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Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 
 
 DIVISION OF INTERCOURSE AND EDUCATION 
 
 Publication No. 2 
 
 GERMAN INTERNATIONAL PROGRESS 
 
 IN 191 
 
 REPORT ol . s^HR HP WILHF^ vt P\q7r<rnwSKI 
 
 PUBLISHEI MDOWMENT 
 
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 1914 
 

Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 
 
 DIVISION OF INTERCOURSE AND EDUCATION 
 
 Publication No. 2 
 
 GERMAN INTERNATIONAL PROGRESS 
 
 IN 1913 
 
 REPORT OF PROFESSOR DR. WILHELM PASZKOWSKI 
 
 BERLIN 
 Special Correspondent of the Division 
 
 PUBLISHED BY THE ENDOWMENT 
 
 WASHINGTON, D. C. 
 
 1914 
 
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PREFACE 
 
 This report by Professor Wilhelm Paszkowski typifies the sort of accurate 
 and detailed information that is constantly received by the Division of Inter- 
 course and Education from its various foreign correspondents. Through these 
 correspondents the Division is thus kept in touch with important movements 
 of opinion, international in kind or in effect, in various parts of the world and is 
 enabled promptly to take such action or to initiate such policies as will be help- 
 ful and beneficial. 
 
 The significant fact in Professor Paszkowski's report is that there are 
 numerous and many sided intellectual forces at work to bind the German people 
 in constantly closer friendship with the other nations of the world. German 
 trade and German commerce are represented in every land and on every sea. 
 German scholarship and German science are represented wherever men and' 
 women of intelligence gather together. It is therefore but natural that through 
 the cooperation of universities and university teachers, of scientific and literary 
 associations, and of stated periodical publications the culture and the ideals of 
 German civilization should be made more widely known to the rest of the world, 
 and that, in turn and in similar fashion, the history and institutions of other 
 peoples should be made plain to the German people. 
 
 Doubtless to many readers the detailed information given by Professor 
 Paszkowski will come as a revelation and will cause surprise. It is not gen- 
 erally known how keen and how wide spread is German interest in the new 
 international movement for friendship and sympathy, and for international 
 cooperation based upon intellectual and ethical grounds and implying a constantly 
 increasing mutual understanding. 
 
 Nicholas Murray Butler, 
 
 Acting Director 
 
 January 25, 1^14 
 
 327050 
 
German International Progress in 1913 
 
 Report of Professor Dr. Paszkowski 
 
 To THE Trustees of the Carnegie 
 
 Endowment for International Peace: 
 
 In spite of the fact that our activity for the past year has suffered under 
 the pressure of the Balkan complications, and that the most abominable of all 
 wars has challenged the interest of the entire world, nevertheless the pacific work 
 looking toward conciliation among the great nations was not disturbed; but, as 
 will be shown later, it has been made most obvious that a good understanding 
 exists among the great powers. This war, with all its indescribable atrocities, 
 has, as justly stated by Mr. Fried, the value of an anatomic chart for the peace 
 propaganda, making possible the study of the most pronounced phases of the 
 disease which the peace movement combats, and seeks to prevent. But above 
 all, as will be shown further on, this war has essentially contributed to concilia- 
 tion between England and Germany. 
 
 The second matter which has given rise to much discussion, coming within 
 the report of events of the past year, was the twenty-fifth jubilee of the pacific 
 administration of the German Emperor, which has met with an especially friendly 
 echo in America. Most eloquently expressed is the address of Andrew Carnegie 
 to the German Emperor, which has aroused much comment. 
 
 The submission of the new army bill, providing for an increase of the 
 German army to about 800,000 men, had a disquieting effect upon the peace 
 festivities which took place during this memorable year. Yet, because of the 
 Balkan perplexities, and also because of its historical memories, and its unfa- 
 vorable geographic situation, the German nation was soon converted to resolute 
 action in the matter of this bill ; nay, it is true that never before has an extraor- 
 dinary demand of the government for strengthening the army met with such 
 unanimous popular approval. In view of this, the Reichstag saw its course clear 
 before it, and by unremitting labor, especially in the tedious and difficult discus- 
 sions of its budgetary commission, it followed it up to the end. The Imperial 
 Government has seen the complete army bill become law. 
 
