fmm i 
 

 THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 PRESENTED BY 
 
 PROF. CHARLES A. KOFOID AND 
 MRS. PRUDENCE W. KOFOID 
 
THE 
 
 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
tONDOK 
 
 PKTNTBD BY BPOTTI S WOOD K AJTD CO. 
 NEW-STKKET 9QUA HE 
 
LECTUKES 
 
 ON THE 
 
 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS 
 
 AND ON 
 
 THEIR RATIONAL EMPLOYMENT. 
 
 WITH AN APPENDIX 
 
 EMBRACING A SHORT ACCOUNT OF THE 
 
 PRINCIPAL EUROPEAN SPAS AND CLIMATIC HEALTH-RESORTS. 
 
 BY 
 
 SIGISMUND SUTRO, M.D. 
 
 M.R.C.P. LOND. 
 
 SENIOR PHYSICIAN TO THE GERMAN HOSPITAL, FELLOW OF THE ROYAL MEDICO -CHIRURQICAL 
 
 AND HUNTERIAX SOCIETIES, MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY OF PHYSICIANS OF MUNICH, 
 
 CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE PHYSICO-MEDICAL SOCIETY OF ERLANGEN, ETC. 
 
 SECOND EDITION, 
 
 CAREFULLY REVISED, AND ENLARGED. 
 
 LONDON : 
 LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO. 
 
 1865. 
 
. 
 
 J4 e*. 
 
 Lit. 
 
 TO 
 
 CHARLES J. B. WILLIAMS, M.D. F.R.S 
 
 LATE PROFESSOR OF MEDICINE AND FIRST PHYSICIAN TO UNIVERSITY 
 
 COLLEGE HOSPITAL, CONSULTING PHYSICIAN TO THE HOSPITAL 
 
 FOR CONSUMFPION AND DISEASES OF THE CHEST, 
 
 ETC. 
 
 IN ADMIRATION OF HIS HIGH ATTAINMENTS 
 
 AND DISTINGUISHED AND VALUABLE EXERTIONS IN THE CAUSE OF 
 MEDICAL SCIENCE, 
 
 THIS WORK IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED 
 BY 
 
 THE AUTHOR. 
 
 M373136 
 
PREFACE 
 
 TO 
 
 THE SECOND EDITION. 
 
 IN preparing the second edition of the Lectures I have 
 endeavoured to increase their utility, without greatly adding 
 to the bulk of the work. 
 
 Since the publication of the first edition (now out of print 
 for nearly a year), the facilities of travelling have progressed 
 to such a wonderful degree, that distance almost ceases to 
 be taken into consideration in the selection of a health re- 
 sort. It therefore behoves our profession, not only to be 
 acquainted with Spas that were formerly easy of access, but 
 also with all available natural means of curing or prevent- 
 ing disease. 
 
 Wishing to give a concise account of many other Spas 
 visited and explored since, I thought it best to leave the 
 Lectures in their original form, so favourably received by 
 the profession, and to add an appendix, which might serve 
 as a short but comprehensive manual of all the important 
 health resorts, not treated of in the previous edition. 
 
 I have entirely omitted those portions which might be 
 well suited to an auditory of students, but which would not 
 be missed by the ordinary medical reader, as the lecture on 
 the method of analyzing the waters. Other portions I have 
 re-written. 
 
 In treating of the British health resorts, I deemed it use- 
 ful to give an exact description of the climate of the metro- 
 
VU1 PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. 
 
 polls. Being one of the most important towns of the world, 
 it is temporarily or permanently inhabited by such an im- 
 mense number of human beings (probably increasing to five 
 millions in the next generation), that information about the 
 geological and meteorological condition of its various sites 
 might serve to prevent disease, by adapting the choice of a 
 residence to the peculiar diathesis of the inhabitant. 
 
 But as the mode of reaching the various suburbs ought 
 decidedly to form an element of reflection, I extracted the 
 most essential parts of the report issued by the Lancet Sani- 
 tary Commission on the influence of railway travelling. The 
 facts enumerated by the most trustworthy authorities will 
 point out those cases in which habitual railway travelling 
 has to be avoided, and also what precautions are required 
 to diminish or prevent any injurious consequences. 
 
 This unpretending volume is not intended to supersede 
 larger works on the important subject of climate. On the 
 contrary, I feel thoroughly convinced, that the facts laid here 
 before the reader in a small compass will show him the abso- 
 lute necessity of a thorough acquaintance with the various 
 sanative and preventive natural agents, and induce him to 
 study the excellent works of Sir James Clark, Dr. Scoresby 
 Jackson, Mr. Luke Howard, Dr. Vetter, Dr. Helfft, Dr. 
 Seegen, Dr. Ewich, and others. 
 
 I have availed myself of the most authentic information, 
 and attempted to put the geographical position, the mode of 
 access, and the peculiar distinctive indication of each locality, 
 impartially before the reader, whose kind indulgence I wish 
 to claim for the shortcomings he may discover in these 
 pages. 
 
 37A FINSBURY SQUARE : 
 June 1865. 
 
PREFACE 
 
 TO 
 
 THE FIEST EDITION. 
 
 THE following Lectures were delivered last session, at the 
 Hunterian School of Medicine. A portion of them have 
 already appeared in a medical periodical, and seemed to 
 meet with so much indulgence, that I am induced to publish 
 the whole in a collected form, after a careful revision. The 
 utility of publishing such a work may perhaps be questioned. 
 It may be asked, have we not already very complete expo- 
 sitions of the virtues of the German Spas by Dr. James 
 Johnson, Dr. Granville, Mr. Edwin Lee, &c. ? and is the 
 subject important enough to require further elucidations? 
 
 To these objections I answer that far from depreciating 
 the works of the above gentlemen, I consider the profession 
 and the public highly indebted to them for the light they 
 have thrown on certain means of cure, formerly little known, 
 and still much neglected. But though they have succeeded 
 in imparting a great amount of information in a very pleas- 
 ing manner, yet it will happen, that any work on the German 
 Mineral Springs, taken up for the purpose of choosing between 
 Spas of analogous properties, will leave the reader em- 
 barrassed and undecided by the very variety of the remedial 
 agents submitted to his choice. The task of facilitating such 
 inquiry was that which I principally proposed to myself 
 when personally visiting the various Spas, and comparing 
 their special effects. Hence I thought a faithful description 
 
X PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. 
 
 of their claims by an impartial German writer might not 
 prove quite unwelcome to the English profession. 
 
 That numerous invalids return cured or relieved from the 
 Spas is not disputed. But those who have not had the op- 
 portunity of devoting special attention to the subject, gene- 
 rally ascribe the benefit to the recreation of the journey, to 
 the change of air, of diet, to the absence of the usual toils 
 and cares, &c. 
 
 That the enlivening changes of objects, sights, climate, 
 occupation, and diet, greatly assist in disposing the organism 
 to a favourable reception of the waters, I am free to admit, 
 and I do not hesitate to express my conviction, that certain 
 regions must so fill up as it were every pore of the traveller's 
 mind, by their manifold charms and beauties, that many mere 
 functional derangements will give way to the absorbing ad- 
 miration of God's greatness, as displayed in his creative 
 wonders. We cannot but forget our own littleness for a 
 time, when the vast forests and gigantic mountains surround 
 us with a constantly alternating landscape, and with the 
 gladness of animated beings acknowledging their satisfaction 
 in the air above and in the fields below. The forgotten 
 and unpampered body soon imbibes mental agility and 
 fervour, and responds by increased action of the various 
 contending organs. But whilst I grant the highly important 
 benefit of travelling, no one will expect an indurated liver, 
 a contracted joint, or a paralysed limb, to become restored 
 by the influence of locomotion or the most beautiful scenery. 
 No journey or absence of six or seven weeks will infuse 
 strength and a greater amount of iron into the circulation 
 of a previously chlorotic and debilitated female, without 
 some potent medicinal alteration. No mere change of living 
 or scenery under the most favourable auspices will be ex- 
 pected to cure obstinate gout, rheumatic or neuralgic pains, 
 sterility, or tendency to abortion, &c. Again, how many 
 
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. xl 
 
 authentic instances are recorded of incipient phthisis, in- 
 veterate pulmonary catarrhs, hoarseness with spitting of 
 blood, and general emaciation, &c., completely cured by a 
 course of four or five weeks at some of the Spas ? Can 
 this have been accomplished by mere travelling ? or can it 
 be indifferent which of the Spas are chosen, when we find 
 numerous individuals at each watering-place, who, even 
 while rapidly improving, will inform us how many other 
 Spas of more or less analogous virtues they have previously 
 tried in vain, and who bitterly inveigh against their advisers 
 for not having recommended the present Spa in the first 
 instance ? And how can it be rationally conceived that it 
 is of no importance to what region or Spa the sufferer directs 
 his steps, supposing even that no proof existed of their 
 differing results ? A glance at the contents of the various 
 springs will satisfy the most sceptical physician that such 
 striking differences of chemical and physical properties must 
 produce strikingly different effects. 
 
 A work, therefore, seemed needed, which would not only 
 embody all authentic and available information on the sub- 
 ject, but also furnish a comparison of the curative properties 
 of the various Spas, and thus put the reader in the same 
 position as if he had undertaken the journey and compared 
 the results himself. With this view I have interspersed the 
 volume with cases illustrating the characteristic efficacy of 
 each Spa, and sifted the adventitious cures from those pro- 
 perly due to the prominent sanative powers of the springs. 
 
 Though I have endeavoured to omit no fact or rational 
 theory of importance that has come under the notice of the 
 most competent German Spa authorities, I have sought in 
 vain for precise directions as regards the choice between Spas 
 of the same class. I therefore venture to lay down rules 
 and explanatory views for facilitating a precise discrimination 
 of analogous springs, and I submit them with the more con- 
 
xii PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. 
 
 fidence to the reader from the fact that they coincide 
 throughout with the recorded cases of success or failure of 
 the various Spas, being deduced from scrupulous and careful 
 observations extending over a number of years. 
 
 The best mode of reaching the various Spas is also indi- 
 cated in the present volume ; but for minute descriptions of 
 hotels, price of living, &c., I must refer the reader to other 
 sources, as I thought these matters too transitory to be of 
 permanent value, and somewhat foreign to the principal 
 object of these Lectures. 
 
 The necessity in certain cases for avoiding particular 
 mineral waters altogether is here pointed out with the same 
 impartiality as their curative effects. For the Spas are far 
 from being a panacea for all complaints to which the human 
 organism is liable. On the contrary, I would limit their 
 sphere of action to those cases in which the ordinary medi- 
 cal treatment has failed to restore the patient. 
 
 They are not only entirely inapplicable in acute diseases, 
 where prompter remedial agents are required, but even in 
 chronic disorders I would always advocate the preference of 
 medical treatment amid the comforts of home, and under the 
 care of those who are fully acquainted with the patient's 
 constitution and morbid dispositions. On the other hand, 
 when the sufferer has arrived at that stage in which the 
 usual pharmaceutic remedies cease to forward recovery, so 
 that change of air becomes advisable to increase the pro- 
 spects of health, then I think it highly useful to consult the 
 respective virtues of the Spas, and to recommend the .appro- 
 priate one, with due regard to the intrinsic and extraneous 
 properties detailed in the present volume, for which I 
 earnestly request an indulgent consideration. 
 
 LONDON : 
 June 1851. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 LECTUKE I. 
 
 Difficulties in the Treatment of Disease States of Transition Hints of 
 Nature Characteristics of Mineral Waters Carbonic Acid Its Influence in 
 causing Absorption Brighton Pumproom Advantage of genuine Mineral 
 Waters Duration of the Season Continuance of Effect afterwards Bath- 
 eruption Contra-indications ..... 
 
 LECTUKE II. 
 
 Natural Classification according to Temperature Advantage of diminished 
 Atmospheric Pressure in higher Situations Diminution of Warmth in pro- 
 portion to Height Changes of the Water by Atmospheric Influences 
 Difference of local Origin of the Springs, or of their dependence on the 
 general Character of the Mountains Origin of Acidulous and Thermal 
 Springs Effects of the Volcanic Processes in the interior of the Earth 
 Formation of Gaseous Products Relation between Earthquakes and Thermae 
 Origin of the Hot Springs 1 Cause of inherent Heat Composition of the 
 Thermae Stability of Temperature of Acidulous Springs Consideration of 
 Climate in the choice of a Spa . ...... 
 
 LECTUKE III. 
 
 Curative Effects of Sea-air Bleakness of Climate through neighbouring 
 Mountains Influence of Narrowness or Width of the Valleys Effects of 
 Altitude Proportion of solid Constituents - Difference between loose and 
 intimate Combination of Carbonic Acid Tension of evaporating Bodies 
 Solution of Gases Medical Effects of Temperature Influence of Warmth 
 on the Digestive Canal Mechanical Effects of Water Characteristic 
 Effects of the Chemically indifferent Spas . . . . . .15 
 
 LECTURE IV. 
 
 TVILDBAD. 
 
 Journey to Wildbad Comparison with Baden-Baden Climate Temperature 
 of the Baths Physical Effects of Bathing Youth-restoring Power As- 
 similative Changes greater than can be effected by more substantial Waters 
 Reason Instance of Food Effects observed during Cholera Indications 
 How to distinguish from Pfafers Description of the Spa by a Munich 
 Physician . . . ... . . . .29 
 
xiv CONTENTS. 
 
 LECTUKE V. 
 
 PFAFERS. 
 
 Road from Wildbad Canstadt and its Springs Lake of Constance Wiirtem- 
 berg Kailroads Rorschach. Pfafers. Hof-Eagaz Attempt to explain the 
 minor efficacy of Ragaz Chief Indications of Pfafers Paracelsus' Opinion 
 Hufeland's Explanation of the efficacy of the Spa . . . .40 
 
 LECTURE VI. 
 
 GASTEIN. 
 
 Road from Munich to Salzburg Effect of the Journey itself Charms of Nature 
 between Salzburg and Gastein Deeper Inspirations necessary than in lower 
 Localities "Wandelbahn Magnetic Power of Oxygen Renal Crises Differ- 
 ence between direct and indirect Cures Walk to Hof-Gastein Distinctive 
 Indications between Wildbad, Pfafers, and Gastein . . . .54 
 
 LECTURE VII. 
 
 ISCHL TEPLITZ. 
 
 Hallein Salt-works Road to Ischl Salzkammer-gut Soole-baths of Ischl 
 Swimming-school Cases sent by d'Outrepont Journey to Teplitz. Schbnau 
 Climate Prevalence of Nitrogen Cure of Dr. Wengler from Paralysis 
 Teplitz as an After-cure Sudden appearance of Cholera . . 69 
 
 LECTURE VIII. 
 
 BITTER WATERS CARLSBAD. 
 
 Origin of Bitter Waters Carlsbad Sprudel Origin of Relation of Tem- 
 perature to Height Reputation in Hepatic Swellings Difference of Carls- 
 bad purging from ordinary Purgation Warning to Continental Patients 
 English Living a Safeguard against certain Epidemic Diseases Reasons 
 Franzensbad as an After-cure Mishaps to be avoided in the selection of 
 
 85 
 
 LECTURE IX. 
 
 MARIENBAD FRANZENSBAD. 
 
 Journey to Marienbad Abundance of Carbonic Acid - First employment of Gas- 
 baths by Dr. Struve Use of Mud-baths by Dr. Wetzler Discrimination 
 between Carlsbad and Marienbad. Franzensbad Goethe's remarks Com- 
 parison with Marienbad Individualities especially adapted to each of the 
 three Bohemian Spas Benefit obtained by Frederick the Great Remarks of 
 Hufeland 102 
 
 LECTURE X. 
 
 SALINE SPRINGS KISSINGEN BOOKLET. 
 
 Saline Springs Iodine Springs The Ocean Journey to Kissingen Effects of 
 Ragoczy Case of Hepatic Induration by Dr. Maas Maxbrunnen in Renal 
 
CONTENTS. XV 
 
 PAOH 
 
 Catarrhs Direction for distinguishing between Kissingen and analogous Spas 
 Air of the Graduation Works Effects of Soolen-sprudel Its Baths com- 
 pared with Sea-baths. Booklet Its Reputation in Sterility . . .119 
 
 LECTURE XI. 
 
