UC-NRLF $B 3Dfl ^^s Waa^i^i^Am^MW£J^m^i^^ ' n""i *^^m ^*tck£;^ ij^^^/i^^.,^'*''^^ /^^^^^*Nt-^ Digitized by tine Internet Arcinive in 2008 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/conductofwarbrieOOgoltricli ^a&nal inarb Panual. ■t STEPHEN R. PINCKNEY, I? §iiw-f «yfe: PUBLISHED BY FRANK McBLROY, PRINTBR, No. 113 Nassau-Stbbit. 1864. PS- Imu^ iim^ lmmt%^ Entered, according to Aoi of Confess, In the vear I8(t2, by STEPHEN E. PINCKNEY^ I« the Clerk's Office of the District Court of tlie United 8tat>ji for th« Sou.th^i'ii Diali'ict ojf New York. Datibb k Kbkt. fKANK MoElrot •TCRXOTTPBKB AMD KLROTmOTTStBiKi. rjtINTBX, lis NauoM street, N. T. ^ . lit Namiu Street, Jf. T. . T K » « T ^ - '? Kf: >< 41 Kame the officer in command of a battalion. f RrffDnht A major. Who commands a comp^i^y,? 'A captain. ~ ' ' ^'' ' What other officers are attached to a company ? J^'irst and second lieutenants. 1* 10 * THE SCHOOL MANUAL. What is the meaning of a commissioned officer f It is a soldier imposed with command, under tfie authority of government, by the power of a coin- mission. What is a non commissioned officer? Soldiers serving in the ranks, having authority and command by virtue of a warrant given by the colonel. How many are there in a company ? Nine. What are their titles ? First or orderly, second, third, fourth, and fifth sergeants ; and first, second, third, and fourth cor- porals. What are the duties of the sergeants ? To act as guides and instructors. What are the corporals' duties ? To act as the base of the front rank. LIGHT INFANTRY. What is light infantry ? Troops selected for picket and outpost duty. What is the outpost ? It is the nearest approach to the enemy. Explain what the picket is. It is a detachment of cavalry or infantry .whose principal duty it is to guard an army from sui^ prise. What is an advanced guard ? A detachment of troops which precedes the march of the main body. State what a rear guard is. A detachment marching in the rear of the army THE SCHOOL MANTTAi^ II to protect it from the enemy and to pick np strag- gling soldiers. RIFLEM3fiir. What are riflemen ? Troops disciplined in the practice of sharp- shooting. What are they used for ? As skirmishers or advanced troops, to annoy the enemy. How are thej organized t In companies. OAVALBT. What is cavalry f Mounted soldiers, second in importance to in- fantry. What is it used for ? For watching the enemy, and assisting the in- fantry and artillery on the advance or the retreat. How is it organized t Into regiments, squadrons, and companies. What comprises a regiment ? Five squadrons. How many companies are there in a squadron t Two. 2 How many men constitute a company f Sixty. OFFICERS. What field-oflBcers are there in a cavalry or artillery regl- Hient? One colonel, one lieutenant-colonel, and first uid second majors. i¥ THE SCHOOL MANUAL. 'W^y^m&Tij officers are there in a cavalry or artillery com- pany ? .-I One captain, one first lieutenant, a junior and senior second lieu ten ad tf" How, many sergeants to a company ? ; . 'feght. ARTILLERY; ynii tt'io a.iii V/ -Wliat is artillery? • -rnv -r: ■. .wnfiof^^A An arm of the service designed to use mountain, field, and hQavy ordnance. *^ How is it divided ? Into siege, garrison, ^a-coa-st, and mountain ar- -[What i3 siege artillery ? [Plate 1.] .- • iLIca ' *:riToM Cannon carrying from 18 to 24 pound shot, foi?^ attack on places. ^u il d ajaiiVf '-Wh'at' is garris(5h artillery? [Plate 2.] '^blf*-^^ -^'-^T Gut)"S employed in the defense of earth- works. Explain what sea-co^st artillery ^is. ^ '^•j- Guns of th^ heaviest caliber in forts, carry'iLg from 32 to 42 pound shot, and 8 to 10 inch shell. :. 07 ri ORGANIZATION. How is garrison artillery organized ? By regiments, batteries, and companies. What constitutes a regiment ? . Four .batteries. How many guns and men are in a battery ? ^" Six guns and 110 officers, non-commissioned offi cere, and privates. ^^ ^^ THE SCHOOL MANUAL. IS ARTILLERY DESCRIBED. What is mountain artillery? [Plate 3.] Light howitzers, mounted on light hand car- riages and on the back of horses. f How a,re mountain howitzers placed ^QU.hprfea'. backs ? On a pack-saddle. .vvV •> r.ftiv'r Describe a howitzer. ,;It is a chambered cannon used for projecting shell or canister and grape-shot. What is a mortar ? [Plate 4.] Mortars differ fi^om guns in the construction of their bore, their chamber being in the shape of a frustrum of a cone, by which means the powder is confined and the shell fits close to the sides. Describe a columbiad gun. • . It is an American cannon, invented bj Colonel Bumford, of very large caliber, used for throwing solid shot or shelL It is mounted on a high car- riage with traverses, and is used in forts and water batteries. What are its peculiar advantages? That it acquires a vertical field of fire from 5° de- pression to 39^ elevation, and a horizontal field of 36°. What are the dimensions and weight of one of them ? The 10-inch weighs 15,400 pounds, and projects a shell of that size. Its length is 126 inches. GUNS DESCRIBED. Do you know the size of Rodman's columbiad gim ? [Plate 5.] Its length is 190 inches, its weight 49,100 pounds, and cames a shot weighing 320 pounds, 6,790 yards. .linuo-.i 70 1 K tHK SCHOOL MANtTAL. What description of guns have been introduced in the army recently? Rifled cannon. How are they constructed ? With smaller cylinders, grooved, for the purpose of obtaining a longer range and more accuracy in fire, by carrying a conical ball. Describe Wiart's cannon. It is made of steel, welded together, then turned, drilled, and rifled. How far will it carry a shot ? Four and a half miles with accuracy. How are cannons rifled ? By cutting a groove one inch wide and three quarters thick in the interior of the chamber, mak- ing one twist in six feet. WEIGHT OF SHOT. What description of shot are discharged from siege and gar- rison guns ? 12, 18, and 24 pound shot. "What is thrown from sea-coast columbiads ? 32 and 42 pound shot. How heavy is the shot of a siege or garrison howitzer ? 8-inch shell and 24-pound shot. What description of shot is discharged from a sea-coaat oolumbiad ? 8-inch and 10-inch shot. What is the weight of a 12-inch shot ? 283 pounds. What is the weight of a 13 -inch mortar shell f 197 pounds. .a: -^:| ICHE SCHOOL MANUAL. IK IVhat is the meaning of windage ? Tlie difference between the true diameter of the bore and the ball. What is meant by the " piece ?" Any species of cannon that is mounted on a carriage. What is a caisson ? It is an ammunition-wagon which follows a piece on the field. What is the limber of a piece ? The fore part of the gun-carriage, connected to the piece by a pintel. What is miderstood by the caliber of the piece ? The diameter of the bore. What is a battery ? It is a term applied to one or more pieces, or to the place where they are served. What size rifled cannon are used in the service ? 3 inch and 4^ ii;ch. How do they prove guns ? By heavy charges of powder ignited by a fuse, to prevent danger. How much powder is used ? 15-inch columbiad, 50 pounds of powder and 1 shell ; 12-pounder, 4 pounds of powder, and 3-inch rifled with IJ pounds of powder and a 11-pound shot. What is the best method of spiking a gun ? Drive in the vent a hardened steel spike or file. MORTARS. How many kinds of mortars are there f 8 and 10 inch siege, 10 and 13 sea-coast, 16-mc]p fltone, and 24-pound Coehorn. 78' THB5 SOflOOL MANUAL. What is a Ooehorn mortar ? ■ -if IndUSt It is made of a composition of brass and othei metal. DESCKIPTION OF PROJECTILES. What are the usual projectiles used in warfare ? 'For unrifled ordnance, solid shot or shell; for howitzers, canister, grape, and spherical case, which may be used either in rifled or unrifled cannon. What other combustibles are used ? Hand-grenades, light and flre balls, rockets, car- casses, and shell-fuses. ,,,,, ^..,\^ PROJECTILES. I^ OO^iq Ci ^ Describe a shell. [Plate 6, fig. 1.] It is a hollow iron shot with a hole to receive a fuse. It is charged with suflicient powder to burst it, and is ignited by the ^use. How is canister-shot made ? [Plate 6, fig. 2.] It is a tin cylinder attached to a wooden block, and flUed with cast-iron shot ; between the block and shot is the cartridge, which bursts the, cylinder when it is discharged. What are gr^pe-shot ? [Plate 6, fig. 3.] A certain number of cast-iron balls put together by means of twQ cast-iron plates, two rings, and one pin and \; i^uij^' ^sed in B-itj^cli ' howitzers arid columbiads. ' " ' '' %' ' ' / ' Describe what spherical case-shot are. [Plate 6, fig. 4.] It is a thin shell of cast-iron, containing a num- ber of musk^et-balls, and a charge of powder suffi- cient to burn it ; a fuse is fixed to it as in a shell, by which the charge is ignited. COMBUSTIBLES. How are hand-grenades made ? They are made of iron, in the form of a cylinder, THE SCHOOL MANUAL. IV tilled with bullets and charged, having a fuse, and used to . throw into field-works, , , .^ ^\ .,_,,, , , . WhatisaHght and fire ball:? tf ^(liftia him ,B'li?lloT-jdi^tiJ Light balls are of an oval shape, formed of sacks of' canvas? lilled with combustible composition used to light up forts. Fire-balls are loaded and used to light the enemy's forts. Describe a rocket. It is composed of a strong case of paper or sheet iron, containing niter, charcoal, and sulphur, .The head is either a solid shot or shell. They are usually fired from tubes on light carriages. What is; a carcaas ? Combustible composition inclosed in globes, formed with iron hoops, canvas, and cord, thrown from a mortar, and used in bombardments or firing shipping. :Explaiil the construction and uses of fuses. They are made of paper, wood, or metal inclosing a burning composition, attached to the hole of a shell, and burn about one inch in five seconds. GUNPOWDER. How is gunpowder made ? By a composition of 76 parts of saltpeter, 14 of charcoal, and 10 of sulphur. How is it manufactured ? The charcoal . and sulphur are put together in a rolling barrel, and rolled for one hour. The salt- {leter is then added, and rolled for three hours longer, t is then placed in a rolling-mill, made of two cast- iron cylinders, rolling around a horizontal axis in a circular trough, 9 inches in diameter. How heavy are these cylinders ? About 8 tons each. ' f THE SCHOOL MAKTJAL. How is gunpowder made into the different qualities f By pressing it into cakes, then mashing it by teeth-rollers, and sifting it in different-sized sieves. How is it dried for use ? By spreading it out on sheets, attached to frames, in a room heated by steam to a temperature of 160^. How is it tested ? By firing three rounds from a musket, or dis- charging a 6 5 -pound solid shot from an 8-inch columbiad with a 10-pound charge. How man J qualities of gunpowder are there ? Four — musket, mortar, cannon, and mammoth. Are they all made alike ? Yes: with the exception of the size of the grain. What are the general charges used ? For a 10-inch columbiad, 15 pounds ; for a 42- pound siege gun, 9 pounds ; and for a 10-inch nowitzer, 12 pounds. How much is used in projecting shells ? For a 10-inch shell from a columbiad, 3 pounds ; and from an 8-inch mortar, about 2f pounds. What is the usual proportion ? For solid shot about quarter the weight of the shot. MATCHES, FUSES, AND PRIMES. "What is a slow match ? A prepared rope of flax, soaked in sugar-of-lead, twisted hard and dried ; when lighted, it bm'ns 4 inches in an hour. Explain what a quick match is. It is made of cotton yarn of seven strands, soaked in a solution of gum-arabic and spirits, and a fHE SCHOOL MANITiLli. 1& paste of powder applied successively and rolled into cord. It will burn 1 yard in 13 seconds. How is a fuse made ? It is a small tube of wood, either beecb or oak, with a hole in the center ; it is driven into a shell, then tilled with a composition, and has a paper fuse attached, which ignites as it leaves the mortar or cannon, and burns at the rate of 10, 14, or 20 seconds before exploding the shell. How are percussion-caps made ? , They are made of copper, pressed into circular shape, which is filled with 2 parts of fulminate of mercury and 1 part niter. To protect the powder from moisture, it is covered in each cap with shellac varnish. How much material does it require for 1,000,000 caps ? 1,000 pounds sheet copper, 42 pounds mercury, 336 pounds nitric acid, 382 pounds alcohol, 24 pounds niter, and 10 pounds gum shellac. FOETIFICATIONS. What are field-works ? Any constructions which have for their object to impede the advance of an enemy, or to enable an inferior force to maintain their position against the attack of a superior number. What do they generally consist of? An embankment of earth, called a "parapet," and an excavation on the exterior side, called a " ditch." What is the general height of a " parapet ?" [Plate 7, fig. 1.] Seven feet six inches. What is the usual thickness of a " parapet ?" Three feet at the top, and ten or twelve feet at the bottom. ^^ ^ THE ^CliOOL MANUAL, What is tho depth and width of the ditch 1 Six feet deep and ten feet wide. How deep does a musket-ball penetrate a loose earth ? Ten to eighteen inches. How deep does a 6-pound, cannoa-ball penetrate ? Three and a half to four feet: How deep does a 9-poimd shot penetrate ? Six to seven feet. How deep does a 12 -pound shot penetrate ? » Eight to ten feet. THEIE TITLES. '.) What are the titles of the different species of earth- works ? Redans — single, double? and triple redans, with auxiliary flanks ; lunettes, redoubts, star forts, bas- tioned and demi-bastioned forts, block-houses, and line intrenchments, such as tenailles and cremail- leres. What is the redan? [Plate T, fig. 2.] The redan is a work with two fronts or faces, forming with each other a salient angle. Triple redans are two connected, the flanks bein^ leugth- What is the lunette ? [Plate T, fig. 3.] A large redan, with parallel flanks. What is a star fort ? [Plate t, '6g:4r.] Shapened as a star, having several angles. What is a redoubt ? [Plate 7, fig. 5.] ; // ^^ fort having a flanking fire, with angles [io cover each face or front. THE SCHOOL MANITAL.- M TEMPORAKY FORTS. What is a block-house ? , . A covered field-work made of tree-trunks and logs, a protection from the Indians, rectangular in form. , What other works are formed as a part of defense ? Chevaux de frise, abattis, trous-de-loups, entan- glements, crow's-feet, common fougasses, shell fou- gasses, and stone fougasses. How i&-a chevaux de frise constructed ? It is a beam of wood, square or hectagonal, hav- ing pointed stakes or swords inserted into the face. They are used as temporary barriers to impede the passage of a breach, or to block up a street. Describe an abattis. Large boughs or entire trees are laid down in a line, with the butt ends buried three or four feet in the grAund, with the branches toward the enemy. The small branches are cut off— the large ones sharpened to a point. What are trous-de-loups ?. They are holes dug in the ground in the form of a cone, about six feet wide and six feet deep. A pointed stake is planted at the bottom to prevent them being used for rifle pits. They are dug in rows. MATEBIAIi FOR EARTH-WORK. What is used for making a t>arapet ? ''■ , :; GabiouB, fascines, sand-bags, and sometimes sgds of turf. What arc gabions ? Strong cylinder baskets, open at both eidds, iwo fe6t in diameter, and 30 inches high. B . THE SCHOOL MANUAL. How are thej used ? By being stood on end and filled with earth, and then riveted in the ground by pointed stakes. What are fascines ? Trees 8 or 9 inches in diameter, and from 6 to 9 feet long. How are they used? By placing them on frames the shape of a St. Andrew's cross, then filling the intervening space with brushwood, and tying it round the fascines. This forms a solid brushwood; which is used for sus- taining the bank of earth. How are sand-hags made ? They are common bags of coarse canvas, measur- ing 30 by 16 inches, which, when filled with sand, form a good embankment. How is turf used ? They are cut in sods 4 inches thick, 16 inches long, and 8 inches wide, and when piled upon each other, form a good defense. MINES AND OBSTRUCTIONS. Can yon describe what entanglements are ? They are formed by cutting half through the stems of small trees, and pulling the upper parts to the ground, to which they are made fast. What are crow's-feet! They are 4 iron spikes, joined together at angles; when they are thrown on the ground, their points a#e up. They are used to obstruct the advance of cavalry. How are fougasses made f They are small mines, from 8 to 10 feet deep ; THE SCHOOL MANUAL. 23 powder and shell are deposited in these mines, and exploded by a fuse connection from the surface. INFANTRY. Define the school of the soldier. • It is that part of the science of military which teaches the recruit how to become the soldier. How many parts are there in the "school of the soldier?" Three parts. What is the first part ? The position of the soldier without arms ; eyes right, left, and front ; facings ; principles of the di- rect step in common time, quick time, double quick time, and the run. Explain what the second part is. Principles of shouldered arms, manual of arms, loadings, firings, direct, oblique, by file and by rank, to fire and load, kneeling and lying, and bayonet exercise. What is the third part ? Union of eight or twelve men for instruction in the principles of alignments, the direct march, the oblique march, and the difi[erent steps ; the march by the flank, the principles of wheeling, and change of direction ; long marches, and double quick time and the run, with arms and knapsack. SCHOOL OF THE SOLDIER. Define the position of a soldier. Heels on the same line, as near each other as the conformation of the man will permit. The feet turned out equally, forming with each other less than a right angle. The knees straight, without stifl'ness. The body erect on the hips, inclining a little for- ward. The shoulders square, and falling equally. 84 THE SCHOOL MANUAL. The arms hanging naturally. The elbows near the body. The palm of the hand turned a little to the front, little finger behind the seam of tlie pantaloons. The head* erect and square to the front, without constraint. ^ The chin near the stock, without covering it. Tlie eyes fixed straight to the front, and striking the ground about the distance of fifteen prices. Why are the heels on the same line r ' . . Because if one were in rear %*; the other, the shoulder on that side would be thi'owh back, or -the position of the soldier would he C(mstrain,ed. What are the heels more or less, closed for ? So that men who are knock-kneed, or who have legs with large calves, can. not, without constraint, make their heels touch while standing. Why are the feet turned out at an angle ? ' Because if one foot were turned out more than the other, a shoulder would.be deranged; and if botli feet be too much turned out, it would not al- low the body to lean forward and stand steady. .'. Why are the knees extended without stiffness ? •:»^'[ih lo If they were stiffened, constraint and fetigue would follow. What is the ohject of tlie hody being erect on the hips? On account of its giving an equilibrium to ^ the position.. Why is the upper part of the body inclined forward? Because recruits are gen ei-ally disposed to project the stomach and throw back the shoulders, distress- ing them much in marching. > ' .;■ ^.^ . . Why are the shoulders square ? .blBW If the shoulders be advanced beyond the linS of THE 8GH00L MANUAL. 26 the breast, the back would be arched or round- shouldered ; the soldier could not align himself nor use his piece with ease. What is the little finger turned behind the seam of the pan- taloons for ? Because it is necessary to turn the elbows in to the body, to prevent the soldier from occupying more space in the rank than necessary. Why is the face straight to the front ? K it were otherwise, stiffness would follow ; this would be communicated to the whole body, and it would give pain instead of ease. What is the object of having the eyes direct to the front? Because it is the surest means of maintaining the shoulders in line. FACINGS AND THE STEP. What are the facings ? Turning the body to the right or left when in line. What is " about face ?" Turning to the rear while in line. What is the meaning of the direct step ? ■ " f Marching direct forward. dYf What is the oblique step ? • * Marching at an angle to the right or left. What is the length and quickness of a direct step in com- mon time ? Twenty-eight inches in length, and ninety steps to a minute. What is the length and quickness of a direct step in quick time ? Twenty-eight inches in length, and one hundred and ten steps to the minute. 2 26 THE SCHOOL MANUAL. What is the length of the back step ? Fourteen inches. What is the length and quickness of a step in double quick time? Thirty-three inches long, and one hundred and sixty-five steps in a minute. How is the musket carried on the double jrioi't il I :2fiJ7 Why is the piece drawn back obliquely ? To avoid the necessity of raising it over the head of the front rank men. MOVEMENTS DEFmED. -•-■ t . rrr. . . .DliJWtOl What constitutes a file ? v.. Two men,, one being behind the other, and 13 inches distant. What constitutes a rank ? Two or more men alongside of each other. :i 80 THE SCHOOL MANUAL. What is the meaamg of "flank?" The ends of the company. What is the pivot ? That portion which the wheel is made from, usually the guide. What is the duty of a guide ? To keep the flanks of the company steady. What is meant hy the marching flank ? The end of the company opposite to the pivot. ;i What is the meaning of the terra "dressing" for^^ard or- back? The men moving forward or backward to estab- lish a true line. What is the position of the head in dressing? It is turned to the right or left obliquely, as the base may be established. ALIGNMENTS. What are alignments ? A System of forming successive files in a line by marches and halts. How are alignments established ? By placing ten or twelve men adjoining each otlier, and moving them to the front and rear direct or oblique. What principles are generally taught ? That the men arrive steadily on the alignment. That the body be not bent back, nor the head forward. That the head be but little turned, just enough tc see the line of the eyes. That the alignment never be passed. That at the command "front," all stand fast though the rank be not aligned. *^ rm: school manual. 31 That at the command, this or that file, "for- ward," or " back," all other files stand fast. That ill aligning to the rear, the men in falling back pass only a little behind the alignment. What is the object in having the men arrive steadily on the alignment ? Because haste begets confusion and is opposed to go6d order. Why is the body not to be bent back or the head forward ? It is only by regularity of position that a true line can be acquired. Why is the head but little turned to align ? That in turning it too much it draws the shoulder with it. Can not tlie alignments be passed ? No. If one man passed the alignment, lie would oblige the remainder to do it also, occasioning thereby a fault and loss of time. -Why should all stand fast at the command "front?" In order to give the men the habit of judging promptly, and to avoid shuffling. Why is it that all the files should stand fast, when one is ordered to advance or retire ? In order not to derange the files which are aligned. Why do th© files in dressing backw(ird, march a little to the rear? ■ So that they can see the true line better. MARCHINGS. What i3 meant by marching 'by the front ? ^ Advancing in column, or in line, forward, viz., either by battalion, by division, by company, or platoon. .Si^iioiii 82 82 THE SCHOOL MANUAL. What is the general rule for marching by the front ? Touch lightly the elbow toward the guide. Not to open out that elbow nor the opposite arm. Yield to pressure from the side of the guide, and lesist it from the other. Recover, by insensible degrees, the slight touch of the elbow, if lost. Maintain the head square to the front, no matter which side the guide may be. To recover any ground lost or gained, gradually. Why is the elbow touched lightly toward the guide ? By preserving this light touch, the line will be nearly true. While if one man should push, hu would move another, and confusion would follow. What is the object of not opening out the elbow ? In order that no one may press his neighbor, and all may occupy their places. Why should a man yield to pressure from the side of the guide, and resist it from the other ? In order to avoid throwing the guide out of di- rection. What is the object in recovering the touch of the elboW,* insensibly, when it is lost ? Because, in gaining it suddenly, it may occasion a movement by other files which will tend to disar* range the line. Why is the head kept to the front? Because if the head were turned to the side, it would draw after it the body, giving thereby a false direction to the line. Why should a man correct an error in the march insensibly ? If he were to move suddenly it would tend to disunite the ranks, causing his neighbor to take a Bte^ of 34 inches, while he would only take one of 28 inches. THE SCHOOL MAJJfUAL. ' 3S What is meant by' marching by the flank ? . Moving by successive files, when fa:jed to the ij right or left. i! , How does a soldier face to the right ? -»ni;">u By raising the right foot clear of the ground and turning on the left heel. > Where are the corporals placed? In the front rank, on the right and left pf, eacli platoon. ' ^,;;l. THE SCHOOL MANUAL. ^ 30 GUIDES. ..iJrii.Mi. How many guides are there to a company ? Two ; one to each platoon. Who is the left guide of the company ? The second sergeant. Who is the right guide of the company ? .. / The first sergeant. Who is the guide of the first platoon ? The 'first sergeant. What is the meaning of a column ? When one division, company, platoon, or section is marching in the rear of or behind another. COMMAND. Who commands the company ? . . ,. The cap tarn. Where is his position in column by company ? Two paces in front of the center. ^ir.i:<. Who commands the second platoon ? rr oT The first lieutenant. SCHOOL OF THE COMPANY. ill How many lessons and articles are there in the school of the company ? Six lessons, each having five articles. FIEST LESSON OF THE SCHOOL OF THE COMPANY. What is the first article of the first lesson ? ^ To open ranks. "^^ r^ ^ iTame the second article. Alignments in open ranks. * State what the third article is. Manual of arms. iOxi;*u oT 9 40^ THE SCHOOL MANUAt. What is the fourth article ? To close ranks. Name the fifth article. .; Alignments and manual of arms in closed ranke. • SECOND LESSON. What is the first article of the second lesson ? To load in four times and at will. Name the second article. To fire by company. What is the third article ? To fire by file. State what the fourth article is. ^^^Q:iUia ai To fire by rank. What is the fifth article ? To fire by the rear rank. THIRD LESSON. Name the first article of the third lesson. To march in line of battle. What is the second article ? To halt the company marching in line of battle, and to align it. State what the third article is. The oblique march in line of battle. What is the fourth article ? To mark time^ to march in double quick time, and the back step. Name the fifth article. To march in retreat in line of battle. FOURTH LESSON. What is the first article of the fourth k&son ? To march by the fiank. THE SCHOOL MANUAL.* 41 State what the second article is. Ji iatlw oJBi8 • To change direction by file. it i^sid oT What is the third article ? To halt the company marching by the flank, and to face it to the front. r0oi m umnloo ai iioiBta oT Name what the fourth article isr ' ' ""'"" ' "" ■ • '^■^' ••'^: j The company being in march by the flank, to form it on the right or left by file into line of battle. What is the fifth article ? The company marching by the flank, to form it by company or platoon into line, and cause it to face to the right and left, and to file left and right in marching. FIFTH LESSON. , -.j^Tf State what the first article of the fifth lesson is. To break into column by platoon either at a halt or while marching. Wliat is the second article ? To march in column. Name tlic third article. To change direction. What is the fourth article ? ' '' ^' ' ' To halt the column. / 'reM^ny State what the fifth article is. Being in colum';\ by platoon, to form to the right or left into line of battle, either at a halt or in inarching. '"' "'^' .froT SIXTH LESSON. .