'GUSH CO 
 \ND TOh 
 
 
 JLND
 
 ENGLISH 
 COINS AND TOKENS. 
 
 BY 
 
 LLEWELLYNN JEWITT, F.S.A., 
 
 A iithor of ' ' Half-Hours among some English A ntiquities ;" " Grave 
 
 Mounds and tlieir Contents ;" " The Ceramic Art in Great 
 
 Britain ;" " Corporation Plate and Insignia 
 
 of Office; " " The Stately Homes 
 
 of England" etc., etc. 
 
 WITH 
 
 Cftaptn* on <mfc antr &oman Cwns, 
 
 BARCLAY V. HEAD, M.R.A.S., ETC., 
 
 A ssistant Keeper of Coins, British Museum ; 
 Carre spending Member of the Imperial German Archceological Institute. 
 
 LONDON : 
 
 SWAN SONNENSCHEIN, LE BAS & LOWREY, 
 PATERNOSTER SQUARE. 
 1886.
 
 O 1
 
 COINS OF THE ANCIENT BRITONS. 
 
 IT is not possible to say, with any degree of certainty, at what 
 precise period our ancient British forefathers acquired a know- 
 ledge of the art of coining, or into what part of our island 
 that art was first introduced. The probability, however, amount- 
 ing almost to a certainty, is that the use of money and, con- 
 sequently, the art of making it, was introduced into Britain from 
 Gaul ; and the Kentish coast being the nearest to that coun- 
 try, and receiving friendly and bartering incursions from the 
 Belgic tribes, with whom, doubtless, the natives traded, the 
 natural assumption is that money was known to, and its use 
 appreciated by, the inhabitants of that county long before those 
 of the inland and more northern parts of the island had any 
 knowledge of such a medium as a substitute for ordinary product- 
 barter. Kent may therefore, I apprehend, be looked upon as 
 the district in which money made its first appearance in our 
 country ; and, probably, where also it was first made by our 
 Celtic progenitors. 
 
 The period which may, with more than ordinary probability, 
 be assigned to the adoption of a home-struck currency among 
 the tribes of our country, is also, naturally, a matter about which 
 only a vague conclusion can be arrived at. The conclusion, 
 however, that has been come to after the most assiduous and 
 searching attention to and consideration of every possible cir- 
 cumstance of locality, analogy of types, and weight, is that that 
 period may be fixed at from a hundred and fifty to two hundred 
 years before the birth of Christ. This, then, for general purposes 
 may be looked upon as the most closely approximate period that 
 the present state of our knowledge' has enabled those numis- 
 matists who have made this branch of the science their special 
 study to arrive at. 
 
 The type of supposed earliest coins of the Britons, derived, 
 there can be no doubt, from those of Gaul, to which they had 
 become accustomed, are uninscribed ; those of Gaul having, in 
 turn, originally and long before the days of Julius Caesar, been 
 derived from the stater of Philippus of Macedon. This has been 
 ably shown and insisted upon by various writers, and to it Mr. 
 Evans, the highest and most enlightened authority upon the 
 subject, has given his full adhesion. The Phocaean colony of 
 3 
 
 20O3435
 
 4 ANCIENT BRITISH 
 
 Massilia (Marseilles), he says, "appears to have formed the 
 centre from which civilization spread through Gaul, as well as 
 to have been the emporium of its commerce. It was founded 
 about 'B.C. 600, and from intercourse with its inhabitants the 
 neighbouring Gauls first learned the usages of civilized life, and 
 after a time became acquainted with the art of coining. The 
 early silver coins of Massilia (and none in gold are known) were 
 occasionally imitated in the surrounding country ; but when, about 
 the year B.C. 356, the gold mines of Crenides (or Philippi) were 
 acquired by Philip II. of Macedon, and worked so as to produce 
 about ^250,000 worth of gold annually, the general currency 
 of gold coins, which had before been of very limited extent, 
 became much more extensive, and the stater of Philip the 
 regale numisma of Horace became everywhere diffused, and 
 seems At once to have been seized on by the barbarians who 
 came in contact with Greek civilization as an object of imita- 
 tion. In Gaul this was especially the case, and the whole of 
 the gold coinage of that country may be said to consist of 
 imitations, more or less rude and degenerate, of the Macedonian 
 Philippns. " 
 
 The types of the Philippus are, on the obverse, a laureated 
 profile bust of Apollo, or young Hercules, and, on the reverse, 
 a charioteer in a biga, and the earliest Gaulish imitations are 
 tolerably closely, though more rudely, rendered. These, natu- 
 rally, were introduced, and became known, to the Britons, 
 who, as naturally, imitated them, as their neighbours had done 
 the originals. But these imitations were not always servile, 
 but had occasionally additional features, as drapery, a torque 
 round the neck, a bandlet, or what not. The constant repro- 
 ducing of the dies by different workmen and in different 
 localities also resulted in the original design being at length 
 almost lost, and what now, to the uninitiated, appear a lot of 
 unmeaning pellets and curved strokes, serve only as indications, 
 or faint traces, of the original. Here, upon the coins (p. 5), is 
 an example. First is the stater of Philip of Macedon, with 
 laureated bust and biga ; next a British coin on which there is 
 an attempted reproduction of the head on one side, and a rude 
 imitation of horse and driver on the other ; and on the third a 
 very degenerate example, on which only a trace of each is dis- 
 cernible. These three, out of hundreds of examples, will serve 
 to show the descent of the type and the changes to which the 
 design has been subjected. Other types shared the same fate, 
 and thus the correct appropriation of Celtic coins becomes a 
 matter of no little difficulty.
 
 AND ANGLO-SAXON COINS. 
 
 5 
 
 It is well to remember, as evidenced by these gradual marks 
 of degeneration, that the ruder coins are not, as might well be 
 (and indeed have usually been) supposed, the oldest, but are, 
 in fact, later than others of a higher and more artistic character. 
 In other words, some of these series of coins, instead of showing 
 the onward and gradual progress of art from a first rude attempt 
 up to a highly finished work, serve to exhibit step by step its 
 gradual degeneracy and decline down to ultimate extinction. . 
 
 Other coins were more or less imitations of Roman coins, but 
 others again have a true native character about them that shows 
 that the Briton, who was an admirable and accomplished worker 
 in metals, was also a clever die-sinker, and had in him con- 
 siderable power of design. 
 
 Celtic coins are usually considered under two classes, the 
 uninscribed and the inscribed that is, those which are without 
 any inscriptions, and those upon which names or other letters 
 occur and it seems to be a generally received opinion that 
 whenever an inscribed currency was in use, an uninscribed one
 
 6 ANCIENT BRITISH ' 
 
 had preceded it. The uninscribed are, unfortunately, the most 
 abundant, and therefore, manifestly, it is impossible to judge by 
 them to what princes or tribes they belong. The geographical 
 arrangement that of classifying the types according to the 
 localities in which they have been found has therefore, as a 
 general and very convenient rule, to be adopted. Some coins, 
 as the one here engraved from my own collection, have the 
 
 convex side perfectly plain, while the reverse, concave, side bears 
 a more or less rude representation of a horse. 
 
 FigS. A-J, TYPES OF ANCIENT BRITISH COINS. 
 
 " Although we have assigned the date of about 150 B.C. for the 
 commencement of the British coinage," Mr. Evans remarks, "it is 
 hard to say with any degree of certainty in what part of the 
 country it actually commenced. The study of this class of coins
 
 AND ANGLO-SAXON COINS. 7 
 
 is to some extent like that of geology : we have no written 
 testimony on which to fall back, and the annals of the past have 
 to be reconstructed from the evidence of contemporary yet dumb 
 witnesses disinterred from the soil. But the numismatist has 
 none of those aids which the geologist derives from the order 
 of superposition, and the mineral characters of the rocks in 
 which his fossils are preserved ; and, in the case of uninscribed 
 coins, has nothing but the type and its geographical range on 
 which to found any conclusion, unless, as in some rare instances 
 it happens, the coins are associated with others of more certain 
 date. The mere fact of finding a single coin of a certain class 
 in a certain locality proves nothing ; but when a considerable 
 number of coins of much the same type are found at different 
 times in places all within a certain district, the proof becomes 
 almost conclusive that they were originally struck within that 
 district. And this holds true even with gold coins, which, from 
 their greater value and relative portability, have, as a rule, a 
 much wider range than those of silver or copper." 
 
 The districts into which it has been found most convenient 
 (and undoubtedly as presenting an arrangement that may be 
 looked upon as practically correct) to classify the inscribed coins 
 are as follpws : 
 
 I. COINS OF THE WESTERN DISTRICT, or country of 
 the Dobuni, comprising the present counties of Somerset, 
 'Wilts, Gloucester, and part of Oxfordshire and Berkshire, 
 and in which are classed the coins of 
 
 BODVOC . . of uncertain date. 
 
 CATTI . 
 
 COMVX . 
 
 VO-CORIO-AD (?) 
 
 ANTEDRIGVS . after -41 A.D. 
 
 SVEI . . . uncertain date. 
 
 INARA (?) ' 
 
 II. SOUTH-EASTERN DISTRICT, or country of the 
 Belgje, Regni, and Atrebatii, comprising the present counties 
 of Hampshire, Sussex, and West Surrey, and in which are 
 classed the coins of 
 
 COMM1VS . . the earliest inscribed coin, 55 B.C 
 COMMI F[IL] 
 
 TINC[OMMJVS] . son of Commius. 
 VERICA or V1RICA son of Commius. The first coin with 
 
 REX inscribed. 
 III. KENTISH DISTRICT, or country of the Cantii, com-
 
 8 ANCIENT BRITISH 
 
 prising the present counties of Kent and East Surrey, and 
 in which are classed the coins of 
 
 EPPILLVS . . son of Commivs. 
 
 DVBNOVELLAVNVS temp. Augusti. 
 
 VOSEfNOS] . . of uncertain date. 
 
 AMMINVS . . . ,, ' 
 
 CRAB ,, ,, 
 
 IV. The CENTRAL DISTRICT, or country of the Caty- 
 euchlani and Trinobantes, comprising the present counties 
 of Buckinghamshire, Bedfordshire, Hertfordshire, Middle- 
 sex, Essex, Northamptonshire, and parts of Berkshire, 
 Cambridgeshire, Huntingdonshire, and Oxfordshire, and 
 in which are included the coins of 
 
 ANDOCO[MIVS] . contemporary with Tasciovanus. 
 
 TASCIOVANVS . 30 B.C., who died 5 A.D. 
 
 VERULAMIUM . which was the chief seat of Tascio- 
 vanus's government. 
 
 RUFIor RVLI} 
 
 RICON f contemporary, but unknown. 
 
 SEGO ) 
 
 EPATICVS . son of Tasciovanus. 
 
 CVNOBELINVS son of Tasciovanus, circa 40 A. D. 
 
 And several others whose legends are undecipherable. 
 V. The EASTERN DISTRICT, or country of the Iceni, 
 comprising the preserft counties of Norfolk and Suffolk, 
 and parts of Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire, and in 
 which are classed the coins of 
 
 ADDEDOMARVS, supposed to have been contemporary 
 with Cunobelinus. 
 
 ECEN 
 
 SAEMV 
 
 ACSV 
 
 ANTED \ a11 unknown - 
 
 CAV (?) or CAM 
 
 DVRO 
 
 VI. The YORKSHIRE DISTRICT, or country of the 
 Brigantes, comprising Yorkshire and parts of the adjacent 
 counties to the south, and in which are included the coins 
 of 
 
 VOLISIOS. 
 
 DVMNOCOVEROS. 
 
 DVMN TIGIP SENO (?) 
 
 VEP
 
 AND ANGLO-SAXON COINS. q 
 
 CORF. 
 
 AVNT 
 
 IISVPSV. 
 
 The parts of the country inhabited at one time or other by 
 various tribes may be tabulated as follows, and will be useful 
 to students of that early period of national history ; the present 
 names of counties, as the most convenient, are given in the list. 
 The tribes seem to have been the 
 
 ANCALITES, an early tribe who inhabited part of Berkshire. 
 
 ATREBATES, the main portion of Berkshire. 
 
 ATTACOTTI, a fierce Scottish tribe. 
 
 BET.G/E, the country from the southern coast to the Bristol 
 Channel, including Hants, Wilts, and Somerset. 
 
 BIBROCI, an early tribe, part of Berks, and Hants, Surrey, 
 Sussex, and the east of Kent. 
 
 BRIGANTES, the country from the Mersey and Humber to 
 Scotland. 
 
 CIMBRI, the borders of Devonshire. 
 
 CANGI, North Wales, on the coast of the Irish Sea. 
 
 CANTII, Kent, which in Csesar's time was divided among four 
 chiefs or kings. 
 
 CASSI, Hertfordshire. 
 
 CATYEUCHLANI, Buckinghamshire, Bedfordshire, and Hert- 
 fordshire. 
 
 CCENIMAGNI, Suffolk. 
 
 CORITANI, or CORITAVI, Derbyshire, Nottinghamshire, 
 Leicestershire, Lincolnshire, Northamptonshire, and Rutland. 
 
 CORNABII, Warwickshire, Worcestershire, Staffordshire, 
 Shropshire, Cheshire, and part of Flintshire. 
 
 DUMNONII, or DAMNONII, Cornwall and Devonshire. 
 
 DEMET^E, Caermarthenshire, Cardiganshire, and Pembroke- 
 shire. 
 
 DOBUNI, Oxfordshire and Gloucestershire. 
 
 DUROTRIGES, Dorsetshire. 
 
 GADENI, Cumberland and part of Northumberland ; and 
 Selkirk, and adjacent portions of Scotland. 
 
 HEDUI, Somersetshire. 
 
 ICENI, Suffolk, Norfolk, Cambridgeshire, and Huntingdon- 
 shire. 
 
 JUGANTES, coast of the Irish Sea. 
 
 MORINI, Dorsetshire. 
 
 ORDOVICES, Flint, Denbigh, Montgomery, Merioneth, Caer- 
 narvon, and Anglesea. 
 
 OTADINI, the land from the Tyne to the Forth.
 
 io ANCIENT BRITISH 
 
 PARISH, the south-east of Yorkshire. 
 REGNI, Surrey and Sussex. 
 
 REMI, supposed to be identical with the Bibroci. 
 SEGONTIACI, the greater part of Hampshire, and Berkshire. 
 SENONES, a portion of Hampshire. 
 SESTUNTII, Westmoreland and Cumberland. 
 SILURES, Herefordshire, Radnorshire, Brecknockshire, Mon- 
 mouthshire, and Glamorganshire. 
 TRINOBANTES, Middlesex and Essex. 
 VOLUNTII, Lancashire. 
 
 I now proceed to enumerate some of the inscribed coins 
 referred to under the geographical arrangement already given. 
 
 BODVOC. 
 
 Coins bearing the word BODVOC, BODVO, or ODVOC, have 
 usually, but erroneously, been ascribed to Boadicea, Queen of 
 the Iceni. As is remarked by Evans, ' ' There is no ground for 
 supposing that any coins were struck by Boadicea, who never 
 seems to have exercised the queenly power, unless as the leadei 
 of a short-lived revolt, and whose chief complaint against the 
 Romans was, that the kingdom left by her husband Prasutagus, 
 to which possibly she may have hoped to succeed, was overrun 
 and pillaged by their troops, she herself scourged, and her 
 daughters put to shame." Moreover, no coins of BODVOC have 
 ever been found in the Icenian territory, but are confined to the 
 opposite side of the country ; and are evidently of a date 
 anterior to the revolt of Boadicea. The usual type has on the 
 obverse simply the word BODVOC in large letters across the 
 
 field ; reverse, a horse of more or less disjointed character, with 
 chariot-wheel and other details. One example has, however, 
 on the obverse a profile bust to the left, and letters BODVO ii 
 front of the face ; and reverse, a horse, etc. 
 
 CATTI. 
 A convex coin. Obverse, an object which may be describee
 
 AND ANGLO-SAXON COINS. n 
 
 as a branch, or a spike of flowers ; reverse, a disjointed horse, 
 chariot-wheel, etc., and the letters CATTI. 
 
 COMVX. 
 Much the same as the last, with the letters, on reverse, COMVX. 
 
 VO-CORIO. 
 
 The reading of these is doubtful. The coins are much the 
 same as the last, with the letters vo-CORlo over the horse on the 
 reverse. One variety has the additional letters A D in front of 
 the horse's head, and another also a D by its legs ; thus the 
 continuous inscription would be VOCORIOADD, but is at present 
 uninterpretable. 
 
 ANTEDRIGVS. 
 
 Obverse, same as the last ; reverse, disjointed horse, with 
 chariot-wheel and other objects, and the letters ANTEDRIGV, or 
 AXTE0. I. ov. Another type has, obverse, a barbarous attempt 
 at a head ; and reverse, a horse as usual, with the letters 
 ANTE9, or \NTED, or ANTE9RI, etc. 
 
 INMA, INAM, or INARA. 
 
 Obverse, as before ; reverse, disjointed horse, with chariot- 
 wheel, etc., and the letters INMA, INAM, or more probably 
 
 INARA. 
 
 SVEI. 
 
 Obverse, barbarous attempt at a head ; reverse, disjointed 
 horse, and letters sv above, and El beneath the horse. Probably 
 struck by some British regulus whose name began with SVEI. 
 
 COMMIVS (?). 
 
 Obverse, rude attempt at a head ; reverse, disjointed horse, 
 with chariot-wheel, etc., and the letters MMIOS, or OMMIOS. 
 
 TINC[OMMIVS] . 
 A son of Commivs. Obverse, on some, portions of a rude
 
 12 ANCIENT BRITISH 
 
 bust ; on others, TINC on a sunk tablet ; others, COM, or COM'F, 
 on a similar sunk tablet ; others, TINCOM, or NCOM, etc., be- 
 tween zigzag and corded lines across the field ; others, TINC on a 
 tablet, above which is c and below F, etc. Reverse, on some, a 
 rude, disjointed horse, with the letters, TINC COMMI F ; others, a 
 horse as before, with TIN DV; others,. of a higher class of art, a 
 horseman poising a javelin, and charging to the left, with c F 
 below and a star above ; others, horseman with javelin as before, 
 and TIN ; another, a winged head of Medusa, which unique 
 coin is in Mr. Evans's cabinet; others, a horse and TIN ;-and 
 other varieties. 
 
 VERICA, or VIRICA. 
 
 A son of Commivs. Obverse, an expanded five-lobed leaf, or 
 a cluster of five oak leaves, with vi on one side, and RI on the 
 other ; a sunk tablet of various forms, with the letters COM 'F ; 
 VERIC'COM'F in two lines ; VERICA COMMI F encircling a 
 circular shield, or other object ; COM F between crescents with 
 horns facing inwards ; a semi-draped seated figure, with 
 VERICA ; a filleted bust with VIRRI ; and others, examples of 
 
 which are here engraved. Reverse, on some a horseman 
 galloping or leaping, with CO'F, VIR REX, or VIR ; a riderless 
 horse with REX, vi, VIR ; a lion with VIR ; a trophy of an 
 attempted imitation of the Roman caduceus between two cornu- 
 copise, rising from a two-handled vase, and COMMI F ; a 
 Capricorn, with EPPI COM F, etc. ; 
 this latter being very remarkable as 
 bearing the names of the two brothers 
 Verica and Eppillus. Another variety 
 has a horseman on each side, with 
 COM F on the obverse, and VERICA on 
 the reverse ; and another, a diademed and draped bust on one 
 side with VIRI, and on the other, a seated figure of Victory (?}, 
 as here engraved.
 
 AND ANGLO-SAXON COINS. 13 
 
 EPPILLUS. 
 
 One of the sons of Commius, and brother to Tine [ommius] 
 and Verica. His name occurs in various stages of abbreviation, 
 EPPILLVS, EPPIL, EPPI, EPP, and EP. Obverse, on some the 
 name EPPIL COM F in two lines across the coin ; others, a 
 circular wreath inclosing COM F ; or winged figure of Victory 
 within a wreath ; or a beaded band and a line of foliage in 
 saltire, with the four letters EPPI, one on each of the angles of 
 the cross ; or a diademed head ; or an eagle rising with EPP ; 
 or an ornamental cross, with EPPI COM F between the limbs 
 
 (p. 6, Fig. E) ; or a bull, evidently copied from the coin of 
 Augustus, here engraved. Reverse, a winged horse, or Pegasus ; 
 or an undraped horseman galloping, with EPPILLVS, etc. ; or 
 draped horseman galloping, with EPPI COM F ; or horse only, with 
 EPPI, and a quatrefoil or other ornaments ; or undraped standing 
 winged figure, with EP ; or a crescent between two clusters of 
 pellets, with REX CALLE (supposed to allude to Calleva Sil- 
 chester as place of mintage) ; and other varieties. 
 
 DVBNOVELLAVNVS. 
 
 Obverse, on some a device (placed diagonally across the coin) 
 that may almost be taken to be the thunderbolt of Jove, 
 between two circles that may be the wheel of Nemesis, the 
 emblem of swift and retributive justice, as not unfrequently 
 represented in Roman art ; or a laureated head, with DVBNO ; 
 or other device. Reverse, on some a horse with or without a 
 wreath or branch below and other minor devices, with the 
 letters DVBNO . . . . , [DV] BNOVELL . . . . , DVBNOVIILLA, 
 [DVBNO]VIILLAVN, or DVBNO [VELLA] VNOS ; or a griffin, or 
 ornithocephalous winged horse with star and other ornaments ; 
 or a horse with DVBN in a tablet ; or other varieties. 
 
 VOSE[NOS] (?). 
 
 Obverse, plain convex. Reverse, a horse, above which is a 
 bull's head and a ring ornament ; and, beneath, what has been 
 described as a " horned serpent," but may be a torque or other
 
 14 ANCIENT BRITISH 
 
 object, with NOS ; or a horse with other accompani- 
 ments, and vosu. 
 
 AMMINVS. 
 
 Obverse, a bust to the right, with or 
 without AMMI ; or a plant of seven 
 branches with AMMINVS. Reverse, 
 front view. of a biga, or what may be 
 described as two demi-horses conjoined, 
 heads and forelegs facing outwards, a human head between, 
 and the letters E above and s below ; or the exergual line, 
 winged Pegasus passant, with DVN above and AM ; or a 
 Capricorn, or hippocampus, and AM. 
 
 CRAB. 
 
 Only two coins, according to Mr. Evans, are known bearing 
 this name, or rather commencement of a name, the remainder of 
 which is unknown. One of the two known examples bears on 
 the obverse a cross whose limbs are formed of three rows of 
 beads, with central ring, and in the angles between the limbs 
 of the cross the letters CRAB. ^Reverse, an eagle rising 
 regardant. The other has, obverse, the letters c R A B on a 
 tablet, above which is an annulet, and, below, an S-shaped 
 object ; reverse, a tressure of six beaded points, points outwards, 
 with a central ring, and within each of the outer curves three 
 pellets. 
 
 ANDOCOfMIVSj (?). 
 
 Obverse, on some, bust to the right, with the letters ANDOCO ; 
 or a double cruciform ornament, formed, the one cross of 
 beaded fillets, and other of two torque-like figures, more or less 
 developed and accompanied by other minor marks (p. 6, Fig. B); 
 or a bearded profile bust with A, etc. Reverse, a horse, with 
 ANDOCO ; or a horse with a bull's head above, and ANDO ; or a 
 bridled winged Pegasus, with ANDOC, the N and D conjoined, etc. 
 
 TASCIOVANVS. 
 Ascertained from numismatic evidence to have been the
 
 AND ANGLO-SAXON COINS. 15 
 
 father of Cunobelinus and of Epaticcus, is supposed to have 
 reigned some quarter of a century B.C., with his capital fixed at 
 Verulamium, and to have died somewhere about 5 B.C. Obverse, 
 on some, a double cruciform device of the same general character 
 as the last described, but of more or less disjointed and imperfect 
 execution (p. 6, Fig. H) ; or a somewhat similar device, with 
 the letters TASCI between the limbs of the cross ; or TASC on an 
 oblong tablet with lines extended from its angles, and forming, 
 with a beaded band, etc., a kind of cruciform ornament ; or TASC 
 within an oblong tablet surrounded by a beaded circle ; or a 
 beaded bust to the left ; or a laureated bust, with TASCIA ; or a 
 Pegasus, with TAS ; or an eagle, wings closed, regardant, 
 with TASCIA ; or a bust to the right, with TASCIAVA ; and 
 others. Reverse, on some, a horse with various accompani- 
 ments, with TASCIOVAN, [T] ASCIAV, TA"XCI, TASCIA, or TASC, 
 etc. ; or a mounted horseman, with various contractions of the 
 name ; or a figure of Pegasus ; or a bull with tail over back 
 and head as in act of tossing, as on the coin of Augustus (already 
 referred to under Eppillus), from which it has evidently been 
 copied ; or a winged griffin ; or a boar ; or other device. 
 
 VERVLAMIVM. 
 
 The coins of Verulamium, the ancient city of Verulam, near 
 St. Albans, the capital of the Catyeuchlani, and a place of 
 mintage during some period of time, are tolerably numerous in 
 their types and of considerable interest. Its name as a place 
 of mintage first appears upon the coins of Tasciovanus ; on the 
 gold in extremely small characters, but more conspicuously 
 ' upon the silver and copper pieces. On some of the latter we 
 have the name of the town alone, without that of the prince, 
 but the types are so connected with those which bear the name 
 of Tasciovanus that it is evident the apparently autonomous 
 coins must have been issued during his reign. Among the 
 abbreviated forms of the name of the city upon coins there struck 
 are v, VER, VIIR, and VERLAMIO, and these occur in connec- 
 tion with, or separate from, other inscriptions. The obverse of 
 one, bearing the letters VERLAMIO between the points of the 
 limbs of a double cruciform ornament, is engraved on p. 6, 
 
 Fig- J)- 
 
 TASCIO RICON. 
 
 Coins bearing the letters 
 
 TASCIO TASCI TASCIOV TASCI 
 
 RICON R1COXI RICON RICON
 
 1 6 ANCIENT BRITISH 
 
 and the like, in two lines divided from each other in a tablet 
 across the field of the coin, appear to have been struck by Tascio- 
 vanus at some town of mintage indicated by RICON, but which 
 has not yet been satisfactorily ascertained. 
 
 SEGO. 
 
 Coins bearing the letters SEGO on a tablet, with or without 
 the TASCIO of Tasciovanus, would seem to have been struck by 
 him at some place, or recording some tribe, not yet accurately 
 appropriated. 
 
 EPATICCVS. 
 
 One of the sons of Tasciovanus and brother of Cunobeline. 
 Obverse, on some, an ear of bearded coin and the letters TASCI F ; 
 or a head of Hercules, and EPATI or EPAT. Reverse, on some 
 a nude mounted horseman, with lance and shield, and EPATICCV ; 
 or an eagle standing on a serpent, etc. 
 
 CVNOBELINVS. 
 
 The " Cymbeline " of Shakespeare, a son' of Tasciovanus and 
 brother of Epaticcus, and during whose reign the birth of our 
 Saviour took place, struck a considerable variety of coins 
 in all the metals. He had Camulodunum (Colchester) for his 
 capital and place of mintage. Of his sons Togodumnos and 
 Caractacus no coins are known. The coins of Cunobeline are 
 so numerous and varied that it is not necessary to summarize 
 their types. The following are examples of the inscriptions : 
 
 Olnjerse, CAMVL. Reverse, CVNOBELI. 
 
 CA MV. CVNO. 
 
 CA MV. CVN. 
 
 CVNO BELI. CVN. 
 
 CVNO BELI. IDA. 
 CVN. 
 
 CVN. CV N. 
 
 CVNO. TASC. F. 
 
 CVNOBELINI. TASCIO. 
 
 CVNO. TASCIO. 
 
 TASCIIOVAN. CVNOBELI. 
 
 CV NO. TASCIIOVA. 
 
 CVNOBELINVS, TASCIOVANI. 
 
 CVN Or CVNO. CAM. 
 
 CVNO. CAMV. 
 
 CVNOBELIN. CAM. 
 
 CAMVL. CVNO.
 
 AND ANGLO-SAXON COINS. 17 
 
 Obverse, CVNO. Reverse, SOLIDV. 
 
 CVNOBELINI. TASCIOVANI. K. 
 
 CVNOBELINVS. TASCIIOVANII. F. 
 
 CVNOB. TASCIIOVANTIS. 
 
 CVNOBII. TAS FIL. 
 
 CVNOBELINVS REX. TASC. 
 
 CAMVL ODVNO. CVNO. 
 
 ADDEDOMAROS. 
 
 Possibly partly contemporary with Cunobeline. Obverse, on 
 some a singular device partaking of the conventional form of the 
 " Thunderbolt of Jove," as before alluded to; on others, a six- 
 limbed device, the limbs curved in "Catherine-wheel" form, 
 and springing from three central crescents, rings and pellets in 
 the angles ; or a cross with beaded lines and two crescents (p. 6, 
 Fig. c). Reverse, on some, a horse with or without branch be- 
 neath, and with or without wheel, and other rude ornaments, 
 and ADDEDO-MARVS, or ADDEDO, or A99IIDO[>i], or other 
 abbreviations. 
 
 THE ICENI. 
 
 A number of inscribed coins about which nothing certain is 
 known have, with considerable show of reason, been attributed 
 generally to the Iceni. Their types are very varied, and need 
 not be recapitulated. Among the inscriptions are the follow- 
 ing : ECE or ECEN (probably for ICEN), AESV, SAEMV or SAFMV, 
 ANTD Or ANTED, CAV . . DVRO 
 
 (possibly DVRO-CAM[BORICVM]), etc., 
 etc.' Many varieties of uninscribed 
 coins are also, with more or less show 
 of reason, attributed to the Iceni. 
 The obverse of one example is engraved on p. 6, Fig. i. 
 
 THE BRIGANTES. 
 
 A number of coins have, with plausible reasoning, been 
 appropriated by Mr. Evans and other authorities, to the Brig- 
 antes, whose dominions seem to have comprised Yorkshire, 
 Lancashire, and other northern parts, and who are indeed said 
 to have been the original inhabitants, the Britons proper, of the 
 island, who had been driven inland and northwards by succes- 
 sive invaders of the soil, and they seem to have been among 
 the latest to retain the original national characteristics. Among 
 the inscribed coins (which are of unusual rudeness) believed to 
 have belonged to them, are those bearing the letters VO-LI -SI-OS 
 
 B
 
 1 8 ANCIENT BRITISH 
 
 on the obverse, and DVM NOCO VEROS, or DVMNO co VEROS, on 
 the reverse; DVMNOVERO ; IISVPSV; VEP, VEP CORF, or VEP 
 RF ; DVMN on obverse, and TIGIP-SENO on reverse ; AVNT or 
 AVN-T, the AVN being over the back of the horse, and the T 
 beneath its neck. 
 
 CHANNEL ISLANDS. 
 
 A number of types of rude uninscribed coins, partaking of 
 the character of those of Gaulish origin, mostly in billon, but 
 sometimes of silver or bronze, are ascribed to the Channel 
 Islands, and numbers of them have been found in Jersey and 
 other islands, as well as in our own country. The examples 
 
 engraved are in my own possession, and were found, with 
 others, in Devonshire. 
 
 The usual type is a boldly cut, but rudely designed, head, a 
 coarse imitation of the Greek already referred to ; and the 
 reverse a horse more or less disjointed or disintegrated, and 
 accompanied by indications, more or less distinct, of wheels and 
 other objects. 
 
 As indicating to some extent the area over which the coins of 
 the ancient Britions circulated, it may'be said that the approxi- 
 mate number of recorded localities in which "finds " have been 
 made in the "forty shires" may be summarized as most of all 
 in Kent (say forty places) ; about half that number in Dorset, 
 Sussex, and Essex ; about a third in Oxfordshire ; say a fourth 
 in Suffolk, Surrey, Buckingham, Hampshire, Herts, and 
 Northampton ; and so decreasing in Beds., Cambs., and Nor- 
 folk ; Berks. Middlesex, and Gloucester ; Wilts and Somerset ;
 
 AND ANGLO-SAXON COINS. 19 
 
 Lincolnshire and Yorkshire ; Leicestershire, Monmouthshire, 
 and Worcestershire ; and Devonshire, Cornwall, Huntingdon, 
 Lancashire, Northumberland, Nottingham, and Westmoreland. 
 
