THE HEBREW PRIMER AND READING BOOK. CONTAINING ALL THE PRINCIPAL RULES IN HEBREW GRAMMAR, TOGETHER WITH A VOCABULARY OF THE BOOK OF GENESIS. BY SOLOMON SEBAG. THIRD EDITION REVISED AND ENLARGED. LONDON : PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR, 2, HENEAGE LANE, BEVIS MARKS. TO BE HAD OF P. VALLENTINE, 34, ALFRED STREET, BEDFORD SQUARE, 56311871. LONDON: PRINTED BY S. MELDOLA, JOHN* STREET, BEDFORD ROW. PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION. THE HEBREW PRIMER AND READING BOOK has passed through two Editions. This fact the author considers is a slight proof of its utility, and therefore submits a third Edition in which will be found the following additions. To THE VERBS. The conjugation of a verb with the accusa- tive pronouns; sixteen additional Exercises, viz., three on the regular verbs, two on each of the five classes of irregular verbs, and three on the several classes of verbs combined ; these it is hoped will more than compensate for the condensing and changing some of the Exercises in the preceding edition. To THE VOCABULARY. The words expressing the mimerals, thQ pronouns, adverbs, &c., which were only inserted in the grammatical part, are now also inserted in the vocabulary. The nouns are given as found in Genesis in addition to their absolute form : thus ^ blood, E3P" 1 ! ; HX brother, 'HN and the parts of several of_ the regular verbs if not conjugated like "1p_S are also added : thus "Ip^.. from *1p.V which is the same part as "Ip?! 1 2094460 IV PREFACE. APPENDIX. To assist the student in the translation of the book of Genesis from the Vocabulary, a tabular form is added where the root and parts of the verbs of such as contain only one or two radicals are shewn, as in the verb ilV By referring to IV in the form, the root ^?SJ will be found, and the part IV'.! will be explained. Besides this Tabular form the Appendix contains examples of the various classes of nouns, with their changes of vowel- points for the constructive form, plural number, 3 k> %f> J J 9 ) f\ s, n i. Two only, ^ and t), are changed according to the Poi-tuguese Jews. FINAL LETTERS. The letters ^ S ^ 23 D when occurring at the end of words assume a different form : thus LETTERS KESEMBLING EACH OTHER IN SHAPE. The form of the following letters must be particularly observed, as their resemblance to each other may cause mistake. DD DD nn p? nn TT JJ 33 This letter has two sounds, that of sh when the dot is on the right, thus $ ; and of , when on the left, thus jj?. AND READING BOOK. ON THE LETTERS W H* The pronunciation of the above three letters must be carefully noticed, since they have no equivalent in the English. The sound of the H must be produced from the bottom of the throat; grammarians generally give it the pronunciation of the ch in the German word Nacht, or the Scotch word loch. The y is pronounced like gn in the word sign. The must be sounded like ts in pits. DIVISION OF LETTERS. The Hebrew alphabet is divided into five classes, according to the organ of speech used in the pronunciation of each letter, called gutturals, labials, palatals, linguals, and dentals. V Pi PI J$ pronounced from the throat, are called gutturals. 5] 1 1 Hps, labials. & 3 * J palate, palatals. H 3 ^ t3 1 tongue, linguals. W *\ D T teeth, ,, dentals. EXERCISE. j n mina DV In this exercise the pupil should repeat the sound of each letter, and say if its sound is ever changed ; what letter it resem- bles, and how many forms it has. 4 THE HEBREW PRIMER Example 3 c ^ German, changed by a dot into k, it resembles ^ b, and has two forms, ^ at the beginning or middle, and "1 at the end. YOWEL POINTS. The letters, being all consonants, have certain marks and points which serve the purpose of vowels. There are ten principal ones : five have a long and five a short sound. One is placed in the centre of the letter !|, one over it i, and the others all under the letters. Name, Form, and Position. LONG VOWELS. SHORT VOWELS. Name. Form. Position. Name. Form. Position. Kamets ( T ) X Tsarre () X Chirick 'X Cholem i IX Patach (-) Segol (',) * Chirick T ^ Kamets chatoof(')or(r:) XX Kibbuts (-,) X Shoorek -1 ^X Observe. The | of the cholem is often omitted, and the dot placed over the letter, thus ^ H "1. Sounds of the Vowel Points. The points are not sounded alike by the Portuguese and Ger- man Jews ; they differ in the three long vowels ( T ), ( ), and \ and also in the short vowels, which the Portuguese Jews sound like their corresponding long ones, but in a quicker manner, while the German Jews give to the (-), (), and short ( T ) a different sound from long (T), (), and \ AND BEADING BOOK. Sound of the Vowel Points according to the Portuguese Jews. T and - like a in far. - and v like a in make. *7 and T like e in me. i T and T : like o in bone. ' and \ like u in rude. Sound of the Vowel Points according to the German Jews. in bone. 1 in find. and like in me. ou in out. and \ like u in - a in yar. r a in make. T or T: o in Letters joined with Points. To join the letters with points, sound the letter and then the point, thus ^jthe letter O stands as m, and the point sounds as a in. far, therefore the reading is md. Examples of Letters joined with Points, with their English Sounds. Note. a with a mark over it, thus a, denotes the a iafar. a with no mark denotes the a in make. Care must be taken to sound the short vowels quicker than the long ones. Portuguese. German. 2 ba bo 3 ga go ^ da do < la lo .3 ka ki O ma mi Portuguese. .- cha German. chi 1? ta ti IK' sho shou VE> so sou fr gno gnou i tso tsou 6 THE HEBREW PRIMER The points under the following letters are sounded alike in both readings. T za n cha tD ta * ya p ka ft) pa tj fa H ha *1 ve *J3 se *"") re *5f tse 3 ge ^1 be Tzs^Jne. Short (T) mo tD to )J no j fo W su p ku 3 bo Slo V gno T D so 13 bu rrdu 11 r u in tu i z -. EXERCISE. Letters joined with Long Vowels. Hebrew is read from right to left. -l2S^^DTnD3tt3^3n"7 "T T T TTTT T T in io u iX3 is i 1 ? ia in n n ^S o H 'n > ?n 513 IS W Wt 13 !|T 10 j h h 3 X EXERCISE. Letters joined with Short Vowels. n an p o i ^ a Vil a n D 3 a 5 3 "i n:nD Dnn nana D 1 Letters without Points. A letter without a point is read with the letter and point before it. Example. CH the "O m having no point must be joined to the T, d which has the point, and the two together are read dam. Examples. "1*3 ged, 1-13 gur, *?2 bal, 1*3 ben, TD med. AND READING BOOK. EXERCISE. ?a_ nia nia jva na sria na nn an nr IT a? a] ^ ; ^ pS |S Dia D*3 D3 J3 DID PID CD "lia na ra w Dia ma eha no p ^ | - T | I " I T T ph pn p"i p. ^p r ^ip ^p "ip. *i nix n^ pn T SYLLABLES. Syllables are of two kinds, simple and compound. A simple syllable is a consonant joined with a vowel-point, thus P ma, ^be. A compound syllable consists of two consonants, both sounded, and the first having a vowel-point ; thus H dan, IP men. Words containing Simple Syllables. Examples. -1^/ le-nu, Wlp ku-mu, *?-1t^ shu-be, ^ sha-le, ^j'1D3 ka-mo-cha. EXERCISE. THE HEBREW PRIMER into tfa ua tatf irnin irtai Ow *fo Sowmfc # w w j; n } 1 at the beginning of a word is pronounced as u in rude. Example. *O-1 u-me, and not vu-me. ft at the end is pronounced as ach and not cha. Example. D'" 1 " 1 ru-ach, and not ru-cha. y_ at the end is pronounced as agn, and not gna. Example. Jrt"lj ya-do-agn. W the dot showing the sh and s serves for o (_l) to the preceding letter, if such letter has no other vowel point. Example. -1^3 the dot over the & serves for o as well as for sh. The dot over ' serves also as its own vowel, if without another vowel points, thus KSB' the dot serves for o as well as for s. Sometimes the W has two dots, thus W ; if it has no other vowel point, the dot on the left is for the point (l ) and the sound is sh. Example 1i^ sho-bar ; but if it has another point, the dot on the right is the point L. and the sound is s ; thus 0^3 bo-sam. EXERCISE. yb nh n& na SILENT LETTERS. The letters ' 1 n K have no sounds in the following instances AND BEADING BOOK. 9 X without a vowel point. Example. N^9, %**$> *V?> N ?R read without sounding the* n without a vowel point or dot in the centre. Example. n ?.ip, ""H.^, n ^|, nb'y read without sounding the n- 1 when used for i or 3 to the preceding letter: as W2, ini"! read without sounding the X * after (), (-), and (T), and between (T) and 1 thus 1*~ Example. '?.!>, T.?. 3 , 'IK, 1'33 read without sounding the ' (-) or (T) before ', thus 'T or '7, sounds as i. Example ^*? a-li. i before ', thus '1, as oi in voice. Example. 'in hoi. 1 before *, thus 'I, as m in ruin. Example. ^/| ga-lu-L EXERCISE. Ow #Ag S7/ Letters ' 1 PI N' rby n 5 a n^y nyi nSo n^5 nbn ni'ton nsyy T^ T^~ *T T TV T T T T " . nin ni^ nb7 ns misr nn^ niia nSa T ' *T V T T T V 1 T V iS m DI inyi n % inii nan ruip T ; T v * I niin ni tev Nii ^f? ^ni nn v nn TT T T 10 THE HEBREW PRIMER Words containing Compound Syllables. Observe, that if the consonant following the simple syllable be a letter the sound of which is unheard, the syllable is simple and not compound, as fiE, ""H- EXEKCISE. & tafa nto -oil D^ID Saia Snii SNH I - T " T " T Bhp rvfip ^ya -isy -into n'np DSiy p.? onto T&n rixn nnD T 1 T " - ip ^n-i tia Sinn DHK )T T I T T T TIJD Compound Syllables continued. A. letter having two dots under it, thus (:), called sheva, is often joined to the simple syllable before it, which then becomes a compound syllable. Example. linr shim-ru, VW shib-ta. A simple syllable followed by dagesh in the middle of a word also becomes a compound syllable, for the letter with dagesh must be read doubled. Example. "V$D as TJ W, 1?n as EXERCISE. nSpx* niisn T r T T AND READING BOOK. 11 EXERCISE. Words of Three Syllables. irnin D'xyn cw NEW T " T T T-- T nor -fiBfca iron wan rrwa *^ nnyn " nbi Snni nVyn noan D^DDH nn^en nrrs ^ -- -- Before continuing the rules for reading, the following must be noticed : 1. That the sheva (:) is sometimes sounded as e in open, and the letter under which it is placed is read with the following syllable. Example. "!P? lo-meda, and no lome-da. 2. That a stroke, marked thus ~, called makkaph, is some- times placed between words to join them together. Example. ^S"*" 1 ^, the two words are to be read as one. 3. That in every word not followed by makkaph the stress of the voice must be either on the last syllable, or on the one before the last ; if on the last syllable, the word is said to have the milrang accent ; and if on the one before the last, it is said to have the milgnel accent. 1JS THE HEBEEW PBIMER In the bible the accent is shown by certain marks over or under the letter, as rffi the mark A shows that the syllable TV is to be accented, and the word is milrang; but in the word ^/P, the syllable K is to be accented, and the word is milgnel. 4. That a stroke, thus (i), called gangya or metheg, is generally seen with the third point before the accent, or before a sheva which is generally sounded. Example. 'piX, rnip T - This stroke is equal to half of an accent. EXERCISE. natf nag' PIKSI nag fnxa ^yn *3i# ^# nm nm nan 1 T|f J- I|V a- J J T T a' JI' T DIKH -nxi D'Bhn JT t|T J""|T J- |T mps T:IT :, Tj : ,r The Sheva (:). The sheva, as before mentioned, is sometimes sounded as e in open, and the letter under which it is placed must be read with the following syllable, as '?.? bena, in which the ? is read with the '?; and is sometimes silent, and the letter under which it is placed must be read with the syllable before it, as -llpx eni-ru, in which the P is read with the $ The following rules will point out when the sheva is sounded and when silent. Always sounded at the beginning of a word, and silent at the end of it. Example. DN1. veera, "^Q ma-lach. AND BEADING BOOK. 13 EXERCISK. TD? nrmp tnpo ny# *#NI mna - - ' In the middle of a word the sheva is sounded : 1. After a long vowel without an accent, in which case a metheg is generally seen before the sheva. Example. -I XT,! ye-reu. EXERCISE. In this exercise all the words have the accent on the last syllable. i roSi 2. Under a letter with dagesh. Example. 'HS'n dab-beru. EXERCISE. 3. Under the first of two of the same letters. Example. *?pn he-nene. EXERCISE. In the middle of a word the sheva is silent : 1. After a long vowel with an accent. Example. '$&% ka-ton-te. 14 THE HEBKEW PRIMER EXERCISE. In this exercise all the words have the accent on the syllable before the last. Exception. If the accent is moved from its regular position the sheva is sounded. Example. pT 'B"P,; the word '&T 1 should have the accent on the last syllable, but on account of the following word having the accent on the first letter, that on the *B is moved to the "} to prevent the two coming together, and the word is ro-de-fa, and not rod-fa, EXERCISE. In the following words, the former of the two has the accent moved from its regular position. m* *snv nKT ruvn B\X 'rnp m ^v VA'" " : > A T ;JT v " '.] ' AT : j 2. In the middle of a word the sheva is silent after a short vowel. Example. 1"l?P sif-ru. EXERCISE. nxton AND READING BOOK. 15 Two Shevaim (:) (:). Two shevaim cannot come at the beginning of a word ; when coming in the middle, the first is silent, and the second sounded. Example. -llp'f R tesh-meru, TcAw tel-mgdu. When coming at the end both are silent. Example. ??_', yaft, 3V*} va-yeshb. EXERCISE. EXERCISE. a// the Rules of the Sheva. Observ. 1. That as two shevaim cannot come together at the beginning of a word, the first is changed to a vowel-point, and the second sheva is with some, read as silent; with others, as sounded. Example. "fiDtM ; the 1 should have (:), but to prevent two shevaim coming together, it is changed to ^, and some read u-shemor, others, ush-mor. 2. That when the sheva in the middle of a word might, according to rule be sounded, as well as silent; read it as sounded. Example. ^^ dab-beru, according to the rule of dagesh, and not dab-ni, according to the rule of the short vowel. rrni &n n^ra rfenri inn. npn 16 THE HEBREW PRIMER Bto nir^n " ' . nw. c:ra JWT T T ; T'; -T :IT : T| Semivowels or Compound Vowels (-) ("') ( r =)' There are three short vowels (T), (v), and (-) sometimes joined to the sheva (:), thus (-:), (-:), (T:), called compound vowels, or semi-vowels. These points are generally placed under the gut- turals y n n X to strengthen their sound, and are pronounced a little quicker than when they are without the sheva. Example. O'npK to be read as two syllables, alo-heem, and not three syllables a-lo-heem. These points are sometimes seen under letters which are not gutturals, and more particularly under the first of two of the same letter. Example. sriM, nmi, wjv EXERCISE. D'Tpnn nm$ i vam onnx AND READING BOOK. 17 Long and Short ( T ). As the long and the short (T) have the same form, the follow- ing rules will point out the difference. (T) is long, and pronounced as a in far. 1. Under a letter with an accent, as J3iK, JHT- 2. With or without an accent before the silent letters H X- Example. nn, Kl-1- 3. Before a sheva that is sounded. Example. ""^P^' 4. Under a letter not followed by dagesh. Example. JW- (T) is short, and pronounced as o : 1. When without an accent it comes before a letter having dagesh, as \$~}' 2. When without an accent, it comes before a silent sheva, as noiiT 3. Before the last letter of a word without a vowel point (excepting X and <"l) the accent at the same time being on the syllable before the last. Example. 3 ?-' 4. When followed by makkaph (excepting X and H be before the -). Examples. *" 1 ?^' EXERCISE. nwp tin&a W?rv an Ti&a m on 1 ? T | J : AT T :AT : AT | VJT; JT VJT naw a^i pi D^I aa *axj; *n-i nbin TAT- T A'- I TAT- TAT j- ; T J* : "T j* : T > : T 18 THE HEBEEW PEIMEK Long and Short ( . ) Chirick. The (T) without following is also sometimes long and some- times short. To distinguish one from the other the same rules will apply as those just given for the long and short (T), viz. long with an accent. Example. -ISpV before a sheva that is sounded, as ^W- '> an d un der a letter not followed by dagesh, as 'fliDpn short before a silent sheva, as '11PK, and before a dagesh, as EXERCISE. Bead the following words and say whether the (.) is long or short ? DAGESH. A dot in the centre of a letter, as before explained, is called dagesh. The letters 1 V n n K do not admit of dagesh.. The dot seen in H at the end of words, is not called dagesh, but mappik. Dagesh is of two kinds, single and double. It is single when it conies in any of the letters n D 3 T J 1 at the beginning of a word, or in the middle and end of a word after a silent sheva. Example. <7 I?f ! ?, ^l 1 ??} Q ?> the D fl 1 have the single dagesh. It is double, when it comes in any letter in the middle of a word after a vowel point. Example. 1?% the dagesh in the i is double. A:NT> BEADING "BOOK. 19 The single dagesh (as stated page 2) changes the sound of the letters n Q D 3, and the double dagesh, causes the letter to be sounded twice, as "^ dabber. The use of the double dagesh is to supply a letter that is omitted ; as ]*}$ for JHpS, the 3 being omitted. It is however often seen after a short vowel, or a long accented vowel to give the letter a better sound. Example. naop, HDD'- * A T ~ * T ^T EXERCISE. Read the following words, and point out what letters have the single, and what the double dagesh. a'js 110x3 Ktn -im Sx % i-i - - rnns insrtpi USDS nsio : -| : >ri-ip_3 is-n ysix/t: wsn ^^T; 1 ? - : - :-):: 'T : nixo nD3 Niiani ni33n Should any of the letters H D 3 T J H, -which take the single dagesh, follow a silent letter, then the dagesh is omitted : thus in the words Dinjp \JS, the fi beginning the word Dinn should, according to the rule, take the dot, but it is omitted in conse- quence of the word '?.? that precedes it ending in the letter ' which is silent. EXERCISE. 20 THE HEBKEW PKIMER nyt? 3 Bto *3 nb 3 nps arrb ^n Dzro w&tt DTQ ... T: ^ : T : " r : DITJIJ !in DDnba nra Observe. To the rule just given, there are two principal exceptions. 1. If the letters * 1 Ji be sounded, or X, follow a silent sheva. Examples __ D'b'R ftTp, "MS'M I* 1 ?,*,- DW9 TJ, the T\ in the first example has the dagesh, because the n having a mappik is sounded ; the n in the 2nd example has the dagesh because the 1 is sounded; and the in the 3rd example has the dagesh because the N of the first word follows a silent sheva. 2. If the former word is separated from the latter by a pause accent. Example. 73 -1JHJ, the 3 has the dagesh because the accent on the first word is a pause accent. EXERCISE. Say, why the latter word has the dagesh. The accents marked on the words of this exercise are pause accents. rbi 1 1B ta *oi The single dagesh after a sheva is also omitted, if the vowel before it is in the place of sheva. Example. '!??, the point under the 3 should be sheva, but AND BEADING BOOK. 21 to prevent two shevaim coming together it is changed to (T), and the dagesh in the "l omitted. The doable dagesh, as well as the single dagesh, is also some- times omitted. Example. to for Vlj?;, *W?\ for -INf ?, lfcn for IK'n- Exercise on Words of Four and Five Syllables. ruitfana ronan n&n& wni ma-wan T T ^ mnia& T T . T T toifc? abefrv ^eam vnvSya : - T : j ; -: T *r roafo&i POSITION OF THE ACCENT. The following general rules will, in. most cases, show the position of the accent. "Words have the accent on the last syllable, milrang : 1. When ending in a letter that is sounded with a long vowel before it. Example : ^3, TpJ?. EXERCISE. nnioa 22 THE HEBREW PRIMER 2. When ending in a letter that is sounded -with a short vowel before it, if such short vowel come either under a dageshed letter or after a sheva. Example : 1^5, J"ii?3* EXERCISE. nagft fefc 135 nan 3. When ending in a silent letter (not preceded by (? ), as O) either belonging to the word or immediately joined to it. Examples : n NTJ NVD vm rfo nb>y A' ' AT| T AI T AT : *v AT "r . When H added has no signification, or when it denotes the preposition to, the accent is milgnel and not milrang : as ?v or ""M? night, px eart/i, ri^^J? to tf/te EXERCISE. 4. When having the following syllables added at the end. tft DM p DD n on I v v I v r I v Examples : EXERCISE. 5. When having ^ added at the end with (:) before it. Example : jpfn- EXERCISE. AND KJKADIHI* JBGO. Words have the A ccent on the Syllable before the last, Milgnel. 1. When ending in a letter that is sounded, after a short vowel, if such vowel does not come either under a letter with dagesh or after a sheva. Examples. TJpNfil, Ipa, pX- EXERCISE. 2. When having the following syllables added at the end, to n in nj u o and ^ after a vowel point Examples | : EXERCISB. torn^ The Accent moved from its Position. When the former of two words has the accent milrang, and the latter on the first letter, that on the former is moved to prevent two accents coming together, as P7$ '5T 1 / (See page 14.) 24 THE HEBREW PRIMER EXERCISE. i if? K'TjTj ^ rater Words not read as they are written. Two yods pointed thus J *, or Hirp pointed thus HilT., is read ^. nin pointed thus nin*, i s read D" 1 ^' ^i? is read as Kn- EXERCISE. Division of the Letters. Words in their simple form consist of three letters, called radical letters or the root. Letters added to the root are called prefixes and affixes ; pre- fixes at the beginning, and affixes at the end. Example : TO? are radicals, the N is a prefix, and the 1 an affix. The following eleven letters are used as prefixes and affixes : n B> 3 a Va M *n a Four of these (CJ' ? 1 X) are prefixes ; the others may be either prefixes or affixes. These eleven letters may also be radicals. Roots : T3 AND BEADING BOOK. 25 Say what letters in the following words are radicals, what prefixes and what affixes ? INTBODUCTION TO TEANSLATION. Remarks and Exercises on each of the Parts of Speech. THE AKTICLE. The indefinite article a or an is understood, as 1B{? a book, "T2>3 aw eagle. The definite article is expressed by the following prefix to the noun. ? followed by dagesh ; or $ before "I tf n fitf. Example. 1J?>? /ti?z^r, ^J?'?C I ? a king Gen. W?. ?t? of a king Dat. I.7Pr to or for a king ; ^?O ?N to a king. Ace. ^O MX a king Abl. ^S^ ^7$ jp from a king ; ^2? in, by, a king. Observe. The nominative when used for calling or speaking to, has sometimes the same prefix as the article (H), and is then called the vocative, as "I'nn generation. The signs of the cases are often omitted. EXERCISE. Put the following words in all their cases : a prophet a judge a servant Say in what cases are the nouns of the following sentences from his house. He went to the city. came The man tain fi nan nipan ^ rhw the servant. He saw the place. to He sent the words of He heard hear. Ye deaf ones with a stone. He struck him his father. 