 How to meet the expenses of this military increase was a far more difficult 
 problem than the passage of the army bill itself. But here again the Reichstag 
 enjoyed the firm and calm support of a self sacrificing people. The idea of a 
 
contribution for defense met with almost unanimous approval. German history 
 was cited to good purpose. Everywhere the people resolved to follow the example 
 of their forefathers even to the point of surrendering their material possessions. 
 
 Although the Reichstag did not vote the proposals of the government to 
 meet the current expenses, yet the essence of the compromise for the taxation of 
 property has its root in the governmental project. From the viewpoint of the indi- 
 vidual states, great hesitation and doubt were expressed with regard to the deci- 
 sions of the Reichstag. But in view of the magnitude of the problem, the states 
 gave way and approved the decisions. 
 
 Soon after the presentation of the army bill came the disquieting disclosures 
 of Deputy Liebknecht regarding the widely discussed acts of the Krupp cannon 
 manufacturers. On the occasion of the general politico-military discussion of the 
 army bill, April 18, 1913, he made the following disclosures : the Krupp firm of 
 Essen, so stated Deputy Liebknecht, had maintained in Berlin, until recently, 
 an agent named Brandt, a former gunner, who had been commissioned to bribe 
 the officials of the military and naval administrations in order to secure documents, 
 the contents of which interested the firm ; that the latter wished, in this way, 
 to get possession of military secrets, and to anticipate competition; that this state 
 of affairs had existed for years; that a man by the name of von Dewitz, a high 
 official of the Krupp concern, has or had control over these secret reports of 
 German authorities. The press in all countries has seized upon this incident,, 
 making a mountain out of a molehill, and has sought to make it appear in the light 
 of a Panama canal scandal. With laudable swiftness and publicity the case was 
 brought before the courts and it was found that three non-commissioned officers 
 and a subaltern employe had been guilty of accepting small amounts of money 
 and the payment of cafe bills for communicating certain information. In this 
 judicial sentence, it is justly declared that "this is no Panama." 
 
 Three non-commissioned officers and a subaltern employe! What can that 
 mean in an army of over 500,000 men? But the word "Panama" had been pro- 
 nounced and it was to the greatest interest of the military administration to- 
 conduct this case as openly as possible in order to expunge the significance of the 
 word. This has been done. That these matters should have been spread far 
 and wide is an injury to the military administration. The accused are to blame 
 for these injuries. In spite of the fortunate issue of the court action, the reputa- 
 tion of the military administration has been greatly harmed. The accused have 
 been the cause thereof ; this is true of all accused, not alone of those who have 
 "furnished grist to the mill of Deputy Liebknecht." 
 
 The cultural work accomplished in the course of the year, with which the 
 present report is to deal, extended especially to the relations of Germany with 
 America, England and France; but related to general national conciliation' 
 as well. 
 
I. Germany and America 
 
 In consequence of the growing success which has attended the exchange of 
 professors between Germany and America, Professors WilHam Milligan Sloane, 
 of Columbia University, and Charles Sedgwick Minot, of Harvard University, 
 came to the University of Berlin, the former as Roosevelt professor of American 
 history and institutions. The impressive inaugural addresses of the two guests 
 were delivered in the presence of the German Emperor and Empress, in the new 
 assembly hall of Berlin University; and again it has been remarked how much 
 this arrangement has contributed to friendly and conciliatory intercourse between 
 America and Germany. As subject of his lectures, which met with great success. 
 Professor Sloane chose "The American Party System," for the reason that this 
 system was as yet little understood in Germany. He showed that the historical 
 development of the system was unavoidable; that it is peculiar to the American, 
 federal system, and can not be judged from the European political viewpoint. 
 He set forth and criticized its misuse, and dwelt upon its merits. At greater 
 length he returned to its historical development, pointing to the national and inter- 
 state politics which had gained in interest and completely overshadowed the local, 
 municipal, and even state politics. As the most interesting result of the American 
 party system, he emphasized the equity of the resultant general governmental 
 policy, which, through the many phases and changes of the party system, has 
 remained uninterruptedly the same. ^ 
 
 In addition to his lectures before the university. Professor Sloane delivered 
 in many other educational centers a large number of special lectures upon the 
 history of American political life. He visited at least thirty cities, where he 
 delivered with great success all these lectures, which were largely attended. The 
 lectures delivered by Professor Sloane before the university have been published 
 in the-tjerman language under the title "Party Government in the United States 
 of America, its Development and Status" (Leipzig; Kohler, 1913). 
 