 Derbyshire, Staffordshire, and the other counties not enumerated, 
 not having, so far as at present known to me, produced a single 
 recorded example. 
 
 COINS OF THE ANGLO-SAXONS. 
 
 The earliest coins of the Anglo-Saxon period appear to have 
 been rude imitations of some of the later current pieces of their 
 Roman predecessors in our island. It seems doubtful whether 
 at first they had a coinage of their own, the probability being 
 that those of the Romano- Britons continued, as they naturally 
 would, to be circulated. Some of the sceattse bear more or 
 less rude figures and uncouth heads and devices, some being 
 evident imitations of the well-known type of Romulus and 
 Remus suckled by the she -wolf, and others of equally well known 
 types. From the sceattse, one of our common expressions at 
 the present is derived. The word in the singular is sceat or 
 scat, and the Saxon sc being pronounced soft, as sh, became 
 sheat or sheet. From this it naturally became corrupted into 
 "shot," and thus "paying your shot" simply meant paying 
 your money, or clearing your reckoning, and ' ' not having a 
 shot in your locker," being without money in cupboard, or purse. 
 These early coins, some of which appear to bear Runic charac- 
 ters, cannot with any degree of certainty be appropriated to any 
 kings. 
 
 The penny, fenig, petting, or fending (said to be th diminu-
 
 20 ANCIENT BRITISH 
 
 tive of pand, a pledge, and also by some said to be derived from 
 pendere, to weigh) is first named in the laws of Ina, king of the 
 West Saxons, who began to reign A.D. 688. It was, as now, as 
 has been conclusively shown, the 24Oth part of a pound, which 
 weighed about 5760 grains ; the weight of a penny was, there- 
 fore, 24 grains, which still in our tables constitute a "dwt." or 
 " pennyweight." 
 
 The generally received opinion is that the first pennies as 
 succeeding the sceattasj and quite independent of the stycas, were 
 struck by Offa, king of Mercia, from A.D. 757 to 796. " When 
 the kingdoms of the Heptarchy were united in one sovereignty," 
 as I have written on another occasion, " the mints were regu- 
 lated by laws framed by the Wittenagemote, or Great Council 
 of the Nation ; but it was not till the time of yEthelstan (924- 
 940), that it was appointed there should be one kind of money 
 throughout the whole realm, and that no one should coin but in 
 a town. According to Stow, ' ^Ethelstan mads seven coining 
 mints at Canterbury, four for the king, two for the archbishop, 
 and one for the abbot ; at Rochester three, two for the king, 
 and one for the .bishop. Besides these, in London eight, in 
 Winchester six, in Lewes two, in Chichester one, in Hampton 
 two, in Shaft esbury two, and in every other town one coiner.' 
 The coins remaining pretty well prove this, and show there 
 were very few considerable towns without a mint ; for besides 
 those particularly mentioned in yEthelstan's law, there are coins 
 of Derby, Bristol, Evesham, Exeter, Gloucester, Ipswich, 
 Lincoln, Norwich, Shrewsbury, Thetford, Wallingford, Wor- 
 cester, York, And other places. The probability is that the 
 custom of impressing on coins the name of the town of the 
 mintage began in the early part of the reign of ^Ethelstan. " 
 
 One of the largest "finds" of Anglo-Saxon coins was made 
 at Cuerdale, where, along with a vast number of foreign pieces, 
 there were found : 
 
 2 of ^Ethelred. I of Abp. Ceolnoth. 
 
 24 of /Ethelstan II. 59 of Abp. Plegmund. 
 
 I of Ciolwulf. 2 of Sitric. 
 
 857 of Alfred. 1770 of St. Eadmund. 
 
 45 of Eadwerd. etc. 
 
 Under the ordinary order of arrangement, the following may 
 be taken as indications of the coins of Anglo-Saxon rulers : 
 
 KINGS OF KENT. yETHILBERHT I., 725-764. 
 The sceat attributed to this king is doubtful.
 
 AND ANGLO-SAXON COINS. 21 
 
 EGCBERHT, 765-791. 
 
 The name is found as EGCBERHT RX. and on the reverse is 
 the moneyer's name. 
 
 EADBEARHT, 794-798. 
 
 Obverse, the name EADBEARHT REX in three lines across the 
 field. 
 
 Reverse, moneyer's name with device. 
 
 CUTHRED, 798-805. 
 
 Obverse, on some a profile bust, others three arms branching 
 out from the inner circle, and extending through the legend, 
 CVDRED REX or CVDRED REX CANT. Reverse, moneyer's name 
 with similar device or cross, etc. 
 
 BALDRED, 805-823. 
 
 Obverse, bust or cross within inner circle, BALDRED, BELDRED, 
 or BEALDRED REX CN or CANT. Rtverse, moneyer's name, 
 cross, etc. One of his coins has on the reverse DIORMOD 
 MONETA, and within the inner circle, in two lines, DRVR CITS 
 for Dorovernia Civitas or city of Canterbury, and is the earliest 
 known instance of place of mintage appearing upon Saxon 
 coins. 
 
 MERCIAN KINGS. OFF A, 757-796. 
 
 The coins of OfTa are of great variety in type, of considerable 
 beauty in design, and of better workmanship than most of the 
 
 Saxon pennies. On the obverse is the name OFFA REX, or REX
 
 ANCIENT BRITISH 
 
 M, or REX MERCIORN. Reverse, various crosses and other 
 devices and moneyer's name. Of these upwards of fifty are 
 known, and some of them used Runic letters. 
 
 CYNEFRYTH. 
 
 Coins of this queen (supposed to be the wife of Offa) are 
 known, and bear on one side the bust and moneyer's name ; on 
 the other her name and REGINA. 
 
 COENVVLF, 794-818. 
 
 The coins bear a marked resemblance to those of Offa, but 
 are inferior in execution. The name is usually COENVVLF REX, 
 with or without M for Mercia, and on the reverse the moneyer's 
 name, and often the word MONETA. Upwards of fifty moneyers 
 are known. 
 
 CEOLVVLF I., 819. 
 
 The appropriation of coins to this king is conjectural. 
 The name occurs as CIOLVVLF or CEOLVVLF REX M, or MI or 
 MCI or MERCI. 
 
 BEORNVVLF, 820-824. 
 
 Obverse, BEORNVVLF or BEORNWVLF REX, REX M, etc., with 
 bust. Reverse, moneyer's name. 
 
 LUDICA or LUDICAN, 824, 825. 
 
 Obverse, LVDICA REX or RX, ME with bust. Reverse, 
 moneyer's name, with cross, etc. 
 
 WIGLAF, 825-839. 
 
 Obverse, WIGLAF REX M and bust. Reverse* moneyer's 
 name, with cross. 
 
 BERTHVVLF, 839-852. 
 
 O'bverse, bust, and name BERHTVLF or BERHTVVLF REX or 
 REX M. Reverse, moneyer's name, with cross, etc. ; one has a
 
 AND ANGLO-SAXON COINS. 23 
 
 tall cross between T A, and another the Christian monogram 
 >P within the inner circle. About twenty moneyers are 
 known. 
 
 BURGHRED, 852-874. 
 
 Obverse, bust, and name BVRGRED or BVRGRD ; RE, REX, or 
 RECX M. Reverse, moneyer's name, usually in a line across the 
 middle of the coin with MON above and ETA below. About one 
 hundred and fifty varieties of moneyers' names are known. 
 
 CEOLVVLF II., 874. 
 
 The coins of this last of the Mercian kings are not very 
 satisfactorily to be distinguished from those of Ceolvvlf I. They 
 bear a bust and CIOLVVLF or CEOLVVLF REX. 
 
 KINGS OF THE EAST ANGLES. BEONNA. 
 
 Beonna or Beorn was contemporary with Offa. Obverse, 
 BEOXNA REX. Reverse, a cross within a square, from whose 
 angles lines of dots project, and letters. 
 
 EADVALD, 819-827. 
 
 Obverse, EADVALD REX in three lines. Reverse, moneyer's 
 name. 
 
 jETHELSTAN I., circa 828-837. 
 
 Obverse, bust or letter A, and name ETHELTTAN or ETHELZTAN 
 REX or REX AXG. Reverse, moneyer's name, of which several 
 varieties are known. 
 
 ETHELWARD, circa 837-850. 
 
 Same general character as the others, with ETHELWARD, 
 AETHELVVEARD, ETHELVVEARD, or ETHELOARO, RE Or REX. 
 Reverse, crosses and moneyers' names. 
 
 BEORHTRIC, circa 852. 
 
 Obverse, letter A or AM, and name BEORHTRIC, BEORMIRIC, 
 or BEORCHTRIC, RE or REX. Reverse, moneyer's name, etc. 
 
 EADMUND, OR ST. EADMUND, 855-870. 
 Obverse, letter A or cross and crescent, and name EADMVND 
 or ADMVND ; RE, Rjc, or REX, AN. Rei'erse, moneyers' names, 
 etc., of which above thirty varieties are known. 
 
 yETHELSTAN II., 870-890. 
 Obverse, letter A or cross and name EDELSTIN, EDELSTAN,
 
 24 ANCIENT BRITISH 
 
 EDILARE, etc. ; R, RE, or REX, A or AN. Reverse, moneyer's 
 name, of which several varieties are known. 
 
 KINGS OF NORTHUMBERLAND. ECGFRITII, 
 670-685. 
 
 Obverse, cross and name ECGFRID REX. Reverse, radiated 
 cross and LVX. 
 
 ALDFRID, 685-705. 
 
 Obverse, cross and name ALDFRIDVS. Reverse, a four-footed 
 animal. 
 
 EADBERHT, 737-758. 
 
 Nothing can be definitely asserted as to the coins of this king ; 
 those ascribed to him may belong to Ecgberht. 
 
 MOLL ETHILWALD, 759-765. 
 
 Two coins have been attributed to him, the name on the 
 obverse being on one EDIFHDFV, and on the other ATHBADIV. 
 
 ALCHRED, 765. 
 Coins supposed to belong to him bear the name ALCHRED or 
 
 AFCHRED. 
 
 ELFWALD, 779-788. 
 
 Some sceattae bearing the word E^VAIV or VALDJSLA on 
 one side, and a quadruped on the other, have been ascribed to 
 him. 
 
 HEARDULF, 794-806. 
 
 Obverse, HEARDVLF. Reverse, moneyer's name, of which six 
 are known. 
 
 ELFWALD II., 806-808. 
 
 The coins assigned to this king are uncertain. 
 
 EANRED, 808-840. 
 
 About two thousand coins of Eanred were found some years 
 back at Hexham. His name is variously spelled, as EANRED 
 REX, and the like, and the variety of names of moneyers numbers 
 about a hundred. 
 
 yETHELRED II., 840-848. 
 
 About two thousand coins of this king were found at Hexham. 
 Some bear his own name and that of his father Eanred. The 
 name is spelled EDELRED, EDETRED, AEILRED, AEDELRED, or
 
 AND ANGLO-SAXON COINS. 25 
 
 AEDILRED, R or REX ; and the reverse, the moneyer's name and a 
 device ; the varieties of moneyers' names numbering about a 
 hundred. 
 
 REDULF, 844. 
 
 About a hundred of his stycas were found at Hexham. 
 Obverse, cross and REDVLF, REDVVLF, REDVL, orREDVLE, RE RX 
 or REX. Reverse, moneyers' name, of which about a score of 
 varieties are known. 
 
 OSBERCHT, 848-867. 
 
 Obverse, name OSBERCHT, OSBERCHTE, OSBERCHE, OSBERCHEC, 
 OSBRCHT, OSBERH, or OSBVEHT ; R, RE, or REX. Reverse, 
 moneyers' names, of which about twenty varieties are known. 
 
 .ELLA, 862-867. 
 
 It is doubtful whether the stycas said to belong to this king 
 are correctly appropriated. 
 
 HALFDEN, 875-883. 
 
 From the time of Halfden both sceattae and stycas ceased to 
 be coined. A penny and a halfpenny of his were found at 
 Cuerdale. Obverse, cross and ALFDENE or VLFDENE, RX or 
 REX. Reverse, moneyer's name. 
 
 SITRIC. 
 
 Obverse, SITRIC GOMEZ in two lines across the coin, with 
 crosses between j reverse, moneyer's name in lines across the 
 coin. 
 
 CNUT, 883-900. 
 
 Of Cnut no fewer than 2534 coins were found at Cuerdale in 
 1840. Obverse, CNVT, CNVTI, CVNNETTI (differently abbre- 
 viated), CNT, etc. ; R, RN, RX, RIX, REX, etc. Some have a 
 cross of various forms with the letters CNVT terminating the four 
 c 
 
 limbs, thus V T Reverse, extremely varied, with crosses 
 
 N 
 and other devices, and moneyers' town or names, as EBRAICE 
 
 CIVITAS, MIRABILA FECIT, SIEFREDVS, etc.
 
 26 ANCIENT BRITISH 
 
 SIEFRID, circa 900. 
 
 Obverse, crosses and name, as SIEFREDVS, SIEVERT, SIEVERTI, 
 or SIUERT ; R, RE, or REX. The cross with letters at ends of 
 
 CSIE 
 
 W I *7- 
 
 the limbs occurs on some, as * Reverse, names of 
 E I X 
 SH3 
 
 moneyer or town with cross, etc., and on some the word 
 x 
 
 REX X *f etc. 
 
 a 
 
 ALWALD, 901-905. 
 
 Obverse, ALVALDVS or ALVVALDV. Reverse, DiTs DS REX in 
 two lines across the coin. 
 
 SITRIC, circa 921-926. 
 
 Obverse, SITRIC REX in two lines across the coin divided by 
 a sword ; SITRIC CVNVNC A with trefoil ornament ; or LVDO 
 SITRC in two lines with sword between, and hammer of Thor 
 below, dividing the lower word. Reverse, crosses and crescents 
 and lettering. 
 
 ERIC, 927-954. 
 
 Obverse. ERIC REX A, or AL, EBOR, EF, EN, 10, N or NO, or 
 TO, in two lines divided by a sword. Reverse, moneyer's name, 
 etc. 
 
 REGNALD, 912-944. 
 
 Obverse, trefoil interlaced knot, or cross, and name, REGNALD 
 CVNVL, or REG CVNVNC. Reverse, cross or " Danish Stan- 
 dard," and AVRA MONITRE or BA[ldri]c NOTR AL, etc. 
 
 ANLAF. 
 
 Obverse, cross, " Danish Raven," or interlaced trefoil knot, 
 and the name ANLAF, ONLAF or ONLOF, REX, or CVNVNC, T D 
 or other letters. Reverse, cross, Danish Raven, or Danish 
 Standard, and moneyer's name, followed by MONETA, MONE, 
 MONETR, MINETER, etc., etc. About twenty varieties of 
 moneyers' names are known. One reverse has the moneyer's 
 name, RADVLF, in a line across the coin, with a flower aivl 
 leaves above, and flowers below.
 
 AND ANGLO-SAXON COINS. 27 
 
 KINGS OF THE WEST SAXONS, etc. ECGBEORHT. 
 
 Obz'erse, profile, cross, or other device with name ECGBEARHT, 
 
 AEGCBEARHT, or HECBEARHT ; R, RE, Or REX ; SAX Or SAXO. 
 Reverse, crescents, tribrach, monogram, or cross and moneyer's 
 name, of which there are about thirty varieties known. 
 
 ETHEL WLF, 837-856. 
 Obverse, cross, bust, or monogram, etc., and name ETHEL- 
 
 VVLF, /ETHELVVLF.AETHLVLF.ETHELVLF, ETHELVVLFI, Orother 
 
 form ; R, RE, REX, or REXX. Reverse, cross, monogram, or other 
 device, and moneyer's name. On some the titles of the king are 
 continued on the reverse, as CANT, SAXONIORVM, OCCIDENTA- 
 LIVM, etc. About sixty varieties of moneyer's names are 
 known. 
 
 AETHELBEARHT, 856-866. 
 Obverse, bust with name AETHELBEARHT or AETHEBEARHT, 
 
 RE or REX. Reverse, cross or other device, and moneyer's
 
 28 ANCIENT BRITISH 
 
 name, etc. The one engraved bears in a cross the moneyer's 
 name + DEGBEARHT, and MO of MONETA, the last four letters of 
 which (NETA) are between the limbs of the cross. Sixty varie- 
 ties of moneyers' names are known. 
 
 AETHELRED, 866-871. 
 
 Obverse, bust, or.in one instance front of a temple, and name, 
 AETHELRED, ETHELRED, EDELRED, ATHELERED, or ATHLEDI ; 
 REX or REX ANG. Reverse, cross, or other device, and money- 
 er's name, of which about thirty varieties are known. 
 
 AELFRED, 872-901. 
 
 Obverse, bust of the king on many coins, on others a cross or 
 .other device, with the name ALFRED, ^ELFRD, /ELFD, EL, 
 
 ELFRED, Or AELFRED ; R, RE, RX Or REX ; S, SAX, SAXONVM, 
 etc. Reverse, various devices and moneyers' names, of which 
 about two hundred varieties are known. Some of his coins bear 
 the monogram of London, or rather Londini, sometimes with or 
 without the moneyer's name, and MONETA and others with 
 monograms of other places of mintage. The variety of forms 
 and devices upon Alfred's coins is exceptionally great. 
 
 EDWEARD THE ELDER, 901-925. 
 
 Obverse, bust, cross, star, or other device, and name EAD- 
 VVEARD REX SAXONVM. On some there is no device, and the 
 name is arranged in three lines across the coin. Reverse, cross, 
 building, bird, flower, or other device, and moneyer's name, 
 etc., of which there are about 130 varieties known. 
 
 AETHELSTAN, 925-941. 
 
 Obverse, crowned bust or cross, and ' name JETHELSTAN, 
 ETHELSTAN, ^EDELSTAN, or abbreviated ; R or REX, or REX 
 SAXORVM, or REX TOTIVS BRITANNIA, etc. Reverse, cross, 
 building, or other device, and name of moneyer, etc. On some 
 the name is in lines across the coin, and some are devoid of all 
 ornament. The names upon these coins, of towns where minted, 
 are Derby, Bath, Southampton, Canterbury, Exeter, York, 
 Gloucester, Hereford, Leicester, London, Langport, Norwich, 
 Oxford, Rochester, Shaftesbury, Shrewsbury, Nottingham, 
 Stafford, Worcester, Wallingford, Wareham, and Winchester, 
 and the number of known varieties of moneyers' names closely 
 approaches 220.
 
 AND ANGLO-SAXON COINS. 29 
 
 EADMUND, 941-946. 
 
 Obverse, bust, or cross and name, as EADMVND, or EDMEVNDI, 
 REX. Revei-se, small cross in centre of inner circle and money- 
 er's name, or the name in lines across. The places of mintage 
 are London, York, Exeter. Southampton, Leicester, Oxford, 
 and Norwich, and the number of varieties of moneyer's names 
 over 1 60. 
 
 EADRED, 946-955. 
 
 Obverse, bust, or cross, etc., and name, as EADRED or ETH- 
 RED REX, or REX ANGLOR, or REX SAXORVM. Reverse, 
 moneyer's name, either in the usual way or in lines across, and 
 small cross or other device. The known towns of mintage on 
 these coins are Exeter, Lincoln, and Norwich, and the number 
 of varieties of moneyers' names is over 160. 
 
 EADWIG, 955-959- 
 
 Obverse, bust or cross, and name, as EADWIG REX. Reverse, 
 moneyer's name, etc., in usual way or in lines, with cross or 
 other device. The towns of mintage are Exeter, Bedford, York, 
 Southampton, Hereford, Huntingdon, London, Norwich, Wor- 
 cester, and Winchester, and there are sixty known varieties of 
 moneyers' names. 
 
 SOLE MONARCHS. EADGAR, 959-975. 
 
 Obverse, bust or cross, and name, as EADGAR REX, or REX 
 ANGLOR, or other abbreviation of ANGLORVM, or TO BI, or 
 TOTIVS BRITANNIA. Reverse, moneyer's names, etc. The towns 
 of mintage are Bath, Bedford, Canterbury, Derby, Exeter, 
 Ely, York, Canterbury, Gloucester, Ipswich, Southampton, Ro- 
 chester, Huntingdon, Tutberge, Lewes, Leicester, Lyminge, 
 Lincoln, Lynn, London, Malmesbury, Norwich, Oxford, 
 Shrewsbury, St. Edmundsbury, Stamford, Thetford, Teign- 
 mouth, Wallingford, Winchelsea, Wilton, and Winchester ; and 
 the varieties in names of moneyers are almost innumerable. 
 
 EADWARD (II.) THE MARTYR, 975-978. 
 
 Obverse, bust, or cross, and name, as EADPEARD or EADV- 
 VEARD, REX, ANG, ANL, or ANGLORVM, more or le.ss abbre- 
 viated. Reverse, moneyers', etc., names as usual. The towns 
 of mintage are Bath, Bedford, Canterbury, Chester, Derby, 
 Exeter, York, Ipswich, Gloucester, Cambridge, Southampton, 
 Hertford, Lewes, Leicester, Lincoln, Lyminge, Lydford, 
 London, Norwich, Oxford, St. Edmundsbury, Stamford, Tarn-
 
 ANCIENT BRITISH 
 
 worth, Thetford, and Winchester ; the varieties in names of 
 moneyers being above a hundred. 
 
 AETHELRED II., 978-1016. 
 
 Obverse, bust of varied character with or without sceptre, etc. , 
 or Agnus Dei, with name, as ^EDELRED, EDELRED, or EDELR^D, 
 REX, ANG, ANGL, ANGM, or ANGLORVM, etc. Reverse, various 
 crosses and other devices, or hand from heaven between A u, 
 and moneyer and town names. The known names of mintages 
 are Bath, Bedford, Buckingham, Canterbury, Cambridge, 
 Chichester, Chester, Colchester, Derby, Dublin, Dover, Dor- 
 chester, Exeter, Godalming, Gloucester, Ilchester, Ipswich, 
 Hertford, Hereford, Huntingdon, Jedburgh, Shaftesbury, 
 Shrewsbury, Southampton, Sudbury, Lewes, Lancaster, Lei- 
 cester, Lyminge, Lincoln, London, Lydford, Maldon, Malmes- 
 bury, Norwich, Oxford, Reading, Winchester, Castle Rising, 
 Rochester, Stafford, Thetford, Totnes, Torksey, Warwick, 
 Wallingford, Watchet, Worcester, Wilton, and Winchester. 
 
 CNUT, 1016-1035. 
 
 Obverse, bust, much varied, on some mitred, with or without 
 sceptre, and name, as CNVT, REX, RECX, RECCX, or RXC ; A, 
 AN, ANGL, or ANGLORUM, etc. Reverse, various crosses, etc., 
 and moneyers' and town names. Of the latter the following 
 are known : Bardney, Bath, Bedford, Bristol, Buckingham, 
 Cadbury, Chichester, Cambridge, Castle Rising, Chepstow, 
 Chester, Chichester, Canterbury, Colchester, Cricklade, Crew- 
 kerne, Dorchester, Dublin, Exeter, Ely, Ilchester, Ipswich, 
 Gloucester, Godmanchester, Hastings, Hertford, Hereford, 
 Huntingdon, Hythe, Lewes, Leyton, Langport, Leicester, 
 Lydford, London, Maldon, Malmesbury, Norwich, Notting- 
 ham, Oxford, Ribchester, Romney, Rochester, Salisbury, Sand- 
 wich, Southampton, Shaftesbury, Shrewsbury, Steyning, Stam- 
 ford, Stafford, Southwark, Taunton, Thetford, Totnes,
 
 AND ANGLO-SAXON COINS. 31 
 
 Warwick, Watchet, Wallingford, Worcester, Wilton, Win- 
 chester, and York. 
 
 HAROLD I., 1035-1040. 
 
 Obverse, bust, varied, and name, as HARALD, HAROLD, HLOD, 
 or HARE . . ., R, RE, REX, or RECX, A, or AN. Reverse, 
 cross, varied, and names of moneyer and town. The mint towns 
 are Bath, Bedford, Bristol, Canterbury, Cambridge, Chichester, 
 Colchester, Dover, Exeter, Ipswich, Lewes, Leicester, Lincoln, 
 London, Norwich, Oxford, Rochester, Salisbury, Southampton, 
 Nottingham, Stafford, Thetford, Warwick, Wilton, Wallingford, 
 Worcester, Winchester, and York. 
 
 HARTHACNUT, 1040-1042. 
 
 Obverse, bust, varied, and name, as HARTHACNVT, HARTHE- 
 CNVT, ARTHECNVT, HARNATHECN, or abbreviations, R, RE, or 
 REX, and in one instance, AN. Reverse, cross, varied, and moneyer 
 and town names. The latter, as known, are Bath, Bristol, 
 Chester, Dover, Exeter, Guildford, Gloucester, Hereford, Hunt- 
 ingdon, London, Lincoln, Norwich, Nottingham, Oxford, 
 Salisbury, Stamford, Steyning, Southwark, Warwick, Worcester, 
 and Winchester. 
 
 EDWARD THE CONFESSOR, 1042-1066. 
 
 Obverse, bust, varied, or king seated on throne with ful, 
 regalia, and name, asEDWERD, EDWARD, EDWEARD, EADWARD! 
 
 EADVVEARDVS, EADVEARD, etc., R, RE, or REX, ANGLORVM, 
 
 more or less abbreviated. Reverse, cross, varied, and other de- 
 vices, or PAX across the field, or the arms, a cross between four 
 martlets, etc., and moneyers' and mintage town names, among 
 the known places of which are Aylesbury, Bath, Derby, Hast- 
 ings, Southampton, Bedford, Bedwin, Berkeley, Bristol, Can- 
 terbury, Chichester, Cricklade, Colchester, Salisbury, Dover, 
 Dorchester, St. Edmundsbury, Exeter, Lewes, York, Ilchester, 
 Ipswich, Gloucester, Guildford, Hastings, Cambridge, Southamp- 
 ton, Hertford, Hereford, Horningdon, Huntingdon, Hythe,
 
 32 ANCIENT BRITISH AND ANGLO-SAXON COINS. 
 
 Longport, Leicester, Chester, Lincoln, London, Maldon, Mai- 
 mesbury, Newport, Norwich, Oxford, Castle Rising, Rochester, 
 Winchester, Sandwich, Shaftesbury, Shrewsbury, Nottingham, 
 Stamford, Stafford, Steyning, Sudbury, Southwark, Tamworth, 
 Taunton, Thetford, Teignmouth, Warwick, Wallingford 
 Watchet, Wareham, Worcester, Wilton, Winchester, and York. 
 About two thousand coins of this king were found near Steyning 
 
 HAROLD II., 1066. 
 
 Although Harold reigned only nine months before his death 
 at the battle of Hastings, there are several varieties of his coins 
 known. They have the bust on the obverse, with the name 
 HAROLD REX ANG, or ANGL ; and on the reverse the word PAX 
 across the field within the inner circle, and the moneyers' and 
 mintage town names. The names of known towns are Hastings, 
 Bedford, Bristol, Canterbury, Chichester, Colchester, Cricklade, 
 Derby, Dover, York, Exeter, Ilchester, Guildford, Ipswich, 
 Gloucester, Cambridge, Hereford, Southampton, Huntingdon, 
 Lewes, Leicester, Chester, Lincoln, London, Maldon, Norwich, 
 Oxford, Rochester, Romney, Shaftesbury, Nottingham, Shrews- 
 bury, Stamford, Steyning, Southwark, Taunton, Thetford, 
 Warwick, Wallingford, Wareham, Winchester, Worcester, and 
 Wilton ; and the variety in the names of moneyers numbers over 
 a hundred. 
 
 SAINTS AND ECCLESIASTICS. 
 
 Coins bearing the names of St. Eadmund, St. Peter, and St. 
 Martin. Of the first of these nearly 1800 %vere found at Cuer- 
 dale, and therefore they must have been struck before 905 ; they 
 bear in one form or other the name of the saint. The next, 
 vulgarly known as " Peter's Pence," are supposed to have been 
 struck somewhere between 905 and 941 ; and those of St. Martin 
 from 921 to 942. 
 
 Archbishops, bishops and abbots, were in early times per- 
 mitted to coin money. Those known before the time of ^Ethel- 
 stan's decree that all the money in the kingdom should be 
 uniform, are the following : of Canterbury, Archbishops Jaen- 
 brht, 736-790 ; ^thelheard, 790-803 ; Vulfred, 803-830 ; 
 Ceolnoth, 830-870 ; Ethered, 871-891 ; and Plegmund, 891- 
 923. Of York, Archbishops Eanbald, 796 ; and -Vigmund, 
 831-854-
 
 ENGLISH COINS, 
 
 M<OM THE CONQUEST DOWN TO THE REIGN 
 OF VICTORIA.
 
 ENGLISH COINS. 
 
 FROM THE CONQUEST DOWN TO THE REIGN 
 OF QUEEN VICTORIA. 
 
 WILLIAM I. AND WILLIAM II. 
 (1066 to 1087, and 1087 to uoo.) 
 
 THE coins of William the Conqueror and his son William Rufuss 
 cannot, with any degree of certainty, be distinguished the one from 
 the other ; their appropriation is therefore purely conjectural. 
 DENOMINATIONS. Silver. Pennies only. 
 
 OBVERSE. Type. Crowned bust, sometimes full-faced, at others 
 in dexter or sinister profile ; on some the shoulders and arm ex- 
 tending to the edge of the coin, on others the whole confined 
 within the inner circle ; sometimes with tassel, or pendant, hanging 
 from the crown on either side ("bonnet" type), or with a canopy 
 over the head ("canopy" type). On one or both sides of the bust 
 is generally a sceptre, or star ; or sceptre on one side and star on 
 the other ; or sword. Those usually ascribed to the first William 
 are those with the sceptres only ; the others are attributed to William 
 II. But this is entirely supposititious. 
 
 Legend. PILEM.* PILELM. PILLEM. PILLELM. PILEMV. PIL- 
 
 LEMV. PILLEMVS, CtC. R. Or REX. A. AN. ANG. ANGL. ANGLO. 
 ANGLOR., etc. 
 
 REVERSE. Type. Crosses in considerable variety, including 
 fleury, battonee, annulse, voided, etc. ; others terminating in pellets, 
 knots, etc. ; cross and saltire ; cross and lozenge ; cross and an- 
 nulets, etc. One type of common occurrence has, in circles between 
 the limbs of the cross, the letters P A X s. In all cases the device 
 is confined within the inner circle. 
 
 It should be observed that the P is the Saxon W. 
 34
 
 HANDBOOK OF ENGLISH COINS. ' 35 
 
 Legend. Mint master's and town names, as GODPINE ON LIN, 
 which signifies that it was struck by Godwine of Lincoln ; SIPORD 
 ON PINC, by Siward of Winchester ; ESBRN ON SERBR, by Osbern 
 of Salisbury ; SIBODE ON LVNDEN ; and so on. About sixty or 
 seventy different places of mintage are known. 
 
 Rarity. Some scarce ; those with the canopy over the head 
 exceedingly so. Those with p A xs are common. 
 
 HENRY I. (noo to 1135.) 
 
 DENOMINATIONS. Silver. Pennies only. 
 
 OBVERSE. Type. Crowned bust, sometimes full-faced, at others 
 three-quarter faced, or in dexter or sinister profile ; generally with a 
 sceptre in the right hand, sometimes one, two, or three stars, or a 
 rose before the face. In some instances the figure is half length and 
 full robed, showing right hand holding sceptre, and left extended. 
 There are many varieties. 
 
 Legend. H. HNRI. HNRE. HENRI. HENRIE. HENRIC. HNRICVS. 
 or HENRICVS. R. RE. Or REX. A. AN. ANG. Or ANGL. 
 
 REVERSE. Type. Crosses of the same general character as those 
 of previous monarchs ; quatrefoils with crosses, pellets, bezants, 
 roses, etc., in them ; others the letters PAX, bars and annulets. 
 
 Legend. Mint master's and town names. About eighty moneyers' 
 names are known. One example has the legend in two circles. 
 
 Rarity. All rare ; some types extremely so. 
 
 STEPHEN. (1135 to 1154.) 
 
 DENOMINATIONS. Silver. Pennies only. 
 