80 THE HEBREW PRIMER A bsolute and Constructive Form of the Noun. A noun coming by itself and not depending upon another noun, is said to be in the absolute form. A noun joined to another, and depending upon it, is said to be in the constructive, as "O^ word, absolute, ^^L 1 "l^l the word of the king "D* 5 !. is in the construc- tive form The constructive form is known in the following manner : Nouns of the singular number not ending in H or n , gene- rally change one or two of their points for the constructive form, as J"l?? a house, t^K? JV3 the house of the man. Nouns ending in !"l~, generally change H into H and into T, as !"!3D a shelter, QVPE> nsp a shelter of peace. Those ending in n have no change, as, J"!.??pQ a kingdom, D^Lp ^5 v9*? a king- dom of priests. Nouns in the plural masculine or dual, drop the D and have ~, before the *, as C*J3 ons, '^TB^ \3? *cms q/" Israel, Q!" hands, Q"1N *1!? n|n J^XH the great stone, D'l'lB D'B>JK ^roo^ wie?z, nia'lD D'S?3 ^roodJ women. The gender and number of adjectives are known by the same affixes as the noun, namely, ^7 for the feminine singular, E*T for the plural masculine, and Hi for the plural feminine. EXERCISE. Affix to the following adjectives the feminine singular and the masculine and feminine plural. ODJ?) jtjp T Q) Siis (i) yi nib small great vil good Put the following adjectives in their proper form to agree with the noun. GDia D'to pnx tr^N yi T T - ; ^ great; nations just; men evil; boys Si nils DI annn Q) Siia niD!?n poor ; kine high ; the mountains the trials SiJ THE HEBKEW PEIMEB Degrees of Comparison. Degrees of comparison are formed by prefixes to the word following the adjective. D for the comparative, and 2 for super- lative : as positive ~>^ young ; comparative '3>2P TV V younger than I am ; superlative n)|3 Tytfn the youngest of the house. EXERCISE. Translate the following words : - iton nn-TD icm e>n& pina I | T - T T ~ I V T ; I T all ; little gold ; desirable honey ; Sweet cunning women; fair lion; strong; DHD m Dy sa nib V ~ TT *T V they, and great strong he ; good ; Numbers are of two kinds, cardinal and ordinal ; cardinal, as one, two, three; ordinal, as first, second, third. Numbers are expressed by words or letters, "IHK one, X one. Cardinal numbers from one to ten have gender. The masculine have the affix ""i, and the feminine have no affix. One, two, and eight are exceptions. One in the mascline is "^C 1 ^, and in the feminine nnx ; two in the masculine is 2!5^, and in the feminine B?^ ; eight in the masculine is IJIOK', and in the feminine roio^. These numbers have two forms, one called the absolute, as ittlpt? three, and the other the constructive, as fiv'JK TB^ *?QQ.^20eit me, CW? n< ^y. B^^em women. Cardinal Numbers from eleven to nineteen. Feminine. Masculine. ( Eleven - - Twelve - - Thirteen - Fourteen - Fifteen- - "j^ HEbn I'D Sixteen- - ^fety T\&$ ID Seventeen - Eighteen - Nineteen - The numbers from 20 to 90 are formed thus : twenty, by affixing D'T to the word ~K'y ten, thus D*"!fj; twenty ; the other tens by affixing DT to the units, thus K^ three, &*&& thirty; the same form is used for masculine and feminine. When the AND BEADING BOOK. 35 units are joined with the tens, the unit is sometimes placed before and sometimes after the ten : as D'K^-I D3'^ thirty-two, D^-1 SWQn fifty-two. Cardinal Numbers from twenty to ninety. Twenty - - - D^K'y 'D Twenty- one - - D^iS^ *JPINJ Twenty-two - - Twenty- three Twenty-four, &c. QH&Jtyl PISJSHK T3 Thirty - - - - Thirty-one, &c. - ; T v Forty .... D'ySTlK 'D Sixty .... Q'gfJ5> 'Q Seventy - - - D^IC^ 'V Eighty - - - - Ninety - - - - The numbers 100 and upwards are expressed as follows : one hundred, MKO or HXp (constructive form) ; two hundred by E'.nXD which is the dual form of fiND ; and the others by placing the feminine unit before fliND which is the plural form of fiXp : as nixp ^?p ^/tree hundred ; owe thousand is expressed by *!?; ^wo thousands by D'SpK which is the dual form of *)?N ; the others by placing the masculine unit constructive before E'??K the plural of *$ as D*S^ n^!?p /iree thousand. Ten thousand 36 THE HEBREW PEIMER is expressed by NIH") or n^Tl, and twenty thousands by B'jr the dual of Cardinal Numbers from one hundred and upwards. One hundred - - UND 'D Two hundred - - Three hundred - Four hundred J-flKfc y^tf < n Five hundred - J-flKD gjfcf-j <*j Six hundred - - fiifcO ^2^ 'D Seven hundred - Hltf ) V^^ '\ Eight hundred Nine hundred One thousand - fl/tf Two thousand - Three thousand - Four thousand - Five thousand - Ten thousand Q^7 Twenty thousand Ordinal Numbers. The ordinal numbers from erne to few have gender, which is thus formed : ]WK~) first, has the regular affix in njitWI. feminine, the others have affixed for the masculine and JV T for the femi- AND READING BOOK. 37 nine : as *V*5"? fourth, m., JVIpT] fourth, f, ; a few of the ordinals have two affixes for the feminine H* and ^'7 as *?$, W& second ; some also are found with a masculine and feminine plural affix, as D'|3'^ and ni'p^. Feminine. Masculine. First - - - - Second J""P3fc^ an< i Third rV$ V$ ^^ r ; Fourth - - - - Fifth - - - - Sixth - - - - Seventh - - - Eighth - - - - Ninth ---- Tenth - - - - Ordinal numbers above few are expressed by cardinals coming after the noun, as Q'"!^5 Q1 ' the twentieth day. The ordinals from one to few are also sometimes expressed by cardinals, as B^ 713^3 m ^ third year ; ^ being used instead of HT^. Ordinal numbers of the feminine gender express fractions, except one half, which is rendered by *^n or FPXnp : as TV&fyp third, rpy.'?"l ; fourth ; the difference being that when used as fractions, they are placed before the noun, and when used as ordi- nals, after the noun: as IVip^n flM? the fourth year, !Wn the fourth part of a year. 88 THE HEBREW PRIMER Exercise on the Numbers from ONE to TEN. Translate the following numbers, and say whether they are in the absolute or constructive form, and whether masculine or feminine ? Translate the following words : onao nefen * D'BtoK D^$ * D T : T ; r : - : T book man year day lamb bird thing day ram bull festival. WS nw * D^pS -T. T' )" time part T "T Exercise on the Numbers from ELEVEN to TWENTY. Translate the following, and aay if masculine or feminine ? Translate the following words spoon AND BEADING BOOK. 39 oxen socket curtain cubits Exercise on the Numbers from TWENTY to ONE HUNDBED. Give the numbers for the following words : Translate the following words : D'Bhj? on^y. * D^bn nte board loops talent o^gfBf rw D^'^I ^orj ^y year city : king Exercise on the Numbers from ONE HUNDBED *w<2 upwards. * nixo : 40 THE HEBREW PEIMEK Translate the following words : shekel horsemeB sheep silver basins of Exercise on the Ordinal Numbers. Give the ordinal numbers for the following words, and say if masculine or feminine 1 : * ^^ * Translate the following : DV month n rmrn a hin joining an ephah Express the following numbers in Hebrew. Those from 1 to 10 give in both forms and in both genders : thus 3, &%', refy# AND BEADING BOOK. 41 absolute form masculine and feminine ; $, fWp constructive masculine and feminine. Those numbers, from 11 to 19, give in both genders : thus 15, *)bj7 n^'on, masculine ; !"'Tf V, t^PD. feminine. Units added to twenty, and to the other tens, give in two forms ; one by placing the unit before the ten, and the other by placing the ten before the unit : thus, 32, wtow D?J % f or D.3B*1 Dlpty. Note. Two or more numbers above 19 connected together, have generally 1 affixed to each one following the first. (1 ex- presses the conjunction and, and is pointed in the following manner : 1 generally, -1 before a sheva or before the letters *] O 1 , 3 before (-:) \ before (-), and } before (T : ) :) as 20, 27 DnjS'jy. yaB> 127 V?^ 2, 4, 10, 15, 11, 12, 17, 18, 16, 20, 26, 24, 30, 40, 90, 60, 100, 50, 150, 105, 156, 35, 170, 180, 162, 200, 1098, 1004, 396, 478, 763, 298, 400, 700, 900, 2000, 1364, 3692, 4000, 864, 365. Express the following by letters : 2, 6, 4, 10, 19, 16, 18, 17, 13, 12, 24, 26, 32, 39, 45, 53, 124, 163, 342, 168, 118, 115, 296. Translate the following ordinal and fractional numbers : 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 6th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 15th, one half, one third, one fifth, one fourth, one eighth, 19th, 12th. PRONOUNS. There are five kinds of pronouns, personal, relative, possessive, demonstrative, and interrogative. 42 THE HEBREW PEIMEB PERSONAL PRONOUNS. Personal pronouns, like nouns, have gender, number, and case. They have two genders, masculine and feminine, applied only to the second and third persons. Two numbers, singular and plural. Five cases, nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, and ablative. The Nominative Case. The nominative case is expressed by separate words, or by prefixes and affixes to a verb. If in the past tense, or in the imperative mood, by affixes. If in the future, partly by prefixes alone, and partly by prefixes and affixes. The nominative case by separate words : 3s.f. 3.s.m 2.s.f. 2.8 m. l.c.c. orjjor ttfl| KVJ Kin $M nnx ^ ^ we she or it, he or it, thou^. thou I I S.pl.f. S.pl.m. 2.pl.f. 2.pl.m. I. pi. nan or in n&n or on n JDN or m Dm N T | .. T . T .. | / V ~ T they they ye or you ye or you we EXERCISE. Note. Use the present tense of the verb to be after the pronoun when necessary. Example : fi^N tkou, BMtj? holy - } WTI\> nnx thou art holy. i&n nan * nun nhiD -oil * T T T T T " beautiful, saw, good remember, true speaking, peaceable, mighty, AND BEADING BOOK. 43 DFIK any. rpKG? $x -nasg n3 * wn ij witnesses asking, will pass blessed know. I hear. You (m.) are righteous. They (m.) wise. She is bad. They (/!) give. You (m.) do. "We are young. run niinii D'b>iy Thou (m.) art little. Thou (/) goest. He visits. It (w.) jipp. is long. It (/.) is large. The nominative case as expressed by affixes to the past tense of a verb : cn n- n n n T : T you (m.) we sheorit(/.) thou (/.) thou (m.) I J9 they you (/) ^o^e. The nominative case of the third person singular m'Bs- culine has no affix, but it is understood, as PDB' he heard, Hn it (m.) was. EXERCISE. Verbs :1O^ he kept. *1S ^e visited. IDT A remembered. Point out the pronouns in the following verbs, and translate the pronoun and verb together. 44 THE HEBREW PEIMER rra Note. The words not in parenthesis are the roots ; those in parenthesis denote the change of points before the nominative is added. You (m.) wrote. She approached. We took. an:?) I chose. They said. You (/) asked. We eta) ~ knew. Thou (m.) dwellest. Thou (/.) sendest. jn* d^'> ^^* OT^ :-T^-T : - T -T :-T The nominative case as expressed by affixes to the imperative mood of a verb. ro i v you (/.) you (m.) thou (/) Note. The nominative case of the second person masculine has no affix as, "NO? learn thou. EXERCISE. Verbs : ^PJ^ he burned. ^BK' he poured. B>3^ he clothed. Note. In this Hebrew exercise, and those following, where the pronouns are expressed by prefixes or affixes to a verb, do as directed in the preceding Hebrew exercise. AND BEADING BOOK. 45 Eat you (m.) Serve you (m.) Gather thou (/.) Speak you (/.) The nominative case as expressed by prefixes and affixes to a verb in the future tense. i * n * T n n we sheorit(/) he or it (ra.) thou (f.) thou, (m.) I nj-n JM rg-n i-n they (/.) they (m.) you (/.) you (m.) EXERCISE. Verbs : S^i? Jie approached. nK'D Ae anointed. *T?? Ae learned. I shall be. We will see. You (/.) will rest. G"|IT) ^? (nx^nxi (r-ih^-) ra^ He will wash. You (m.) will make. They (m.) will hew. She will drink. They (/) will sow. M nn^ onr-) jnr T T *: : * r Genitive Case. The genitive case is expressed by affixes to /& of. 46 THE HEBREW PRIMER of us. of her. of him. of thee (/.) of thee. of me. of them (/.) of them (m.) of you (/.) of you, ra. Note. This case is not found in biblical Hebrew. Dative Case. The dative case is expressed by affixes to the letter / to or for ; or by affixes to the word ?X to. Examples : vStf i 1 ? T^N ^h vhx **h **? *h T | - |T I v | ; to him. to thee, (f.) to thee (m.) to me. ^N DD 1 ? * H^K * ^ n^x n 1 ? V " : V T T T V " T to you (m.) to us. to her. to them (/.) to them (m.) to you (/".) e. The dative with <> is used to express the English pos- sessive, as Dp ^ they are mine. EXERCISE. if? ya^a * ^ nnS ^ MW *SN -m He swore To give He brought Speak He will come Send Eeturn He - Bj^ niax jn^ ^y : ^ ^'IjpLi 1 ? * Say Do To offer AND READING BOOK. 47 : pS ip cnS nan a^S fro |V T V T - -. V T I -T We waited It was told He gave Take to me. Go out to them (m.) Listen to them (m.) n Come near to me. Build for me. Enough for him. He will imp roa m :|- " : fight for you (m.) It shall be for you. He went to them. on 1 ?' jvrv "shn - T . v: P- T I will wait for them (/.) I lifted up to thee (m.) Render the following pronouus in the dative as the possessive nn vh The words expressing the possessive, must be placed first, as VH ^ and not '? Vn/ I am thine. The earth is mine. They shall be bis. It is '} n^v 1 *y. wn hers. The kingdom is thine. ntt^n Accusative Case. The accusative case is expressed by affixes to th sign HK, or by affixes to an active verb. 48 THE HEBREW PRIMER Examples : * nfc her or it, (/!) him or it, (w. ) thee, (/.) thee, (m.) me, them (m.) you (/) you (m.) them (/.) EXERCISE. I commanded He blessed He saw He answered * ronfc T T T He loved He ate Do He forgot He taught He feared Place it (m.) Take her. Keep them (m.) Read it (/.) D'b> rip "lic^ nf5 He killed him. They sent us. Break them (f. ) Guard me. m -T To purify you The accusative case expressed by affixes to a verb : n$ n n 7 * ^in in;? i i * ^ ^ np ^ *j ^ her or it, him or it, thee (/.) thee (m.) me, : jn | on to D p oa them (/) them(m.) you(/) you (m.) us AND BEADING BOOK. 4$ EXERCISE. Note 1. The verbs in this exercise are the same as those given in the exercise on the nominative case. 2. In this and in the following exercise the translation of the nominative case, as well as that of the accusative, is omitted. vrr? . The numbers after the words denote which affix is to be used when there are more than one : thus, him is expressed by five affixes, 1, therefore shows that the first one, \ is to be used ; 2, that the second one, 1, is to be used. I left them (f.) They pursued me . They caught us. (I- Ity) Sty (2. 11) Pill * ( . &%F\) Kfcfl :-'T -nr r ; I - T : T - T I shall give it (/n.) Thou hast proved us. I have made it (f.) ( 11) * (2. Help me. I chose them (m.) Heal us. (2. ni) it . a- ma) ins ( I called thee (m.) Hear me. Rewarding UK. (i. *n) Ni (2. yatf) ^ * ( . ' ' T; They (m.) will serve thee (f.) Thou (m.) hast taken me. (2. I have supported him. She will seek it (f.) (2. 3DD). "D (3. 50 THE HEBREW PRIMER The A blative Case. The ablative case is expressed by affixes to tbe letter 2 ? signi- fying in, withy by, an, fyc., &c. ; or by affixes to the letter B, sig- nifying from. U3 n3 13 ^3 ^5 '3 in us, in her, in him, in thee,/! in thee, m. in me. p3 DH3 or D3 p3 D33 I V T V T T I V T V T in them, f. in them, m. in you,/! in you, ?/t. from her, from him, from thee,/! from thee, m. from me, pO DHD |3tt pSb D3D DDDD QD I v v iv* I v : v v : * . from them, f. from them, m. from you,/! from you, m. from us. EXERCISE. i3pn ono ^ nox on *nob ans xip |: v " - T T : - v T T| T you shall buy. It grew \ put He read *n3 ion ^isa pinn 13QD -ion I ' T I I ' f T " T They trusted Far Remove ^5 in^ D?P np 1 ? !i3sp ^n They will rejoice He took You will diminish 3 n^3^ * '3 NVfc f DO Bh 5 ! "T * T V * He shall be cut off. He found Seeking Write in it, m. Pass by it, f. They shall live by them, m. vrv A.XD BEADING BOOK. 51 He dwelt in them, m. She fled from. me. He delighted in us. nmn T : ( T ran 1 - T Trust in him. He came from him. There is not in me. Go out from me. I fell from it. RELATIVE PRONOUNS. The relative pronouns who, which, and that are expressed by the word "15?***, and by the prefixes & and ">; the latter n is generally prefixed to the participle, and is pointed in the same manner as the article : as, in? ^ B"Xn the man who gave, WVIV Vfyygn the works which were done, "IplSD Kin he who visits. These pro- nouns have.no change for gender, number, or case. EXERCISE. he formed. mfon gives, The man T T he made The work. 173 PV descends. As the dew. is joined. As a city f VD n^ 5|p5n nrn The wagons we found. The money. deHghtest. be sent. The first three relatives express by ">??&* j the second by pre- fixing B' ; and the hwt by prefixing H- 52 THE HEBREW PRIMER The voice which he heard. Sons who were born. A portion Sin atf D'ja vta* hr\ which he gave. The man who will eat. The law which he jro mxn hi& minn I T T T T T gave. The word which he spoke. The people that are left. ;n: -imn isn Dyn I-T TT- 'T T The men who transgress. Nations who rebel. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. Possessive pronouns are expressed by affixes to nouns. The following are the affixes when the noun is singular : ^n h i rp ^ T ro ^ T ^\- *\- his or its, m. thy,/. thy, m. my ?- ID D- ta- DD- - n- IT T I-.- : -.- ; T their,/, their, w. your,/, your, m. our her or its,/. The following are the affixes when the noun is plural : *r- JT- v- T- T- % - TV T our, her, his, thy, /. thy, m. my, j!V- D7T- \y- Uy- I - ; Iv their,/. their, m. your,/. your, m. Example of a noun masculine with the possessive pronouns affixed. Singular. "! a ivord, absolute. "131 word of, constructive. her word, his word, thy word,/ thy word, m. my word, AND BEADING BOOK. 53 p-m D:n:n I : - ; :-: their word, m. your word, f. your word, m. our word, their word,/ words, absolute, ^^Ol worcis of, constructive. his words, thy words,/ thy words, m. my words, pw D2*m win mm lv":' ; T ; T v T ; your words,/. your words, m. our words, her words, their words,/ their words, m. Example of a feminine noun : Singular. a wound, absolute. J"!3D wound of, constructive. iron nnsfc nnso T - | T - I :IT - his wound, thy wound, / thy wound, m. my wound, pnsa D^nsa WGD nnao ....__ "T TT your wound, / your wound, m. our wound, her wound, their wound,/, their wound, m. Plural. wounds, absolute and constructive. hia wounds, thy wounds,/. thy wounds, m. my wounds, 54 THE HEBREW PRIMER your wounds, / your wounds, m. our wounds, her wounds. their wounds,/ their wounds, m. EXERCISE. vy w rnin rva a city, a song, a law, a house, * irnin * n'2 * 'jya Note. The numbers denote which affix is to be used when there are more than one ; where no number is marked use the first. thy (m.) mother. Example 2 Q*< OK "*\~ is the affix for tky, known by the 2. My son. His mother. Her daughter. Its (m.) nest. O3) (N) DN (fill) D2 O) Their (m.) hand. Our land. Thy (m.) stranger. Its (/.) T produce. Thy (f.) voice. His people. Thy (m.) Sip cag) Dy r maid. Its (m.) vessels. Its (f.) pillars. nnst? 63) 3 Their (m.) journeys. His garments. Their (m.) burnt-offerings. AND BEADING BOOK. 55 Her inhabitants. Its (/.) blood. Her skin. Its (m.) fat. Thy (/) iniquity. His tent. (2 jty) ny (2 ^pux) ^nfc -; I T T; T v DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. Demonstrative pronouns are expressed by separate words. * ttk) * fijk 1 ir * m nKT * nj this,/. this, m. this,/. this, w. these or those com. this, com. The personal pronoun Nlft is often used as a demonstrative pronoun : as X-inn DlpSH that place, Dnn D^PJS in those days. EXERCISE. Note. When the demonstrative is before the noun, express the wori is or are after the pronoun : as, iTYinn MKT this is the law. nh^in nkx ovri nj wn nr r\mr\ generations day. word. woman. Wi rn^n * nr'pn ^^xn Wn " - | VT T VI- - ' T T T-: T Earth Man Countries : TVDD nr Dnn D^JNH * arm nya ^T nnn T . -; T - * i I proved. Men At time Generation 56 THE HEBREW PRIMER Note. In the following exercise use <\T., fiXt to express this, and '~l|X to express these ; place the demonstrative after the noun, and prefix the article both to the noun and pronoun : as this man njn This boy. This child. These cities. These judgments. nS; DHJJ This girl. These laws. This commandment. nhin INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS. no no na * o What? Who? is used before "1 H K, and HO before V IV EXERCISE. no nT &$} *% y^3 no sought profit told n 1 ?; 'P * ^ *nfc7 T no * nan hath begotten have I done did he speak. - T T - ; T ; I T T said What did he answer him? Who will contend with me1 njy r What have they seen] AND READING BOOK. 57 What is thy name 1 What did he say. Who made thee ? I :IT What shall we do. DISTRIBUTIVE AND INDEFINITE PRONOUNS. The following words express the above pronouns of the English fcX each. ?3 * 73 every, any, all, whole. 19 or the prefix P some of. fi^K ' IflN other, another, sing. JTpnx D'lfiK others, plur. inin 1 ? t?'K each other. ""}$ one. vinx fx * ^K px * VS none. n^a nT3 nra such. ^l~ n the one the other, one another. nisi D an ma ny. . v4W and every are sometimes expressed by the repeti- tion of the noun ; and some and i*cA are frequently understood and not expressed. EXERCISE. * n? h& nj ^j5\ gaian ^3 D^-pi D^I And called who toucheth. say * iain tf jjnp* 1 ). Dyn p njnfK his sword. And they took people I will leave answereth. And they asked 58 THE HEBREW PRIMER tn I he take. If Can be found pursuctli. * rs* on* nn Sw> nr T v ; : v he setteth up he putteth down jnin^ nrra * rvan ^ND tipon him. thy honour And put of the house. of the men I will give to another, in. Each shall give. All who hear. tnr\ jv He put some of the blood. The one over against the other. 10? * rwsh None helpeth. "Who heard such, /. s. One shall say y jw io and another shall call. Who hath seen such, p. VERBS. Verbs have number, person, mood, tense, participle, and form. Number and Person. Verbs have two numbers, singular and plural, and three persons in each number first, second, and third, expressed by pre- fixes and affixes ; the former denoting the future, the latter the past tense as explained in the cases of the pronouns. Mood and Tense. Verbs have three moods : indicative, imperative, and infini- tive ; two tenses, past and future ; the other moods and tenses AND READING BOOK. 59 found in the English language are sometimes known by con- junctions coming before the indicative. To the infinitive the letters D ? 3 3 are often prefixed. 