee of the Council of National Defense, a word of appreciation of the really wonderful spirit of co- operation everywhere exhibited is not out of place here- Throughout the State the loyal women responded to every call made, and the gigantic task of carrying the Government's messages and appeals into the homes of the people could never have been accomplished without the never-failing readiness of the women to understand the need and to act. Mrs. Mc- Kee won the respect of every member of the State Council of Defense with her keen appreciation of the issues involved and of the necessity of bringing the issues to every home, with her constant endeavor to concentrate all effort on securing prac- tical results and her tireless, unselfish labor throughout the period of the war. Co-operation with Governor Lister. During the whole period of the State Council's activi- ties, Governor Lister exhibited the keenest interest in the work. There was never a time when he was unwilling to give careful consideration to the problems constantly arising for decision, and while always willing to express an opinion at no time did he attempt to bias judgment of the State Council in for- mulating its policies. At times, particularly during the first few months of the work, the Council asked the Governor to issue statements, spoken or written, to assist in forming public opinion behind policies considered important but which were not easily inaugurated. Except during the time that the Governor's health prevented his active participation in public affairs, he was present at every meeting of the Council. Aside from the few persons who were in closest touch with the situation, the people of the State can have no adequate understanding of the multitude of problems which came to the Governor's desk for decision. Many of them presented features absolutely unique, and that the State escaped disas- [8] Report of Washington State Council of Defense trous instances of mob violence is due largely to the sane, far- seeing policy of Governor Lister. County Councils of Patriotic Service (County Councils of Defense.) At the meeting of the State Council of Defense held in Yakima on July 2nd, 1917, it was voted to organize a County Council of Patriotic Service in each County of the State; a committee of the Council selected a list of thirty-nine tempo- rary county chairmen, each of whom was written a personal letter asking his immediate action in calling together repre- sentative citizens of unquestioned loyalty to organize the Coun- ty Council. Within a few days the reports of the preliminary organizations began to come in and within a month the great majority of the counties had formed County Councils. In a few counties, owing to local conditions, it was necessary to send personal representatives of the State Council to initiate the work. By reason of resignation or the multitude of duties laid on the shoulders of two or three of the county chairmen their councils never attained that degree of efficiency reach- ed in the majority of counties, but on the whole the plan was found to be practicable, economical and efficient. The County Councils later were designated as County Councils of Defense. In order to knit closer together the County Councils and various organizations co-operating with the State Council of Defense, a joint conference of patriotic workers was held in Yakima on October 3rd and 4th, 1917. Many valuable sug- gestions were made by representatives of the County Councils and the importance of extending the organization into all the communities of the State was emphasized. At this convention the County Councils assumed the responsibility of carrying on the Hoover pledge card campaign throughout the State, under the direction of Mr. Charles Hebberd, Federal Food Adminis- trator. The limited funds available for the use of the State Coun- cil made it impossible to send personal representatives to all the counties, though the Chairman, yice-Chairman and Execu- [9] Report of WasMngton State CoimcU of Defense tive Secretary visited many of the County Councils of Defense and assisted in organizing or reorganizing several of tliem. Mrs. J. S. McKee, member of the State Council, in charge of Woman's Work, visited a large number of the counties and was of great assistance in carrying on the State Council's work. Frequent reports from the County Councils were required and at intervals questionnaires as to activities under way were sent out. With very few exceptions, the organization and personnel of the County Councils were as efficient and as effective as was possible without large appropriations avail- able. In a few counties malicious rumors were started to the effect that the Chairman of the County Council of Defense was being paid for his services and this belief caused more or less difficulty in recruiting volunteers for help in the various lines of work. The State Council of Defense procured lists of leading citizens in such counties and sent them letters ex- plaining the true situation and urging them to render the county chairman every possible assistance and to see that the public generally understood the sacrifice of time and money each chairman was making. The amount of time and labor contributed by the Chair- men of the County Councils of Defense could not be computed in terms of dollars and cents. In no less a sense than a soldier detailed to solitary guard duty with but his own loyalty to know and applaud his tireless vigilance did these Chairmen of the County Councils express their eager patriotism in their ceaseless effort. An almost unbelievable total of vital but un- interesting and irksome detailed work has been done and the men who did it must look for their compensation in the know- ledge that they met and endured a real test of loyalty. War Conferences. Pursuant to request of the Council of National Defense, War Conferences were held in Seattle on May 24th and 25th and in Spokane on May 27th and 28th, 1918. The programs in the two cities were very similar; during the forenoon of [10] Report of Washmgton State Council of Defense the first day sectional meetings were held simultaneously by representatives of the following: War Savings Committee Child Welfare Committees Americanization Committees Food Administration Prosecuting Attorneys and Sheriffs Red Cross State, district or county heads of these agencies presid- ed at the sectional conferences and after brief formal addresses round-table discussions were had, bringing out practical sug- gestions for the improvement of the patriotic work over the State. The afternoon sessions were given over to addresses and discussions by Dr. James A. B- Scherer, representing the Council of National Defense, and Prof. Guy Stanton Ford, representing Committee on Public Information. Mass meetings, open to the public, were held in the even- ing and addresses delivered by Mr. George B. Chandler, rep- resenting the Council of National Defense, and Lieutenant Paul Perigord, of the French Army, representing the Commit- tee on Public Information. These evening meetings in both cities were attended by thousands and were among the most enthusiastic of all the public gatherings held during the war. The second day of the conferences was given over to a joint meeting of the State and County Councils of Defense, with a very extended discussion of plans and methods, partic- ularly on the following subjects: Policy on War Collections; Organization and Work of the Community Councils of De- fense; Handling Disloyalty. Both in Seattle and in Spokane several hundred repre- sentatives of the State, County and Local Councils of Defense were in attendance and the inspiration and exchange of ideas made possible by the War Conferences resulted in a great improvement in the patriotic work over the State. [11] Report of Washington State Council of Defense Local Councils. As early as July 19th, 1917, the Washington State Coun- cil, appreciating the necessity of having a final point of con- tact between the National and State defense machinery and the individual patriot, called on the County Councils to or- ganize auxiliaries in every city, town and village. In many of the counties this suggestion was immediately adopted and a network of local councils was constructed which continued to carry the bulk of the patriotic work until the close of the war. The State Council printed and furnished to the County Coun- cils "Pledges of Patriotic Service," the signing of which was made the sole qualification for membership in the local coun- cil in many counties. On March 30th, 1918, the State Council of Defense mailed to the County Councils of Defense copies of a letter written by Governor Lister to Mr. Harold Preston, Chairman of tlie King County Council of Defense, recommending that regis- trants who had been placed in deferred classifications be or- ganized as auxiliary Councils of Patriotic Service throughout the State. This plan was followed in King County and was found to be most practicable in a large city. The men whose physical conditions or circumstances were such as to render them exempt from military duty generally felt impelled to demonstrate their patriotism by giving an unusual amount of their time to patriotic work and in many cases this group of men formed the nucleus about which a most active local coun- cil of defense was organized. Jn May, 1918, the State Council issued its Bulletin No. 107, outlining fully the purpose, organization and method of local or community Councils of Defense. This bulletin pre- sented the view of the State Council as based on its experience of the previous ten months' work. The tremendous saving in time and effort possible where the Council of Defense ma- chinery was used as the universal vehicle for patriotic work and the equally important advantage of reaching the loyal people of the State directly and quickly through one organi- zation were emphasized. Special stress was laid upon the im- portance of carefully planning the jurisdiction of the respec- [12] Report of Washington State Council of Defense tive local councils so as to enable every loyal citizen to be- come a member of the defense organization. The use of pa- triotic leagues or other societies already at work was advo- cated, where the local conditions allowed proper remodeling to fit the needs of the defense machinery. A form of consti- tution was given. The Council of National Defense tele- graphed for sufficient number of copies of this bulletin to furnish one to each of the State Councils of Defense, and in several of the states the form of organization and the general explanation of the purposes and methods of the community councils of defense were very closely followed. The State of Indiana found our plan especially practicable and useful. Finances. The 1917 Legislature having adjourned prior to the United States' entering the war no appropriation had been made for the expenses of the State Council of Defense. Offices were provided in the Capitol Building at Olympia and the salaries of the executive secretary and stenographic force, telephone and telegraph expenses, printing and office supplies, were paid out of a fund of $5,000.00 which had been appro- priated to the Governor for investigation purposes. When this fund became exhausted, early in the fall of 1918, at the request of the Governor five members of the State Council of Defense each advanced $500, with the understanding that the Governor would request reimbursement by the 1919 Leg- islature. The majority of the County Councils of Defense paid their incidental expenses out of a small fund raised by the members themselves. The chairman of the County Councils have expend- ed a large amount of their own funds in postage, stenographic hire, etc., although the State Council has repeatedly urged that these expenses should be otherwise provided for. In several larger counties arrangements were made with the County Commissioners for the employment of an executive secretary and a stenographer and the State Council had con- sidered the advisability of asking the 1919 Legislature to [13] Report of Washington State Council of Defense authorize County Commissioners to provide funds for main- tenance of County Councils of Defense. Committees and Sub-Committees. Following the plan recommended by the Council of National Defense, Governor Lister, in appointing the members of the State Council of Defense, selected them with special reference to their qualifications as heads of fifteen specified departments, as given on page 5 of this report. Owing to the gradual extension of the field of work covered by official Federal agencies and in a few instances to the impracticability of conducting certain kinds of work because of conditions pe- culiar to this State, many of the departments originally named were not required to carry on special activities and hence are not separately described in this report. The State Council of Defense recognized the wisdom of its acting chiefly as a policy- making body, functioning through its county and local branches, and such committees and sub-committees as were found really necessary. With few exceptions, the activities of the Council are classified by subject rather than by refer- ence to the member, officer or committee under whose direc- tion they were carried on. The committees and sub-committees whose work continued over a considerable portion of the period of the war are as follows : Committees (in Charge of Members of State Council) : Co-ordination, Henry Suzzallo, Chairman; Home Defense, W. A. Peters, Chairman; Food Supply and Conservation, Charles Hebberd, Chair- man; Labor, E. P. Marsh, Chairman; later, Wm. Short, Chair- man; Farm Labor, A. L- Rogers, Chairman; Woman's Work, Mrs. J. S. McKee, Chairman; War Economy, C. J. Lord, Chairman; Non-War Construction, J. T. Heffernan, Chairman. [14] Report of Washmgton State Council of Defense Associated Federal Agencies (Specially Organized for War Work) : Liberty Loan, J. A. Swalwell, State Chairman; War Savings, Daniel Kelleher, State Chairman; Food Administration, (see Committee on Food Supply) Charles Hebberd, Federal Food Administrator; Fuel Administration, David Whitcomb, succeeded by Winlock W. Miller, Federal Fuel Administrator; Red Cross, C. D. Stimson, Director Northwestern Di- vision ; Explosives, W. G. Ronald, State Director; Four-Minute Men, M. P. Goodner, State Director; American Protective League, State Inspector S. J. Lom- bard; Public Service Reserve, Robert Moran, State Director; Boys' Working Reserve, Robert Moran, State Director. Sub-Committees. (Appointed by State Council of Defense) : Much of the work of the State Council of Defense requir- ing expert knowledge or special training along technical lines was done by sub-committees appointed by the Chairman or members of the Council. At various times the Council ''borrowed" members of the faculty of the higher educa- tional institutions of the State for special tasks extending over too short a period of time to require the formation of a permanent committee. The following outline will give a gen- eral idea of the work of these sub-committees whose activi- ties covered a considerable portion of the war period : Commercial Economy:. E. F. Dahm, Chairman. Aimed to elimi- nate unnecessary deliveries of goods and other personal service re- quiring labor needed for more essential work; to reduce working hours where necessary so as to allow concerns employing women and minors to compete with those employing men; to bring about econo- mies in business to conserve fuel, transportation, credit, labor and those materials most needed in winning the war; to educate the public to cheerfully bear the inconveniences occasioned by with- drawal of men from industry into the Army and Navy. War History: Prof. E. S. Meany, Chairman. Compiled history of the various counties in the war; collected photographs, news- [15] Report of Washington State Council of Defense paper and magazine articles, personal letters and various forms of material of value from historical standpoint. Committee had special representative in every county of the state. Co-operated with Pic- torial Section of the War Department. Photographic War History: O. L. Angvire (Spokane), Chairman. Secured co-operation of photographers of state in collecting for War Department large numbers of photographs of men and events of his- torical interest. War inventions: Prof. H. K. Benson, Chairman. Studied inven- tions and ideas submitted to State Council calculated to be of value in prosecution of the war. Several devices were recommended to the Federal Government for careful investigation. Emergency War Legisiation: Prof. Ivan W. Goodner. Compiled and digested the laws of all states of the Union, save two, and of Alaska and Hawaii, relative to the war emergency. Furnished copy of report to Council of National Defense and to several State Councils of De- fense by special request. Library Co-operation: John B. Kaiser (City Librarian, Tacoma). Gathered, compiled and arranged vast quantity of books, magazines and pamphlets on patriotic subjects. Investigated and prepared lists of articles containing "pro-German" subject-matter. Research and Substitute i^ateriais: Prof. H. K. Benson, Chair- man. Made scientific study of large number of materials for war emergency use. Developed practical use of sphagnum moss in manu- facture of surgical dressings; preparation of digitalis from purple foxglove for medicinal use; conducted tests for use of fir and other materials as substitute for spruce in air-plane construction; devel- oped manufacture of explosives and means of producing gas as means of warfare; war use of antimony, cryolite, etc; mineral substitutes. Civics of Conservation: F. E. Bolton, Director. Assisted Federal Government in distributing pamphlets and encouraging the teaching by public and private schools of the fundamental principles of demo- cratic government involved in the war. Radio Buzzer Instruction: C. R. Frazier, Director. Encouraged instruction in wireless telegraphy in connection with his duties as Federal Director Vocational Education. Military Map Making: Prof. Joseph Daniels, Chairman. Work- ed directly under instructions from War Department in obtaining, digesting and exhibiting in map form exhaustive information as to roads, transportation, bridges, natural features, rivers, power lines, communications, storage facilities, etc., for war-use. [16] Report of Washmgton State Council of Defense Highways Transport: W. C. Baldwin, Chairman. Works directly under Highways Transport Committee of Council of National Defense in encouraging use of motor trucks to relieve congestion on railways and to stimulate greater production of food products in outlying sections. Liberty Choruses and Community Singing: Preliminary arrange- ments had been made for the stimulation of this work over the State under the direction of H. W. Newton, of Spokane. Co-operation with all local organizations already operating and with the Four-Minute- Men singing plan was provided for. (For committees, departments and sub-committees in Woman's Work, see accompanying report of Mrs. J. S. McKee.) -2 [ 17 ] Report of Washmgton State Council of Defense PART n. ACTIVITIES OF THE STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE. The work of State, County and Community Councils of Defense may be classified under the following general sub- jects : Co-ordination of Patriotic Work, Co-operation in Direct Governmental Activities, Conservation of Resources, Home Defense, Publicity and Education, Miscellaneous. Co-ordination. The State Council of Defense from the first keenly appre- ciated the importance of a wise co-ordination of the multitude of activities begun throughout the Nation immediately after our entering the war. Not only has this work been the most important function of the defense organization, but for a number of reasons it has been the most difficult and sometimes harassing task of the many undertaken. While the over- whelming majority of the people of the State felt the neces- sity of laying aside personal ambition and vanity in order to make concentrated effort possible, the extremely small frac- tion of one per cent whose selfishness or stubborn vanity has at times seemed greater than their patriotism, has brought to the State and County Councils of Defense some of the most unpleasant and disheartening situations of all that were en- countered in the work. The resolution of the Council of National Defense adopted November 2nd, 1917, to the effect ''that voluntary patriotic organizations and committees in each state work through and under the guidance of the State Council of Defense" was of great assistance in co-ordinating the multitude of activities which arose during the first few months of the war. In one or two counties some slight disagreements arose through the [18] Report of Washington State Council of Defense tendency on the part of the County Council of Defense to consider the word '' co-ordinate" as synonymous with ''man- age," but in the great majority of cases all concerned were more than willing to have one central body survey the field and indicate the scope of work for each organization. In a few counties this co-operative spirit was so effective that it became an impossibility to carry on any line of war work without the approval of the County Council of Defense and as in those counties the councils were composed of a very representative group of men working steadily toward a com- mon end, there was no possibility of an improper use of this strength. Discouraging Duplication of Effort. The State Council of Defense attempted to keep on file accurate information concerning the purpose and methods of all important organizations carrying on war work in the state. With truly American independence the great majority of or- ganizations had given little or no consideration to the im- portance of studying the field carefully before commencing work, though with few exceptions they cheerfully furnished the necessary information upon request. During the early fall of 1917 several apparently conflict- ing requests for assistance to the Army Commission on Training Camp Activities were received. Requests were presented by various representatives of the Commission who apparently were operating on independent instructions and without a proper degree of co-ordination. The confusion be- came so great that the State Council was obliged to advise the representatives of the Commission that the active as- sistance of the State and County Councils could be had only where all requests for such assistance were presented by a state director or manager to be designated by the Commission for all its work in this state. The matter was also taken up with the State Councils section of the Council of National Defense and shortly afterward Mr. A. W. Leonard of Seattle was appointed State Director of Soldiers Welfare and since that time no confusion has arisen. [19] Report of Washington State Council of Defense Not merely because of limited funds, but through a de- sire to conserve the time and labor of the patriotic workers of the state, a great many activities carried on in other states, but not considered of first importance, were not begun in the state of Washington. For example, the State Council of Defense discouraged the registration of women and refused to authorize the universal registration of patriotic citizens for war work- The State Council repeatedly urged the federal authorities to cancel plans which called for work not consid- ered vital to this state. Among these was the registration carried on by the United States Public Service Reserve. So long as this registration was confined to the listing of actual ship-workers, mechanics, engineers and other men especially needed to assist the Government in its war industries, the State Council considered it advisable and was glad to offer its machinery to assist in the work. But it developed that the plan involved the registration of every man who was loyal to the Government. This, in the opinion of the State Council of Defense, destroyed the value of the plan and while there was undoubtedly a certain gain in the wide publicity given and the display of the badge as an outward symbol of the wearer's patriotism, we still believe that the energy expended would have been of a great deal more benefit along other lines. Undoubtedly hundreds of men registered in the Public Service Reserve believed that the Government would call them as soon as they were needed. It is not unreasonable to think that many of these men might have volunteered for active service in the ship yards or otherwise had they not felt that they were following the government's wishes in awaiting a call. This opinion was justified by the publicity given; the registrants under the Public Service Reserve were warned over and over again **to stay