UC-NRLF P A 2235 D4 1920 MAIN IVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA A STUDY OF THE IMPERSONAL PASSIVE OF THE VENTUM EST TYPE BY ALICE ANNA DECKMAN A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY PHILADELPHIA, PA. 1920 EXCHANGE X UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA A STUDY OF THE IMPERSONAL PASSIVE OF THE VENTUM EST TYPE BY ALICE ANNA DECKMAN A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY PHILADELPHIA, PA. 1920 Grateful acknowledgment and sincere thanks are tendered to Professors John C. Rolfe, Walton B. McDaniel, George D. Hadz- sits, Harry B. Van Deventer and Edward H. Heffner of the Latin Department of the University of Pennsylvania, and to Professor Roland G. Kent of the Department of Indo-European Philology and Sanskrit of the same University, for their helpful suggestions and criticism in the preparation of this thesis. (ft 22-35" PREFACE The following dissertation on "Impersonate of the Ventum Est type" was suggested by Professor Kent's review of Profes- sor H. E. Burton's Latin Grammar in the Classical Weekly 5. 162. Professor Kent says, " In 346 ventum est is rendered by 'some one came', but it means also, and more often, 'they (he, we) came.' " This remark has led to this study, the aim of which has been to investigate the use of the impersonal passive of the type ven- tum est, and to discover whether or not impersonate of this class have a definite agent or doer of the action logically implied in the context. The material for this thesis has been gathered from those au- thors of the republican period of whom we have works or por- tions of works preserved substantially entire : Plautus, Terence, Cato, Varro, Caesar and the other works found in the Corpus Caesarianum, Lucretius, Catullus, Sallust and Nepos. Examples (about nine hundred in number) found in Cicero and classified on page 40 have not been discussed, since they add nothing new to the investigation. The works of other authors of this time, as Livius Androni- cus, Naevius, Ennius, Lucilius, Pacuvius, etc., have not been used, because they are in a fragmentary condition and the prop- er context for such study is usually lacking. A. A. D. CONTENTS Bibliography 7 I. Definition and Classification of Impersonal Verbs 9 II. Divisions of the Ventum Est Type 14 III. Impersonals with Agent Unexpressed 15 1 . First Singular Definite 2. Second Singular Definite 18 3. Third Singular Definite 19 4. First Plural Definite 23 5. Second Plural Definite 25 6. Third Plural Definite 26 7. Second Singular Indefinite 33 8. Third Singular Indefinite 34 9. Third Plural Indefinite 35 IV. Impersonals with Agent Unexpressed but Defin- itely Known 37 I. Third Singular 37 II. Third Plural 37 V. Impersonals with Expressed Agent 38 VI. Summary and Conclusion 40 Appendices: I. Excursus on Caesar 43 II. Doubtful Readings 46 III. Remarks on relinquitur, etc 47 Indices: I. Index Locorum 48 II. Index Verborum 54 BIBLIOGRAPHY In addition to the various editions and translations of the Lat- in authors, the following works have been consulted : Allen, J. H. and J. B. Greenough, New Latin Grammar, New York, 1903. Bennett, C. E., Latin Grammar, Boston, revision of 1908. Bennett, C. E., Syntax of Early Latin, The Verb, Vol. I, Boston, 1910. Draeger, A., Historische Syntax der lateinischen Sprache, Leipzig, 1874. Ernout, A., Recherches sur Vemploi du pas sif latin, in Memoires de la societe de linguistique, 15.290 ff. Gildersleeve, B. L., Latin Grammar (revised by G. Lodge), third edition, New York, 1905. Hale, W. G. and C. D. Buck, Latin Grammar, Boston, 1903. Kiihner, R., Ailsfuhrliche Grammatik der lateinischen Sprache, Vol. II, part I (second edition, revised by C. Stegman), Hannover, 1912. Lane, G. M., Latin Grammar for Schools and Colleges (revised by M. H. Mor- gan), New York 1903. Madvig, I. N., Latin Grammar, Oxford, 1849. Meusel, H., Lexicon Caesarianum, Vol. I, Berlin, 1887; Vol. II, Berlin, 1893. Roby, H. J., Latin Grammar for Schools, London, 1880. Zumpt, C. G., Grammar of the Latin Language, New York, 1846. CHAPTER I DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION OF IMPERSONAL VERBS This chapter deals with the definition and classification of the impersonals as given by grammarians. They all seem to have the same opinion with little or no variations. Zumpt 225 thus defines an impersonal verb: "The term im- personal verbs strictly applies only to those of which no other but the third person singular is used, and which do not admit a personal subject (I, thou, hej, the subject being a proposition, an infinitive, or a neuter noun understood." Madvig 165 writes: "Those verbs are called impersonal which are used only in the third person singular, and have usual- ly no reference to a subject in the nominative." Allen and Greenough consider this a definition of impersonal verbs: "Many verbs from their meaning, appear only in the third person singular, the infinitive, and the gerund. These are called Impersonal Verbs, as having no personal subject." Roby 575 says, "Certain verbs in the third singular, where the fact of the action, state, or feeling is the prominent point and the doer is left indefinite, are called impersonals." Gildersleeve 208 says, "Impersonal verbs are verbs in which the agent is regularly implied in the action, the subject in the predicate, so that the person is not expressed." Lane 1034 expresses his idea of an impersonal thus: "Some verbs have no subject at all in the third person singular; these are called Impersonal." Roby seems to have been the only one who emphasized the fact, that an impersonal expression is used when the writer wish- es to make the act prominent and the actor secondary. This idea is very clearly brought out by a French scholar, A. Ernout in his "Recherches sur Vemploi du passif latin" in M. S. L. 15.292. In distinguishing between itur and it, eunt t Ernout says that the action is stressed in the former, the actor being obvious and left to inference, while the latter (it, eunt) gives equal promi- nence to the act and to the actor. Grammarians have classified these impersonal verbs under four headings. 9 io A Study of the Impersonal (i) The first group contains all those verbs which express the operations of nature and the time of day; as, lucet, pluit, ton- at, vesper ascit. This class of verbs is ranked as impersonal, al- though in the ultimate logical analysis, sky, earth or heaven per- sonified is understood as the subject: cf. Cic. N. D. 2.25.65, also Ar. Nub. 1279-1281. VUV x6Tspa vo(j.t^et? Kaiv&v aet T&V A(a ustv u8a>p eVaaroT*, TJ T&V ijXiov eXicstv KaTwBsv TauT6 To06* u8a>p xaXtv. and II. 12. 25, 26. ue 8'apa Zsuq auvsxs's, ocj>pa KS Oaaaov aXfxXoa Tsfysa Befy. (2) The second class of impersonals, as defined by grammar- ians, consists of five verbs of "mental distress" (Lane 1034), miseret, paenitet, piget, pudet, taedet. These verbs are really caus- ative. The cause of the feeling is put in the genitive and the per- son affected by the feeling in the accusative. These imperson- als may have an infinitive or clause as subject; as, Plaut. Pseud. 282 non dedisse istum pudet; me quid non accepi piget; cf. Allen and Greenough 354.C. Sometimes these verbs are used personally with a neuter pro- noun as subject; as, Ter. Ad. 754 non te haec pudent; cf. Allen and Greenough 354-C, note. Rarely is the subject an appellative; as, me quidem haec con- dido non paenitet, Plaut. Stich. 51; cf. Lane 1284. (3) The third class of impersonals, as commonly given, in- cludes those verbs which have a phrase, clause or infinitive as subject; as, accidit evenit necesse est refert certum est fit obtingit restat constat interest obvenit superest contingit iuvat oportet videtur decet libet placet delectat licet praestat (4) The fourth class, represented by the type ventum est (the subject of this thesis), includes: (a) All the passives of the intransitive verbs of motion ; as, itur. (b) All passives of transitives used in an intransitive or abso- lute sense. In litteras scribit, scribit is transitive, but in bene scribit it is used intransitively or absolutely. In Plaut. Pseud. A Study of the Impersonal 1 1 273, amatur is used in this intransitive sense, although amo is regularly transitive. (c) The passives of the verbs denoting state, disposition, feel- ing or quality, which are intransitive in Latin and require an in- direct object in the dative. "In the passive such verbs are used impersonally, the dative remaining;" cf. Hale and Buck, 364. Caesar decimae legioni indulgebat becomes in the passive decimae legioni a Caesare indulgebatur. Nostri finitimi nobis invident, has for its passive nobis a finitimis nostris invidetur. Trebonio persuasi, becomes in the passive Trebonio a me persuasum est. (d) Some deponents which are rarely used impersonally; as philosophatum est Plaut. Pseud. 