 Professor Charles Sedgwick Minot spoke about "The Results of American 
 Research in the Field of Anatomy and Biology." Into his purely scientific expo- 
 sitions he introduced data concerning the investigators whose achievements he 
 considered, and descriptions of special laboratories, so that the audience could get 
 a complete survey of the results achieved in this special field in America. Apart 
 from these purely scientific lectures. Professor Minot oflfered a series of lectures 
 intended for the larger public, with the general title, "Man in His Relations to- 
 Nature," in which he treated of the processes of human development and the 
 peculiarities of man's organism, with special reference to his adaptability to the. 
 conditions of his existence. These lectures also were of far reaching interest. 
 
 The Amerika-histitut with its extensive library, the official academic infor-^ 
 mation bureau of the university, and the Roosevelt room with its special library 
 
for the history of the American constitution and American institutions, w6re 
 placed at the disposal of the American visitors to the University of Berlin. 
 
 The German press, which always takes great interest in German-American 
 cultural relations, was kept informed by the writer of all current events. The 
 German-American correspondence, furnished by Dr. Rudolf Tombo, Sr., of 
 New York, under the auspices of the Carnegie Endowment, was forwarded every 
 week to a large number of leading newspapers. It was widely referred to by 
 most of them. In this way, large numbers of people became acquainted with 
 American educational methods and with the American system of instruction and 
 its representative institutions, so much admired in Europe. Information con- 
 cerning important political matters of international interest, regularly obtained 
 from newspaper clippings forwarded by the New York bureau of the Carnegie 
 Endowment, was regularly transmitted to the German press. 
 
 In addition to the exchange professors of the year, a number of other speak- 
 ers came opportunely from America to Germany and contributed to strengthen 
 the friendly ties between the two peoples. Among these was Professor John 
 F. Coar who under the auspices of the Germanistic Society of America gave a 
 series of addresses before German universities and various scientific organiza- 
 tions, in which he set forth the ethical forces at work in American life. The 
 addresses of Professor Coar were everywhere received with great cordiality. 
 One of his principal addresses, Wollen und Konnen in Amerika, was published 
 in full in the Berliner Akademischen Nachrichten, which has a circulation of 
 more than 12,000 copies. 
 
 The Wheeler-Gesellschaft was established at Berlin as a result of the activi- 
 ties of President Benjamin Ide Wheeler of California, who was the incumbent 
 of the Roosevelt professorship in 1909-1910. Its object is to make a comparative 
 study of the educational methods of the various civilized countries. It held 
 monthly meetings during the year just past, at which educational questions were 
 thoroughly discussed. During May, 1913, President Wheeler honored the society 
 with a visit. He delivered an address upon "Progress of American Education," 
 which was cordially received. Having received a considerable subvention from 
 Adolphus Busch of St. Louis, who took great interest in the relations between 
 Germany and America, the society is just beginning to publish its reports and 
 more important transactions. The efforts of this society will doubtless, through 
 its publications, stimulate further discussion and in a way contribute to a better 
 understanding between the nations. 
 
 A happy symptom for the promotion of friendly relations between German 
 and American churches is seen in the establishment of a theological American 
 library at Marburg, founded in the beginning of 1913, under the auspices of the 
 Prussian Ministry of Public Worship and of a German-American benefactor. 
 
 The promotion of German-South American relations has also been furthered 
 
 4 
 
by the creation at Bonn, December 9, 1912, of a German-South American insti- 
 tute upon the initiative of representatives of science, commerce and industry of 
 the Rhenish Society for Scientific Research. It is the object of this institute to 
 further in a systematic manner the numerous and swiftly unfolding intellectual 
 relations, bearing upon economic or scientific objects, between Germany and the 
 countries of South America. 
 