 B R iiCKEN AU HOMBURG. 
 
 Briickenau Environs Abundance of Carbonic Acid Dr. Wetzler's Case 
 Attractions of Recommended as an After-cure. Hamburg Climate Effects 
 of the Springs Benefit after Typhus High Reputation in abnormal Men- 
 struation In Menstrual Spasms Contra -indications Discrimination between 
 Homburg and Kissingen . . . . . . .133 
 
 LECTURE XII. 
 
 SODEN WIESBADEN. 
 
 Soden Common Origin of the Springs Useful in Dyspepsia Comparison 
 with Homburg. Wiesbaden Mildness of Climate Scarcity of Fresh Water 
 The Gaming-Table -Its injurious Influences on Health Action of the Water 
 Compared with that of the Bitter Waters Danger of too high a Temperature 
 Instance of Haemoptysis Wiesbaden as a Winter Residence Hospital 
 Report of Dr. Haas Comparison with Wildbad Comparison with Homburg 
 Similarity of Constituents Difference of Results . . . .146 
 
 LECTURE XIII. 
 
 WEILBACH BADEN (AUSTRIA). 
 
 Weilbach Sulphur Springs Their Action Effects on Renal Secretion On Alvine 
 Evacuations Results in incipient Phthisis Effects on Pulse and Respiration 
 Modus Operandi explained Its Action as a derivative compared with ab- 
 straction of Blood Comparison with Aix-la-Chapelle. Baden Surrounding 
 Mountains Voslau Evolution of Nitrogen Comparison with Weilbach 
 Sulphurous Swimming-baths Advantages in weakly developed Thoracic Organs 
 Value of Preventives Centra-indications Instances in which Baden is to 
 be preferred to Weilbach . . . . . . .160 
 
 LECTURE XIV. 
 
 KREUZNACH ADELHEIDSQUELLE. 
 
 Kreuznach Bingen Elisabethbrunnen Graduation Works Difference between 
 Bauer's and Lowig's Analysis Carburetted Hydrogen Brine as a Clyster for 
 Hepatic Induration Effects compared with those of analogous Spas Indivi- 
 dualities to which the Spa is specially adapted Centra-indications. Adelheids- 
 quelle Comparison of Contents with analogous Springs . . . 175 
 
 LECTURE XV. 
 
 NENNDORF EILSEN MEINBERG AIX-LA-CHAPELLE. 
 
 Journey to Nenndorf Heating of the Baths Formation of the sulphurous Water 
 illustrated by Dr. Wohler Action of the Water Decrease of Pulse Utility in 
 
XVI CONTENTS. 
 
 PACK 
 
 Rheumatism Centra-indications Mud-baths Simultaneous employment of 
 Sulphur-baths and Inunction Nenndorf compared wibh Weilbach Apparent 
 anomaly of Sulphur and Brine-baths being used alternately accounted for. 
 Eilscn. Meinherg Sprudel-baths advantageous as an After-cure. Aix-la- 
 Chapdle Sulphuretted Hydrogen Mode of its development Comparison of 
 Aix-la-Chapelle with other Sulphur Springs Necessity of exhilaration of 
 Spirits Connection between Anxiety of Mind and Formation of Abscesses 
 Chalybeate Springs. Burtschdd (Borcette) Miihlenbadquelle the hottest 
 Spring in Germany . . . . . . . .190 
 
 LECTURE XVI. 
 
 PYRMONT DRIBURG SCHWALBACH SPAA. 
 
 Journey to Pyrmont Recommended in impaired sanguification through length- 
 ened sojourn in Tropical Climates In acute Anaemia Employment of the Spa by 
 Huf eland Cures of passive Metrorrhage, Fluor Albus, and Sterility Mud-baths 
 Gas-baths Centra-indications. Driburg Analogy to Pyrmont Saatzer 
 Sulphur-Spring. Schwalbach The Rheingau The Valley of the Aar Bleak- 
 ness of the Climate Paulinenbrunnen strikingly effective in the debility 
 resulting from a Tropical residence Disposition to Diarrhoea favoured by the 
 atmosphere Liebig's Theory Results of introduction of Iron on the pro- 
 duction of animal Heat Spaa Pouhon useful in Diseases resulting from 
 intermittent Fever 209 
 
 LECTURE XVII. 
 
 EMS SCHLANGENBAD BADEN-BADEN. 
 
 Journey to Ems Reputation in Laryngeal and Pulmonary Diseases Hufeland's 
 Recommendation Congestion of Pulmonary Vessels diminished Sedative 
 Effects of the Baths. Schlangenbad Cosmetic Influence Recommended as an 
 After-cure to follow the Course of Ems. Baden-Baden Natural Vapour- 
 baths Comparison with analogous Spas Distinction between Cures effected 
 in the Spa and by the Spa ....... 230 
 
 LECTURE XVIII. 
 
 OEYNHATJSEN SEA-BATHING NAUHEIM. 
 
 Rehme Porta Westphalica Climate The Water compared with Sea-water 
 Different Modes of evolving Carbonic Acid Natural Vapour-baths Air of 
 the Salt-works Useful in too rapid Growth of young Persons with Phthisical 
 tendency. Sea-Bathing Solid Ingredients of the various Seas Causes of 
 the Differences of the Amount Varying Temperature Utility of warm Sea- 
 baths, of Sea Voyages Injury of Sea-air in certain instances Preference of 
 high Localities Utility of Sea-bathing in Fluor Albus In certain Cases of 
 Epilepsy Instances in which ioduretted Spas are to be preferred Effects of 
 cold Sea-baths All the Benefit due to the Reaction. Naukeim Soolen- 
 sprudel Springs compared with those of analogous Spas Dr. Benecke's 
 . Method of diluting the Drinking Spring, approximating its Composition to 
 that of Ragoczy His Researches as regards the Effects of the Springs on the 
 healthy Organism Increased Diuresis and diminished action of the Heart are 
 the main Results of the warm Nauheitn Baths, besides decrease of respiratory 
 
CONTENTS. XV11 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Frequency The diluted Cure-spring increased general Transformation, and 
 promoted Excretion of Urea, but not of Phosphoric Acid It ameliorated 
 Biliary Secretion, and produced a more abundant Formation of G-astric Juice 
 at Meals Artificial Medicated Baths , . . . . .276 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 ACHSELMANNSTEIN Edelquelle Climate Useful in incipient Tuberculosis 
 Saline Vapour-baths Whey ....... 277 
 
 AIX-LES-BAINS Sulphurous and Aluminous Springs Douches Recommended 
 against Eheumatism, Eczema Scotch Douche . . . .277 
 
 ALEXANDEESBAD Chalybeate, very exciting Baths of Pine-foliage Roughness 
 of Climate ......... 278 
 
 ALEXISBAD Selkebrunnen, one of the purest Chalybeates . . . 278 
 
 ALTWASSEE Alkaline earthy Chalybeate Restorative after weakening Spas . 278 
 
 AMELIE-LES-BAINS Very mild Climate Reputed in Chronic Catarrh Sulphur- 
 ous inhalations . . . . . . . .279 
 
 APENEADE Baltic Seaport Protection through bent of the Coast . . 279 
 
 ABNSTADT Healthy Climate Baths of Pine-foliage Powerful Saline-'ba.ib.s 
 Additions of Malt Poultices of Brine . . . .279 
 
 ASICEBNE Spa Manor- well Reputed in Articular Rigidity More beneficial in 
 Irritable Skin than Harrogate . . . . . .280 
 
 ABEEYSTWITH "Welsh Sea-bath Sheltered Position Bracing Mountain and 
 Sea-breezes ......... 280 
 
 ALGIEES Excessive Summer-heat modified and violent Atmospheric Changes 
 prevented by the Mediterranean Higher Annual Temperature than Italian 
 Resorts Climate not rendered damp by the Rain Rainfall compared with that 
 of Torquay Sirocco Climate not relaxing Recommended for threatening 
 Tuberculosis . . . . . . . . .280 
 
 ALPINE CLIMATE Lowering of Temperature in proportion to Altitude Ascending 
 Currents more capable of absorbing Heat Air more rarified A greater 
 amount required for Respiration The Fohn Frequency of Thunderstorms 
 Improved Digestion Greater soundness of Sleep Atonic Ulcers cured 
 through Mountain Air Feverishness produced in some Constitutions 
 Alpenstich Utility in atonic diarrhoea, anaemia, and scrophulosis . . 282 
 
 BADEN (Switzerland) Picturesque Situation Chloride of Sodium chief In- 
 gredient Inhalations Recommended in Atonic Catarrhs, Chronic Rheuma- 
 tism Duration of Baths from Fifteen Minutes to Three Hours Administered 
 Cool Followed by Repose . . . . . . .286 
 
 BADENWEILEB Bracing Air of the Black Forest High Situation . .287 
 
 BAGNEBES-BE-BIGOBRE Charming Situation Mild Climate though 1,900' high 
 The Springs reputed for restoring Bodily and Mental Vigour . . .287 
 
 BAGNEBES-DE-LTJCHON Altitude, 2,000' Variety of Springs Greatest quantity 
 of Sulphuret of Sodium Recommended in Cutaneous Affections In Chronic 
 Rheumatism Development of Sulphuretted Hydrogen different from that pre- 
 vailing in Germany Effect more stimulating ..... 288 
 BABEGES Altitude, 4,000 / Most celebrated in inveterate Chronic Rheumatism . 289 
 BATH Hot Springs Commodious Swimming-baths Recommended for Chronic 
 Rheumatism Atonic Gout Dropped Hand Subaqueous Douche . . 290 
 
Xviii CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 BUXTON 900' high Bracing Air Komantic Walks Public Baths Highly 
 
 restorative Useful in Chronic Gout and Eheumatism . . . 292 
 
 BERG Saline Baths with low Temperature Useful in Dyspepsia . .292 
 
 BERKA Pine-foliage Vapour-baths Sulphurous and Chalybeate Springs . 293 
 
 BERTRICH Eminently useful in Diseases due to suppressed Cutaneous Function . 293 
 BEX (Switzerland) 1,380', high Charming Situation Exhalation of Salt-works 
 Spring with Sulphuretted Hydrogen . ..... 293 
 
 BOTZEN (Tyrol) Most pleasant and useful Residence in incipient Tuberculosis 
 
 Great contrast of Temperature between sunny and shady Places . . 294 
 
 BIARRITZ (Bay of Biscay) Fine sandy Beach ..... 294 
 
 BOULOGNE Climate mild Bathing -ground sandy and sheltered . . . 295 
 
 BLANKENBERGHE .Coast gradually sinking . . . 295 
 
 BERWICK (North) Beautiful Scenery Bracing Air .... 295 
 
 BLACKPOOL Northern Brighton . . . . , . .296 
 
 BOURNEMOUTH (Hampshire) Valley sheltered Ground Sandy Climate mild . 296 
 BRIGHTON Sheltered by the South Downs Climate bracing and restorative, 
 especially the Eastern part, the "Western more damp and mild Steyne 
 intermediate In Winter more suitable to Strumous Persons Milder and 
 steadier in Autumn than Hastings . . . . . .296 
 
 BOBDEAUX Mild Atmosphere Montpellier Formerly recommended for Con- 
 sumptive Patients Phthisis rather aggravated by the Northerly Winds . 297 
 CHABLOTTENBRUNN Sheltered by beautiful Fir-forests Whey-cure Chaly- 
 beate and Acidulous Springs Resorted to for Chronic Pulmonary Catarrh . 298 
 CLARENS (on Lake of Geneva) Autumn Residence for delicate Persons Lau- 
 sanne and Geneva inappropriate ...... 298 
 
 VEVAY Most charming Scenery Grape-cure Whey .... 298 
 
 MONTREUX Beautiful Views and excellent Protection Even suitable as a 
 Winter Residence for Consumptive Invalids ..... 299 
 
 COLBERG Baltic Sea-bath and Saline Springs ..... 299 
 
 CRANZ More Northerly ........ 299 
 
 CUXHAVEN North Sea-bath Different Cars for Flood- and for E^-Sea-baths . 299 
 CASTELLAMARE One of the healthiest and most pleasant Summer Residences in 
 Italy Quisisana Numerous Mineral Springs available besides Sea-baths 
 Reputed for the cure of Cutaneous Diseases, for Uterine Infiltration In- 
 dividualities more suited to this than to a Northern Sea-bath . . 300 
 CAUTERETS 3,000' high in a charming Valley Sheltered and mild Springs 
 milder than those of Bagneres-de-Luchon Half-baths Foot-baths In 
 Chronic Rheumatism and Cutaneous Diseases .... 300 
 
 CAIRO Climate mild Dry Equable Exhilarating Highly favourable Winter 
 Residence for Consumptive Patients Choice of Habitations Temperature 
 compared with other Winter Resorts . . . . . .301 
 
 COIMBRA Climate peculiarly adapted for Consumptive Patients, but Accommo- 
 dation extremely deficient ... .... 302 
 
 CHELTENHAM Charming Summer Resort Highly useful Saline and Chalybeate 
 
 Springs Especially recommended in Functional Derangements of the Liver . 303 
 CLIFTON Atmosphere highly elastic, mild, and reviving Recommended as a 
 
 Winter Residence for Persons affected with Chronic Pulmonary Irritation . 304 
 DIEPPE The Brighton of the Parisians ...... 305 
 
 DOBERAN Violence of Waves prevented by the sheltering Dam . . 305 
 
 DURKHEIM loduretted Springs Atmosphere equable and dry Grape-cure . 306 
 DOVER Limited Shelter Exposure to High Winds Beautiful Views from the 
 Chalk Cliffs . . . . 307 
 
CONTENTS. XIX 
 
 EAUX : BONNES ; Embedded in a Valley 2,100' high Advantages and Disadvan- 
 tages of its Climate Keco mm ended in Chronic Pulmonary Irritation . 308 
 EAUX-CHAUDES Great Reputation for Chronic Rheumatism Sulfuraire . . 309 
 ETRETAT Sea-bath with very strong movements of Waves . . .309 
 FOHR Mildness of Climate due to the sheltering Downs of Sylt and Amrum . 310 
 FECAMP Offers more Accommodation than Etretat . . . .310 
 
 GAIS 2,875' high Pretty equable Summer Temperature Whey-cures in in- 
 cipient Tuberculosis . . . . . . . .310 
 
 GREAT BRITAIN Climate of . . . . . .312 
 
 LONDON Climate of . . . . . . . .313 
 
 Seasons according to Temperature . . . . . .315 
 
 Mortality from Consumption Conservative Character of the British Climate 
 Comparison with the Continent . . . . .317 
 
 Choice of a Private Residence preventive or productive of Disease . .318 
 
 Geological Condition of the various Parts of the Metropolis Its influence 
 on different Constitutions . . . . . . .319 
 
 List of Population, Altitude, and Mortality . . . . .322 
 
 Influence of habitual Railway Travelling on Public Health . . 324 
 
 HEIDEN 2,424' high Enclosed by Promontories Charming resort for Whey- 
 cures .......... 330 
 
 HEINRICHSBAD 2,4lO'high Beautifully situated Whey- establishment some what 
 more sheltered ......... 332 
 
 WEISBAD Altitude 2,524' Provided with fine shady Walks, and possessing more 
 
 Protection than the neighbouring Whey-establishments . . . 332 
 
 HELGOLAND Pure maritime Climate without disturbing influences . . 333 
 
 HERINGSDORF Bathing-place protected without impediment to the free breaking 
 of the Waves ......... 334 
 
 HAVRE Advantage of the Flood-tide nearly remaining Three Hours daily . 334 
 TROUVELLE More sheltered and rural, with a fine sandy Ground Danger of 
 Quicksands ......... 334 
 
 HYERES Mildness of Climate Compared with Nice .... 335 
 
 CANNES Climate milder than Nice Less humid and relaxing than Pau . 336 
 
 HARROGATE Bracing and charming locality, with Sulphurous and Chalybeate 
 Springs Particularly efficacious when stimulation of the Emunctories is more 
 called for than thorough alterative action . . . . .336 
 
 HASTINGS Lower situations particularly guarded by high Cliffs During 
 January and December, Climate milder than at the neighbouring Resorts Air 
 moist and sedative . . . . . . . .338 
 
 ST. LEONARDS Less exposed to the Counter-currents from above More liable 
 to the vicissitudes of Temperature . . . . . .338 
 
