TN UC-NRLF OF THE UNIVERSITY OF IMPERIAL MINERAL RESOURCES BUREAU. THE MINERAL INDUSTRY OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE AND FOREIGN COUNTRIES. WAR PERIOD. TUNGSTEN. (1913-1919.) LONDON : PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE, To be purchased through any Bookseller or directly from H.M. STATIONEEY OFFICE at the following addresses: IMPERIAL HOUSE. KING-WAY. LONDON. \\ .C.2, and 28, ABINGDON STREET. LONDON, S.Wl. ; 37, PETEU STREET, MANCHESTER? 1, ST. ANDREW'S ORESCENT, CARDIFF : 23, FORTH STKEET, KDIMUJRGH ; or from E. PONSONBY, LTD., 116, GRAFTON STREET, DUBLIN. 1921. Price Is. Od. Net, IMPERIAL MINERAL RESOURCES BUREAU. THE MINERAL INDUSTRY OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE AXD FOREIGN COUNTRIES. WAR PERIOD. TUNGSTEN. (1913-1919.) LONDON : PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE. To be purchased through, any Bookseller or directly from H.M. STATIONERY OFFICE at the following addresses : IMPERIAL HOUSE, KINQSWAY, LONDON, W.C.2, and 28, ABINODON STREET, LONDON, S.W1. ; 37, PETER STREET, MANCHESTER ; 1^ ST. ANDREW'S CRESCENT, CARDIFF : 23, FORTH STREET, EDINBURGH ; or from E. PONSONBY, LTD., 116, GRAFTON STREET, DUBLIN. 1921. Price Is. Od. Net. TA/W PREFACE. The following digest of statistical and technical information relative to the production, consumption and value of Tungsten ores will form a part of the Volume or Volumes on the Mineral Resources of the British Empire and Foreign Countries constituting the Annual Mineral Conspectus of the Bureau. In this, the first year of publication, an effort has been made to fill in, as far as possible, the hiatus due to the war in the publications relating to mining and metallurgical statistics. Labour, health and safety statistics have been omitted owing to the difficulty involved in procuring reliable information for the war period, but in future issues these statistics will be included^ in respect of each year. Resort will also be had to graphical representation of statistics of production, consumption, costs and prices. The weights are expressed in long tons, that is to say, the British statute ton of 2,240 lb., and values in pounds, shillings and pence at par rates of exchange. The Governors are indebted to Dr. Coggin Brown for his valuable assistance in the preparation of this document. R. A. S. REDMAYNE, Chairman of the Governors ( 2, Queen Anne's Gate Buildings, London, S.W.I. June, 1921. (32998) Wt. 2853-66/20 1500 7/21 (T,S.Ps. 454) H, St, Q. 38 A3 M835547 CONTENTS. PAGE GENERAL 5 WORLD'S PRODUCTION BRITISH EMPIRE: United Kingdom - 1 Rhodesia 11 Union of South Africa 11 Canada 12 India, includii g Burma Federated Malay States 15 Unfederated Malay States 18 Australia ... 18 New Zealand 22 FOREIGN COUNTRIES : France 23 Germany and Bohemia 24 Portugal 24 Spain 25 United Stites 20 Argentina 28 Bolivia 21> Peru 31 China 32 Indo-China ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 34 Japan and Korea ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 35 Siam 35 REFERENCES TO TECHNICAL LITERATURE 36 D GENERAL. The ore minerals of tungsten are wolframite and hiibnerite (tungstates of iron and manganese), and scheelite (calcium tungstate). Of these wolframite (often called wolfram) is the most important. The proportions of iron and manganese in wolframite are variable, but iron predominates. The variety consisting of almost pure iron tungstate is known as ferberite, and is important as an ore mineral in Colorado, U.S.A. The difference between hiibnerite and wolframite is that in the former manganese predominates over iron, and some specimens of hiibnerite consist of almost pure manganese tungstate. Wolframite is usually black, having a specific gravity about 7 '5 and a hardness of about 5J. Hiibnerite is reddish-brown. It has about the same hardness as wolframite, but a somewhat lower specific gravity (about 7*2). When pure, wolframite and hiibnerite contain about 76 per cent, of tungstic oxide. Wolfram concentrates are sold on the basis of 65 per cent, tungstic oxide in the British Empire, and 60 per cent, tungstic oxide in the United States. Scheelite is a white or yellowish mineral containing about 80 per cent, of tungstic oxide when pure. Its hardness is about 4J and its specific gravity about 6. Tungsten ores occur in veins associated with granites, and in the metamorphic rocks (slates, etc.) into which the granites intrude. They are found abundantly as loose surface deposits in most localities where these rocks have been disintegrated by weathering. Three kinds of occurrence have been distinguished : (1) loose surface deposits from which the mineral may be easily obtained by the application of hydraulic methods ; 02) partly disintegrated veins near the surface, from which the mineral can be fairly easily mined ; (3) deeper veins from which the mineral, often in association with cassiterite (tinstone), can only be obtained by the more systematic and expensive operations of underground mining, milling and concentration. A large amount of concentrates have in the past been obtained in Burma from loose surface deposits, but vein-mining wa.s begun before the war. The discovery of extensive surface deposits in China led to the production of tungsten ore in that country on a large scale during the later period of the war. Such deposits have a limited life, however, and sooner or later the more expen- sive methods of systematic mining have to be adopted to obtain supplies. Pure tungsten is used in making filaments for incandescent electric lamps, contact points, voltage regulators, targets in X-ray tubes, and for electrodes in wireless and other thermionic valves and in the recently -introduced tungsten enclosed arc lamp. 6 It is obtained by reduction of the oxide with hydrogen. The total amount used for these purposes is very small. The chief use of tungsten is in the manufacture of tool steels, especially those varieties known as ' high-speed ' steels. Tungsten steel is also used for making permanent