3 signifies in, 3 as, ' to, D from, : as "lipS? in visiting, "Np9? as visiting, lipp? to visit, "lipsp from visiting. The future tense is sometimes rendered as the past, and the past sometimes as the future when 1 is prefixed to the verb : as "ipfcO he ivill say. "TON**! and he said, "WK he said, lO^l ana< ^ e will say. Participles. There are two participles : the present or active, and the perfect or passive : as "lt?it? keeping, "I-1DB' kept, and may be declined with affixes like a noun, as '"pit?, &c. The participles are frequently used with pronouns to express the present tense : as 1?v *3bx / am learning or / learn, &O"lp r '?X / am called. Intransitive verbs have no passive participle, and some have neither active nor passive participle. Form. Form is the change a verb undergoes to express the various modes of its action. An active verb has seven forms, three active, three passive, and one reflective ; the names of these forms are Explanation of each Form. FIRST FORM ^V.S or fyj. Simply expresses the verb : as fpS he visited. 60 THE HEBREW PRIMER SECOND FORM /!??, Is the passive of the ' : as "ipQ.3 he was visited. THIRD FORM ty.9, Expresses the action with more power than the ' : as ~>3B he broke, I??' he shattered. FOURTH FORM 71'S, Is the passive of the 7JJ3 : as 13t? he was shattered. FIFTH FORM Causes another to act : as ">?J Ae remembered, ">'5|n As caused to remember SIXTH FORM ''J??, Is the passive of the ?'J?P"7 : "'I?? ^ "^ caused to remember. SEVENTH FORM Has a reflective signification : as 1?Q Ae sotW, "l.?OJp^ he sold himself. It often signifies pretence or disguise : as W9iy pre- tending to be rich. Observations on the Forms. A. verb that is intransitive in the 7i? becomes transitive in the ty.B or ^y.SH : as 1?N (^j?) he perished, 13* (^3) Ae destroyed, Verbs in the ?yw are not always passive : as fV^P Ae leaned upon. The ?V.S sometimes expresses the action done frequently : as 3?3 Ae deceived, 333 Ae frequently deceived ; and sometimes is causative : as n5<# Ae forgot, H3B> Ae caused to forget. AND READING BOOK. 61 The ?y..Bnn is sometimes used passively: as E'Tlpflfi he was sanctified. The change of a form sometimes gives an entire different meaning to a word : ^ns (7p_) he decreased, t?D? ( 'V.9) he denied. All verbs are not found in all the forms ; when a verb is not used in the 'P., the form in which it is used has the signification of the 'P, and not that of its own form : as nj (?V.S) simply signifies he commanded ; the ?P_ not being used. The ^V_S and ^^v 1 have no imperative mood. EXERCISE. Say in which of the seven forms the following verbs must be expressed. I was remembered. She will write repeatedly. Causing another to keep. H e kept himself. We were diligently watched . Keep. Be remembered. You were caused to break. He pretended to be poor. Sign and example of each Form. THE ^ys OR S> The form or ?P_ or ?ys unlike the others, has no particular sign. Example of the ?P_ Kal or ?ys Pagnal Form. Note 1, In order that the Hebrew verb may be conjugated according to the method adopted by grammarians in the conjuga- tion of an English verb, the example commences with the first person singular, as ^"IP.?, and not with the third person ^P.S, which is frequently the case in Hebrew grammars. At the same time, the student must remember, that the third person singular, and not the first person, is the root. 62 THE HEBREW PRIMER Note 2. In translating the verb "lp.5 in each form, the general signification is g ven, viz., visited, was visited, visited diligently, &c., but it may here be observed that in the 7V3 and /J?S it is generally rendered as numbered, and in the ?V.? ; P ! ? was numbered. INDICATIVE MOOD. Past Tense. SINGULAR. PLURAL. ^"ipS I visited ^TP_S we visited flip? thou visitedst, m. B^HP.? you visited, m. n~|P-S thou visitedst, f. J^PP.? you visited, f. "lp_3 he or it visited Tips they visited. she or it visited. Future Tense. SINGULAR. PLURAL. ?X I shall visit "lip 5 ?? we shall visit 9FI thou shalt visit, m. Vlppn you shall visit, m. P.9 1 ? thou shalt visit, f. n3*iippri you shall visit, f. he or it shall visit 1"lp?'. they shall visit, m. she or it shall visit nnip?n they shall visit, f. IMPERATIVE MOOD. SINGULAR. PLURAL. lip? visit thou, m. ^P 3 visit you, m. *1i?S visit thou, f. n3*]ip$ visit, you, f. INFINITIVE MOOD. Iip9 or ""P? to visit PARTICIPLE ACTIVE. SINGULAR. PLURAL. npJB visiting, m. EHP.iS visiting, m. or rnpjlB visiting, f. nnp'lS visiting, f. AND BEADING BOOK. 63 PARTICIPLE PASSIVE. SINGULAR. PLURAL. Tips visited, tn. D^-lp? visited, m. rrnp? visited, f. nil-lpf visited, f. EXERCISE. Give the past tense of "i?t lie remembered ; the infinitive and imperative moods of 3H3 he wrote, and the participles of "T?5p he kept. Note. In all the Hebrew exercises of the verbs analyse as well as translate each word. : ^3? * nnin? I wrote. They kept. You remember. Remember ye (f.) In remembering. I shall visit. You will visit. As visiting. Visit thou (w.) They will remember (f.) Thou shalt write. From writing. Remembering (m. pi.} Writing (f. pi.} Ee- membered (/. sing.} Visited (f. pi-) THE Vj>? NIPHGNAL FORM. SIGN. The past tense and participle have 3 prefixed, as "ii?S? - The imperative and infinitive have M prefixed, and the first radical has dagesh, as "'i?.?'?. The future tense has a dagesh in the first radical, as 64 THE HEBREW PRIMER If the first radical be "I V H H N, then the dagesh is omitted, and the prefixes pointed with (..) as Example of the ?&? Niphgnal Form. INDICATIVE MOOD. Past Tense. SINGULAR. PLURAL. 3 I was visited W!i?9? we were visited n*iD?D thou wast visited, m. CJjnpp? you were visited, m. rnj?B? thou wast visited, f. J^Pi??? you were visited, f. "IP.B3 he was visited ^i??? they were visited p? she was visited Future Tense. SINGULAR. PLURAL. ? I shall be visited "i^B? we shall be visited Ip.sn thou shalt be visited, m. ^pBFI you shall be visited, m. IpBfl thou shalt be visited, f. nnpan you shall be visited, f. *lj3B*. he gha.ll be visited I"'!? 2 ' they shall be visited, m. IpQFI she shall be visited rwnpsruhey shall be visited, f. IMPERATIVE MOOD. SINGULAR. PLURAL. be thou visited, m. '^pB'!' be you visited, m. be thou visited, f. rnf??^ ^> e 7 OU visited, f. INFINITIVE MOOD. "Ip.BH to be visited. PARTICIPLE. SINGULAR. PLURAL. being visited, m. B*1i??J being visited, m. being visited, f. JTHj??? being visited, f. AND READING BOOK. 65 EXERCISE. Give the future tense of ">5J ; the past tense of "ftDK> the imperative mood, the infinitive mood, and the participle of 3^3. Translate : ror * ons * PMIDJ nsn ripsn T : T |:,r . :- : : : : - : It (f.} was remembered. Being kept (m. s.) Being visited (/. s.~) They were kept. They (m.) shall be written. Be thou (m.) remembered. Be you (/.] visited. We were kept. It (f.) shall be written. They ( /".) will be visited. To be re- membered. You (m.) were kept. THE te PIGNEL FORM. SIGN. A dagesh in the second radical throughout the whole form : as "if?.9. If the second radical be one of the letters "I V H M X ? which cannot take a dagesh, then the short vowel under the first radical is changed to a long vowel : as "-H?.- The participles have P prefixed. Example of the ?V.? Pignel Form. INDICATIVE MOOD. Past Tense. Visited diligently. SINGULAR. PLURAL. i -i5s we rni5S thou, m. O^li^? you, m. Jjng? tho "> f - ?5ni?B you, f. *^R>.? he or it, m. ^ipB they nn^B she or it, f. THE HEBREW PRIMER Future Tense. Shall diligently visit. SINGULAR. PLURAL. thou, m. thou, f. he or it, m. she or it, f. you, ra. nr]i3BJ|l you, f. jpQ^ they, m. they, f. SINGULAR. I i?3 thou, TO. i?9 thou, f. SINGULAR. IMPERATIVE MOOD. Visit diligently. PLURAL, Hj5S you, m. nni?s you, f. INFINITIVE MOOD. 1$$ to visit diligently. PARTICIPLE ACTIVE. "Visiting diligently. PLURAL. m. onj5B)p m. f. nnpsp f. PARTICIPLE PASSIVE. Visited diligently. SINGULAR. m. PLURAL. m. EXERCISE. Give all the first persons of "l^ij Ae was short, (?yS) /w short- ened ; the second persons of "O5? Ae broke. (^V.?) A sliattered ; and the third persons of T?? Ae learned, (?V.?) Ae taught. AND BEADING BOOK. 67 Translate : I will shorten. They will shatter. You will teach. Teach you (ra.) To shatter. Shortening,^./. Shorten thou,/ THE PUGNAL Vvs FORM. SIGN. A dagesh in the second radical in all the form, like the ^J?.?, and (,) under the first radical. Example of the 7^3 Pugnal Form. INDICATIVE MOOD. Past Tense. "Was diligently visited. SINGULAR. PLURAL. rnj?a I MTgs we l?"li?S thou, m. Q1 5"l^ you, m. fn.gB thou, f. ^ngB you, f. "*i!>9 he or it, m. HJ9B they fTJipS she or it, f. Future Tense. Shall be diligently visited. SINGULAR. PLURAL, "1&3K I IgS? we "ii5SJjl thou, m. ^ipsri you, m. "lifS^ thou, f. "Jli?^ 1 ? you, f. ^i55; he or it, m. l"^?! they, m. ^Sn she or it, f. r 'F$3.$ they, f. 68 THE HEBREW PRIMER INFINITIVE MOOD. 1J53 or "IpB to be diligently visited. PARTICIPLE. Being diligently visited. SINGULAR. PLURAL. m. ) m. j3B f. nhj?3 f. EXERCISE. Give the plural of the past tense of ~?K> ; the participle and future of IP/ j an d the infinitive mood of "l"^' Translate : We were taught. They were shattered. It (m.) was short- ened. It (/.) was taught. She will be shattered. Being taught (sing, f.) Being taught (pL m.) To be shortened. THE HIPHGNEL '9D FORM. SIGN. The past tense, imperative and infinitive moods, have n pre- fixed; the future prefixes are pointed with (-), the participle active D, the participle passive 9> o r *?.' AND READING BOOK. 69 Example of the ^V? 1 ? Hiphgnel Form. INDICATIVE MOOD. Past Tense. Caused to visit. SINGULAR. PLURAL. li??? I 13"!i290 we J?"]i^D thou, m. Qfll.i?!?'! 1 you, m. JrnPJpfi thou, f. Ifili^? you, f. Tj??ri he or it, m. -Tl^n they 5T?'i?5n she or it, f. Future Tense. Shall cause to visit. SINGULAR. PLURAL. TR?K I T?W we "V[??ri thou, m. ^'i??JEI you, m. 'TR95 thou, f. JTiBpn you, f. Tf??! he or it, m. Vrf??! they, m. T5?n she or it, f. n3"lj?.?5 they, f. IMPERATIVE MOOD. Cause to visit. SINGULAR. PLURAL. 12?? thou, m. -n^n you, m. Ti?9D thou, f. nangw you, f. INFINITIVE MOOD. TpPD or "li?.?!! 1 to cause to visit. 70 THE HEBREW PEIMER PARTICIPLE ACTIVE. Causing to visit. SINGULAR. PLURAL. ( m . m. n:.j?.9, rvr ppo f. niTj??s f. PARTICIPLE PASSIVE. Caused to visit. SINGULAR. PLURAL. m. EXERCISE. Give the first person, singular and plural, past and future tense, of the verb BQ? he clothed ; the imperative mood, second person, masculine and feminine singular of 13^ he lay down ; and the infinitive and participles of 35"5 he rode. Translate : Cause thou (m.) to visit. He shall cause to clothe. We shall cause to ride. Causing to visit (/".) To cause to lie down. You (f.) will cause to lie down. THE ?J??0 HOPHGNAL FORM. SIGN. The past tense, infinitive mood and participle have ^ or H prefixed, the future prefixes pointed (T) or (\). AND BEADING BOOK. 71 Example of the ???v Hophgnal Form. INDICATIVE MOOD. Past Tense. "Was caused to visit. SINGULAR. PLURAL. I ' 3 "]K? we *>"!?? thou, in. ^It??? you, m. *np_?n thou, f. I$1&9? yo, f - "Jp.?n he or it, m. '"'i??V 1 they nnp^n she or it, . Future Tense. Shall be caused to visit. SINGULAR. PLURAL. 1p?X I IPJW we "Ipr'P thou, m. ^p?p you, ru. *1P9FI thou, f. *3npj?n you, f. Ip?; he or it, m. ^p : 9* they, m. v ^p.?? she or it, ^1^?? they, f. INFINITIVE MOOD. ^ r "^P-? 1 ? to be caused to visit. PARTICIPLE. Being caused to visit. SINGULAR. PLURAL. m. DHPpn m. gn nnpsn f. 72 THE HEBREW PRIMER EXERCISE. Give the second person singular and plural, masculine and feminine, of the past tense of 3p"J the third person, singular and plural, masculine and feminine of ^?^ ; and the infinitive and participle of Translate : We will be caused to ride. To be caused to ride. You (f) will be caused to visit. She was caused to clothe. We were caused to lie down. THE HITHPAGNEL SD'H FORM. SIGN. The past tense, imperative and infinitive moods have Tin pre- fixed, and the second radical has a dagesh (being formed from the 7^3) ; the future tense has H after the prefix ; the participle DO. Observe. If the first radical be & ^ D T, this form undergoes some change : if D, or B>, the H is placed after the first radical, as ~>n?n for 1$^?, "WPP?? for IPIPOP ; if *, the n is changed into B, and if T into ", and both are placed after the first radical, as p!9V for PTO9, l1t.n for Example of the ^.^^ Hithpagnel Form. INDICATIVE MOOD. Past Tense. Visited or inspected oneself (reflective). AND BEADING BOOK. 73 SINGULAR. PLURAL. *J|ni?Bnn i 13"][32rin we fill??'" 1 '!' thou, m. SJilli^Snn you, m. mj53nn thou, f. jjmpsnn vou, f. "li?.?^^ he or it, m. nipsjnn they fni?Bnn she or it, f. Future Tense. Shall visit, &c. SINGULAR. PLURAL. ""'P.rfi^ I "Ij53np we ""lipsn];) thou, m. ^"Ij53rin you, -m. '"!i?srin thou, f. njTpsnn vou. f. T ;' "*:*/ "^iO! he or it, m. ^ipBp*. they, m. "'i?.?^^ 1 s he w it, f. nsnpsnn thev. f. T ; ~ ; j y IMPERATIVE MOOD. Visit or inspect thyself. SINGULAR. PLURAL. i5?J?D thou, m. *"i||?n? ye, m. thou, f. fin 1 -^ ye, f. INFINITIVE MOOD. "lj9Srin to visit or inspect one's self. PARTICIPLE ACTIVE. Visiting or inspecting one's self. SINGULAR. PLURAL. m . 74 THE HEBREW PRIMER EXERCISE. Give the participle of "ltJ> Jie kept ; the past tense of ~>?E he #old ; and the infinitive and imperative of inp he hid. Translate : nnawn nnnoj nsann To sell one's self. He kept himself. "We shall hide our- selves. She is keeping herself. You are selling yourselves. .NOTES ON THE REGULAR VERBS. 1. Kal. In the past tense the second radical is some- times pointed with (..) and sometimes J_as f9 to delight and to; to be able. 2. In the past tense second person sing. fern, and in the participle sing. mas. the third radical, if H or P, is pointed with (-) as 03^, W}yy %*$&. The second radical of the participle is sometimes pointed with (-) as ypi^. 3. In the future tense and in the infinitive and imperative moods, the second radical has (-) instead of _L as l?ip, 3?^'S ; this mostly occurs if the second or third radical be H or V as 7?1, 4. 1 * H are sometimes added to verbs without changing their meaning ; fl to the future tense and imperative mood, ' to the participle masculine singular, and 3 to the future : as n !5t^ for lisNS, nnpe> for Ito^ ixywy for p'^, l^lir. for tt^j?:. 5. The prefixes of the future are pointed with (-) or () AND BEADING BOOK. 75 before J>nnK, and the (:) of the first radical is changed to (-:) or (-,.-), HPT, fcina. 6. Niphal. The infinitive sometimes has 3 prefixed instead of n, as Dir.y>> 7. The 3 prefixed to the past tense is pointed with () before ynriK, as TVg. 8. Pignel. The second radical past tense has sometimes (-), as 13* for IS*. 9. Hiphgnel. The second radical in the future tense is sometimes pointed with () instead of (.), as n?.?! for J"P"P1. 10. Hithpagnel. The fl is sometimes omitted, and a dagesh placed in the first radical, as "^IP for 12^9. IRREGULAR VERBS. Verbs are irregular when their first radical is 3, when any of the silent letters ' 1 n K forms parts of their root, and when the second and third radicals are alike ; if of the first class, they are called defective, of the second quiescent, and of the third double : as, K'J3 is defective, Dip quiescent, and 23D double. EXERCISE. Say to what class the following verbs belong : TV hsx n:s pa spa hhp r y\& DEFECTIVE VERBS. Defective verbs are principally known by having the 3 omit- ted and a dagesh in the letter following the prefix, in the future 76 THE HEBREW PRIMER of the Kal, in the past tense and participle of the Niphgnal, and in all the Hiphgnel and Hophgnal : as Kal V}\ for B&P, Niphgnal B>J3 for C 5 J3?, Hiphgnel B|n for B|3rr, and Hophgnal E'|n for E'l?rj ; the 3 is also omitted in the imperative of the ^12, as t?a for E'M ; and sometimes in the infinitive, the latter having n affixed, as ng'lj the other parts of the verb are regular and conjugated like "IJ2S. Example of a Defective Verb, W$ he approached. It being presumed that the prefixes and affixes for the pro- nouns are thoroughly understood, the examples of the irregular verbs are given without the English. KAL. Past Tense regular. e ; i? ^ari e>a ^n K>an t^as Future Tense -1^1 ^| K'l or Infinitive. Participles regular. NlPHGXAL. rvfaj tra? 15^35 ri'f'aj nf j? Past Tense AND READING BOOK. 77 Future, Imperative, and Infinitive regular. Participle. n'iE>aa D'pja ntf>aa. traa PIGNEL and PUGNAL regular. HlPHGNEL. ntf'an tjan iji^n wan n^in Past Tense Future Imperative. ^an ^an { Infinitive. ^an Participle Active. a^'ap n^ao Participle Passive. HOPHGNAL. ?an s n-^a : n ^an j-rfan n^an Infinitive. nan t HITHPAGNEL regxilar. Past Tense Future Tense 78 THE HEBREW PRIMER Note 1. The 3 is retained if the second radical of the verb be y H n K(which cannot take a dagesh), as *$?. from Yty, Pty\ from p?3 t nn?n from nrw, DJ?. from Dya. 2. The infinitive of verbs having V third radical is some- times pointed with (-) (-), as J"IJ?3 from VH. EXERCISE. Give '23 with the affixes fl, -I 3 and Dp, in all the active forms, viz. Kal, Pignel, and Hiphgnel, and in the second and third persons, future of all the passive forms ; viz. Niphgnal, Pugnal, and Hophgnal ; give also ?V^ he delivered, with the pronouns /, thou, he, past tense of all the regular forms, and BJ53 he avenged, with we, you, they, of all the irregular forms. Quiescent Verbs having # for their first Radical. I Vei'bs, whose first radical is X, which, on account of being a guttural does not admit of a dagesh or a single sheva, have the prefixes and the letter following the prefixes, pointed differently from the regular verbs, in all forms except the Pignel, Pugnal, and Hithpagnel; as Kal ^3K, Niphgnal ^!, Hiphgnel ^?N.!, Hophgnal ^3*;. Example of a Quiescent Verb with ^ for its first Radical. ^ he ate. KAL. Past Tense regular. ^?k Future Tense Imperative ^3.^, Infinitive and Participles regular. AND READING BOOK. 79 NlPHGNAL. 13^3X3. n ^?K3 ^?W Itfe.? Ffe.? *?7?S3 Past Tense 163x3. |J$?x : 3 DJMW ^3X3 ^?Xn ?3X> ^DXn ^XPJ ^XJ? Future Tense Imperative. -i^xn ^? Infinitive. ^J^D Participle. PIGNEL and PUGNAL regular. HlPHGNEL. D^n jpS?.xn nb5^n vjfcigri p aa t Tense '?SX Future Tense : n Imperative. } ! >^? N L' '?^x.n Infinitive. ^?^D Participle Active. D H ^?XO n^xo Participle Passive. nibxp HOPHGNAL. n'^xn ^xn ^xn ri^xn ^5x7 p ast Tebse 80 THE HEBREW PRIMER xn bxj ^?NFI bxn ^?X : X Future Tense ^?s nri^ Infinitive. HITHPAGNEL regular throughout. EXERCISE. Give ?5t? with the prefixes 3 and fi in the future of tbe regular forms, and with the affixes $ and CFl in the past tense of the Kal, Niphgnal, and Hophgnal ; and say what part of the verb are the following words : Give the verb "ION he said, with the pronouns, I, she, it (m.), in the past tense of the active causative form ; and *1?X lie gathered, with thou (m.), and you (f.) in the imperative of the Pignel, Niphgnal, and Hithpagnel. Quiescent Verbs having # for their last Radical. Yerbs whose last radical is K have their second radical pointed differently from the regular verbs, and the N in most persons without a point : as Example of a Quiescent Verb with K for its last Radical. KV9 he found. KAL. nsyo nx^o >nxyo Past Tense X^rpx Future Tense AND READING* BOOK. 81 Imperative. Infinitive and Participles regular, except in the third person singular feminine of the active, thus HX^iD, not ri^^lO. NIPHGNAL. nxyp? x!tt>3 nx$p3 nx^n? 'rixvp? Past Tense Future and Imperative regular, except before the affix H3 : as future nsKX^ri ; imperative nsxvsn. Infinitive and participle also regular. PIGNEL. Past Tense Future and Imperative regular, except before the affix H3 : as Future njK-Vp^l; Imperative fi3XX)D ; Infinitive and Participle also regular. PUGNAL. -vp nx-yp N-yn nx-vo nx-vp ^nx->?o Past Tense crix-^o XTO)? X^px Future Tense Infinitive and Participle regular. HlPHGNKL. nxvpn nx^pr? 'nxxp? Past Tense Future Tense P! njx^pn a 82 THE HEBREW PRIMER Imperative. njxypn .wypn wvpn Infinitive and Participles regular. HOPHGNAL. riN^n Past Tense flNvnn nnx^pn WNVpn ri K>'J?K Future Tense n T 3S V > r Infinitive, Participle. HlTHPAGNEL ^xsonn p as t Tense 1 . Verbs having the second letter of the root pointed with () retain the (), thus 'flN.?^ from N3b>. 2. Some verbs end in n in the infinitive mood, as fiN^p from EXERCISE. Give ^V? in the second person feminine plural of the future in all the forms ; in all the first persons of the reflective form ; and in the infinitive and participle of all the passive forms. Give also the verb X12 he created, with the pronouns /, thou (m.), and she in the future of the Niphgnal ; and Kl^ he called, with the pronouns we and tfiey, in the past tense o the Kal and Niphgnal. AND READING BOOK. 88 Quiescent Verbs having T\for their last radical. Quiescent verbs with M for their last radical have the n omitted or changed into H or * in some parts of every form ; omitted in the past tense third person plural, as -1???, -1?! ; in the future and imperative before the affix -1 or 'T as -I?!*, I'V. ; y^F), vJ.fl; I7|n ) -171'j 'San, v?| ? and in the participles (except in the masculine singular), as nfta, D>j, nSj, nftjp, D'S, n^33- It is changed into n in the past tense third person feminine sin- gular, as i" 1 *}?? 1 ?, ftrf?$ ', and into * in the past tense first and second persons singular and plural : as 'ri \???, *nv| first person singular, 13 733, -13v| first person plural, ?Vf?, ^'?| second person singular, DrP???, ^^ second person plural, in the future and imperative before the affix n3 } as ri3 \~ l |n j na/JI imperative, n3\p|R, n3\^3n future and also in the passive participle of the Kal, as V 1?|' The n sometimes remains in the infinitive, and sometimes is changed into M, as n'v|, rpa- Example of a Quiescent Verb with H /or fc /*s^ Radical. n/"| he revealed. KAL. or}^| ^a nna rta nS| n^| *n^ Past Tense n^.n n^j 'b3 : n nSjn n^s; Future Tense M3^n -ib^. ri3 T ^n Imperative. ' . ^| *?! n^3 : Infinitive. 84 THE HEBREW PRIMER n^ari Participle Active. a D^>a rfa Participle Passive. NlPHGNAL. n^3? f> W^?? D ^? an nS|n 6i n3^| Imperative. ^an ^|n Infinitive. Past Tense |yi Future Tense PlGNEL. 3 n^a n^a Infinitive. ri^>| n^a Participle Active. Past Tense n^>3 >>3ri n^ n^3N Future Tense nl -1;>3 HDJJ n' AND BEADING BOOK. Participle Passive. ^a rfap r 85 PUGNAL. fy nrta n^ nS3 ri^J JV.H Past Tense n?>J? n^an nj>^ ^313 n^aj n.^x Future Tense J n>l HlPHGNEL. n^an n^n n^a.n n^n ^n^n past Tense ^a s g n^n n^x Future Tense Imperative. Infinitive. Participle Active. Dbao Pa/rticiple Passive. 86 THE HEBREW PEIMER HOPHGNAL. nrin rfan nS;in rfa njjn D^JH n^n rtan -:T T:T V:T HlTHPAGNEL. Infinitive. Past Tense x Future Tense Past Tense ?*W Future Tense 1. The future and imperative are sometimes shortened, as ?1 for n^M, jsri for n^ljl, W for n- 2. Verbs ending in n with mappik, are mostly conjugated like regular verbs, as fi?! ,'n3|. 