 OBVERSE. Type. Crowned bust, sometimes almost full-faced, 
 but generally in dexter profile ; sceptre, mace, lance, or flag in the 
 right hand. On one are two figures, variously surmised to be
 
 36 ' HANDBOOK OF ENGLISH COINS. 
 
 Stephen and Henry, and Stephen and Matilda, represented standing 
 side by side, hand clasped in hand, and between them a sceptre. 
 Legend, s. STE. STEF. STEFN. STIFN. STIEN. STEFNE. STEIFNE. 
 
 STIEFEN. STIEFNEI. STIFNE. STEFENERE. STEP. STEPHEN I. 
 STEFANVS, Or STEPHANVS. R. Or REX. 
 
 REVERSE. Type. Crosses, etc., in great variety, all within the 
 inner circle ; some have the space usually allotted to the legend 
 filled with various little devices, as roses, escallops, etc. ; the 
 Stephen and Henry (or Matilda) is of this kind. One example, 
 struck at Derby, has within the inner circle a double cross, between 
 the limbs of which are four martlets. 
 
 Legend. Mint master's and town names, of which there are many 
 varieties. 
 
 Rarity. All very rare. The Stephen and Henry (or Matilda) at 
 Tyssen's sale, in 1802, brought ten guineas, and at Dimsdale's, in 
 1824, thirteen pounds two shillings and sixpence, and later, much 
 higher prices. 
 
 Other coins bear the name of Eustace, son of Stephen (EVSTACIVS. 
 EISTCHIVS, etc.) ; Matilda (MA[T]ILD[A] IM[PERATRIX], etc.); Wil- 
 liam, second son of Stephen (WILLELMVS. LVI LLEM DVD) ; 
 Earl of Warwick ; Robert Earl of Gloucester ; and Henry Bishop 
 of Winchester (HENRICVS EPC.) ; all rare. 
 
 HENRY II. (1154 to 1189.) 
 
 DENOMINATIONS. Silver. Pennies only. 
 
 OBVERSE. Type. Crowned bust, full-faced or profile ; sceptre 
 in his right hand, generally held upright, but on some leaned on the 
 shoulder. In one instance, with three stars before the face. 
 . Legend. HENRI. R. RE. or REX. A. AN. ANG. or ANGL. 
 
 REVERSE. Type. Cross patee, with four small ones, one in 
 each quarter ; all within the inner circle. 
 
 Legend. Mint master's and town names ; as, WALTER ON LV. 
 (Walter of London), IOHAN ON LUNDEN (John of London), and 
 so on. 
 
 Rarity. All rare. 
 
 RICHARD I. (1189 to 1199.) 
 
 DENOMINATIONS. Silver. Pennies and Halfpennies. 
 
 OBVERSE. Type. The only coins known of this monarch are 
 those struck at Poictou and Aquitaine ; they have no bust, merely a 
 plain cross patde. No English examples have as yet been dis- 
 covered ; the Evesham ones, etc. , were forged by White. 
 
 Legend. RICARDVS. RE. or REX. 
 
 REVERSE. In three lines across the coin 
 
 PIC 
 TAVIE 
 
 NSIS. 
 
 or ACVITAINE. No device. 
 Rarity. Extremely rare.
 
 HANDBOOK OF ENGLISH COINS. 37 
 
 JOHN. (1199 to 1216.) 
 
 DENOMINATIONS. Silver. Pennies, Halfpennies, and Farthings. 
 
 OBVERSE. Type. No English coins of John are known, but 
 there are abundant proofs that coins were during his reign struck 
 to a considerable extent in England. The supposition, amounting 
 almost to a certainty, is that the "short cross " pennies of Henry II. 
 continued to be struck and issued during this reign as well as in the 
 early part of the next. The Irish coins of John have Penny, full- 
 faced, crowned bust, within a triangle, sceptre in the right hand ; 
 on the left of the head a rose. Halfpenny and Farthing, head in 
 triangle, on either side a star ; one variety of halfpenny, called 
 the "full moon halfpenny," has the face filling up the whole field 
 of the coin, the inner circle forming the outline of the face. 
 
 Legend. IOHAN. or IOHANNES. REX or DOM. or DO. the 
 latter has IOHANNES DOM. ; Farthing, WILLEM ON. 
 
 REVERSE. Type. Penny and Halfpenny, within a triangle a 
 crescent, above which is a star or cross. Penny, a star at each 
 point and side of triangle ; Halfpenny, star on either side the 
 crescent; Farthing, within a triangle a star; "full moon" half- 
 penny, a voided cross between four annulets, within inner circle. 
 
 Legend. Mint master's and town names ; as ROBERD ON DIVE., 
 for Robert of Dublin ; WILLEM ON LI, or WILLEM ON LIME, 
 for William of Limerick ; or WILLEM ON WA, for William, of 
 Waterford. The Farthing has IOHANNES and DW (Dublin) in con- 
 tinuation of obverse. 
 
 Rarity. All very rare, the Farthing more particularly so. 
 
 HENRY III. (1216 to 1272.) 
 
 DENOMINATIONS. Gold, Penny. Silver, Pennies only. 
 
 OBVERSE. Type. Silver Penny. Full face, crowned in some, 
 without neck or shoulders ; on some, on the right of the head (in 
 the legend), a hand holding a sceptre over the head ; in some, a 
 mullet or star, in others a crescent and mullet. 
 
 Legend. HERICVS. or HENRICVS. REX. or REX ANG. in. TER. 
 or TERCI. The legends of these coins are remarkable for the letters 
 in many instances being conjoined. 
 
 REVERSE. Type. There are two mintages. The early one (called 
 " short cross pennies") has a voided cross within the inner circle. 
 and four pellets conjoined in each compartment ; but the practice of 
 clipping and filing the moneys had been carried to such an extent, 
 that about 1248 Henry issued a new coinage, called "long cross 
 pennies," with the same cross, but extending through to the outer 
 edge, thereby rendering any mutilation visible. The cross is a voided 
 or double one, each end terminating in a pellet, and one in the 
 centre ; three pellets were now inserted in each compartment instead 
 of four, and not conjoined. 
 
 Legend. Mint master's and town names ; some have TER. 01 
 TERCI. added ; as, TER. RI ON LVND. in continuation of obverse.
 
 38 HANDBOOK OF ENGLISH COINS. 
 
 One variety reads LIE TERCI LON, being a continuation of HENRICVS 
 REX ANG. of the obverse ; this, in full, would be " HENRICVS REX 
 
 ANGLIE TERCI. LON." 
 
 Rarity. Not uncommon ; those with TERCI. and REX ANG. rare. 
 
 Gold. The Gold Penny of Henry III. was the first gold coin 
 struck by any English monarch ; it is therefore important as marking 
 a new era in numismatics. The weight is forty-five grains, and it is 
 of pure, unalloyed gold. On the obverse is a full length robed and 
 crowned figure of the king seated on a throne or chair of state, with 
 sceptre in right hand, and orb and cross in the left. Legend HENRIC 
 REX in. Reverse, a long double or voided cross and pellets, a rose 
 between the pellets in each compartment. This coin has fetched 
 at sales as much as ^140. 
 
 From this time till Edward III., no other gold coins were struck 
 by English monarchs. 
 
 EDWARD I. (1272 to 1307.) 
 
 DENOMINATIONS. Silver. Penny, Halfpenny, and Farthing. 
 
 OBVERSE. Type. Crowned full-faced bust of the king, with 
 neck and part of the shoulders draped ; crown, consisting of three 
 fleurs-de-lis, and two lozenges, balls, or points ; beneath the rim of 
 the crown, on the forehead, is a row of from one to five pearls ; the 
 hair, which is very abundant, stands out a considerable distance on 
 either side the face, and curled ; the whole within the inner circle. 
 The Irish mintages are distinguished by having the head in a triangle, 
 the legend running on its three sides ; there are one or two specimens 
 of English coins with the triangle, but they are very rare. 
 
 Legend. E. EDW. [EDWA. EDWAR. EDWARD. EDWARDVS.] R. 
 
 REX. or D.G.R. A. AN. ANG Or ANGL. D H. or DNS HYB. There 
 
 are many opinions respecting the Pennies of the first three Edwards. 
 The one most generally received is, that those with the name con-
 
 HANDBOOK OF ENGLISH COINS. 59 
 
 traded to EDW. belong to Edward I. ; those with the name in full 
 EDWARD, to Edward III. ; and the intermediate varieties to Edward 
 II. It remains still, however, a vexed question, and one not easy 
 of solution. 
 
 REVERSE. Type. A plain cross, with its terminations enlarged, 
 extending through to the outer edge of the coin and dividing the 
 legend into four parts ; three pellets in each compartment within the 
 inner circle. 
 
 Legend. In every instance except one, which has a moneyer's 
 name, ROBERTVs DE HADL., or ROBERT DE HADELIE, consists of 
 the name of the city or town where struck ; as, CIVITAS LONDON. 
 
 VILL BEREWICI. VILLA BRISTOLLIE. CIVITAS EBORACI. CIVITAS 
 CANTOR. CIVITAS DVREME. CIVITAS LINCOL. VILL SCI EDMVNDI. 
 CIVITAS CESTRIE. CIVITAS EXONIE. VIL NOVI CASTRI. VILL 
 
 KYNGESTON, etc. 
 
 Rarity. Pennies common, with the exception of a few mintages. 
 The Halfpenny and Farthing very rare, the Farthing particularly so. 
 
 EDWARD II. (1307 to 1327.) 
 
 DENOMINATIONS. Silver. Pennies, Halfpennies, and Farthings 
 As I have just remarked, the coins bearing intermediate abbre- 
 viations of the king's name, between EDW. and EDWARD, are, more 
 for convenience than by right, appropriated to this monarch. The 
 description just given will therefore apply to the coins of this reign. 
 
 EDWARD III. (1327101377.) 
 
 DENOMINATIONS. Silver. Groat, Halfgroat, Penny, Halfpenny 
 and Fart'.iing. Gold. Florin, Half-florin, Quarter-florin ; Noble, 
 Half-noble, and Quarter-noble. 
 
 OBVERSE. Type. Groat and Half-groat, head same as Edward 
 I.'s, within a circle formed of nine arches, fleury ; Pennies, Half- 
 pennies, and Farthings, as Edward I.'s. 
 Legend. Groat, EDWARD. DEI. G. REX. ANGL. DNS. HY. z. AQT. ; 
 
 Or EDWAR. or EDWARD D. G. REX. ANGL. Z. FRANC. D. H.Y., Or HYB. 
 
 or HIBE. Half-groat, EDWARDVS. REX. ANGL. (or ANGLI.) DNS. 
 HYB. , or z. FRANCI or FRANCIE. ; or ANGL. FRA. z. HI. Penny, 
 
 EDWARD or EDWARDVS. D. G. Or DI. GRA. R. or REX. ANGL. 
 ANGLI. or ANGLIE. D. or DNS. HYB. Z. FRA. FRANC. Or FRANCI. 
 
 REVERSE. Type. Cross and pellets as his predecessor; one 
 limb of the cross of the Durham coins terminating in a crozier. 
 
 Legend. Groat and Half-groat. In the outer circle, POSVI DEVM 
 ADIVTOREM MEVM, or MEV. Inner circle, town name where struck ; 
 as, CIVITAS LONDON or CIVITAS EBORACI. Pennies, etc., town, 
 etc., names. 
 
 Rarity. Calais Groat very rare ; Halfpence and Farthings rare ; 
 all others not uncommon. 
 
 Gold. Florins (six shillings), Half-florins (three shillings), and 
 Quarter-florins (eighteenpence) ; Nobles (six and eightpence), 
 Half-nobles, or Maille-nobles (three and fourpence), and Quarter 
 or Ferling-nobles (twenty pence). Florin : obverse, the king crowned
 
 HANDBOOK OF ENGLISH COINS. 
 
 and robed, seated under a canopy, with sceptre in right hand and 
 orb and cross in the left ; on the robe a fleur-de-lis ; two lions, one 
 on each side the throne : reverse, within a quatrefoil a short beaded 
 cross with foliated ends ; in each of the angles between the four 
 limbs a lion, or leopard, surmounted with a crown. Half-florin : 
 a lion, crowned ; a mantle, or banner, charged with the royal 
 arms, hung from his neck : reverse, within a quatrefoil a foliated 
 cross having a lion in each angle ; legend, DOMING NE IN FVRORF, 
 TVO ARGVAS ME, and variations. Quarter-florin : helmet, with lam- 
 berquins and crest of lion, field seme'-de-li.s ; reverse, richly foliated 
 cross ; legend, EXALTABITVR IN GLORIA. Noble and Half-noble, 
 king in armour, crowned, standing in a ship, with sword in his right 
 hand, and in his left a shield of England and France quarterly ; 
 reverse, in a tressure of eight arches a rich foliated cross, in each 
 angle a lion surmounted by a crown, a fleur-de-lis at the end of each 
 limb of the cross ; legend, IHC TRANSIENS PER MEDIVM ILLORVM 
 IBAT, with variations. Quarter-noble : an escutcheon with the arms 
 of France and England, quarterly, within a tressure of eight foils. 
 All more or less rare. A Florin has sold for ,113 ; a Quarter-florin 
 for jiyo. 
 
 RICHARD II. (1377 to 1399.) 
 
 DENOMINATIONS. Silver. Groat, Half-groat, Penny, Half- 
 penny, and Farthing. Gold. Noble, Half-noble, and Quarter-noble. 
 
 OBVERSE. Type. Groat and Half-groat, crowned bust within 
 a tressure of nine arches, as his predecessor ; the Penny, Half- 
 penny, and Farthing similar to the last reigns. 
 
 Legend. RICARD. RICARDVS. D. G. DI. G. or DI. GRA. R. REX. 
 
 ANG. ANGL. Or ANGLIE. Z. FRA. FRANC. Or FRANCIE. 
 
 REVERSE. Type and Legend. Similar to the preceding reign ; on 
 some, a rose in the centre of the cross. 
 
 Rarity. All rare. 
 
 Gold. Nobles, Half-nobles, and Quarter -nobles ; same types as 
 before, with only the necessary change in the legend. All rare ; the 
 Half-noble particularly so.
 
 HANDBOOK OF ENGLISH COINS. 
 
 4' 
 
 HEXRY IV. (1399 to 1413.) 
 
 DENOMINATIONS. Silver. Groat, Half-groat, Penny, Half- 
 penny, and Farthing. Gold. Noble, Half-noble, and Quarter-noble. 
 
 OBVERSE. Type. All his coins like his predecessor's ; (the head 
 within the circle of arches on the Groat and Half-groat ;) and are only 
 to be distinguished from those of his successors Henry V. and VI. 
 by weight. The Groat weighs seventy-two grains, the others of 
 course of proportionate weights. 
 
 Legend. HENRIC. or HENRICVS. D. G. or m. GRA. REX. ANGL. 
 
 or ANGLIE. Z. FRAN, or FRANC. D. Or DNS. HI. HIB. Or HYB. Z. 
 
 AQ. or AQE., etc. 
 
 REVERSE. Type. As his predecessor's; the pellets in two of 
 the quarters are joined together by an annulet. 
 
 Legend. Groat and Half-groat ; POSVI DEVM ADIVTOREM MEV 
 or MEVM in outer circle, and name of town, as ci VITAS LONDON, 
 in inner one. Pennies, etc., names of towns, as CIVITAS EBORACI, 
 etc. 
 
 Rarity. Not uncommon ; Groat rarest. 
 
 Gold. Noble, Half-noble, and Quarter-noble, same as Richard 
 II. , with only alteration of name. All rare ; first coinage particularly 
 
 HENRY V. (1413 to 1422.) 
 
 His coins are precisely like Henry IV. ; no distinguishing mark 
 has as yet been discovered, so that what is said of the one will 
 equally apply to the other.
 
 42 HANDBOOK OF ENGLISH COINS. 
 
 HENRY VI. (1422101461.) 
 
 DENOMINATIONS. Silver. Groat, Half-groat, Penny, Halfpenny, 
 and Farthing. Gold. Noble, Half-noble, Quarter-noble, and, 
 later, Angel, and Half-angel or Angelet. 
 
 Silver. Same in every respect with the preceding ones, the only 
 distinction being by weight, and minor differences, which are not to 
 be taken as certain indications for appropriation ; the weight of the 
 earlier Groat being 60 grains, and the later, or "light coinage," 48, 
 and the other coins in proportion ; the 48 grains Groat very rare. 
 
 Gold. Noble, Half-noble, and Quarter-noble, as before. The 
 
 Angel, and Angelet or Half-angel, bear on the obverse a winged 
 and nimbed figure of the Archangel Michael standing upon a dragon, 
 which he is transfixing through the mouth with a spear, the upper 
 end of which terminates in a cross crosslet. 
 Legend. HENRIC m GRA REX ANGL z FRANC. ; 01 HENRIC 
 
 DEI GRA REX ANGL Z FR. 
 
 REVERSE. A ship with a large plain cross in place of mast, on 
 which is a shield of the royal arms. On the dexter side of the cross 
 a letter H, on the sinister a fleur-de-lis. 
 
 Legend. PER CRVSE TV A SALVA NOS XPE REDETOR. ; or me 
 
 AVTE TRANSIENS PER MEDIV ILORV. ; or O CRVX AVE SPES VNICA. 
 
 Rarity. All rare. 
 
 EDWARD IV. (1461 to 1483.) 
 
 DENOMINATIONS. Silver. Groat, Half-groat, Penny, Half- 
 penny, and Farthing. Gold. Noble, Rose-noble Royal or Rial, 
 Half-noble or Half-rial, 'Quarter-noble or Quarter-rial, Angel, an 
 Angelet or Half-angel. 
 
 OBVERSE. Type. The general types of his silver coins are same 
 as those of his predecessors. The Groat and Half-groat have the 
 bust within the circle of arches; Penny, Halfpenny, and Farthing, 
 the same as before. Some have the royal badge of the House of 
 York, the rose, on either side the neck of the bust, and others an 
 annulet and rose, or four pellets, etc., on the breast ; others with the 
 initial letter of the town. 
 
 Legend. EDWARD. With titles as before. On the Farthing 
 EDWARD REX ANGL.
 
 HANDBOOK OF ENGLISH COINS. 4J 
 
 REVERSE. Type. Similar to the others. 
 
 Legend. On Groat and Half-groat. POSVI DEVM ADIVTORR 
 MEVM in the outer circle, and name of town in the inner. On the 
 lesser coins the names of towns only, as CIVITAS LONDON, etc. 
 
 Gold. Noble. Same type as his predecessor. Rial or Rose- 
 noble, and its Half, much the same general type, but with arose on 
 the side of the ship, beneath the king and letter E on the flag. 
 
 REVERSE. Within a tressure as before a sun of sixteen rays in 
 place of limbs of the cross, the lions and crowns and the termina- 
 tions of the limbs remaining. 
 
 Legend. As before. Quarter-rial : arms as before within a quatre- 
 foil ; there are several minor varieties. Angel and angelet as before. 
 The sun and the rose were badges of the House of York. 
 
 EDWARD V. (1483.) 
 
 THERE are some gold and silver coins exactly similar to those of 
 Edward IV., but bearing as mint marks a boar's head, a rose-en- 
 soleil, or a rose-en-soleil on one side and boar's head on the other, 
 that are conjectured to have been issued by this youthful king by 
 authority and order of his uncle the "Protector," afterwards Richard 
 III., whose badges they bear. They are extremely rare. 
 
 RICHARD III. (1483 to 1485.) 
 
 DENOMINATIONS. Silver. Groat, Half-groat, Penny, and Half- 
 penny. Gold. Angel, and Angelet or Half-angel. 
 
 OBVERSE. Type. As his predecessors' ; the only difference being 
 the alteration of name in the legend ; on some he has a cross on the 
 breast ; mint marks, a boar's head, and rose-en-soleil. 
 
 Legend. RICARD. D. G. orGRA. REX. AN. ANG. or ANGL. z. 
 FRANC. 
 
 REVERSE. Type. As before, but with the different mint marks 
 and badges. 
 
 Legend. As before, Groat and Half-groat, POSVI DEVM ADIVTORE 
 MEVM, in outer, and name of town in inner circle. Penny aad Half- 
 penny, name of town only, as CIVITAS LONDON. Angel, PER 
 CRVSEM (or CRVCE) TV A SALVA NOS XPE REDEMPT. Half-angel, 
 
 O CRVX AVE SPES VNICA. 
 
 Rarity. All rare, those with M. M., a boar's head, especially so. 
 
 HENRY VII. (1485101509.) 
 
 DENOMINATIONS. Silver. Testoon or Shilling, Groat, Half- 
 groat, Penny, Halfpenny, and Farthing. Gold. Rose-noble or Rial, 
 Angel, Angelet or Half-angel, Sovereign or Double-rial, and Double- 
 sovereign. 
 
 OBVERSE. Tvpe. To this monarch we owe the great change 
 which has been, since his reign, gradually improving in coins. In 
 the first issue, his coins very closely resemble those of Henry VI. 
 Bust crowned with an open double-arched crown, now first used ; 
 some have a key on either side the Bust. In the i8th year of his 
 reign his coins assumed a very different character. The circle of
 
 44 
 
 HANDBOOK OF ENGLISH COINS, 
 
 arches was discarded ; the head (which, for the first time, may be 
 considered as a portrait) is represented in dexter profile, crowned 
 with a double or single arched crown, with the ball and cross on top. 
 The Penny of his later issue has the king sitting in a chair of state, 
 crowned, sceptre in his right, and globe in his left, hand. 
 
 Legend. H. HENRIC or HENKICVS. vn. or SEPTIM. D. G. Dl. 
 
 or DEI. G. Or GRA REX. A. AN. ANG. ANGL. AGL. Or ANGLIE. Z. 
 F. FR. FRAN. FRANC. DNS. HIBN, IBAR. OF IBARNC. 
 
 REVERSE. Type. In his first coinage are the cross and pellets, 
 but in his subsequent one the cross (fleury) is retained, but in the 
 place of the pellets is a shield, France and England quarterly. The 
 cross dividing the shield. 
 
 Legend. POSVI DEVM ADIVTOREM MEVM and its usual abbrevia- 
 tions. On the Groats and Half-groats the inner circle of legend bear- 
 ing name of town is dismissed, its place being filled with the shield. 
 In this reign the Testoon or Shilling makes its first appearance. 
 
 Rarity. Penny of first coinage extremely rare ; Halfpenny rare ; 
 others common. Second coinage, Shilling with vn., Groat with 
 SEPTIM., and Penny, rare ; others far from uncommon. 
 
 Gold. The Sovereign and Double-sovereign now make their 
 appearance ; they have on the obverse the king, fully robed, sitting 
 on arichly canopied throne, crowned, sceptre in his right, and orb and 
 cross in his left, hand ; reverse within a tressure of ten arches a large 
 double rose, in the centre of which is a shield bearing the arms of 
 France and England quarterly. In the space between the arches of 
 the tressure and the outer petals of the rose are, alternately through- 
 out, a lion and a fleur-de-lis. There are several varieties of this coin. 
 The Rial has the king in a ship, on the obverse as before ; on the 
 reverse a rose with royal shield in the centre as first described. Angel 
 and angelet much the same as those of his predecessors. Rial, 
 Double-sovereign, and Sovereign, rare ; others, common. 
 
 HENRY VIII. (1509 to 1547.) 
 DENOMINATIONS. Silver. Testoon or Shilling, Groat, Half- 
 
 froat, Penny, Halfpenny, Farthing. Gold. Double-sovereign, 
 overeign, Pound-sovereign, Half-sovereign, Rose-noble or Rial,
 
 HANDBOOK OF ENGLISH COINS. 45 
 
 George-noble, Angel, Angelet or Half-angel, Quarter-angel, Crown, 
 Half-crown. 
 OBVERSE. Type. His first coinage very closely resembles Henry 
 
 VII. In his I5th year the Farthing has a portcullis. In his 34th 
 year the head is almost full-faced, in a robe crowned with an open- 
 arched crown. In his 36th and 37th years, full-faced portrait, on 
 some with the cap. 
 
 Legend. H. HE. HERIC. HENRIC. or HENRICVS. vm. or 8. D. 
 
 DI. or DEI. G. GR. or GRA. A. ANG. ANGL. Or ANGLIE. FR. FRA. 
 FRAN, or FRANC. X. HIB. or HYB. R. RE. or REX. TestOOH, HERIC. 
 
 VIII. DI. GRA. AGL. FRA. Z. HIB. REX. Penny, H. D. G. ROSA SINE 
 
 SPINA ; Halfpenny the same, or abbreviated. 
 
 REVERSE. Type. First coinage, like Henry VII., with only the 
 numeral changed from VII. to VIII. ; Farthing has a rose and cross 
 or portcullis. The Testoon or Shilling has the royal rose, crowned 
 with an open-arched crown, between the royal initials H and R also 
 each crowned. The others with the cross and shield. There are 
 many varieties with different marks of towns and prelates, where 
 and by whom they were struck. 
 
 Legend. POSVI DEVM ADIVTOREM MEVM, and its abbreviations 
 on the Shilling and Groat. Half-groat, occasionally the same, or 
 with name of town. Penny and Halfpenny, name of town. Far- 
 thing, CIVITAS LONDON Or RVTILANS ROSA. 
 
 Rarity. Groat struck at Tournay, CIVITAS TORNACI. etc., very 
 rare. Henry VIII. debased his silver so much that his later coins 
 have more the appearance of brass than silver. The shillings and 
 halfpenny rare, the rest are not. 
 
 Gold. Double-sovereign, Sovereign, Half-sovereign, Rial, Half 
 and Quarter-rials, similar in general type to those of Henry VII. : 
 George-noble, with an equestrian figure of St. George riding over 
 and transfixing with a spear a dragon, on the obverse ; and on the 
 reverse a ship, a cross, between H R, for a mast, and upon it a 
 double rose. Angel and Angelet as before. Crown and Half- 
 crown obverse a double rose, etc. , crowned, between the crowned or 
 uncrowned letters H. K. (Henry and Katherine), H. A. (Henry and 
 Ann Boleyn), H. I. (Henry and Jane Seymour), or H. R. ; reverse, 
 royal arms crowned between same initials. RVTILANS ROSA SINE 
 SPINA. Half-george, Noble, Crown, and Half-crown, George- 
 noble, rare ; Rial extremely so. 
 
 EDWARD VI. (1547 to 1553.) 
 
 DENOMINATIONS. Silver. Crown, Half-crown, Testoon or 
 Shilling, Sixpence, Groat, Threepence, Half-groat, Penny, Half- 
 penny, Farthing. Gold. Treble-sovereign, Double-sovereign, 
 Sovereign or Double-rial, Half-sovereign, Quarter-sovereign or 
 Crown, Half-crown, Six-angel, Angel, Angelet. 
 
 OBVERSE. Type. First coinage, which is base in the same 
 degree as Henry VIII. 's last coinage. Testoon, etc., profile, 
 crowned with an open arched crown ; Penny and Halfpenny, some
 
 46 HANDBOOK OF ENGLISH COINS. 
 
 with crowned profile, others with the royal rose. Farthing, port, 
 cullis. 
 
 Later coinages. Crown, the king in armour, crowned, sword drawn, 
 on horseback ; to the right, under the horse, the date. Half-crown, 
 the same, sometimes with the addition of a plume on the horse's 
 head. Shilling, Sixpence, and Threepence, fullfaced bust of king 
 in robes, with the chain of the Order of the Garter round his neck, 
 crowned, a rose on the left, and the value on the right side of the 
 head. Penny, king enthroned, crowned ball and sceptre in his 
 hands, or royal rose. 
 
 Legend. E. ED. EDWAR. EDWARD. EDOARD. EDOVARD. Or ED- 
 VVARDVS. VI. Or 6. D. DEI. G. GRA. AGL. ANGL. FRA. FRANCIE. 
 Z. HIB. HIBE. HIBER. REX. etc. TeStOOll, TIMOR DOMINI FONS 
 
 VITE. MDXLIX. or MDXL.* likewise on reverse, INIMICOS EIV.I 
 
 IMDVAM CONFVSIONE. Penny, E. D. G. ROSA SINE SPINA. Crown, 
 SCVTUM FIDEI PROTEGET EVM ; Or RVTILANS ROSA SINE SPINA. 
 
 Half-sovereign, SCVTVM FIDEI PROTEGET EVM MDXLvmf; or 
 
 LVCERNA PEDIBVS MEIS VERBVM TVVM. 
 
 REVERSE. Type. One Testoon has the arms of France and 
 England in an oval shield mantled ; all others have the cross fleury, 
 and plain shield of France and England quarterly. Farthing, cross 
 and pellets. 
 
 Legend. POSVI DEVM ADIVTOREM MEVM and its abbreviations, 
 and town names. Other legends are E. R. INIMICOS EIVS INDVAM 
 
 CONFVSIONE ; TIMOR DOMINE FONS VITE | IHS. AVTE TRANSIK 
 PER MED ILLOR IBAT ; SCVTVM FIDEI PROTEGET EVM ; PER 
 CRVCEM TVAM SALVA NOS XPE. RED. ; IHESV. AVTEM TR ANSI ENS 
 
 PER MKDIVM ILLORVM IBAT ; and on some the titles appear. 
 
 Rarity. Gold coins rare, some extremely so. Silver, first coin- 
 age, the Testoon, Groat, Half-groat, and Penny, rare ; all his last 
 are tolerably common, with the exception of the Crown, Half-crown, 
 and Penny. Halfpenny and Farthing rare. 
 
 Gold. Treble-sovereigns, with the king in robes, and crowned, 
 seated on the throne, drawn sword in right, and orb in left, hand ; 
 reverse, royal arms, with supporters, a lion" and a dragon. Double- 
 sovereigns, similar figure, but with sceptre instead of sword ; a 
 portcullis at his feet. Sovereign, same as Double-sovereign, or a 
 half-length figure of the king in profile, in armour, crowned, sword 
 in right hand, orb in left ; reverse, arms of France and England, 
 crowned, with or without lion and dragon supporters ; beneath, on 
 the mantling, E. R. ;' others have the same type as the foregoing. 
 Half-sovereigns, king in chair of state ; half-length figure, and bust 
 crowned, etc. 
 
 MARY I. AND PHILIP AND MARY. (1553 to 1558.) 
 
 Married Philip of Spain, 1554. 
 DENOMINATIONS. Silver. Half-crown, Shilling, Sixpence, 
 
 * The first date that appears on any English silver coins. 
 t The first instance of a date upon an English gold coin.
 
 HANDBOOK OF ENGLISH COINS. 47 
 
 Groat, Halt-groat, Penny. Gold. Sovereign or Double-rial, Rial, 
 Angel, Angelet. 
 
 OBVERSE. Type. Before her marriage, Mary's coins have a 
 sinister bust profile, crowned, arched crown, hair long and flowing, 
 draped. One Penny, a rose instead of head. After her marriage 
 with Philip of Spain, the Shilling and Half-shilling have their busts 
 face to face, with a crown above between them : here she appears 
 with her dress up to her chin, and a head dress ; he has the stiff ruffle 
 about his neck. This arrangement of the profile heads facing each 
 other gave rise to the couplet, 
 
 ". . . cooing and billing 
 Like Philip and Mary on a shilling." 
 
 The Half-crown, which appears to be merely a pattern-piece, but 
 never issued, has on one side her bust, over which is the crown 
 between the date 1554, with the legend MARIA D. G. R. AXG. FR. 
 NEAP. PR. HISP. ; and on the other a similar bust of Philip, beneath 
 a crown, and the legend PHILIPVS D. G. R. ANG. FR. NEAP. PR. 
 HISP. Some of the coins have no date, others the date above, 
 others below the heads. 
 
 Legend. M. or MARIA. D. G. ANG. FR. FRA. z. HIB. REG. or 
 REGI. Shilling and Sixpence. PHILIP. ET. or z.; or MARIA. D. G. R. 
 
 ANG. FR. NEAP. PR. HISP. ; Or PHILIP ET MARIA D. G. REX ET 
 
 REGINA ANG. or ANGL. Some have the date as 1553 either beneath 
 the heads or by the crown. Penny, M. D. G. ROSA SINE SPINA ; or 
 
 I J . '/.. ^ET] M. D. G. ROSA SINE SPINA. 
 