magnets and the valves of internal combustion engines. The essential difference between high-speed tool steel and ordinary carbon cutting-steel is that the former is able to withstand very much higher temperatures when cutting, i.e., it can make deep cuts at high speeds. If the temperature of friction due to cutting reaches about 500 F., ordinary carbon steel tools begin to lose their hardness, and, as a consequence, the life of the tool on any high-speed cutting work is a very short one. With high-speed tools, the temperature may rise to, say, 1,150 F., or even higher, without the tool losing its cutting }x>wer, and such tools can consequently cut metals at speeds greatly exceeding anything obtainable with tools of ordinary cao:bon steel. This is especially important when it is essential that large quantities of metal should be removed in order to secure a rapid output. The execution of the shell program during the late war was possible only by the use of high-speed steel, a.nd had this steel not been available, the output with the same amount of labour would have been halved. The outstanding advantage is that, under favourable conditions, two or three times as much metal can be removed by high-speed tungsten steels as by simple carbon steels. Tungsten steels containing suitable admixtures of other metals, such as chromium and vanadium, are not only exceedingly hard, but also maintain their strength and hardness at high tempera- tures. In a general way, it may be said that the chromium in these steels provides the hardness, while tungsten produces the self -hardening properties by raising the temperature at which tempering begins. A finished high-speed steel, as employed for making the first- grade high-speed tools, contains from 10 to 20 per cent, of tungsten. Its qualities may be impaired or even destroyed by quite small quantities of certain other elements, such as tin, arsenic, or copper, or by excessive amounts of sulphur and phosphorus, or even manganese. This necessitates a correspond- ing degree of purity in the tungsten, the percentage of which is so high in the finished steel. The necessity for preparing the ores used in the metallurgy of tungsten as pure as possible need not be emphasized, as the cost of making pure tungsten from impure mineral is excessive. High-speed steel is made either in crucible furnaces or in tlu> electric furnace. In the former practice the correct percentages of iron and alloys are melted together, considerable skill and experience being necessary both in this operation and in the forging and rolling operations on the finished ingot. In electric furnace practice the process may consist of melting pure materials of the best quality, and thus using the furnace as a crucible, or, alternatively, melting ordinary materials and refining before adding the alloys. Tungsten may be added to steel either in the form of metallic powder (" tungsten powder ") or as an alloy with iron. Before the war, attempts were made to establish the manufacture of tungsten in England, but competition with the powerful German makers was found to be practically impossible, and steel-makers generally obtained their supplies from Germany, at an annual cost of about 300,000. In August, 1914, there was only a few months' stock of metallic tungsten in the United Kingdom, at the normal rate of consumption. Arrangements for the manu- facture of tungsten were promptly made between the Government and an existing Committee of high-speed steel makers, and by July, 1915, the High Speed Steel Alloys Co., Ltd., commenced delivery. About the same time a number of other firms also embarked on the manufacture of the metal and of the alloy ferro- tungsten. By the end of 1915 four firms in England were producing metallic tungsten, two factories were making ferro- tungsten by heating pure wolfram and carbon in the electric furnace, and three factories were manufacturing the same alloy by an alumino- thermic process. These continued their operations during the war. In the manufacture of tungsten powder for steel-making, the finely-ground pure ore is mixed with soda ash and heated in special furnaces to a bright red heat. The pfoduct is drawn out in a molten state, allowed to cool, and crushed. It is then boiled with water to dissolve the soluble tungstate of soda, while the oxides of iron, manganese, lime, etc., are insoluble and are separated by filtration. The sodium tungstate is next treated with hydrochloric acid, wiien insoluble tungstic acid is precipitated. This is filtered from the solution, dried and reduced to metal with carbon in graphite crucibles. The powder so pro- duced contains about 98' 5 per cent, of metallic tungsten. Ferro-tuiigsten and other ferro-alloys are manufactured to a very considerable extent by the " thermit " process, in which reduction is effected by igniting a mixture of the powdered mineral and aluminium powder. In the case of f erro-tungsten , a proportion of scheelite is mixed with the wolfram to give a higher percentage of tungsten in the alloy, and to facilitate slagging. Ferro-tuiigsten is also made by the reduction of wolfram or of scheelite, preferably a mixture of the two, by means of carbon in the electric furnace. The ores used must be practically free from sulphur and phosphorus. The alloy produced requires refining, which is carried out in an arc furnace, by melting under a slag of ferric oxide, lime and fluorspar. The ferric oxide eliminates carbon and silicon, the latter combining with the lime to form silicate of lime. The fluorspar is added as a flux. 32998 A 3 8 Other applications of tungsten include its use for special cobalt- chrornium alloys, as an alloy in dental surgical instruments and in gramophone needles. Its use as a catalyser has been suggested for the production of ammonia from atmospheric nitrogen and hydrogen, and for other synthetical operations. The sodium salts are used to saturate materials with the effect that if they catch fire they smoulder and do not blaze. Sodium tungstate