3. The second radical sometimes has () instead of (T) as 'n^.V for *rm. AND BEADING BOOK. 87 EXERCISE. Give rb| with the affixes -1, n^, and -13, in the past tense, and with the prefixes * and 3 in the future tense of every form. Give also !"13S he turned, with the pronouns /, thou (m.), and you (f.), in the past tense of the active forms ; n*lB he redeemed, with thou (f.) and she in the future tense of the causative forms ; and HC1 he was idle, with tltou (m.), and you (f.) in the impe- rative of the active forms. Say to what part of the verb the following words belong : tarn ribs ms rvtan I 7 r - T nrvjs me* rinsn . T . Quiescent Verbs having ) for their second radical. Quiescent verbs with 1 for the second radical, have the 1 omitted, the third radical doubled, and the prefixes differently pointed from the regular verbs ; the 1 is omitted in the past tense and active participle of the Kal, and in all the Hiphgnel and Hophgnal : as Dpjl n , D*i?D, BJ5 the third radical is doubled in the Pignel, Pugnal, and Hithpagnel, as DO'lp^n, DIOip, DDip ; and the prefixes of the future of the Kal, the prefix 3 (sign of the Niphgnal), and all the prefixes of the Hiphgnel and Hophgnal are irregularly pointed : as Dp-in, D'pn, Dipj, D-1DJ. Example of a Quiescent Verb having } for its second Radical. D-lp to rise. KAL. n)pi5 DJ5 TO np|3 Wpi? Past Tense 88 THE HEBEEW PRIMER 01p3 Dlpn Dip* '.1pft D-lpn oipK Future Tense n or n:*?ipn to-ip; ru^-ipfl O r rn Imperative. rupip JIIO-IP o-ip o-ip Infinitive. D-1p Participle Active. nioj5 D'pj? no,? 05 Participle Passsive. nto-ip D^DIP no-ip n-ip NlPHGNAL. ? npipa oipa nb-tp? nb-ip? 'nb-ip? Past Tense Dip: DipJ-I Dipt *Pi|^ a'W DiP5 Future Tense njpipn loip* narpipn -iDipri Imperative. njnipn iioipn *pipn nipn Dipn Participle. nioip? D^oip) noip? Dips PlGNEL. I^poip rwppip ^J?^ip Past Tense AND READING BOOK. 89 0$P'. nDpipfl Dp.ipfl DOipS Future Tense noip Infinitive. Participle Active. niorpipt? Qt?9iP9 nppipr? Participle Passive. ntooipp Q*Pip9 nooipt? PUGNAL like PIGNEL by substituting (-) for (-), as DDip for , ooips for noipx- HlPHGNEL. pn nDj?ri D>pn nbpn Jpb'pij tlbpn Past Tense D"p3 Dpn Dp np'p.n D*pn O'px Future Tense nappn DpJ? and 0pri Participle Active. Participle Passive. niDp T io D'cpjio ncpo 90 THE HEBREW PRIMER HOPHGNAL. nepin op-m J^opjin riBpin 'flipsm Past tense DpjID Dj3-in DJ3-1* 'Dp-ID Dgtfl DJ5-1K Future Tense Infinitive. Dgffl onp^n noj^in D[?in HlTHPAGNEL. Past Tense like the PIGNEL with Jin prefixed: as ^ Pignel ; riOOipDn Hithpagnel. D^ Future Tense ipri? nspoiprin wpip^n Imperative and In/mitive. Participle. nppipr?p nopippp Note 1. Some verbs quiescent in 1 have () in the third lerson past tense and active participle, instead of (T), as n, J""? ; others have _ in all the past tense, as 2. In some verbs the first radical in the future and infinitive rf Kal has i instead of -1, as r>iD, 3^. 3. When the future of the Kal or of the Hiphgnel has 1 pre- fixed, the first radical has a different point, as D[3J1 for Dip'!, Kal ; Djg! for D'RM, Hiphgnel. AND BEADING BOOK. 91 4. Some verbs having 1 for the second radical are conjugated regularly, as yi|, others having H for their last radical, are con- jugated like ~?|. not like Q-1p : as *fi'-1i? from njj> 5. The n of the Hiphgnel is pointed (-), if the first radical be a guttural, as 'H'lTyn.. EXERCISE. Give 2-1p in the past tense, with fi and n , affixed in all the forms whei-e 1 is omitted ; with JPI and ^ where the last radical is doubled, and in the future with the prefixes * and 3 in all the passive forms. Give also 2-lt? to return, with the pronouns /, she, and it (m.\ in the past tense of the active forms ; "MO, to depart, with you and it (/.) in the future tense of the passive forms ; and Oil, to exalt, with thou (m.) and ye (f.) in the imperative mood of the active forms. Say in what form and in what part of each form are the following : nnna cana M via v T T : : ni&n D'-in wia^i Di Quiescent Verbs having * for their first Radical. Quiescent verbs with * first radical have the * omitted, or changed into 1 ' omitted in the future and imperative (and some- times in the infinitive) of Kal ; changed into 1 in the Niphgnal, Hiphgnel and Hophgnal, as 3C ; X Kal; itfw, Niphgnal ; 3'^K Hiphgnel ; and 3^K Hophgnal from 3#;. 92 THE HEBKEW PBIMEB Example of a Quiescent Verb with * for its first Radical. y$l he sat. KAL. Past tense regular. t^Pl 3$j 3PPI 3$ 3p'j0 3^n 3^' Future Tense Imperative. Participles regular. NIPHGNAL. T 3Bna 195^3 ri13 fl3Bn3 Past Tense 3$ T J? 3W O^n aBW S Future Tense Infinitive. PIONEL and PUONAL regular. AND BEADING BOOK. 93 HlPHGNEL. npt?irt 3t?in 3Nn nni-in 3B>-in 3??in Infinitive. Participle Active. Participle Passsive. n3Ko HOPHGNAL. Past Tense Future Tense Past Tense 3^-IJn 3KMK Future Tense n33Kin Participle. HITHPAGNEL regular. I. Some verbs with * first radical, have the prefixes of future of the Kal, pointed with *T, and the second radical with (-) as p3. 94 THE HEBKEW PBIMEB 2. When 1 is prefixed to the future of the Kal, the second radical takes () instead of (), as 3^ni for 3'.iW. 3. When the infinitive is joined to the past or future tense, it is regular, as 35?X 3b**. 4. Verbs, whose prefixes in the Kal have 'T, as P?', p?^, have their prefixes in the Hiphgnel pointed with (), followed by *, as P'?*X, p'3n- 5. 1 prefixed to the future of the Hiphgnel, changes the 'T of the second radical into (.), as "^I'l for "Tyi'l. 6. Some verbs in the Hithpagoel change the s into 1, as rvwi* from rn; 7. The verbs *|P_; and njj, TW, n*J, p?;, y? T , 3V?, 3$, are conjugated like defective verbs, >. from 3V', 3 v V'from 3V'- EXERCISE. Give 3^ in the first person, singular and plural, past tense of all the regular forms ; in the second person masculine and feminine plural, future tense of all the irregular forms ; and in the second person masculine imperative of the active forms. Give also J^', he stood firmly, with the pronoun you (/.) in the imperative mood of the causative form ; ID^ lie founded, with /, we, and they, in the past tense of the Kal, Niphgnal, and Hophgnal ; and BHJ /ie possessed, in the infinitive and par- ticiple of the Kal, Niphgnal, and Hiphgnel. Say to what part of the verb the following words belong : -ni nnia strin V . T AND READING BOOK. 9f Verbs having the second and third Radicals alike. Verbs, whose second and third radicals are alike, have the third radical omitted and a dagesh in the second radical (when having a point) in all parts of the Kal, except the participles ; and in all the Niphgnal, Hiphgnel, and Hophgnal; as Kal ap, Mph. ap?, Hiph. apD, Hoph.apin, from lip; the prefixes are pointed irregularly in the future of the Kal, in the past tense and participle of the Niphgnal, and in all the HipLgnel and Hophgnal, as Kal aiDJ, Niph. 2D3, Hiph. apj, Hoph. 2D1. Example of a Verb having the second and third radicals alike. a?p he surrounded. KAL. laiap nap ap rtap niap n'iap Past Tense iap jn'ap aw nbn 20* 'sbri abn abx Future Tense Imperative. -lab ab ab aiap or ab Participles regular. NlPHGNAL. nacj apa nVap? nVap? 'nVao? past Tense apa a&n ap: ^2Dn asn 2p$ Future Tense 96 THE HEBREW PRIMER Imperative. Infinitive. rmp? naaio Participle. nap? PlGNEL. ' ri^nio Past Tense ^? Future Tense 13510; Imperative. nm'io -naiD onio Infinitive. Participle Active. DoaiDp ^naiD Participle Passive. PUGNAL like PIGNEL substituting (-) for (), as 2?to for S for HlPHGNEL. iapq naon npn niapn niapq ^niapn past Tense 12pn 1D3 IpR 3DJ >3pn SpPl IDX Future Tense -lap; AND BEADING BOOK. 97 Imperative. raon >aon " T " T Infinitive. Participle Active. maps D^P napo ipo Participle Passive. D'apio nap-io HOPHGNAL. nap-in spin map-in niap-in >niapin Past Tense lap-in tniapin oniap-m -laiapin 30-13 3p-m apV 'apm ip-in np-1S Future Tense n^ap-in -iapv n3ap-in -lap-in Infinitive. ap-in Participle. niap-in n^apin napin np-in HlTHPAGNEL. a^ijnpn ^aainpn riiiiJ-ipn ri53inpn Past Tense la^inpn jpiainpn D^aninpn wnaintpn naainpn 33'inpn 35'u-lp^ Future Tense ninninpn -laninpn Imperative. inn.inpn 'aainpn ijinpn i Infinitive. siinpn Participle. D33tapa na^npo Note. 1. Some verbs having the second and third radicals alike, are conjugated regularly in the past tense of the Kal, and in all the Pignel and Hithpagnel: as i" 1 *??, H?, Kal from N3 ; fe, Pignel fromfe?; ^3??, Hithpagnel from ^B- 2. 1 prefixed to the future of Kal or Hiphgnel, changes the point of the first radical, as Kal SO'l 11D^ ; Hiphgnel <3', ^41' 3. In the future of the Niphgnal, the dagesh in the first radical is sometimes omitted, and the prefixes have (), as ^i?PiV 4. The first radical in the Niphgnal has sometimes () or () instead of (-), as 5'?'? from DDE), Di^n from QD> 5. In the Hiphgnel, the first radical has sometimes (-) instead of (), as -13PD for -ISp."- EXERCISE. Give 21D with the prefixes 3 and J"l ? X, in all the forms where the third radical is omitted, and with H3 n and ' n, where it is retained. Give ??3 he rolled, with the pronouns tliey and you (f.}, in the past tense of the Hiphgnel form ; ??n he praised, (regularly conjugated), with we and she, in the future tense of the reflective form ; and 1"1O he measured, in the infinitive, and imperative, of the Niphgnal, Pignel, and Hithpagnel. Say in what form, and in what part of each form, are the following : AND BEADING BOOK. 99 Ti&fln *i&\ tb m aw In addition to the seven classes of irregular verbs, of which examples have been given, there are some containing two irre- gular letters in their root, as XBO lie lifted, nt33 he stretched, H1K lie consented, ITV he cast, XT fa feared, K^ Ae weni ow, K12 to come. Some belonging to two roots: as Y?^ (Hiphgnel) from Vjj wB?^ (Hithpagnel) from vO* And others having one or two of their radicals doubled, viz. first and second in verbs quiescent in n : as yRWQ from njjn 7ie erraZ ; first and third in verbs quiescent in 1 second radical : as ?P?P from 7-113 to shake ; and the first in verbs that have the second and third radicals alike: as wj?! from ^| he rolled. There are also a few con- taining four letters: as I"l3Dp"i3' : from Dp")?* Principal Parts of a few Verbs having two irregular Letters. 3 first radical, and X third : as XB>3 fa lifted, conjugated like tf33 and N>'0- Note. In the following verbs the form, or part of any form, omitted, denotes that such is not at all, or but very seldom, used. KAL. Past tense nKE>3; future KBtt ; imp. *&; inf. XiiM and HK^ ; part. act. KJP3; fem. rixir: ; part. pass. K^> NlPHGNAL. Past tense 'HX&a ; f u t. Kg'IS ; imp. and inf. K3n ; part, X^?' PlGNEL. Past tense nK'^3 : future Kg'! J$ ; imp. and inf. XJ?3 ; parts. 100 THE HEBREW PRIMER HlPHGNEL. Past tense flNg>n ; future KW ; imp. and inf. NJpJV HOPHGNAL. Past tense 'JJK^PJ ; inf. N'^.T HlTHPAGNEL. Past tense nN&3_rri ; future K^X ; itnp. and inf. N&3l?n; part. Kj?3W- 3 first radical and n third : as ncri he stretched, conjugated like E'J3 and n^| KAL. Past tense Wtp3 ; fat. ?iBg, B; imp. no? ; inf. Kit:? ; part. no'w, Miaa- NTPHGNAL. Past tense np? ; future HD3S ; imp. np?^ ; inf. fltoan, part, nea-, HlPHGNEL. Past tense ^^H ; fat. HBK, DS; imp. nfflPf, an inf. nitsn ; part. !"TC50' first radical, n third : iTV Ae cast, like SB'J and n^|- KAL. Past tense nnj ; future HTK ; i mp . nn ; inf. n'n , n'tj ; part. mv- V NlPHGNAL. Future iTVK- HlPHGNEL. Past tense Win ; future n^iN; imp. iTvin ; inf. nWin ; part. nrtte- * first radical, X third : K3J he feared. KAL. Past tense flsn; ; future KT ; imp. ">;. ; inf. NT; part. XV- AND BEADING BOOK. 101 Nl PHONAL. Put K^X; imp. and inf. KWi ; part. XTJ3. **VJ he went out. KAL. Past tense >nxv; ; future N^X ; imp. X* ; inf. KSJ and part. K$V- HlPHGNEL. Past tense >J?Xtfn ; future K?iX or X#X ; imperative Xtfn O r 'tf H ; in X'VVI ; part. act. '#D or Kto ; part. pas. fem. nJD- HOPHGNAL. Past tense 1 second radical, and X tnird radical : N13 to come. KAL. Past tense 'J?X3 ; fut. Xbx ; imp. and inf. K'3; part. N3- HlPHGNEL. Past tense W?n ; fut. X'lX j imp. Xin . i^ xon . parti- ciples K3S, HOPHGNAL. Past tense ^xnin ; future XS1X- 1?3 he gave. KAL. Past tense ^ty ; future !!?$ ; imp. }E ; inf. HPl, jir>3 part, act. JD'13 ; pass. JW3- NlPHGNAL. Past tense n?? ; future ID|? ; inf. 10??, j'W|n ; part. $?. HOPHGNAL. Future tense IR^ 102 THE HEBREW PRIMER EXERCISE. Give ""153 Tie smote, in the future aud imperative of the Hiphgnel ; ^\\ lie sprinkled, in the future of the Kal ; ^iT? he was clean, in the past tense of the Niphgnal ; rn* he praised, in the infinitive mood, and future tense of the Hiphgnel : n j' he grieved, in the past tense of the Hiphgnel ; and KW to refuse, in the future of the Hiphgnel. ay what form, and what part of each form are the following K3n HN^ Kb>3n r\K rniD ton nan nian rniK ntoj n&n nxr n3& T TT V - ..... T ninin vyptt jn onto nn THE VERB WITH AFFIXES. An active verb in the Kal, Pignel, and Hiphgnel forms has cei*tain letters or syllables affixed to each of its persons to express the accusative case of the pronouns (see page 48), thus "li?B lie visited, *H5? ^ visited me, Tli?S he visited thee, m. To the first person there are eight affixes, viz. ^ thee, m., ^1 thee, f., 1 or -1^ /w'm or it, } or n Aer or it, f., D3 yew, m. r I? 2/ow, f., 2 them, m., I ^ 'Aem, m., | 9^ he kept, in the third person singular, masculine and feminine of the future tense of the Kal. The verb T?/ he learned (Pignel he taught) in the third pers. plur. of the past tense of the Pignel. (-1"ttf? with each affix.) -?T he rode, in the second person singular masculine of the future of the Hiphgnel. (3'?19 with each affix.) p?j5 he gathered, in the third person masculine plural future tense of the Pignel. P^?^ with each affix.) ?O| he rewarded, in the masculine singular of the active parti- ciple of Kal. "l?t lie remembered, in the infinitive mood of the Kal. V5^ lie satisfied, in the second person masculine sing, of the imperative Hiphgnel. (V."?^D with each affix.) 2FI3 h e wrote, in the second person masculine sing, past tense of the Kal form. Analyse and translate TGTK iroi I : T : v T T ; nrnn^ 108 THE HEBREW PEIMER Bender into Hebrew She will remember thee (/.) I remembered him. Remember thou (m.) him. When I remember, inf. with ?. They remem- bered us. I will reward him. We will reward you (/. ) Thou (/.) wilt cause me to ride. They (m.} will cause him to ride. When thou learnest. They taught thee (m.) They taught them (m.) Thou (m.) wilt teach him. They rewarded us. You, (m.) will reward him. We rewarded them (m.) You (/.) will reward him. My writing (inf.) Write thou (m.) them. GENERAL EXERCISES ON THE VERBS. Exercises on Regular Verbs. EXEECISE I. Analyse the following words, and translate them according to the signification given below the exercise, as Wft^fi, which is in the Kal, translate you will hecvr, and V^!, which is in the Pignel, translate he will summon. Note. The letters 3 and H are sometimes affixed to verbs without having any signification, as '"HJW f r W^i J-lVP'^fl for AND READING BOOK. 109 sin? Signification of each Form of the Verbs in the Exercise. Note. The omission of the signification of any form in the Exercise denotes that the form is to be translated regularly : thus "i]?^, the signification of Kal and Pugnal is given ; two other forms Niphgnal and Hithpagnel are in the Exercise ; but these having their regular meaning, namely, Niphgnal passive of Kal, and Hithpagnel reflective, are omitted. K. denotes the Kal ; N. Niphgnal; Pi. Pignel ; Pu. Pugnal ; Hi. Hiphgnel ; flo. Hophgnal ; Hit. Hithpagnel. '*!^ N. was separated. Hi. separated. 1?^ K. dwelt. Pi. and Hi. caused to dwell. Hi. fut. IS^K- 7]St? K. poured. Pu. slipped. "I3T K. remembered. Hi. mentioned. 1SD K. numbered. Pi. declared. 31i? K. approached. Pi. brought near. K. fut. ^1?. K. heard. Pi. summoned. K. and Hi. sent. Pi. dismissed. K. wrote. EXERCISE II. Translate the following words : I separated. I shall separate. We separated. He separated us. Thou (m.) wilt separate. He declared. They will num- ber. He shall be numbered. To declare. They declared. You (m.) will be numbered. They will hear me. T heard 110 THE HEBREW PRIMER him. He was heard. She caused to hear. -He heard. They heard. Approach thou (/n.) I approached. ] shall approach. She dwelt. We dwelt. Dwell thou (m.} He will dwell. EXERCISE III. Give in all the forms used in Exercise I., the first and second person singular past tense of ?"!? ; the second and third person masculine singular future tense of ISO the third person masculine plural future tense of l?&? ; the second person masculine singular past tense of ")?T the infinitive of "*]*& and the participle active feminine plural of !"?' EXERCISE 1Y. Give the same part as the word given in all the forms used in Exercise I. : thus, if 'Fp.?t De the word given, then ^")??? and 'rnstn must also be given, both forms being used in Exercise I.; if ISO* be the word, then give ">???!, IS?! and *15D>- rra n-in EXERCISE V. On the Points. Write the points of the first and second radical in the fol- lowing parts of the verb : As pi-esent participle Kal, first radical _L, second () Participle passive masculine singular Kal. Infinitive mood Pignel and Pugnal. Second person feminine singular imperative Kal and Pignel. Third person masculine singular past Kal, Pignel, Pugnal, and Hiphgnel. Second person feminine jilur. past Kal, Pignel, and Hophgnal. First person plural future AND READING BOOK. Ill tense Kal, Niphgnal, and Hiphgnel. Second person plural fern, future Kal, Niphgnal, and Pignel. Write the points of the following prefixes : The X and n of the future tense of every form. The n of the Niphgnal. The H of the past tense and imperative of the Hiphgnel. The 3 of the Niphgnal. The O ef the participle of the Pignel, Hiphgnel, and Hithpagnel. Directions for Translating Exercise VI. 1. When 1 and, is prefixed to the past tense, translate the tense as future ; and when prefixed to the future, translate it as the past : as J???. and thou shall pass, W}?!! and they sowed. 2. Translate the participle as the present tense : as ~I?1P speaks. 3. n before the participle use as the relative pronoun, as JnittU he who sows, O'Snvtn those who sow. 4. 1 prefixed to the infinitive translate when, as '1^1? when I speak. The signification of any form not given, denotes that the form is to be rendered regularly, as "U?^ destroyed ; the Niph- gnal form, not being given must be was destroyed. EXERCISE VI. rva n xa3 oxa - na 112 THE HEBREW PRIMER nyin *r T T ny"ra D^ii-Tn * nin 'T : : ' : - T nay y ya^x nayn i^a * t : Vocabulary of the Exercise. Y*% K. and Pi. gathered J"i?< sign of the accusative case b3'K food .Ml nation 73 all ; O or *? from DSJ people *f*l land 3T.21 house 3 house of I^Ol together fiK brother t^'pS Pi. sought QW peace "V hand B^3 soul "l^'r thing AND BEADING BOOK. 113 Vocabulary of the Exercise continued. "Q^ spoke ?'nx lord ?$ unto "ipn kindness H3| stole. Pu. was stolen *PX with me *^y servant H?y Hebrew I?'*!! which ny~J evil 11!'^ gate ny^ikf' seven yo<* heard N? not t]Dy with thee 1J? shut. Hi. delivered to what yij sowed n land DV day D'P* days ^.rP" 5 ! the dooi*s nTO field Myp^ tear 1C^ K. and Hi. destroyed D*y?^i the wicked *)?0 passed. Pi. and Hi. ex- changed DB'P from there TL!? qiiickly Tjinp from the midst of "'^y served n/pb a garment *1~!7 pursued K'^X man D^JX men !"n>yy y31N fourteen n ?f year BW plural of n33> I? son 2?K enemy 11Q good Ute ; six Exercises on Defective Verbs. EXERCISE I. Analyse the following words, and translate each form accord- ing to its signification given below the Exercise. 114 THE HEBREW PRIMER nSs; tismri 'DiatmK cmj nW eitsn nistoh mn te&j nii : I :ir Signification of each form of the Verbs in the Exercise. ^33 Hi. declared or told. Ho. passive. BH3 N. and Hit. repented. Pi. comforted. Pu. pass, of Pi. fea K. fell. Kal future ^BX. Hit. threw himself down. Hi. caused to fall. /^3 N. was saved, was delivered. Hi. saved, delivered. Hit. stripped himself. Q|?3 K. and Pi. avenged. N. and Ho. was avenged. Hit. revenged himself. Kal fut. Oij?X. Imp. and inf. ^3 K. withered. Pi. despised. Kal fut. ^S- *)&? K. and Hi. dropped. P03 K. planted. Kal infin. Directions for Translating Exercise II. 1. Let is to be expressed by the future tense : as let me approach B?*^, let him approach GJ'IV 2. Have, had, did, express by the past tense : as I Jiave, I Jiad approached, or / did approach, ^FI^JJ- 3. The present tense express by the active participle and the personal pronoun : as they approach or they are approaching on- AND READING BOOK. 115 4. The present tense preceded by the relative who, which, that, express by the present participle with the prefix ) fol- lowed by dagesh : as who falls /"pi^- 5. The infin. express by ? ; or ? before a letter beginning with sheva : as to deliver '*??, to fall 7\)?' EXERCISE II. They declared. He will declare. To declare. Let us tell. Let him tell. Declare ye (m.) He declares. He shall repent (Hit.) I repented (1ST.) To comfort. Comfort ye (m.) He shall comfort me. She will comfort me. She will comfort. Avenge thou, m. (K.) Avenging m. sing. (K.) He shall be avenged (Ho.) To be avenged (N.) Revenging himself. It (m.) will wither. He despises. Dropping, f. plur. (K.) They, m. shall drop (Hi.) Who plant (m. plur.} Planted (f. plur.*) Thou (f.) shalt plant them Thou (f.) didst plant. Thou, m. shalt plant. I have planted thee (/) They had planted. She fell. They have fallen. They (m.) are falling. Who fall (m. plur.} He caused to fall. He shall cause to fall. I will cause to fall. They (m.) cause to fall. Thou (m.) shalt be saved. To gave. He has delivered him. He delivers. Save thou (m.) To deliver them. They did deliver. You (m) shall be delivered. EXERCISE III. Give the past tense of "1M Hiphgnel and Hophgnal ; the future tense of ?33 Kal and Hiphgnel ; the infinitive mood of OJ5J Kal and .Niphgnal ; the imperative of ?^3 Niphgnal and Hiphgnel ; and the participle active of ?5J Kal. 116 THE HEBREW PRIMER EXERCISE IV. Give the same part as the word given in all forms used in Exercise I. Hri amn am* "ran ma_n rran . - 1 EXERCISE V. Translate the following sentences, observing the directions of Exercise VI. on the regular verbs, page 111. ya * ngaian nri zn n AND BEADING BOOK. 117 nan? PIT Vocabulary of the Exercise. 1??3 K. touched. Hi. arrived, reached. 3 after VJJ has no signification e ; ?;. soul "^V 1 mountain ny the time of, time "I'Pt pruning !?X not n^ra anointed 1V neck ]33 K. smote. N. was smitten n.VD Egypt \3?? before S.^ enemy >B3 K. forsook, left law of mother the generation of wrath ^JPJ K. poured out, melted. Hi. poured out Ivy upon it ^19? drink-offering ?D3 image ^7? a workman yp3 K. journeyed. Hi. re- moved n-TD from hence 0*1.15 the east H? like the tree nip];! hope y?3 K. planted B"}3 vineyard HD-IX land fn3 pulled down. K. future N". passive tower altar K. rooted out. Ho. was plucked up 17^?:? grove on? w ith fury P from off 323 Hi. looked \y. eye H wife, with affixes VK?