on their jobs until called." A universal registration of this kind was bound to result in collecting a great mass of statistics which could never be effectively used in such an emergency as existed at the begin- ning of 1918. Undoubtedly a certain percentage of the work taken up by the State Council proved to be impracticable or at least [20] Report of Washington State Council of Defense of small relative importance, but the Council has at no time insisted on proceeding with work simply because it had been begun, and every bulletin which was issued to the County Councils had been carefully considered and was believed to be essential to some important activity. A number of tasks suggested by the Council of National Defense were obviously inapplicable in this state and were not begun. Solicitation of Funds. Acting under the resolution of the Council of National Defense, which directed the State Council of Defense to super- vise all public appeals for funds for war work, the State Council gradually evolved a policy covering the whole field of war donations. Early in 1918 the applications for the State Council's approval to various campaigns for war funds became so nu- merous that the subject required by far the greater portion of the attention of the executive officers and the State Coun- cil itself. On March 9th the following statement was issued: ''The Washington State Council of Defense offi- cially disapproves of all drives, campaigns and ap- peals to the public for war funds, between March 15th and June 15th, 1918, except the following : 1. Liberty Bonds 2 . War Savings Stamps and Certificates 3. Red Cross The State Council of Defense urges all patriotic citi- zens to make liberal investments in War Savings Stamps and Certificates and in Liberty Bonds, and to make generous contributions to Red Cross Funds." This was found to be of very material aid in the sale of Liberty Bonds, War Savings Stamps and particularly in the Red Cross Campaign in May. Many minor campaigns for funds were discouraged and several were definitely discon- tinued because of the State Council's belief that they would interfere with the Government's own financing and the Red Cross needs. The various features of its policy on war donations were compiled and on June 25th, 1918, issued as Bulletin No. 114. [21] Report of Washmgton State Council of Defense This bulletin explained the authority of the State Council of Defense in passing on the solicitation of funds for patriotic work, set forth fully the forms of solicitations which ought and ought not to require the State Council's approval, an- nounced definitely that no campaign for the support of insti- tutions not organized primarily for war work should be com- bined with an appeal for funds for war work; fixed the method of establishing the quotas of each county and in the state to be used in all state-wide campaigns; authorized the County Councils to fix the quotas of smaller sub-divisions; prohibited the collection by any organization (except the Red Cross) of any money in excess of the quota fixed for any county in the state and outlined the method of applying for the approval of the State Council for proposed campaigns or drives for funds. In some instances it was found that local organizations, such as Chambers of Commerce or Commercial Clubs, had approved of campaigns for funds in a single county in an amount greater than the State Council considered was proper to be raised in the whole state. The prevalent plan in fixing the quotas had been to consider only the ease with which the money might be obtained, with the inevitable result that where the organization carrying on the campaign happened to have its most efficient representatives the quota was cor- respondingly large. This resulted in certain communities and certain individuals within each community being solicited over and over again while large portions of the state and the great majority of the people at large received little or no personal appeal. The original schedule of county quotas was based on an impartial average of percentages of assessed valuation, bank deposits and school population in their respective ratios to the state at large. Owing to poor crops and to heavy loss in man power in various counties in Eastern Washington, the State Council of Defense later revised its quotas by allowing a re- duction of one-third to six counties considered to be the most seriously effected by adverse conditions. This reduction was absorbed by fourteen counties in Western Washington which [22] Report of Washington State Council of Defense were enjoying unusual prosperity, due directly to war industries. Although the policy of the State Council on the subject of war donations brought upon it some of the bitterest criti- cism to which it was subjected at any time, the members of the Council firmly believe that its policy was in every respect correct and that had the war continued it would have become necessary to exercise an even greater restriction in passing upon requests for approval to solicitations. It was found that the enthusiasm of individuals responsible for a given patriotic work almost inevitably blinded them to the import- ance of all other war work and allowed them unconsciously to adopt methods which could but injure other patriotic work. Because of the tremendous and spontaneous response of the people to the first calls of the Red Cross, Y. M. C. A. and other great organizations, soon after the beginning of the war, apparently the saying that this nation's resources were inexhaustible was literally believed. The situation would have been serious enough if the Government's financing could have been carried on without appeal to the public, but with the necessity of selling billions of dollars in Liberty Bonds with the accompanying necessity of educating millions of people to become investors, an endless succession of appeals for donations for war work of a minor importance threatened to prove a serious obstacle to the carrying out of the Govern- ment's financing. Second only to the Government's own requirements was the need of the Eed Cross. The financial assistance rendered the families of the soldiers and sailors by the Red Cross Home Service Section aggregated an amount of which the average citizen has not yet the slightest conception- The large amount of money needed for relief work to the civilian population in France, Belgium and other stricken countries is, of course, more widely known. Early in the fall of 1918 came the announcement of the combined appeal for funds by seven organizations doing sol- diers' welfare work under the auspices of the Army and Navy [23] Report of Washington State Council of Defense Commission on Training Camp Activities, and this added one more reason for the strict control of the subject. Although various organizations from time to time made strenuous objections to certain features of the State Council policy, particularly to the rule which limited a campaign to the amount originally fixed as the state and county quotas, the public generally appreciated the importance of some one central body supervising and controlling the collection of money for war work. Some doubt was expressed in the begin- ning as to the ability of a body acting without legal powers to enforce its regulations. It was found that the mere with- holding of approval to a campaign was sufficient to induce the applicants to abandon their plan. In a very few instances persons who were not informed as to the necessity for secur- ing such approval began the active solicitation for contribu- tions, but found it impossible to proceed after the State or County Council issued a simple statement to the effect that the campaign had not been approved. The activities of the Red Cross were expressly excepted from the authority given the State Councils by the Council of National Defense, both as to the general co-ordination of patriotic work and to the solicitation of funds from the public, and hence no attempt was made to limit the collection of money by the Red Cross to the amount originally fixed as its quota in the state or in the respective counties. At the express request of the Council of National Defense and because of the strong showing made by the state committee in charge of the United War Work campaign in November, 1918, the State Council of Defense finally yielded and waived its pro- hibition of oversubscriptions so far as that campaign was concerned, but this waiver was not given because of any change of the members' belief in the soundness of the policy. Owing to the prevalence of ** Spanish influenza" and the prob- ability that an armistice would be signed during the week set for this campaign, there was strong reason to believe it would be impossible to collect even the quota fixed, unless the rule against oversubscriptions was waived. [24] Report of Washington State Council of Defense Although there is much of sentiment involved in the whole subject of contributions for war work and war relief, the State Council has felt that in the final analysis the subject should be treated on business-like principles and pursuant to a policy comprehensive enough to enable every patriotic citi- zen to estimate closely the total amount which he could afford to give outright and feel that it was being allotted to the various movements in the proper proportion. Approved Solicitations. After the State Council of Defense was authorized to approve or disapprove the collections of funds for war work, the following organizations applied for and received the Council's approval to campaigns for funds: Y. M. C. A. Armenian-Syrian Relief Eiiights of Columbus Commission on Training-camp Activities. Jewish Welfare Board Western Washington W. C. T. U. State Board of Health Salvation Army Aid, Civil and Military, France and Belgium Commission for Belgian Relief American Bible Society United War Work Y. W. C. A. Following the adoption of its definite policy on collections of war-funds, as each campaign was approved the State Coun- cil prepared and sent to the County Councils a formal notice of the approval and a list of the county-quotas (in dollars and in percentages). Although the County Councils were asked to assume the responsibility for the detailed work of the cam- paign in only a very few instances, the defense machinery was at all times ready to assist the various organizations in raising their funds. In many instances the County Councils of Defense voluntarily conducted the campaign and remitted their full quota through the State Council without awaiting a request for assistance by the organization concerned. This [25] Report of Washington State Council of Defense was especially true with reference to the Salvation Army campaign for the year ending October 31st, 1918, and the campaigns of the American Bible Society and Armenian- Syrian Relief Committee. Fund for Combating Contagious Diseases. Early in the fall of 1918 the State Council requested the County Councils to raise a fund of $12,000 to be expended under the direction of Dr. T. D. Tuttle, State Commissioner of Health, in combating contagious diseases, $2,000 of the amount to be used in educational work on the subject of venereal diseases. The numerous campaigns for funds and the signing of the armistice resulted in this campaign being omitted in several counties and a total of approximately $3,200 was paid or pledged. Combined Patriotic Fund ("War Chest"). On November 21st, 1917, the State Council of Defense appointed a committee consisting of Governor Lister, Chair- man Suzzallo and Secretary Goodner to plan and put into effect a Combined Patriotic Fund, to be followed throughout the state, if found practicable after full consideration. This committee had already made an extensive study of the sug- gested plan and was working it into shape for submission to the County Councils of Defense when it developed that several communities in the state had voluntarily concluded to adopt the *'War Chest" Bs the most efficient method for raising funds for soldiers' welfare and war-relief work in general. Considerable opposition to the plan arose in various sections of the state. The majority of those objecting to the plan were representatives of organizations who were planning to conduct extensive campaigns for funds and who were of the opinion that with their own organizations they could obtain larger amounts than might be allowed them under the Com- bined Patriotic Fund scheme, though the announcement by the State Council of Defense shortly afterwards that all solicitations would be limited to the quota allowed by the Council would have eliminated the objection. [26] Report of Washington State Council of Defense It was the intention of the State Council to encourage the adoption of the Combined Patriotic Fund plan in every part of the state, using either the county or the city as the unit, depending upon local conditions. Much delay was occa- sioned by the frequent campaigns during 1918 for Liberty Loans, War Savings and various organizations doing patri- otic work here and abroad. With each successive campaign the State Council was urged to postpone the adoption of the new plan and rather than to risk injuring any of the drives the County Councils of Defense in most instances had, up to the time of the armistice, simply postponed the actual launch- ing of the new method. Many of the County Councils had, however, practically concluded to proceed with the plan dur- ing the first 'Uull" and the early months of 1919 would in all probability have brought a majority of the counties under the Combined Patriotic Fund. The Cowlitz County Council put the plan into effect, using the county as the unit. The method suggested by the State Council of Defense was closely followed. This involved the securing of subscriptions to a joint fund, payable in monthly installments. While $1.00 a month was recommended by the State Council as the minimum, the Cowlitz County plan brought in subscriptions ranging from 25 cents to $25 per month. This fund was held in trust and paid out to such or- ganizations, in such amounts and at such times as were in accordance with the approval of the State Council and the Cowlitz County Council of Defense. Within thirty days after the actual solicitation was begun, enough subscriptions had been obtained to insure the success of the movement; three volunteer solicitors for each school district and five in each town were found sufficient to complete the canvass. During the intensive period of the work about 2700 individual sub- scriptions were procured and approximately 300 were obtained shortly afterwards. The total subscriptions would have yield- ed $50,000 per year, which was approximately twice the amount which the county had contributed to war-funds under the former method. [27] Report of Washington State Council of Defense Although subscribers were allowed to designate certain purposes to which their money should, or should not, be given, it was found that less than one per cent of the contrib- utors were unwilling to abide by the decision of the State and County Councils of Defense and permit their money to be paid out in such proportions as those bodies deemed best. So far from the plan proving too cold-blooded and mathematical, as many of its opponents believed would be true, exactly the opposite effect was felt — the knowledge that the burden was equitably distributed, carefully prepared for and justly ex- pended, and that time and money were not being wasted in a multiplicity of campaigns, and the monthly setting aside of the agreed amount by each subscriber all proved a most effec- tive stimulus to all other forms of patriotic work. Thurston County adopted a similar but partial plan. Much smaller monthly subscriptions were solicited under a plan which contemplated caring for only the ** minor war re- lief movements." This was not intended to include the Red Cross, Y. M. C. A, and other larger organizations requiring very considerable sums of money. Fairly uniform subscrip- tions of ten cents a month were obtained — an amount so small as to seem absolutely inadequate for any real financial call. But even on so modest a scale did the combined patriotic fund idea prove its worth. Hundreds of subscribers paid a year's subscription with their first installment, thereby reducing the labor involved in making collections. And this plan enabled the Thurston County Council of Defense to meet each of the following calls for funds, without conducting a special cam- paign : Y- W. C. A. ; Salvation Army ; American Bible Society ; Armenian-Syrian Relief. No doubt Thurston County would have taken the logical step and enlarged the plan to cover all calls for war funds, as in Cowlitz County, had the plan continued. Several cities in the state were operating very success- fully under a similar method. Aberdeen and Anacortes par- ticularly found it possible to raise amounts far in excess of original estimates and several times the totals donated during the twelve months preceding the adoption of the plan. The [28] P Report of Washmgton State Coimcil of Defense methods used and results obtained in Aberdeen were intensely interesting and instructive. In that city, two separate funds, with installment-subscribers to each, were maintained. The original fund was devised to sustain the local Red Cross chap- ter and was supported very largely by working men and women who paid 25c each week. Subsequently a second fund was launched, supported by the merchants, professional men and owners of the large industrial plants, to care for the city's quota on the various state and national campaigns. After studying the ''War Chest" idea as illustrated in this state during the past few months, it is difficult to escape the conclusion that it should be adopted for the maintenance of many or all of the ordinary charities which constitute so serious a problem in the average American city. Nor can this belief be dispelled by the bald statement that such a plan would render the giving of charity a mere perfunctory tax- payment devoid of the sentiment and lasting interest which surround the relief of the suffering. Formal Reports on Collections. Partial reports of funds collected by the various organi- zations were obtained by the State Council of Defense from time to time. In October, 1918, at the request of Governor Lister, State Bank Examiner Lewis H. Moore, acting as Audit Committee for the State Council of Defense, communicated with all organizations known to have solicited funds for war work and requested a full and detailed formal report. This plan was to have been followed during the continuance of the war, accompanied by publicity to encourage the careful ac- counting of funds collected and the reduction to a minimum of incidental expenses connected therewith. Red Cross Co-operation. From the first the State Council strongly favored the widest possible use of the Red Cross as the chief agency for war relief at home and abroad. It was the Council's constant effort to discourage every attempt on the part of other organ- [29] Report of Washington State Council of Defense izations to carry on work which the Red Cross was willing to assume- Realizing that many phases of the work of the Red Cross were new and that the public generally had only the vaguest idea of the relation of this work to the morale of the soldiers and sailors, the State Council used every means possible to bring about a wider understanding of the work. The County Councils of Defense were repeatedly urged to see that the Home Service Section received all needed assistance and that the families of the men in service were made to realize that the function of this Section was of far greater importance than the mere rendering of financial assistance. The County Councils were asked to appoint special committees to study this question locally. In December, 1917, the machinery of the State, County and Community Councils of Defense was placed at the dis- posal of the Anti-Tuberculosis Association in the sale of Red Cross Christmas seals. The Minute Women rendered especi- ally fine service in this campaign. From time to time reports received indicated that a great deal of work was being done by volunteers in producing articles for soldiers and sailors which did not meet the re- quirements of the War and Navy Departments. Many of these reports came at times and from places where the Red Cross was having difficulty in securing a sufficient number of women workers to supply its needs and the State Council of Defense called on the County Councils and a large number of women's organizations throughout the state to render the Red Cross all needed assistance and to discourage women from carrying on similar but independent work, so long as the Red Cross needs were not fully met. In spite of continuous effort of the Red Cross itself, and the State and County Councils to bring before the public a clearer understanding of the function of the Home Service Section, there is still an almost universal lack of knowledge on this subject. This is undoubtedly one of the by-products of the tendency to encourage the organization of new ma- chinery for each new task, followed by an appeal to the pub- [3t)] Report of Washington State Council of Defense lie for funds with which to carry on the work. Had the dan- ger of this multiplicity of organizations been promptly recog- nized and squarely met by the national authorities — as seemed to have been one of the aims in forming the defense machin- ery — the wide scope of the Red Cross work would have been brought before the public and rendered many times more effective. If the universal co-operation of patriotic civilians was essential to the winning of the war in the shortest possible time, the underlying principle upon which all of our efforts were based, it does not seem unreasonable to believe that the war might possibly have been terminated even earlier had the necessity for actual co-ordination and concentration of effort been more widely recognized. Early in 1918, at the request of the Council of National Defense, the State Council of Defense undertook to procure loyalty reports on persons desiring to go abroad as represen- tatives of the American Red Cross. The securing of these re- ports in several counties required so large an amount of time that the County Councils of Defense formed special commit- tees for the work. To supplement similar service by the Home Service Sec- tion of the Red Cross, the State Council asked the County Councils to form local committees of lawyers to donate a por- tion of their time to assisting drafted men, enlisted soldiers and sailors, in closing up their business affairs, making their wills, etc. The work of these local committees was carefully planned so as to avoid duplicating that of the legal members of the Red Cross Home Service Section, which was at all times recognized as the agency having primary responsibility^. League to Enforce Peace. In September, 1918, the State Council of Defense endorsed the aims and plans of the League to Enforce Peace and au- thorized the County Council of Defense to assist the League in carrying on its work in this state, thereby avoiding the necessity of forming a complete, new organization. No re- quest for specific assistance had been received up to the time of the signing of the armistice, however- [31] Report of Washington State Council of Defense CO-OPERATION IN DIRECT GOVERNMENTAL ACTIVITIES. In general, each of the subjects included under this classification was in the direct control of a well-organized and official federal agency with its own representatives placed wherever needed for local work and the efforts of the State and County Councils of Defense were therefore supplemental only. The conservation of food, fuel and resources generally logically fall under this classification, but are described under the heading of "Conservation of Resources'* in view of the more detailed supervision by the councils of defense. Liberty Loan. During the second, third and fourth Liberty Loan cam- paigns the State Council of Defense consistently urged the use of the county and local Councils of Defense as the logical vehicle for the conduct of the routine work, under the imme- diate direction of the state and county liberty loan commit- tees. In each successive campaign the defense machinery was used to a greater extent. In several counties the liberty loan committees used the Councils of Defense exclusively in this work, merely issuing statements of quotas to the chairman of the County or Local Councils of Defense. Ddscouraging Exchange and Re-sale of Liberty Bonds. At the request of the National Council, the County Coun- cils were requested to locate and follow up all specific in- stances where persons or firms advertised to accept Liberty Bonds in payment for merchandise or encouraged purchasers of Liberty Bonds to dispose of them. Warnings were issued against exchanging Liberty Bonds for other securities and publicity given to the Government's desire that the bonds be retained by the original purchasers except where sale was re quired by real necessity or misfortune. [32] I Report of Washington State Council of Defense War Savings. The State Council of Defense has kept in close touch with the State Director of War Savings and from time to time has called on the County Councils of Defense to assist in building up the sales of thrift and war savings stamps. In several coun- ties the chairman of the Council of Defense was also County Director of the War Savings. At the time the armistice was signed the State Council was planning a series of meetings of the Community Councils of Defense to be held in every part of the state for the purpose of stimulating interest in various important activities, chiefly along the line of economy. Very particular stress was to be laid upon the work of the War Savings Committee and a number of detailed plans and methods for encouraging the purchase of savings stamps were to be issued. The State Council of Defense throughout all its work felt that the purchase of war savings stamps offered the logical way of demonstrating the practical results of the several economy programs initiated by the Federal Govern- ment. Farm Survey. In February, 1918, at the request of J. C. Scott, Farm Help Specialist for the Department of Agriculture, the State Council of Defense asked the County Councils of Defense to take charge of the farm survey under the direction of the Department of Agriculture in those counties in which there were no agricultural agents. The State Council also secured the consent of Mrs. Preston, State Superintendent of Public Instruction, to call on the school authorities for assistance in the work and in many districts the school children were of great assistance in securing the necessary information from their parents and neighbors. The survey resulted in obtain- ing a large mass of very important information regarding comparative areas under cultivation during 1917 and 1918, increase or decrease in live stock and statistics as to seed re- quired. In those counties where there were Agricultural Agents the County Councils of Defense were asked to appoint a special committee to assist the County Agent. —3 [ 33 ] Report of Washington State Council of Defense Selective Service. On various occasions the County Councils of Defense have been asked to furnish volunteers to assist the local draft boards and so far as known this service was rendered where- ever needed. On June 19th, the State Council of Defense, with the assistance of Capt. Irving W. Ziegaus, State Draft Officer, issued to the County Councils of Defense, a detailed ex- planation of Maj.