and tungstic acid are also used as " resists " in certain dyeing opera- tions. WORLD'S PEODUCTION. In 1910 the world's production of tungsten concentrates was about 6,000 tons, averaging 60 per cent, tungstic oxide (W0 3 ). The principal producing countries were the United States, Portugal, and Queensland, smaller quantities being obtained from Argentina, Bolivia, and New South Wales. By 1911, wolfram mining was thoroughly established in Tavoy, and an output of over 1,200 tons in that year made Burma the leading producer, a position maintained until 1916, when the United States and Bolivia took the lead. Other producing countries included Japan, China, Siam, the Malay States and Billiton (Dutch East Indies), the Northern Territory of Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand and Peru, while Germany, Austria, and other European countries contributed small quantities. Although no large supplies of ore were available either in Germany or any of her possessions, she has been credited with the control of two-ttords of the world's production, i.e., nearly 6,000 tons of 60 per cent, concentrates in 1913. In 1915 all the British Imperial supplies were secured for the Home Government at the fixed price of 55s. per unit of tungstic oxide (WO 3 ). This price was raised in 1917 to 60s. per unit. (The minimum and maximum prices for the years 1897 to 1914 were 9s. and 51s. respectively.) In Burma, as a result of the co-operation of the Government with the mining industry, the output increased from 1,688 tons in 1913 to 4,480 tons in 1917, and from the beginning of 1914 to the end of 1918 no less than 17,636 tons, having a total value of 2,322,000, were exported. The United States output, under the stimulus of an uncontrolled price, which reached a maximum of $93 per unit, or six times the price offered in the British Empire, rose in 1917 to 5,486 tons of 60 per cent, concentrates, and there was a corresponding increase in all other producing countries, the world's production rising from about 8,000 tons in 1914 to 12,000 in 1915, 23,000 in 1916, 28,000 in 1917, and 35,000 in 1918. In 1917, China, which had hitherto been an insignificant producer, sent 1,300 tons into the market, and in 1918 the output rose to 9,000 tons, or more than the whole world's production for any one year before 1915. The Dominions Royal Commission reported in 1917 that the output of tungsten ore in the British Empire was probably equal to the demand. 9 World's Production of Tungsten Ores. (In long tons of concentrates.) 1913. 1914. 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. United Kingdom ... 182 205 331 394 241 302 166 Southern Rhodesia 4 3 11 33 18 Union of Sduth 3 8 8 17 4 Africa Canada 12 India (including 1,688 2 ; 326 2,645 3,693 4,542 4,431 3,576 Burma) Malaya : Federated Malay 207 261 292 515 761 356 435 States (exports) Unfederated 136 168 169 297 322 1,177 706 Malay States Australia : Wolfram and 636 529 755 970 1,115 1,304 766** Scheelite Bismnth ore and 182 193 247 137 131 114 140 Wolfram New Zealand 210 222 216 258 199 143 123 Austria 51 56 14 135* 135* 135* France 120 120 100 125 200 165 170* Germany* 285 90 135 310 180 180 Portugal (exports) 1,332 910 873 1,102 1,586 1,160* 758 Spain Mexico 231 430 503 448 12 537 185 4,482 147 332 22 United States 1,372 884 2,082 5,288 5,486 4,525 295* Argentina (exports) 527 402 178 786 989 563 Bolivia (exports) ... 278 272 780 2,987 3,827 3,363 1,963 Peru 285 193 369 515 399 239 China* 20 35 110 1,340 9,375 French Indo-China : Tungsten and 194 305 416 425 511 590 Tin Ore Japan and Korea... 243 192 367 779 1,042 596! Siam* 300 30 425 520 590 Dutch East Indies 30 30 30 50 50 700 * Estimated. ** Excluding Northern Territory. J Japan only. United Kingdom, t Cornwall produces nearly all the tungsten ores obtained in Great Britain, although a few tons are produced annually in Devonshire and Cumberland. Wolfram is the commonest mineral. Soheelite, which is obtained mainly from Cumberland, constitutes only three per cent, of the total yearly output. In Cornwall, wolfram is restricted in its occurrence to four well- defined districts and a few minor localities. The most important Small amounts were also produced in Italy, Norway, Sweden, Brazil and Chile. f Mines and Quarries : General Report with Statistics, Part III, by the Chief Inspector of Mines (Annual). 32998 A 4 10 of these is in West Cornwall, between Scorrier and Camborne, especially the parish of Illogan, where the chief active mines, East Pool, South Crofty and Tincroft, are situated. The second is in the heart of St. Austell granite area. The third extends from Kit Hill to Gunnislake. The fourth embraces the north- eastern parts of Bodmin Moor. In these districts, wolfram generally accompanies cassiterite, but it also occurs alone, embedded in quartz and felspar. In some lodes it is associated with mispickel, chalcopyrite, quartz and fluorite. At Bodmin Moor it is also an habitual constituent of pegmatite veins. In Cumberland the rocks in which the tungsten ores occur are, in descending order, gabbro, mica-schist and greisen,* veined with white quartz. Some of the veins carry pockets and occasionally thin streaks of wolfram and scheelite with various other minerals, such as galena, bismuth, molybdenite, tourmaline and pyrite. The veins are said to become narrower and less valuable when they pass upwards from the mica-schist into the gabbro. Tungsten ore is generally a by-product in tin-mining operations in Cornwall and Devonshire. Production of Tungsten Ores in the United Kingdom. Quantity Value Year. (long tons). (). 1913 182 17, 483 (a) 1914 205 19,722 1915 331 41,996 1916 394 49,699 1917 241 39,742 1918 302 (b) 49,215 1919 166 19,255 (a) Value of 180 tons only. (6) Includes tons of scheelite concentrates containing 1 ton of metallic tin, United Kingdom Imports and Exports, t Year. 1916 ... 1917 ... 1918 ... Tungsten Concentrates (long tons). Ferro-tungsten (long tons). Tungsten Powder (long tons). Imports. Exports. Imports. Exports. Imports. Exports. 