$ 118 THE HEBREW PRIMER Exercises on Qtiiescent Verbs having pi for their last Radical. EXERCISE I. Analyse the following words, and translate each form accord- ing to its signification given below the Exercise. nrosn mte tan nus max rus T ; : v I v : v : v T T nra nwz? rw w* orvtt n^ ra ix D*n* nnns n nn?> nn nnsn 1BFI is the shortened form of n.3?R ; ^ of n?, 1?! of rMX, ^ of nfl9 j '^01?? i 8 th e same form as ^n*]??, and ^rins a s Signification of each Form of the Verbs in the Exercise. <"I3S K. and Hi. turned. Pi. cleared away. HIV Pi. commanded. Pu. passive. nif? N. was joined. Pi. hoped for, expected. "I3J5 K. bought. N. passive. *VS N. was separated. Hi. separated. "irta K. and N. was enticed. Pi. enticed, Hi. made large. !"*? K. redeemed. N. passive. AND READING BOOK. 119 Directions for Translating Exercise II. 1. When and precedes the future tense, render the future by the past and prefix \ (-1 before *] O 3) : as and I will buy 'fl's 1 !?], and thou shall redeem JH'121- 2. When and precedes the past, render the past by the future, and prefix 1 followed by dagesh (\ before K) ; as and they turned, ^f ?1, and I bought ""^p*?)- 3. The present, past, or future tense preceded by when translate by the infinitive mood (the infinitive in J")1 not in !"l) with the prefix ?, (?) before a letter having a sheva: as when he buys, when he bought, when lie shall buy, ini3p5 ; when thou buyest, wJien thou bougJitest, when thou shalt buy, ^J^pll, when thou hast finislied ^i; 5 ??' 4. Should and would render by the future tense : as he should or would redeem "T^.V EXERCISE II. I commanded. They commanded. She shall command. Command thou, (m.) She shall be commanded. Let her command. Let me turn (K.) And I turned (Hi) And they shall turn(K.) When he turned (Hi.) To turn (K.) They have turned (Hi.) And they will clear away. I cleared away. Who turn (K.) (m. pi.) I shall expect. I have hoped for. And he expected (short future.) They (m.) shall be joined. They were bought. I had bought. They (/.) are buying. When they shall buy. Who buy (m. pi.) And she bought. And she shall buy. They (f.) shall be bought. When thou (ra.) wilt buy. She should buy. I would buy. He should redeem. I have redeemed them. When I redeem. Let us 120 THE HEBREW PRIMER redeem. Redeem thou (?-.) And she shall be redeemed. Thou (m.) wouldst redeem. I had redeemed. And I redeemed. He will entice. They (m.) will entice thee (m.) Thou (?n.) shalt entice. It (m.} shall be enticed, (K.) EXERCISE III. Give the future tense of fl^? Pignel and Pugnal forms ; the past tense of H3S Kal and Pignel forms ; the infinitive of fi^S Kal and Niphgnal; and the imperative of >T?S Niphgnal and Hiphgnel. EXERCISE IV. Give the same part as the word given in all forms used in Exercise I. us rraa nm rm rnv pns? nhs pn$ EXERCISE V. Translate the following sentences, observing the directions of Exercise VI. on the Regular Verbs, page 111. nainn nn353 ni:nrt Disn 11512? : AND READING BOOK. 121 ^ nx DiravA nnx ^y.1. n DID rri nrrnia Vocabulary of the Exercise. t seed 32 built i'.a house city *. Jerusalem ZV there DltP altar 'in waste places wall new wandered, erred field '"ijp shepherd 1N^ flock H3O counted ISPP number -?' star, (!? of the) Exercises on Verbs Quiescent in 1 second Radical. EXERCISE I. Analyse the following words, and translate each form accord- ing to its signification given below the Exercise. >]y| money njSJ Pi. afflicted B'-SJ soul I'lO good '3. that "i^n K. and H. multiplied ns'lD wonder DID horse ??n slain border this ?3 Pi. tried wisdom father riddle 122 THE HEBREW PRIMER cnifcT] ona Dn ran ^niji pri rnitfr; r\xiw D' D'a Signification of each form of the Verbs in the Exercise. 0*3, 0-11 K. was high, was exalted. Pi. raised, exalted. Pu. pass, of Pi Hi. offered, raised. Ho. pass, of Hi. Hit. exalted himself. P T , ?n K. and Hi. judged. 31?, IIE' K. returned. Pi. restored. Hi. led back, brought back, restored. Ho. pass, of Hi. Ej?, D-lp K. rose. Pi. built up. Hi. raised up, established. Ho. pass, of Hi. Hit. raised himself. "ID, *MD K. departed, turned. Hi. removed. Ho. pass, of Hi. JO, J1D K. melted. Pi. caused to melt. N. and Hit. was melted. Directions for Trnslating Exercise II. In addition to the directions given in Exercises, pages 114, 119, observe the following : 1. Surely, certainly, indeed, render by the infinitive (the infinitive to be before the verb given, and in the same form as AND READING BOOK. 123 the verb) : thus, / will certainly return. I will return, would be HtW the future of the Kal, and the infinitive of the Kal is lit?, therefore the rendering is SIB^X 315^, in the same manner, I will surely restore, must be rendered by l^K I???' 2. The participle preceded by from translate by the infini- tive with the prefix P followed by dagesh, or by O, if the following letter cannot take a dagesh : as /row returning from removing 3. The ^ of the infinitive Kal of verbs of this class is pointed with (T), as to return l-lt??- EXERCISE II. Thou (m.) shalt be exalted (K.) You (ra.) shall offer. They offered. And thou didst raise (Pi.) He will raise (Pi.) He has raised (Hi.) Raising, m.s. (Pi.) From raising (Hi.) I had raised (Hi) Raise thou, m. . (Hi) He shall exalt himself It (f.] shall be high. He will surely return. I will restore (Pi.) I will restore (Hi.) It (m.} was restored (Ho.) He will surely bring back. Bringing back (f. s.) Who bring back (m.s.) Returned (f. s.) Restore thou m. s. (Hi.) He will indeed establish. He established. Thou wilt surely establish. From establishing. We rose. Let him rise. From rising. And they rose. He will raise him- self. I will build up. Thou wilt build up. Let us rise. To rise. To melt They were melted (Niph.) And they shall depart. To depart. Turn ye (m. s.) I have removed. Remove thou (m. s.) It (m.) was removed Ye shall surely turn. To turn. 124 THE HEBEEW PKIMEE EXERCISE III. Give 2-11 in the past tense Pignel and Hiphgnel ; "1-1D in the future tense Kal and Hiphgnel ; 2.W in the imperative Kal and Hiphgnel ; and >1B in the future tense Kal and Pignel. EXERCISE IV. Give the same part as the word given in all forms used in Exercise I. nnn EXERCISE V. Translate the following sentences, observing the directions given in Exercise VI. on the Eegular Verbs, page 111. Note. The infinitive joined to another part of the verb, render by the adverb surely, certainly, or itideed, as D-1JK D13 / will surely flee. DID T oan ji niD nx AND READING BOOK. 125 n$ anton D*iaa ante T?L)3 pni * -nsn pi * p nysn ante rsn | T ; V V T | TI- |T* --- T | T nx -tea Vocabulary of the Exercise. DM Kal, to flee 'P?K men of ^y upon DID a horse "l^JJ servant D*3^ two n3!l"l ten thousand ")S"ip wilderness rnTj; 1 ? for help n'lQ K. to die. Hi. to slay V.TI.SV frog the righteous $0 king f -IS K. and Hi. to scatter 3).iX enemy VJB? before ^3 nation JKS flock n*iyp tempest iyj lad r-11 K. and H. to run !^?.!!!Sn (to) the camp 126 THE HEBREW PRIMER HX brother, plu. with aff. T0X nl3*]K> chariot to the tent K. and Hi. to put, place, make, appoint, set (imp. Hi. B'?> shoz-teued form for l mouth ('S with affixes) nW> table ^37 before them ipQ place !?P over thee J right hand head name 3? in the dungeon "CH word W Kal and Hi. to sing (imp. Hi. IT for #!) 1^ song TV power ( v ty with affixes) r ^~^ praise "l-lfl to spy out nn'3O a place of rest Exercises on Verbs Quiescent in * first Radical. EXERCISE I. Analyse the following words, and translate each form accord- ing to its signification given below the Exercise. T5 nnv IT DHV -ipiri ID* ro eh Bhin y-rn ^ T .. !ieh :IT neh e^nin . AND READING BOOK. 127 Signification of each Form of the Verbs in the Exercise. T]* K. went down. Hi. caused to go down, brought down. Ho. pass, of Hi. Kal inf. with affixes Wn, IFTn. 1\ K. dwelt. N". was inhabited. Hi. caused to dwell. Kal inf. with affixes ']??#, ^atf- "TO* K. and Pi. founded. Ni. and Ho. was founded. Kal fut. 13! ; inf. liD'. ; Pi. past n&'; WV K. inherited. 1ST. became poor. Hi. drove out. Kal fut. Bh'X. Inf. with affixes 'ljl?n, W> y*!* K. knew. N. pass, of K. Hi. made known. Hit. made himself known. Kal fut. 1HN ; imp. yn ; inf. T, njn ; inf. with affixes W% ^H- N. fut. y^K- Hi. past PHin ; i mp . ; fut. ynix- Hit. fut. jn,io- Directions for Translating Exercise II. In addition to the directions given in the No. II. Exercises, pages 114, 119, 122, observe the following : 1. The verbs in the Exercise preceded by when, translate by the infinitive with the prefix |, 3 before a letter having a sheva : as when I sit 2. Interrogation is expressed by prefixing to the verb 5 (ft before a letter beginning with a sheva, or before P n H K) : as shaft thou know ? ywn ; did you know? Diy*V.n ; shall 1 go? EXERCISE II. Note. The infinitives used to express certainly, fyc., are after the form ife>; and not 128 THE HEBREW PRIMER I went down. I will bring down. Go down, m. s. Wilt thou go down 1 Cause thou (_/*.) to go down 1 Shall he go down 1 He will bring down. We indeed went down. I caused to dwell. Let her dwell. We certainly sat. He had dwelt. Who dwell, m. pi. And they shall be inhabited. And I sat. Will he sit? I caused thce, (m.) to dwell When he sits. When we sat. Has he caused to sit? Causing to dwell, vn.pl Let him dwell. Wilt thou (/.) dwell? I shall become poor. And he will inherit. Thou (m.) hast driven out. To drive out. He will inherit. Shall we inherit? And I will drive them (m.) out. Thou (m.) hast founded (K.) They (m.) shall found (Pi.) It (/.) shall be founded (N.) It (m.) was founded (Ho.) He founded (Pi.) Thou (TO.) shalt certainly know. I knew thee (m.) He knew him. Did you (/.) know ? I knew them (m.} They knew them (m.) Shall I know? I was known. Shall it (m. ) be known ? I made known. To make known. They (m.) know thee (m.) They (m) know him. Make ye (m.) known. I will make myself known. When I know EXERCISE III. Give the second person masculine singular past tense, and the third person feminine plural future tense of "TV and 2 in Kal and Hiphgnel ; the second person feminine singular future tense, and the second person masculine singular imper. mood of ty'V in Kal and Hiphgnel ; the third person plural past tense of "ID* in Kal, Pigpel, and Hophgnal ; and the imperative mood of JH^ in Kal, Niphgnal, and Hiphgnel. EXERCISE IV. Give the same part as the word given in all forms used in Exercise I. AND BEADING BOOK. 129 TV a# *30 D'a^o ia ^|J Kal was swift, was light, was despised. Pi. cui-sed. N. was light, was despised. Pu. pass, of Pi. Hi. despised, made light. Hit. ^p.^2J? i !' was shaken. Pi. and Pu. regular like IPS- EXERCISE IL Translate the following words according to the directions given in the preceding No. II. Exercises, 132 THE HEBREW PRIMER And they shall measure (K.) He measured (K.) They (m.) shall measure (Pi.) Thou (m.) shalt measure (K.) And he measured (K.) I will measure (Pi.) It (m.) will be measured. And they shall rell(K.) I rolled. And he rolled (Hi.) They (m.} shall praise thee (m.) They did boast. He shall be praised. Praise thou (/".) Let it (/) praise. They (m.pl.} are praising. They (m.) shall boast. And they (ra.) covered (K.) She will cover (Hi.) Who cover (m.sing.) K. Let it (/.) cover (Hi.) And they (m.) raised up. Exalting themselves (m.^Z.) They were swift. Thou (m.} wast despised (N.) They (m.} shall be light (N.) He shall be cursed. And she cursed. They (m.) curse. Make thou (m.) light. He will despise. And they shall be swift. EXERCISE III. Give '^S in the imperative of the Kal. "n*? in the future of the Pignel. 7?n in the past tense of the Pignel and Hithpagnel. "ip? in the participle active of the Kal. And ?1?D in the participle of the Hithpagnel. EXERCISE IV. Give the same part as the word given in all forms used ia Exercise I. -nto 'nfe h r\ AND BEADING BOOK. 133 EXERCISE V. Translate the following sentences, observing the directions given in Exercise VI. on the Regular Verbs, page 111. na mn v\ T : on' w * nxn *ryn nx Tti-M ... .. _. j.. T _ ^ T _ . ay nan nan *vyrr tth'i ^73 n^ ran * - T - i - D\n^ * jn ^ D'3j5? * jrv x iiran 0^3 by ^x iaannna IT" :-;: cnn -N HDID ipina pnx ^ I ; | vv onnn I ra M a 1 ?!. 134 THE HEBREW PRIMER Vocabulary of the Exercise. T3 K. sheared, shaved. K. fut. with \ T! N* flock the firstling of head f2| K. and Hi. protected Onfe them, ^ not to be translated T2 spoil TT3 K. and N". plundered. K. plur. past W.S s?P spoil EB'n K. and N. was silent. Pi. made silent 1?? stone in, 3 like E^.? soul IE" inhabitant *K the isle 'K not DOJ K. devised, designed. K. plur. fut. WJ J^T the wicked H^ righteous, ? against the did n^ took, inf. nnf K. was warm Hit. warmed himself. K. fut. with 1, saw W fire 1K'3 flesh, const, form "T? tj child T3 fleece of b!3 lamb 1W the young (obj.of the verb) 150 K. favoured. Hit. implored D'nV : God 15 son D'?j5J the old (obj. of the verb) 13^?X us, the *>$ is not to be translated Q??? the palm of the hands Pi?fl K. engraved, decreed. Pi. ruled D?fn rulers pY (with) justice "WO foundation DDO N. melted. Hi. made faint 3jn wax, 3 like "I;! mountain vriljin under him 1> ? i;. 1 ? heart HN brother N. was desolate. Hi. laid waste. Hit. was aston- ished AND BEADING BOOK. 135 Vocabulary of the Exercise continued. >V Zion his dwelling place P appearance sanctuary i K. and Pi. rejoiced, sang. Hi. caused to rejoice ? daughter Df heavens tree 2! forest 'R^V righteous ones salvation ?*?<^$ widow Exercises on the several Classes of Verbs combined. EXERCISE I. Give the second person masculine singular past and future tense Kal of ^\ Pp3, nntf, TUp, *, nSj and X*\> ; the first person singular past and future tense Niphgnal of 31D, K'j?^ ^13?, IP?, ^7^, B?^ and ^I3j5 j the second person masculine plural past and future tense Pignel of j-13, "^ Fl?! 1 , and ''JK'3 the infinitive mood and the present participle masculine sin- gular Hiphgnel of pa, 013, ^ nin, and T?- EXERCISE II. Name the class of verb, and part of the verb, expressed by each of the following words : thus n'npp quiescent in n jnfin. Kal. Note 1 . Quiesce^ /erbs having 1 for the third radical, have the same form in the third person plural past tense Kal as those quiescent in 1 second radical ; the accent, however, distinguishes one from the other. If the word belongs to a 136 THE HEBREW PEIMER quiescent verb in H, the accent is on the second letter, and if to a quiescent verb in \ the accent is on the first letter : thus V2P they took captive, from T?^ ; ^'t? they returned, from 2-H?- 2. Quiescent verbs in 1 second radical have the same form in the third person feminine singular past tense Kal, as in the present paiticiple feminine ; the accent also here denotes the difference. If the accent be on the first letter, the word is in the past tense, and if on the second, the word is in the feminine singular of the participle : thus HD'fJ past, rVDj? participle. wi tt'i itfnin wan rrap nap ttfo T T T|T i |T -: tnn (^-) rvta *ntoiw nw wen pa *a* ntsn DJJ* nn qrv * w^en na -: T- D*s*Dia va^ Jia^a T ; T . T nifc] ^jri jan n^ri j*p *nan ^v toSan n'xa nx ( a EXERCISE III. Render the following into Hebrew. Note 1 . When verbs quiescent in 1 second radical have the accusative pronouns affixed, the future prefixes of the Kal and Hiphgnel have (:) instead of (T) ; the prefix H of the Hiphgnel has (-:) instead of (-), and the of the participle AND READING BOOK. 137 is changed to : as W^X* Kal from TlS, B3B>fl Hiphgnel from HB>, D5P'?i? Hiphgnel from f|, TOnp from D". 2. When verbs quiescent in n third radical have the accusative pronouns affixed to the infinitive, or when the letters 0753 are prefixed, the form of the infinitive is Hi not 1 : as ltf&3 from nSa, ftl133Pi3 from nj2- We returned. She caused to return. He will run. It ytff pi will be opened. He caused to rain. Thou (/.) hast made. nna Let it be built. We shall begin. It (/.) was destroyed. n?3 fen (Hi.) When we wished. When he runs. Thou hast chosen us. nyi inf. inf. ina 'Fiey sent away. It (m.} was removed. They shall touch. nS^ (Pi.) -no (Ho.) aa Touch thou (/.) Thou didst place us. Cause me to know. B? JT]J We had plundered. I will understand. They were opened. 3 l (Hi.) He will prepare. Prepare ye (m.) Thou hast understood. ? (Hi.) P2l (Hi.) They were revealed. To buy. They were swallowed up. Who build (m.y.) She built. We ran. To be bought. Subdue ye (w.) They (m.) will flow. To subdue. You will judge. *? C 1 ?) I" (Hi.) 138 THE HEBREW PRIMER Sanctify yourselves (m.) It (m.) shall be left. Those which are -IJT left. Thou wilt judge me. They did shut. Number (part.Xi.) (Hi.) 1JO TBD thou (/) Trust ye (m.) To make them reach. Thou (m.) shalt cause to inherit. I raised. He raises thee (m.) It (m.) ^?3 (regular) on (Hi) (Hi.) shall be known. Let me go out. Given (m. pi.) We will K* jru TT I - T fear. I lifted up. To praise. I brought out. Possess thou N ^ w?i *"u (Hi.) x ?;(HL) &y (m.) And I will teach thee. To try thee (m.) We shall say. JTV(HL) n ?3( pi -) " R 5? You called (m. s.) It (m.) was said. Rise thou (m.) early- K")i? D??' (Hi.) To give light. They will range. To give. From trying. toe (Hi.) taw (PL) ?na (Pi.) I was called. He will surely say. He looks. She shall 053 (Hi.) slay. He shall slay thee. I will surely blot out. To nw (PL) n-iD (HL) nno (inf. in n) cover. When thou didst cover. When he did cover. HD3 (Pi.) (Pi.) (Pi.) Knead thou (/) Cause us to return. Thou ahalt exalt me. sS n-n (Pi.) You will bring. Xi3 (Hi.) AND READING BOOK. 139 ADVEBBS, PKEPOSITIONS, CONJUNCTIONS, AND INTEBJECTIONS. The above parts of speech are expressed by words generally called particles, a few, principally denoting prepositions, are declinable with affixes like nouns, the rest are indeclinable. ADVERBS. o, "3H, H3 here, hither DC? there DB>O thence HSK* there, thither nbi r nb, nsrn nan hither and thither here, there, yonder ?n thence, farther, onwards na Tg, njiO r^K hither or thither n)7.y, HKt n ?- "^ until HO'32, n;2D within pn without n^O, *?i:sp above nap below x backward, behind 'K, n .^, *K where? JX, H35< whither] 1!XP whence ? nriy now DapS, D'3S^p formerly "<2 not yet, before that TNt then TXO since nj^ until njn ny, nb TV, nny. ny. hitherto ever ?, n ^ for ever n nViy, i^\ nSiyS f or ever and ever pri always, continually whilst, again, yet, more ^3 as long by day H to-day to-morrow , VlDlpX, ViODX yesterday ? already, long since Di^ the day before yesterday, heretofore ?? henceforth V at last J^P, "HO quickly when ? 140 THE HEBBEW PKIMER ADVERBS continued. iy, no nu, 3, K, *6, PB not "w alone ^I, PI only VW, ID! together DVS, nnK once D?OI?a twice Dy.35 DVD? as usual *>1N perhaps n^ y.-no wherefore 1 why ? nS3 how many ? how often ? na\s:, ^x howl KIB'S, pan in vain J3 well pS suddenly Dpip erectly, securely |?K not, besides T x , *W, "^y, I?/ are found with affixes like a noun : as *K where are they 1 '3^K not /, D"W while they, T"$ ww^7 thou EXERCISE. Translate the following words and sentences : nn JTSB * n3 ny * nxSn * n *- T : T Tfi nj; DID * nny T *- ; ; , #- . In the Hebrew Exercise upon this part of speech, and also upon those following, the translation only of words but seldom found in former exercises will be given, and those only in their simple form : (the verbs are rendered in their proper AND BEADING BOOK. 141 tenses) other words, as also the prefixes and affixes, must be supplied by the pupil. 2. In the English Exercise, where two or more words signify the same, use the first word on the right if no number is marked under it ; the second if 2, the third if 3, and the fourth if 4 is marked : as not r&, not, N? not ?X, not '? 234 Will go Abide Will bring servant went will provoke. have gone. QW3 IBfc * S2|T - t - -.- -: I : v I - : in the heavens will gather. sang. he finished. know. run ny_ vn^i ^ ro ^ have seen didst hear T T - - face. wilt hide command ns pn T | blood Will stand shall be done. TINS mo * TT . T ^__ came. is known shalt eat. will tell shall do. didst say. : D"i.5!& were speaking. 142 THE HEBREW PRIMER Always. Daily. Whilst. As long. Henceforth. Formerly. For ever and ever. To-morrow. Yesterday. Very. Truly. ]S"ot. Again. Once. Perhaps. How. Often. Suddenly. Already. Here stand. Do not approach. Whence comest thou ? 3 ^nfl They will return hither. Once in the year. Since thou hast 2 spoken. When wilt thou comfort me ? They will preserve me I ; v """ I i continually. And I led you securely. Which thou knowest : -T not heretofore. And sanctify them to-day and to-morrow. 2 2 By day the sun shall not strike thee. Then my enemies 2 will turn backwards. They had almost consumed me. I will not lift up. They will not speak well. 2 ' PREPOSITIONS. 4*?, ^? to, towards, at , n, QV with , yp, IP from, out of V?? ^ upon, against, on, above, by, over, on account of ^S near, at, by AND BEADING BOOK. 143 PREPOSITIONS continued. n?i), lO, "U? before, over against, opposite to '"tg, IV unto '3?> before after nn under, instead of, for between on ac- count of 3, 'D? according to rfci, ^3 without, except besides, except The prepositions IpK, nqK, ?, , *W, *!, , & " 3 > Jinn, are declinable like a noun in the plural number : thus *.3 upon me, T^P upon thee ; *3B^ before me, B^T?.?? before them ; fyp?, n^, ^X, 1^1?, n^l, Dj;, and n^t, like a noun in the singular number, and P like a noun in both numbers : as '*?y with me, ISP io&/4 him ; 'FIX wzi/e, y^e, ^JjlX toi^ ?K2 ; before 0r6 (..), the N having no point, as Dr6x3 . before nin*, tfig (-), as rniT3, n*6 ; before \ -, and the of the word has no point, as W, W, and before lynHK ( T ) and M 146 THE HEBKEW PRIMER sometimes (), as Vl^?, Dn -^| ; has followed by dagesh, as b'39, before 1 2 n H K it has () as oViyp- When the prefixes 751 precede the article ^, they take the point of the H, and the n itself is omitted, as " 1 ?^? for "^n^ According to all I did. Falling by the way. It shall be rvn against us. He alighted at the place. He struck him with Dis a stone. I walked in the field. A Psalm of thanksgiving. min We spoke to the king. Buy for us a little food. They wandered in the wilderness. Deliver from the sword my soul. nS^n He rules over the nations. On account of the greatness of /syi/tD D*i3 her iniquity. CONJUNCTIONS. ;, ^>1 but, nevertheless IK either, or P/, ?.? 7V therefore, wherefore *3 for, because, that, if K if, or X if J that, if as N^? unless IP lest T383, iyj?^ that a i$, 1J?! because AND READING BOOK. 147 Conjunctions are also expressed by the prefixes 1, 3, and ' V signifying and, but, if, that, or, lest, alt/iough, therefore, &c. 3 as : as "V.J73 as a city. V (instead of "^) tliat : D'D'fi^ that the days. to? has the affixes of a noun : as 01D3 as /, "'pQ? as iOi) a* he, "TIES as s/ ie> -UiD3 as we, 0.3*1223 as yow, Spio? EXERCISE. WK* ts -n&K \:h * ^n^ib p | v; v I v v I ** T * * T I * be angry. say. hated. }* ya^ ^ ^ 4 03*0? ^7 hast rejected. heard. days may increase there is none mayest know. believed. : m IK is* Dpj? t^n ttJi:^ D % a8? : brother. father Is there ? guilty Express by words the conjunctions in the following exercise according to their order : thus, the first if express by EN, the second by t l?>? ; the first because by *?, the second by 35V.> and so on. If you will say. If we had been sold. If thou buyest. If you will obey. Because she was afraid. Because you niwn nan* T "T would believe. That I should go. That every man 148 THE HEBREW PRIMER and woman. That you may remember. That they may keep. Lest you will be consumed. INTERJECTIONS. '<* <*s *!?, ?WK, in, MX woe ! alas! !^n far from it ! God forbid ! 3, K3, K3K I pray 1., ??, n?n behold ! lo ! nx, fin a h ! oh ! !}K, -I 1 ?, K^ that ! T ; > r ) *.? here I"Qri come ! EXERCISE. bought. seed. lord. give. * Q'lliD D^a nn >rn stubborn. way. were directed heal. Behold ! I have set before thee. O that ! there were 3 WJ a sword in my hand. Woe unto them who say ! Behold ! I send ! inn n3 2 Do not, I pray ! put upon us sin. that ! it would be a 78$ 2 n^n nstsn 2 |1- D'ri^ JO3 God created. The singular is sometimes used for the plural : as nn^l "*3? men-servants and maid-servants, for rttiB^M DH3J7* The genitive case has its sign 7$?, omitted in Biblical He- brew, and is denoted by the constructive form of the preceding noun : as ^SD 1?^ the word oftheJdng, for ^n 150 THE HEBREW PRIMER The dative is sometimes used for the genitive : as a Psalm of thanksgiving ; when >"^n or B?. precedes the dative the verb to have is expressed : V? n^n he had, -13? t?.* we Aav. The dative is often used in the same sense Avithout these words : ni32 'fly* I?? 1 ?' 1 w^ Laban had two daughters. The accusative, like the objective of the English, follows active verbs: ICyK'n n$ W\ and he made the table; it some- times also follows a passive verb : as TTSft ^ P~P~ ^ ie land shall be divided ; and is occasionally used in the sense of the ablative : as "Wi? n ? *J?X^9 when I had departed from the city, J"IK being used for IP' Three or more nouns signifying different things, are all but the last in the constructive form : "ipifi '$2 Vpt? the dwellers, of t/w houses of clay. When two nouns come together, and the first is in the con- structive form, the second is often used as an adjective to the first : as ?!D *'?^ valiant men. Adjectives and participles are frequently put in the construc- tive form : as 2.7 'I?'! upright in fieart, "02 *T1 they that go down to the pit. The absolute and constructive forms are occasionally used for one another : 12 *pin tJiey who trust in him y for to CTDV1 ; \M Dno rows of stone, for J2X nj^. When a noun in the constructive form is followed by the same noun in the plural number, or by one of the names of God, the superlative degree is expressed : as O'.OK'n *tp tJie highest heavens > '$ *"1.T1D very high mountains. Nouns repeated denote distribution, increase, diversity, and emphasis : as "H? TJV. every drove, nrj$| n!| "^? many pits, nS'Kl np'X great and small ephah, '33 :? my son, my son. AND BEADING BOOK. 151 Nouns are often repeated after numeral adjectives expressing different degrees: as D'?K> yy$\ r\W Qltyl KW 718*9 one hundred and thirty-seven years. Nouns are used as adverbs, some with, and some without, the prefixes D ? 3 : as fltpn^ hastily, H133 safely. ADJECTIVES : POSITION AGREESIENT WITH NOUNS DEGREES OF COMPARISON, ETC. Adjectives, as stated in page 31, are generally placed after nouns, and agree with them in gender, number, and sometimes case : as 310 "ll" 1 ! a good thing, 0'3'lD Q*1?' ! ' : good things. When they are placed before nouns the verb to be is understood : as p v Xrt H31D the land (is) good. A noun, which in English is neuter, must sometimes be sup- plied after a feminine adjective : as ni?n| ITTa.l'P jiBv a tongue that speaketh great (things). A singular adjective is sometimes joined to a plural noun : as TQf r'P ~^T thy judgments are, right. When an adjective or participle qualifies two or more nouns of different genders, it is generally put in the plural number and masculine gender : as Q^p.t <^~^\ BrP3.K AbraJiam and Sarah were old ; it sometimes, however, has the same gender and num- ber as the noun which is nearest to it : as n.?fi? '^PD.! '9X my anger and my wrath shall be poured out. The comparative degree is often expressed by "VW preceding the adjective, and the superlative by IXP following it, or by the repetition of the adjective : as P^V ^DV more just, "l^P 11 3 or HO 3113 very good. 152 THE HEBREW PRIMER Adjectives are often used as nouns : as D*i?H? Til ^ wa/ U f the righteous (men). PERSONAL PRONOUNS: THE VERB OMITTED EXPRESSED BY A REPETITION OF THE NOUN THE PRONOUNS DD Kin THE DATIVE AND ACCUSATIVE CASE, ETC. When personal pronouns are placed in a sentence without any verb, the verb t be is understood : as '?K P'l" 1 !? / (am ) holy, Wfl His it (is) a sign. A noun is sometimes repeated instead of using a pronoun : as n2B>n DK niB>j n3t|>'n DN bnB> '?.? npBh is repeated instead of in'lX if. Kin and D|? are sometimes used in the sense of the verb to be : as Nn sp$ D!$? p ^ e fo w / of Egypt is before thee. Personal pronouns in the dative case, without having any signification, frequently follow verbs : as D5? '^ abide. The accusative case of the pronoun is often omitted : as DTJ? ni?M and he took (it) from their hand. A personal pronoun is often introduced in a sentence in addition to the noun it represents, and also with a verb, although the verb includes the pronoun : as WH D| Win ?3! and Abel also brought (he), 151^) HPlK thou shalt speak. When pronouns are affixed to intransitive verbs, some prepo- sition must be supplied between the verb and the pronoun : as *P.->'. it shall dwell (with) thee. THE EELATIVE PRONOUN: OMISSION ITS CASES FOLLOWED BY D- The relative pronoun "IK'K is often omitted : as OH? N? in a land (that) is not theirs. AND BEADING BOOK. 153 Although ~>^ does not admit of any variation, yet its cases may be thus expressed Nom. 12^ who or which. Dat. v "i??^ to whom or to which. Accus. Tg>S, iniK TB whom or which. Abl. 13 -IK>X, tt$0 T^s in whom, in which, from whom, from which. The genitive is expressed by the possessive pronoun affixed to the noun following : ITH ~l*?K whose spirit. When the sign of the cases is prefixed to the relative 1^?. the antecedent is understood : as nb>$? "itJ'K J"l the (thing) which he did. When I^N and DK> or i"U3B> are connected, they express the adverbs where, whither, whence : HSB' Kl fifiK ~>t?fc? whither thou goest. When any preposition is required before "!$?*? it is expressed in the same manner as the dative or ablative case : the pronoun affixed to such preposition being in the same gender and number as the antecedent : as 0'./W }?b> nriN Y>$ p.Kn the land upon which thou liest. HyP fern. sing, to agree with P"JX- DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS : THEIR POSITION USED AS AD- VERBS INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS USED AS ADVERBS THEIR VARIOUS SIGNIFICATIONS. Demonstrative pronouns, like adjectives, are placed after nouns, and agree with them in gender and number. They have also the article prefixed : as ""IJ.n "l^n this thing, '" 5 ?*? 1 "? B'1^.0 these things. When the demonstrative precedes the noun, the article is 154 THE HEBREW omitted and the verb to be is understood : as "^D ^J this is the thing. H^XD J1NT this is the woman. ~f is often used as an adverb of time or place : as D W DOS !"tT now so many years, fl -13? -1^?' tarry here for us. The interrogative pronoun """?, fMp, no is sometimes rendered by why or Aow> .- vK py Y^"'' 1 '? Wty M cry to me? Ob'HO A0w goodly. With the prefixes 3, 3, 7 it has various signifi- cations : as i" 1 *??, i " 1 $? wherefore, wherein ; HE'S /tow mwcA ? how often? nd? w hy? what for? The interrogative *P placed after the thing or person inquired about, is rendered by whose : as '*? J"l3 whose daughter ? 'O followed by Itf" 1 ., thus 15! 'P, expresses a wish : as i^! ^ TI ^^ ^n-ID would that we had died by tJte hand of the Lord. VERBS : AGREEMENT WITH THEIR NOMINATIVES THEIR MOODS AND TENSES, PARTICIPLES, ETC. Verbs generally agree with their nominative case in gender) number, and person : as " I 5i?.vJ fl*- an d the servant ran, ^*?^!1 nip13n B^N and the men of the place asked, &OH D^l and she arose. Note. There are several exceptions to this rule, principally with the verb ^^ : as D'B'J ^V9 3 - ^1 an d women were not found; D'Cb plural feminine, X^p? singular masculine : 3^K n*1 and there were men; D'C^ plural masculine, and 'rn singular masculine. A noun of multitude in the singular may have a verb either in the singular or plural : as BJJH X"|M and the people saw, OJM 1N"]V1 and the people feared. AND BEADING BOOK. 155 A verb in the plural number, having two or more nominatives of different genders, is frequently put in the masculine gender ; but if the verb is singular, then it agrees with the nearest nominative : as -irDOJ DiTni^-l Dn\3^ their sons and daughters shall die, 1S*O. T3&J =W\ thy father and mother shall rejoice. When two or more nominatives in the singular number precede the verb, the verb is generally in the plural; but if they follow the verb, the verb is then put in the singular : as -l?y "lini. P~K WO-I And Moses, Aaron, and Hur ascended, pKIDjll }3? JJW and Laban and Bethuel answered. -w plural, IK3 sing. A verb preceded by "?? every, may be either singular or plural: as IXOn ^.? ^l?"'? every one willing -hearted brought, 715? 1^'?3 everything t/tat shall fall; the former verb in the plural, the latter in the singular. When a verb is in the third person, without any subject, the pronoun some one, or it, may be supplied : as K^i? I? '^ there- fore some one called, nb?B> ^l!?^? "'J.'l and it was told to king Solomon. The indicative mood, either with or without conjunctions before it, may be used as the potential or subjunctive mood of the English : as Vri may they be, te"}\ fJJQp that they may mul- tiply, XSyjjl ]Q lest thou lift up. The infinitive mood very frequently expresses the sense of some other part of the verb : as 1 flK 'Py'3 when he sent me (as the past), Vipn] Tpbn going on and sounding (as the par- ticiple). Connected with some other part of the same verb, it expresses emphasis : as N^SH X^^n it s h a ii certainly be found. The infinitive is sometimes used as an adverb or a noun : as Stp'H well, W$'$ thy going out. When a verb in the infinitive follows a finite verb, the former 156 THE HEBREW PRIMER is used as the principal verb, and the latter as an adverb : as KVP/ rn.np tJtou hast found quickly. JJHDP used as adverb. The past tense may be used as the imperfect, perfect, or pluperfect tense of the English language, according to the signi- fication of the context : as ^"!i?S / visited, I have visited, or / had visited. The past is sometimes used in the sense of the present, chiefly when preceded by "ntf; and in that of the future when 1 is prefixed to it, and frequently without the 1 : as D ^VT : DJ ^ you know, 'IN"]?? nnjJ tliey are now created, Dnt^lpl. aud you shall sanctify, Hisn JJ?2 he will swallow up death. The future is iised in the sense of the past tense when the continuance or frequency of an action is expressed ; also when 1 is prefixed to it, or TS precedes it : as "Vpn n*n }3 so it was always, -10.3J1 and tlieyfled, ^"P! TN then lie separated. And in the sense of the past or present when preceded by E1B ; as npV'. E1.P before it grew, jnfl B^Bn Dost thou not yet know ? The future preceded by the negative adverb /& or N? is used as the imperative : as IDNfi ?X do not say, ""I'fi K? do not go ; without the negative it is frequently used as the imperative : as K'VFiyear. The first and third persons of the imperative are supplied by the same persons of the future : as n ??? let me yo, "IDN* let him say. Participles, as stated in page 59, are often used with the per- sonal pronouns to express the present tense : as ^n *?JK / go. The present participle sometimes expresses the sense of the past or future tense : as HS?f* came out, D'pP ^pn behold I will establish. Participles are sometimes used as the present tense without having any pronoun expressed ; in such a case a pronoun of the AND READING BOOK. 157 third person is understood, as 2HK he lov'eth ; fiftt he who smiteth. Participles are used as nouns or adjectives : as 1OW he who keepeth, or a keeper, O' n ? opened or open. Verbs and nouns derived from the same root, are often joined together, as ">"J3 3.py.l "I 1 !?! and Jacob vowed a vow, D'???!} P^?? to make bricks. The verbs *|P and 3/iE> are often used as adverbs ; *1P* signify- ing more, and 3,15? again, as '39 niX"> fiB'Dri N? ye shall no more see my face, ^5DT : D&1 -^ e ^^ again have mercy on its. Many verbs express qualities, as '1* he was great, 03H he wa8 wise. The signification of verbs often depends upon the preposition or the word HS following them, thus "317 followed by fiX signifies to answer ; but when followed by 3, it signifies to testify. ADVERBS AND PREPOSITIONS THE LETTERS D *? 3 1 THEIR USE AND OMISSION ADVERBS, PREPOSITIONS AND CONJUNC- TIONS CONNECTED TOGETHER. Adverbs repeated denote intensity, as ""'^Q HBO very low. Some words are used both as adverbs and prepositions; some as adverbs and conjunctions; and others as prepositions and conjunctions, as v? not, without ; f\*$ only, but ; 7V upon, because. Many adverbs and prepositions have the letters D *? 3 3 pre- fixed, by which some become changed in their signification, and others remain the same with, or without them, thus TK then, TXO since, 21^ before, E"U?? before, /? upon, 7^3 accord- ing to, ?*? from, JOp from. Sometimes the prefix and the word are each rendered separately, thus \39? before, \}?>?P from before. The following are some of the principal having D 7 3 2 158 THE HEBKEW PRIMER prefixed, with their signification : "^???, *J?/? not, *J??3P be- cause not ; "13?D, " 1 5r besides ; Dt? there ; D^p thence ; *6 not; i6a without; T iri P, P 1 " 1 without; nriy now ; flPfcTp from now; BJ? little ; D1JO3 almost ; ^S 5 , ^9 not, without ; ^30 because not ; UK not ; P8, 1^3 without ; D'JB^ D3^O formerly ; ^ upon ; 7JJ2 from upon ; EJ/ , MK with ; M^?, 2i?9 away from ; nnjjl under ; nnJnp from under ; ;VX near ; 7^X0 from near ; "13.3 over against ; *U3|> corresponding with ; 133? in the presence of ; 1.3JP away from ; TO j over against ; ft?3 7 for ; "W unto ; iy? around; T3 between; I'SP from between ; 2'2E>p, 3OD round about; '1^?P, *1^3 except. Many prepositions are followed by the dative case : as W~b finplp from under the firmament ; iS?^? SOD round about tJie tabernacle. D *? 2 1 are often used for one another : as D'l?K^> TI? (70 m peace, instead of DiSl^ ; they are also sometimes omitted ; as n'jnB JV2 the house of Pharaoh, for n'jna TTO^ m ^/ie Aowse o/ P/iaraoh. 3 or 3 prefixed to a verb in the infinitive mood is generally rendered by when, and the verb is considered as finite : as N^3 when he came, ri1?33 when he ended. When two or more words expressing adverbs, prepositions, or conjunctions follow one another, they are sometimes rendered separately, but for the most part together as one word; as will be seen from the following : as DX ly, 1K'^ IP until ; !tV;D -|J> very quickly ; 1XP7 TJ? very much ; ^?3 "W till not ; D3OX et?ew ; D3"f|S besides, also ; '? ^^ 7no much more, Jww much less ; ? D| although ; CK 'nS3 f?ccep< ; SlD S towards ; JO ^K amo# ; ?" ^ 6e/*i?id; "Wg ^ Hereto ; nnj? ^ wr^er; V' in P ^ outward; JV3.D ^ within] \Q *f"in except; "!'$ ?V although; AND BEADING EGOS. 159 15 ^V therefore ; DX '? although, excep: ; 1? h? "3 because ; J? afterwards. A Iphabetical List of the Prefixes and Affixes. PREFIXES. X 7, future tense, as "^O/N / sftall learn. 2 In, with, by, on, &c., as ">'VS in the city; superlative degree of comparison, as Q'^3? H5J the fairest of women ; changes the sense of the infinitive : as N13 to come, N23 when he came. I definite article : as K'XH tJie fire ; vocative case, as I^D generation! relative pronoun, as "jpinn who goeth; interrogation, as C'TB'i} is there peace ? passive and causative forms of the verb, as * 1 i?^'!' to be visited ; TpP? he caused to visit, fin reflective form of the verb, as IS^nn fa. sold himself. 1 and, but, &c., as E'W. and a man, DJO but if, changes the sense of the tenses, as *J!PW and I will say, "ic'lNJ and I said. * .he or it (future), as "13^". he or it shall keep. 3 according to, about, as, 3 about twenty, IT?.? as a way ; changes the sense of the infinitive, ni;>3 to end, ni?33 when he ended. ^ to, for, of, in order to, as H$? to a father, t?N"6 for the head, ^HP- of the month, ypty? in order to hear. ft from, out of, on account of, as ^"^Q from the land, JV3O out of the house, ^IVP on account of affliction ; comparative degree as 2^9 " t 9 i ? more desirable than gold; some, as D 1 ^? some of the blood \ participle, as ""?_ P teaching. 3 passive form of the verb, as "M??'? /ie was kept ; we (future) as "lip?? we shall visit. \ V relative pronoun, conjunction ; as T??*^ tJiat descendeth, that (conj.) the days. 160 THE HEBREW PRIMER ft thou, (future) she or it, (future) as "ib/fi thou shall learn, she or it shall visit. AFFIXES. 1 feminine gender, as 31t3 B"X good man, fli'lti HB'X a good woman ; he r or zte (f.), as firp? Aer house, n*H'n?K ife (f.) young; her or if, (accusative) as ^pi?? Ae foo& for or i< ; sAe (past), as nnpB $Ae visited ; sometimes no signification, as VP^ or ""W^V Aeew ; ^ ^tm or i< (m.), his or t'te (m.), as I'" 1 "!???'! he will keep him or it, irn'lK Ais or its (m.) %Arf. DH ^ ei > or them (m.), as D-?*.?^. their eyes, DrVK>'iy toA mac?e them ; !$ i*A yow (f.) O, 1t3 their (m.), as DJPI 7 (f. ) ; sometimes no signification, as pyp^ or ; '3 me as '??.* hear me. H3 for or it (f.) as nS^Sn shcdt seek her or i. "W yott (f.) imperative, as "9?? ' he will keep him or it. -13 past tense, our, us, as W??J we remembered, 133 ?E o^*" king, (past), as fySir ^ow 7is o/tet/ ; *H 7, as ^3?^ I hid ; Dn yoM ( m .), aa DJlH?^, yow X"' ; HO^lp kingdom, from ^?p ; i"]^^ destruction, from ~O^ ; ?i^^'D account, from 3^n ; nny>\s bracelet, from *W>' j nnb^X nightwatch, from nnn'pp battle, from Dr6 ; n^VpP kingdom, from ^n ; understanding, from J-13 ; HlXSri glory, from "1XS- ^b/e. J and ' are often added in the middle of the root to form a noun : as ~>' 18 * treasure, from "!>'$ ; Sp-IK va^, from B/N ; ^n3 border, from '? Dl 1 ?^ peace, from 2?^; "I'VP harvest, frum "^i^ ; P^T?!? purification, from P1O ; "H'"!?^ mantle. Jf 16>2 THE HEBKEW EXERCISE. Give the prefixes that express the following : prepositions, conjunctions, personal! and relative pronouns, the degrees of comparison, the form of the verb, and the participle. Give the signification of the following affixes ; Dn in is ro to Give the affixes for the following : the plural number mas- culine and feminine, the constructive form, tht dual, and the accusative pronouns thee, you, me, and her. Express you (m.) future, they (f.) future, and you (f.) future. Say what letters are added to the root in the following nouns : out the Root, Reject the prefixes and affixes, and the three remaining letters- are the root: thus- ^TaW you w m remember; reject the prefix H, and the affix H3, as being the second person plural feminine of the verb, and the letters "1 5 T which remain, are the root : ^JJ^PK^D thy dominion; reject the prefix E and affix ri, as forming the noun, the affix ^ for the possessive pronoun, and the letters 7 L^ O are the root, EXEKCISE. Give the root of the following words : AND BEADING BOOK. 163 t rnbjpn * If after rejecting the prefixes and affixes only two letters remain, supply either ?, 3 or ' at the beginning, 1 in the middle, fi at the end, or the same letter as the second : examples, fti??? / shall take, from fig? ; TiK / shall descend, from TV ; *\*\ he will hurt, from *)3.3 ; 'fl 1 ?!? / arose, from D-lp ; vSJ The following two letters n* 'Ti < p /yv /3V / IV yn f hp are excep- tions to this rule ; for although there is a dagesh in the first, ' must be supplied before Hp and VF\, and * before the rest : as I" 1 !?*. from nj?S -lyPlp from ynS, a0 from ^ Mfrom ^ W: from , P* from PSJ, -in-!:V: from IV;, "?>! from nv;- 2nd. If a dagesh be in the second radical, the same letter as the second must be supplied : as *ni?jl from ??|' 3rd. If neither have a dagesh, and the prefixes have ~, 1 or ^, or if ;! come between the prefix and the radical, * must be supplied at the beginning : as 2$F\ from SB", Knio from B>V, 1D10 from IPJ, yrff) from P^- 4th. If * or fli (infinitive) follow the second, f may be some- times supplied at the end : as H vJJ, Jl'w from tipj;- 5th. If only one letter remain, 3 must be supplied at the beginning and n at the end : as ^1 from H33- 164 THE HEBREW PEIMER EXERCISES ON IRREGULAR ROOTS. EXERCISE I. Give the root of the following words : ton ; T T- EXERCISE II. Give the root of the following words Note. This exercise contains only words which have their last radical H } or the middle radical 1 omitted ; and their roots can only be ascertained by comparing their forms with the different parts of nba and Dip- nimS Dp^_ * p* epn * D 03H]? nho pn AND BEADING BOOK. 165 EXEKCISE III. On Words belonging either to Roots whose Second and Third Radicals are alike, or to those Quiescent in } Second Radical. Note. As the dagesh. in the second radical, which denotes the root to be of the double kind (as ^ from Tt!), cannot be placed in all parts of the root (as 2D-V from ^?) ; and as many parts of the roots quiescent in 1 are similar to those of the double kind (as tPPianp f rom JM3, ]$rayQ from 13")), observe the fol- lowing. When the word contains any of the two letters given below the exercise, its root is of the double kind, and when containing any other two letters, its root is quiescent in 1 ; thus ?~l is from the root 15*3, as P is given in the list, but W2- is from ^1S, as it is not found in the list. * nitsn air * aain ^iarv piari * pm T T ; | I T : * Dni onm * po * ti. aio Dip ns * y?nnD * tn _.. i*. Letters belonging to Roots having their Second and Third Radicals alike, alphabetically arranged. * on * ^n an * p "ft ia pa * ^a * pn p * jn * on DT ST on Sn * ao on no * D^ ca D Tin * nn 166 THE HEBREW PRIMER * Dp , 7p * ap ns .Afote 1. Some of the above letters may belong also to roots the last radical of which is ^ ; but the exercise does not contain any such words. 