-Gen. Crowder's Work or Fight order, effec- tive July 1st, 1918. The exact intent of the order and its application to a large number of specific occupations or em- ployments classed as non-productive were set forth and the importance of using the order to assist in meeting the farm labor problem was emphasized. Instructions to Drafted Men. At the request of the War Department, transmitted through the Council of National Defense, and in close co- operation with T. D. Tuttle, State Commissioner of Health, and F. P. Foisie, the Division Director of Civilian Belief for the Red Cross, the State Council of Defense prepared a detail- ed series of suggestions for the guidance of the County Coun- cils of Defense in holding meetings of drafted men at which trained speakers were to present the following subjects to the drafted men, prior to their leaving for the training camps : Dangers of venereal disease ; Functions of the Commission on Training Camp Activi- ties ; Provisions of the Soldiers' and Sailors' Civil Relief Act and the compensation and insurance law; Information service, legal, financial and medical assis- tance to families by the Red Cross. Special attention was given to the unscrupulous methods of certain claim agents and attorneys who were charging compensation for services rendered beneficiaries under the war risk insurance law. In August, 1918, the State Council, at the request of the War Department, transmitted through the Council of National [34] Report of Washmgton State Cotmcil of Defense Defense, and in co-operation with the Division of Civilian Relief of the Red Cross, issued a call to the County Councils to join the Local Draft Boards in organizing Boards of In- struction, to give drafted men information as to health, legal rights, Red Cross functions, etc. Had the war continued, these Local Boards would have become- of very great value, particularly to the men drawn into the army pursuant to the registration of September 12th, 1918, including men under 21, with greater need of instruction as to health, and men over 31, whose business affairs would naturally require greater attention to prevent losses. As the importance of these instructions became more evi- dent, the State Council of Defense in September arranged to co-operate with the State Commissioner of Health and the Red Cross in sending speakers over the state who would meet large groups of drafted men at a large number of central points and furnish them with specific information on the various subjects regarded as most important by the War De- partment. These special meetings were also to serve as in- structions to the members of the local boards of instruction who were expected to continue the work thereafter. These special meetings were not held, owing to the influenza epi- demic and the signing of the armistice on November 11th. Recruiting. On May 17, 1918, Dr. Suzzallo, Chairman of the State Council of Defense, communicated with the principals of all high schools in the state urging them to do everything in their power to fulfill the wishes of the Secretary of War as ex- pressed in his letter of May 8th, addressed to the Presidents of all institutions of collegiate grade. This letter explained in detail the new plan for the enlistment of students over the age of 18 who would not be called to active duty until they had reached the age of 21, unless urgent military necessity compelled an earlier call. These plans aimed, first, to de- velop a large body of young men in the colleges into a military asset, and, second, to prevent wasteful depletion of the col- [35] Report of Washdngton State Council of Defense leges through indiscriminate volunteering by offering to the students a definite and immediate military status. Aviation. In the midst of an almost complete tie-up of the lumber camps, the State Council secured from the lumber operators their agreement to pool their labor and camps and center their work entirely upon securing spruce logs. This did not be- come necessary, however, through the partial failure of the strike. The agreement of the operators extended to the opera- tion of their mills in producing the necessary spruce. During the early days of the aviation program, when the shortage of spruce was most acute, W. E. Boeing, member of the State Council of Defense, and owner of the only aviation plant in the northwest, worked out specifications for aviation spruce, which, if adopted, would have resulted in a very material economy in supply. Camouflage Division. The Whatcom County Council of Defense suggested to the State Council of Defense the possibility of using discarded purse seine netting for camouflage work; the State Council passed the suggestion on to the National Council, which in turn took it up with the Camouflage Section of the War De- partment- After considerable correspondence and experimen- tal work with samples furnished by the Washington Fisheries Association, the officers in charge requested that all available supply of the netting be gathered together, and at the request of Mr. W. A. Lowman, of the State Council of Defense, the Washington Fisheries Association undertook the task. Several tons of the netting were collected and at the time the armis- tice was signed the material was ready for shipment to the War Department. Had the war continued this would likely have proved of great value to the Government. Public Health. In March, 1918, the State Council of Defense, at the re- quest of the State Commissioner of Health, T. D. Tuttle, [36] Report of Washington State Council of Defense mailed to the County Councils copies of a letter from Col. Field, Health Officer at Camp Lewis, appealing to all local authorities, and particularly to physicians and health officers, to exercise the most scrupulous care in protecting the soldiers from contagious diseases. The County Councils were asked to get into immediate touch with the County Commissioners and Mayors of cities in order that active health officers might be provided in every part of the state. In June, 1918, the State Council of Defense was asked by the State Commissioner of Health to co-operate in carrying out a new plan of the United States Public Health Service for the protection of the military camps and posts. The health officers of the army camps were experiencing great difficulty in controlling contagious diseases because of carelessness on the part of the health authorities in the various communities of the state in allowing soldiers and sailors on parole to visit homes where there were contagious diseases and return to camp without notice to the army health officers. Under the new plan the local health officers were required to notify the senior medical officer of the camp or post concerned whenever a man was about to go to camp or post from a home or com- munity in which he had been exposed to a communicable disease. Physicians generally were required to exercise greater care in reporting cases of communicable diseases, par- ticularly where a man about to go or return to camp had pos- sibly been exposed- The County Councils of Defense were asked to get in touch with county health officers and emphasize the great importance of rigidly enforcing the laws and regulations as to reports on contagious diseases and the details of the new plan of the United States Public Health Service. Ship Building. At the time the State Council of Defense was organized, C. J. Lord, of Olympia, was named as chairman of the depart- ment or committee on ship building and he had made full preparations to keep the State Council in the closest touch with the various ship building plants of the northwest. Almost [37] Report of Washmgton State Council of Defense immediately afterwards the Federal Government sent its rep- resentatives to the state and from that time on the whole sub- ject was directly in the government's hands, both as to steel and wooden ships. Mr. Lord's committee therefore confined its efforts entirely to assisting in an auxiliary capacity in the ship building program. Housing. The State Council of Defense took no direct part in the efforts made to improve the housing conditions in those cities in the state where industries had brought a large influx of pop- ulation, because it was found that where the situation was acute, local agencies were best equipped to solve the problem. The County Councils in those parts of the state were asked to keep in close touch with the situation and report in case the local authorities were not meeting the shortage as efficient- ly as seemed possible. Wherever war industries had led to the rapid growth of population the system of transporting war- workers broke down. This was particularly true in Seattle and to a considerable degree in Tacoma. Federal authorities communicated to the Chairman of the State Council of De- fense to the effect that further contracts would not be given to those communities unless the transportation problem was dealt with. Acting with the County Council of Defense for King County several conferences were held with representa- tives of the municipalities, traction company, industry, labor, etc., which finally led to the adoption of a plan by which many expedients were worked out for handling the traffic. The local committee for Pierce County achieved an equally significant and valuable result for Tacoma. Miscellaneous. At the request of the Council of National Defense, the State Council transmitted to small County Councils a request that certain photographs, drawings and descriptions be sent to the War Department at Washington, D. C- All material giving information of a military nature concerning the por- tions of France, Belgium and Luxembourg occupied by the [38] Report of Washington State Council of Defense German forces and all that part of Germany lying west of the line running north and south through Hamburg was requested. The County Councils of Defense were called on to form local committees of lawyers, bankers, abstractors, mortgage and real estate brokers to maintain constant vigilance in dis- covering enemy-owned property, whether money, chattels, se- curities, lands or otherwise. CONSERVATION OF RESOURCES. Increased Production of Food. From the first, the State Council of Defense adopted the policy of relying on the food administration and the official agencies of the state and federal governments to adopt and carry out programs to increase food production. It is believed that this plan was the only proper one in a state having the diversified agricultural and horticultural interests found in Washington. In furtherance of this policy, the State Council of Defense urged the County and Community Councils to render every possible local assistance to representatives of the Washington State College and the state and federal Depart- ments of Agriculture, and undoubtedly this policy produced greater practical results than would have been possible had the State Council attempted to carry out programs of its own. The State Council of Defense in July, 1917, requested the assistance of the Governor in securing the appointment of County Agriculturists in all the counties of the state where such appointments had not already been made. The Council urged all school authorities to permit and direct teachers of domestic science to alter their courses of study so as to emphasize strongly the teaching of canning and drying and general conservation of food; the County Councils of Defense were requested to organize '* Hoover Can- ning Clubs" for preserving and drying fruits and vegetables and the Washington State College was requested to place its [39] Report of Washmgton State Coimcil of Defense specialists and the County Agriculturists at the disposal of these clubs. Later, when the Agricultural College sent its demonstrator over the state in the interests of canning and preserving, the County Councils were of considerable assist- ance in securing the attendance of women upon these demon- strations. On many occasions the State Council made special efforts to secure Congressional action to hasten the completion of irrigation projects in the State, particularly the extension of the Sunnyside Canal. Mr. George Donald, member of the State Council, particu larly interested in transportation, used every possible means to encourage the construction of additional storage facilities throughout the grain belt of the state, to assist in preventing the shortage in crops. Hundreds of new elevators and grain houses were constructed during 1917 and 1918. Conservation of Food Prior to the appointment of Mr. Hebberd as Food Admin- istrator, Mrs. J. S. McKee, in charge of Woman's Work, had issued suggestions for the saving of wheat, meat, fats and sugar. The State Division of the Woman's Committee of the Council of National Defense, to which the first ''Food Pledge Campaign" had been assigned, had turned the task over to the National League for Woman's Service and Mrs. McKee called on the County Councils of Defense to assist in the work of securing signatures to the pledge cards. The State Council of Defense printed and distributed thousands of these cards through the County Councils. In August, 1917, the State Council of Defense communi cated with the bakers of the state to further the movement already begun to discontinue the practice of returning unsold bread. It was found that the bakers were glad to accede to this request when its importance was explained. Early in the fall of 1917 it came to the notice of the State Council of Defense that there was threatened a serious short- age in the supply of apple boxes. Immediate inquiry was di- rected to the box factories and the principal fruit growers' [40] Report of Washington State Council of Defense associations in the state as to how it would be possible to remedy this situation. A large number of suggestions were promptly received. These were carefully considered by prac- tical mill men and fruit growers and shortly afterwards a conference was held in Spokane. During an all-day session, a series of variations from the standard specifications for apple boxes were adopted. These were immediately sent to all box factories in Washington, Oregon and Idaho, and all fac- tories were urged to exercise their ingenuity to the utmost to meet the situation. The result was a very large increase in the output of box shooks, and so far as known no apples were lost through inability to secure containers. During the critical period of this shortage, the State Council of Defense assisted a large number of growers in getting in touch with box factories still able to furnish shooks. The State Council of Defense assisted the food adminis- tration early in 1918 in securing the co-operation of mill men and 'fruit growers to avoid a similar situation arising the fol- lowing fall. In co-operation with Mr. Ilebberd, State Food Adminis- trator, a meeting of the fruit growers and box factory men was held in Spokane in November, 1917. Specifications for a standard apple box were very carefully considered and unan- imously approved. These specifications made no change whatever in the size or cubical contents of the boxes, but dealt entirely with the thickness and width of the various pieces used. Certain variations, clearly defined, were voted allow- able in cases of emergency. Fruit growers and fruit associa- tions all over the northwest were repeatedly urged to place their orders early for boxes needed for the 1918 crop. Later on commission dealers in the state were called upon to make every effort to conserve perishable food remaining unsold and to turn over to canning clubs perishable products which otherwise would be allowed to waste ; the County Coun- cils were requested to give this subject attention in the inter- est of food economy. The members of the County Councils of Defense, and par- ticularly the Minute Women, were called on in May, 1918, [41] Report of Washington State Council of Defense to assist in securing signatures to the **No Wheat Pledge," under which housekeepers obligated themselves to use no wheat (except for children and invalids) until the harvest of 1918. One of the most difficult situations which arose constantly in the work was that of encouraging the continuous and hearty support of members of the county or local Councils of Defense who did not readily appreciate that the fundamental purpose of the food administration was to increase and con- serve the supply rather than to bring about a reduction in prices in this country. This task was particularly perplexing during the first few weeks following the food administration's issuance of rules regarding the use of wheat substitutes. With very few exceptions, however, it was found that the members of our branches quickly appreciated the true situation when the facts were clearly explained. Labor. At the beginning of the war, it became apparent that one of the largest problems with which the State Council of Defense would be confronted was the necessity of keeping up labor efficiency. The program of maintaining a maximum efficiency in those industries most essential to the war emer- gency comprised two sets of problems: First, keeping labor "on the job" continuously and effectively, through the avoid- ance of strikes, lockouts and discontent; second, recruiting and maintaining an adequate supply of labor to fill the places of the men withdrawn from normal activities by the operation of the Selective Service Act. The first series of problems immediately assumed a sinis- ter importance. The increasing cost of living prompted work- ers in all lines to seek higher wages; the possibility of early strikes, rumors of profiteering in food and other essentials and the general turmoil accompanying a nation's transition from peace to war combined to reduce the effectiveness of labor and a serious slo wing-down in war industry seemed un- avoidable. During this early period the Federal Government had not perfected its machinery for labor adjustments and in [42] Report of Washington State Council of Defense consequence the State Council of Defense was called upon to meet industrial emergencies. The assistance rendered the Government in meeting these problems passed through three phases : First, in direct action by members of the State Council in avoiding or settling strikes where there was no federal agency to deal with them ; second, in assisting the government to organize its own agency and to begin work with it, in this state ; and third, assisting the well- established official agencies of labor adjustment. During the earliest weeks of the State Council's existence. Governor Lister, the Chairman, Dr. Suzzallo, Vice-Chairman, Mr. Peters, E. P. Marsh and representatives for labor and manufacturers were constantly engaged in an endeavor to avert strikes in industries of fundamental importance, touching agriculture, lumbering, including spruce; shipbuilding, loading and un- loading vessels, transportation, communication including tel- ephone and other public services, such as gas supply- The experience and sound judgment of Henry M. White, U. S. Com- missioner of Immigration, and A. H. Younger, State Commis- sioner of Labor, were of great value to the state and nation during the troublesome period immediately following the outbreak of the war. Their work in settling labor difficulties in the canneries was especially effective. The first specific problem involving danger of strife be- tween labor and its employers was in the construction of the cantonments at Camp Lewis. The War Department Adjust- ment Commission dispatched to this state Dr. Carleton H. Parker as their special representative. Through the co-opera- tive efforts of Dr. Parker, the Chairman of the State Council of Defense and various representatives of the War Depart- ment and the Federal and State Departments of Labor, prac- tically all labor difficulties at Camp Lewis were averted, though seventeen or eighteen strikes were threatened. Dr. Parker's tireless labor during those weeks was of almost in- calculable value to the War Department. Almost coincident with the labor difficulties at Camp Lewis came the strike for the basic eight-hour day in the lumber industry. Fir lumber was urgently needed for can- [43] Report of Washington State Council of Defense tonments both in this state and in the east- Many of the lumber operators could not supply the lumber for which they held contracts, owing to the fact that the strike extended into their camps, plants and mills. Dr. Parker, representing the War Department in labor difficulties interfering with the con- struction of cantonments on the Pacific Coast, presented the matter to the group of contracting lumbermen, through the courtesy of Mr. George H. Long of Tacoma, who called the meeting. The difficulty in securing lumber for the quick construction of this much needed cantonment was met by a joint act of patriotic unselfishness which stands out almost unparalleled in the war. The men who held contracts for lum- ber and could not fill them voluntarily turned them in and they were then reissued to those who had valuable supplies of stock standing in their yards and shops- Although the immediate demand for lumber for the can- tonments was in this way met, the strike was rapidly spread- ing over the state and affecting every kind of industry which was dependent to any extent upon itinerant labor. By the middle of August threats were freely made that vast fields of grain in eastern Washington would never be harvested, that the lumber camps and mills could never again operate except under radically changed conditions and that unless the strik- ers' demands were granted the transportation facilities of the state would be rendered useless. Though in many respects there was just ground for complaint by the workers, the greater part of the agitation was unquestionably fomented by pro-German agents and irresponsible foreigners who were at heart enemies of democratic government. The issues were naturally blurred. Chiefly by reason of the wide advertising given the I. W. W. element, the strike became popularly known as the "I. W. W. strike." The State Council of Defense conducted an inquiry into the causes of the strike, especially as it affected agriculture and lumbering. After continuous effort upon the part of Governor Lister and extensive hearings by the State Council of Defense, the lumber strike remained unsettled, greatly re- tarding fir and spruce output. The federal commission, [44] Report of Washington State Council of Defense headed by Secretary of Labor Wilson, came to the City of Seattle with the hope of adjusting the same dispute, but without success. Finally, after numerous interchanges, conducted by the Chairman of the State Council of Defense, by mutual agree- ment between the War and Labor Departments and the chair- man of the labor policy committee of the lumber operators the whole question of the adjustment of wages, hours and working conditions in the lumber industry was left to the decision of General (then Colonel) Brice Disque, in charge of the Spruce Production division of the Signal Corps. He or- ganized the Loyal Legion of Lumbermen & Loggers, and the subsequent conferences of representative members of this or- ganization, including both employers and employees, led to the removal of all grievances, labor efficiency was restored and a sufficient supply of airplane spruce and shipbuilding fir guaranteed. General Disque established the basic 8-hour day, for which the strike was originally called. Through the efforts of the Chairman of the State Coun- cil of Defense, assisted by the Economics Department of the University acting as special investigators as to economic fact, the policy of conciliation and mediation in labor disputes was continuously applied to every threatened or actual difference as to wages, hours and working conditions. The Chairman was chosen as neutral arbitrator in the settlement of the street car strike involving the systems in Tacoma and Seattle. Offsetting Draft Calls in Industry The second series of problems connected with the labor supply of the state, that of filling the vacancies in essential industry occasioned by the drafts of men into the National Army, grew constantly more difficult as the war progressed. The superimposition of war industry upon the labor power of the state required the reduction of labor demands by those industries less essential in time of war. The only successful method which the State Council of Defense could employ was to discourage the consumption and therefore the production of non-essential goods. The actual provision of new labor [45] Report of Washington State Council of Defense supplies depended upon three sources: first, the return to active work by men who had retired; second, the use of women as substitutes for men; third, the employment of young men and women who ordinarily would be in the higher schools in industry, commerce and agriculture without serious interference with their education. Throughout the whole of the State Council's deliberations on the multitude of questions arising, the inevitable strain of the reduced man-power was a chief consideration. The lines of work in which the Council undertook to meet the situation and the methods and policies devised were of so various a nature that they are treated at length under other subjects herein. Farm Labor. On June 25th, 1917,the State Council of Defense went on record as opposed to the importation of Chinese labor for agricultural purposes, believing that the available labor supply of the state would be sufficient for all needs if proper- ly distributed and used. Throughout the whole period of the war, A. L. Rogers, in charge of the Farm Labor department of the State Council, maintained stoutly that the potential labor power of any state and any community was many times greater than the power normally exerted, and that the chief duty of the State and County Councils of Defense lay in the stimulation of local effort, rather than in attempting to bring about a general movement of labor over the state or into the state or in the curtailment of production. Except during the periods of the year when the agricultural sections normally draw on other communities for extra labor, every farming and horticultural community in the state was able to plant, care for and harvest its crops during the 1917 and 1918 seasons, by drawing on its normally unused labor supply. Women, boys and girls, retired farmers, merchants, professional men and clerks from near-by towns cheerfully responded to the nation's call for food, and no really serious situation devel- oped. [46] Report of Washington State Council of Defense State Harvesters' League. The Washington State Harvesters' League was organized early in the summer of 1917 to assist in meeting the anticipat- ed shortage in farm labor, due to the war needs. The expenses of the League's operation were paid entirely by private indi viduals, Mr. Frank Waterhouse and Mr. R- H. Parsons con- tributing the greater portion. Under the direction of Mr. Waterhouse as Chairman and Mr. Welford Beaton as Secre- tary, the League carried on a very active campaign during 1917 to induce men and women living in cities, particularly Seattle, to spend a part or all of their summer vacation on the farms or in the orchards in eastern Washington. Special mov- ing picture films were prepared and exhibited over the state. These showed scenes in the agricultural and horticultural dis- tricts of the state, with men and women from the cities at work, picking and packing apples and other fruit, haying, harvesting, etc., and proved to be a most effective means of arousing the needed interest. Mrs. Katherine Blackall trav- eled over the state representing the League, giving lectures and practical suggestions as to needed improvement in the quarters furnished transient help, sanitary conditions and emphasizing the necessity for each community using to the utmost its own labor before calling on other parts of the state for help. Registration of men and women willing to spend a portion of the summer in agricultural work was maintained at Seattle and many hundreds of persons were registered. Excellent newspaper publicity accompanied each feature of the League's plan and beyond question its efforts brought the problem to the attention of thousands at a time when the situation was acute. Following the Farm Labor Conference called by the State Council of Defense in February, 1918, at which it was agreed that no agency other than the U. S. Employment Service should direct the actual transfer of labor from one part of the state to another, the State Harvesters' League confined its efforts during the 1918 season to co-operation in bringing be- fore the people of the state the need for an increased local [47] Report of Wdshmgton State Council of Defense effort in meeting the farm labor problem and in arranging and placing small groups of women and girls desiring to work in the orchards and berry fields of the state, in co-operation with the U. S- Employment Service. A large number of such groups were formed and suitable employment given under carefully inspected living conditions. The work of the State Harvesters' League was of very great value to the state, not merely in the educational effect at a time when seriously need- ed, but in the actual release of men for the army and war in- dustries by the employment of women and older men. Early in 1918 it became evident that so many agencies, federal and otherwise, were about to adopt policies to meet the farm labor shortage that some control must be exercised in order to avoid confusion and waste of labor supply. Ac- cordingly, the State Council of Defense called a conference which was held in Seattle on February 26th. The following were present: Dr. Henry Suzzallo and A. L. Rogers, representing the State Council of Defense ; Henry M. White, U. S. Immigration Commissioner and District Director of Federal Employment Service; Lawrence "Wood, (Assistant to Mr. White), in charge of Federal Employment Offices in this state; John C- Scott, U. S. Farm Help Specialist; Robert Moran, State Director U. S. Public Service Re- serve ; M. L. Dean, Chief of Division of Horticulture, represent- ing the Department of Agriculture in the state ; Gordon Corbaley, Executive Secretary, and H. Y. Saint, (State Development Bureau), representing Seattle Chamber of Commerce; A. M. Linklater, of Puyallup, representing the Washing- ton State College, Pullman; Welford Beaton, representing the State Harvesters' League. It was found that each of the agencies represented at the meeting had been making plans to assist in conserving and distributing the labor supply for the agricultural districts. [48] Report of WasMngton State Council of Defense After an extensive discussion, it was unanimously voted that the system in use by the Federal Employment Offices under Mr. White and Mr. Wood should be the exclusive means by which labor should be distributed over the state. All other agencies were to be made supplementary to the U. S. Employ- ment Service. John C. Scott, U. S. Farm Help Specialist, was designated to take entire charge of installing sub-agencies in each county of the state so as to broaden and supplement the U. S. Employment Service. This work of organization and supervision was to be conducted through the County Agri- cultural Agents, with the support and assistance of the Coun- ty Councils of Defense. Mr. Scott was to designate offices for the special work in the four counties of the state which had made no provision for County Agricultural Agents, mak- ing temporary appointments in the counties where provision was made for the Agricultural Agents, but no appointments had yet been made. This plan proved to be most practicable and although many complaints of shortage in labor were received from time to time it is our belief that no crop was lost through inability to secure help. Late in March, Henry M. White and Lawrence Wood, representing the United States Employment Service, called on the State Council of Defense for help in recruiting farm labor- ers. At all times in touch with the United States Employment Service, the State Council of Defense began a campaign, act- ing through the County Councils of Defense, to release for farm work idle men engaged in occupations which were obvi- ously non-essential or which could be filled by women, and also to induce retired farmers to return to agricultural work so long as the war lasted. The program of the Department of Agriculture for increased production in 1918 was also given wide distribution. John C. Scott, U. S. Farm Help Specialist, visited the chairmen of the Councils of Defense in each of the agricul- tural counties of the state and in most of the counties assisted in the forming of small committees to carry on a careful can- [49] Report of Washington State Council of Defense vass to reach able-bodied men who should be at work on the farms- Gen. Crowder's **Work or Fight" order was issued a few weeks after the State Council had commenced its active cam- paign to recruit farm labor and from that time on the problem was greatly simplified. Boys' Working Reserve. In the fall of 1917, the State Council of Defense commu- nicated with several hundred industrial plants throughout the state to ascertain whether or not the organization of a boys* working reserve would be of practical assistance in meeting the threatened labor shortage. The State Council's conclu- sion was that for the season of 1918 the activity was not needed, but owing to repeated requests from the National Director, the State Council recommended the appointment of Mr. Robert Moran, he having already been appointed State Director of the Public Service Reserve. Fuel Conservation. In September, 1917, prior to the appointment of the State Fuel Administrator, the State Council of Defense called on the County Councils to canvass the fuel dealers and secure definite information as to the supply of coal and firewood on hand. The information obtained was turned over to Mr. David Whitcomb after his appointment as Fuel Administrator for the state. Mr. Whitcomb 's ap- pointment was recommended by the State Council and in choosing his county representatives he relied almost entirely npon the recommendations of the County Councils. His suc- cessor, Mr. Winlock W. Miller, also used the State and County Councils of Defense wherever possible, in his work. Unnecessary Conventions and Meetings. In response to many requests for a statement of policy regarding the holding of state conventions and other public gatherings, the State Council of Defense adopted and publish- ed a resolution discouraging the holding of conventions and [50] I Report of Washington State Council of Defense unnecessary gatherings during the war; that where conven- tions were regarded as essential their programs be confined strictly to the transaction of business and that all unnecessary entertaining of delegates and other display and advertising be omitted. Commercial Economy. The Commercial Economy movement in this state was be- gun by the State Council's calling on the County Councils to induce merchants to eliminate unnecessary deliveries of goods and to reduce as much as possible the prevalent practice of allowing goods sold to be returned. (See report on Sub- Com- mittees-) Conservation of Credit. Continuous publicity was given to the fact that the early winning of the war depended largely upon the universal exer- cise of economy in the use of transportation facilities, capital, credit, labor and those raw and manufactured materials es- sential to the prosecution of the war. Various statements of the President, the Secretary of the Treasury and the Fed- eral Reserve Board as to the proper control of credit and is- suance of corporate securities were given wide publicity through the County Councils of Defense. Non-War Construction. During the four weeks immediately preceding the sign- ing of the armistice the section, or sub-committee on non-war construction, under the direction of R. H. Thompson and his assistant, F. T. Bradley, of Seattle, was extremely active. The Non-War Construction Section of the War Industries Board in October began the application of principles which had been announced as early as March, 1918, pursuant to which manufacturers and dealers in building materials had obligated themselves to deliver materials only when author- ized under permits issued by the War Industries Board. These permits were withheld from all projects not directly needed by the Government in prosecuting the war, with a few spe- cific exceptions which seemed necessary in order to avoid a [51] Report of Washmgton State Council of Defense wide disruption in business or municipal affairs. The prin- ciples guiding this committee in exercising the discretion al- lowed under the War Industries Board regulations were gradu- ally forming, and it is probable that by the end of the year the amount of labor and material being expended in the state for ** non-war*' projects would have been reduced to the mini- mum, except where it clearly appeared that the labor and ma- terials involved could not possibly be needed for war activi- ties. Immediately after the signing of the armistice the War Industries Board began repealing various features of its poli- cies and by December 1st the section's functions had entirely disappeared, all restrictions on construction of any nature having been removed. Had the war continued Mr. Thompson would have asked the State Council of Defense to appoint county directors of non-war construction and it is probable that a state-wide sur- vey of conditions would have been made to determine whether or not projects already under way should have been allowed to proceed to completion. Boots and Shoes. Early in November the War Industries Board called on the State and County Councils of Defense to assist in securing pledges of dealers throughout the state that they would han- dle boots and shoes only in the styles and at the prices fixed by the War Industries Board. This program was terminated almost immediately by reason of the signing of the armistice. The County Councils of Defense were compiling the lists of dealers and arranging to canvass them for pledges when noti- fied that the program had been dropped. War Economy in General. As the necessity for a more careful economy of resources became emphasized, the State Council of Defense formed a War Economy Committee consisting of the state directors of the Liberty Loan and War Savings Committee, Fuel and Food Administrators, the chairman of the sub-committee on Com- [52] Report of Washmgton State Council of Defense mercial Economy and John T- Heffernan, member of the State Council representing Non-War Construction. A series of meetings of the Community Councils of De- fense to emphasize specific economy programs were planned and about to be launched when the armistice was signed. HOME DEFENSE. In the fall of 1917, pursuant to the request of the Council of National Defense, the State Council prepared a report as to the methods used in handling the illegal phases of the labor situation during the summer and early fall of 1917. A copy of this report is attached hereto. (See Appendix A.) Protection of Property. During the first few months of our work we found a very general tendency toward hysteria in a few communities in the state. For a time the Governor and the State Council were besieged with applications for detail of troops to guard warehouses, mills and other property from threatened incen- diarism. In a few instances the Governor was urged to de- clare martial law. The members and executive officers of the State Council of Defense were in constant touch with the Gov- ernor and were at all times in entire accord with his policy on this subject. The underlying idea throughout all the work of the Council during the first six months was to stimulate the County Councils and all local authorities to an apprecia- tion of their responsibility for the solution of local problems. The withholding of troops where the need was not clearly established undoubtedly served to build this sense of local re- sponsibility. But some of the most caustic criticism of the State Council has arisen through its unwavering belief in the wisdom of the policy followed. Home Guards. Washington, like many other states of the union, found itself with very inadequate legal machinery for the organiza- [53] Report of Washington State Council of Defense tion of any form of militia or home guard defenses to take the place of the National Guard. Immediately upon the declara- tion of war, the Second Washington Eegiment of the National Guard became automatically a part of the National Army. In August, 1917, the State Council of Defense passed a reso- lution requesting the Governor and the Adjutant General to form one or more regiments of the Militia Reserve of the state, as provided by law, and calling on the sheriffs and prosecut- ing attorneys of the several counties to take energetic steps to preserve peace in their districts and particularly to protect all food supplies. Adjutant General Thompson, at Governor Lister's request, organized sixteen companies of infantry and one machine-gun company- These were mustered in under Colonel William Mc- Clure, as the Third Washington Regiment. This regiment was subsequently federalized under a construction placed upon the United States statute governing all of the militia and so remained during the war. These men were subject, under the law, not only to service within the state, but to render national service anywhere in the United States, on call of the Federal authorities. In order to supplement this Militia Reserve, Governor Lister made use of the power given to him by statute, by granting permits to organize units of Home Guards. These were issued for the period of the war and only to citizens whose loyalty was vouched for by a written endorsement of the chairman of the County Council of Defense in the county of the applicant's residence, lists of names of members, offi- cers, addresses and occupations being filed with the Governor and with the department of Home Defense of the State Coun- cil of Defense. Under this plan, many companies of Home Guard units were organized throughout the various counties, the head of each such organization being a Captain. These companies were equipped from funds of local sub- scription and patriotic citizens. Many of them became well perfected in drill and in the elementary military movements and formed the nucleus for protection of the different locali- ties against threatened disorder and lawlessness, but to a [54] Report of Washington State Council of Defense greater extent and to a more practical purpose they were of valuable service in assisting the war activities, the operation of the Red Cross, the Liberty Loan and other drives, and in maintaining the morale of loyalty and patriotism in their com- munities. By this method there was a basis of protection pro- vided without withdrawing able-bodied men from active in- dustries to maintain a citizen soldiery. Soon after the declaration of war, the Federal Govern- ment adopted the general policy of guarding railroads and railroad property and water transportation, docks, etc., in ad- dition to munition plants, using armed guards from the Na- tional Army for the purpose. There were rumors quite gen- eral throughout the country of plots to destroy railroad bridges and public property and a number of munition plants were actually blown up. This seemed to excite in the minds of the public generally a fear for the safety of business prop- erty, and especially logging camps and lumber mills in this region, and there were urgent and incessant demands from all quarters upon the Governor to furnish armed troops to guard these properties. Had the Governor yielded to such demands, the state would have been put to a very great ex- pense for which there was no appropriation to cover, and the public would have only been encouraged in its tendency to disregard all confidence in the responsibility of the sheriff and police officers. On the other hand, the Governor employ- ed a secret service force of from five to ten men who operated throughout the state, kept fully in touch with all troubles and mischief that were brewing and all rumors of disloyal or un- patriotic movements and in most instances prevented the for- mation of disturbances at the very inception. This handful of men was more effective in preventing trouble in mining and logging camps, farming communities and I. W- W. centers than could have been suppressed by five hundred men under arms had the trouble been allowed to break out. Fire Prevention. One of the first subjects to which the State Council of Defense turned its attention was the prevention of fire in the [55] Report of Washmgton State Council of Defense grain fields of the state. In July, 1917, with the assistant' of H. 0. Fishback, State Commissioner of Insurance, a bulle- tin of instructions for the prevention of fires in grain- fields was prepared and sent to the County Coun- cils. These suggestions furnished several of the County Coun- cils in Eastern Washington not merely the occasion for per- fecting their organization, but an opportunity to do some of the most effective work accomplished by the defense organi- zation in this state. In addition to the ordinary risks incident to threshing and those caused by locomotives, there were numerous threats of incendiary action during the summer and fall of 1917. The County Councils in the great wheat districts formed a net-work of farmers and citizens which covered every part of the country. Special arrangements were made with telephone companies to maintain an all-night service; special wires were laid to strategic points and dur- ing the critical period look-outs were kept on high points, day and night, constantly scanning the horizon and ready for immediate investigation of fire or smoke appearing. In the towns and cities of the wheat belt, automobiles loaded with shovels and other tools for fire-fighting, wet bags and blan- kets, large cans of water, fire-extinguishers, etc., were kept ready for instant use by any member of the organization. Automobile owners generally were on the alert and in the few instances where fires occurred large bodies of men were on the spot within ten to twenty minutes after the fires were discovered. Threshing outfits were carefully examined to eliminate every possible source of risk, farmers and employers were repeatedly warned to take every precaution and a public sen- timent was quickly built which quieted those who had freely predicted disastrous losses and effectually discouraged any miscreants who had planned to destroy crops, for very few suspicious fires occurred in the grain-fields and none which apparently was of incendiary origin. Though the loss by fire in normal times usually aggregated many thousands of