7,115 8,081 9,086 628 1,015 1,044 15 28 345 131 45 65 29 1 18 * Greisen is an altered granite, consisting of a mixture of quartz and mica, usually with some topaz ; cassiterite, fluorspar, tourmaline and other minerals are sometimes present. f Figures supplied by the Ministry of Munitions through J. F. Ronca, of the Board of Trade. 11 Rhodesia/ Both wolfram and scheelite are widely distributed through- out Rhodesia, and occur in some quantity at several localities. The former mineral has been worked at Essexvale more or less continuously since 1905, and has also been found in the Sabi valley, while scheelite was first worked in 1906, near Gatooma, where it occurs in a quartz reef in gneissose granite The Essexvale miner a-1 is said to be the manganiferous variety (hubnerite), a-nd to be free from impurities. According to A. E. V. Zealley,t the Essexvale tungsten ore -deposits include sixteen distinct " reefs," eleven of which have had a little work done on them from time to time. They consist >of greisen, composed chiefly of mica, fluorite, topaz, and .secondary felspar. The " reefs " have long strike extensions up to a distance of one mile, and average three feet in width. The country rock is a coarse-textured and massive variety of hornblende-granite. A stockwork deposit of " streaks and seams of aplite containing gashes of quartz " scattered sporadically throughout a mass of hornblende-granite is also described, in which the aplite has been greisenized to varying degrees, with the production of wolfram and other minerals. Wolfram and scheelite are also won from the detrital ground or " rubble " in the vicinity of the outcrops, which are worked by hand or by means of rotary washers. Production of Tungsten Concentrates in Southern Rhodesia.* Year. Wolframite. Scheelite. . Total. Quantity (long tons). Value (). Quantity (long tons). Value (). Quantity (long tons). Value (). 1913 ... 1914 ... 1915 ... 1916 ... 1917 ... 1918 ... 1919 ... 3 11 10 466 2,070 1,708 23 3,699 4 3 11 33 18 427 466 2,070 5,407 5,103 Union of South Africa. Tungsten mining in South Africa is of little significance, " tungsten ore " figuring in the Customs returns for the first * Annual Reports of the Secretary for Mines, Southern Rhodesia. Annual Reports of the Rhodesian Chamber of Mines. fRhodesian Geological Survey : Short Report No. 1, 1917. J Practically all the ore produced was exported to the United Kingdom. Annual Reports of the Government Mining Engineer of the Union of South Africa. 32998 A 5 12 time in 1916. It is probable, however, that some of the tin con- centrates exported in earlier years contained either wolfram of scheelite. Up to the present time these ores have not been mined for themselves, but have been obtained incidentally in association with cassiterite. A considerable quantity of wolfram is reported to occur with cassiterite in the quartz reefs and granite at Kuils Kiver in the Cape Province. In the Good Hope Mine, the amount of wolfram in the concentrates is reported to be sometimes nearly equal to that of cassiterite. Scheelite occurs at many places, notably in the Stavoren tin mines, where some of the lodes are fairly rich ; also near Leyds- dorp, in the Transvaal, where the source of the mineral has not yet been traced, and near Stanger, in Natal.* Production of Tungsten Concentrates in the Union of South Africa. Quantity Value Year. (long tons). (). 1915 3 1916 8 874 1917 8 1,551 1918 17 3,647 1919 4 699 Canada, t The most productive sources of tungsten minerals in Canada have been Burnt Hill Brook in New Brunswick and the Moose River district in Nova Scotia, Early in 1918, 10 tons of wolfram concentrates were shipped from the former locality to New York out of a total production of 12 tons. The Moose River Mines produced 14 tons of scheelite in 1912. Other deposits occur in British Columbia and the Yukon. All' the known occurrences were described in Dr. T. L. Walker's " Report on the Tungsten Ores in Canada " published by the Mines Branch of the Depart- ment of Mines, Ottawa, Canada, in 1909. According to the First Report of the work of the Munitions Resources Commission of Canada, published in Ottawa, 1918, the demand for tungsten ores will probably continue, but Canadian tungsten mines worked for tungsten alone appear to be rare, and the supply depends on the price offered. The mining of tungsten ores from known localities in Canada was considered to offer little encouragement at a price of 555. per unit. * " The Base Metal Resources of the Union of South Africa," Wm. Versfeld. Dept. of Mines and Industries, 1919, pp. 93-94. j- Annual Reports on the Mineral Production of Canada. 13 India, including Burma.* Ores of tungsten occur in the Singhbhum division of Bihar and Orissa; in the Nagpur district of the Central Provinces; in the Marwar State of Kajputana; and in Burma. In the first locality the production has been insignificant. The Nagpur occurrence was merely a prospect, and is now worked out ; while the third occurrence is small, and mining operations are hindered by lack of water. Wolfram deposits have been found over a stretch of more than 700 miles in Burma, from the Kyaukse district in the north through the Yamethin district, the Southern Shan States and Karenni, to the That on, Amherst, Tavoy and Mergui districts in the south. These deposits, are always closely associated with the intrusive granite which forms the core of the northern extension of the Indo'-Malayan mountain system in Burma and continues far to the south, through Lower Siam and the Malay States, to the islands of Banca and Billiton in the Dutch East Indies. The earliest reference to Burmese wolfram occurs in a work wTitten about 1845, but the mineral was forgotten and was not re-discovered until 1909, when the work of the Geological Survey of India brought it to light again. Mining commenced in 1910. At that time the world's production was about 6,000 tons of concentrates (60 per cent, tungstic oxide), and the chief pro- ducing countries w