687 and defunctum sit Ter. Ad. 508. (e) Some passive infinitives depending on coepi,desino, possum, soleo, etc., as pugnari coeptum est B. H. 15.5, desitum est potarier Plaut. Most. 958, sisti potest Plaut. Trin. 720, solet caveri Varro R. R. 2. 6. 3. Coepi and desino show a very marked peculiarity. When they are used with an infinitive passive they are generally put in the passive, as pugnari coeptum est. This is especially true of Caesar and of Cicero. When the infinitive was used in an impersonal sense and accordingly was passive, a change was logical. In pug- nare coepit, pugnare is the object of coepit; in pugnari coeptum est t pugnari is the subject. The point here is the change of subject, so that instead of pugnari coepit, pugnari coeptum est (the pas- sive instead of the active) came into use. Coeptum est is a real passive while pugnari became passive because it is impersonal. This usage was extended to other phrases, as lapides iaci coepti sunt in Caes. B. G. 2. 6. 2. This is hardly a "curious instance of attraction," as Lindsay calls it in his Latin Language, 522, cf. Kuhner II, i 125.1, 2, also H. Kratz in N. Jahrb.f. Phil. u. Paedag., XI, 724, f., Eduard Wolfflin in Archiv f. lat. Lexikogr. u. Gram. VI, 101. The following notes contain remarks on apparently imperso- nal passive forms that have not been included, with the reasons for such exclusion. Note I. The neuter gerundive of intransitive verbs is used with est as an impersonal phrase to signify that the action must be done; as nunc est bibendum Hor. Carm. i. 37. i. Al- though this form is a variation of the ventum est type, 12 A Study of the Impersonal examples containing it have not been used, because, while this construction is passive in form, it has no corresponding active. "Gerundives and gerunds like the English verbal in -ing were originally neither active nor passive, but might stand for either an active or a passive. In time a prevail- ing passive meaning grew up in the gerundive, and a prevail- ing active meaning in the gerund." Lane 2238. Note 2. Examples of iri used with the supine forming the fu- ture passive infinitive, while they are a variant of the ven- tum est type, are not included in this discussion, because this is the regular way of expressing the future passive in- finitive, and iri, although an impersonal, is not felt as one; as, "Cic. ad Att. 7. 22. I eum exceptum iri puto I think that there is a going to capture him, i. e. that he is going to be captured. Iri is used impersonally and eum is the object of exceptum." Lane 2273. "The form of the infinitive future passive is derived from the notion of going or intending, which easily passes over into that of futurity." Zumpt 668 note. Note 3. Passives used with certain adverbs such as satis, tan- turn, istuc, etc., have not been considered, because the idea contained in these adverbs may be felt to be the subject; as, Sallust. Cat. 19. 6 de superior e coniuratione satis dictum (est). Satis, or the idea contained in it, is the subject. In Caes. B. G. 5. 19. 3 tantum agris vastandis incendiisque faciendis hostibus noceretur, tantum has been considered as subject. In Caes. B. G. 6. 34. 7 and 7. 16. 3 quantum . . . pro- videri poterat, quantum is the subject. Grammarians say very little concerning this ventum est group. They are content to translate it by the stereotyped and mo- notonous forms, there is a coming, people came, etc., ignoring for the most part the fact that the sense of the passage implies a definite doer or agent, which is expressed or clearly implied in the context. Several definitions of the ventum est type (as given by gram- marians) follow: "An impersonal proposition is formed in Latin by the passive of intransitive verbs (or transitives which are used intransitively in a certain signification), by which it is simply asserted that the action takes place; as ventum erat ad urbem" Madvig 2i8c. A Study of the Impersonal 13 "The third person singular of a great many words, especially of those denoting movement or saying, is, or may be used im- personally, even when the verb is neuter, and has no personal passive, e. g. curritur they or people run." Zumpt 229. "The passive of intransitive verbs is often used; as, vivitur, people live." Gildersleeve 208.2. "The passive of intransitive verbs can be used only imper- sonally; as, itur, there is a going, someone goes." Hale and Buck 20ic. "The passive of intransitive verbs is very often used imper- sonally; as, pugnatur, there is fighting, (it is fought)/' Allen and Greenough 208. "The impersonal use of the passive proceeds from its original reflexive (or middle) meaning, the action being regarded as accomplishing itself (compare the French cela se fait)." Allen and Greenough 2o8d, note. CHAPTER II DIVISIONS OF THE VENTUM EST TYPE. The examples of the ventum est type collected from the Latin authors of the republican period, have been classified under the following headings; as, I.. Actor not expressed. A. Actor definite in a. first person singular, -b. second person singular (real), c. third person singular, d. first person plural 1. real, 2. editorial, e. second person plural, f. third person plural. B. Actor indefinite in a. second person singular (general), b. third person singular, c. third person plural. 2.. Actor not expressed, but definitely known from the verb; as Cato de Agr. 150. i interkalatum erit = ponti- fices interkalaverint. 3.. Actor expressed, as in Caes. B. G. 5. 40. 4 a nostris re- sistitur. These impersonals have been designated in this dis- sertation "Impersonals with Expressed Agent." 14 CHAPTER III i. THE ACTOR DEFINITE IN THE FIRST PERSON SINGULAR. This division contains all the verbs of the ventum est type, the subjects of which, if expressed, would logically be in the first person singular; as, Plaut. Merc. 465 auscultabitur . Demipho says "ad portum ne bitas, dico iam tibi. Do not go to the har- bor, I tell you that now. " Cfiarinus is expected to answer in the first person, either negatively or affirmatively. Instead of using this very much overworked first person, Plautus gives us a variation, by using " auscultabitur, it will be heard," which is equivalent to saying, " I will heed you and not go to the harbor. " Plaut. As. 259 impetritum, inauguratumst = impetrivi, inaugu- ravi; cf. sumam t intervortam, conferam 258. Plaut. Bacch. 66 desudascitur = desudasco; cf. metuam 65, me 66. Plaut. Cas. 758 a ibitur = ibo, being said in answer to i. Plaut. Cist. 519 definitumst = definivi; cf. remittam. Plaut. Men. 533 factum est = fed, being said in answer to te sur~ rupuisse aiebas 532. Paut. Men 538 curabitur = curabo; cf. dicam. Plaut. Men. 679 factum est = fed; cf. dedi 678, redimam 680. Plaut. Men. 964 proventum est = proveni; cf. faciam, cupio 963. Plaut. Merc. 324 visumst = vidi, being in answer to vide. Plaut. Merc. 465 auscultabitur auscultabo, being in answer to ad portum ne bitas. Plaut. Merc. 776 abibitur abibo, being in answer to volo . Plaut. M. G. 1173 praeceptumst = praecepi; cf. volo 1170. Plaut. Most. 314 imperatum est = imperavi; cf. volo. Plaut. Most 401 curabitur = curabo, answering the command in- tus cave muttire quemquam siveris. Plaut. Pers. I7 b vivitur = vivo, answering quid agitur? which is equivalent to quid agis\ cf. ut vales, ut queo 17*. Plaut. Pers. 246 taciturn erit, celabitur = tacebo, celabo, cf. tu hoc taceto. Plaut. Pers. 320 credetur = credam; cf. commodabo. 15 1 6 A Study of the Impersonal Plaut. Poen. 913 dictumst = disci t being in answer to the com- mand haec cum clanculum ut sint dicta. Plaut. Pseud. 273 amatur, egetur = amo, egeo, answering quid agitur, Calidore? Plaut. Pseud. 457 statur = sto, answering quid agitur which is equivalent to quid agis. Plaut. Pseud. 687 philosophatum est philosophatus sum; cf. diu loquor. Plaut. Rud. 776 curatumst = curavi, being an answer to the com- mand cur a. Plaut. Stich. 467 sustentatumst = sustentavi, answering valuistin usque? Plaut. Stich. 509 credetur = credam; cf. experior. Plaut. Stich. 586 sustentatumst = sustentavi, answering valuistin bene? Plaut. Trin. 578 ibitur ibo, answering the command abi hue ad meant sororem ad Callidem 577. Plaut. Trin. 720 sisti potest = sister e possum; cf. agam, constrin- gam, accomodem, iubeam. Plaut. True. 667 ibitur = ibo, answering qui non extemplo ieris. Ter. Ad. 210 actum esse = egisse \ cf. conveniam, faxo 209. Ter. Ad. 561 f actum fed, answering produxe aibas. Ter. Ad. 631 cessatum est = cessavi; cf. exorassem, ducerem 630. Ter. Ad. q^Sfactumst = fed, answering tu illas abi et traduce QI?. Ter. Eun. 271 statur = sto; cf. quid agitur, an equivalent to quid agis. Ter. Eun. 851 f actum = fed, answering aufugistin? Ter. Eun. 1066 dictumst dixi, strengthening the threat si te in platea offendero 1064. Ter. Heaut. 