bush- els, during the 1917 season the total losses reported to the. State Council of Defense was but seven acres of grain. [56] Report of Washmgton State Council of Defense Early in 1918 the Fire Underwriters' Association ten- dered to Governor Lister and the State Council of Defense the services of its large force of inspectors to scour the state to reduce unnecessary fire risks in mills, factories, warehouses and other places where grain, food products or wool were stored. Nearly one hundred inspectors were engaged in this work- A few weeks after the original inspection a second call was made to check up the precautions suggested and a very large number of hazards were eliminated. This work was carried on directly under the supervision of George E. Ryan, appointed by the State Council of Defense as State Director of Food Protection. The State Council of Defense on several occasions communicated with fire marshals and chiefs of fire departments over the state, urging them to give their particular attention to the elimination of fire risk and to call on the County Councils of Defense for active assistance. In co-operation with State Forester Pape, the State Coun- cil printed and sent out to the County Councils lists of forest rangers with request that arrangements be made for prompt assistance in case of forest fires in their districts. At one time during the fall of 1917, official warning from the U. S. Food Administration was received that there was a wide-spread conspiracy on foot to destroy food products throughout the country. The County Councils were immedi- ately instructed to bring the matter to the attention of all owners and managers of warehouses or places of storage and to see that ample guards were furnished, either as volun- teers or otherwise, as might be necessary. Whether the rumor of such a conspiracy was well founded or not, no destruction of property occurred in the state which could be traced to such origin. From time to time our attention was called to various individuals or communities apparently unaware of the necess- ity of giving unusual care to food supplies, live stock, etc. By personal letters or through the County Councils of De- fense the importance of guarding against fire, of protecting young live stock against severe weather, etc., was brought to the attention of these persons. [57] Report of Washmgton State Coimcil of Defense Disloyalty. No harm can now result from the frank admission that in many parts of the State of Washington there was at first not merely an unwilling participation in war work, but an active pro-German or anti-American group- The opposition to our form of government originated in a variety of aims — some definitely revolutionary and sinister, others merely short-sighted and theoretical but equally dangerous. By the time the second Liberty Loan campaign was over, the atmos- phere was full of rumors of disloyalty. The patriots whose enthusiasm was earliest aroused had already come together in definite groups; disclosures of official German treachery and numerous treasonable plots within our own country had brought about a frame of mind frequently approaching hys- teria. Volunteer secret service organizations were springing up in many places and charges of pro-Germanism, disloyalty, profiteering, food-hoarding and actual treason were being hurled at hundreds of people over the state. A few cases of actual mob violence developed and the situation was ex- tremely critical. In December, 1917, the State Council of Defense called on the County Councils to organize a volunteer secret service to operate in strict pursuance to the policy laid down by the State Council. The County Councils were urged to combat the tendency to charge persons with disloyalty because of dis- agreement as to methods, to discourage in every possible way the use of violence or illegal methods in treating persons whose loyalty was doubted and to foster a sane and orderly thinking in every community. A method of dealing with per- sons whose loyalty was questioned was outlined. Acting along the lines suggested by the State Council several County Councils were able to carry on most constructive work of the kind. Several instances developed where men who had flatly refused to purchase liberty bonds or assist the Red Cross and who were in danger of mob violence, were brought before the County Council for a hearing, made to appreciate the gravity of their position and induced to change front and support the Government thereafter, at least so far as outward appearance [58] Report of Washington State Council of Defense was concerned. Confidential reports from chairmen of various County Councils indicate that in many instances such persons actually did alter their mental processes and became sincere in their support of the Government. Naturally some instan- ces were brought to light where it was utterly impossible to form a satisfactory opinion as to the loyalty of the person suspected, but at worst such persons were not subjected to unjust or illegal treatment by an irresponsible mob and cer- tainly were not driven to adopt a sullen and lasting resent- ment toward their community or the Government. Immediately after President Wilson's appeal to the loyal citizens of the nation to refrain from the use of violence or illegal methods in attempting to carry on patriotic work, the State Council again called on the County Councils of Defense to consider this as one of their most important functions. A number of instances were found in which violent methods were in contemplation and which were prevented by quiet, personal counsel. Numerous complaints reached the State Council of Defense concerning the unjust acts or alleged acts of chairmen or members of County Councils of Defense and while each of these was investigated as carefully as possible, the State Coun- cil's policy was to rely very largely on the judgment of the members of the local body, so long as it was evident legal methods only were in use and proper care was taken to pre- vent hasty or prejudiced action against persons suspected of disloyalty or * * slackerism- " The most difficult situations arose where local committees soliciting funds or subscriptions to Liberty Bonds or War Sav- ings Stamps without careful investigation of all the facts in- volved branded individuals as "disloyal" for failure to re- spond as quickly or as generously as others deemed proper. The instances of this kind which have come to our attention, though fortunately very few, illustrate to a striking degree the serious danger of well-meaning persons over-zealous in patriotic work rendering irreparable injustice to other citizens, equally loyal, but unfortunate enough to have been subject to prejudiced local suspicion. [59] Report of Wdshmgton State Council of Defense Although the State Council was without legal authority, the personnel and spirit of co-operation of the County and Community Councils of Defense was such that in many instan- ces it was possible to bring about the expression of so solid a public opinion as to enable us to enforce policies which in normal times would have required Legislative sanction. For example, the State Council adopted, and through the County and Local Councils of Defense, enforced an almost universal observance of the following: 1. The State Board of Education and the State Super- intendent of Public Instruction were requested to ask all school boards in the state to eliminate the teaching of German in the public, elementary and high schools. 2. All persons desiring to make use of the German lan- guage in public or quasi-public meetings were asked to file with the County Council of Defense for the county in which the meeting was to be held, a written notice of the intention to hold such meeting, at least seven days prior to the holding thereof, such notice to set forth the purpose of the meeting, by whom called or under whose auspices it was to be held, and a full statement of the reason such meeting might not be con- ducted in the English language. 3. The State Council requested all private schools here- tofore conducting their instruction through the medium of the German language to discontinue such practice prior to September 1, 1918, and thereafter to continue their instruc- tion through the medium of the English language only. (Bul- letin No. 121.) The State Council of Defense assisted whenever possible in investigating disloyalty on the part of public school teach- ers, but full credit is due to Mrs. Josephine Preston, State Superintendent of Public Instruction, for her continued vigi- lance and courageous stand in this matter. It can do no harm to admit that there was at the beginning of the war a very considerable pacifist element among the school teachers of the state; there were isolated instances of pro-Germanism, proba- bly less than would be found in an equal number of other citi- [60] Report of Washington State Council of Defense zens, but potentially many times more dangerous, because of their effect upon the impressionable minds of their pupils. The prompt and fearless action in cancelling teachers' certifi- cates in one or two instances where the offender's disloyalty was well established unquestionably was one of the most effec- tive and wholesome steps taken by any public official in the state. Considerable pressure was brought to bear upon the State Council of Defense to investigate the action of certain citizens of Walla Walla whom it was claimed prevented the State Grange from holding its annual meeting in that city by reason of the election of William Bouck, connected with the Non-Partisan League, as its President. It appeared to the Council that the efficiency of the county and local Councils of Defense would be impaired if the investigation was not held and a finding made as to the alleged illegal acts, in which representatives of the Council of Defense were said to have participated; consequently the State Council issued notice of a hearing to be held in July, 1918- However, inquiry of the Department of Justice at Washington, D. C, disclosed that the Government was intending to make a complete in- vestigation of the incident and the State Council therefore concluded not to hold the hearing. At the instance of the Federal Department of Justice, indictments were found against Mr. Bouck for violation of the Espionage Act, which have not as yet, however, come to trial. * The secret service of the state rendered considerable assistance to the Federal Government in furnishing material which they had collected in their in vestigations for the State. The State Council of Defense, therefore, withheld all action on its part in order not to inter- fere in any way with the Federal Government's plans. The State Council of Defense was frequently urged to go on record as favoring or opposing the candidacy of indi- viduals seeking election to public office, but consistently re- fused to do so. At the request of the League for National • On December 21, 1918, the indictment against William Bouck was dismissed at the request and upon the motion of the Government. [61] Report of Washmgton State Council of Defense Unity the State Council adopted and published the following ''test forloyalty'^ "That candidate, in or out of Congress, or that citi- zen can be regarded as loyal who since the declara- tion of war has by word and act unreservedly sup- ported and will support the Government in the vigor- ous prosecution of the war to a complete and decisive victory, and who has not attempted to destroy allied unity and effort by attacks upon nations fighting with us against a common enemy." Films and Publications. A large number of alleged disloyal pamphlets, books and moving picture films were carefully investigated by the State Council of Defense. Through the very able assistance of John B. Kaiser, City Librarian of Tacoma, two lists of books and magazines containing false or disloyal subject matter were prepared. These lists were printed and distributed to the librarians of the state by Mr. J. M. Hitt, State Librarian, and the libraries requested to withdraw them from circulation during the war. In many cases the exhibition of films of an extreme "pacific" nature and the distribution of disloyal pamphlets were prevented through the County Councils of Defense- [62] Report of Washington State Council of Defense PUBLICITY AND EDUCATION. k Newspaper Co-operation. Although the State Council of Defense aimed to con- struct the machinery of the County and Community Councils of Defense in such a way as to make it possible to reach every loyal citizen directly, with any message or appeal arising in our work, naturally the press of the state offered the most effective means for publicity. And the press of the state re- sponded generously and cheerfully. The weekly newspapers, the dailies, the magazines and all periodicals published in the state threw open their columns and donated outright thousands upon thousands of dollars worth of space and paper to the work of the Councils of Defense. In the spring and early sum- mer of 1918 eighty-one newspapers of the state offered the State Council of Defense a contribution of sixty inches of dis- play advertising in each of the papers. This was gladly ac- cepted by the Council and through it Mr. J. G. Kelly furnished the material for the several advertisements. The Daken- Horsely Advertising Company, of Seattle, prepared the form of the advertising, which was directed chiefly to the necessity for all loyal citizens lending their practical support to meeting the farm-labor situation, to avoiding waste of time and effort in duplicating work already under way, and a plea for in- creased food production. Several newspapers of the state, published in German, at the request of the State Council of Defense printed patriotic articles prepared by the Committee on Public Information. In no instance that has come to our notice did any news- paper publish matter which was intended as confidential, though on numerous occasions items of considerable interest as news matter came to the attention of various papers. In a few instances, opportunities for real "scoops" were cheer- fully ignored, in the nation's interest. j Until he was drafted by State Fuel Administrator Whit- comb, Prof. Colin V. Dyment was of great assistance to the [63] Report of Washington State Council of Defense State Council of Defense in securing newspaper publicity. Soon after the opening of the University, in September, 1917, President Suzzallo, at Mr- Dyment's suggestion, designated the University News Letter as the publicity organ of the State Council of Defense, and through that medium a great deal of valuable newspaper publicity throughout the state was secur- ed. After Mr. Dyment's departure for Washington, D. C, to assist in the fuel administration work, the University News Letter was very ably conducted by Miss Grace Edgington, and the State Council is under great obligation to Mr. Dyment and Miss Edgington for the very efficient co-operation rendered. Publicity to National Requests. During the whole period of the war, the State and County Councils of Defense rendered every assistance possible to the Council of National Defense, the War, Navy and other de- partments of the Federal Government in securing publicity whenever called for. This publicity was not confined to securing local newspaper notices, though a very important work was done through the co-operation of the press. Th( wide membership of the Local Councils of Defense enabled the County Councils of Defense in many parts of the state to reach practically every patriotic citizen with an official mes- sage, without relying on newspaper publicity. The Minute Women were of particular value in this line of work. Among the subjects given publicity through the State and County Councils of Defense were the following: Eesolution of the Council of National Defense discourag- ing the sending of food to the soldiers and sailors in the camps and cantonments; Posted several hundred copies of a large poster appealing to the public to donate or loan binoculars, spy-glasses or tele-| scopes to the Navy; Display of the "Prussian Blot'' posters in railroad sU tions, store windows and other public places, showing Gei many's '^Mittel Europa" ambition. At various times the County Councils were asked t< assist the Red Cross in securing publicity to features of th( [64] Report of Washington State Council of Defense official work which required a wider knowledge among the families of soldiers and sailors. In August, 1918, various changes in the law and administration of allotments and allowances were brought to the attention of the County Coun- cils, in order to prevent undue anxiety on the part of soldiers and their families arising through delay. The facilities of the Red Cross Home Service Section in explaining the provisions of the law, in securing delayed remittances and in assisting the Government by reducing correspondence were carefully explained. At the suggestion of the National and State Councils of Defense many of the County Councils and Local Councils took an active part in the celebrations held on July 4th, 1918, by the loyal foreign-bom citizens of the state- Special emphasis was laid upon the control and management of the celebration by the foreign-born. Miscellaneous Publicity. Distributing a large number of pamphlets issued by the "War and Navy Departments' Commission on Training Camp Activities explaining their work and aiming to assist the sol- diers and their families to understand the care being exercised by the Government to make life at the training camps clean and wholesome; co-operating with the Red Cross in securing publicity to the need of the gas defense division of the chem- ical warfare service of nut shells and certain fruit pits and seeds with which to manufacture the carbon used in gas masks. The State Council of Defense communicated with the edi- tors of periodicals published in German in this state and se- cured the publication of various patriotic articles furnished by the Committee on Public Information. A very large num- ber of copies of ** American Loyalty*' printed in the German language were mailed to persons of German birth residing in the state. This pamphlet was written by American citizens of German extraction and published by the Committee on Public Information. From time to time the Committee on Public Information sent speakers to the state to present various messages in con- —5 [ 65 ] Report of Washington State Council of Defense nection with the prosecution of the war. The itinerary of many of these speakers was arranged by the State Council through the County Councils of Defense. The Spokane County Council had found H. J. Hibschman and Professor Schlauch to be very valuable speakers in com- munities having a large German population and the State Council of Defense was glad to offer the services of these men to the various County Councils of Defense. Mr. Hibschman, of German extraction, spoke in English, and Professor Schlauch either in German or English. Four Minute Men. Appreciating the valuable service which might be render-, ed to the Government through the co-operation of a large number of trained speakers in the theaters, the State Council, in July, 1917, called on each County Council to select a county chairman for the Four Minute Men. The work was followed up steadily and later on the executive secretary, M. P. Good- ner, was appointed State Director of this work- At the time of the signing of the armistice the Four Minute Men were organized in three hundred twenty towns in the state. In a town where there was no moving picture theater a ''special" local chairman was appointed, who took charge of opportuni- ties to address ready-made audiences on the topics covered by the bulletins issued through the Committee on Public Information. During the Third Liberty Loan campaign the Four Minute Men in the state of Washington reached more people with their messages than in any other state in the Union with the exception of New York. During the fall of 1917 the State Council of Defense pro- cured the names of small groups of loyal citizens residing in those sections of the state in which there had been labor trou- bles fomented by disloyal organizations and personal letters were written to each of these persons, asking them in turn to forward additional lists of friends and acquaintances whose patriotism could not be questioned and who could be relied upon to assist the State Council in giving publicity to the real issues involved in the war itself. At regular intervals the lit- [66] i Report of Washington State Council of Defense erature of the Committee on Public Information was sent to each of these persons, from the Olympia office. Using the postal frank allowed him as State Director of the Four Minute Men, the Executive Secretary was able in this way to distribute thousands of patriotic booklets into the sections of the state where at first there was danger of a pro- German element impeding various phases of war work. Hun- dreds of these booklets went into the lumber camps and logging districts and the co-operation on the part of those who agreed to read and give publicity to them resulted in a great deal of good. Education. In co-operation with Mrs. Josephine Corliss Preston, State Superintendent of Public Instruction, the State Council of Defense asked the local school authorities to exert a special effort to enable boys working in the fields, and particularly in box factories producing fruit box shooks to continue their work and at the same time keep up their studies, by night classes or otherwise. The State Council of Defense, throughout the war period, very strongly favored the upholding of the standards of education, child labor and employment of women. Students in schools and colleges were consistently urged to continue their education, except where it was absolutely necessary for them to take up employment in vital industries facing a short- age of labor. In January, 1918, at the request of Mrs. Preston, the State Council gave very careful consideration to the request which had been made in many parts of the state that school be held on Saturday so as to allow of an earlier closing and later opening of school in 1918. The State Council voted unani- mously that school should not be held on Saturday but that the school authorities in each district should fix the closing and opening dates for the school year, with special reference to local climatic conditions, character of farming operations, early or late season for fruit, etc. Great pressure was brought from time to time in efforts to secure relaxation of regula- tions protecting children. The members of the Council have al- ways approved firmly the principle early announced by A. L. [67] Report of Washington State Council of Defense Rogers, at the head of the department of farm labor. Mr. Rogers had consistently maintained that the potential labor power of any community, and principally in an agricultural district, is many times the labor power normally exerted, and that a war emergency could grow most acute before the aver- age community was unable to carry on its normal work by simply drawing on those unused reservoirs. The experience of the state of Washington during the past eighteen months cer- tainly proves the truth of this principle. Miscellaneous Activities As one member of the State Council of Defense whim- sically remarked, some of the most important work done by the Council was in keeping its hands off a multitude of sub- jects which it was urged to handle. Many hours were spent by the members and executive officers in conference on var- ious topics on which no action was taken or public statement issued. These ranged from the importunities of inventors of flying machines to have their expenses paid to Washington, D. C, to petitions for the State Council's recommendation of proposed legislation having no possible bearing on the win- ning of the war. The number and persistence of persons pressing the State Council for action on subjects of this kind was almost unbelievable. The following will give a fair indication of the subjects of minor importance on which the State Council of Defense was able to render more or less assistance : Assisting citizens in securing information regarding employ- ment in Federal Departments, or contracts with the Gov- ernment and War Department for supplies at Camp Lewis ; Securing reports on families of soldiers claiming allowances, reports on soldiers absent without leave, investigating re- ports of alleged "slackers" or men fraudulently claiming • exemption ; Assisting the Government in locating supplies of various raw materials reported in the state ; i [68] i Report of Washington State Council of Defense Investigating alleged instances where powdered glass or other injurious substances were found in