 VALE OF GINSENG Its superior Climatic advantages . . . .339 
 
 THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE Seasons the reverse of ours Scarcity of Rain Death 
 
 from Consumption rarer than at other Military Stations . . . 339 
 
 ILMENAU Imnau ........ 340 
 
 INTERLAKEN 1,7 12' high Climate extremely mild and sheltered Deficiency of 
 
 Spring Water The Fohn Places to be preferred in oppressive Summer Heat 341 
 GIESSBACH 2, 400' high One of the most charming and picturesque Whey-cure 
 
 Establishments The Lake of Brienz Illumination of the Waterfalls . 343 
 
 MEYRINGEN 1,800' high Romantic resort for climatic and local Advantages . 344 
 GRINDELWALD 3,150' high Summer Atmosphere cooler than in the neigh- 
 bouring Plains Particularly recommended in Hypochondriasis . . 344 
 ISCHIA Suitable to Persons affected with Nervous Debility The Hot Springs 
 serviceable for Mercurial Cachexia, after Syphilis Natural Vapour-baths . 345 
 
XX CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 ITALY Climate of Temperature of various Parts compared . . .346 
 
 Florence Its varied Attractions Oppressive Summer Heat . . . 349 
 
 Genoa Apparently most protected and suitable for Invalids In reality per- 
 fectly inappropriate through the frequent and trying vicissitudes of Tem- 
 perature ..... ... 349 
 
 Milan Altitude, 483' Beautiful and interesting Town But the abode of 
 Pellagra Charming Scenery and Relaxation afforded by the Journey from 
 Milan to the neighbouring Lakes ... . .350 
 
 Naples Unique beauty of the Environs Climate too treacherous for Pul- 
 monary Diseases ........ 350 
 
 Pozzuoli Milder Atmosphere than Naples . . . . .351 
 
 Pisa Mild Temperature due to the Tuscan Hills Climate relaxing, damp, 
 and soothing . . . . . . . . 352 
 
 Some Temperature more steady than that of Naples and Pisa Less than 
 
 of Nice Atmosphere distinguished by a peculiar stillness . . . 352 
 
 Palermo Most delightful Climate Heat more equably divided between the 
 months than at the other Mediterranean resorts . . . .353 
 
 Venice Climate less Variable than at other Parts of Italy, the Transitions 
 
 being slow and gradual Air impregnated with Iodine and Bromine . 354 
 
 JEESET Winter very mild Characteristics of the Climate: Mildness and 
 Moisture ......... 355 
 
 KIEL Elegant Sea-bathing Establishment, with a mild Climate . . 356 
 
 KOSEN Saline Springs in a charming and protected Valley . . .356 
 
 KoNiGSDOBF-lASTBZEMB Powerful ioduretted Spa .... 356 
 
 KBANKENHEIL 2,467' high Efficacious ioduretted and sulphuretted Springs . 357 
 KBONTHAL Saline Springs with a very mild Climate .... 358 
 
 LABASSEBE Cold Sulphurous Springs used for Chronic Catarrhs . . 359 
 
 LANDECE. 1,398' high Chemically indifferent Spring with rather a low Tempe- 
 rature Air bracing and sheltered Moor-baths against Chronic Uterine 
 Enlargements . . . . . . . . . 359 
 
 LANGENBEUCKEN Cold Sulphurous Springs Useful in Chronic Catarrh of the 
 Bladder . . . . . . . . .359 
 
 LETJK Altitude, 4,351' Hot Springs, with Sulphate of Lime as chief ingredient 
 Recommended in Catarrhal Hoarseness, Chronic Rheumatism, Eczema 
 Climate rough, but bracing Mixed bathing of the Sexes . . .360 
 
 LIEBENZELL In a romantic Black Forest Valley Lukewarm Spring, particularly 
 recommended in Chronic Metritis . . . . . .361 
 
 LIFPIK . ioduretted Saline Therma, reputed for the Cure of Uterine Enlarge- 
 ments .......... 361 
 
 LLPPSFEINGE Altitude, 378' Mild, sheltered Climate, with a deep sandy Soil. 
 Arminiusquelle Specially curative in certain forms of incipient Tuberculosis. 362 
 Ottilienquelle Less exciting Agrees with irritable Conditions of the Mucous 
 Membrane ......... 363 
 
 LUHATSCHOWITZ Altitude, 1,600' In a charming Valley surrounded by Moun- 
 tains A powerful ioduretted Spa . . . . . .363 
 
 LEGHOEN Beautiful Arrangements for Sea-bathing . . . .365 
 
 LUCCA Warm Baths celebrated for the Cure of Chronic Rheumatism . . 365 
 
 LEAMINGTON Saline, Chalybeate, and Sulphurous Springs . .365 
 
 LOWESTOFT Peculiarly bracing and restorative .... 366 
 
 LYMINGTON Sheltered Sea-bath . . . . . .366 
 
 MADEIRA ISLANDS surpass the Italian Winter-Resorts in steadiness of Tem- 
 perature Young persons with a too rapid Development of the Frame and 
 Phthisical Tendency are especially benefited Incipient Tuberculosis ener- 
 getically checked Advanced Phthisis rapidly deteriorated . . . 366 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 MALAGA Climate warm, equable, with very small Variations Soothing but 
 
 not Relaxing Comparison with Cannes, Madeira, and Nice . . . 368 
 
 MENTONE Climate extremely mild and equable . . . .369 
 
 NICE Having a milder Atmosphere than more southern Localities, but subject 
 to rapid vicissitudes of Temperature . , . . . .370 
 
 MERAN Altitude, 881' In a most fertile and protected Valley Lower Summer 
 Temperature than in all other Towns of South Tyrol Autumn and Spring best 
 Seasons for Persons affected with Chronic Catarrhs . . . .371 
 
 MERGENTHEIM 591' high Bitter and Saline Springs used against Biliary 
 Obstructions and Lithiasis . . . . . . .372 
 
 MISDROY A sheltered Sea-bath of the Island of Wollin . . .372 
 
 MONDORF Strong Saline and Bromuretted Spring, lying in an extensive Plateau 
 surrounded by shady Walks . . . . . . .372 
 
 MALVERN (Great) One of the finest and most salubrious spots of Great Britain 373 
 Injurious Effects of violent drenching with Cold Water . . . 374 
 
 MATLOCK-BATH, in Derbyshire Resembling the Saxon Switzerland Singularly 
 
 Restorative in Convalescence from protracted Fevers . . .374 
 
 MARGATE Atmosphere cool, dry, and bracing ..... 375 
 
 RAMSGATE Somewhat more sheltered and soothing Adapted in Summer to 
 Persons affected with Bronchial Irritation . . . . .376 
 
 NEUENAHR 225' high Very useful in Chronic Laryngeal Irritation and first stage 
 
 of incipient Tuberculosis Its Action compared with that of Ems . . 376 
 
 NORDERNEY Climate extremely equable Bathing Establishment protected by 
 a Mountain-ridge Bathing-time to be selected according to the desirability of 
 stronger or weaker Wave-strokes ...... 377 ' 
 
 OPEN Warm Alkaline Saline Springs, highly efficacious through their Tempera- 
 ture . ...;.... 378 
 
 OSTEND Equable Firm and Sandy Bathing Ground Influence of the situation 
 below the level of the Sea ....... 379 
 
 PARTENKIRCHEN 2,434' high In an extensive sheltered Meadow Valley Favour- 
 able in Tubercular Diathesis . . . . . . .379 
 
 PETERSTHAL 1,251' high Increase of Warmth in Summer through the Rocky 
 Walls Steel-spring Gas and Saline Springs ..... 379 
 
 GRIESBACH 1,500' high in thejiarrowest portion of the Rench-valley . .. 380 
 
 PUTBUS The situation on the southern declivity of the Coast imparts mildness 
 and shelter to the Climate, but the Wave-strokes are weakened through the 
 opposite Island . . . . . . . . .380 
 
 p AU Wild romantic Scenery Climate extremely mild and sedative Recom- 
 mended to Persons suffering from a dry tickling Cough . . . 380 
 PLOMBIERES 1,310' high Air bracing and pure, but subject to frequent 
 Vicissitudes Great range of the Temperature of the Springs Especially 
 celebrated for the Cure of Chronic Rheumatism, Sciatica Prolonged Dura- 
 tion of the Baths Professor Hebra's Ingenious Bed for keeping Patients 
 in Water during a whole Course of Treatment . . . .381 
 
 RECOARO 1,465' high Bracing Summer Residence Chalybeate Springs . 382 
 
 REICHENHALL 1,470' high Very mild and bracing Climate Extremely 
 grateful to Persons affected with Bronchial Irritation Charming Contrasts 
 of Scenery Concentrated Saline Springs . . . . .382 
 
 REMAGEN Climate more congenial and salubrious than the Valleys of the right 
 
 shore of the Rhine ... ..... 383 
 
 RIGI-SCHEIDECK 5,073' high Curhaus recommended for Anaemic Persons . 383 
 RIGI-KALTBAD 4,436' high Situation more sheltered Excellent Cow and Goat 
 Whey . 384 
 
XX11 CONTENTS. 
 
 RIPPOLSDAU 1,886' high Surrounded by Woody Mountains Springs tonic resol- 
 vent Air pure, fresh and bracing, rendered balsamic through the Exhalations 
 of Fir and Pine Forests . . . . . . .384 
 
 ROMERBAD 755' high Bathing in large Basins (Gebader) . . 384 
 
 KOHITSCH In a fertile and lovely Landscape Climate extremely mild Princi- 
 pally resorted to in Cases of Abdominal Plethora .... 385 
 
 ROSENHEIM Chalybeate and Sulphur Springs for Drinking and Bathing, besides 
 Moor-baths and Pine-Foliage Vapour-baths . . . . .385 
 
 ROYAN Sea-baths Protected Position Mild Climate . . .385 
 
 SAINT MORITZ 5,710' high Situation extremely romantic and picturesque 
 Climate of the .Canton of Orisons Chalybeate Spring compared with 
 Schwalbach Useful in Helminthias, Scrophulosis, Chlorosis Effect of the 
 magnificent and varied Landscapes Ride to the Village of Maria . . 385 
 
 SCHINZNACH 1,060' high In a friendly Valley Useful in Prurigo, Sycosis, in 
 
 Scrofula, in Lead and Arsenic Poisoning, in Chronic Rheumatism . .388 
 
 WILDEGG Powerful loduretted Spring; employed with Iodide of Potassium . 389 
 SCHEVENINGEN A fashionable Sea-bath in a sheltered Position, with fine Walks 
 
 and adjoining Forest Advantages of the proximity of the Hague . .390 
 
 SODEN 440' high In the Spessart Climate moist and equable . . 390 
 
 STACHELBEKG Sulphur Spring 2,044' high Magnificent Scenery Position 
 sheltered chiefly by gigantic snow-covered Mountains Useful in Chronic, 
 Bronchial and Gastric Catarrhs, in Chronic Rheumatism, and Cutaneous 
 Diseases . . . . . . . . . 390 
 
 STEBEN 1,786' high Chalybeate Climate bleak, but tonic . . .391 
 
 STREITBERG 1,800' high Sheltered Position in a charming Valley Climate very 
 mild and equable Whey-establishment principally used in cases of incipient 
 Tuberculosis . . . . . . . . .391 
 
 SULZA Powerful Saline Springs Secluded Locality Recommended to Scrofu- 
 lous Patients fond of Quiet . . . . . . .392 
 
 SULZBRTJNN 2,671' high loduretted Spring Climate peculiarly favourable . 392 
 SWINEMUNDE The 'Plantage ' enclosing the Establishment for Warm Baths . 392 
 SYLT Thorough maritime Climate with strong Wave-strokes . . . 392 
 
 SAINT-SAUVEUR 4,620' high Climate bracing without being bleak Soothing 
 Effects of the Sulphurous-baths on the Nervous System Action different from 
 that of Bareges Recommended in Uterine Infiltrations . . . 393 
 
 SALZBRUNN 1,215' high Extending in a charming wide Valley along the Salzach 
 Excellent Effects of Whey . . . . . . .393 
 
 SALZHAUSEN 461' high Saline Springs with some Bromine . . .394 
 
 SALZUNGEN 778'high Climate considerably impregnated withsaline exhalations 395 
 SALCOMBE Gifted with a mild and equable Winter Climate . . . 395 
 
 SCARBOROUGH The Queen of British Watering Places North-sands in a better 
 
 Condition than the South Sands hard and gradually shelving . .395 
 
 SIDMOUTH Sheltered by lofty Hills Climate mild and relaxing . . 396 
 
 SWANSEA Frequently resorted to from its beautiful Situation . .396 
 
 TARASP 4,608' high Magnificent Landscape Combination of Saline and 
 
 Alkaline Springs Comparison with Carlsbad .... 396 
 
 TEGERNSEE 2,487' high With an ever-changing Series of beautiful Walks . 398 
 TEINACH 1,223' high Air permeated with Exhalations of Fir Trees Springs 
 Tonic, Stimulant, and Antacid . . . . . .398 
 
 TIEFENAU 1,800' high Hydropathic Establishment resorted to after a Course of 
 
 Mercury to Strengthen the Reactive Power of the Organism . 399 
 
 TOPLITZ With its Warm Sulphurous Springs in the midst of a Park . . 399 
 
 TRAVEMUNDE Bathing Ground firm and gently sloping Baths of Pine- 
 Foliage ..... 400 
 
. 
 
 CONTENTS. Xxiii 
 
 TRIEST Excellent Arrangement for Warm and Cold Sea-baths Suitable to 
 vigorous Constitutions only Weather mutable and subject to abrupt 
 Transitions Social Charms and Advantages ..... 400 
 
 VENICE Excellent Arrangement for Sea-bathing . . . .401 
 
 TEIGNMOUTH Picturesque Position Highly recommended for Sea-bathing in 
 Summer Not steady enough for a Winter Eesidence . . . .401 
 
 TORQUAY The City of Villas Atmosphere less moist and more equable than 
 the Devonshire Climate in general, through its western Projection into the 
 Atlantic Highest mean annual Temperature in Great Britain Comparison 
 with Clifton Advantage in Convalescence from Pneumonia Comparison of 
 Temperature with other Health-resorts Increasing Accommodation 
 Mutability of the English Climate useful in hardening the Constitution Distant 
 Climes sought after by advanced Pulmonary Invalids Consequences . . 402 
 
 TUNBRIDGE-WELLS 289' high Varying Attraction of picturesque and wild 
 Scenery Chalybeate Water When to be Employed Sound Sleep a Pecu- 
 liarity of the Effect of the Climate ...... 404 
 
 VERNET With a Climate so mild and equable as to admit Bathing through the 
 whole Year Vaporarium ....... 405 
 
 VICHY 733' high Enclosed by a mountainous Amphitheatre King of Alka- 
 line Spas Comparison with Carlsbad Indications and Centra-indications . 406 
 
 WARMBRUNN 1,100' high Pleasant Appearance produced by the Gardens and 
 Fields surrounding the Houses Formerly reckoned amongst the Sulphur Spas 
 Rooms for Inhalations, for Electrial Therapeutics Greatly reputed for the 
 Cure of Articular Stiffness and of Herpetic Diseases .... 407 
 
 WAGGIS 1,350' high Encompassed by the most magnificent Scenery and com- 
 pletely protected against severe Winds Climate moderately moist and ex- 
 hilarating ......... 409 
 
 WEISSENRURG 2,759' high Atmosphere distinguished by its Humidity Tem- 
 perature changeable Warm Spring at the Foot of a Eock . . . 409 
 
 WEISSENSTEIN 3,949' high With most magnificent Alpine Views Cabinets 
 for Whey-drinking and Whey-bathing . . . . .410 
 
 WILDUNGEN 300' high Most pleasant and variegated shady Promenades 
 Particularly recommended in Gravel, Lithiasis, Spasms of the Bladder, and 
 Chronic Inflammation of the Prostatic Gland . . . . .410 
 
 WIPFELD Sulphur Spring and Sulphur Mud-baths Useful in Neuralgia and 
 Chronic Rheumatism . . . . . . . .412 
 
 WHITBY Most interesting Sea- view from the West Cliff Numerous wooded and 
 sheltered Walks Bag dale Spa . . . . . .412 
 
 WIGHT (!SLE OF) Garden of England Exhibiting almost every Variety of 
 Landscape in Miniature . . . . . . .413 
 
 NDERCLIFF Protecting Downs Air imbued with a certain Dryness and Astrin- 
 gency Effects of the Altitude of the Undercliff Peculiar Influence of the per- 
 pendicular Rocks Comparison with Torquay . . . .413 
 
 WORTHING Climate soft and relaxing Numerous pleasant Walks . .415 
 
 >N'S loduretted Springs 1,700' high Considerable Amount of Iodide of 
 Sodium Great Reputation for the Cure of Glandular Swellings combined with 
 Anaemia . . . .415 
 
ON THE 
 
 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS 
 
 LECTURE I. 
 