862 inceptumst = incepi; cf . mi. Ter. Hec. 452 factum = fed, answering dixtin dudum illam dix- isse se expectare filium? Ter. Hec. 457 creditur = credo, being an answer to bene factum te advenisse, etc. Ter. Hec. 843 visumst vidi, answering vide 841. Ter. Hec. 846 factum = fed, confirming te dixisse . . . Bacchidem anulum suom habere 845, 846. Ter. Phorm. 402 did potest = dicer e possum; cf. mihi 401. Cato de Agr. 118 scriptum est = scripsi (the writer). A Study of the Impersonal 1 7 Varro L. L. 5. 109 perventum est = perveni; cf. dicam 105. Varro L. L. 5. 171 dictum est dixi; cf. video 164. Varro L. L. 8. 21 dictum dixi; cf. omitto 8. 19. Varro L. L. 8.21 visum est = vidi; cf. dico 22. Varro L. L. 9. 92 responsum est respondi; cf. dixi. Varro L. L. 9. 107 dictum est dixi (the writer). Varro L. L. 10.51 decurritur = decurro; cf. dico. CHAPTER III 2. THE ACTOR DEFINITE IN THE SECOND PERSON SINGULAR The second division contains all those examples that have a definite doer logically implied in the second person singular; as, Plaut. Amph. 700 factum est. Alcumena says, "nam dudum ante lucem et istunc et te vidi. A little before dawn, I saw you and him (Sosia)." Amphitruo asks, "quo in loco? In what place?" Alcumena answers, "hie in aedibus ubi tu habitas. Here in the house where you live." Amphitruo replies, "num- quam factum est. It never was done." Factum est is equiv- alent to fecisti, you never did, meaning you never saw us. The context demands such an answer. Plaut. Amph. 700 numquam factum est = numquam fecisti, be- ing a denial of istunc et te vidi 699. Plaut. Amph. 749 numquam factumst = numquam fecisti, an- swering audivistin tu me narrare haec hodie! Plaut. Cure. 122 nolo did - nolo dicer e. Plaut. Cure. 714 factum est fecisti, answering his own question promistin te omne argentum redditurum 709-710. Plaut. Poen. 756 postulatumst = postulavisti, answering the re- mark valeant apud te quos volo 755. Plaut. Pseud. 501 dictumst = dixisti; cf. mussitabas. The ques- tion non a me scibas pistrinum in mundo tibi 500, answered by scibam, is immediately followed by quin dictumst mihi? which is answered in 502. Plaut. Pseud. 516 praedicitur = praedicis; cf. te 515. This ques- tion is asked as an answer tofacito ut memineris 515. Plaut. Trin. 138 curatum = curavisti; cf. inconciliastin 136, ex- turbasti 137. Plaut. True. 369 ambulatumst = ambulavisti; cf. soles 368. Ter. Eun. 416 dictum dixisti; cf. iugularas 417. Ter. Eun. 902 commissum erit = commiseris, answering, nonfac- iam, Pythias. 18 CHAPTER III 3. THE ACTOR DEFINITE IN THE THIRD PERSON SINGULAR This group includes all those verbs having a definite actor log- ically implied in the third person singular; as, Plaut. Pseud. 1113 imperatumst. Harpax, after speaking of the general worthless- ness of slaves when their master is absent, adds, "ego, ut mi im- peratumst, etsi abest, hie aofesse erum arbitror. I, as commanded me, although he is away, think he is here ." The sense of the passage requires a definite subject for the active verb implied in imperatumst, as is shown by erum. Plaut. Aul. 527 itur - it] cf. ipsus 530. Plaut. Bacch. 43 emeritum sit = emeruerit; cf. haec. Plaut. Bacch. 447 itur = it; cf. magister 448. Plaut. Cure. 336 responsumst = respondit; cf. respondit 333, ab illo 336. Plaut. Men. 650 factum = fecit; cf . homo, Menaechmus. Plaut. Men. SoSfactumst = fecit; cf. hoc, hominem. Plaut. M. G. 590 actum est = egit; cf. mulier 591. Plaut. M. G. 1085 responsumst respondit; cf. hie 1083. Plaut. M. G. 1332 factum est = fecit; cf. mulierem 1330, also huic miserae. Plaut M. G. 1403 ventumst = venit; cf. uxorem 1402. Plaut. Most. 260 dictum = dixit; cf. Scaphae. Plaut. Most. 958 desitum est potarier = desiit polar e; cf. eius 957. Plaut. Pseud. 74 scriptum est = scripsit; cf. ea 62. Plaut. Pseud. 1113 imperatumst = imperavit; cf. erum. Plaut. Trin. 138 mandatum = mandavit; cf. qui 137. Plaut. Trin. 308 actumst = egit; cf. animus 306. Plaut. Trin. 600 imperatumst = imperavit; cf. ibit 598. Ter. Ad. 279 reddetur - reddet; cf. reddet 280. Ter. Ad. 474 ignotumst, tacitumst, creditumst ignovit t tacuit, credidit; cf. matrem 471. Ter. Ad. 508 defunctum sit = defunctus sit; d.fratrem 510. Ter. Heaut. 200 mansum = mansit; cf. erat 201. 19 2O A Study of the Impersonal Ter. Heaut. 568 factum fecit. Syrus confirms the statement of Chremes. Ter. Heaut. 628 factum est = fecit, confirmation of sustulisti. Ter. Phorm. 135 persuasumst = persuasit; cf. Phormio 122. Ter. Phorm. 283 ventumst = venit; cf. potuit. Ter. Phorm. 778 siletur = silet. Ter. Phorm. ioo6factumst = fecit; cf. duxit 1005. Cato de Agr. 144. 3 conductum erit = conduxerit; cf. redemptoris. Cato de Agr. 144. 3 locatum erit = locaverit; cf. domino. Varro L. L. 6. 72 potest agi potest agere; cf. is (the person to whom the daughter is promised). Varro L. L. 6. 94 itur = it; cf. classicus 92. Varro R. R. 2. 2. 6 adnumeratum est = adnumeravit; cf. dominum. Varro R. R. 2. 4. 20 bucinatum est = bucinavit; cf. subulcus. Varro R. R. 3. 8. i. dictum est = dixit; cf. Axius 7. n. (Caes.) B. Afr. 4. 3 mandatum erat = mandaverat; cf. L. Plancus 4.1. (Caes.) B. Afr. 6. 6 discedebatur = discedebat; cf. Caesar 5. (Caes.) B. Afr. 19. 4 decertatum est = decertavit; cf. Labienus. (Caes.) B. Afr. 31. 2 accederetur = accederet; cf. hostes. (Caes.) B. Afr. 50 i perveniretur = perveniret; cf. Caesari. (Caes.) B. Afr. 82. 3 pugnari = pugnare; cf. Cae- sare. (Caes.) B. Afr. 88. 7 erat imperatum imperaverat; cf. Caesar 86. i and 86. 3. (Caes.) B. Alex. i. 5 succurri posset = succurrere posset; cf. Cae- sar 4. (Caes.) B. Alex. 9. 2 occursum est occurrit; cf. Caesar 8. i. (Caes.) B. Alex. 14. i ventum est = venit; cf. uterque. (Caes.) B. Alex. 75. 3 confligitur = confligit; cf. Caesar i. Caes. B. C. i. 5. 3. decurritur, discessum est = decurrit, discessit f cf. senatus. Caes. B. C. i. 5. 4. decernitur = decernit; cf. senatus. Caes. B. C. I. 6. 6.feratur ferat; cf. senatus 5. Caes. B. C. 1.24.5 disceptetur = disceptet; cf. Caesar, se cum Pompeio. Caes. B.C. i. 26. 5 wow 0sse agi = non posse agere; cf. Z/#>0. Caes. B. C. I. 37. 3 imperatum erat = imperaverat; cf. Caesar 36. 4. Caes. B. C. i. 71. i confligeretur = confligeret; cf. exercitum. A Study of the Impersonal 21 Caes. B. C. i. 80. 5 pugnatur = pugnat; cf. equitatus 80. 4. Caes. B. C. I. 84. 2venitur = venit; cf. Afranius. Caes. B. C. i. 85. 12 dictum esset = dixisset; cf. Caesar i. Caes. B. C. 2. 22. 5 imperatum est imperavit; cf. Caesar 6. Caes. B. C. 2. 25. 7 imperatum est = imperavit; cf. Curio 6. Caes. B. C. 3. 33. i ventum esset = venisset; cf. Scipio. Caes. B. C. 3. 72. 4 esse^ offensum = offendisset; cf. ducis, tribuni. Caes. B.C. 3. 75. 4 ventum esset = venisset; cf. Caesar. Caes. B. C. 3. 85. 3 />0sse dimicari = < Caesarem> posse dimicare; cf. Caesar. Caes. B. C. 3. 93. 3 imperatum^ erat = imperaverat; cf. Pompei. Caes. B. G. 2. n. 6 imperatum erat = imperaverat; cf. Caesar 2. Caes. B. G. 3. 14. I noceri posse = < Caesarem> nocere posse; cf. Caes. B. G. 3. 23. 2 ventum erat = venerat; cf. Crassus i. Caes. B. G. 3. 26. 2 imperatum erat = imperaverat; cf. Crassus. Caes. B. G. 4. 8. i visum est = vit^; cf. Caesar. Caes. B. G. 4. n. I constitutum erat = constituerat; cf. Caesar. Caes. B. G. 4. 28. i ventum est = venit; cf. Caesar. Caes. B. G. 4. 31. 3 navigari posset = navigare posset; cf. effecit. Caes. B. G. 5. 3. 3 cognitum est = cognovit; cf. a/ter. Caes. B. G. 5. 7. 9. imperatum erat = imperaverat; cf. Caesar 6. Caes. B. G. 5. 8. 5. accesum sit = accesserit; cf. i^se 2. Caes. B. G. 5. 45. 5 cognoscitur = cognoscit; cf. Caesar em. Caes. B. G. 5. 47. 3 imperatum erat = imperaverat; cf. Caesar 46. I. Caes. B. G. 5. 48. 7 praeceptum erat = praeceperat; cf. Caesar I. Caes. B. G. 6. 30. i imperatum est = imperaverat; cf. Caesar 29. i. Caes. B. G. 6. 34. 7 noceretur = noceret; cf. Caesar 8. Caes. B. G. 6. 43. 4 ventum est = venit; (supply res). Caes. B. G. 7. 36. 7 veniri posset = venire posset', cf. Vercingetorix2. Caes. B. G. 7. 61. i ventum esset = venisset; cf. i/>^ 60. 4 (Caes.) B. G. 8. 27. 5 praeceptum erat = praeceperat; cf. Fabius 3. (Caes.) B. H. 27. 6 ventum esset venisset; cf. Caesar 3. (Caes.) B. H. 35. i ventum esset = venisset; cf. Caesar. Catullus 39. 2 ventum est = i>e?w/; cf. Egnatius. Catullus 39. 5 lugetur = luget; cf. mater. Sail. Cat. 45. 2 praeceptum erat = praeceperat; cf. Cicero I. Sail. Cat. 50. 5 ventum est = < consul> venit; cf. a consule. Sail. Cat. 55. 5 praeceptum erat = praeceperat; cf. consul, I. Sail. Jug. 13. 8 consuleretur = consuleret; cf. senatu. 22 A Study of the Impersonal Sail. Jug. 25. i consuleretur = consuleret; cf. iw senatu 24. I. Sail. Jug. 29. 