r ere the United States, Portugal and Queensland, smaller amounts being obtained in Argentina, Bolivia and New South Wales. By 1911 wolfram mining was thoroughly established in Tavoy, and an output of 1,300 tons from this province made Burma the leading tungsten-producing country of the world, a position maintained easily till 1916, when the boom and consequent high uncontrolled prices in North and South America caused the production of both the United States and Bolivia to exceed that of Burma. In 1914, out of a world's production of some 8,000 tons, Burma produced about 2,300 tons. The demand for wolfram after the outbreak of the war was naturally felt very strongly in Tavoy, and every effort was made by the Government and by mining firms to meet the situation. A special staff of administrative and technical officers was stationed on the field, a comprehensive road-construction pro- gram was initiated to improve transport, labourers from China, the Federated Malay States and India were imported in large numbers, and free advice was given by the State to mine- owners. Previous to the war, mining had been carried on generally in a primitive manner, but during the war period great improvements were effected. Deep-level exploration with the aid of machine drills is now common, concentrating mills have been erected, and full use has been made of the water-power * Records of the Geological Survey of India. Annual Statements of the Sea- borne Trade of British India. 32998 A C 14 resources of the country in exploiting surface deposits by modern hydraulic methods. Wolfram and cassiterite occur as segregation deposits in the granite ; they occur also in pegmatites, quartz veins and greisens. Both pegmatites and quartz veins traverse the granite and the overlying schists, etc., of the Mergui series, in an ancient forma- tion the exact age of which is not known. The associated minerals are mica 'and sulphides of iron, copper, lead, zinc and bismuth. The three latter metals are rare. Fluorite is widely distributed in small amounts, and tourmaline is absent as a vein mineral, although it is found in both the Amherst and Mergui districts to the north and south. The opinion has been expressed that the easily won deposits are becoming exhausted. This may be true to a certain extent with regard to some of the older mines, but the extraordinary number of wolfram-bearing veins, the vast extent of the mineralized area in Burma a great deal of which has still to be explored and the comparative cheapness with which its surface deposits can be treated, make it difficult to believe that the province will not be able to maintain its position when the demand for tungsten ores becomes active again.- Production of Wolfram Concentrates in India. Quantity (long tons). 1913. 1914. 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. Burma : Mergui ... 205 194 232 340 368 377 194 Tavoy 1,399 1,977 2,033 3,034 3,698 3,636 2,889 Southern Shan 84 138 331 185 307 287 398 States Thaton 17 49 92 107 92 48 India : Marwar _ ! 33 42 37 45-5 Singhbhum 8 20 2 1-5 Nagpur 1 Total ... 1,688 2,326 2,645; 3,693 4,542 ! 4,431 3,576 Yalue () ... 127,762 178,543 296,772 |497,397 623,074 726,304 521,194* * Excluding the value of 45 tons produced in Marwar. In 1918, out of India's total of 4,431 tons of concentrates, the Tavoy district of Burma alone produced 3,636 tons. These concentrates, though classified as tungsten concentrates, contain a certain quantity of tin ore, but, in the absence of the necessary data, it is impossible to account for that mineral separately. It has been computed that the average composition of this material was 54'3 per cent, tungstic oxide, and 18*8 per cent, stannic oxide. It would be unsafe, however, to deduce a similar composition for other years. The tin content of the exported concentrates shown in the following table is lower, and the tungsten content higher, as some of the production is magnetically separated before ship- ment. Exports of Wolfram Concentrates from India. (Domestic Produce).* Fiscal years ending March 31. Quantity (long tons). 1916, 1917. 1918. 1919. United Kingdom Straits Settlements, including Labuan Federated Malay States Total to British Possessions France TOTAL 2,617 66 64 4,490 133 4,782 4,870 2,747 4,623 4,782 4,870 40 2,787 4,623 4,782 4,870 United Kingdom Straits Settlements, including Labuan Federated Malay States Total to British Possessions France TOTAL Value (). 338,050 8,678 6,444 678,948 21,366 724,409 751,349 353,172 700,314 724,409 751,349 4,267 357,439 700,314 724,409 751,349 Not given separately prior to 1916. Federated Malay States.! In the Federated Malay States, a large proportion of the tungsten ore occurs with cassiterite in detrital deposits. In Perak, wolfram is known to occur in Larut, in the Kuala Kangsar district, in Kintaand in Batang Padang. The best known locality is Bukit Rumpian, south of Tapah, where small quartz f J. B. Scrivenor : Tungsten Ores : a Paper read before the Federated Malay States Chamber of Mines at Ipoh, March, 1916. Annual Reports on the Administration of the Mines Department and on the Mining Industries of the Federated Malay States. 16 veins carrying tin ore and wolfram traverse a tourmaline-granite. In Selangor, wolfram is obtained from Ulu Klang, Ulu Langat, and Ulu Kanching ; from some tributaries of the Serendah Kiver, and from the hills behind Ampang. Scheelite is found at Kanching, and near the Batu Caves. In Negri Sembilan and Pahang, the Titi Tin Mines are the largest producers of mixed ore. Wolfram has also been found at several places along the Bentong-Kuala Pilah road. Practically all the mixed wolfram-cassiterite ores come from places where there is a contact of granite and schist. The quartz veins when traversing schist contain fairly pure wolfram ; on the contact of granite and schist the same veins carry mixed ore, and where they continue into granite they are said to become richer in tin and poorer in wolfram. 