 GENTLEMEN, The subject I have to bring before you claims 
 to be a very important part of Materia Medica ; for it treats of 
 remedies, prepared in the womb of the earth by the power of 
 nature alone, and in many instances indispensable to effect a cure. 
 
 The mineral springs, though standing on the same ground they 
 occupied years or centuries ago, have come considerably nearer to 
 us through the blessing of the great world-reformers, the railroads. 
 A place, which would formerly have been reached only after a 
 long journey and at a great expense, becomes e\ery year more 
 accessible to sufferers of the middle class ; and often in your after- 
 life will you thank the gentlemen at the head of this Institution 
 for having afforded you an opportunity to learn that which many 
 of your fellow-students are unable to acquire. 
 
 The spas are not unknown here, for a great many English are 
 found at almost every continental watering-place. The only regret 
 to be felt is, that they do not resort to these fountains of Hygaeia 
 by the advice of their medical attendants, but mostly on the 
 recommendation of some lay acquaintance, who has found relief 
 from his ailment at a certain spa, and by merely judging from 
 appearance, of course thinks every analogous morbid affection 
 must be combated by the same means. How often disappoint- 
 ment must follow such advice you may easily imagine, for the spas 
 are at no time indifferent remedies ; the patient will either improve 
 or get decidedly worse ; nay, his health is sometimes jeopardised 
 if he uses baths or springs on his own account, and without proper 
 liscrimi nation. 
 
2 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS, 
 
 In the treatment of disease you will meet with several classes 
 of difficulties. After having carefully investigated the morbid 
 phenomena, and satisfactorily established the nature and cause of 
 the suffering, you proceed to adopt the most appropriate plan of 
 treatment. But at your next visit you find that the remedies 
 which seemed to be clearly indicated, and which confidently pro- 
 mised relief, have failed to answer your expectations. Suppose a 
 case of severe rheumatism claims your care : you have given the 
 patient alkalines, colchicum and other approved anti-rheumatics ; 
 you have regulated his digestive functions ; you have even been 
 induced by the severity of his suffering to employ antiphlogistic 
 remedies ; and, according to theory, the patient ought long since 
 to have left his bed and mixed with the healthy. But in sad 
 reality, there he lies, still feeling pain in his joints, still unable to 
 use his limbs, and pursue his avocations, perhaps to the injury of 
 beloved persons depending on his exertions. What is your next 
 step? 
 
 You subject all the prominent symptoms to a fresh examination, 
 and you conclude, that, if you could raise the power of the ner- 
 vous system, by giving quinine for instance, the functions of the 
 muscles and muscular organs would be strengthened, and the 
 morbid sensibility diminished. Some relief has been obtained, 
 but only temporarily, and the pain, inconvenience, and disability, 
 still exist or return, to the silent reproach of human skill. You 
 attack the enemy from another point. You give iron to improve 
 the strength of the vital fluid, and thus induce a more energetic 
 organic metamorphosis. The contention between diminished irri- 
 tability and increased nervous sensibility is often removed by 
 raising the former, and thus restoring the equilibrium necessary 
 to health. You may then resort to iodide of potassium, which 
 frequently cures similar states of disease, by increasing the power 
 of the absorbent vessels, and causing effete exudations to become 
 absorbed and excreted. You have employed vapour baths, ex- 
 ternal derivatives and internal revulsives ; and though each remedy 
 (when judiciously selected) helped to allay the symptoms, still 
 days, weeks, nay months have passed, the disease has become 
 chronic under your hands, in spite of the most careful and approved 
 treatment. You must not suppose that I fill your mind with 
 imaginary fears. Though fortunately rare, such cases will occur, 
 notwithstanding our daily progress, and the almost hourly dis- 
 covery of some new remedy. It is at this stage that people throw 
 themselves into the hands of quackery, relating how many bottles 
 
GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 3 
 
 of medicine and boxes of pills they have ' swallowed,' as they 
 call it, how they have been given up by the profession, &c., &c. 
 What gratitude will you earn, if, on the point of abandoning 
 treatment, you remember that similar cases have been cured by a 
 certain spa, and you are thus instrumental, by its recommenda- 
 tion, in restoring the patient's health while he is far removed from 
 your sight ? 
 
 Another class of difficulties ought not to be passed over, for 
 they will occur in practical life. Your advice will occasionally be 
 asked by persons complaining of some deviation in the function of 
 certain organs, and still, after having accurately observed the 
 phenomena, you may find that actual disease does not exist. 
 There are states of transition between the normal performance of 
 the harmonising human faculties and disorder. What seems 
 functional derangement is perhaps, in this instance, only morbidly 
 increased sensibility, or momentary predominance of one system 
 or organ over another. A desire arises in your mind to recommend 
 steps, which form the intermediate link between dietetic rules and 
 pharmaceutic preparations. This you can satisfy by ordering a 
 mineral water, the constituents of which act sometimes more ener 
 getically than larger doses of the same remedies in the ordinary 
 form. The reason probably is, their greater degree of solution. 
 They enter the digestive organs as more congenial bodies, and 
 their active principles, so finely divided, are fit to be immedi- 
 ately imbibed into the absorbent vessels, and to be assimilated 
 without previously performing the tortuous route of digestion, as 
 is the case with many artificially prepared medicaments. Very 
 frequently, nature gives us distinct hints of a tendency to a dis- 
 turbed equilibrium. Is it not very meritorious to combat these 
 first deviations of natural functions, and thus often prevent the 
 development of actual disease ? From the imperfection of every- 
 thing human, you will not, of course, always succeed. But I can 
 affirm, from the experience I have had in the occasional adminis- 
 tration of mineral waters for a number of years, that their effects 
 in this respect are extremely gratifying. Often have I prescribed 
 the one or the other, at first, as an innocent experiment or an 
 expectative remedy, without hoping to find the beneficial results 
 that actually ensued. 
 
 A gentleman, about thirty years of age, who began to study 
 medicine, and afterwards turned to mercantile pursuits, underwent 
 much anxiety and mental labour in the year 1846. For twelve 
 fears past he has felt daily, a few hours after each meal, a burning 
 
 B 2 
 
4 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 sensation in the cardiac region, extending upwards to the shoulder ; 
 he was also frequently affected with headache in the occiput, parti- 
 cularly in the evening. He tried many remedies and dietetic 
 changes in vain, and latterly carbonate of potash. He resides in 
 a healthy suburb, daily takes much exercise, and lives with the 
 greatest regularity. Finding the subjective phenomena uncon- 
 nected with any structural or functional disorder, I considered the 
 free carbonic acid, with carbonate of soda, and the other ingredients 
 contained in Fachingen water, would improve his condition. I 
 accordingly recommended this water, and was extremely gratified 
 when, after some time, he declared himself entirely free from the 
 inconvenience which had molested him so many years. 
 
 The name of mineral waters indicates that certain mineral 
 substances are dissolved in the springs. If so, why could we not 
 artificially produce the same combination, and expect similar 
 results ? 
 
 Because they mostly contain substances insoluble in ordinary 
 water. But what agency keeps them in solution? It is car- 
 bonic acid gas thoroughly impregnating the water. Were we 
 to employ any fixed acids to dissolve lime, magnesia, or iron, 
 the chemical composition of other combinations would be changed. 
 Carbonic acid not only dissolves the one substance without dis- 
 uniting combinations of others, but it enters the system charged 
 with these particles, and presents them to the mouths of the 
 absorbent vessels in this highly diluted condition; it further 
 promotes their direct absorption by exerting a stimulating power 
 on the vascular and nervous systems. Thus you may understand 
 why six-tenths of a grain of iron imbibed into the lacteals, with 
 the above gas, may be more exciting and strengthening than 
 three or four times the quantity of pharmaceutic carbonate of 
 iron, which has to be dissolved in the gastric juice previous to 
 absorption. A great many spas possess similar ingredients, but 
 in different proportions ; and their efficacy generally corresponds 
 with the predominant constituents. Other ingredients admixed 
 prevent a too powerful action on any organic sphere. Suppose 
 sulphate of soda or magnesia to be the chief ingredient (as in 
 Pullna, Saidschutz, &c.) the alvine evacuations might be excited 
 in too high a degree, and the sanguification might become too 
 much weakened to perform the nutritive function of the whole 
 body. But carbonate of lime and of iron present in small pro- 
 portions, give a certain check to the solvent and liquefying action, 
 and increase the tone and resistance of the blood. Where iron is 
 

 GERMAN MINERAL, WATERS. 5 
 
 the chief ingredient, a too vigorous excitement of the vascular 
 system is prevented by the presence of a small quantity of low- 
 ering sulphates, and of solvent chlorides. But you Avill raise the 
 objection, that we have been impressed with the great advantage 
 of simple treatment, and of not employing too great a compli- 
 cation of remedies. It is certainly most desirable, in ordinary 
 treatment, to fix the appropriate remedy in the simplest form, 
 and then both success and non-success will improve your ex- 
 perience and therapeutic knowledge. But though it is necessary 
 to be guided in the choice of the mineral waters by their chemical 
 composition, each spa must be considered as one whole, acting on 
 well-defined abnormal conditions with a more or less certain 
 effect, according to the records of eminent English and foreign 
 writers. Having informed you that a gaseous acid is the chief 
 solvent of the mineral waters, you will at once see the difficulty 
 of artificially imitating them. Nevertheless, the great advantage 
 derived from their use induced several attempts to prepare 
 fictitious mineral waters. Dr. Struve of Dresden succeeded, 
 after years of unceasing labour, in producing fictitious mineral 
 waters, which resemble the natural in taste, colour, specific 
 gravity, and, above all, in the results of chemical analysis. He 
 endeavoured to follow the process apparently employed by nature, 
 and he argued that the effects must be likewise identical. What 
 is called the e Brighton pump-room ' is one of these establish- 
 ments ; and many instances are on record of cures performed by 
 these waters, and of specific effects only belonging to the re- 
 spective natural waters. Some go even so far as to claim a 
 preference for the artificial waters, from the circumstance of then- 
 being more easily obtainable, and of their losing less carbonic 
 acid by distant carriage, &c., &c. But, though our present 
 knowledge of chemistry can discover no perceptible difference, 
 who could assert that some new test might not find substances in 
 the springs, which were unknown at the time of their last ana- 
 lysis ? Before the discovery of iodine and bromine, for instance, 
 the efficacy of Kreuznach or Adelheidsquelle in scrofulous diseases 
 might have been attributed to the presence of chloride of sodium 
 and chloride of calcium. That there are active principles yet 
 undiscovered in some mineral springs, we are justified in sur- 
 ising, if we take cognisance of the astonishing changes produced 
 y certain spas called 'chemically indifferent,' because their 
 constituents are scarcely distinguished from those of common 
 water. It is a singular fact that these very spas are among the 
 
6 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 most powerful. Take for instance Wildbad, near Stuttgardt, 
 which is particularly renowned for curing inveterate gout, 
 arthritic paralysis, and contractions after wounds. What do you 
 suppose its constituents to be? No more than 3J grains in 16 
 ounces, and these are about two grains of chloride of sodium, half- 
 a-grain of carbonate of soda, some carbonate of magnesia, of lime, 
 manganese and iron, with some silex. Are these few grains able 
 to cause absorption of substances deposited in the joints, or to 
 restore pliancy and power to limbs, which have for years resisted 
 the manifold means that knowledge and experience have devised? 
 Put the same ingredients into ordinary water of corresponding 
 temperature, and see whether you will obtain results at all 
 approaching those frequently experienced at Wildbad ? Is it be- 
 cause the warmth of the water is identical with that of blood, and 
 requires neither heating nor cooling ? You have only to think 
 of Gastein, in South Tyrol, the temperature of which is about 
 111 P., and which must be cooled for bathing, and still its 
 reputation for the cure of atonic gout, of paralysis, and of spasms 
 through deficient nervous power, almost surpasses that of Wild- 
 bad. What are its constituents ? Still less, only 2^ grains in 
 sixteen ounces viz., 1 J sulph. of soda, then some sulph. of potash, 
 chlor. of sodium, carb. of lime, &c. It is true, an undetermined 
 quantity of animal substance, called glairine, has been found in 
 it. But is that to explain the visible transformations happening 
 within a short period before your eyes? Why can the spring 
 of the ' hopital ? in Yichy be freely employed, whilst that of the 
 * Grande-grille ' must be administered with great circumspection, 
 though both possess nearly the same chemical constituents? 
 Probably because the vegeto-animal substance, incapable of 
 imitation, is more abundant in the former. 
 
 Another objection to artificial waters may be found in the 
 supposition that many salts obtained by evaporation may possibly 
 have keen formed through this process, without having previously 
 existed under the same combination ; in fact, it may rather be a 
 product than an educt of analysis. Nevertheless, they are 
 excellent substitutes for the genuine waters; although when 
 these latter can be obtained, it is my opinion that they ought 
 decidedly to be preferred. On the other hand, great advantages 
 may be derived from certain imitations ; thus, at Gros-Caillou, 
 rue de PUniversite, Paris, they produce a solution of magnesia in 
 an excess of carbonic acid, which is so saturated that a pint 
 contains nearly half an ounce of magnesia ; about six grains can 
 

 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 7 
 
 be given to a child in a table-spoonful of this solution, either as 
 an absorbent, as an antacid, or as an aperient, &c. 
 
 The spas themselves are generally resorted to between the 
 months of May and October (inclusive). The course lasts from 
 three to six weeks. Their effects invariably continue for a long 
 period, and the most successful cures frequently take place 
 months after the patients have rejoined their family circles. When 
 immediate improvement ensues, it is often of a less durable 
 character. This lasting efficacy particularly adapts them for the 
 treatment of chronic diseases. In most spas, bathing and drinking 
 of the respective springs take place. Some, however, are merely 
 employed internally, others only externally. 
 
 The mineralised mud of some is used separately as a highly 
 curative external remedy ; in others, the abundant evolution of 
 carbonic acid serves for general and local gas baths. Where the 
 temperature is too high, ingenuity is taxed for contrivances cal- 
 culated to lower the heat, without altering the composition of 
 those ingredients partially held in solution by the high tempera- 
 ture. If the temperature is too low for bathing, the bade-meister 
 (bath-master) will show you in one place how the baignoires are 
 warmed by subterranean steam, so that the spring may not lose 
 its carbonic acid and have important substances precipated by 
 being heated. Another will explain that warm water is mixed in 
 his baths in such a proportion with the spa water as not to impair 
 its properties, &c. At others you have douches of various height 
 and power. In some you will see ascending douches, to which 
 many cures are attributed, particularly in several diseases of 
 women. In others again, friction is employed with the douche as 
 a great auxiliary to the medical treatment. (This is particularly 
 well understood and unsurpassed at Aix-la-Chapelle.) In fact, 
 when you visit any spa, you will be astonished at the manner in 
 which every particle of the natural gift is brought to bear upon 
 diseases. If the source be on a higher situation than the baths, 
 you will see this taken advantage of to fill the baths by pressure 
 from below, so that the water flows upwards in a wave-like 
 manner. You see a shaft constructed in which the water rises and 
 is made to splash over and to fill the circumvenient air with its 
 vapour and exhalations for medical purposes. The quantity of 
 the water taken internally varies considerably, and as a rule is 
 gradually to be increased. 
 