6 imperatum erat impemvemt; cf. Calpurnius 4. Sail. Jug. 52. 3 praeceptum fuerat = praeceperat; cf. Metello 2, Sail. Jug. 53. I imperabatur = imperabat; cf. Rutilius 52. 5. Sail. Jug. 62. 7 iussum erat = iusserat; cf. iubet 6. Sail. Jug. 75. 7 ventum = venit; cf. proficiscitur 6. Sail. Jug. 91. I ventum est = vewi/; cf. dislribuerat, curabat. Sail. Jug. 108. 2 caveri nequivisse = cavere nequi- visse; cf. Bocchus. Sail. Jug. 109. 3 praeceptum fuerat praeceperat; cf. 5W/a i. Nep. 6. i. 2 factum est = fecit; cf. consecutus sit. Nep. 14. 8. 3 pugnatum erat = pugnaverat; cf. posuit. Nep. 15. 8. i reditum est = rediit; cf. i// permisit. Nep. 18. 8. 4 posset perveniri posset pervenire; cf. Antigonus. Nep. 1 8. 9. 5 imperatum erat = imperaverat; cf. mittit, praecepit 3. Nep. 19. 4. i perventum est = pervenit; cf. valeret, portaretur. CHAPTER III 4. THE ACTOR DEFINITE IN THE FIRST PERSON PLURAL Under this heading are placed all those verbs which have an implied definite actor in the first person plural. There are two varieties of this class, the Real and the Editorial. I. Real. The Real first plural refers to definite persons, as Ter. Phorm. 135 factumst, ventumst, vincimur. Vincimur is a real first person plural active and has for its subject, Geta, who is speaking, and his master. In the same line, Terence uses factumst and ventumst, two impersonals which have for the subject of their equivalent actives fecimus and venimus, the same subject as vincimur. Geta says, "factumst, ventumst, vincimur. We did , we came, we were conquered, or we did < as Phormio advised > , we went < to court > , we lost < our case > . " Vincimur clear- ly shows that factumst and ventumst are equivalent to actives with an implied subject in the real first person plural. Plaut. Cure. 646 ventum est = venimus; cf. ea me spectatum tu- lerat per Dionysia 644. Plaut. Stich. 774 saltatum est = saltavimus; cf. abeamus. Plaut. True. 9 ventumst = venimus; cf . agamus. Ter. Ad. 302 emergi potest = emergere possumus; cf. mihi, erae- que filiaeque erili. Ter. And. I2qfletur = flemus; cf. venimus 128. Ter. Heaut. 275 ventum est venimus; cf. hie, ego 277. Ter. Heaut. 281 interventum est = intervenimus; cf. hie, ego 277. Ter. Heaut. 743 eatur eamus; cf . sequere hac. Ter. Phorm. 135 factumst, ventumst = fecimus, venimus; cf. vin- cimur. Ter. Phorm. 640 pervenirier potuit = pervenire potuimus; cf. vo- lumus 641. Ter. Phorm. 773 possiet discedi = possimus discedere; cf. gesseri- mus 772. Varro R. R. i. 44. 3 dicetur = dicemus; cf. Licinius 3 and Agrius. Varro R. R. 2. 2. 6 agitur = agimus; cf. emptor, ille. 23 24 A Study of the Impersonal Caes. B. C. 2. 31. 4 credi < nos> credere; cf. habeamus 5. Caes. B. G. i. 44. 8 concedi oporteret = concedere opor- teret; cf. nos. Lucr. 6. 32 occurri = < was > occurrere; cf . tendimus 26, possemus 28. Sail. Jug. 31. 26 vindicatum = vindicaverimus; cf. vivamus. 2. Editorial. In this group have been placed those impersonals denoting what the writer thinks, knows, or says. To avoid mentioning himself exclusively, he uses an "editorial plural." This some- times means himself, as in Sail. Jug. 33. 2 diximus, which is equivalent to dixi and clearly means the writer (Sallust) only. Or the author may include others besides himself in this first plural, as in Varro L. L. 9. 54 dicimus which has for subject we grammarians or we people. Again, to vary his construction, he may substitute an impersonal, having for its equivalent active a subject in the first plural editorial, as in Sail. Jug. 96. I dictum est. That dictum est is a first plural editorial, is proved by Jug. 33- 2 34- I > 37- 3> 38. 6, where diximus is used in the same sense. By careful comparison with the active plurals in the same para- graph, it has been felt that the six examples of Varro which fol- low, should be classed as first plural rather than first singular. The fourteen examples of Caesar which are cited, are also felt to be plurals rather than singulars because Caesar uses the first plural active much more frequently than first singular active. Evidence for this is given in Appendix I . Varro L. L. 5. 74 dictum est = diximus; cf. dicimus, videamus 5- 75- Varro L. L. 9. 54 dicitur = dicimus; cf. dicimus. Varro L. L. 9. 76 transiretur transiremus, cf. dicimus. Varro L. L. 9. 82 perventum est = pervenimus; cf. dicimus 83. Varro L. L. 9. 98 responderi potest = respondere possumus; cf. dicamus 97. (Caes.) B. Alex. 4. i; Caes. B. C. i. 39. i, I. 48. 3, i. 56. 2, 2. 34. i, 3. 6. 2, 3. 15. i, 3. 39. i, 3. 62. i; B. G. 4. 28. i demon- stratum est demonstravimus . Caes. B. G. I. 16. 2, 1. 49. 3, 3. 20. 1, 4. 35. 1 dictum est = diximus. Caes. B. G. 6. n. i perventum est = pervenimus. Sail. Jug. 96. i dictum est = diximus; cf. diximus 33. 2, 34. i, 37. 3, 38. 6. CHAFIERIII 5. THE ACTOR DEFINITE IN THE SECOND PERSON PLURAL This class includes all verbs of the ventum est type, which have a definite actor logically implied in the second plural, as Plaut. Bacch. 757 erit accubitum. In 753 Chrysalus says, 11 Mnesiloche et tu Pistoclere, iam facite in biclinio cum arnica sua uterque accubitum eatis." Then in 757 instead of repeat- ing the second plural he uses the impersonal erit accubitum which is equivalent to accubueritis as is shown not only by accubitum eatis in 755, but by exsurgatis 758. Plaut. Bacch. 757 accubitum erit = accubueritis; cf. accubitum eatis 755. Plaut. M. G. 737 desisti = < vos> desistere; cf. istis. Varro R. R. 2. n. I praedictum est praedixistis; cf. adieceritis. Caes. B. C. 2. 38. 3 auditum erat = audiveratis; supply, "you, my readers." 25 CHAPTER III 6. THE ACTOR DEFINITE IN THE THIRD PERSON PLURAL In this group are placed all those verbs (of the ventum est type) which have a definite actor logically implied in the third plural, as Plaut. Pseud. 453 itur. Pseudolus hears Callipho and Simo talking about him. He knows that punishment awaits him, so he says to himself in 453-4, "itur ad te, Pseudole. Orationem tibi para advorsum senem. They are making towards you, Pseudolus; prepare your speech to meet the old fellow." Then advancing to meet them he says aloud in 455-6 "erum saluto pri- mum, ut aequomst, postea si quid superfit vicinos impertio. First, as is proper, I salute my master, and after that if anything is left I bestow it upon his neighbors." Itur is equivalent to eunt, which has for its implied subject Callipho and Simo. Plaut. Cas. 813 exitur exeunt; cf. prodeant 806. Plaut. M. G. 1091 factumst = fecerunt; cf. legerunt 1090. Plaut. Poen. 835 bibitur, estur = bibunt, edunt; cf. omnia genera 834. Plaut. Pseud. 453 itur = eunt, which has for its implied subject Callipho and Simo. Ter. And. 251 itur eunt; cf. alunt 250. Ter. Heaut. 44 curritur currunt: cf. scribunt, parcunt 43. Ter. Phorm. 1010 ventumst = venerunt; cf. fiunt. Varro L. L. 8. 39 transitum = (verba) transisse; cf. verbis. Varro R. R. 2. 6. 3 solet caveri = solent caver e; cf. emptores implied in emptionibus. (Caes.) B. Afr. 26. 3 subventum foret = subvenissent; cf. Alienum, Rabirium Postumum. (Caes.) B. Afr. 61. i dimicaretur = dimicarent; cf. exercitus in- structi. (Caes.) B. Alex. 2. 3 pugnaretur = pugnarent; cf. habebant. (Caes.) B. Alex. 2. 5 visum est viderunt; cf. movebant. (Caes.) B. Alex. 15.7 discessum est = discesserunt; cf. occur- rerent 6. 26 A Study of the Impersonal 27 (Caes.) B. Alex. 16. 5 decertatum est = decertaverunt; cf. con- tender -ent, viderent 3. (Caes.) B. Alex. 25. 5 ventum esset = venissent; cf. proficiscun- tur 3. (Caes.) B. Alex. 29. 3 certaretur = certarent; cf. milites equitesque nostros. (Caes.) B. Alex. 31. I pugnabatur pugnabant; cf. milites. (Caes.) B. Alex. 31. 2 ventum est = venerunt; cf. cohortis I. (Caes.) B. Alex. 40. i concurritur, pugnatur = concurrunt, pug- nant; cf. signo . . . ab utroque dato. (Caes.) B. Alex. 46. 3 concurritur = concurrunt; cf. ad duces. (Caes.) B. Alex. 53. I concurritur = concurrunt; cf. Berones com- plurisque evocatos. (Caes.) B. Alex. 60. 5 confligitur = confligunt; cf. legiones. (Caes.) B. Alex. 63. 3 pugnetur = pugnent; cf. cohortibus, and numero equitum et reliquorum auxiliorum i. Caes. B. C. i. 4. I resistitur = resistunt; cf. consulis, Scipionis, Catonis. Caes. B. C. i. 26. 4 discedatur = discedant'; cf. Caesar 2, Pom- peius i . Caes. B. C. i. 26. 4 discessum sit = discesserint; cf. Caesar 2, Pompeius i . Caes. B. C. i. 41. 3 dimicaretur = dimicarent; cf. Caesar, Afra- nius. Caes. B. C. I. 43. 5 contenditur = contendunt; cf. Afraniani, nos- tri. Caes. B. C. I. 45. 6 pugnabatur = pugnabant; cf. constiterant, sustinebant. Caes. B. C. I. 46. I pugnatum esset pugnavissent; cf. nostri. Caes. B. C. i. 46. 3 pugnatum est pugnaverunt; cf. nostri; Afranianis 5. Caes. B. C. i. 47. 