^eiBdadW What is the first article of the sixth lesson? '-r'^ ^''*' To break into platoons and to re-form the coKttii JoioaiH 42 THE SCHOOL MAI^UAt. State what the second article is. To break files to the rear, and to cause them to re-enter into line. What is the third article ? To march in column in route, and to execute the movements incident thereto. Name the fourth article. The countermarch. What is the fifth article ? Being in column by platoon, to form on the right or left into line of battle. THE MUSKET.— (plate 8.) How many principal parts are there to a musket? Five. What are they ? The barrel, the lock, the stock, the rammer, and the mountings. How many subordinate parts are there ? Nineteen. IN'ame them. The upper band, middle band, tail band, swell, guard, swivels, sm^U of the stock, butt, heel of the butt, toe or beak of the butt, trigger, blade of bayonet, shank of bayonet, socket, clasp, lock-plate, hammer, main spring, and sling, r- How many remaining parts are there ? Ten. What are these ? The upper, middle, and tail pipe ; head of ram- mer and little end of same; the muzzle, breech, bore, Bight, and tang. .YJi^ > .f>.! > //' %} / I :>. ■"^.^ t"l > mm. PLATE 6. Fig. 1. Fig, 3. i^^. 2. Fig. 4. r*^ PLATE 7. Fig. 2. Fig. 3. Fig. 4. Fi- Fig. 6. f i fC" THE SCHOOL MANtTAL. 4:i Hi Flats 8. 44 THE SCHOOL MAKUAt. NOMENCLATUEE OF THE MUSKET. The principal parts of a musket arc — 1. The barrel. 2. The lock. 3. The stock. 4. The ram- mer. 5. The mounting. These several parts will' be understood by reference to the plate, where they are marked, as follows : 1. The upper band. 2. The middle band. / 3. The tail band. 4. The barrel. 5.. The swell. 6. The guard. Y. The swivels. 8. The small of the stock. 9. The butt. 10. The heel of the butt. 11. The toe or beak of butt. 12. The lock. 13. The rammer. 14. The trigger. 15. The blade of bayonet. 16. The shank of bayonet. IT. The socket. 18. The clasp. 19. The lock-plate. 20. The hammer. 21. The main spring. 22. The slin^. There are also the upper, middle, and tail pipe ; and butt of rammer and little end of same. The parts of the barrel are designated as the muzzle, breech, bore, sight, and tang. .er.: THE SCHOOL MANTJAt. 4:5 SCHOOL OF THE SOLDIER. The object of this school being the individiiatf^ and progressive instruction of the recruits, the in- structor never requires a movement to be executed until he has given an exact explanation of it ; and^-> he executes, himself, the movement which he com-« mands, so as to join example to jDrecept. He ac- customs the recruit to take, by himself, the position ' which is explained — teaches him to rectify it only when required by his want of intelligence — and sees that all the movements are performed without precipitation. Each movement should be understood before passing to another. After they have been properly executed in the order laid down in each lesson, the instructor no longer confines himself to that order; on the contrary, he should change it, that he may judge of the intelligence of the men. The instructor allows the men to rest at the end of each part of the lesson, or oftener, if he thinks proper, ^ecially at the commencement; for this purpose ne commands — Eest. At the command — Rest, the soldier is no longer required to preserve immobility, or to remain in his place. If the instructor wishes merely to relieve the attention of the recruit, he commands, in place — Rest ; the soldier is then not required to preserve his immobility, but he always keeps one of his feet in its place. When the instructor wishes to commence the in- struction, he commands — Attention ; at this com- mand the soldier takes his position, remains motion- less, and fixes his attention. 46 THE SCHOOL MANUAL. The School of the Soldier will be divided into three parts: the first, comprehending what ought to be tanght to recruits without arms ; the second, the manual of arms, the loadings, and firings ; the third, the principles of alignment, tJie march by the front, the difi:erent steps, the march by the flank, the principles of wheeling, and those of change of direction ; also, long marches in double quick time and the run. Each part will be divided into lessons for con- venience of instruction. COMMANDS. There are. three kinds. The command of caution^ which is attention. The preparatory command^ which indicates the movement which is to be executed. The command of execution^ such as march or halt^ or, in the manual of arms, the part of command ^ which causes an execution. The tone of command should be animated, dis- tinct, and of a loudness proportioned to the number of men under instruction. The command — attention^ is pronounc^ at the top of the voice, dwelling on the last syllable. The command of execution will be pronounced in a tone firm and brief. Commands of caution and the preparatory com- mands are herein distinguished by italics^ those of execution by cAPirALS. Those preparatory commands which, from their length, are difficult to be pronounced at once, must be divided into two or three parts, with an ascend- ing progression in the tone of command, but always in such a manner that the tone of execution may be more energetic and elevated ; the divisions THE SCHOOL MANUAL. 47 are indicated by a hyphen. The parts .of com- mand which are placed in a parenthesis are not pronounced. PAET FIEST. This will be taught, if practicable, to one recruit at a time ; but three or four may be united, when the number be great, compared with that of the in- structors. In this case the' recruits will be placed in a single rank at one pace from each other. In this part the recruits will be without arms. LESSON I. POSITION OF THE SOLDIER. — (PLATES 9 AND 10.) Heels on the same line, as near each other as the conformation of the man will permit. The feet turned out equally, and forming with each other something less than a right angle. The knee3 straight without stiffness. ^ The body erect on the hips, inclining a little forward. The shoulders square and falling equally. The arms hanging natur- ally. The elbows near the body. The palm of the hand turned a little to the front, the little finger behind the seam of the pantaloons. The head erect and square to the front, without con- ? strain t. The chin near tJie stock,^ without covering it. piate lo. 48 THE SCHOOL MAJTCTAL. fhe eyes fixed straight to the front, and striking the ground about the distance of fifteen paces. The instructor having given the recruit the Eosition of the soldier without arms, will now teach im the turning of the head and eyes. He will comma«nd : 1. Eyes — Eight. 2. Fkont. At the word rights the recruit will turn the head gently, so as to bring the inner corner of the left eye in a line with the buttons of the coat, the eyes fixed on the line of the eyes of the men in, or supposed to be in, the same rank. At the second command, the head will resume the direct or habitual position. The movement of JEyes — Left will be executed by inverse means. The instructor will take particular care that the movement of the head does not derange the square- ness of the shoulders, which will happen if the movement of the former be too sudden. In advanced stages of drill this conunand is given as Right (or lefi) Dress^ and is the governing prin- ciple of all alignments. The object of turning the head, is for the recruit to assure himself that he is in line, when forming a portion of a line composed of six or more. On executing the order, if he have but a glimpse of the left cheek of the second man from him, he will be in line ; if he see too much of the side-face, he will be too far to the front ; and if no portion of the cheek be seen, he is too far to the rear ; in both cases the correction must be made by gradual movement. "When the instructor shall wish the recruit to pass from the state of attention to that of ease, he will command : THE SCHOOL MANUAL. 49 E.EST. To cause a resumption of the habitual position, the instructor will command : 1. Attention. 2. Squad. At the first word, the recruit will fix his atten- tion ; at the second, he will resume the prescribed position and steadiness. LESSON II. FACINGS. Facing to the right and left will be executed in one time^ or pause. The instructor will command : * 1. Squad. 2. Eight (or left) — Face. At the second command, raise the right foot slightly, turn on the left heel, raising the toes a little, and then replace the right heel by the side of the left, and on the same line. 1^ Plate 11. Plate 12. Plate 11 shows this movement, the dotted lines bv lUg the original position of the feet. Plate 12 shows the position of the feet when facing to the left. 50 THE SCHOOL MANUAL. The full face to the- rear (or front) will be exe- cuted in two times^ or pauses. The instructor will command: 1. Squad. 2. About — Face. At the word about^ the recruit will turn on^ the left heel, bring the left toe to the front, carry the right foot to the rear, the hollow opposite to, and full three inches from, the left heel, the feet square to each other. At the command ,^^ Faoe^^ the soldier, raising the points of the feet, or toes, and keeping the hams straight, will turn on both heels, and face to the rear, carrying back at the same time the right tieel to the side of the left. A i iB Plate 13. Plate 14 Plato 15. Plate 16. THE SCHOOL MANUAL. 51 The first movement is shown by diagram plates, lo and 14, the dotted lines showing the original positions of the feet. Plates 15 and' 16 show the completion of the movement. In fachig about, it will be observable that solid- ity of movement is very necessary. A wavering of the piece or throwing the body off the equilib Hum tends to disarrange the entire movement. When the cartridge-box is secured to the waist- belt, the right hand will not be moved. LESSON III. PRINCIPLES OF THE DIRECT STEP. The length of the direct step or pace, in common time, will be twenty-eight inches, reckoning from heel to heel, and in swiftness, at the rate of ninety in a minute. The instructor, seeing the recruit confirmed in his position, will explain to him the principle and mechanism of this step, placing himself six or seven paces from, and facing to, the recruit. He will him- self execute slowly the step, in the way of illustra- tion, and then command : 1. Squads— forward. 2. Common time, 3; March. At the first command, the recruit will throw the weight of the body on the right leg, without bend- ing the left knee. At tlie third command, he will smartly, but without a jerk, carry straight forward the left foot twenty-eight inches from the right, the sole near the ground, the ham extended, the toe a little depressed, 63 ^E SCHOOL MANVAL. and, as also the knee, slightly turned out ; he will, at the same time, throw the weight of the body forward, and plant flat the left foot, without shock, precisely at the distance where it finds itself from the right, when the weight of the body is brought forward, the whole of which will now rest on the advanced foot. The recruit will next, in like man- ner, advance the right foot and plant it as above, the heel twenty-eight inches from the heel of the left foot, and thus continue to march without cross- ing the legs, or striking the one against the other, without turning the shoulders, and preserving always the face direct to the front. When the instructor shall wish to arrest the march, he will command : 1. Squad. 2. Halt. At the second command, which will be given at the instant when either foot is coming to the ground, the foot in the rear will be brought up, and planted by the side of the other, without shock. The instructor will indicate, from time to time, to the recruit, the cadence of the step by giving the command one at the instant of raising a foot, and two at the instant it ought to be planted, observing the cadence of ninety steps in a minute. This method will contribute greatly to impress upon the mind the two motions into which the step is natu- rally divided. It is important that the instructor assure himself that the principles of the step are well observed, in order to correct 'promptly all mistakes; for this pur- pose he will frequently throw himself ten or twelve paces to the front, when, if he do not see the sole of the shoe while the recruit is raising, advancing, and planting his foot, nor observe any wavering of THE SCHOOL HHANVAL. 53 the shoulders, he may be sure the movement is properly performed. Common time will be employed only in the first and second parts of the School of the Soldier. As soon as the recruit has acquired steadiness, has be- come established in the principles of shouldered arms ; and in the mechanism, length, and swiftness of the step in common time, he will be practiced only in quick time, the double quick time, and the run. The principles of the step in quick time are the same as for common time, but its swiftness is at the rate of one hundred and ten steps per minute. The instructor wishing the squad to march iu quick time, will command : 1. Squad-— forward, 2. Makch. LESSON IV. PRINCIPLE OF THE DOUBLE QUICK STEP. The length of the double quick step is thirty- three inches, and its swiftness at the rate of one hundred and sixty-five steps per minute. The instructor wishing to teach the recruits the principles and mechanism of the double quick step, will command : 1 . Double quick step. 2. March. At the first command, the recruit will raise his hands to a level with his hips, the hands closed, the nails toward the body, the elbows to the rear. At the second command, he will raise to the front his left leg bent, in order to give to the knee the greatest elevation, the part of the leg between the knee and the instep vertical, the toe depressed; he 54 THE SCHOOL MANUAL. will then replace his foot in its former position ; with the right leg he will execute what has just been prescribed for the left, and the alternate move- ment of the legs will be continued until the com- mand : 1 Squad. 2. Halt. At tlie second command, the recruit will bring the foot which is raised by the side of the other, and, dropping at the same time his hands by his side, will resume the position of the soldier without arms. The instructor, placing himself seven or eight paces from, and facing the recruit, will indicate the cadence by the commands one and txoo^ given alter- nately at the instant each foot should be brought to the ground, which, at first, will be in common time, but its rapidity will be gradually augmented. The recruit being sufficiently established in the principles of this step, the instructor will com- mand ; 1. Squad-v-forward, 2. Donble quick. 3. March. At the first command, the recruit will throw the weight of his body on the right leg. At the second command, he will place his arms bent on a level with his hips. At the third command, he will carry forward the left foot, the. leg slightly bent, the knee somewhat raised — will plant his left foot, the toe first, thirty- three inches from the right, and with the right foot will then execute what has just been prescribed for the left. This alternate movement of the legs will take place by throwing the weight of the body on ihe foot that is planted, and by allowing a natural, oscillatory motion 1o the arms. THE SCHOOL MANUAL. 55' The double quick step may be executed with dif- ferent degrees of swiftness. Under urgent circum- stances, the cadence of this step may be increased to one hundred and eighty per minute. At this rate, a distance of four thousand yards would be passed over in about twenty-five minutes. The recruits will be exercised also in running. The principles are the same as for the double quick step, the only difference consisting in a great- er degree of swiftness. It is recommended, in marching at double quick time, or the run, that the men should breathe as much as possible through the nose, keeping the mouth closed. Experience has proved that, by con- forming to this principle, a man can pass over a much longer distance, and with less fatigue. PART SECOND. GENERAL RULES. The instructor will not pass the men to this sec- ond part until they shall be well established in the position of the body, and in the manner of marching at the different steps. He will then unite four men, whom he will place in the same rank, elbow to elbow, and instruct them in the position of shouldered arms, as follows: LESSOIfl. PRINCIPLES OF SHOULDERED ARMS. The recruit being placed as explained in the first lesson of the first part, the instructor will cause him to bend the right arm slightly, and place the piece in it, in the following manner — plate 17 : The piece in the right hand — the barrel nearly \6 THE SCHOOL MANUAL, vertical and resting in the hollow of the shoulder — the guard to the front, the arm hanging nearly at its full length near the body ; the thumb and fore-finger embracing the guard, the remaining fingers closed together, and grasping the swell of the stock just under the cock, which rests on the lit- tle finger. Recruits are frequently seen with natural defects in the conformation of the shoulders, breast and hips. These the instructor will labor to correct in the lessons without arms, and after- wards, by steady endeavors, so that ^the appearance of the pieces, in the same line, may be uniform, and this Plate 17. without coustraiut to the men in their positions. The instructor will have occasion to remark that recruits, on first bearing arms, are liable to derange their position by lowering the right shoulder and the right hand, or by sinking the hip and spreading out the elbows. He will be careful to correct all these faults by continually rectifying the position ; he will some- times take away the piece to replace it the belter , he will avoid fatiguing the recruits too much in the beginning, but labor by degrees to render this posi- tion so natural and easy that they may remain in it a long time without fatigue. Finally, the instructor will take great care that the piece, at a shoulder, be not carried too high nor too low ; if too high, the right elbow would spread out, the soldier would occupy too much space in his rank, and the piece be made to waver ; if too THE SCHOOL MANUAL. 57 low, the files would be too much closed, the soldier would not have the necessary spac3 to handle his ^piece with facility, the right arm would become too much fatigued, and would draw down the shoulder. The instructor, before passing to .the second les- son, will cause to be repeated the movements of eyes right, left dLiid front, and the facings, LESSON II. MANUAL OF ARMS. The manual of arms will be taught to four men, placed, at first, in one rank, elbow to elbov, and afterwards in two ranks. Each command will be executed in one time (or pause), but this time will be divided into motions, the better to make known the mechanism. The rate (or swiftness) of each motion, in the manual of arms, with the exceptions herein indicated, is fixed at the ninetieth part of a minute ; but, in order not to fatigue the attention, the instructor will, at -first, look more particularly to the execu- tion of the motions, without requiring a nice observ- ance of the cadence, to which he will bring the re- cruits progressively, and after they shall have be- come a little familiarized with the handling of the piece. As the motions relative to the cartridge, to the rammer, and to the fixing and unfixing of the bayo- net, cannot be executed at the rate prescribed, nor ' even with a uniform swiftness, thej^ will not be sub- jected to that cadence. The instructor will, how- ever, labor to cause these motions If) be executed with promptness, and, above all, with regularity. The last syllable of the command will decide the brisk execution t)f the first motion of each time (or 58 THE SCHOOL MAJiUAL. pause). The commands, two, three^ and /owr, will decide the brisk execution of the other motions. As soon as the recruits shall well comprehend the posi- tions of the several motions of a time, they will be taught to execute the time without resting on its different motioiig ; the mechanism of the time will, nevertheless, be observed, as well to give a pt'rfect' use of the piece, as to avoid the sinking of, or slur- ring over, either of the motions. The manual of rrms will be taught in the follow- ing progression; the instructor will command: Support— k.mi^ (Plato 18.) One time and three motions. First motion. — Bring the piece, with the right hand, perpendicularly to the front and between the eyes, the barrel to the rear; seize the piece with the left hand at the lower band, raise this hand as high as the chin, and seize the piece at the same time with the right hand four inches below the cock. Second motion.— Turn the piece with the right hand, the barrel to the front ; carry the piece to the left shoulder, and pass the fore-arm extended on the breast between the right hand and the cock ; support the cock against the left fore-arm, the left hand resting on the right breast. Third motion. — Drop the right hand by the side. When the instructor may wish to give repose in this position, he will command: Plate 18. the school manual. 59,) Rest. At this command, the recruits will bring up ^ smartly the right hand to the handle of the piece (small of the stock), when they will not be required to preserte silence, or steadiness of position. When the instructor may wish the recruits to pass from this position to that of silence and steadi- ness, he will command ; Attention — Squad. At the second word, the recruits will resume the position of the third motion of support arms, Skoulder — ARMS — (Plate 17.) One time and three motions. First motion. — Grasp the piece with the right hand under and against the left fore-arm; seize it with the left hand at the lower band, the thumb extended ; detach the piece slightly from the shoul- der, the left fore-arm along the stock. Second motion. — Carry the piece vertically to the right shoulder with both hands, the rammer to the front, change the position of the right hand so as to embrace the guard with the thumb and fore-finger, slip the left hand to the height of the shoulder, the fingers extended and joined, the right arm nearly straight. Third motion, — Drop the left hand quickly by the side. Fresent — Arms — (Plate 19.) One time and two motions, ^ First motion. — With the right hand bring the piece erect before the centre of the body, the ram- mer to the front ; at the same time seize the pie«e 60 THE SCHOOL MANUAL. with the left hand half-way between the guide sight and lower band, the thumb extended along the barrel and against the stock, the fore-arm hori- zontal and resting against the body, the hand as high as the elbow. Second motion, — Grasp the small of the stock with the right hand, below and against the guard. Shoulder — Arms , One time and two motions. First motion. — Bring the piece to the right shoulder, at the same time change the position of the right hand so as to embrace the guard with the thumb and fore-finger, slip up the left hand to the height of the shoulder, the fingers extended and joined, the right arm near- ly straight. Second motion. — Drop the left hand quickly by the side. Order — Arms. One time and two motions. First motion. — Seize the piece briskly with the left hand near the upper band, and detach it slightly from the shoulder with the right hand ; loosen the grasp of the right hand, lower the piece with the left, re-seize the piece with the right hand above the lower band, the little finger in the rear of the barrel, the butt about four inches from the ground, ■ the right hand supported against the hip, drop the left hand by the side. If the rifle musket is us 'd, Uk) piece will be seized by the left hand a little THE SCHOOL MANUAL. 61 above the middle band, and it will be seized b^^^^^l^^ right hand, just above the lower band. :^^ ;. Second motion.— Let the piece slip through U\e right hand to the ground by opening slightly the fingers, and take the position about to be described. POSITION OF ORDER ARMS — (Plate 20.) The hand low, the barrel between the thumb and fore-finger extended along the stock ; the other fingers ex- tended and joined ; the muzzle about two inches from the right shoulder ; the rammer in front ; the toe (or beak) of the butt against, and in a line with, the toe of the right foot, the barrel perpendicular. When the instructor may wish to give repose in this position, he will command : Eest. At this command, the recruits will not be required to preserve silence or piate 20. steadiness. When the instructor may wish the recruits ti pass from this position to that of silence and steadi- ness, he will command : 1. Attention, 2. Squad. At the second word, the recruits wil resume the position of order arms. Shoulder — Arms. One time and two motions. First motion. — Raise the piece vertically with the 62 THE SCHOOL MANUAL. right hand to the height of the right breast, and op- posite the shoulder, the elbow close to the body : seize the piece with the left hand below the right, and drop quickly the right hand to grasp the piece at the swell of the stock, the thumb and fore-finger embracing the guard; press the piece against the shoulder with the left hand, the right arm nearly straight. Second motion, — Drop the left hand quickly by the side. LOAD IN NINE TIMES. 1. Load. One time and one motion. Grasp the piece with the left hand as high as the right elbow, and bring it vertically opposite the middle of the body, shift thq right hand to ihe upper band, place the butt between the feet, the barrel to the front; seize' it with the left hand near the muzzh^, which should be three inches from the body ; carry the right hand to the cartridge-box. If the rifle musket is used, the right hand will be shifted to just below the upper band. The muzzle will be eight inches from the body. — Plate 21 Plate 21. 2. Handle — Cartridge. One time and one motion. Seize the cartridge with the thumb and next two fingers, and place it between the teeth. THB SCHOOL MANUAL. 63 3. Tear — Cartridge. . ■ o^./r ^,,,r._;... One time artd one motion ^'^ < " Tear the 'paper to the powder, hold the cartridge upright between the thumb and first two fingers, near the top ; in this position place it in front of and near the muzzle, the back of the hand to the front. 4. Charge — Cartridge. One time and one motion. Empty the powder into the bar- rel ; disengage the ball from the paper with the right hand and the thumb and first two fingers of the left: insert it iiito the bore, the pointed end uppermost, and press it down with the right thumb ; seize the head of the rammer with the thumb and fore-finger of the right hand, the other fingers closed, the elbows near the body. — Plate 22. 5. Draw — Rammer. One time and three motions. First motion, — Half draw the rammer, by extending the right arm. Plate 23. steady it in this position with the left thumb ; grasp the rammer near the muzzle with the right hand, the little finger up- permost, the nails to the front, the thumb extended along the rammer. Second motion, — Clear the rammer from the pipes by again extending the arm ; the rammer in the ^prolongation of -ffre' pipes.-«-Plate 24. ' hate 23. 64 THE SCHOOL MANUAL. Plate 24. Third motion, — Turn the rammer, the little end of the rammer passing near the left sho,ulder; place the head of the rammer on the ball, the back of the hand to the front. 6. Ram — Cartridge. One time and one motion. Insert the rammer as far as the right, and steady it in this position with the thumb of the left hand ; seize the ram- mer at the small end with the thumb and fore-finger of the right hand, the back of the hand to the front ; press the ball home, the elbows near the body. — Plate .25. 7. Return — Rammer. One time and three motions. First motion, — Draw the rammer half Plate 25. ^ay out, and steady it in this position with the left thumb ; grasp it near the inuzzle with the right hand, the little finger uppermost, the nails to the front, the thumb along the rammer ; clear the rammer from the bore by extending the arm, the nails to the front, the rammer in the prolongation of the bore. Second motion, — Turn the rammer, the head of the rammer passing neai* the left shoulder, and insert it in the pipes until the right hand reaches the muzzle, the nails to the front. Th/lrd motion, — Force the rammer home by plac- ing the little finger of the right hand on the head of the rammer ; pass the left hand down the barrel to the extent of the arm, v/Hhout depressing the shoulder. THE SCHOOL MANUAL. 