food products ; Investigating alleged profiteering in wool yarn, (prior to the taking over of the wool supply by the Government) ; Following up reported instances of attempts to discourage employees from purchasing Liberty Bonds; Tracing down false rumors regarding Red Cross activities ; Discouraging the extension into this state of organizations whose purposes would obviously duplicate or conflict with patriotic work already progressing; Warning the County Councils of Defense and local authorities generally against men fraudulently claiming to be return- ed soldiers and giving lectures or entertainments ; Assisting concerns engaged in manufacturing or storing food products to secure connection with electric power lines; Assisting in securing priority permits for purchase of wire cable and other supplies needed in operating lumber camps, box-factories and irrigation projects; Securing public speakers for local meetings for Liberty Loans or other patriotic purposes. [69] Washington State Council of Defense SPECIAL REPORT TO Council of National Defense APPENDIX Washington State Council of Defense Special Report To Council of National Defense Covering the Handling of the Illegal Phases of the Labor Situ- ation During the Summer and Early Fall of 1917 (Prepared late in 1917.) The problems presented to the Washington State Council of Defense by industrial and farm labor difficulties have been of so varied a nature that every step in the work of the Coun- cil has necessitated a consideration of a multitude of factors and the adoption of a policy entirely independent from any precedents. Simultaneously, almost, with the appointment of the Council of Defense by Governor Lister, and beginning with the first meeting of the Council, held on June 25th, came alarming reports from various sections of the State — reports of roaming bands of I. W. W.'s seemingly well supplied with money, and of numerous threats that warehouses and grain fields would be destroyed by fire, if their unreasonable de- mands were not met, also reports of large numbers of men riding on railroads without the payment of fare, in many instances with the full consent of the train crews, and rumors of threatened sabotage, the blasting and destruction of fruit trees, the dynamiting of reservoirs used for the storage of water for irrigation projects and other outrages of almost every description- The first two meetings of the Council were given over almost entirely to receiving and hearing from delegations of citizens from various parts of the State, insisting that the Council and the Governor extend to their communities the protection of courts, the National Guard and Federal troops. Although the greater part of the demands were doubtless due [73] Report of Washmgton State Cotmcil of Defense to one of those psychological waves of hysteria which occa- sionally sweep across a community or a county, or a state, the mere fact that such a feeling was prevalent was a direct encouragement to the agitators and the few disloyal men in the districts who, for one reason or another, were making threats as above stated. With this condition existing the Council recognized the necessity for immediate action; first, to bring about a state- wide movement which would quiet the fears of the public and discourage the careless or disloyal speech of irresponsible peo- ple, and second, to search out and take into custody the ring- leaders of the group who were actually responsible for the threats and appeared to be planning to commit violence and to continue the campaign of unrest and sedition. A committee of the Council was immediately appointed for the purpose of making an extended investigation. Witnesses from every class of workers were interviewed, under oath; testimony of mem- bers of the I. W. W. organizers was taken, their literature studied and their methods and aims fully digested. From the beginning Governor Lister was in close and con- stant touch with the situation and at all times worked with and assisted the State Council of Defense in its investigations. Tremendous pressure was brought to bear on the Governor and the Council to obtain large numbers of Federal troops to be scattered generally over the state ; in some instances to de- clare a state of insurrection, if not martial law. It was decid- ed by the Governor and the Council that in all instances an investigation of conditions existing should be made by the Council of Defense, the Governor or representatives appointed for this purpose before deciding upon the action to be taken. As a result of the investigations made. Federal troops were requested, by the Council of Defense and the Governor in but four towns, where the danger of actual violence seemed im- minent. In these places the mere presence of the Federal troops in uniform did much to remedy the situation and when this was followed by numerous arrests of the I. W. W. 's, who were threatening the destruction of property and other forms of violence, the crisis was passed- Subsequently there were [74] Report of Washmgton State Council of Defense various frantic calls for troops from different parts of the State, in which the conditions appeared to be most serious. Each call was carefully, thoroughly and quietly investigated by the Governor, through the State Secret Service and by a special deputy of the Attorney General appointed for this purpose, or by some member or members of the State Council of Defense, or other State officials called in for the special work, and in the great majority of instances, it was found that the situation could be properly controlled without the use of troops. A typical case was found at Raymond, in Pacific County, where there was a complete tie-up of the lumber mills. The strikers were picketing the mills constantly; there is no stat- ute which prohibits this, although our Supreme Court has held that it is illegal and that injunction is properly issued to pro- hibit pickets from patrolling in front of any plant or place of business. A suit for injunction was pending in this case. A line of strikers and sympathizers, numbering many men, form- ed every morning and evening in the street leading to the mill which was attempting to run with men other than those out on strike. On one occasion workmen were leaving for the day and in passing through the crowd epithets and cries of ' ' scab ' ' were heard, but the only violence was the act of one of the workmen who kicked a striker. This was in the heart of the district from which one of the strongest demands for troops was received. No troops have been placed at this point and there has been no more serious trouble than that above stated. The climax of the situation came on the 13th day of August, when James Rowan, Secretary of the I. W. W. organ- ization in Spokane, telegraphed to Governor Lister stating that unless all of the I. W- W. prisoners held by Federal authorities were released from custody there would be a com- plete tie-up of the entire agricultural section of the state on the 20th day of August. It is understood that the same kind of a telegram was forwarded to the Governors of three other northwestern states. The following is a copy of the Rowan telegram : ''Have been instructed to inform you that it has been decided by overwhelming majority of men on [75] Report of Washington State Council of Defense job to call general strike in harvest fields, fruit or- chards and on all construction work in Northwest if all I. W. W. prisoners are not released before August 20th/ » Immediately upon receiving the telegram the Governor took the matter up with the State Council of Defense and the Council telegraphed the Chairman of each County Council in the agricultural section of the State, requesting him to imme- diately do everything possible to spread a patriotic feeling among the workers in the harvest fields to offset the disloyal talk of the I. W. W. and to appeal to the men to remain at work. On Sunday afternoon, August 19th, Rowan and a num- ber of other I. W. W/s were quietly placed under arrest by Federal troops. He had been allowed the whole period of time in which to perfect his plans and to bring about the threatened strike. By Monday evening telegraphic reports from the counties had been received, indicating that practical- ly no workmen had refused to continue their work and show- ing the '* strike'' to be an utter failure- The arrest of Rowan and other I. W. W. 's, on the Sunday afternoon brought about cessation of threatening talk on the part of the I. W. W.'s and since that time there has been no trouble whatever in the grain districts of the state. In addition to the work done by the State Council of Defense and the County Councils to bring about a continuance of activities in the farming districts, the State Department of Agriculture, and the State College at Pullman placed in the field just as many of their forces as possible to assist in this work and did much to properly control the situation. The strike in the lumber industry is supposedly a failure. At the present time (late fall, 1917), the logging camps are operating to about 50% capacity and sawmills to probably 60% or 65% capacity, most of them operating on the ten-hour basis. A few of the mills are running on an eight-hour basis ; by far the greater proportion now in operation continue on a ten-hour basis. It is generally understood, however, that in most instances the workmen are not rendering efficient ser- vice, apparently figuring that they will do about eight hours' work in ten hours. In a number of instances the workers re- [76] Report of Washington State Council of Defense main but a few days on a job and then quit. The prolonged strike in the lumber industry has also resulted in many of those formerly engaged in this line having obtained employ- ment in other lines, so that there is not available, at the pres- ent time, even though all were willing to return to work on a ten-hour day basis, men to operate the mills and logging camps at normal capacity. We will go on record now as saying that we do not feel that the eight-hour day controversy is settled. As this report is intended to be confined solely to the handling of disloyal or illegal phases of the labor situation, we will not attempt herein to give a detailed report on the merits of the eight-hour day demanded by the employees. We may say, however, that in the lumber industry in the Northwest there is gradually coming about a unionization of those engaged in it and the effect of the war has certainly been to further en- courage the union movement- Bitter feeling, resulting in ex- tensive and expensive strikes may be expected throughout this section in the future, if the operators continue in their present attitude of absolute and unyielding opposition to all demands for a shorter day. Their comment that they are willing to pay higher wages does not meet the workman's fundamental demand of the eight-hour day and while considerations of patriotism and the necessity of the moment may induce the men to abandon their strikes temporarily, the vital question is still unanswered. We may add, in connection with the labor situation, that a convention of the Prosecuting Attorneys of thirty out of the thirty-nine Counties of the State, was held in Seattle in July. Reports from these officials as to conditions prevailing in their respective counties and discussions as to the sufficiency of existing statutes to properly control these various situa- tions were made. This convention was attended by the Chair- man of the State Public Service Commission, who has been spending a part of his time during the past few months assist- ing in connection with the labor problems presented, the Chairman of the Committee of Home Defense, of the State Council of Defense, and the special Assistant Attorney Gen- eral appointed for the purpose of assisting the Council of De- [77] Report of Washjington State Council of Defense fense and the Governor in handling labor problems. Dr. Henry Suzzallo, Chairman of the State Council of Defense, addressed the prosecuting attorneys on law enforcement and the work being done by the State Council of Defense, in connection with it. It became apparent during the convention that while there were perhaps sufficient statutory provisions to reach most of these cases of lawlessness and threatened lawlessness, the enforcement of these provisions would be left ultimately to local juries and in many of the Counties the juries might be inclined to not enforce the laws to the degree necessary during such a crisis as is now facing our country. This is par- ticularly true in the congested districts of the towns and cities. One of the chief difficulties found also was that the County authorities seemed to regard the matter as being di- rected so publicly against the Nation and its war work, that it was a matter for the Federal or for the state officials to handle and not for the County, and we believe that in a large measure this accounts for the want of proper sentiment on the part of local juries. While these men sitting in a County Court trying these offenders under a state or local law, might by reason of class sympathy fail to convict, in the face of the facts shown, the same men sitting as jurors in the Federal Court trying the same offenders under federal laws defining crimes against the nation at war, would, on the same facts, convict. Our view is that this condition does not indicate inefficiency on the part of local officials, but rather a matter of the point of view from which the public is made to look upon the offenses; hence, the necessity, in our judgment, of the treatment of this I. W. W. situation by the Federal Gov- ernment. To sum the situation so far as the I. W- W. and other dis- loyal organizations are concerned, we make the following com- ments : First, such organizations appear to thrive on publicity. Quiet, determined and discriminating action, accompanied by a general feeling that the whole machinery of the state and national government is ready, if necessary, to handle the sit- [78] Report of Washington State Council of Defense nation, is the most effective method that can be adopted in the bringing about of a proper control. Second, the Federal authorities, with the same represen- tatives and exactly the same methods, but working as a Fed- eral force, can attain results with less effort than the state. For instance. Federal troops are a stronger force in handling a situation such as may arise from I. W. W. agitation and threats than would be State troops, for the same reason that State troops can better control a situation in a district than can a force of deputy sheriffs. Third, a very slight show of military authority, backed up with uniformed and armed troops, has proved to be very efficient in controlling situations in this state. A small squad of troops, working under specific orders and to some definite purpose will immediately bring about a general exodus of I. W. W.'s from centers where troops are stationed. Fourth, in instances where troops are not advisable, a small group of determined men, either deputized by the sher- iff or acting independently in guarding their own property, can in most instances prevent the I. W. W.'s from going fur- ther than the uttering of threats- Fifth, in the agricultural districts of our state there has been stronger disposition this year than ever before, on the part of the farmers, to organize for their protection. Hereto- fore every farmer worked singly, feeling that his responsibil- ity ceased with the protection of his own property. This year they have realized that a better degree of protection could be obtained by thorough organization, and this course of action on the part of the farmers has been of material assistance in properly controlling conditions and avoiding trouble in many districts where it might have occurred had there been no such organization. Sixth. The I. "W. W. organization is made up of as mis- cellaneous an assortment of individuals as it is possible to find. Most of its members are men who feel vaguely that they are abused, and that in union there is strength. Most of these men do not know or care what the specific objects of the or- [79] Report of Washington State Council of Defense ganization are. They feel that in some way membership will bring them easier hours or more comfort or greater financial returns for their labor. The average member is, at heart, no more nor no less patriotic than the average run of our citizen- ship. Consequently the average member is not prepared to fight or die or suffer for his principles. He will join forces, or by threats or boycotts will endeavor, with his associates, to bring about conditions he believes ought to exist, but he will not meet armed resistance nor even face a small group of de- termined men without arms, simply because he is not in reality fighting for a clear-cut principle. These men, however, are following false leadership. Their leaders and agitators are constantly endeavoring to have them perform acts directly opposed to the principles of our government. The need of the hour is the bringing about of a condition that will make pos- sible the proper handling of these leaders, so that the large part of their followers will be alienated from such leadership- We believe that if the prosecutions now undertaken by the Federal government in Chicago are successful in the main, the danger from the I. W. W.'s will be over; but if these pros- ecutions are not successful, the problem will be in the future an even more difficult one to cope with than in the past. C80] County Councils of Defense OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON COUNTY COUNCILS OF DEFENSE t ADAMS COUNTY. J. L. Cross, Chairman Ritzville J. C. Hauschild, Secretary Ritzville V. A. Chargois Ritzville L. L. Bassett Washtucna L. C. Crossland Hatton John Dirstine Lind H. M. Boone Cunningham A. O. Lee Othello P. R. Clark W. O. Miller C. H. Spalding Ritzville ASOTIN COUNTY. Elmer E. Halsey, Chairman Clarkston R. E. Westervelt, Secretary Clarkston R. E. Foster Clarkston W. O. Bond Clarkston Mrs, Frank Morrison Clarkston W. B. Howard Clarkston Chas. S. Florence Asotin J. B. Jones Asotin Ed. Dowmen Asotin Mrs. George A. Day Clarkston F. M. Halsey Asotin Homer L. Post ; Asotin BENTON COUNTY. Bert Linn, Chairman Prosser W. S. Jenkins, Secretary Prosser J. F. Sears Prosser U. S. Case Prosser L. E. Johnson Prosser F. J. O'Brien Richland E. J. O'Leary t White Bluffs Manley B. Haynes Hanford H. S. Hughes Finley C. E. DeBow Prosser Geo. McCullough Patterson Wm. Pearson Patterson A. E. Whan Benton City [83] Report of Washington State Council of Defense CHELAN COUNTY. John A. Gellatly, President Wenatchee W. O. Parr, President Wenatchee Fred M. Crollard, Secretary Wenatchee J. H. Dengel Wenatchee A. H. Sylvester Leavenworth O. B. Shay Wenatchee H. J. Olive Cashmere O. A. Hoag Chelan H. N. May Wenatchee Mrs. Guy C. Browne Wenatchee Rufus Woods Wenatchee Dr. F. E. Culp Wenatchee W. O. Dow Wenatchee Fred Kemp Wenatchee Chas. T. White Wenatchee Sam R. Sumner Wenatchee Wellington Pegg Wenatchee Deed H. Mayer Leavenworth A. H. Mohler Cashmere Rev. Atkinson Entiat Louis J. Crollard Wenatchee Chas. R. Sargent Chelan A. G. Morey Wenatchee N. A. Pearson Wenatchee T. L. Ross Wenatchee C. E. Stohl Wenatchee John Walsh Wenatchee M. W. Starks Leavenworth H. H. Kelly Leavenworth F. A. Wingate Leavenworth J. A. Wilson Leavenworth J. F. Casebeer Cashmere Mrs. Geo. C. Faskin Cashmere C. E. Long Cashmere CLALLAM COUNTY. T. F. Trumbull, Chairman Port Angeles Mrs. Andrew Severyns, Secretary Port Angeles Mrs. W. J. Ware Port Angeles S. C. Rose Port Angeles E. E. Nichols Port Angeles C. E. Stakemiller Port Angeles Dr. D. E. McGillivray Port Angeles [84] Report of Washington State Council of Defense E. F. Gierin Sequim C. F. Seal Dungeness T. F. Rixon Beaver F. Clarke Forks CLARKE COUNTY. A. Burnham, Chairman Vancouver A. L. Miller, Secretary Vancouver W. E. Carter Vancouver W. B. DuBois Vancouver Judge McMaster Vancouver W. G. Drowley Vancouver A, W. Calder Vancouver J. L. Sutherland Vancouver E. E. Beard Vancouver Wm. C. Bates Vancouver F. W. Temples Vancouver J. D. Currie Camas Milton Burnett G. R. Percival Vancouver Robert Brady Vancouver W. M. Hodgkin Vancouver Geo. B. Simpson Vancouver Mrs. A. L. Miller Vancouver J. A. Munday Vancouver J. W. Shaw Vancouver Lloyd DuBois Vancouver P. J, Kirwin Vancouver C. W. Davis Vancouver COLUMBIA COUNTY. H. H. Hadley, Chairman Dayton W. C. Godard, Secretary Dayton J. J. Edwards Dayton A. P. Cahill Dayton Geo. Jackson Dayton H. E. Barr Dayton W, W. Day Dayton J. C. Weatherford Dayton Wm. T. Wooten Dayton J. L. Wallace Dayton Clark Israel Dayton Geo. Thompson Dayton Reed Jonas Dayton [ 85 ] Report of Washington State Coimcil of Defense C. F. Miller Dayton Geo. Spalinger Dayton Ben Turner Turner A. A. Callender Dayton J. L. Dumas Dayton John Brining Dayton R. R. Cahill Dayton Leon B. Kenworthy Dayton Roy Dyer Dayton John Dawson Dayton Wm. Robinson Dayton C. R. Rogg Dayton John Carr Dayton Lee Lindley Dayton Geo. Price Dayton E. A. Holman Dayton Fred Smith Dayton Wm. Chandler Dayton Homer Price Dayton E. E. Gowan Pomeroy D. L. Lewis Dayton Robt. Sturdevant Dayton Nick Longen Dayton W. W. Ward Dayton Harve Harris Dayton Tom Reed Dayton Walter Dunning Dayton Remmie DeRuwe Dayton Len Jackson Dayton Burt Delaney Dayton Cornelius Lyman Dayton J. T. Allen Dayton Geo. F. Williams Dayton Jack Hamilton Dayton John Hubbard Dayton J. M. Lewis Dayton Jessie Cahill Dayton Geo. Barnhart Starbuck E. J. Culp Huntsville COWLITZ COUNTY. L. N. Plamondon, Chairman Woodland F. L. Stewart, Secretary Kelso L. S. Keyes Kelso G. L. Buland Castle Rock [86] Report of Washington State Council of Defense Rev. A. W. Bond Woodland H. V. Vaughan Kalama C. C. Ruckles Kalama Lowell Young Kelso Dan Campbell Kelso J. R. Catlin Kelso F. L. Barber Carrolls Lucia Jenkins » Kalama Clark Studebaker Kalama Geo. L. Marsh Ostrander J. L. Sparling Kelso Dr. H. A. Rue Kelso F. G. Barnes Silver Lake DOUGLAS COUNTY. E. K. Fritts, Chairman Waterville T. J. East, Secretary Bridgeport L. T. Griswold Mansfield Harry I. Short Withrow M. H. Davison Waterville Edith L. Greenberg Waterville FERRY COUNTY. , A. L. Bradley, Chairman Danville \ G. J. Tompkins, Vice Chairman Republic Thos. F. Barrett, Secretary Republic John Stack Republic D. H. McKellar Republic F. H. Prodger Malo Jas. T. Johnson Republic W. A. Atkin Republic Mrs. W. T. Beck Republic A. A. Anderson Republic F. W. Cleator Republic Dr. E. M. Bevis Republic P. H. Walsh Republic S. H. Richardson Republic J. W. O'Connell Republic T. J. Kelly Ferry Ira Carter Curlew Jacob Meyers Laurier O. G. Barnard Orient V. M. Meyers Boyds Mrs. Fred Sengfelder Kettle Falls [87] Report of Washington State Council of Defense Chas. W. Lawson Inchelium H. G. Parmeter Covada H. R. Taylor Keller FRANKLIN COUNTY. Volney B. Cox, Chairman Pasco R. B. McFarland, Secretary Pasco Gerard Ryzek Pasco Riley Conrad Pasco Edward Onstott Pasco Mrs. Wilford Pasco Mrs. Turner Pasco Mrs. Douglas Pasco Guy Foster Eltopia D. B. Garrison Connell E. Raymond Kahlotus GARFIELD COUNTY. E. V. Kuykendall, Chairman Pomeroy B. F. Burch, Secretary-Treasurer Pomeroy Peter McClung, Secretary-Treasurer (later) Pomeroy M. F. Gose Pomeroy J. A. Strain Pomeroy D. B. Williams Pomeroy W. H. Dixon Pomeroy Otto Long Pomeroy H. B. Henley Pomeroy Fred Mattheis Pomeroy P. R. Weller Pomeroy C. G. Black Pomeroy W. H. Dixon Pomeroy A. G. Farley Pomeroy G. W. Jewett Pomeroy E. E. Powell Pomeroy W. J. Schneckloth Pomeroy E. C. Cluster Pomeroy J. R. Stevenson Pomeroy M. C. Beale Pomeroy R. J. McKeirnan Pomeroy Hans Clodius Pomeroy Frank Fitzgerald Pomeroy J. J. Bentley Pomeroy E. S. Sleeman Pomeroy W. J. Robinson Pomeroy Thad Patterson Pomeroy [88] Report of Washington State Council of Defense J. T. Ledgerwood Pomeroy James Oliver Pomeroy C. R. Long Pomeroy J. F. Mills Peola H. B. Stallcop Pomeroy Dr. G. B. Kuydendall Pomeroy May Elsensohn Pomeroy C. Alex McCabe Pomeroy Rev. John Huggins Pomeroy Rev. John Leacher Pomeroy E. W. Collier Pomeroy GRANT COUNTY. E. C. Davis, Chairman Ephrata H. W. Reaugh, Secretary Ephrata Mae Simpkins, Clerk Ephrata Mrs. D. T. Cross Ephrata John R. Kelley Ephrata P. H. Hiebert Ephrata H. D. McMillen Ephrata H. M. Hancock Ephrata P. G. Maltbie Ephrata C. T. Sanders Ephrata N. W. Washington Ephrata J. H. Hill Hartline A. A. Proulx Grand Coulee A. T. Hampton Steamboat Rock Dan S. Evans Coulee City Mrs. M. H. Handcock Coulee City Emil Rosenberg Timm George DeBolt High Hill Chas. Kennedy Stratford T. Claude Bennett Wilson Creek Donald Urquhart Wilson Creek Ben Thomas Soap Lake Mrs. H. W. Mangold Adrian Chris Krogness Bunker Hill J. F. McCarthy Bunker Hill H. C. Erickson Marlin Mrs. D. T. Wolfe Marlin A. C. Allen Trinidad F. G. Campbell Quincy Wm. Ragless Quincy D. G. Banko Quincy Mrs. J. O. Smith Winchester [89] Report of