4 pugnatum est = pugnaverunt; cf. illi. Caes. B. C. i. 58. 2 ventum erat = venerant; cf. confugiebant. Caes. B. C. i. 67. i posse veniri = posse venire; cf. cense- bant. Caes. B. C. i. 67. 2 />0sse exm = posse exire; cf. sumebant. Caes. B. C. i. 69. 4 conclamatur = conclamant; cf. exeunt, con- tendunt. Caes. B. C. i. 79. 4 adpropinquatum esset = adpropinquavissent; cf. inherent. 28 A Study of the Impersonal Caes. B. C. i. 80. i pugnatur, proceditur = pugnant, procedunt; cf. subsistunt. Caes. B. C. i. 86. 3 disputatum esset = disputavissent; cf. in utramque par tern. Caes. B. C. i. 87. I veniatur = veniant; cf. dimittantur 86. 3. Caes. B. C. i. 87. 3 postulatum est = postulaverunt; cf. Petreius atque Afranius. Caes. B. C. 2. 9. 9 visum est = viderunt; cf. exstruxerunt, relique- runt. Caes. B. C. 2. 16. 2 noceri posse = nocere possent; cf. A0j/es I. Caes. B. C. 3. 6. I perventum esset = pervenissent; cf. milites. Caes. B. C. 3. 16. 4 discederetur = discederent; cf. Pompei, Cae- saris 5. Caes. B. C. 3. 16. 5 ra/w posset = redire possent; cf. missuros. Caes. B. C. 3. 19. 5 ventum esset = venissent; cf. /ega/^ 4. Caes. B. C. 3. 26. 5 itum est = ierunt; cf. wac^, introduxerunt t aestimaverunt. Caes. B. C. 3. 37. 3 contenderetur contenderent; cf. militibus. Caes. B. C. 3. 52. I pugnatum est = pugnaverunt; cf. Volcatius Tullus, legionis, cohortibus tribus, and Germani 2. Caes. B. C. 3. 52. i succurri posset = succurrere possent; cf. Caes. B. C. 3. 63. 2 dimicaretur, posset resisti = dimicarent> possent resistere; cf. nostri. Caes. B. C. 3. 67. 5 pugnatum est pugnaverunt; cf. nostri, illi. Caes. B. C. 3. 72. 3 dimicatum = dimicavisse; d.Pompeia- nis i, nostrorum militum 2. Caes. B. C. 3. 80. 3 succurratur = succurrant; cf. Scipionem t Pompeium. Caes. B. C. 3. 86. I cognitum est = cognoverunt; cf. Caesar apud suos. Caes. B. C. 3. 86. 3 accessum sit accesserint; d.equitibus. Caes. B. C. 3. 87. 7 discessum est discesserunt; cf. praecipie- bant. Caes. B. C. 3. 109. I ageretur = agerent; cf. regum. Caes. B. C. 3. in. 2 pugnatum est pugnaverunt; cf. Achillas^ Caesar. Caes. B. C. 3. 111.3 Pugnabatur pugnabant; cf. diductis copiis. Caes. B. C. 3. in. 5 actum est egerunt; cf. i//i, Ai. Caes. B. C. 3. in. 5 agi debuit = agere debuerunt; cf. t//t, Ai. A Study of the Impersonal 29 Caes. B. C. 3. 112. 7 pugnatum est, discederetur = pugnaverunt, discederent; cf. neutri. Caes. B. G. I. 26. i pugnatum est = pugnaverunt; cf. nostros, Helvetii. Caes. B. G. I. 26. 2 pugnatum sit pugnaverint; cf. nostros, Hel- vetia. Caes. B. G. i. 26. 3 pugnatum est = pugnaverunt; cf. nostros, Helvetii. Caes. B. G. i. 26. 4 pugnatum esset = pugnavissent; cf. nostri. Caes. B. G. i. 30. 5 mandatum esset mandavissent; cf. sanxe- runt. Caes. B. G. i. 43. 2 dictum erat = dixerant; cf. venerunt. Caes. B. G. I. 43. 4 ventum est = venerunt; cf. Caesar 2, Ariovis- tus 3. Caes. B. G. i. 52. 4 pugnatum est = pugnaverunt; cf. w0s/ri. Caes. B. G. 2. 6. I sustentatum est = sustentaverunt; cf. Remorum. Caes. B. G. 2. 9. i contendebatur = contendebant; cf. neutri. Caes. B. G. 2. 10. I pugnatum est = pugnaverunt; cf. fortes, wos/n. Caes. B. G. 2. 11.4 ventum erat venerant; cf. nostrorum militum. Caes. B. G. 2. 17. 2 cognitum est = cognoverunt; supply Caesar and his officers. Caes. B. G. 2. 20. i concurri = concurrere; cf. milites. Caes. B. G. 2. 32. 4 perspectum est = perspexerunt; supply Cae- sar and his officers. Caes. B. G. 2. 33. 2 intellectum est = intellexerunt; supply Caesar and his officers. Caes. B. G. 2. 33. 3 concur sum est = concurrerunt; cf. proximis castellis. Caes. B. G. 3. 5. I pugnaretur = pugnarent; cf. nostros. Caes. B. G. 3. 15. 4 pugnaretur = pugnarent; cf. nostri, perpaucae (naves hostium.) Caes. B. G. 3. 21. i pugnatum est pugnaverunt; cf. Sotiates, nostri. Caes. B. G. 3. 22. 4 pugnatum esset pugnavissent; cf. milites. Caes. B. G. 3. 24. 5 exspectari = exspectare; cf. omnium. Caes. B. G. 3. 24. 5 ^re/r = irew/; cf. omnium. Caes. B. G. 4. 13. 5 dicebatur, dictum esset = dicebant, dixissent; cf. Germani 4. Caes. B. G. 5. 16. i dimicaretur = dimicarent; cf. nostros, illi 2. Caes. B. G. 5. 19. 3 discedi = discedere; cf. equitum 2. 3O A Study of the Impersonal Caes. B. G. 5. 25. 5 perventum = pervenisse; cf. legatis, quaestoribus . Caes. B. G. 5. 26. I ventum est venerunt; cf. legatis, quaesto- ribus, legiones 25.5. Caes. B. G. 5. 31. i consurgitur = consurgunt; cf. comprehendunt, orant. Caes. B. G. 5. 31. 5 maneatur = maneant; cf. proficiscuntur. Caes. B. G. 5. 35. 5 pugnaretur = pugnarent; cf. committebant. Caes. B. G. 5. 44. 3 pugnaretur = pugnarent; cf. suos omnes, and hostes 43. 6. Caes. B. G. 5. 50. 5 concursari, agi = concursare, agere; cf. equites. Caes. B. G. 5. 56. i veniri = venire; cf. legationes, 55- 4- Caes. B. G. 5. 58. 3 visum est = viderunt; cf. equites 2. Caes. B. G. 6. 13. 7. interdictum est = inter dixerunt; cf. interdi- cunt 6. Caes. B. G. 6. 19. 3 compertum est = conipererunt; cf. habent, in- terficiunt. Caes. B. G. 6. 37. 6 trepidatur = trepidant; cLferantur, provident. Caes. B. G. 7. 2. 3 disceditur = discedunt; cf. gwi. Caes. B. G. 7. 4. 2 concurritur = concurrunt; cf. sww dientibus. Caes. B. G. 7. 15. 3 deliberatur = deliberant; cf. Gallis 4. Caes. B. G. 7. 16. 3 ire/wr = irent; cf. nostris. Caes. B. G. 7. 24. 4 occurreretur = occurrerent; cf. /wstes 3. Caes. B. G. 7. 25. i pugnaretur = pugnarent; cf. hostibus, nobis. Caes. B. G. 7. 28. i veniretur = venirent; cf. *//* 27. 3. Caes. B. G. 7. 35. 5 perventum pervenisse; cf. copias, correptis cohortibus 4. Caes. B. G. 7. 49. I pugnari = pugnare; cf. Romanis 48. 4. Caes. B. G. 7- 5- J pugnaretur = pugnarent; cf. hostes, nostri. Caes. B. G. 7. 61. 3 tumultuari tumultuare; cf. Caes. B. G. 7. 67. 2 pugnatur = pugnant; cf. equitatum, hostem, omnibus in partibus. Caes. B. G. 7. 70. 6 veniri = < legiones > venire; cf. legiones 5. Caes. B. G. 7. 76. 5 pugnaretur = pugnarent; cf. those in the town, implied in ex oppido. Caes. B. G. 7. 80. 6 pugnaretur = pugnarent; cf. Germani, hostes, nostri. A Study of the Impersonal 31 Caes. B. G. 7. 84. 2 pugnatur, concurritur = pugnant, concurrunt, cf. suos i. Caes. B. G. 7. 85. 4 labor atur = laborant; cf. Ga//i, Romani. Caes. B. G. 7. 87. I pugnaretur pugnarent; cf. Brutum, Fabium cum aliis. (Caes.) B. G. 8. i. 2 resisti posse = < se > resistere posse; cf. Gallis. (Caes.) B. G. 8. 7. 2 esse demigratum = demigra- visse; cf. Bellovacos I. (Caes.) B. G. 8. 10. 2 contendebatur contendebant; cf. panels. (Caes.) B. G. 8. 12. $dimicari = < Remos > dimicare; cf. Remis 3. (Caes.) B. G. 8. 19. 3 pugnatur pugnant; cf. 'pari contentlone. (Caes.) B. G. 8. 23. 5 venturttesset = venissent; cf. C. Volusenum Quadratum, centuriones 4. (Caes.) B. G. 8. 29. i dimicaretur = dimicarent; cf. nostri 28. 4, /zos/es 28.5. (Caes.) B. G. 8. 48. ^ contender etur contenderent; cf. Volusenus, ille. (Caes.) B. H. 11.2 pugnatum est = pugnaverunt; cf. miserunt. (Caes.) B. H. 13. 7 pugnatum est = pugnaverunt; cf. dubitarunt, essent facturi 6. (Caes.) B. H. 15. 5 pugnari coeptum est = pugnare coeperunt; cf. nostris defendentibus iniecissent 6. (Caes.) B. H. 23. 8 pugnatum est = pugnaverunt; cf. inter quos, comminus. (Caes.) B. H. 33. 2 ventum esset = venissent; cf. coeperunt. Lucr. 2. 962 decursum siet = decucurrerint; cf. animantes, im- plied from animantem 944, and possint 961. Lucr. 3. 598 trepidatur = trepidant; cf. cupiunt 599. Sail. Cat. 9. 4 vindicatum est = vindicaverunt; cf. curabant. Sail. Cat. 51. 5 consultum est = consultaverunt; cf. maiores nostri. Sail. Cat. 60. 2 ventum est = venerunt; cf. cohortis, hostium exer- citus. Sail. Cat. 60. 3 certatur= certant; cf. veterani, illi. Sail. Jug. 53. 2 ventum est = venerunt; cf. consistunt. Sail. Jug. 54. 10 subveniretur = subvenirent; cf. Romanos. Sail. Jug. 58. i certatur = certant; cf . Romani 57. 4. oppidani 57. 5. Sail. Jug. 60. i. certabatur = certabant; cf. t7/i, /wstes 3. Sail. Jug. 74. 3 certatum = certaverunt; cf. Numidae 2. Sail. Jug. 76. 5 ventum erat = venerant; cf. Romani. Sail. Jug. 105. i consuleretur = consulerent; cf. Bocchus, Sullam. 32 A Study of the Impersonal Sail. Jug. 107. 7 perventum est pervenerunt; cf. intenderant. Sail. Jug. 113. 2 veniretur = venirent; cf. Bacchus, Sullam, Jugur- thae legatum. Sail. Jug. 113. 6 dictum erat = dixerant; cf. Bocchus, Sullam, Jugurthae legatum 2. Sail. Jug. 113. 6 invaditur invadunt; cf. undique, ex insidiis. Nep. i. 4. 5 desperari = desperare; cf. praetores 4. Nep. 1.4.5 auderi .... dimicari = < praetores > audere . . dimicare; cf . praetores 4. Nep. 4. 3. 7 iudicari iudicare; cf. putdbant. Nep. 6. 3. 5 iudicatum foret = iudicavissent; cf. iudicum. Nep. 8. 3. 3 reditum erat = redierant; cf . vellent. Nep. 14.11.1 conveniretur convenirent; cf. Datamen, Mithri- dates. Nep. 15. 3. 3 disputaretur disputarent; cf. circulum. Nep. 1 6. 