6& 8. Prime. One time and two motions. First motion, — With the left hand raise the piece till the hand is as high as the eye, grasp the small of the stock with the right hand ; half face to the right ; place, at the same time, the right foot behind and at right angles with the left ; the hollow of the right foot against the left heel. Slip the left hand down to the lower band, the thumb along the stock, the left elbow against the body ; bring the piece to the right side, the butt below the right fore-arm — the small of the stock against the body and two inches below the right breast, the barrel upwards, the muzzle on a level with the eye. — Plate 26. Second motion, — Half cock with the thumb of the right hand, the fingers supported against the guard and the small of the stock — remove the old cap with one of the fingers of the right hand, and with the thumb and fore-finger of the same liand, take a cap from the pouch, place it on the nipple, and press it down with the thumb ; seize the small of the stock with the right hand. 9. Shoulder — Arms. One time and two motians. First motion.— Bring the piece to the right 66 THE SCHOOL MANUAL. slioulder and support it there with the left hand, face to the front; bring the right heel to the side of, and on a line with the left ; grasp' the piece witli the right hand, as indicated in the position of ^/^ow/c^cr arnif:, '• ■' ■ \ y ■ Second mo^2o?i.— Drop the left hand quickly by the side. Ready. One time and three motions First motion, — ^Raise the piece slightly with the right hand, making a. half face to the right on the left heel ; carry the right foot to the rear,: and place it at right angles to the left, the hollow of it opposite to an(i against the left heel ; grasp the piece with the left hand at the lower band and de- tach it slightly from the shoulder. Second Motion, — Bring down the piece with both hands, the barrel upward, the 1(3 ft thumb extended along the stock, the butt below the right fore-arm, the small of the stock against the body and two ii^ches below the right breast, the muzzle as high as the eye, the left. elbow against the side ; place at the same time the right thumb on the head of the cock, the other fingers under and against the guard. Third ilib^^oTi.— Cock, and seize the piece at the small of the stock, without deranging the position of the butt. THE SCHOOL MANUAL. 67 Aim. One time and one motion, Raise the piece with ^* both hands, and sup- port the butt against the right shoulder ; thQ left elbow down, the right as high as the shoulder; incline the- head upon the butt, so that the right eye may perceive quickly the notch of the hausse., the front sight, and the ob- ject aimed at ; the left eye closed, the right Plate 27. thumb cxtendcd along the stock, the forefinger on the trigger.. ;)|]^,^, When recruits are formed into two ranks to exe- cute the firings,^he front rank men will raise a lit- tle less the right elbow, in order to facilitate the aim of the rear rank men. The rear rank men, in aiming, will each carry the right foot about eight inches to the right, and towards the left heel of the man next on the right, inclining the upper part of the body forward. Fire. One time and one motion. the trigger, fire, head, and remain Press the fore-finger against without lowering or turning the in, this position. Instructors will be careful to observe when the men fire, that thjey.aim at some distinct object, aad 68 THE SCHOOL MANUAL. that the barrel be so directed that the line of fire and the line of sight be in the same vertical plane. Th^y will often cause the firing to be executed on ground of different inclinations, in order to accus- tom the men to fire at objects either abov.e or below them. ^\ Load. One time and one motion. Bring down the piece with both hands, at the same time face to the front and take the position of load as indicated, (plate 21). Each rear rank man will bring his right foot by the side of the left. The men being in this position, the instructor will cause the loading to be continued by the commands and means prescribed in the first motion of load. If, after firing, the instructor should not wish the recruits to reload, he will command : Shoulder — Arms. One time and one motion. . ' Throw up the piece briskly with the left hand and resume the position of shoulder arms, at the same time face to the front, turning on the left heel, and bring the right heel on a line with the left. To accustom the recruits to wait for the command Jlre^ the instructor, when they are in the position of aim, will comm^:i^d • ^oT& e'ia^'5>'-n 'rd Recover — Arms. niBms% ij Q^^ ^-^^ ^^^ ^^g motion At the first part of the command, withdraw the finger from the trigger ; at the command arww, re- take the position of the third motion of ready. THE SCHOOL MANUAL. 69 The recruits being in the position of the third motion of ready, if the instructor should wish to brin^ them to a shoulder, he will command : Shoulder — ARMS. " One time and one motion. At the command shoulder, place the thumb upon the cock, the fore-finger on the trigger, half cock, and seize the small of the stock with the right hand. At the command arms, bring up the piece briskly to the right shoulder, and retake the position of shoulder arms. Remarks on Loading and Firing. Whenever the loadings and firings are to be ex- ecuted, and the cartridge-boxes are slung upon tlie waist-belt, the instructor will cause them to be brought to the front. If Mavnard's primer be used, the command will be-- Load in eight times. And the eighth command will be shoulder arms, and executed h om retur^i rammer, in one time and two motions, as follows : First Motion. — Raise the piece with the left hand, and take the position of shoulder arms. Second Motion, — Drop the left hand quickly by the side. The recruits being a,t shoulder arms when the in- structor shall wish to fix bayonets, he wiil com- mand : m THE SCHOOL MANUAL Fix — Bayonet. One time and three motions. First Motion, — Grasp the piece with the left hanrl at the height of the shoulder, and detach it slightly from the shoulder with the right, hand. Second Motion, — Quit the piece with the right hand, lower it with the left hand, opposite the mid- dle of the body, and place the butt; between tha feet without shock ; the rammer to the rear, the barrel vertical, the muzzle three inches from the body; seize it with the right hand at the upper band, and carry the left hand reversed to the han- dle of the bayonet. If the rifle musket be used the barrel will be inclined forward, the muzzle eight inches from the body, and the left hand reversed to the handle of the bayonet.— Plate 28. Third Moj^zon.— Draw the bayonet from the scabbard and fix it on the ex- tremity of the barrel ; seize the piece with the left hand, the arm extended, the right hand at 'the upper band. If the rifle musket be used, the. clasp will be turned as soon as the bayonet is fixed upon the barrel. Shoidd^r^^AnMS. One t^me and two motions*. ^ First Motion, — Raise the piece witfi the left hand and place it against the right shoulder, the rammer to the front; seize the piece at the same time with the right hand at Plate 28. i^m ^caoQity.^jf^AU m emtf^cing the guari, the right arm nearly extended. Second Motion. — Di^qg^ brjiljly the^le^tl]aM side.^ Charge — B ayonit. One time and two motions. .m% ^i First Motioii, — Raise the piece slightly with the right hand, and make a half face to the right on the left heel; place the hollow of the fight foot opposite to arid three inches from the left heel, the feet square ; seize the piece at the same time with the left hand ai little above the lower barid. n 9(; Second Motion, — =Bring down the piece with both hands, the barrel upper- most, the left elbow ap'airst the body ; seize the small of the stock, at the same time, with the right hand, which will be supported against the hip; the point of tho bayonet as highl',%s,.th^ eye— Plate 29J '■^-^-■'^ nate 29. -\ - Shoulder— }lBM» One time and two motimis* Mrsi ^^Qtion,^^ piec^'ljiin'^kiy \vi^ the left hand in facing to the front, pliice it against the right shonldpr, \ i^ ,J(^m^^ ,g ^the^^^ontj hi 72 THE SCHOOL MANUAL. turn the right hand so as to embrace the guard, slide the left hand to the height of the shoulder, the right hand nearly extended. Second Motion. — Drop the left hand smartly by the side. Trail — Arms. One time and two motions. First Motion. — The same as the first motion of order arms. Seamd Motion. — Incline the muzzle slightly to the front, the butt to the rear and about four inches from the ground. The right hand supported at the hip, will so hold the piece that the rear rank men may not touch with their bayonets the men in the front rank.— (Plate 30.) Shoulder — Arms. ■ At th^ command shoulder, raise the piece perpendicularly in the right hand, the little finger in the rear of the barrel ; at the command arms, execute what has been pre- scribed for the shoulder from the position of order arms. Unfix — Bayonet. On£ time and three motions. First and second Motions. — The same as the first and second motions of fix bayonet, except that, at the end of the second command, the thumb of the right hand will be placed on the spring of the sabre- bayonet, and the left hand will embrace the hanale Plate 30. THE SCHOOL MANUAL. 73 of the sabre-bayonet and the barrel, the thumb ex- tended along the blade. If the rifle musket is used, at the end of the second command turn the clasp of the bayonet by pressing against it the thumb of the left hand, and then grasp the socket of the bayonet witli the left hand, the shank resting between the thumb and forefinger, the tlmmb pointed up. Third Motion, — Press the ftiumb of the right hand on the spring, wrest off the sabre-bayonet, turn it to the right, the edge to the front, lower the guard until it touches the right hand, which will seize the i)ack and the edge of the blade between the thumb and first two fingers, the otiier fingers holding the piece ; change the position af the hand without quit- ting the handle, return the sabre-bayonet to the scabbard, and seize the piece with the left hand, the arm extended. If the rifle musket is used, the fol- lowing will be the method, viz. : Third Motion, — Wrest off the bayonet, turn it to tiie right, bringing the point of the bayonet down; change the position of the hand without quitting hold of the shank of the socket, return the bayonet to the scabbard, and seize the piece with the left band, the arm extended. Shoulder — Arms. Onei;ime and two motions. First Motion, — The sj^me as the first motion from fix bayonet. Second Motion — The same as the second motion from fix bayonet. Secure — Arms. One time and three motions. First Motion. — The Same as the first motion of 74 T|[E.^CHOOL MANUAL. support arms, excei^t "iviih iliQ right band seize the piece at the small of the stock. Second Motion. — Turn the piece with both hands, the barrel to the front ; bring it opposite the left shoulder, the butt against the liip, tlie left hand at the lower band, the thumb as high , as the chin and extended on the; rammer ; the piece erect and de- tached from the shoulcrer, the l^ft_-foire-arm against' the piece. t^^vrw Third Motion. —^Reverse the piece, pass it under the left arm, the left hand remaining at the low- er band, the thumb on the rammer to prevent it from sliding out, the little finger restiug against the lip, the right hand falling at the same time by the, side. — Plate 31. Shoulder— k.BM^, One time and three motions. U^irst Motion.—RaisQ the piece with the left hand, and seize it with the right hand at the small of the stock. The piece erect and detached from the shoulder, the butt against the Jiip, the left fore- arm along the piece. Second Motion.— The "Same as the second motioi^' of shoulder arms from a support. Third Motion. — The same as the third motion of shoulder arms from a support. Plate 31. THBJi(5HqQL MANUAli. 75 j^ight skcndder shift— A^MB' Onetime and two motions. ^^^^Pir^t^otwn.^^Bei^^^ perpendicularly 'Yfoip the shoulder with the right h^nd, and seize it ■With the left between the lower .i}iind and guide- '^Jght, raise the piece,^^the left hand at the height of the shoulder and four inches from it ; place, at the same time, the right hand on the butt, the beak be- tween the first two fingers, the other two fingers under the butt plate* , . l,[''S€cond Motio7i,—^Qmt the piece with the left hand, raise and place the piece on the right shoulder with the right hand, the lock plate upward ; let fall at the same time the left hand by the side. Shoulder — Arms. One time and two motions. First Motion. — Raise the piece perpendicularly by extending the right arm to ^ its full length, the rammer to the front; at the same time seize the piece with the left hand between the lower band and guide sight. cy^,8ec(md Motion,^— Q;mi the butt with the right handy: which will immediately ambrece the guard, lower the piece to the position of shoulder arnis, slide up the left hand to the height of the shoulder, the fin-- gers extended and closed, Dxop the left hand by the side. The men beiiig at support arms, the instructor will sometimes cause pieces to be brought to .the right shoulder, . To this effect he will command :■ m THE SCHOOL MANUAL. Right shoulder shift— Altm. One time and two motions. First Motion, — Seize the piece with the right hand, below and near the left fore-arm, place the left hand under the butt, the heel of the butt between the first two fingers. Second Motion, — Turn the piece with the left hand, the lock plate up- ward, carry it to the right shoulder, the left hand still holding the butt, the muzzle elevated ; hold the piece in this position and place the right hand upon the butt, as is prescribed, and let fall the left hand by the side.— Plate 32. Support — Arms. One time and two motions. First Motion, — The same as the first motion of shoulder arms. Second Motion, — Turn the piece with both hands, the barrel to the front, carry it opposite the left shoulder, slip the right hand to the small of the stock, place the left fore-arm extended on the breast, as is prescribed, and let fall the right hand by the side. Arms — At will. One time and one motion. At this command, carry the piece at pleasure on either shoulder, with one or both hands, the muzzle elevated. Plate 32. THE SCHOOL MANUAL. 77 Shoulder — Arms. One time and one motion. At this command, retake quickly the position of shoulder arms. The recruits being at ordered arms, when the in- structor shall wish to cause the pieces to be placed on the ground, he will command : Ground — Arms. One time and two motions. • First Motion, -Turn the piece with the right hand, the barrel to the left, at the same time seize the car- tridge box with the left hand, Plate 33, bend the body, advance the left foot, the heel opposite the lower band ; lay the piece on the ground with the right hand, the toe of the butt on a line with the right toe, the knees slightly bent, the right heel raised. —Plate 33. Second Motion, — Rise up, bring the left foot by the side of the right, quit the cartridge box with the left hand, and drop the hands by the side. Raise — Arms. One time and two motions. First Motion, — Seize the cartridge box with the left hand, bend the body, advance the left foot op- posite the lower band, and seize the piece with the right hand. V3S8 THE SCHOOL MANUAl Second Motion.— R^ise the piece, brihging the left foot by the side cjf the right ; .turn the piece with •the right hand, the rammer to the front; at 'the same time quit the cartridge box with the left hand, and drop this hand by the side. ^^^' 'inspection of arms. The recruits being at ordered arms, and having the bayonet in the scabbard, if the instructor wishes to cause an inspection of arms, he will command : Inspection — Arms. One time and two motions, ^^'^JFirst Motion. — Seize the piece with the left hand below and near the upper band, carry it with both hands opposite the middle of the body, the butt be- tween the feet, the rammer to the rear, the barrel vertical, the muzzle about three, inches from the body ; (should the rifle musket be used, the muzzle will be about eight inches from the body); carry the left hand reversed to the bayonet, draw it from the scabbard and fix it on the barrel ; grasp the piece with the left hand below and near the upper band, seize the rammer with the thumb and fore- finger of the right hand bent, the other fingers closed. Second iffoten.-— Draw the rammer, as has been explained in loading, and let it glide to the bottom of the bore, replace the piece with the left hand opposite the right shoii.lde-i:, ^ud^ F^^^fe® ^^® position of ordered arms. > •- ^" ' / The instructor will "thiehih§f)^cl in succession the piece of each recruit, in passing along the front of the rank. Each, as the instructor reaches him, will THE SCHOOL MANUAL. 79 rai^e smartly his piece with his right hand, s^izie it with the left between the lower band aiid guide sight, the lock to the front, the left hand at the height of the chin, the piece opposite to the left eye; the instructor will take it with the right hand at the handle, and, after inspecting it, will .return it to the recruit, who will receive it back with the right hand, and replace it in the position of ordered- arms, tT^rf.-/ ' When the instruc4:or shall have passed hiin,"each recruit will retake the position prescribed at the command inspection^ return the rammer, uiifix the bayonet^ and resume the position of ordered arms. If, instead of inspection of arms, the instructor should merely wish to cause bayonets to be fixed, he will command : ^^^^^^^^^ ^^^'^^ i.^ioinlerii Fix — Bayonet. Take the position indicated, fix bayonets as has been explained, and immediately resume the posi-; tion of ordered arms. If it be the wish of the instructor, after firing, to ascertain whether the pieces have been, discharged, he will command : Spring — Rammers. Put the rammer in the barrel,, as has been ex- plained above, and immediately retake the position Q^ ordered arms. The instructor, for the purpose stated, can take, the rammer by the small end, and spring it in the; barrel, or cause each recruit to make it ring in the barrel. Each recruit, after the instructor passes him, will return rammer, and resume chie position of ordered arms. 80 THE SCHOOL MANUAL. TEE FOLLOWING INSTRUOTIOISr IS TO BE GIVEN TO RECKUITS WITHOUT REGARD TO ARMS. When, after some days of exercise in the manual of arms, the four men shall well be established in their use, the instructor will always terminate the lesson by marching the men for some time in one rank, and at one pace apart, in common quick time, in order to confirm them more and more in the mechanism of the step ; he will also teach them to mark time and to change step* which will be ex- ecuted in the following manner : To mark time, ^S^ The four men marching in the direct step, the instructor will command : 1. Mark time, 2. March. At the second command, which will be given at the instant a foot is coming to the ground, the re- cruits will make a semblance of marching, by bringing the heels by the side of each other, and observing the cadence of the step, by raising each foot alternately without advancing. The instructor, wishing the direct step to be re- sumed, will command : 1. Forward, 2. Makch. At the second command, which will be given as prescribed above, the recruits will retake the step of twenty-eight inches. To cliam.ge step. The squad being in march, the instructor will command : THE SCHOOL MANUAL. 81 1. Change step. 2. March. At the second command, which will be given at the instant either foot is coming to the ground, bring the £pot which is in rear by the side of that which is in front, and step off again with the foot which was in front. To march lackward. The squad being at a halt, if the instructor should wish to march it in the back step, he will command : 1. Squad lackward, 2. Guide left (or right). 3. Mabch. The back step will be executed by the step of fourteen inches to the rear. The instructor, in this step, will be watchful that the men do not lean on each other. As the march to the front in quick time should only be executed at shouldered arms, the ii.struc* tor, in order not to fatigue the men too much, and also to prevent negligence in gait and position, will halt the squad from time to time, and cause arms to be ordered. In marching at double quick time^ the men will always carry their pieces on the right shoulder or at a trail. This rule is general. If the instructor shall wish the pieces carried at a trail he will give the command trail arms^ before the command double quick. If, on the contrary, this command be not given, the men will shift their pieces to the right shoulder at the command double quick. In either case, at the command halt.^ the 4* 82 THE SCHOOL MANtTAliP men will bring their pieces to the position of sJioul- der arms. This rule is general. To load in four times. ■, /.' .'-■:■■ ■': •' j[''^ The object of this lesson is to prepare the recruiis to load at will, and to cause them to distinguish the times which require the greatest regularity and at- tention, such as charge GavtHdge^ ram cartridge.^ and prime. It will be divided as follows: ; The first time will be executed at the end of the command; the three others at the commands, two^ three y Sindfoicr. The instructor will command: 1. Toad in four times. 2. Load. Execute the times to include charge cartridge. Two. Execute the times to include ram cartridge, Ihree. .^,^;,.._. ^^^ Execute the times to include prime. Four. /Ai»K.. Execute the time of shouldefr a/rms. THE SCHOOL MANUAL^ 88 ■■.r^ ^i To load (U will. /'^ The instructor will next teach loading at will/^ which will be executed as loading in four times, but continued, and without resting on either of the times. He will command : 1. Load at will. 2. Load. The instructor will habituate the recruits, by de- grees, to load with -the greatest possible prompti- tude, each without regulating himself by his neigh- bor, and above all witliout waiting for him. The cadence prescribed is not applicable to load- ing in four times, or at will. The squad will now be instructed in the firings, to which great care must be bestowed by the in- structor ; particularly when using cartridges, as the recruit is apt to load in an excited manner, and by slurring the motions lose time and interfere with the adjoining files. Firi7igs, The firings are direct or oblique, and will be exe- cuted as follows : The direct fire. The Instructor will give the following commands : 1. Fire ly squad. 2. Sqioad. 3. Ready. 4. Aim, 5. FmE. 6, Load. These several commands will be executed as has been prescribed in the Manual of Arms. At the 84. THE gCpQOI^.^f^UAL. third command, the men will come to the position of ready ^ as heretofore explained. At the fourth, they will aim according to the rank in which each may find himself placed, the rear-rank men inclining^ forward a little the upper part of the body, in order that their pieces may reach as much beyond the front rank as possible. • At the sixth command they will load their pieces and return immediately to the position of ready. The instructor will re-commence the firing by the coniniands : 1. Squad. 2. Aim. 3. Fire. 4. Load. -buol oJ eJdfioiiqq When the instructor wishes the firing to cease, he will command : isi Cease f/ring, h At this command, the men will cease firing. If they have fired, they will load their pieces and bring them to a shoulder ; if at the position of ready^ they will half-cock and shoulder arms. If *in the position of aim, they will bring down their pieces, half-cock, and shoulder arms. Ohlique firings. The oblique firings will be executed to the right and left, and by the same commands as the direct fire, with this single difference— the command (liifh will always be preceded by the caution, right or left ohlique. THE SCHOOL MANUAL. S.O Position of the two rmiks in the Oblique Fire to l>nt? the right. 'Q^\i,^ At tlie command ready ^ the two ranks Will' execute what has been prescribed for the direct fire. At the cautionary command, right oblique^ the two ranks will throw back the right shoulder and look steadily at the object to be hit.' At the command aim^ each front rank man will aim to the right w^ithout deranging the feet ; each rear rank man will advance the left foot about eight inches toward the right heel of the next man on the right of his file leader and aim to the right, inclining the upper part of the bod}^ forward and bending a little the left knee. Oblique fire to the left is executed as above pre- scribed, except that the left shoulder is thrown back and the rear rank man steps ofi* with his right foot, eight inches toward the right heel of the man on the right of his file leader. To fire hy file. The fire by file will be executed by the two ranks, the files of which will fire successively, and without regulating on each other, except for the first fire. The instructor w^ll command : 1. Fire hy file, 2. Squad, 3. Ready. 4. Com- *MENCE Firing. At the third comniand, the two ranks will take the position prescribed in the direct fire At the fourth command, the file on the right will aim and fire. The men of this file will load their pieces briskly and fire a second time ; reload and fire again, and 60 on, in continuation. The eeco^id file will aim at the instant the first 86 THE School manual. brings down pieces to reload, and will conform in' all resj)ects to that which has just been prescribed for the first file. After the first fire, the front and rear rank men will not be required to fire at the same time. Each man, after loading, will return to the posi- tion" of ready and continue to fire. When the instructor wishes the fire to cease, he will command :. Oease — FmiNO. At this command, the men will cease firing. If they have fired they will load theii* pieces and bring them to a shoulder ; if at the position of ready, they will half-cock and shoulder arms. If in the position of aim, they will bring down their pieces, half-cock, and shoulder arms. Tof/re hy rank. The fire by rank will be executed by each entire rank, alternately. The instructor will command : 1. Fire hy rank. 2. Squad. 3. Eeady. 4. Bear rank. 5. Aim. 6. Fire. 7. Load. At the third command, the iwo ranLs will lake the position of ready, as prescribed in the direct fire. \ At the seventh command, the •rear rank will execute that which has been prescribed in the direct fire, and afterward take the position of ready. As soon as the instructor sees several men of the rear rank in the position of ready, he will com- mand : 1. Front rank. 2. Am. 3. Fire. 4. Load. At these commands, the men in the front rank will fire, load, and return to the position of ready. THE SCHOOL MANUAL. 87 To fire and load hieeling. In this exercise ' I II the squad will be supposed loaded and drawn up in one rank. The instruction will be given to each man individually, without times or motions, and in the following manner. The instructor will command : Fire and Load kneeling. Plate 84. At this commaud, the man on the right of the squad will move forward three paces and halt j then carry the riglit foot to the rear and to the right of the left heel, and in a position conve- nient for placing the right knee upon the ground in bending tlie left leg ; place the right knee upon the ground ; lower the piece, the left forear^i supported upon the thigh on the same side, the right hand on the small of the stock, the butt resting on the right thigh, the left hand supporting the piece near the lower band. He will next move the right leg to the left around the knee supported on the ground, until this leg is nearly perpendicular to the direction of the left foot, and thus scat himself comfortably on the right heel. .. * :.. j.,.; Raise the pieqe with the right hand an(|^ support it with the left, holdhig it near the lower band, the left elbow resting on the left thigh near the knee ; seizQ the hammer with the thumb, the forefinger under the guard, cock and seize the piece at the small of the stock ; bring the piece to the shoulder, aim £ir\d Jire. Plate 34. Bring the piece down as soon as it is fired, and support it with the left hand, the butt resting 88 THE SCHOOL MANUAL. against the right thigh ; cany the piece to the rear rising on the knee, the barrel downward, the butt jjTesting on the ground ; in this position support the piece with the left hand at the uppei' band, draw cartridge with the right and load the piece, ram- ming the ball, if necessaiy, with both hands. ^^, when loaded bring the piece to tlie front with the left hand, which holds it at the upper band; seize it, at the same time, with the i*ight hand at the small of the stock ; turn the piece, the barrel upper- most and nearly horizontal, the left elbow resting on the left thigh ; half-cock, remove the .old cap and prime, rise, and return to the ranks. The second man will then be taught what has just been prescribed for the first, and so on, through the remainder of the squad. To fire and load lying. In this exercise the squad will be in one rank and loaded ; the instruction wnll be given individually and without times or motions. The instructor will command : Fire and Load LYiNa. At this command, the man on the right of the squad will move toward three paces and halt ; he will then bring his piece to an order, drop on both knees, and place himself on the ground flat on his belly. In this position he will support the piece nearly horizontal with the left hand, holding it near the h)wer band, the butt end of the piece and the left elbow resting on the ground, the barrel uppermost; cock the piece with the right hand, and carry this hand to the small of the stock ; raise the piece with both hands, press the butt against the shoulder, and resting on both elbows, aim ^r\dfire. As soon as be has fired, bring the piece down and .JATflifAM JOOHr>i fTHT THE SCHOOL MANUAL. 