 Generally, a band begins to play about six in the morning, 
 waking the visitors from their slumbers. In the intervals of 
 
8 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 drinking, they take walking exercise for about a quarter of an 
 hour. About an hour after a light breakfast, the baths are taken. 
 The diet is regulated according to the nature of the spa. The 
 curative power seems to be evolved by a slow reaction, which the 
 ensemble of the healing influences produces in the human system. 
 If this reaction is speedily exhibited by signs of a violent revolu- 
 tion, as headache, giddiness, depression, lassitude, restlessness, 
 want of appetite, obstruction or diarrhoea, distention of the abdo- 
 men, feverishness, &c., immediate discontinuance of the course is 
 necessary. 
 
 The course might be resumed as soon as a more favourable 
 impression can be reckoned upon. ( Bath eruption,' occasionally 
 appearing after a few weeks, and then disappearing without 
 medicinal aid, is considered a favourable sign. 
 
 Both the spas and mineral waters, however useful in chronic, 
 must be entirely avoided in acute diseases, in inflammation of 
 vital organs, inflammatory fevers, &c. They are also contra- 
 indicated in hectic fever, in formed tuberculosis, in carcinomatous 
 degenerations, in aneurisms, in congestion of the lungs or brain, 
 &c. In fact, before recommending a spa, the subsequent reaction 
 and unfailing excitement must be taken into almost more serious 
 account than the direct influence itself. 
 
GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 t, 
 
 LECTURE II. 
 
 THE springs furnish a natural point of classification by their 
 varying temperature. The more a spa approaches the tem- 
 perature of the blood, the less animal heat is withdrawn by 
 the contact, and the greater the perception of warmth. For 
 convenience sake let us designate, with Vetter, those springs 
 having a temperature below 66 Fahrenheit, krena* or cold 
 springs, and those of which the temperature exceeds 95 Fahren- 
 heit, thermae, or hot springs. Those that range between 66 and 
 95 Fahrenheit, may be considered as of intermediate tempera- 
 ture, still depriving the body of some heat, but unable to display 
 the medicinal effect of cold ; they are designated as pegce.^ 
 Mineral waters, without reference to temperature, are also termed 
 pega. 
 
 Another natural division may be derived from their local varia- 
 tions, which do not fail to exercise a considerable influence on 
 then* medicinal efficiency. Their respective altitude modifies the 
 atmospheric pressure, and displays properties of its own. 
 
 The diminished pressure and greater purity of the air in higher 
 situations invigorate and stimulate the weakened nervous system, 
 and dimmish passive pulmonary blennorrhages, whilst these places 
 would disagree with persons of irritable thoracic organs, and might 
 excite haemoptysis, congestion, or inflammation, where a tendency 
 to such diseases already exists. 
 
 It has been calculated that the warmth of the air diminishes by 
 1 Reaumur for every 500 feet of height. But however applicable 
 this law may be in the higher regions, it is less so nearer the earth, 
 the temperature being modified by the direction of the mountains, 
 geographic latitude, and many other circumstances. 
 
 It has been assumed, that the whole mass of water on the 
 globe remains constantly of the same amount, though undergoing 
 various changes of form by atmospheric influence. The water 
 attracted and imbibed by the surface of the earth, penetrates to 
 
 * From Kprjvri source. f From Tr^yr; spring, salient water. 
 
10 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 different depths according to the more or less yielding and porous 
 character of the recipient layers. It then collects in the interior 
 and begins its solvent and chemical action on the surrounding 
 strata. 
 
 It is of importance to consider whether a spring has a merely 
 local origin, or whether it owes its existence to the general cha- 
 racter of the mountainous formation. 
 
 Thus, most acidulous and thermal springs can be traced to 
 certain characteristic mountain chains, whilst sulphureous and 
 chalybeate springs are mostly independent of the general cha- 
 racter of a region, and seem to stand as isolated products of local 
 causes. 
 
 The volcanic processes in the interior of the earth drive mighty 
 rocks of basalt out of the depth of the sea, inflame strata of coals, 
 inundate whole regions with lava and ignited substances, and 
 shake the highest and firmest mountain ranges, and all this free 
 from the various forces and elements acting in the atmosphere of 
 the surface. Fire alone could not accomplish these processes 
 without the co-operation of water. 
 
 The contact of the two powers, however, produces vapours, 
 which, by expanding, burst the opposing layers of the earth and 
 discharge streams of lava and of basalt. 
 
 If the vapours are pent up, earthquakes necessarily ensue. 
 Should they, however, find no resistance, they form gaseous pro- 
 ducts and stream out as carbonic acid, sulphuretted hydrogen or 
 nitrogen. To these gaseous streams the thermal and acidulous 
 springs seem to owe their origin. 
 
 The volcanic character is probable, from their situation being 
 mostly near active or extinguished volcanoes. Vesuvius is sur- 
 rounded by thermal springs. The mightiest volcanic mountain 
 chains of Europe are accompanied by powerful thermal and acidu- 
 lous springs. 
 
 A relation, no doubt, exists between earthquakes and Therms. 
 It is asserted that those regions are less exposed to earthquakes 
 which possess volcanic springs for instance, North Bohemia, the 
 Rhine and Taunus regions. Such mountain chains, in which no 
 eruption of lava, basalt, hot vapours, or carbonic acid, has taken 
 place, are said to be more exposed to earthquakes. During the 
 earthquake of Lisbon, that part built on limestone suffered more 
 than the adjoining Belem, partly built on basalt. 
 
 Of all the earthquakes that took place in January and Febru- 
 ary 1824, from the foot of the Saxon mountains to the Elnbogner- 
 
GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 11 
 
 kreis, only two German miles from Carlsbad, nothing was felt in 
 Carlsbad itself. On the other hand, whilst an earthquake took 
 place at Lisbon in 1809, the Schlossbrunnen disappeared, but 
 returned in 1823 with a lower temperature. 
 
 Through the earthquake of 1692, the water of the Pouhon, 
 one of the springs of Spa, near Liege, became clearer, of a 
 stronger taste, and more abundant. Sometimes, however, earth- 
 quakes are only perceived in the environs of hot springs, whilst 
 the flat country is spared. 
 
 Most remarkable are the changes that took place on Novem- 
 ber 1, 1755, when one half of Lisbon was destroyed by an 
 earthquake. Between eleven and twelve in the morning, the 
 chief spring of Teplitz began to get turbid, and to discharge for 
 a few minutes a dark yellow liquid ; and after having ceased 
 running a short time, it burst forth with such violence and abun- 
 dance, that all the basins overflowed. At first it came out turbid 
 and yellowish-red, but regained its former transparency after 
 about half an hour. 
 
 A few days later, on the 9th of November, in Canstadt (Wur- 
 temberg), near the mineral springs, two such violent concussions 
 took place, that an adjoining house sank several feet with a loud 
 crash. 
 
 The hot springs generally arise out of granite, gneiss, and other 
 volcanic kinds of mountain, frequently near basalt or transition 
 rocks of analogous formation and composition, as porphyry, green- 
 stone, and greywacke. 
 
 Directly out of gneiss, granite, and greywacke, or in their 
 vicinity, arise the springs of Pfeifers, Leuk, and Bormio, in 
 Switzerland, Warmbrunn, in Silesia, most of the hot springs of 
 Hungary, Styria, Salzburg, &c. 
 
 Even when Therma3 seem to spring up out of strata of red 
 sandstone or shell-lime, as happens in several springs of the Vosges, 
 in the ramifications of the Black Forest, and the mountains of 
 Nothern Switzerland, this latter formation only seems to form a 
 sort of covering for the deeper primary mountain-masses. 
 
 The warm springs of Baden, near Vienna, arise out of tufaceous* 
 lime. 
 
 The primary mountains do not seem, however, to be the proper 
 focus of the thermae, but rather a means of their connection with 
 the volcanic processes in the interior ; for the springs mostly come 
 
 * Tufa is a clayey fossil, mostly porous, ashy gray, and consisting of loose particles 
 of lime; its origin is volcanic. 
 
12 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 to light in such regions, in which volcanic mountains are found 
 near the primary. 
 
 In Sweden, with its prevalence of primitive rocks, not one 
 considerable therma is found. At the northern declivity of the 
 Alps, as in Baden, Wiirtemberg, Bavaria, comparatively few hot 
 springs are found, the greater number being on the southern. 
 
 Formed out of melted granite or analogous stones, and violently 
 raised, like lava, from their subterranean volcanic birthplace by 
 vapours, basaltic masses burst the crusts of different kinds of 
 mountains, and frequently attend active or extinguished volcanoes. 
 The warm springs of Bertrich arise out of greywacke slate, inter- 
 spersed with lava and basalt ; the thermae of Aix-la-Chapelle out 
 of greywacke. This connection of thermal character with basaltic 
 eruptions is clearly shown in the therms of North Bohemia, of 
 the Taunus and Eifel mountains (near the Rhine). 
 
 As regards the cause of the inherent heat, curious notions were 
 formerly entertained. Some explained it from a peculiar process of 
 fermentation in the interior of the earth, others imagined that the 
 springs came in contact with caustic lime, by which heat was pro- 
 duced ; according to others, through the action of water on sulphur 
 pyrites. Some ascribed it to subterranean conflagration of strata 
 of coals or peat. It is more rationally assumed, that as the 
 temperature lowers in proportion to the rarefaction of the air in 
 ascending upwards from the surface, the temperature must become 
 higher the deeper the earth is entered and the more the air is 
 condensed. 
 
 Others maintained that a peculiar heat constantly exists in the 
 centre of the earth, independent of extraneous influences. That 
 the temperature rises in proportion to depth without reference to 
 geographical latitude, or to season, is an acknowledged fact. The 
 frequent presence of cold springs in the neighbourhood of hot, 
 demonstrating the deep origin of the latter, has been already 
 pointed out. 
 
 Let us now consider the composition of the Therma. Alkalies 
 prevail in combination with carbonic, hydrochloric, or sulphuric 
 acid. The non-volcanic springs possess more earthy salts. Car- 
 bonate of soda is very frequently met with in volcanic mountain 
 masses, as in klingstone, basalt, pearlstone, pumice, different kinds 
 of lava, &c. Sometimes sublimated carbonate of soda is found in 
 volcanic regions. 
 
 Sulphuric and hydrochloric acids are frequently found near 
 volcanoes. The same holds good of carbonic acid, though it is 
 
GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 13 
 
 sometimes difficult to determine whether its evolution is due to 
 the action of heat or of a stronger acid, by which it may be 
 expelled. 
 
 Hydrochloric acid gas escapes from Etna. The surface of the 
 lava ejected from Vesuvius in 1794 was covered after a few days 
 with crystals of chloride of sodium and hydrochlorate of ammonia. 
 Chloride of sodium is the prevailing constituent of volcanic pro- 
 ductions ; the next is sulphate of lime, then sulphate of potash, 
 then hydrochlorate of lime and of potash. Moreover the 
 quantity of nitrogen found in several thermae seems to refer to 
 their volcanic origin, this gas being often met with in gaseous 
 volcanic evolutions. 
 
 Potash is frequently found in volcanic mountains, and also in 
 granite, mica, and other kinds of primary rocks. In a similar 
 manner, the presence of lithia, manganese, and iron, can be ex- 
 plained, as also the phosphates and fluates. 
 
 The Biesengebirge and the mountains of the county of Glatz, 
 have only two thermae ; but numerous cold acidulous springs. 
 The same is the case with the mountains of North Bohemia, which 
 form, as it were, one chain extending as far as the Rhine, 
 Taunus and Eifel mountains. 
 
 Most acidulous springs originate out of transition lime, varie- 
 gated sandstone, clay slate, gneiss, greenstone, marl, and very fre- 
 quently near basalt, and other volcanic products. 
 
 Their temperature is remarkable, from its stability being very 
 slightly influenced by atmospheric changes, which shows them to 
 possess a much deeper origin than common springs, and a great 
 analogy to the characteristics of the thermae. 
 
 In the Ragoczy spring of Kissingen, for instance, the temper- 
 ature was 43 F., when the thermometer stood at the freezing 
 point; when in hot summer, the temperature rose to 104 F., the 
 spring had only 52 F. Thus the temperature of the spring only 
 changed 9 to 72 of the atmosphere (from 32 to 104). 
 
 As in the thermae, their ingredients are most intimately com- 
 bined, carbonic acid and soda being the media of solution. Even 
 the proportionate quantity of solid ingredients is analogous to the 
 thermae. It is inconsiderable, when they arise in primary moun- 
 tains. In both, soda is mostly present, with carbonic, sulphuric, 
 or hydrochloric acid. The quantity of free carbonic acid deserves 
 particular attention. 
 
 Mighty evolutions of gas take place periodically in volcanic 
 eruptions, or appear as results of continued volcanic processes in 
 
14 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 the interior. In Italy, this not only happens in the celebrated 
 Grotto del Cane, but also in other parts. Permanent evolu- 
 tions of gas are also met with in the volcanic mountain ranges 
 of the Rhine, especially of the Eifel, near Birresbronn ; at 
 Daun, near the shore of the lake of Laach, which furnishes by 
 its environs unmistakable proofs of a former active volcano ; at 
 Kissingen and its environs ; in the neighbourhood of Pyrmont 
 and Driburg ; and near Franzensbad and Marienbad. The gas 
 mostly consists of carbonic acid gas, but sometimes contains sul- 
 phuretted hydrogen, and nitrogen mixed, as in Marienbad and 
 Franzensbad : the temperature of the gas naturally corresponding 
 with that of the spring : the quantity somewhat depends on the 
 pressure and temperature of the air, on its movement or quietude, 
 or its electric condition. 
 
 The circumstance that carbonic acid gas may become liquid by 
 high pressure, induces the belief that the gas may have originally 
 existed in a liquid state, but become transformed into gas by its 
 issue into the external regions, under diminished pressure. 
 
 A very important consideration in the choice of a spa is, fur- 
 ther, the variation of the climate. Geographical latitude often 
 fixes the character of a watering-place, though not invariably so. 
 The more easterly or westerly position must also be looked upon 
 as exerting some influence. Thus you find, under nearly the 
 same latitude, Wiesbaden, which is renowned for its temperate 
 and mild climate, and Steben on the Saale (tributary of the Elbe), 
 and Alexandersbad (on the Main), known for the inclemency of 
 their climate. 
 
 The quality of the ground, the nature of the surrounding 
 mountains, the cultivation of the soil, standing or flowing waters, 
 all exercise their influence. In spas surrounded by marshy fields 
 or stagnant waters, intermittent fever is sometimes found endemic. 
 How this injurious influence may be removed by cultivation is 
 shown in Franzensbad, where intermittent fever was formerly 
 endemic. But now, the marshy meadows and ponds having been 
 dried up, this disease is very seldom met with, even in very hot 
 weather. 
 
GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 15 
 
 LECTURE III. 
 
 THE mysterious nature of these remarkable outpourings induced 
 many persons to attribute accidental circumstances to their influ- 
 ence. Thus, for instance, the vapours arising out of the springs 
 at Pfafers were thought a preservative against the plague, because 
 in 1611 and 1629, when the cantons of St. Gallen and Appenzell 
 were devastated by the plague, all those that resided at the time 
 in Pfafers were spared. This, however, could not furnish a proof 
 of the preserving power of the spa. The non-attack may have 
 been due to the high and isolated situation of the place ; being, 
 perhaps, beyond the reach of atmospheric miasma. On the 
 other hand, the salutary effect of sea air was well known and 
 appreciated by the ancients. The cause is, no doubt, the dimin- 
 ished carbonic acid of the atmosphere, and its impregnation with 
 saline exhalations. The same influence is also shown in the 
 character of the surrounding vegetation. A favourable effect, 
 similar to that of sea air, may be expected from the vicinity of 
 salt and graduation works, for a considerable quantity of free 
 hydrochloric acid has been found in the air near the salt-works of 
 Halle. The same acid has also been detected in the rain water 
 of Salzufeln (lat. 52 on the Weser). 
 
 If snow-covered mountain peaks are situated in the neighbour- 
 hood, the climate will be characterised by a certain bleakness, 
 though the snow may be present only a part of the year. 
 
 This is, for instance, perceived in the spas at the foot of the 
 Fichtelgebirge, Thiiringer Forest, Erzgebirge and Black Forest. 
 
 The climate is further modified, according as the spa is situated 
 on the southern declivity of the mountains, and thus protected 
 against violent north and east winds, or on the northern declivity 
 just exposed to them. 
 
 Look at Wiesbaden, being on the southern declivity of the 
 Taunus, below the reach of north and east winds, and enjoying 
 an extremely pleasant and mild climate. Now, behold Schwal- 
 bach, only a few leagues to the north, unfavourably known for 
 
 uauii, 01 
 
16 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 the bleakness and severity of its climate. What is the reason ? 
 It lies on the plateau of the mountain, and the same height that 
 serves as protection to its fortunate neighbour exposes it to the 
 full attack of the north and east winds. 
 
 In Bareges, the celebrated French spa of the Pyrenees, the 
 climate is so severe, that it cannot be well inhabited more than six 
 months of the year, whilst in its neighbourhood mineral watering- 
 places enjoy the most lovely climate. A still greater difference 
 exists between the places lying north and south of the St. Ber- 
 nardino. 
 
 Though in the northern situation the climate is very severe, on 
 the southern, luxuriant meadows are seen at a height of 5000'. 
 At Misox (4900'), corn cultivation begins: at Soazzo (3000'), 
 the vine is cultivated ; and farther down fig and mulberry-trees 
 flourish. 
 
 The circumstance whether the valley of the respective spas be 
 narrow, encircled by steep and high cliffs, or broad and open, 
 becomes of high importance ; as, for instance, in diseases of the 
 chest. The partial impediment to the entering rays of the sun 
 causes the narrow valley to be comparatively colder and moister, 
 and patients with weakened thoracic organs will feel oppressed by 
 a long sojourn in it. Invalids of this description occasionally 
 complain of a somewhat impeded respiration, even in the valley of 
 the Tepl, at Carlsbad, or of the Lahn, at Ems. How oppressed 
 and inconvenienced would these persons feel at Pfeffers, which, 
 though it lies 2000' above the level of the sea, is so enclosed by 
 high and steep rocky mountains, that the beneficent influence of 
 the sun is not admitted more than seven hours in the longest days. 
 Thus, supposing the present disease should strongly mark out 
 Pfeffers as the most appropriate spa, you must not send a sufferer 
 there, if his thoracic organs are at all liable to irritation, or dis- 
 posed to derangement. 
 
 The influence of the greater or smaller elevation I have already 
 treated of. I have said that the purity and tenuity of the atmo- 
 sphere belonging to high situations, possesses tonic and stimulating 
 properties, whilst that of lower situations, being denser and im- 
 pregnated with more impurities, must produce corresponding 
 depression of the vital functions, or vitiate the circulating fluids, 
 and thus lay the seed of actual disease. 
 
 You wiU have observed some analogy between acidulous and 
 hot springs, as regards their volcanic origin. But you may further 
 notice, that heat and carbonic acid seem respectively to perform 
 
GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 17 
 
 the same function of solving and keeping the constituent particles 
 in close union. When you hear, on my treating specially of the 
 waters, that a spa contains so much carbonic acid, it is of the 
 utmost importance to inquire, whether the acid be intimately and 
 firmly connected with the water, or whether it merely seems to 
 stream through it, loosely attached. 
 
 Though in general 100 volumes of water absorb only 106 
 volumes of carbonic acid, we find the drinking spring of Pyrmont 
 to contain, in 100 cubic inches of water, 171 cubic inches of 
 carbonic acid ; the Franzensquelle, near Eger, 153 cubic inches; 
 the Ferdinand's spring of Marienbad 145 cubic inches ; in fact, a 
 greatly varying amount, irrespective of what might have been 
 imbibed under the ordinary atmospheric pressure. 
 
 In some instances, the quantity of volatile ingredients varies 
 according to the electric tension of the atmosphere, or in conse- 
 quence of unexplored processes in the interior. The cold sulphur 
 spring of Giinthersbad, near Stockhausen, in Thuriiigen, evolved 
 during four months (from November, 1817, to February, 1818) 
 a considerable quantity of sulphuretted hydrogen ; suddenly the 
 quantity diminished, and the water exhibited instead a strong 
 taste of iron. When the Ragoczy, of Kissingen, was cleaned 
 out, a source of carbonic acid was found, with a varying quantity 
 of gas. In June, previous to a tempest, at a temperature of 81^ 
 Fahrenheit, 1 70 cubic inches of carbonic acid flowed out in a minute. 
 In July, during moist weather, and a temperature of 63 J Fahren- 
 heit, only 110 cubic inches in the same period, and a day later 140 
 cubic inches. A similar variation of quantity has been observed in 
 those grottoes in which a continuous evolution of carbonic acid takes 
 place, as in the Grotto del Cane, near Naples, and the vapour 
 cave near Pyrmont. As regards the quantity of ingredients dis- 
 solved in the springs, it does not invariably exceed that dissolved 
 in common water ; on the contrary, it is often smaller. What 
 constitutes them mineral waters, is their peculiar composition and 
 distinguishing properties of taste, colour, temperature, and specific 
 gravity, and, above all, their specific efficacy on the human organism. 
 Several drinking wells of Berlin, Stockholm, Hanau, and other 
 towns, contain from five to ten grains of solid ingredients, dis- 
 solved in, sixteen ounces, without claiming the character of mineral 
 waters, whilst the powerful spa of Wildbad contains only 3J gr. 
 in 16 ounces; Teplitz, 4| ; Gastein and Pfeffers, 2J gr. ; 
 Briickenau, 2 4-10 ; Spa, 3 3-10 ; the sulphur spring of Landeck, 
 2 6-10. Those which contain chlorides and sulphates have most 
 
 c 
 
 
18 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 ingredients. Amongst the German springs, Piillna possesses 
 182 s;r. of solid ingredients in 16 ounces ; Saidschutz, 160 ; Seidlitz, 
 126 ; the muriatico-saline spring of Pyrmont, 113 ; the Soolspring 
 of Nenndorf, 93 ; Kagoczy, of Kissingen, 85 ; the sulphur spring 
 near Doberan, 76 ; the Kreuzbrunnen of Marienbad, 66 ; the 
 Kochbrunnen of Wiesbaden, 59 gr. 
 
 As regards the proportion of solid ingredients of sea water, 
 
 The Mediterranean possesses in 10,000 parts 410 grains. 
 
 The English Channel .... 380 
 
 The North Sea near the Isle of Fohr . . 345 
 
 near Norderney . . 342 
 
 near Ritzebiittel . . . 312 
 
 The Baltic Sea near Apenrade . . . 21 G 
 
 near Kiel .... 200 
 
 near Doberan ... 168 
 
 ,, near Travemiinde . . 176 
 
 near Zoppot . . . 76 
 
 near Carlshamm . . . 66 
 
 When evolutions of carbonic acid or sulphuretted hydrogen 
 overspread whole regions, the common sources are partially im- 
 pregnated with the gas. But then it escapes very readily, causing 
 iron or other ingredients, previously kept in solution, to precipitate. 
 Thus in the steel-spring of Bruckenau the carbonic acid adheres less 
 to the water than is the case in the neighbouring spring of Wernarz : 
 a bottle of the latter was filled and left open the whole night, and 
 still a considerable quantity of carbonic acid was found in it next 
 morning. Again, in the chalybeate of Schwalbach, the wine-well 
 possesses the carbonic acid in a more adherent state than the 
 so-called Stahl-brunnen (steel-well). The mineral water of 
 Steben, in Bavaria, after having been kept three years in a well- 
 corked bottle, was still clear, transparent, and without the least 
 sediment. Some of the chalybeo-sulphurous water of Booklet 
 was exposed for twenty-four hours in an open vessel to the influence 
 of atmospheric air, and still no oxide of iron was precipitated, 
 and, when shaken, many gas bubbles were developed. Most of 
 the Silesian and Grlatzian acidulous springs have their carbonic 
 acid but weakly adherent ; and thus they would lose much of their 
 character by being sent to a distance. (Niederlangenau and 
 Obersalzbrunn appear to be excepted.) In the chalybeate of 
 Driburg the gas adheres firmly. Pyrmont possesses a similar 
 distinction. This is also the case in Sellers- water, though the 
 small quantity of iron it contains becomes easily precipitated. By 
 a very intimate combination are further distinguished Kissingen, 
 Spa, Franzensbad, &c. 
 
GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 19 
 
 Even sulphuretted hydrogen, which is generally less firmly 
 united with the water, on account of its lower specific gravity, 
 varies as regards its adhesion in several springs. For this reason 
 some powerful sulphurous waters have less sulphur precipitated, 
 and cannot furnish, therefore, materials so appropriate for sulphur 
 mud-baths, as weaker springs with more abundant precipitates. 
 
 If the hot mineral waters have lost their heat by exposure to 
 the atmosphere, many of their combinations become disunited or 
 deposited. 
 
 The best adapted for distant carriage are waters abounding in 
 soluble fixed salts, and comparatively deficient in volatile ingre- 
 dients; for instance bitter waters, saline waters, &c. Though 
 the constituents of most springs are of inorganic character, some, 
 undoubtedly, possess organic substances. 
 
 If you find yourselves near the Sprudel of Carlsbad, you per- 
 ceive the same smell as if you were near a kitchen where soup is 
 being boiled. 
 
 The water of Wiesbaden tastes just like weak chicken broth, 
 somewhat over-salted ; and if you closed your eyes in drinking it, 
 you might really fancy yourselves taking broth. 
 
 In cold springs the adhesion of carbonic acid becomes firmer, 
 through cold, and thus its invigorating property is increased. 
 
 By a very high temperature, gaseous constituents are volatil- 
 ised it is true, but the fixed ingredients are the more firmly 
 united. From this reason, hot springs, though possessing weak- 
 ening salts, are well assimilated, without irritating the digestive 
 canal, or depressing the organism. 
 
 As in the constituents, I pointed out the difference between 
 loose and thorough combination, so in temperature, we have to 
 remark the peculiarity of the inherent heat of the springs. Many 
 experiments have been made to compare it with heat artificially 
 produced. It was generally thought, that the natural springs 
 possess a greater capacity for caloric than the artificial ones heated 
 to the same degree. 
 
 Some attempted to show, that heated waters, exposed to the 
 atmosphere, lose their heat sooner than naturally hot springs. 
 Others demonstrated the fallacy of these experiments, in which 
 the same ingredients had not been added to the artificial water, 
 as were contained in the natural. No difference was established 
 in the time of cooling between the two, if each contained the 
 same solutions. 
 
 Nevertheless we may assume that the caloric produced by 
 
 c2 
 
20 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 volcanic processes exerts a different influence on the human system 
 than that which has been artificially produced. 
 
 It is true, if we observe the effect of a hot spring, we cannot 
 well separate that part produced by temperature from that which 
 the constituent particles may have contributed. 
 
 But, finding such strong efficacy in some thermal springs with 
 scarcely any solid ingredients of importance, we are compelled to 
 attribute a portion of their powers to the peculiar inherent calo- 
 ricity, unattainable by artificial means. 
 
 The different physical perception is apparent. Let anyone take 
 a common warm bath at Wildbad, and then bathe in the mineral 
 spring, he will find a certain degree of languor after the former, 
 and even during immersion he will not feel comfortable in staying 
 longer than twenty or twenty-five minutes. How different will be 
 his sensation when he lies on the warm sand in the thermal bath. 
 No shadow of oppression is produced by the heat ; on the contrary, 
 he seems to breathe with greater freedom than before, and to 
 become more cheerful the longer the immersion lasts. 
 
 We certainly cannot prove by analysis the different character 
 of this caloric : but can we analyse the rays of the sun ? and still 
 AVC see their necessity in the growth of plants. Withdraw these 
 rays, the most blooming and beautiful specimens of the vegetable 
 creation wither and decay. You provide a substitute by the hot- 
 house ; but do ever these hothouse plants perfectly resemble the 
 natural ones ? They sometimes exhibit a finer appearance ; but 
 will they ever be equal in intrinsic value ? Will they give out 
 the same odour ? will they last the same length of time ? More- 
 over, some thermal waters can be drunk without inconvenience, 
 whilst a common beverage of the same thermometrical heat could 
 not be taken with impunity. 
 
 May not we also attribute some importance to the circumstance, 
 that, in a common bath, the different layers of water can scarcely 
 be expected to have all the same degree of heat? The lower 
 strata will always possess a slightly diminished warmth compared 
 with the upper. Besides, how can the water be made to retain 
 the same heat during the stay of the bather ? If, on entering, he 
 found the temperature exactly suitable, it must be less so after a 
 few minutes. If, notwithstanding these disadvantages, warm 
 baths are such useful, nay indispensable, auxiliaries of medical 
 treatment, what benefit may you not expect from the influence of 
 this congenial warmth surrounding the body, in company with 
 the involving iquid, gently stimulating the lymphatic and blood 
 
GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 21 
 
 vessels to an increased function, promoting the exhaling power of 
 the cutaneous pores, improving the secretions of the dermic fol- 
 licles,, soothing the morbid sensibility of the peripheric nervous 
 ends, and imparting pliancy to rigid muscles ? 
 
 The tendency of evaporating bodies to assume the gaseous form 
 is called tension, and equals in power the pressure of one atmo- 
 sphere at their boiling heat ; viz. each liquid must be assumed to 
 hold part of itself in a gaseous form, which escapes when absorb- 
 ing greater heat. The expansive power of heat attenuates the 
 circumambient air, and consequently diminishes its resistance and 
 pressure. As soon, then, as the heat has been raised to such a 
 degree that the impeding weight of the atmosphere has been suffi- 
 ciently diminished, volatilisation takes place. According to the 
 stronger or weaker tension, the boiling point will be at a lower or 
 higher degree of heat under the same atmospheric pressure : for 
 you are aware, in a vacuum where the air is exhausted, water is 
 made to boil considerably below the usual boiling heat. Besides 
 its own gas, water also has the power of binding permanent gases 
 without evolution of latent heat ; that is, without increase of 
 temperature, and consequently there is no diminution of heat 
 when the gas escapes. 
 
 This binding of permanent gases is called solution. It also 
 depends on the quantity of water-vapour contained in the liquid. 
 If you raise the temperature of the whole, the proportion of the 
 absorbed foreign gases diminishes as the watery vapour increases, 
 the expanding homogeneous gas filling out the atomic interstices, 
 and thus- expelling the foreign gas. A strong barometric pressure 
 can cause more gas to be absorbed, but always in the same pro- 
 portions. 
 
 Thus, 100 volumes of pure non-aerated water absorb 253 
 volumes of sulphuretted hydrogen ; 106 of carbonic acid; 6J of 
 oxygen; 4 6-1 Oths of hydrogen ; 4 2- lOths of nitrogen. 
 
 As one volume of nitrogen corresponds with twenty-five volumes 
 of carbonic acid, water saturated with carbonic acid, and coming 
 in contact with air, must expel twenty-five volumes of carbonic 
 acid before it absorbs one volume of nitrogen; the acid escapes, 
 therefore, the slower, the smaller its quantity is in the water ; and 
 when, already, other gases are dissolved in the water in their 
 proper proportions. In consequence of this relation, water always 
 absorbs comparatively more of the oxygen than of the nitrogen of 
 the air, and whilst the proportion of the oxygen and nitrogen in 
 the air is as 21 to 79, in water it is as 31 to 69. 
 
22 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 The greater the specific gravity of the water, the less it is able 
 to dissolve permanent gases. 
 
 For if solid bodies are kept in solution, the whole is smaller 
 than the addition of both volumes. For instance, water in which 
 2 6 1 parts of salt are dissolved, should have a specific gravity of 
 1'150, if both volumes were simply added, but in reality it weighs 
 1*200 at 66 Fahrenheit. What may be the reason of this curious 
 contraction ? Ought we not to suppose, on the contrary, that the 
 solid body entering into a liquid state, would occupy a greater 
 space than formerly, rather helping to enlarge than to diminish 
 the volume of the former liquid? The reason is, no doubt, the 
 escape of latent heat out of the water to combine with the liquefied 
 solid, by which means the watery atoms must contract. From the 
 same cause, they offer less surface to permanent gases, which 
 might otherwise be retained in the atomic interstices. 
 
 Many masses of lava and basalt contain carbonate of lime, 
 which retains its carbonic acid when melted with other stones 
 under strong pressure, but gives it up when coming to light freed 
 from compression. 
 
 Chemical affinity also occasions sometimes its expulsion. Thus 
 sulphuric acid forms gypsum out of carbonate of lime, and bitter 
 salt out of the domite. 
 
 Those atmospheric springs which contain carbonic acid must 
 have obtained it by the process of fermentation and vegetation in 
 the external layers of the earth. 
 
 Now let us devote a few moments' consideration to the medical 
 effects of temperature. 
 
 Our organism has not only to create the temperature of the 
 blood, but an excess of warmth, as a regulator of the circumam- 
 bient temperature, either to heat the surrounding colder media, 
 or to transform the enclosed water into vapour, if the media 
 approach or exceed our own heat. On this account we only feel 
 at ease if we move in a lower temperature than that of our body. 
 For though perspiration would relieve the system for some time 
 of the excessive generated heat, if the atmosphere becomes too 
 warm ; the irritation of the peripheric nerves would ultimately 
 extend to the central nervous system, and cause over-stimulation, 
 giddiness, headaches, palpitation of the heart, fainting, &c., as 
 results of the impeded escape of the regulating heat of our body. 
 Clothes serve to prevent the too rapid escape of our internal 
 caloric. The nature and form of the capillary vessels dispose them 
 more to transmit animal heat to the exterior, than to spread 
 external cold into the interior. Under the influence of a low 
 
GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 23 
 
 temperature they contract their volume, condense their tissue, 
 and close those openings of the secretory surfaces, in which the 
 blood discharges part of its water in the forni of liquid or gas. 
 Thus, it requires the very highest degrees of cold to produce 
 immediate paralysis of innervation and gangrenous congelation. 
 In all minor degrees of cold, a reacting process takes place from 
 the central nervous system, and induces increased heat on the 
 surface, as soon as the refrigerating influence ceases. This re- 
 action differs materially in various organisms. An epidermis fre- 
 quently exposed to cold ablutions, for instance, possesses a stronger 
 degree of nutrition, a denser tissue, and a steadier peripheric cir- 
 culation, in vessels of larger calibre, than another in which re- 
 action has seldom been evoked. 
 
 If the excess of animal heat is rapidly absorbed by evaporation, 
 the blood accelerates its movement to supply the necessary quantity 
 of liquid, and becomes more inclined to obstructions, by being 
 partly deprived of its serum. When in this state the external 
 temperature suddenly lowers, demanding as sudden a withdrawal 
 of internal heat, the superficial nerves become irritated, and 
 necessarily impart this irritation to the central organs, as the 
 tide of circulation will flow more violently towards the interior. 
 
 The above will explain the great difference between the action 
 of cold on a body heated by exercise, the cause of such manifold 
 injuries, and the comparatively innocuous application of extreme 
 cold on a person whose epidermis merely has been incited to 
 increased heat in a quiescent position, as by vapour baths. Ihe 
 violently irritated exhaling vessels are somewhat soothed by the 
 sudden cold, and the calm function of internal organs the less 
 disposes them to participate in the effects of the sudden change, as 
 the cold is not allowed to act long, if cold douche, for instance, 
 be applied. For reaction from the interior takes place before the 
 deprivation of heat can communicate lesion to the non-excited 
 internal organs. The better a substance conducts heat, the sooner 
 it withdraws our caloric, and the sooner it establishes an equi- 
 librium. This circumstance causes metals to produce a sensation 
 of more than thermometrical cold by contact. 
 
 The water having a much stronger conducting power than air, 
 withdraws our heat much quicker. Hence, the temperature of 
 the atmosphere, in which we feel at ease, would cause an intense 
 sensation of cold if it were imparted to water, in which we aic 
 immersed. 
 
 The effects of laths en the epideimis are in accordance with 
 
24 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 the horny character of the latter. Heat extends and swells it, 
 and renders it more pliable ; cold contracts it, and makes it more 
 rigid. The highest and lowest temperature make it impenetrable 
 for the exhaling substances, and thus raise the cuticle in blisters. 
 
 The highest heat borne without injury is 113 Fahrenheit. The 
 normal excess of caloric is not only prevented from further deve- 
 lopment, but a part of the hot medium is communicated to it ; 
 therefore, besides the local sensation of heat, general immoderate 
 reaction ensues, circulation becomes increased, the central nervous 
 system agitated, and arterial function heightened. By the soften- 
 ing of the horny substance, the excretory canals are contracted 
 and closed at the external ends, and thus the subcutaneous watery 
 vapour collects and causes tension of the epidermis, which becomes 
 fragile in consequence, and desquamates sooner or later. 
 
 Such elevated temperature may be admissible in very few cases 
 of general torpor, in fact when this external derivation is to be 
 safely employed, to restore diminished cutaneous innervation. 
 But great caution is requisite ; for in such general torpor some 
 internal organ is mostly in a state of irritation, forbidding the 
 employment of such a violent remedy. 
 
 Hot mineral waters create a somewhat less sensation of heat, 
 because part of the caloric is required to keep the dissolved 
 ingredients in a liquid state. This is particularly the case in mud- 
 baths and in the so-called earthy and sulphurous therma? ; less 
 so in the alkaline or saline thermae. In the latter, the irritation 
 of heat is supplanted by the chemical stimulus of soda or chlorine. 
 
 Baths of a temperature between 77 and 100 Fahrenheit would 
 not produce any influence on the temperature of the organism if 
 the animal heat had not the function of furnishing a regulating 
 excess to the surrounding media. In some individuals this excess 
 is very small, and would be withdrawn by a bath of 95 Fahren- 
 heit. In others, again, of more robust and plethoric habit, this 
 heat would produce effects described as appertaining to baths of 
 100 to 11 3 Fahrenheit. 
 
 In the lukewarm and cool bath the absorption of internal heat 
 must influence those organs which perform the function of cale- 
 faction. The amount of heat which each atom of water requires 
 to put itself into equilibrium with the heat of the body, and the 
 rising of the warmed layers from the surface of the body upwards 
 must materially lower the amount of animal heat, and primarily 
 depress the external innervation; but the consequent reaction 
 induces a powerful impulse from the interior to the circumference, 
 
CO 
 
 : 
 
 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 25 
 
 tending to an increased production of heat, and a heightened 
 metamorphosis on the surface. 
 
 After a cold bath, the reaction produces such an excess of warmth 
 as to guarantee a certain stability of external innervation and re- 
 sistance to the changing temperature of the air. The epidermic 
 redness produced by a cold bath certainly resembles the visible 
 effect of a hot one. But whilst the consequence of a hot bath is 
 reaction to the interior, commencing with congestive fulness of 
 the eperdermis ; in a cold bath, external redness and increased 
 cutaneous circulation are the closing phenomena. 
 
 The cold bath will only be beneficial when its effects assume 
 the type of fever cold, warmth, increased secretions, &c. 
 
 Smaller quantities of water rapidly exchange their temperature 
 for that of the blood. Moist bodies under thick covering stimu- 
 late the cutaneous system to a greatly increased serous secretion. 
 They act like local vapour-baths, supplied by the body itself with 
 the necessary heat. Such moist applications may be reckoned as 
 powerful sudorifics, and prove beneficial in complaints produced 
 by suppressed perspiration. 
 
 Vapours can be used in much higher temperature than water, 
 being worse conductors, and possessing a smaller capacity for 
 caloric. But why should they be better borne than air ? Because 
 they require a great amount of heat to be kept in the gaseous 
 form, which is not the case with the permanent gaseous mixture 
 composing our atmosphere. They are very useful where the 
 liquefying process is to be heightened, where perspiration has to 
 be promoted. 
 
 Careful experiments have shown beyond a doubt that, during 
 the bath, water is absorbed by the body, while serous and other 
 cutaneous excretions are dissolved and retained by the water. 
 The continued action of the liquid exercises a peculiar stimulus 
 on the sebaceous glands. 
 
 Inhaled vapours gently promote the flux of blood to the mu- 
 cous membranes ; but, being charged with moisture, they exert 
 
 relaxing and softening influence. Whilst, therefore, they 
 ould aggravate deeper affections of the pulmonary tissue, they 
 
 e useful in passive chronic irritation of the mucous membrane 
 of the lungs. 
 
 The greatest utility of the vapour-bath is shown in rheumatic 
 aralysis, due to suppressed cutaneous function, when we require 
 he smallest amount of local irritation with the highest degree 
 f general evaporation. 
 
26 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 The characteristic effect of warmth in the digestive canal is 
 pure stimulation of the nerves of the alimentary tube, without 
 secondary peculiarity. 
 
 After the application of this stimulus, circulation becomes 
 slightly accelerated, the pulse fuller, perspiration and urinary 
 secretion increased. 
 
 Sometimes a hot beverage causes over-stimulation, and in con- 
 sequence antiperistaltic motion and obstruction. Generally, bile 
 and gastric juice are caused to flow with greater abundance. 
 
 If internal organs are in a state of irritation, hot drinks are 
 liable to produce violent hemorrhage, plethora of the brain, head- 
 ache, giddiness, or oppression of the chest, &c. 
 
 This congestion to vital organs may be prevented either by 
 keeping off all external influences that might impart cold (for 
 instance, by the patient remaining in bed to induce perspiration) 
 or by gentle exercise. General circulation would be promoted, 
 and act as a derivative from locally irritated tissues. 
 
 Cold water taken internally will prove highly useful, if acid 
 gastric juice is secreted to excess, or if venous circulation be 
 retarded by the extended blood-vessels, or if abnormal innervation 
 occasions antiperistaltic motion (that is, vomiting). 
 
 As regards the mechanical effects of water, some lay stress on 
 the increased pressure, water being much heavier than air. If a 
 person stands in water up to his neck, the weight is considerably 
 greater on the lower than on the upper part of his body, pressing 
 the circulation upwards. Hence some people feel a sort of oppres- 
 sion when entering a bath. As a general rule, however, less 
 importance is to be attached to this than to the movement of the 
 water, either by suddenly falling on the patient as douches, or by 
 steadily touching and receding from the bather, as occurs in the 
 wavy motion of sea-baths, which are so eminently useful by 
 inducing muscular re-action and counter-movement; vastly su- 
 perior to any gymnastic contrivances, connected with violent 
 exertion or agitation. 
 
 The muscles of the neck and chest being particularly exposed 
 to this increased action, their organic innervation becomes 
 strengthened, and with it the tone of the thoracic organs. 
 Besides, it is the most valuable mode of accustoming ourselves 
 to the evil consequences of atmospheric changes ; and thus we 
 may escape the numerous grave maladies produced in the un- 
 prepared by vicissitudes of temperature. On that account sea- 
 baths are so eminently useful in preventing, to a great extent, 
 
GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 27 
 
 development of tuberculosis and of other pulmonary diseases. 
 Those that cannot go to the coast are recommended to sponge 
 daily the face, throat, and upper part of the chest with hot water 
 first, and then immediately with cold. This would greatly fortify 
 the organism against the injuries arising from unfavourable skiey 
 influences. According to the late Dr. James Johnson, one of the 
 most talented physicians, this process has been successfully applied 
 to young children, to ward off threatening consumption. 
 
 The douche acts through its violent shock, according to its 
 height, as a more or less exciting local agent. The shower-bath 
 produces a sort of titillation of the peripheric nerves, and di- 
 minishes excessive nervous sensibility. 
 
 With reference to the imbibition of the constituents, we must 
 bear in mind that organic cells and tissues have sometimes more 
 attraction for one combination than for another, and thus counter- 
 act the purely chemical influence. 
 
 Some constituents of the mineral waters no doubt possess a 
 restorative power, supplying substances requisite for the proper 
 performance of organic functions ; others cause chemical action 
 by displacing particles without undergoing changes themselves. 
 Most spas possess, therefore, the character of alteratives. 
 
 I shall now bring to your notice the classification adopted by 
 Vetter, who divides all the mineral waters into two large classes, 
 viz. Akratopeg<B (from a negativum, tcparos power, and 7777777 
 spring), such springs which have as it were powerless consti- 
 tuents, notwithstanding their noted efficacy, and Synkratopeyce 
 (from aw with, Kpaios power, and -^77777 spring), such mineral 
 waters in which the power of the constituents to a certain measure 
 corresponds with the observed effect. 
 
 We shall first occupy ourselves with the waters belonging to 
 the former class, also called f chemically indifferent.' They are 
 clear, tasteless, and generally inodorous (sometimes possessing a 
 slight smell of sulphuretted hydrogen), of nearly the same specific 
 gravity as water, containing in sixteen ounces less than five grains 
 of solid ingredients, and not above the tenth part of the quantity 
 of gas which would correspond to their tension. The constituents 
 are not such as exhibit strong effect in small quantities. 
 These are subdivided into : 
 
 AkratothermcR, chemically pure thermal springs, as Gastein, 
 Landeck, Pfeffers, Teplitz, Warmbrunn, Wildbad, &c. 
 Akratokrence, chemically pure cold springs. 
 The akratopeya arise out of primitive mountains or such as are 
 
28 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 composed of little soluble fossils ; they are alkaline or earthy, 
 deficient in gas, with the exception of nitrogen or sulphuretted 
 hydrogen. The more water approaches chemical purity, the 
 greater is its latent heat ; therefore they may stimulate more 
 than common baths of the same temperature. Their power of 
 solving animal evaporation and of entering the peripheric vessels 
 is likewise greater. They are particularly useful, where earthy 
 formations are deposited in tissues from a deficient power of 
 excretion, or from diminished circulation. On this account they 
 are especially adapted to old age, by strengthening the innerva- 
 tion, and diminishing the rigidity and weakness of the limbs. 
 
WILDBAD. 29 
 
 LECTURE IV. 
 
 WILDBAD. 
 
 To proceed to Wildbad, in Wurtemberg, lat. N. 49, long. E. 8, 
 we have first to reach Mayence, which we can do from London in 
 twenty-eight hours, thence the railroad takes us through Heidel- 
 berg to Pforzheim (in 6 hours). From here a three-hours' diligence 
 ride through a most beautiful part of the Black Forest brings us 
 to our place of destination. 
 
 The road from Baden-Baden, about thirty English miles dis- 
 tant, is highly picturesque. After having enjoyed the views of 
 the surrounding peaks from the acclivities you have to mount, 
 you will descend a winding road to the town of Gernsbach, in 
 the valley of the Murg; you then ascend to the village of 
 Laffenau; the path winds downwards again to Herrenalb, en- 
 circled by majestic mountains. Turning to your left, you per- 
 ceive curious groups of basaltic rocks, with the appearance of 
 a fortress. Ascending, you reach a plateau, which continues for 
 six or seven miles, and offers extensive prospects towards the 
 north-west. After passing a deep wood, you descend to the 
 town of Neuenburg, on the Enz. From here you ascend for 
 eight miles on the right bank of the river, and you will find 
 yourselves in the valley of Wildbad, about 1,300 feet above the 
 level of the sea, whilst the mountains reach on each side the 
 height of 1,500 feet. The fall of the Enz during this short dis- 
 tance is 370 feet. You see the course of the river to be from 
 south to north, consequently the spa is exposed to these two winds, 
 while it enjoys mountainous protection at the east and west. 
 