2nd. Some words containing two letters may belong to three roots, thus the letters ?J may be either from n?|, ??a or >13, these can only be obtained by practice. 3rd. There are a few roots which are considered by some grammarians to have * as their second radical, and by others to have I ; thus "WO or "1*1? to change. ACCENTS. Accents are used : 1st. To regulate the sense of words, by shewing whether they are to be connected with, or separated from, other words. 2nd. To point out the syllable upon which the voice must rest : as ^9^> they are of two kinds, conjunctive and dis- junctive. The following is a table of the names, form, and position of the accents. Note. The X is given to denote the form and position. The C. denotes that the accent is conjunctive ; if not marked it is disjunctive : thus K^I is conjunctive, being marked O.K. FOBMS. 0.* ms AND READING BOOK, 167 NAMES FORMS. N C. K N c. x c. K X X M 5 1p! The principal pause or disjunctive accents are (tf) P^D3 PflDj (X) rojpx, (N) ^an, (x) pop T ^r, (j<) !?i"ia ^ ; the (N) and () being the longest. The pause accents, particularly pIDS FpD and fi^K, change the point of the word to which they are joined : thus ">' for 1VJ ; ^pni for ^.pn?* When a word has the same accent upon two separate syllables, the stress of the voice is upon the former syllable, as K'Pf'D ; but when the accents are different, the stress is upon the latter syllable : thus 'IJTSPiy The accents K, , X, K (l'n' : ), K (KDt?>3), and X, do not serve to show the stress : thus ^P. 1 ?, this word is not read with the stress upon the syllable '?, but on the syllable np_- 168 THE HEBREW PRIMES The following do not receive the accent : A letter having a sheva, a letter having a vowel point in the place of sheva (to prevent two (:) coming together), and a letter followed by n when used for a preposition, or when it (the n ) has no signification. A dditional Rules for the Position of the A ccent. Note. As the following rules would be unintelligible with- out a knowledge of the verbs, they are introduced here instead of being continued at page 24. Verbs, the second radical of which has a vowel point, take the accent on the second radical, unless an accusative pronoun is affixed : thus 1?K, *\?T, RTOt; Participles, except in the feminine singular ending in fl~, have their accents milrang : as ^Oj5, n -?^r ^71-^9- The following class of verbs, having their accent milrang in the future tense, change it to milgnel when 1 (which changes the future into the past) is prefixed to them : viz. quiescent verbs, having K or ' for their first radical, 1 for their second, or fl for their third ; also verbs having their second and third radicals alike : thus nxrpn btf\ flfM ^5>!, *|ph s6, liy ^hn, mo; 01 : , DC? ncn, n;.5, jn>i, 3)03, nor,- Verbs, having their accent milgnel in the first and second persons past tense, change it to milrang when 1, (which changes the past into the future) is prefixed to them : thus When any point of a word is changed by a pause, the accent will be on the point changed : thus 1^.?' : l changed from jP^T It has been stated (page 23) that when the former of two words has the accent milrang, and the latter is accented on the AND READING BOOK. 169 first letter, the mili*ang of the former becomes milgnel : as ^O" 1 , PI* *T). In the following instances however the former word retains the accent in its usual position : 1st. When it has a disjunctive accent : ^5 2nd. When preceded by a makkaph : as B^J 3rd. When having a conjunctive accent, with NCC^? on the latter word : as 12 JjD'W- 4th. When having a dagesh in the letter accented : as E'K n| 5th. When having a silent sheva before the letter accented: as K3 \5>Q'- 6th. When its last letter is sounded, and is preceded by a long vowel : as fcOM line- 7th. When having the syllables ft, QD, 15, 0?, $, J? affixed : as *J DJ3'?3- VOCABULAKY. The following vocabulary will be found to contain nearly every word in the Book of Genesis. Note 1. All proper nouns are omitted. 2. The verbs are in the third person singular masculine, past tense (this being the root), but after the plan of many lexicons are translated as the infinitive ; each form is rendered according to the sense in which it is used in Genesis, the letters as in the exercises denoting the respective forms. Any form found in Genesis and not in the vocabulary, implies that such has its regular signification : thus Bn"1? is sought, from B'T} to seek. 170 THE HEBREW PRIMER X * a father, const. '3X and 1X } with affixes '2X, plur. Iliax 5 to consent, Hix'fl * mighty 5X Hit. to mourn ^ naourning 75 X mourning '3$ but, indeed 15? a stone P?X N.to wrestle, inf. ip35 "JX a mist jnx a lord, a master, the Lord "^X man red nx ground, earth, imx red 7-^ a niantle or SDX to love, nx love to pitch a tent, Dg tent, ^nx his tent iXor D7-1K but, nevertheless JIN strength, affliction P&5 Hi. to press in "UK to become light, Hi. to give light liN light a sgn to consent to TK then U'K ear, ^TX give ear fix brother, const. 'HX- with affixes 'OX, VHX ; plur. D'HX, ^nx, w ith affixes n, vn^ nx, const. "DX, m. rnnx (pause T^?) j one firet, some one, the same ! 1 ?^? few, the same 1HX reed linx backward ninx sister, riinss tnx to seize, N. to be seized or entangled, to get possession !"tfnx possession "1DX other, another, nnnx, n'nn^ T'K, 1W after, behind, behind him, nn I^X K. and Pi. to delay I? '1D.X afterwards |'n.riX behind, hinderrnost nnnx end nph^ backwards 'X island, V.X *X where? njp X whence ^.X an enemy, T^-** ^3'X enmity ^X where? n3X where art thou? AND READING BOOK. 171 TBhow? S^ a ram, D^K n^K a hind !"l'K terror P.K, ?' not, no B"X P none '3.?'8 lam not; ^^^ISV^n^/X nb'X where ? ^'K man, husband, male, each, one ?'X one to another jr B>K one to another JO? &"** one from another Jft'K strong, strength ^N only, but, surely '?? to eat, to devour; inf. with affix ^>?X, 0?bx ^2K or nJ3X food !5i< surely - 5 ? 1 ? God, power ^, "^ to, Unto, in, by, into, at, before ; ^K, 1'^S nSJ"?!;? towards > oath these, those God; pi. Dn% God, gods, or j oak Pi. to bind K a sheaf, J} utppX a widow widowhood X a duke *1?9 a thousand OS a mother, npN5 2^ if, not, or, indeed f"?X a maid servant, rtnos ; const. ninpK HSX a cubit HDX people, nation njpx indeed DD?X or D3PJC indeed IK N. to be verified. Hi. to believe, PP^n r to be strong, rpJ irpx or nnpx speech 1DK to say, "ibs. 1 ? saying O X yesternight ^)X truth, WDX nnripx sack N3X ! I pray HDX whither 13X we n?x we ?K, pause pK, ?X ships DT?K pi. of tf' ; const. ^, VK'JX J1DX mischief 1'P^ a prisoner 172 THE HEBEEW PRIMER X to gather, to take away, to put, *|bJ ^OK to bind, to harness, ">bx.J N". to be bound, 'I** nose, nostril, face, anger, '?K; dual D^SK, S|\BN *]K also, indeed '3 *|K although nSK to bake ; HBX a baker 12K or NiSN then, now ^K to vanish P?X Hit. to refrain oneself, pBXIVJ *i?N ashes 'VX to reserve ^.VN with, near, ^ with me rt3~)K a window yxn.K fern., njjanK mas., four ; rnjpx> yn-is f., nc'y nya-ix m ., fourteen ; D^ai.K forty |i"iX a coffin cursed manner, path a company ^.'.1^ or *"}S a lion ^">JK to lengthen 1~$ length, na^K n earth, land, ground, !*, nivnx : ; n^-ix to the land "!l*$ to curse , const. H^N woman, wife, female, W* ^X cluster of grapes X a grove guilt adj. guilty, C'P^ Pi. to call one happy, ^. relative pro., who, which, that, H3 l^K in which, IK'X in whose land, ^'K in whose midst, ft I^X to whom, to which, which he has, or which he had, V3Q> l^e? before whom; ?'.;$> 1?^ upon which ^ conj. that, when, so that, because, since ^"1^'S where ^j whence S "fix sign of the accusative, 'fiisC me, sjriiK thee -n with, by ; '!? with me, If) ^? with thee ? HK before K thou, f. X thou, m. a she ass, niiinx x you, m. K or H3^IK you, f. AND READING BOOK. 173 1K3 a pit, a well, S?K3 Hi. to make odious "M?K3 because B^ T*? where m a garment; HJ3, 77.3 3 for the sake of "ij!??p3 for the sake of thee ^13 Hi. to cause a division, ^E3 SD3 desolation ^H3 N. to be troubled rori3 cattle X13 to come, to enter, to set. Hi. to bring N3 contempt 1*3 N. to understand 113 a pit, a well ; n^sn into the pit 2^3 Hit. to be ashamed I" 1 }.? here I"rt3 to despise N3 to plunder pro without i"3 to try 1^3 to choose fit? 3 in safety }t?3 womb D'JPS nuts iD5 before ? between ; r3-l-p3, ^-J'3 between and n;3 a house, cons. IV3; "inbrt n*3 a prison D3 to weep first-born rntoa birthright m;?5 elder n'D| or '?? weeping M?3 to became old ??3 to confound ^-3 to swallow Hy?? not to me, not in me T3$l without thee >n^3, DX 'rta except HQ3 by what? 1? a son, the young (of animals or plants), descendant; old, (before nouns of time); as H35? m>J B^-}3 13 yearg old, const. ??;, ^?3 ; HD3 to build, to make; may obtain children -VQV3. for the sake of T!P?5 for the sake of thee, "IV? through, for, behind TI23 for thee 174 THE HEBREW PRIMER *liy3 within, whilst 13"ny3 whilst he ?y_3 a master flH? by* confederate D^n j?j>a archers bya r6-iya married vya cattle TO profit "1^3 N. to be restrained ^3 N. to be broken up ; Pi. to cleave fiJ?p3 a valley "lp.3 morning 1i?3 cattle, herd, ox or oxen 23i?3 within, i31 : j?a within it, BS'ipS within her t : i?3 Pi. to seek ")3 corn *O3 to create *na grisled ^13 iron rna to flee KH3 fat, ntena M*1? a covenant 113 K. and Pi. to bless; Hi. to cause to kneel down, N. and Hit. to bless oneself, to be blessed. Hi. fut TO ni"!? a blessing, const. T$ knee, ^1? '^3 Hi. to ripen flesh 3 a daughter, branch; *J;I3, ni:a, const. Kua a amongst, in the midst of; in the midst of us, a vrgn Pi. to divide a piece, ?K| to redeem 1133 strong, mighty a'nj high, O'vi33 : 71 a 3 border y.'3* a cup, T?l I'ai a master, a lord MV T a| a hill, nijQjl, const.niya.3 "11| to prevail rn.5! mistress, 'Pinijl "1| good fortune "II to attack 1HJI troop ?n| great, the elder H| a kid, **# ?l|l to be great, to grow ; Hi. to make great nl| body W a nation, Q?^ yi| to expire "1-13 to sojourn AND BEADING BOOK. 115 * a young lion tf3 to shear ^J to rob s\l a young bird 1J.I a piece, D'lTJ pna belly I'l sinew n?a K. to be revealed ; Hit. to be uncovered r6| Pi. to shave, rfa ?3 a heap ^>| K. and Hi. to roll ; Hit. to attack 0) also, moreover, even ; D j~D3 both and NE3 Hi. to cause to sip ?QJ K. to reward, to render, K. to be weaned ^3 a camel, D'^3 1* a garden 233 to steal W to rebuke, 118! 15.^ vine JT"!53 brimstone 13 a stranger 0]}3 strong 111 threshing-floor ^13 Pi. to drive out 0# rain 1. report, D3131 1 to cleave, to overtake. Hi. to overtake, PS"]! 1 K. and Pi. to speak 1 a word, thing ; "HI JV on account of l. honey or J1 fish 1 to multiply corn mandrakes jll K. and Hi. to rule, to judge 111 a generation, plur. rni'n 71 poor P?l to pursue hotly J"^1. door D1 blood, i1, D5P1 . likeness i knowledge P?1 to overdrive pi thin 1111 thistles ^ll. way, journey, '?"]1 1 to seek &?1 Hi. to cause to spring forth, to shoot forth, H8nri gn grass n here these 176 THE HEBREW PRIMER *|K? also 1 nPKPl art thou ! n2n come ! X-in he, it ; Kinn this, that ""I VI to be, imp. Hin D'l'in parents !t:Mnn without, outwards X'H, XVI s he, it; K'Pin, NlPin that T^ to be, to exist, to become 'h n;n I had ; n rvn lie had eD is there? D?S> B>!n have you 1 **'!?, KY?n not (interrogative) nsbri back, away OvH here fiTJ?n this, that ^n K. and Hit. to go, to walk nsn, on they, (m.) }1!0n multitude ir 5 behold I? they, f. nn behold, '3?n (pause ?|n) behold I ; 1|n, T]3n ^3;? they, these '^3;? hither, hei'e 7]nn to turn, to overthrow ; inf. with affix '??!} n ??D ovei'throw "V? mountain; Q")"!v!! their moun- tain H2"in great Jin to kill "Tin to conceive, pnnn f ar O ff JV"in conception, ^.lin 7DH to deceive Pipnonn to delay a child 1 r 1NT : a wolf DNT this, f., "T this, m. "'?t to give nnr a gift !"!3T to sacrifice HIT a sacrifice, D'Drt 'PIT to dwell i^J gold ; const, ^nt HU olive "l?f to remember ; Hi. to make mention of 1ST male DDT to devise "T]P? the best part riPT perspiration *|Vt to be troubled ^i^JJt cry Ii?.t to be old ; adj. old, elder n3j5T, D'?j?t : or ii5f old age AND READING BOOK, 177 Vnt arm ft~}\ to shine 1'"}T to sow ; Hi. to produce iry. seed, font ^7 VT . ;ind Hit. to hide one- self Pi. to embrace ?H to join VlSn stripe, wound ?fi to saddle TUP] a girdle in to cease in a room, frnnn to the room }n a month Din thread ?in sand D-in dark coloured D-in to pity TH shore pjn K. to be strong, to prevail, Hi. to lay hold of. Hit. to strengthen oneself to sin. Pi. to bear the loss, '~ | 39~K sinful or sinner 1KDH or xpn sin D'tan wheat "D third pers. past tense of n^ri ! const. 'D, plur. 3 M .n ra. ; liv- ing, alive, living thing, lite, beast *D const. H'n or W^TI same as V'T const. n life, .", Tn ^n K. to live, to revive. Pi. and Hi. to give life, to keep alive '? wealth, valour, C?^n 'H bosom >7?n red wise n milk D fat, the best n to be ill n a dream, nici?n '0 a window ?V n change 'H wounded >n Hi. to begin. Ho. to be begun >? Pi. to defile ??n unworthy, far from it ?H to dream, Q 1 ^ 1 -!', iT??D3 ?H Pi. and Hi. to change I'^D the loins ?H K. and Pi. to divide >y portion, DP T ?T ?n smooth ^?H smoothness, portion o 178 THE HEBREW PRIMER Dn heat DH a father-in-law, TPO nK??n butter nnon costly ncn anger nicfi mother-in-law 'V'PC 1 compassion, piiy to be heated violence IDH bitumen mortar Cfi an ass E>Br Pi. to give the fifth part t ; pn const, E'SD f., ncj'pn const. n^?n m ., five ; rrfefy ^9" f., 1B>JJ ne>pn m., fifteen ; D^pn fifty: aten m , r n^rj f., fifth t^pn the fifth non bottle ron to encamp 523n to embalm D*U3n embalming "n'?0 trained, 1^ ( ?D his trained men ID grace D|n gratuitously I?n to be gracious. Hit. to implore mercy "ion niercy, llpn ^n to want, to dimiutah, Cn to be pleased with 3H to dig Pi. to search }*D an arrow, D'->*n to divide *n a village, pi. Dnxq a law, portion, Cf5~ \?? a law IH to dry "1H drought "?.? sword, 1?"in ry land n to tremble, Tirr n fear mj to kindle, to be angry ; "*!? '~"10 thou art angry D'SOl.n scribes *"in white bread *l")n winter nS"in reproach, K'lH Hi. to be silent, E : nnr5 t^'II? ploughing engraver K>n to think, to deviso 5^'D or ^l^n darknes n to withhold K'n to long for n fear, DDnn f ea r AND READING BOOK. 179 or npn signet ?nn Hit. to intermarry jnn son-in-law, ^?n[) to kill P!3t2 executioner ^30 to dip n a ring, clean T'9 Hit. ~l~Bn to clean oneself lio good HO goodness, the good, the best "09 Pi- to shoot; part. Pi. const. *J.nop !"H'p a castle 7? dew N?D to be spotted , KOO Pi. to defile 100 to hide ]VO to load, imp. 19 children, family, Q^P not yet, before 119 to tear to pieces. Pu. 110 pass. ?!"C prey that which is torn ?X Hi. to undertake "HX* a river DiJ Pi. to marry B'?; to be dry, inf. n^ dry land pJJ sorrow ?V: labour, const. .? 1' hand, nil* portions, times n*]J Hi. to praise yT to know. Hit. to oneself known ^D* to give ; imp. 2n O r DV day, plur. D'P* days, const. *D' days, a year ; n"i?n DV birth-day W a dove ^C 1 ! to unite I'l 1 ?- together "n; only one, TV?; Vnj N. to wait DH^ to conceive 20J to be good. Hi. to dc good, to do right j $ 1". it may be well with me ; 3O"! I.'?? and it pleased I?! wine, 13V. n?J Hi. to decide, appoint, reprove. N. to be judged, convinced, or vindicated 180 THE HEBREW PRIMER ; K. and Ho. to be able, to prevail vj K. and Hi. to beget, to bear ; N. and Pu. to be borne b* a child, DH T H n -i?' : rnS>! a girl IY* one born *fe to go CJ sea, west, D't?I O'P.'. mules I'*?' right side, right hand IP' Hi. to turn to the right; fut. Wtpw P3* Hi. to suckle, PTD *)PJ K. and Hi. to continue, to add ; used as the adverbs more, again IV* iV! because ""PJ const. HD> m., n^ const. JIB*, f., beautiful JpP! future Hiph. of nns shall enlarge N^T to go out, to rise. Hi. to bring out 3V Hi. to set up, to place, to leave VW\ couch, W! P* to pour iy; to form, nyn IX! imagination ^C 1 !?- gathering ^2' to become dislocated Y\T to awake, fut. fl?"., ('PI! ^.J to fear, K"]^ fut. n?i: fear T\l to go down. Hi. to bring down, to let down TV to cast. Hi. to direct Dl' moon ^04 loin, thigh npT! border, inpT PI' greenness t^l' to possess, to succeed in possession. N. to become poor ?. or &'* is, are, was, were, ai$; D?^ you act, if.: n^J : P thou sendest, 'V ??. there is to me, I have, 1J^ t^. ( . we have 1K' to dwell, to sit, to remain. Hi. to settle ny-lB". salvation 1^1 to sleep, fut. 1^'N 10J N. to be left. Hi. to excel "tn.J excellency 1K3 to feel pain 1^X3 when, as, since *O3 to be heavy or dim. to be honourable AXD READING BOOK. 181 " I ?3 adj., heavy, rich, grievous "fas honour, 'T^? 0?3 Pi. to wash rn2? a measure k"?3 to subdue I?*?? a furnace W3.3 a lamb I? a pitcher >"I3 thus, here fi'?3 to be weak JD2 a priest, D'3Pi3 3313 a star Vi3 Pi. bjpjfc to sustain J-13 N. to be fixed. Hi. to pre- pare D13 a cup D3 strength, power, 'H3 1H3 Pi. to hide Pn? Pi. to deny *3 for, that, because, when, if, but, only; OX '3 but, ex- cept, li? ?y *3 because, since 133 a plain "?3, 73 all, every, any, whole, ^3 all of it, ^3 all of us, n#3 all of them, D^ 1 ? to all of them ^3 N. to be withholden, to cease !">?3 same as N?? to witlihold, fut. n!??) ^3 K. and Pit. to be finished. Pi. to finish, to consume ""Vl entirely i" 1 ?! a daughter-in-law V? a vessel, stuff HQ3 how many 1 to? as, like ; 'ate? as I, 1D3 when ^PS N. to become excited J3so 1? true, D-:3 1? affix '33 a place llf^? suited to him *]J3 a wing 1133 a harp K{?3 a throne fips PL to cover, to conceal. Pu. to be covered. Hit. to cover oneself *P3 N. to long for *]D3 silver, money ; *l3,iy ^IP? current money *l? the hollow, sole, hand ; dual D?S3 hands 123 to pitch 153 pitch " l ?3 Pi. to appease 13 furniture, saddle TJ3 to dig, to buy Q l? a vineyard 182 THE HEBREW PRIMER PIS to stoop m_3 to cut off; JT"!fl m_3 to make a covenant, """TV?? S3 a lamb, D3B>? nbs to become fat runs or naha coat, D*?? n.gin a stately coat, ^?P3 ; const. plur. MNj 1 to be weary t| t3X? at my ease afoj) people, n9K<> !? heart, D2 1 ?, D?3^ alone, fa?? he alone, I?"!? 1 ? or ny*3^> or B^ garment K a lion 'n^aS not )?7 to make bricks 15 1 ?, or fik white nan 1 ? brick, no?V nplb poplar l^?^ 1 K. to put on. Hi. to clothe nnS to be exhausted DH? flame A that Ki 1 ? not ^ N. to be joined Vo an almond tree unless 1*6 K. and Hi. to lodge, to tarry K'-l ? to knead IT? moist Dpb bread, bn 1 ? u? myrrh S^P? to sharpen r^i? or ^ night n?? come f?,b therefore tpS, $ why ID? to them ^p 1 ? to whom, whose |VO? for the sake of, in order that " I 2.? 1 ? before, T 5 !?.?/ before thee niii? for, in front of, opposite 3j Hi. to feed ''D 1 ? according to TS? a flame '3-pb before, ^j?/ 1 before me, T?..? : ^ Hp 1 ? to take. Pu. and Ho. to be taken. Pu. nnj37 I2i?7 K. and Pi. to gather "]?? towards, over against '^ tongue, ms'VJ'p D one hundred, plur. dual DiriSD two hundred AND READING BOOK. 183 very ; "p "top, ISP2 exceedingly p any thing top light, n'niKp 7KO since P.XP whence ^DSTO food J"fett a knife ISO Pi. to refuse J"IKQ from, *nO, ^flKtt .. ... ^ r ... flood O choice rV3Q -within a tower P precious gifts "MO pilgrimage, '!& JJ Pi. to deliver ISP a shield ~)2"1Q a wilderness y-np why t TO, np, no what ? how ? nx'pnp beyond liTO Pi, to hasten 1"O dowry ^lO K. to circumcise. N. to circumcise, to be circumcised birth, descendants appointed time, a festival fear, Dp^D a dwelling-place n-1O to die. Hi. to put to death (const. HID) death an altar from hence food to blot out without a law-giver vision i" 1 *^ sustenance of life n PD.P a camp injp or TTinp morrow K'DP thought ^0P laying bare ^p a bed a staff treasure Q*pypp savoury meat "'^O Hi. to cause to rain Sp'P the best Q!P (const, *P) water TP kind or species, 13*P^ after its kind Fli^P nurse milch covering "OP to sell rnip a sword *^P to fill, to be full, to be fulfilled. N. to be full or filled. Pi. to fill full 184 THE HEBREW PRIMER P an angel, a messenger p work, property besides a multitude n^ salt fien 'p to Egypt '1XP an Egyptian Dipp a place, ntoipp ViUP a staff, a stick, ^?3 Pi. to feed. Hit. to lead on, fnt. ?fe$$ ">?3 a river fi-13 to rest. Hi. to leave, to place D13 to flee K-JM terrible "W3 pottage "W? the separated one C.T3 an ornament for the ear or nose, D*CJ? nnj K. and Hi to lead 7H3 a valley or brook n^np inheritance ED? N. to be comforted, to repent, to comfort oneself. Pi. to comfort. Hit. to com- fort oneself n? desirable D3 Pi. to divine fl3 a serpent ?3 to spread, to extend, to pitch, to incline, to turn. Hi. to hold out B3 to plant to allow ? posterity HN33 spice 133. grandchild, n?3 ^33 Hi. to smite, to kill ?33 Hit. to conspire "i?3 Hi. to recognise. Hit. to make oneself strange 133 strange n?3 or 133 a stranger np3 Pi. to try ^P5 Hi. to pour out ^JD3 a drink offering ^?T to journey, to depart V} vagabond on.!iy3 youth, VTiy? ?y5 a shoe QJ?3 to be pleasant 1JJ3 a youth, lad or boy ^1^3 a damsel PtS3 to breathe 7^33. a giant *?B3 to fall, to alight. Hi. to cause to fall. Hit. to attack r?3 to be scattered 2*5.3 soul, life, mind Dv-inps struggles 3>'3 N". to stand. Hi. to place, to erect, to set up. Ho. to be erected n-X3 a flower 3"ii3 a pillar ^3 N. to be saved. Hi. to deliver, to take awuy AND READING BOOK. 187 ^P3 to appoint ; imp. -"^p.^ nap? female ~tp3 speckled n i?3 N. to be clear 'p.3 clear, innocent P'P? innocency" Op_3 Ho. to be avenged N'b3 to lift up, to lift, to bear, to spare, to forgive ; '3D W&\ he will accept of me K'3 Hi. to deceive 2^3 Hi. to chase away ab'D Hi. to overtake, to reach i^^'3 Pi. to cause to forget K'b>3 a prince D^3 const. T3, plur. of n$?K, women, wives, '^3 WJ to bite nrp'^'3 soul, const. MB0 P??3 to kiss, to obey. Pi. to kiss JD3 to give, to put, to set, to allow, to consider, to grant. N. to be given a measure to surround. N. to sur- round, to turn away D or rVQ3p round about a thicket 71D to bear ~I3D to close "TO a secret D-1D a horse "I-ID K. to depart, to turn in. Hi. to remove, to draw off JT1D a garment "ID? to traffic inb a merchant, D'l.tP !"I|D a booth 75 p Hi. to act foolishly I5p K. to be shut ^P a basket, Q^P, \W D?p a ladder n^b flour qJDD to support Qnyp blindness "IVD to revive, to strengthen ; imp. -nyp "Ipp to mourn !"!OD to destroy "iSp to number. Pi. to tell IDD a book D'"!p an officer crip pi. to stop 1 Dp N. to be hid, to be absent 1?J to till, to serve ; future 13^ a slave or servant, 188 THE HEBREW PRIMER iy servants ni2J^ service ?*? to pass. Hi. to cause to pass, to remove. K. fut. liny;- Hi. fut. ill!! ?y. on the opposite side riy wrath !?!? a Hebrew 3y cake J? a heifer a wagon until, unto, before, DM iy, i f fx. "iy, DK "iK'K ny, '? ny_, until ; nan ny until here, since, hitherto ; !"I3 ny_ yon- der, "litfp ^^- exceedingly ; t^iy iy for ever y. a witness booty IV. a witness ^3"!^ pleasure *n.y herd, flock, drove, Dnnj? D^-ll? lentiles 231 y organ "W Hi. to protest *W yet, again, whilst, awhile, still, besides, nf y > 7 lT y isniy, nriiy pi ur . ^iy D?^ for ever, old, everlasting jiy r iniquity >iy to be with young W Pi. to fly *|W fowl iiy skin, nniy TV. a goat, D'*y ty or ty power, powerful 2U to leave IJ.y helper, help ?)py K. and Hi. to be feel le. Inf. Hi. TPVJ3 t2.'J7 bird of prey TV eye, well, const. ?'J| ; *J'V. c.^ry, ^;y, TV. 1?. faint Ty a city, nny r "i'y a yoang ass, Q'T^. DTy naked, DSTy. "i?y to trouble ^, V^ upon, concerning, over, by, towards, on account of, besides, against, because, to, at, with, ^y, Y^y , tfy Jl'niX 7J/ on account of v? ^y because not 11^ by on account of J3 ?y therefore '3 7P according to 3$ ^y before Vy yoke, i>iy ^?y to go up, to arise. Hi. to cause to go up, to bring or carry up, to offer AND READING BOOK.' 189 Tty a burnt offering ~*?V a leaf, const, nhj no^V. darkness t'l vlj most high, uppermost TO^JJ a young woman ^y Hit. to wrap oneself cy with, by, near, B^y, with her ID? to cease, to stand, to stay, with me y trouble DO' to load P9^ a valley or plain 3W grape, 0*33?. !"i?y to answer. Pi. to afflict. Hit. to afflict oneself '?y. affliction, ".3V my affliction ?3JJ Pi. to cloud ; inf. with aff. -P..'^ heel, the rear of an army "i'X. 3py. because ~ipj to bind, "!ipy.I Ipy ringstraked "ip.V Pi. to uproot "^y barren 3"?y to stand as surety, '3?"?V? 3"?.V. evening, 3"iy no?? at the turn of evening 3"iy a raven fQiy a pledge T" I O rny Pi. to empty ~py nakedness S'liy subtle, cunning 'T~)y. childless "=fi% to set in order, to join, Ijy a cloud -|?y dust W. a tree, wood 3^y N. and Hit. to grieve }12-)y or 3^y grief DVy to become strong DW bone, self, CVH Ci'S? self same day, 'O^JZ "TSy to restrain ^py to supplant uncircumcised foreskin naked, O'On^ chestnut tree neck herb ~&y to make, to do, to prepare, to acquire, to practise, to perform, to produce. N. to be done ten f., n^i;, n^y m . tea. smoke Hit. to contend 190 THE HEBKEW PRIMER BTJ Hi. to enrich, &%* ?1? riches V Pi. to give a tithe, 'W^TO nf y. twenty y. time fty, now a he- goat y Hi. to remove, P^IV! y to implore, fut. "? fut - N. "iflyf,! WB to entreat, to alight, to meet ")JB carcase, D'"!3B K'2B to meet HS mouth, opening, command, edge, const. 'B, with affixes 'B, TQ fiS here 3 -IB to be taint P-IB K. and N. to be scattered. Hi. to scatter 11B Hi. to break TTS to be strong *mB fear Tnp wantonness t?3?'B concubine X?B N. to be wonderful i?B N. to be divided K'.?!?? same as ^?*B concubine D^B a fugitive HQ^S or Htpv? escape, deli- verance ??S Pi. to expect. Hit. to pray HJS to turn. Pi. to clear JB lest D'DS presence, face, surface, person; T??,'.'?, '?.? ; "^ t - before, towards D5iB N. to be troubled D? time ; DPBrt this time, now; D'py? times; DJOJJf twice n^'3 to open H'B Pi. to peel ni?^'B streaks y^'B a wound, 'PV? res to press, I^B'T IpB K. to visit, to charge. Hi- to appoint |'nj5B deposit Tp.B an overseer HpB to open, np_Q1 IB a bullock, a heifer >OB a wild ass TIB to separate ni T B to be fruitful. Hi. to moke fruitful f"iB a cow. n'ns m.B to bud, part f. 1? fruit, V-15 AND READING BOOK. 191 'PJ3 to burst forth, to increase, to spread abroad 'i*7- 3 breach p^S to break t^ T 3 a horseman J"l?S fruitful, part, of '"H? GL*>3 Hi. to strip y&$ transgression, 'V^'fi np a piece, a morsel nri3 to open. N. to be opened. Pi. to ungird nns door, opening, entrance, nn^i|n to the entrance *?'ri3 a string ^fl? N. to wrestle ID? to interpret, riS interpretation flock, flocks host, army >* to gather IX side, PHV n*t or !~'"V>' provision P^.V just, righteous P! to be just. Hit. P^PV" to justify oneself n"!V righteousness "^DV a window D'.VtY noon ^ neck, ^X?V, VTXJS ""V to hunt i^JV Pi. to command, to charge PO? to laugh. Pi. to mock, to sport TV venison, hunting; rtf* tt ''^ n.'V a cunning hunter, "V? V23 he ate of his venison ?>* shadow n?y Hi. to cause to prosper, n'?Y'? prosperous C^>^ image, iO? V^ a rib vh* to halt, y^'v nov to grow. T.C 1 ^ growth TOX bracelet C3i to be withered "iy^ to shoot up ?V the younger one n'i'i the younger, youth V to cry, PX!! T J$ cry to watch i north, northward V bird y an enemy a bundle y distress balm S to be distressed; i^ and he was distressed 192 THE HEBREW PRIMER YlDp a burial-place to gather ">?P T to bury. N. and Pu. to be buried *">? a burial place, i~Efi ~np T to bow C HP T east, east wind E"!P east, no-ip east of "P^R crown of the head ^'1P r Pi. to sanctify ?7P, au assembly '~l1p T N. to be joined. Pi. to wait for ?'lp voice, fame O'lp to rise, to arise, to be con- firmed. Hi. to establish, to raise, to arouse no'p height, ~n-;ip r'P to be weary Vip thorn "nip a roof, -rnip |b^ to be unworthy, *fl?bp r ;op or ;bp r little, young, nacj?f. "ib'p smoke V.*P_ summer ??p to be diminished. N. to be despised. Pi. to curse r '??P. a curse TOp meal -Cj? handfuls IP a room, E'?? X3j5 Pi. to l>e jealous of, *?&;! '"I3|") to purchase, bo obtain, to possess M3p a stalk i'?P possession } p. end ; ^15? at the end, after !"!>'p end ; n ;-fi?P some "i' % 3>p r harvest *1V2 to be angry ip cold X-lj? to call **$ to befall ^1P r K. and Hi. to approach, to draw near 2T)p inward part ; ^p? in the midst, among, within '"HP to befall. Hi, to cause to happen I n-)p cold P.P horn, V3-1J2 V?P r to tear, to rend, $np.*5 ~^'p r to be cruel. Pi. and Hi. to make difficult or hard ^V* R ac \j- ^ hard ~i?'P T to bind; part. ^"'P T strong; pavtic. Pu. riiiyp?p strong K'p a bow, 'Jy^'P J'P an archer AND READING BOOK. 193 *n to see, to behold, to pro- vide, to look out. N. to appear. Hi. to cause to see, to shew. Hit. to look at one another *p : behold head, top -) first, former beginning 31 much, many, enough, the elder 3"1 abundance, multitude 33"! to become abundant, to increase 33"! to shoot n 53") ten thousand ""Q"i to be great or much, to grow up, to increase, to mul- tiply. Hi. to increase, to multiply, to enrich ; ^"in adv. greatly, much T3"3 a chain T31 : m., mpT] f., fourth f3"l to lie, to couch T3"1 to be agitated ^ Pi. to spy ?3Q t ne fort, pace ; *?31c since my coming JTT} to rule *)"!*} to pursue > gutters 3-11 K. and Hi. to quarrel "N1 Hi. to rove about ttl" 1 breath, wind, spirit ; D n DVrt cool of the day I^lt Hi. to smell T3 space 0^1 to be elevated. Hi. to raise, to set up P"> to run. Hi. to bring back quickly pn Hi. to empty, to make ready 3rn Hi. to enlarge 3m. a street enough inn breadth, ^HT a ewe DHT womb mercy, compassion, W) PL to hover, part. J"I9 KO"J to wash, imp. i^l PHT to remove ; PDl^ distant, pim r O afar off in strife nn odour, smell; nim? nn sweet odour P*1! empty f>'"! empty 194 THE HEBREW PRIMER T5 tender, 3?n to ride, Hi. 3? 7- a chariot 33 "I rider B>;n or KJ-131 substance, goods ^5*5 to gather, to acquire i- t deceive 7 to creep &} creeping thing y~l evil, bad, sad, the evil ; *TO JH displeasing V"! a friend, associate, the other JT> badness 3y"l to be famished j'-Qjn or 3jn famine njn to feed fiy/l a shepherd, feeding fijp shepherdess "Hi") ey il> wickedness yy_"J to be evil, to be hurtful ; Hi. to do evil SST to heal NB"l a healer, a physician n^T to be pleased jl"l will, pleasure r^J Hit. to struggle PI only PI poor, thin, flip"] empty ypl firmament, const. V'p.1 wicked V to draw t? Hit. to be amazed ; part. grave, pit to ask N. to remain S??' remainder 5P to take captive a week an oath a tribe or sceptre 3S? ear of corn, plur. DvS.B' ^ const. V3^ f., ny T ?K> const. ny^ m., seven ; iTT? y?^ f., ^5 ny T 5B? m., seventeen; Dy3 seventy; 'y.'3^ m., n^?^ f., seventh . to swear. Hi. to cause to swear jJ^ sevenfold to break ^ to buy or sell corn. Hi. to sell corn t? corn, food, DT3T to rest, to cease, Sabbath rest breast the Almighty B' to blight AND READING BOOK. 195 onyx ^B> to return. Hi. to bring back, to requite, to restore, to draw back. Ho. to be restored -1.^ adv. again $& to bruise ie? an ox HP a wall K. and Hi. to place, to put, to set Hit. to bow down, to worship to kill i morning nn^ N. to be corrupt. Pi. to waste, to destroy. Hi. to destroy, fin^ past Pi. ~i s K> a song 2?sy to lie down HDP to forget to abate to become childless. Pi. to make childless, ^3P lost their young D3P Hi. to rise early, D3P"! 03^ shoulder, a portion, 1O3B> ?3B> to dwell. Hi. to place, ISP": fut. Hi. "W to become drunk, peace, welfare, well; '^pn is he well ? P to send, to send forth, to put forth, to lay. Pi. to send, to send away, to accompany. Pu. to be sent away y a ruler p Hi. to cast, fut. t?f > or "fofl P spoil ^ Pi. to reward P complete, peaceable, P const BP, T! f., n const, n^tf* m., three ; rntpjj t^V f., nb'y i^p m., thirteen ; D>^ thirty ; t?^ m., nP^ f., third; D^'^, DB%P third ? there ' name, W, ^pP ; pi. nid^ ?P N. to be destroyed heaven CE' N. to be desolate ? fat, oil adj. fat, f. WW 'f f., rub',? const, njb^ m., eight: mptf nabe? f., nabB' o ^ : v : ' T : I^JJ m, eighteen; DW eighty ; apP' m., n3pf f., eighth 196 THE HEBREW PRIMER ?? tidings, report G? to hear, to understand, to hearken. N. to be heard. K. fut. yp^, inf. tfayp ; part. f. nrOfc 1 2nd per. plur. f. imp. t? to keep, to observe. N. to take heed sun tooth, dual D'JP ? a year, plur. D3B>, 3^ or Jl'WP, n'MB>; dual B' N. to repeat itself sleep, 'rwp ' scarlet 3f> const., *3?> m., const. ^ f., two; rntpj; f., lb>y D3^ m., twelve; 3K/ m., H'3^ f., D3^ plur., second ; urjt? both of us, DpAf both of you, Dr,ai? both of them, n\3fc' a second time, again J^ to look at favorably t? N". to support oneself, to rest a gate ; DnXJ?> HNO a hundred fold a handmaid, a female servant fc' to judge a judge an adder to shed ? > pleasantness li/!? ; almonds B' Hi. to cause to drink, to water, to give drink ^ to weigh ? Hi. to look, Rj#. to deceive CJ' a drinking trough ; plur. const. niJW to creep, to increase or bring forth abundantly ^ creeping thing PL to serve, JTltfM fine linen > f, n^E? const. n m ., six ; -T?.^y. ^ f., "K^f fB'?' m., sixteen; D'BK' sixty; * m., riW f., sixth to drink dignity, forgiveness abundance full field, const, lamb to meditate AND BEADING BOOK. 197 B? to put, to place, to make, to set, to appoint anb> to press, BW8J CK?^ to hate Kl'' old age, gray hair f the left ; ^Wn to go to the left PB' a cloth, a garment to hate ?B> a kid, hairy hair t? language, border or shore, sackcloth, sack, ip'B/ a prince, a chief, ruler ?' to prevail a latch ; to qn'C? a shoe latch a branch of a vine to burn lB' burning yy vine- branch i^R a delight, boundaries or O'P twins jSJjl fig-tree form n ark ri produce 15? straw infl desolation Din^l depth of the sea SJV? const ^jin midst; the midst, among ""H/?^ generation, birth niy_in abomination *pfi timbrel lifl a turtle-dove nntn a law, n'nin ipfl a sojourner ^^'nj;! beginning nnn under, instead of; in its place ; DN^D^ lower B>1*vn new wine K'n a he-goat, D^n - & > -T: n?n to hang vJ? a quiver, 1*?n Dh or "20 integrity Qn perfect nori to be astonished biD? yesterday; DB^B? formerly, before "rpn continual, continually D'DFl perfect R to hold up n 198 THE HEBREW PRIMER OH K. and N. to finish, to come to an end "I-13F) an oven, a furnace pan a whale Xyft to wander "1QFI to sew K>an to catch, to handle pft to pitch a tent OTl?! a deep sleep a desire & const. X^l? f., ^SN?PI const. ny^n m., nine ; n^. y?>p f. r 1'^H ny^n m ., nineteen ; D^n ninety AND BEADING BOOK. 199 APPENDIX. A Tabular Form shewing the Roots and parts of most of the Verbs, found in Genesis, which contain only one or two Radical Letters. Example : Thus 'BD ^ is the sign of the Hiphgnel form, * the second person feminine imperative, B is the only radical. Immediately following the B is !"IB3 which is the root, and among the parts will be found '$? imperative Hiphgnel. Jrl??.?, following nK>, which are the radicals, will be seen the root, and J?p.*.l future tense Kal. Note 1. The parts given are chiefly those not conjugated according to the examples given of the various classes of verbs in the Grammar : thus 'JVfcV from nb]/ will not be found with tW, it being the same part, as W?| from fi ?|, which is the example in the Grammar of a verb quiescent in i"J. 2. The irregular parts of the verbs containing three letters are also given. Example ri&yp fut. Kal, from the root which is different from ?bw fut. Kal 3. Yerbs with silent * following the prefixes will not be found in the list, as such * is radical : thus ?B>\'1, ]V from ]& is omitted, the verb containing all the three radicals ', &, and J. 200 THE HEBREW PRIMER M f$ p raw fut. Hi. w nx nxx fut.K. mf. HI. N3 inf. ^3 or N3 m. nxa f - p art - ^nNin past Hi. T |T T -; past with aff. fcOlK Nl* 1 ) fut. 71X^1^1 fut. with n 3 pi. f. past Ho. fut - K - fut. K. 1st p., or past N. 3rd T ;,T inf. K. with aff. p n}3 TW T? fut. K. with aff. TT- AND BEADING BOOK. 201 f3 in riA inf. K. ^arM fut. Hit. ^3*1 fut. Hi. -T VT- 13 "113 nrn-1 past K. 2nd person. ^ fut. T ;- -I 1 JIT TOTV fut- Hi. with aff . 31 n3i n 113 ~T * ~ )1 JH ^331 P^t K. with aff. p-|^ fut. K. JH* fut. Hi. t. K. n imp. 11 113 TM. fut.K. n i m P K-. m. with n added. ^H imp. pi. - T T|T nn osm pt K. Vil or nM inf. HVn? r\VnS inf. with pref. T T : *HVn DnVilS inf. with aff. in nin nnin p ast - K. ^nrft TT TTT 1 I IT 111 in fnt.Hi. DT DDT lar 3 pi. fut. fut. K. - T :IT 292 r THE HEBREW PRIMER n in -rn nnri fut. K. tan xton iiDqo mf. K. rtitDnN fut. PI. with aff. *n ;vn n or n past 3rd m . K. nrvn 3rd f. n* TT - T T :IT : fut " ITtt ^ P lur ' nVh 1 ? inf. Pi. HI. with air. nvrin 1 ^ HI. n Snn p^t m. ^m ni^nn ^*- Hi. T|T- TV'; Qpnn inf- with aff. ^nin past Ho. T - T DPT Dan Dha i^. K. T ; on DIT tenn niani fut. P iur. K. *~ T vi **" T ; ~ " jn njn jnn fut. K. rt^n 'Jin past K. with aff. TnjT fut. with aff. ITT -- : | : ; T JTI rren fry^ fut. K. fut. K. T T T b fut - Hi. ^H imp. Hi. 3 H3J 13H past Hi. . with aff. *|31 fut. !|33i Q3^ fut. with aff. part. m. AND BEADING BOOK. 203 roj nnaty part. f. N. n^ rov\f ut - Hi. Ssvi ^ fut. HO. T t. PL !)S:n_fut.pu. D3 PID3 Dl &* Pi- D3WI fut - Hit - "13 13J T3n Past Hi. with aff. ^ fut. fut. with aff. ^ 15 . vh nxS wVi fut. K. T T ; - ~b "hi ^. *kn ut - K - nnS mf. nmS f. with aff. >1 part. fern. ^ fut. Hi. nn inf - with aff - nin t- HO. nnS nSni ^.K. " an T ;i" fut.K. or HS imp. sing. !| pi. !|1 fut. Hi. mp. a nai_ in&i fut. N. Son fut - K - WO WOKl 'in^l 3^ fut. K. with aff. - T I : i\ -:- \ :- . : 204 THE HBBBEW PRIMBR no mo *no no nno . in |- T ,- noi nom pnonfa*- no* T T- T T - I . ; a n: n rum fut - K - r fut - HI. - T - . - with aff. }|T3n imp- Hi nni Oni Pt K. with aflf. ^n^in Hi. past with aff. BO nJ past Pi. past K. -jpnn} vnn^ n^nrp p** with aff - D p)D* psph ft. HI. "ID 11D ^D^fat. K. -en -iDPn fat-Hi. ^ T- - 7- - T - 9 - f - pl - nSyx fat. K. n^i * hyi fat- K. or HI. imp. K. riSy r rtby r inf - nbvn onSyp past Hi. "TlW ^nSy*l fat. with aff. I : "-: - ~:~~ imp. with aff. t - K - AND BEADING BOOK. 205 with T3 TT3 |3 H;D ^ifat. K. V3 W3 D^*3n past Hi. with aff. f&) fut. D!f*SN| fut. with aff. "13 TI3 "nfin past Hi. ")S H^O 113 imp. K. ^"ifiPt past Hi. with aff. "n^g* TT T : J : ; - fut. with aff. ns nn3 3* fat. 3rd Hi. XX "P NX or T irS ^ with aff. fat- xxin KV;H imp. f. with aff. part. f. pass, jx* nines w fat. Hi - T T ' - n part. m . K, 206 THE HEBREW PRIMER ut. PI. fut - K - fut - K - fut. K. "tt T TX*1 ^t. K. P p np: n'isji p^t-N. I ITT T |. ; Tp T1J5 Ij^ * Tj5*.l ^t. N. rip np^ nj5 or nnp nj5 inp fut. K. np or nnp imp. nnpS inf. ^pi^p innp_5 inf. with aff. HD* HDni f ut. Ho. |-\ I- \- Dp Dip cpi Dpni naipii fut. K. I J ITT- |r T- T | T; fut. Hi. with aff. Dp Dpi Dp* fut. Ho. I I- T \-\ IP n JR 1|?A futK - ^j??! ut - withaff - fut - K - fp pp ^vp P astK - 1p H^p ^jjj Past, with aff. nhpH Part. f. plur. vp n^p nn^p 3 f. pas t K. ppw fut. inf. Hi. with aff. AND BEADING BOOK. 207 1 rrv rvnin^ inf. m. nn&o p^t K. QJO 3 past with a ff. T -; T T T NT Kll anrn ft- JIN") imp. nin : nfcn iN*i niN-} 1 ? ni*j3 niNip ^ ini"\ inf. with aff. ni5O Part. f. plur. part, with aff. J-JJO} Hn^^D Past N. KT1 fat. n^^n past Hi. *fcON fut. ... T .. ,.._ T .... ^ with aff. JlX^nn fut - Hit - T ; 31 ^^ hl 3 plur. past K. - T T m nan 'ST n^w fat. K. ^ imp. inf. Hi. ^Tl fut< with ^^ ni an ttn past K. ^i tann fat. Hi. |T VI- T n HTI n^i fat. K. mi imp. T T ; ; : T) in nnri fat-m. n IT PITT** HTO *ni fat. K. n^ or -T T ;i- T :,- :;- rrn imp. -rrini fat- Hi. ^mnin imp- with affix m nn rnn fat. Hi. -i- D1 Dn DT^ f - K - ri*1 Hi. fut. with aff. jn 208 THE HEBREW PRIMER fut - K - Drin past Hi jTl p r Past K. p)_ pjTfl fut. K. ft- Hi. with aff. rn^i '^MI 2 p er - K - fut - with aff - T T ...;._ pn pn p7 T l fut - Hi - D* 2h B^Y eh or eh fut. K. -T - inf. with aff. V 28^*1 fut - K - ri3& in[ >p. with fut. Hi. from ^^' rniBte nn^j 2^*1 rj^ni ft. K. T T TT TT- TT- or f inf. *|{5f '3 inf. with aff. P ast with aff - !3^*1 5^31 fnt. Hi. V|T- V |T - K - nVlt^ Part- paas. f. plur. -. ; ninn^xi per. sing. T -;-: V T 3rd pers. njinri^. iBt.piur. ^^n^:^ 3rd pers. plur. m. 3rd pers. plur. fern, each part is in the Hit. fat. inf. Hit. fut.K. AND BEADING BOOK. 209 D# c$ Dfc^fl fut. N. - T T " y&*) fut. K. f?#l j7$m fibril w^i fut - Hi. withaff. !|p7j imp, nip&STl? inf. pBtf p$ fut. K. Jijjgfci imp- with H added ~ T I ' IT : nn^ jn^Ki j5igty_ fut. K. nin^S inf. DH^ Past withaff. flBty fut. Hi. 7 T T ^t. with a ff. . K. Kfc> ^j^ imp T V T T - fut. Hi. t. with aff. 025^*1 fut. Ho. n DH Dfift DH pastK. Qhi^ - T - n }ro nn nn 1 ? nnS | T M T V | T inf. with aff. ]n pro jrix or npjjM* H^rii (1st plur.) fut. K. H33J;! fut. with aff. TJT) or HiH ^3 3 past plur. N. Q 210 THE HKBJiEW FKIMliK yn nyn ynrn ft. K. ^n p 2. In the plural having Q'T or dual Q)T; ^, P, D' 1 , P are added to the constructive : as 'IP/ 1 ! const. ; c ?'?.?''!, I5' < ?.5' : !, &y\l\ IOW; D^TX, \3tX, D.?'3T; the other affixes to the absolute ; as nn^ abs. ; ^\ V)^, VW 3. When the plural ends in TY\ all the affixes are formed from the const. : as 55^3, ni^B3., rft&K const.; EXAMPLES : a word. AND READING BOOK. 211 The second (T) remains if the third letter is K : as N3y const. N3>'- (T ) have the same changes as (T T ) : 33? heart, 33?, coust. '33 1 ? ; if follows the (..) the (..) remains, ??D, ??D' IDSJ' a neighbour ' Some retain the (), as 2|$, const. 3i?y/ "I^Ji a prince T T P ea c e ^ "H^S blessed T I T i (T) and (' T) only change the (') into (:) ; as D175?' const. , TJ'T? const. a star Some change (T) into (-) followed by dagesh : as ]&*&, 0'3C' Before 1, DD } and P, the () is changed : as ^t??^' 212 ' THE HEBREW PRIMER i3 a writing 'ana 'ana Q'ana 'ana an? ana - T ; : T : T ; (" : )> CT 0, : )> mostly remain the same : as W; 1S const., nx^ ; Tr*!,-^ const. T!^ ; 1133, "H33 const., 3?; : 3, ^llf const., 4iJ- A short vowel before dagesh. "liail mighty Hiaa niaa onian niaa -nan The point before dagesh as in 11S| (or a T before 1) is not changed : as Dr& V. 2J3 a book If the third letter be a guttural, the second will have (-) : ' as ^V r ote. In nouns having (.- ) or (v .), the points before 25 and ]3 singular are like those of the first person : as H?P, S^in a month enn If the second or third letter be a guttural, the second will have (-) : Hl'K, ^6> ; ^nx an d [H3 are exceptions. AND BEADING BOOK. 213 !] a king ~\fa a garment (v -.-) and the first letter guttural, as "la!? a servant nay. (- .) instead of ( ) when, the third letter is a guttural : as sacrifice na? ^n^i D^nat ^ny. nar nar A guttural before % D3, p is pointed (-:) instead of (:) ; as (- -) instead of (v -.-) when the second letter is a guttural, as 2 a master an olive 1 HID v T v r (H~) change into i : as n'^D const. ^ 'nio, ^jn'tD* 214 THE HEBREW PRIMER L n V T or HP nhfc> or HP nnp HP PHP PHP - T : : T T : -.- T The n is dropped except in the const, and third person sing., as rnjp, DH a statute, from I - T DDn n 'n D'n TOPI n -n 'n - - - an arrow, from y or 2V people, from (-) sometimes is changed to (T), as HB, *ns- These examples being derived from verbs having the second and third radicals alike, have dagesh in the second letter ; Monosyllables not derived from such verbs have no dagesh, they sometimes retain their point, and sometimes change into (:), as T?, iy const ; ng ; }3, J3 const. ; . FEMININE NOUNS. ', /JDP a garment T : Any other short vowel followed by (:) is like npK> : as AND READING BOOK. 215 H nD*l3 a blessing T T ; nirn:? *n?i : ra nsnsi rons 3. The following points before ft generally have 110 change. *T : 1 : (the 1 unaccented) and -1 :, a short vowel and a sheva, and a short vowel before dagesh : as SD a booth, from "-J3D T '. I - T a letter n (n- if added to a guttural) which denotes the feminine, has a dagesh in the singular, when the pronouns are affixed ; this is omitted in the plural. n preceded by -I or ' T, thus O 1 ), J"P , has no change in the singular ; in the plural feminine it is changed into * (sounded) : as n-ia' IRREGULAR NOUNS. K father ; const. ^ ; >}, 1?M, VSX ; p l u r. nil ; const. nnx, K brother ; const. ^ m f fj^nx, vn O r IH'HK ; pl ur . Dn ; const. DS ; *nx, fpHK, 7j?riK, vnx^ n>nx- 216 THE HEBREW PRIMER N sister; const, nin^; Jy.nK; pl ur . w ith affixes Ttf'OK, sp.nihg, vnVrix, Di'nins, jnwrtK- man; plur. D'BOg ; const. 'SP3.K; P3.8- tpx woman; const. n^N; ^X ; ^K ; plur. D#3; const. fill house; const. H\2 ; JV3 ; plur. D*fl3; const. '53* J3 son; const. }3 ; '?a, ^3, 7]33, 13? ; plur. Q?3 ; const. ^.3; 3a- n? a daughter ; ^a, ^Jjia ; plur. n'W3 ; const. 0133 ; _na- HI a kid ; plur. D1 T | ; const. V^- DVday; plur. DpJ; const. D ; dualDJpV; with affixes ; Q*P water; const. *P or V?'5; 'P*??' |!8 eye; const. TV.; 3 ; dual Q.^S; const. ^ ; 3'- "'.^ a young ass ; with affix HTJ/ ; plur. 0*"?^.. TV a city, 'TV; plur. nnj; ; const, njj- H| mouth ; const. '? ; with affix *S, ^|*S, VS or -IH^S ; plur. D^a and n'VB- 1? fruit; const. H? ; 1 S 9, T1S, TJ^B, V1.B, Dns or Dn'19, Ul? or irps- K'N'l head ; B>KT ; plur. D^'xn ; const. W"!- lit?' ox; plur. D1V?- nb lamb ; const, n'j? ; with affix 'Vp or in^- EXERCISE. Give the words marked s. in the constructive form, and with each possessive affix in the singular ; those marked pi, in the absolute and constructive forms, and with each pos- sessive affix in the plural; and the others both in the singular and plural. 1^3 flesh, s. "N33 glory, s. ?B^O ruler, s. 7W proverb. |g old, pi. Bfttj? holy, pi. Tpt? hireling. T$? hair, s. AND READING BOOK. 217 border. DvH dream, rflDWrj- pp right hand, s. "USSJ pillar, pi. IB^Q dwelling place, s. 3"J-I vineyard. "nTiJ way. t?|M soul, s. (each like ^?>?). i? 3 threshing-floor, s. P*!,V righteousness, s. (like ^J.S)- B3K> tribe. IJX ear, s. ^VP forehead, s. ~M? gate, ^. t*! wine, s. nnpb' joy. *i?^V righteousness. V?* transgression. HO^O kingdom, s. n'l.HS end, s. iD grace, s., from J3p' "'K a witness. O place, s. 3^31 might, s. A 000 101 248 3