 The institute seeks to attain its aims by 
 
 (a) The regular publication of communications (in German, Spanish, 
 and Portuguese), of a directory for the several countries, systematically 
 classified by professions, and of books of general information ; 
 
 (b) Exchange of the publications of its members, and especially be- 
 tween the latter and other authorities, institutes and societies, etc., which 
 issue regular publications; 
 
 (c) Preparation of Spanish, Portuguese and German editions of appro- 
 priate works which deal with the sciences and arts; 
 
 (d) Maintenance of information bureaus and reading rooms for study 
 of science in Germany and in South America. 
 
 The proceedings and the Address-Buch are sent gratis to all the members 
 of the institute, and the use of the information bureau is also at their disposal 
 free of charge; other publications may be had at cost price. The annual mem- 
 bership fee is M. 10, so that collaboration in Germany and South America 
 may be expected to become very large. In order to bring into closer contact 
 with each other those members whose interests are more especially directed to 
 this or that region of South America, or who follow a special professional line 
 of work, regional and professional sections will be formed. Regional sections 
 formed to date deal separately with Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Central America, 
 Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela; 
 there are professional sections dealing with the juridical and political sciences, 
 political economy, commerce and finance; technique and industry; agriculture; 
 geology ; mines and iron foundries ; geography and biological sciences ; exact 
 natural sciences and mathematics; military science; education and languages; 
 literature and the press; art and architecture; history and archeology. Each 
 member belongs to at least one regional and one professional section. 
 
 The managing board of the institute is composed of Privy Councilor Pro- 
 fessor Steinmann, Bonn; chairman, Professor Gast, Aix-la-Chapelle ; provi- 
 sional business directors: Professor Philipp, Schneidemiihl ; Professor Sievers, 
 Giessen; Schiiler, Brussels; and Dr. Stopel, Heidelberg. 
 
 The board of directors is composed of Privy Councilor Professor Borchers, 
 Aix-la-Chapelle; Privy Councilor Delius, Aix-la-Chapelle; Councilor of Com- 
 
merce Hagen, Cologne; Dr. de Oliveira Lima, Brazilian ambassador (Brussels);. 
 President of the Privy Council, Dr. v. Sandt, Aix-la-Chapelle ; Dr. and Engi- 
 neer Schneidewindt, Buenos Aires ; Dr. and Engineer Schrodter, Chairman of 
 the Association of Steel Establishments, Diisseldorf ; Consul Stubenrauch, Punta 
 Arenas; and one representative each of the German- Argentine Central Union 
 and the German-South American Society of Berlin. 
 
 II. Germany and England 
 
 In 1912 there was an active exchange of official amenities between Germany 
 and England, which received fresh impetus during the present year. It has 
 already been pointed out that the Balkan complications had led to a common 
 political activity between England and Germany. A large number of other inci- 
 dents contributed also to a considerable improvement in their mutual relations; 
 for instance: the address of Emperor Wilhelm >on June 25, 1913, when he 
 accepted the Cumberland cup, saying, "This is a visible pledge of the natural 
 and valuable friendship between Great Britain and Germany." A few days 
 later. Lord Chancellor Haldane said, on the occasion of a banquet in the interest 
 of the German hospital, "that Germany and England had a common responsi- 
 bility to make the world better." Sir Frank Lascelles, formerly English ambas- 
 sador to Berlin, when speaking in Burton-on-Trent, stated that the German- 
 English conciliation is making daily progress ; that it was impossible to believe 
 that Germany and England could ever go to war with each other. 
 
 It is the object of the German-English Church committee, which was founded 
 in 1909, to clear up and remove misunderstandings appearing in English and 
 German church publications, and to report the results of the peace work and 
 the successes of the English sister committee in Germany. By mutual consent 
 of the allied organizations in England and in Germany, the committee called a 
 German-English Conciliation Conference in London. This Conference was made 
 significant by the expositions of Professor Dr. Rathgen, of Hamburg, who showed 
 that German commerce had made important progress since the establishment of 
 the German Empire, and that in the meanwhile English commerce had also con- 
 siderably grown. German exportations from 1890 to 1911 had increased M. 55 
 per capita, while British exportations during the same period had increased about 
 M. 60 per capita. This fact shows the necessity and the advantage of competition ; 
 and Dr. Rathgen closed his address by saying that all parties interested would 
 be better off if they should recognize the necessity of competition resting on: 
 natural causes. The report of the German-English Conciliation Conference in 
 London appeared in English and in German at the beginning of the year 1913. 
 Everyone interested in the special problems of the work for conciliation should 
 read this report. As a record of its active endeavors, the German-English 
 Church committee has during the past year founded a publication which appears 
 
under the title of Die Eiche, and forms a sort of companion piece to the widely- 
 read English Peacemaker. It is a special pleasure to state that Andrew Carnegie 
 has made a large contribution to the former publication. Among the many instruct- 
 ive articles appearing in this paper, special reference should be made to the con- 
 tribution of Dr. Dryander, upon Germany and England. Also to an essay of the 
 publisher, Friedrich Sieg^und Schultze, upon Peace and Missionary Work, re- 
 producing the noteworthy address of Mr. J. Oldham, General Secretary of the 
 Continuation Committee, delivered April 29, in the Bremen cathedral on the 
 occasion of the Continental Mission Conference. Reference should be made 
 also to the article of Dr. Umfrid, entitled German-English Naval Rivalry. 
 In this article it is stated that "the danger of a world conflagration can be over- 
 come only when the nations of Europe, or at least the most powerful of them, 
 agree to a military and naval convention, by virtue of which they will assist one 
 another in case one of them should be attacked by another. The relaxation fol- 
 lowing so closely upon the uneasiness that was felt in Germany and in England 
 in the year 1911 has had a salutary effect upon the people on both sides of 
 the channel. But it is even more pleasing to remember that during the Balkan 
 complications German and English diplomatists have worked together harmo- 
 niously for the maintenance of European peace. A climax in these friendly 
 relations would be reached, if German and English statesmen should succeed in 
 bridging the gulf between the triple alliance and the triple entente, in such 
 manner that England would pledge itself by treaty to come to the help of the 
 German people, if the latter were attacked on the sea by any other power; Ger- 
 many would, of course, be expected to reciprocate in such an arrangement. If 
 that were effected, then the 'naval holiday' proposed by Churchill could be begun 
 and be turned into a real jubilee year." 
 
 The new German ambassador to London, Prince Lichnowsky, has no doubt 
 had a large part in the improvement of German-English relations. At the birth- 
 day celebration of the Emperor in London, he made clear in his address that 
 the government of the German Emperor considers it its paramount duty to work 
 in common with the friendly British government for the preservation of Euro- 
 pean peace. Mr. von Jagow, the new Secretary for Foreign Affairs, saw nothing 
 but favorable symptoms in the condition of political relations with England; 
 he stated that the intimate basis on which we have constantly cooperated with 
 the English government has considerably contributed to obviate many difficulties 
 which had arisen within the last months (the months of the Balkan complica- 
 tions). We now realize that we have not only points of contact with England 
 that are of a sentimental nature, but that identical interests exist between the two 
 countries. 
 
 The statement of Mr. von Tirpitz, Secretary of the Imperial Marine Ad- 
 ministration, likewise made a deep impression: "Mr. Churchill, the English 
 
Secretary of the Navy, has explained that the present ratio between English 
 and German dreadnoughts is as sixteen to ten. In my judgment, this ratio is 
 a proper one for the battle fleets. It shows that we have no idea of entering into 
 competition with England. We can have no thought of showing ourselves 
 aggressive toward England, for the reason that such a course of action would 
 necessitate on our part an essential superiority. We have always been empha- 
 sizing the fact that we do not intend to build as large a fleet as the English." It is 
 noteworthy, at all events, that Germany accepts the ratio between its own fleet and 
 that of England, and thereby assents to the proposition of Churchill. This 
 understanding is the most significant indication of the improvement of political 
 relations between the two countries. Even Prime Minister Asquith declared at 
 the reconvening of the English Parliament: "In all sincerity we have been co- 
 operating with Germany, and this cooperation has led to mutual faith and 
 confidence." 
 