 REVERSE. Type. Before the marriage, cross fleury and shield, 
 as on her predecessor's coins. After the marriage, Shilling and Six- 
 pence bear the Spanish and Neapolitan royal arms, impaling those 
 of England, in an oval shield, mantled ; surmounted by a crown, 
 between numerals for value. 
 
 Legend. Groat and Half-groat of Mary, VERITAS TEMPORIS 
 FILIA, and also abbreviated ; of Philip and Mary, POSVIMVS DEVM 
 ADIVTO NOS. Shilling and Sixpence, POSVIMVS DEVM ADIVTOREM 
 NOSTRVM, and abbreviated. Penny, CIVITAS LONDON ; or VERITAS 
 
 TEMP FILIA. 
 
 Rarity. Rose-penny rare; Half-crown, 'Half-groat, and Penny, 
 extremely so. 
 
 Gold. Sovereign or Double-rial, the queen full-robed and crowned 
 seated on the throne, in her right hand a sceptre, in the left the orb 
 and cross ; at her feet a portcullis ; reverse, within a tressure of ten 
 arches a double rose, with shield of royal arms in centre. Legend, 
 
 A. DNO. FACTV. EST ISTV. Z. EST MIRA IN. OCVL. NRIS. ("It IS 
 
 the work of the Lord, and is wonderful in our eyes.") Rial, the 
 queen crowned standing in a ship, in her right hand a drawn sword, 
 in her left a shield of arms ; in front, a rose. Same legend. Angel 
 and Angelet, with St. Michael and the Dragon as on those of pre- 
 ceding monarchs.
 
 48 HANDBOOK OF ENGLISH COINS, 
 
 ELIZABETH. (1558 to 1603.) 
 
 DENOMINATIONS. Silver. Crown, Half-crown, Shilling, Six- 
 pence, Groat, Threepence, Half-groat, Three-halfpence, Penny, 
 Three-farthing, Halfpenny. Gold. Sovereign or Double-rial, 
 Rial, Pound-sovereign, Half-sovereign, Crown, Half-crown, Angel, 
 Angelet, Quarter-angel. 
 
 OBVERSE. Type. Silver. Crown and Half-crown, sinister bust 
 profile, crowned, open double-arched crown, hair turned back, 
 draped, robe with wide puffed sleeves, stiff frill round the neck ; in 
 the right hand the sceptre, the orb as if held in the left. The Shilling, 
 Sixpence, Groat, Threepence, Half-groat, Three-halfpence, Penny, 
 Three-farthing, Halfpenny, and Farthing have also the bust profile, 
 crowned with a single-arched crown, hair long and flowing down the 
 back, draped robe, much plainer than before, and having no sceptre 
 or orb.* The Sixpence, Threepence, Three-halfpence, and Three- 
 farthing pieces are distinguished from the others by having the 
 Tudor rose behind the head. It was in reference to this distinguish- 
 ing mark of a rose behind the head that the satirist on costumes 
 wrote : 
 
 "... Behind her head a rose 
 That people cry, ' Lo ! there Three-farthings goes ! ' " 
 
 The commonest Halfpenny has a portcullis instead of the bust ; the 
 one with the bust is extremely rare. The ' ' milled " money is neater 
 in execution than the earlier ' ' hammered " pieces. The ' ' portcullis " 
 money, struck in 1601 for foreign use, has on the obverse the royal 
 arms, surmounted by a crown, between the initials E. and R., each 
 crowned, and the usual name and titles of the queen ; reverse, a 
 portcullis crowned, and the POSVI, etc., legend, 
 
 Legend. E. ELIZ. ELIZAB. or ELIZABETH. D. G. ANG. FR. (or 
 FRA.) ET. HIB. (or HiBER.) REG. (REGi or REGiNA). Three-half- 
 pence, Penny, etc., E. R., E. D. G. ROSA SINE SPINA. 
 
 REVERSE. Type. Cross fleury, or plain cross, and shield of 
 France and England ; the shield on the crown mantled. Half- 
 penny, cross and pellets. Farthing, crowned monogram of name. 
 
 Legend. POSVI DEVM ADIVTOREM MEVM, or its abbreviations ; 
 or name of town. 
 
 Gold. Sovereign, or Double-rial, same general type as the 
 Sovereign of Mary. Pound-sovereign, Half-sovereign, Crown and 
 Half-crown, sinister bust fully robed, crowned with an open 
 crown of two, four, or five arches. Rial, with the queen in a large 
 ruff, standing in a ship, crowned, etc. Angels, Angelets, and 
 Quarter-angels, St. Michael and the Dragon ; reverse, a ship, royal 
 shield in front, surmounted by a cross, with E. and a rose. Some 
 of the legends on the reverses of gold coins are, A DNO. FACTV. 
 
 EST ISTVD ET EST MIRAB. IN OCVL. NRS ; IHS. AVT TRANSIENS 
 PER MF.DIV. ILLORVM IBAT ; SCVTVM FIDEI PROTEGET EAM ; and 
 
 * One variety, the "Pudsey" Shilling and Sixpence, said to have been 
 used in the wars in Ireland, has an escallop shell filling the inner circle.
 
 HANDBOOK OF ENGLISH COINS. 49 
 
 one Rial, referring to the taking of Virginia by Sir Walter Raleigh, 
 has on its obverse ELIZAB [ETHA] D [EI] G [RATIA] ANG [LIJE] 
 FR [ANCMS] ET M [ AGN.S] PR [OVINCLS] c [APT.*;] A [VSPICIIS j i [LLI vs J 
 REGINA ("Elizabeth, by the Grace" of God, Queen of England, 
 France, and the Great Province captured under her auspices"). 
 
 In this reign pattern copper coins were struck, but never issued. 
 The Penny bore on the obverse a full-face portrait of the queen, 
 and the words THE PLEDGE OF ; and on the reverse the crowned 
 monogram, and the continuation of the legend, A PENNY, and date 
 1601. Other pattern pieces were also struck of copper, lead, pewter, 
 and leather, but are all extremely rare. 
 
 JAMES I. (160310 1625.) 
 
 DENOMINATIONS. Silver. Crown, Half-crown, Shilling, Six- 
 pence, Half-groat, Penny, and Halfpenny. Gold. First issue. Sove- 
 reign or Thirty-shilling-piece, Half-sovereign or Double-crown (15^.), 
 Quarter-sovereign or Crown (js. 6d. ), Eighth-of-Sovereign or Half- 
 crown (3-r. 9fl?.). Second issue. Unit (zos.), Double-crown (IQJ.), 
 British-crown (S.T. ), Half- British-crown (zs. fid.}, Thistle-crown (4*.). 
 Third issue. Rose-rial or Sovereign (30^.), Spur-rial (15^.), Angel 
 (ioj.), Angelet or Half-angel (y.). Last issue. Rose-rial or 
 Sovereign (Thirty-shilling-piece), Spur Rial (Fifteen-shilling-piece), 
 Angel, Laurel or Unit, Double-crown or Half-laurel, British-crown 
 or Quarter-laurel. The current values were from time to time raised. 
 
 OBVERSE. Type. Crown and Half-crown, king on horseback, 
 in armour, crowned, drawn sword in his right hand ; on the 
 caparison the royal rose or the thistle crowned. 
 
 On some IACO'BVS D G MA (or MAG) BRI (or BRIT) FRA (or FRAN) 
 ET HI (orniB or HIBER) REX. 
 
 Shilling, Half-shilling, etc., dexter bust profile, robed, crowned; 
 long pointed beard and mustachios, hair short, numerals at back of 
 head for value. Twopence, the bust as before on some, on others 
 the royal rose crowned. Penny, bust as before, or i. R. crowned ; 
 a rose on one side the letters, and a thistle on the other : others, a 
 rose. Halfpenny, a portcullis, or rose. 
 
 Legend, i. IA. IACOBV. or IACOBVS. D. G. ANG. sco. FRAN. ET. 
 HIB. REX., and other abbreviations. Half-groat, etc., I. D. G. ROSA 
 SINE SPINA. Penny with I. R. ; and Halfpenny, no legend. 
 
 REVERSE. Type. Crown, etc., royal arms, quarterly, i and 4, 
 France and England quarterly ; 2, Scotland ; 3, Ireland. The 
 shield of the Crown and Half-crown mantled, the others plain ; Two- 
 pence, on some the same arms, on others a thistle, crowned. The 
 Penny, with I. R. has a portcullis crowned ; the others, a thistle ; 
 others have the arms. Halfpenny, cross moline with three pellets 
 in each quarter ; or a thistle. 
 
 Legend. Crown, Shilling, etc., EXVRGAT DEVS. DISSIPENTVR 
 
 INIMICI ; or QV.-T, DEVS COMVNXIT NEMO SEPARET. Half-groat, 
 
 Penny, TVETVR VXITA DEVS. Penny same as Half-groat ; other 
 pennies and halfpennies without legend, 
 
 B
 
 50 HANDBOOK OF ENGLISH COINS. 
 
 Rarity. All common, except Half-crown. 
 
 Gold. Thirty-shilling, Unit, and other pieces, king enthroned, in 
 full regalia, his feet upon a portcullis, the field diapered ; or half- 
 length or shorter portrait of king in armour, crowned, sceptre in 
 right and orb in left hand : reverse, shield of arms. Rose-rial, king 
 enthroned as before ; reverse, a large double rose with shield of 
 arms. Spur-rial, king in armour, standing in a ship with sword and 
 shield; or, the Scottish lion, sejant, crowned, holding a sceptre in 
 his right paw and supporting with his left a shield of the royal 
 arms ; reverse, within a tressure a Spur-rowel, or star of 16 points 
 centred with a rose, four points terminated with lions, and four 
 with fleurs-de-lis. Angel, etc. , usual type. Thistle crown, a double 
 rose on its stem, crowned, between the initials i. R. ; reverse, a 
 thistle crowned in like manner. Some of the legends or reverses are 
 
 KXVRGAT DEVS DISSIPENTVR INIMICI ; TVEATVR VNITA DEVS ; 
 FACIAM EOS IN GENTEM VNAM ; HENRICVS ROSAS, REGNA IACOBVS ; 
 A DNO. FACTVM EST ISTVD ET EST MIRAB. IN OCVLIS NRIS ; A DNO. 
 FACTVM EST ISTVD, etc. 
 
 Copper. Farthing, crown and two sceptres in saltire, IACO. D. G. 
 BRIT. Reverse, Irish harp, crowned, FRA. ET. HIB. REX. For 
 Scotland a brass Twopence, called "Hardhead" was struck: ob- 
 verse three thistles on one stem, IACOBVS D. G. MAG BRIT ; reverse, 
 lion rampant, FRAN and HIH REX. 
 
 CHARLES I. (1625 to 1649). 
 
 DENOMINATIONS. Silver. Twenty-shilling-piece or Pound, 
 Ten-shilling-piece or Half-pound, Crown, Half-crown, Shilling, 
 Sixpence, Groat, Threepence, Half-groat, Penny, and Halfpenny. 
 
 Gold. Tower Mint. Unit, Broad, or Twenty-shilling-piece ; 
 Double-crown or Half-broad or Ten-shilling-piece ; crown, Britain- 
 crown, or Five-shilling-piece, Angel. Oxford Mint, Treble-Unit, or 
 Three-Pound-piece ; Unit or Twenty-shilling-piece ; Half-unit, 
 Double-crown, or Ten-shilling-piece. Briot's Mint. Unit, Double- 
 crown, or Half Unit, Angel. 
 
 OBVERSE. Type. Twenty-shilling and Ten-shilling-piece, king 
 on horseback with or without artillery, armour, arms, etc. , under 
 horse's feet. Crowns and Half-crowns, king in armour on horseback, 
 but with very many variations in detail. One description is as much 
 as our limits will allow. The Oxford Crown, the rarest in the series, 
 has the king on horseback, in armour, to the left, crowned, double- 
 arched crown, drawn sword in his right hand, a sash round his neck, 
 coming under his left arm, the ends flying behind ; the horse not 
 caparisoned, having only a saddle cloth. On the field of the coin, 
 beneath the horse, is a view of the city of Oxford, with the word 
 OXON above it. This coin is beautifully executed. Shilling, Hall- 
 shilling, Quarter-shilling, Groat, Half-groat, and Penny, sinister bust 
 profile, in robes, crowned, hair long and flowing, beard long. Some 
 Groats and Half-groats have a rose crowned as also have Pennies. 
 Halfpenny, a rose, no legend, or a rose crowned between c. K.
 
 HANDBOOK OF ENGLISH COINS. 5* 
 
 The variations in the coins, consequent on the number of mints 
 set up London, Exeter, Aberystwith, Oxford, Bristol, Chester, 
 Worcester, Weymouth, York, and other places is very great ; the 
 differences being more or less important both as to mint marks and 
 other features. 
 
 Legend, c. CAR. or CAROLVS. D. G. MAGNA BRITAN. FRAN. ET 
 HIBER. REX, variously abbreviated. Oxford Crown, CAROLVS. D. G. 
 
 MAG. BRIT. FRAN. ET. HIBER. REX. 
 
 REVERSE. Type. Generally the royal shield. The Oxford Crown 
 and some other coins have no device, except an ornament to divide 
 the legends ; and the Prince of Wales' feathers three times repeated, 
 or single, above. On some, the shield (which is as James I.'s) is oval, 
 and mantled, sometimes crowned ; others have shields, the quarter- 
 ings terminating in a cross moline, etc. The smaller coins have 
 sometimes a rose crowned, sceptres, or sceptre and trident in sal- 
 tire, etc., or the declaration EXVRGAT, etc., in lines across. One 
 Half-groat has two Cs interlinked, crowned. 
 
 Legend. Oxford Crown, EXVRGAT DEVS DISSIPENTVR INIMICI. 
 In the field of the coin, in two parallel lines, is RELIG. PROT. LEG. 
 ANG. LIBER. PARL., beneath which is 1644, OXON, and above v. for 
 value. A branch of leaves and flowers between the words of the 
 first. Others have CHRISTO AVSPICE REGNO. Others IVSTITIA 
 
 THRONVM FIRMAT, or TVEATVR VNITA DEVS. The groat has 
 
 RELIG., etc., within a scroll on the field, EXURGAT, etc. 
 
 Rarity. For the most part common. The Oxford crown is of 
 the most extreme rarity, and most of the Oxford mintages are rare, 
 as are those of Aberystwith and other places. 
 
 Gold. Three-pound-piece, crowned profile bust to the waist, with 
 or without sword and olive branch ; feathers behind the head ; re- 
 verse, declaration in three lines. Unit or Broad-piece, bust profile, 
 crowned, much varied on some with drawn sword and olive branch ; 
 behind the head xx for value. Reverse: On field, RELIG., etc., 
 on a ribband. Double-crown and Crown, bust profile crowned. 
 Reverse. Shield crowned, CVLTORES. svr. DEVS. PROTEGIT. Angel 
 same type as its predecessors. 
 
 Copper. Halfpence and Farthings, David playing the harp, look- 
 ing upward ; above, a crown, FLOREAT REX. Reverse : Halfpenny, 
 St. Patrick in full robes, mitred, with crosier, etc., holding to figures 
 around him the shamrock leaf ; behind him the arms of Dublin. 
 Farthing, St. Patrick as before, stretching his hand over reptiles ; 
 behind him a cathedral ; legend, QVIESCAT PLEBS. Other Halfpence, 
 Farthings and Half-farthings have on obverse two sceptres in saltire, 
 behind, a crown, or c. R. crowned. Reverse : Some, the royal rose 
 crowned ; others, the Irish harp crowned ; and others, again, the 
 Scotch thistle ; others, a small pellet of brass inserted in the centre 
 of the rose. Legend. Obverse : CAR. CARO. or CAROLVS. D. c. 
 MAG. BRIT. Reverse : On some, the Scotch motto, NEMO. , etc. ; 
 others, continuation of titles. 
 
 OESIDIONAL or SIEGE PIECES. These rude coins, if coins they
 
 52 HANDBOOK OF ENGLISH COINS. 
 
 can be called, were struck by the king, and those favourable to hia 
 cause, to supply that monarch with the necessary funds for carrying 
 on his wars. They are extremely interesting, as showing the various 
 inconveniences and shifts the king was subject to. The nobility and 
 gentry, his partisans, were applied to for the use of all their plate, 
 as were also wardens and fellow's of the different colleges in the 
 universities of Oxford, etc. , the mayors and corporations, of cities 
 and towns, etc. The plate thus collected was chopped up, for the 
 greatest part, in unmeaning shapes, and struck -or engraved with 
 different devices, and the value. The Scarborough Half-crown is a 
 piece of thin plate doubled, the corners turned over to hold together. 
 On one side is engraven in a very rude manner the castle, with the 
 value in numerals ; and on the other, OBS. SCARBOROUGH, 1645. 
 The Newark Shilling, which is one of the commonest, is lozenge 
 shaped. Obverse, crown between c. R. ; beneath, xn. Reverse, 
 OBS. NEWARK. 1646. Pontefract, sometimes an octagonal, and 
 sometimes a round piece. Obverse, c. R. under a crown ; DVM 
 SPIRO SPERO. Reverse, Pontefract Castle, with name or letters. 
 Other places where these were struck were Colchester, Carlisle, 
 Dublin, Cork, etc. At Colchester a gold siege piece of the value of 
 ior. was struck. A history of the coinage in this reign alone would 
 fill a folio volume. 
 
 .COMMONWEALTH. (1649 to 1660.) 
 
 DENOMINATIONS. Silver. Crown, Half-crown, Shilling, Six- 
 pence, Half-groat, Penny, Halfpenny. Gold. Broad, or Twenty- 
 shilling-piece ; Half-broad, or Ten-shilling-piece ; Quarter-broad, or 
 Five-shilling-piece. 
 
 OBVERSE. Type. Crown, Half-crown, Shilling, Half-shilling, 
 Half-groat, and Penny, a plain shield charged with the cross of St. 
 George, encircled by a branch of palm, and an olive branch. Half- 
 penny, same shield, without branches or numerals. Numerals to 
 denote value (as V for 5^. ; II VI for zs. 6d. ; XII for i-zd. ; VI 
 for 6d. ; II for zd.) on all except the Halfpennies. 
 
 Legend. THE COMMONWEALTH OF ENGLAND. Half-groat, 
 Penny, and Halfpenny, no legend or numerals. Half-shilling, one 
 type has TRVTH AND PEACE. 
 
 REVERSE. Type. Shield of St. George's cross, and shield of 
 Irish harp conjoined, above which is the value, in numerals. Half- 
 penny, single shield of the Irish harp. 
 
 Legend. GOD WITH us, and date. Half-groat and Penny, with- 
 out legend. Halfpenny without legend or value. 
 
 Rarity. All comparatively common ; the coins of 1658 and 1660 
 are rarest. 
 
 Gold. Twenty-shilling, Ten-shilling, and Five-shilling pieces, 
 same type and legend as the silver ; numerals to denote value. 
 
 Copper. Farthings. On the obverse a shield of St. George's 
 cross as before ; reverse, shield of Irish harp ; legend, FARTHING 
 
 TOKENS OF ENGLAND. ENGLAND'S FARTHING. THE FARTHIN
 
 HAN-DBOOK OF ENGLISH COINS. 53 
 
 TOKENS FOR. FOR NECESSITY OF CHANGE, 1649. RELEFE OF THE 
 
 PORE, etc. Pewter Farthing, shield with voided cross, surmounted 
 by the letters, T.K. , in an oval ; legend, J OVNCE OF FINE PEWTR. 
 Reverse : shield of Irish harp, upon rays, surmounted by a palm and 
 laurel wreath ; legend, FOR NECESSARY CHANGE. These are all pat- 
 tern pieces, and are all rare. Several pattern pieces for other coins 
 are also known. One of these has the two shields on the reverse 
 held by a winged angel, and the words GVARDED WITH ANGELS, 
 1651. 
 
 PROTECTORATE. OLIVER CROMWELL. (1653 to 1658.) 
 
 DENOMINATIONS. Silver. Crown, Half-crown, Shilling, Nine- 
 pence, and Sixpence. Gold. Fifty-shilling-piece, Broad or Twenty- 
 shilling-piece, Half-broad or Ten-shilling-piece. Copper. Farthings. 
 
 OBVERSE. Type. Sinister bust profile of the Protector, draped, 
 loose drapery, head laureated, hair long. 
 
 Legend. OLiVAR. D.G. RP. ANG. SCO. ET HIB. and PRO. or 
 otherwise abbreviated. 
 
 REVERSE. Type. Shield surmounted by an open arched crown, 
 bearing quarterly, i and 4, cross of St. George ; 2, cross of St. 
 Andrew ; 3, Irish harp, upon an escutcheon of pretence, the arms 
 of Cromwell, a lion rampant. 
 
 Legend. PAX QV/ERITVR BELLO. and date. 
 
 Edge. HAS NISI PERITVRVS MIHI ADIMAT 
 NEMO. 
 
 Gold. Same type and legend as silver. On 
 i the edge of the fifty-shilling-piece, PROTECTOR 
 
 I LITERIS LITERS NVMMIS CORONA ET SALVS. 
 
 Copper. Farthing. Obverse, head as before, 
 OLIVAR PRO ENG sc IRL. Reverse, shield as 
 before, and legend CHARITIE AND CHANGE ; 
 another, three columns tied together, having 
 on top of the first a cross, the second a harp, and the third a thistle, 
 and the legend THVS VNITED INVINCIBLE ; another, a ship under 
 sail, and .legend, AND GOD DIRECT OVR COVRS ; another, CON- 
 VENIENT CHANGE. 
 
 CHARLES II. (1660101685.) 
 
 DENOMINATIONS. Silver. First issue, Half-crown, Shilling, Six- 
 pence, Half-groat, Penny. Second, same. Third, Half-crown, Shil- 
 ling, Sixpence, Fourpence or Groat, Threepence, Half-groat, Penny. 
 Fourth, Crown, Half-crown, Shilling, Sixpence. Gold. Broad or 
 Twenty-shilling-piece, Half-broad or Ten-shilling-piece, Quarter- 
 broad or Five-shilling-piece. Five-Guinea-piece, Two-guinea-piece, 
 Guinea, Half-guinea. Copper. Halfpenny and Farthing. Tin. 
 Farthing. 
 
 OBVERSE. Type. Sinister laureated bust profile, crowned, loose 
 drapery, hair long and flowing. 
 
 legend. CAROLVS. II. D.G. (or DEI. GRA. Or GRATIA). MAG. 
 
 BRI. FRA. ET HIB. REX, or otherwise abbreviated.
 
 54 HANDBOOK OF ENGLISH COINS. 
 
 REVERSE. Type. The first three issues of coins bore a plain 
 shield of arms, quarterly, i and 4 France and England quarterly, 2 
 Scotland, 3 Ireland, over a cross fleury. Those of the fourth and 
 last issue bear four shields, with the bottoms joined, forming a cross ; 
 the shields being England, Scotland, France, and Ireland, each 
 crowned ; in the centre, within a star, St. George's cross. Between 
 the shields, in the four compartments, are two Cs interlinked. One 
 Shilling has one shield of France and England, quarterly, two shields 
 of Scotland, and one of Ireland, not crowned ; between the shields 
 are the interlinked Cs crowned. The Fourpence has a monogram 
 of four Cs interlinked, in form of a cross, crowned ; and in the com- 
 partments are severally a rose, a thistle, a fleur-de-lis, and a harp. 
 The Threepence has three Cs interlinked ; the Twopence two Cs 
 interlinked ; and the Penny a single C, all crowned ; these denote 
 the value ; others have numerals crowned. 
 
 Legend. MAG. BR. FRA. ET HIB. REX., or otherwise abbreviated, 
 and date. CHRISTO AVSPICE REGNO. 
 
 Edge. DECVS ET TVTAMEN ANNO XV Or VICESIMO, Or Other 
 
 year of reign. 
 
 Gold. Same type, sceptres between shields. Obverse : Bust, 
 laureated and draped, with long hair. Reverse : First issue, arms, 
 etc., as on silver ; later issue, Five-guinea, Guinea, etc., four shields 
 arranged as a cross, and each crowned ; in the centre four Cs 
 interlinked, from which issue four sceptres, terminating respectively 
 in orb and cross, thistle, fleur-de-lis, and harp. Legend on reverses. 
 
 FLORENT CONCORDIA REGNA, Of titles. Edge, DECVS ET TVTA- 
 MEN, and year of reign as on the silver. 
 
 Copper. Halfpence and Farthings, sinister bust profile, laureated, 
 iii armour. English, CAROLVS A CAROLO. Scotch, CAR. n. D. G. 
 
 SCO. AN. FR. ET HIB. R. Irish, CAROL7S II DEI GRATIA. Re- 
 
 verse, English, figure of Britannia, which now first appears ; Irish, 
 a harp crowned, date on field ; Scotch, a thistle crowned. English, 
 BRITANNIA, date in exergue ; Irish, MAG. BR. FRA. ET. HIB. REX.; 
 Scotch, NEMO ME iMPVNE LACESSET. and date ; all common. 
 Farthing with Britannia particularly so. 
 
 Tin or Pewter. Halfpence and Farthings, some with a plug of 
 copper in the centre. On the edge, NVMMORVM FAMVLVS and 
 date. 
 
 Siege pieces of Charles II., CAROLVS SECVNDVS, or CAROL, n. D.G. 
 MAG. B. F. ET H. REX. ; and on the reverse, C. R. under a crown ; 
 
 DVM SPIRO SPERO, Or POST MORTEM PATRIS PRO FILIO were 
 
 struck at Pontefract. 
 
 I may here mention a most splendid specimen of the die-sinker's 
 art, produced by Simon, the celebrated die-sinker, as a trial piece 
 against an artist who was employed by Charles. The obverse has 
 a bust of the king of most exquisite workmanship, and round the 
 edge of the coin, in place of DECVS., etc., was this simple petition in 
 two lines : " THOMAS. SIMON, most humbly prays your MAJESTY to 
 ' ' compare this, his tryal piece, with the Dutch, and, if more truly
 
 HANDBOOK OF ENGLISH COINS. 55 
 
 "drawn, and embossed, more gracefully ordered, and more ac- 
 " curately engraven, to relieve him." At Trattle's sale, in 1832, a 
 very fine specimen sold for 225. It is said that only twenty copies 
 
 were struck with the petition on the edge, and a few others with a 
 different edge, REDDITE QVAE CAESARES CAESARI POST ; and 
 one is recorded to be known bearing, RENDER TO CAESAR THE 
 
 THINGS WHICH ARE OESAR'S. 
 
 JAMES II. (1685 to 1689.) 
 
 DENOMINATIONS. Silver. Crown, Half-crown, Shilling, Six- 
 pence, Fourpence, Threepence, Twopence, Penny. Gold. Five- 
 guinea, Two-guinea, Guinea, Half-guinea. Tin or Pewter. Half- 
 penny, Farthing. Gun Money. As silver. 
 
 OBVERSE. Type. Sinister bust profile, laureated, on some 
 draped, on others undraped ; hair long. The Crown has the king 
 in armour on horseback, with drawn sword. 
 
 Legend. IACOBVS. n. DEI. GRATIA. 
 
 REVERSE. Type. Shields in cross, etc. The Fourpence, Three- 
 pence, Twopence, and Penny have the value, mi., ill., n., I., 
 crowned. 
 
 Legend. MAG. BR. FRA. ET. HIB. REX. and date. 
 
 Edge. DECVS ET TVTAMEN REX, and year of reign. 
 
 Gun Money. Silver being scarce in this reign, an issue of base 
 money was resorted to, some of which, being struck from the old 
 cannon and domestic utensils melted down, is called "Gun Money." 
 The Crown, which is scarce, has the king in armour, laureated, on 
 horseback, with a drawn sword, a long sash flying behind ; reverse, 
 four shields in cross, with the crown in the centre ; the Half-crowns, 
 Shillings, and Sixpences have two sceptres in saltire, behind a 
 crown, between I. R. ; above the crown are numerals for value, and 
 beneath, the month in which it was struck.
 
 56 HANDBOOK OF ENGLISH COINS. 
 
 Gold. The Five-guinea-piece is rare, the others common. They 
 are of the same general type as the silver. 
 
 Tin or Pewter. Halfpence and Farthings : obverse, bust profile, 
 as before ; reverse, English, figure of Britannia, BRITANNIA ; 
 Irish, figure of Hibernia with the harp, HIBERNIA, or Irish harp 
 crowned. Half-farthings : obverse, sceptres in saltire, and crown ; 
 reverse, harp or rose, crowned. There is also a kind called plug- 
 money ; this was struck owing to a scarcity of copper ; it is of 
 pewter, and in the middle is inserted a very small square plug of 
 copper, to show that it is intended to pass for copper money. One 
 tin Halfpenny has the king on horseback with drawn sword, on the 
 obverse, and on the reverse the harp surmounted by a crown with 
 lion crest, and two sceptres in saltire ; in this two or more plugs 
 of brass are inserted. Other varieties need not be particularised. 
 White metal coins were also issued. 
 
 WILLIAM III. AND MARY II. (1689 to 1702. 1689 to 1694.) 
 DENOMINATIONS. Silver. Crown, Half-crown, Shilling, Six- 
 pence, Fourpence, Threepence, Twopence, Penny. Gold. Five- 
 guinea, Two-guinea, Guinea, Half-Guinea. Tin. Halfpenny, 
 Farthing. Copper. Halfpenny, Farthing. 
 
 OBVERSE. Type. Dexter busts profile of king and queen, 
 (William and Mary) side by side, that of the king laureated, partly 
 in armour. Queen draped, hair curled ; some have the bust of 
 Mary only ; Fourpence, Threepence, Twopence, and Penny, busts 
 undraped. After Mary's death, the bust of William, profile and 
 laureated, appears alone. 
 
 Legend. First, GVLIELMVS ET MARIA or GVLIELMVS ET MARIA 
 DEI GRATIA. Later, GVLIELMVS TERTIVS. or GVLIELMVS III. 
 
 DEI GRATIA. 
 
 REVERSE. Type. Four crowned shields in cross, as before ; in 
 the centre, the shield of Nassau ; between the shields, w. and M. 
 conjoined ; the four figures of the date, as 1693, one under each 
 monograph. Some Half-crowns have a plain shield of the royal 
 arms, crowned; Fourpence, Threepence, Twopence, and Penny, 
 values crowned. After the death of Mary, feathers on some, and 
 on others roses, take the place of the monogram of W and M 
 between the shields ; on others the space is left blank. 
 
 Legend. MAG BR FRA ET HIB REX ET KEGINA, or the same, 
 leaving off "etregina. " 
 
 Edge. DECVS ET TVTAMEN and year of reign. 
 
 Gold. Busts as before ; reverse, royal arms in large shield, 
 crowned. After Mary's death, reverse, shields in cross, with scep- 
 tres, as on the silver. 
 
 Copper. Halfpence and Farthings. Obverse, busts as before, 
 
 GVLIELMVS ET MARIA, Or GVLIELMVS TERTIVS. Reverse, figure 
 
 of Britannia, BRITANNIA, date in exergue ; Irish, GVLIELMVS 
 ET MARIA DEI GRATIA ; reverse, Irish harp crowned, MAG BR FR 
 ET HIB REX ET REGiNA, date on field. There are coins also,
 
 HANDBOOK OF ENGLISH COINS. 57 
 
 of Mary's only, one of which has, on obverse, bust profile of queen, 
 draped, hair turned up behind, MARIA n DEI GRATIA ; reverse, 
 full blown rose on a branch, EX CANDORE DECVS. After the 
 queen's death, the coins have the bust of William, as before, with 
 GVLIELMVS TERTIVS ; reverse, same as before. Scotch have, on 
 obverse, a sword and sceptre in saltire, with a crown above : 
 reverse, thistle, crowned ; another has a monogram. 
 
 ANNE. (1702 to 1714.) 
 
 DENOMINATIONS. Silver. Crown, Half-crown, Shilling, Six- 
 pence, Fourpence, Threepence, Twopence, Penny. Gold. Five- 
 guinea, Two-guinea, Guinea, Half-guinea. Copper. Farthing. 
 
 OBVERSE. Type. Sinister bust profile, draped, hair thrown 
 back, and tied at back of head with a ribband, which passes round 
 the head. 
 
 Legend. ANNA DEI GRATIA. 
 
 REVERSE. Type. Four crowned shields in cross. Before the 
 union these shields were, i England, 2 Scotland, 3 France, 4 Ire- 
 land. After the union they were altered to two shields of England 
 and Scotland impaled, one of France, and one of Ireland. In the 
 centre, the cross of St. George, in a star of the garter ; between 
 the shields, feathers or roses, or feathers and roses alternately ; 
 Fourpence, Threepence, Twopence, and Penny, values, crowned. 
 
 Legend. MAG BRI FR ET HIB REG and date. 
 
 Rdge. DECVS ET TVTAMF.N, and year of reign. 
 
 Rarity. All common. The smaller denominations scarcer than 
 the others. 
 
 Gold. Same type and legend and edge. Reverse, sceptres 
 between the shields. 
 
 Copper. As there is so much popular error concerning the 
 farthings, it may be well to remark at length upon them, in order 
 to clear away the absurd idea generally entertained, of there being 
 only three in existence. Instead of this being the case, there are 
 absolutely six distinct varieties. The first, which is the only one 
 which was ever in general circulation, has, on the obverse, sinister 
 bust profile, of queen, draped, hair thrown back, encircled with a 
 string of pearls, ANNA DEI GRATIA < reverse, figure of Britannia, 
 olive branch in her right, and spear in her left hand, BRITANNIA, 
 date, 1714, in exergue : this, although scarce, is by far the com- 
 monest of the whole : there is one with the same type, but broad 
 rim, which is rare. Second, bust as before, ANNA REGINA ; re- 
 verse, as last. Third, same bust, ANNA DEI GRATIA ; reverse, 
 figure of Britannia, right leg bare ; BRITANNIA, 1713, round. 
 Fourth, obverse as before ; reverse, Britannia, as last, under an 
 arch ; BRITANNIA in exergue, 1713. Fifth, bust as before, with band 
 instead of pearls, within an inner circle (the busts on the others are 
 on the field) ; reverse, figure of Britannia standing, helmeted, in 
 the right hand the olive branch, and in her left the spear, within 
 inner circle ; BELLO ET PACE ; date 1715, in exergue. Sixth,
 
 58 HANDBOOK OF ENGLISH COINS. 
 
 bust as one, ANNA AVGVSTA ; reverse, same figure as last, standing 
 in a car, drawn by two horses ; in her right hand she holds the olive 
 branch, in her left the reins and a spear ; PAX MISSA PER ORBEM ; 
 in exergue, 1713. The prices depend upon the state of preservation 
 of the coins, but, for FINE ones, the following are about the values : 
 i, from six shillings to fourteen shillings ; 2 and 3, from fifteen 
 shillings to thirty shillings ; 3, 4, and 6, from two to three pounds : 
 5, the rarest, from five to ten, or twelve pounds. There is a small 
 medal, or counter, which is very frequently mistaken by the gen- 
 erality of persons for one of her farthings. It has on the obverse 
 the bust, with ANNA DEI GRATIA ; reverse, the four shields in cross, 
 sometimes plain, and sometimes with roses between the shields, 
 MAG BR FRA ET HIE REG 1711 ; frequently RIG instead of REG. 
 Some of these are of beautiful workmanship, and others very 
 rude : they are far from being scarce ; they were not struck as 
 current coins. Halfpenny, bust, ANNA D G MAG BR FR ET HIB 
 REG ; reverse, sitting figure of Britannia, leaning on a shield, in her 
 left hand a spear, in her right a rose and thistle emanating from 
 the same branch ; the whole beneath a crown. 
 
 GEORGE I. (1714 to 1727.) 
 
 DENOMINATIONS. Silver. Crown, Half-crown, Shilling, Six- 
 pence, Fourpence, Threepence, Twopence, Penny. Gold. Five- 
 guinea, Two-guinea, Guinea, Half-guinea, Quarter-guinea. Coffer. 
 Halfpenny, Farthing. 
 
 OBVERSE. Type. Dexter laureated bust profile, in armour and 
 draped, hair long and curled. 
 
 Legend. GEORGIVS D. G. M. BR. FR. ET. HIB. REX. F. D. 
 
 REVERSE. Type. Four crowned shields in cross, i, England and 
 Scotland impaled ; 2, France ; 3, Ireland ; 4, Brunswick, and Lunen- 
 berg with Hanoverian escutcheon. Between the shields, on some, 
 are a rose and thistle or feathers alternately ; on others, s. s. C. 
 (South Sea Company, silver), etc., indicative of the kind of silver 
 of which they are minted ; in the centre is the star and cross of 
 St. George. Fourpence, Threepence, Twopence, and Penny, values 
 crowned. 
 
 Legend. BRVN. ET. L. DVX. s. R. i. A. TH. ET. EL., reading on 
 from the obverse; thus, in full, " Georgius, Dei gratia, Magnse 
 Britannia? Francias et Hibernias Rex, Fidei Defensor, Brunsvicensis 
 et Lunenbergensis Dux, Sacri Romani Imperii Thesaurarius et 
 Princeps Elector " (or Elector only), and date. 
 
 Edge. DECVS ET TVTAMEN, and year of reign. 
 
 Gold. Same general type and legend as the silver. 
 
 Copper. Halfpence and Farthings. Obverse, dexter bust profile, 
 draped, laureated, GEORGIVS REX. Reverse, figure of Britannia, 
 BRITANNIA, date in exergue. The Farthing has a broad rim. Ob- 
 verse, Irish Halfpence, bust as before, undraped, GEORGIVS DEI 
 GRATIA REX ; reverse, figure of Hibemia, with harp, HIBERNIA ; 
 date in same line.
 
 HANDBOOK OF ENGLISH COINS. 59 
 
 GEORGE II. (1727 to 1760.) 
 
 DENOMINATIONS. Silver. Crown, Half-crown, Shilling, Six- 
 pence, Fourpence, Threepence, Twopence, Penny. Gold. Five- 
 guinea, Two-guinea, Guinea, Half-guinea. Copper. Halfpenny, 
 Farthing. 
 
 OBVERSE. Type. Sinister laureated bust profile, in armour, 
 hair long and curled ; under the head of some is LIMA. 
 
 Legend. GEORGIVS ir DEI GRATIA. 
 
 REVERSE. Type. Four crowned shields in cross as on those of 
 George I. In the centre of some is the motto, HONI SOIT, etc., on 
 the garter round the cross, as George I. On some, plain between 
 the shields ; on others, a rose and Welsh feathers alternately, four 
 roses or four feathers, to denote the silver from which they are 
 minted. Fourpence, Threepence, Twopence, and Penny, values, 
 crowned. 
 
 Legend. M. B. F. ET. H. REX. F. D. B. ET. L. D. S. R. I. A. T. ET. 
 
 E., as explained under George I., and date. Penny, MAG. BRI. FR. 
 ET. HIB. REX., and date. 
 
 Gold. Bust, imdraped, laureated ; reverse, royal arms in an 
 ornamented shield, crowned. 
 
 Copper. Halfpence and Farthings. Bust as before, laureated and 
 in armour, GEORGIVS n REX. ; reverse, figure of Britannia, BRI- 
 TANNIA, date in exergue. Irish Halfpence and Farthings, same 
 bust, undraped ; reverse, Irish harp, crowned, HIBERNIA, and date. 
 
 GEORGE III. (1760101820.) 
 
 DENOMINATIONS. Silver. Crown, Half-crown, Shilling, Six- 
 pence, Fourpence, Threepence, Twopence, Penny. Gold. Guinea 
 (2i.r.), Half-guinea (los. 6d.), Third-of-guinea or Seven-shilling-piece 
 (75.), Quarter-of-guinea (5^. 3^.), Sovereign (20.?.), Half-sovereign 
 (IO.T.). Copper. Twopence, Penny, Halfpenny, Farthing. 
 
 OBVERSE. Type. Early issues : dexter bust profile of king, in 
 armour, laureated, hair long ; on his later coinage, bust undraped, 
 laureated, hair short. 
 
 Legend. Early: GEORGIVS m DEI GRATIA. Late: GEOR. (or 
 GEORGIVS) in. D. G. BRITT. (or BRITANXIARVM) REX. F. D. (or FID. 
 DEF.), etc. Later coinage has the date beneath the head. 
 
 REVERSE. Type. Early coinage : Four crowned or uncrowned 
 shields in cross,' as on coins of George I. and II.; the crowns in 
 those instances where they do not surmount the shields, being placed 
 in the angles between them. Later coinage : Crown, St. George and 
 the Dragon within the mottoed garter, Half-crown, crowned shield 
 of royal arms, within the garter, on which is the motto, HONI SOIT, 
 etc. ; quarterly, i and 4, England, 2, Scotland, 3, Ireland, Bruns- 
 wick, etc., on an escutcheon surmounted by the electorate crown; 
 the shield crowned ; on another, round the garter, is the collar and 
 badge of the order. Shillings, royal shield encircled by the garter, 
 no legend ; Fourpence, Threepence, Twopence, and Penny, values,
 
 60 HANDBOOK OF ENGLISH COINS. 
 
 either mi. m. 11.- 1. , or in figures ; one mintage, called wire-money, 
 has the value in writing figures, all the lines of the same strength. 
 
 Legend. Early : M. B. F. ET. H. REX. F. D. B. ET. L. D. S. K. I. 
 A. T. ET. E. and date. Late : BRITANNIARVM REX FID DBF or 
 
 FIDEI DEFENSOR. 
 
 During great scarcity of silver money in 1797 Spanish dollars 
 and half-dollars were countermarked with a small punch of the 
 king's head and put into circulation as current coin of the value of 
 4?. gd. This stamp having been counterfeited to a considerable 
 extent, a different one was adopted in 1804, but it in turn being 
 much counterfeited, the whole dollar was re-stamped with a fresh 
 octagonal device, the king's head, etc., on the obverse, and on the 
 reverse a figure of Britannia within an oval, crowned with a mural 
 crown, and having the words BANK OF ENGLAND FIVE SHILLINGS 
 DOLLAR, 1804. Bank of England tokens, value Six-shillings, 
 Three-shillings, and other amounts, were also issued. Of these, 
 and the Irish and Madras and other issues, I must forego particulars. 
 
 Gold. Obverse, bust laureated ; reverse, Guinea, and Half-guinea, 
 royal arms in a "spade ace" shield, crowned; Sovereign, George 
 and Dragon within the garter ; Half-sovereign, royal shield ; Seven- 
 shillings, a crown. 
 
 Coffer. Early coinage : Halfpennies and Farthings, bust laure- 
 ated and in armour, GEORGIVS in REX. ; reverse, figure of 
 Britannia, BRITANNIA and date ; Irish, bust undraped ; reverse, 
 Irish harp crowned. 1797 and 1799, Twopence and Penny, with 
 raised broad rim, on which is the legend, indented, bust profile, 
 laureated, hair long, draped, GEORGIVS m DEI GRATIA REX ; 
 Farthing, date under head ; reverse, Britannia, bareheaded, in the 
 right hand an olive branch, in the left a trident ; seated on a rock, 
 shield under her left hand, BRITANNIA, in the distance a ship 
 (the water cut up to the curve of the coin), date under figure. Half- 
 pence and Farthings, same figure of Britannia, but without the 
 broad rim ; halfpenny, BRITANNIA, date under figure ; Farthing, 
 BRITANNIA, under figure, i FARTHING. In 1806-7, Pence, Half- 
 pence, and Farthings, bust laureated and draped, hair short, 
 GEORGIVS in. D. G. REX. and date. Britannia as before, water in 
 a line across, BRITANNIA. Irish, harp, crowned, HIBERNIA, and 
 date. A large variety of copper coins for the East India Com- 
 pany, Isle of Man, Prince of Wales Island, Sierra Leone, Barbadoes, 
 Ceylon, etc., were struck, which need not be particularized. 
 
 GEORGE IV. (1820 to 1830.) 
 
 DENOMINATIONS. Silver. Crown, Half-crown, Shilling, Six- 
 pence, Fourpence, Threepence, Twopence, Penny. Gold. Five- 
 sovereign, Double-sovereign, Sovereign, Half-sovereign. Copper. 
 Penny, Halfpenny, Farthing. 
 
 OBVERSE. Type. Sinister large bust profile, laureated, undraped. 
 In 1826 the bust differs, the neck and head- are much narrower in 
 proportion, and it is not laureated. These latter coins are the pro-
 
 HANDBOOK OF ENGLISH COINS. 61 
 
 ductions of Mr. \Vyon, from the bust by Chantrey ; the former ones 
 are Pistrucci's. 
 
 Legend. On the former, GEORGivs nil D. G. BRITANNIAR. F. 
 D. Latter, GEORGIVS iv DEI GRATIA. 
 
 REVERSE. Type. Crown, St. George on horseback, undraped, 
 helmeted, loose vest flying behind, in his right hand a dagger, his 
 left holding the reins ; under the horse, a dragon, a broken lance 
 lying beside, no legend, date in exergue, edge, DECUS, etc. This 
 coin is of most beautiful workmanship. Half-crown, early, royal 
 arms ; on some in plain square shield, crowned, encircled by the 
 garter, with motto, HONI, etc., or ornamented shield, crowned, a 
 rose beneath, and a thistle on one side, and on the other a shamrock, 
 no legend ; date on the former, with ANNO. ; later, royal shield, 
 beautifully mantled. 
 
 Early, Shilling and Sixpence as the Half-crowns ; later, royal crown 
 and crest, a lion passant-guardant, crowned ; beneath is the rose, 
 thistle and shamrock. This is commonly known as the " lion 
 shilling. " 
 
 Legend. Later, BRITANNIARVM REX FIDEI DEFENSOR. 
 
 Gold. Five-pound-piece, Double-sovereign, Sovereign, and Half- 
 sovereign, bust as before ; reverse, George and dragon ; or royal 
 shield. 
 
 Copper. Pennies, Halfpennies, and Farthings ; early, bust profile, 
 laureated, draped or undraped ; Pence and Halfpence, GEORGIVS 
 iv DG REX. ; Farthings, GEORGIVS mi DEI GRATIA ; Pence and 
 Halfpence; Irish, harp, crowned, HIBERNIA. and date ; Farthing, 
 Britannia seated on a rock, facing the right, helmeted. in her left 
 hand the trident, in her right, which rests on the shield, an olive 
 branch, lion at her feet, no water in distance, date in exergue ; later, 
 Pence, Halfpence, and Farthings, Britannia seated helmeted, left 
 hand the trident, right resting on shield, no olive branch, nor lion, 
 beneath the figure, the rose, thistle, and shamrock, BRITANNIAR 
 REX FID. DEF. A Half-farthing for Ceylon, and a one third of a 
 Farthing, for Malta, were struck in 1827-8, and are rare. 
 
 WILLIAM IV. (1830 to 1837.) 
 
 DENOMINATIONS. Silver. Crown, Half-crown, Shilling, Six- 
 pence, Groat or Fourpence, Threepence, Twopence, Penny, Three- 
 halfpence. Gold. Double-sovereign, Sovereign, Half-sovereign. 
 Copper. Penny, Halfpenny, Farthing. 
 
 OBVERSE. Type. Dexter bust profile, undraped, hair short. 
 
 Legend. GVLIELMVS mi D. G. BRITANNIAR. REX F. D. 
 
 REVERSE. Type. Half-crown, ermine robe surmounted by the 
 crown, tied at the corners with cord and tassels, on the robe are the 
 royal arms in a plain square shield, beneath which is the collar and 
 badge of the Order of the Garter ; dated with the word ANNO. ; 
 Shilling and Sixpence, within a wreath formed by branches of olive 
 and oak is the value, ONE SHILLING. SIXPENCE, in two lines, a 
 crown above, beneath the wreath the date; Fourpence, figure of
 
 62 HANDBOOK OF ENGLISH COINS. 
 
 Britannia, FOUR PENCE, date in exergue. Maundy money, value, 
 crowned, within a wreath of oak branches. 
 
 Gold. All the same bust as on the silver. Five-p'>und-piece, a 
 pattern piece only ; Double-sovereign, with arms, with mantle, 
 garter, and crown ; Sovereign, Half-sovereign, bust as before ; 
 reverse, royal arms in ornamental shield. 
 
 Copper. Pence, Halfpence, and Farthings, bust as before, date 
 under the head, GULIELMUS nil DEI GRATIA ; reverse, Britannia, 
 as last coinage of George IV. ; beneath the figure, rose, thistle, and 
 shamrock, BRITANNIAR REX. FID. DEF. Several colonial and other 
 coins were also struck in silver and copper. 
 
 VICTORIA. (1837.) 
 
 DENOMINATIONS. Silver. Crown, Half-crown, Florin or Two- 
 shilling piece, Shilling, Sixpence, Groat or Fourpence, Threepence 
 Twopence, Penny. Gold. Five-pound-piece, Double-sovereign or Two- 
 pound-piece, Sovereign, Half-sovereign. Copper. Penny, Halfpenny, 
 Farthing, Half-farthing. Bronze. Penny, Halfpenny, and Farthing. 
 
 OBVERSE. Type. Crown and Half-crown. Sinister bust profile 
 of the queen, undraped, round the head two plain bands, hair 
 parted on the forehead, carried over the top of the ear, and all 
 gathered together at the back of the head. The Half-crown has the 
 fore hair plaited immediately before it joins the back hair. None of 
 these have been issued for home currency since 1851. Florin. 
 Sinister bust profile of the queen, crowned" with an open arched 
 crown, elegantly draped over the shoulders. Shilling, Sixpence, 
 etc. , bust same as Half-crown. 
 
 Legend. Crown and Half-crown, VICTORIA DEI GRATIA. Date 
 under the head. Florin, first issue, VICTORIA REGINA, 1849 ; 
 later issue, Fictorta : & : g : britt : rtg : f : & : and date as 
 mtfCCClxbttt. Shilling and sixpence, VICTORIA DEI GRATIA 
 BRITANNIAR REG. F. D. Fourpence and Maundy money, VICTORIA 
 
 D. G. BRITANNIAR. REGINA F. D. 
 
 RF.VERSE. Type. Crown and Half-crown, royal arms quarterly, 
 i and 4, England, 2, Scotland, 3, Ireland, shield plain, crowned, 
 within a wreath formed of two olive branches tied together at the 
 bottom by a ribband ; beneath the shield, the rose, thistle, and 
 shamrock. Florin, first issue, in a tressure of eight arches, whose 
 cusps have trefoil terminations, within the inner circle, four crowned 
 shields arranged as a cross, first and third England, second Scot- 
 land, fourth Ireland. In the centre a rose ; the crowns extending 
 through the legend to the outside edge of the coin. In the four 
 angles are, respectively, two roses, a thistle and a shamrock. Later 
 issues, similar to the other, with a trefoiled quatrefoil instead of rose 
 in the centre. Shilling and Sixpence ; value in two lines, within 
 a wreath formed of a branch of olive and an oak branch tied 
 together with a ribband, above the value the royal crown, beneath 
 the wreath the date. Fourpence, figure of Britannia seated, helmeted, 
 in her left hand the trident, her right resting on the shield, date
 
 HANDBOOK OF ENGLISH COINS. 63 
 
 in exergue. Maundy money, value, crowned, within a wreath of 
 oak branches and date. 
 
 Legend. Crown and Half-crown, BRITANNIARVM REGINA FID. 
 DBF. Florin, first issue, ONE FLORIN ONE TENTH OF A POUND ; later 
 issues, ne florin one tenth of a pOltnU. Shilling and Sixpence, the 
 words ONE SHILLING, and SIXPENCE, within the wreath of laurel 
 and oak, beneath which is the date. Fourpence, FOUR PENCE. 
 Threepence, figure 3 crowned. 
 
 The most beautiful of our modem coins is a Crown-piece struck in 
 1847, from dies engraved by Wyon. It is in somewhat low relief, and 
 bears on the obverse an exquisite profile portrait of the queen, to the 
 left, filling up the entire diameter of the coin. Her Majesty wears 
 an open four-arched crown ; the hair, being plaited, is brought down 
 below the ear, and fastened at the back of the head ; shoulders and 
 bosom draped with delicate and elaborately ornamented lace, 
 pearls, and jewels, the portion of the robe visible being diapered 
 with roses, thistles, and shamrocks in lozenges. Legend. Utctorta 
 iJCt gratia britanntar. rrg : f : fo. Reverse : within the inner circle 
 four shields (two England, one Scotland, one Ireland), arranged as 
 a cross, within a tressure of eight arches ; each shield crowned, the 
 crowns extending through the legend and to extremity of the coin. 
 In the centre the star of the Order of the Garter, and in the angles 
 between the shields, which are diapered, a rose twice repeated, a 
 thistle, and a shamrock ; the spandrils and the cusps trefoiled. 
 
 Legend, titfattir untta fieus anno Horn, mocccilbff. Round the 
 edge fcrcus* ft' tutamm* anno* rrgni' ttntfcctm. This, usually 
 
 known as the " gothic crown," was not put in circulation. 
 
 Gold. Sovereign, and Half-sovereign ; obverse, same bust as the 
 silver, VICTORIA DEI GRATIA, and date; reverse, Sovereign, royal 
 arms, as the Half-crown ; later issues, St. George and the Dragon 
 as on those of George IV. , and date ; Half-sovereign, royal shield 
 as before, without the wreath, mantled, crowned, BRITANNIARVM 
 
 REGINA FID. DEF. 
 
 Copper. Farthings ; obverse, same as Sovereign ; reverse, figure 
 of Britannia, as before, with the rose, thistle, and shamrock beneath, 
 BRITANNIAR REG. FID. DEF. ; Half and Quarter-farthings have also 
 been struck for the colonies to supersede the use of cowries. 
 
 Bronze. Obverse : beautifully laureated profile bust of the queen, 
 hair tied behind, draped over the shoulders ; the portrait filling up the 
 diameter of the coin ; legend, VICTORIA D : G : BRITT : REG : F : D : 
 Reverse : figure of Britannia, helmeted and draped, holding a trident 
 in her left hand, and her right resting on a shield of the union ; in 
 the distance, on one side, the Eddystone Lighthouse, on the other a 
 ship in full sail. Legend: ONE PENNY, date in exergue, 1860, et seq. 
 A large number of pattern pieces for coins of various values, and in 
 all the metals, have at one time or other during this reign been 
 prepared and struck.'and are of the highest interest for the cabinets 
 of collectors.
 
 TRADERS' TOKENS 
 
 OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY.
 
 TRADERS' TOKENS, SEVENTEENTH CENTURY.
 
 TRADERS' TOKENS. 
 
 THE Traders' Tokens of this kingdom, properly so-called, are 
 confined, in issue, to the seventeenth, eighteenth, and early part 
 of the nineteenth centuries those of the first of these periods 
 being the most numerous as well as, in most respects, the most 
 interesting. Though not coins in the ordinary sense, not having 
 been issued by kings or governments, they play a more import- 
 ant part in the history of the country than even the regal pieces 
 do, and the information to be derived from their study is not only 
 valuable but in many instances entertaining. 
 
 Coins, the currency of nations, as I have, on another occasion, 
 observed, are hoarded up and studied, and constantly referred to 
 in illustration of historical facts, or as corroborations in cases of 
 doubtful points ; and their value, admitted on all hands, cannot 
 be too highly estimated. They, however, tell but of princes and 
 nationalities, not of the people. The coins of Greece and Rome 
 tell of events, of changes, and of wars, and become, when properly 
 studied, a complete epitome of the history of the great nations 
 to which they belong. Those of our own country, however, have 
 not that recommendation they become simply, and solely, matters 
 of regal chronology. From the Norman Conquest to the present 
 hour not one event does an English coin record, not one national 
 trait does it exhibit, and not one matter connected with national 
 history or the people does it illustrate. 
 
 Not so with Traders' Tokens. Issued by the people, they tell 
 of the people, and become imperishable records of that most im- 
 portant estate of the realm. They indicate to us their occupations 
 69
 
 ;o HANDBOOK OF TRADERS' TOKENS. 
 
 r^id their skill ; their customs and their modes of life ; their loca 
 governments ; their guilds and trade companies ; their habits and 
 ventiments; their trades, their costume, their towns, their families, 
 and their homes. Pity it is that these lasting and reliable record? 
 and adjuncts to national history are, as I have just said, confined 
 to some two centuries of our historical annals but of those two 
 periods (and especially of the earliest) they are, assuredly, among 
 the more interesting and important of illustrations. 
 
 In Anglo-Saxon and mediaeval times the want of small coins 
 that is, a currency representing a small value was much felt, and 
 this gave rise to the occasional issue of spurious, or rather base, 
 coins to supply the deficiency, as it was found the smaller pieces 
 for instance, the pennies when broken up for use as halfpence 
 and farthings were unfit for general use among the rough- 
 handed population. 
 
 In the reigns of Edward VI. and Mary the issue of a base- 
 metal currency gave rise to considerable dissatisfaction and 
 fraud, and under Elizabeth, who issued three-halfpence and 
 three-farthing pieces, that spurious currency was declared no 
 longer current. Despite the issuing, however, of these three- 
 halfpenny and three-farthing pieces, the want of halfpennies 
 and farthings was still so seriously felt by the entire population, 
 that housekeepers, chandlers, grocers, mercers, vintners, and most 
 other traders were impelled, for conscience" sake, to the issue of 
 private tokens of lead, pewter, latten, tin, and even leather, for 
 the purposes of trade. These were issued by the traders, and 
 commodities in exchange could only be had from their issuers ; 
 they were thus useless as a circulating medium and a source of 
 frequent loss to their holders. 
 
 In 1574 a proposition was made to the Queen by two persons 
 named Wickliffe and Humphrey, to coin half-pence and 
 farthings in base silver (to weigh respectively 1 2 and 6 grains), 
 but was not acted upon. It was then proposed to coin pledges 
 of copper, and a proclamation forbidding the use of private 
 tokens and authorizing those just named was prepared ; this, 
 however, again, was not acted upon, and private tokens still con- 
 tinued in use. In 1582 the three-farthing pieces were withdrawn 
 and silver halfpennies issued. They bear on the obverse a port- 
 cullis and mint mark, and on the reverse a cross and pellets. 
 
 In 1601 and 1602 the requirements of the army in Ireland 
 caused, for a time, the issue of copper pence, halfpence, and 
 farthings, and this seems to have revived the idea of copper 
 pledges for England, for which, indeed, pattern pieces were
 
 HANDBOOK OF TRADERS' TOKENS. ~,l 
 
 struck. Copper tokens were, at that time, issued by the cities 
 of Oxford, Worcester, and Bristol. 
 
 On the accession of James I. that monarch issued silvci pennies 
 for this country, in which his Scottish baubees, bodies, and placks 
 were useless. A pattern farthing was also prepared but not 
 issued. Soon afterwards a fresh scheme, which met the approval 
 of the king, was acted upon. This was the issue of Royal 
 farthing tokens weighing only six grains each. The licence to 
 mint these dishonest coins which, for the purpose of getting them 
 into circulation, were sold by the Crown to all comers at 21 
 shillings' worth for a pound, was granted to Lord Harrington 
 the king stipulating that he should receive one-half the profit every 
 quarter of a year. His majesty, however, ere long altered the 
 arrangement, allowing Lord Harrington a fixed sum, and himself 
 taking all the rest of the profit. Their principal distributor was 
 Gerard Malyns, who thus spoke of their intention and use : 
 " The necessitye of these small moneys did appeare here with us 
 in England, where everie chandler, tapster, vintner, and others, 
 made tokens of lead and brasse for half-pences, and at Bristol 
 by the late Queenes authoriue were made of copper, with a ship 
 on one side, and C.B. on the other side, signifying CIVITAS 
 BRISTOLL : these went current, for small things, at Bristoll and 
 ten miles about. Hereupon, it pleased our soveraigne lord the 
 king to approve of the making of a competent quantitie of farthing 
 tokens to abolish the said leaden tokens, made in derogation of 
 the king's prerogative royall, which farthing tokens, being in 
 the yeare 1613, with certain cautions and limitations, made of 
 meere copper, have on the one side two sceptres crossing under 
 one diadem, in remembrance of the union betweene England and 
 Scotland ; and on the other side the harpe for Ireland, and the 
 inscription, ' IACOBVS D.G. MAGNUS. BRITT. FRA. ET HIBER. 
 REX.' And the said farthing tokens have not oneley beene 
 found very commodius and necessarie for pettie commutations, 
 but also to be a great reliefe of the poore, and meanes to encrease 
 charitie, without which many of them had perished, everie man 
 having meanes to give almes, even the mechanicall poore to the 
 indigent poore." 
 
 The mode adopted for distributing these farthing tokens and 
 getting them into circulation was crafty and business-like. They 
 were made up in packets of 5-f. ^d. worth in each, and these 
 packets, made up in bags of .20 worth in each, were sent to 
 the mayors of the different towns of the kingdom, who were 
 required to sell them to the public. For all sold and remitted
 
 72 HANDBOOK OF TRADERS' TOKENS. 
 
 for within two months the mayor was allowed two shillings in the 
 pound for his trouble ; if over two months, then only one shil- 
 ling; and the purchaser of course in any case got zis. worth for 
 2Os. Thus each zis. worth was sold by the king for i8s. 
 
 Despite all this, however, and the issuing of proclamation 
 after proclamation to enforce this Royal swindle, private tokens 
 continued to be issued as much as ever and could not be put 
 down. The office for the issue of the Royal tokens was in 
 Lothbury, London, and the place is still known as "Token- 
 House Yard. " After the annulling of this office, copper farthing 
 tokens of a more honest value were issued, but traders still 
 struck their own to such an extent that they became more than 
 ever general throughout the country. 
 
 In 1649 an attempt was made to establish a national farthing, 
 and pattern pieces were prepared. Nothing, however, was done 
 until 1671, when Traders' Tokens having increased to a prodigious 
 extent, and being issued by one or other in almost every town 
 and village in the kingdom, the government announced the in- 
 tended issue of halfpence and farthings to supersede them ; and 
 in 1672 a proclamation prohibiting the making or use of any 
 such private tokens was issued, and stringent measures taken for 
 their suppression. From that time their use rapidly declined, 
 and they were soon utterly put down. 
 
 From that time (1672) until 1787 no Traders' Tokens whatever 
 were struck or issued in this kingdom. In the latter year (1787) 
 the government having for a long time neglected to issue a suffi- 
 cient quantity of copper coins for the purposes of trade, and the 
 copper coinage having been forged to so great an extent that 
 not one-fourth of what was in circulation was of Royal mint 
 coining, the Anglesey Copper Mines Company issued tokens of 
 their own, and to such an extent that they put into circulation 
 three hundred tons of copper pennies and halfpennies. The 
 example thus set was followed by other companies, corporations, 
 and private traders, and tokens soon became so general that the 
 matter attracted the attention of government, and resulted in 
 orders being issued for the preparation of a new national coinage. 
 
 To that end in June, 1797, George the Third issued his warrant 
 empowering Matthew Boulton, of the Soho Works, Birmingham, 
 to manufacture a considerable quantity of penny and twopenny 
 pieces. The extent to which this contract was carried maybe 
 gathered from the fact that between June, 1797, and 1805, Mat- 
 thew Boulton " coined under contract for the British Govern, 
 ment upwards of 4,000 tons weight of copper coin, amounting
 
 HANDBOOK OF TRADERS' TOKENS. 73 
 
 at its nominal value to nearly .800,000." These coins were 
 strictly and unequivocally honest, as were also those of the Angle- 
 sey and other works. 
 
 The Soho twopenny pieces weighed exactly two ounces each, 
 and eight of them laid side by side measured one foot ; the 
 pennies weighed one ounce each, and seventeen in like manner 
 measured two feet ; the halfpennies weighed half an ounce 
 each, and twelve of them measured one foot. 
 
 The effect of this issue was the stoppage of private tokens, 
 only one or two examples being known of so lata a date as 1 802, 
 when they finally ceased. 
 
 By 1811, consequent on the great increase in the value of 
 copper caused by the costly wars in which this country was en- 
 gaged, the twopenny and penny pieces (which were of the 
 intrinsic value of the metal) were melted down, or used in various 
 ways, and thus the copper currency had again, gradually and 
 surely, become deficient. In that year the Copper Companies 
 and others again resorted to the issue of batches of tokens, and 
 these continued to increase and to be issued in large numbers until 
 1817, when, by Act of Parliament passed on the 27th of July, 
 their manufacture was prohibited, and their issuers ordered, under 
 penalties for disobedience, to take up all they had issued before 
 the 1st of January, 1818. 
 
 Thus came entirely to an end the issue of Traders' Tokens in 
 this country. 
 
 It is impossible to ascertain, or even to form a correct estimate 
 of, the number of varieties of seventeenth century tokens that were 
 issued. Boyne, after mature consideration and much research, 
 estimated the entire issue as not having exceeded 20,000, and in 
 that he was probably tolerably correct. 
 
 In round numbers the known examples of tokens of the seven- 
 teenth century, issued in the various counties of England, Wales, 
 and Ireland, may be put down as in : 
 
 Bedfordshire about . 80 Dorsetshire about . 1 60 
 
 Berkshire . . . 150 Durham . ,, 60 
 
 Buckinghamshire 
 
 Cambridgeshire 
 
 Cheshire 
 
 Cornwall 
 
 Cumberland 
 
 Derbyshire . 
 
 Devonshire . 
 
 140 Essex . . ., . 250 
 
 150 Gloucestershire , . 180 
 
 70 Hampshire . , . 150 
 
 50 Herefordshire , . 50 
 
 10 Hertfordshire - , . 170 
 
 no Huntingdonshire , . 7 
 
 250 Kent . . :, 5
 
 74 
 
 HANDBOOK OF TRADERS' 1 TOKENS. 
 
 Lancashire . about 
 
 IOO 
 
 Suffolk . . about 300 
 
 Leicestershire , , 
 
 100 
 
 Surrey, including South - 
 
 Lincolnshire . ,, 
 
 20O 
 
 \vark . . , , 650 
 
 Middlesex, including 
 
 
 Sussex , 200 
 
 London . ., 
 
 3,200 
 
 Warwickshire , 
 
 160 
 
 Monmouthshire ,, 
 
 20 
 
 Westmoreland , 
 
 2 5 
 
 Norfolk . ,, . 
 
 300 
 
 Wiltshire . . 
 
 . 200 
 
 Northamptonshire ., . 
 
 15 
 
 Worcestershire , 
 
 1 2O 
 
 Nottinghamshire ,, 
 
 00 
 
 Yorkshire . , 
 
 450 
 
 Northumberland , , 
 
 2O 
 
 Uncertain English . 
 
 . IOO 
 
 Oxfordshire . ,, 
 
 230 
 
 Wales . . i 
 
 . IOO 
 
 Rutlandshire ,, 
 
 20 
 
 Isle of Man . . 
 
 I 
 
 Shropshire . ,, 
 
 IOO 
 
 Ireland . . , 
 
 . 70C 
 
 Somersetshire ,, 
 
 280 
 
 Scotland, none known. 
 
 Staffordshire ,, 
 
 IOO 
 
 
 Making a grand total in all of about twelve thousand distinct 
 varieties ; and these, of course, can be only about one-half ot 
 what were actually issued. 
 
 The denominations are Pennies, Half-pennies, and Farthings, 
 and they are of copper, or, in not a few instances, brass. 
 
 Their shape is usually round, but some are square, others 
 octagonal, others lozenge, and others again heart-shaped. These 
 varieties will be best understood by reference to the following 
 engravings, which may be taken as general typical examples.
 
 HANDBOOK OF TRADERS' TOKENS. 
 
 75 
 
 They are usually tliin, not very cleverly strack, and many of 
 them exhibit, in their orthography, ignorant and eccentric modes 
 of spelling names, both of persons, trades, and places. The 
 greater bulk of them are, fortunately, dated ; the dates ranging 
 from about 1648 to 1672. 
 
 The inscriptions in by far the greatest number of examples 
 commence on the obverse, and are continued on the reverse. 
 They commonly consist of the Christian and surname of the 
 issuer, his trade or occupation, and the town or village in which 
 he resided. Usually on the ordinary disc-formed tokens this 
 inscription is between the outer and inner circle of dotted lines.
 
 76 
 
 HANDBOOK OF TRADERS' TOKENS. 
 
 On the field, within the inner circle, is usually the value of the 
 coin ; the initials of the issuer and his wife joined together with 
 a knot ; trade-company, town, or family-arms ; tavern or shop 
 sign ; device, indicating the handicraft or trade of the issuer ; 
 
 TP-CI TrKrv 
 
 initials or other lettering ; or other matter. On some, princi- 
 pally on the square, lozenge, octagonal, and heart-shaped ex- 
 amples, the inscription is placed in several lines across the entire 
 field, and is accompanied more or less by devices, etc. 
 
 Among devices the arms of Trade-guilds or Companies are 
 most numerous, and a brief description of those most commonly 
 met with will be found of great service to the collector. They 
 are as follows, but for the sake of brevity, and as they are but 
 seldom indicated on the tokens themselves, I omit tinctures : 
 
 APOTHECARIES. Full length figure of Apollo, the inventor
 
 HANDBOOK OF TRADERS* TOKENS. 
 
 -7 
 
 of physic, his head radiant, holding in his left hand a bow, and 
 in his right hand an arrow, supplanting (i.t, standing over, 
 astride, or vanquishing) a serpent. On tokens these arms are 
 sometimes represented without being on a shield. The crest of 
 the company, a Rhinoceros, is also occasionally used. 
 
 ARMOURERS. On a chevron a gauntlet between two pairs of 
 swords in saltire ; on a chief an oval shield whereon a cross of 
 St. George, between two peers' helmets. 
 
 BAKERS. A pair of balances, held, between three garbs, by a 
 hand, vested, and arm embowed, issuing from radiated clouds, 
 affixed to the upper part of a chief barry wavy of four, whereon 
 are two anchors. 
 
 BAKERS (WHITE). Three garbs; on a chief an arm issuing 
 from a cloud, holding a pair of scales, between three garbs. 
 
 BARBER-SURGEONS. On a cross of St. George between, in 
 first and fourth quarters a chevron between three fleams, and 
 second and third a rose crowned, a lion passant-guardant. 
 
 BLACKSMITHS. A chevron between three hammers crowned. 
 On some tokens a single hammer, crowned or uncrowned, without 
 a shield is used ; occasionally also three uncrowned hammers ; 
 
 or, hammer and pincers, as on the cut ; or, again, an anvil, as 
 on the next example.
 
 78 HANDBOOK OF TRADERS' TOKENS. 
 
 BOTTLE MAKERS AND HORNERS (now only Homers). On 
 a chevron between three leather bottles as many bugle horns, 
 stringed. 
 
 BRAZIERS. On a chevron between, in chief, two ewers (or 
 beakers), and in base, a tripod pot with two handles, three roses 
 seeded and barbed. 
 
 BREWERS. On a chevron, between three pairs of barley 
 garbs in saltire, as many tuns. Instead of these arms it was not 
 infrequent for a single barrel, or three barrels, to be used. 
 Another not uncommon device was two men carrying a barrel 
 suspended from a shoulder-pole. 
 
 BRICKLAYERS AND TILERS. A chevron between, in chief, a 
 fleur-de-lis between two brick-axes palewise, and in base a 
 bundle of laths. 
 
 BUTCHERS. Two slaughter-axes addorsed in saltire between 
 three bulls' heads couped, two in fesse and one in base ; on a 
 chief a boar's head couped between two block brushes (i.e. two 
 
 bunches of " butchers'-broom "). A knife and cleaver, and 
 other signs were also used. 
 
 CARPENTERS. A chevron (sometimes engrailed) between 
 three pairs of compasses expanded at the points.
 
 HANDBOOK OF TRADERS' TOKENS. 79 
 
 CLOCKMAKERS. Sable, a clock, or. 
 
 CLOTHWORKERS OR SHEARMEN. A chevron ermine be- 
 tween, in chief, two habbicks, and, in base, a teazle slipped. 
 
 COACH MAKERS AND COACH HARNESS MAKERS. A chev- 
 ron between three coaches. Crest, Phoebus drawn in a chariot. 
 Supporters, two horses, armed. Sometimes this crest alone 
 appears, and sometimes a horse caparisoned. 
 
 COOKS. A chevron engrailed between three columbines, 
 stalked and leaved. Or, a chevron between three columbines, 
 pendant. 
 
 COOPERS. Gyronny of eight, on a chevron, between three 
 annulets, a grose between two adzes ; on a chief three lilies, 
 slipped, stalked, and leaved. 
 
 CORD WAI NERS OR SHOEMAKERS. A chevron between three 
 goats' heads erased and attired. It is not unusual for the three 
 
 ^^w^ 
 
 goats' heads to be used without shield or chevron, and sometimes 
 a single goat's head is introduced. The public-house sign of the 
 "Three Goats' Heads," a "house of call" for shoemakers, 
 took its origin from these arms. 
 
 CUTLERS. Three pairs of swords in saltire, two pairs in chief 
 and one in base. Frequently two swords in saltire is used as 
 the trade device on tokens.
 
 8o HANDBOOK OF TRADERS' TOKENS. 
 
 DISTILLERS. A fesse wavy between, in chief, the sun in his 
 splendour encircled with a cloud distilling drops of rain, and, in 
 base, a distillatory [still] double armed, on a fire, with two 
 worms and bolt receivers. Other simpler devices used on 
 tokens are the sun in splendour ; a still ; or an Indian holding a 
 bow and arrow (being one of the supporters of the company's 
 arms). 
 
 DRAPERS. Three triple crowns each issuing out of a cloud 
 shedding rays of the sun. Frequently only one triple crown is 
 used on tokens. 
 
 DYERS. A chevron between three madder bags, corded. 
 FARRIERS. Three horseshoes pierced. A single horseshoe 
 was, however, sometimes used on tokens. 
 
 FELTMAKERS. A dexter hand couped at the wrist between 
 two hatbands, nowed, in chief a hat, banded ; or, a hat ; or, 
 a hand holding a hat and feather, were adopted. 
 
 FISHMONGERS. Three dolphins naiant, in pale, finned and 
 ducally crowned, between two pairs of lucies in saltire (the sinister 
 surmounting the dexter), over the nose of each lucy a ducal 
 crown ; on a chief three pairs of keys, endorsed, in saltire.
 
 HANDBOOK OF TRADERS' TOKENS. Si 
 
 FLETCHERS. A chevron between three arrows, headed and 
 feathered. 
 
 FOUNDERS. A laver pot (or vase) between two prickets) or 
 taper-candlesticks^. 
 
 FRAMEWORK KNITTERS. On a chevron between, in chief, 
 two combs and as many leads of needles, and, in base, an iron 
 jack springer, a main-spring between two small springs. 
 
 FRUITERERS. On a mount, a representation of the Tree of 
 Life (Tree of Paradise) environed with a serpent ; on the dexter 
 side thereof a male figure, on the sinister a female (representing 
 Adam and Eve) ; at the bottom of the tree a rabbit. 
 
 GlRDLERS. Party per fesse, azure and or, a pale counter- 
 changed, the first charged with three gridirons, the handles in 
 chief, of the second. 
 
 GLAZIERS. Two grazing irons in baltire between four closing 
 nails ; on a chief a lion passant-guardant. 
 
 GLOVERS. Party per fesse, counterchangcd, on each part of 
 the first, two and one, a ram salient, armed, and unguled. The 
 >ame arms, quartering two goats, statant, affrontee and attired, 
 in fesse, were granted to the Leathersellers' Company as an im- 
 palement in 1505. 
 
 GOLDSMITHS. Quarterly, first and fourth a leopard's face, 
 second and third a covered cup ; and in chief two buckles, their 
 tongues fessewise, pointed to the dexter. 
 
 GOLD AND SILVER WIRE DRAWERS. On a chevron be- 
 tween, in chief, two coppers, and, in base, two points in saltire, 
 a drawing iron between two rings. 
 
 GROCERS. A chevron between nine cloves, three, three and 
 three. Sometimes seven (three, three, and one) are used. Not 
 unfrequently on tokens three cloves are used as a grocer's trade 
 device, as are also one, two, or three sugar-loaves.
 
 82 HANDBOOK OF TRADERS' TOKENS. 
 
 HABERDASHERS (Anciently called "Huvrers" and "Mil- 
 leners)." Barry nebulee (or wavy) of six ; on a bend, a lion 
 passant-guardant. 
 
 HATTERS, OR HATTER MERCHANTS. On a chevron be- 
 tween three felt hats with strings, as many escallops. On some 
 tokens a hat, or hat and feather, or cap, alone occurs. 
 
 INNHOLDERS. A chevron, quarterly per chevron, and per 
 pale, between three garbs. The crest of this company, a star 
 of sixteen rays, was also a common device on tokens. 
 
 IRONMONGERS. On a chevron between three steel gads (bil- 
 lets) as many swivels, the middle one palewise, the other two 
 with the line of the chevron. 
 
 JOINERS OR CARPENTERS. A chevron (sometimes engrailed) 
 between three pairs of compasses expanded at the points. Or, 
 a chevron between two pairs of compasses extended, in chief, 
 and a sphere in base ; on a chief a pale between two roses, the 
 pale charged with an escallop. 
 
 LEATHERSELLERS. Three bucks passant reguardant attired 
 and unguled. 
 
 LORINERS. A chevron between three curbits and as many 
 bosses. 
 
 MASONS. On a chevron (sometimes engrailed) between three 
 castles, a pair of compasses, extended.
 
 HAh 7 DBOOK OF TRADERS' TOKENS. 83 
 
 MERCERS. A demi-vivgin, couped below the shoulders, 
 vested, crowned with an Eastern crown, her hair dishevelled 
 and wreathed about her temples with roses, issuing from clouds, 
 and all within an orle of the same. This device is sometimes, 
 on tokens, shorn of its clouds, and used without shield. 
 
 MERCHANT ADVENTURERS. Barry nebulee (or wavy) of six, 
 on a chief quarterly, first and fourth, a lion passant-guardant, 
 second and third two roses in fesse, barbed. 
 
 MERCHANT TAILORS (or "Taylors and Linen Armourers"). 
 A royal tent between two Parliament robes, lined ermine ; the 
 tent garnished, with tentstaff and pennon ; on a chief a lion pas- 
 sant-guardant. 
 
 MERCHANTS OF THE STAPLE. Barry nebulee (or wavy) of 
 six ; on a chief, a lion passant-guardant. 
 
 MUSICIANS. A swan with wings expanded, within a double 
 tressure fleury-counter-fleury ; a chief charged with on a pale be- 
 tween two lions passant-guardant a rose seeded and barbed. 
 
 NEEDLE MAKERS. From three crowns in fesse as many 
 needles, pendant. 
 
 PAINTERS AND PAINTER-STAINERS. Three escutcheons 
 quarterly with three phoenix' heads, erased. 
 
 PARISH CLERKS. A fleur-de-lis ; on a chief a leopard's head 
 between two song-books (shut), stringed. 
 
 PEWTERERS. On a chevron between three limbecks, as many 
 roses stalked, leaved, and seeded. Or : 
 
 PEWTERERS. On a chevron between three single-handled 
 cups, each containing so many sprigs of lilies, the Virgin accom- 
 panied by four cherubs, between two pairs of limbecks. 
 
 PIN MAKERS. A demi-virgin couped at the waist, mantle 
 turned down ermine, her hair dishevelled, on her head an 
 Eastern crown.
 
 84 HANDBOOK OF TRADERS' TOKENS. 
 
 PLAISTEREKS. On a chevron engrailed between, in chief, 
 two plaisterers' hammers, and, in base, a treble flat brush, handle 
 upward, a rose seeded and barbed between two fleurs-de-lis ; in 
 chief a trowel fessewise with handle to the sinister. 
 
 PLUMBERS. On a chevron between, in chief, two plummets 
 and, in base, a level reversed, two soldering irons in saltire 
 between a cutting knife on the dexter and a shave hook on the 
 sinister ; in chief a cross-staff fessewise. 
 
 SADDLERS. A chevron between three manage saddles com- 
 plete. 
 
 SALTERS OR DRYSALTERS. Party per chevron, three covered 
 cups sprinkling salt ; crest, a cubit arm erect, holding a covered 
 cup, or salt sprinkler. 
 
 SCRIVENERS. An eagle with wings expanded, holding in his 
 beak a penner and inkhorn, standing on a book, closed, fessewise, 
 the clasps downwards. 
 
 SHIPWRIGHTS. On an antique hulk, the stern terminating 
 with the head of a dragon in the hulk, the Ark with three 
 doors in the side, from the Ark against the side a slep-ladder ;
 
 HANDBOOK OF TRADERS TOKENS. 85 
 
 on a chief the cross of St. George charged on the centre with a 
 lion passant-guardant. 
 
 SILKMEN. A ship of three masts in full sail on the sea, in 
 base ; on a chief a bale of silk, corded, between two bundles of 
 silk, pendant. 
 
 SOAPMAKERS. A dolphin naiant between three eel spears. 
 
 STATIONERS. On a chevron between three Bibles fessewise, 
 claspsdownwards, garnished and leaved, an eagle, rising, between 
 tsvo roses seeded and barbed ; from the chief a demi-circle of 
 glory edged with clouds, therein a dove displayed and nimbed. 
 
 TALLOWCHANDLERS. 1'arty perfesse a pale counterchanged ; 
 on the first three doves each holding an olive branch. In place 
 of these arms the devices commonly found on tokens issued by 
 tallowchandlers are : a man making candles a stick of candles ; 
 
 a stick of candles within a crescent moon ; one or three doves 
 with olive branch, etc. 
 
 TIN PLATE WORKERS AND WIREWORKE'RS. A chevron 
 between three lamps, the two in chief (one light each) facing 
 each other, the one in base with two lights, all garnished and 
 illuminated.
 
 HANDBOOK OF TRADERS' TOKENS, 
 
 TOBACCONISTS. Usually a roll of tobacco ; or one, l\vo, or 
 three pipes ; or a combination of pipes and tobacco. 
 
 UPHOLDERS OR UPHOLSTERERS. On a chevron between 
 three tents (without poles) ermine and lined, as many roses. 
 
 VINTNERS. A chevron between three tuns (barrels). 
 
 WATERMEN. Barry wa-vy of six ; on the middle bar a boat ; 
 on a chief two oars in saltire between two cushions, tasselled. 
 
 WAX-CHANDLERS. On a chevron between three mortcours 
 as many roses. 
 
 WEAVERS. On a chevron between three leopards' heads, 
 each holding a shuttle, as many roses, seeded and barbed. On 
 tokens sometimes three leopards' faces alone, without shield, are 
 used. 
 
 WOODMONGERS. A sword erect, hilled and crowned (or 
 entiled -with a dncal coronet) between twoflaunches each charged 
 with a faggot (or bundle of laths). On one token, that of Govin 
 Gouldegay, of Whitefriars, the arms are a chevron between three 
 faggots.
 
 HANDBOOK OF TRADERS TOKENS. 87 
 
 WOOLMEN OR WOOLPACKERS. A woolpack. 
 
 Ale-house and shop-signs were much used as devices on tokens ; 
 but, of course, occurring as they do by the hundred, are too 
 
 1 King's Arras," Uttoxeter. 
 
 "Crown," Repton.
 
 38 HANDBOOK OF TRADEPS* TOKE.VS. 
 
 " Red Lion,'' Ajhbouruc. 
 
 'George and Dragon," Uttoxctcr. 
 
 Hunch of Grapes," Bolsovcr. 
 
 numerous to particularise. Sometimes the sign was named in 
 addition to the device, but at others the name or the device was 
 alone used. Thus for instance : 
 
 Oh\ WILLIAM WEBB AT THE = "Within the inner circle the 
 figure of St. George and the Dragon. 
 
 7vV<'. IN SITTINGBORN, 1670 = Within the inner circle, in three 
 lines, HIS HALF PENY. 
 
 Obv. EDMOND HOLT AT THE = Within the inner circle a ship. 
 
 Rev. SHIP IN RATCLIFFE, 1 668 = Within the inner circle, in 
 lour lines, ins HAI.FE PENY. E.H.
 
 HANDBOOK OF TRADERS' TOKENS. 89 
 Aims of cities and towns are found not only on those tokens 
 
 Arms of the Borough of Deroy. 
 
 which were issued by corporations, mayors, or other bodies or 
 officials, but by some tradesmen. Of the first an example or two 
 will be sufficient : 
 
 Obi 1 . THE MAYOR OF = A shield bearing the arms of the city 
 of Oxford ; an " Ox " crossing a "Ford." 
 
 Rei'. OXFORD TOKEN = C.O., 1652. A small R for Rawlins 
 the die sinker. 
 
 Oh'. A BECCLES FARTHING, 1670. B = In four lines across the 
 coin. 
 
 Rev. The arms of Beccles, a cattle pen, and Town Hall. 
 
 Obv. A BRISTOLL FARTHING = C. 15., 1652, and a small R for 
 Rawlins the die sinker. 
 
 Rev. THE ARMES OF BRISTOLL = The arms of Bristol on a 
 shield. 
 
 Of family arms, which are occasionally met with on tokens, 
 and also of crests, the following engraved examples will be suffi- 
 cient to show their general character. 
 
 Arms aud Crest of Shnlcross.
 
 90 HANDBOOK OF TRADERS' TOKEN'S 
 
 Arms and Crest of Manaton. 
 
 Arms and Crest of Gent. 
 
 Arms of Coates. 
 
 Crest of Rossington. 
 
 Merchants marks, some of which are curious and of considerable 
 interest, were to some extent used. They were, indeed, of much 
 the same use as the " Trade Marks " of our own day. Other
 
 HANDBOOK OF 7'RADERS' TOKENS. 91 
 
 devices are implements of one kind or other connected with the 
 trade or calling of the issuer ; articles of clothing made or sold 
 by him ; animals and heraldic figures usually derived from guild 
 arms or from signs ; articles of domestic use of endless variety ; 
 and ships, boats, coaches, carriages, pack-horses, and numerous 
 other matters connected with the daily life of the people. 
 
 Rebusses and allusive designs that is, devices containing a 
 play upon the name of the issuer are far from uncommon. Thus 
 James Bolton, of Blackburn, adopted on each side his tokens the 
 device of a bolt and tun; Thomas Towers, of March, a/ravr; 
 Anthony Rachell, of Wisbech, a "racha/lcd" or cogged wheel ; 
 Walter Coates, of Stockport, a colt ; Francis Woodward, of 
 Crutched Friars, a wood-ward mounted and blowing his horn ; 
 William Archer, of Deptford, an archer with bow and arrow ; 
 Hannah Bell, of Tooley Street, a bell ; Hugh Conny, of Potion, 
 tnree ionics ; John Curtis, of Yarmouth, two men curtseying ; 
 Robert Hancock, of Whitefriars, a hand and a cock; Ralph 
 Harbottle, of Great Torrington, a hare and a bottle ; Robert 
 
 Thornhill, who kept the " Bull " inn, a Bull standing under a 
 17wrn tree on a mound or liill ; and so on. 
 
 Very frequently, and sometimes on the obverse and at others 
 on the reverse, are the initials of the issuer or, more frequently
 
 92 HANDBOOK OF TRADERS' TOKENS. 
 
 still, those of the issuer and his wife tied together with, or hav- 
 ing between them, a " true lover's knot," with floral or tasselled 
 terminations. T!,e initials in the latter case are thus arranged 
 
 T TT, that of the family name (Malyn) at the top, and those of 
 
 the Christian name, of the husband (John) and wife (Katherine), 
 at the sides as here engraved from a Duffield token. 
 
 On some the issuer has, as will occasionally be met with by 
 the collector, introduced some remarkably quaint inscriptions. 
 Thus on a token of Richard Bakewell, of Derby, 1666, is the 
 
 curious inscription, GOOD MORROW VALENTINE, the device 
 being two doves billing. Oil another Derby token, that of 
 
 William Newcome, we have on the obverse, rovcH NOT MINE 
 ANOINTED, and on the reverse DOE MY PROPHETS NOE HARME. 
 On one of Samuel Hendon, of Macclesfield, 
 
 WELCOME YOU BE 
 TO TRADE WITH ME. 
 
 On one of Thomas Cotton, of Middlewich, 
 
 ALTHOVGH BVT 15RASS 
 YET LET ME PASS.
 
 HANDBOOK OF TRADERS' TOKENS. 93 
 
 On one of Ann Greene, of Skipton, i WILL EXCIIAING MY 
 PENY. Others refer to the use and benefit of tokens alike to 
 the poor and to the traders. Thus on one of Andover, on one 
 side we have, FOR YE POORE'S BENEFIT, and on the other, 
 HELP o' ANDEVER, 1 666 ; on one of Winchcombe, REMEMBER 
 THE POORE ; on one of Croyland, THE POORE'S HALFE PENY 
 OF CROYLAND, 1670 ; Great Yarmouth, FOR THE VSE OF THE 
 POORE ; Chard, THE BVRROVGH OF CHARD MADE BY YE 
 
 PORTREEVE FOR YE POORE ; Southwold, FOR THE POORES 
 
 ADVANTAG ; Tamworth, FOR CHANGE AND CHARITIE ; Wor- 
 cester, FOR NECESSARIE CHAING ; and so on in very grea' 
 variety. They were often issued by the Mayor, the Portreeve, 
 the Overseers, the Chamberlain, or other official for public 
 convenience. 
 
 The best, indeed only worthy, book on the general subject of 
 seventeenth century tokens is Boyne's, published in 1858, in 
 which close upon ten thousand examples are carefully and 
 minutely described. 
 
 Of the more modern tokens those so abundantly issued 
 during the thirty years preceding 1818 and of the silver tokens 
 of the latter part of that period which, including the Bank 
 Tokens, number some four hundred varieties, I purposely ab- 
 stain in this little work from giving any particulars. 
 
 Of those of silver and gold, Boyne's " Silver Tokens of Great 
 Britain and Ireland," etc., published in 1866, is the best and 
 most comprehensive list that has been prepared. Of those of 
 copper, Batty's "Descriptive Catalogue," in which some twenty 
 thousand varieties are minutely described, is as exhaustive a list 
 as could well be prepared.
 
 GREEK AND ROMAN COINS. 
 
 BY 
 
 BARCLAY V. -HEAD.
 
 GREEK AND ROMAN COINS. 
 
 THE SCIENCE OF NUMISMATICS. 
 
 THE science of Numismatics (from the Greek word v6,u.iff/j.a, a 
 legally current coin) embraces the study of the coins of all the 
 nations of the earth who have at any period impressed upon 
 pieces of metal gold, silver, bronze, brass, copper, iron, tin, 
 lead, etc. etc. any devices (tyfes), or inscriptions, indicating 
 that such pieces of metal were issued by authority for public use 
 as money. 
 
 Strictly speaking, the term Numismatics should not therefore 
 be applied to the study of medallions, medals, or counters, 
 whether commemorative, purely artistic, military, scholastic, 
 etc. , unless, as is sometimes the case, such medals have been at 
 the same time current as money. 
 
 The study of medals is, however, in many respects so nearly 
 allied to Numismatics that it may be and frequently is included 
 in it for convenience sake. 
 
 For practical purposes coins may be roughly classified under 
 four principal headings : 
 
 f Greek, etc. 
 
 I. Ancient, including / Roman, etc. 
 
 (. Phoenician, etc. 
 
 II. Byzantine. 
 
 III. Medieval (European various. 
 
 " . ( Onental various. 
 
 IV. Modern All countries. 
 
 Each series may be again subdivided into an enormous number 
 of classes, as will be seen when we come to examine the Greek 
 and Roman series to which the following pages will be devoted. 
 In the outset a few brief remarks oil the uses of a cabinet of 
 antique coins may not be out of place. Of these the first and 
 foremost is the undoubted fact that these " strange face to face 
 vestiges of vanished aeons " (to use an expression of Carlyle's) 
 bring our minds into immediate contact with the life and history 
 of antiquity as no mere book-study can ever do. Not that we 
 
 09
 
 ico GKEEK AND ROMAN COINS. 
 
 would depreciate the value of a knowledge of history ; on the 
 contrary, this is the one study which is all important for a 
 collector of coins. Without it a man may indeed become 
 familiar with the look of ancient coins, and he may gain much 
 practical knowledge of the prices which they usually fetch at 
 sales, but he will never be a true Numismatist. If he possess 
 the artistic sense he may admire them as works of art, but be- 
 yond this they will be to him as a sealed book. 
 
 I. GREEK COINS. 
 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 
 
 The following extract from the preface to the British Museum 
 "Guide to the Coins of the Ancients" * will give some idea of 
 the uses of Greek Numismatics. 
 
 " The chief value of Greek coins lies in their being original 
 works of art, not copies as are most of the extant sculptures in 
 the round, and in their recording the successive phases and local 
 varieties of Greek art, in which respect no other class of monu- 
 ments, sculptures, bronzes, terracottas, fictile vases, or gems, can 
 compete with them. From the seventh century before the 
 Christian era downwards, and from the farthest east to the ex- 
 treme west of the ancient civilized world, coins are still extant, 
 in many cases as uninjured as when they first left the dies. The 
 devices or types which they bear, if not by leading artists, 
 certainly faithfully represent the style of the sculpture and even 
 of the painting of the periods to which they belong. Thus in 
 no other branch of Greek monuments can the student so readily 
 and so thoroughly trace the growth, the maturity, and the decay 
 of the plastic art as on coins chronologically arranged. 
 
 " For the study of mythology they present the local concep- 
 tions of the gods and heroes worshipped in the Greek world, 
 with their attributes and symbols. 
 
 "The historian will find a gallery of portraits of sovereigns 
 almost complete, as well as evidences of the history and of the 
 political revolutions of innumerable autonomous states and cities 
 in these all but imperishable records. 
 
 " The student of palaeography will find on coins examples of 
 various ancient alphabets, such as Lycian and Cyprian, Phoeni- 
 cian, Greek, Latin, Iberian, etc., in various stages of develop- 
 ment. 
 
 * ''A Guide to the Coins of the Ancients, from cir. B.C. 700 to A.D.I," with 
 seventy plates, by B. V.*Head, second edition, London. Svo, iSSr, Triibners.
 
 GREEK' AND ROMAN COINS. loi 
 
 "The metrologist, by comparing the weights of coins of diffe- 
 rent localities and periods, may gain an insight into the various 
 systems of ancient metrology in its various standards, and obtain 
 a just view of the relative values of the precious metals, and of 
 the great lines of trade in the Greek and Roman world. For 
 practical purposes the medallist and art workman will find in 
 Greek coins the most profitable as well as the safest guide. The 
 artist will not fail to perceive the suggestive value of designs 
 which, on however small a scale, are essentially large in treat- 
 ment." 
 
 No one whose means are at all limited should attempt to form 
 a complete collection of Greek coins. Even the vast collection 
 in the British Museum is far from perfect, and in many series is 
 still lamentably deficient. 
 
 Any one, however, by limiting his ambition to one particular 
 branch, may hope in course of time to form a cabinet the value 
 of which will increase rapidly in proportion as it approaches 
 completion. 
 
 This applies not only to Greek coins but to every class. Thus, 
 for instance, there are collectors of English coins who confine 
 their attention to the Anglo-Saxon period ; others who will buy 
 no coins later than the reign of Charles I. ; and others, again, 
 who only collect the copper money of the last two centuries. 
 
 The young collector who would not drift into unprofitable 
 dildtanteism should therefore select some one series and keep to 
 it, and it is chiefly with the view of assisting him to make his 
 choice of a field to work upon that these pages have been written. 
 
 It will be well to form some idea, in the first instance, of the 
 numerous series which are included in the general term of " Greek 
 coins." 
 
 Greek coins may be divided into three principal sections : 
 
 A. Autonomous, i.e. coins issued by cities governed by their 
 own laws. 
 
 B. Regal, i.e. coins struck in the names of kings. 
 
 C. Imperial, i.e. coins of Greek cities struck in Roman 
 Imperial times, and with the head of the Emperor on the obverse. 
 
 And into eight chronological periods as follows : 
 
 I. B.C. 700-480. Period of Archaic Art, ending with the 
 Persian wars. 
 
 II. B.C. 480-430. Period of Transitional Art, between the 
 Persian and Peloponnesian wars. 
 
 III. B.C. 430-400. Period of Early Fine Art, to the end of 
 the Athenian supremacy.
 
 102 CHEEK AND ROMAN COINS. 
 
 IV. B.C. 400-336. Period oj c Finest Art. Age of the S pail an 
 and Theban supremacies. Philip of Macedon. 
 
 V. B.C. 336-280. Period of Later Fine Art. Age of Alex- 
 ander and his immediate successors. 
 
 VI. B.C. 280-197. Period of the Decline of Art. Age of the 
 Epigoni or descendants of Alexander's successors. 
 
 VII. B.C. 197-27. Period of Late Decline of Art. Age ol 
 the Atlalids, Mithradates, and of the Roman supremacy. 
 
 VIII. B.C. 27 A. D. 268. Period of Latest Decline of Art. 
 The Empire. Augustus Gallienus. 
 
 OF THE METALS OF WHICH COINS ARE 
 COMPOSED. 
 