Washington State CotmcU of Defense D. C. Thiemens Ephrata Mrs. J. A. Hessel Gloyd Edgar Dry Wheeler F. R. Amend Ruff H. M. Course Neppel Mrs. Harvey Smith Neppel Ed Dunham Sieler D. B. Cole McCaskey I. N. MuUowney Warden Mrs. Grace Sinclair Corfu F. C. Koppen Wahluke Mrs. Geo. A. Arrowsmith White Bluffs Mrs. H. M. Groode Smyrna H. V. Dyer Beverly H. M. Perry Low Gap Mrs. E. Goodwin Mae J. C. Pepper Mae J. R. O'Meara Morrison Chas. E. Kline Burke GRAYS HARBOR COUNTY. L. G. Humbarger, Chairman Aberdeen W. H. Abel, Secretary Aberdeen Mrs. M. L. Watson Aberdeen Henry McCleary McCleary Alex Poison Hoquiam W. E. Johnson W. E. Campbell J. W. Clark Russell Mack A. P. Sprague W. J. Patterson W. H. France Mrs. Humbarger W. L. Boomer C. F. Monroe Dr. J. H. Fitz C. T. Scurry G. P. Halferty Thorpe Babcock F. G. Foster G. G. Kellogg Mrs. H. P. Brown H. V. Collins John Strubel [90] Report of Washington State Council of Defense H. p. Brown Eldridge Wheeler J. E. Calder ISLAND COUNTY. H. T. Wanamaker, Chairman Coupeville T. C. Clark, Secretary Coupeville Luther Weedin ; Coupeville Harvey Bantz Oak Harbor G. L. Woodruff Langley Aug. Bloomquist Camano JEFFERSON COUNTY. Clarence L. Wannamaker, Chairman Port Townsend Chas. G. Campbell, Secretary Port Townsend Wm. Bishop Chimacum O. T. McWhorter Port Townsend C. F. Goodrich Port Townsend H. J. Lipsett Port Ludlow H. Kuppler Port Ludlow Horace B. Sims Port Townsend Edith DeLanty Port Discovery W. M. McCurdy Port Townsend Dr. P. I. Carter Port Townsend ; Dr. J. C. House Port Townsend ! Tom W. Holman Port Townsend KING COUNTY. I Harold Preston, Chairman Seattle C. K. Poe, Secretary Seattle F. V. Brown Seattle John C. Higgins Seattle Judge George Donworth Seattle Frank Gates Seattle R. L. Proctor Seattle John Wooding Auburn R. M. McCullough Seattle O. D. Fisher Seattle C. W. Wiley Seattle W. C. Weeks Seattle C. H. Winders Seattle J. P. Todd Seattle Mrs. Edgar Ames Seattle Mrs. Milo Loveless Seattle [91] Report of Washington State Council of Defense Mrs. J. W. Glascock Seattle J. W. Spangler Seattle R. H. Thomson Seattle Dr. J. E. Crichton Seattle James S. Goldsmith Seattle Martin J. Flyzik Seattle Fred S. Stimson Seattle Edwin A. Start Seattle KITSAP COUNTY. Walter M. French, Chairman Port Orchard Harry E. Frost, Secretary Port Orchard Mrs. F. A. Harlow Bremerton R. S. Hayward Bremerton A. Harigal Bremerton M. A. Matthews Bremerton Mrs. Ella Bender Manette Paul Paulson Paulsbo Nels Sonju Paulsbo Wm. Brown Port Gamble Mrs. R. W. Condon Port Gamble Wm. F. Lindekugel Port Orchard Hal Smith Charleston C. E. Greaves Silverdah R. L. Robins SilverdaU Fred Grow Winsloi Louis Beck Port Blakeley Lucas Rodal Rolling Bay E. A. Landolt Retsil KITTITAS COUNTY. J. C. Hubbell, Chairman Ellensburf J. C. Kaynor, Secretary EUensburf A. L. B. Davies Harry W. Hale C. R. Hadley Harry B. Averill R. B. Wetson Mrs. Harry Elwood Mrs. J. A. Mahan Linden McCullough Mrs. Elizabeth F. Baker Mrs. J. B. Davidson [92] Report of Washington State Council of Defense KLICKITAT COUNTY. N. B. Brooks, Chairman Goldendale F. W. Hurd Goldendale C. T. Camplan Goldendale Ira Henderson Goldendale Ralph Fenton Goldendale John R. McEwen Goldendale William Warner " Alderdale C. E. Comstock Alderdale i John Kaiders Centerville Charles H. Babcock Columbus Albert Bertschi Glenwood Leon W. Curtis Grand Dalles H, L. Douglass Husam William Morginson Lyle W. H. Reader Roosevelt J. R. Shepard Sundale William Coate Trout Lake Chris Guler Trout Lake t W. E. Mills White Salmon I John G. Wyers White Salmon LEWIS COUNTY. A. E. Judd, Chairman Chehalis J. W. Alexander, Secretary Chehalis John Galvin Centralia B. H. Johnston Centralia Mrs. W. E. Brown Vader R. W. Mersereau Doty A. C. St. John Chehalis Dr. F. G. Titus Centralia W. W. Morse Morse W. W. Emery Napavine C. O. Gingrich Chehalis Geo. R. Sibley Chehalis E. C. Leonard Winlock Geo. A. Dew Toledo C. Ellington Chehalis E. McBroom Chehalis Dr. J. M. Sleicher Chehalis O. K. Palmer Chehalis T. Davis Acheson Chehalis H. E. Donohoe Chehalis Mrs. Jos. R. Monfort Chehalis [93] Report of Washington State Coimcil of Defense T. C. Foster Chehalls D. W. Noble Chehalis R. E. Cook Chehalls G. R. Bright Napavlne A. L. McMurran Napavlne C. L. Stone Napavlne Oscar R. Main Napavlne J. Y. Blumstrom Napavlne I. M. Shultz Toledo Jos. M. Boyles Toledo R. W. Edmonds Toledo Ernest Layton Toledo W. C. Yeomans Pe Ell C. E. McCoy Pe Ell Wm. Self ner Pe Ell J. F. Hendricks Pe Ell E. A. HoUingsworth Doty Mrs. E. J. Stevens Doty E. L. Mersereau Doty John Malin Doty W. F. Downs Meskill W. H. Foster Boistfort W. H. Dawitz Boistfort Glen Roundtree Boistfort C. E. Damitz Boistfort J. P. Roselle Boistfort Edgar Reed Centralia J. H. Roberts Centralia A. C. Gesler Centralia J. D. Wonderly Centralia F. W. Dunham Adna Walter Clinton Adna A. H. Purcell Adna F. Burlingame Adna D. D. McKay '. Winlock J. H. Marcott Winlock J. Z. Leather Winlock J. M. Parker Winlock R. L. Jones Winlock Andrew Johnson Winlock John Stein Vader H. E. Guinn Vader Henry Spangler '. Vader Geo. McCormick McCormick [94] Report of Washington State Cowncil of Defense LINCOLN COUNTY. Chas. E. Myers, Chairman Davenport C. A. Pettijohn, Secretary Davenport Mrs. E. L. Farnsworth Wilbur W. W. Downie Harrington Ira E. Clark Almira R. L. Hedrick Creston Ward Jesseph Edwall W. W. Downie Harrington A. J. Lilienthal Lincoln W. M. Nevins Odessa H. G. Burns Reardan A. L. Smalley Sprague E. L. Farnsworth Wilbur Jim Goodwin Davenport J. C. McCallum Davenport J. E. Eraser Davenport MASON COUNTY. W. G. Rex, Chairman Shelton Chas. A. Paine, Secretary Shelton Mrs. A. B. Govey Shelton Mrs. C. I. Pritchard Shelton Frank Binns Shelton Mark E. Reed Shelton W. A. Johnson Shelton Mrs. C. S. Norton Shelton Mrs. Taylor Shelton Grant C. Angle Shelton Dr. Wm. Beach Shelton Dr. F. M. Gage Shelton R. A. Lathrop Shelton C. I. Pritchard Shelton T. P. Fisk Shelton Rev. Waddington Shelton A. E. Hillier Shelton OKANOGAN COUNTY. Harry J. Kerr, Chairman Okanogan Chas. A. Johnson, Secretary Okanogan Geo. W. Lee Omak Clair Ward Okanogan C. H. Neal Okanogan Georgian Donald Okanogan [95] Report of Washington State Council of Defense Clay Fruit Tonasket Chas. T. Borg Pateros PACIFIC COUNTY. L. L. Darling, Chairman South Bend W. P. Cressy, Secretary South Bend J. D. O'Nell Raymond Ed Lawler Raymond Dr. G. A. Tripp South Bend J. T. Stratton Raymond Thos. H. Bell ; South Bend Rev. G. F. Hopkins Raymond T. E. Pearson South Bend Mrs. John T. Welsh South Bend Elbert Pedersen South Bend Dr. A. L. Maclennan Raymond Capt. A. W. Reed South Bend Judge H. W. B. Hewen South Bend Fred A. Hart Raymond W. R. Haddock South Bend Joe Johnson Tokeland Capt. H. Winbeck North Cove L. L. Bush Bay Center Henry Brown Nahcotta Judge J. J. Brumbach Ilwaco C. H. Jackson Chinook D. C. Eager Nasel F. A. Dark Knappton Z. B. Shay Willapa G. W. Adams Lebam E. A. Brigham Menlo Louis Christen Frances E. A. Seaborg South Bend R. E. Brown Raymond A. C. Little Raymond J. S. Thornton Raymond Dr. S. V. Conway Raymond Dr. E. R. Perry Raymond PEND OREILLE COUNTY. Fred L. Wolf, Chairman Newport Sidney W. Rogers Newport Elmer Thackston lone A. J. Tulles Newport [96] Report of Washington State CovMcil of Defense Fred Stevens Newport Jens Jensen Metaline Falls H. G. Murphy Newport Fay F. Dean Newport Dr. J. L. Rogers Newport E. W. Anderson Newport J. L. Montzheimer lone Mrs, Julia Murphy Newport Mrs. Mamie P. Johnson Newport Dr. G. W. Sutherland Newport Thos. W. Bartlett Usk James Newton Rogers Scotia D. G. McKay lone D. H. Robinson Dalkena PIERCE COUNTY. C. M. Riddell, Chairman Tacoma Herbert S. Griggs, Secretary Tacoma Arthur G. Prichard Tacoma H. Roy Harrison Tacoma Stephen Appleby Tacoma J. S. Whitehouse Tacoma T. E. Ripley Tacoma E. J. McNeeley Tacoma E. M. Hayden Tacoma Maurice A. Langhorne Tacoma Mary J. Lytle Tacoma Mrs. C. P. Balabanoff Tacoma SAN JUAN COUNTY. L. B. Carter, Chairman Friday Harbor Cecil L. Carter, Secretary Friday Harbor Van E. Sargent Friday Harbor E. H. Nash Friday Harbor O. H. Culver Friday Harbor V. J. Capron Friday Harbor Wm. Shultz Friday Harbor W. B. Williams West Sound! E. Van Bogaert Lopez Wm. Norton Deer Harbor Wm. Hunton East Sound N. P. Hodgson Port Stanley [97] Report of Washington State Council of Defense SKAGIT COUNTY. Thomas Smith, Chairman Mt. Vernoi Charles W. Bridgam, Secretary Mt. Vernoi H. A. McLean Mt. Vernoi Wilbra Coleman Mt. Vemoi C. D. Beagle Mt. Vernoi R. L. Davis Mt. Vernoui Eric A. Anderson LaConner W. S. Stapp Anacortes C. C. Barnett Anacortes George H. Knutzen Burlington Paul Rhodius Sedro Woolley Quinby R. Bingham Sedro Woolley John H. Slipper Hamilton W. J. S. Gordon Concrete A. Garborg Conway Miss Mabel Graham Mt. Vernon SKAMANIA COUNTY. Dr. H. L. Geary, Chairman Underwood Geo. P. Christenson, Vice Chairman Stevenson J. B. Gray, Secretary Stevenson E. E. Shields, Secretary Stevenson H. W. Hamlin Underwood J. B. Purcell Cooks Thos. Underwood Home Valley J. M. Boyd Carson R. I. Cline Stabler Geo. E. O'Bryon Stevenson C. O. Williams Skamania J. F. Grenia Hamilton Creek E. H. Prindle Prindle Geo. F. Breslin Cape Horn R. E. Turk Washougal Maurice Shields Cape Horn P. I. Packard Underwood J. W. Shipley Underwood J. K. Simpson Stevenson S. L. Knox Stevenson W. G. Hufford Stevenson Mrs. Theo. Lindis Stevenson Dr. T. C. Avary Stevenson Wm. Totten Stevenson Raymond C. Sly Stevenson [98] Report of Washington State Comicil of Defense Mrs. W. A. Arnold Stevenson Mrs. Lilly Wilson Stevenson Rex May Stevenson C. H. Nellor Stevenson SNOHOMISH COUNTY. A, H. B. Jordan, Chairman Lowell J. A. Powers ; Everett James A. Ballew Everett E. M. Stephens Monroe J. T. McChesney Everett W. H. Boner Everett Clyde W. Walton Everett N. J. Craigue Everett William Howarth Everett J. O. Morris Everett Mrs. W. H. L. Ford Everett Dr. H. P. Howard Everett J. A. Coleman Everett A. C. Roberts Everett B. F. Bird Snohomish E. M. Stephens Monroe G. M. Mitchell Stanwood Thomas A. Casey Sultan George Startup Startup S. T. Smith Marysville George Murphy Arlington F. R. Beeson Edmonds SPOKANE COUNTY. N. W. Durham, Chairman Spokane E. A. Smith, Secretary Spokane J. L. Paine Spokane Miss Jeanette Donaldson Spokane O. C. Pratt Spokane M. E. Hay Spokane Herbert Witherspoon Spokane F. W. Guilbert Spokane J. R. Shinn Spokane George Hingston Spokane E. F. C. Van Dissel Spokane A. J. Germain Spokane George L. Reid Spokane Frank T. Post Spokane [99] Report of Washington State Council of Defense Thomas A. Scott Spokane J. B. Lindsley Spokane Dr. A. E. Stuht Spokane Dr. Harry S. Martin Spokane C. H. Weeks Spokane Geo. W. Dodds Spokane Dr. J. B. Anderson Spokane W. S. Gilbert Spokane H. M. Eastman Spokane Mrs. F. A. Noteware Spokane Mrs. Sikko Barghoorn Spokane Mrs. M. A. Phelps Spokane Mrs. George Dyer Spokane Mrs. Anna Kass Spokane Mrs. George Kingston Spokane Mrs. Agnes McDonald Spokane Mrs. A. E. Stuht Spokane C. S. Kingston Cheney E. N. Guertin Cheney J. A. McMillan Chester Hugh McElroy Chester Geo. Grant, Jr Dishman Irvine G. Page Denison Geo. Meyers Deep Creek M. C. Lavender Deep Creek Rev. Wm. Worthington Deer Park D. M. Thompson Elk S. L. Conrad Elk A. R. Stratton Five Mile Prairie F. K. Eddy Four Lakes Jasper Wilson Four Lakes S. A. Powers Fairfield J. P. Laird Fairfield R. B. Newell Freeman Martin Honstead Freeman E. L. Sherwood Four Mound Prairie Mrs. O. G. Gilstrap Four Mound Prairie Dr. E. J. Peterson Glenrose, R. No. 3, Spokane G. A. O'Brien Glenrose, R. No. 3, Spokane E. E. McGinness Greenbluf f J. Atkinson Greenbluff Dr. C. W. Driesbach Greenacres J. E. Elkins Hillyard L. R. Hurd Hillyard P. A. Page Indian Prairie [ 100 ] Report of Washington State Council of Defense Mrs. L. F. Jones Indian Prairie W. A. McEachran Latah Geo. W. Witcher Latah L. Oriard Marshall E. J. Janney Milan Mrs. Auda Verbeck Milan C. M. Bernson Mt. Hope G. E. Turner , Mt. Hope Wm. Harris Mead Mrs. J. W. Stoneman Mead Theo. Reed Moran, R. No. 3, Spokane E. F. Lindstrum Moran, R. No. 3, Spokane B. F. Nail Medical Lake J. M. Wilkes Medical Lake F. G. Phillips Otis Orchards F. B. Kidder Otis Orchards Walter G. Smith Orchard Avenue D. C. Gibson Orchard Avenue Edward Pierce Opportunity Harry E. Nelson Opportunity L. W. Lancaster Pleasant Prairie, R. No. 10, Hillyard A. H. Collins Pleasant. Prairie, R. No. 10, Hillyard W. J. Taylor Rockford 0. D. Hawley Rockford 1. H. Jennings Spangle O. W. Newlon Spangle W. R. Bell Spring Valley W. R. Munger Spring Valley W. A. Monroe Sunset Prairie, R. No. 1, Spokane Miss Clara Sarsfield Sunset Prairie, R. No. 1, Spokane R. Blain South Moran, R. F. D., Kiesling C. W. Cahill South Moran, R. F. D., Kiesling R. C. Michael Spokane Bridge P. W. Rice Spokane Bridge W. L. Bruehlman Vera B. Allen Vera Geo. Martin Valleyford C. H. Tart Valleyford Ralph M. Darknell Waverly C. A. Smith Waverly Ira P. Whitney Whitworth College, R. F. D. No. 7, Spokane Mrs. G. E. Berg Whitworth College, R. F. D. No. 7, Spokane [101] Report of Washmgton State Council of Defense STEVENS COUNTY. G. W. Peddycord, Chairman Colville H. R. Williams Colville Al Weatherman Addy F. L. Relnoehl Chewelah Dr. W. A. Cartwright Valley Wm. Rose Gray P. M. Cartier Van Dissell Springdale C. C. Hammerly Clayton J. M. Glasgow Hunters S. C. Sturman Gifford C. S. Summers . . : Daisy Geo. W. Bryant Rice J. M. Williams Kettle Falls A. W. Smith Meyers Falls J. S. Lane Marcus Joe Reed Marble J. P. Helpman Northport THURSTON COUNTY. George W. Draham, Chairman Olympia Joseph Reder, Vice Chairman Olympia B. F. Hume, Secretary Olympia C. H. Bergstrom Olympia C. J. Lord Olympia Jesse T. Mills Olympia W. J. Milroy Olympia Mrs. R. L. Fromme Olympia T. Ives Dodge Olympia S. L, Lester Olympia F. R. Stokes Tenino Jennings Johnson Bordeaux J. L. Mossman Yelm A. C. Wood Nisqually A. B. Smith Rainier J. C. Brookes Tone A. J. Gaisell Gate J. B. McCleary Grand Mound Lester Service Maytown Mrs. J. W. Mowell Olympia Howard Waterman Olympia Rev. R. Franklin Hart Olympia J. M. Hitt Olympia [102] I Report of Washington State Coimcil of Defense George G. Mills Olympia Mrs. W. H. Yeager, Sr Olympia F. P. McKinney Olympia F. M. Kenney Olympia C. E. Beach Olympia H, B. Fultz Olympia F. G. Blakeslee Olympia T. M. Vance Olympia W. A. Howe • Rainier G. C. Gardner Grand Mound Matt Twohy Schneiders Prairie J. W. Dent Black Lake Chas. Leber Cummings Mrs, Helen Goddard Case Walter Brazel Olympia George F. Yantis Olympia W. W. Manier Olympia P. H. Carlyon Olympia George Prigmore Olympia WAHKIAKUM COUNTY. William Stuart, Chairman Cathlamet Joseph Girard, Secretary Cathlamet M. Gorman Maude K. Butler Th. Fagstad A. T. Flagg A. D. Birnie Esther B. Flagg C. H. Warren H. M. Page, M. D Geo. F. Hanigan J. W. Heron Serena D. Vinson WALLA WALLA COUNTY. A. J. Gillis, Chairman Walla Walla O. T. Cornwell Walla Walla William H. Kirkman Walla Walla B. F. Brewer Walla Walla Reid Wolf Walla Walla John H. Morrow Walla Walla John G. Kelley Walla Walla Henry Drum Walla Walla [ 103 1 Report of Washington State Council of Defense S. B. L. Penrose Walla Walla Miss Grace Isaacs Walla Walla WHATCOM COUNTY. F. F. Handschy, Chairman Belllngham Curtis E. Abrams, Vice Chairman Bellingham A. Pancoast, Secretary Bellingham Dr. D. E. Biggs Bellingham Mrs. D. Campbell Bellingham E. J. Cleary South Bellingham Virgil Peringer Bellingham A. W. Deming South Bellingham J. J. Donovan Bellingham Ed. E. Hardin Bellingham B. W. Huntoon South Bellingham William McCush Bellingham Charles F. Nolte Bellingham N. P. Sorensen Laurel F. I. Sefrit Bellingham H. G. Selby Bellingham Ed. Brown Custer J. S. Crilly Blaine Hugh Eldridge Bellingham George E. Gage Bellingham J. S. Houghton Bellingham H. B. Paige Bellingham R. S. Lambert Sumas John Simpson Everson Rev. J. M. Wilson South Bellingham W. H. Waples Lynden H. B. Carroll, Jr Bellingham WHITMAN COUNTY. Dr. W. B. Palamountain, Chairman Colfax H. H. Mitchell, Secretary Colfax U. L. Ettinger Colfax Dr. J. Floyd Tifft Colfax H. G. DePledge Colfax W. R. Heglar St. John F. J. Wilmer Rosalia J. N. Emerson Pullman G. H. Watt Pullman C. E. Maynard Colton [104] Report of Washington State Coumcil of Defense Oscar W. Collins Uniontown A. C. Smith Endicott E. S. Knowlton LaCrosse N. W. McGinnis Winona P. M. Price Penawawa Asa Clark Albion C. F. Ledbetter Maiden Solano Moffitt Johnson Rev. R. E. Jope : Garfield Ralph Comegys , Thornton Tom J. Leuty Farmington Wm. Schott Tekoa J. U. Hughes Steptoe W. F. Morrison Palouse Tom Keyes Sunset W. O. Palmer Pine City James H. Scott Hay H. R. Rudd Hooper H. S. Eitel Elberton Ben Manring Colfax Benson Wright Oakesdale W. A. Chamberlain Almota Mrs. Ivan Chase Colfax YAKIMA COUNTY. O. A. Fechter, Chairman Yakima R. B. Milroy, Secretary Yakima J. N. Price Yakima W. L. Lemon Yakima A. H. Huebner Yakima Dr. J. F. Scott Yakima Rev. F. L. Mynard v Yakima L. F. Sainsbury Yakima Mrs. Frank Horsley Yakima Mrs. Anna Nichols Yakima R. K. Tiffany Yakima Mrs. A. E. Larson Yakima W. W. Robertson Yakima L. H. Kuhn Zillah F. Benz Toppenish Mrs. L. J. Goodrich Toppenish O. L. Boose Sunnyside Wm. Verran Wapato A. W. Hawn Grandview [105] WOMAN'S WORK IN CONNECTION WITH WAR ACTIVITIES WOMAN'S WORK By Mrs. J. S. McEee It was evident in the beginning that the first problem con- fronting this department was to find out what women would be expected to do, as a matter of course, and also what they might offer as a voluntary service. A survey of the war activities of the women of England and France indicated that women, no less than men, had been diverted from their usual routine of peace time employment and were engaged in many lines of work, never before at- tempted by them- The women of this country, feeling the same patriotic impulse that was calling the men from their homes, and im- pelled by the example of English and French women, were inclined to turn at once from their accustomed pursuits and feel that only in seeking some new duty could they adequately show their devotion to America. It seemed wise, therefore, to consider whether the service asked of American women was of the same nature as that unquestionably demanded of the allied nations. It soon became evident that this was not the case and would not be unless the war lasted from three to five years. While it is impossible here to set forth the diverse features which a careful comparison of conditions made evident, the single statement that England had in her army one in every eight of her population, is sufficient to indicate how very dif- ferent the demands upon women of the two countries must be. It was necessary, therefore, to organize woman's work in this state for the successful achievement of the more difficult task of doing mere woman's work instead of throwing aside this to take up what belonged to men. The basic task was to convince our women that this was the thing that would be of greatest service. They must forego banners and trumpets and uniforms and stick to their ordinary [ 109 ] Report of Washington State CotmcU of Defense routine, only doing this work better than ever before, and while they still sewed and cooked, to do it with an eye single to the success of our arms and the glory of America. This explanation is made to show why the work was di- rected into certain channels from the beginning. There was a mania in the nation for registration. It was not only pro- posed officially but almost every organization was taking a registration of its members. This did not seem the wisest point of departure; registration often meant that the woman who was best fitted to raise hens or darn socks wanted to be a street car conductor and other equally futile results. It was therefore postponed until finally the proposal was withdrawn by the committee at Washington. This, then, is one thing this department did not do. On the other hand, because of this widespread misappre- hension as to the best service women could give, because there was inertia on the part of many and a subtle propaganda from enemy sources, which was only beginning to be recognized for what it was, it seemed the part of wisdom to find some method of reaching as fully and as quickly as possible the homes of our state with the information necessary to bring our people to a hearty support of the war and particularly to make our women feel the importance of realizing that though the service asked of them was not thrilling it was fundamen- tal, and however uninviting the task, they must face it cheer- fully. Results have proved that the method selected helped to this end and the women of Washington may feel that they had their share in the state's splendid war record. This report will deal only with the specific war organiza- tion of the women and cannot touch upon the work of women's organizations, all of which quickly changed to a war basis and contributed in many ways to war service. In pursuance of the policy determined upon, in the months following the first meeting of the State Council of Defense, the organization of the women was undertaken as follows : A County Councillor was secured in each County who would become a member of the County Council; for every [ 110] Report of Washington State Council of Defense considerable town in the county a local councillor was chosen ; in return, a representative was selected for every ward in a given town and school district in the county; under these were enough subordinates to reach every home in the ward within a few hours* time. These women were known as Minute Women because they, like the men of old, were to be ready at a minute's notice to carry messages for the Government. Their motto was, ''America's business requireth haste." At the sugges- tion of Dr. Suzzallo, the following design was accepted for their pin; an oval, bearing the shield from Washington's coat- of-arms, the lines indicating the colors of the shield according to the laws of heraldic design; on the shield the words ** Min- ute Women;" below, ''State of Washington;" above," Coun- cil of Defense." Many of these pins will be treasured in Washington homes as mementoes of Civilian Service during the great war. It was easy to plan such an organization; it was another matter to put it into effect. Mrs. 0. G. Ellis, State Chairman of the Woman's Liberty Loan Committee, gave much valua- ble assistance in securing and maintaining this organization. After much preliminary correspondence a skeleton organ- ization was secured. In the interest of completing the organ- ization and also of counseling with groups of patriotic women, during the fall and winter of 1917 and 1918, the State Chair- man visited 26 of the 39 counties of the state. In May, 1917, a Woman's Committee organization had been formed at Washington, D. C. This organization was rep- resented in this state by Mrs- Winfield Smith, of Seattle. Work originating at Washington, D. C, was handled through this agency. The first food drive was in the hands of this Committee. The woman's work for the Second Liberty Loan would nor- mally have been handled in the same way. Owing to Mrs. Smith's absence from the state and the tentative character of her organization, Mrs. Ellis asked and received authority from Washington to make use of the Minute Women for this cam- paign. [Ill] Report of Washington State Cowncil of Defense This proved very opportune for our organization, as it is much easier to draw people together and hold their interest when a specific piece of work is before them. The work in this campaign was largely of an educational nature. An in- teresting feature of this was the Liberty fires held throughout the state under the auspices of the Women's Liberty Loan Committee and carried out locally by the Minute Women. The result of the first food drive was a disappointment nationally, making it evident that our people everywhere were failing to catch the seriousness of the situation and the need of sacrifice on the part of the whole nation. At the request of Mr. Hebberd, State Food Administrator, the Minute Women were carefully instructed in the needs of the situation and sent out on a house-to-house canvass to talk to women about their responsibility for the conservation of food. They were constantly urged to support the Red Cross and at Christmas time gave much assistance in securing mem- bership; they took entire charge in many cases of the sale of Red Cross seals for the Anti-Tuberculosis Association. As a result of this combined effort the sale was greatly increased- It became evident as time went on that the greatest good could be accomplished if the Minute Women took as their fundamental tasks, first of all gathering and dissemination of information that would lead our women to an understanding and support of the war program and that would counteract enemy propaganda; then such aid as might be asked of them by the Red Cross, Liberty Loan and War Savings (later). Food Administration and Training Camp Activities. The work of this last agency had been anticipated in suggestions for hospitality to soldiers sent out at the very beginning of our work. Therefore, the Minute