17 00 - 1 5 (M ^| O (M (M CO CO \ I 1 1 O5 OO CO r-t 50 a 3 43 O 1 CM (M 00 CO 8 1 1 1 1 1 8 2 a 1 1 1 (D A P4 18 Unfederated Malay States/ According to the Beports of the British Agents and Advisors to the Governments, wolfram is mined in the Feudatory States of Trengganu and Kedah, and in the Independent State of Johore. In Trengganu, a wolfram deposit was opened up at Chanderong, on the Kemaman river, during 1917. The most important wolfram localities in Kedah are Sungei Sintok and Kubang Pasu. Production of Tungsten Concentrates in the Unfederated Malay States an'd the Independent State of Johore. State. Quantity (long tons). 1913. 1914. 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. Trengganu Kedah Johore (a) TOTAL 108 28 () 143 25 156 13 257 17 23 196 124 2 656 520 1 495 211 136 168 169 297 322 1,177 706 (a) Exports. Australia. ! New South Wales. The principal deposits of wolfram in New South Wales are situated in the Torrington division, the ore being mined also in the Frogmore, Burro wa, Tenterfield and Deep water divisions. Hillgrove is the only district in which scheelite is known to exist in commercial quantities. At this locality the deposits occur as thin veins and small lenses, the ore being of good quality and carrying a high percentage of tungstic acid. In 1912, the Department of Mines published a Bulletin (No. 15) on " The Tungsten Mining Industry in New South Wales," by J. E. Game, Government G-eologist. This deals com- prehensively with all aspects of the industry, and contains analyses of typical samples, together with a full record of all known tungsten-ore occurrences in the State. Queensland. Tungsten ores are found in several districts in Queensland. The principal mines are at Wolfram Camp, Bamford, Coolgarra, Koorboora, M't. Carbine, Fossilbrpok and * Annual Reports of the Administrators of the Unfederated Malay States. f Annual Reports of the Department of Mines, New South Wales. Annual Reports of the Under Secretary for Mines, Queensland. Annual Reports of the Secretary for Mines, Victoria. Annual Reports of the Department of Mines, Western Australia. Annual Reports of the Secretary for Mines, Tasmania. Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue of the Commonwealth of Australia (Annual). 19 Tate Kiver, all in the Herberton and Chillagoe Gold and Mineral Fields of Northern Queensland. In this State wolfram, molybdenite and bismuth minerals occur in close association, whereas in New South Wales the principal tin, wolfram and molybdenite-bismuth deposits occur in localities and under con- ditions quite distinct from each other. ^ At Wolfram Camp and Mount Carbine, groups of mines have been acquired by the Thermo-Eleotric Ore Eeduction Corporation. The occurrences at the former locality are all of a similar nature, and consist of fissures and pipes in granite and greisen with a gangue of white, translucent quartz. At Mount Carbine wolfram is found in pegmatite veins. The ore-bodies of the Bamford district fill irregular and deformed pipes in altered granite. These pipes frequently branch and give off short spurs. They are subject to tapering, and are also liable to abrupt termination. Scheelite is found in various localities associated with mis- pickel, monazite and wolfram, and with bismuth, copper, gold and tin ores. The deposits of Garada, on the Chillagoe railway line, have yielded most of the scheelite produced in Queensland, the mineral occurring there as small veins in association with copper ores. Crushing and concentrating plants for the treatment of the wolfram-bismuth and molybdenite ores are situated at Wolfram, Mount Carbine, Bamford and Khartoum. Victoria. Wolfram occurs in quartz veins in granodiorite at Marysville and Britannia Creek, Warburton ; in quartz veins in granitic rocks at Mount Murphy and Bendoc, East Gippsland ; and in quartz veins in metamorphic rocks at Wedderburn. It occurs also in the surface deposits of some of the gullies and creeks adjacent to the lode zones. The total output from the State up to 1917 amounted to 100 tons. Scheelite occurs in a quartz lode at Chiltern, and in lodes in the granitic rocks at Mount Murphy and Corryong. The Mount Murphy Company at Benambra is the largest producer of wolfram ore in Victoria, although deposits of the mineral are'' also' being worked at Wedderburn and in the Tallangatta Valley. Occurrences of scheelite have been opened over a considerable area in the locality of Koltong, and a State battery for the treat- ment of cassiterite, scheelite and other ores has been erected there. According to the Annual Eeport of the Secretary for Mines for 1916, the lodes appear to be numerous, small and patchy, but, with the high market values then ruling for scheelite, it was considered that profitable results should be obtained by small co-operative parties of miners. Western Australia. Wolfram has been mined near Cue in the Murchison goldfield, and at Mount Singleton in the Yalgoo gold- field. It has also been found at Grass Valley near Northam, and 20 near King's Sound in the Kimberley division. It occurs usually in association with cassiterite. Scheelite is widely distributed and is known to occur in quantities likely to be of industrial importance in the Pilbara, Yalgoo, Yilgarn, Broad Arrow, Coolgardie, Dundas and Phillips Kiver goldfields. It is often associated with gold. Tungsten ores have never been mined on a large scale in Western Australia, and the small quantities exported represent hand-picked lump material from surface deposits. South Australia. The insignificant quantities of wolfram hitherto produced in South Australia are believed to have been obtained from pegmatite veins at Callawonga Creek. Northern Territory. The chief tungsten-producing localities of the Northern Territory are the districts of Pino Creek and Hatches Creek. The Burns wolfram mine, 40 miles east of Pine Creek, is by far the largest producer, although other con- cerns are active at Yenberrie in the same region. Here wol- fram and molybdenite occur in quartz veins traversing pre- Cambrian rocks