4. i dimicatum est = dimicaverunt; cf. gwi, undique, and praesidium 3. 3. Nep. 17. 2. i dimicari = dimicare; cf. Lacedaemoniis. Nep. 1 8. 4. i pugnatum esset pugnavissent; cf. copias 3. 3, Mace- dones 3. 4. Nep. 1 8. 7. 3 conveniretur, deliberaretur convenirent, deliberarent; cf. omnes 2. Nep. 1 8. 9. 5 auditum esse = audivisse; cf. adver- sarios. Nep. 20. 3. 5 decretum sit = decreverint; cf. Syracusani implied in Nep. 25. 2. 4 dictum esset dixissent; cf. hdberent. CHAPTER III 7. THE ACTOR INDEFINITE OR GENERAL IN THE SECOND PERSON SINGULAR This group contains all those examples which have a subject impliedly indefinite in the second person singular (i. e. you = anyone). Cato in de Agr. 5. 7, giving general directions as to farming, says, "pecori et bubus diligenter substernatur. Care- fully bed your flocks and herds. " Substernatur is equivalent to substernas, having as its implied subject the indefinite you, any- body. It should be remembered that the second singular, if used indefinitely, is normally in the potential subjunctive, not in the indicative; cf. Lane 1550. Plaut. Poen. 533 curratur = curras; cf. bibas, edas 534. Cato de Agr. 5. 7 substernatur substernas; cf. conficias. Cato de Agr. 14. i iussitur = iubeas; cf. locabis. Cato de Agr. 39. 2 cessetur = cesses; cf . facias. Varro L. L. 9. 108 transitum est = transieris; cf. transieris. 33 CHAPTER III 8. THE ACTOR INDEFINITE IN THE THIRD PERSON SINGULAR In this class are placed those verbs which have a third sing- ular indefinite actor implied, as in Plaut. Trin. 65 vivitur. Me- garonides says, "edepol proinde ut bene uiuitur, diu uiuitur. In proportion as one lives a happy life, one lives a long life. " Here vivitur is equivalent to vivit and has homo (meaning any one of the race of men) for its implied subject. In negative expres- sions, usually, the indefinite is singular as Caes. B. G. 2. 17. 4 "ut instar muri hae saepes munimentum praeberent quo non modo non intrari sed ne perspici quidem posset. So that these hedges presented a fortification like a wall, through which (no one) could enter nor even penetrate with the eye." The subject of Posset is felt to be singular indefinite rather than plural indefinite. Plaut. Bacch. 544 ne invideatur ne invideat; cf. nullus 543. Plaut. M. G. 758 adpositumst = adposuit; cf. iube, tolle 759. Plaut. Trin. 65 vivitur, vivitur = vivit, vivit. Ter. And. 501 renuntiatumst = renuntiavit. Varro L. L. 6. 72 neque agi potest neque < quisquam > agere potest. Varro L. L. 8. 31 discessum est = discessit; cf. si quis putat. Caes. B. G. I. 31. 2 enuntiatum esset = enuntia- visset. Caes. B. G. 2. 17. 4 non intrari, sed ne perspici quidem posset non intrare, sed ne perspicere quidem posset. Caes. B. G. 3. 3. 2 neque veniri = neque venire < posset. > Caes. B. G. 7. 9. 5 nuntiari posset = nuntiare pos- set. Nep. 1 8. 9. 4 praenuntialum esse praenuntiavisse. 34 CHAPTER III 9. THE ACTOR INDEFINITE IN THE THIRD PERSON PLURAL In this class are placed those verbs which have an indefinite actor logically implied in the third plural; as Plaut. Amph. 942 reventum est. Jupiter says in lines 938-42 "nam in hominum aetate multa eveniunt huius modi; capiunt voluptates, capiunt rusunv miserias ; irae interveniunt, redeunt rusum in gratiam, verum irae si quae forte eveniunt huius modi inter eos, rusum si reventum in gratiam est, etc. For in the life of mortals many things of this nature happen; now they take their pleasures, again they meet with hardships. Quarrels intervene, again they (mortals) become friends. But if, by chance, any quarrels of this nature happen between them, then if they have become friends again, etc." Reventum est is equi- valent to revenerunt which has for its implied indefinite subject homines, as is shown by hominum. Plaut. Amph. 942 reventum est = < homines > revenerunt; cf. hominum 938. Plaut. Cure. 679 argentariis male credi qui aiunt = < homines > argentariis male credere qui aiunt. Credi is equivalent to credere which has for its implied subject men or people. "Those who say it is bad that trust bankers," etc. Plaut. Cure. 680 credi dico = < homines > credere dico; credi is equivalent to credere, which has a third plural indefinite subject men implied. "I say it is both good and bad to trust < bankers >" is the meaning of nam et bene et male credi dico. Plaut. Most. 235 estur, bibitur < homines > edunt, bibunt; cf. neque quisquam parsimoniam adhibet 236, showing that more than one person is doing the eating and drinking. Plaut. Rud. 271 veniri solet = < homines > venire solent. Plaut. True. 746 invidetur < homines > invident; cf. invident. Ter. Eun. 348 conclamatumst = < homines > conclamaverunt. Ter. Heaut. 154 vivitur = < homines > vivunt. 35 36 A Study of the Impersonal Ter. Hec. 315 trepidari, cur sari < homines > trepidare, cursare. Varro L. L. 5. 47 itur = < homines > eunt. Varro L. L. 6. 16 sacrificatur = < homines > sacrificant. Varro L. L. 6. 24 exitur = < homines > exeunt. Varro L. L. 6. 25 sacrificatur < homines > sacrificant. Varro L. L. 6. 34 parentetur = < homines > parentent. Varro L. L. 7. 32 dubitatur = < homines > dubitant. Varro L. L. 8. 14 dicitur = dicunt. Varro L. L. 10. 80 erratur < homines > errant. Varro R. R. i. 2. 4 posse navigari = < homines > posse navigare. Varro R. R. I. 16. 6 navigari, evehi, invehi possit < homines > navigare, evehere, invehere possent. Varro R. R. 3. i. 2 did possit = < homines > dicer e possint. Caes. B. C. I. 6*j.2conclamatumesset = conclamavis- sent. Caes. B. C. 3. 96. 4 dicebatur = < homines > dicebant. Caes. B. G. 7. 36. 2 despici poterat = < homines > despicere po- terant. (Caes.) B. G. 8. 7. 7 diceretur = dicerent. Lucr. 5. 1 8 non poterat vivi = non poterant vivere; cf. mortales 15. Sail. Cat. 2. 8 siletur = < homines > silent. Sail. Jug. 5. i itum est = ierunt. Nep. 6. 4. i perlatum esse = < homines > pertulisse. Nep. 10. 9. 5 dictum est = < homines > dixerunt. Nep. 10. 10.2 factum est = fecerunt. Nep. 25. 14. i cenatum est = < homines > cenaverunt; cf. convivae. CHAPTER IV THE AGENT NOT EXPRESSED BUT UNDERSTOOD FROM THE VERB In this group are placed those impersonals whose subjects are neither expressed nor implied in the context, yet are known be- cause the verb itself immediately calls up the person or persons upon whom this duty devolves; as Cato deAgr. 150. i interkalatum erit is equivalent to inter kalaverint. It was the duty of the pontifices to regulate the calendar. In Caes. B. C. I. I. i referr etur = < consul > referret. To refer matters to the senate was the consul's business. This group has been divided into two classes: the first contains those verbs which have a singular subject implied for their active equivalent, the second class includes those verbs which have a plural subject implied. These active verbs, whether singular or plural, have their im- plied subjects in the third person. I. Third Singular. Caes. B. C. i. i. i. referretur = < consul > referret. Caes. B. C. i. 2. 2. non oportere referri = non oportere referre. Caes. B. C. i. 2. 7 refertur = < consul > refert. Caes. B. C. i. 6. 3 refertur, refertur = < consul > refert, refert. Sail. Cat. 48. 5 referatur referat. Sail. Cat. 51. 21 animadvorteretur < praetor > animadvorteret. Sail. Jug. 28. 3 nuntiari iubet nuntiare iubet. II. Third Plural. Cato de Agr. 150. I interkalatum erit < pontifices > interka- laverint. Varro L. L. 6. 13 inter calatur < pontifices > inter calant. (Caes.) B. Afr. 40. 5 cani iussisset = iussisset canere; cf. comment on B. G. 7. 47. I below. Caes. B. C. 3. 75. 2 conclamari < the proper officials > conclam- are. Caes. B. G. 7. 47. i cani iussit (cornicines tubicinesque) canere. Cani in B. Afr. 40. 5 and here may mean that Caesar ordered < the instruments > to be sounded. In that case cani would not belong in this group, since there is an implied subject of the pass- ive, but would be an ordinary passive; as in B. C. 3.82. i classi- cumque apud eum cani . . . iubet. 37 CHAPTER V IMPERSONALS WITH EXPRESSED AGENT This class of verbs, which is here called " Impersonal with Expressed Agent, " includes those verbs which have their log- ical subject expressed by the ablative, or dative of agent, or otherwise. This construction is used to make the action prom- inent, while the actor is secondary, but not left to inference. Plaut. Amph. 219 utrimque exitum est; utrimque = ab utrisque and is an expressed agent. Plaut. Bacch. 295 factum a vobis. Plaut. Cas. 394 a me factum. Plaut. M. G. 561 a me factum esse. Plaut. Poen. 805 factum a vobis. Ter. Ad. 662 factum a vobis. Ter. Heaut. 158 peccatum a me est. Ter. Heaut. 249 factum a nobis est. Ter. Hec. 624 abs te est factum. Ter. Phorm. 1001 factumst abs te. (Caes.) B. Afr. 18. 