 It is true, as stated in Die Eiche, Volume I, No. 2, April, 1913, that these 
 new political conditions are the direct result of the Balkan war. The war 
 marked out entirely new lines of action in European politics, which have hitherto 
 been controlled by the opposing policies between Germany and England. In the 
 second place, it has shown that these two nations have a real community of 
 interests. It appears perfectly clear that the maintenance of peace is of vital in- 
 terest to the two powers. At the same time, it has also been shown that both have 
 a common opponent. It was incumbent upon both to put an end to the onward 
 march of the Slavs to the Bosphorus, which would remove German influence 
 from the Balkans. In consequence, as explained by Mr. Asquith, the long wished 
 for relations of confidence have resulted from this common work. Finally, we 
 would refer to the friendly reception accorded the British Council by the German 
 Emperor on the occasion of the celebration of the anniversary of the twenty- 
 fifth year of his reign. After the Council's delegate. Rev. Bishop Boyd Car- 
 penter, had handed the congratulatory address to the Emperor, the latter replied 
 in the following words: "I have great pleasure in receiving your deputation, 
 and wish to assure you that I shall continue to exert my very best efforts in 
 order to maintain peace and to promote the cordial relations existing between 
 <jermany and England." 
 
 Aside from these many efforts toward a better understanding within the 
 field of politics, there are a number of other influences exerted by private agen- 
 cies, especially the exchange visits between British and German workingmen's 
 unions. The beginning of these visits dates back to the year 1902, when Herbert 
 Stead, the pastor of the Congregational church in London, made a visit to the 
 Rhenish provinces, accompanied by one hundred men and women of his adult 
 school. For some years past the National Council has appointed to these adult 
 ;schools a special committee for International Conciliation, continuing its visits 
 
 8 
 
systematically every year. This year, the committee is preparing to make a visit 
 to Hamburg and Berlin. With regard to last year's visit of English students 
 to Germany, a report in English, "The Visit of Members of the English Univer- 
 sities to Germany," was published at Cambridge, 1913, giving new life to the 
 old truism: "To come to know one another means to esteem one another." 
 
 III. Germany and France 
 
 For the improvement of Franco-German relations, a number of projects 
 have been carried out. The Journal d'Allemagne organized a number of 
 visits by groups of Frenchmen. During the past year, nearly 2,000 French- 
 men came to Berlin ; they were given a cordial welcome, and under the 
 guidance of a special committee visited the municipal institutions. 
 
 The well known German impresario, Max Reinhardt, with the assistance of 
 the actors of the German theater, arranged in Paris a most successful series of 
 theatrical performances and was warmly praised by French artists. 
 
 Baron d'Estournelles de Constant, who for many years has actively exerted 
 himself to bring about friendly relations between Germany and France, delivered,, 
 in October, 1912, an impressive address upon the "Possibility for Improving 
 Franco-German Relations," at the Heidelberg Conference of the Verband fiir 
 Internationale Verstdndigung. This address has been translated into German,, 
 and 100,000 copies were printed and circulated in Germany. In this connection,, 
 reference should be made also to the book of Baron d'Estournelles de Constant,, 
 Les tats-Unis, which is now being translated into German. 
 
 In general, international relations between all civilized peoples made progress 
 during the past year. This progress was brought about largely through the 
 Verband fiir Internationale Verstdndigung, mainly composed of university men, 
 which is striving to build a rational basis for international political and economic 
 relations. Since last year the Verband has been issuing a series of pamphlets, of 
 which eight numbers have so far appeared: 
 
 No. 1. The International Mind, by Nicholas Murray Butler. 
 
 No. 2, Foreign Policy and Public Opinion, by Professor Dr. Otfried 
 
 Nippold. 
 No. 3. The Most Important Problem of International Law, by Professor 
 
 Walther Schiicking. 
 No. 4. Contribution of the Christian Churches to International Conciliation, 
 
 by Professor Dr. Martin Rade. 
 No. 5. France and Germany, by Baron d'Estournelles de Constant. 
 No. 6. Phases of International Conciliation, by Professor Dr. Robert 
 
 Piloty. 
 
 9 
 
No. 7. The German Nation as Affected by the Popular Development of the 
 Peace Idea, by Professor Dr. Martin Spahn, Strassburg. 
 
 No. 8. Regarding Foreign Affairs, by Professor Dr. Karl Lamprecht, 
 Leipzig. 
 
 This Verhand also publishes for the use of newspapers a definite correspond- 
 nce which treats of international problems in concise form; for instance, in No. 2 
 there appears the article dealing with "The Old and the New Hague Arbitral 
 Arrangement," by Walther Kloss; and another dealing with "Psychology of 
 Chauvinism," by Robert Piloty. 
 
 The Heidelberg meeting of last year, at which the writer was present, made 
 a strong impression, and undoubtedly showed that future policies will proceed 
 along the lines of these thoughts. The Verhand is to hold another session at 
 Nuremberg in the course of the present year. The subjects for discussion at this 
 meeting have been selected with special reference to the activities of economic 
 circles, in order that these may realize that international conciliation represents 
 their real interests. A careful report of the activities of this congress will be 
 made during the coming year. 
 
 The Internationale Monatsschrift, which, as already stated, is the real 
 scientific mouthpiece of international interests, founded by Friedrich Althofif, 
 published by Professor Max Cornicelius and edited by Professor Wilhelm 
 Paszkowski, has brought together in its columns during the past year the most 
 -eminent representatives in these fields. Apart from the more important scientific 
 articles from scholars of all lands, it has essentially enlarged its section of "gen- 
 eral news and correspondence," dealing with reports concerning the present 
 status of general science in the various countries. There are, for instance, 
 reports regarding the present status of botany in England; reports dealing with 
 electric main railroads in Germany; reports concerning the progress of wireless 
 telephony ; of zoological research ; the organization of studies in the English 
 realm ; the economic conditions in Haiti ; the Russian art collections ; the most 
 important physical achievements during 1912; prehistoric researches in central 
 Greece; physical sciences in Great Britain; phases of international conciliation 
 (by Robert Piloty); the Union of the American Republics; modern sanitary 
 measures in Germany; free development of American science; progress of 
 philosophy in France; English parliamentary problems; the results of Polar ex- 
 peditions during recent years, etc. 
 
 The initiative taken by the President of Columbia University, Dr. Nicholas 
 Murray Butler, for unifying the information bureaus in Berlin, Leipzig, Paris, 
 and New York, has led to an extended correspondence between these places, 
 and to a larger use of the scientific institutions of the respective countries. 
 
 The International Student associations have also taken firmer root in Ger- 
 many during the last year. There are at present International Student asso- 
 
 10 
 
-ciations in Berlin, Leipzig, Gottingen, and Heidelberg, which have constituted 
 themselves into one large organization, and have connected themselves with the 
 Corda Fratres, and with the International Confederation of Students. Upon their 
 initiative there is to take place in the fall of the present year the Eighth Inter- 
 national Student Congress, in Ithaca, N. Y., U. S. A. The problems to which 
 this organization gives its attention deal especially with ideals of instruction and 
 education, study of foreign countries, moral problems, religious problems, phys- 
 ical development, hygienic problems, and the founding of student homes. Con- 
 gresses organized by students of all lands will certainly contribute their share to 
 promote friendly relations between the academic citizens of the whole world. 
 They form an important link in the great chain of efforts to bring about cordial 
 understanding between the peoples of the earth. 
 
 In conclusion, I report that the Deutsche Institut fur Ausl'dnder {Bottinger- 
 Studienhaus in Berlin) has attracted during the past year approximately 400 
 students belonging to different nations, who in their intercourse with Germans 
 have learned the German language and much of the history of German intel- 
 lectual life. 
 
 WiLHELM PaSZKOWSKI. 
 
 September 30, 1913. 
 
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