89 nil orrTx;^ orf ^ll^ turn upon his left side, still resting on liis left elbow ; bring back the piece until tlie cock is opposite his breast, the butt end resting on the ground ; take out a cartridge with the right liand ; seize the small of the stock witli this hand, holding the cartridge with the thnnii) and first two fingers ; he will then throw himself on his back, still holding the piece with both hands ; carry the piece to the rear, place the butt between the heels, the barrel up, the muzzle elevated. In this position, charge cartridge, draw rammei', i-am cartridge, and return rammer. When finished loading, the man will turn again upon his left side, remove the old cap and prime, then raise the piece vertically, rise, turn about, and resume his position in the ranks. The second man will be taught what has just been prescribed for the first, and so on, throughout the squad. ... . .. , .... ..., ih 'U) iUiiiia oiLt jj3 {• ({t 'lo ?flir>q Of!t ,YiIiiiuij:;i -^iuiyi LESSON IV. BAYONET P]XERCISE. . ;\ MvV> The bayonet exercise in this book will be confin- ed to two movements, the guard against infantry^ and the guard against cavalry. The men will be placed in one rank, with two paces interval, and, being at shoulder arms, the instructor will com- mand : 1. Guard against Infantry. 2. Guard. One time and two motio?is. —(Plsite 35.) {First motion,) Make a half face to the right, turning on both heels, the feet square to each other ; SCHOOL MAKUAL. at the same time raise the piece slightly, and seize it with the left hand above and ,-^^ near the lower band. {Second mo- tion.) Cany the right foot twenty inches perpendic- ularly to the rear, the right heel on the prolongation hi'. Plate 85. of the left, the knees slightly bent, the weight of the body resting equally on both legs; lower the piece with both hands, the barrel uppermost, the left elbow against the body ; seize the piece at the same time with the right hand at the small of the stock, the arms falling naturally, the point of the bayonet slightly elevated. Shoulder — Arms. One tiine and one motion. Throw up the piece with the left hand, and place it against the right shoulder, at the same time bring the right heel by-:the<8ide of the left and face to the front. rv-m- '■ ^'i >:UV^.^ 1. Guard against Oamlry. 2. Guard. One time and two motions.— (P\2ite 36.) Both motions the same a^ for guard against m- /(X/iifry, except that the right hand WiB b^ stt|)ported fri^ sc6()0L MiirtrAi^^ 91 against the hip. and the bayonet held at the height of the eje, as in charge l)ayonet>^.rY Shoulder — Arms . One time and one' motion. Spring up the piece with the left hand and place it against the right Plate 86. . shouldcr, at the same time bring the right heel by the sid^« of thj^; left, and face to the front. \ bu\\s's tXivn?v> PAKT THIKD. When the recruits are well established in the principtes and mechanism of the step^ the position of the lody^ and the manual of arm^s^ the instructor will unite eight men, at least, and twelve men, at most, in order to teach them the principles of align- rqent, the principles of the touch of elbows in march- ing to the front, the principles of the march by the flank, wheeling from a halt, wheeling in marching, and the change of direction to the side of the guide. He will place the squad in one rank elbow to elbow, and number the men from right to left. 92 I'HB SCHOOL MANtJAIrti ^ LESSON I. ^^ Alignments, The instructor will at first teach the recruits to align themselves man by man, in order the better to make them comprehend the principles of align- ment ; to this end, he will command the two men on the right flank to march two paces to the front, and having aligned them, he will caution the remain- der of the squad to move up, as they may be success- ively called, each by his number, and align them- selves successively on the line of the first two men. Each recruit, as designated by his number, will turn the head and eyes to the right as prescribed in the first lesson of the first part, and will march in quick time Iajoo paces forward^ shortening the last, so as to find himself about six inches behind the new alignment, which he ought never to pass ; he will next move up steadily by steps of two or three inches, the hams extended, to the side of the man next to him on the alignment, so that, without de- ranging the head, the line of the eyes, or that of the shoulders, he may find himself in the exact line of his neighbor, whose elbow he will lightly touch without opening his own. The instructor seeing the rank well aligned, will command : *; Front. ^ At this, the recruits will turn eyes to the front, and remain firm. Alignments to the left will be executed on the same principles. When the recruits shall have thus learned to align themselves man by man, correctly, and without ( THE SCHOOL MANUAL. 93 groping or jostling, the iDstriiclor will cause the en- tire rank to align itself at once by the command : JRight (or Z^/j^^-t—Dress. At this, the rank, except the 'two men pliiced in advance as a basis of alignment, will move up in quick timcy and place theniselves on the liew liney according to the principles prescribed. The instructor, placed five or six paces in front^; and facing the rank, will carefully observe that the^ principles are followed, and then pass to the flank that has served as tne basis, to verify the align- ment. The instinictor, seeing the greater number of the rank aligned, will command : Feont. The instructor may afterward order this or that file forwa/rd or hack^ designating each by its num- ber. The file or files designated, only, will slightly turn the head toward the basis, to judge how much they ought to move up or back, steadily place them- selves on the line, and then turn eyes to the front, without a particular command to that eflfect. Alignments to the rear will be executed on the same principles, the recruits stepping back a little- bey on d the line, and then dressing up according to the principles prescribed, the instructor command- ing: Eight {or left) hackipard—'DB.'R^Q. A^ter each alignment, the instructor will examine the position of the men, and cause the rank to come to ordered arms^ to prevent too much fatigue, and also the danger of negligence at shouldered arms. 94 THE BQHOOL MANUAL. '110 ofJt 0^ LESSON II. . r -^ - ,_-. The men having learned, in the first and second parts, to march with steadiness in common time, and to take steps equal in length and swiftness, will be exercised in the third part only in quick tim^e, double quick time^ and the run ; the instructor wilt cause them to execute successively, at these diiferent gaits, the march to the front, the facing about iii. marching, the march by the flank, the wheels at a halt and in marching, and the ch9,nge,s of direction to the side of the guide. -^ , . ? / The instructor will inform ffie recruits that at the command march^ they will always move off in quick timey unless this command should be. preceded by that ot douhle quick, -7 ., rr- To march to the front The rank being correctly aligned, when the in- structor shall wish to cause it to march by the front, he will place a well-instructed man on the right oi the left, according to the side on whl<$h he may wish the guide to be, and command iifjj wot ■ ;. 1. Squad, forward. "^^ Guide right (or lefPj. 3. Makch. At the command march, the rank will step oft* smartly with the left foot; the guide will take care to march straight to the front, keeping his shoulders always in a square with that line. 7 ; The instructor will observe, in marching to the front, that the men touch lightly the elbow toward the side of the guide. The men being well established ii;i the principles of the direct march, the instructor will exercise them in marching obliquely. The rank being in march, the instrtictor will cojoamand: TITO . BCf^pot M^V S^. 1. BigM{ov left) oblique- 2. March. At the second command^ -each man will make a half face to the right (or left)vand will then march straight forward in the new direction. As the men no longer touch elbows, they will, glance along the, shoulders of the nearest files, toward the side toi which they are obliquing, and will regulate their, steps so that tiie shoulders shall always be behind - that of their next neighbor on that side, and that* his head shall conceal tlie heads of the other men in the rank. Besides this, the men should preserve the same length of pace, and the same ^degree of obliquity.. V>,r,,.v: .^ . ./^l) >i't*>(^^r-h'l". -v'v The instructor wishing to resume the primitaye direction, will command : 1. Forwwrd, 2. March. At the second command, each man will make a; half face to the left (or right), and all will then march straight to the front, conformiBg to the prin- ciples of the direct march.., .^,.,.,1 ^,r l^j^jjp;. orfl fi To march to the frord in doiihle quick time. When the several principles, heretofore explained, have become familiar to the recruits, and tliey shall be well established in the i^psition of the body, the bearing of arms, and the mechanism, length, and swiftness of the step, the instructor will pass them from quick to double quick time, and the reverse, observing not to make thein march ob- liquely in double quick time, till they are well established in the cadence of this step. . The squad being at a march in quick time|th0' instructor will command : .^"^^ 9 6 THfe SCHOOL MANITAL. At the command march^ which will be given when either foot is coming to the ground, the squad will step off in double quick time. The men will endeavor to follow the principles laid down in the first part of this book, and to preserve the align- ment. When the instructor wishes the squad to resume the step in quick time, he will command : i 1. Quich time. 2. Makch. At the command ma/rch^ which will be given when either foot is coming to the ground, the squad will retake the step in quick time. The squad being at a halt, the instructor will cause.it to march in double quick time, by preced- ing the command ma/rch^ by double quick. The instructor will endeavor to regulate well the cadence of this step. To face about in marching. If the squad be marching in quick, or double quick time, and the instructor should wish to march it in retreat, he will command : ^•"^ 1. Squad^ right about, 2. Maech. . At the command march^ which will be given ai* the instant the left foot is coming to the ground.^ the recruit will bring this foot to the ground, and turning on it, will face to the rear ; he will then place the right foot in the new direction, and step, off with the left foot. \ In marching at double quick time^ the men will always carry their pieces on the right shoulder^ or at a trail. This rule is general. If the instructor shall wish the pieces carried at THE SCHOOL MANITAt: ^7 a trail, he will give the command trail arms^ before the command douhle quick. If, on the contrary, this command be not given, the men will shift their pieces to the right shoulder at the command 6? D] a LH a iy ' ..L-i.j-.i..U-.i.LJ-J-.i-L.i-l-. L.L.i-L.l-j2 - If'// a« Skirmishers, On left file— take intervals. 10 J I P/ato 46. THE SOm >L M 4KUAL. 189 should be covered by skirmishers, it will be neces- sary either to protect the flanks with skirmishers, or to extend them in front of the line so far be- yond the wings as effectually to oppose any attempt which might be made by the enemy's skirmishers to disturb the flanks. TO DEPLOY FORWARD. (Plate 45.) (A.) A company being at a halt or in march, when the captain shall wish to deploy it forward on the left file of the first platoon, holding the second platoon in reserve, he will command : ^' 1. First platoon — ds shirmishers, ^^ 2. On the left file — take intervals. 3. March {or double quick — March). ^ (0.) At the first command, the second and third lieutenants will place themselves rapidly two paces behind the centers of the right and left sections of the first platoon; the fifth sergeant will move one pace in front of the center of the first platoon, and will place himself between the two sections in the front rank as soon as the movement begins; the fourth sergeant will place himself on the left of the front rank of the same platoon as soon as he can pass. The captain will indicate to this sergeant tlie point on which he wishes him to direct his march. The first lieutenant, placing himself before the center of the second platoon, will command : \>^'\ a t Second platoon backward — March. (D.) At this command, the second platoon will step three paces to the rear, so as to unmask the flank of the first platoon. It will then be halted by. its chief, and the second sergeant will place himself on the left, and the third sergeant on the right flank 196 THE SCHOOL MA^U^l of this platoon;: .if the compa ihe march, the second platoon will be halted at the first com- mand. (A.) At the command march^ the left group of four men, conducted by the fourth sergeant, will direct itself on the point indicated; all the other groups of fours throwing forward briskly the l^ft shoulder, will move diagonally to the front in double quick time, so as to gain to the right the space of twenty paces, which shall be the distance between each group and that immediately on its left. When the second group from the left shall arrire on a line with and twenty pace§ from the first, it will march straight to the front, conforming to the gait and direction of the first^ keeping con- stantly on the same alignment and at twenty paces from it. The third group, and all the others, will conform to what has just been prescribed for the second; they will arrive successively on the line. The right guide will arrive with the last group. (C.) The left guide having reached the point where the left of the line should rest, the captain will com- mand the skirmishers to halt ; the men composing each group of fours will then immediately deploy at five paces from each other, and to the right and left of the front-rank man of the even file in each roup, the rear-rank men placing themselves on the eft of their file leaders. If any groups be not in line at the command halt^ they will move up rapidly, conforming to what has just been prescribed. If, during the deployment, the line should be fired tipon by the enemy, the captain may cause the groups of fours to deploy, as they gain their proper distances. The line being formed, the non-commissiond? oflScers on the right, left, and center of the platoo will place themselves ten paces in rear of the liu s rad bjfjiosite the positions they reepectively occu- pied. The chiefs of sections will promptly rec- tify any irregularities, and then place themselves twenty-five or thirty paces in i-ear of the center of their sections, each having with him four men taken from the reserve, and also a bugler, w^ho will repeat, if necessary, the signals sounded by the captain.^ Skirmishers should be particularly instructed^ to take advantage of any cover which the ground may offer, and should lie flat on the ground whenever such a movement is 'necessary to protect them from the fire of the enemy. Regularity in the alignmetit should yield to this important advantage. (A.) When the movement begins, the first lieu- tenant will face the second platoon f/^ow?^, and march It promptly, and by the shortest iine^ to abont one hundred and fifty paces in rear of the center of the line. He will hold it always at this distance, unless ordered to the contrary. The reserve will conform itself to all the move- nients of the line. This rule is genenrcLl^ -^' ^^■^'' ' ■' Light troops will carry their bayonets hla^itualiy in the scabbafd, and this rule applies equally to the skirmishers and the reserve ; whenever bayonets are required to be fixed, a particular signal will be given. The captain will give a general superin- tendence to the whole deployment, and then promptly place himself about eighty paces in rear of the ceiiter of the line. He will have with him, a bugler flRi four men taken from the reserv^.A^^.^ . ^,,... -^ ^ The deployment may be made on the rigtit or the center of the platoon, by the same commands, sub- stituting the indication right or center for that of left&le. The deployment on the -'"^ ^ ^ - ^^onter will be made according to uie |.... . '^ -^ above; in this latter case, the center of the platoon |193 THE SCHOOL MAISTUAL. will be marked by the right group of fours in the second section; the fifth sergeant will place him- self on the right of this group, and serve as the guide of the platoon during the deployment. In whatever manner the deployment be made, on the right, left, center (or any file), the men in each group of fours will habitually deploy at five paces from each other, and upon the front-rank man of the even-numbered file. The deployments will habitually be made at twenty paces interval ; but if a greater interval be required*, it will be indicated in the command. If a company be thrown out as skirmishers, so near the main body as to render a reserve unneces- sary, the entire company will be extended in the same manner, and according to the same principles, as for the de{)loyment of a platoon. In this case, the third lieutenant will command the fourth sec- tion, and a non-commissioned officer designated for that purpose, the second section ; the fifth sergeant will act as center guide ; the file closers will place themselves ten paces in rear of the line, and oppo- site their places in line of battle. iThe first and second lieutenant will each have a bugler near him. '^". TO DEPLOY BY THE FLANK. (Plate 46.) (D.) The company being at a halt, when the cap- tain shall wish to deploy it by the flank, holding the first platoon in reserve, he will command : 1. Second jplatoon — as shirmishers, ^, By therigjii jlanh — take intervals. 3. March (or double qxdck — March). (A.) At the first command, the first and third lieu- tenants will place themselves, respectively, two p-aces behind the centers of the first and second sec- tions of the second platoon ; thd fifth sergeant will THE SCHOOL MANUAL. .KM 193 AjIBHDIIlDVBQn ^1 i& ■a triaa 119 R ■III n a I 'i * Second platoon as SkirmisJurs. By the right /lanJcy take intervals. Plate iS. i§i fSE SCHOOL MAKtTAL. place himself one pace in front of the center of the second platoon ; the third sergeant, as soon as he can pass, will place himself on the right of the front rank of the same platoon. The captain will indi- cate to him the point on which he wishes him to direct his march. The chief of the first platoon will execute what has been prescribed for the chief of the second platoon, page 155, and D. The fourth sergeant will place himself on the left flank of the re- serve, the first sergeant will remain on the right flank. At the second command, the first and third lieu- tenants will place themselves two paces behind the left group of their respective sections. (B.^ At the command inarch, the second platoon will face to the right, and commence the movement ; the left group of fours will stand fast, but will de- ploy as soon as there is room on fts right, conforming to what has been prescribed, page 156, C; the third sergeant will place himself on the left of the right group, to conduct it ; the second group will halt at twenty paces from the one on its left, the third group at twenty paces from the second, and so on to the right. As the groups halt, they will face to the enemy, and deploy, as has been explained for the left group. The chiefs of sections will pay particular atten- tion to the successive deployments of tlie groups, keeping near the group about to halt, so as to rec tify any errors which may be committed. When the deployment is completed, they will place them- selves thirty paces in rear of the center of their sec- tions, as has been heretofore prescribed. Tlie non- commissioned officers will also place themselves as previously indicated. As soon as the movement commences, the chief of the first platoon, causing it to face about, will move it as indicated, page 157, A. THE SCHOOL MANUAL. 195 The deployment may be made by the left flank according to the same principles, substituting left jlank for right ficmh. If the Giigtain should wish to deploy the company upon tSe center of one of the platoons, he will com- mand : 1. Second platoon — as shirmishers, '2,. By the right and left ftanlcs — take intervals. 3. March (or dovhle quick — Maeoh). ^ At the first command, the officers and non-com- missioned officers will conform to what has been prescribed, page 157, A. At the second command, the first lieutenant will place himself behind the left group of the right sec- tion of the second platoon, the third lieutenant be- hind the right group of the left section of the same platoon. At the command march^ the right section will face to the right, the left section will face to the left, the group on the right of this latter section will stand fasi. The two sections will move off in op- posite directions; the third sergeant will place him- self on ilie left of the right file to conduct it, the second sergeant on the right of the left file. The two groups nearest that which stands fast, will each halt at twenty paces from this group, and each of the other groups wnll halt at twenty paces from the group which is in the rear of it. Each group will deploy as heretofore prescribed, page 160, B. The first and third lieutenants will dii^ect the movement, holding themselves always abreast of the group which is about to halt. The captain can cause the deployment to be made on any named group whatsoever ; in this case, the fifth sergeant will place himself before the group 196 THE SCHOOL MANUAL. "Z m ■ SI a M rmi^- ^tfDrjd} dji d-ot FUHtVf. THE SCHOOL MANUAL. 197 indicated, and the deployment will be made aocord- ing to the principles heretofore prescribed. The entire company may be also deployed, ac- cording to the same principles. TO EXTEND INTERVALS. — (Plate 47.) This movement, which is employed to extend a line of skirmishers, will be executed according to the principles prescribed for deployments. If it be supposed that the line of skirmishers is at a halt, and that the captain wishes to extend it to the left, he will command : 1. By the left flanh {so Tuany paoes\ extend inter- vals. 2. March (or double quiclc — March). At the command inarcli^ the gronp on the right will stand fast, all the other groups will face to the left, and each group will extend its interval to the prescribed distance bv the means indicated, page 160, B. (C.) The men of the same group will continue to preserve between each other the distance of five paces, unless the nature of the ground should render it necessary that they should close nearer, in order to keep in sight of each other. The intervals refer to the spaces between the groups, and not to the dis- tances between the men in each group. The inter- vals will be taken from the right or left man of the neighboring group. If the line of skirmishers be marching to the front, and the captain should wish to extend it to the right, he will command : 1. On the left grouj) (so inany paces) ^ eoctend inter- vals. 2. March (or double quick — March). (A.) The left group, conducted by the guide, will continue to march on tne point of direction ; the other groups throwing forward the left shoulder, 198 THE SOHOOI, MANTrAL. ■~~~" a a a OB a a a 1 M a g a t'* a ■ s 1^ m f a « s a t m m m a a a a a s * a a a Gl 1 ""S m ^ a a a a 1 1 ■ 4 s a ■ 1 a a ^ a a a a a a s a a Q a a B a a a a ^Ifl^Sl . 'tfsjy a-flt a a a < «: — :> » PlaU4». THE SCHOOL MANUAL; 199 and taking the double quick step, will open their intervals to the prescribed distance by the means indicated, page 156, A, conforming also to what is prescribed, page 163, C. Intervals may be extended on the right center (or any group) of the line, according to the same principles. If, in extending intervals, it be intended that one company or platoon should occupy a line which had been previously occupied by two, the men of the company or platoon which is to retire will fall successively to the rear as they are relieved by the extension of the intervals. TO CLOSE INTERVALS. — (Plate 48.) This movement, like that of opening intervals, will be executed according to the principles pre- scribed for the deployments. If the line of skirmishers be halted, and the cap- tain should wish to close intervals to the left, he will command : 1. By the left flank {so inany jpaees)^ dose intervals, 2. MaecI^ (or double quick — March). At the command rtiarck^ the left group will stand fast, the other groups will face to the left and close to the prescribed distance, each group facing to the enemy as it attains its proper distance. If the line be marching to the front, the captain will command : 1. On the left group {so many paces) ^ close intervals, 2. March (or double quick — March). The left group, conducted by the guide, will con- tinue to move on in the direction previously indi- cated ; the other groups, advancing the right shoul- 200 THE SCHOOL MAN0AL der, will close to the left, until the intervals are re- duced to the prescribed distance. li Intervals may be closed on the right, center (ofi any group), according to the same principles. =[ when intervals are to be closed up, in order to reinforce a line of skirmishers, so as to cause two companies to cover the ground which had been pre- viously occupied by one, the new company will do- ploy so as to finish its movement at twenty paces in rear of the line it is to occupy, and the men will successively move upon that line, as they shall be unmasked by the men of the old company. The reserves of the two companies will unite behind the center of the line. TO RELIEVE A COMPANY DEPLOYED AS SKIRMISHERS. Wheii a company of skirmishers is to be relieved, the captain will be advised of the intention, which he will immediately communicate to his first and second lieutenants. The new company will execute its deployment forward, so as to finish the movement at about twenty paces in rear of the line. Arrived at this distance, the men «f the new com- pany, by command of their captain, will advance rapidly a few paces beyond the old line, and halt ; the new line being established, the old company will assemble on its reserve, taking care not to ge^ into groups of fours until they are beyond the fire of the enemy. If the skirmishers to be relieved are marching in retreat, the compai!iy thrown out to relieve them will deploy by the flank, as prescribed, page 158, A, and following. The old skirmishers will continue to retire with order, and having passed the newline^ they will form upon ih^ reserve, -^ THE SCHOOL MANUAL. 201 )') AETIOLE U. To Advance. TO ADVANCE IN LINE, AND TO RETREAT IN LINE. When a platoon or a company deployed as skir- mishers is marching by the front, the guide will be habitually in the center. No particular indication to this effect need be given in the commands, but if on the contrary it be intended that the directing guide should be on the right, or left, the command guide rights or guide left^ will be given immediately after that of forward. The captain, wishing the line of skirmishers to advance, will command: 1. Forward, 2. March (or ^ot^iZ^ g'^^i(?yfe— March). This command will be repeated with the greatest rapidity by the chiefs of sections, and in case of need, by the sergeants. This rule is general, whether the skirmishers march by the front or by the flank. (A.) At the first command, the three sergeants will move briskly on the line, the first on the right, the second on the left, and the third in the center. (B.) At the command Tnarch^ the line will move to the front, the guide charged with the direction will move on the point indicated to him, tlie skirmishers will hold themselves aligned on this guide, and pre- Bcrve their intervals toward him. The chiefs of sections will march immediately be- hind their sections, so as to direct their movements. The^captain will give a general superintendence to the movement. When he shall wish to halt the skirmishers, he will command : HALT. 2020^ - THH SOHOOL MANUALHT (C.) At this command, briskly repeated, the line will halt. The chiefs of sections will promptly rec- tify any irregularity in the alignment and intervals, and after taking every possible advantage which the ground may offer for protecting the men, they, with the three sergeants in the line, will retire to their proper places in rear. Tiie capiain wishing to march the skirmishers in retreat, will command: l.^/y/ retreat, 2. March (or doable quick — -March). At the iirst command, the three sergeants will move on the line as prescribed, page 167, A. At the commaifd march^ the skirmishers will face about individually, and march to the rear, conform- ing to the principles prescribed, p^ge 167, B. The officers and sergeants will use every exertion to pi'eserve order. To halt the skirmishers, marching in retreat, the captain will command : HALT. At this command the skirmishers will halt, and immediately face to the front. The chiefs of sections and the three guides will each conform himself to what is prescribed, page 168, C. TO CHANGE DIRECTION. If the commander of a line of skirmishers shall wish to cause it to change direction to the right, he will command: 1. Eight wheel. 2. March (or double qyiok — March). At the command viaroh^ the right guide will mark time in his place ; the left guide will move in a circle to the right, and that he may properly regu- rem ecfiooL makuai.. 9M% late his movements, will occasionally cast his eyes to the right, so as to observe the direction of the line, and the nature of the ground to be passed over. The center guide will also march in a circle to the right, and in order to conform his movements to the general direction, will take care tliat his steps are only half the length of the steps of the guide on the left. The skirmishers will regulate the length of their steps by their distance from the marching flank, being less as they approach the pivot, and greater as they are removea from it ; they will often look to the marching flank, so as to preserve the direc- tion and their intervals. When the commander of the line shall wish to resume the direct march, he will command : 1. Forward. 2. Makch. At the command inarch^ the line will cease to wheel, and the skirmishers will move direct to the front; the center guide will march on the point which will be indicated to him. If the captain should wish to halt the line, in place of moving it to the front, he will command : HAJLT. At this command, the line will halt. A change of direction to the left will be madt according to the same principles, and by inverse means. A line of skirmishers marching in retreat will change direction by the same means, and by the same commands, as a line marching in advance; for example, if the captain should wish to refuse his left, now become the right, he will command : 1. Le^t v^heel, 2. March. At the command halt^ th^ skirmishers will face to the enemV. 204 THE BCHOOL MANTJAX,. But if, instead of halting the line, the captain should >vish to continue to march it in retreat, he will, when he judges the line has wheeled suffi- ciently, cominaiid : fl 1. In retreat. 2. Makom. -«" TO MAKCH BY THE FLAMI' '^^^^ ^^^" ;^ The captain, wishing the skirmisher^ to tiM*c*f1y the right flank, will command: ^^ V' eqoi« 1. By the right fiank, 2. Maboh (or dpuhle g^i^^|c^-^ March). .joi adt oi At the lirst command, the three sergea'nli'^'^v^i^ place themselves on the line. ■ ' '*■"' At the command march^ the skirmishei-s willfa^^'^ to the right and move ofl*; the right guide will place himself by the side of the leading man on the right to conduct him, and will march on thfe point indicated; each 'skirmisher will take care to follow exactly in the direction of the one immediately pre--^ ceding him, and to preserve his distance. ''^ .^^^^ The skirmishei^ may be marched by the left flank, according to the same principles, and by th^T same commands, substituting left for right; the left guide will place himself by the side of the lead- ing man to conduct hith. ^ If the skirmishers be marching bj the flank, and the captain should wish to halt them, h© will com- mand : , :J"*' Halt. ^ k) dflU A lArfithis com mauds: the skirmishers will halt and face to the enemy. The officers and tieJrgeauts will conform to what has been prescribed, page 168, C. The reserve should execute all the movements qf\ the line, and be held always about one hundred .au(it- J^|B^jHB€HOOL MANIMi*. 205 • fifty paces from it, so as to be in positipB to second it$ iOperatioii3. >TB'.^Ivr lliif^- ;^m'N» *>>ft •!*» ^no ^ii'^ W hen the chief of the reserve shall wish to hiareh i.t: jfi adyaace, he^ will Gommand : ; 1. Platognxfor- ward.' 2. (ruide left. . 3. MAitem If he; should wish to march it in retreat, he will command : i. In retreat, 2. Maboh: 3. Guide right. At tl.ve command Aai^, it will re-face to the enemy. The men should be made to understand that tli;- signals or commands, such d^ forvxird^ means that the skirmishers shall march on the enemy ;. in f^m treat, that they shall retire, and to the right or left fianJc^ that the men must face to the right or left, whatever may be their position. ' ' ";' If the skirmishers be marching by tlie llank, and the captain should wish to change direction to/the right (or left), he will command: 1. By file rrigM-. {orciefi)^.-^,, Masoh. > >©ift ^jkri •^ Xnsnf AETIOLE-IH!^^ ' ^««^^ The. Firings. i a ■■'■ '.XSi't \Stirmishers will fire either at a halt or marchijj^ T0.FIR^^AT.4,^?yr. _ ^...^ To cause this "filre to be executed, the Cfaptainf tJEJll command: j; ; . - "■' Gamhtienci — ^Fmnso. At this command, briskly repeated^ the men. of tlie front rank will commence firing; they will rer ^ load rapidly, and hold themselves in readine;5fl:ttdi? tire a;gain.'. During. this time the men of the maiii rank will come to a' ready, and as -soon as their fm'tj- speetive file leaders haverloaded, tliey will also; fid v/ and reload. Tlie men of each file will thus coik>. §08 Tftn (SCHOOL MAjafiii^ tinue the tiring, conforming to this principle, that the one or the other shall always have his piece loaded. Light ^troops should be always calm, so as to aim with accuracy ; they should, moreover, endeavor to estimate correctly the distances between themselves and the enemy to be hit, and thus be enabled to de- liver their fire with the greater certainty of success. Skirmishers will not remain in the same place while reloading, unless protected by accidents in the ground. TO FIRE MARCHmO. This fire will be executed by the same commands as the fire at a halt. (A.) At the command, commence Ji7'ing^ if the line be advancing, the front-rank man of every file will halt, fire, and reload before throwing himself for- ward. The rear-rank man of the same file will con- tinue to march, and after passing ten or twelve paces beyond his front-rank man, will halt, come to a ready, select his object, and fire when his front- rank man has loaded ; the fire will thus continue to be executed by each file ; the skirmishers will keep united, and endeavor, as much as possible, to pre- serve the general direction of the alignment. (B.) If the line be marching in retreat, at the com- mand, co7nmenGe firing^ the front rank man of every file will halt, face to the enemy, fire, and then re- load while moving to the rear ; the rear-rank man of the same file will continue to march, and halt ten or twelve paces beyond his front-rank man, face about, come to a ready, and fire, when his front- rank man has passed him in retreat and loaded ; after which, he will move to the rear, reloading while so moving. The front-rank man in his turn^ after marching bri-skly to the rear, will halt at ten THE SCHOOL MAinJAL, 107 or twelve paces from the rear rank, face to the enemy, finish loading his piece and fire, conforming to what has just been prescribed for the rear-ranfc man ; the firing will thus be continued. (B.) Kthe company be marching by the right flank, at the command, commence ,pring^ the front-rank man of every file will face to the enemy, step one pace forward, halt, and fire ; the rear-rant man will continue to move forward. As soon as the front- rank man has fired, he will place himself briskly be- hind his rear-rank man and reload while marching. When he has loaded, the rear-rank man will, in his turn, face to the euemy, step one pace forward, halt, and fire, and returning to the ranks, will place him- self behind his front-rank man ; the latter, in his turn, will act in the same manner, observing the same principles. At the command, cease firing^ the men of the rear rank will retake their original posi- tions, if not already there. If the company be marching by the left flank, the fire will be executed according to the same prin- ciples, but in this case it will be the rear-rank man who will fire first. The following rules will be observed in the cases to which they apply. If the line be firing at a halt, or while marching by the flank, at the command, y<9/^^/;(^/'(/ — March, it will be the men whose pieces are loaded, without regard to the particular rank to which they belong, who will move to the front. Those men whose pieces have been discharged, will remain in their places to load them before moving forward, and the tiring will be continued agreeably to the principles prescribed, page 172, A. If the line be firing either at a halt, advancing, or while marching by the flank, at the command, m, retreat— M.AMOU, the men whose pieces are loaded ^Qt THE SCHOOL MANUAL. Wi\] remain faced ito the enemy, and will fire'itf'^hii^ ^^tion ; the men whose pieces are discharged will- ^^V^at loading them, and the fire will be continued agreeably to the principles prescribed, page 172 yB. , /If the line of skirmishers be firing either at a halt, advancing, or in retreat, at the cominand^^ hy th^e ri^ht (or l6f€)fla}ik — March, the men whose pieces are ipaded will step one pace ont of the^ general alignment, face to the enemy, and fire in this posi- tion ; the men whose pieces are unloaded* will face to ^he right (or left) and mar^h in the direction in- dicated. The men. who stepped out of the ranks will })lace themselves, immediately after firing, upon the general direction, and in rear of their front or rfc^^r-rank men, as the case may be. The fire will iHintiime according to the principles })rescribed,' P^ge-173,B. ^" / • • .xa^kirmishers will be habituated to load their pieces while marching; but they will be enjoined to halt aj^ays^tl instani:; \yhen; in the act Of chargihg ear- ti^ge and. priming.. ' niTliej^ should be practiced to fire and load kneel-' ing, lying down, and^ sitting, and much liberty' sliould/l^ei alio wed in these exercises, in order that they may be executed in the manner found to be'' ra^ti^CjjUMenieHt. . Skirmishers should be cautioned • i|$tj|OH[ire^ •■< ^M>' ^1 ■ ■ • ■ ■ • 1 In^conimencing the fire, the men of the same ranki should not all fire at once, and the men of the same' file should be particular that"- €»ie' or t^e* other of i them be always loaded. ^ ■■■ ,[In retreating, the- officers commanding the^kir- naisliers should seize on every advantage which the « ground may present, for arresting the enemy as long as possible. At the signal to cease firing^ the captain will see that the order is promptly, obeyed; but the men who may not be loaded, will load. If the Ime be laaarching, it will continue the movement ; but the man of each file who happens to be in front* will wait until the man in the rear shall be abreast with If a line of skirmishers be firing advancing, at the command, halt^ the line will re-form upon the skir- mishers who are in front; when the line is retreat- ing, upon the skirmishers who are in tlie rear. Ofticers should watch with the greatest possible vigilance over a line of skirmisliers ; irt battle, they should neither carry a rifle or fowiiug |)iece. In all the firings, they, as well as the sergeants, should see that. order and silence are preserved, and that the skirmishers do not wander imprudently; they should eapeeially caution them to be calm and collected ; not to fire until they distinctly perceive the objects at which they aim, and are sure that those objects are within proper range. Skirmishers should take advantage promptly, and with intelligence, of all shelter, and of all accidents of the ground^ to con- ceal themselves from the view of the enemy, and to protect themselves from his fire. It may often hap- pen that intervals are momentarily lost when seve- ral men near each other find a common shelter; but when they quit this position, they should immedi- ately resume their intervals and their places in line, so that- they may not, by crowding, needlessly ex- gpse themaelYea to, the fire of the enemy, quoi^ rio«y ni ivmi uiot hiiB '*'''^^ ■'■"'' f:" ' ■ -«.'» i. -J-...".' i*i 11 . \ ; — ivoiu ;Jj3v)iiiiV/ b&'»( 210 %m SCHOOL MAKUAIiv The RdUy. ix) folbm column. A company deploy as skinuishers, Ib ralli^ m order to oppose the enemy with better auec^s ; the rallies are made at a run, and with bayonets fixed ; when ordered to rally, the skirmishers fix bayonets without command. There are several ways of rallying, which the chief of the line will adopt according to circum- stances. If the line, marching, or at a halt, be merely dis- turbed by sciattered horsemen, it will not be neces- sary to fall back on the reserve, but the captain will cause bayonets to be fixed. If the horsemen should, however, advance to charge the skirmishers, the captain will command, rally by fours. (Plate 49, A.) The line will halt, if marching, and the four men ot each group will execute this rally in the following manner: the front-rank man of the even-numbered file will take the position of guard against cavalry / the rear-rank man of the odd-numbered file will also take the position of guard against cavalry^ turning his back to him, his right foot thirteen inches from the right foot of* the former, and paral- lel to it; the front-rank man of the odd tile, and the rear-rank man of the even file, will also place them- selves back to back, taking a like position, and be- tween the two men already established, facing to the right and left ; the right feet of the four men will be brought together, forming a square, and serving for mutual support. The four men in each group will come to a ready, fire as occasion may offer, and load without moving their feet. Tke captain and chiefs of seatious will each «au0#. tax jlQHQPI' IjUNTTAt. m .£1 To raUyr^j-fattri, ■III MHi mmm^ mmmm ■ ■■■iJ|.iliim.ii.«aHB««Baaiaaat9upa NJMIfrON CiV^/V^. Pto/«4ft. i«« THE SCHOOL MANUAt. the four men who constitute his guard to form square, the men separating so as to enable him and the bugler to place themselves in the center^ The three sergeants Avill each promptly place himself in the grQup nearest him' iii the line 'of skirmishers. If the captain desires again to deploy the groups^, he will hommaudf deploy as shirrrh^hers ; at which each group will deploy as prescribed, page 156, C. Whenever tlie captain shall judge these squares too weak, but should wish to hold his position by strengthening his line, he will command: KALLY BY SECTIONS.— ^(Plate 49, B.) At tliis command, the chiefs of sections will move rapidly on the center group of their respective sec- tions, or on any other interior group whose position might offer a shelter, or other particular advantage ; the skirmishers will collect i-apidly at a run on this group, and without distinction of numbers. The men composing the group on .which : the formation is made, will, immediately form square, as hereto- fore explained, arid elevate their pieces, the bayonets uppermost, in order to Indicate the point on which the rally is to be made. The other skirmishers, as they arrive, will occupy and fill the open angular spaces between these 'four men, and successively rally round this first nucleus, and in such manner as to form rapidly -a compact circle. The skir- mishers • will take, as they arrive, the position of charge bayonet, the point of the bayonet more ele- vated, and will cock their pieces in this position. The movement concluded, the two exterior ranks will fire as occasion may ofter, and load 'without moving their feet. The captain will move rapidly with his guard, wherever he may judge his presence most necessary. The officers and sergeants will be particular to THE SCHOOL MANUAL. 313 (Aserve that the rally is made in silence, and with promptitude and order ; that some pieces in each of their subdivisions be at all times loaded, and that the fire is directed on those points only where it will be most effective. If the reserve should be threatened, it will form into a circle around its chief. If the captain desires ^gain to deploy the sections, he will command, ybrm sections ; at this, the chief r of each will dress his section on that file of the cir- cle which is faced toward the enemy, the men talking their proper places. The sections will then be deployed forward, or by the flanks, on any file or group the captain may wish, as indicated page 155, A, and following, and page 158, D, and following. If the captain, or commander of a line of skir- mishers, formed of many platoons, should judge tiiat the rally by sections does not offer sufficient re- sistance, he will cause the rally by platoons to be executed, and for this purpose, will command : 4. RALLY BY PLATOONS. ' This movement will be executed according to the same principles, and by the same means, as the rally by sections. The chiefs of platoon will con- form to what has been prescribed for the chiefs of section. '' ^ , '*!i If the captain, or coniitnander of the line of skir- mishers, desires again to deploy the platoons, he ^ill command, form platoaas. " " ^ ^ ' The captain wishing to rally -Ih^ skirmishers on the reserve, will command : ' /"-** au- rally ON THE RESERVE. — (Plate 4^, C.) At this command, the captain will move briskly on the reserve; the officer who commands it will take immediate steps to form square; for this pur- 214 THE SCHOOL BUKTAL. poBe, he will cause the half sections on the flanks to be thrown perpendicularly to the rear • he will order the men to come to a ready. The skirmishers of each sectiow, taking the run, will form rapidly into groups, and upon that man of each group who is nearest the center of the sec* tion. These groups will direct themselves diago- nally toward each other, and in &uch mariner as to form into sections with the greatest possible rapidity while moving to the rear ; the officers and sergeant^ will see that this formation is made in proper ordei^, and the chiefs will direct their sections upon the re- serve, taking care to unmaak it to the right and left. As the skirmishers arrive, they will continue and complete the formation of the square begun by the reserve, closing in rapidly upon the latter, without regard to their places in line ; they will come to a ready without command, and fire upon the enemy ; which will also be done by the reserve as soon as it is unmasked by the skirmishers. If a section should be closely pressed by cavalry while retreating, its chief will command, halt; at this command, the men will form rapidly into a compatct circle around the officer, who will re-form his section and resume the march, the moment he can do so with safety. The formation of the square in a prompt and efficient manner requires coolness and activity on the part of both officers and sergeants. The captain will also profit by every moment of respite which the enemy^s cavalry may leave him ; as soon as he can, he will endeavor to place him- self beyond the reach of their charges, either by gaining a position where he may defend himself with advantage, or by returning to the corps to which he belongs. For this purpose, being in ftquare, he will cause the company to break int» TOT aOHOOL J^A^AL. 815 colawm Iorplatooft8.^t4^^f distance; to this effect he will command : - *^ ^ ^^^ 1. Form column. 2. March. (A.) At the command march^ each platoon will dress on its center, and the platoon which was fa- cing to the rear wiu face about without command. The guides will place themselves on the right and left of their respective platoons, those of tlie second platoon will place themselves at half distance from those of the first, counting from the rear i^nk. These dispositions being made, the captain can move the column in whatever direction he may judge proper. If he wishes to march it in i-etreat, he will com niahd : I. In retreat, 2. March (or doxible quick — March)*^ At the command march^ the column will im- mediately face by the rear rank (the file closers of the first platoon retaining their position), and move off in the opposite direction. As soon as the column is in motion, the captain will command : ^ 3. Guide right (or lefP^, He will indicate the direction to the leading guide : the guides will march at their proper dis- tances, and the men will keep aligned. If again threatened by cavalry, the captain will command : 1. Form square, 2. March. At the command march^ the column will halt; the first platoon will face about briskly, and the outer halt sections of each platoon will be thrown perpendicularly to the rear, so as to form the eecond ana third frcmtd of the «quare* The officers and Sfiv THE SCHOOL MANTTiJi.* sergeants will promptly rectify any irregularities which may be committed. If he should wish to march the column in ad- vance, the captain will command : ^ -. ■m I. jp'onn coluinn. 2. March. , .j, Which will be executed as prescribed, page 181, A. The column being formed, the captain will command: 'A 1. Forward, 2. March (or double quick — MAROH)Lt ^. Guide left {pv 7'igM). f At the second command, the column will mbve^ forward, and at the third command, the men will take the touch of elbows to the side of the guide. If the captain should wish the column to gain ground to the right or left, he will do so by rapid: wheels to the side opposite the guide, and for this purpose will change the guide whenever it inay be necessary. If a company be in column by platoon, at half distance, right in front, the captain can deploy the^ first platoon as skirmishers by the means already' explained; but if it should be his wish to deploy the second platoon forward on the center file, leav- . ing the first platoon in reserve, he will command ; 1. Second platoon — as skirmisher s, 'i. On the oen- . ter file -^ take intervals. 3. March (or ^z*W^ quich — March). .^n ;;"?:•: •. At the first command, the chief of the first platoon will caution his platoon to stand fast ; the chiefs of sections of the second platoon will place themselves before the center of their sections; 'the fifth ser-^ geant will place himself one pace in 'front; of *^th^^ center of the second platoon. \ ' • ' 'J^^^'^ At the second command, the chief of the right sec- ,0 THE SCHOOL MANUAL. 2if? ttOfij^s^^^nfl' piatoon, will command : Section rig, it face ; the chief of the left section : Section left face. At the command warch^ these sections will move off briskly in opposite directions, and h'lving i.'i- niasked the first platoon, the chiefs of sections will respectively command : By the leftflanh — Makch, 'Au, The Assemhiu. A compaii^*!^iK5i«' In case the pieces are served by a fully organized company^ a J ui a per or short light pole, with a cross piece 'of iron at the end, is substituted for the shafts. A ropej attached to the axle-tree and running through^ rings in tlie cross-piece, enables the detachments to draw the piecx's. In coming into battery, the rope is detached and held in a; coil ready for use. auni 2. The mule that draws the piece, or carries" »*'^' when packed", is called \hQ shaft rwule : the mule that carries the carriage, when packed, the carriage mule ; and the mule on which the ammunition chests are packed, the ammunition mule. 3. The piece is in hatiery when the shafts are de- tached, and it is in a proper position to be fired. The front in this case is the direction toward which the muzzle points. The front, when the shafts are at- tached, is the direction toward which the shafts point. The right of the piece in both cases, is the right of the eaunoneer when facing to the front* i4'i>i^ Hi^^' 832 THE SOHOOL MAinJAt. The position of the mules when the piece is in battery, is as follows : The ammunition mule fifteen yards in the rear of the piece, the shaft mule two yards in the rear of the ammunition mule, and the carriage mule two 3'^ards in the rear of the shaft mule, all facing toward the piece. 4. In the order of Triarchy with the howitzer mount' ed on its carriage^ the shaft mule w hitched in, and the carriage and ammunition mules follow ; the first two yards from the piece, and the second two yards from the first. 5. In the order of march with the piece and car- riage packed upon the mules^ the shaft mule leads, and the other two follow ; the distance between each being two yards. FORMING THE DETACHMENT. 6. Six men are required for the service of the piece. They are formed in two ranks, and told oflT from the right by the chief of piece ; Nos. 1 and 2 being on the right, Ifo. 3 and the gunner being in the center, and JSTos. 4 and 5 on their left ; the even numbers and the gunner being in the front, and the odd numbers in the rear rank. The detachment is marched to the piece, and posted as follows : POSTS OF THE DETACHMENT. 7. In lattery. Nos. 1 and 2 about one yard out- side of the wheels, and in line with the axle-tree, No. 1 being on the right, and No. 2 on the left ; the funner at the end of the trail ; No. 3 opposite the nob of the cascable, covering No. 1 ; No. 4 on the right, and No. 6 on the left of the ammunition mule ; THB SCHOOL MAIHJAL. SSS all facing to the front. The chief of piece is opposite to the trail, outside of and near the left cannoneers. 8. In hattery^ without mules. Nos. 4 and 5 are on the right and left of the ammunition chests, facing to the front. 9. In the order of Triarchy shaft mules hitched in. Nos. 1 and 2 opposite to the muzzle; the gunner and No. 3 opposite to the trail ; and Nos. 4 and 5 opposite to the saddle of the ammunition mule; the gunner and even numbers on the right, and the odd numbers on the left; aM facing to the front, and covering each other in lines one jard from the wheels. The chief of piece is on the left of the driver of the shaft mule. 10. In the order of maroh^ mules packed, Nos. 1 and 2 at the shaft mule ; the gunner and No. 3 at the carriage mule ; and Nos. 4 and 5 at the ammunition mule; the gunner and even numbers on the right, and odd numbers on the left; all opposite to the saddles, one yard from the mules, and facing to the front. The chief of piece is on the left of the driver of the shaft mule. ^ 11. There is one driver to each mule. He is on [ the left of the inule, and holds the reins with the right hand, six inches from the mouth, the hand high and firm. SERVICE OF THE PIECE. 12. The piece is in battery, the men at their posts. (No. T.) The shafts are placed on the ground, one yard and a half from the line of the right wheel, and par- allel to it, the cross-bar opposite to the trail, the shafts pointing to the rear. The chests^ when the ammunition mule is absent, are on the gfound, fifteen yards in rear of tlie trail, ^ISlt THE SCHOOL MANUAL. their ^ides parallel to the axis of th^, piec€j, bftofe^, to- gether, the turn-buckles outside. nbiaUu) ,il^Ti oiii , 13. At the command Take EQUiPMENTS,Athe gun- ner distributes the equipments. No. 1, with the as- sistance of No. 3, takes out the sponge. The gunner- equips lumself with the belt containing the hauese ind priming \fire, and with the knee-guard and tW tinger-stall, wearing the last on the second finger of tlie left hand. No. 3 wears the tube pouch contain- ing friction tubes and the lan^^ard. Nos. 1 and 2 wear bricoles hung from *he left shoulder to tl^c^^ right side. Nos. 2 and 5 wear haversacks bung f" »ni the right shoulder to the left side. f. -»- THE COMMANDS. -l4Mh loading by detail, the liistriic tor giV5e& all Ji^^(doi¥irnands. '''- ^■■u, i^ .-- ■ ; r • 'jlni>: ■: .:.uh^- The commandBM^^ \\ Ilodd hy detaH^ijjhDy^^lS^ 4; Sponge, 2, 3, 4 ; Ram^ 2? 3 ; Ready; Fire; ahdi> Oease Firing. ' '-"'' i-v,^^^-: -o^ When the service of the piece is not executed by detail, the commands of the instructor are, either Lo-A0,' Commence Firing^, and Cease Fi&ing ; or, Com^ience Firing and Cease Firing. After the Ci mmand Commi:ncr Fjring, the Action is continued without further commands from the instructor unfejli^ the command Cease Firing. The last conmiaiid i» -repeated "^bjr th« chief of piece and the x'Vinner.. ,^ • .<,. , duties of the cannoneers. (T ,0^^) 15. I)ulies rrf' the Gtinru/'.~-ln action, the gun-, ner gives or repeats the commands of execution. A the command or signal to commence firing, lie^givL'.. ^lr« word Load; plants the left foot opposite to,, ty*^ knob of the cascable; places the right knee upon tt^^ THE SCHOOl. MANUAL. 2^5 f round near, and on the left of the trail ; places the ausse, when it is used ; seizes the lunette with the right hand, to give the direction, and at the same time tends vent with the second finger of the left hand, the thumb on the base of tiie breech. . ^ As soon as the piece is loaded and aimed, he re^ moves the hausse ; then rising pricks the cartridge ; gives the word Eeady, and stepping clear of thci wheel to the side whence he can best observe the effect of the shot, gives the command, Fike. He continues the action in the same manner, witliout further commands from the instructor^ until tlie firing is ordered to cease. ; :< .,, "When the instructor, instead of giving the coiu- m an d Commence^ Firing , gives t h at of Load, the gunner repeats-it, and performs the same duties ak just described, except tha,t lie doet, not con:^majicl FiBt:, n n til th e fi rin g is ordered to cam u } en ce . When the instructor gives all the commaiids, tluj^ gunner performs the sanie .deities, but witliout rf^->^ peiiting the commands. 't g^« 16. Dutleti of No,\. — Until tlie commaiid LoiAjp[^t he stands stpiare to the froilt, in line with the axle- tree, holding the a])onge staff about the middle in^t|ie right hand, and trailing it at an angle Qf^^^r itni bH For the convenience ot instruction, the duties of No.l are divided into motions. First motion. — -Ax. the command Load, jSTo. 1 faces to his left, steps obliquely to his right with the right foot, and brings the. sponge into a perpendicular pi- sition over the right toe, the elbow close to the side^ the right hand at the height of the elbow. Second motio9i.-^Ke plants the left foot near, am^] in line with the wheel, and inclines the sponge acro^f the body to the left, the right opposite to themid,4^9., of the body, >^ ^i^-.^^ c^il^ .^^f,.^ eH- . k \^i^{%4^:\ TMrd motion, — He places tHe right foot twclvo ^m THE SCHOOL MAW0A1/. inches to the right of the left, heels on the same line; brings the sponge into a horizontal position, and ex^ tending the hands toward the ends of the staff, back of the right hand up. that of the left, down, rests the sponge-head against the face of the piece; the knees straight, the feet turned out equally, and the body inclined forward. Fourth motion, — He introduces the sponge, drops the left hand by the side of his thigli, and shoves thfc sponge to the bottom of the chamber. 17. At the command Spongk, he carefully sponges out the chamber. Second motion. — He draws out the sponge, press- ing it upon the bottom of the bore, seizes the staff near the sponge head with the left hand, back down, and rests it against the face of the piece. Third motion. — He turns the sponge over by bringing the hands together at the middle of the staff, and giving it a cant with each, throws the sponge over ; at the same time turning the wrists so as to bring the staff horizontal. He then extends the hands toward the ends of the staff, back of the ,eit up, that of the right down. Fourth motion, — As soon as the charge is inserted, he introduces the rammer-head into the muzzle, and joins the left hand to the right. 18. At the command Eam, he sends the charg^j^* carefully home, throwing the left hand over the piece. ^ Second motio'ti.^ — He throw» out the sponge with the right hand, letting it slide through the hand aft far as the middle of the staff, when he grasps it firm^ ly, and seizing it close to the rammer-head with the left hand, back up, rests it against the face of th# piece. Third motion, — He raises the sponge to the height^ of his breast, aiad ^teps back, right foot firstv to his dl THE *SCHOOL MANUAL. ^, ^^,fi position opposite to the axle-tree ; quits the staff with the left hand, and throwing the sponge upper- most, holds it at a trail in the right. He remains facing the piece until the command Load, when he steps up and performs the duties just described. When the loading is not by detail, No. 1 goes through .all his duties at the command Load. At the flash of the gun, or command Load, he steps up and again performs his duties as before, and." so on, until the command Oease Firing is given. ^^l x\t this command he resumes his post, faces to the +ront, first sponging out the piece if it has been com- menced. 19. Duties of Nos. 2 and 5. — Until the command Load, Nos. 2 and 5 stand square to the front, the former in line with the axle-tree, the latter on the left of the ammunition mule, or chests. At this command, ]!^o. 2 faces about and goes to the ammunition chest ; and ISo. 5, having received a round of ammunition from No. 4, carries it to the piece ; placing himself opposite to No. 1, and in line with the wheel, inserts the cliarge as soon as No. 1 has sponged, then steps back to the post of No. 2, opposite to the axle-tree, and there remains facing the piece until it is fired, when he returns to the ammunition chest ; No. 2, having received a round of ammunition, .carries it to within five yards of the wheel, Vtdiere he remains until the piece is fired; he then moves forw^ard and executes tlie remainder of the service as just described for No. 5. Nos. 2 and 6, in moving to and from the piece, go at aj:un and pass each other by the right. In inserting the charge they should be careful to keep the seam down, and to place the fuse in the . axis of the bore. '^-' At the command Oease Firing, they resume their ^^^ posts, facing to the front. 228 THE SCHOOL MANUix, 20. Duties of No. 3.— ]N'o. 3 holds the handle of the lanyard in the right hand, the cord passing be- tween the fingers, the hook between the forefinger and thumb. At the command Load, he takes a fric- tion tube in the left hand, and passes the hook of the lanyard through the eye of the tube from right to left, continuing to hold the hook between the thumb and forefinger. At tlie word Eeady, he faces the piece, and steps up, keeping outside of the wheel; inserts the tube, steps back with the right foot, breaks to his rear a full pace with the left foot, and holds the lanyard slightly stretched, the handle at the height of the knee, back of the hand up, the left hand against the thigh.. At the command Fire, he gives a smart pull upon the lanyard, being careful to keep the hand low, and then resumes his post. At the command Cease Fieing he winds the lan- yard upon its handle, and if dry, puts it in the tube pouch. 21. Duties of JS^o, 4. — TiTo. 4 attends at the am- munition chest, serves out ammunition, and prepares and inserts fuses. CHAKGINO- POSTS. 22. In order to instruct the men in all the duties at the piece, the instructor causes them to change posts by the following commands : 1. Change Dosts, 2. Maech, At the first command, the cannoneers on the^right of the piece face about, take off their equipments, and place them on the piece or ammunition chests. At the second command, all step ofl*, each taking the post and equipments of the one in his front ; ISTo. 2 passing around the muzzle to gain the post of ISTo. 1^ THE SCHOOL MANUlii.' 229 and No. 4 around the ammunition chest to take that of ISTo. 5. 23. During the intervals of rest, the instructor will exphxin to the men the nomenclatures of the piece and carriage, and the names and uses of the implements and equipments. SERVICE OF THE PIECE WITH DETACHMENTS OF T>It FERENT STRENGTH. 24. Two men. The gunner commands, tends vent, points, pricks, primes, and fires. ISTo. 1 sponges, serves ammunition, and loads. Three men. The gunner commands, tends vent, points, pricks, primes, and fires. IsTo. 1 sponges. No. 2 serves ammunition, and loads. Fou7' 7nen. The gunner commands, tends vent, points, and pricks. No. 1 sponges. No. 2 serves ammunition, and loads. No. 3 primes and fires. Five mtn. No. 4 attends at the chests, and serves ammunition to No. 2, occasionally alternating with him. The other numbers serve as with four men. Six men. No. 5 alternates habitually with No. 2. No. 4 remains at the chests. The other numbers serve as with four men. 230 THE SCHOOL MAIOJAL. SIGNAL DRILL WITHOUT THE MUSKET. Signal 1. Rise up and face. (A) 2. Form groups of four. (B 3. Double quick — march. (0) 4. Form company at open ranks. (D) 6. Dress by the right. (E) 6. Front. (F) 7. Close order — march. (G) 8. Right dress. 9. Front. 10. In place — rest. (H) 11. Attention. (I) 12. -Right — backward dress. 13. Front. 14. By i)latoons, right wheel- -march. 15. By platoons, left into line- —march. 16. By company, right wlicel- —march. 17. Left into line — march. 18. By the right of platoons into column. to the rear 19. March. 20. Left into line-^raarch. 21. Right — ^face. (0) 22. March. 23. 24. By file. Halt. 25. Front- -face 26. Dress. 27. Froiit. 28. To the rear open order. 29. Marcii. 30. DresB. , (P) (M) THE SCHOOL MANJJJJ.. ^ 231 Signal 31. Front. ^ hiv^B « 32. Arms— up. (O) " 33. Arms — down. " 34. Arms — forward. " 35. Arms — down. " 36. Arms — to the rear. " 37. Arms— front. " 38. Arms — to the side. " 39. Arms — down. « 40. Salute. " 41. Close order — march. " 42. In place— rest. (H) « 43. Attention. " 44. Eight— face. (O) " 45. March — dismiss. SIGNAL DRILL WITH THE MUSKET. Signals 1 to 11 the same as manual without the musket. Signal 12. Prepare to take arms. " 13. Take— (K) « 14. AiTOs. (L) " 15. Shoulder — arms. " 16. To the rear open order. « 17. March, " 18. Dress. « 19. Front. '' 20. Order — arms. " 21. Shoulder — arms. '^-"^ " 22. Trail— arms. " 23. Shoulder— arms. " 24. Charge— bayonet. 232 TfiJi SCHOOL MAinrAXN Signal 25. Shoulder — arms. ^r'3 .18 liui^tia " 26. Unfix — bayonets. " 27. Shoulder — arms. " 28. Right shoulder shift — arma. " 29. Shoulder — arms " 30. Left shoulder shift — arms. * 31. Shoulder — arms. " 32. Support— arms. " 33. In place-^rest. " 34. Attention. " 35. Shoulder — arms. (i- " 36. Present — arms. " 39. Shoulder — arms. (( « 40. Fix— bayonets. " 41. Shoulder — arms. " 42. Load. " 43. Handle — cartridge. " 44. Tear — cartridge. ", 45. Charge — cartridge. " 46. Draw — rammer. " 47. Eam — cartridge. " 48. Eeturn — rammer. " 49. Cast— about. « 50. Prime. " 51. Shoulder — arms. " 52: Ready. " 53. Aim. " 54. Recover — arms. • " 55. Aim. « 56. Fire. " 57. Shoulder — arms. " 58. Close order — march. " 59. Order — ^arms. " 60. Stack— arms. « 61. Right— face. (O) " 62. March. ^ THE SCHOOL MANUAL. 233 AEM MANUAL. r In order to accustom the pupil more readily to the position of the soldier, and at the same time to render him more supple for acquiring a proficiency in the manual of arms, the following exercises should be practiced. Formed in one rank, at one pace apart, the instructor will give the command : • ARMS — UP. One time and two motions. First Motion,— Urmg the forearms to a vertical position, the fingers closed, and hands against the right and left breasts. Second Motion, — Extend the arms vertically over the head, open the fingers, and place the palms together. ARMS — DOWN. One time and two motions, ^ First Motion, — Bring the arms to the first posi- tion of arms up. 8eco7id Motion, — Drop the hands with force to the sides. ARMS FRONT. One time and two motions. First Motion, — As in arms — up. Second Motion, — ^Extend the arms horizontally in front of the body, the palms of the hands touching. ARMS — DOWN. One time a/nd two moUom. As before. ,,,^, ■ ,. 334 THE SCHOOL MANUAL. ARMS — TO THE BEAJB. One time mid motion, ^ Carry the hands behind the body, the palms touching. g,, ARMS ^FRONT. '^ One tiTue and motion. Carry the hands quickly to the side. ARMS TO THE SIDES. One time and motion, ^ i-r Extend the arms horizontally to the right and left, ^ ARMS DOWN. As before. ij^mego^ SALUTE. One time and four motions. First Motion. — ^Extend the arm horizontally to the right, palm down. Second Motion. — Carry the hand to the visor of the cap. Third Motion. — Carry the arm back to the hori- zontal position. Fowrih Motion^ — Drop the hand quickly to the side. nc vU NOTES ON DEILL. (A.) — ^The instructor can adopt any method of facing the class or groups best suited to the con- dition of the school-room and benches. They may be faced by the left, and marched into line by the THE SCHOOL MANUAL. 235 left, forming the company on the right or left guide, who will be previously established as a base. For exhibition, the formation made by suc- cessive groups of four, entitled comrades, would be the best adapted and most pleasing. (B.) — At the second signal, the company will march and form groups of four in double file, with- out regard to size. (C.) — At the third signal, the march will im- mediately be made, on a trot, the elbows bent, with forearm to side, to the spot designated. (D.) — At this signal each group will march into line, the front rank forming on the guide, and the rear rank forming eight steps to the rear in another line. (E.) — ^At this signal the head is thrown obliquely to the guide or base, and'the line is established, keeping the head in this position. (F.) — At the sixth signal bring the head and eyes quick to the front. (G.)— March forward to within thirteen inches of the front rank, and correct the alignment. (H.) — Cross the hands in front, across the thighs, and bend slightly the left knee, the right leg straight. (I.) — ^Eesume the position of a soldier. At this part of the drill, if the musket is not used, the sig- nals can be proceeded with by using the company drill with the arm exercise. (K.) — Dividing this command gives the recruit an opportunity of seizing the stock before the final execution of the movement. (L.) — ^This perfects the movement. (M.) — " To the rear open order," gives time for the sergeant or a front rank man to step to the rear to mark the rear rank, which is done at — (N.) — ^When the next signal is struck or sounded. 236 tHE SCHOOL MANUAL. (O.)— In facing to the right, the double file movement may be executed, by numbering the front and rear man of each file, commencing with 1, 2 — 1, 2 — 1, 2, and so on. In facing by the right, No. 2 — being the second, fourth, sixth, etc., file — after facing, will step to the right of No. 1. In facing to the left, No. 1 will, after facing, stand fast, while No. 2 wdll step to his left. In facing to the front, the files will res>ime their proper position. If the double file be found too difficult or intricate, the two ranks can be taught with the same signals. (P.) — ^The direction for filing will be signaled by the instructor, as may suit the position the company may be placed in. (R.) — The instructor will always be guided in his pauses between the signals, by the ability of his class. « aa In. :)\ fjmii k'-r-f's'':' DEPOT OF EQUIPMENT. f'^TrFFANY 1fe CO., jX^ois. 550 & 552 IBroadway, ]^e\¥ York, No. 79 RUE RICHELIEU, PARIS, IMPOBTERS AND MANUFACTUREES, Would call the attention of the Military Public to their stock of ilitarg anir |(a))al Wam, Comprehending the whole detail of a Campaigner's furniture, guaranteed to be in all respects of the most substantial character and the last authorized style. The Officers of the National Guard will here find an especial attention given to the necessi- ties of their organization, this large assortment of Military Fur niture including not only, REVOLVERS OF FOREIGN AND DOIVIESTIC MAKE. N Shoulder Straps and other Embroideries, Knapsacks and Havresacs, Canteens, Epaulettes, Chapeaux and Caps, Field Glasses, Arms of Precision of every description, Camp Chests and Equipage, But a well adapted collection of Regfmental Stands of Ot^lors, Cavalry and-Artillery Guidons, National and State Ensigns, &c., carefully made from the beist Lyon's Banner Silk, of regulation size and design, or of any original device that may be ordered. Tiffany & Co. give particular attention to orders from the in- terior, returning diescriptive lists or elaborate designs in answer to requests, with due promptness. Their, manufacturing and artistic resources enable them to produce speedily PRESENTATION SWORDS, Of every degree of richness. As specimens of their pioduction in this line, they are happy to refer to the large number of Memorial Swords ordered from them by States, Associations and individuals, inchiding the beautiful testimonial of tJie Empire State to Capt. Worden, of the Monitor — the Sword given to Gen. Halleck, by the Dithes of St. Ix)uis; the superb prcsi^ntatiou from the men of, tiie West to Gen. Krcmont ; the several Swords a\var assert. for'theuisflves a iuperlative position. J /IwlM*IlU iO JOULKl A^i^n • PLAN OF ENCAMPMENT FOR /^ ItBO-IlMCElSrT 0:F I3SrFA.2SrTIl-"5r. ^"""^ADUKCEa GUAM. mmp/usoNots, B VfSKB SWKS. ^ I'iiuo ii:^ ^q:.ija ■. 1 % .??/?«otft/^0 ,?»^f??«^' CK^vttTi \AHt. ^ i^ %TKeKa w Ki»-a. g II!3i3 E3B 03^3 Um |!imiO|!ll MU QaSQ tl!II!3 OS i i em BS n Kma p ii iiia ei i§ efim e sa nasi db &9 g EH Baa eoa ^e n n Gal mm mm m c? ^- B n p e^^^*^™a p p M D NoM-Coit?STArK Poucc GuA^. ^U"' JfoN-CoMiSvAFn GO W »1 a» Bp iSD i.S'^£''li'''1il?"iiia urn .. aia AsTSi-'P' ^ ^^ir irgt Cot. >Ujjr i^ji 5m =* r- n ^ ^ w*'^^t*-w w w 1^ ^^^^ OrriccRiiSiHicft. ^^^^^^ 1 400 Raou t .'mfxr}'- smT— 'ZiaK??<>'i A THE CAMP. Camp is the place where the troops are established in tents, in huts, or in bivouac. Cantonments are the in- habited places which troops occupy for shelter when not put in barracks. The camping- party is a detach- ment detailed to prepare a camp. Reconnoissances should precede the establishment of the camp. For a camp of troops on the march, it is only necessary to look to the health and comfort of the troops, the facility of the communications — the conve- nience of wood and water, and the resources in provi- sions and forage. The ground for sua intrenched camp, or a camp to cover a country, or one designed to de- ceive the enemy a^ to the strength of the army, must be selected, and the camp arranged for the object in view. The camping-party of a regiment consists of the re gimental quartermaster and quartermaster-sergeant, and a corporal and two men per company. The gen- eral decides whether the regiments camp separately or together, and whether the police guard shall accom- pany the camping party, or a larger escort shall be sent. The ground selected for an eiKu 14 ;iir:i! o'thor on the march or for a more permanent camp, should be 240 APPENDIX — THE CAMP. such as will enable, as near as possible, the following order to be carried out. Of course circumstances will compel a variation from it at tintes : CAMP OF INFANTRY. Each company has its tents in two files, facing on a street perpendicular to the color line. The width of the street depends on the front of the camp, but should not be less than five paces.* The interval between the ranks of tents is two paces ; between the files of tents of adjacent companies, two paces ; between regiments, twenty-two paces. The color line is ten paces in front of the front rank of tents. The kitchens are twenty paces behind the rear rank of company tents ; the non-commissioned staff and sutler, twenty paces in rear of the kitchens ; the company officers, twenty paces farther in rear, and the field and staff, twenty paces in rear of the company officers. The company officers are ih rear of their respective companies ; the captains on the right. The colonel and lieutenant-i)(^lonel are near the cen- tre of the line of field and staff ; the adjutant, a major and surgeon, on the right ; the quartermaster, a major and assistant-surgeon, on the left. The police guard is at the centre of the line of the non-commissioned staff, the tents facing to the front, the stacks of arms on the left. The advanced post of the police guard is about two hundred paces in front of the color line, and opposite • The pace is thirty inches, or two and a half feet. APPENDIX — THE CAMP. S41 the centre of the regiment, or on the best ground ; the prisoners' tent about four paces in rear. In a regi- ment of the second line, the advanced post of the police guard is two hundred paces in rear of the line of its field and staff. The horses of the staff officers and of the baggage train, are twenty-five paces in rear of the tents of the field and staff; the wagons are parked on the same line, and the men of the train camped near them. The sinks of the men are one hundred and fifty paces in front of the color line ; those of the officers one hun- dred paces in rear of the train. Both are concealed by bushes. When convenient, the sinks of the men may be placed in rear or on a flank. A portion of the earth dug out for sinks to be thrown back occasionally. The front of the camp of a regiment of one thousand men in two ranks will be four hundred paces, or one fifth less paces than the number of files, if the camp is to have the same front as the troops in order of battle. But the front may be reduced to one hundred and ninety paces by narrowing the company streets to five paces ; and if it be desirable to reduce the front still more, the tents of companies may be pitched in single file, those of a division facing on the same street. CAMP OP CAVALRY. In the cavalry, each company has one file of tents ; the tents opening on the street, facing the left of the ^ camp. The horses of each company are placed in a single file, facing the opening of the tents, and are fastened 242 APPEi^Dix— THE camp: to pickets planted firmly in the ground, from three to six paces from the tents 'of the troops. The interval between the file of tents should be such, that the regiment being broken into column of compan- ies, each company should be on the column extension of the line on which the horses are to be picketed. The streets separating the squadrons are wider than those between ^he companies by the interval separat- ing squadrons in line ; these intervals are kept free from any obstruction throughout the camp. The horses of the rear rank are placed on the left of those of their file-leaders. The horses of the lieutenants are placed on the right of their platoons ; those ot the captains on the right of the company. Each horse occupies a space of about two paces. The number of horses in the company fixes the depth of the camp, and the distance between the files of the tents ; the forage is placed between the tents. The kitchens are twenty paces in front of each file of tents. The non-commissioned officers are in the tents of the front rank. Camp-followers, teamsters, etc., are in the rear rank. The police guard in the rear rank, near the centre of the regiment. The tents of the lieutenants are thirty paces in rear of the file of their company ; the tents of the captains thirty paces in rear of the lieutenants. The colonel's tent thirty paces in rear of the cap tain's, near the centre' of the regiment ; the lieutenant colonel on his right; the adjutant on his left; the ma- jors on tile same iine> opposite the second company on APPENDIX — THE CAMP. ^3 the right and left ; the surgeon on the left of the ad- jutant.* The field and staff have their horses on the left of their tents, on the same line with the company horses ; sick horses are placed in one line on the right or left of the camp. The men who attend them have a sepa- rate file of tents ; the forges and wagons in rear of this file. The horses of the train and of camp-followers are in one or more files extending to the rear, behind the right or left squadron. The advanced post of the po- lice guard is two hundred paces in front, opposite the centre of the regiment ; the horses in one or two files. The sinks for the men are one hundred and fifty- paces in front, those for officers one hundred paces in rear of the camp. CAMP OF ARTILLERY. The artillery is encamped near the troops to which it is attached, so as to be protected from attack, and to contribute to the defence of the camp. Sentinels for tiie park are furnished by the artillery, and, when necessary, by the other troops. For a battery of six pieces the tents are in three files : one for each section ; distance between the ranks of tents fifteen paces ; tents opening to the front. The horses of each section are picketed in one file, ten paces to the left of the file of tents. In the horse artillery, or if the number of horses make it necessary, the * When there is but one major to a regiment, the post of the colo« nel win be in the centre of the regiment, on the Hne of the field and staff; and that of the Ueutenant-colonel in the right wing, In place pf the senior m^or . 244 APPENDIX — THE CAMP. horses are in two files on the' right and left of the file of tents. The kitchens are twenty-five paces in front of the front rank of tents. The tents of the officers are in the outside files of company tents, twenty-five paces in the rear of the rear rank ; the captain o^i the right, the lieutenant on the left. The park is opposite the centre of the camp, forty paces in rear of the officers' tents. DUTIES IN CAMP AND GARRISON. The duties in camp and garrison are to be conducted as far as practicable, in the same manner and on the same principles. The Reveille is the signal for the men to rise, and the sentinel to leave off challenging. The Troop is to sound or . beat at — o'clock in the morning, for the purpose of assembling the men for duty and inspection at guard mounting. The Retreat is to sound or beat at sunset, for the purpose of warning the officers and men for duty, and for reading the orders of the day. The Tattoo is to be beat at — o'clock in the evening, after which no soldier is to be out of his tent or quar- ters, unless by special leave. Feas-upon-a-trencher, the signal for a breakfast, is to sound or beat at — o'clock in the morning. Roast Beef, the signal for dinner, is to sound or beat at — o'clock ; at other times it is the signal to draw provisions. The Stc7'geon's call is to sound or beat at — o'clock, when the sick, able to go out, will be conducted to the hospital by the first sergeants of companies, who vviil APPENDi:^ — THE CAMP. 245 hand to the surgeon a report of all the sick in the com- pany other than in hospital. The patients who cannot attend at the dispensary will be immediately after, if not before, visited by the surgeon. The General is to beat, only when the whole army is to march, and is the signal to strike the tents and pre pare for the march. The Assembly is the signal to form by company. To the color is the signal to form by battalion. The March is for the whole to move. The Long Roll is the signal for getting under arms* in case of alarm or the sudden approach of the enemy. The Parley is to desire a conference with the enemy. There should be daily, at least three stated roll calls ; viz. : at reveille, retreat, and tattoo. They will be made on the company parades by the first sergeants, super- intended by a commissioned officer of the company. The captains should report the absentees, without leave, to the colonel or commanding oj0ficer. Immediately 'dt'ter reveille roll call, (after stable duty in the cavalry,) the tents or quarters, and the space . around them, will be put in order by the men of the companies, superintended by the chiefs of squads, and the guard house or guard tent by the guard or prisoners, The morning reports of companies, signed by the captains and first sergeants, will be handed to the ad- jutant before eight o'clock in the morning, and will be consolidated by the adjutant within the next hour, for the information of the Colonel ; and if the consolida- tion is to be sent to higher authority, it will be signed by the colonel and the adjutant. GUARDS AND GFARD-MOINTING. On a march continued from day to day, the cere- mony of guard-mounting is dispensed with ; the men being notified the night before for the next day's guardi and the guards are formed, immediately after the army is in camp. On all other occasions the following forma are observed : At the first call for guard-mounting, the men warned for duty turn out on their company parades for inspec- tion by the first sergeants ; and, at the second call, re- pair to the regimental or garrison parade, conducted by the first sergeants. Each detachment, as it arrives, will, under the direction of the adjutant, take post on the left of the one that preceded it, in open order, arms shouldered and bayonets fixed ; the supernumeraries five paces in* the rear of the men of their respective companies ; the first sergeants m rear of them. The sergeant-major will dress the ranks, count the files, verify the details, and when the guard is formed, re- port to the adjutant, and take two paces on the left of the front rank. The adjutant then commands Front ; when the offi cer of the guard takes post twelve paces in front of the centre ; the sergeants, in one rank, four jmces in the rear of the officers ; and the corporals, in one rank, four paces in the rear of the sergeants, all facing to the front. The adjutant then assigns their places in the guard. The adjutant will then command. APPENDIX — ^GUARDS AND GUARD-MOUNTING. 247 U Officers and non-commissioned ^ 2. About — Face. = officers. 3. Inspect yoii^r guards — March. The non-commissioned officers then take their posts. The commander of the guard then commands : 1. Order — Arms. 2. Inspection of Arms ; and inspects his g'uard. When there is no commis- sioned officer on the guard, the adjutant will inspect it. During inspection the band will play. The inspection ended, the officer of the guard takes post as though the guard were a company of a bat- talion, in open order, under review ; at the same time, also, the officers of the day will take post in front oi the centre of the guard ; the old officer of the day three paces on the right of the new officer of the day, one pace retired. The adjutant will then command, I. Parade — Resi. 2. Troop — Beat off] when the music, beginning on the right, will beat down the line in front of the officer of the guard to the left, and back to its place on the right, where it will cease to play. The adjutant then commands, 1. Jjttention. 2. Shoulder — Arms. 3 . Close order — M a r c u . At the word " Close order," the officer will face about ; at " March," resume his post in liiie. The adjutant then commands: ' "^ .'o^i dof, h QfiT .' Present-— hAnns ] at which he'wi41 face to the new officer of the day, sa 248 APPENDIX — GUARDS AND GUARD-MOUNTING. ^ lute, and repqrt, " Sir, the guard is formed" The new officer of the day, after acknowledging the salute, will direct the adjutant to march the guard in review, or, by flank, to its post. But if the adjutant be senior to the officer of the day, he will report without saluting with the sword then, or when marching the guard in review. In review, the guard march past the officer of the day, according to the order of review, conducted by the .adjutant, marching on the left of the first division ; the sergeant-major on the left of the last division. When the column has passed the officer of the day, the officer of the guard marches it to its post, the ad- jutant and sergeant-major retiring. The music, which has wheeled out of the column, and taken post oppo- site to the officer of the day, will cease, and the old officer of the day salute, and give the old or standing orders to the new officer of the day. The supernumera- ries, at the same time, will be marched by the first ser- geants to their respective company parades, and dis^"^ missed. ■'^^^ In bad weather, or at night, or after fatiguing . marches, the ceremony of turning off may b^ dispensed with, but not the inspection. Grand guards and other brigade guards are organ- ized and mounted on the brigade parade by the staff officers of the parade, under the direction of the field officer of the day of the brigade, according to the prin- ciples here prescribed for the police guard of a regi- ment. The detail of each regiment is assembled on the regimental parade, verified by the adjutant, and marched to the brigade parade by the senior officer o1 APPENDIX — GUARDS AND GUARD-MOUNTING. 249 the detail. After inspection and review, the officer of the day directs the several guards to their respective posts. -nuimi^ The officer of the old guard, having his guard pa- raded, on the approach of the new guard, commands : Present — Arms. The new guard will march, in quick time, past the old guard, at shouldered arms, officers saluting, and take post four paces on its right, where, being alligned with it, its commander will order : Present — Arms. The two officers will then approach each other and salute. They will then return to their respective guards and command : 1. Shoulder — Arms. 2. Order — Arms. The officer of the new guard will now direct the de- tail for the advanced guard to "^be formed, and marched to its post, the list of the guard made and divided into three reliefs, experienced soldiers placed over the arms of the guard and at the remote and responsible posts, . and the young soldiers in posts near the guard for in- struction in their duties, and will himself proceed to take possession of the guard-house or guard-tent,; ayii(^ , the articles and prisoners in charge of the guard. During the time of relieving the sentinels and of calling in the small posts, the old commander will give to the new all the informatign and instruction relating to his post. The first relief having been designated and ordered two paces to the front, the corporal of the new guard 250 APPENDIX — GUARDS AND GUARD-MOUNTING. will take charge of it, and go to relieve the sentinels, t accompanied by the corporal ot the old guard, what will take command of the old sentinels, when the whole are relieved. If the sentinels are numerous, the sergeants are to be employed, as well as the corporals, in relieving them. • The relief, with arms at a support, in two ranks, will march by a flank, conducted by the corporal on the side of the leading front-rank man ; aud the men will be numbered alternately in the front and rear rank, the man on the right of the front rank being No. I. Should an officer approach, the corporal will command : Carry arms, and resume the support arms when the officer is passed. - The sentinels at the guard-house, or guard-tent, will be the first relieved and left behind; the others are relieved in succession. When the sentinel sees the relief approaching, he will halt and face to it, with his arms at a shoulder. At six paces the corporal will command : \, Relief. 2. Hai,t ; when the relief will halt and carry arms. The corpo- ral will then add, « No. *," or " No. 2." or '« No. 3," according to th« number of the post : Arms — Port. The two sentinels will, with arms at port, then ap- proach each other, when the^old sentinel, under the di- rection of the corporal will whisper the instructions to the new sentinel. This done, the two sentinels will shoulder arms, and the old sentinel will pass, in quick APPENDIX — GUARDS AND GUARD-MOUNTING 251 time, to his place in rear of the relief. The corporal will then command : 1. Support — Arms. 2. Forward, 3. March ; and the relief proceeds in the same manner until the whole are relieved. The detachments and sentinels from the old guard having come in, it will be marched, at shouldered arms, along the front of the new guard, in quick time, the new guard stsinding Sit presented a7'ms ; officers saluting, and the music of both guards beating, except at the outposts. On arriving at the regimental or garrison parade, the commander of the old guard will send the detach- ments composing it, under cliai-ge of the non-commis- sioned officers, to their respective regiments. Before the men are dismissed, their pieces will be drawn or discharged at a target. On rejoining their companions, the chiefs of squads will examine the arms, etc., of their men, and cause the whole to be put away in good order. When the old guard has marched off fifty paces, the officer of the new guard will order his men to stack their arms, or place them in the arm-racks. The commander of the guard will then make himself acquainted with all the instructions for his post, visit the sentinels, and question them and the non-commis- sioned officers relative to the instructions they may have received from other persons of the old guard. Sentinels will be relieved every two hours, unless the state of the weatlier, or other causes, should make it necessary or proper that it be done at shorter or longer intervals. 252 APPENDIX — GUARDS AND GUARD-MOUNTING. Each relief, before mounting, is inspected by the commander of the guard or of its post. The corporal reports to him, and presents the old relief on its return. The countersign or watchword is given to such per- sons as are entitled to pass during the night, and to officers, non-commissioned officers, and sentinels of the guard. Interior guards receive the countersign only when ordered by the commander of the troox^s. The parole is imparted to such officers only as have a right to visit the guards, and to make the grand rounds, and to officers commanding guards. As soon as the new guard has been marched off, the officer of the day will repair to the office of the com- manding officer and report for orders. The officer of the day must see that the officer of the guard is furnished witli the parole and countersign be- fore retreat. The officer of the day visits the guards during the day at such times as he may deem necessary, and makes his rounds at night, at least once after twelve o'clock. Upon being relieved,, the officer of the day will make such remarks in the report of the officer of the guard as circumstances require, and present the same at headquarters. Commanders of guards leaving their posts to visit their sentinels, or on other duty, are to mention their intention, and the probable time of their absence, to the next in command. The officers are to remain constantly at tiieir guards, except while visiting their sentinels, or necessarily en- gaged elsewhere on their proper duty. APPENDIX — GUARDS AND GUARD-MOUNTING. 253 Neither officers nor soldiers are to take off their clothing or accoutrements while they are on guard. The officer of the guard must see that the counter- sign is duly communicated to the sentinels a little be- lore twilight. \¥hen a fire breaks out, or any alarm is raised in a garrison, all guards are to be immediately under arms. Inexperienced officers are put on guard as supernu- meraries, for the purpose of instruction. Sentinels will not take orders, or allow themselves to be relieved, except by an officer or non-commis- sioned officer of their guard or party, the officer of the da}^ or the commanding officer ; in which case the or- ders will be immediately communicated to the com- mander of the guard by the officer giving them. Sentinels will report every breach of orders or regu- lations they are instructed to enforce. Sentinels must keep themselves on the alert, observ- ing every thing that takes place within sight and hear- ing of their post. They will carry their arms habitu- ally at support, or on either shoulder ; but will never quit them. In wet weather, if there be no sentry-box, they will secure arms. No sentinel shall quit his post, or hold conversation not necessary to the discharge of his duty. All persons, of whatever rank in the service, are re- [•lired to observe respect t©#at(i sentinels. Tn case of disorder, a sentinel must call out. The Guard ! and if a fire takes place, he must cry " Fire !" adding the number of his post. If, in either case, the danger be great, he must discharge his piece before calling out. , \A(} .nziT7:':mi^---%7;*7D ct^A Ban/. 254 APPENDIX — GUARDS AND GUARD-MOUNTING. It is the duty of a sentinel to repeat all calls made from posts more distant from the main body of the guard than his own„ and no sentinel will be posted sp distant as not to be heard by the guard, either directly or through other sentinels. Sentinels will present arms to general and field offi- cers, to the officer of the day, and to the commanding officer of the post. To all other officers they will carry arms. When a sentinel, in his sentry-box, sees an officer approaching, he will stand at attention, and, as the of- ficer passes, will salute him, by bringing the left hand briskly to the musket, as high as the right shoulder. The sentinel, at any post of the guard, when he sees any body of troops, or an officer entitled to compli- ment, approach, must call, " Turn out the guard !" and announce who approaches. Guards do not turn out, as a matter of compiimeut, after sunset ; but sentinels will, when officers in uni- form approach, pay them proper attention, by facing to the proper front and standing steady at shouldered arms. This will be observed until the evenins is so far advanced that the sentinels begin challenging. After retreat, (or the hour appointed by the com- manding officer,) until broad daylight, a sentinel chal- lenges every person who approaches him, taking at the same time, the position o^ arms port. He will sut- ler no person to come nearer than within reach of his bayonet, until the person has given the countersign. K. sentinel, in challenging, will call call out, •* Wfio goes there V If answered, '^ Friend, with the counter- tftgw," and he be instructed to pass persons with the APPENDIX — GUARDS AND GU A RD-MOUNTINQ. 255 countersign, he will reply. '' Advance, friend, with the countersign." If answered, " Friends" he will reply, *' Halt, friends ! Advance one with the countersign V* If answered, '^ Relief,'' " Patrol'' or ■• Grand rounds," he will reply, " Halt ! Advance, sergeant (or corporal) with the countersign" and satisfy himself that the party is what it represents itself to be. If he have no authority to pass persons with the countersign, he will cause them to stand, and call, " Corporal of the guard !" In the daytime, when the sentinel before the guard sees the officer of the day approach, he will call, " Turn out the guard ! Officer of the day !" The guard will be paraded, and salute with presented arms, When any person approaches a post of the guard at night, the sentinel before the post, after challenging, causes him to halt, until examined by a non-commis- sioned officer of the guard. If it be the officer of the day, or any other officer entitled to inspect the guard, and to make the rounds, the non-commissioned officer will call, " Tuim out the guard !" when the guard will be paraded at shouldered arms, and the officer of the guard, if he thinks necessary, may demand the coun- tersign and parole. The officer of the day, wishing to make the rounds, will take an escort of a non-commissioned officer and two men. When the rounds are challenged by a sen- tinel, the sergeant will answer, •' Grand rounds !" and the sentinel will reply, " Halt, grand rounds ! Advance sergeant, with the countersign !" Upon which the ser- geant advances and gives the countersign. The senti nel will then cry, " Advance rounds !" and stand at a shoulder till they have passed. 256 APPENDIX — PICKET GUARD. When the sentinel before the guard challenges, and is answered, " Grand rounds'' he will repl}^ " Halt, grand rounds ! Turn out the guard ; grand rounds /" Upon which the guard will be drawn up at shouldered arms. The officer commanding the guard will then order a sergeant and two men to advance ; when within ten paces the sergeant challenges. The ser- geant of the grand rounds answers, " Grand rounds F* The sergeant of the guard replies. " Advance, sergeant ^ with the countersign r The sergeant of the rounds ad- vances alone, gives the countersign, and returns to his round. The sergeant of the guard calls to his officer, " The countersign is right T on which the officer of the guard calls, '' Advance rounds !" The officer of the rounds then advances alone, the guard standing at shouldered arms. The officer of the rounds passes along in front of the guard to the officer, who keeps his post on the right, and gives him the parole, He then examines the guard, orders back his escort, and, taking a new one, proceeds in the same manner to other guards. All material instructions given to a sentinel on jDOst, by persons entitled to make grand rounds, ought to be promptly communicated to the commander of the guard. Any general officer, or the commander of a post or garrison, may visit the guards of his command, and go the grand rounds, and be received in the same manner as prescribed for the officer of the day. ,.u*.,b Im picket guard. ' "■•' ";;' ';^ The picket guard is stationed at some advantageous APPENDIX — PRISONERS. 257 point, ill advance of the main body, for the purpose of watching the enemy, to intercept the passage of cou- riers, or small parties, to give notice of the approach of any considerable force, and to intercept them, if possible, by such a show as will cause sufficient delay to enable the fact ta be communicated at headquarters. The strength of a picket guard depends upon the po- sition they are sent to occupy, and tl\e proximity of the enemy. The point occupied should be susceptible of some defence. The picket should be relieved every day ; if not, the fact should be known when the guard is posted. All out guards stand to arms at night on the ap- proach of patrols, rounds, or other parties ; the senti- nel of the arms will call them out. The sentinels and videttes are placed on points from which they can see furthest, taking care not to break their connection with each other, or with their post. They are concealed from the enemy as much as possi- ble by walls or trees or elevated ground. It is gener- ally of more advantage not to be seen than to see far. A sentinel should always be ready to fire, and when once satisfied of the presence of an enemy, he should fire, although all defence on his part were useless, since the safety of the post may depend upon it. PRISONERS. The prisoners under charge of a guard should not be allowed to hold extended communication with each other, or with the men on guard. They should be forced to maintain the utmost decorum, and a distur- bance of any kind should be checked at once by the 258 APPENDIX — PRISONERS. application of the most efficient means. On the march the prisoners are placed in charge of the old picket guard, with bayonets fixed and arms loaded. They march in the centre of the regiment. On reaching camp, they are turned over to the new guard as soon as posted. FORM OF GUARD REPORT. Report of a Guard viounttd at — on the the and relieved S i pu a.bt1clks in Obahgk. W C5 '" " i LIST OF PRISONERS. i No. i i 1 i CONFINED. SENTENCES. REMARKS. WHEN. BY WHOM. « r 2 3 4 1 5 1 A. B. C, Lieutenant \8t Regiment, Commanding the Guard. o o 2 H Ha Pop QKP> &3 ^2? mWQ o ^SQ I o ►^ H W ft P d H f o C « q Rkmakks. DICTIONARY. ABATIS {Frmch). — Rows of felled trees, sharpened to a point, used for defense. ABSENCE, with Leave. — Permission given to be absent from post or service. ACCOUTREMENTS.— Black leather belts. ADJUTANT. — An officer selected by the colonel lo assist him. ADJUTANT-GENERAL.— The chief assistant of a command- ing general. # ADOBE. — Unburnt bricks, used to build defenses in New Mexico. ADVANCED. — Any portion of an army which is in fi-ont of the rest. ADVANCE GUARD.— A detachnient of troops which pre- cedes the march of the main body. AFFAIR. — Any slight action or engagement. ALARM-POST. — Place appointed for every regiment or de- tachment to assemble in case of sudden alarm. AMBULANCES. — Flying hospitals, used on the battle-ticld. AMBUSCADE. — A body of men lying in wait to surprise an enemy. AMMUNITION. — Gunpowder, projectiles, and pyrotechnic compositions used in the army. APRON. — A piece of sheet lead used to cover the vent of a cannon. ARM. — Infantry, artillery, and cavalry are arms of the service. ARMISTICE. — A temporary truce, or suspension of hostilities. ARMORER. — The person who makes, cleans, or repairs arms. ARMORY. — A manufactory or place of deposit for arms. ARMY. — It is an assemblage of agents and instruments proper and necessary to carry on war abroad, or suppress insurrec- tion and repel invasion at home. ARMY REGULATIONS.— A book so called, published m the name of the President of the United States. ARSENAL. — A place of deposit for ordnance and ordnance stores ARTICLES OF WAR.— Rules made to govern all attached to an army. DICTIONARY. 261 i .VRTIFIOERS. — Military workmen ; two allowed to each com- pany of artillery. ARTILLERY. — An arm of the service designed to use mount- ain, field, and heavy ordnance. ASSAULT. — An attack on a garrison or an army. ASSEMBLY. — Drum beat to order troops to assemble. ASSIGNMENT. — The senior officer who commands detach- ments on the march. ASTRAGAL. — Small convex molding used in ^ordnance. ATTACK.— To combat with force. ATTENTION. — Cautionary command addressed to troops. AWARD. — The decision of a court-martial. B. BAGGAGE. — Equipments of an army to be transported. BALKS are joist-shaped spars, with rest between the cleats upon the saddle of two pontons, to support the chess or flooring of a bridge. BALLISTICS is that branch of gunnery which treats of the motion of projectiles. BAND. — Enlisted soldiers, forming a band of musicians, under the direction of the adjutant. BANQUETTE is the step of earth within the parapet, for sol- diers to stand on to fire over it. BARBETTE. — Guns are said to be in barbette when they are elevated, by raising the earth behind the parapet, or by placing them on high carriages, so that, instead of firing through embrasures, they can be fired over the crest of the parapet. BARRACKS are buildings erected for lodging troops. BARRICADES are obstructions placed in highways or build- ings to form a temporary fort. BARRIER. — Carpentry obstructions in fortifications. BASE OF OPERATIONS.— That secure line of frontier from which forward movements are made, supplies furnished, and upon which troops may retreat. BASTION. — A work consisting of two faces and two flanks, all the angles being salient. BAT-MEN. — Men who take charge of the baggage of officers and companies. BATARDEAU is a strong wall of masonry built across a ditch, to sustain the pressure of the water. BATTALION. — An aggregation of from two to ten companies in the United States service. BATTERY. — Two or more pieces of artillery in the field. 262 DIOTIONAET. BATTEEY (en-barbette). — Guns elevated on carriages over the parapet. BATTERY (ambulant). — Heavy guns mounted on traveling carriages. BATTERY (covered). — Intended for vertical fire, and con- cealed from the enemy. BATTERY (breaching). — Joint batteries uniting their tire against any object. BATTERY (counter). — One battery opposed against another. BATTERY (coast).— Direct battery. BATTERY (cross). — Forming a cross fire on an object. BATTERY (oblique). — Forming an angle of 20^ or more. BATTERY (raised). — One whose terre-plein is elevated con- siderably above the ground. BATTERY (sunken). — Where the sole of the embrasures is on a level with the ground, the gun platforms being below it. BATTERY (enfilading).— When the shot or shell sweeps the whole length of a line of troops, or part of a work. BATTERY (horizontal). — When the terre-plein is level with the ground. BATTERY (open). — Without epaulment or coverings, exposed. BATTERY (^ cremaillere). — With salient angle-j, for obtaining an oblique as well as direct fire. BATTERY (reverse). — That which fii-es upon the rear of a work. BATTERY (richocet). — Whose projectiles being fired at low angles, graze and bound without being buried. BATTERY (masked). — Artificially concealed, until required to open upon the enemy. BATTERY WAGO]>f.— A wagon accompanying each field battery. BATTLE. — A contest between two forces. BiVYONET. — A spear attached to the barrel of a musket. BAYOJSTET-SWORD.— A sword attached to the barrel of a rifle or rifle musket. BERME. — A narrow path round fortifications, between the parapet and the ditch, to prevent the earth from falling in. BILLET. — Compelling citizens, by law, to feed and quarter troops ; billeting troops upon citizens. BED. — Straw and bedsacks used by soldiers ; bed for a mortar ; bed of a gun-lock. BLACKING. — A preparation for coloring belts, harness, etc., composed of three ounces of molasses, one ounce of ivory black, one ounce muriatic acid, one ounce sulphuric acid, sad a spoonful of olive oil. « DICTIONAKY. 263 BLACKING (liquid, for slioes). — Three parts of white wax, seven and a half parts essence of turpentine, one and a half parts of ivorj black. The wax cut in small pieces, and put in a glazed vessel. Spread the turpentine over it, and leave it for 24 hours. Then mix it by degrees. BLINDAGE. — A siege work constructed as a shelter against a cross or ricochet fire of artillery ; also to guard against the effect of shells. BLOCK-HOUSE.— A redoubt of logs; a common defense against Indians. BOARD. — Any organization of officers for a special purpose, as Ordnance Board. i BOMB. — The shell thrown by a mortar is called a bomb-shell;? the shelters made for magazines, etc., should be bomb-proof. BOMBARDMENT.— A shower of shells and other incendiary projectiles. BOOKS (regimental) are — 1, general order; 2, regimental order ; 3, letter-book ; 4, index of letters ; 5, size or descrip- tive book ; 6, monthly returns. BOOKS (company). — 1, descnptive ; 2, clothing-book; 3, order-book. BOOM. — Is a frame of wood stretched across a river, some- times sunk, to prevent the entrance of a hostile fleet. BOOTY. — What is lawfully taken in capture. BOUNTY. — A payment as a premium, given to soldiers to enlist or re- enlist. BAYAU. — A small trench leading to a magazine. BREACH. — Rupture made in a fortification. BREACH OF ARREST.— An officer leaving his confinement before he shall be set at liberty. BREAK GROUND. — To commence the siege of a place by opening trenches. BREASTWORK.— A hastily- constructed parapet. BREECH. — The mass of solid metal behind the bottom of the bore of a gun. BREVET. — A commission in the army at large. BRICOLES. — Harness for men to drag guns with, when horses can not be used. Eighteen feet long. BRIDGE. — Portable structures to convey troops o^er rivers, creeks, and ravines. BRIDGE (ponton). — Floats, made boat-shaped, of wood, copper, tin, or gutta perch a. BRIDGE-BOAT.— Are boats chains;! tnLn-ther by their sides to afford a passage across a river. j^^lJj hy side. BEIPGE-FLYING.— For swift currents, made of boats, securod 264 DXOnONABT. BRIDGE (timber). — A structure of timber, tlie upper portion overhanging, to admit of a single stick to complete. BRIDGE-HEAD (la tete du pent). — Is a small fort, constructed to cover a bridge, to protect a retiring army, BRIDOON. — The snaffle and rein of a military bridle. BRIGADE. — Two regiments of infantry or cavalry. BRIGADIER-GENERAL.— Rank next below major-general, commander of a brigade. BRIGADE-MAJOR. — An officer appointed to assist the gen- eral commanding a brigade in all his duties. BUNK. — A word used in the army, a place for bedding. BUREAU. — Departments in the war department. BURIAL. — Funeral honors paid to deceased officers and sol- diers. BUSHING A GUN is drilling a hole in a gun, and inserting a piece of metal for a new vent. CADET, — ^A warrant officer. Students at West Point Military Academy are cadets of the engineer corps. CAISSON. — A wagon attached to a battery to carry powder and ball. CALIBER. — The caliber of bullets is determined by the num- ber required to weigh a pound. The caliber of guns is designated by the weight of the shot ; siege and sea- coast howitzers, columbiads, and mortars, by the number of inches of their respective diameters. CAMONTLET. — A small mine of about ten pounds of powder. CAMP. — The temporary repose for troops. CAMPAIGN. — The period of a year that an army keeps the field. CANISTER. — For field service, consists of a tin cylinder attached to a sabot, and filled with cast-iron shot. For siege and garrison guns, the bottom is of cast iron, and the cover of sheet iron, with a handle made of iron wire. CANTEEN. — A small tin, India-rubber, or wooden vessel, used by soldiers to carry water, liquor, etc., in. CANTONMENTS. — Troops quartered in towns and villages. CAPITAL. — ^The line drawn bisecting the salient angle of a work. CAPITULATION. — Articles of agreement, by which besieged troops surrender at discretion, or with the honors of war. CAPONNIERE. — A passage from a fort to an outwork. CAPS. — ^Percussion caps for small arms are formed by a ma- chine which cuts a star or blank from the sheet of copper, DICTIONARYr 265 and transfers.it to a die, in which the cap is shaped by means of a punch. The powder with which caps are charged consists of fulminate of mercury, mixed with half its weight of saltpeter. CAPTAIN. — Rank in the army between major and first lieu- tenant, charged with the arms, accoutrements, ammunition, clothing, or ^ther warlike stores belonging to the troops or company under his command. ('ARBINE. — A cavalry weapon, in weight and length between rifle and pistol, and usually breech-loading. ClAROxVSS. — Combustible composition, encased in globes, formed with iron hoops, canvas, and cord, of an oblong shape, and thrown from mortars, used in bombardments and firing shipping. CARPENTRY.