4 ab hostibus pugnaretur nee comminus ad manus rediretur. (Caes.) B. Alex. 19. 6 pugnabatur a nobis. (Caes.) B. Alex. 39. 2 utrimque processum est; utrimque = ab utroque. (Caes.) B. Alex. 62. 3 pugnatur utrimque; utrimque = ab utroque. Caes. B. C. i. 26. i utrimque pugnabatur; utrimque = ab utrisque. Caes. B. C. I. 57. 3 pugnatum est utrimque; utrimque = ab utris- que. Caes. B. C. i. 67. i disputatur a Petreio atque Afranio. Caes. B. C. 3. 14. i erat praeceptum a Caesare. Caes. B. C. 3. 93. I concurri a Pompeianis. Caes. B. C. 3. 93. i erat praeceptum a Caesare. Caes. B. C. 3. 100. i factum a Libone. Caes. B. G. i. 22. 3 erat praeceptum a Caesare. Caes. B. G. I. 50. 3 utrimque pugnatum est; utrimque = ab utro- que. Caes. B. G. 2. 33. 4 pugnatum ab hostibus est. 38 A Study of the Impersonal 39 Caes. B. G. 2. 33. 4 a viris fortibus pugnari debuit. Caes. B. G. 3. 18. 6 ab Us erat provisum. Caes. B. G. 3. 25. i ab hostibus pugnaretur. Caes. B. G. 4. 23. 2 a quibus administratum esset. Caes. B. G. 4. 26. i pugnatum est ab utrisque. Caes. B. G. 5. 6. i ab nobis dictum est. Caes. B. G. 5. 30. i a Co tta primisque ordinibus resisteretur. Caes. B. G. 5. 40. 3 ab nostris resistitur. Caes. B. G. 7. 16. 3 ab nostris occurrebatur . Caes. B. G. 7. 47. 2 erat a Caesar e praeceptum. Caes. B. G. 7. 70. i ab utrisque contenditur. Lucr. 5. 1149 concessumst legibus aequis. Lucr. 6. 377 turbatur utrimque; utrimque ab utrisque. Sail. Jug. 53. 2 utrimque concurritur; utrimque = a& utrisque. Sail. Jug. 67. 2 neque a fortissumis resisti posse. Sail. Jug. 102. 4 a Manlio concessum. Sail. Jug. 107. i a paucis strenuis pugnatum. Sail. Jug. 112. 3 ab omnibus veniretur. Sail. Jug. 114. i ab ducibus nostris pugnatum. Nep. 2. 10. 4 apud plerosque scriptum est. Nep. 2. 10. 5 legibus non concederetur. CHAPTER VI SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION Unexpressed Pseu- Personals with do Agent Plaut. Ter. Cato Varro Caes. Caes. Lucr. Cat. Sail. Nep. Cic. i. First Singular Definite 31 13 i 7 54 2. Second Singu- lar Definite. . 9 2 20 3. Third Singular Definite 17 12 2 5 37 14 2 13 6 177 4. First Plural Real 3 9 2 2 i i 87 5. First Plural Editorial.... 5 14 i i 45 6. Second Plural Definite 2 I I 8 7. Third Plural Definite 5 3 2 103 29 2 IS IS 180 8. Second Singu- lar Indefinite I 3 I 2 9. Third Singular Indefinite. . . 4 I 2 5 I 103 10. Third Plural Indefinite. . . 7 4 13 3 i I 2 4 112 ii. Agent not ex- pressed but definitely un- derstood a. Third Singular 5 3 19 b. Third Plural... I I 2 i 12 Total 79 A A j an 172 46 2 at 26 828 Pages of text exam- *r*r sy ifU 99 ined (reckoned ap- proximately with Teubner page as unit) 983 280 IO9 387 34O 158 227 116 121 124 4622 Number of Teubner pages per imper- sonal verb of this type 12.4 6.3 IS-S 9-9 1 .9 3*4 S6.7 58 3.4 4-7 5.5 Impersonal with Agent Expressed 5 5 21 5 2 6 2 80 40 A Study of the Impersonal 41 Definite Indefinite Sg. Plu. Sg. Plu. Plautus 57 10 57 Terence 27 12 I 4 Cato 3 I 30 Varro 12 II 3 13 Caesar 42 122 5 3 Pseudo-Caesar 14 31 o I Lucretius o 3 o I Catullus 2 o o o Sallust 16 17 o 2 Nepos.... 6 15 14 Total T. 179 222 18 35 In examples found in the works of authors other than histo- rians (Caesar, Sallust, Nepos and Lucretius) the singular definite is used more frequently than the plural definite. In the histo- rians the plural definite is used more often. The singular indefinite is used on an average less than the plu- ral indefinite, the ratio being about 1:2. The definite meaning occurs more frequently than the indef- inite, the ratio being about 15: 2. Plautus, out of 79 examples, uses 31 which require a logically implied subject in first singular definite, because he uses dialogue requiring a first singular definite subject. This impersonal con- struction relieves the monotony of a too oft recurring first per- son definite. Terence, for the same reason, uses for the most part an im- personal requiring a logically implied subject in first and third singular definite. Cato, giving directions as to farming, makes very little use of this impersonal construction. Of the seven examples taken from his works three are equivalent to a personal construction having a second singular indefinite subject. One-third of the examples gathered from Varro require a sub- ject in the third plural indefinite because Varro treats of gram- mar and of affairs pertaining to agriculture and does it in gen- eral or indefinite terms. He uses this impersonal passive for the sake of variety. Caesar and Sallust write of war; consequently the greater num- ber of their impersonal verbs need subjects logically implied in 42 A Study of the Impersonal the third person singular and the third plural definite. To avoid the too frequent use of a personal subject they make use of this impersonal construction. Nepos in his "Lives" is very fond of this impersonal passive, having for its active a logically implied subject in the third plu- ral definite. The lyric poet Catullus and Lucretius in his philosophical poem make very scanty use of this impersonal passive. The comic writers Plautus and Terence, however, use it very frequent- iy. In conclusion it can be said: ( I ) . Writers of the republican period do not use the impersonal passive of the ventum est type so frequently as the imperial au- thors. The writers of the empire continued to make use of this construction, as is shown by Tacitus, who gives us one example, approximately, for every 3.4 pages, Juvenal, one example for every n.8 pages, Horace, one for every 25.5 pages, and Sueton- ius, one for every 2.5 pages. (2). This idiom is used most frequently by historians of this (republican) period; Caesar, Sallust, and Nepos. (3). It is not popular with the poets of this age, except the writers of comedy. (4). In republican times, the impersonal passive of the ven- tum est type was commonly equivalent to an active, having a definite subject implied in the context. In this investigation, four hundred fifty-four examples have been cited; four hundred one of these show a definite doer for the active equivalent, only fifty-three show an indefinite agent implied for the equivalent active. APPENDIX I EXCURSUS ON CAESAR A table follows, showing how often Caesar and pseudo-Caesar make use of a first singular, a first plural, and an impersonal con- struction of verbs of saying, thinking, believing, naming, show- ing etc. FIRST PLURAL pseudo-Caesar Caesar (i) (i) (i) confidamus B. C. 2.4.4 consuevimus B. G. 5.1.2 credimus B. C. 2.27.2 demonstravimus B. C. 1.31.2, 3.4.6, 3.10.1, 3.56.1, 3.58.1, 3.62.3, 3. 66.2, 3-67-5, 3-68.2, 3.79-6, 3.84. 3, 3.894, 3.100-1; B. G. 2.1. i, 2.22.1, 5.2.2, 5.3.1, 5-I9-I, 5-22.1, 5.49.2, 5-56.3, 6.8.9, 6.29.1, 6.34. i, 6.35.3, 7-37-1, 7.48.1, 7.70.1, 7.76.1, 7.79-2, 7.83.8, 7-85-4- (32) dixeramus B. G. 2.1.1, 2.28.1 (2) diximus B. G. 3.5.2, 3.15.1, 3.26.3, 4.4.1, 7.17.1, 7.23.2, 7.58.3 (7) docuimus B. C. 3.80.2, 3.84.5, 3.88. 3; B. G. 6.2.1, 6.35.5, 6.40.4 (6) existimavimus B. G. 7.25.1. (i) exterreamur B. C. 2.4.4 ( J ) meminimus B. C. 3.108.2 (i) mentionem fecimus B. C. 3.99.2, B. G. 6.38.1 (2) nominavimus B. G. 2.18.1 (i) ostendimus B. G. 3.10.1 (i) putamus B. C. 3.17.1 (i) reperiebamus B. C. 3-53-1, 3-57-5; B. G. 5-13-4 (3) scripsimus B. G. 2.29.1 (i) sentimus B. C. 2.27.2 (i) speramus B. C. 2.27.2 (i) utimur B. G. 5.1.2 (i) videbamus B. G. 5.13.4 (i) volumus B. C. 2.27.2 (i) Total 67 audiebamus B. Alex. 74.3 (i) demonstravimus B. Afr. 24.1, 34.1, 74.1; B. Alex. 28.2; B. H. 20.3, 25.7, 28.4, 31.4, 34.6, 39.1, 40.1. (n) docuimus B. Afr. 55.1; B.Alex. 33. 2 (2) scripsimus B. Alex. 69.2, 78.2; B. H. 4-2, 5-2 (4) Total 1 8. 43 44 A Study of the Impersonal FIRST SINGULAR Caesar commemoram B. G. 4.16.2, 4.17.1 (2) demonstraveram B. G. 4.27.2 (i) demonstravi B. C. 3.15.6 (i) dixeram B. G. 2.24.1 (i) Total 5 pseudo-Caesar arbitror B. Afr. 7.4; 59.1 (2) commemoravi B. Afr. 41.3, 48.2, 73.1, 80.3; B. G. 8.47-2 (5) demonstravi B. Alex. 30.5 (i) dixi B. Afr. 32.1, 51.6, 69.4 (3) docui B. Afr. 38.1, 38.2, B. G. 8.10. 4, 8.19.2, 8.44.3 (5) existimavi B. G. 8.48.10 (i) nominavi B. Afr. 96.2 (i) ordiar B. Afr. 60. 1 (i) perveniam B. Afr. 60. 1 (i) scio B. G. 8.48.10 (i) scripsi B. Alex. 35.3, B. G. 8.44.4 (2) statui B. G. 8.48.11 (i) Total 24. IMPERSONALS demonstratum est B. Alex. 4.1, B. G. 8.4.4. Total 2. auditum erat B. C. 2.38.3 (i) cognitum est B. C. 3.86.1 ; B. G. 2.17. 2 (2) demonstratum est B. C. 1.39.1, 1.48. 3, 1.56.2, 2.28.1, 2.34.1, 2.42.5, 3-6.3, 3- IS- i. 3-39.1, 3.62.1, B. G. 4.28.1. (n) dictum est B. G. 1.16.2, 1.49.3, 3.20. ! 4.35.1 (4) perventum est B. G. 6.11.1 (i) videtur B. G. 7.5.6 (i) Total 20. Of these twenty-two impersonals four have indirect discourse as subject: demonstratum est B. C. 2. 28. i, 2. 42. 2, B. G. 8. 4. 3; videtur B. G. 7. 5. 