Women were instructed to respond to calls from these agencies as a matter of routine. Their work soon attracted attention and it became necessary to safe- guard them by restricting the amount of local or unauthorized work they could do, in order that they might be free to carry out the purpose for which their organization was originally called together, namely, that the State Council of Defense I 112] Report of Washington State Council of Defense might have a medium for reaching the homes of the people and to co-ordinate the work of women and direct it into the most helpful channels. It goes without saying that much of the work done by these women was of a nature that cannot be brought into a report of this nature which must be brief and omit the human element. At the close of 1917 the work was organized in all but one county and the organization numbered about 5,000 women throughout the state. Late in 1917 the existing personnel of the Washington Division of the Woman's Committee, referred to above as the separate agency for effecting federal activities in the state, tendered their resignations. The National Committee at Washington asked the chairman of the Woman's Department of the State Council to undertake to re-organize the state di- vision. This was done with the understanding that the Min- ute Women should constitute the state-wide membership of the organization. A central committee representing all women's organiza- tions, lodge and church groups and unorganized women as well, was called together to meet monthly and take counsel together about the various problems arising from time to time in connection with the progress of the war. The National Woman's Committee presented the following program of work. They asked for state committees to handle these subjects: Americanization, Child Welfare, Educational Propaganda, Food Administration, Food Production, Foreign and Allied Relief, Health and Recreation, Registration, Women in Industry, Maintenance of Existing Social Agencies. This program seemed rather more comprehensive than conditions demanded or warranted in this state. Registration was rejected for reasons stated above; Main- tenance of Existing Social Agencies seemed not to belong to our immediate war program; Foreign and Allied Relief was clearly the province of the Red Cross; Women in Industry belonged to the Federal Employment Service rather than to a voluntary agency such as the woman's organization mani- festly was. These subjects were left to lie dormant, and this —8 [ 113 ] Report of Washington State Council of Defense course was justified when at the time of the organization of the Field Division these subjects were all withdrawn, largely for the reasons that had influenced this committee in its de- cision- As rapidly as possible the other subjects were organized with working committees. Little actual progress, except in an educational way, was accomplished under Americanization because it seemed necessary to await a joint organization with the State Council in this important subject. While it was felt that this subject would be of prime importance during the re- construction period, it was evident that some beginning should be made during the war, in order to take advantage of peace conditions, when the time was ripe. A great deal of excellent work was done by the Educa- tional Propaganda Department. This committee availed itself of an excellent outline study of the war, issued by the Com- mittee on Public Information. Classes were formed and sev- eral institutes were held; noticeably important were confer- ences at Rolling Bay in the summer, one in Seattle for King County and two at the University of "Washington. Later a similar conference was held at Yakima in connection with the State Fair. The Child Welfare directed its efforts toward the carry- ing out of the Children's Year Program, which consisted of registering all children below school age, with weights and measured to indicate physical conditions. This campaign was carried out under the direction of the Children's Bureau at Washington, D. C. During the winter of 1918, when most of the registering had been completed, the committee gave its attention to a back-to-the-school drive, to secure the return of all children of school age who had stayed out during the fall to help in various industries or on the farms. The Food Administration Committee worked closely with the Federal Food Administrator, issuing bulletins on the sub- ject, and a limited edition of war cook books. This commit- tee also co-operated fully with the Home Economics Depart- ments of our State University and State College ; an important factor of the work of this department was the assistance given [ 114] Report of Washington State Council of Defense by the Home Demonstration Agents, who were able to carry practical instruction to the women, as to the use of substi- tutes, etc. The Food Production Committee made a thorough cam- paign in the interests of war gardens and canning and con- serving of foods. The Committee on Health and Eecreation co-operated with the State Board of Health and the agencies of the Commis- sion on Training Camp Activities. A conference with Army, Navy and Civilian Health officers was held in Tacoma. Dr- Croasdale, sent out by the War Department to work among girls, was assisted by this Committee. The Committee on Women in Industry at the request of the State Council and with the assistance of Dr. Ogburn at the University, made such survey as was possible without a con- siderable expenditure of funds to determine to what extent working conditions among women had been affected by a year of war; also whether such an actual shortage of labor exist- ed as to make it advisable to urge women to go into industry from patriotic motives. The result of the survey indicated no need for interference with the regular trend of industry, except in two instances. A strong protest was made against the employment of women in section gangs and trucking in freight sheds. This condition was later remedied. In the matter of farm labor, it was recognized that there might be a call for women in gathering and caring for fruit crops. As this emergency labor was already cared for to an extent by the Harvesters* League, it was decided to leave this in their hands. This, in brief, covers the general tasks added to our al- ready determined program by the assumption of activities connected with the National Women's Committee. Beginning with January, 1918, the two lines of activity, federal and state, were merged to a great extent. In January, 1918, the Minute Women participated in a drive for $100,000.00 for the Y. W. C. A. This campaign was directed by the Y- M. C. A., but the field work was done large- ly by the Minute Women. [ 115 ] Report of Washington State Council of Defense They took an increasing part in the Third Liberty Loan which came in April. In connection with this a state meeting was held in Seattle. The County Councillors from about two- thirds of the counties were present. A very helpful and infor- mal conference on war activities in general was held at this time. In May they gave such assistance to the Red Cross in its annual drive as was desired by its local representatives. In the latter part of this month, the Women's Division presented programs at the Seattle-Spokane Conferences. At Seattle, under their direction, conferences on Americanization and Child Welfare were held. At Spokane, the main theme of the Woman's Section was **Food," this conference going heartily on record as favoring the ** no-wheat" pledge until harvest. During the summer months attention was given especially to three subjects: First, weighing and measuring of children. Second, educational work bearing on commercial economy. Third, a campaign for the enlistment of student nurses. This work was assigned the Woman's Committee, at the re- quest of the War Department. The campaign was delayed and hindered by lack of supplies. Notwithstanding these difficul- ties, 320 young women registered for this work which meant two years of service before they could hope for any return from their efforts, save that of the satisfaction in knowing that they were doing their part in a great emergency. In September, at the urgent request of the National Com- mittee, it was decided to take part in the State Fair at Yakima. Our work was represented in four attractive booths in the main building, where information was given out and literature distributed- The booths represented Child Welfare, where children were weighed and measured ; Americanization, where literature was on file; Food Administration, where actual demonstrating was done; Liberty Loan. Inasmuch as the Fourth Loan was approaching, it seemed wise to call the atten- tion of passing crowds to this fact. In October the Loan itself absorbed the activities of all. A separate report of these campaigns is to be given, as they [ 116 ] Report of Washington State Council of Defense were directed by the Liberty Loan Committee, under the leadership of Mrs. Ellis. In October came the readjustment at Washington which led to an amalgamation of the State Council section of the Council of National Defense and the Woman's Committee, made effective through the Field Division, composed of both men and women. Had not the great events of November 11th transformed all our interests from war to peace, this reorgan- ization would doubtless have affected the futur ework of this Committee. As it was, it meant little more than the empha- sizing of the lines of work already undertaken and the defi- nite crossing off of those that had been left dormant. The Minute Women will have for their final task that of helping the Red Cross to place on its Christmas Roll the name of every loyal American. This seems fitting indeed that this task should engage them at this time, for they have remem- bered that ''America's business requireth haste," and the haste with which she answered has meant that the biggest task for our Red Cross is bringing help to the hungry and homeless ; not binding up wounds of hundreds of thousands of our young men, as another year's fighting would have meant. Following is a record of the faithful women, each of whom, in her appointed place, gave full measure of service to her country in the time of need. The success of this work, if indeed there has been any — certainly the pleasure and inspiration which has enabled the Chairman to keep steadily on, month by month, until the task was finished, arose from the fact that these devoted women never failed to answer when called to service. [117] Report of Washington State Council of Defense WASHINGTON DIVISION OF WOMAN'S COMMITTEE Honorary Chairman, Mrs. Ernest Lister, Olympia. Chairman, Mrs. J. S. McKee, Olympia. Vice-Chairman, Mrs. N. S. McCready, Snohomish. Secretary, Mrs. W. J. Patterson, Aberdeen. Allied Relief Department, Mrs. C. D. Stimson, Seattle. Americanization Department, Mrs. N. E. Walton, Tacoma. Child Welfare Department, Mrs. J. C. Todd, Tacoma. Educational Propaganda Department, Mrs. A. H. Albertson, Seattle. Food Administration Department, Miss Agnes Craig, Pullman. Food Production Department, Mrs. Winfield R. Smith, Seattle. Health and Recreation Department, Mrs. R. C. McCredie, Sunny- side. Maintenance of Social Agencies Department, Mrs. N. S. McCready, Snohomish. Women in Industry Department, Mrs. W. S. Griswold, Seattle. Associate — Liberty Loan and War Savings, Mrs. O. G. Ellis, Tacoma. Associate — Commercial Economy, Mrs. Helen N. Stevens, Seattle. District Chairmen: Mrs. Solon Shedd, Pullman. Mrs. W. M. Kern, Walla Walla. Mrs. Frank Reeves, Wenatchee. Mrs. W. J. Patterson, Aberdeen. Mrs. John MacFadon, Tacoma. Mrs. L. H. Mendenhal, Seattle. Mrs. C. X. Larrabee, Bellingham. Mrs. R. C. McCredie, Sunnyside. Members at Large Mrs. Eliza Ferry Leary, Seattle. Mrs. John Ewing Price, Seattle. Miss Julia Fletcher, Tacoma. Mrs. Emma Smith DeVoe, Tacoma. Mrs. Kate Carlin, Spokane. Mrs. Florence Griffin, Blaine. Miss Mary E. Brown, Seattle. Mrs. A. L. Carr, Seattle. Mrs. Josephine Preston, Olympia. Mrs. W. P. Harper, Seattle. Mrs. B. B. Buchanan, Seattle. [ 118] Report of Washington State Council of Defense Prof. Effie I. Raitt, Seattle. Miss Mary Sutherland, Pullman. Miss Agnes Craig, Pullman. Dean Ethel Coldwell, Seattle. Mrs. Frederic W. Keator, Tacoma. Mrs. W. H. Udall, Tacoma. Miss Elizabeth MacDowell, Olympia. Mrs. Katie Mason, Spokane. Mrs. S. L. W. Clark, Seattle. Mrs. Julia A. AUiman, Everett. Mrs. Carrie Barr, Yakima. Miss Purington, Spokane. Mrs. J. P. Weyerhaeuser, Tacoma. Miss Mary A. Atkins, Cheney. Mrs. C. C. Brown, Everett. Mrs. Maud G. Barton, Seattle. Mrs. Minnie Schott, Tekoa. Mrs. Edith Harris, Bellingham. Mrs. C. B. Penrose, Walla Walla. Mrs. Edw. H. Todd, Tacoma. Mrs. S. E. Booker, Seattle. Mrs. Jessie E. Martin, Seattle. Mrs. S. Aronson, Seattle. Mrs. Chas. E. Peabody, Seattle. Mrs. W. S. Griswold, Seattle. Mrs, Clarence L. White, Seattle. Mrs. Marie Covington, Seattle. Dean Rhoda White, Pullman. County Councillors Mrs, George A. Day, Clarkston. Mrs. O. K. Williamson, Prosser. Mrs. Guy B. Browne, Wenatchee. Mrs, W. J. Ware, Port Angeles. Mrs. A. L. Miller, Vancouver. Mrs. R. R. Cahill, Dayton. Miss Lucia Jenkins, Kalama. Miss Edith Greenberg, Waterville. Mrs. W. T. Beck, Republic. Mrs. Mary I. Wehe, Pasco. Mrs. E, V. Kuykendall, Pomeroy. Mrs. D. T. Cross, Ephrata. Mrs. H. B. Brown, Aberdeen. Mrs. F. J. Pratt, Jr., Coupeville. Miss Edith DeLanty, Point Discovery. Mrs, Edgar Ames, Seattle. [ 119] Report of Washington State Council of Defense Mrs. F. Harlow, Bremerton. Mrs. J. B. Davidson, Ellensburg. Mrs. W. E. Brown, Vader. Mrs. F. H. McDermont, Davenport. Mrs. C. S. Norton, Shelton. Miss Georgian Donald, Okanogan. Mrs. John Welch, South Bend. Mrs. Julia Murphy, Newport. Mrs. C. P. Balabanoff, Tacoma. Mrs. T. R. Ramsden, Friday Harbor. Miss Mabel Graham, Mt. Vernon. Mrs. Theo. Lindis, Stevenson. Mrs. W. H. L. Ford, Everett. Mrs. F. A. Noteware, Spokane. Mrs. L. C. Jesseph, Colville. Mrs. J. W. Mowell, Olympia. Mrs. Henry Vinson, Skamokawa. Miss Grace Isaacs, Walla Walla. Mrs. Daniel Campbell, Bellingham. Mrs. Solon Shedd, Pullman. Mrs. A. E. Larson, Yakima. In closing this report, I cannot refrain from adding a word of appreciation for the splendid assistance given me in all my work by the members of the State Council. That which otherwise might have been difficult indeed became rather a source of pleasure and increased opportunity of service be- cause at all times the counsel and support of these patriotic citizens was at my disposal. Respectfully submitted, RUTH KARR McKEE. [120 ] Report of Washington State Council of Defense A REPORT OF THE WOMEN'S LIBERTY LOAN COMMITTEE OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON FOR THE SECOND, THIRD AND FOURTH LIBERTY LOANS. To State Council of Defense ; As chairman of the Woman's Liberty Loan Committee for the State of Washington, I desire to submit the following report : On July 28th, 1917, I received a telegram from the Nation- al Woman's Liberty Loan Committee announcing that with the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury, Wm- G. McAdoo, I was appointed State Chairman for the Woman's Liberty Loan work for the State of Washington, instructing me to co-operate with the State Division of the Woman's Commit- tee of the National Council of Defense, the chairman of which had been appointed for this State. A letter of instructions followed, authorizing me to utilize such existing organizations for the promotion of the Second Liberty Loan as my judgment might direct. The State Council of Defense had been organ- ized a few months previous, and the Woman's Division plan- ned for the organization of the women of the State of Wash- ington for war service. The chairman of Woman's Work for the State Council of Defense was Mrs. J. S. McKee and the chairman of the Woman's Division, National Council of De- fense, was Mrs. Winfield Smith. These two committees of- fered the broadest opportunity of a State-wide organization. As a member of both committees, I asked their co-operation in the organization of the women of the State of Washington to promote the Second Liberty Loan. The Woman's Division was not in operation at this time and was unable to render any co-operation in the Liberty Loan work. My own avenue of State-wide organization was through the Woman's Depart- ment of the State Council of Defense. Mrs. McKee and T conferred and it was decided after receiving instructions from the National Woman's Liberty Loan committee to work in [ 121] Report of Washington State Council of Defense conjunction with the Woman's Committee of the State Coun- cil of Defense, that the organization which we named the Minute Women of the State of Washington, with a county chairman in each county, would successfully reach the women throughout the State. This organization is described in detail in Mrs. McKee's report. For the Second Liberty Loan the County Chairman whom Mrs. McKee appointed to organize the Minute Women of each county, also appointed them as county chairmen of the Women's Liberty Loan Committee for the respective counties in the state. This gave me the privilege of utilizing the Min- ute Women as the Woman's Liberty Loan Committee in each county. Mr- J. A. Swalwell of Seattle was State Chairman for the Second Loan and organized the State Central Committee, ap- pointing me as State Chairman of the Woman's Liberty Loan activities, a member of the State Central Liberty Loan Com- mittee. This State Central Committee planned the Second Liberty Loan and divided the state into six districts; the Northwestern District, with Seattle as headquarters; the Southwestern District, with Tacoma as headquarters; the North Central District, with Wenatchee as headquarters; the South Central District, with Yakima as headquarters; the Northeastern District, with Spokane as headquarters, and the Southeastern District, with Walla Walla as headquarters. Li addition to the county women chairmen of the State Council of Defense I appointed District Chairmen to co- operate with the six District Chairmen of the Lib- erty Loan Committee : Mrs. N. S. McCready, President of the Washington State Federation of Women's Clubs, as chairman for the Northwestern District; Mrs. W. J. Patterson of Aber- deen for the Southwestern District; Mrs. Frank Reeves of Wenatchee for the North Central District; Mrs. R. C. Mc- Credie of Sunnyside for the Yakima District; Mrs. Sikko Barghoorn of Spokane for the Spokane District, and Mrs. W. N. Kern of Walla Walla for the Walla Walla District- These six district chairmen constituted the Executive Committee of the State Woman's Liberty Loan Committee. Mrs. Patterson [ 122 ] Report of Washington State Council of Defense acted as First Vice Chairman and Mrs. N. S. McCready as Second Vice Chairman. These officers continued throughout the Liberty Loan organization. During the Second Liberty Loan drive the county chair- men conformed to the list of county chairmen of the Woman's committee of the State Council of Defense with the exception of Douglas County, where Mrs. W. F. Schluenz was appointed county chairman of the Woman's Liberty Loan work, and Okanogan County, where Mrs. J. E. Everett was appointed county chairman of the Woman's Liberty Loan work. Both of these appointments were made by the County Council of Defense and utilized the Minute Women of the County Coun- cils and co-operated with the County Liberty Loan organiza- tions- Second Liberty Loan During the Second Liberty Loan drive the Minute Woman organizations of the various counties were partially organized, having been called into existence only a few weeks prior to the Loan. They were on a majority of the County Liberty Loan Committees and Local Liberty Loan Committees and their work was confined principally to the educational propa- ganda of the Liberty Loan which was carried on through the Minute Woman service in carrying the information of the Liberty Loan from house to house, and through the many women's organizations which were represented on the State Committee for the women's work which Mrs. McKee had or- ganized as the Women's Committee of the State Council of Defense. Mrs. Josephine C. Preston, State Superintendent of Edu- cation, brought into co-operation with the Woman's Liberty Loan Committee the school organization of the entire State. For the Second Liberty Loan, the Women's State Liberty Loan chairman, acting upon the authority bestowed by the National Committee, appointed Mrs. Herbert Witherspoon chairman of the Woman's Liberty Loan Committee for the city of Spokane. During the Second Loan, in a few instances, women were made salesmen of the bonds, but their valuable [123] Report of Washington State Cowncil of Defense work was the promotion of the educational and publicity- phases of the Liberty Loan plans. Third Liberty Loan Before the opening of the Third Liberty Loan the county organizations of the Minute Women under the State Council of Defense had been greatly increased throughout the State, so that the organization was much more efficient in the Third Loan for the promotion of the many lines of activity that were required in the Liberty Loan for the Third Campaign. The co-operation between the Men's Committee and the Women's Committee was greatly increased. In all but six of the coun- ties of the State, the Woman's Liberty Loan county chairman was a member of the County Liberty Loan Committee and women were organized throughout the county, co-operating with the men on the committees and in the work of promot- ing the Third Loan. In twenty-five counties the women were made salesmen of bonds and in all but two counties of the State took an active part in many activities which promoted the success of this Loan. The co-operation between the men and women was so harmonious and desirable that no attempt was made to segregate the reports of the work done by the women for this Loan. In one instance only was it possible to accurately state the amount of bonds sold by the woman's organization. This was in the city of Spokane, where Mrs- Herbert Witherspoon as chairman of the Minute Woman ser- vice, which consisted of 1200 members who canvassed the city, was enabled to report that the women sold $1,300,000 worth of bonds. A few scattering records from various parts of the State showed that the women had actually sold to the amount of $2,474,300 worth of bonds. The men who were chairmen of the various County Liberty Loan Committees estimated the value of the women's work as in promoting the Third Liberty Loan at an average which gave the women of the State of Washington credit for selling about 43% of the bonds sold in this State. [ 124] Report of Washington State Council of Defense Fourth Liberty Loan Before the opening of the Fourth Liberty Loan the Min- ute Woman organization had been greatly perfected in its ef- ficiency throughout the counties and it became necessary to enlarge the State Woman's Liberty Loan Committee, which again co-operated with the State Central Liberty Loan Com- mittee under the State Chairman, Mr. J. A. Swalwell. In ad- dition to the woman's organization for the Third Loan there were added Mrs. John W. MacFadon of Tacoma, Chairman of the Finance Committee, and Mrs. Lowell Mellett of Tacoma, Chairman of the Publicity Committee, the district chairmen remaining the same. In the Fourth Loan the county chair- men were made members of the Liberty Loan Committee in thirty-seven out of the thirty-nine counties of the State and the women's organization work in these thirty-seven counties was closely correlated with the work of the men's committee. The co-operation in the work of the men and women has resulted in the splendid spirit of patriotic service of work for the Lib- erty Loan which gave little thought to the segregating of- ac- counts, so that it has been impossible to give any exact figures of the amount of bonds which were due to the work of the women, but the value of their services has been deeply appre- ciated by the men who had charge of the Liberty Loan throughout the state. The report of the Fourth Liberty Loan credits to the women the sale of $10,741,207.50 worth of bonds, which was 184% plus of the state's quota. The result of the women's work in the Liberty Loan drives for the State of Washington has been to call the activ- ities of the women into the field of finance, which is new, but has trained them to be efficient workers in this new field. The co-operation of the men and women has resulted in the devel- opment of a fine community spirit, and the women's know- ledge of the plans of war finance which will make them more valuable as citizens and more competent to meet the new emergencies which may arise with the reconstruction which peace will make necessary. Respectfully submitted, (MRS. OVERTON G.) JENNIE WILHITE ELLIS, State Chairman Woman's L. L. Com. 178446 h4d±iC