invaded by granite. At Hatches Creek wolfram is obtained from quartz veins traversing diorite. Tasmania. There are at present two centres of wolfram mining in Tasmania, viz., Story's Creek, Ben Lomond, and Moina. The country rocks are sediments invaded by granite and the ores are found in veins, greisens, and pegmatites. At Story's Creek there is a magnetic separation plant for the treatment of tin- wolf ram ore, the wolfram concentrates of which average 73 per cent, of tungstic oxide. The ores and concentrates from the tin-wolfram-bismuth mines at Moina are treated at Launceston, a clean wolfram product being obtained which averages 69 or 70 per cent, tungstic oxide. In 1917, a new wolfram property was taken up near Mt. Pelion, in a somewhat inaccessible part of the island; the lode is being prospected, and it is hoped that it may prove payable. The production of scheelite appeared in the mining statistics of the State for the first time in 1917, the ore being worked by the King Island Scheelite Company, which during that year treated 4,937 tons of ore, obtaining 69 tons of concentrates, averaging 70 per cent. tuDgstic oxide. The mineral is said to be disseminated through a metamorphosed rock consisting chiefly of garnet. o I Northern Territory. d 1 oJ H III Q> 70 ^* 1C ^ 2 I-H (M iM TH 1 31 M 3-2 CO ^ ; ania. 8 1 (saoi as to as ! I 1 1 5^ 2 % rt i i anj-BA o t- o o * as co -f > w to t>T ^T ^H to" 06" t>T to" r-t r-4 - as co as T- CO OO CO O o" i-T -rjT i>T oo" co* |l 1.2 a o (suocj as < so o co as as *O "^ i i t~ . 10 ^ b- w ^< as a oo co ^S 00 5 2 1^2 | ^t* iQ TjH CO CO t-H IO 1-1 * t- co -H t- r- o "f O CO GO IN 00 g5^ tH ^ 3 'i'S 1 (30 811113 A f 1 - oo I-H co eq South Anstrnli'i. Report on tungsten deposit at Callawongn Creek, hundred oi Waitpinga, by B. Lockhart Jack; Adelaide, S. Austr., Rev. Min. Oper. No. 23, 1915, pp. 42-43. Report on prospecting operations at Callawonga Creek, by L. Keith Ward; Adelaide, S. Austr., Rev. Min. Oper. No. 24, 1916, pp. 39-40. The tungsten deposits at Callawonga Creek, by R. Lockhart Jack ; Adelaide, S. Austr. Dept. Mines, Min. Rev. No. 28, 1918, pp. 45-46. Northern Territory. Administrator's Report, Northern Territory of Australia, Government Printer, Victoria (Annual). Report on Yenberrie wolfram and molybdenite field, by G. J. Gray and R. J. Winters; Northern Territory, Bull. 15a, 1916. Hatches Creek wolfram mines, by T. G. Oliver; Northern Territory. Bull. No. 21, 1916. Wolfram mining, Northern Territory; Chem. Eng. Min. Rev., 1919. Nov. 5, pp. 70-71. Tasmania. The Middlesex and Mount Claude mining field, by W. H. Twelvetree* (including Electro-magnetic separation of tin, wolfram, and bismuth ores, by L. Hills); Tasmania Geol. Surv., Hobart, Bull. No. 14, 1913, 131 pp'. Tungsten and molybdenum, Part 1, North-eastern and eastern Tasmania. by L. Hills; Tasmania Geol. Surv., Hobart, Mineral Resources, No. 1, 1915. Part 2, Middlesex and Mt. Claude districts, by L. Hills; Part 3, King Island, by L. Lawry Waterhouse, Tasmania Geol. Surv.. Hobart, Mineral Resources No. 1, 1916. Notes on the S. and M. mine and on treatment of bismuth, tin and wolfram ores, by W. E. Hitchcock and J. R. Pound; Proc. Austr. lust. Min. Met., 1919, No. 35, pp. 33-73. The mining fields of Moina, Mt. Claude and Lorinna, by A. Mclntosh Reid, Tasmania Geol. Surv., Hobart, Bull. No. 29, 1919, 180 pp. The Storey's Creek tin-wolfram mine, by J. Miller; Chem. Eng. Min. Rev. 1918, December. Abstr. Mining Mag., 1918, 18, 264-266. The Mount Pelion mineral district, by A. Mclntosh Reid; Tasmania Geol. Surv., Hobart, Bull. No. 30, 1919, 81 pp. NEW ZEALAND. Mines Statement, Minister of Mines, Wellington, New Zealand (Annual) Scheelite mining in New Zealand, by C. W. Gudgeon; Austr. Min Stand., 1913, Nov. 13, pp. 409-410. The scheelite-gold mines of Otago, New Zealand, by C. W. Gudgeon ; Proc. Austr. Inst. Min. Eng., 1916, No. 21. Abstr. Eng. Min Journ., 1916, 102, 346-347. Scheelite and wolfram in New Zealand, by P. G. Morgan; Ann. Rept. Geol. Surv., Wellington, New Zealand, 1916, p. 29. 41 The geology of the Tuapeka district, Central Otago division, by P. Marshall; Geol. Surv., Wellington, New Zealand, Bull. No. 19, new series, 1918; pp. 45-47. Chrome-iron ore, mica and tungsten-ore in New Zealand, hy P. G. Morgan and J. Henderson; New Zealand Journ. Science and Technology, 1919, 2, 43-50. FOREIGN COUNTRIES. EUROPE. Die Turrnalin fiihrende Kupferkies-Scheelitlagerstatte am Monte Mulatto bei Predazzo (Siidtirol), von B. Granigg und J. H. Koritschoner ; Zeits. f. prakt. Gk>ol., 1913, 21, 481-497. Wolframite deposits in the department of Haute-Vienne, France, by J. Hure; Bull, de la Soc. de P Ind. Minerale, 1916, ser. 5, 9, 99-115. Uber das Vorkommen und den Abbau von Wolframit bei Neudorf (Harz), von E. Wedekind; Metall u. Erz, 1919, 16, 1-6. The Traz-os-Moiites tungsten mines, North Portugal, by 10. Ackermann ; Rev. de Chimie Ind., 1912, 23, 67-68; Min. Eng. World, 1913, 38, 677. Tin and tungsten in Portugal, by T. A. Down; Mining Mag., 1916, 14, 19-24. The mineral industry of Portugal, by F. W. Foote and R. S. Ransom; Eng. Min. Journ., 1918, 106, 47-53. Los criaderos de wolfram de los terminos de Oliva de Jerez y Zaninos de la provincia de Badajoz, por J. Sacristan; Bol. Inst. Geol. Espafia, 1913, 13, 199-204. Zinn-woli'ram-und Uranlagerstatten des atlantischen Randgebirges l Commerce, Washington, D.C., 1919, No. 299, pp. 1657-1658. Development of Chinese wolfram mining; Min. Journ., 1920, 129, 405. Tungsten in China; Min. Sci. Press, 1920, 120, 90. Wolfram mining in China, by C. Y. Wang; Eng. Min. .Journ., 1920. 109, 16. Tungsten mining in China, hy R. Slessor; Eng. Min. Journ., 1920. 109, 344-345. Technical operations on the Suan concessions, Korea, by A. R. Weigall and J. F. Mitchell-Roberts; Min. Sci. Press, 1919, 119, 509-519, 599-606, 805, 815, 843-847, and in particular, 915-924, 43 METALLURGY. Electric smelting of chromium, tungsten, molybdenum and vanadium oree, by R. M. Keeney; Trans. Amer. Electrochem. Soc., 1913, 24, 167-189. Recovery of tungsten from high-speed tool steel scale, by R. J. Wysor ; Iron Age, 1914, 93, 910-911. Short abetr. Journ. Iron and Steel Inet., 1914, 90, 342. Separation of wolfram from tin, by M. T. Taylor; Mining Mag., 1915, 12, 351-352. Production of metallic tungsten, by P. C. H. West; Journ. Cheim Technology, 1915, 2, 102-106. Separating wolframite from tin (at the Uncia plant, Bolivia), by A. Grossberg; Eng. Min. Journ., 1916, 102, 139. Recent practice in concentrating Colorado tungsten ores, by H. C. Parmelee; Met. Chem. Eng., 1916, 14, 301-304. Electrolytic behaviour of tungsten, by W. E. Keener; Paper read before Amer. Electrochem. Soc., 1916, September; Met. Chem. Eng., 1917, 16, 40-47. The milling of tungsten ores, by J. F. Magree; Eng. Min. Journ., 1916., 101, 717-718. Slime treatment on Cornish frames, with particular reference to the effect of surface, by S. J. Truscott; Trans. Inst. Mdn. Met., London, 1917-1918, 27, 3-70. East Pool dressing practice; Mining Mag., 1917, 17, 281-282. Tungsten manufacturing works at Widnes; Engineering, 1917, 104. 432-434. The chemistry and metallurgy of tungsten, by H. W. Hutchin; Faper before Cornish Iinst. Eng., 1917, June. Abstr. Mining Mag., 1917, 17, 39-41, 85-89. The electric furnace in metallurgical work, by D. A. Lyon, R. M Keene^ and J. F. Cullen; U.S. Bur. Mines, Washington, D.C., Bull. 77, 1916, pp. 177-184. Separation of tin and tungsten in tin-bearing tungsten oree, by M. Travers; Comptee Rendue, 1917, 165, 408-410. fin and tungsten Research Board; Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, London, Ann. Rept., 1918-1919, 4 pp. Experiments in the recovery of tungsten and gold in the Murray district, Idaho, by R. R. Goodrich and N. E. Holden; Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Eng., 1918, 58, 224-231. Reduction of tungstic oxide, by C. W. Davis; Journ. Ind. Eng. Chem., 1919, 11, 201-204. Metallography of tungsten, by Z. Jeffries; Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Eng., 1919, 60, 588-656. Tungsten and the war, by J. L. F. Vogel; Mining Mag., 1919, 20, 12-17. Treatment of tin-wolfram-bismuth ores, by L. Hills; Min. Eng. Rev., 1914, July 16. Eng. Min. Journ., 1914, 98, 486. Manufacture of pure tungsten metal; operations at the Fansteel Products Company, by C. H. Jones; Chem. Met. Eng., 1920, 22, 9-16. Reducing tungsten ore, by T. Sington; Eng. Min. Journ., 1920, 109, 879-880. ALLOYS AND USES. A development of practical substitutes for platinum and its alloys, with special reference to alloys of tungsten and molybdenum, by F. A. Fahrenwald; Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Eng., (1916), 54, 541-593. Chemical and mechanical relations of iron, tungsten, nickel and carbon, by J. O. Arnold and A. A. Read; Paper before Inst. Mech. Eng.; Engineering, 1914, 97, 433-436, 468-470. Tungsten-carbon alloys, by 0. Ruff and R, Wunsch; Zeits. f. anorg. Chemie, 1914, 85, 292-328. Stellite; for articles on Stellite see References to Technical Literature Cobalt, 1913-1919. 44 The system tungsten-molybdenum, by F. A. Fahrenwald; Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Eng., (1916), 56, 612-619. The effect of chromium and tungsten upon the hardening and tempering of high-speed tool steel, by C. A. Edwards and H. Kikkawa; Journ. Iron and Steel Inst., London, 1915, 92, 6-30. Manufacture and uses of alloy steels, by H. D. Hibbard; U.S. Bur. Mines, Washington, D.C., Bull. 100, 1916, 74 pp. and bibliography. The manufacture of ferro-alloys in the electric furnace, by R. M. Keeney; Amer. Inst. Min. Eng., Bull. 140, 1918, pp. 1321-1373. The manufacture and uses of ferro-alloys and alloy steels. Report of a special committee appointed to investigate the manufacture of ferro- alloys and alloy steels from the raw materials occurring in Australia ; Commonwealth of Australia Advisory Council Science and Industry. Bull. No. 9, 1918, 44 pp. Structure of tungsten steel and its change under heat-treatment, by K. . Honda and T. Murakami; Sci. Repts. Imp. Univ., Tokyo, 1918, 6, 235-283. Some physical constants of tungsten steels, by K. Honda and T. Matsushita ; Sci. Repts., Imp. Univ., Tokyo, 1919, 8, 89-98. Note on the structural constitution, hardening and tempering of high speed tool steel containing chromium and tungsten, by K. Honda and T. Murakami; Thirty-second Rept., Iron and Steel Research Inst. of Japan. Abstr. Journ. Iron and Steel Inst., London, 1920, 101, 647-657. Metal filament lamps, by A. Siemens; Journ. Inst. Metals, London, 1913, 9, 42-49. High-temperature resistance furnaces with ductile molybdenum or tungsten resisters, by W. E. Ruder; Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Eng., 1918, 59, 162-170. Ductile tungsten, by C. H. Desch; Paper before the British Association. Short abstr. Iron and Coal Tr. Rev., 1920, 101, 297. The following publications of the Imperial Mineral Besource? Bureau can be purchased through any bookseller or directly from H.M. Stationery Office at the following addresses : Imperial House, Kingsway, London, W.C.2; 28, Abingdon Street, London, S.W.I; 37, Peter Street, Manchester; 1, St. Andrew's Crescent, Cardiff ; 23, Forth Street, Edinburgh ; or from Messrs. E. Ponsonby, Ltd., 116, Grafton Street, Dublin. (All prices are net, and those in parentheses include postage.) REPORTS ON THE MINBBAL INDUSTRY OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE AND FOREIGN COUNTRIES. (1913-1919.) Aluminium and Bauxite ... Price 9d. UOJd.> Antimony ... ... ... ,, Is. Od. (Is. Arsenic ... ... ... ... ,, Qd. (Id.} Asbestos ,, Is. Od. (Is. Bismuth , 6d. (Id.) Borates 9d. (10 Jd.) Chrome Ore and Chromium ... ,, Is. Od. (Is. IJd.) Cobalt ,, 9d. (lOJd.) Felspar ... ... ... ... ,, Qd. (Id.) Fullers Earth 6 Fluorspar ... ... ... ( > Mica . . ( Coal, Part 1 ( > LEGAL PUBLICATIONS. Mining Laws of the British Empire and Foreign Countries :- Vol. I. Nigeria (1920) Price 15*. (15*. 6ir/.. Vol. II. West Africa (The Gold Coast, Ashanti, The Northern Territories and Sierra Leot, (1920) 15*. (15*. Id.'-