6. OBSERVATIONS 1. Caesar uses more than three times as many first plurals as pseudo-Caesar, 67 :i8. 2. Pseudo-Caesar uses more than four times as many first singulars as Caesar, 24 15. 3. Caesar uses ten times as many impersonals as pseudo- Caesar, 20:2. A Study of the Impersonal 45 4. Since Caesar uses 67 first plurals to 5 first singulars, or 13 times as many, his impersonals should be interpreted as first plurals rather than first singulars. Pseudo-Caesar uses eighteen first plurals to twenty-four first singulars. These impersonals of his may be interpreted as first singulars or first plurals. APPENDIX II DOUBTFUL READINGS Those passages which have various textual readings have been listed. The text is uncertain ; therefore they have not been in- cluded in the discussion. Plaut. M. G. iqogfactumst. One Ms. has the reading factum est, while another reads factus est. Plaut. True. 127 cenetur, Ms. Ambrosianus has cena detur, Pal- atinus reads centur. Ter. And. 451 obsonatum est. This is the reading of the Vatica- nus Ms. ; obsonatus est is another reading. The latter reading is strongly favored by the context. Caes. B. C. i. 86. 4 noceatur. ne cui de his noceatur is the read- ing of one Ms. Another reads ne quid eis noceatur. Caes. B. C. 3. 16. 4 componeretur has componerentur for a variant reading. Caes. B. C. 3. 18. 3 visum est, reversus est and rursus are the dif- ferent readings for this passage. Caes. B. C. 3. 24. 2 imperatum est is a reading given by only one text, that of Kiibler. It has no Ms. authority. Caes. B. G. 7. 79. 3 concurritur; $ group of Mss. has concurritur, the a group has concurrunt. The latter seems to be the better reading. Lucr. 2. 94 probatumst. The Ms. readings of this passage are ostendi . . probatumst and ostendit . . probatumst. The latter makes spatium the subject of probatumst. 46 APPENDIX III NOTES ON RELINQUITUR, SITUM EST, ACTUM EST, ETC. relinquitur, although an impersonal passive in Varro L. L. 10. 30, R. R. 2. 2. 20, 2. 3. 9, 2. 9. i, has not been classed with the ventum est group. It is equivalent to restat or to super- est, and has been considered as an impersonal of the third type, a classification to which restat and superest belong. In Varro R. R. 3. 16. i, relinquitur has a subject. Usually it is followed by ut, where the ^/-clause is subject; as in Caes. B. C. i. 29.2, B. G. 5. 19. 3, etc. In Plaut. Stich. 53 est situm is an impersonal passive and also is equivalent to restat or superest. It has, therefore, not been included in the ventum est group. Actum est in Plaut. Cist. 685, actum siet Ter. Heaut. 456, actumst in Ter. Eun. 54, 717, 985 and Heaut. 584 are impersonal passive, in form, but not in meaning. Ago in its original meaning is an active transitive verb. Res acta est, the case is over (and done for) ; acta haec res est, this mat- ter is ended. From this meaning arose the expression actum est de aliqua re, it is all over with a person or thing. Every- thing is lost. The person is utterly ruined. Since actum est is the regular form meaning "it is all over," it has not been included in this study. In Sallust Cat. 52. 6 agitur de vectigalibus vectigalia aguntur t vectigalia is felt. to be the subject. In Varro R. R. i. 2. 20 non inigi is not an impersonal passive. Hoc nomine refers to caprini generis, from which a subject is clearly implied. Plaut. Cure. 68 1 creditur has not been included in this study. Creditur may here be an impersonal passive with an indef- inite implied subject in the third singular as credit, cf. French on, German man, or a third plural may be its implied indefinite subject, as homines credunt; or it may have a word for money as its subject, for such a word is the subject of perit. The last interpretation seems the best. 47 INDEX LOCORUM CAESAR B. Afr. 4 3 mandatum erat 20 B. C. 1-5 4 decernitur 20 6 .6 discedebatur 20 M 1.6 3 refertur, refertur 37 18 4 pugnaretur, redire- 41 1.6 .6 feratur 20 tur 38 " I .24 5 disceptetur 2O 19 4 decertatum est 20 " I .26 .1 pugnabatur 38 26 3 subventum foret 26 " I .26 4 discedatur, disces- 3i .2 accederetur 20 sum sit 27 40 5 cani 37 " I .26 5 agi 20 50 . i perveniretur 20 " I 37 3 imperatum erat 20 61 .1 dimicaretur 26 " I 39 .1 demonstratum est 24 " 82 -3 pugnari 20 " I 41 3 dimicaretur 27 88 7 imperatum erat 20 " I 43 5 contenditur 27 B. Alex, i 5 succurri 20 " I 45 .6 pugnabatur 27 " 2 3 pugnaretur 26 " I .46 .1 pugnatum esset 27 " 2 5 visum est 26 " I .46 3 pugnatum est 27 4 . i demonstratum est 24 " I 47 4 pugnatum est 27 9 .2 occursum est 20 " I 48 3 demonstratum est 2 4 14 .1 ventum est 20 " I 56 .2 demonstratum est 24 15 7 discessum est 26 " I 57 3 pugnatum est 38 16 5 decertatum est 27 " I 58 .2 ventum erat 27 19 .6 pugnabatur 38 " I 67 .1 veniri,disputatur27 t 38 25 5 ventum esset 27 " I 67 .2 exiri, conclamatum 29 3 certaretur 27 esset 27, 36 44 j . i pugnabatur 27 " I .69 4 conclamatur 27 44 - _ .2 ventum est 27 " I 71 .1 confligeretur 2O 39 .2 processum est 38 " I 79 4 adpropinquatum 40 .1 concurritur, pug- esset 27 natur 27 " I .80 .1 pugnatur, proce- 46 3 concurritur 27 ditur 28 53 .1 concurritur 27 " I .80 5 pugnatur 21 60 5 confligitur 27 I .84 .2 venitur 21 62 3 pugnatur 27 " I. 85- 12 dictum esset 21 63 3 pugnetur 27 " I .86 3 disputatum esset 28 75 3 confligitur 20 " I 87 .1 veniatur 28 B.C. i.i .1 referretur 37 " I 87 3 postulatum est 28 1.2 .2 referri 37 41 2.9 9 visum est 28 1.2 7 refertur 37 " 2 .16 .2 noceri 28 " 1-4 .1 resistitur 27 " 2 .22 5 imperatum est 21 1.5-3 decurritur, disces- 11 2 25 7 imperatum est 21 sum est 20 " 2 31 4 credi 24 48 A Study of the Impersonal 49 B.C. 2-34 . i demonstratum est 24 ii 2 38 3 auditum erat 25 ii 3-6 .1 perventum esset 28 44 36 .2 demonstratum est 24 44 3 14 . I praeceptum erat 38 44 3 15 .1 demonstratum est 24 44 3 .16 4 discederetur 28 44 3 .16 5 rediri 28 44 3 19 5 ventum esset 28 (1 3 .26 5 itum est 28 44 3 33 .1 ventum esset 21 44 3 37 3 contenderetur 28 44 3 39 .1 demonstratum est 24 44 3 52 .1 pugnatum est, suc- curri 28 44 3 .62 .1 demonstratum est 24 44 3 63 .2 dimicaretur, resist! 28 44 3 67 5 pugnatum est 28 44 3 .72 3 dimicatum 28 44 3 72 4 offensum esset 21 44 3 75 .2 conclamari 37 44 3 75 4 ventum esset 21 44 3 .80 3 succurratur 28 44 3 85 3 dimicari 21 44 3 .86 .1 cognitum est 28 44 3 .86 3 accessum sit 28 44 3 .87 7 discessum est 28 44 3 93 .1 concurri, praecep- tum erat 38 44 3 93 3 imperatum erat 21 44 3 .96 4 dicebatur 36 44 3- 100 .1 factum 38 44 3- 109 .1 ageretur 28 44 3- in .2 pugnatum est 28 44 3- in 3 pugnabatur 28 44 3- in 5 actum est, agi 28 44 3- 112 7 pugnatum est, dis- cederetur 29 B.C. .16 2 dictum est 24 ii .22 3 praeceptum erat 38 44 .26 . i pugnatum est 29 44 .26 .2 pugnatum sit 29 44 .26 3 pugnatum est 29 44 .26 4 pugnatum esset 29 44 30 -5 mandatum esset 29 44 31 .2 enuntiatum esset 34 44 43 .2 dictum erat 29 44 43 4 ventum est 29 B.C. 1.44.8 1-49-3 1.50.3 1.52.4 2.6.1 2.9.1 2. 10. i 2.11.4 2. II. 6 2.17.2 2.17.4 2.20.1 2.32.4 2.33.2 2.33-3 2-33-4 3-3-2 3-5-1 3.14-1 3-15-4 18.6 3.20.1 3.21.1 3.22.4 3-23-2 3.24.5 3.25.1 3.26.2 4.8.1 4.11.1 4.I3.5 4.23.2 4.26.1 4.28.1 4.3I.3 4-35-1 5-3-3 5-6.1 5.7.9 5-8.5 5.16.1 5.19.3 5.25.5 5.26.1 concedi 24 dictum est 24 pugnatum est 38 pugnatum est 29 sustentatum est 29 contendebatur 29 pugnatum est 29 ventum erat 29 imperatum erat 21 cognitum est 29 intrari, perspici 34 concurri 29 perspectum est 29 intellectum est 29 concursum est 29 pugnari, pugna- tum est 38, 39 veniri 34 pugnaretur 29 noceri pugnaretur provisum erat dictum est pugnatum est pugnatum esset ventum erat exspectari, iretur, pugnaretur imperatum erat visum est constitutum erat dicebatur, dictum 21 29 39 24 29 29 21 29 39 21 21 21 2 9 administratum es- set 39 pugnatum est 39 ventum est, dem- onstratum est 21, 24 navigan dictum est cognitum est dictum est imperatum erat accessum sit dimicaretur discedi perventum ventum est 21 24 21 39 21 21 29 2 9 30 30 50 A Study of th \e Impersonal E.G. 5-30.1 resisteretur 39 E.G. 8.7.7 diceretur 36 u 5-31.1 consurgitur 30 " 8 . i o . 2 contendebatur 31 i 5-31.5 maneatur 30 " 8.12.5 dimicari 3i n 5-35-5 pugnaretur 30 " 8.19.3 pugnatur 3i II 5-40.3 resistitur 39 " 8.23.5 ventum esset 3i << 5-44-3 pugnaretur 30 " 8.27.5 praeceptum erat 21 u 5-45-5 cognoscitur 21 11 8.29.1 dimicaretur 31 M 5-47-3 imperatum erat 21 " 8.48.3 contenderetur 31 II 5.48.7 praeceptum erat 21 B. H. ii. 2 pugnatum est 31 5-50.5 concursari, agi 30 J 3 7 pugnatum est 31 i< 5-56.1 veniri 30 I 5-5 pugnari 31 II 5-58.3 visum est 30 23.8 pugnatum est 31 u 6. ii. i perventum est 24 27.6 ventum esset 21 it 6.13.7 interdictum est 30 33 . 2 ventum esset 31 u 6.19-3 compertum est 30 35 . i ventum esset 21 II 6.30.1 imperatum est 21 CATO II 6-34-7 noceretur 21 > U.C.BERKELEY LIBRARIES UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY ;