UC-NRLF 
 
 $B 31D 731 
 
THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 PRESENTED BY 
 
 PROF. CHARLES A. KOFOID AND 
 
 MRS. PRUDENCE W. KOFOID 
 
REMARKS 
 
 ON XHK 
 
 STUDY OF LANGUAGES 
 
 AND HINTS ON 
 
 COMPARATIVE TEANSLATION 
 
 A.M) 
 
 PHILOLOdlCAL CONSTRIIlNCx. 
 
 FOURTH EDITION. 
 
 RE-PRINTED FROM "OLD PRICE'S REMAINS," WITH OTHER ARTICLES, 
 AND AN INTRODUCTION. 
 
 By J. PRICE, M.A., 
 
 FORMERLY SCHOLAR OF ST. JOHN'S, CAMBRIDGE; 
 A MASTER OF SHREWSBURY SCHOOL, AND OF THE BRISTOL COLLEGE. 
 
 LONDON : 
 
 LONGMANS & CO. 
 
 LIVERPOOL : ADAM HOLDEN, CHURCH STREET. 
 
 18G9. 
 
ON THE 
 
 STUDY OP LANGUAGES. 
 
EEMAEKS 
 
 ON THE 
 
 STUDY OF LANGIUAGES, 
 
 AND HINTS ON 
 
 COMPARATIVE TRANSLATION 
 
 AND 
 
 PHILOLOGICAL CONSTRUING. 
 
 FOURTH EDITION. 
 
 RE-PRINTED FROM " OLD PRICE'S REMAINS," WITH OTHER ARTICLES, 
 AND AN INTRODUCTION. 
 
 By J.JPmCE, M.A., 
 
 FORMERLY SCHOLAR OF ST. JOHN'S, CAMBRIDGE ; 
 A MASTER OF SHREWSBURY SCHOOL, AND OF THE BRISTOL COLLEGE. 
 
 LONDON : 
 LONGMANS & CO. 
 LIVERPOOL: ADAM HOLDEN, CHURCH STREET. 
 1869. 
 
 Price 2s. 6d. 
 
P^3 
 
 DEDICATED 
 
 TO 
 
 YOUNG SHEEWSBUEY, 
 
 FROM ADMIRATION OF THE STYLE IN WHICH THEY MAINTAIN 
 THE UNPARALLELED RENOWN 
 
 OF ' 
 
 OLD SHEEWSBURY. 
 
 '#-»/^r^r»^ r^ 
 
PEEFACE TO THE FOUETH EDITION. 
 
 The Author must, without any excuses, beg indulgence for 
 the imperfections in this edition of a work which, at length, 
 appears in a more readable formy according to the suggestion 
 (in 1857) of an eminent reader whose name appears else- 
 where, and whose good opinion was deservedly valued. The 
 various critical and other articles, added to illustrate or en- 
 liven the Study of Languages, are so ill arranged, that the 
 " e^c." at the head of page 111 might as well have appeared 
 on several previous pages. Some headings are also need- 
 lessly repeated. None of these errata, however, are due to 
 the Printer, whose faults do not seem worth mentioning. 
 
 38, Watergate Street, Chester. 
 March 20th, 1869. 
 
INTEODUCTION. 
 
 One of the most striking facts connected with the defective 
 state of our " Higher Education " is, that a considerable 
 amount of what is propounded on the subject (in Parliament 
 and elsewhere) exhibits a remarkable want of intelligence, 
 in the speakers and writers, respecting the educational 
 'process itself. This special form of ignorance may perhaps 
 be said both to stand at the head and to lie at the root of 
 the many defects they are labouring to amend ; and is the 
 less curable because it prevails so generally amongst the 
 educated, a class to whom the nation naturally looks for 
 suggestions of reform. In vain will it look, where the class 
 in question, Educational Keformers, rest content with a 
 wholesale examination of schools, systems, and books, 
 rather than try to ascertain, in detail, how they were taught 
 themselves — what it was that brought them so far, and why 
 no farther. That this task is difficult, and only to a 
 limited extent possible, may well be conceded. But any 
 little discovery of the steps in so complicated a " latens 
 processus '' is of such high practical value, that it is well 
 worth while to retrace our steps, a teneris unguibus, in 
 search of the several doors that were opened, the avenues 
 that did not turn out culs de sac, the habits that proved 
 fruitful in results, &c. ; and, on the contrary, the rubbish or 
 boards that closed up other doors and passages, the practices 
 and attempts that ended in barrenness, &c. 
 
vi. Introduction. 
 
 Another source of information touching these intel- 
 lectual arcana is open to those who have the opportunity of 
 experimenting, with their own acquired stores, upon the 
 carte blanche {pu bien, souilUe) of other minds. And it 
 must be allowed, that our theoretical reformers labour 
 under serious disadvantages, if they never attempted, for 
 themselves personally, the practical work of teaching ; 
 though even this drawback will hardly suffice to account 
 for the supernatural quantity of nonsense spoken and 
 written, on grand occasions. One is reminded of Lyell's 
 suggestion as to the probable views of a Gnome — a subter- 
 ranean sprite — concerning geological changes, in order to 
 illustrate the opposite prejudices arising from our peculiar 
 position as denizens of the surface 1 And again, even in the 
 privileged class of teachers, those whose time is devoted 
 exclusively to one branch, or to pupils of one age, or 
 of the same sex, must necessarily find that, with a 
 limited sphere, their opportunities of observation are also 
 circumscribed. " Ut de me loquar, quoniam id aetati nostrse 
 conceditur," I consider that more than 40 years spent in 
 instructing pupils of both sexes, of the greatest variety of 
 ages, singly and in classes, " de rehus omnibus et quibusdam 
 aliis," gives me such a vantage ground that those who have 
 liad " no such chance " might perhaps expect me to judge 
 their faux pas more charitably ! And so I should, if the 
 poor things tvere subpoena d : on the contrary, they volunteer 
 their crudities, and expect us to listen with patience, if not 
 to thank them, " capite obstipo." 
 
 I have noticed, in page 9, the probable influence of the 
 bare grammar-school training of the olden time upon many 
 of our by-gone intellectual giants ; but, since that was 
 
Introduction. vii. 
 
 written, (1850) I think I have learnt somewhat more of the 
 secret causes of that " mighty magic." Archbishop Whately 
 remarks, that the process of reasoning never goes beyond an 
 act analogous to restoring a book found on the floor to its own 
 place in the library ; or (conversely) going to the right spot 
 on the shelf to reach a required book. The highest and 
 most abstruse investigations of Newton, on his majestic 
 march from the known to the unknown, are (according to 
 that lucid writer) nothing more than a grand concatenation 
 of progressive steps, every one of which can be reduced to 
 that simple type of accurate recognition and collocation. 
 
 Now, if this be the case, it is clear that all employ- 
 ments leading to the habit of referring, easily and rapidly, 
 any item, of any kind whatever, to its assigned locale in any 
 systematic arrangement whatever, must have a tendency to 
 improve the mind in the practice of reasoning, since the 
 mental 'procedure is always exactly the same, however 
 diverse the subjects with which it has to deal. This gives 
 an educational value to syste7natic Botany, Zoology, &c., in 
 addition to their obvious effect in quickening the powers of 
 observation and comparison. All experience, however, 
 shows that the early inculcation of a classified nomencla- 
 ture of such objects often serves to render the whole subject 
 permanently distasteful; and that it answers better to defer 
 that part of tuition till the pupils, having acquired an 
 interest in the individual plants, animals, &c., are glad of 
 the scientific arrangement and " hard names]' as an indis- 
 pensable help to their own thoughts and conversation about 
 the things. It is time enough to "endorse" when they 
 have acquired "bundles of ideas" to write on. And I 
 believe, if we ransacked the whole range of existing or 
 
viii. Introduction, 
 
 possible lessons for heginners, we should not find one of such 
 obvious practical utility in habituating the mind to the 
 process thus illustrated by Whately, as the old-fashioned, 
 humdrum, invariable, and inevitaUe practice of making 
 children repeat Verbs by rote, till they can, at a glance, tell the 
 class, conjugation, voice, mood, tense, number, and person, 
 of any one they meet with in reading ; or, when writing ex- 
 ercises, clioose the right person, number, tense, &c., corres- 
 ponding to the English verb they are translating. If 
 Whately be right, children so employed are, unconsciously 
 to themselves, daily improving in a practice calculated, 
 above any other as yet within their reach, to facilitate the 
 progress by which alone the highest problems of science 
 have been, step by step, conducted ; the process also, be it 
 remembered, by which alone right conclusions can be drawn 
 loith certainty in the most -ordinary transactions of domes- 
 tic life, even to the making of rice pudding or onion sauce — 
 [pet questions in applied Botany.] 
 
 Our author, in his Logic, (Book I., sec. 4, p. 20, 9th edition, 
 8vo,) says, " Now to remind one, on each occasion, that so 
 " and so is referable to such and such a class, and that the 
 " class which happens to be before us comprehends such and 
 " such things — this is precisely all that is ever accomplished 
 " by Eeasoning." I cannot ^m^ the previous illustration from 
 the Librarian's task, either in the Logic, or " Easy Lessons 
 in Eeasoning" (the drier and harder of the two !) — mais c'est 
 bien lui ; and whether it be his own, or the work of a com- 
 mentator — whether all my readers precisely agree with it or 
 not, is of no consequenee to my purpose. I wish to impress 
 my own conviction that, at the age when children usually 
 learn the inflexions in the Latin and Greek accidence, they 
 
Introduction. ix. 
 
 are imperceptibly acquiring a power of correct classification, 
 available tor logical purposes, whilst express lessons in the 
 " Art of Eeasoning " would be premature and repulsive. 
 
 I am perfectly sure that any little girl who has got so 
 far in Greek grammar as to be expert in the Paradigms, 
 and in the drawing of a Greek tree, not only can reason, but 
 (from the sheer habit of accurate and rapid classification,) 
 cannot help reasoning with more readiness, and correctness, 
 than that same child could after any other preparation. I 
 should certainly recommend further progress in the lan- 
 guage, where time and circumstances permit. But, let those 
 who go so far and no further, instead of regretting mis-spent 
 time, "thank God and take courage" — they have gained 
 immensely, even by that little investment ; tho' it is of course 
 set at nought by that large (and, it is to be feared, influen- 
 tial) class who can see no inducement to learn Greek besides 
 the acquisition of that language, and an acquaintance with its 
 literature. I confine these remarks to Greek, because, though 
 the verbs in any language furnish the same hind of discipline, 
 classification becomes much ampler and more refined, owing 
 to the fuller development of that part of speech, where there 
 are two widely different classes (in to and fxt) with a middle 
 voice, an optative mood, several tenses, and a dual number, 
 all unknown to Latin ; and where the established " formation 
 of tenses " serves at any rate, even where most fanciful, as a 
 good memorial assistance to simplify the comprehension of 
 the vast and admirable framework. 
 
 It is sufficiently obvious that, to those who proceed, as 
 is highly desirable, beyond the accidence of either language, 
 the perpetual reference to both Dictionary and Grammar, 
 which is indispensable to arrive honestly at the sense of the 
 
 6 
 
X. Introduction. 
 
 author, and the application, in parsing, of classified syntax 
 rules, (all in short that is included in the " study of clas- 
 sics") must further improve the mind in the very same 
 (logical) direction. In fact, the " disciplinal" as well as 
 the literary element in such a course is fully admitted by 
 those who never dream that the mere inflexions of nouns, 
 adjectives, and verbs, can furnish anything beyond a 
 parrot-like gabble, beneficial to the memory alone. But we 
 next come to a totally distinct department, still less sus- 
 pected of yielding any intellectual improvement outside the 
 range of "Eeminiscor oUiviscor, memini, recorder." I 
 mean the dry study of Prosody — the laws of " feet " and 
 metre ; the antidote to that terrible calamity, " a false quan- 
 tity," such as Edmund Burke's " vectigal !" or the Eton tra- 
 ditional " Descende cselo, et die age tibia Eegina longum 
 Calliope melos." 
 
 I have in p. 54, under " Nonsense Verses," discussed the 
 merits of that despised branch of education, considered as a 
 classical necessity. But to the point now in hand, viz., the 
 preparation of the mind for a habit of right reasoning, it need 
 only be remarked that, with Prosody, the pupil commences 
 a new classification, not only of inflected words, as nouns 
 and verbs, but of the whole language, to the smallest particle; 
 and that too upon a totally different ground of adjustment, 
 being now guided by the "time" or" quantity" of the syllables, 
 considered as quavers and semiquavers, irrespective of their 
 meaning; the Gradus and Jani Ars poetica, with scanning and 
 proving, now taking place of the Dictionary and Grammar, 
 with construing and parsing. And here the selections or 
 rejections (pro re nata), the arrangements and re-arrange- 
 ments, the (ppovTcBes and Bevrepai (fypovTche^;, are all directed 
 
Introduetion, yX. 
 
 by considerations so strictly logical, (in Whately's sense) that 
 a greater educational blunder could not well be made, than 
 by supposing a student who had acquired the ("mere 
 mechanical"!) art of making nonsense Elegiacs must have 
 simply wasted so much time, unless he proceed to earn a 
 place in the Musae Etonenses or Sabrinae Corolla. On the 
 contrary, he has been going through a course of mental 
 gymnastics which, (unless perchance he " take leave of his 
 senses " and cease, viciously, to be a reasoning being,) can 
 not fail to exercise a beneficial influence as long as he lives. 
 Such influence will of course be denied by that school of 
 Philosophers who consider each branch of education merely 
 as a means to one particular end, instead of viewing every 
 one of them as being, far more truly, so many various means 
 to one great general end, viz., ''the strengthening and 
 developing, by artificial means, of the natural resources of 
 the human intellect." 
 
 I gladly accept this, as 07ie definition of education, from 
 an article in the March number, 1869, of the Museum 
 (Nelson & Sons, London), by my old pupil, David Ker ; who, 
 having quitted the Isis (I need not say with what credit), is, 
 I venture to guess, thawing the Neva, on the very lowest 
 hypothesis of applied caloric, at St. Petersburg, whence he 
 dates an article that may call in question the alleged 
 difficulty of " putting old heads on young shoulders." His 
 subject, " Unconscious Education," is indeed a wide and 
 suggestive one, extending far beyond the professed sphere of 
 these pages. But his idea includes mine most strictly and 
 strikingly; besides which, the essay commends itself to 
 me by its moral inculcations, falling in with a favourite old 
 maxim of my own, that the successful candidate may very 
 
xii. Introduction. 
 
 often not benefit near so much by the result of a competitive 
 examination, as many others who have been induced by- 
 it to raise themselves far more, than he has, above the 
 previous status in quo. And I am sure my assertion in 
 p. 9, that the direct benefit of classics is surpassed by the 
 indirect, &c., would be found, if we possessed a gauge for 
 such measurements, equally true of every study that fairly 
 taxes the industry and talent of the learner. Now I 
 contend that these are the most evergreen laurels — these 
 are the " distinctions " which do distinguish a man from his 
 fellows, when University honors are forgotten, or where 
 they were never heard of ; this indefeasible treasure main- 
 tains both income and position for " that moral centaur, 
 man and wife," (cum vel sine pertinentibus) after a barbarous 
 (and, thanks to R P., now moribund) statute has deprived 
 the single gentleman of his well-earned fellowship, as a 
 penalty on the wisest act of his life ! Hae denique sunt 
 " ea viatica, quse cum naufrago enatent." 
 
 But, in this long and versatile career of tuition, it would 
 be strange indeed if none of the hindrances to our noble 
 craft had made themselves visible, en passant, to the (naked 
 or assisted) mind's eye, as well as the aids and facilities. 
 Would that I could say my own failures had not contributed 
 an ample contingent to this catalogue ; not that the sense 
 of these at all augments my " common patience " with those 
 prim Seers, who presume to dictate to the whole educa- 
 tional world, without having had the honour of even 
 bhmdering in our honourable profession. But, a verbatim 
 Report is their best flagellation. 
 
 I was once occupied, very earnestly (it may yet serve 
 as a suggestion to better managers,) in making a minute 
 
Introduction. xiii. 
 
 collection of school-boys' mistakes, vivd voce and written, 
 with a view to arranging them under their several heads — 
 Languages, Geography, Natural History, &c., and endeav- 
 ouring to trace them to their causes, in the minds of the 
 taught or in the method and books of the teacher. The 
 regret expressed at their loss (by fire ? or three removes ?) 
 on the part of an esteemed friend (/2), went to my heart, 
 for I had never before felt sure, of their statistical value. It 
 was a bitter " drop in the sea " — of troubles. 
 
 Our present business, however, is rather with errors in 
 the teacher than the taught. 
 
 It is, first of all, a grand mistake to make any study, at 
 the outset, more uninteresting than it need be, for want of 
 devising ways and means to enliven it. I once heard a 
 very litte girl say, " Whenever we have to learn a new 
 thing with Papa, he always begins it with us in a joke r 
 And I have always thought that, so far at least, that Parent 
 had hit upon the right course in elementary training. 
 There can be no doubt that, for some years past, " Wit and 
 Humour," dry and sundn^y, has occupied an excessive share 
 in the Literature of this country ; especially since the comic 
 quill and pencil have been subsidized by rival-factions, as 
 a political necessity, till the pair of Jocular Serials in each 
 window remind one of village lads grinning through horse 
 collars for a prize ! But that is no reason why our young- 
 sters and youngstresses should not, now and then, and 
 within bounds, be " carried past the wearisome bitterness 
 of their learning," by the judicious admixture of a little spice 
 of merriment, which is apt to lighten the heart of the 
 teacher too. That dull chapter on cases and their signs, 
 (Eton gr. pp. 2 and 3,) has been greatly enlivened " in my 
 
xiv. Introduction. 
 
 poor judgment " ( Hooker), ever since " ! Magister " 
 presented itself to me as the natural effect of a smart caneing 
 from the said " master " who, after listening aequo animo to 
 the moderate amount of respect in the previous " doctrina 
 magistri/' and so forth, may well he supposed to have lost 
 all patience, when the young varlet dared to affirm, to his 
 face, that "he loved the master! !" &> rv^iTrava Kat KV{\>(ove<^ ! 
 We may safely pronounce a dull method to be a fault in the 
 educator. 
 
 Another decided pest to children and parents is the 
 needless change of books. As to Grammars, it must be a 
 far better than the world has yet seen, (1869,) that ought 
 to displace* entirely almost any one of the common school 
 grammars a pupil may happen to he accustomed to. A line 
 drawn through the words "Substantive," "Potential," "Can," 
 "Could," &c., &c., and a few other slight MS. changes, 
 together with some brief directions given in " Helps to 
 construing " (p. 48) will, with intelligent teaching, soon 
 convert an old Eton brown Bess into a tolerable breech- 
 loading rifle, far more practically useful than a totally new 
 " arm " which the poor children can only hope to hegin to 
 understand when they shall have (if possible) so far 
 recovered the shock of being thrown back by a violent 
 change, as to be tolerable scholars, and therefore, by that 
 time, in a measure independent of books, good or bad. It is 
 a very cur iom fact that, the more decidedly these smashing 
 novelties improve some of the defects of our predecessors, 
 the more decidedly do they ruin (by ignoring ?) many of 
 their excellencies ! So that, when I see the brilliant attempts 
 
 * A better grammar'^ used as a hook of reference., ynay effect, quietly, 
 far more good. 
 
Introduction. xv 
 
 at a radical reform self-defeated by radical errors^ I am 
 constrained to exclaim, in all sincerity, with the old Frencli 
 officer witnessing the gallant but disastrous cavalry charge 
 at Balaclava : — " C'est magnifique ! mais ce nest ;pas la 
 guerre." But this is a subject on -which I would fain speak 
 more speciiically elsewhere. 
 
 Since want of interest in the subject matter is the 
 greatest hindrance to the student in any branch of learning, 
 it seems unwise to overlook any means by which its dry- 
 ness, real or imaginary, may be removed or alleviated. 
 And, fortunately for teachers, the existence of a bond of 
 connexion between even the most dissimilar departments of 
 knowledge, greatly facilitates such measures of relief. It is 
 notorious that those who have a special aptitude for arith- 
 metic, and the rest of mathematics, are often afflicted with 
 a distaste (often mistaken for incapacity) for the study of 
 language. Now, there are many ways of introducing 
 numerical considerations in teaching classics, which may 
 help these juvenile Unilaterals out of what they are 
 pleased to consider "their difficulty." Many linguistic 
 facts are best learnt, even in ordinary cases, by the pupil's 
 own aiTangement of them, on a statistical plan, in tables 
 and in columns, to refresh the arithmetical mind. Some, 
 again, admit of being stated in the form of a proportion; e.g., 
 Adjective : Noun : : Adverb : Yerb, which can not choose 
 but remind the little accountants of their darling Eule of 
 Three ! Then, when it comes to versification, whence all the 
 nine Muses might be supposed to have expelled Bonny- 
 castle & Co. with one pitch-fork, the numeral element in 
 the question of feet and half-feet, consisting of 1, 2, or 3 
 syllables, enters jure suo as an essential part of the study. 
 
xvi Introduction. 
 
 Besides which, a little consideration wiU enable the teacher 
 to imbue the process of scanning with an almost Algebraic 
 tinge. Having ascertained the maximum and minimum of 
 a hexameter to be 17 and 13 syllables respectively, and 
 observed that the lines always end with a dactyl and spon- 
 dee, our young Parnassian Excelsior will feel justified in 
 setting aside the last 5 syllables, and the first (long in any 
 wise), as "known quantities" or "given." Besides which, as 
 fast as each of the 4 remaining feet is ascertained, the next 
 syllable hecoines a known quantity. Thus, 9 syllables being 
 disposed of by mere observation, there remain only from 4 
 to 8 requiring the trouble of further investigation. Nay, 
 further, if, after ascertaining 2 out of the 4 unknown feet, 
 Tyro should descry, by " simple inspection," that 4 syllables 
 remain, after striking off' the last 5 (which should be done 
 with a pencil at the outset, to assist the eye), these 4 must 
 needs be all long — 2 spondees. In which case the virtually 
 unknown are reduced to 4 at the most, and may be only 2. 
 I recommend the scanning of lines from these data, and the 
 determination of the length of syllables by common sense, 
 previous to " technical proving " by the rules of Prosody ; 
 always to try for dactyls, till you are stopped by a diphthong, 
 or two consonants, (which actually lengthen the syllable,) 
 being a very safe general rule. 
 
 More need not be said ; though there are other ways 
 of so introducing the manufacture of longs and shorts to the 
 embryo Vates, that it shant be dry. 
 
 It might almost be said that, a fortiori, other subjects 
 can be interwoven with classics besides arithmetic, which 
 we have just seen acting the " Tutor's Assistant " under 
 dithculties. No sooner have the class learnt, (as is quite 
 
Introduction. xvii 
 
 necessary before other Passive Verbs,) " Esse to be," than 
 they should be told — 1st, as Joiners, that it is like a ma- 
 hogany chair with a rush bottom and deal legs, concocted 
 out of several broken ones ; and — 2nd, as Geologists, that it 
 is a conglomerate, where worn fragments of other verbs are 
 consolidated into a very useful word-building material, by 
 a paste of more recent formation. I have a diagram of fero — 
 tuli — latum, &c., as a mass of rock with the boulders and 
 matrix variously coloured, to assist this analogy. Zoology 
 and Botany find themselves very closely imitated, 
 where portions of verbs drop off, as it were, and set up 
 for themselves, giving birth to tenses of their own; as 
 esurio (from esurus) iroXefirja-ecQ) (from irokefXTjacti) reOvrjKco 
 (from TeOvr)Ka) ; a process forcibly recalling the " gemmi- 
 parous reproduction " of Zoophytes, which is, in turn, the 
 counterpart of a vegetable process, familiar to us in the 
 cloves of Garlic and the axillary bulbs of the Tiger Lily. 
 
 It is a very serious loss, when any second language the 
 children happen to know is not constantly referred to in 
 the way of comparison with the dead ones. A valued 
 and kind friend will remember how I regretted her dro;pping 
 the use of Portuguese in the family, on their arrival from 
 South America, {instead of making me, the tutor, learn that 
 same !) 
 
 Ambiguities are so important a subject, regarding both 
 the choice of synonyms and the detection of fallacies, that 
 any help to the study should be thankfully accepted. And, 
 though a halit of punning may, when it runs rampant, be- 
 come almost actionable as a nuisance, yet I have not hesi- 
 tated to commend the Pun, even in its most atrocious form, 
 as a philological auxiliary in the study of language, the in- 
 
xviii Introduction. 
 
 tolerant and indiscriminate suppression of which I therefore 
 condemn, as an educational misdemeanour. It just occurs 
 to me, that you need not trouble your neighbour with all 
 those that develop themselves " in your sleeve." Your silent 
 punster may be one of the very best ! But, if you cannot 
 either make or apprehend the puns in any given language, 
 believe me you are but imperfectly acquainted with the 
 niceties of that language. 
 
 There be some severe arbiters, no doubt, who would 
 reject, as hybrids, all puns involving a " cross " between two 
 different languages. But — don't tell me that the very best 
 kind of German Barm is not Barmherzigkeit ; or that, in 
 that fest-und-grund-bewurzelt country, any sort of Potatoe 
 can compete with die Wohlthater. If you do, \l6ov eilret?. 
 
 In a world of distraction and bustle, like ours, it is mere 
 cruelty to let children expect the absence of all noise and 
 disturbance when they are at work, except as an occasional 
 hixnry. The complaint, " Please sir, Sam Brittain is shaking 
 the table," was promptly met by my worthy old master, 
 T. Halton, with " Pooh, man, you must learn to write on the 
 pummel of the saddle, at full trot;" a reply which opened 
 my eyes, in every sense! Some years afterwards, as the 
 privileged tutor to Dr. Jas. Cowles Prichard's children, I 
 used to see that genuine Philosopher hard at work (probably 
 on The Physical History of Man) in a study where the 
 weans, at highest romfs, had free ingress and egress — another 
 great lesson on the power of abstraction under difficulties 
 which all should aim at. By the way, I suspect Caesar's 
 habit of doing two things at a time, {^ot four, as we used to 
 fancy when reading of it in Yalpy's Delectus !) depended 
 upon a sort of rhythmical attention to each, which kept 
 
Introductiojt. xix 
 
 them from actually clashing. But this by the way ; it is 
 pretty well to do one thing at a time, and do it properly. 
 
 It is a serious mistake to expect from young persons 
 the impossibility of retaining all they ought to learn from 
 oral teaching, without mahing notes of their own. A six- 
 penny " alphabet ledger," (much used in Liverpool offices,) 
 is a great help, especially if the first use made of it be to 
 enter a series of headings, such as — article, conjunction, 
 derivatives, ellipsis, &c., the sight of which serve as a daily 
 incentive to fill up blank spaces. When visiting Manchester 
 Museum, about 1828, I was very much struck with their 
 plan for filling the cases. Though the Entomological room 
 was as yet nearly devoid of specimens, there was a pin, a 
 cork, and a name set up already for every known insect, only 
 waiting for the contributions of public spirited collectors. I 
 felt sure that, with such a hroad hint, their desiderata would 
 shortly be supplied. 
 
 The most fatal mistake of all is to omit making a pupil, 
 as early as possible, master some one thing absolutely, in all 
 its bearings ; not so much for its own sake, as because that 
 one conquered subject, be it ever so simple, will serve ever 
 after as a standard of comparison for the amount of victory 
 obtained over other subjects. It is for want of such a test 
 that some adults, having grown up with only a partial 
 mastery over each successive step, never learn what it is 
 really to know any thing ; and thus sometimes even mis- 
 take for universal knowledge that which is not far removed 
 from the opposite condition. 
 
 The whole principle involved in this may be seen, on 
 paper, in the hackneyed maxim, " You must learn this as 
 perfect as A, B, C." And in fact, an accurate acquaintance 
 
XX Introduction. 
 
 witli the powers and true relations of the letters of the 
 English Alphabet is so mry rare an accomplishment, that 
 there is no wonder if all leyond that is enveloped in much 
 obscurity, though the bewildered students may have actually 
 learnt the whole cycle of sciences about as thoroughly as 
 their A, B, C. 
 
 With regard to the Higher Education of Women, I am 
 bound to say that, as the writer of some aspirations in the 
 following pages nearly 20 years ago, I am thankful for even 
 that measure of attention which ^s, at last, bestowed on the 
 subject, as an earnest of better things. The Cambridge tes- 
 timony as to the ability evidenced by Girls is most satisfactory; 
 and I am happy to add as the result of my own experience 
 that I have always found their progress in Classics and 
 Mathematics truly encouraging, though the amount of time 
 they are allowed to bestow on such subjects is, compared 
 with Boys, dbsnrdly small. Let them gladly avail themselves 
 of such opportunities as may be afforded for acquiring solid 
 instruction and elevating tastes, to counteract a strong tide of 
 the opposite tendencies. They will easily refute the notion of 
 that wicked wight who drew a conclusion so unfavourable 
 to the softer sex, from that simple expression in Scott's 
 Marmion, " Ho ! shoot not, 'tis a Boy." 
 
 I feel sure of patient attention to the following Eemarks 
 at the hands of my worthy fellow laborers in the noble work 
 of Education. We are not an idle or pampered class at any 
 rate ; and, if the Public will not allow us to do them all the 
 good we wish, we can say with Cyrus — lovrcov, elBore^ ore 
 KaKiov^ elal irepl r)fjLd<; rj r/juLet^ Trepl iK6Lvov<^. 
 
PREFATORY LETTER, 
 
 ADDRESSED, WITH Ed. 2, 1850, TO 
 
 THE EEV. B. H. KENNEDY, D.l)., 
 
 Head Master of Shrewsbury School. 
 
 My Dear Kennedy, 
 
 As this little work has been undertaken at your 
 request, I must inflict upon you the perusal of a few extra lines, 
 by way of Preface. 
 
 You may perhaps remember that, in our younger days, I used 
 to advise those who meditated throwing themselves upon the 
 British Public, to practise first upon a set of spiked railings, in 
 order to get accustomed to the consequences. I have not myself 
 gone through this preliminary training ; and yet you have 
 inveigled me into the experiment in one of its most alarming 
 forms, viz. as an Author ! How the said little work will fare 
 amongst the said great Public remains to be proved : but the de- 
 cided testimony I have received from yourself and Dr. Latham, 
 with several others eminently qualified to judge of my plan for 
 translating, would console me under the coldest reception, or the 
 roughest handling. 
 
 It is the conviction that this plan embodies an important part 
 of that which was most peculiarly *' Butlerian " in Shrewsbury 
 scholarship, that induces me to press its adoption, as far as prac- 
 ticable, in Public as well as Private Tuition. I hnoio that you 
 
4 Prefatory Letter. 
 
 and I were, virtually ^ taught on this system ; though loe, poor 
 fellows, had to squeeze our translations into a single line, and 
 were never indulged with a drop of "blue ink." And I do hope T 
 have hit upon a device for inculcating more cogentl}', and for 
 practising more definitely and corn'gibly, that kind of vivid ren- 
 dering which THE Doctor, by a rare art, above all rules or 
 machinery, perhaps peculiar to himself, used to infuse into his 
 Pupils, and elicit from them, at will. 
 
 Should I be so fortunate, even with the aid of technicalities, 
 as to succeed at all in keeping this up, and bringing anything like 
 Butlerian philology, more within the reach of classical students 
 generally, I believe I should render an important service to edu- 
 cation. You will see that my aim goes far beyond the mere 
 production of Translations, however excellent. The principles I 
 have laid down will, if worked closely and thoughtfully even with 
 English translations only, bring one into inevitable collision with 
 a host of collateral phenomena, both on a great and small scale : 
 if pursued still higher with other modern tongues, it will carry 
 one up into the " limiting ratios," as it were, of Philological re- 
 search, and suggest many a " differential " problem, requiring for 
 its solution the knowledge of a wider range of languages. So 
 that I feel convinced at every turn, that I am but furnishing hints 
 for some abler hand to develope a more powerful calculus for 
 investigating the laws of thought and speech. 
 
 I am sure you lament with me the little justice usually done 
 to Female Education in its higher departments. Women are 
 very rarely taught Latin at all, though they require the indirect 
 benefits of it (see page 8), quite as much, and for the same reasons 
 as any of us ; and, when they learn modern languages, it is I fear 
 much oftener as a superficial accomplishment, than for solid 
 intellectual improvement. If the power of making "Comparative 
 
Prefatory Letter. 5 
 
 Translations " from and into Frencli, German, or Italian, were 
 substituted respectively for the average School proficiency in 
 those languages, would not Old Shrewsbury, who did so much for 
 *' us lads," begin to claim, in turn, the gratitude of the future 
 wives and mothers of England % Eear with my fondness for a 
 pet invention, when I say it would form a new era in their edu- 
 cational history, even if all the Trench that is learnt were tl^us 
 learnt. If you have The Philosophy of Arithmetic, by John 
 Walker, of Dublin, [and if not, why not ?] see his title-page and 
 dedication for a principle or two. 
 
 But I must not weary you : since the days when you and I 
 learnt our lessons together, how many lessons have we had to 
 learn apart ; how many mercies received : our trials, our dis- 
 appointments, perhaps amongst the choicest! Above all, we have, 
 I trust, alike entered the School of the Best of Masters, our 
 Lord Jesus Christ j and therefore, though separated by dis- 
 tance, are striving together, and by degrees learning, to do all 
 things, even in these professional matters, to His praise and glory. 
 That we may do so more and more, — that we may ''thank God, 
 and take courage," — is, my dear Kennedy, the heart's desire and 
 prayer of, 
 
 Yours very truly, 
 
 JOHN PEICE. 
 Birkenhead, June 7, 1850. 
 
ON THE STUDY OF LANGUAGES. 
 
 It is a common maxim mtli the English, that " one ought 
 to learn French as the natives do^ If some of those who 
 think so, would only remember that this was the very way 
 in which they learnt English, and then examine, in sober 
 earnest, how much they really know about it, the delusion 
 would vanish : they would find that the tables are turned^ 
 and that, on the contrary, if they would understand their 
 own language well^ they must consent to lay aside the 
 " native^ and commence learning that, de 7wvo, in the very 
 way foreigners do.* It is, in fact, desirable to strip our- 
 
 * Suppose you are asked, What is the French for " How do you 
 do ? " — of course you say, " Comment vous portez-vous ? " — but if you 
 are further asked, "What is Comment vous portez-vous, in English ?" 
 and you still answer, " How do j^ou do ? " you are badly taught ; you 
 have learnt French " as the natives learn it ;" i.e. afiaa-avla-Tcos, aTaXairdpcas 
 and (malgr^ fluency and Parisian accent) perniciously with regard to 
 the main point, the Philosophy of Language. The youngest child 
 who is taught this phrase, should at the same moment, be told that the 
 French, instead of saying, "How do you do?" say, ^^ How you carry 
 youV i.e. "How do you carry yourself?" And so of all other 
 idiomatic expressions. The opportunity of learning French conversa- 
 tionally, is, I allow, a great privilege : only let it be used aright, as an 
 aid to the thoughtful study of the language, and not rested in, as if it 
 were all in all. How many " Natives " there are, who, though well- 
 informed and eloquent on other topics, are quite at a loss to explain the 
 structure of their own simplest phrases. Now this is not the kind of 
 knowledge I want, educationally^ though of great value for other 
 purposes. 
 
 Much more might be said on the study of modern languages, which 
 I purpose, D.V., to follow up in a future Number (of Classical Museum.) 
 
g Study of Languages, 
 
 selves of our old slovenly liabit of familiarity with mother- 
 tongue, as a downright hindrance to accurate and scientific 
 acquaintance ; and, in the shirt-sleeves of conscious ignor- 
 ance, to set about the M'Adamizing task of ascertaining 
 what it is — soit la pilose, soit le vers — that we have been all 
 this time chattering and scribbling so complacently. Many, 
 however, are never undeceived as to the actual amount of 
 their knowledge ; and, satisfied with an off-hand, negociable 
 connaissance of their own language, they naturally, in the 
 acquisition of a new one, make a similar acquaintance the 
 ne plus ultra of their desires. It is even a matter of re- 
 gret and surprise to them, that Grreek and Latin cannot be 
 *' picked up " on the same easy terms. And, in fact, there 
 have been ingenious attempts, such as "Corderius his 
 Colloquies," to engraft classic lore upon our youngsters in 
 this chit-chat, made-easy fashion. All such attempts, be- 
 sides ending in failure, betray, in limine, a misapprehension 
 of one main purpose for which, as a matter of education, 
 languages ought to be learnt at all. If this were merely, 
 as Eivarol seemed to think, in order to have " three or four 
 different ways of expressing the same thing," (a power, by 
 the bye, not at all to be despised), then, imdoubtedly, the 
 quickest, easiest, and cheapest way of getting up a vocabu- 
 lary and phrases is the best ; and the plodding scholar, " qui 
 multa tulit fecitque puer, sudavit et alsit," is to be pitied 
 for a sad waste of time, labour, and expense. On the 
 contrary, I have long been persuaded that, though many 
 and great are the direct advantages resulting from the 
 study of classics, yet these are all surpassed by the indirect: 
 the incomparable training of the mind ; the constant yet 
 varied gymnastic exercise of memory, judgment, comparison, 
 taste, order, investigation, &c. ; the curious insight into 
 the machinery of the human mind, and the operations of 
 
Study of Languages. 9 
 
 thought; and the interesting light thrown by the very 
 idioms upon the character, customs, political and physical 
 circumstances of nations ; — all included in the mere process 
 of learning the languages. So that, if it were possible to 
 deprive a well-trained scholar of every word of his Grreek 
 and Latin, and yet leave unimpaired the mental poiuer 
 acquired during the course of these studies alone, he would 
 still be a great gainer by his classical education ; and might 
 tell you that, though robbed of two precious jewels, he had 
 still by far the best half of the treasure in his possession. 
 I am well aware that this view of the indirect benefits of 
 classical instruction is not the popular one ; nor would it, 
 in fact, be at all true, if applied to the kind of classical 
 instruction too often given, which may well justify cui-bono 
 queries as to its possessing any value, direct or indirect. 
 If, however, utilitarians would consider how many really 
 great and wise men were produced in past ages, when the 
 dead languages were cultivated to an extreme and exclusive 
 extent, they must surely allow some extraordinary virtue, 
 some " mighty magic," to a branch of learning which could, 
 almost single-handed, achieve so much for the human 
 intellect. How much more then, if only employed, as 
 strenuously, in due proportion with other subjects! Yet it 
 is to be feared that a sound, critical knowledge of the 
 languages is increasingly undervalued in England, from an 
 undue, short-sighted eagerness for those departments of 
 knowledge which more immediately and obviously bear 
 upon " the business of life ;" as if any amount of what is 
 called " practical knowledge " could supersede the necessity 
 for training the reasoning powers to a right application of 
 this mass of facts ! Nay, to turn from the million, are we 
 quite sure that, even at head-quarters, lax construing, 
 " cram," " sciencing," &c., have not already (1850) begun to 
 
ro Study of Lmiguages. 
 
 replace the sterner requirements of philological accuracy ?* 
 I have seen books, and heard of lectures, that betoken 
 something very like it. In this state of things, I venture 
 to offer a few remarks on the study of language, tending, 
 (I hope,) to promote that ''sound learning" to which the 
 two Universities so emphatically pledge themselves. These 
 remarks I especially commend, as "an elder soldier," to 
 those who are commencing a post-mortem examination! of 
 
 * Lest I should be misunderstood, I here beg to express my deep 
 regret for having in my younger days neglected, under the contemptuous 
 name of " cram," 7nuch valuable information ; and to warn my young 
 readers of tbe sad and irreparable consequences of wilfully omitting any 
 part whatever of the duty before them now — the time appointed for 
 these things. It is a part of God's providence that youth is, ordinarily, 
 the only time when some branches of learning are attainable ; and it is 
 quite possible, through culpable neglect, so to mar one's education that 
 high attainment in some things shall only render the sense of ignorance 
 in others the more trying, because more keenly appreciated. The 
 maxim, '^ these ought ye to have done, and not to leave the other undone" 
 is, like many portions of the blessed word of God, capable of a very 
 general application. 
 
 My dear young Friends, listen to an Old Bird. Leave Optimism 
 to the good citizens of Utopia and Laputa — take things as you find 
 them prepared to your hand — rough and smooth, bitter and sweet, 
 together. [" The mixture, as before" — ^we ancients have all had to take 
 it, nolentes volentes.] And though bad is the best in many human 
 arrangements, yet, for want of better, make the best of it. It may be 
 good enough, " with care," for you at present, till times and systems 
 mend. Meanwhile, be assured that almost any system, industriously 
 and cheerfully worked, will surpass the very best, taken up daintily and 
 fastidiously ; and, if you find any apj^ointed studies distasteful at first, 
 be sure to bestow extra application there, to overcome this feeling as a 
 fault in yourselves. These are homely remedies for mental dyspepsia, 
 and may save repentance in after life. Experto credite. 
 
 t My worthy Printer has, by calhng my attention to a faux pas 
 here, enabled me to caution learners against an error in composition, 
 condemned in that excellent work, Jani Ars Poetica, p. 399. In point 
 
Study of Languages. ii 
 
 the languages of Greece and Eome. I will not stop here to 
 prove the importance of WKITTEN TRANSLATION to the for- 
 mation of a critical scholar. Every one knows the value of 
 the practice : those who have most profited by it, best know 
 the difficulties of the execution, i, e. " scribendi rede, nam 
 ut multum, nil moror." 
 
 If one hundredth part of the time and trouble that has 
 been mis-spent in preparing ready-made translations " in 
 usum studiosse juventutis" had been devoted, as by Mr. T. 
 K. Arnold, to the task of putting them in the way of trans- 
 lating effectively for themselves, how much less should we 
 have to deplore at the present day ! The only use I can 
 conceive for even a first-rate English translation at school, 
 is for the pupils to hear it — with a feeling of curiosity and 
 sympathy, not of indigence — read aloud by the Teacher, 
 after the original passage has been well studied, and actually 
 mastered. The abuse of it, and the employment in any 
 way of second and third rates, can do nothing but harm. 
 If the translation be a " free " one, it ministers to the 
 natural eagerness to catch the general meaning without the 
 trouble — the profitable toil — of honestly fighting one's way 
 to it through the author's words. If really " literal," what 
 nonsense it must be, every now and then ! But — who ever 
 saw a literal translation in print ? Even Mr. Hamilton's 
 are often far from it, in order to make sense. 
 
 of fact, "jucundissime Martialis," a soldier never does make a "post- 
 mortem examination ;" — small leisure for that, metliinks, in the field ! 
 But, as "elder surgeon''^ would murder my quotation, and as I am 
 partial, for the sake of old Bone Clarke reminiscences, to the "junctura" 
 of post-mortem with dead languages, (Greek and Latin being in every 
 sense " stiff ones"), I beg indulgence for the mixture of metaphors. 
 Dr. Butler used to laugh at Horace for a similar fault, in playing at 
 once the part of Bull and Bulldog, in Epode VI. 
 
12 Study of Languages. 
 
 In making one's own translations for philological im- 
 provement, or for examination, I conceive the grand 
 desiderata are — First, So to comprehend the sense and force 
 of the author's ideas, as to transfer them, without loss of 
 either, into any other language, as English. Second, So to 
 appreciate the form, into which his idiom has compelled him 
 to throw those ideas, as to give the nearest possible ap- 
 proach to this in English also. Neither of these alone will 
 convince an examiner that the student knows, " Marte suo," 
 exactly what he is about : and the difficulty is, to combine 
 the two, distinctly and intelligibly. For this purpose, I 
 recommend an interlined version, in which the current, 
 unbroken text shall convey the force of the original ; whilst, 
 here and there, a spare line above shall exhibit (as nearly 
 as English can approximate, whether it "makes sense" or 
 not,) the author's ivay of saying the same thing in Ids 
 language, wherever the latter, precisely translated, deviates 
 from the plain meaning in English. The learner should, in 
 general, study to avoid the necessity for this upper line, by 
 contenting himself with a sound, homely English rendering 
 in the current text, and not making the two languages part 
 company merely for the sake of elegance (this can, and 
 must, be studied elsewhere), only most j c alously recognising 
 the minutest shade of idiomatic difference. In order to 
 execute this plan, some precise system of notation should be 
 rigidly adhered to. I therefore annex the following Hints, 
 which have been printed separately, for convenience. 
 
HINTS 
 
 FOR "COMPARATIVE TRANSLATION," 
 
 AS AK AVXI1.IART TO AKT OTHER PLAN OF STUDY. 
 
 A METHOD equally applicable to all Languages ; recommended, 1st, as 
 an occasional exercise for Students of either sex : [not on any a priori 
 theory ; but as having grown up, bit by bit, out of the necessities of 
 Students closely pressed for Philological accuracy;] 2ndly, in due 
 proportion, for School, College, and other Examinations, where it 
 defeats ^' crammed " Candidates ; 3rdly, to Commentators, as the most 
 concise means of elucidating difficult idiomatic passages ; 4thly, to 
 practical Linguists, for xvoi'Mng Philological and Ethnological problems. 
 
 Dr. Latham has kindly permitted the following extract from 
 private letters : — 
 
 " Some time back, my own attention was directed to the difficulty 
 of obtaining a translation which should at once be verbally and gram- 
 matically accurate, and, at the same time, idiomatic. This was with 
 reference to the examination papers at Cambridge. * * * Like 
 yourself, I came to the conclusion that they were incompatihle : for two 
 purposes you must have two renderings. I quite agree with the general 
 principles involved in your method." 
 
 Since then, he has given still more decided proofs of approbation. 
 
 The late Rev. T. K. Aenold also strongly commended, by letter, 
 the employment of '' Comparative Translation " to classical teachers, as 
 follows : — 
 
 " I think the plan likely to be very useful, if adopted entirely at 
 first, and occasionally afterwards." He subsequently inserted a favour- 
 able notice of it in his Theological Critic. 
 
 But the highest praise was that of Archbishop Trench. 
 
 DIRECTIONS FOR COMPARATIVE TRANSLATION. 
 
 First, having noted Page, Chapter, &c., on ruled paper, with ample 
 margin, make a plain English version [punctuation accurate], without 
 sacrifice of the author's sense or force, leaving the alternate lines blank. 
 Next, above this version [and just beloio these spare lines], exhibit, in 
 blue ink or blue pencil, and in as literal English as jJossible, irrespective of 
 "making sense," every tangible difference of Idiom in the two languages ; 
 with remarks, where needed, in the margin ; as follows : — 
 
14 Study of Languages. 
 
 " Au lieu d' entrer dans des discussions critiques sur le 
 merite des auteurs modernes, qui m' ont precede dans ce 
 genre d' ecrire, je me contenterai de faire quelques re- 
 marques sur les principales beautes de l'Apologue."--Pre/'(Xce 
 to Perriri's Fables. 
 
 COMPARATIVE TRANSLATION OF THE ABOVE: 
 
 of-(he 
 To-{he place to-enter ^ — ' 
 
 Instead of entering in(to) critical discussions on the merit 
 
 2 I 
 
 of-tlie modern authors who have preceded me in this kind 
 
 2 1 2 1 
 
 to-writt me shall-content of to-make 
 
 of writing, I shall be satisfied with making some remarks 
 on the principal beauties of the Apologue. 
 
 The above translation illustrates at once the five principal rules 
 given below ; to which any additions may be made by convention be- 
 tween Teacher and Pupil, for their own convenience. 
 
 RULE I. Underline the words corresponding to each blue ink 
 interlineation; to define, by way of "vinculum," or "brace," the precise 
 extent of such correspondence. N.B. — Emphatic words may be doubly 
 underhned. 
 
 To-theplace 
 
 Example. Au lieu = In stead. Tu ab urbe condita 
 
 city fotmded 
 
 incipis. = Thou beginnest from the foundation of Rome. 
 
 RULE II. Whenever you have to express a single word in the 
 original, by two or more words in the translation, connect the latter 
 with horizontal hyphens, when close together, as, Erit = will-be ; or 
 with conve7'ging hyphens, when they are parted by other words, as, 
 Non erit = will^ not ^be. 
 
 Ex. Des = of-the. Lapides colligendi, quos Caius 
 non videt. 
 
 =z stones to-be-collected, which Caius 
 does^ not ^see. 
 
Study of Languages. 15 
 
 RULE m. Enclose between cui-ved brackets () all words not 
 expressed in the original ; reserving vertical braces [ ] for actual 
 
 Ex, Dans = in(to). Homo [ut fama est] ab urbe venit. 
 =. (A) man [as (the) report is,] came 
 from (the) city. 
 RULE rV. Suspend in a curved line, or loop, whatever is in the 
 original, but is dispensed with in the translation. 
 
 of-the 
 
 Ex, Dans des discussions critiques. = Into critical 
 discussions. 
 
 than 
 
 Ante quam Caius rediit. = Before Caius returned. 
 
 RULE V. Two [or three ?] words, whose order is essentially 
 different, may, occasionally, have small numerals below them, besides a 
 short underline. 
 
 Ex, Discussions critiques = Critical discussions. 
 
 TovTo Be BoKet. = But this seems. 
 3 I 
 Also, in aid of the numerals, u (for ultimci), and p (for penult), 
 serve to mark, when needful, the tivo last words in a clause, as Caesar 
 exercitum parare caepit = Caesar began to-prepare an army. 
 
 Again, i (for initial) denotes the Jlrst word, as Prius venit Caesar 
 quam expectavissent = Caesar came sooner than they had expected. 
 
 And, " critical discussions " is shorter than ^' critical disc ussion s " j 
 
 r a" "i 
 
 the r meaning reversed. 
 
 N.B. — To ensure separate attention to the "two purposes" with- 
 out distraction, the current text should be written iirst, without 
 interruption, in convenient portions ; the duplicate renderings, with all 
 extra symbols, being reserved as after- work ; and every word and mark 
 superadded to the first version should be made conspicuous by blue ink 
 (or else blue pencil), the practical advantage of which is considerable. 
 Hed is the established medium of correction. — See p. 22, 
 
1 6 Study of Languages. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS SAMPLES, SHOWING THE APPLICABILITY OF 
 THIS METHOD TO TRANSLATION AND RE-TRANSLATlOiV, 
 FROM ANY EXERCISE BOOKS, IN ANY LANGUAGE. 
 
 Ex. 6. II comptait son argent tons les jours. = He 
 
 ■was.conntin£- all the days. 
 
 used to c ount his money every day. 
 
 Conversely. — He used to count his money every day. — 
 
 usail a compter tout jour. 
 
 II comptait son argent tons les jours. 
 
 ^ suis parlafit nton- 
 
 \ I am speaking of myself. = Je parle de moi-meme. 
 
 JLX, 7. < speak me- 
 
 I^Je parle de moi meme. rr I am speaking of myself. 
 "Many dreadful things happen. — TloXka {Kau) 
 
 "Kpayiiara -ovrai 
 
 Ex, SA 
 
 Ex. 9.^ 
 
 Ex.lO. 
 
 UoXka KCLL heiva ylyveraL. = Many dreadful 
 
 happefis. 
 
 (things) happen. 
 What I have written must perish. = Quod 
 
 e£-o habeo scriptum ' ' mxist" perire. 
 
 scrips! pereat necesse est. 
 Quod scripsi pereat necesse est. = What 
 
 ■may-perish needful is. 
 
 (I-)have-written must perish. 
 
 am 
 
 Ich bin krank gewesen. =: I have been sick. 
 
 " 2 I 
 
 habe 
 
 I have been sick. ~ Ich bin krank gewesen. 
 
 CoROLLABY. — Observe how, in ?-e-translation, as a natural con- 
 sequence, the black and blue inks change places; and so do the 
 numerals: the hyphens vanish, (though new ones may appear,) the 
 bracketed words become looped, and vice versa. These changes, how- 
 ever obvious in theory, should be realized hy repeated practice. 
 
 Obsebve. — In the translations of examples 1, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, we see 
 by the lower hne what the author meant : and by the upper how he 
 said it. The latter has been called the "Structural Translation" by 
 Dr. Latham. — It should be such a picture of the original as never to 
 mislead a stranger as to the form or idiom of an unknoivn language. 
 
Study of Languages. 17 
 
 For further illustration see Appendix, p. 41, or Classical Museu7n 
 (Taylor and Walton, London) three articles " On tlie study of Lan- 
 guages," in Nos. 24, 25^ 26 ; since reprinted, at the request of Dr. 
 Kennedy, as a separate pamphlet (same publishers, 1850). 
 
 ADDITIONAL HINTS TO PUPILS, 
 
 ON THE ADVANCED METHOD OF WORKING COMPARATIVB TRANSLATION, ETC. 
 
 Whatevee language you are learning, ancient or modern, 
 make a translation into your native tongue daily, occupying 
 a whole sheet of paper ; but of any size, from note to fools- 
 cap. Let the two first pages be done quite freely ; the two 
 last strictly. Then treat pages 1 and 3 with " blue ink," by 
 the Five Kules ; [and page 4 also, only omitting interline- 
 ation,'] 
 
 By this process, four different kinds of exercise will be 
 produced ; each for a special purpose. Page 1, to exhibit 
 the widest diversity, and page 3, the closest approximation, 
 of the two languages. Page 2, to serve for the unfettered 
 practice of English style. As for page 4, it will best teach 
 you to feel^ by contrast, the inadequacy of a single line for 
 securing all the requirements of Philology. 
 
 If you learn French and Grerman, with Grreek and Latin, 
 translate and re-translate the same passage from one of the 
 four languages interchangeably with the other three, as an 
 occasional exercise, according to the Five Eules. 
 
 Also, practise " construing " [see p. 35, or Classical 
 Museum, No. 26, page 482, or pamphlet, page 22,] from each 
 of the four into the other three, strictly observing the idiom- 
 atic order and grouping of each. This especially assists what 
 is popularly called " thinking in a given language." 
 
13 Study of Languages. 
 
 The French sentence, " J' ai vu beaucoup d' or," must 
 be ordered and grouped variously, for construing into the 
 four following languages : — 
 
 1 5 for English. J' ai vu — I have seen, beaucoup d' or — 
 much gold. 
 
 2, for Grerman. J' ai — 3cf) I)abe, beaucoup d' or — ^iel 
 
 go(b, vu — ge^e^en. 
 
 3, for Latin. Beaucoup — Multum, d' or — auri, 
 
 j' ai vu — vidi. 
 
 4, for Grreek. Beaucoup d' or — iroKvv yjivaov, j' ai 
 
 vu — kcopaKa. 
 
 N.B. — The reasons of these several changes form a good 
 lesson for young Philologers. 
 
 Whichever of these four languages you do not learn, at 
 any rate inform yourself, from a good grammar, of some of 
 the leading subjects of comparison in it ; under such heads 
 as Article — Auxiliaries — Cases — Moods — Tenses — Aorist — 
 Eeflectives — Middle Voice — Separable Particles — Negatives 
 — ^Numerals : which last are best appreciated by saying the 
 multiplication Table in the strange language frequently, and 
 with increasing rapidity, i.e., " against time." 
 
 Any other language will serve ; — Welsh eminently : but 
 I mention French and Grerman as standard auxiliaries to a 
 liberal and sound education. 
 
 I need hardly add that an earnest classical student must 
 have a large amount of daily employment besides " Com- 
 parative Translation." Such as, Grreek and Latin verses 
 (sense or nonsense), in the standard metres. Turning verse 
 into prose, and vice versa. Ancient Greography and History, 
 &c. Filling up parsing tables, in columns. Making notes 
 and collecting examples, under heads already entered in an 
 alphabetic Common-place book. Learning by heart select 
 portions of classical and English poets and prose-writers. 
 
Study of Languages. 19 
 
 Arnold's and other exercises. Construing aloud passages 
 from authors progressively more difficult. Collating, and 
 marking with mutual marginal references, any two stan- 
 dard grammars, as Eton and Zumpt. Revising and macadam- 
 izing easy bygone school books, down to " Henry's First " and 
 Delectus. Comparing a single verse of the Grreek and Latin 
 Testament daily with several cognate languages, as Grerman, 
 Dutch, Flemish, Swedish, Danish, Norse, Icelandic, and 
 Faroese ; or French, Italian, Spanish, Catalan, Portuguese, 
 Enghadine, and Provenpal ; or, again, Welsh, Graelic, Erse, 
 Manx, Breton, Cornish (?) and so on. (See p. 29, and Pamph- 
 let, p. 16.) These, and perhaps many other kinds, of linguistic 
 work, each in its turn, will profitably and happily eonploy 
 much of the time too often killed, under the name of " light 
 reading." Duty, steadily pursued, soon becomes a pleasure : 
 but, at any rate, " killing time " is a bad preparation for 
 Eternity. 
 
 The Author will, with the greatest pleasure, revise, for any experi- 
 menter, a short translation done hy the above five rules from any of the 
 current languages; foi'warded, (anonymously if preferred,) to 38, 
 Watergate Street, Chester. 
 
 In the foregoing "Hints for Comparative Trans 
 LATION" I purposely select hackneyed smd simple instances : 
 as for the notation, any tutor and pupil may invent a better 
 for their own use. To novelty the method can have no claim 
 now, (1850) since I have myself been teaching and recom- 
 mending it, in all essentials, for some years. But, where- 
 ever it is adopted systematically, and carried out, in all its 
 bearings, with increasing precision, I will venture to answer 
 for its utility. 
 
20 Study of Languages. 
 
 I speak thus confidently, from corroborated experience ; 
 for this method does but embody, tangibly and attainably, 
 a part of the characteristic spirit of Shrewsbury Training, 
 which for so long a period carried all before it at both 
 Universities: [" Ovhe ttco Xrj^avr'' e%et:" witness the Univer- 
 sity Calendars, and the Catalogue prefixed to a fragrant 
 Salopian Bouquet, entitled " Sabrin^e Corolla." G-eo. 
 Bell, London, 1850.] My own obligations to that invalu- 
 able training I never could overstate : and I am sure my 
 old* Pupils will recognise, in " Comparative Translation," 
 the pith of those principles, now systematized, which I 
 used in those days " bonis lateribus suadere ;" and with some 
 success, though embarassed by a notation insufficient for 
 the "two purposes." {See page 13.) I would now as soon 
 lay aside Arabic figures, and teach long division with 
 Eoman numerals, as attempt to inculcate sound views of 
 Philology without black and blue versions. See Walkey^'s 
 Philosophy of Arithmetic, page 2. Ixvii.cccclxxxix-r-dviii!! 
 
 Modern Languages may be translated on the very same 
 plan with the greatest advantage; nay, I am convinced 
 that such a mode of treatment imparts to them a con- 
 
 * I may be excused, on professional as well as friendly grounds, for 
 adding here the names of Weldon, Whiston, Burrowes, Francis, [who 
 have all since been Head Masters of Schools] Aspinall, M. Smith, Helps, 
 Gathorne Hardy, T. Webster, Lukis, Denton, Robt. Williams, Golding, 
 Proctor, Conybeare, Lawrence, James and Alexander Hildyard, Edgar 
 Huxtable, Kempe, Ludlow, Paley, W. Martin, Lund, Overton, Groom, 
 Allen, Harrison, Alex. Duncan, Metcalf, Myers, Jos. Noble, Oonstantine 
 and Aug. Prichard, Wayte, Swayne, Joseph and Frederick Clarke, 
 John Gray, Giles, Osier, Hamilton, Sykes, Dale, Scott, Gladstone, 
 J. and K. Powles, Stevenson, LI. Thomas, Semple, Watson, several 
 Joneses, Daubenys, Foxes, and Johnstons ; Johnson, Holden, Hodgson, 
 Cearns, Dalton, Drysdale, Ayckbowm, Alexander, Wilson, Anderson, 
 Kirby, Geo. Budd, D. Ker, Potts, McPherson, Carmichael, Radford, 
 Willan, Tomlinson, Deane, Waterhouse, Haywood, Moore. Several 
 more would oblige me by helping a ve7'i/ treacherous memory. 
 
Study of Languages. 21 
 
 siderable portion of the " disciplinal value" of Greek and 
 Latin ; and would, if adopted earnestly in female education, 
 produce a very marked effect. Nor can it be commenced 
 too soon, in principle ; although the written exercises must 
 be delayed till some manual dexterity is acquired. 
 
 Even very young children are amused to hear tlie droll 
 expressions which Frenchmen use, instead of speaking plain 
 English like other folks. For instance, it seems somewhat 
 premature to say " I have cold," [J'ai froid,] before you 
 have caught it. John Bull first catches his cold, and then 
 has it, like an honest man. 
 
 By and by, the "blue-inking" of Perrin's Fables be- 
 comes by no means so dry an operation as might be 
 supposed ; and the little folks are surprised into common- 
 sense Philology, before they are hardened into an inob- 
 servant use of their own mother-tongue. This last, in turn, 
 becomes an object of interest and enquiry ; and, having by 
 this time " thought in French " a little, they begin to 
 observe what a funny language English is ; and how oddly 
 John Bull expresses himself now and then, when one comes 
 to think of it. Thus it has been pleasantly argued, that the 
 best answer to " How do you find yourself?" would be, 
 " By hunting all about the room ;" and to " How do you 
 dor " I do as well as I can." 
 
 N.B — To ensure separate attention to the "two pur- 
 poses " without distraction, the current text should always be 
 written first, without any interruption, in convenient por- 
 tions ; the duplicate renderings, with the extra symbols, 
 being reserved as a separate task. The blue ink is a great 
 improvement, suggested by a merry pupil (now " Matrona 
 potens"!) It assists the eye and the mind, by exhibiting the 
 peculiarities of the original, not only in alto relievo^ but in 
 glaring separation from that current text, wherein the two 
 languages have done their best to jog on socialiter, on a com- 
 
22 Study of Languages. 
 
 mon line. [If the translation be submitted for correction.^ this 
 should be done, after the example of the late Dr. Tate of Eich- 
 mondjin red ink, which might also, pro re nata, be used in the 
 first instance instead of the blue.] In this way the " com- 
 parative anatomy," as it were, of the two languages, extinct 
 and recent, becomes an unavoidable study ; for the precise 
 limits of agreement and discrepancy must be carefully 
 sought before we put pen to paper. Little idiomatic traits, 
 which are apt to escape the most watchful observer, are 
 actually forced upon the attention, and then impressed 
 upon the memory, by writing them down ; and that in 
 a form peculiarly convenient for revisal, reference, or 
 retranslation, which should be introduced at proper in- 
 tervals of time. I believe no scholar, however matured, 
 could commence this mode of study without soon finding his 
 critical acumen sharpened, and discovering some phenomena 
 which had previously, in passing through a coarser sieve, 
 escaped his notice. 
 
 At the same time the principle is so perfectly simple, 
 and so natural a reply to a child's question about a new 
 language, — "What is the Latin for the?^' "What is the 
 French for shall T &c., that I do not hesitate to recommend 
 it, after trial, even in the very earliest exercises. For 
 examples, see Appendix 
 
 To keep telling children, or teaching them rules, either 
 about the simple absence of the articles in Latin, or their 
 complicated use and omission in French and Grreek, is one 
 of the most hopeless tasks ever undertaken ; whereas the 
 practical recognition of the same facts, in writing the 
 " structural translation," soon renders the said children per- 
 fectly familiar with the main principles ; leaving the rest to 
 be picked up with far less difficulty, (" leviora tolH,^^) as ex- 
 ceptions, often throwing light upon a rule which they already 
 
Study of Languages. 23 
 
 understand, because, (with jprojper assistance,) they arrived 
 at it for themselves, step by step, from facts and reasons. 
 On this and every account it is most desirable that, for 
 the various languages, " first books " should be prepared, 
 exactly corresponding, lesson by lesson, with each other, in all 
 points where the languages themselves coincide ; having 
 separate extra chapters only when absolutely needful, viz., to 
 illustrate the features peculiar to each. The very use of such 
 books in any way, under circumstances ever so disadvanta- 
 geous, would, of itself, work a great Philological reform. At 
 present, the wanton dissimilarity, in plan and terms, between 
 the Grrammars or Exercise books of any two languages, 
 hinders the natural classification of facts, and actually pro- 
 duces a false impression, most inimical to the cause of true 
 scientific scholarship. 
 
 I have used, above, the popular expression, " thinking 
 in French ;" but I doubt much whether it is philosophically 
 accurate. It seems to me that, whenever our thoughts run 
 into language at all, we are doing something more than 
 merely thinking ; viz., translating our thoughts rapidly into 
 English, French, &c.; in fact tacitly talking to ourselves in 
 those languages. 
 
 The intimate and inveterate connexion of words with 
 our thoughts, perhaps renders it, from long habit, very 
 difficult for us to practise thinking without their aid,^ or to 
 detect ourselves when we are doing so ; but I should be 
 thankful for any hint from friends who may think it worth 
 their while to observe such phenomena. 
 
 But it is in unstudied, involuntary mental operations 
 that results are most to be depended on ; and this is a sub- 
 ject on which one is particularly liable to self deception. 
 
 By " thinking in French," " thinking in Grerman," &c., 
 to any purpose, I understand consciously throwing one's 
 * See Whately's Logic. 
 
24 Study of Languages. 
 
 thoughts into a French or Grerman shape, — projecting one's 
 plane English ideas upon the hill and dale of a French or 
 Grerman surface ; — standing, as it were, in a Frenchman's or 
 German's shoes with regard to the expression of such and 
 such a notion. To be able to do so, even to a very limited 
 extent, is a great help towards acquiring their respective 
 languages ; and I quite agree with those who, by the aid of 
 foreign books, teachers, and conversation, endeavour to en- 
 graft this mental habit upon their children. A further, and 
 higher exercise of the same habit is to take a Frenchman's 
 or Grerman's view of a Grreek or Latin sentence ; to realize 
 his conception, and sympathize with his feeling .^ of its pecu- 
 liarities and difficulties. 
 
 To do this last with facility, on all occasions, would 
 imply a real knowledge of the four languages, such as every 
 professed scholar should be taught, in these days,* to aim at. 
 
 * In my time, those who knew a little German, even at College, were 
 considered rather as phenomena \ besides being fair game for an occasional 
 soi disant " Baron." And I am astonished that England has not, even 
 yet, seen the expediency of making French and German a matter of 
 course in Leading Classical Schools 5 instead of leaving them to the few 
 volmiteers who furnish no adequate remuneration for competent Foreign 
 Teachers. The direct benefit of such studies is now (1850) increasingly 
 great, from the extension of British intercourse with foreign countries. 
 But, independent of this, would not general scholarship receive a gi-eat 
 impulse, from the study of additional analogies ? Not, certainly, if 
 each of the five grammars were learnt as a separate science. But the 
 Principals could first enforce, with educated Professors, the rational 
 amount of uniformity for all ; and then consolidate the whole, by ex- 
 press instruction in Universal Grammar. 
 
 If such training as this became general, I believe it not only might 
 bring out, here and there, a latent Grimm or Bopp, now lost to Science 
 — for true Philology is a science — but would certainly raise the tem- 
 perature of our average Scholarship by many degrees. I commend the 
 suggestion strongly to the attention of those who have the power to act 
 upon it. 
 
Study of Languages. 25 
 
 But the mere habit of using, from imitation, a certain set 
 of French or Grerman phrases, as naturally as English, 
 without the process of translation from the latter, though 
 highly valuable as a means to an end — as data to work 
 upon, — rather deserves the name of chatting^ than of think- 
 ing in those languages, unless some intelligent analysis and 
 comparison be superadded. 
 
 As the Classical Museum is no doubt much read by 
 classical Teachers^ some of them may take alarm at a plan 
 which seems to militate against their profession, by pro- 
 claiming, " GrKEEK AND LATIN WITHOUT A MASTER." Now, 
 in the first place, oirep cracpeaTdrr) TrlaTt^, I am myself in 
 the trade. Secondly, I can assure them, that though any 
 one can pursue this method of translation " after a fashion," 
 and with some benefit, yet to do it ivell is the most 
 difiicult task I have ever yet attempted ; a task beset with 
 sifting niceties, stimulating to the tyro, humiliating to the 
 veteran ; above all, eminently requiring correction! 
 TeKfiripiov Be. I have now before me two large packets of 
 such translations arrived by post, blue inked by my pupils, 
 and to be returned red inked by me, with marginal anno- 
 tations. Courage! mes camarades; good machinery gives 
 employment to more hands eventually, in our workshops, 
 as in others. 
 
 I have endeavoured to impress upon my readers, aXkov<; 
 T€ Kal Tov<; ve(07epov<i, that, in studying a language, the grand 
 object should be, not so much learning to talk, write, or 
 read, as learning to think: and I suggested a plan for 
 translating, which should render a little thinking absolutely 
 inevitable, and thus help to cure that pernicious habit of 
 vague rendering which is too often, not merely permitted, 
 but even encouraged, and that too in places "pollicitis 
 meliora." The essentials of this plan are, that the author's 
 
26 Study of Languages. 
 
 meaning should first be secured in 'plain English ; and that, 
 wherever the said plain English deviates from the author's 
 idiom, there, and there only, the closest possible English 
 imitation of that idiom (whether in phrase, mood, tense, or 
 anything else whatever), should be also given above the 
 line, and in blue ink; taking care to underline, by way of 
 vinculum, the corresponding part in the lower line. See 
 Appendix, for samples of such translation ; I cannot say 
 done to my mind, for that is, " qualem nequeo monstrare, 
 et sentio tantum ;" but perhaps calculated to illustrate the 
 method more effectually than the scraps given in the Hints. 
 With regard to the merits of the system, some one may say, 
 "Est istuc quidem aliquid, sed nequaquam in isto sunt 
 omnia." To this I so entirely assent, that, though the 
 method is a pet of mine, yet I would not have it supersede 
 any one of the various kinds of exercise already in use. All I 
 would contend for is, that neither should any of them super- 
 sede it; and, for pupils who have much inaccuracy to 
 unlearn, it ought for a time to form the " staple." It is 
 not a few dips of blue ink that will suffice to counteract 
 years of slovenly rendering ; and I have seen lads and lasses 
 for whom, on our first interview, I should order a quart 
 bottle at once. 
 
 There is a real difficulty in the application of such a 
 minute system as " Comparative Translation " to large 
 classes in Public Schools, namely — the impossibility of cor- 
 recting a great number of such exercises with sufficient 
 accuracy. This, however, is but a part of the general 
 difficulty which, with many advantages, attends that kind 
 of education ; where, in most branches of tuition, an approx- 
 imation to individual attention is all that can, with the 
 best management, be attained. Therefore, as many other 
 great difficulties are, by educational tact and industry, got 
 over at Public Schools, the only question with me is, how 
 
Study of Languages. 27 
 
 to get over this difficulty ; for, if " Comparative Translation" 
 have but one-fifth of the virtue I ascribe to it, it "must be 
 got over, by hook or by crook. Now, in the first place — I 
 would rather have ever so short an exercise, even copied 
 down from dictation, than omit the practice altogether. 
 Secondly — A few lines only of each translation might be 
 " blue inked," leaving the rest avu naturel. (See the Ad- 
 ditional Hints to Pupils.) Thirdly — Some of the best 
 translators in the class might, after having their own exer- 
 cise corrected, be at once doing and getting good, by revising 
 the rest, and "obelizing" faults to guide the master in 
 deducting marks. Fourthly — A class might be subdivided, 
 so that each group of four or five should concoct one exer- 
 cise amongst them, liable to the check of individual 
 questioning. 
 
 I am sure I have not exhausted the methods by which 
 a teacher, as thoroughly convinced as I am of the benefit of 
 these exercises, might contrive to introduce them, even for 
 the largest classes. But, after all, it must be confessed that 
 Comparative Translation can only be fully carried out in 
 private tuition ; and here the above " concocting" method 
 might answer well for a junto of fellow-students, who, after 
 doing their utmost to criticise each other, might send the 
 result of their convergent acumina to a private tutor for the 
 coup de maitre. Lector benevole, ridebis, et licet rideas ; 
 for this outbreak of the "puff indirect," I plead the JUS 
 TRIUM LIBERORUM, which I have long learned to translate 
 " Kail* for three bairns." 
 
 The pupils, when once initiated, should by all means 
 practise occasional versions from Grreek and Latin into 
 French, Grerman, &c., on the same principle, with retrans- 
 lations from these again, as well as from English. By such 
 
 * Est operae pretium duplicis cognoscere juris Naturam. — HoR, 
 
28 Study of Languages. 
 
 means, modern languages may become valuable auxiliaries, 
 instead of being a trivial interruption to the gTaver studies, 
 as is too often the case, solely from an irrational method of 
 studying them. {For Examples, see Appendix,) 
 
 There is another very simple plan by which the philo- 
 sophy of language may be made interesting to the young. 
 Suppose a family, or class, who have all begun French, and 
 one of whom knows a little Grreek and Latin : lay open on 
 a desk a row of Testaments, in the cognate languages, Latin, 
 French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese. Let the " Scholar " 
 translate aloud, verbatim, and in its oiun order, a single 
 verse of the Grreek Testament, bit by bit, whilst the juniors, 
 in turn, check this rough translation by reading each bit 
 after him, from the Authorised Version. This alone is 
 enough to produce an interest, even in very young minds, 
 about the difference in the Grreek idiom, though dressed in 
 English words ; and the strangeness of the rhetorical order, 
 compared with the simple metaphysical order of the Eng- 
 lish ; with judicious remarks and management, I believe it 
 might even facilitate the learning of Grreek by and bye. 
 But more will be done, if the same verse be translated (or 
 even puzzled out ever so lamely, by analogy) in the cognate 
 languages in succession; the business of the juniors then 
 being to listen for words which, perhaps with some modifi- 
 cation, run through all or most of the open books. Let one 
 such word be selected daily for entry in a sheet ruled into 
 columns, as below. The whole occupies fifteen or twenty 
 minutes. If there are Grerman students in the class, open 
 another row of Grerman, Dutch, Swedish, Danish, and Ice- 
 landic Testaments, and use them, on alternate days, in the 
 same way. Of coiu-se, the rows might, according to the 
 piu'suits of the class, consist of any other families of lan- 
 guages, as the Celtic, Slavonic, or Semitic, 
 
Teutonic , 
 
 Komisli... 
 
 Celtic. 
 
 German 
 
 Buteh 
 
 Swedish 
 
 Danish 
 
 Icelandic 
 
 Seele 
 
 Ziele 
 
 Sialan 
 
 Siel 
 
 Sal 
 
 French 
 
 Italian 
 
 Spanish 
 
 Portugese 
 
 Latin 
 
 Juifs 
 
 Griudei 
 
 Judios 
 
 Judeos 
 
 Judaei 
 
 Welsh 
 
 Gaelic 
 
 Erse 
 
 Manx 
 
 Breton 
 
 Nefoedd 
 
 Neamh 
 
 Neamh 
 
 Niau 
 
 Eon 
 
 Study of Languages. 29 
 
 {English 
 Soul 
 
 C English 
 
 \ Jews 
 
 C English 
 
 \ Heaven 
 
 The niimber of languages, however, would only increase 
 the sphere of action. The thing is quite practicable in prin- 
 ciple, and well worth attempting, where nothing is actually 
 learnt but French, which presents with four other languages 
 numerous plain analogies, such as the quick ear of children 
 readily appreciates ; and some, who have not yet begun 
 even French, might listen to the rest with prospective bene- 
 fit. It is a great thing to have the mind early opened to 
 the consideration of LANGUAGE, as such. Nor is the general 
 benefit by any means confined to etymology ; an intelligent 
 teacher may call attention to any of the phenomena of 
 language, as they present themselves ; and thus lay a foun- 
 dation for more rational ideas of grammar afterwards, when 
 it comes to be learnt. I am well aware that some will 
 object to such a practice, as tending to confuse the mind, 
 and prevent a distinct apprehension of any language. I 
 believe such objectors are not aware of the extreme aptitude 
 of the infant mind for language, when presented simply and 
 judiciously, i. 6., in other words, naturally. Professor 
 Newman informs me, that — " At Bagdad, Armenian boys 
 often learn Turkish and Armenian from their childhood in 
 their own families, and superadd Arabic from the commu- 
 nity as they grow up. To know three languages (as Arabic, 
 Turkish, and Persian) is not a very unusual accomplishment: 
 Armenians sometimes know fom-. In Eastern Europe the 
 phenomena are very similar ; Hungarians know Magyar, 
 Grerman, and Slovak," Sucli results spring up, almost in 
 
30 Study of Languages. 
 
 the school of nature, under favorable circumstances, such as 
 no educational system can imitate : but the facts may 
 remove a prejudice against presenting languages to children 
 at an early age ; and observe, in the case above suggested, 
 the great proportion of the languages are not supposed to 
 be learnt at all, but merely glanced at for the purpose of 
 philological comparison. The subject matter being happily 
 familiar — the individual phrases having been carefully dis- 
 sected out from the original — all difficulties removed — some 
 curiosity awakened — nothing exacted from the hearers but 
 attention^ which is all but secured — I am convinced that 
 any number of obviously cognate languages [nay, even dia- 
 lects and patois,* if time served] might be examined with 
 solid benefit to the future grammarians, though now in 
 the embryo or tadpole state. 
 
 Nor do I despair of even more important results still 
 from these little Scripture readings ; such minute attention 
 to the word of Grod in small portions may, if earnestly and 
 seriously carried on, be profitable, with His blessing, in the 
 best and highest sense, both to teacher and learners. Nor 
 can it fail to impress any candid mind with the sterling 
 value of the English authorised version, compared with 
 any other. Such readings, however, should not, on any 
 account, assume the rank of a religious exercise ; they may 
 conspire, but must not usurp. The vernacular is the lan- 
 guage to reach the heart. 
 
 * The patois, or genuine provincial dialects of any language, (exclu- 
 ding artificial "slang"), are by no means to be despised: they very often 
 throw light on Philology, by supplying defective forms, and deciding 
 doubtful analogies. I used to identify the French car with yap, till my 
 friend Mr. Suliot told me he had seen it spelt quar (for quare), as it is 
 also in " La Bible des Pauvres," in the various readings. See Ampere sur 
 I'origine de la Langue Fran9aise ; Gilly's Romamit Version of St. John's 
 Gospel, and various works in the Catalogue de la Linguistique of 
 Th^ophile Barrois, 13, Quai Voltaire, Paris. 
 
Study of Languages. 31 
 
 I believe the rules and specimens given (see Appendix) 
 will serve to explain in general my proposed method of 
 " black and blue " translation for philological purposes. 
 But, as any such illustration is necessarily inadequate, I 
 should be very glad to receive from any working philologer 
 (student or tutor), a sAorHdiomatic passage of prose Grreek, 
 or Latin, &c., translated with minute attention to the five 
 rules, and with ample margin. In this way the " whys " 
 and the " why-nots " which may arise in thinking minds 
 can be answered by correction and comment, more effectually 
 than by any amount of printing, on a subject which, from 
 its natm-e, can only be fully appreciated in the working. 
 In reply to some questions already raised, I will just observe, 
 1st, that it is by no means intended to supersede oral in- 
 struction. On the contrary, the revisal of such a translation 
 with the pupil, is apt to lead to much viva voce comment, 
 and inculcation of principles. It is true, several of my 
 pupils have thought it worth while to receive instruction by 
 correspondence, marginal notes being then used as a substi- 
 tute for the said " viva voce ;" in which way, though less is 
 done in a given time, yet what is done becomes more pre- 
 cise and fixed : " litera scripta manet," whereas oral remarks 
 too often not only penetrate, but actually traverse the cra- 
 nium, " demissa per aures," without leaving a trace of their 
 passage I 2ndly, That this system admits of no deviations, 
 no exception of any cases as " trifling," or " too well known 
 to require repeated notice." Its novelty and supposed value 
 consist in attempting, in addition to a good translation, to 
 exhibit, visibly and intelligibly, every existing difference 
 between the two language. It requires the pupil, instead 
 of omitting familiar facts, and only noticing fresh cases, to 
 shew, in black and white, and blue, all the phenomena he 
 can possibly detect ; and, therefore, it ascribes, in fierce red 
 
32 Study of Languages. 
 
 ink, the smallest omission either to ignorance or careless- 
 ness. As the tyro advances, he ought, instead of relaxing, 
 to prove his advancement by greater attention to minutiae ; 
 and the premium should always be on increased accuracy. 
 Let all sorts of other exercises be used, each for its own 
 effect ; but let me have this rigidly followed out, as the 
 proper instrument for inducing philological research — the 
 '^ Natur-forschung^^ of language — and I will venture to say, 
 the result will not disappoint on the ^vhole, though I will 
 not stop to prove a separate cui bono for each instance 
 of hyphen or bracket. It is the habit of unremitting, 
 invariable watchfulness that is valuable, as a means to an 
 end ; that end being not to obtain " toties quoties,''^ some 
 fresh information, nor merely to learn the respective idioms 
 of Grreek, Latin, French, &c., but by a sifting observation, 
 of the facts of each in turn and inter se, to establish an 
 extensive and growing INDUCTION, through which the learner 
 shall arrive, by his or her own discoveries, at the laws — 
 logical, etymological, grammatical, metaphysical, &c., — 
 which would constitute, when attained, the true philosophy of 
 langTiage : — " Enfin, on nomme ' Grrammaire comparee' la 
 science qui enseigne a comparer la structure de la phrase 
 dans une langne avec la structm*e de la phrase dans une 
 autre langue. La grammaire comparee pent enseigner ainsi, 
 non seulment une langue inconnue au moyen d'une langue 
 connue, mais encore a comparer les formes de deux ou 
 plusieurs langues, et a tirer de cette comparaison des in- 
 ductions utiles au jprogrk des connaisances humaines.^^ 
 [Grammaire Fran^ais Expliquee au moyen de la langue 
 Provengale. Marseille, 1826, page 2 ; in many respects a 
 very sensible book.] 
 
 The very object in view, therefore, excludes any wilful 
 omission. A translation from Latin, not bracketing (" a ") 
 
Study of Languages, 33 
 
 and (" the "), or not hyphening " I-have-loved," (— amavi) 
 would be directly opjposed to the system above recommend- 
 ed. Equally so, a translation from French, hyphening " I 
 have loved" (=:j'ai aime) or not "looping" the article in 
 ■^ virtue," (from la vertu). In each case, there would be 
 a virtue denial of certain facts in the respective languages. 
 They may be called small facts ; but the presence or absence 
 of articles and auxiliaries are points of some interest, and 
 the student will one day be glad to have had them forced 
 upon his microscopic attention. " Small facts " often mean 
 nothing less than those important facts which are most apt 
 to escape notice ; and the old proverb, " take care of the 
 pence, and the pounds will take care of themselves," may be 
 applied here, mutatis mutandis, with great truth. Without 
 introducing vjilful omission, be sure that abundant difficul- 
 ties will arise "in the working," to compel omissions, malgre 
 nous ; and here the mind is set to work, to overcome, to 
 escape, to approximate, &c. Such " cruces " are the very 
 mines of our philological traffic, and they are happily of 
 frequent occurrence ; whilst the trifles and small facts serve 
 to " keep one's hand in," and one's eyes open, during the 
 intervals. Once admit the omission of " simple cases," and 
 the language will grow in simplicity to a wonderful extent, 
 tyrone judice, till nothing will be deemed worthy of notice, 
 but such passages as have puzzled him or her to make out. 
 Now, these may be extremely barren in philological interest, 
 whilst a little question about attribute or predicate, which 
 to them presented no difficulty, [sure it "made sense'''' either 
 way !] may involve an important law of language. No, my 
 young friends, our motto must be " no surrender," if we 
 are ever to make philologers of you at all ; consider every 
 point worth recognizing, if it be a fact^ and you will soon 
 find that whilst all your difficulties become easier, some of 
 
34 Study of Languages. 
 
 your facilities will become more difficult. What used, in the 
 good old times, to go down once for all in the form of a 
 holus, will now be retained for repeated discussion and 
 agitation, — " The gargle as before," — each time as it occurs. 
 It might be supposed that great sameness results from tying 
 down all pupils to the same dry inexorable rules. On the 
 contrary, it is most amusing to observe how each young mind 
 cuts out, in spite of this* Logierian phrenoplast, its own 
 way of doing the same thing. One will lean to etymology^ 
 
 "co-fighters" " to- wave-off " 
 
 and call ^v/jUfia'^oi allies, abundare to abound, and so forth. 
 Another is a great stickler for order, and must needs make 
 his blue ink versions ultra-barbarous, by placing the words 
 exactly as they stand in the original ; he therefore renders 
 
 ' ' will-become 
 
 yevTjcrerac Se v/jllv Trecdofievoif; koXtj rj ^vvTV')(^La — " But the 
 
 but to-you being persuaded fall the coincidence 
 
 coincidence will turn out favourable to you if you comply." 
 One affects the metaphysical order, at a sacrifice of native 
 force. Another struggles to retain the rhetorical order, till he 
 becomes un-English, f No fear of sameness, where human 
 minds are really set to work (wliich is bond fide the case in 
 a " black and blue " translation,) — " mille adde catenas, 
 "Eifugiet tamen haec sceleratus vincula Proteus :" [ne dicam, 
 "Fietaper."] 
 
 Ex KE FABELLA. 
 
 This reminds me of the ingenious efforts I witnessed 
 when a boy, on the part of two very refractory young point- 
 ers, their object being to carry with them, hi <y€ tq) Tpoiro), 
 
 * Logier invented the cheiroplast, a frame for keeping the fingers in 
 the right posture, 7:>er/orce, in learning the piano-forte. 
 
 t These several tendencies should not on any account be checked at 
 the outset, hut rather encouraged to the full, and modified by degrees. 
 
Study of Languages. 35 
 
 through the "sata Iseta boumque labores," a most for- 
 midable species of clog, contrived on purpose to keep them 
 from rambling. Bid it, though? w Tv^irava koI KV(f)Q)V6<;, ovk 
 aprj^ere ; on the contrary, after a few self-taught lessons in 
 clog-driving^ behold "Eumbo" and "Major" trundling 
 their impedimenta right merrily through every thing (not 
 excepting standing beans) avrola-L TvybTTavoicri /cal Kixjxoai, ! 
 The Moral. — "What then, Patres conscripti ? shall naugh- 
 ty little quadruped bow-wows * * * in a bad cause too 
 * * * ? and shall not good big biped Bou-TratSe? in a 
 good cause * * * v " — cseteraque gravissime. [Cicero, 
 all over.'] 
 
 On PHILOLOOICAL CONSTEUINa. 
 
 Having alluded to "loose construing" as one of the pests 
 of education, (" tum varioi illudent pestes,") I wish to enter 
 a little more particularly into the subject, as a t'er^/ import- 
 ant one. Some are content with pupils giving the general 
 drift of the author, without any regard to the words 
 employed. To make them do this now and then, and do it 
 jprojperly^ is a very good practice; but to break off the 
 ready-made trick, the ordinary conjectural mode, would be 
 a boon to both tutor and pupil. I remember at school — I 
 mean the school — Shrewsbury School — he-grudging the 
 trouble which Dr. Butler always inflicted on us, of separa- 
 ting the poor little enclitic " que," from its more powerful 
 friend. We would fain have said " Arma, arms, viriunque, 
 and the man." But that very best of teachers would 
 insist upon "Arma, arms, que and, virum, the man." 
 It did not occur to "us lads," (though "hoc caverat 
 mens provida Eeguli,") that, as we were turning Latin 
 into English, it behoved us, Is^ — to bring the "and" 
 
|6 Study of Languages. 
 
 into its English and logical place ; 2c?, to shew up John Bull 
 for not having a spare enclitic conjunction ="and;" Zdly.^ 
 to mark the distinction between this " que " and the other 
 ^separable "que," of quisque, uterque, &c., a fruitful 
 source of puerile blunders, as some of us remember to our 
 cost"^ I mention this, to illustrate the importance of pick- 
 ing and sorting individual words ; the smaller and more 
 insignificant the better, to establish a principle. As a 
 general rule, all conjunctions should be taken alone. They 
 are links: not, however, like the links of a chain, where all 
 play the same part, but as distinct from that which they 
 connect as pins are from the papers or ribbands which they 
 fasten together ; and they should be taken out, like pins, to 
 acknowledge their distinctness. So should interjections, for 
 the same logical reason. (See Latham's First Outlines of 
 Logic, pp. 4, 21, 22, 30.) On the contrary, prepositions 
 should not, without special reason, be detached from their 
 nouns, with which they form the equivalent of a single word, 
 — in fact, a " case" of the noun. " Caio" = " to-Caius" is, 
 mentally, no more a single word then " ad Caium " = " to 
 Caius." Adjectives, one or more, when performing the 
 function of mere attributes or epithets, should accompany 
 the noun; as "Roma ferox, fierce Rome," '' 7roSdpKTj<i Blo<i ' 
 AxOCKev^, the swift god-like Achilles." But, when they 
 appear in the more marked form of predicate, then they 
 should be as carefully separated from their nouns. Fancy 
 construing "candidum Soracte" — "the white Soracte!" — Hor. 
 Od. 1, 9. Or "matremarmatam" — "the armed mother" — 
 Virg. ^n. iv. 472. 
 
 The union or disunion of adverbs and verbs should also 
 be regulated by similar considerations — by an appeal "ad 
 
 * Salopian Reader, didst ever get turned down with the lesson 
 " in Greek and English ?" If so, thou wilt duly appreciate the word 
 "cost/'h.l. 
 
Study of Languages. 37 
 
 synesim," not by rule. " Ad bene vivendum," go very well 
 en masse. But in Hor. Sat. I. 4 1 3, 1 should take the trouble 
 of saying, " scribendi, of writing, recte, properly ;" because 
 scribendi is repeated from the preceding verse, and then 
 qualified by a very emphatic word " recte," worthy of being 
 isolated. All vocatives, from their parenthetic nature, 
 should be eliminated, like interjections. 
 
 In this way, a "phrase," which has no true English 
 meaning but as an assemblage of various parts of speech, 
 becomes, by its escape from the customary dissection, quite 
 a striking phenomenon: a mind trained to impatience of 
 wholesale rendering, is thus led to examine why such and 
 such assemblages acquired their respective meanings; and 
 facts, great and " small," are rescued, which would escape 
 notice if grouping were the rule, instead of the exception. 
 To a slovenly construer, eveiy parcel of words is equally a 
 " phrase," equally mysterious and inviolable ; their separ- 
 ation, murder ! Now I would have accurate construing, 
 (from motives, varying pro re nata), made the constant 
 recognition, and therefore the constant practice and corro- 
 boration, of innate philosophical principles, a teneris un- 
 guibus. For I have learnt that careless construing operates, 
 most effectually, to the ignoring and confounding such 
 principles, till at last the mind becomes hardened against 
 their reception by the pernicious habit of " taking," (and 
 therefore considering) words in promiscuous bunches, as if 
 they had so much meaning per dozen, instead of acting 
 upon the fact, that " the parts of speech are determined by 
 the structure of propositions, and a word is a noun, a con- 
 junction, or a verb, according to either the place it takes in 
 a proposition, or the relation it bears to one " (Latham, ibid, 
 p. 2.) By following up, in good scientific earnest, such a 
 process as " construing" used to be, one may hope to eluci- 
 
38 Study of Languages. 
 
 date gradually the limits of the normal and the aberrant of 
 language, and to deduce its pathology from its physiology, 
 and vice versa. But I am often grieved by hearing even 
 decent scholars lumping their words in a way that "we 
 lads " should have smarted for, had we dared to take such 
 liberties even in a " Grreek and English " imposition. The 
 natural consequence of such a practice must be, that many 
 who pass for proficients in Grreek and Latin (learnt pei' se 
 et propter se,) are so little improved as rational beings, that 
 practical thinking men, who fall in with such " young col- 
 legers," naturally question the utility of those dead lan- 
 guages. " They would never trouble their heads with such 
 stuff." Nor, in fact, did the said " collegers." It was never 
 an intellectual process at all with them. Their teachers 
 inculcated ; they devoured ; and the result was — a farrago. 
 ( Vide all three words in an old Ainsworth : inculco, devoro, 
 farrago. 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS of the METHOD of COMPARATIVE 
 TRANSLATION. 
 
 With regard to the Modern Languages, as I am not 
 acquainted, even tolerably, with any but Welsh, French, 
 and Grerman, I beg indulgence for the sentences I have, 
 with the help of Testaments and Dictionaries, adapted 
 to tlie method, to demonstrate its universal applicability. 
 I make no apology for introducing specimens of my 
 native language, an auriferous vein of Celtic, which I only 
 lament that I, in common with most of my countrymen, 
 have worked sadly too little ; whilst I condole with those 
 English Linguists who, despising such a rich living mine 
 close at hand, almost always " go farther and fare worse," 
 in search of philological treasures. So do I condole 
 
Study of Lattguages. 89 
 
 with the Florist, who is too fond of Dahlias and Pelargoni- 
 ums to have an eye for our own " Alaw wen " * and " Ffa 
 corsydd." f And so perhaps some literal miners, who have 
 exchanged Dolgelle for California, may now be singing "mae'r 
 enaid yn Meirionydd," and wishing they had hammered on 
 contentedly, "ym mherfedd gwlad Grwynedd gwyllt." 
 The few non-native scholars who have studied Welsh at all — 
 I may instance the present Bishops of LlandafF and St. 
 David's, Eev. Joseph Baylee, Mr. Bruce Knight, Lady 
 Gruest, Professor Newman, and the late excellent Dr. 
 Pritchard — have at least seen enough to be astonished at 
 the general indifference of the Natives to facts so truly 
 interesting, Kat rjv eirixtfipia ac^laiv y. Query, whether even 
 the approaching Ehuddlan Eisteddfod holds out any en- 
 couragement to critical research into the peculiarities of our 
 mother-tongue ? (1850) 
 
 To have exhibited the different coloured inks would have 
 been very difficult, with a great addition to the expense ; 
 also, the 'printing of Comparative Translation in any way 
 being extremely troublesome, and even when most success- 
 ful, very unlike the life, I have on every account reserved 
 the principal illustrations for an Appendix, in the form of 
 autograph, by the aid of transfer paper. As to . style, the 
 exercises are just such as plodding Tyros might be expected 
 to perpetrate for themselves, and the notation is, in its 
 details, (some of which are proposed below), avowedly pro- 
 visional. My first efforts at reform were still nioi^e clumsy ; 
 I have kept " blundering on," gladly adopting the inventions 
 of my pupils, and holding out {now, as much as ever) " Si 
 quid novisti rectius." Some of the devices serve merely, ob 
 differentiam, to distinguish one word, or form of word, from 
 another, though the meaning be not sensibly affected ; not 
 * Water Lily, Isymphcea alba. t Bogbean, Menyanthes trifoliata. 
 
40 Study of Languages, 
 
 without a hope that the watchfulness thus induced may now 
 
 and then detect unsuspected shades of difference : 6. g, 
 
 between the two Aorists. The delicacy and obscurity of 
 
 many other questions about tense and mood, render it 
 
 desirable to adapt the notation to that subject with especial 
 
 precision : and our present inability to represent adequately 
 
 some of these verbal relations shews the importance of 
 
 noticing and recording facts. The research and thought 
 
 brought to bear upon such " open questions " are amongst 
 
 the benefits which Comparative Translation is intended to 
 
 promote ; and the discussion of a point which seems, as to 
 
 the meaning of the particular sentence, the idlest in the 
 
 world, may be lending a little help to settle an important 
 
 general principle. 
 
 " Agamus igitur pingiii Minerva ; " and, for the jpresent, 
 
 let 
 
 vocari = to-be-called. 7 i i . ^ 
 
 . - . , ^^ . V ob diiierentiam. 
 
 vocandus = having -to-hQ-c'ai\Q&. ) 
 
 This accords with one English use of the verb Have, in 
 both voices ; " I have to call " =^ vocandum est mihi ; and 
 " I have to be called " = vocandus sum. Also, with the 
 Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese tenses — Ho da scrivere, I 
 have to write. Havia de cantar, I had to sing. 
 
 Let T€TV(j)(o^ = having- stricken; rv^^a^ =■• -^having- 
 stricken ; tvttcov =^ ^having-striken ; TVT7TOfjb€vo<i = being- 
 stricken; 7V(f>d€c<;= ^stricken ; TV7rec<;= ^stricken; Terv/jufjuevof; 
 = having-been-stricken. 
 
 There are cases where the bracket and hyphen may be joint- 
 ly used : thus, let honores = (civic) -honors ; inimicus = a 
 (personal) -enemy ; because, whilst the adjective in each 
 forms no essential part of the noun's meaning, it is habit- 
 ually implied. But homunculi = little-men, without 
 brackets ; Let Amas == (thou)-lovest ; since amas by 
 
Study of Languages, 41 
 
 termination, denotes the 2nd person singular, yet does not 
 
 tbo'i- 
 
 actually employ tu = thou. Let Tu amas = thou-lovest, 
 to recognise both the emphasis, and what Dr. Latham calls 
 " excess of expression." {Outlines of Logic, p. 32.) Com- 
 pare Moi, J'aime. Toi, tu aimes, &c. 
 
 The " signs of cases " form a difficult and instructive 
 subject for consideration. Perhaps, Mr. Hamilton's method 
 of selecting one typical preposition for each is the best : but 
 of course, " looping " it up, whenever it is pleonastic, and 
 always employing the hyphen. 
 
 If the above provisional postulates serve to set any young 
 Philologers a-thinking, enough has been said to introduce 
 
 THE APPENDIX. 
 
 Examples of Comparative Translation, applied to 
 "the very earliest exercises." 
 
 N.JS. — Some niceties are purposely omitted. 
 
 V of the 
 
 French. La vertu = Virtue. De la salade = Some 
 
 of.the 
 
 salad. Manger du fromage = To-eat cheese. Un homme 
 
 one * 
 
 credule = A credulous man. Pleasure = (Le) plaisir. I 
 
 ]e stiig 'a'* 
 
 am cold = J'ai froid. A solid genus = Un genie solide. 
 
 3 1 
 
 J'aurai = I shall-have. 
 
 * French, like other modem languages, supplies the want of a real 
 Indefinite Article by the first numeral, " un, une." 
 
42 Study of Languages. 
 
 Latin. Balbus murum sedificat =: B. is-building (a) wall. 
 
 Puer vulpem non timet = (The) boy does^ not ^fear (a) fox. 
 
 the a 
 
 ^— ^ V — ' erat sedificans 
 
 The boy was building a house = Puer domum sedificabat. 
 
 ego 
 
 V — y videre vos 
 
 I came to see you = Veni ut viderem te. Dixeram 
 = (I)-had-said. 
 
 GrREEK. BXcLirrovaL ere = (They)-are-injuring thee. 
 
 the 
 
 ^exrye t7)v ahcKLav = Avoid injustice. We are yielding to 
 
 force = EIko/juep (rif) ^ca. Pursue both justice and virtue 
 
 = Al(i)K6 Kui {ttjv) SIktjv kcll {t7]v) ap€T7}v. He will hurt 
 
 thee = BXayjreo ere. Tv(^6ri<T6fjb€vo<; = about-to-be-beaten. 
 * In Modern Greek ^eAw Suaei = I will give = Ich werde geben. 
 
 G-ERMAN WITH Feench. (Ahn's exercises.) 1st der 
 Yater krank ? = Le pere est (il) malade ? Ich habe mein 
 
 2 i 
 
 Buch verloren = J'ai perdu mon livre. Get enfant est il 
 
 ~2~ 1 
 
 er 
 
 ton frere ? = 1st dieses Kind dein bruder ? Beaucoup d' 
 
 von 
 
 argent = viel geld. 
 
 In these examples, I have introduced some of the phenomena res- 
 pecting the two articles, the auxiliaries, interrogatives, &c., which are 
 particularly strikuig to children. 
 
Study of Languages. 45 
 
 Longer Samples of Comparative Translation. 
 
 Cicero Be Oratore I, 1. 
 
 -in-number to-me cogitating 
 
 Oftentimes when I am in deep thought and 
 
 reseeking ia-memory 
 
 recollecting old (affairs), those (men), Brother Q., are wont 
 
 to have been , , , , ^ 
 
 ■v ^ through-blessed best 
 
 to-appear very happy- "favorid } who in (a ) first rat e republic 
 
 when they-might-flourish and 
 
 (like ours), have-been-able, whilst flourishing both in- 
 
 things carried-on 
 
 (civic) -honors, and in^ (the) ^renown of^ (their) • ^exploits, 
 
 to- 
 hold that mlght-be-able v_^ or 
 
 to-maintain such (a) course of-life, that they could live either 
 
 an- leisure in 
 
 in business without danger, or at leisure with dignity. 
 
 + has been was-deeming 
 
 And (there) was (a) time when I used-to-think (that) 
 
 to-me bearing-again 
 
 to myself also (a) beginning of-rest, and of-recalling (my) 
 
 mind of-both of-us clear to-be-about-to-be 
 
 attention to my own and your noble pursuits, would be 
 
 Just nigh if unended 
 
 due and conceded by almost all, whenever (the) endless 
 
 * going about 
 
 labor of-forensic affairs, and (the) occupation of-canvassing, 
 
 -have-stood-together running-down 
 
 *'\^^^^£^r'} might- cease, from^ (the) ^completion of 
 
 , from 
 
 also -v — • bend age 
 
 (my) /civic)-honors, as well as (the) decline of-life. 
 
 + Latin lias no Aorist/orw. 
 
44 Study of Languages. 
 
 Thucydides 7. 1. 
 
 jithenian -with = together 
 
 Thucydides of Athens wrote-an-account-of the war 
 between the ^Peloponnesians and Athenians, (describing) 
 
 as to other-others havlng-begiin 
 
 how they- warred against each other; beginning (the nar- 
 
 straight being-set-down having-hoped 
 
 rative) as soon as (it) was-set-on-foot, and expecting (that it) 
 
 to-be-about-to-be and most-word-worthy 
 
 would be both great, and more worthy of mention 
 
 of-the before-having-become 
 
 than all preceding (wars) ; conjecturing (thus) because both 
 
 = culminating t * same -the all 
 
 (parties) were-at-their-height for this war in-their whole 
 
 preparation other Grecian (?) being-set-t 'gether to 
 
 equipment ; and seeing the rest of Grreece siding with one- 
 
 the straight the and 
 
 or-other, some indeed immediately, but others also inten- 
 
 __ ^ 
 
 became greatest 
 
 ding (to do so). For this movement proved (a) very serious 
 (one) indeed to-the Grreeks and to -some part of-the Bar- 
 
 barians, and one may say also to ( the ) most ( part ) 
 
 ■men * same 
 
 of-mankind, for the (events) (immediately) -before them, and 
 
 the yet was impossibles to-have-found 
 
 those still more-ancient were not to be discovered, clearly 
 
 indeed multitude 
 
 at least, through length of-time. 
 
 * 6 ouTos = the same. 
 
 Enp of thf. Pamphlet of 1850. 
 
Study of Languages. 45 
 
 * HELPS TO PARSING, &c. 
 
 The object of the Table (p. 46) is not to dispense with 
 syntax rules, but to refer as many of them as possible to a few 
 leading principles. The instances that will not fall in, 
 [as DiGNUS, FuNGOK, &c.,] for that very reason claim extra 
 attention and thought ; especially in writing exercises. 
 
 The 3rd Concord may, by Caesar's hint [Diem dicunt, 
 quo die, &c.], be dispensed with in parsing : not in Exer- 
 cises, where the pattern " Ego qui amo, Tu qui amas, lUe 
 qui ama^, &c., is useful. 
 
 A participle must be parsed twice : 1st, as a Veeb in 
 the "Participial Mood," (Allen and Cornwell,) a mood 
 which admits a subject in any of the cases : 2ndly, as an 
 Adjective, by the 2nd Concord. An adjective may be 
 treated as follows, to save time. '' Ingenuas ; Fem. PI. 
 with artes (which is) accusative, after the Transitive Didi- 
 cisse,''^ as object. To parse artes again, after this, would 
 be a proof of inattention. " Artes ; from ars, artis," is 
 enough. (These examples are from the Eton Grammar, 
 
 Such answers as " Dative of Advantage " — " Ablative of 
 the instrument," &c. are too vague. 
 
 " Magistro is Dative, because giving the hook is an ad- 
 vantage to the Master.''^ " Jaculis is Ablative, because darts 
 are instruments of defence f^ and so forth. — These last 
 answers substitute research for guessing. In each Lesson, 
 a few well chosen words, with Deri v. and Key-words, may 
 be parsed in writing, and a few more viva voce, in fully 
 according to the " Samples " in p. 47, and without any ques- 
 tions from the Master ; who can, afterwards, demand precise 
 answers on any points requiring further notice. 
 
 N. B. — ''Perfect Infinitive Active'''' is not the precise 
 answer to "What Mood " is didicisse ? 
 
 Qii. Why not treat the Grreek Datives ttovtq), Movcrac<;, 
 &c. as Dative OR Ablative, pro re nata? [just like ponto, 
 Musis, &c., in Latin.] 
 
 * These 3 "Helps" are printed separately; for insertion, as fly- 
 sheets, in any Grammar. 
 
46 
 
 Study of Languages. 
 
 
 ts 
 
 ■^-s 
 
 Sg S ^ «) ^ fe: 
 
 c3 
 ^ H M HH O 
 
 ° M 2 2 "» ?§ 
 s « c g el ^ 
 
 ^ Q ^ ;?; ^ - 
 
 eq 
 
 H 
 
 X 
 < 
 
 O 
 
 • o 
 
 It 
 
 o ". 
 
 -J 
 
 
 
 S i S 
 
 a -< t^ 
 
 
 
 -^^ 
 
 \^ 
 
 •* -S 'S "^ bo Ph ^ fl 
 
 ° S ^ « g 
 
 
 « fe 2 ^ 
 
 cii ^ « ^ o 
 
 ^ S « 
 
 O ^ H t^ 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 £ 03 
 
 Ph oq 
 
 M CD 
 
 p-l 
 
 o •- 
 
 s § 
 
 02 c6 
 
 « P5 
 
 H H 
 
 ^ 
 
 § fl 
 § ^ 
 
 ^"1 
 '^^l 
 
 ►? I 
 
 O - 
 
 o -^ 
 a ^ 
 
 O 02 
 
 O -M 
 03 O 
 
 
 11 
 
 O _Q 
 
 5^ V 
 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 H 
 <1 
 
 S o 
 
 ^ o 
 
 o •'- 
 1^ O 
 
 4 
 
 o bo 
 
 fll 8 
 
 II 
 
 ^2 
 
 ^ i—i 
 
f-i <v 
 
 
 
 
 '^ S 
 
 CJ 
 
 
 
 Si 5^ 
 
 ar« 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 il 
 
 ^1^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 O) 
 
 
 rh 
 
 
 • p^ 
 
 a t. 
 
 
 
 
 
 H^ 
 
 
 t^ Oi 
 
 
 
 
 
 kH 
 
 1 
 
 
 g-^ 
 
 < 
 
 o 
 
 1 
 
 4) 
 
 i 
 
 ti< 
 
 ho 
 
 ^•s 
 
 ..-S 
 
 p 
 
 1 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 < 
 
 «2 
 
 io «d 
 
 II 
 
 d 
 
 P^ CO 
 
 II 
 
 o ^ 
 
 r^ O 
 
 <M 
 
 is 
 
 -So 
 
 OS d 
 
 
 ^ ^ 
 
 
 So flO 
 
 P^ft^ 
 
 II 
 
 Pi 
 
 o) ^ O -<q 
 tHOQO 
 
 
 
 pq 
 
 02 
 
 -1I 
 
 to 
 .S 
 
 I 
 
 
 -a a" $> 
 
 ti 
 
 M 
 
 ■s sf^: 
 
 |3 
 
 ^ CD 
 
 11 
 
 ■|t 
 
 t va;-| 
 
 ?3 
 
 1 :§ b;^^ 
 
 1 IP 
 
 R former Noun 
 *' Peritus." 
 se his being " 
 ntage to his Cc 
 ing with Nom 
 
 .^1 
 
 
 1 
 
 ^a|^| 
 
 
 <1 
 
 <j pq <j^ 
 
 «!<!! 
 
 bi) . bo fciO 
 
 fl pi; g .S 
 
 o3 
 
 bCbO 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 'i 
 
 
 fH O 
 
 
 
 Pi 
 
 > r- 
 
 — ^ r— 
 
 — r— - 
 
 — >-^< 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 " 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 
 ■? 
 
 1 
 
 \ i 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 P5 
 
 5 ^ 
 
 
48 Study of Languages. 
 
 HELPS TO " CONSTEUING." 
 [which might rather be called translocation.] 
 From the very first, in declining Nouns, call Musa 
 "song," "a song," '-'tine song," hy turns; or, for practice, 
 all 3 at once. DistingTiish the Nom. and Ace. thus: — 
 " Nom. lapis, a stone, subject ;" " Ace. lapidem, a stone, 
 object,''^ When you join Hie. hsec, hoc, with a noun, give 
 it its true meaning ; — as, " Hie lapis, this stone ;" and now 
 and then try " Rle lapis, that stone ;" " Qui lapis, which 
 stone ;" and so on, all through. 
 
 Indulge, at times, every case of every Adjective with 
 3 terminations, though they ^ felicem, felicem, felix. 
 may be exactly alike, e.g. J felicibus, felicibus, felicibus. 
 But also, take care to be able to say them, and every thing 
 else, in all the ways in which they ever have been said 
 (at least); adding, in Grreek, "Abl rrj Tifiy, with the 
 honour," after the Vocative. Decline Amavi twice over; 
 1st, as "I have loved," (Perfect ;) 2nd, "I loved or did love," 
 (Aorist.) Avoid "cari" and '' couW as signs of Tenses, and 
 consider " Possum amare " as the truest Potential of Amo. 
 Say the Subjunctive, with conjunctions ut, ne, si, &c., and 
 Amarem and Amavissem also separately, as a Conditional 
 Mood. When you come to make out sentences, the order 
 is the first difficulty. Look at this Syntax Table thought- 
 fully^ and you will find it also a Construing as well as Par- 
 sing Table ;— for the words before and after will set you 
 right in "taking" so many of the words, that the rest can 
 hardly choose but fall into their places of themselves. Then, 
 as to grouping: begin with taking every word by itself, 
 and never join two without knowing why. You will soon 
 see that a preposition, with its noun, is no more than 
 a case ; for — 
 
Study of Languages. 49 
 
 e. ^. : Ad Caium, ) ^ ., . Per timorem, ) , . 
 
 ^ ^ 'V to Cams, ^. ' V through fear; 
 
 Caio, J Timore, j 
 
 so that you may safely j oin them. Next, the epithet-adj ective 
 
 is a plant too feeble to stand alone for a moment, [the *''Enw 
 
 gwan,'^ of Welsh grammar,] and must needs cling, like a 
 
 tendril, to its Noun; thus. Bonus puer, a good boy. So 
 
 the adverb to the Verb, — Bene scribere, to write well. 
 
 But sometimes the Adjective tells us news (Predicate), and 
 
 deserves to be taken separately. Puer, the boy — est, is — 
 
 bonus, good. And the Adverb now and then is too weighty 
 
 to be merged with its great partner. See also above, 
 
 " Soracte," &C. * (= weak rwun.J 
 
 A Pronoun Subject, with its auxiliaries and Participle, 
 forming a " Compound Tense ;" as, " J* aurais eu," " Ich 
 wiirde gehabt haben," being equivalent to the single word 
 habuissem, may be grouped, for that reason, (compare the 
 case of Preposition with Noun). So may, perhaps, any 
 number of words, when they either represent a single one 
 in the other language, or constitute an actual " Phrase" 
 
 The less obvious cases, and " open questions," will, to 
 the very last, form an instructive exercise of judgment and 
 taste. But, for your Conjunction, you will never find a 
 suitable partner : he is a confirmed old bachelor. It is true 
 that Que and its word are great friends in Latin : but that 
 is no rule for John Bull, — " Nolumus leges Anglise mutari." 
 Besides, the m-separable que of quisque, plerumque, &c., 
 requires a contrast. Therefore, say, "Arma, arms — que, 
 and — virum, the Man;" as we lads did on the banks of 
 Sabrina. — " kul 'yevol av 6v KaKo<;.^^ 
 
 HELPS TO COMPOSITION. 
 
 (Especially Latin.) 
 
 The Verb, that ponderous element, naturally finds its 
 way, by specific gravity, to the very bottom of the sen- 
 
 7 
 
5o Study of Languages. 
 
 tence or clause. On the same principle, so to speak, the 
 governing words are generally found below the governed. 
 This goes a good way towards arranging the general 
 framework of an average sentence. But — carefully ob- 
 serve and study, in the best prose writers, the local value 
 of words, and the laws of Emphasis, — the best key to most 
 glaring Exceptions. The place of negatives, as non, ovk, 
 ovSe, ne — quidem, &c.; and of et, koI, quoque, &c. [com- 
 pared with ne pas, nicht, meme, auch, &c.] will furnish 
 good illustrations of "local value." Eelative clauses [in 
 G-reek very often replaced by the Article and Participle, 
 6 7rca7€V(ov] are generally quasi-parenthetic. As in words, so 
 in sentences, Euphony has its claims, and induces aberrant 
 order within certain limits, the settlement of which is the 
 province of discrimination and an educated Ear, And, in 
 versification, the question of Sound versus Sense is still 
 more extensive and refined. See p. 55. 
 
 For the detail, in prose and verse, vide omnino virum 
 desideratissimum. — T. K. Aenold. 
 
 End of the Helps. 
 
 lanouaoes and lanouage. 
 
 Some people seem to study Languages, one after the other, 
 and yet never to acquire or even seek any knowledge of 
 Language, — its nature, history, laws, changes, constitution, 
 diseases, accidents, &c., any of which might afford subject 
 of consideration and research for one's life long; even as 
 others make the acquaintance of a host of individuals in 
 the vegetable world, without any definite idea of the real 
 nature of a plant as such, its structure, functions, or pur- 
 pose in the economy of nature. This, however, is the more 
 inexcusable in the instance first mentioned, inasmuch as the 
 subject-matter is perpetually, not only in our hands but 
 
Study of Languages. 51 
 
 even in our very mouths ; which, in botanical specimens, is 
 only the case with that limited class wliich are either car- 
 ried about as ornaments (des bouquets), or dressed in and 
 for another sense (des legumes). Words are not only for 
 ever passing the ivory and coral barriers of the "human 
 face divine," e/j/co9 ohovTwv, but gentlemen, and even fayre 
 ladyes, are sometimes forced to eat them ! Then the most 
 unreflecting amongst us are occasionally induced to become 
 ruminants; a process which, if it includes the act of rea- 
 soning, can not, in the judgment of the late logician, 
 Archbishop Whately, be carried on without the instru- 
 mentality of winged words — irrea irrepoevTa. They con- 
 stitute a currency : we coin them, and if passable they pass. 
 And yet, though we use and abuse them, either aloud or 
 tacitly, in more ways than I have time to think, much less 
 to write of, yet there are many who never bestowed a 
 thought on them, but became proficients in their own and 
 one or two other languages without being able to give any 
 distinct account what language is in itself, — how it differs 
 from a tune on the bag-pipes, the bellowing of a bull, or the 
 eternal clack of a mill, each of which have their analogues 
 in human speech. Now, to pass over a host of deeply in- 
 teresting particulars in the Philosophy of Language, one 
 important purpose in studying other tongues besides our 
 own, is that of gleaning from the materials thus presented to 
 us those excellencies which help to frame a beau ideal of a 
 language more perfect that any of the existing ones, and 
 out of which any of them might help themselves with 
 benefit, till it may please Grod to remove the Babel difficulty, 
 and make the earth once more of one speech — a monogiot 
 world.* It is disheartening to a teacher who knows the 
 
 * Query — Do the pious followers of Mr. D. H. hope to get rid of all 
 languages, and substitute their /ar more convenient and precise raps ? 
 " Di meliora piis ! " 
 
$2 Study of Languages. 
 
 value of Comparative Philology, to find how little encour- 
 agement is given to tuition that aims at any thing beyond 
 the utilitarian acquisition of words and phrases. I strongly 
 suspect that if Max Miiller himself were a family tutor, and 
 the children told their Papa that he was teaching them 
 language instead of languages, he would in most cases be 
 dismissed: on le chasserait sm* le champ! Now, if the 
 judgment is worth cultivating, I think one very strong 
 reason for studying spoken languages, as French and Grer- 
 man, is that we may compare their respective merits as 
 vehicles of thought ; and enquire, 1st, which of them has 
 the best stock, the most expressive assortment of names and 
 verbs to make use of; the best set of moods, tenses, and 
 auxiliaries, of cases and prepositions, to modify that assort- 
 ment ; and, 2nd, which nation "makes the best use of their 
 existing materials. To illustrate such an investigation as 
 this : — We find the Grermans possessed of a single past tense or 
 Aorist, which has to do the double duty of Aorist and Im- 
 perfect, so that it is impossible to know, except from the 
 context, whether ich schrieb means I wrote the letter, or was 
 writing it. Here is a want of materials to work with ; 
 and the only question is whether they might not borrow a 
 hint from their children the English, who would now say, 
 Grideon was threshing wheat, instead of threshed, and 
 thereby gain in precision. Not having a tense correspond- 
 ing with j'ecriverai, they do condescend to manufacture a 
 compound tense, ich werde schreiben. So, since they are 
 equally at a loss for an equivalent to J'ecrivais, why not 
 stoop to the use of a periphrastic form, ich war schreibend ? 
 just as the English have, on second thoughts; and no one 
 now thinks " I was writing," awkward or round-about, 
 though perhaps at first it seemed so. This, however, is Mein 
 Herr's difficulty. Let us next look into Monsieur's petites 
 
Study of Languages. 53 
 
 affaires. He has a remarkably fine Aorist, J'ecrivis, — is, — it, 
 as well as the aforesaid Imperfect J'ecrivais, — ais, — ait, 
 and is beautifully precise in the use of them, where a 
 Grerman would have no choice. But then in another case, 
 viz., that of Aorist versus Perfect, the French perpetrate a 
 most barbarous and wanton confusion. 
 
 I take the following example from Le Page's useful 
 school-book, " L'Echo de Paris," p. 6, 34th edition : — " Nous 
 avons ete a la peche. Avez vous ete heureux ? Nous avona 
 pris un brochet. Est c' a la ligne que vous Vavez pris ?" If 
 this be translated into English, Grreek, or Grerman, _29reme^2/9 
 " We have been a-fishing. Have you been fortunate ? We 
 have caught a pike. Is it with a line you have caught him ?" 
 we should, in all three languages, understand the fishing to 
 have occurred on that same day. And, you will ask, does 
 not the French equally lead us to think so ? Undoubtedly ; 
 as I have quoted it, it could suggest no other idea; but I 
 have purposely omitted the key to my objection. The first 
 of the above sentences actually stands, " Nous avons ete a la 
 peche jeudi dernier,'''' Try this in the other languages ; and 
 in any of them, not only the words, " I have been a-fishing 
 last Thursday y^^ will be improper, but the idea itself is 
 equally incorrect. That is, the French, when they have it 
 in their power to say "Nous fumes a la peche jeudi dernier," 
 and thus express the Aorist idea by an Aorist tense, " I was 
 a-fishing last Thursday," 'prefer a tense which can only re- 
 present that idea by a defiance of the universally received 
 and philosophically true definition of that tense. I know 
 not whether Clarke's explanation of tenses is original, but 
 it was in his Homer (Iliad I. 37, Notes) that I first saw them 
 classed rationally. 
 
54 Study of Languages. 
 
 NONSENSE VEESES. 
 
 Besides the large class who see no good in troubling 
 one's head with languages that no one ever thinks of speak- 
 ing nowadays — (" and what else," say they, " is language 
 good for ?") there is another, outside of that, who would 
 confine classical reading to the prose writers, the pedestrians 
 of Grreece and Eome ; and leave the poetry, because " if you 
 want fhat^ there is nothing like our own Milton and Shaks- 
 peare, you know :" and another class outside that again, 
 who have no objection to the study of those great masters 
 of rhythm, and melody, and high conception, but can see 
 no use in bothering lads with making had Greek and 
 Latin verses of their own. Lastly, and external to all these, 
 there are a set of sages, who say, let boys learn to make 
 verses by all means ; first bad ones, then better, and at last 
 good ones ; but why spend time over nonsense verses ? I'll 
 tell you, my time-saving friends, if you can spare me a little 
 of your own time for my nonsense prose, (and cons ; a pun lost 
 upon some readers in a previous work, so I repeat it delibe- 
 rately : " ambell lab," ye ken, " tyr y garreg," ye ken, see p. 
 75). But before I deal with this last Company, (limited,) let 
 me tell all the classes above specified, that, if they expect all 
 their children to be good English scholars, (without miracle,) 
 they should get them taught some Grreek and Latin, and 
 taught them ivell too. Next, if they wish them to be classical 
 scholars, they never will be so without the poets. If they 
 wish to appreciate the beauties of these poets, they must try 
 to imitate their beauties, whether they succeed tolerably, or 
 fail miserably. Finally, if they wish to make verses at all, 
 they ought to begin with nonsense verses, and keep at that 
 work (or diversion ?) till they can make very good ones 
 indeed — better, I should say, than any sense verses that 
 
Study of Languages. 55 
 
 ever were seen. Why so ? Because, first of all, metre is a 
 separate study, as distinct from every other branch as the 
 Eton prosody is from the accidence and syntax ; the metre 
 is not only distinct from the sense, but the two may be 
 almost considered as natural enemies ; at any rate, the 
 scholar will find, from first to last, a constant fight between 
 the two, sometimes a deadly struggle, as the expressions 
 " repugnante metro," " Triclinius metrum pessundat," &c., 
 loudly testify. Nor is the subject a very easy one, when one 
 considers that in a common hexameter the syllables vary 
 from 17 to 13, and in a pentameter from 14 to 12, whilst 
 the succession of feet passes through a vast range of permu- 
 tations and combinations. It is, therefore, mere humanity, 
 the negation of cruelty to animals, in accordance with 
 Martin of Galway's humane act, not to trouble the lad's 
 brain with the two subjects at once, the sense ar^c^jthe metre, 
 but to let him bestow his time on the construction of poetry 
 that will " scan," without construing, till he is quite familiar 
 with the form of the verses, and can make them " scan and 
 prove," as a matter of course. Then, having broken the 
 neck of one great difiiculty, he sets about translating, from 
 Bland, Eapier, Oxenham, &c., easy English into Latin, pre- 
 disposed to fall into a shape which is already familiar to 
 him from practice, and of which, as a question of feet and 
 caesura, he thoroughly knows the value. Fancy the luxury 
 of this, compared with the heartless drudgery of squeezing 
 words into a mould, the exact natm'e of which has to be 
 ascertained (or rather enquired after) each time ; and the 
 result of which, after all, the poor fellow just hopes will scan 
 and construe, being only almost half sure of the latter ! I 
 would therefore, inculcate, as " an elder soldier," upon those 
 who t§ach verses at all, to insist upon a degree of perfection 
 in the unmeaning lines, which the stern requisitions of 
 
56 Study of Languages. 
 
 "meaning sometimes render so difficult that we hear " ne- 
 cessitas ineluctabilis " pleaded for liberties which the less 
 stern laws of even Grreek prosody have forbidden. I say 
 " less stern " for we find the Roman poet Martial felicitating 
 the Grreeks on the laxity of their metrical rules, compared 
 with the unbending muse of Italy. " Felices Grraii — quels 
 ^'/9e9 A'pe^ licet sonare." Finally, young fellow teachers, my 
 brother chips and sister shavings of the scholastic profession, 
 I advise you not only to adhere to the good old practice of 
 nonsense verses in spite of the ridicule which is so easily 
 cast upon this and many other really practical subjects, but 
 to commence it much earlier than it is ordinarily introduced ; 
 and further, to try prosody (as I did at Bristol College, I 
 tliink with good effect) in prose as well as poetry ; and make 
 your pupils scan and prove the words of Caesar as well as 
 the feet of Virgil, and learn the declensions and conjunc- 
 tions from the first with a special view to the requirements 
 of verse composition in after life — a point which that old 
 foe and friend of my childhood, the Fleur de Lis or Eton 
 grammar, evidently did not overlook either in the prose 
 Accidentia or in those " remarkable poems," Propria qusB 
 Maribus and As in praesenti. (^" Dulce est desipere, in loco J' j 
 
 SPECIAL AND OENEEAL TRAINING. 
 
 Suppose, as an experiment, two boys, A and B, brought up 
 as follows, both being intended for the same employment 
 in after life : — A is taught those branches only which are of 
 inmaediate use to him in his business, and which he will 
 have to carry on personally after he leaves school. Any 
 thing that there is an option of laying aside is omitted, 
 as being practically useless for his special vocation. B 
 learns every thing that is generally useful ; avoiding all 
 
Study of Languages. 57 
 
 that pertains peculiarly to his intended calling : nothing is 
 attempted but the improvement of his intellectual faculties ; 
 he is fitted for thinking and acting judiciously in general 
 on occasions that may present themselves ; but the par- 
 ticular occasions that inevitably will arise in his profession 
 are purposely left blank for the present. Of course each of 
 these lads gets a defective education, and is under opposite 
 disadvantages. But it is an interesting question to consider 
 how their several conditions would tell upon their future 
 career. I can imagine them as follows : — A would be an 
 adept at his work from the very first ; and, having acquired 
 no taste for intellectual improvement, would consider his 
 education finished, and his leisure hours due to amuse- 
 ments ; whilst " slow coaches " in the same office would 
 have a good deal to learn in order to get through their 
 daily tasks with credit. Still he may escape the snares of 
 idleness and vice, and, by his expert business-like habits, 
 get into an office of his own before the average period. 
 Here he will come into contact with a variety of minds and 
 circumstances which it is his business to discern and to 
 control; perplexing questions, physical, moral, or social, 
 may naturally arise, with an important indirect bearing 
 upon his prospects. His powers of observation, reflection, 
 judgment, &c., may be taxed to the utmost to meet emer- 
 gencies. Natural shrewdness and tact may bring him 
 through cleverly ; but, that is not to our present purpose ; 
 his boyish education has furnished no aid for triumphs of 
 this kind. That taught him nothing beyond the dexterous 
 performance of technicalities in a subordinate position, 
 where he had all ready to his hand. It has given him no 
 master-mind to foresee, modify, or weather the storms of life. 
 B of course finds himself awkward at a novel occupation ; 
 but then his whole training has been a successful struggle 
 
58 Study of Lajigiiages. 
 
 with the difficulties of language and science, and he is pre- 
 pared to cope with those minor perplexities of any other 
 subject which only stimulate his pugnacity to win fresh 
 laurels. Mental superiority soon places him above those 
 who at first laughed at his awkwardness in technical 
 details ; and they shortly see him " at the top of the tree." 
 But it is in his subsequent career, as Principal, that his 
 advantages come into full view. There, his perspicacious 
 and comprehensive mind grasps with equal facility the 
 minute and the vast in his professional questions ; and 
 whilst the mere drudge is calculating results, he foresees, 
 avoids, or turns them to account. 
 
 Such is, on jpajper^ the difference between A and B ! I 
 would follow it up with other cases, but I feel too much 
 sympathy with the next two worthies, C, D, after a recent 
 illness, and must rest a little. — (Sept., 1863.) 
 
 CLASSICAL EXPEEIENCE. 
 
 At a very early age, when rummaging amongst a heap of 
 loose books, I met with a very strange-looking one, in an 
 unknown tongue, and bound in a very coarse greenish-yellow 
 buckram. The title page bore an escutcheon with a most 
 ferocious looking animal, (which I afterwards learnt was 
 Felis Leo,) and three fleur de lis. Below all this stood the 
 venerable names of Pote and Williams. Full of laudable 
 curiosity, which my dear parents ever rejoiced to gratify, I 
 ran to my father to ask what it was. I found him in the 
 old dining room ; I mean the original room where the rats' 
 white feet used to show under the skirting-board, before he 
 and his indulgent landlord had indulged each other (?) with 
 the (Reformation and reformation of that quaint red brick 
 
Study of Languages, 59 
 
 mansion with steep slate roof, — prominent garret windows, 
 — and a high flight of stone steps — few of the like now left 
 in North Wales, Gr. E. Query — Does Cornis, near Flint, re- 
 tain its old form? Well, there I fomid him with a few 
 friends, — perhaps the said Landlord, perhaps Col. Lloyd of 
 Marie, perhaps James Royle, but most certainly " Parry of 
 Grlanydon," Clerk, whose top boots and limp I can not mis- 
 take at this distance (time— space, ye ken), and there they 
 sat, I believe discussing Raikes' Port with walnuts off the 
 tree on the left, and Swan Eggs off the pear tree on the 
 right — to this day in statu quo, are they not ? I broke in 
 upon their quiet little quorum (no unwelcome intruder, 
 albeit at times abrupt, and the bearer of queer messages 
 from the Hwsmon or Dairy-maid) with the anxious enquiry, 
 "Father, what book is this?" He had kept up Latin 
 enough to recognise his old acquaintance, longo post tempore 
 visum, and at once told me it was a Latin Grrammar ; adding 
 an envoi which all the ups and downs of life could never 
 efface, " and mind, Johnnie, you must have every word of 
 this at your finger ends by-and-by." I looked aghast at the 
 outlandish pages of " Quae genus," " As in prsesenti," &c. I 
 believe I would have bitten those little finger ends off rather 
 than furnish them with such abominations ; and, after the 
 usual questions by neighbour Parry " whether I was to be 
 Lord Chancellor or Archbishop of Canterbury," &c., I made 
 my escape, a sadder and a wiser man than I came in ! 
 Without losing a moment, I stuffed the thin little book (an 
 Eton Accidence) as far as I could drive it under the promis- 
 cuous pile on the lobby floor ; without a shadow of suspicion 
 that there was another like it in the wide world, and pretty 
 sure that that one would never be brought to light to plague 
 me withal. Heu spes necquicquam dulces I By the aid of 
 my earliest and dearest friend, W. L., who used to spend 
 
6o Study of Languages. 
 
 his holidays either at Pwllycrochon, or at " Old Evans', of 
 Colwyn," this green dragon of a book was ferreted out, 
 and in a few years, -^.e., before I went to Halton's at ten, 
 most of it ivas exactly where my Father had predicted. 
 Q. E. F. But in the meantime, I was imperceptibly un- 
 dergoing a training still more valuable than " Propria quae 
 maribus." I had imbibed Welsh quasi cum nutricis lacte, 
 and was taught English expressly, besides the constant 
 use of it in the family, my step-sisters being half English 
 and knowing that language far better of the two. Thus, 
 like many Welsh children, I became an early proficient in 
 two languages ; a very important intellectual advantage, 
 which may help to account for oiu* acknowledged super- 
 iority, cceteris paribus, to our neighbours, the "Saxon 
 porkers" of Ivanhoe. But I had, in addition to this, a 
 special leading to philological enquiry ; my father fre- 
 quently had intercourse with his rustic neighbours, workmen, 
 &c., in the presence of English visitors, to whom he had to 
 interpret the conversation; and he would sometimes call 
 their attention, with honest pride, to the beauty and force 
 of our Celtic idioms, and the difficulty of doing them 
 justice in their lingo. This naturally led me to notice such 
 facts for myself, and to question others. I was also present 
 at justice business ; which, from intimate knowledge of the 
 parties, plaintiff and defendant, and the oddity of their 
 complaints and excuses, was intensely amusing to an 
 inquisitive urchin. Eobert Edwards, of Grroes, Shopkeeper, 
 could swear conscientiously that John Hughes the Clerk's 
 wife, had put him in bodily fear ; which diverted me 
 exceedingly for years, coupled with his placid, handsome, 
 Jewish, but somewhat sickly features, to which her most 
 Christian majesty's bold bearing presented a striking 
 contrast. Again, Cadi Sion Emawnt (Ang. John Edmond's 
 
Study of Languages. 6r 
 
 daughter Katie) laid a complaint against Sion Swch and 
 Sian his wife, for witholding just wages ; a charge which 
 led to a nice discrimination between " gwas'naethu," reg-ular 
 hired service, and " gweithio " working (however long and 
 hard) without definite arrangement by high contracting 
 parties. To all these discussions the embryo Slickensides 
 would " seriously incline." And, as His Majesty's Justices 
 of the Quorum made all their remarks on the evidence in 
 English, a good deal of Comparative Grrammar was there 
 also drawn out, for the instruction of the eg^n ysgolhaig. 
 With these immense advantages (as I now know them to be) 
 it was no wonder that I rather startled them at Chester by 
 the ease with which I mastered Valpy's Delectus (no better 
 book has replaced it), after a little help from my flexible 
 class-fellow John Grrace ; and that my master, J. Halton, 
 was chagrined at his Captain's removal to a neighbouring 
 school kept by W. Fish, which he justly considered not so very 
 much superior to his own. Having added Latin verses and 
 Grreek grammar, at Stanley Place, to the good old-fashioned 
 "grounding" I got at The Bars, I passed a fair examination 
 in Dr. Butler's study, and was at once placed in the " Shell " 
 of Shrewsbury School, then by far the best in England ; 
 where I was passing upwards to the top of the ti;ee, only for 
 one Benjamin H. Kennedy, (now the Head in the highest 
 sense,) beating me as he beat everybody and everything else, 
 and leaving me the sufficient honour of remammg a respectable 
 second to such a first, till we parted, soon to meet again at 
 Cambridge, to work in the same relative position to the 
 goal. Proximus huic, quanto sed proximus intervallo! 
 What " him and me," and our school-fellows accomplished 
 in those days, may be seen in the Oxford and Cambridge 
 Calendars. What Salopians are doing now-Si days, in ditto, 
 ditto, and in many fields of competition that have since 
 
62 Study of Languages. 
 
 been opened, " in usum studiosae juventutis." [For both, 
 see Sabrinse Corolla.] I advise those who aim at the like 
 Philological distinctions, to beware of a Welsh, Irish, or 
 Graelic competitor, who has been accustomed to two lan- 
 guages from infancy. Er mag wohl Doppelkopf heissen. 
 " Deuben ydyw Eobin !" Ye Celts, learn English; but also, 
 hold your own, tooth and nail ! 
 
 EEJIAEKS ON THUCYDIDES, ii. 65, 
 The chapter concludes with the following words : Tocrovrov 
 HepiKkel eTTeplaaevae tote a<p^ o)V avro<^ Trpoeyvco Kal'Trdvv av 
 /3aSta)9 TrepcyeveaOai tmv UekojiowTjaLOiv avrcov rou TroXe/Jbtp. 
 " This remarkable phrase," as Bloomfield rightly calls it, 
 has met with a charming reception (since " variety is charm- 
 ing ") at the hands of the critics. I. Grottleber says, " Tan- 
 tum prsestabat reliquis tunc temporis ingenio Pericles, quo 
 adjutus res futuras ante capiebat. Tantum tum Pericles 
 coeteros superabat, oh id quod ipse prsevidebat facile civita- 
 tem Peloponnesiis solis superiorem bello fore." II. Groller 
 says, " Tantum superabat (virium) Pericli ad Peloponnesios 
 solos iis quae ipse praeviderat atque facillime quidem in hoc 
 bello devincendos." III. Grail favours us with, " Tant s'etait 
 montre superieur dans ses calculs le genie de Pericles, qui 
 avait prevu que dans cette guerre du Peloponnese la repub- 
 lique se soutiendrait meme sans effort." IV. Bloomfield 
 himself quotes Portus and Hobbes for rendering it, " Such 
 was tlie depth of judgment displayed by Pericles, whereby 
 he foresaw that they might easily frustrate all the efforts of 
 the Peloponnesians in the war." And he further proposes 
 to supply the ellipse by the abundant (sagacity) of Pericles 
 (resjpecting those tneasuves) by which he foresaw," &c. V. 
 Arnold gives, " Such a superabundance of means did Pericles 
 then possess, from which he of himself foresaw (or judged 
 
Study of Lattguages. 63 
 
 beforehand) that with the utmost ease he could triumph 
 over the mere unaided force of the Peloponnesians. So 
 much Wjore than enough had he to encounter the Pelopon- 
 nesians, since there was almost enough to contend success- 
 fully with the united force of the Peloponnesians, Sicily, 
 and Persia . . ." Cseteraque gravissime. 
 
 It is needless to enter minutely into the respective 
 merits of these various renderings. Some of them treat 
 TOTe^ avTo?, and avrcov as insignificant little words. One 
 refers iirepia-o-evae to the superiority of Perifcles' genius ; 
 another to the resources of the Eepublic in his days ; a^' wz^, 
 is by one supposed to mean the " measures by which ;" by 
 another, the " means from which " the Peloponnesians were 
 to be conquered ; by a third, " the sagacity " by which 
 Pericles foresaw their easy conquest ; and one boldly tran- 
 slates it " oh id quod ;" not to mention GroUer's still more 
 daring flight. 
 
 I strongly suspect the poor little truth has escaped amid 
 the confusion ; and that the superabundance alluded to by 
 Thucydides was not an excess of wit, of means, or of meas- 
 ures, but of data or grounds for Pericles' opinion. If so, 
 the meaning will be, " So ample, nay, Tnore than ample, 
 were, at that time, the grounds on which the master-mind 
 of Pericles predicted the easy conquest of the Peloponnesians 
 single-handed." More literally, " So much was-there-over- 
 and-above then to Pericles (of grounds) from which he (of) 
 himself prejudged that they would even easily conquer the 
 Peloponnesians (by) themselves." Pericles had more than 
 sufiicient data for his inference, had the Peloponnesians 
 been the sole opponents, since he was not so very wrong even 
 when they had so many auxiliaries. He must have been 
 si^perabundantly furnished with correct premisses at first, 
 {Tore) seeing that, even with so serious an alteration of 
 
64 Study of Languages, 
 
 those premisses afterwards, yet his prediction was not falsified 
 for three years. 
 
 If I do not mistake, Dr. Arnold alone has given the true 
 sense of eirepla-o-evcre, whilst he too has erred in supposing 
 the antecedent of a(\) mv, to be the physical resources of the 
 Eepublic for conquering the Peloponnesians, instead of the 
 Tuental resources (i,e,, data, premisses, or grounds,) of Pericles 
 for inferring their easy conquest. Syntactically, the ques- 
 tion is whether a</>' mv belongs to Trpoeyvco, or to TrepLjeveadat, ; 
 my proposal of course supposes it connected with wpoeyvco. 
 
 HOMEK A SCEEW. 
 
 (Not generally known.) 
 
 An author's character may often be inferred, with more or 
 less certainty, from little traits which escape unawares to 
 himself, and by which he may therefore be said, with the 
 greatest propriety, to be be-trayed. Old Homer appears 
 to me to have made a slip of this kind, in the charm- 
 ing story of Grlaucus and Diomedes, which many of my 
 readers must have read, either in Greek or English, or 
 both, with great pleasure. It is so much the fashion now- 
 a-days to translate Homer, that I have half a mind to in- 
 dulge the honest John Bull correspondent whom I answered 
 rather tartly in No. 3, p. 102,* with a slice of the Grreek 
 Poet in the vulgar tongue. The passage is one beautifully 
 illustrative of the early existence of that spirit of chivalry 
 by which man, even in the savage circumstances of a san- 
 guinary slaughter-field, manifests the under-current of a 
 relatively better though deeply fallen nature ; and would 
 have the bystanders and after-readers to know that, even 
 in the most brutal of all corporate transactions — WAR, he 
 *0f 
 
Study of Languages. 65 
 
 is, after all, not a gorilla. The scene is one of great ten- 
 derness and simplicity; and it is highly refreshing, after 
 plunging through the terrific Inkermannish shindies where 
 this eminent Old Bird (Mseonii carminis ales. — Hoi\) has, 
 with chirurgical coolness and precision, been making his 
 heroes hack, hew, and perforate the frontals, sternals, 
 humerals, and abdominals of their adversaries, to drop 
 upon such an episode as this, where two representative men 
 of the dauntless aggressors and defenders of Troy town 
 volunteer a parley (without the "bottle-holding" interven- 
 tion of a Secretary for Foreign Affairs,) and actually, for 
 a brief space, manage, even in those days and at such a time, 
 to talk and behave like gentlemen, aye, like honourable 
 gentlemen of the House of Commons, if they do not equal 
 in courtesy the noble occupants of " an other place " convay^ 
 nient, " Ut recte notavit Eustathius, TrotT^r??? avcrjai to tov 
 TToKe/Mov cLKfjiatov, Kai avairavet tov aKpoaT7]v.^^ The ame- 
 nities of their gracious interview are at last appropriately 
 clenched by an act highly significant of the moral difference 
 between TroXe/xto? and €')(6po^, as afterwards between hostis 
 and inimicus. They exchange armour, as peers of the 
 realm of physical and moral might ; and, as such, naturally 
 waive all regard to intrinsic value. Not so our poet. After 
 declaring, roundly, that poor Grlaucus must have been bereft 
 of his senses, (the subject of what we should now call 
 "judicial blindness,") to consent to " swop even hands," — he 
 first notices, with care, the widely different materials of 
 which the Grreek and Trojan suits were respectively com- 
 posed, viz., "^aX/cea p^vcreto)!^," brazen for golden; and 
 then, not content with this, the Old Screw, the dear, but 
 horrid Old Screw, must need calculate, coldly and commer- 
 cially, the precise pecuniary value (i.e., the value in cows,) 
 of the two "articles" in question; and so "closes his 
 
66 Study of Languages. 
 
 account " witli two epithets which, however sonorously he or 
 the itinerant rhapsodists may have delivered them, yet pos- 
 sess no more intrinsic dignity than the humble " hapurth " 
 of an English small-ware shop. EKarofM/Bol ivvea^oicov I 
 quoth Mgeonides ; which pair of high-sounding words, thun- 
 der them out as you will, convey no feeling more elevated 
 than, maybe, fresh amazement at the strange fact that 
 Grlaucus should have been such a goose as to give the value 
 of 100 head of beeves in exchange for that of 9 : a clear 
 loss of 91 per cent.! I always picture to myself the vener- 
 able Scald — (of Chios, or which of those other six candidate 
 cities who pulled caps for the honour of producing him ?) 
 pausing after the recitation of that financial line, and 
 whispering to himself, with uplifted eyes, ''vrjirio^l vr]'mo<i'' ! 
 It reminds me of the niggardly spirit in which Judas 
 Iscariot grumbles at the extravagance of that woman of 
 blessed memory. "Why was not this ointment sold for 
 300 pence, and given to the poor?" Thy dirty pence perish 
 with thee, Judas I a murrain on thy skinny cows. Homer! 
 
 A TEAaiC TALE. 
 
 Communicated in confidence to the Poet, hy a Skeleton not in Armour. 
 
 (See a real Poem hy Longfellow.) 
 
 " Kreivoi Se rovs ^vfxvavTas." — CEd. Tyr. 
 
 Dedicated to tny 21 Nejjhetvs and Nieces in general, hut to C. and F. W. 
 
 in particular. 
 
 I say, Skinny, says the Bard, 
 Don't you think it rather hard 
 You should keep, in that strange way. 
 At 2, fellow, night and day? 
 
 Ans, — " To be an Uncle was my greatest fear ; 
 
Study of Languages. 6/ 
 
 "' So I killed my brother and three sisters dear ; 
 "And here ^I am: the sod on ^me lies ^heavy — 
 "But — I never had a Niece, nor yet a Newy!" 
 Here to the word he suited well the action, 
 Eubbing his bony hands with satisfaction. 
 More had he told me, but, says I, " enough ! " 
 I hadn't patience with such horrid stuff! 
 
 Notes — 1. Of course it was very wrong of him; but, apart from 
 the morality of the case, perhaps a more effectual method could not have 
 been substituted. We aU know (we Uncles especially), that " preven- 
 tion is better than cure ;" and, with deceased's idiosyncrasy, any other 
 plan might have led to a far greater sacrifice of human life. 
 
 2. "/" and " wie," It is an interesting feature in Psychology, that 
 this confusion of the subjective is met with in other cases of ffhost-craft 
 and ghost-lore. Poor Old Homer does not reach the fifth line without 
 getting into a mess. He says lloWovs B' 7<p6ifiovs rf/vxas ATSt Trpoia^ev 
 H'pMCoV avTOvs Se kXoopia revx^ Kwcaciv. Just fancy — avrovs ! as if the 
 poor carcase — the " insepulta membra" that go " h KopaKa^ ovru's''^ were 
 one's proper S6?//*, rather than the "vahant soul," which he has just 
 consigned to Hades. In Virgil, the shade of Palinurus, that best of 
 pilots, yet does not steer clear of this danger. After a grand description 
 of such a " cropper," as none but this dozing old Tar ever experienced, 
 (^n. vi. 349 — 351) be not only identifies his present naked self with 
 the late PaHnurus, a living soul clothed with flesh and bones, but, 
 after describing his own violent death by the hands of mistaken wreck- 
 ers, he persists in saying ^' Nunc me fluctus habet, versantque in littore 
 venti." I hope these metaphysical scrapes will have an interest for 
 some readers who, like myself, had not common patience with a man so 
 averse to the trials of Uncleship that he is reported to have said " He'd 
 hang first," and to have been "«s good as his word." And what of 
 Horace ? Is he altogether guiltless of jumblement in Book i. Od. 28, 
 where the ghost of Archytas implores a Jack Tar, in forma pauperis, 
 to come '' down with his dust," on the hackneyed ground that "■ his 
 honour would not be any poorer ?" Bead the Ode, (I have no time, 
 E. R. to translate that and the Homer, if either) and you will see that 
 this shady Dramatis Persona, though evidently fiereupos or "afloat," says 
 "me quoque devexi rapidus comes Orionis lUyricis notus obruit undis" 
 
68 Study of Languages. 
 
 ON THE TENDENCY OF EVIL TO PEKPETUATE 
 ITSELF. 
 
 A Parody for the times, hy a much put-about, and more pushed-ahout 
 Layman, November and December, 1863. 
 
 Martial wrote as follows : — 
 
 Semper eris pauper, si pauper es, -^miliane ; 
 
 Dantur opes nuUi nunc, nisi divitibus ! 
 Our Author writes : — 
 
 Semper eris claudus, si claudus es, ^miliane ; 
 
 Fit via vi nulli nunc, nisi prsepetibus. 
 
 — and that too after talking in the Pythagorean strain — " nihil ultra 
 nervos atque cutem morti concesserat atree." In fact, it would be no 
 easy matter for a writer of any creed to make a disembodied spirit talk 
 quite consistently on all occasions: and accordingly you may notice 
 that our modern spiritualists, who listen in rapping and lorapt attention 
 to departed parties, allow a wide margin for scotographical errors ; and 
 strongly insist upon it that we must expect these good souls to " blunder 
 on" even in the other world ! So thought Virgil, ^n. vi. 736, " Quin et, 
 supremo cum lumine vita reliquit, Non tamen omne malum miseris nee 
 fimditus omnes corporese excedunt pestes," &c. But then he (very 
 wisely) has arranged ample premises, with appropriate "plant" and 
 machinery, where these "soiled copies" (of jaos/^-humous remains?) are 
 washed, bleached, and hot-pressed before they have permission " supera 
 ut convexa revisant," instead of allowing them the unenviable privilege 
 of " coming again" in the rough, to expose their ignorance. Truly My 
 Lord Peter may hold his sides with laughing at Jack and Martin (see 
 Tale of a Tub) if they abuse their liberty by running into such super- 
 ultra-montanist vagaries ! O that all three would have done with their 
 curious arts, bring their books together, burn them before all men (with 
 or without counting the cost), and read their Bibles together by the 
 light of that glorious bonfire ! *' Trojaque nunc stares ! " What, says 
 Old Tom, burn all the good religious books ? Yes, and welcome ; for 
 the sake of getting rid of all the bad ones, and making a fresh start 
 with the one book. 
 
 3. Of. " sit tibi terra levis," &c. 
 
Study of Languages. ' 69 
 
 > Free translation : — 
 
 If you are lame, Old Fellow, lame you'll stay : * 
 Only for fast men now they " clear the way." 
 
 See the Song^ Die Sion Dafydd, hy Jack of Glan-y-gors. 
 
 GENUS HOMO. 
 
 Since recent theories (and old ditto " new revived ") have 
 called our specific character in question, it is incumbent 
 on us to look after and stick up for our varieties^ (respect- 
 ing the existence of which there is no controversy,) and 
 reduce them to something like a scientific arrangement. 
 The data for such a classification will be found both ample 
 and possessed of an interest not inferior to that attached 
 to Species recognised as such. Besides which, there is an 
 element, all but peculiar to anthropology, which imparts 
 a life to this study scarcely known in other departments 
 of the Eegne Animal. It arises from the fact that, in some 
 varieties of the creature Homo, the females are distinguished 
 from the males by traits of character si prononces et 
 tranchants, that it is impossible to refuse to them a separate 
 place, and nomenclature. The glow-worm does not differ 
 from its mate more decidedly than our own Evidse (to 
 give a name and place at once — we make short work at 
 'Ne(\>e\oKOKKv^ia) differ from the Adamidse, so to be respect- 
 ively designated henceforward. We subjoin a list of some of 
 the leading varieties, with their British or Foreign sjm- 
 onymes : — 1 . Homo pauper diabolus ; Le Pauvre diable ; 
 Der Blutarm ; [Le GtUEUX Berangeri'] ; Tergo exili, gla- 
 berrimo : loculis nullis, aut plane vacuis ; " Gorde levi, 
 braccis tenuibus ;" " Consertum tegwmen spinis, at ccetera 
 Oraius,^^ (Often hardly distinguishable from the next 
 
7o St7idy of Languages. 
 
 variety.) 2. H. Bonus diabolus ; Le bon diable ; probably 
 a French var. of H. bonus homo^ Le Bonhomme. 3. H. 
 femella improtecta, described by Charivarius and figured 
 by Leech. 4. H. sagax (H. providus ; H. rationis particeps ;) 
 Le Sage ; The Sage ; Gerebro integro, (rare.) 5. H. circin- 
 ata; La Crinolined, Spaiiosa, rotundissima ; pedibus 
 liberie, cubitis impeditiusculis : incessu propk divino, 
 ^'nec vox Jiominem sonat :" coi^ore imprimis combustibili ; 
 (supers-abundant in promenades, pumprooms, rows, &c.) 
 
 Occasional specimens occur which, though not devoid of 
 individual interest, yet, can hardly be depended on as "per- 
 manent vanities ;" whilst others are evidently local, or depen- 
 dent on age, climate, periodic moulting, or change of food ; 
 but, as some of these elements lead ultimately to the esta- 
 blishment of the most marked characters, such cases as the 
 following may be recommended to further observation : — 
 H. nomistacus ; H. Sanctigilesianus ; H. baracawsius ; H. 
 porcpiana ; H. hasbeenia "; H. discountus Cruikshankii. 
 
 The above remarks do not, however, apply to the next 
 set ; unless, " H. nodiceps " has been hastily adopted. 
 
 H. pegieggatus : — the Timbertoe ; Cricre dextro fraxineo, 
 sinistroossi-carneo ; (aliquando reverse) rariiis ambobus 
 arbor escentibus, (habitat, Greenwich and Ghelsea.) H. pig- 
 tailosus : — Criijibus occipitalibus contortuplicatis ; anterio- 
 ribus, (ubi adsunt) liberis. [An extinct variety: Old Sir 
 Eobt. Vaughan and the tall old man on St. Greorge's Pierhead, 
 Liverpool, were the last, 7iot leasf] H. Perforans : — The 
 Bore ; L'Embetant. Vultu imperturbabili ; patientid inex- 
 hanstd ; lingua immensurabili ; auribus nullis, aut pror- 
 sus obturatis. Passim, Hierichunte exceptd. H. nodiceps : 
 — La papillottee. Matutina; crinibus papyroimplicitis; 
 coetera "simplex munditiis.''' (Nurseries and breakfast 
 roowys.) H. nephelegeretes : — The Cloud-blower. (Habitat, 
 
Study of Languages. Ji 
 
 the leaves of Nicotiana tabacum, rarely visible.) See Virgil, 
 Mil. i. 411, &c. H. Grypseetus : — The Gryp. Facundus, 
 alacris, acer ; pedibus^elox, manibus velocior, lingua ve- 
 locissimus. (Habitat, Cambridge, in and about the Col- 
 leges ; type, Old Rose.) H. Lectisterna : — The Bedmaker. 
 Lenta, secura; lingua volubili, manibus ambidextris. 
 (Lbid ; type, Mrs. Hopper.) H. auriga : — Der Kutscher ; 
 II vetturino ; the Coachie of old authors ; Naso respectabili, 
 rubro; cubitis quadratis; humeris rotundatis (est qui "mutat 
 quadrata rotundis,") pilei margine latissimo parum recurvo ; 
 voce nunc sibilante, mox raucissima ; oculo sesqui-altero 
 subinde semi-apertiusculo ; (non raro lippescente) exuviis 
 crassissimis albis ; buUis (" buttons ") diobolum sequantibus, 
 margaritomaternis ; type, Brummagem Bill, nearly extinct : 
 confined to unfrequented districts. (Vide Tabulas Greorgii 
 Scolioscelis apud Fastos Comicos.) H. aurigaster : — The 
 Cabbie (late Jarvy). Priore duplo minor ; pileo Jacobo- 
 crovio vel Vidavaco ; nonnunquam umbonato ; Supertoto 
 caoutchato glaberrimo ; digito indice ssepissime sublato. 
 Fully described and figured by Charivarius and Leech, in 
 their great 4to work, De rummis unis, cum hominibus turn 
 veheterinis ac jumentis. Veneunt apud Tiltum et Bogum 
 Via Classiaria Londoni. 
 
 In following up this subject, it is encouraging to find 
 the groups so strictly natural that, instead of having to seek 
 for them, they force themselves upon our notice in every 
 walk (and in every " walk of life "). Any one who has 
 access to the voluminous work of Charivarius (Vol. xlvi. just 
 out !) might multiply very tranchant varieties, " as thick as 
 mill-wheels strike." We have been particularly struck of 
 late with instances in which male and female types are so 
 patent-[j correlative that they might without impropriety 
 be called, in Baconian phrase, Instantise se-registr antes. We 
 subjoin a few of these parallels : — 
 
72 
 
 Study of Languages. 
 
 ADAMID^. EVID^. 
 
 " TJhi tu Caius, ihi ego Caia" 
 
 a H. curtinolecturatus. Pro- 
 stratus, imbellis ; pilio exili, 
 conico, fastigiato: oculis con- 
 niventibus ; voce suffocatiu- 
 scula. Habitat ubique in 
 oppidis, ruri rarior, (type, Mr. 
 Caudle ; vide Charivar. et 
 Leech de rummis unis, &c.) 
 
 /3 H. volens. synonyms, H. 
 felix mas, Der Selbstlierrscher. 
 
 7H. heelsupwardius. synon., 
 H. spiflicatus, Le boulverse. 
 passim apud Anglos. 
 
 Note. — Since those days (1864), H, fortis animi was seen and heard 
 at Norwich ; and H. giftus gabhi, perched on stumps, in several counties, 
 lust Autumn.   
 
 a H. curtinolecturans. erec- 
 ta, bellicosissima ; pileo patu- 
 lo, limbifero, gofferato, oculis 
 bipatentibus ; voce " tubae 
 8emula,"adfinem raucescente. 
 Habitat ibid ; type, Mrs. C. 
 apud eosdem. 
 
 /3 H. nolens-volens. synon. 
 H. infelix faemina, Impoten- 
 tilla anserina. 
 
 7 H. upsettivola. synon., H. 
 spiflicans, H. fortis animi, 
 La boulversante. Ibid. 
 
 REVIEW: JULIUS C^SAE, 
 
 An author of some note, in certain circles, on account of his 
 " immortal Commentaries " and his mortal aversion to good- 
 for-nothing officers. Least known where he is most wanted ; 
 for, though an eminent commander, he fails to command 
 the attention of Her Majesty's forces ; and I am credibly 
 informed that, in the apartment somewhat rudely termed 
 the " mess-room," the Grallic War has given place to Tupper's 
 Proverbial Philosophy. When forced to swim for his life, 
 our author is said to have seized the MS. in his teeth, in 
 usum studiosae juventutis, worse luck for them ; and in fact 
 some biting sarcasms are still met with in the printed edi- 
 tions. See Book I., chap. 40. For want of a better (i.e. of 
 a military) edition, try Greorge Long's, and read his preface 
 and introduction. 
 
 N.B. — The poem beginning, " Arma virum que cano," 
 
Study of Languages, 73 
 
 which an army man might naturally ascribe to the warlike 
 author of the Commentaries, is, with far more probability, 
 fathered upon a practical farmer, called Virgil, whose 
 Mother, if not a mantua-maker by trade, yet, as she certainly 
 lived at Mantua, where she gave birth to the poet, ["Man- 
 tua me genuit,"] was^ in that sense, the making of Mantua^ 
 otherwise an obscure little place. 
 
 EEVIEW: BIBLE (HOLY). 
 
 A New Translation^ according to the Letter and Idioms of the Original 
 Languages^ (21s. 6c?.,) hy Robert Young, Esq. 
 
 Having had a specimen of this work presented to us by a 
 worthy clergjrtnan, whose heart's desire seems to be the 
 diffusion of Grod's truth, we have read carefully the Epistle 
 to the Gralatians, and looked into some others. Eeferring 
 our readers to remarks in the Introduction to *Adversaria, 
 (i.e., short notes,) on the Grreek Testament, (No. I. p. 35,) 
 we never saw, nor expected to see, those remarks so tho- 
 roughly illustrated in any serious book. The few samples 
 given in p. 36, on purpose to exhibit the futility of " literal 
 rendering," are not a whit more unmeaning than many and 
 many a passage in Mr. Young's so-called Translation. For 
 instance, " declared righteous by works of law shall be no 
 flesh ;" " your eyes having plucked out, ye would have 
 given to me ;" " against such law is not." It is impossible 
 to learn a second language (suppose French) properly, 
 without discovering that it presents two striking features ; 
 the new words and the new idioms : so that plenty of sen- 
 
 * We were well punished for this richly pedantic title, on frding- 
 that a worthy friend concluded, from the resemhlance to " Adversaries," 
 that the articles must be eminently pugilistic! Dcn't we pay for 
 aping Porson ? 
 
 10 
 
74 Study of Languages. 
 
 tences might be so translated, or rather mangled, that, 
 though containing nothing but English words^ yet they 
 would not be the English language at all. Thus, " How 
 you carry you ?" " I not see than you ;" " It there has of 
 the men," are not English expressions, either good or bad, 
 though not containing a single French word — Mr. Young- 
 appears to ignore this feature of language in general. He 
 has great abundance of such non-English in his "New 
 Translation." Besides this, he also ignores the Grreek 
 language in particular ; rendering, for instance, Gral. i. 4, 
 " Grod, even our Father," instead of " our Grod and Father;" 
 ver. 7, " except there 6e," instead of " only there are ;" 
 chap. ii. 6, " whatever they were once^^ for " whatever they 
 were;" iii. 21, ''if the law was given which was able;" for 
 "if there had been a law given which was able;" v. 12, 
 " that — and they shall cut themselves off," for " I would 
 they were even cut off;" 17, "that the things which ye 
 may not will — these ye may do," for " so that ye should 
 not do the things that ye would.'''' Another language 
 which he ignores is English: e.^., "the good news that were 
 proclaimed by me, that it is not according to man ;" " dis- 
 semb/ecZ with him did the other Jews." The banishment 
 of the familiar words church, angel, tradition, gospel. Gen- 
 tiles, everlasting — for which are substituted assembly, mes- 
 senger, deliverance, good news, nations, age-during — even 
 supposing them all improvements in the abstract, would 
 render the New Translation a book very puzzling to the 
 people, till they should be educated on purpose to under- 
 stand them. On the back of this specimen are advertised 
 seventeen "Biblical" works by Mr. Young, of the collec- 
 tive value of £6 12s. We hope they are not all executed 
 in the same manner. The impression left on our own 
 mind is that there is no more charm in being an Esquire 
 
Study of Languages. 75 
 
 than a Eeverend, since we find such very slender clerks 
 in each class. If this last deserves to be called a " critical 
 opinion," we beg that our name, " Old Price," be added 
 to the 45 (qu. " the auld 45 ?" at least half of them are 
 Scots) who figure at the foot, or perhaps at the feet, of the 
 seventeen works, as " Members of TEN different denomi- 
 nations"! We will only add that if some really good 
 Grrecian north of Tweed would, instead of solecistic Eng- 
 lish, give us a Testament in his own noble language, (not 
 dialect, says Latham,) without affecting English idioms at 
 all, we should treat such a translation with great respect. 
 
 ON THE PUN; WITH A PUN OE TWO WKITTEN: 
 
 BY A PUN-DIT. 
 
 GrOOD Puns, and especially of the class called " good bad 
 puns," form an excellent gymnastic exercise in the study of 
 Words and of Language. It may stand very low in the scale 
 of wit and humour — be it so ; it has its educational value, 
 in sharpening the faculties for higher attainments. For 
 this reason I consider puns far too serious for Levioka, and 
 place them under the head of Philology. Were I to say 
 that a certain country in Europe was the very opposite to a 
 bankruptcy in the city, it might not immediately occur to 
 the Gr. K. that I meant Westphalia ; and yet, on reflection, 
 East is not more opposed to West than East failure to West 
 failure ! A Riddle presented in this form sets the mind a 
 sifting and comparing words and thoughts with a degree of 
 diligence which it would be difficult to induce by any mere 
 matter-of-fact questioning. The pun may be an atrocious 
 one — a vile perpetration — an insult to both the E. and W. 
 end, and to every Postal district of our enlightened metro- 
 
^6 Study of Lajignages. 
 
 polls. We wont stop to defend it ; but the question is, can 
 it set young brains to work, with the hopeful request: 
 "Don't tell me." Then I rejoice over it, more than over 
 any mere " piece of wit." By the bye, when We were in 
 London in 1856, Victoria Street, Westminster, appeared to 
 be a kind of West failure. There was a noble row of 
 houses laid out in a novel style — most, if not all, being 
 " Flats," a great many of which were untenanted. Our 
 hostess had most comfortable apartments, though We think 
 there were 80 steps to get up to them ; but then the Land- 
 lord had considerately established most comfortable stuffed 
 settees on the landings for his tenants and their visitors (and 
 laundresses!) to " Eest and be thankful." That this was 
 not the highest flat either. We can positively testify, for We 
 went up stairs to get a better view of that grand but 
 grievous sight, the conflagration at Broadwood's Piano 
 Manufactory ! But it was said to be exactly on the level of 
 Woburn Square, and therefore enjoyed a very superior 
 stratum of atmosphere to that of the average environs. 
 
 Hence, in this favoured locality, those who pass the day 
 in sedentary emplo3niients, may find a house where their 
 greatest desiderata, " air and exercise," are to be attained 
 not only to an amount = the Square in the distance, but 
 varying inversely as the Rent, which is naturally obliged to 
 sink in order to oblige those who are obliged to rise, *vi et 
 cruribus, above their humble neighbours, telling stories, 1, 
 2, 3, or more, all the way up to their own door ! Now, what 
 is more rich and rare — tl anaviwrepov; — than to pay less 
 for what you value most ? And We well remember, in those 
 days, feeling the great advantage of our station, as " aerise 
 palumbes," (when once we got there) with the charming 
 
 * An obvious Hendiadys for a strong pair of legs. " Cf pateris et 
 auro." Virg. 
 
Study of Languages. 77 
 
 bird's-eye view of that old deserted garden of Plane trees, 
 Hawthorns, &c., run wild, and swarming with old and young 
 members of that merry society of free and easy gamins, the 
 House Sparrows. These, persecuted in the barbarous Coun- 
 try, find a crumb and welcome, every where in Town, where 
 they barely get out of the way of carriages, horses, and 
 pedestrians ; and, in the Eoyal Botanic G-ardens, boldly 
 enter the Eefreshment room and hop about the floor, claim- 
 ing a share with characteristic bonhommie, not to say bon- 
 diablerie. But they must not fly away with us, Gr. E., as 
 they do with the crusts. So — one word more in favour of 
 our dear old quarters, where We w6re not surprised in 1862 
 to find fewer houses " Void," as they have it at Bath. Sup- 
 pose it be urged that rheumatism is a decided objection to 
 an elevation requiring rampant habits and a warranty of 
 "sound wind and Zim6." We shall simply reply by an 
 Enigma of the class above prescribed as a mental exercise, 
 and here as a bodily medicine into the bargain, viz. : What 
 is the best homcepathic residence for neuralgic subjects? 
 
 In quoting axiirep tov^ ^%^fc9, I formerly indulged my 
 Learned Eeaders with a circumflex, non "sicut mens 
 est mos." I wonder how many were any wiser for that 
 pretty looking accent with which I used to thatch a syllable 
 here and there at school, just as I thought most conducive 
 to ornamentation. I remember a band of tolerable scho- 
 lars (Butlerian preposters, Gr. E.,) being floored by that 
 very expression, notwithstanding the little crooked mark ! 
 It was pretty generally translated, " those whom thou hast." 
 And / know ivho, with kind intention no doubt, dropped 
 in, under false pretences, to the "Dancing school," where 
 
y8 Study of Languages. 
 
 I had stayed hammering my brains at it to the last, and 
 slipped a paper into my hand with the word " Vipers." I 
 would not say, dear old schoolfellow (J. S. S.), that " Hell 
 is paved with good intentions" of t\at class, and I have a 
 word to say, one of these days, respecting that awful adage : 
 but I would warn School Boys and Grirls, that there is no 
 real kindness in assisting each other in deception of any 
 kind. "Dulce est cZm^ere in loco ;" do not say (ieci'^ere. 
 
 THE ANCIENTS SUEPASSED. 
 
 Among the proofs of fidelity in slaves, we find, in a well 
 known passage, " Porrigere cervicem pro domino," " stretch- 
 ing out their neck for the master," mentioned as the ne 
 'plus ultra of devotion. How servants must have im- 
 proved in the interim ! It is quite a common thing, now- 
 a-days, for one or more to be ready to do this on the most 
 trifling occasions, and with the shortest notice, to see if 
 Master^s coriiing, and give notice to the rest. 
 
 THE CHILD IS FATHER TO THE MAN. 
 
 " Trat? iraTTjp jiev icrrc ravSpo^i' " ev X€y6L<;' 
 TTarrjp S'iyco rov 7rat8o9* aXX' avrjp o irai'^' 
 iXadop ifiavTov irainro^ wv ; KOfjutBr] jxev ovv* 
 
 LE METTE CURCE MALORE LUI. 
 
 Duoglot Elegiaes. 
 Attonitus stuck fast medio Topsawerus actu. 
 Where on earth, mirans, alter old fellow foret : 
 On earth ! Coalmini laquear getting thinner and thinner. 
 At last, audires " crack," and away the chap went I 
 
Study of Languages. 79 
 
 " Ut ex tarn alto dignitatis gradu ad inferos videatur 
 deos potius quam ad superos pervenisse." To be sure 
 Lselius, speaking of Scipio Africanus minor, says (De Amic. 
 3), " ad superos potius quam ad inferos ;" but then Scipio 
 was a Top-ssiWjeT. Not so our Mettus Curtius, whose 
 great predecessor leapt into the gulf, because, as I was 
 lately informed at Shrewsbury, he considered it "a fine 
 opening for a young man." 
 
 OLD SAWS SHAEPENED, &c. 
 
 Edged tools, in great variety, at Old Prices. 
 ^^iroWa fioi utt' ajKcoyos wKea jSeArj." — Pindar. 
 
 Lucus a non lucendo : recto Domine ; Quidni igitur Vaca- 
 tio, a non vacando ? 
 
 One of 0. P.'s best pupils was an Echo at the passage of 
 the Grreat Culvert between Birkenhead and Poolton. Ob- 
 serving that she was, "previous to lessons from Mr. P.," 
 able to repeat seven English syllables very distinctly, he 
 took her in hand ; and, in an incredibly short time, " after 
 d^. d^., from Mr. D^.," she would reply in French^ German^ 
 &c., to questions asked in the vernacular. For instance, if 
 a School-boy consulted this Pythia thus, "Sam has a holiday 
 to-day — may we ? " She would answer, most good-naturedly, 
 " Mais oui !" and so on. Gr. E. wilt thou carry out this 
 linguistic suggestion ? 
 
 PEOBLEM. 
 
 Think a page of French tvithout words, and then translate 
 it into German thoughts, d°. cZ". 
 
30 Study of Languages. 
 
 THE PHENOMENON OF THE DAY. — Maj)\ 10, 1863. 
 THE ARRIVAL OF THE PRINCESS OF WALES. 
 
 I. ElBcoXov O'jjbrjpov TTpoXoyc^ei (^jSovKoXcKcorepov, are toi<; 
 T0L0VT0i<^ ev AlBov 6/jLiXr)(Ta<i). 
 
 Tl<: iTodev a8' a ^vdpwiTO^ ; " A\6^avBpA Oe.oeiBrjf; ! " 
 Tt9 ttot' A^Xe^avBpA; tov Uapiv oiBa jiovov. 
 
 II. 0. P., as a *Dee sided, if not a decided, naturalist, 
 congratulates H.R.H. the Prince of Wales, on having im- 
 ported to the favoured shores of his Island Home, 
 
 Geologically, the most interesting of all recent littoral 
 deposits. 
 
 Mineralogically, " a Grem of purest ray serene." 
 
 Botanically, a choice specimen of the Floka Danica. 
 
 Zoologically, a bright Beroid of the Baltic. 
 
 Anthropologically, a Princess, a Lady, and (best of 
 all) a Woman — for, 
 
 " Ein Weib ist das elirlichste Ding." — Old song in Mozart's Woi'ks. 
 
 THE PHENOMENON OF THE DAY, 
 Jan. 8, 1868. — Scene, Frogmore, 
 Quibus, Hector, ab oris, 
 Expectate (?) venis ? — Virgil, 
 Ap')(ovaa TTovTov kKvOl jjlov Bperavvia! 
 Tl<;, ovcra irevTrjKOvra Brj fietcov ercov, 
 Atacrov<; avaaaa Btjt avaKra^ ifiXeireVf 
 AvTT] y eavT7)<;; tovB' opa FcKTcopta, 
 
 TrjB^ r)fJL€pa, T6KV0V T6 KOL T6KV0V T6KV0V ! 
 
 A LOCUS CLASSICUS IN 1863. 
 
 At the Odeum, Queer Street. 
 One of the most charming sights in London, always except- 
 
 * " Dee-sided," i.e., presented by the late Prince Consort with a 
 copy of Dee-side. 
 
► 
 
 Study of Languages. gl 
 
 ing a certain royal carriage in Hyde Park, is our friend, 
 0. D., gracefully reposing — yes, repose is the very word — 
 on our own sofa, waving his lily hand to the myrmidons who 
 fly at his bidding, and issuing his few but peremptory 
 orders with the calm se^/-possession (and what could he 
 possess more precious ?) of a man who is par negotiis atque 
 supra, and with the easy unaffected condescension of one 
 who knows rather thsm feels his position as joint-proprietor 
 of a large and important establishment, and who needs not 
 to labour, as some do, to make those around him know who's 
 who. The refinement of his early education throws an 
 Augustan grace over the most ordinary transactions and 
 phrases of the trade, and renders Queer Street Bazaar no 
 less an Academia of elegantiae than an emporium of utilities. 
 As the "stout boy," now restored to average dimensions, passes 
 that resting place (the very centre and type of otium cum 
 dignitate,) O.D. will point to the shutter — and, with an arch 
 smile, tell him to come into the shop next morning either 
 with it or on it. " Persicos odi, puer, apparatus," means 
 "away with that sample oi Persian P^ " Favete Unguis," 
 "girls! don't chatter so incessantly;" and he sometimes 
 soliloquizes, " Non sum qualis eram," but in no repining 
 tone. His photogram, taken in 1853, is a killing bait to 
 country customers ; (we wish 0. P.'s may be half as effective 
 in town — "plures adnabunt thynni et cetaria crescent,") 
 and, though he considers himself villainously fallen away in 
 the intervening decad, we might still say very handsome 
 things of him. But query, who IS O.D. ? — lious Verrons. 
 
 COINAaE. 
 
 " What do I mean by Metosmose ?" What ? Why, the old 
 
 " Endosmose and Exosmose " in one expressive word ; better 
 
 11 
 
g2 Study of Languages. 
 
 than respiration names a function including the two acts of m- 
 spiration and ea^piration. The word was wanted, and I made 
 it ; perhaps 25 years ago ; and if my ungrateful country 
 wont have it, even so was a Caesar treated. Other words 
 are wanted : I shall try again. Ego invideor ? asks Horace, 
 coining that very word at the same moment ! 
 
 Amongst the many fallacies by which youthful minds are 
 victimized in om* day, I lately heard the following : — That, 
 all language being confessedly imperfect, truth, for which 
 we have no vehicle hut language, is manifestly unattainable : 
 everything ^professing to be truth TYiust be impaired by the 
 defective medium through which it is conveyed ; so that an 
 absolute verity is impossible. The answer is simply this: 
 Language, though defective, is very far from being defective 
 to that extent. Ambiguous terms form a part, not the 
 whole, of any given language ; and it would be almost idle 
 to give examples of a thing so common as statements which 
 are perfectly true, and so devoid of any ambiguity what- 
 ever as to be incapable of two meanings. 
 
 To A KIND OLD FRIEND, (BiSHOP GrRAHAM,) WITH A PRESENT 
 
 OF "Old Price's Eemains." 
 Accept, indulgent friend, this book, 
 To take with you from home : 
 Nor room nor weight of this is great, 
 Wherever you may roam. 
 Since other ANA have been all the go. 
 Try Price's AEI'¥-ANA ; and what for no? 
 
 On a little mystic hook, entitled " Selecta i Pi'osscriptis" 
 Selecta h Prcescriptis ? Pshaw! dissimulation vain is : 
 We twig at once our old school friend, " Selector e Profanis.^^ 
 
Study of Languages. 33 
 
 PHOTO^ram stands or falls with telegram. I studied the 
 controversy at the time, and kept the letters in the Times, 
 Of course Shilleto was right ; I say " of course," because 
 Shilleto is an old Shrewsbury man, or Butlerian E.S.S.A., 
 and also a Trinity man, a Person Prize man, &c., &c.; 
 besides which, he is Dick Shilleto ; and who should be right 
 in a purely Greek question if Dick is wrong? But, in an 
 English question, John Bull is supreme ; and he will have 
 TeXegram to match (as he thinks) diagram and anagram. 
 And, if the shade of Dick Porsons's self " came again" to 
 insist on Telegrapheme, John would only laugh at him, and 
 say, " Larn yer Grranny." 
 
 Old Saws Shakpened, &c. . 
 
 Edged tools, in great variety, at Old Prices, 
 **iTo\Xa jxoi vtr' ayKcovos wKca )8eA7j." — Pindar. 
 
 Ab (you know) disce omnes; since it is always best to 
 proceed from the known to the unknown. 
 
 "In cute curanda plus equo operata juventus ;" repug- 
 nante metro, sensu tamen optimo; scil. in currying their 
 hide ; more than (many) a horse gets. 
 
 "Tanto conspectius in se Crimen habet, quanto major 
 qui peccat habetur " Juv, Hence : The greater the saint, 
 the greater the sinner, 
 
 Artis est celare artem. It is the province of Art to con- 
 ceal art. Few precepts are more strictly attended to. Gro 
 to any exhibition of pictures, and you shall see good store 
 of performances, where the concealment is so perfect, that 
 not the smallest trace of Art is discoverable by the un- 
 assisted eye. 
 
 Of what vehicle does Csesar repeatedly speak ? Of " his 
 omnihus,^^ Bell. Grail. " Subsequebatur omnibus,''^ lib. 2, 
 cap. 19; "eoj omnibus," cap. 29; ''cum omnibus," 4, 21 ; 
 " in omnibus," 4, 23 ; "omnibus," passim. Did it run with- 
 out opposition ? Not quite. " His omnibus unum repug- 
 nahat " 
 
34 Study of Languages. 
 
 AN IMPOETANT OMISSION. 
 
 "It is not painful, my Paetus." — Mom. Hist. 
 A modern Arria, quite a model wife. 
 Tired of her spouse, but not quite tired of life, 
 Doing the tragic cheap, forgetful elf, 
 Hands him the sword ; omits to stab herself. 
 
 Whose Missis was " Missis Ambagibus ?" and where did she 
 live ? The Ambages were once placed, off hand, " in Asia 
 Minor." (At T. C. D.) 
 
 One may " perform an elephant " by impersonating him, 
 inside a pachyderm hide of pasteboard ; or else (Hiphil) by 
 making him, (i.e., a performing elephant,) go through 
 certain evolutions. 
 
 ADVERSAEIA ON THE GREEK TESTAMENT. 
 Much misapprehension prevails, both amongst the learned 
 and unlearned, as to the advantages possessed in regard to a 
 thorough understanding of the New Testament by ordinary 
 Grreek scholars. These last look down upon the mere Eng- 
 lish reader, and the other looks up to them, with pity and 
 envy, " each to each." Both are labouring under a delusion 
 which I should be glad to dissipate at the outset of these 
 comments. On ths one hand, the unlettered Englishman, 
 if he be of that pains-taking class which Bishop Horsley 
 truly honours with the name of " learned Christians," (see 
 his excellent preface,) has no reason to envy the superiority 
 derived from the little Grreek that is usually known by average 
 classical scholars ; on the other hand, the 6i iroXkoi in clas- 
 sics are under a very serious mistake if they feel entitled to 
 pronounce on any delicate questions respecting the original 
 
Study of Langtiages. 85 
 
 text of the New Testament. I believe I am (1850) acquainted 
 with one man who is qualified to speak authoritatively on this 
 very important and interesting subject. He has paid atten- 
 tion not only to Attic Grreek, with the dialects as given in 
 school grammars, but to Byzantine and Alexandrian writers, 
 so as to appreciate the tendencies and gradual transition to 
 modern Grreek, with which he is also familiar. For a man 
 who has none of this AjmcZ of acquaintance with the language 
 to set up as a competent textuary is neither wise nor fair ; 
 whilst the miniTnuni (which too often proves the maximum) 
 at examinations for Orders furnishes perhaps the most strik- 
 ing illustration of the adage, " A little knowledge is a dan- 
 gerous thing." 
 
 There is also a delusion prevalent regarding the value 
 of a "literal rendering" of the Scriptures. Where the 
 idiom of the original happens to agree exactly with our 
 own, of course literalism not only is desirable but becomes, 
 practically, a matter of course ; and the unlearned reader 
 may be assured that in such passages the translators did not 
 in general go out of their way to give us any other than 
 this easiest and most obvious imitation of the original. But, 
 when the idioms do not agree, then a literal rendering is of 
 no use to the unlearned, and can only serve the philological 
 purpose ofassisting the student to apprehend the peculiarity 
 of the dead language ; for as to the m^eaning, a translation 
 of such a phrase, " verbatim," often gives no meaning at all 
 in English, but makes mere nonsense, especially if the order 
 of the words be also preserved as in the original. We need 
 not go far in search of instances of this. — e.g» in Eom. i. 7, 
 we should have, " To all the being in Rome ;" in verse 15, 
 " Thus the according to me foreminded ;" in Eom. ii. 28, 
 preserving the order, we should have, " Not for the in the 
 manifest Jew is ;" in iii. 29, again, " Or of Jews the Grod 
 
S6 Study of Languages. 
 
 alone ? not but and of Grentiles ?" and so forth. (See page 73.) 
 Now surely, in these instances, we have to thank the 
 translators for preferring the exact TYieaning of the Grreek 
 to a version which, though verbally (= literally, and a better 
 word) — though verbally correct, would fail to convey any 
 meaning at all, or else mislead by a wrong one. It is just 
 the blue ink of page 13 which has a right to ignore meaning. 
 
 So far am I from an o^'e^'-weening estimate of the know- 
 ledge of Grreek for the sake of the New Testament, that I 
 have dissuaded several adult friends from taking up the 
 study with that view. My Own persuasion is that, unless 
 in the providence of Grod, that privilege has been enjoyed 
 in early life, (in which case it should be used thankfully,) 
 our own excellent version may well content them under 
 some confessed disadvantages respecting a few, very few, 
 mistranslated passages, and a larger number of others, 
 where, from the very nature of the Babel diversity, a 
 brighter idea of the meaning is attained, than any other 
 language besides the original could be expected to convey. 
 And, the appreciation of this higher luminosity of that 
 which is already highly luminous, would hardly be attained 
 by 6yjnfjLa9eo(; (late learners). 
 
 N.B. — However early you begin, my young friends, I 
 have stronger grounds for recommending the study of Grreek 
 (with or without Latin) to all the highly educated youths 
 of both sexes, than any real spiritual advantage it could 
 give you over earnest searchers of the English or "Welsh 
 New Testament. And, I think, I might say the same of 
 the French and Grerman. Beyond these languages, I 
 should be speaking at random; though I did, formerly, 
 venture to " deffer wid *' his Lordship of Segovia, (p. 91) as to 
 his Spanish rendering of Eom. i. 3, 4. (See Introduction,) 
 
Study of Languages, S7 
 
 Eteenity is Time's Superlative. 
 
 A ^^ Night Thought" omitted by Young supplied hj Old 
 
 and recoinmended to Young and Old. 
 
 The thought occurred to me in connection with the expres- 
 sion aL(i)v at(ov(ov for Eternity, which may perhaps be 
 considered as a kind of superlative of accov, as Eex regum 
 of Eex. 
 
 It is worth while to consider the various equivalents of 
 this expression. " For ever," " for evermore," " for ever 
 and ever," are the renderings, and I believe true render- 
 ings, of nine different expressions in the Grreek Testa- 
 ment, viz.: (1) — iL<; Tov aocova ; (2) — ii^ rov^s atcova^ ; (3) — ei9 
 T0U9 cLLcova^; rcov accovcov ; (4) — et? tov dcwva rov aicovo^^, Heb. 
 i. 8; (5) — 6t9 aicova ; 2 Peter, ii. 17 ; (6) — et? rj/xepau dLa)vo<;, 
 2 Peter, iii. 18 ; (7) — et? iravra^ tov<; dtoova^;, Jude 25 ; 
 (8) — et? dicova^ cllcovcov, Eev. xiv. 1 1 ; and, (9) — ic<; iraaa^ ra^ 
 y6vea<; tov dc(ovo<; rcov dicovcov, Eph. iii. 21. The three first, 
 marked 1, 2, 3, (as in that useful book, the Englishman's 
 Grreek Concordance,) are of very frequent occurence ; of 
 the six others, each occurs but once, viz., in the texts 
 specified; whilst dccov dccovcov, though intended by the 
 writer for a quotation, does not occur at all! Now it is 
 difficult to say which is the most sublime of these groups 
 of very few words, chosen by the Holy Spirit to express 
 an idea which is in itself one of transcendent sublimity. 
 Can anything surpass in grandeur the first of these, et? tov 
 dicava, " for the age ?" conveying the great truth that Eter- 
 nity is, essentially, one unbroken stream of time. But again, 
 the second, it<; tov^ di(ova<;, expresses, as briefly as possible, 
 the other fact, that Eternity is one infinite whole which 
 includes many finite periods. And if these two are glor- 
 ious and magnificent, what shall we say to the third, which 
 
g3 Study of Languages. 
 
 is both plural and (in the sense proposed at the outset) 
 superlative? viz., et? tov% aiwvm rcov accovcov — "to the ages 
 of the ages," which the anarthrous Latin more feebly ren- 
 ders by " In ssecula saeculorum." The fourth is interesting 
 as the exact counterpart of the third, only in the singular 
 number ; the fifth is a repetition of the first, only without 
 the article. The sixth, " to a day of an age," or, " the 
 day of the age " (?) (anarthrous, however — no article with 
 eithe?^ noun), reminds us of the two grand converses : " with 
 the Lord a thousand years are as one day, and one day as 
 a thousand years ;" and it is well indeed to be reminded of 
 this, amidst the difficulties which beset, apparently by Divine 
 appointment (Acts i. 7), the study of prophetic chronology. 
 The seventh merely fills up the virtual ellipsis of Travra^, 
 which occurs in the second. The eighth, on the contrary, is 
 an anarthrous repetition of the third. [No contrast is, I be- 
 lieve, conveyed hy the absence of the article in any of these 
 cases {J)\ The ninth is the longest, and the most remarkable 
 of all — a pregnant paragraph of itself, carrying the mind 
 through a longer flight, " (j)pov7LBo<; TrXavoc';," than, perhaps, 
 any other eight words ever written or uttered, either by man 
 or God — " Unto all the generations of the age of the ages." 
 Even in English, the words, as well as the conception, roll 
 on with majestic solemnity ; but in the Greek, eminently 
 " ore rotundo." This phrase occurs in Eph. iii. 21, and is 
 here placed after the rest, as a grand finale, in virtue of its 
 surpassing weight and dignity. It not only suggests, by 
 " Tov aLCJovo^," the vast illimitable unit — the unbroken vista, 
 without even an apparent vanishing point, down which the 
 yearning eye of a mind at peace with God (and if not, why 
 not ? see John i. 12) rejoices, yet with trembling, to gaze 
 wistfully at times ; but, also, by " rooi; aloovoov," it presents 
 before us the multitudinous plurality — the " innumerabilis 
 
Study of Languages. g9 
 
 annorum series, et fuga temporum" — tlie long succession of 
 centuries, chiliads, and dispensations, of which our little 
 sample, called time, is circumstantially made up.* But, 
 moreover, the human interest in those revolving eras, is 
 awakened by " Ta<; yev€a<;," the generations that are to enter 
 and quit the stage of life during the totality of those un- 
 told cycles. And, still further to enhance this last idea, we 
 have " Traca?" — all, to the very last generation on earth — 
 the " quick," whom Jesus will come to judge in the great 
 and terrible day of the Lord. 
 
 Had Longinus taken this passage in hand instead of 
 Genesis i., he might well have introduced it with nav\o<; 
 ovx TV')(o)v dvTjp ! But, a greater than Paul is here. 
 
 The adjective derived from acaov, and, I should say, em- 
 bodying all these modifications of it, is awvio<; : yet a much 
 esteemed and lamented friend, in the pursuit of a favourite 
 doctrine, either invented himself, or accepted as a valuable 
 invention, the English adjective " seonian " as its equivalent; 
 on the ground that " eternal " and " everlasting," by which 
 alooi/io^ is represented in the authorised version, do not con- 
 vey its true meaning. I confess this always seemed to me 
 an admission that the Greek word conveyed to his mind no 
 idea whatever; since to caU it "seonian" is, in fact, to leave 
 it ^mtranslated, like Selah in the Psalms. 
 
 EOMANS, i. 1 — 7. 
 I ONCE made for my own use, (many, many years ago,) a 
 translation of this most remarkable passage; because the 
 authorised version seemed so much less clearly to express 
 the great truths conveyed in it than the Original Greek, in 
 
 * Think*8t thou existence doth depend on time ? 
 
 It doth ; but actions are our epochs. — Manfred. 
 12 
 
90 Study of Languages. 
 
 which there is not the slightest obscurity. This inferiority 
 arises, not from any errors on the part of the translators, bnt 
 from a less capacity in the English language for parenthetic 
 arrangement; so that it would hardly be possible to do 
 justice to so long a sentence without breaking it up into two 
 or three : a procedure which, in a few other instances also, 
 would perhaps have relieved the English Testament from 
 periods " involved" to an extent unsuited to the genius of 
 the language. I can not at present lay my hand upon the 
 above ancient rendering of my own : but, on referring to a 
 fine copy of the original [Cantabrigise, apud Thos. Buck. 
 Anno Domini 1632. Copperplate title page, with a stag 
 drinking at a pump-cistern.] I find the punctuation exactly 
 what I proposed, viz : with the second verse in one paren- 
 thesis, and the third, from " which was made," down to the 
 end of the fourth, included in another ; the words lycrov 
 XpLCTTov Tov Kvpiov rjfictiv then follow, out of parenthesis, 
 whilst a third parenthesis includes the fifth and sixth verses. 
 If my reader will draw these six brackets with a pencil, the 
 perspicuity of that notation will, I believe, be so apparent 
 that he will not be disposed to rub them out. Our trans- 
 lators, feeling the infirmity of their language in the above 
 particular, have brought up the words "Jesus Christ our 
 Lord " from the end of the fourth verse, which is their true 
 Greek position, to the middle of the third, which (for the 
 said reason) is more natural for English. In examining 
 other translations, I see that the difficulty has been gener- 
 ally felt as to modern languages; some taking the same 
 liberty as ourselves with these four words, others leaving 
 them at their Greek distance from " his Son," but streng- 
 thening the weak point by " c'est a dire," " nemlich," " te 
 weten," "namliga," "convem a saber," &c., (all="to wit.") 
 In the Dutch and Portuguese (as well as Beza's Latin) 
 
Study of Languages. 91 
 
 the three parentheses are marked exactly as in my old 
 Greek Testament ; whilst the Bishop of Segovia, not seeing 
 the parenthetic character of the passage at all, has both 
 misplaced and mistranslated the four words egregiously ; 
 giving " por la resurrection de Jesu Christo Senor nuestro," 
 instead of the very clear rendering in the Catalan (query by 
 an ^rcAbishop?) — "per sa resurrecio," which gives the only 
 possible sense, since that "resurrection from the dead" by 
 which Jesus was declared to be the Son of God with power, 
 could be no other than his own personal resurrection on the 
 predicted 3rd day, whereas the Spanish makes " his Son," 
 verse 3, appear to be a different person from " Jesus Christ 
 our Lord" in the fourth verse 1 To proceed, however, with 
 the English. I attach great importance to the right under- 
 standing of this passage, because I believe the divinity of 
 Jesus to be at least as essential to the work of saving his 
 people from their sins as his humanity, [Jehovah has said 
 " Beside me there is no Saviour,"] and because I think that 
 doctrine is revealed here in strong and plain terms. If 
 Kara aapKa be understood to mean on the mother's side, and 
 Kara Trvevfia on the fathers side, then the whole sentence 
 seems consistent and clear. But, if /cara aap/ca be taken to 
 include Joseph as well as Mary, /cara irvevixa is left to seek 
 a place which cannot be found for it anywhere : in the 1st 
 place, because, as a mere fact, there is no " tertium quid ;" 
 and, in the next place, how or in what sense could the 
 resurrection declare a mere man " to be the Son of God with 
 power, according to the Spirit of Holiness ?" I strongly 
 suspect that to believe one can extract sense — any what- 
 soever — from the sentence thus interpreted, is (as Bryce says 
 in the invaluable " Note B " to his Algebra) to " deliver our 
 understandings into captivity to a jargon of unmeaning 
 words." On the other hand, Jesus had claimed to be the 
 
92 Study of Languages. 
 
 Son of God, and one with the Father, in such a way that 
 the unbelieving Jews, who called him " the carpenter's son," 
 understood him to assume equality with God, and accused 
 him roundly of blasphemy. But it was no more blasphemy 
 than the still more explicit annunciation to the Virgin: 
 " The Holy Ghost shall come upon thee, and the power of 
 the highest shall overshadow thee ; therefore, also that holy 
 thing which shall be born of thee shall be called the Son of 
 God ;" a passage which is in exact accordance with our text 
 here, and was the answer vouchsafed to that blessed woman 
 who asked no further question, but " kept all these things, 
 and pondered them in her heart!" (Luke ii. 19.) and again 
 (verse 51.) " Kept all these sayings in her heart." They 
 were worth keeping : and may God help us, who have the 
 very same need of them that she had, to ponder them in the 
 same humble spirit of subdued enquiry. (Compare verse 
 34. with 38.) 
 
 In looking once more at the original, I confess I hardly 
 hope to convey to the mere English reader my own conviction 
 of the clearness with which these clauses, in their native 
 position as Greek, and by the plain meaning of each indi- 
 vidual word, convey the doctrine of a twofold nature ; one 
 derived from his human royal mother, the other from no 
 human father, but from God exclusively. After naming 
 " his Son," the apostle, under the dictation of the Holy 
 Ghost, inserts a parenthesis, explaining in what sense he was 
 the Son of God, viz : that, whilst on the human side, he was 
 a descendant of David, on the divine side he was declared, 
 by his resurrection from the dead, to be God's Son in power. 
 The resurrection, let me here observe, is the cardinal point 
 of the truth of Christianity : upon it everything may be said 
 to " hinge." The enemies said that, if that should be re- 
 ceived as a fact, their party would receive the most deadly 
 
Study of Languages. 03 
 
 blow ; as they very intelligibly expressed it, " the last error 
 shall be worse than the first." If " that deceiver," who said 
 " after three days I will rise again," should be believed to 
 have actually done so, it would be vain to call him any more 
 " a deceiver." Hence the importance to them of falsifying 
 the resurrection. Matt, xxviii. 12 — 15. Now, when the 
 Lord was risen indeed, he had, by that one fact, confirmed 
 the truth of that and of every other assertion and claim he 
 had ever made in his life ; of which, assuredly, by far the 
 strongest, the most critical, and decisive was his claim to 
 Sonship, in such terms as John v. 23 ; and to oneness with 
 the Father, as in John x. 30; and to priority to Abraham, as 
 in John viii. 58 ; and to the world itself, as in John xviii. 5. 
 All of which, if not substantiated, were so plainly blasphe- 
 mous that the unbelievers treated him as a blasphemer 
 without ceremony on several occasions. But this crowning 
 miracle did substantiate everything, to the comfort of his 
 blindly despairing followers. Hence the importance to 
 them of verifying the resurrection : for this great purpose the 
 traitor's place was filled up by a true man — Matthias, Acts 
 i. 22. This was the grand subject of testimony; "This 
 Jesus hath God raised up whereof we are all witnesses." 
 Acts ii. 32. See also, in the " Evangelical sermons " of that 
 day, how important a place this doctrine then held. Acts 
 ii. 24—32; iii. 15; iv. 10 and 33; v. 31; x. 40; xiii. 30— 
 37; xviii. 3 and 18; xxvi. 23. It is, then, not difficult to 
 understand how Jesus Christ, after being put to death as an 
 impostor — as one who, being a man, made himself God, — 
 was most clearly defined, or definitely marked out, {oplcr- 
 devTo^) as the Son of God in power, by his resurrection 
 from the dead. 
 
 As to individual words — First: opi^iM (from 6po<; a 
 limit), occurs eight times in the New Testament, and is 
 
94 Study of Languages. 
 
 translated everywhere else either " determine/' " ordain/' or 
 " limit." It gives the English their word " Horizon/' the 
 limiting circle of our view. Its compound, oa^oipKr^ievo'^ 
 just above in verse 1, is "separated." 
 
 If one were to hunt the Lexicons for a verb better calcula- 
 ted to express not merely declaration but demarcation, by a 
 tranchant line, from ever^j^hing else with which he might be 
 confounded, I do not think we could satisfy ourselves better 
 with any other than 6pi,^oo; not even x^P^^^ (Heb. vii. 26), 
 which is the verb chosen by the Spirit to denote his separa- 
 tion from sinners. He might have been, " as was supposed, 
 the son of Joseph" (Luke iii. 23); he was absolutely marked 
 out, by his resurrection, to be what he had plainly declared 
 himself to be — the Son of God in power, one with his 
 Father, and whom his prophet had long before announced 
 as " Wonderful, Counsellor, the Mighty God, the Everlasting 
 Father, the Prince of Peace" (Isa. ix. 6.) 
 
 2. Bvvafii<;. This noun has an extended signification, 
 from the very highest to the very lowest sense of the English 
 word, " power." It would be absurd to seek parallels to this 
 passage amongst the lower acceptations of Bvpa/uLc^, which 
 occurs about 120 times in the New Testament. The passage 
 already quoted from Luke i. 35, has it, with reference to the 
 conception of Jesus, and gives this very reason why he 
 should be called God's Son, mo^ deov (as here, without articles). 
 In Mat. xxvi. 64, he predicts his own second advent, and 
 describes himself " sitting on the right hand oi power" In 
 1 Cor. i. 24, he is himself called " the power of God, and the 
 wisdom of God." 
 
 . In contending, therefore, for the very highest expression 
 of personal divinity in these words, " the Son of God with 
 power/' I am not conscious of straining terms (as one may 
 easily do) to support a favourite doctrine ; for a favourite 
 
Study of Languages. 95 
 
 doctrine it may well be, with those who believe the son of 
 Joseph and Mary, could no more save them than they could 
 save themselves. 
 
 3. Kara aap/ca — Kara Trvev/iia, are so placed, in their re- 
 spective clauses, as essentially and indisputably to point to 
 some two things : and if these two be not equivalent to " the 
 another's side" and "the father s side" as we commonly speak 
 of relationships, I am utterly at a loss for any possible 
 meaning to be assigned the words, " according to the spirit 
 of holiness." I am surprised not to find them, in any version, 
 translated " the Holy Spirit," after the analogy of Col. i. 13, 
 where " Son of his love " is rendered " dear Son." I have 
 but one remark more to offer, viz., on the absence of the 
 articles with avaaraaeoof; veKpcov. I believe them to be 
 omitted because the context seems sufficiently to show that 
 it 7nust be 97 avaaraai^ rj 6k veKpoov, as in Luke xx. 35, and 
 Acts iv. 2, " the resurrection from the dead " (d'entre les 
 morts), that is meant, and not the fact of a general resur- 
 rection at last, as in Acts. xvii. 32. The distinction usually 
 made in the 'New Testament between the resurrection o/and 
 that from the dead, is well worth studying, for the reason 
 given (Eev. xx. 6.) 
 
 Eeader, unworthy as you must be, as one born of fallen 
 parents, would you be accounted worthy to obtain that world 
 and the Eesurrection from the dead ? Look to one that was 
 made sin for us (himself knowing no sin), " that we might 
 be made the righteousness of God in Him." 2 Cor. v. 21. 
 
 mSPIEATlON. 
 
 The writers of the Old and New Testaments were employed 
 at different times and on different occasions, in very various 
 tasks. Such, for instance, were — 
 
g6 Study of Languages. 
 
 1. Writing the words of tlie Most High, uttered in the 
 audience of others. 2. The mind and intention of God re- 
 vealed to themselves alone. 3. The words of Satan 
 addressed to God and Christ. 4. The words of wicked men ; 
 inspired, as Baalam, or uninspired, as Cain. 5. The words 
 of good men; inspired, as Agabus, or uninspired as 
 Nicodemus. 6. The words of indifferent persons in common 
 conversation. 7. The thoughts of other men ; right, as in 
 Luke vii. 39, or wrong, as in Isaiah xi. 13. 8. Their own 
 thoughts ; past or * present, right or wrong, wise or foolish. 
 9. Prayers of their own, or of others. 10. Events of former, 
 their own, or future days. 11. Quotations from records or 
 decrees, and copies of inscriptions. [Query; anything else?] 
 
 Nmv, the real questimi is, not * ' Could the writers do any of these without 
 the Holy Spirit" 1 hut "Are there aiiy of these which He, if He saw fit, 
 could not do, for or with them?" 
 
 ADVEESAETA ON THE GEEEK TESTAMENT. 
 1 John v. 16. — A friend lately asked me whether the end 
 of this verse might not be rendered, " I do not say that he 
 should ash about it," in the sense of mere*^questioning, out of 
 curiosity. As far as the mere verb epooTaco is concerned, that 
 is certainly its ordinary meaning : and, at the moment, I 
 consented to it. But now, looking at the context, I feel 
 reproved for my want of familiarity with the Greek Testa- 
 ment. The emphasis thrown upon 6K€cv7j^ by its position, 
 compels us to take it — " It is not about that sin that I am 
 saying he should pray." This meaning of ipcoTaoo also is 
 supported by John, xiv. 16, xvii. 9 — 20, and other scriptures. 
 
 EOCK OF AGES. 
 
 Fissa mei causa, sseclorum regia Eupes, 
 In latebris sedes sit mihi fida tuis. 
 * " Present" — John xxi. 25. Perhaps the sole instance. 
 
Sttidy of Languages. 97 
 
 Sit criior ille tuus, sit aquae (par nobile 1) rivus, 
 
 Vulnere qui lateris prosiluere tui — 
 Sint mihi peccati duplex medicamen adempti, 
 
 Me purgent sceleris crimine vique simul. 
 Haud-quaquam manuum duri potuere labores 
 
 Supplendae legis suppeditare vices. 
 Si mihi sit studium quod delassare nequires, 
 
 Perpetuo madeant si mihi rore gense, 
 Peccavi ! sontemque piacula nulla resolvent, 
 
 Praeter te solum stat mihi nulla salus. 
 Nil manibus, pretium vitse, portare paravi, 
 
 Immorior ligno simpliciterque tuo. 
 Ml opis in nobis ; a te qusero usque favorem, 
 
 Ad te velandus, vestis egenus, eo. 
 Fontis ad illustrem fugio turpissimus undam, 
 
 Emoriar certe, Tu nisi me ipse laves. 
 Ultima dum dederit suspiria pectus anhelum, 
 
 Lumina cum Mortis presserit alta quies, 
 Cum demiim ignotas trepidus ferar hospes in auras, 
 
 Sederis et solio Tu super ipse tuo, 
 Fissa mei causa, sseclorum regia Kupes, 
 
 In latebris sedes sit mihi iida tuis. 
 
 BEITONS. 
 
 We were, in the Koman world, pro^erUally the " uttermost 
 part of the earth," when the Lord used that expression, Acts 
 i. 8, for we were a little farther off than our Bretagne neigh- 
 bours, " Extremi hominum Morini, and were, in fact, 
 designated unceremoniously by the Eoman poet, " penitus 
 toto divisos orbe Britannos." The nucleus, so to speak, of 
 whatever measure of true, i.e. life-giving, life-forming Christi- 
 anity, (Galatians ii. 22) now exists in this Gentile Island and 
 
9^ Study of Languages. 
 
 Empire, existed beyond all doubt at a very early period. Dis- 
 missing all dubious tradition, we find Martial the Roman Epi- 
 grammatist, complimenting Claudia Euffina, by an assertion 
 which might now be made, wholesale, without conveying any 
 compliment whatever, but far the other way. He asks her 
 how it comes to pass that she, though only a simple Cymraes, 
 came to be possessed of all the elegance and attractions of a 
 Eoman or Athenian lady. Show me the Italian or Greek 
 now-a-days, who will surpass the Elette of a Denbigh 
 Eisteddfod, as represented by Erddig, Eaggat, Pengwern, &c., 
 in 1827 ? But this by the way. The lady whom Martial 
 addresses in the following elegant lines, (0 si sic omnia !) 
 was the Claudia to whom the Apostle Paul sends messages 
 of Christian love : — 
 
 Claudia caeruleis cum sit Euffina Britannis, 
 Edita, cur Latiee pectora plebis habet ? 
 
 Quale decus formse ! Eomanse credere matres, 
 Italides possunt, Atthides esse suani ! 
 
 Martial Lib. ii. Epig. 64. 
 This Lady's name is thus Eomanized from the British Gwladys 
 Eufij^dd ( = Griffith) j and now, ye Griffiths, which of you can trace up 
 to this truly noble Cymraes ? Out with your pedigrees ! 
 
 And, as the author of our interesting little historical 
 sketch Drych y Prifoesydd well observes, it is not credible 
 that this great lady of Caesar's household would rest till she 
 had persuaded the Apostle either to go or send to her be- 
 loved country, (for true Britons have ever loved their country,) 
 in order to make known there the unsearchable riches of 
 Christ, which in the providence of God, through emigration, 
 had become hers. So that, without pressing the evidence 
 for any individuaVs missionary visit to these shores, may we 
 not confidently date the commencement of a British church, 
 in the only true sense of that elastic word, from the resi- 
 dence of the Apostle at Eome? 
 
Study of Languages. 99 
 
 ADYEESAEIA ON THE GEEEK TESTAMENT. 
 
 Hebrews, ix. 12. — "Should the words in italics, 'for 
 us,' be retained?" They are not necessary; but at least 
 harmless, and perhaps help the meaning. N.B. — The sub- 
 ject of italics is a very important and interesting one. They 
 very inadequately, and often inconsistently represent on^ 
 form of difference between the original and the translation ; 
 but are, of course, apt to be mistaken for emphatic words. 
 As they are often important to the sense, and the accurate 
 adjustment of them would be extremely difficult, it is to be 
 hoped they will not be rashly interfered with. 
 
 1 Timothy, vi. 5. — Should most decidedly be "that 
 godliness is gain ;" i.e., that the profession of Godliness is a 
 way of making money. The article settles this question : it 
 must be with the subject, not the predicate. 
 
 From a Letter to a Friend. 
 2 Timothy, i. 10. — But_jnanifested now through the ap- 
 
 r 
 the qf-us having- v ' 
 
 pearing of our saviour Jesus Christ ; who-abolished death, 
 
 - 
 
 havtne> 
 ■^—^ Incorruptlon 
 
 and brought-to-light life and immortality through the gospel. 
 "I think 'through the gospel' applies strictly to loth 
 propositions so that it might stand well enough where you 
 place it" (viz., after " death"). " Surely, where the gospel 
 is not received, death is not abolished. The Hue ink marks " 
 (so in M.S., replaced here by italics) "are to be viewed as a 
 separate subject, and are an attempt to show the difference 
 between the Greek idiom and the English. In this verse, 
 the attempt seems quite successful ; it is not always so easy. 
 It is the only way I ever met with for seeing at one view, 
 
100 Study of Languages, 
 
 the exact meaning in English, and the structure of the 
 Greek. If you won't try the ' blue ink/ I will decorate for 
 you any verse you will send, very plainly translated in Hack 
 ink. And I think you will often find it throws light upon the 
 text, besides the benefit I propose to myself, &c. Surely 
 some kind hand will do this for me, now and then, at your 
 request." N,B. — This invitation is now general. 
 
 The following notes on the Verb Substantive " hiii to be," 
 would have appeared sooner if I had found them. I think 
 the subject a very important one, capable of affecting many 
 statements of vital consequence, if not the whole of truth as 
 expressed or expressible in language. 
 
 A question about words is necessarily an idle question, 
 only when it is mistaken for one about facts ; a mistake 
 which wastes a whole evening in the discussion of a point 
 where there are not, and could not be, two opinions ! This 
 is a "Logomachy." But a verbal question, taken up 
 advisedly as such, is a question of fact, viz. : a fact of lan- 
 guage ; and may, in its place, be as weighty as any other 
 question whatever. A friend wrote as follows (about De- 
 cember, 1862) : — Eeferring.to the texts Matt, xxvi., 26-28 
 —''rovTo eVrt"— Mark, xiv. 22-24, Luke, xxii. 19-20, he 
 asks, " Is the presence of the Grreek verb, ' icfiL to be,' in a 
 sentence to be understood as if it were not there in our 
 idiom, and its absence, as if it were there ? In the first 
 case, would it read thus : ' This {icm) represents my body;' 
 and without eVrt ' this is my body ? ' " 
 
 I replied : — It seems to me hardly possible, that a word, 
 when " absent," {i.e., omitted, or understood,) should have a 
 Viore forcible meaning than when present, (i.e., expressed.) 
 
Study of Languages. lOl 
 
 The very opposite might be urged, plausibly ; but I think 
 not truly, either. E'crrc, the Latin est, &c., are apt to be 
 omitted when their use, as " Copula," is evidently implied. 
 Thus, " Omnia praeclara rara," could only mean " All illus- 
 trious things are rare :" and, therefore, sunt is dispensed 
 with ; as it commonly is, in adages. In all the above texts, 
 even if ecrrt were absent from half of them, (as it is actually 
 from one only,) it must, I believe, be translated " this is 
 my body," and the only question can be whether the ex- 
 pression is literally, or only figuratively true, as in " I am 
 the door." And that question seems to me to affect the 
 nouns, " body," " blood," " door," and not the verb " am," 
 which retains its own proper meaning in either case. 
 " E\fjLc to be," has only two uses, viz. : the above use as a 
 " copula," which " asserts something of something," or else 
 as the expression of existence, as ^609 io-TL = a Grod exists, 
 or there is a Grod. To say that eVrt of itself, means 
 " represents," seems to me outrageous ! But be sure to 
 write again about this. There must be some history con- 
 nected with your question. 
 
 N.B. — I felt sure this idea had been forced upon my 
 worthy correspondent either by men or books ; and, accord- 
 ingly, it turned out that a Grreek Testament Lexicon 
 actually gives " represent " as one meaning of poor et/xt ! 
 So I afterwards wrote : " The question about icjjbc is, I think, 
 not a question of any dialect, or even of any language, but 
 of language universally. Bagster's little Lexicon, at the 
 end of a Grreek Testament here, utterly ignores those sup- 
 posed meanings. If I knew the author of the one you saw, 
 I would write to him. That verb is kept out oftener than 
 any other, just because it must have that one meaning; 
 therefore, the blank is supplied by the mind, with absolute 
 certainty. What could " Dux femina facti " mean, but " a 
 
102 Study of Languages. 
 
 woman was leader of the exploit ?" In English, it is {idiom- 
 atically) almost always expressed. Proverbs, such as, " The 
 more haste (there is), the less speed" (there is), are the only- 
 exceptions I can think of. But, how well babies get on 
 without it ! " Baby good," " baby tired,*' &c., are under- 
 stood by every one ; which proves that, even in English, 
 this habit of constantly inserting it, is merely idiomatical, 
 and not essential. 
 
 I afterwards {i.e.^ about February 14th, 1848) learnt 
 that, in parables, as Matt. xiii. 37-39 ; or in symbols, as 
 Rev. iv. 5, and v. 6-8 ; or quotations, as Matt. xii. 7 ; this 
 verb is supposed to be used in a peculiar sense, such 
 as to " represent " or " to mean." Now, observe that if 
 this were not, from its very nature, purely a question of 
 words ; i.e., if it only concerned the sense of some detached 
 passages, it might seem idle to enquire whether " I am the 
 door," should be paraphrased 'I [figuratively]-am the door'; 
 ^.e., I represent the door ; or ' I am the [figurative]-door' 
 — ' I am the [antitype]-door,' or the like ; thus transferring 
 the peculiarity from the verb, to the following noun. But, 
 where the only question before us is about the meaning of 
 the verb word etyu-t, this discussion is not an idle one, but 
 simply to the point. In safe hands the meaning of indi- 
 vidual passages, may sometimes (as above) be not in the 
 least affected by qualifying the verb " is " or '' am," {i^e,, 
 the " copula " in any form,) rather than the nouns, (" pre- 
 dicates,") " door," " body," in the propositions ' / am the 
 door.' ' This is my body.' And, of course, nothing is more 
 true than that the exact meaning of many other sentences 
 may be preserved sometimes, though you change every 
 NOUN and verb in those sentences. But, if you once decide 
 that the verb hfii of itself shall not always signify " to 66," 
 but sometimes " to mean," " to represent,^' &c., I think it 
 
Study of Languages. I03 
 
 would introduce such a revolution in language and thought, 
 that no assertion, divine or human^ would have any fixed 
 value. The innumerable instances which might be quoted, 
 or framed, to support such a practice (most plausibly, at 
 first sight) will, I believe, all turn out to be conventional 
 abridgements, where the mind readily supplies the ellipsis, 
 or apprehends the irony, without note or comment. An 
 actor may say, *' / am, Hamlet to-night : " when " HamleV^ 
 evidently means one dressed and speaking as Hamlet : and 
 it is superfluous to look for any strange meaning in the verb 
 "am." The speaker actually is that which any hearer 
 would naturally understand by ' Hamlet,^ as uttered by 
 him. And a man in a wheel-barrow may say, " this is my 
 coach and six : " when " coach and six " would be at once 
 understood as his jocular term for the one wheeled vehicle, 
 without troubling the verb to assume any extraordinary 
 meaning [if it could, in that case (?) ]. " C'est 9a que c'est 
 Toulon," said young Napoleon, with his finger on the map. 
 The Greneral corrected his Greography ! not from misunder- 
 standing the verb " esi^," but from taking Toulon literally ; 
 whilst his " little Corporal " meant the very spot that com- 
 manded Toulon, and expressed it in one word. "L'Em- 
 pire c'est la paix," said Napoleon the Third, with the family 
 conciseness. Our newspapers rendered it fkeely, "The 
 Empire m^ans peace :" rightly enough, as a, free translation. 
 But, if you take the *phrase to pieces, and conclude that 
 the French verb " est " of itself, ever signifies " means," you 
 are, I believe, in serious error. In Matthew, xiii. 37, we 
 have what is called a "convertible proposition." Both 
 aireipoov and f /09 having the article, the sentence might run 
 the opposite way, " The Son of man is the sower." In that 
 case, " is " would not be (by your friend) supposed equiva- 
 lent to " meaneth " or " representeth,^' but on the contrary 
 
104 Study of Languages. 
 
 to " is meant by,'^^ or " is rejpresented by.'''' Does it not 
 strike you as being rather unlikely^ that the same verb 
 should, of itself, with equal facility, adopt either the active 
 or passive signification of those two verbs ? and is it not 
 more reasonable to explain the two propositions, respective- 
 ly as follows : — The person represented by the sower, or the 
 (so-called) sower — or the " sower," really is the Son of man ? 
 And again : The Son of man really is the (above-named) 
 " sower ? " " More reasonable," I say, because such fiUings- 
 up of ellipses, or expansions of abridgements, are merely such 
 as you or I would be obliged to employ, if required to explain 
 fully a great proportion of our ordinary conversation. 
 Whereas, the other method confers on the simplest and 
 most importantly definite of all verbs, the power of assum- 
 ing, to suit a good purpose, [and, therefore, equally to suit 
 a bad one — why not ? if once you concede the power,] other 
 far less definite significations ; giving room to question the 
 positiveness of every such assertion whatever! The one 
 method takes no new liberty with language ; but gets out 
 the truth by a method in constant and unavoidable use : 
 the other gets out the same truth (nothing more, or better), 
 by an innovation which seems to me replete with danger. 
 If you say, " what danger ? sure there are plenty of words, 
 with two or more meanings," I answer, there are more than 
 enough already ; and dictionaries needlessly multiply the 
 meanings of words. Let us not then add to the list a word 
 of all others, perhaps, the m^ost fixed in all languages : the 
 vehicle of every assertion : the answer of every such question 
 as " what is this ? " the backbone of every other verb, 
 since "the Lord reigneth^^ resolves itself into "the Lord is 
 reigning," or ' is King ; ' the Root of " Being," " Essence," 
 " Entity," &c., &c., the keystone in the arch of language ! 
 Your passage, this is my body, can, I allow, be shortly dis- 
 
Study of Languages. 105 
 
 posed of in this way : but at a fearful expense, if you fairly 
 allow all adversaries the liberty of interpreting this same 
 verb " fast and loose," ad libitum. I would say — " this, 
 though literally mere bread, actually is my body, in a cer- 
 tain sense.^^ "I actually am the vine, the door — the 
 shepherd, &c., in a certain sense.^^ What these several 
 " senses " are the Spirit will teach the humble enquirer. 
 Nay more ; if the SS. be studied by an ordinary critic, with 
 the same candour as other writings, no more difficulty at- 
 taches to these expressions, than to the figurative language 
 of Homer, or Virgil, or Cicero, or Dr. Johnson. If you 
 notice verse thirty-eight (Matt, xiii.), syntax would, in 
 strictness, require each clause to be transferred backwards ; 
 for (jTrepfxa being singular, and l^L^avia neuter plural, neither 
 can agree with the verb eiai. But, I admit that " attrac- 
 tion " often supersedes " concord : " and the two last clauses 
 (in verse 39) require, by rule, the authorised rendering. 
 
 * Note — on taking a phrase to pieces. (Supra) In 
 Latin, " Est mihi" means " I have," and is the EXACT equi- 
 valent of ego habeo. But, the separate word ' est ' does not 
 mean ' have ; ' nor does ' mihi ' mean ' 2 ;' they mean and 
 always must mean, " is " and " to me.'' " A book is to me," 
 is the common Latin way of expressing " I have a book." 
 [Never, I think, " I have the book."] Weigh this fact well. 
 
 By collecting instances, consistently refusing to modify 
 the noun (or predicate), and throwing all the burden of ex- 
 planation on the verb, you would have to ascribe so many 
 significations to elfic, besides to ' represent,' and ' to mean,' 
 that your friend would be alarmed at the consequences of 
 his own theory, and glad to confine it to its old-fashioned 
 limits as — 1st, the copula ; and 2nd, the verb of existence. 
 1. ©609951^0X0709. 2. €GTL S€c^. He appears to consider 
 this as a question for Greek only ; but it seems to be for 
 
 14 
 
io6 Study of Languages. 
 
 language generally. What is true or tiiitrue of " is," will 
 be true or untrue of " eaTi^' and vice versa. There may 
 be languages where this would not hold good ; but, as far 
 as I know, this removes the reason he gave you for his 
 opinion, which you copied. 
 
 I have written part over again, and made some additions 
 which, I hope, render my meaning clearer. I may ask you 
 again for these ten pages. Who is the author of the Gr. T. 
 Lexicon you speak of ? I should be very glad to prevent 
 that rendering of hfiL appearing in another edition, and so 
 would the author too. (It turned out to be Parkhurst. 
 Compare h^i in Scott and Liddell.) 
 
 KOBEET HALDANE, Esquire. 
 
 1 Cor. vii. — The remarks that follow are very often upper- 
 most in my mind, when occupied with Grreek Testament 
 questions ; and would, I think, have taken precedence of 
 anything else whatever, but for the grateful recollection 
 that I am entirely indebted for them to the late Eobert 
 Haldane, whose name ought to command attention to his 
 few but comprehensive writings, from all those who have time 
 for other religious reading besides their Bibles. I have, 
 however, since those days (when I got " a read " of them 
 from that dear old Scot, John Dove, of Berkeley Square, 
 Bristol), met with many Bible students, who were not only 
 unacquainted with E. H.'s works, but as ignorant as I had 
 previously been myself of those passages which he has ren- 
 dered so clear. This alone ought to have removed all 
 objection to figuring in borrowed plumes. And, in fact, 
 those parts of our knowledge which we can trace directly to 
 a foreign source, are very often quite as truly " original " as 
 
Study of Langtiages. 107 
 
 other parts which we are perfectly nnconscious of having 
 derived from our fellow-men. Each individual's knowledge 
 is a strange and heterogeneous compound, the constituents 
 of which can no more be referred to their original source 
 than the pebbles in a conglomerate can be traced to the 
 very rock from which they were broken. So that, whilst 
 unacknowledged copying is now and then deservedly shown 
 up, the attempt to be absolutely original, and to have no 
 one to thank, is romantic and impracticable. 
 
 It is in connection with the subject of INSPIEATION that 
 the above eminent evangelist took up this chapter in his 
 valuable work on the Evidences of Christianity. And he 
 has so explained it (more by a correct rendering, and call- 
 ing attention to facts, than by his own comments), as to 
 remove, at once and for ever, from my own mind, what had 
 been to me, in common with many others, the grand 
 stumbling block to a simple reception of that all-important 
 doctrine, upon which the whole of Grod's truth may be said 
 to rest. Unless the " Canon of Scripture " be so assured to 
 us, that we may now say of the whole Bible, from Grenesis 
 to Eevelation, that all those holy men of old spake and 
 wrote as they were moved by the Holy Grhost, our minds are 
 liable to be unsettled to any extent on the most vital points, 
 even so as to have, at last, no final appeal either for doctrine 
 or practice. It is therefore a very serious evil, if any por- 
 tions of the Word of Grod itself be so misunderstood, as to 
 weaken our confidence in the whole. And, whatever doubts 
 I might have about repeating Mr. Haldane's comment, they 
 would have been entirely removed, by a letter just received 
 from an old Christian friend, in which, after quoting the 
 6th and 40th verses of this chapter, he asks, "Do these 
 passages imply any doubt as to whether Paul had the mind 
 oftheSpirit or not?" 
 
108 Study of Languages, 
 
 This question is best answered by considering these 
 passages, along with two or three others, which Haldane 
 brings to bear upon the subject so conclusively, that it is 
 to me a matter of regret that such a question should ever 
 have been asked, since the publication of his book many 
 years ago. These passages are, I think (for I gave away 
 the only copy I was possessed of), only the 10th, 12th and 
 25th of this chapter, and the 37th of the xiv., to which I 
 now invite my correspondent's and my other readers' close 
 and serious attention. First, as to verse 6 : Tovio Se Xe7&) 
 Kara o-vyyvjofjur^v, 6v Kar^ eiriTayr^v would be most simply 
 rendered — " But this I tell you as a permission, not as a 
 commandment :" which is in evident accordance with the 
 context, for he is neither absolutely enjoining marriage nor 
 celibacy, but allowing one or the other, according to cir- 
 cumstances specified. That the fvXl meaning is "as a 
 permission from God^'' seems to me a 'perfect ^matter of 
 course, even if no other verses were found to corroborate 
 that opinion. But we shall see. In the 10th and 12th 
 verses we find, severally, these two expressions, " Not I, but 
 the Lord," and, " I, not the Lord." In the former case, it 
 was not necessary to give a new commandment by the 
 apostle, because our Lord had already, during his personal 
 ministry on earth, decided that a wife must not depart from 
 her husband. In the latter case, when there was no pre- 
 vious enactment to refer to, it was necessary to make the 
 apostle the vehicle of a fresh precept, to meet a case not 
 yet provided for, and where Old Testament analogy might 
 naturally have led to the repudiation of unbelieving partners 
 with their children, as unclean. See Ezra x. and Neh. xiii. 
 This seems to me the simplest possible acceptation of those 
 two verses, 10 and 12, to the perpetual banishment of a 
 monstrous alternative, viz., that the Apostle Paul should be 
 
Study of Languages. 109 
 
 giving the Corinthians the mind of Grod and his own notions 
 hy turns ^ after having " obtained mercy of the Lord to be 
 faithful," in communicating his blessed will on most weighty 
 questions I It is now needless to comment, in verse 25, on 
 the words, " I have no commandment of the Lord ;" as it is 
 a simple historical fact, that the ministry of Jesus had not 
 provided for the case in point; but 'yvMfjur^v SlS(jo/jlc simply 
 means, " I give judgment." If, however, the words had 
 been ttjv efjuyv yucofjbrjv, as in verse 40, {i.e., my judgment) 
 there would be nothing more perplexing in that than the 
 expression, "my gospel," which, I suppose, never misled 
 any one, any more than the words, " I speak not by com- 
 mandment," in 2 Cor. viii. 8 ; which though identical, both 
 in Grreek and English, with the 6th verse of our chapter, 
 was probably never supposed to mean, "not by Grod's 
 commandment," but " not as a commandment," or " not by 
 way of commandment," i.e., only by way of exhortation. 
 On the other hand, in 1 Tim. i. 1, the very same words, 
 Kar^ einTayrjv, with the context, Qeov cr(OT7jpo<;, &c., ob- 
 viously do mean, "by the commandment of Grod," &c. 
 These distinctions I believe will commend themselves to the 
 sober judgment of every scholar. 
 
 As to verse 40, it is only necessary to say that the verb 
 SoKco, translated " I think," is the very same which in Luke 
 xvii. 9 is rendered, " I trow not," where no uncertainty is 
 implied, but quite the contrary ; and finally, that in this 
 very epistle, where " rrjv hfjbTjv yvcofirjv" &c., have been sup- 
 posed to throw some doubt upon the inspiration of the 
 writer, he himself says, in the most positive terms, " If any 
 man think himself to be a prophet or spiritual, let him 
 acknowledge that the things that / write unto you, are the 
 commandments of the Lord.'' — Chap. xiv. 37. Cadit quses- 
 tio — May these helps from Eobert Haldane be blessed to 
 
no Study of Languages. 
 
 others as they have been to me ; and to Grod be the praise. 
 I can now refer to his work, in 2 vols. 8vo, 1834, vol. I., 
 chap. 5, pages, 169-172. Those who reject his explanation, 
 have the alternative of believing that the Apostle — 
 
 1. Laid down rules for their guidance, knowing that he 
 had Grod's permission, but yet no express commandinent to 
 do so (v. 6.) : 
 
 2. That he afterwards gives the Lord's mind and his 
 own mind by turns (verses 10, 12, 25), and ventures his own, 
 where he has, in a very difficult question, to set aside Old 
 Testament precedents (12, 13); concluding, ''and so I or- 
 dain in all the churches " (v. 17) : 
 
 3. That he could take these wanton liberties, instead of 
 waiting for the Lord's directions, and yet assert that he is 
 " one that hath obtained mercy of the Lord to be faithful :" 
 
 4. That he means by verse 40, that he is not sure, in 
 that particular instance, whether it is the Lord's mind or 
 his own that he his delivering : 
 
 5. That, after all this, he insists upon an acknowledg- 
 ment (xiv. 37), that the things he writes to these very Cor- 
 inthians are the commandments of the Lord. 
 
 INSPIRATION. 
 A Friend once asked me whether I did not think the 
 literary and scientific portion of society had a claim upon 
 serious exponents of the Word of Grod, for a clear line of 
 demarcation between the doctrinal statements of holy writ, 
 and matters therein of a merely historical or scientific 
 nature. I promised to consider the question (as we were 
 then hurried), only adding, that whatever else Grod thought 
 fit to tell us besides the way of salvation, he told us from 
 himself, and therefore truly. 
 
Study of Languages^ etc. lit 
 
 In Answer to a Question from a Friend. 
 "1 Peter, iv. 11. — I prefer ' ^/ie oracles,' as it stands, to 
 your omission of the article. Observe that \07ta Qeov and 
 Ta \oyia rov deov may mean exactly the same thing, and 
 also that, in English, ' God's oracles ' without any article, has 
 the full force of ' the oracles of God.' Had this passage, 
 however, been rendered ' oracles of God,' one could not have 
 found fault. Too much stress has been laid on the presence 
 or absence of the article ; (especially in Taylor's ' Emphatic 
 Testament;' a well-meant and interesting book.) And no 
 rules will ever teach any one to appreciate such points." 
 
 "Hebrews, vi. 1. — The masculine word /SaTrrtcr/io? 
 never^ I believe, means the ordinance of Baptism ; merely 
 * washings,' such as of cups, &c." 
 
 Two Paragraphs pleading for "Leviora" in 
 0. P.'s Eemains. 
 " It is an utterly unwarranted view that ascribes the serious 
 wholly to God, and the humorous wholly to the devil : hu- 
 man nature does possess this two-fold side ; and both have 
 been given it by God." From " Better days for working- 
 people," quoted in British Messenger, for August, 1863; 
 title, Household Sunshine. 
 
 On the most deliberate reflection, I retain the view taken 
 of merriment in 1863, believing it to be quite separable 
 from sinful love of the world, and to be the lawful and 
 special privilege of little children, young men, or fathers, 
 such as St. John addresses in his 1st. Epistle, i. 12-15, 
 who ought therefore to insist on it, within due bounds, as 
 necessary to the mental and physical health which they 
 need for their Master's service. 
 
112 Study of Langtiages, etc. 
 
 A Eeception at Syracuse ; about b.c. 240. 
 
 " Are you there Archie ? " — Binnie McLaren. 
 You never mean to say you came, that figure, through the 
 
 street ? [Stark naked, shouting "Heureka, Heureka"] 
 And market-day! well, country folk at \sist have hsid a treat. 
 " You've found it ! " well, what have you found ? no earthly 
 
 good, I guess ; 
 You're always "finding" something — could you not find 
 
 time to dress ? 
 Perhaps you didn't find it cold, but — how could you for 
 
 shame ? 
 Then some would think you had no clothes, and I should 
 
 get the blame ! \_See '^Miseries of Human Life.^'] 
 
 Rather than make your Missiz out a good-for-nothing swab, 
 (And you in such a hurry too) you might have called a cab. 
 "Come from the bath" — all very well, but why without 
 
 your clothes ? \_Kods knowingly.'] 
 Those wide-awake Lopodytae have boned 'em, I suppose. 
 On second thoughts I fancy though, — nay, more, I have 
 
 no doubt, [Shakes hei' head gravely,'] 
 You've pawned 'em for a drop o' drink ; they're all gone up 
 
 the spout ! 
 / hear — the old apology, — " absence of mind," foorsoth ! 
 Absence of all propriety would come far nearer truth. 
 Saving your presence, absent Sir, it's really past excuse. 
 To go like that and make yourself the talk of Syracuse. 
 Now, really, Archimedes, I can't tell you how I'm vexed ; 
 A pretty crotchet this indeed — pray what will be the next ? 
 Well, for the sake of argument, granting " you are a tough 
 
 one," 
 Yet, for appearance sake I think you never have enough on. 
 " It suits your slender means," you say, " to dress a little 
 
 coolish ! " 
 
Study of Languages^ etc, 113 
 
 / don't call that economy, but " penny wise pound foolish." 
 
 When tired of this buff jerkin that you're now accoutred in, 
 
 I dare say by-and-by you'll try to go without a skin ! 
 
 Such pranks are, Archimedes, more than I can endure ; 
 
 To live with a Philosopher is not a sinecure. 
 
 That rainy day I had to shout as loud as I could bellow, 
 
 " You've taken baby's parasol instead of your umbrella ! " 
 
 You never seem to me to know what 'tis you have to do ; 
 
 And who do you suppose is to be trotting after you ! 
 
 " You never thought of it ! " that is, it wasn't worth a 
 
 thought : 
 " You never thought of it," indeed ! then, I maintain, you 
 
 ought. 
 What ever did you dream about, that made you take to 
 
 flight ? 
 " Specific gravity," indeed ! that upsets mine outright. 
 " An accident," I hear you say ; " an accident" indeed ! 
 If so, then " accidental death " for killing you I'll plead. 
 f For killing me ? fiaprvpoixai ! (you, slaves, must all have 
 
 heard her,) 
 That very word would justify a charge of wilful murder. 
 IF Now, Archimedes, really I'm surprised at your assurance ; 
 That you should think of answ'ring so, is simply past en- 
 durance ! [Stam'ps and screaTYis.l 
 And now I swear by all the gods and goddesses infernal. 
 Since you've exposed yourself in town, I'll do so in the 
 
 Journal. 
 You care for no one class of men, mob, demus, nor the 
 
 great. 
 And so, (for something must be done) 111 try the Fourth 
 
 Estate. 
 I'll tell the story as it is, and not suppress one particle. 
 You, in the Syracusan Times, shall be the leading article. 
 
 15 
 
114 SUidy of Languages y etc. 
 
 In Daily News and Telegraph the reading world shall 
 
 spy all ; 
 And then to make the thing complete, I'll post you in 
 
 the Dial I I ! 
 You've often asked a standing place — the wisest word you 
 
 spoke ! 
 To verify your 3o9 nrov areo, you'll be a standing joke. 
 Youll figure to the end of time as " He that bawled evprjKa," 
 A laughing-stock to school boys in their Analecta Grrseca. 
 
 PHILOLOOY FOR THE MILLION. 
 
 Seven Oaks and Nine Elms. — Dedicated to Dean Trench. 
 
 I've often thought of those 2 names ; think of them with 
 
 me, please: 
 Those trees, to a reflecting mind, are 16 pleasantries. 
 
 Thames Boatman Loquitue. 
 
 Sevenhoaks is — no — 7 hoaks are — no, Sevenhoaks is down 
 in Kent ; 
 
 Yes, hoax is always singular, and that's the hoax they 
 meant. 
 
 Nine Helms are — no — 9 Helms is — no Nine Helms are by 
 Yauxhall ; 
 
 So put your helms a-starboard, lads, or else a-port, that's 
 all. 
 
 But, "why say 7?" or " why say 9?" if you should still de- 
 mand. 
 
 There's many things in fig-ures as we cannot understand. 
 
 They talk of our 4 fathers, yet one served for me and you : 
 
 Three pair can play a game at Jives, and single-stick needs 
 two! 
 
Study of Languages, etc. 115 
 
 EN KEVANCHE. 
 
 A Slip of a girl fell into the water last montli, at Birken- 
 head, and was saved by her crinoline ! What made Virgil 
 say, " inutile ferrum Cingitur?" KB. — Some say she had 
 no drowning mark upon her ; and I much incline thereto. 
 
 Teanslate, Integer vitae, the whole of life; and sceleris 
 purus, a poor (stick) of celery. — Hot. Od, 
 
 If jus pueri means Broth of a boy, (and what else can 
 it mean?) how shall we adequately render "Jus trium 
 liberorum ?" 
 
 " Nimiimi ne crede colori I" = Take care of the paint! 
 
 " Seniores priores," said fingers to spoons. 
 
 A Peovincial journal informs us, that a certain Roman 
 Catholic priest, who has censured the rich and poor with 
 equal severity, has been "tattooed," and banished from 
 polite society for his faithfulness. We would not be in his 
 skin! "In cute curanda pliis cequo operata juventus," 
 would be hardly fair, if applied, after this severe retribution, 
 to that youth. Nay, rather, " Ire domum hunc et cuticulam 
 curare jubeto.^* 
 
 "Caws webi Bobi; Sais wedi G-eogi." 
 I LEAENT this adage, motto, device, or whatever it may be 
 called, from my estimable friend. Dean Conybeare, whose 
 pronunciation of the two main words, bobi and grogi, greatly 
 enhanced the intrinsic richness of the aphorism. Can 
 any reader (why not Old Devinez?) assist me in elucidating 
 its purport? By internal evidence, it betrays a Silurian 
 origin ; for, assuredly, " Caws webi bobi," in North Wales, 
 
Il6 Study of Languages, etc, 
 
 would not mean toasted but baked cheese. I have two 
 theories respecting it — 1st, " Cheese toasted and an Eng- 
 lishman hanged," may have been designed to teach the 
 proper destiny of those two respectively artificial and na- 
 tural productions ; if so, it would stand in Latin — Ut 
 caseus ad torrendum, ita Saxo ad pendendum natus est. 
 That this expresses A great fact few of my countrymen 
 will doubt for a moment. There is^ however, a deeper 
 meaning of which the words are susceptible ; and I rather 
 think our Southern neighbours, an acute and pugnacious 
 race, deserve the credit of it, rather than of the common- 
 place sentiment above proposed. " Wedi bobi" and " wedi 
 grogi" are evidently correlative tQim^-, and they are both 
 capable of a culinary acception : the latter being actually, 
 in any part of Wales, used as an equivalent to the English 
 particle " hung," as applied to beef. In this point of view, 
 the phrase would be a terrific and ostentations war-cry, 
 implying that the fierce aborigines would as soon devour a 
 rasher of their invaders (properly cured) as a dish of Welsh 
 Babbit ! Not that our brave ancestors ever were cannibals, 
 any more than the Crusaders, who pretended to be so in 
 order to strike terror into the Saracens. But it would serve 
 the purpose of intimidation on the grand scale, to inform 
 the intruder in those rude ages, not that you would give his 
 flesh to the fowls of the air (thank you), but keep it for your 
 own family use* about Christmas. And it may well be 
 supposed to have a peculiar effect on the nervous system of 
 Jean Eosbif's progenitor to learn, through an interpreter, 
 that the islander whose home he had disturbed could not 
 only heat but also eat him with his own weapons; and, 
 after fighting, pro aris et focis, would cook the slain, at his 
 leisure, before the very hearth which they had sought to 
 *See "The Grewsome Caryl," by Hogg. — Hdin. Rev, 
 
Study of Languages, etc. 117 
 
 desecrate when living. But query whether Caws webi bobi, 
 Sais wedi grogi, may not have involved a still more recon- 
 dite signification ? Meanwhile, an excellent friend of mine 
 has "rejoiced the cockles of my heart" by suggesting 
 (according to OEdipus' hearty h Kai rpir iart — ) a third 
 interpretation, which I confidently offer to the acceptance 
 of every genuine GrWLADGAKWK. It is this : — The hanging 
 of a Sais being evidently a highly meritorious action, Taffy 
 may be supposed to have fairly " earned his dinner" thereby, 
 and to sit down to his Caws wedi bobi with all the better 
 conscience and appetite, when he was able to report Sais 
 (neu ddau ?) wedi grogi ! Thus he. I don't give his name, 
 lest his Bishop should not admire the idea quite so much as 
 I do. 7r\et Be in! quoth Poseidon, in Lucian, Dial. vi. 
 Or, 4thly, was it simply an announcement of 1st and 2nd 
 course in the Bill of Fare of a Welsh ordinary, in the good 
 old times? 
 
 This is, perhaps, the truer view, 
 Notes and Queries, what say you? 
 
 ENIGMAS. 
 
 1. See Virgil hys Eneis Book y® fyrste and line 113 and 
 you shall fynde — 
 
 " Unam, quae Lycios fidumque vehebat Orontem." 
 and severalle dayntie lines followynge. Havynge redde the 
 same, well and warily, tell me, Grentle Eeder, whether (in 
 your judgment) y^ sayde Orontes was hedde over y^ Lycians 
 solely and exclusively, or over other beside them ? 
 
 2. What is the shortest Grreek translation of — 
 
 (a) A compact body of cavalry (yS) To dine off short commons. 
 
 3. Illustrate, from a Eoman poet, the weariness of a se- 
 dentary life. 
 
Il8 Study of Languages, etc. 
 
 4. Grive an instance of a standing joke from Plautus. 
 
 5. What, in Virgil, is the opposite to Arma virumque ? 
 
 6. How may huitvuv be resolved into elements essen- 
 tial to the act denoted by that verb ? 
 
 7. What Philosopher deserved to be roasted alive ? 
 
 8. What sort of a horse did Minerva give Bellerophon ? 
 
 9. What is the most correct French for " Mr. and Mrs. 
 OkeU?" 
 
 10. What sort of verses suit the realms of Pluto ? 
 
 11. What Latin phrase describes m two words, the 
 happy accouchement at Frogmore ? 
 
 MOTTOES SUOaESTED. 
 
 For the Prince of Wales, as such, " Jus et Lex," i.e., 
 Broth and Leeks ; by a Hendiadys for " Leek Broth," as 
 " Pateris libamus et auro." h.e., pateris aureis. Virg. 
 
 For the Posse Comitatus, after Bristol Kiots — "Possunt, 
 quia posse videntur." 
 
 For a Tobacconist — " Quis non te potitis, Bacche?" — Hor, 
 
 For John Parry, the singer — " Parrse recinentis omen." — 
 
 Ibid. 
 
 For a Lightcake Shop — " Leviora." 
 
 For that to'ther Lightcake Shop — " Grraviora." 
 
 For the same — " Levius fit, patientia, Quid-quid cor- 
 
 rigere est nefas." So, chaw away, my hearties; they'll 
 
 mend in time. 
 
 For a 3rd Lightcake Shop — "Et visco, et Phrygiae 
 
 servat pice lentius Idse!" — Virg. Oeo. IV. 
 
 For a 4th Lightcake Shop — " Nil vidi miniis I" 
 
 For a Maresnester — " Sic vos non vobis nidificatis, equce. 
 
 For a Juvenile Tea-party — " Parum comis sine te Ju- 
 
 ventus."— iTor. Odes. 1, 30. 
 
Study of Languages, etc. 119 
 
 For a Barometer-maker, the next line — " Mercuriusque." 
 
 For Counsellor Temple — Subaudi templum. — Eton 
 Gram. 
 
 For a Shaker — " Denique teipsum concute." — Hot, 
 
 For an Undertaker — Vive la Mort. 
 
 For Longfellow's Blacksmith — " Ab ipso Ducit opes 
 animmnque ferro." — Hor. 
 
 For a well-dressed Female of 1863 — Inutile ferrum 
 cingitur." — Virg, 
 
 For Mr. Hincks — " Hinc atque hinc." — Virg. 
 
 To one who gets a living by billsticking — " Pasco, pavi, 
 PASTUM." — Hoole's Terminations, 
 
 For a Beer Shop — "Potus ex hordeo, in quandam 
 similitudinen vini corruptus." — Tacitus his Germany, For 
 a Protege of the Humane Society — " Nuper me in flumine 
 vidi. For 0. P/s Eemains— ' Magnas inter OPES in OP's. 
 — Hot, 
 
 DUOOLOT DISTICHS. 
 
 " Canusini more bilinguis ! " — Hor'. 
 Qui sine fine solet totis tussire diebus, 
 
 Quicquid agant medici, codliveroilus homo est. 
 Ne Champagna bibas, qui curas ire decenter, . 
 
 Qui Champagna bibit, kickupadustus homo est. 
 Si forte auctumno cito vis mandata referri, 
 
 Ne mittas Jackum, blackberryosus homo est. 
 Sive opus est puero, certus qui nuntius ibit, 
 
 Ne credas Billo, pen-yn-y-gwyntus homo est. 
 Per fas atque nefas siquando rem fieri vis, 
 
 Convenias Thomam, gothewholehoggus homo est. 
 Rursus, amice, ratas si spes cupis esse repente. 
 
120 Study of Languages, etc. 
 
 Ah ! fuge Slowcoaclium, stickinthemudus homo est. 
 Impavido si forte opus est ad bella sodali, 
 
 Ne Quakerum quseras, allofadither homo est. 
 Vin' socium reperire, latus qui claudat honest^ ? 
 
 Evites Irum, worseforthewearus homo est. 
 
 BAD LATIN COEEECTED. 
 
 By an Enraged Humanity Professor (Not of St. Andrew's.) 
 This bicentenary, o' whilk ye talk, 
 Suggests By-ends, By-path, By-views, By-walk. 
 Hoot ! " gie the Diel his due,'' mon, for the nonce, 
 An ca' it Z)ucentenary at once ! 
 
 TITLES OF BOOKS. 
 Chew Magna versus Bolt-on-le-Moors ; 
 
 A Treatise on the Duty and Privilege of Mastication ; addressed to 
 Hungry Sportsmen. 
 
 Profandior, or Deeper and deeper still; a Poem by 
 Shortfellow. 
 
 Samos ; a treatise on Equine Identity ; by a Veterinary 
 Detective. 
 
 Ducks ego vester eram: Eeminiscences of Wild-fowl 
 Shooting ; by TrjX-av-yrj^;, = Teal or Greese. 
 
 A Dying Duet : composed expressly for the Swan with 
 two necks, by a Writer to the Cygnet; with a Solo for 
 « The Old Swan ;" by Dolichodeirus. 
 
 Cloudy Memories ; by a Grraduate of Nephelococcygia. 
 
 A Tale of a Pail ; by a Milkmaid. 
 
 Drink to me only with thine eye, A song to Poly- 
 phemus, in the opera Acis and Gralatea (see Sjpectator). 
 
Study of Languages y etc, I2i 
 
 ANSWEES TO ENIOMAS. 
 
 1. It appeareth from line 116 of the said Eneis, that 
 poor Orontes, hedde over y^ Lycians, was no whit less 
 hedde over heelis, 
 
 2. {a) o-TLcl)o<s=stif£ OSS. {^) okcyovBeiv, How beautifully 
 concise ! 
 
 3. Sedet, aeternumque sedebit Infelix Theseus. JEneid, 
 vi. 
 
 4. Hos quos videtis stare Captives duos 
 
 Illi qui adstant, hi stant ambo, non sedent. 
 
 Copt. Proloyue. 
 
 5. " No men, et arma." 
 
 6. hei 'Kveuv : since breathing time is essential to a feast. 
 See Paley on the Epiglottis, Nat. Theol. 
 
 7. The great Zo-roaster himself, richly. 
 
 8. " Oss homini sublime dedit. {See Pegasus.) 
 
 9. Monsieur Au(\\xq\ et Madame -4Zaquelle. 
 
 10. " Acrostics," licet respondere tuto (sc. Across Styx). 
 
 11. " Facile Princeps;" which also designates the Royal 
 Lady herself, by all accounts. 
 
 PINI». 
 
 [tubn over. 
 
 16 
 
122 Study of Languages, etc. 
 
 MOKE LAST WORDS. 
 
 See p. 115, and observe that every body "translates*' 
 R. sceleratus^ Celery-\esi\ed Ranunculus ! Ask C. C. B. 
 
 But now, seriously^ translate Lucretius, vi. 1230: 
 " When each saw himself (so) entangled in the disease, that 
 he was (virtually) doomed to death," — he took it as a 
 notice to quit, and gave up all hope. 
 
 And next, still more seriously, (because fortified by the 
 context, "ita" — "adarma" — &c.) translate Livy viii. 37,6: 
 " Ita ex somno, &c." " So startled the lieges, that the 
 capitol, citadel, walls, and gates luere (actually, ' in no 
 time ') full of armed men " — i.e., each at his post, " omni- 
 bus locis." N.B. — " Fuerint " is just the AOEIST — Sub- or 
 rather (7o7i-junctive ; a tense too often overlooked, my 
 young friends. 
 
 Once more ; try Virgil, ^neid xi. 268 (an open ques- 
 tion, if ever there was one) as follows : " The adulterer 
 settled-under conquered Asia;" i.e., after Asia was con- 
 quered, that base element [in the Eastern Question of the 
 day] remained behind ; as the name stuck, " subsedit," in the 
 helmet, ^n. v. 498. He constituted rrjv rpvya, the dregs of 
 that bitter cup. The verb subsidere occurs with " limus, 
 ut /oBcc," Lucr. V. 498 ; with ''fceces in fundis vasorum," 
 Col. 12, 52, 4 ; with "Bright's disease," in PI. 28, 6, 19;— 
 only, not transitive. Well, you can't have every thing, so — 
 vos Valete ! 
 
 FINISSIMUS. 
 
INDEX TO THE SUBJECTS. 
 
 A. B. C xix. 
 
 Ab uno 83 
 
 Accents 77 
 
 Adamidse 69, 72 
 
 Adverbs 37, 49 
 
 Adversaria 73, 84, 96, 99 
 
 iEneid(xi. 268) 122 
 
 Ionian 89 
 
 Ages 88 
 
 Alexandra 80, 121 
 
 Alternative 110 
 
 Ambages 84 
 
 Ambigu xvii., 82, 104 
 
 Ampere 30 
 
 Aorists 40, 52, 53, 122 
 
 Appendix 41 
 
 Archimedes 112 
 
 Archytas 67 
 
 Arithmetic xv. 
 
 Arnold, T. K 11, 13 
 
 Arnold, Dr 62, 64 
 
 Arria 84 
 
 Art 83 
 
 Article 22, 88, 95, 99, 111 
 
 Attic (room) 77 
 
 Authorized Version 86, 89 
 
 Augustan Age 81 
 
 Babel 51 
 
 Babington 122 
 
 Baby 102 
 
 Bagster 101 
 
 Baltic 80 
 
 Bible (New!) 73 
 
 Birth 118 
 
 Bloomfield 62 
 
 Blue Ink 4, 15,21, 34, 99 
 
 Blunders xii., 39, et alibi ! 
 
 Bolus 34 
 
 Bonfire 68 
 
 Books (First) 23 
 
 Boy XX. 
 
 Britons 97 
 
 Broadwood 76 
 
 Bryce 91 
 
 Butler, Dr., 4, 11, 35, 61 
 
 Caesar xviii., 72 
 
 Cambridge 61 
 
 Canon 107 
 
 Cases 36, 49 
 
 Caudle Lecture (Ancient) 112 
 
 Celery 115, 122 
 
 Celts 62 
 
 Charity vi. 
 
 Chivalry 64 
 
 Church 98 
 
 Cigar 71 
 
 Clarke's Homer 53 
 
 Clarke (Bone) 11 
 
 Classical Experience 58 
 
 Claudia 98 
 
 Climax ! vii. 
 
 Coinage 81 
 
 Composition 49 
 
 Concord 3rd 45 
 
 Confession 10 
 
 Conge XX., 1 22 
 
 Conjunctions 36, 49 
 
 Construing 35, 37, 48, 49 
 
 Copula 101 
 
 I. Corinthians, vii 106 
 
 Corollary 16 
 
 Cram 10 
 
124 
 
 Index. 
 
 Crinoline 70 
 
 Cruikshanks 70, 71 
 
 Curlpapers 70 
 
 Cymraes 98 
 
 Dane, (The) 80 
 
 Deeside 80 
 
 Divinity 91 
 
 Dolgelle 39 
 
 Dove, John 106 
 
 Drych y Prifoesoedd 98 
 
 Echo 79 
 
 Education v., 3, 4 
 
 Eisteddfod 39, 98 
 
 Ellipsis 88, 101 
 
 Emphasis 50 
 
 Employment 18 
 
 English.... 21, 52, 60, 74, 83, 84, 90, 
 99, 116. 
 
 Epithet 36, 49 
 
 Erddig 98 
 
 Esquire 74, 106 
 
 Esse xvii., 100-106 
 
 Eternity 19, 87 
 
 Eton Grammar xiv., 45, 59 
 
 Evidse 69, 72 
 
 Evidences 107 
 
 Fahella 34 
 
 Fallacy xvii., 82 
 
 Farrago 38 
 
 Female Education xx., 4 
 
 Fero xvii. 
 
 Fire! 76 
 
 Fish (Rev. Wm.) 61 
 
 Flats 76 
 
 Flora Danica 80 
 
 "For Ever" 87 
 
 • ' Forty-five " (The>uld) 75 
 
 French 5, 7, 21, 41, 53 
 
 Frogmore 80, 118 
 
 Fuerint 122 
 
 Gargle 34 
 
 Gem 80 
 
 Genus Homo 69 
 
 German 24, 42, 52 
 
 Girl XX. 
 
 Glaucus 64 
 
 Gnome vi. 
 
 Graham ....82 
 
 Grammar xiv. 
 
 Comparative 24, 32 
 
 Grandpapa ('per saltum) 78 
 
 Greek ix., 42, 44, 62, 84 
 
 Greek Concordance 87 
 
 Prosody 56 
 
 Griffith 98 
 
 Grouping 18, 48 
 
 Gueux 69 
 
 Habit vii. , ix. 
 
 Haldane 106 
 
 Halton xviii., 60, 61 
 
 Hamiltonian. . 11, 41 
 
 Hamlet 103 
 
 Ha'purth 66 
 
 Helps (Not Arthur) 45—50 
 
 Heureka 112 
 
 Hiphil 84 
 
 Hobbes 62 
 
 Homer 53, 64, 67 
 
 Homo 69 
 
 Horace 67 
 
 Horsley 84 
 
 House of Lords 65 
 
 Hybrids xviii. 
 
 Ignorance v., xix. 
 
 Indirect (The) 9 
 
 Induction 32 
 
Index. 
 
 125 
 
 Inkermann 65 
 
 Inspiration 95, 107, 110 
 
 Invitation 13, 31 
 
 Italics 99 
 
 Jem Crow 71 
 
 Jericho 70 
 
 John Bull 83 
 
 Joke xiii. 
 
 Judas :..^^ 
 
 Judy xiii. 
 
 Justrium = Treble X 27 
 
 Kennedy 3, 61 
 
 Knowledge (Little): 85 
 
 Laconism 81 
 
 Lameness 68 
 
 Language 29, 50, 82, 106 
 
 Languages 29, 50 
 
 Modern 20, 21, 24, 38, 
 
 41, 42 
 
 Laputa 10 
 
 Latham 13, 16, 41 75 
 
 Latin 42, 43 
 
 Leech ...., 71 
 
 Leipsana 82 
 
 Leviora Ill 
 
 Lexicon 106 
 
 Literalism 11, 85, 86 
 
 Livy (viii. 37, 6.) 122 
 
 Local Value 50 
 
 Locus Classicus 80 
 
 Logic viii. 
 
 Ijogical process vii. — xi. 
 
 Logier 34 
 
 Logomachy 100 
 
 Long (George) 72 
 
 Longinus 87 
 
 Long Sight ! 80 
 
 Lopodytfe , 112 
 
 Lord Peter 68 
 
 Lucretius (vi., 1230.) 122 
 
 "Lucus k non" 79 
 
 Lyell vi. 
 
 Mantua Maker 73 
 
 Marriage xii. 
 
 Martial 68 
 
 Martin 55 
 
 Mathematics xv. 
 
 Merriment Ill 
 
 Metaphors 11 (Note) 
 
 Metosmose 81 
 
 Mettus Curtius 78 
 
 Missiz (The) 84, 112 
 
 Modern Languages... x vii., 5, 20, 21, 
 24, 38 
 
 Miiller (Max) 52 
 
 Museum xi., xix. 
 
 Napoleon 103 
 
 ' ' Native " 7 
 
 Natur-forschung 32 
 
 Neck-stretching 78 
 
 Nephew 67 
 
 New Testament 86, 89 
 
 _ Foreign 28 
 
 Newman F 29, 39 
 
 Nine Elms 114 
 
 Nonsense Verses x., 54 
 
 Prose, 73, 85, qu. passim ? 
 
 Notation 14, 40 
 
 Note-books xix. 
 
 0. D. and Odeum 80 
 
 Old Bird 10 
 
 Price 75 
 
 prices 83 
 
 Pindar 83 
 
 Saws 83 
 
 Omega xiii. 
 
 Omnibus 83 
 
 Optimism 10 (Note) 
 
126 
 
 Index. 
 
 Oral xix., 31 
 
 Orders 85 
 
 "Otium cum" 81 
 
 Oxford 61 
 
 Paetus 84 
 
 Palinurus 67 
 
 Paper soiled vi. 
 
 Parkhurst 106 
 
 Parsing x., 45 
 
 Participle 45 
 
 Patience xii., xiv. 
 
 Patois 30 
 
 Perfect 48, 53 
 
 Perfection nowhere. 
 
 Pericles 62 
 
 Philology 4, 35, 114 
 
 Photogram 81, 83 
 
 Phrase 37, 49, 103, 105 
 
 Plus equo 83 
 
 Pointer Dogs 34 
 
 Porson 83 
 
 Post Mortem 10 
 
 Potts&Co xii. 
 
 Power 94 
 
 Practical 9, 38 
 
 Predicate 36, 99 
 
 Prevention 67 
 
 Prichard, Dr. J. C xviii. 39 
 
 Prosody x., xvi., 54 
 
 Proven9al 32 
 
 Psychology 67 
 
 Pun xvii., 75 
 
 Punch 70, 71 
 
 Pupils (List of) 20 
 
 Pupils (Hints to) 17 
 
 Pwllycrochon 60 
 
 Quavers x. 
 
 Que 35, 49 
 
 Query 81 
 
 Question (The) 96 
 
 Queue 70 
 
 "Quick" (The) 89 
 
 Red Ink 15, 22, 25, 31 
 
 "Remains" 82 
 
 Repentance 10 
 
 Repose 81 
 
 Resurrection 92, 95 
 
 Retranslation 17, 22, 27 
 
 Reverend 75 
 
 Reviews 72, 73 
 
 Riddles 75 
 
 Rock of Ages 96 
 
 Rom. I., 1—7 89 
 
 Royalty 80, 81 
 
 Rules X., 14 
 
 Sabrinse Corolla xi., 20 
 
 Saint 83 
 
 Saws 79, 83 
 
 Saxons 60 
 
 Scanning x., xvi., 56 
 
 School (Public) 26 
 
 Scotch Language 75 
 
 S crew 64 
 
 Seedy, rather 58 
 
 Selah 89 
 
 Selectee or ta 82 
 
 Self-possession 81 
 
 Sevenoaks 114 
 
 Shilleto 83 
 
 Shrewsbury... 3, 5, 20, 35, 61, 77, 79 
 
 Skeleton QQ 
 
 Small Facts 33 
 
 Soliloquy 81 
 
 Soracte 36 
 
 Sparrows 77 
 
 Species . . 69 
 
 Spiritualists 51 (Note), 68 
 
 Stout Boy 81 
 
 "Structural" 16 
 
Index, 
 
 127 
 
 Style 17 
 
 Subject 48, 99 
 
 Subsedit 122 
 
 Superlative 87 
 
 Syntax 46 
 
 Syracuse 112 
 
 Tale of a Tub . 
 
 Pail 
 
 Tate 
 
 ,120 
 
 ..22 
 
 Telegi-am 83 
 
 Testaments 28, 29, 30 
 
 Thinking 25 
 
 in French, &c., 17, 23, 24, 79 
 
 Thucydides 44, 62 
 
 Titles of Books 120 
 
 Tragedy made Easy 84 
 
 Training 56 
 
 Translation... 3 2, 34, 41, 73, 115, 122 
 
 Translation = " Crib" 11 
 
 Comxiarative 1 2 — 1 7, 9 9 
 
 Trench 13 
 
 Troy Town 65 
 
 Tupper 72 
 
 Uncle QQ 
 
 "Unconscious Education," viii., ix., 
 
 Utilitarians 9 
 
 Utopia 10 
 
 Varieties 69 
 
 Verb viii. 
 
 Verb to be 100 
 
 ♦'Verbally" 86 
 
 Versification x, xv., 64 
 
 Version Authorized ...30, 84, 86, 89 
 
 Victoria 80 
 
 Virgil 67, 73, 122 
 
 Viva Voce xix., 31 
 
 Volunteers (Civil?) vi. 
 
 Walker 5, 20 
 
 Welsh 18, 39, 60, 115 
 
 Westphalia 75 
 
 Whately vii., xi. 
 
 Wide-awake 71, 112 
 
 Woman xx,, 4, 80, 112 
 
 Words 23, 51,79,100 
 
 Young Robert 73 
 
 Edward 87 
 
 Zoology 
 
 .xvii., 77 
 
Preparing for the Press, 
 
 "MARY'S EUCLID," 
 
 Re-printed, with Diagrams, from ''Old Price's Eemains." 
 
 ANDREW & DAVID RUSSELL, PRINTERS, 
 
 MooRFiELDS, Liverpool. 
 
REMARKS 
 
 ON THE 
 
 STUDY OF LANGUAGES, 
 
 AND HINTS ON 
 
 COMPARATIVE TRANSLATION 
 PHILOLOGICAL CONSTRUING. 
 
 FOURTH EDITION. 
 
 RE-PRINTED FKOM "OLD PRICE'S REMAINS," WITH OTHER ARTICLES. 
 AND AN INTRODUCMON. 
 
 By J. PRICE, M.A., 
 
 FORMERLY SCHOLAR OF ST. JOHN'S, CAMBRIDGE; 
 A MASTER OF SHREWSBURY SCHOOL, AND OF THE BRISTOL COLLEtiE 
 
 LONDON : 
 
 LONGMANS & CO. 
 
 LIVERPOOL : ADAM HOLDEN, CHURCH STREET. 
 
 1869. 
 
GENERAL LIBRARY 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA— BERKELEY 
 
 RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED 
 
 This book is due on the last date stamped below, or on the 
 
 date to which renewed. 
 
 Renewed books are subject to immediate recall. 
 
 16Nov'54DC 
 ^0V2, 1954 L 
 
 \0 
 
 REC'D i_D 
 
 JAN u m\) 
 
 LD 21-100to-1,'54(1887s16)476 
 
YB 38016