 The coins of the ancients were of various metals, of which the 
 following need only be specified. 
 
 1. Gold, distinguished in numismatic works by the abbrevia- 
 tion N (for aurum). 
 
 2. Eleclnitn, a compound of gold and silver. EL. 
 
 3. Silver. AR (argentum). 
 
 4. Billon and Potin, alloys of silver and bronze. Bil. and Pot. 
 
 5. Bronze. Copper with a percentage of tin. M (ses). 
 
 OF THE TERMS USED TO DEFINE THE VARIOUS 
 PARTS OF A COIN. 
 
 The front or face of a coin is called the obverse. Obv. 
 
 The back is called the reverse. Rev. 
 
 The principal device or object represented on a coin is called 
 the type. 
 
 The area or space between the type and the circumference is 
 called the field. 
 
 The lower portion of the area of a coin beneath the type and 
 separated from the rest of the field by a horizontal line is called 
 the exergue. Ex. 
 
 Small objects represented either in the field or the exergue as 
 adjuncts to the main type are called symbols. 
 
 Portions of a coin which are sunk below the level of the 
 surface are said to be incuse. 
 
 OF THE TYPES OF GREEK COINS. 
 
 The types of Greek coins were from the earliest times clown 
 to the age of the successors of Alexander almost exclusively 
 religious. The reason for this is not far to seek. In an age of 
 simple faith the head of a god upon the coin was the best of all
 
 GREEK AND ROMAN COIN'S. 103 
 
 guarantees for purity of metal and good weight. The gods 
 were, so to speak, invoked by the State to vouch for the good 
 quality of its currency, in the same way as State decrees often 
 began with the formula "/ the name of the gods." There is, 
 moreover, some reason to think that the earliest coins were struck 
 within the sacred precincts of the Temple treasuries, as being 
 holy places, secure from plunder and inviolable. 
 
 In the most ancient period the principal or obverse type is 
 generally some animal or object sacred to or emblematical of 
 that god whose worship was prevalent in the city in which the 
 coin was issued. Subsequently the head of the deity himself 
 was usually placed upon the obverse of the coin, while the re- 
 verse side was occupied by the object emblematical of his 
 worship. Frequently, too, the head of one principal deity appears 
 upon the obverse, and, either the entire figure or the emblem of 
 some other, generally local divinity, on the reverse. 
 
 The chief exceptions to the above rule are the so-called 
 agonistic types, or types referring to the games such as the victor- 
 ious quadriga on the money of various Sicilian cities. These 
 types are commemorative in a general way of victories in the 
 Olympian or other local games, but it is hardly ever possible to 
 refer them to any particular victory. 
 
 Victories in war and political revolutions are never directly 
 icferred to on Greek coins, although the unintentional records 
 of such events may often be traced in a sudden change of coin- 
 types. Thus, for instance, at Syracuse when the Corinthians 
 succeeded in liberating that city from the tyranny of the Diony- 
 sian dynasty, the coinage of Syracuse is for a time assimilated 
 to that of Corinth ; a still clearer indication of restored freedom 
 at the same time (B.C. 345) being seen in the first introduction 
 of the head of Zeus " the Liberator " upon the coins of Syracuse. 
 
 All through the history of free and independent Greece, the 
 original idea of the religious character of the coinage may be 
 traced. The coinage was everywhere placed under the auspices 
 of the gods, and gods, heroes, and their emblems, weue alone 
 considered worthy to be represented upon it. No tyrant, how- 
 ever despotic, not even the great Dionysius of Syracuse, would 
 have dreamed of placing his own head upon the coinage of the 
 State. Even Philip of Macedon, when he had united in his single 
 hand the whole of Northern Greece, and when he reorganized 
 the coinage of his empire on a new model, placed on his gold 
 money the head of Apollo and on his silver that of Zeus. 
 
 It was reserved for the successors of Alexander the Great, 
 when the political centre of the Greek world was no longer to be
 
 104 GREEK AND ROMAN COINS. 
 
 found in Greece itself, but in the various capitals of the powerful 
 semi- oriental monarchies which arose out of the ruins of the 
 Persian empire Alexandria, Antioch, etc. it was reserved for 
 these self-constituted kings and their descendants to substitute 
 their own heads for those of the gods. 
 
 Such an innovation as this, such a complete upsetting of the 
 ancient deeply rooted idea of the connection between the gods 
 and the coinage could not be introduced all at once. It had to 
 be effected by degrees. Alexander the Great even in his life- 
 time gave himself out as the son of Zeus Ammon, and after his 
 death the idea of his divinity gained ground year by year. The 
 first step towards the new fashion of placing the king's head 
 upon the coinage was made by Lysimachus of Thrace, who in- 
 troduced on his money the portrait of the deified Alexander in 
 the character of the son of Ammon with the ram's horn over the 
 ear. 
 
 Ptolemy Soter, king of Egypt, the first of the dynasty which 
 ruled Egypt for two centuries and a half after the death of Alex- 
 ander, was the first monarch who placed his own head upon his 
 coins. By slow degrees his example was followed, first in Asia 
 and finally in Europe, where Philip V. of Macedon, B.C. 220, 
 was the first king whose portrait in the character of a mortal, and 
 not disguised as a demi-god, appears upon the coinage. 
 
 The influence of the old religious beliefs nevertheless main- 
 Is, ined so firm a hold on men's minds that the reverses of Greek 
 coins continued to bear sacred types throughout the Roman Im- 
 perial period ; and even on the money of the Byzantine emperors 
 when Christianity had become the State religion, the figures of 
 Christ and the Virgin, or the sign of the Cross, still bear witness 
 that the same religious sanction in a new form continued to be 
 invoked for the coin of the realm. 
 
 THE GODS AS REPRESENTED ON THE 
 COINAGE. 
 
 ZEUS (JurrrER). The hjr. I of this god is almost always bearded 
 and crowned with laurel or olive (Fig. i). The youthful 
 head called Zeus Hellenios, on certain coins of Syracuse, is 
 however beardless, and but for the inscription M'hich in this 
 case accompanies it, would be indistinguishable from a head 
 of Apollo. 
 
 Zens Ammon (Fig. 2), frequent on coins of Cyrene, is 
 distinguished by the ram's horn behind the ear. This god 
 is sometimes beardless.
 
 GREEK AND ROMAN COINS. 105 
 
 The head of the Zeus of Dodona is represented with a 
 wreath of oak-leaves (Fig. 3). 
 
 Figr. i. Fig. 2. . 
 
 Zeus (Jupiter). Zeus (Ammon). Zeus (Jupiter). 
 
 The entire figure of Zeus appears ia various attitudes, of 
 which the following are of most frequent occurrence : 
 
 Zeus enthroned (Fig. 4), holding in one hand a sceptre, 
 and in the other an eagle or a victory. 
 
 Zeus standing, with eagle or victory. 
 
 Zeus advancing, with trgis on his arm and hurling his 
 thunderbolt. 
 
 Zeus Labrandats on coins of Caria stands full draped, with 
 the double axe (Labrys) over his shoulder and a sceptre in 
 his hand. 
 
 Fie. 4 . 
 Zeus (Jupiter). 
 
 HADES (PLUTO), the king of the under world, resembles 
 in type, but is usually accompanied by Cerberus. 
 
 SERAPIS. The great Egyptian divinity of the Ptolemaic age k 
 also very like Zeus, but his head is always surmounted by a 
 lofty modius (a measure for corn), which is often richly orna- 
 mented. 
 
 APOLLO. The head of this god is more commonly met with on
 
 io6 
 
 GREEK AND ROMAN COINS, 
 
 coins than that of any other divinity. He is represented 
 in full youthful beauty, generally with flowing hair and al- 
 most always crowned with laurel (Figs. 5, 6, and 7). 
 
 His full-length figure is variously delineated, usually naked, 
 with bow or laurel branch in his hand, either standing or 
 seated, often on the Delphian omphalos (Fig. 8), or else 
 
 Fig. 6. Fig. 7. Fi;r 8. 
 
 Apollo. Apollo. Apollo, 
 
 beside his sacred tripod. When he wears a long robe reach- 
 ing to the feet, and carries a lyre, he is called Apollo Musc- 
 getes, the leader of the Muses. 
 
 HELIOS (SOL). The Sun god is known by the rays which en- 
 circle his head (Fig. 9). On coins of the Imperial period 
 he is often seen driving the chariot of the Sun. 
 
 POSEIDON (NEPTUNE). The head of this god much resembles 
 that of Zeus, but may usually be distinguished from it by the 
 absence of the laurel wreath, and by the heavy way in which 
 the danklocks of his hair fall about his neck (Figs. loand 1 1). 
 
 Fig. 9. 
 Helios Sol). 
 
 Fig. IT. 
 Poseidon (Neptune). 
 
 Poseidon is sometimes seated on rocks holding a trident and 
 a dolphin or an aplustrc (Fig. 12). 
 
 Sometimes he stands resting on his trident, and sometimes 
 lie wields it on high as if about to strike. Occasionally he
 
 GREEK AND ROMAN COINS. 
 
 107 
 
 is seen on horseback armed with his trident. lie is called 
 I\>jiiiton Hippies (Fig. 13). 
 
 12. Fig. 13. Ij'i?. 14. 
 
 Poseidon 'Xeptune). Dionysos. 
 
 DIONYSOS (BACCHUS). The head of Dionysos is either youthful 
 or bearded, and is encircled by a wreath of ivy (Figs. 14, 
 15, and 16). His full-length figure is usually naked, or with 
 merely a fawn skin hanging from his shoulder. He holds 
 a wine cup (kantharos), or a bunch of grapes or the Bacchic 
 staff (thyrsus), surmounted by a pine cone. 
 
 Sometimes he has bull's horns growing from his forehead, 
 and on coins of Neapolis he appears as a bull with a human 
 head (Dionysos Hcbojt). . 
 
 - Fig. iC. Fi-. i 7 . 
 
 Uionysos l!acchus\ Hermes (Mercury)- 
 
 HERMESJMERCURY). The head of Hermes is youthful, and 
 wears a hat called a pctasus (Figs. 17 and 
 18), close fitting, sometimes with a broad 
 flapping brim and adorned with two wings. 
 When his entire figure is represented, he 
 is usually clad in a short cloak (chlamys), 
 and has winged s-andals (pediUa) on his 
 feet. 
 
 As the messenger of the gods and the con- 
 ductor of the souls of the dead, he carries 
 Fijr. 78. the winged staff (caduteiis), and sometimes, 
 
 :s (Mercury). as god of trade, a purse.
 
 io8 
 
 GREEK AND ROMAN C0/AVS. 
 
 HEFH.*;STVS (VVLCAN). This 
 god is sometimes young and 
 sometimes bearded. He 
 wears a conical hat (piles), 
 (Fig. 19). On coins of 
 Liparahe is generally seated 
 naked on a four-legged stool, 
 holding a hammer in one 
 hand and a cup (kantharos) 
 in the other (Fig. 20). The 
 tongs and the anvil are also 
 emblems of the worship ot 
 Hephaestus. 
 
 HERAKLES (HERCULES). The 
 head of Ilerakles, youthful 
 
 Hephsestus (Vulcan). 
 
 (Fig. 2l), or bearded (Fig. 22), is usually covered with the 
 
 Fig. 20. Fig. 21. Fiji. 23. 
 
 Hephaestus (Vulcan). Herakles Hercules). 
 
 skin of the Nemean Lion. Occasionally, however, he is 
 simply laureate, and sometimes the club at his shoulder is 
 added as a distinctive symbol. On reverses of coins, 
 Herakles is represented performing his various labour.-;. 
 most frequently contending with the Nemean Lion (Fig. 23). 
 
 Fig- 23. Fig. 24, 
 
 Herakles (Hercules).
 
 GREEK AND ROMAN COINS. 
 
 109 
 
 Sometimes also he is seen at rest, either standing and leaning 
 upon his club, or seated (Fig. 24). The infant Herakles 
 strangling two serpents is a less frequent type. 
 
 PAX. The head of Pan (Figs. 25, 26, and 27) has pointed ears, 
 and is either youthful or bearded. Sometimes also he has 
 goat's horns. At his shoulder on many coins appears the 
 shepherd's crook (peduin}. 
 
 ARES (MARS). The head of Ares is of rare occurrence on coins. 
 He is usually bearded and helmeted, but sometimes young 
 and crowned with laurel like Apollo (Fig. 28), and when 
 thus represented, as on the Mamertine coin here engraved, 
 his name was added in order that there might be no mistake 
 as to whose head was intended. 
 
 Pan. 
 
 ASKLEPIOS (.ESCULAPIUS). Representations of the god of 
 healing belong to a comparatively late period of art. He 
 is bearded, amply draped, and leans upon a staff, round 
 which a serpent twines (Fig. 29). 
 
 A c klcpios 
 
 River Gods. 
 
 He is sometimes accompanied by his daughter Hygieia, 
 the goddess of health, or by a small figure enveloped in a
 
 110 
 
 GREEK AND ROMAN COINS. 
 
 cloak and hood, who is called Telesfhorus, and is supposed 
 to be the genius of convalescence. 
 
 RIVER GODS. Rivers are represented during the earlier and 
 finer periods of art as rushing bulls or as bulls with human 
 heads (Fig. 30), or again as young male figures with bull's 
 horns over the forehead (Fig. 31). 
 
 In the later period the conventional River god is a bearded 
 reclining figure, generally half-draped, resting upon an over- 
 turned vase from which a stream of water is flowing (Fig. 
 32). Less frequently the god is shown as actually swimming 
 in the water. 
 
 THE DIOSCURI (CASTOR AND POLLUX) wear conical hats, each 
 surmounted by a star (Fig. 33 a). Sometimes they are 
 seen standing side by side with palm branches in their 
 hands, but they are more often represented on horseback 
 33 
 
 () Fig- 33- (*) 
 
 The Dioscuri (Castor and Pollux). 
 
 PERSEUS. The head of the hero Perseus (Fig. 34), the slayer 
 of the Gorgon Medusa (Fig. 35), wears a winged helmet, 
 while at his shoulders is sometimes seen the short sword or 
 knife with a hook at the back of the blade (hai-ba}. 
 
 Fig. 35. 
 
 Gorgon-Head. 
 
 Fig;. -,6. 
 
 I- ig. 3 0. 
 Hera (Juno).
 
 GREEK AND ROMAN COINS. 
 
 in 
 
 THE GODDESSES AS REPRESENTED OX THE 
 COINAGE. 
 
 HERA (Juxo). The head of Hera on coins usually wears a 
 lofty circular crown {stcphaiios} adorned with floral or other 
 patterns (Figs. 36, 37). She also wears sometimes a cres- 
 cent-shaped crown and a veil, and has often a sceptre at her 
 .shoulder. 
 
 PAI.LAS ATHENE (MINERVA). The head of this goddess is 
 helmeted. Sometimes the helmet is of the Corinthian 
 pattern (Fig. 38) and sometimes of the Athenian (Fig. 39), 
 often richly ornamented. 
 
 Pallas Athene. 
 
 She is often seen in a fighting attitude, as Pallas Pronia- 
 chos (Fig. 40), wielding a spear and holding before her a 
 shield or regis. She is also very frequently seated with a 
 victory in her hand and her shield beside her. The shield 
 of Pallas is usually distinguished by the Gorgon's head in 
 
 Fig. 42. 
 Persephone 'Proserpine).
 
 112 
 
 GREEK AND ROMAN COINS. 
 
 the centre. The attributes of this goddess are the owl and 
 the olive. 
 
 DEMETER (CERES) AND FEUSEI-IIONE (PROSERPINE). These 
 two goddesses are known by the corn wreath which they 
 both wear. Demeter, the mother (Fig. 41), is generally 
 veiled; the daughter, Persephone, seldom (Figs. 42,43). 
 The beautiful head on the well-known Syracusan medal- 
 lions (see Frontispiece], crowned with corn leaves, is that 
 of Persephone. This goddess often has a poppy either in 
 her hair or at her breast. The torch is a frequent emblem, 
 especially of Demeter. 
 
 ARTEMIS (DIANA). As the goddess of Nature in her wilder 
 aspects, Artemis carries a bow, and at her shoulder a 
 quiver of arrows (Figs. 44, 45). She is often accompanied 
 
 Fig. 43- 
 Persephone ( Proserpine). 
 
 -. 44. Fig. 45. 
 
 Artemis (Diana., 
 
 by a dog or a stag. As the Moon goddess, Selene, the 
 crescent is her symbol. On late coins of Ephesus she ap- 
 pears under a totally different aspect, viz., as the embodi- 
 ment of the nourishing, life-giving forces of nature, symbolised 
 by her many breasts. 
 
 APHRODITE (VENUS). On the coins of Eryx, in Sicily, the 
 goddess of love is seated fully draped, with Eros (Cupid) as 
 
 (a) F1 B '. 46. 
 
 Aphrodite (Venus).
 
 GREEK AND ROMAN COINS. 
 
 "3 
 
 a youth (not a child, as in Roman art) standing before her, 
 and with a dove in her hand. On Imperial coins of Cuidu. 
 the famous naked Aphrodite by Praxiteles was i-epresented. 
 As the goddess of heaven {Aphrodite Urania), she sits upon 
 the globe (Fig. 46 a), her head surmounted by the morning 
 star, and holding in her hand a sceptre. On the reverse 
 of the same coin (Fig. 46 b) are seen the sun, the moon, 
 and the five planets. 
 
 CYBELE. "The mother of the gods" wears a turreted crown. 
 Sometimes she rides upon a lion, at other times she is 
 seated on a throne between two lions. The rabbit is also 
 symbolical of her worship, as an earth goddess. 
 
 Isis. This Egyptian goddess is recognised by her peculiar 
 head-dress, consisting of a globe or disc flanked by two 
 cow's horns and surmounted by two ostrich feathers. In 
 her hand she often holds the sistrum (a musical instrument). 
 As Isis Pharia (a sea goddess) she holds a sail. 
 
 NIKE (VICTORY). (Figs. 47, 48). This divinity is almost al- 
 
 Fig 47 . Fig. 48. 
 
 Nike 'Victory). 
 
 ways winged, and often flying (see Frontispiece). She usually 
 carries a wreath ; and on coins of Alexander the Great a 
 sort of mast with a cross-yard (the stand for a trophy of 
 arms). Sometimes she is nailing armour to a trophy (Fig. 
 48). 
 
 SYMBOLS. 
 
 In addition to the principal type, whether of the obverse or 
 of the reverse, there is generally to be seen on the coins of Greek 
 states a subordinate adjunct device, which occupies some vacant 
 space in the field of the coin. These additions to the main type 
 are of two kinds : 
 
 (i) Symbols connected more or less directly with the main 
 type : such as the sacred olive branch on the coins of Athens, and 
 the club and bow on Fijj- 24. U
 
 H4 GREEK AND ROMAX COINS. 
 
 (2) Symbols having no connection whatever with the principal 
 type ; such as the small animal on Fig. 7. 
 
 The symbols of the 1st class are naturally limited in number 
 and more or less constant accompaniments of the main type, 
 to which they were intended to give greater precision and 
 defmiteness of meaning. Those of the 2nd class, on the other 
 hand, might be varied very frequently on coins of one and the 
 same series. There can be no doubt that such symbols were 
 the distinctive badges or signets of ^one of the magistrates or 
 moneyers under whose authority the coinage was issued. The 
 frequency with which these personal symbols were varied corre- 
 sponds with the duration of the term of office of the magistrate 
 in question, whether annual or other. 
 
 On the regal coinages from the time of Philip of Macedon 
 onwards, in cases where a uniform coinage was issued at many 
 mints, an adjunct symbol was very generally placed in the field 
 of the coin as a mint-mark designating the place of issue {i-g- 
 the Trident on Fig. 4). It is frequently impossible to dis- 
 tinguish such local mint-marks from the personal signets of the 
 officer entrusted by the king with the supervision of the currency. 
 
 INSCRIPTIONS. 
 
 The inscriptions on Greek coins may be divided into the 
 following principal classes : 
 
 (i. ) The name of the people or state. 
 (ii.) The name of the chief of the state, whether tyrant or 
 
 king. 
 
 (iii.) The name of a magistrate. 
 (iv.) The name of the engraver of the die. 
 (v.) A legend referring to the type. 
 
 The above are written sometimes at full length and some- 
 times in an abbreviated form, or in the form of a more or less 
 complicated monogram. 
 
 Those of class i., when written in full, are usually in the 
 genitive plural, e.g. 2TPAK02ION (Frontispiece). 
 
 Those of class ii. are also in the genitive, e.g., BA2IAEKS 
 ANTIOXOT (Fig. 8). 
 
 Those of class iii. are either in the nominative (as IIOAT- 
 KPATHS, Fig. 45) or the genitive ; in the latter case frequently 
 preceded by EIII (Fig. 12), and often also accompanied by the 
 title of the office as ETTI A-veurrpdrov &PXOVTOS, tiri 
 
 Among the magistrates most frequently mentioned on Greek 
 Imperial coins are the following :
 
 GREEK AND ROMAN COINS. 115 
 
 The Archon, the Strategos (Praetor), the Grammateus (Secre- 
 tary), the Prytanis, the Tamias (Treasurer), the Archiereus and 
 Hiereus (High Priest and Priest), the Asiarch, the Hypatos 
 (Consul), and the Anthypatos (Proconsul), etc., etc. 
 
 Those of class iv. are in the genitive, except when ac- 
 companied by the verb (e.g. 0EOAOTOS EIIOEI, for eVoiei). 
 This class of inscriptions is usually in very minute characters. 
 
 Those of class v. are in the nominative, as 7ETS EAET0EPI02 
 (Fig. i), or genitive, as APEOS (Fig. 28), 
 
 The names of kings, even when unaccompanied by the title 
 BASIAEOS, hold so conspicuous a position on the reverse of the 
 coins, that it is easy to distinguish them from the names of 
 less important monetary magistrates. 
 
 The names of eponymous magistrates, such as archons, etc., 
 also occupy a very prominent place on the money of certain 
 cities ; such as Ephesus, for example. 
 
 The names of less important functionaries are written in an 
 abbreviated form or even in monogram (Fig. 40), in which latter 
 case it is almost always impossible to say what name was 
 intended. 
 
 On coins of the later and especially of the Imperial period, the 
 inscriptions are much more lengthy than on those of an earlier 
 date. 
 
 OF THE METHOD OF DATING COINS. 
 
 Dates are not found on Greek coins before the age of Alex- 
 ander the Great, and even after his time they are of rare oc- 
 currence, except on certain Asiatic series and on the money 
 of Egypt. They are usually placed either in the field or the 
 exergue of the coin. 
 
 Units. A. B. T. A. E. <T. Z. H. 0. 
 
 i. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Q. 
 
 Tens. I. K. A. M. N. g. 0. II. q. 
 
 10. 20. 30. 40. 50. 60. 70. SO. 90. 
 
 Hundreds. P. S. T. T. <*>. X. *. O. *. 
 
 IOO. 200. 300. 4OO. 500. 6OO. 7OO. 8OO. 9OO. 
 
 They are sometimes preceded by the word ETOTS, thus, 
 ETOT3 KA = Ant!o 124. On the coinage of Egypt, both 
 under the Ptolemies and under the Roman Emperors, the 
 character L is used instead of the word ETOTS, thus, LAP = 
 Anno 33. This character was probably an ancient Egyptian 
 symbol meaning year, adopted into the Greek system of 
 numeration for the sake of brevity.
 
 H5 
 
 GREEK AND ROMAN COINS. 
 
 The following arc a few of the many epochs or tcnis accord- 
 ing to which coins are dated : 
 
 The Seleucid sera begins B.C. 312. 
 The Pompeian ,, B.C. 63. 
 The Csesarian ,, B.C. 4801-47. 
 The Augustan or Actian sera begins B.C. 31. 
 
 OF THE DENOMINATIONS OF GREEK COINS. 
 
 The unit of account in Greece was the drachm. The weight 
 of the drachm was not everywhere identical. It ranged, as a 
 rule, between about 55 and 95 grs. troy. For purposes of cal- 
 culation it may be taken in a general way as the ancient equi- 
 valent of our modern shilling or franc. 
 
 Of the various standards of weight which prevailed in different 
 parts of the Greek world, the Attic standard was the most widely 
 diffused. The weights of the various denominations, according 
 to this standard, are as follows : 
 
 The Talent = 405,000 grs. troy") 
 Mina (,V of the Talent ) 
 = 6,750 grs. troy J 
 
 Tetradrachm 
 
 Didrachm 
 
 Drachm = 
 
 Tetrobol 
 
 Triobol 
 
 Diobol = 
 
 Trihemiobol = 
 
 Obol 
 
 Hemiobol 
 
 Tetartemorion = 
 
 270 grs. troy 
 135 
 
 67-5 
 
 45 
 3375 .- 
 
 22'5 
 
 16-8 
 11-25 
 
 5-62 
 2-81 
 
 = 6,000 drachms. 
 
 : 100 drachms. 
 = 4 drachms. 
 = * ?> 
 
 = 4 obols. 
 
 .7 drachm or 3 obuL. 
 
 = 2 obols. 
 
 = i.V obols. 
 
 = I obol. 
 
 The other standards are the .Eginetic (drachm 97 grs.) ; the 
 rhcenician (drachm 56 grs.); the Rhodian (drachm 60 grs.); 
 the Persian (drachm 88 grs.). The other denominations of the 
 above standards may be easily got at by multiplying or dividing 
 the drachms as in the Attic standard. 
 
 Larger denominations than the tetradrachm are rare, but 
 octaclrachms, decadrachms, etc., etc., occur at some towns. 
 The unit in copper was called the chalkous ; but its weight does 
 not appear to have been definitely fixed like that of the silver 
 drachm. 
 
 The Attic gold money was regulated according to the same 
 standard of weight as the silver. The gold unit of account was, 
 however, not the drachm, but the staler, as it was called, equi-
 
 GREEK AND ROMAN COINS. 
 
 117 
 
 valent in weight to the didrachm, and in value to 20 drachms of 
 silver. 
 
 As a rule, the denomination of a Greek coin can only be de- 
 termined by weighing it. Marks of value occur, however, on 
 the copper of Italy, Sicily, etc. ; but these coins follow a system 
 foreign to Greece proper (see below). 
 
 OF THE ARRANGEMENT OF A CABINET OF 
 GREEK COINS. 
 
 Greek coins are classified in all great collections in geogra- 
 phical order, as follows : The towns under each province should 
 be arranged alphabetically, for convenience of reference. We 
 have only space here to mention a few of the principal cities : 
 
 EUROPE. 
 
 Cities, Islands, Tribes, ffings, etc. 
 
 Emerita. 
 
 Carteia, Gades. 
 
 Emporin;, Osca, Rhoda, etc. 
 
 Arverni. 
 
 Massilia, Nemausus. 
 Lugdunum. 
 
 Atrebates, etc., Camuloclunum. 
 
 Populonia. 
 
 Tuder. 
 
 Hatria. 
 
 Roma. 
 
 Beneventum. 
 
 Larinum. 
 
 Capua, Cumce, Neapolis, Nola. 
 
 Arpi, Cfelia, Teate, Venusia. 
 
 Brundusium , Tarentum. 
 
 Metapotum, Posidonia, Thurium, Velia. 
 
 Croton, Locri, Rhegium, Terina. 
 
 Agrigentum, Camarina, Gela, Ilimera, 
 
 Leontini, Messana, Naxos, Segesta, Seli- 
 
 nus, and Syracuse. 
 Agathocles, Hicetas, Iliero IT., Philistis, 
 
 Gelo, Hieronymus. 
 
 Provinces. 
 SPAIN. 
 
 Lusitania 
 
 Baetica 
 
 Tarraconensis 
 GAUL. 
 
 Aquitania 
 
 Narbonensis 
 
 Lugdunensis 
 
 Belgica 
 BRITAIN. 
 ITALIA. 
 
 Etruria 
 
 Umbria 
 
 Picemun 
 
 Vestini 
 
 Latium 
 
 Samnium 
 
 Frentani 
 
 Campania 
 
 Apulia 
 
 Calabria 
 
 Lucania 
 
 Bruttii 
 SICILY. 
 
 A'in,ifs, etc., of
 
 GREEK AND ROMAN COINS, 
 
 Siculo-Punic 
 Islands of Sicily 
 
 TAURIC CHER-" 
 SONESE 
 
 SARMATIA 
 
 DACIA. 
 
 MCESIA SUPERIOR 
 
 MCESIA INFERIOR 
 
 'I'll RACE 
 
 TIIRACIAN CHER- 
 SONESE 
 
 Kings of Thrace 
 Islands of Thrace 
 
 P/EONIA, Kings. 
 
 MACEDON, Cities 
 
 Tribes 
 Kings oj 
 
 THESSALY 
 
 ILLYRICUM 
 
 EPIRUS 
 Island of 
 Kings of 
 
 ACARNANIA 
 Island of 
 
 LOCRIS 
 PHOCIS 
 
 BCEOTIA 
 
 ATTICA 
 Islands of 
 
 MEGARA. 
 
 ELIS 
 
 Solus, Motya, Panormuj, 
 Lipara, Sardinia. 
 
 Panticapaeum. 
 Olbia, Tyra. 
 
 Viminacium. 
 
 Istrus, Marcianopolis, Nicopolis, Tomt. 
 Abclera, /Enus, Byzantium, Maronea, 
 Perinthus, Philippopolis. 
 
 Carclia, Coela, Lysimachia. 
 Seuthes, etc., Rhcemetalces, etc. 
 Imbros, Lemnos, Samothrace, Thnsos, 
 Lycceius, Patraus, Audoleon. 
 Acanthus, Amphipolis, Chalcidice, Lete, 
 
 Neapolis, Pella, Philippi, Pydna, Thes- 
 
 salonica. 
 
 Bisaltce, Orrescii. 
 Alexander I., Perdiccas II., Archelaus I., 
 
 Amyntas III., Philip II., Alexander the 
 
 Great, Philip III., Cassander, Lysi- 
 
 machus, Demetrius I., Antigonus I. and 
 
 II., Philip V., Perseus. 
 ./Enianes, Crannon, Larissa, Pharsalus, 
 
 Pkeree. 
 
 Apollonia, Dyrrachium. 
 Cassope, Damastium, Nicopolis. 
 Corcyra. 
 
 Alexander I., Pyrrhus. 
 Qiniaclae, Thyrreum. 
 Leucas. 
 Federal coins. 
 Opus, Amphissa. 
 Delphi. 
 Coronea, Ilaliartus, Orchomenus, Tanagra, 
 
 Thebes, Thespire. 
 Athens, Eleusis. 
 Eubcea (with its towns, Chalcis, Carystus, 
 
 Eretria, Histiosa), Salamis. 
 
 , etc., Corinth, Patrcc, Phlius, Sicyon. 
 
 Eiis.
 
 GREEK AND ROMAN COINS. 
 
 Islands of Elis 
 MESSEXIA 
 LACONIA 
 ARGOLIS 
 ARCADIA 
 CRETE 
 
 AX ISLANDS 
 
 Cephallenia, Zacynthus. 
 
 Messene. 
 
 Lacedremon. 
 
 Argos, Epidaurus, Troezen. 
 
 Henea, Megalopolis, Pheneus, Stymphalus. 
 
 Cnossus, Gortyna, Hierapytna, Phrestus. 
 
 Ceos, Naxos, Siphnos, Syros, Tenos, etc. 
 
 ASIA. 
 
 Provinces. Cities, Islands, Tribes, Kings, etc. 
 
 BOSPORUS Phanagoria. 
 
 COLCHIS Dioscurias. 
 
 PONTUS Amisus, Ainasia, Trapezus. 
 
 Kings of Pont its ) Mithradates IV., Pharnaces I., Mithradates 
 
 and Bosporus \ VI. the Great, etc. 
 PAPHLAGOXIA Amastris, Sinope. 
 
 BITHYNIA Chalcedon, Cius, Heraclea (Timotheus, 
 
 Dionysius, Amastris). 
 
 Kings of Nicomedes I., II., and III., Prusias I., II. 
 
 MYSIA Cyzicus, Lampsacus, Pergamus. 
 
 Kittys of Perga- 
 
 mus Philetaenis, the Attalids 
 
 TROAS Abydos, Alexandria Troas, Ilium, Scepsis. 
 
 Island of 7'roas Tenedos. 
 y^oi.is Cyme, Myrina, Temnos. 
 
 Islands ofsEolis Lesbos (Methymna, Mytilene). 
 IOXIA Clazomencc, Colophon, Ephesus, Erylhroe, 
 
 Magnesia, Miletus, Smyrna. 
 
 Islands of Ionia Chios, Samos. 
 CARIA Cnidus, Halicarnassus, Stratonic^a. 
 
 Kings of Carlo, Hecatomnus, Mausolus, Hidrieus, Pixo- 
 darus. 
 
 Islands of Caria Calymna, Cos, Rhodes lalysus, Camirus, 
 
 Lindus). 
 
 LYCIA Cragus, Myra, Patara, Phaseli?, etc. 
 
 PAMPHYI.IA Aspendus, Perga, Side. 
 
 PISIDIA Antiochia, Sagalassus, Selge. 
 
 ISAURIA and LY- 
 
 CAONIA Iconium, etc. 
 
 CiLiClA Celenderis, Mallus, Soli, Tarsus, etc. 
 
 CYPRUS Paphos, Salamis. 
 
 Kings of Cyprus Baalmelek, Azbaal, Evagoras, Nicocles, etc, 
 LYDIA S^rdes, Tralles, etc.
 
 120 GREEK AND ROMAN COINS. 
 
 PHRYGIA Apamea, Cibyra, etc. 
 
 GALATIA Ancyra, Pessinus, etc. 
 
 Kings of Gafatia Amyntas, etc. 
 CAPPADOCIA Cresarea, etc. 
 
 Kings of Cappct' 
 
 doria Ariarathes, Ariobarzanes, etc. 
 
 ARMENIA, Kings of Tigranes, Artavazdes, etc. 
 SYRIA, Kings of Seleucus I. (Nicator), Antiochus I. (Soter), 
 
 AntiochusIII. (the Great), etc., etc. 
 COMMAGENK Samosata, Zeugma. 
 
 GYRRHESTICA Beroea, Hierapolis. 
 
 GHALCIDENE Chalcis. 
 
 SELEUCIS and 
 
 PIERIA Antioch. 
 
 CCELE-SYRIA Damascus, Heliopolis, Laodicea ad Liba- 
 
 num. 
 TRACHONITIS with 
 
 ITUR^EA Cresarea-Paneas. 
 
 DECAPOI.IS Canatha, Gadara, Philadelphia, etc. 
 
 PHCEXICE Byblus, Marathus, Sidon, Tyre. 
 
 Island of Aradus. 
 
 GALIL^A Ace (Ptolemais), Sepphoris (Dioccesarea), 
 
 Tiberias. 
 
 SAMARIA Csesarea, Joppa, Sebaste. 
 
 JUD/EA /Elia Capitolina (Jerusalem), Ascalon, etc. 
 
 Jiid&a, Kings of Simon Maccabosus, Alexander Jannceus, 
 
 Herod the Great, Agrippa, etc., etc. 
 ARABIA Bostra, Philippopolis. 
 
 MESOPOTAMIA Carrhre, Edessa (Kings Mannus, Abgarus, 
 
 etc. 
 BABYLONIA, 
 
 King of Timarchus. 
 
 ASSYRIA Niniva (Claudiopolis). 
 
 PARTHIA, Kings of Arsaces I. and his Successors. 
 PERSIA, Kings of Darius, the son of Hystaspes, Xerxe?, 
 
 Artaxerxes, etc. 
 BACTRIANA and Sophytes, Diodotus, Euthydemus. 
 
 INDIA Demetrius, Eucratides, Heliocles, Euthy. 
 
 Kings of clemus II., Pantaleon, Agathocles, Anti- 
 
 machus, etc., etc. 
 CHARACENE, 
 
 Kings of Tirceus, Artabazes, Attambilus, etc.
 
 GREEK AND ROMAN COINS. 121 
 
 AFRICA. 
 
 Provinces. Cities, Islands, Ti ibes, Kings, etc. 
 
 EGYPT, 77ie Ptole- < Ptolemy I. (Soter), Ptolemy XIII. and 
 
 male Kings of. \ , Cleopatra. 
 
 Alexandria, Im- 
 perial M. Antony, Galerius. 
 
 The Nomcs. 
 
 CYRENAICA Cyrene, Barca. 
 
 SYRTICA Leptis Magna, Oea. 
 
 BYZACENE Haclrumetum, etc. 
 
 ZEUGITANA Carthage, Utica, <itc. 
 
 NUMIDIA, Kings of Jugurtha, etc. 
 .MAURETAMA Bocchus I., Juba II., etc. 
 
 The above list, although an outline of the barest description, 
 may serve to give some idea of die ground which is covered by a 
 collection of Greek and cognate coins. 
 
 It will also serve to warn the young collector against buying 
 in a miscellaneous manner. 
 
 Let him take up some particular province ; say, for example, 
 Sicily, in which there were some fifty towns which struck coins. 
 He will soon find that the numismatics of these fifty towns will 
 be a field for study which will amply reward him for the labour 
 he bestows upon it. 
 
 OF THE PRICES OF GREEK COINS. 
 The prices which Greek coins fetch at sales depend upon their 
 rarity, their state of preservation, and their size, not much upon 
 the artistic or the historical interest, or upon the metal of which 
 they are composed. Thus, a gold coin of Alexander the Great, 
 being common, may be obtained almost at metal value, while a 
 rare copper coin of some obscure town in the heart of Phrygia 
 may cost almost as many pounds as the gold coin of Alexander 
 does shillings. 
 
 II. ROMAN COINS. 
 GENERAL CLASSIFICATION. 
 
 The coins of ancient Rome are not artistically as interesting as 
 those of Greece. They are, however, most useful for all who de- 
 sire to become acquainted with the history and institutions of the 
 eternal city. 
 
 They may be divided into the following classes: 
 Coins of the Republic. 
 
 I. Heavy Bronze coins cast in a mould, sEs Grave.
 
 122 GREEK AND ROMAN COINS. 
 
 II. The so-called Consular or Family series, consisting of sih'er 
 and bronze struck coins, together with a few gold pieces. 
 
 Coins of the Empire. 
 
 III. Gold and silver, struck by the authority of the Emperor. 
 
 IV. Bronze (commonly called Large, Middle, and Small Brass), 
 struck by authority of the Senate, and distinguishable by the 
 letters S. C. (Senatus-Consulto). 
 
 V. Imperial medallions in all metals, not intended to circulate 
 as money. 
 
 OF THE JES GRAVE. 
 
 (1) The as grave was the earliest money used in Rome and 
 throughout the central and northern parts of the Italian penin- 
 sula. It consisted of the As (or unit) and its divisions and 
 multiples, as follows : 
 
 As. Obv. Head of Janus ; Rev. Prow of ship. Mark of value I 
 Semis (\ As). Obv. Hd. of Jupiter , ,, S 
 
 Triens(^As). ,, Pallas 
 Quadrans (i As). Obv. Head of Hercules 
 Sextans (J As). ,, ,, Mercury 
 Uncia ( a 'j As). ,, ,, Roma 
 
 MULTIPLES OF THE AS. 
 
 Dupondius^ Asses). O. Hd. of R. Prow of 
 
 Pallas; ship. Mark of value II 
 
 Tripondius (3 Asses). ,, ,, ,, III 
 
 Decussis (10 Asses). 0. Head of Roma. ,, ,, X 
 
 The above types are those of the coins of Rome itself. The 
 ses grave of the other Italian states had different types. 
 
 The As first issued in Rome is said to have weighed one pound, 
 hence it was called the As Libralis. The earliest known speci- 
 mens of the Libral series date from about B.C. 400. As time went 
 on, it was gradually reduced in weight, at first to 4 ounces, about 
 B.C. 268 (Tritntal Reduction}, and subsequently, B.C. 217, to 
 I ounce (Uncial Reduction}, and somewhat later even to i an 
 ounce. 
 
 OF THE SILVER "CONSULAR" COINAGE. 
 
 (2) Silver money was first struck in Rome about B.C. 268. 
 It consisted of the following denominations : 
 
 The Denarius ( = 10 Asses). Oh'. Head of Roma ; 
 
 Ra>. The Dioscuri. Mark of value X 
 
 The Quinarius ( = 5 Asses). Similar types ,, VorQ 
 
 The Sestertius (=2i Asses). ,, ,, IIS 
 
 Afterwards anotherdenomination called the Victoriatuswas added :
 
 GREEK AND ROMAN COINS. 
 
 123 
 
 Ol~<.>. Head of Jupiter ; Rev. Victory crowning a trophy. This was 
 a coin of Campanian origin, and its value was J of the denarius. 
 The types of the silver money, at first constant and uniform, were 
 subsequently varied according to the pleasure of the officers en- 
 trusted with the supervision of the coinage. The types of the 
 Roman denarii of the last century of the Republic generally con- 
 tain allusions to past (but never or very rarely to contemporary) 
 events connected with the family of the moneyer. Hence such 
 pieces may be called Family coins, but to give this name to the 
 whole series of Republican denarii is incorrect. 
 
 At first it is supposed that the direction of the Roman mint 
 was entrusted to the Consuls themselves, but it was not long 
 before special magistrates were appointed from time to time to 
 superintend the currency. These Triumviri or Tresviri Mone- 
 tales were officially designated as Tresviri auro argento acre 
 llando feriundo, a title abbreviated on some coins to II1VIR. 
 A. A. A. F. F. The adjective Monetalis referred to the temple 
 of Juno Moneta, in which the mint was situated, and from this 
 epithet of Juno our modern word "Money" is derived. 
 
 It is usual, though not strictly scientific, to arrange a cabinet of 
 Roman Republican denarii under the family names of the money - 
 ers, in alphabetical order. As the family name does not always 
 occur upon the coin, the following table of surnames and 
 of the families to which they belong will be found useful to the 
 young collector in arranging his coins. 
 
 Surname. 
 
 Family. 
 
 Surname. 
 
 Family. 
 
 Surname. 
 
 Family. 
 
 Acisculus 
 
 Valeria. 
 
 Brutus 
 
 Junia. 
 
 Cinna 
 
 Cornelia. 
 
 Agrippa 
 
 Luria. 
 
 Buca 
 
 /Emilia. 
 
 Codes. 
 
 Horatia. 
 
 
 Vipsania. 
 
 Bursio 
 
 Julia, 
 
 Cordus 
 
 Mucia. 
 
 Ahala 
 
 Servilia. 
 
 Coeicianus 
 
 Cassia. 
 
 Cossus 
 
 Cornelia. 
 
 Ahenobarbus Domitia. 
 
 Csepio 
 
 Servilia. 
 
 Costa 
 
 Pedania. 
 
 Albinus 
 
 Postumia. 
 
 Caesar 
 
 Tulia. 
 
 Cotta 
 
 Aurelia. 
 
 Antiaticus 
 
 Mxnia.' 
 
 Caldus 
 
 Coelia. 
 
 Crassipes 
 
 Furia. 
 
 Aquinus 
 
 Csecilia. 
 
 Capella 
 
 Naevia. 
 
 Crassus 
 
 I .icinia. 
 
 Asiagenes 
 
 Cornelia. 
 
 Capito 
 
 Fonteia. 
 
 
 Cnnidia. 
 
 Atratinus 
 
 Sempronia. 
 
 ,. 
 
 Maria. 
 
 Crispiims 
 
 Quinctia. 
 
 AuBuriiuis 
 
 Minucia. 
 
 tf 
 
 Oppia. 
 
 Croto 
 
 Met ilia. 
 
 Hala 
 
 .-Elia. 
 
 Capitolinus 
 
 Petillia. 
 
 Dossenus 
 
 Rubria. 
 
 llalbus 
 
 Acilia. 
 
 Carbo 
 
 Papiria. 
 
 Fabatus 
 
 Rosci^. 
 
 
 Antonia. 
 
 Casca 
 
 Servilia. 
 
 Faustus 
 
 Cornelia. 
 
 
 Atia. 
 
 Cato 
 
 Porcia. 
 
 FelLx 
 
 Cornelia. 
 
 n 
 
 Cornelia. 
 
 Catullus 
 
 Valeria. 
 
 Flaccus 
 
 Rutilia. 
 
 ;i 
 
 Xaevia. 
 
 Celer 
 
 Cassia. 
 
 ' 
 
 Valeria. 
 
 
 Thoria. 
 
 Celsus 
 
 Papia. 
 
 Flavins 
 
 Decimia. 
 
 Bassus 
 
 Bctiliena. 
 
 Censorinus 
 
 Marcia. 
 
 Florus 
 
 Aquillia. 
 
 Bibulua 
 
 Calpurnia. 
 
 Cerco 
 
 Lutatia. 
 
 Fostulus 
 
 Pompeia. 
 
 Blandus 
 
 Rubellia. 
 
 Cestianus 
 
 Plsetoria. 
 
 Frugi 
 
 Calpurnia. 
 
 Blasio 
 
 Cornelia. 
 
 Cethegus 
 
 Cornelia. 
 
 GaHeria] 
 
 Memmia. 
 
 Brocchus 
 
 Furia. 
 
 Chilo, Cilo 
 
 Flaminia. 
 
 Galba 
 
 Sulpicia.
 
 124 
 
 GREEK AND ROMAN COINS. 
 
 Surname. 
 
 Family. Surname, 
 
 Family. Surname. 
 
 Family. 
 
 Gallus 
 
 Asinia. 
 
 Natta 
 
 Pinaria. Salinator 
 
 Oppia. 
 
 
 Caninia. 
 
 Xerva 
 
 Cocceia. Saranus 
 
 Atilia. 
 
 Gemiiius 
 
 Aburia. 
 
 
 Licinia. Sasema 
 
 Hostilia. 
 
 Geta 
 
 Hosidia. 
 
 > 
 
 Silia. Saturninus 
 
 Appuleia, 
 
 Grag[ulus] 
 
 Antes tia. 
 
 Nomentanus Atilia. Saxula 
 
 Clovia. 
 
 Gracchus 
 
 Sempronia. 
 
 Nonianus 
 
 Conbidia. j Scaeva 
 
 Junia. 
 
 Hemic... 
 
 Flavia. 
 
 Otho 
 
 Salvia. Scarpus 
 
 Pinaria. 
 
 Hypsaeus 
 Judex 
 
 Plautia. 
 Vettia. 
 
 Paetus 
 
 /Elia. 
 Considia. 
 
 Scaurus 
 
 ./Emilia. 
 Aurelia. 
 
 Junianus 
 
 Licinia. 
 
 Palikanus 
 
 Lollia. 
 
 Scipio 
 
 Cornelia. 
 
 Kalenus 
 
 Fufia. 
 
 Pansa 
 
 Vibia. 
 
 Secundus 
 
 Arria. 
 
 Labeo. 
 
 Fabia. 
 
 Paullus 
 
 ./Emilia. 
 
 Ser . . . 
 
 Manlia. 
 
 Labienus 
 
 Alia? 
 
 Philippus 
 
 Marcia. 
 
 Silanus 
 
 Junia. 
 
 Laeca 
 
 Porcia. 
 
 Philus 
 
 Furia. 
 
 Silianus 
 
 Licinia. 
 
 Lamia 
 
 ^Elia. 
 
 Pictor 
 
 Fabia. 
 
 Silus 
 
 Sergia. 
 
 Lariscolus 
 
 Accoleia. 
 
 Piso 
 
 Calpurnia. 
 
 Sisenna 
 
 Cornelia. 
 
 Lentulus 
 
 Cornelia. 
 
 Pitio 
 
 Sempronia. 
 
 Spinther 
 
 Cornelia. 
 
 Lepidus 
 
 /Emilia. 
 
 Pius 
 
 Caecilia. 
 
 Stolo 
 
 Licinia. 
 
 Libo 
 
 Marcia. 
 
 
 Pompeia. 
 
 Strabo 
 
 Volteia. 
 
 fj 
 
 Scribonia. 
 
 Plancus 
 
 Munatia. 
 
 Sufenas 
 
 Nonia. 
 
 Licinus 
 
 Porcia. 
 
 j 
 
 Plautia. 
 
 Sulla 
 
 Cornelia. 
 
 Limetanus 
 
 Mamilia. 
 
 Platorinus 
 
 Sulpicia. Sulpiciamis 
 
 Quinctia. 
 
 Longinus 
 
 Cassia. 
 
 Pulcher 
 
 Claudia. Surdinus 
 
 X<V1&. 
 
 Longus 
 
 Mussidia. 
 
 Purpureo 
 
 Fabia. | Talna 
 
 Juventu- 
 
 Lucanus 
 
 Terentia. 
 
 Quinctiiiaiu 
 
 sXonia 
 
 Tampilus 
 
 liaebia. 
 
 Lupercus 
 
 Gallia. 
 
 Reginus 
 
 Antistia. 
 
 Taurus 
 
 Statilia. 
 
 Macer 
 
 Licinia. 
 
 Regulus 
 
 Livineia. 
 
 Thermus 
 
 Minucia. 
 
 
 Sepullia. 
 
 Restio 
 
 Antia. : Tod .. 
 
 ': 
 
 Magnus 
 
 Pompeia. 
 
 Rocus 
 
 Creperia. Torquatus 
 
 Manlia. 
 
 Malleolus 
 
 Poblicia. 
 
 Rufus 
 
 Aurelia. : Trigeminus 
 
 Curiatia. 
 
 Marcellinus 
 
 Cornelia. 
 
 ti 
 
 Cordia. Trio 
 
 Lucretia. 
 
 Marcellus 
 
 Claudia. 
 
 
 Lucilia. Trogus 
 
 Maria. 
 
 Maridianus 
 
 Cossutia. 
 
 ) 
 
 Mescinia. Tubulus 
 
 Hostilia. 
 
 Maximus 
 
 Egnatia. 
 
 
 Minucia. 
 
 Tullus 
 
 Maecilia. 
 
 
 Fabia. 
 
 
 Plotia. 
 
 Turd us 
 
 Papiria. 
 
 Mensor 
 
 Farsuleia. 
 
 n 
 
 Pompeia. Tiirpiliamis 
 
 Petronia. 
 
 Messalia 
 
 Valeria. 
 
 lt 
 
 Pomponia. Unimanus 
 
 Claudia. 
 
 Metulltis 
 
 Caecilia. 
 
 tt 
 
 Sulpicia. Vaala 
 
 Numonia. 
 
 Molo 
 
 Pomponia. 
 
 Rullus 
 
 Servilia. 
 
 Varro 
 
 Terentia. 
 
 Murcus 
 
 Statia. 
 
 Rtis[ticus] 
 
 Aufidia. ' Varus 
 
 Vibia. 
 
 Murena 
 
 Licinia. 
 
 Sabinus 
 
 Minatia. Vetus 
 
 Antistia. 
 
 Mus 
 
 Decia. 
 
 
 Tituria. Vilnius 
 
 Voconia. 
 
 Musa 
 
 Pomponia. 
 
 
 Vettia. Volusus 
 
 A'aleria. 
 
 Naso 
 
 Axia. 
 
 Satrab 
 
 Cossutia. 
 
 
 OF THE MONEY OF THE EMPIRE. 
 
 (3 and 4.) Imperial coins. The Imperial series may be 
 said to commence in B.C. 2, when Augustus was made Pater 
 Patrise. From this time forward the names of the moneyers 
 cease to appear on the coinage. 
 
 The portrait of the emperor, or of some member of the Im- 
 perial family, now almost always occupies the obverse of the 
 coin. The reverse type is, as a general rule, some allegorical
 
 GREEK AND ROMAN COINS. 
 
 125 
 
 figure, such as Spes, Justitia, Salus, Pietas, etc., etc., or the 
 representation of some one of the many provinces of the em- 
 pire, e.g. Britannia, Judrea, etc., or again some military subject, 
 e.g. legionary standards, or the emperor addressing his soldiers, 
 together with a great variety of types, to mention which would 
 occupy far more space than we have here at our disposal. 
 
 The inscriptions on the Imperial coins contain in an abbre- 
 viated form the date of their issue, calculated by the number of 
 times which the Tribunitia Potestas, or Tribunitian power, had 
 been conferred upon the emperor. This office was renewed 
 annually on the first day of January. The formula is TR. POT. 
 or TR. p., followed by a numeral, as, on a coin of Trajan, 
 TR. p. xx. cos. vi. IMP. xi. This means that the coin was 
 struck when the emperor was in the possession of the Tribuni- 
 tian power for the 2Oth time, of the consulship for the 6th time, 
 and of the Imperatorship for the nth time. Now, as Trajan 
 had the Tribunitian power for the first time in A.D. 98, we get 
 the date A.D. 116 for the coin in question. The other offices 
 mentioned were not annual. 
 
 The following is a list of the Roman emperors, and other 
 members of the Imperial families, arranged in the order in 
 which it is usual to classify their coins, which is, as far as pos- 
 sible, chronological : 
 
 Thus . . . . . . .A.D. 79-81 
 
 Julia, daughter of Titus 
 
 Domitian 81-96 
 
 Domitia, wife of Domitian 
 
 Nerva 96-98 
 
 Trajan 98-117 
 
 Plotina, wife of Trajan 
 Marciana, sister of Trajan 
 Matidia, daughter of Mar- 
 ciana 
 
 Hadrian 117-138 
 
 Sabina, wife of Hadrian 
 jElius, adopted by Hadrian 
 Antoninus Pius .... 138-161 
 Faustina I., w. of Ant. Pius. 
 
 M. Aurelius 161-180 
 
 Faustina II., w. of M. Aurelius 
 
 AugUStUS. . . . B.C. 27-A.t). 14 
 
 JJvia or Julia, wife of Augustus 
 Agrippa 
 
 A.D. 
 
 Tiberius . 14-37 
 
 Cains 
 
 Cains and Lucius 
 
 Drusus senior 
 
 Antonia 
 
 Drusus junior 
 
 Germanicus 
 
 Agrippina, wife of Germanicus 
 
 Nero & Drusus, sons ,, 
 
 Caligula 37~4i 
 
 Claudius 41-54 
 
 15ritannicus 
 
 Agrippina, w. of Claudius 
 
 Nero 54-68 
 
 Galba 68-69 
 
 Otho 69 
 
 Vitellius 69 
 
 Vespasian 69-79 
 
 Domitilla, w. of Vespasian 
 Bomitilla, daughter of Ves- 
 pasian 
 
 L. Verus 161-169 
 
 Lucilla, w. of L. Verus 
 
 Commodus 180-193 
 
 Crispina, w. of Commodus 
 
 Pertmax 193 
 
 Didius Julianus 193 
 
 Manila Scantilla, w. of Did. 
 Julian.
 
 126 
 
 GREEK AND ROMAN COINS. 
 
 Fescennius Niger .... 194 
 Clodius Albinus (in Britain, 193-197 
 Septimius Severus . . . . 193-211 
 Julia Domna, w. of S. Seve- 
 rus 
 M . Aurel. Antoninus (Cara- 
 
 calla) 211-217 
 
 Plautilla, w. of Caracalla 
 
 Geta, brother of Caracalla . 211-212 
 
 Macrinus 217 
 
 Diaduraenian, son of Ma- 
 crinus 
 M. Aurel. Antoninus (Elaga- 
 
 balus) 218-222 
 
 Julia Paula, w. of Elaga- 
 balus 
 
 Aquillia Sevcra, w. of Elaga- 
 balus 
 
 Annia Faustina, w. of Ela- 
 gabalus 
 Julia Soaemias, mother of 
 
 Elagabalus 
 Julia Maesa, grandmother 
 
 of Elagabalus 
 
 M. Aurel. Severus Alexan- 
 der 222-235 
 
 Barbia Orbiana, w. of Sev. 
 
 Alex. 
 Julia Mamaa, mother of 
 
 Sev. Alex. 
 
 Uranius Sulpicius Anto- 
 ninus (in the East) 
 
 Maximinus 1 233-238 
 
 Paulina, \\. of Maximinus 
 Maximus, son of Maximinus 
 
 Gordian 1 238 
 
 Gordian II 238 
 
 Balbinus 238 
 
 Pupienus . . .... 238 
 
 Gordian III. Pius. . . . 238-244 
 
 Tranquillina, w. of Gor- 
 dian III. 
 
 Philip 1 244-249 
 
 Otacilia, w. of Philip I. 
 
 Philip II., son of Philip I. . 244-249 
 
 Trajan Deems 249-251 
 
 Herennia Etruscilla, w. of 
 
 Traj. Decius. 
 Herennius Etruscus, son of 
 
 Traj. Decius 231 
 
 Hostilianus, son of Traj. 
 
 Decius 251 
 
 Trebonianus Gallus . . . 231-254 
 Volusianus, son of Treb. 
 Gallus 
 
 /Emilianus 253-254 
 
 Cornelia Supera, w. of 
 
 Valerianus 1 253-263 
 
 Mariniana, w. of Valerian I. 
 
 Gallienus 253-268 
 
 Salonina, w. of Gallienus 
 Saloninus, son of Galliemu 
 Claudius II., Gothicus . . 260-270 
 Ouintillus, brother of Clau- 
 dius II. 
 
 Aurclianus 270-275 
 
 Severina, \v. of Aureliamis 
 Postumus (in Gaul) . . . 258-^67 
 PostumusII., son of Postum. 
 Lselianus (in Gaul) 
 Victprinus I. (in Gaul) . . 265-267 
 Marius (in Gaul) .... 267 
 Tetricus I. (in Gaul) . . . 267-1-73 
 Tetricus II., son of Tetric. I. 
 Macrianus I. (in the Kast) 260-262 
 Macrianus II., son of Mac- 
 rianus I. 
 Quietus, son of Macrianus I. 260-262 
 
 Tacitus 275-276 
 
 Florianus 276 
 
 Probus 276-282 
 
 Carus 282-283 
 
 Carinus 283-285 
 
 Magnia Urbica, w. of Cari- 
 nus 
 Nigrinianus, son of Carinus 
 
 Numerianus 283-254 
 
 Julianus 
 
 Diocletianus 284-305 
 
 Maximianus I., Hercules . 286-305 
 Carausius (in Britain) . . 287-293 
 
 Allectus 293-296 
 
 Domitius Domitianus (in 
 
 Egypt). 
 Constantius I., Chlorus . . 305-306 
 
 Maximianus II 305~3" 
 
 Valeria, w. of Maximian. II. 
 
 Severus 1 1 306-307 
 
 Maximinus II. (Daza) . . 308-313 
 
 Maxentius 306-312 
 
 Romulus, son of Maxentius 
 
 Licinius 1 307-323 
 
 Licinius II., son of Lici- 
 nius I. 
 
 Martinianus 323 
 
 Constantinus I ., the Great . 306-337 
 Fausta, w. of Constantine 
 Crispus, son of Constantine 
 Helena, mother of Constant. 
 Theodora 
 
 Delmatius, nephew of Con- 
 stantine 
 Hanniballianus, brother of 
 
 Delmatius 
 Constantinus II. ., . 337-340
 
 GREEK AND ROM AX COINS. 127 
 
 Constans . 337-35 
 
 Magnentius (in Gaul . . 350-353 
 Decentius, brother of Mag- 
 nentius 
 
 Nepotianus 350 
 
 Vetranio 35-3j6 
 
 Constantino II 337-36' 
 
 Constamius Gnllus 
 
 Julian II. (The Apostate) 361-363 
 
 Toviamis 363-364 
 
 Valentinian 1 364-375 
 
 Valens 364-378 
 
 Procopius (in the East) . . 365-366 
 
 Gratianus 375-383 
 
 Maximus II. (Britain and 
 Gaul) ....... 383-388 
 
 Victor, son of Maximus II. 
 
 Valentinian II 375-3J 2 
 
 Theodosius I., the Great . 379-395 
 Flaccilla, w. of Theodosius 
 Eugenius (in Gaul) . . . 392-394 
 Honorius 395-423 
 
 The above list is not quite complete, even as far as it goes, but 
 it includes the names of all the emperors whose coins are at all 
 likely to be met with by the young collector. 
 
 The series of the large brass coins, which is more interesting 
 than the others, ceases after the reign of Postunnis. 
 
 ROMAN MEDALLIONS. 
 
 (5) Imperial medallions. As illustrations of the life and reli- 
 gion of the Romans under the Empire, as well as of the history 
 of the times, no numismatic monuments which have come down 
 to us can compete with the large bronze medallions. They are 
 to be distinguished from the current large brass coins by the 
 absence of the letters s.c. (senatus consttlto), as well as usually 
 by their larger size, higher relief, and finer work. As, how- 
 ever, the prices fetched by good medallions are, as a rule, very 
 high, they are practically out of the reach of the collector of 
 moderate means. 
 
 HOW TO DISTINGUISH TRUE FROM FALSE 
 COINS. 
 
 The young collector will not be long before he learns that a 
 large number of the coins exposed for sale in shop windows arc 
 false, and at first he may be a little discouraged by finding that 
 he is himself quite unable to discriminate between a true coin 
 and a false one. But let him not despair. He will in time, by 
 careful observation of undoubtedly authentic specimens of the 
 class which he has selected for study, gain a kind of instinct 
 which will enable him to detect the modern imitation at a glance, 
 even though he may not always be able to explain his reasons 
 to the uninitiated. 
 
 False coins may be divided into the following classes : 
 I. Forgeries struck from false modern dies. Such forgeries, 
 when the dies have been well executed by men familiar with the 
 characteristic peculiarities of ancient work, are often exceedingly 
 difiici'H to detect, espec'ally \vhpn they are of gold.
 
 128 GREEK AXD ROMAN COINS. 
 
 The true ancient patina and oxide which time alone gives to 
 bronze and silver, cannot be exactly imitated. 
 
 A few hints may be of use in the detection of false struck 
 coins. 
 
 The weight, owing to the ignorance of the forger, is generally 
 incorrect. 
 
 The style of the art is weak, and the forms of the letters 
 especially are timid and wanting in firmness. 
 
 II. Modern casts made from ancient struck originals. A cast 
 coin, when in gold or silver, may always be detected by its light 
 weight, unless this has been compensated for by making the cast 
 thicker than the original. The lettering and the types on cast 
 coins are also less sharply defined than on struck coins, and the 
 surface has either a soft and soapy appearance, or else it is co- 
 vered with minute sand-holes, an infallible indication of rough 
 casting. The genuine patina of bronze coins is imitated by 
 paint, which can be removed by spirits of wine. 
 
 III. Electrotypes. These are of necessity of wrong weight. 
 They may also be known by the edges, where the mark of join- 
 ing of the two sides separately made and then stuck together, 
 is never concealed, unless, which is seldom the case, the electro- 
 type is intended to deceive. Many students who cannot afford 
 to buy originals of rare coins, supply their places by electro- 
 types, which, as they are exact facsimiles, do not spoil the eye, 
 as too much familiarity with false coins undoubtedly does. 
 Electrotypes may generally be split in two with a strong knife. 
 
 IV. Original coins which have been altered with a graving 
 tool may be classed as forgeries, and should be avoided, as 
 there is no telling to what extent they may have been "re- 
 stored." 
 
 THE COIN CABINET. 
 
 Coins should be kept under lock and key in a mahogany 
 cabinet. Trays made of cedar should never be used, as there is 
 a deposit from this wood which covers the surface of copper and 
 lead coins with a kind of varnish which is difficult to remove. 
 In arranging coins in the trays, begin at the left hand top 
 corner, placing the coins in rows, one in each hole. Under 
 every coin there should be a descriptive card or a number refer- 
 ring to a catalogue, in which the price paid for every specimen 
 should be carefully recorded, as well as the name of the persons 
 from whom it was acquired. A coin from a well-known cabinet 
 will always fetch more when sold than an equally fine specimen 
 of which the antecedents are unknown. 
 
 BARCLAY V. HEAD.
 
 A 000106061 5