— That part of roof and bridge work distin- guished from joiners' work, being put together by using axe, adze, saw, and chisel. CARTE-BLANCHE. — A blank paper sent to a person to fill up with such conditions as he thinks proper to insert. CARTEL. — An agreement between two hostile powers for a mutual exchange of prisoners. CARTRIDGES.— Pow^der and projectiles. CASCABLE. — A part of the gun in rear of the base ring. CASEMATE. — Vaulted chamber, with embrasures for guns. CASE-SHOT. — Small balls inclosed in a case or envelope, which, broke by the di«}chargc, or by a charge of powder within them, scatter the balls. CASHIERED. — Dismissal from the service by the sentence of a court-martial. CASTRAMETATION.— The art of encampment. CASUALTIES. — Applied to all soldiers who desert, die, or are discharged. CAVALIER. — A fortification of more than ordinary height. CAVALRY.— Mounted troops. CAVALRY TACTICS. — Instruction for mounted troops. CHAIN-BALL. — A chain attached to a conical shot, to compel its movement point forward. CHAIN-SHOT. — Two shot chained together, used for cutting masts^ rigging of vessels, etc. CHALLENGE. — A communication between two parties to fight. OHAMADE. — A signal for parley, by beat of drum. CHAMBER (of a mine). — A cell of cubical form, to receive the powder. CHAMBER (of guns). — Chambers of howitzers, columbiads, 266 DIOTIOKABY. and mortars, is the smallest part of the bore, and contains the powder, CHAPLAIN. — ^Minister of the Gospel attached to an army. CHAKGE. — The impetus of an army on the attack. The attack of cavalry. Written documents preferred before a court-martial. CHARGER.^ — The horse rode by an officer- in the field or ir action. CHASE. — The conical part of a piece of ordnance, in front ol the reinforce. CHASSIS. — A traversin.i^ carriage. A T rail for casemate and barbette guns to travel on. CHEMIN DES RONDES.— A slope in front of the parapet. CHESSES. — Platforms which form the flooring of bridges. OHEYAUX-DE-FRISE.— A temporary structure to stop a breach or impede the advance of cavalry. OIRCUMVALLATION. — Works made by besiegers around a besieged place. CITADEL. — A small fort, a refuge for the garrison. COEHORN MORTAR.— Brass 24-pounder mortar, weighing 164 pounds. COLONEL. — Rank in the army between brigadier-general and lieutenant-colonel. COLORS. — The insignia of the regiment. COLUMBIAD. — An American cannon, invented by Colonel Bumford, of very large caliber, used for throwing solid shot or shells, which, when mounted in barbette, has a vertical field fire from 5^ depression to 39^ elevation, and a horizon- tal field of fire of 360o ; 10-inch weighs 15,400 pounds, and is 126 inches long; 8-inch weighs 9,240 pounds, and is 124 inches long. COLUMN OF ATTACK.— The attack of troops when moving in column. COLUMN IN ROUTE.— The march of troops on lie high- roads, when the cadenced step is not used. CLOSE COLUMN. — A company oi- division being in rear of and within five paces of another. COLUMN OF DIVISION.— One division being in rear of an other. COLUAIN AT HALF DISTANCE.— When the division or company are in rear of and at half their front distant. COLUMN OPEN. — When the division or company is in the rear of and at its full front distant. COMMAND. — The power invested by virtue of orders and DICTIONARY. 267 COMMAND-OF-FIBE. — When a fort is higher than the enemy's. COMMANDER-IF-OHIEF.— The supreme and highest officer. COMMANDER-OF-THE-ARMY.— An officer delegated with power of chief command. COMMISSARY OF SUBSISTENOE.— An officer of the sub- sistence department. COMMISSION — Authority from a supreme officer by virtue of a written document. COMPANY''. — An organization of military commanded by a captain. CONSCRIPTION.— Fokced method of raising armies. CONTRACTS. — Agreement for purcliases and sales in the army. CONVOYS. — Armed vessels accompanying unarmed transports and merchant vessels, transportation of supplies, etc., for troops. CORDON. — The coping of the escarp or inner wall of the ditch. CORPORAL. — Grade between private and sergeant. CORPS. — A regiment is a corps — an independent company is a corps. COUNCIL OF AOMINISTRATION.— Aboard appointed by Government under the act of July 5th, 1838, to employ per- sons to act as chaplain and schoolmaster. COUNCIL-OF-WAR.— An assemblage of the chief officers of the army. COUNSEL. — All writers admit it to be the custom to allow a prisoner to Iiave counsel. The laws of the State of New York give a prisoner the right of counsel. COUNTER-BATTERY.— A number of guns placed behind a parapet. COUNTERFORTS,— Buttresses by which the revetment walls are backed. COUNTERGUARD.— A work composed of two faces, forming a salient angle, placed before a bastion. COUNTERMINES.— Galleries excavated by defenders, to ai>- . proach the mines and destroy the works of besiegers. COUNTERSCARP.— The outer boundary of the ditch. COUNTERSIGN. — A particular word used between guardt and sentinels. COUNTERSLOPE.— Steps within the fort, to revet the parapet. COUP D'CEIL. — Distinguishing at a glance the weak points of the enemy. COUP DE MAIN. — A sudden and vigorous attack. COURT-MARTIAL. — A body of officers appointed to investi- gate charges against an officer. 268 C^ -tf:^---' DIOTIONAKY. COURT OF UnTQUIRY.— An assemblage of officers to inquire into the nature of transactions or accusations against officer and soldier. COVERED WAY. — A space between the counterscarp and the crest of the glacis in permanent works. COWARDICE. — Desertion in the face of the enemy. CRATER OF A MINE.— The excavation formed in th-e ground by the explosion of the powder. CREMAILLERE. — An indented or zig-zag outline. CRENNELATED.— Loop-holed. CRIMES. — Disorders and neglects; prejudice to good order and military discipline. CROTCHETS.— Openings cut in the glacis at the head of the traverse. CROWNING. — A lodgment prepared by besiegers upon the crest of the glacis, to make themselves master of the covered way. CROWN-WORK.— Similar work to horn-work, with two fronts instead of one. CROWS'-FEET. — ^Iron-pointed stars, or stout nails, strewed on the ground, and so fixed as to impede tlie movement of cavalry. CUNETTE.— A narrow ditch in the middle of a dry ditch, to keep it drained. CURTAIN. — That part of a rampart which lies between two bastions, and which joins their t\70 flanks. • CURTAIN ANGLES.— That formed by the meeting of the flank and the curtain. CUSTOM OF WAR.— Common law of the army. I>. DAM. — An impediment formed of stones, gravel, and earth. DEAD ANGLE. — An angle or piece of ground which can not be seen. DEBLAI. — The earth which is 'ixcavated from the ditch to form the remblai. DECISIONS. — The result of investigations, when reported. DEFENSE.— Resistance to attack. Evidence presented by prisoners on trial. DEFILADING. — Raising the parapets of a fortress or tield- work. DEFILE. — Any narrow passage, as a ford, a bridge, a road, * mountain passes, etc. DEMILUNE. — A work constructed to cover the curtain and shoulders of the bastion. DIOTIOKARY. 269 DEPARTMENT.— A branch of an army distinct within itself, yet connected with the army proper. DEPARTMENT OF WAR.— Where all war and army action emanate. DEPLOYMENT. — Movements of troops from column into line of battle. DEPOT. — A place for the reception of fTi-ms, ammunition, and ordnance stores. DERRICK. — A spar, or spars, in an oblique position, to raise heavy weights witli. DETACHED BxiSTION.— Separated from the enciente by a ditch. DETACHED WORKS.— W^orks constructed beyond the range of musketry. DETACHMENT. — A body of troops, or an entire corps, charged particularly with functions which are dependent for their duration upon circumstances, in war or actual service. DETxilL FOR DUTY.— Roster or table, for the regular por- forrnance of duty either in camp or garrison. DIMINISHED ANGLE.— That formed by the exterior side and the line of defense in fortitications. DISBURSING OFFICERS.— Officers appointed by law to make contracts and payments. DISCHARGE. — A document in writing, absolving the soldier from the service. DISCIPLINE. — The morale of an army. Tiie proper execu- tion of military law and regulation, DISEMBARKATION.— The landing of troops from ships or transports. DISMISSION. — Disgraceful discharge of an officer or soldier. DISMOUNT. — To relieve guard; to assign cavalry to infantry duty ; to take a gun from its carriage. DISOBEDIENCE OF ORDERS. -x\ violation or refusal to obey the order of a superior. DISPART. — Difference of the semi- diameter of the base-ring and swell of the muzzle of a gun. DISTANCES. — A computation of time and travel. DISTRIBUTION.— A division or allotment to corps. DITCH. — Excavation around a fort, in front of it PI VISION. — Two brigades. In a regiment, two companies. DOMICILE. — The last residence of a soldier ere his enrollment. DRAGOONS. — A species of mounted troops. DRAG-ROPE. — A four-inch rope, with a hook and handles to extricate gun-carriages from difficult positions. DRILL. — The maneuvers and tactical exercise of troops. 270 DIOTIONART. DI3TY. — Special labor assigned to troops. The tour of duty is from the eldest downward. Brigade duties are those per- formed by one regiment in common with another. Eegi- mental duties are those performed by the officers and compa- nies of a regiment among themselves. E. EOHELOK — An arrangement of battalions or companies, su that each has a line of battle in advance or rear of its neigh- boring battalion. ELEVATION. — Shows the height or depth of a work, and also its length, when the plane of projection is parallel to its face. EMBARKATIOIsr.— The transportation of troops into tran- sports and gun-ships. EMBRA8UKE.— An opening cut through the face of a fort or parapet, to point guns through. ENOIENTE.— The body of the place, or the first belt of ram- parts and parapets that inclose the place. ENFILADE. — To sweep the whole length of the face of any work or line of troops, by a battery on the prolongation of that line. ENGINEER CORPS.— A corps under the direct control of the President. Their duty is planning, constructing, and repairing all fortifications and other defensive work. In time of war, they present plans for attack and defense of military works, lay out and construct field defenses, redoubts, intrenchments, roads, etc. ENGINEERS (topographical). — A corps for making surveys for defenses and positions for fortifications. ENLISTMENT.— A voluntary obligation of a soldier with government for a term of years. ENSIGN. — Lowest grade of commissioned officer. ENTANGLEMENT.— Abatis, so caUed by cutting at the base and throwing the branches of trees to the ground. EPAULMENT. — An elevation thrown up to cover troops from the fire of an enemy. EPAULETTE.-— Badge of rank, worn by officers on the shoulder. EPROVETTE. — A pendulum for proving samples of powder. The apparatus shows the initial velocity of a ball fired from a cannon or musket. EQUIPAGE (camp and garrison). — ^Tents, kitchen utenaila, axes, spades, etc. DICTIONARY. 271 EQUIPMENT. — The complete dress of a soldier, including arms, accoutrements, etc. ESOALADE.—To climb the walls of a fort, with the aid of ladders. ESCARP. — fe the side of the ditch next to the place. ESCORT. — Honors paid by troops at funerals, to the colors, and to distinguished persons. ESPLANADE. — Empty space for exercising troops in fortified places. ESPRIT DU CORPS.— Military pride of organizations. EVACUATE. — To withdraw from a town or fortress. EVIDENCE.— That which makes clear the truth of the fact or point in issue. EXPEDITION. — An enterprise undertaken either by sea or land against an enemy. EXPENSE MAGAZINE. — Are small powder magazines, con- taining amnmnition, etc., made up for present use. EXTERIOR SIDE.— The side of the polygon, upon lyhich a front of fortification is formed. FACE OF A GUN.— The superficies of the metal at the ex- tremity of the muzzle. FACES OF A BASTION.— The two sides extending from the salient to the angle of the shoulder. FACES OF A SQUARE.~The sides of a battalion when formed in square. FACINGS. — The movements of soldiers to the right, left, right about, left about, etc. FARRIER. — Attached to cavah-y regimeuts. FASCINES. — Long cylindrical fagots of brushwood for sup- ^ porting earth -work for temporary forts. FATIGUE DUTY. — An extra duty assigned to soldiers, for which they are allowed an extra gill of whisky. FAUSSE BRAIE. — Is a second enceinte, exterior to and par- allel to the main rampart, considerably below its level. FIELD. — The scene of a campaign or battle. FIELD-DAY. — Instruction of regiments in the field, in the exercises and evolutions. FIELD-WORKS. — Temporary earth- works to protect troops. FIELD-MARSHAL. — The highest military rank, except that of captain-general. FIELD-OFFICERS.— Colonel, lieutenant-colonel, and major. FILE* — ^TwQ soldiers, a front and rear rank man. FIRE (direct).— Perpendicular to the face of the line or work. 272 DICTIONABY. FIRE (enfilade). — Parallel to the face of the line or work. FIRE (oblique). — At an angle with the line or work. ^~jO" FIRE (plunging). — Firing from a higher position than the ob- ject aimed at. FIRE (ricochet). — Firing with a slight elevation, and wit! small charges, so as to bounce the shot. FIRE (vertical). — Mortars fire the shell vertical or with a curxc FIRE-BALL. — Made of pyrotechnics, loaded with a shell. FIRING. — Discharge of tire- weapons. FLAG. — The insignia of the United States, consisting of thir teen horizontal stripes of bunting, red and white alternated, the Union to be a star for each State on a blue field. FLAG OF TRUCE. — A flag sent by an enemy, as a peaceful mission. FLANK. — The right or left side of a body of men or place. FLANK OF A BASTION.— That side which connects the face and curtain. FLEOHE. — A simple species of field-work. FOOT. — In military, implying infantry soldiers. FORAGE. — Food required to subsist the horses of the army. FORAGING. — A body of troops detailed to procure food for horses. FORCES.— Any body of troops. FORDS. — Passages selected to cross creeks, rivers, and streams. FORGE. — A portable furnace, for smiths' purpose, attached to a battery. FORLORN MOPE. — A force who volunteer for a desperate enterprise. FORT. — An inclosed work of the higher class of field-works. FORTIFICATIONS.— Applies to all constructions of earth- work for permanent or temporary defense. They are of three kind'i — irregular, when the ground will not admit of regu- larity in their plan of construction; natural, when the topography of ground assists in its defense; and regular, when they are constructed on a regular polygon, all the corresponding parts being equal with each other. FORTRESS.—A Ibrtified city or town. FOUG ASS.— Charges of powder placed in a pit in the grouhd over which^ an enemy must pass. FRAISES. — Palisades placed horizontally or obliquely at the edge of a ditch on either side. FRICTION PRIMER.— A tube charged with powder, with a cup in the top, containing friction powder, composed of two parts chlorate of potassa and one part solution of antimony. Exploded by means of a slider pulled with a lanyard. DIOnONABY. 273 FURLOUGHS. — Leave of absence granted to officers and sol- diers for a given time. FUSE. — Means used to ignite shells. They are classed as time, concussion, and percussion fuses. O. G.^lBIONADE. — A work constructed with gabions. f ; ABIONS. — Cylindrical baskets of various dimensions, open at both ends, used to make embrasures and parapets to tem- porary iield- works. GALLERY. — In forts, a passage to the mine where the powder is kept. GARRISON. — A strong military headquarters. GENERAL OFFICERS.— All officers above the rank of colonel. GEOMETRY. — Tlie science which teaches the dimensions of lines. GIN. — Similar to derrick, a spar used for hoisting heavy weights. GLACIS. — The slope from the parapet of a fort to the sur- rounding country. GLANDERS. — A virulent disease among horses. GORGE.— An open space of earth-work in the parapet of a fort. GORGE OF MOUNTAIN.— A passage or defile between two mountains or Lill.s. GRAND DIVISION. — A division of two companies in bat- talion maneuvers. GRAPESHOT. — Cast-iron balls, put together by means of two cast-iron plates, two rings, one pin, and a nut. Grapeshot are used with 8-incb howitzers. GRAPPLING-IRONS. — Four or six branches bent, and pointed with a ring at the root, with a rope attached ; they are used for grappling. GRENADE. — A shell thrown by hand or in baskets from stone mortars. A hand grenade is a small shell, about two and a half inches in diameter, has a short fuse, is set on fire, and can be thrown nbout twenty yards. GRENADIERS. — Right flank company of a regiment. trROOVES. — Spiral slits cut in rifles, rifle muskets, and can- non, to insure accuracy in the aim, and force in the propul- sion, GUARDS. — Are special forces for special duty. They consist of advance and rear guard, outpost and picket guard, quarter, camp and garrison, and general oflioers' guard. A tour of guard duty is about twenty -four hours. 274 DICTIONARY. GUIDES. — ^Men used to guide an army ihrougli a country. The direction of the march in the battalion. GUIDONS. — The colors of a cavahy company. GUN-OOTTON". — Cotton steeped in snlpliurk} and nitric acid. GUNNERS. — Soldiers w lio manage Meld and lieavy ordnance; each })iece has one luau called a gunner, wlio gives all the commands. (tUNNERS' calipers.— Made of brass, with st^el points, to prove the diameter of guns, shot, etc. (JUNNERS' PmCERS.— Iron pincers, with steel jaws, to draw nails with. GUNNERS' QUADRANT.— A quadrni.t nsed for righting the v:\ui. GUNPOWDER.— A combustible ingredic-nr,, made of 76 parts saltpeter, 15 of charcoal, and 10 ol sulphur. It is made coarse or line by passing it through sieves. GUNS.— Long cannon without chambers. M. HAIL. — Challenge by a sentry, "Who goes there?" HALT. — A rest during a march, a w^ord of command. HANDSPIKE.— A wooden spike used for moving gun-car- riages. HAVERSACK. — Bag usually made of rubber, to carry sol- diers' rations in. HELMET. — Defensive armor or covering for the head. HOLSTERS. — Oases attached to the pommel of the saddle, to hold pistols. HONORS. — Salutes and other respects paid to distinguished persons and prominent officers by virtue of rank. HONORS OF WAR.— Credit given to a defeated army, who honorably defended tiiemselves, and capitulated. HORSE EQUIPMENTS. —Everything appertaining to the equipping of a horse for military use. HOSPITAL. — An institution for tlie treatment of sick and wounded soldiers. HOT SHOT. — Shot heated in a furnace, and discharged at ships and houses for combustion. They are covered with a wild made of clay or hay while in the gun. HOUSINGS.— Cloth covering for saddles. HOViiTZER. — A chambered cannon. HUSSARS.— Light cavalry. RUTS. — Quarters constructed by troops when located for th^ winter. DIOTIONABY. 275 I. lOE. — Water frozen. Two inches thick will bear infantry; four inches thick, cavalry or light guns. IlSrDEMNIFIOATIOK •— Reparation for losses incurred h^ damage in military or other movements. INFANTRY. — A military force, which by formation in lines has fitted it for action on all kinds of grounds, and the sys- tem of massing, the condensation of ranks, and formation by size, have given it a perfec ensemtle. INITIAL YELOOITY.— Ti.o force with which a projectile leaves the piece. INLYING PICKET.— A body of infantry or cavalry in . a campaign, held always ready to march. INSPEOTOR-GENERAL.— A special department in the United States Army, with the rank of colonel. INSURRECTION.— A resistance to the laws of the country. INTRENCHED CAMP.— A position occupied by troops, and fortified for their protection. INTRENOHMENT.— A ditch or trench with a parapet. INVEST. — To besiege and take a town or place. J. JUDGE ADVOCATE.— Military counsel in the army. 14. KNAPSACK. — A square frame, covered with leather or can- vas, carried on an infantry soldier's back, containing his clothing. ^ I.. LANCE. — A sharp steel blade, eight inches long, attached to a stafi;* with two iron straps, and held by a leather loop; it ie used by moun ted troops. LAW. — ^Is a rule of action prescribed by a :iuperior power. LAW (martial). — Suspension of the civil and the substitute of military power. LAW (military). — To be applied to all who are attached to the army. LIEUTENANT.— Rank next below captain. LIEUTENANT-COLONEL.— Rank next below colonel. LIEUTENANT-GENERAL.— Special rank above a major- general, only conferred on General Scott for able and distin- guished services. IJMBER. — The fore part tit a gon-oarriage, to which the horsoa are attached. 276 DIOTIONAEY. LINES. — A connected series of field-works, whether contmuo«« or at intervals. LINES OREMAILLERE.— Alternate short and long faces, at right angles to each other. LINES OF BASTION.— Are formed of a succession of bas- tion-shaped parapets, each consisting of two faces and two flanks connected together. i JNSTOOK.— A pointed, forked staff, used for hghting fort fires. LOAD. — Command in infantry and artillery instruction. LODGMENT. — The occupation of an enemy's position. LOOP-HOLES. — Apertures formed in a wall or stockade, for firing musketry. LUNETTES. — Redans haring flanks parallel to their capital. M. MAGAZINE.-— Receptacle for powder. MAJOR. — Rank below lieutenant-colonel. MAJOR-GENERAL. — Rank between brigadier-general and lieutenant-general. } MALINGERER. — A soldier who feigns illness to avoid his duty. MANEUVER. — Movements in infantry, cavalry, artillery, etc. MANUAL.— Exercises of arms. MARCH. — The command for troops to move. MARKER. — Soldier who marks the direction of the line. MARTELLO TOWERS.—Circular stone buildings, placed on the sea-coast for defense. MEDICAL DEPARTMENT.— In connection with hospital. MILEAGE. — Traveling allowance or-tpnsportation of baggage. MINE. — Powder placed in subterranean cavities. MINUTE-GUNS. — Guns fired at intervals of a minute, are sig- nals of distress. MORTAR. — Large chamber of iron, to throw shell. MOUNTED ARTILLERY.— A species of guns, called howit^ zers, for throwing light shot and canister. MUSTER. — A report made by commanding ofiicers of regi ments and companies, as to the absence and presemce o-f their members. N^N-OOMMISSIONED OFFICER.—G-Wixies between ] and ensign. ' ;/'' O. '''''^" " ' • OBLIQUE. — A diagonal or angular direction. OBSTACLES. — Articles natural and artificial, placed so as to impede the advance of troops. DICTIONARY. 277 OFFICER. — All above the rauk of a warraut officer. OPERATIONS. — The action and movements of an army or a detachment. ORDERLIES. — jSTon- commissioned officers and soldiers ap- pointed to wait on general and other officers. ORDERLY SERGEANT.— The first sergeant of a company ORDERLY BOOK. — A book for sergeants to insert tlie gen- eral and regimental orders from time to time. ORDERS. — Directions, verbal or written, by a superior office*-. ORDNANCE DEPARTMENT.— Having charge of all the ordnance issued by government. OUTPOSTS.— Troops in advance of the main body. PACE. — The length of an infantry soldier's step is twenty- eight inches. PALISADES. — Pointed sticks at the foot of a slope to a f©rt, to keep the enemy out. PARADE. — An assemblage of treops in a vegnlar aad pre- scribed manner. PARAPET.— The depth of the wall of a fort. PARK. — Where artillery, horses, wagons, and cattle are placed . in carnp. PAROLE. — A word given to sentinels to detect one who has obtained the countersign by fraud. Pledge of honor required of liberated prisoners. PASS, — A straight, difficult, narrow passage, which, wdl dd- fended, shuts up the entrance to a country. PATROL. — A small party detached from a guard to obtain information from thcenemy. PIONEERS. — Soldiers with saws, axes, and spades, detailed for felling trees, making roads, etc. PIVOT. — That officer or soldier upon whom the company wheels. PLATFORM. — There are six sleepers, eighteen deck planks, seventy-two dowels, and twelve iro» eyebolts used for the platform of a siege mortar. PLATOON.— The half of a company. POINT BLANK. — Is the second point at which the line of sight intersects the trajectory of the projectile. [sion. POINTING.— To give a gun the direction, elevation, or depres- PONTON. — Three rubber cylinders connected together, used as floats, weighing 260 pounds, for making portable bridges. POST.-— The fixed position of a force. - PRIVATE., — Term applied to a common soldier. 278 DIOTIOKAEY. PROJECTILES (for unrifled ordnance). Are solid shot and shell. PKOLONGE. — Stout hempen rope, used to connect the lunette of a field-carriage with the limber, when the piece is fired. PROYOST-MAESHAL.— An oflacer appointed in every army in the field, to secure prisoners confined on charges of a general nature. Q. QUARTEES. — The place where troops are fed and lodged. QUOIN. — A wed^e used to elevate or depress a gun. R. RALLY. — To re-form disordered troops. RAMPAET. — A broad embankment round a fortified place. RAMROD. — A rod of iron attached to a musket, for foi-cing home the charge. RANGES. — ^The distance that a gun or musket will cariif . RANK. — A range of subordiaation ; a degree of dignity. RATION. — The food which is allowed a soldioi- for each meal. REAR RANK.— The hinder rank. REAR GUARD. — A detachment of troops in rear of an army. RECOIL. — The motion which a cannon takes backward when fired. RECONNOISSANCE. — Cautious advances, in order to ascer- tain the strength of the enemy, or to discover them. REDAN. — Small works with two faces, terminating in a salient angle. REDOUBT. — Are square, polygon, or circular field-works. REDUCE. — To compel a surrender. REGIMENT. — ^A body of troops organized by law, consisting of ten companies. RELIEF. — A species of duty in a guard, so as to prevent the entire force being on duty. The guard is divided into three reliefs. REQUISITIONS.—Demand made by the proper officers for supplies. RESERVE. — A select body of troops, for support whipn needed, or to rally upon. RETREAT. — Retrograde movement before the enemy ; a drnm beat at sunset. REVEILLE.— Drum-beat and roll-call at daybreak. REVERSE.— -Opposite to direct. REVETMENT.— To tie fast; the inner bank of a parapet DICnONABY. 279 ■REVIEW. — A display of troops before a general officer cr illustrious personage. PJFLKl) ORDNANCE.— Guns, muskets, etc., of the new pattern are rifled, by having a winding groove cut in the chamber or barrel, to give velocity and accuracy to the shot. ItlFLE PITS. — Holes or short trenches, for men to hide from view. KOSTER.— List of officers for duty. ROUNDS. — The tour of duty an officer makes in visiting his guards, outpo'st and advanced guard. KOUT. — To defeat and throw into confusion. ROUTE. — Open road ; the march of troops. RUFFLE. — A low, vibrating sound on a drum, not so loud as a roll. SABER. — An olncer's and mounted troops' sword. SABOT. — A block of wood fixed to a solid shot or canister. SAFEGUARD. — Protection to loyal persons. SALIENT. — Angle of a fort projecting toward the country. SALLY. — A movement made by a strong detachment. SALLY PORTS. — Openings made in forts for the free egre^w of troops. SALUTE. — A discharge of artillery as a compliment, beating of drums, presenting of arms, or drooping of colors. SAND-BAGS. — Bags filled with earth, from twelve to fourteen inches Avide, and thirty inches long. SAPPERS. — A company attached to the engineei* coi-ps of th« army. SASH. — A mark of distinction worn . by ofljoers round