 Cold naturally prevails in its climate, the summits of the 
 mountains being covered by snow from November till May. The 
 heat is correspondingly great in June, July, and August. I 
 need not tell you, as regards Wildbad, that the road from Baden- 
 Baden is nearer still, if you walk through the fields and valleys 
 straight eastward, as is often done by the inhabitants of the 
 
SO GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 environs. The town of Wildbad lies eleven leagues* (thirty- 
 three miles) to the west of Stuttgart, and has about 1,800 in- 
 habitants. Karlsruhe lies at a distance of nine leagues to the 
 north, Calw four leagues to the east, Pforzheim six leagues to 
 the north-east. The wild and picturesque character of the en- 
 virons is well worthy of admiration. An early walk along the 
 river Enz, which rushes with violence through the spa, led to 
 the following notes in my journal, which I beg leave to quote : 
 6 I cannot imagine anything more romantic and delightful 
 though shallow and narrow, the river foams and hisses, so that 
 one might suppose oneself near the seashore. On both sides 
 rise the mountains, covered with beautiful fir and pine-trees, 
 of every variety of green. Particularly charming appear the rays 
 of the sun, when they begin to force their way over the peaks 
 of the eastern mountain to gild the yellow waves of the furious 
 little river.' By reason of the almost perpendicular acclivity of 
 the enclosing mountains, the beneficent influence of the sun is 
 obtained an hour later from the east, and departs an hour sooner 
 in the west, than on the surrounding localities. The spa enjoys 
 the reputation of great antiquity ; and in the beginning of the 
 sixteenth century its curative powers were already extolled. A 
 remarkable charter was given to the place by Charles V. ; viz. 
 ' that all criminals, with the exception of murderers and highway 
 robbers, should enjoy here peace and liberty for a year and a 
 day.' The surrounding mountains consist of ferruginous red 
 sandstone and granite. The springs flow out of cleft granite 
 rocks in four divisions from north to south, forming several in- 
 dependent basins. They vary in temperature from 88 to 99 
 Fahrenheit. The largest bathing space, also enclosing the 
 warmest springs, is called ( Herrenbad ' (gentlemen's bath). On 
 the left we observe a niche, which reaches to a considerable 
 distance into the wall, and is called the ' Holle,' being the hottest 
 spot, out of which the chief source originates. The basin is 
 separated by boards from another bathing space, called e Biir- 
 gerbad' (citizens' bath). Then there is a space called 'Fiirstenbad' 
 (princes' bath); and another called 'Frauexibad' (ladies' bath). 
 The bottom of the baths is covered with sand; and it excites 
 extremely pleasurable sensations to move along on the warm 
 
 * League, the German 'Stund,'or hour, signifies such a distance as might be 
 walked in an hour ; it corresponds to about three English miles. A geographical 
 German mile is rather less than two leagues or ' Stundcn,' and equal to about five 
 English miles. 
 
WILDBAD. 31 
 
 sand, and dig it up with the fingers, causing bubbles of gas to 
 rise to the surface. The temperature of the water being iden- 
 tical with that of blood, neither heating nor cooling is required 
 to adapt it for use. This circumstance must be considered as 
 highly advantageous. Another point of great importance is the 
 constant influx and efflux of the same water, with unvaried tem- 
 perature and constituents. This would be positively unobtainable 
 by any artificial contrivance. You see the water bubbling up 
 from several holes in the sand, exhibiting a greater heat than the 
 more distant parts. You may thus consider that the natural sti- 
 mulus of this congenial warmth, instead of acting continuously on 
 the organism, rather divides itself into repeated and constantly re- 
 newed stimulating forces. The extent of the basins allowing 
 muscular movement, compensates in some measure for the dis- 
 advantages of bathing in common (with separation of sexes) 
 which is generally practised here. The water is let off every 
 night, the sides are cleaned, and the sand is levelled. Before 
 commencing the course, the visitor is enjoined to take a common 
 warm bath. According to the susceptibility and complaint of 
 the patient, the warmer and cooler baths are chosen. A peculiar 
 feeling of comfort and general ease spreads over the bather. 
 Refreshed and invigorated he will certainly feel on leaving 
 the bath, with increased cheerfulness and desire for exercise. 
 After a certain number of baths, however, a sort of reaction 
 sometimes appears, ushered in by lassitude, depression, headache, 
 general languor, loss of appetite, frequent feeling of chilliness, 
 with subsequent heat and other signs of feverish disturbance. 
 Pains of rheumatism, gout, or of wounds, sometimes momentarily 
 reappear, after having been dormant for a long period. These 
 ought not to discourage the sufferer ; on the contrary, they are 
 signs of a peculiar power exercised on the affected organs. The 
 apparent systemic counteraction only shows the efficiency of 
 the spa. "With properly regulated precautions the course can 
 be continued as soon as the signs of febrile reaction, or bath 
 eruption, have passed aAvay. On the other hand, this must not 
 >e looked for as an indispensable condition of cure. Patients 
 mietimes are gradually relieved or cured of obstinate chronic 
 iscases without these rebellious symptoms. This chiefly depends 
 individual idiosyncrasy. I can conceive the baths benefiting 
 me individual by the titillating contact with the sentient ex- 
 emities of the nerves, stimulating the cutaneous function, and 
 idirectly promoting the secreting power of vascular and sero- 
 
32 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 fibrous organs, by which effete and stagnant deposits may be 
 carried off to make room for healthier products, whilst in another 
 this effect is not produced till the vascular system has been 
 put into a more or less violent commotion, whereby a new ab- 
 normal state has been created, to serve as a desirable crisis. In 
 case the water should be entirely inappropriate, of course, Nature 
 will give us distinct signs of her ungracious reception of the 
 remedy, and these must not be disregarded on any account. 
 The constituents of the spring are, in sixteen ounces : 
 
 Chloride of sodium 1'82 
 
 Carbonate of soda 0'53 
 
 lime 0-34 
 
 magnesia 0'07 
 
 iron 0-02 
 
 ,, manganese 0'02 
 
 Sulphate of soda 0-40 
 
 potash 0-02 
 
 Silex . . . . . . . . 0-39 
 
 Total . . . 3-61 
 
 The gas dissolved in the water contains, in 100 parts : 
 
 12^- carbonic acid. 79 nitrogen. 8^ oxygen. 
 
 The gas evolved from the water, however, consists, in 100 parts, 
 of 
 
 2 '00 carbonic acid. 91 '56 nitrogen. 6 '54 oxygen. 
 
 Formerly the baths only were employed; but since 1836, a 
 drinking spring has been discovered, which is also made use of, 
 and greatly assists the efficiency of the external treatment. Its 
 constituents, to the amount of 4 grains in sixteen ounces, 
 resemble very much the former, with, however, a little more 
 silex, carbonate of lime, and carbonate of soda. The water is 
 perfectly clear, tasteless, and of 1*004 specific gravity. What 
 does then produce these beneficial changes to which I have al- 
 ready alluded? Some have ascribed all efficacy to the inherent 
 caloric, which is supposed to bear greater analogy to our blood 
 than the same temperature artificially produced. It is obvious 
 that the chemical purity imparts to the water a more solvent power 
 on animal exhalations. It may enter the peripheric vessels more 
 easily and cause absorption and excretion of earthy deposits 
 which had previously been stagnant from a deficient plasticity, as 
 so often happens in real and premature old age. To all the 
 ' akratic ' spas, the common property of ' Yerjiingen ' (youth- 
 restoring) is attributed. Some explain the diminished rigidity of 
 
WILDBAD. 33 
 
 the limbs by the kind of soap that may be formed between the 
 alkalies contained in the water, and the oleaginous evaporation of 
 the epidermis. This imaginary soap rinses the ends of the excre- 
 tory dermic follicles; and freeing the system of effete animal 
 matter, it communicates a stimulus to organic metamorphosis. 
 
 Admitting a more unrestrained entrance of the water into the 
 peripheric vessels, we may assume that the small quantity of in- 
 gredients being constantly renewed and in motion, the power of 
 penetrating to the assimilative organs must increase with the 
 quantity of water brought in contact with the body. Have we 
 not a right to believe that more chloride of sodium, for instance, 
 is imbibed by a person exposed to the action of this water for a 
 certain time (though less than two grains are contained in sixteen 
 ounces), than by another individual who bathes for the same 
 length of time in water with 400 grains of the same salt in sixteen 
 
 & 
 ounces ? 
 
 
 The latter liquid being considerably denser than pure water, 
 of course penetrates with more difficulty. In fact, the beneficial 
 results produced by such water are more sought in the stimulus 
 exercised by the irritating power of the particles, than by their 
 actual combination with the organic fluids. This view will also 
 explain the reason why those springs standing between the akratic 
 and synkratic are the least powerful. They are not diluted 
 enough to enter the absorbent vessels, nor are the constituents 
 sufficiently strong to produce the stimulating effect of the more 
 highly charged waters. I have then a right to attribute part of 
 the utility of Wildbad to the chloride of sodium it contains, whilst 
 I need not be refuted by the minor efficacy of the neighbouring 
 Baden-Baden, which contains a greater amount of the same in- 
 gredient. 
 
 All along, I have endeavoured to impress the conviction on 
 your minds, that we must not merely look on the quantity of 
 ingredients, but on their more or less intimate combination or 
 intrinsic adherence to the water, and particularly on the manner 
 of their reception by our organism. 
 
 Do we not meet this difference daily in common life ? We call 
 
 any an individual ill-fed, though the most substantial diet may 
 regularly be introduced into his stomach ; while another, with the 
 healthiest appearance, probably consumes much less nutriment. 
 Even in the very same individual the same food produces a diffe- 
 ent impression and different digestive results, according to the 
 
34 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 period of ingestion. And it is often less important what a person 
 takes within the twenty-four hours, than at what time. 
 
 For instance, I have frequently convinced myself, and particu- 
 larly during the prevalence of cholera, that substantial food is more 
 easily dissolved and assimilated if ingested four or five hours after 
 a light breakfast that is, in the middle of the day than towards 
 the close of the ordinary time of business. The reason is obvious. 
 After you have quite shaken off the fettering weight of slumber, 
 and roused fresh action by a warm stimulating drink, body and 
 mind feel the greatest vigour, which increases towards the end of 
 the morning ; in the afternoon, retrogression of animal power 
 takes place; towards the evening you feel incapacitated from 
 performing considerable mental or bodily labour, independent of 
 the work carried on during the day. Then, I ask, is it possible 
 that, whilst all organs open to our perception appear exhausted 
 and debilitated, the stomach, our most hard-working servant, 
 should contract with the same vigour, and excrete gastric juice of 
 the same strength and solvent power, as it would have done at an 
 earlier period? Reason says it is impossible, and daily facts 
 prove the impossibility. I have frequently asked commercial 
 gentlemen, who merely take a biscuit in the middle of the day, 
 whether they would feel distressed by waiting for their evening 
 dinner half an hour or an hour later than usual? The an- 
 swer is invariably in the negative. The craving for the or- 
 dinary meal, felt by early diners, if they have to wait beyond 
 their ordinary time, is quite unknown to the former. Is not this 
 the best proof of the want of nature being strongest at that par- 
 ticular period, because she is then most able to perform digestion ? 
 Moreover, the want of an evening meal is considerably stronger 
 after a substantial mid-day dinner, than after a mere appetite- 
 deluding biscuit, because in the latter instance, the stomach has 
 become too much weakened for energetic action. I must also 
 mention, that I have found malt liquor to have a much better 
 effect on digestion with the mid-day than with the evening meal. 
 With dyspeptic persons the latter meal is better digested without 
 malt liquor; for the concentrated and .stronger gastric juice of 
 the early part of the day bears dilution, and is, perhaps, benefited 
 by it, whilst the weaker juice, a product of exhausted digestive 
 organs, is impeded in its function by a greater dilution. If, from 
 all the above, it is perfectly clear that such a great assimilative 
 difference is produced in the same individual, without reference to 
 the ingested quantity, I have a greater right partly to refer the 
 
W1LDBAD. 35 
 
 differing results of the various spas to modified assimilation of 
 their constituents. 
 
 Every bathing space has a depth of water of one foot eight 
 inches. Smooth stones are placed in several parts, to enable the 
 bather to sit in a greater or smaller depth of water. Narrow 
 basins adjoin the larger spaces for a small number of persons, or 
 for single baths. The rooms for dressing are conveniently ar- 
 ranged and warm. The action of the water stimulates the vascular, 
 while it calms and strengthens the nervous system. The function 
 of the absorbent vessels increases, secretions are promoted, and the 
 nerves rendered more active. The uterine nervous system is 
 very favourably influenced by the water. The chief indications are 
 gout, rheumatism, arthritic paralysis, and contractions from wounds. 
 Unfortunately or shall I say fortunately ? these very diseases 
 are likewise cured by the other three akratic spas, viz. Pfafers, 
 Gastein, and Teplitz; some by the halotherma of Wiesbaden; and 
 the difficult question is therefore as yet generally undecided, what 
 forms of the above-named diseases are especially claimed by each 
 spa ? I may as well tell you, that till now these four spas have 
 been used almost indiscriminately for the same diseases, and the 
 choice was often more due to accident or local acquaintance than 
 to any difference of properties. You will find arthritic, rheumatic, 
 paralytic, and traumatic patients at each of them ; and still there 
 are great differences in their properties and corresponding diffe- 
 rences of effects. To arrive at a satisfactory solution of this 
 problem, I made the chief task of my journey last year. It was 
 painful to witness, at every watering-place, individuals who were 
 cured of their complaints by the spas, but who constantly de- 
 claimed against their medical advisers for not having chosen this 
 place in the first instance, instead of having previously sent them 
 to several others, where they had found no relief. Geheiinerath 
 Dr. Pricker recommends Wildbad in rheumatism, after the acute 
 stage has passed, in gout with concretions, in neuralgic pains, in 
 chronic diseases of the uropoietic system, as cramps, vesical 
 haemorrhoids, in retained and enclosed foreign substances, in con- 
 tractions and stiffness produced by scars, in paralysis resulting 
 from apoplexy, in hysteria and retarded menstruation. The water, 
 taken internally, is said to promote the action of the liver and kid- 
 neys, and gently to increase alvine evacuation. Dr. Schiueickle 
 found the spa particularly efficacious, also, in atonic ulcers of the 
 legs, in induration of the mammary glands, in hemiplegia after 
 typhoid fevers, &c. 
 
 D 2 
 
36 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 Now, I do not doubt that these diseases may have been cured 
 under the influence of Wildbad ; but the question with us must 
 be, ' In what derangements does it afford us the best chance of a 
 cure among all the other spas ? ' Dr. Fallati, whom I mention as 
 last, but certainly not least, considers Wildbad very beneficial in 
 such forms of gout and rheumatism, in which digestion is not im- 
 paired (should dyspepsia be present, the disease will, according to 
 him, get worse) ; also in such paralysis, gout, and contractions 
 after wounds, as are connected with considerable deposits and 
 swelling ; in fact, whenever absorption is to be produced. The spa 
 is particularly useful when the disease has shown previous tendency 
 to amelioration. In hysteria, and diseases of the bones, he also 
 finds it beneficial. In chlorosis and ulcers he would not recom- 
 mend it. There is one point almost invariably remarked by the 
 patients, as if by mutual agreement, viz. that their limbs become 
 more flexible. Wildbad should therefore be chosen for such cases 
 of arthritic paralysis as are based on articular swellings or other 
 material cause, when increased absorption forms the chief indica- 
 tion. Dr. Fallati finds the efficacy increase in a direct ratio with 
 the length of stay in the bath ; this would strengthen the view of 
 remedial imbibition helping towards the favourable result. I must 
 not forget to mention the beautiful contrivance at Wildbadj by 
 which the patients are let down by machinery from their rooms to 
 the baths without requiring any stairs (it resembles that con- 
 structed in the Colosseum). On the ground-floor their chairs 
 are rolled on a sort of wooden railroad to the respective baths. 
 Paralytic and otherwise disabled persons form the greatest number 
 of invalids. 
 
 Wildbad is contra-indicated in plethora, tendency to congestion, 
 to apoplexy, to active hemorrhages, in inflammation, internal ul- 
 ceration, in fever, &c. in fact, whenever acute disease demands a 
 prompter treatment. 
 
 There is an establishment of whey at the place, which is, in 
 many instances, advantageously employed. 
 
 Allow me to draw your attention for a moment to the gaseous 
 contents of Wildbad. You perceive no glairine nor baregine 
 amongst the solid constituents, but is not there a certain substitute 
 to be sought in the great quantity of nitrogen present ? No im- 
 portance is generally attached to the circumstance, because, for- 
 sooth, we live in and constantly inhale azote. How, then, can we 
 expect medicinal results from such an ordinary substance ? But 
 how different is the effect of the element when entering the lungs 
 
WILDBAD. 37 
 
 as a mere emollient and companion of oxygen, returning un- 
 changed and unabsorbed to the external world as soon as it has 
 safely delivered the indispensable vivifying agent, oxygen, to the 
 circulating fluid ; how different, I say, from its ingestion into the 
 alimentary canal, where it furnishes an indispensable agent for the 
 maintenance of life ! 
 
 It is true, the gas is only known from its negative properties. 
 But ought we not to seek in it some great and powerful connexion 
 with vitality, if we find its combination with hydrogen to be the 
 most stimulating, reviving, and reanimating substance that can 
 possibly be taken (viz., ammonia NH 3 ) ? 
 
 Whilst oxygen is necessary to keep the organic machinery in 
 motion and to circulate vital caloric through all our tissues, form- 
 ing, as it were, the oil of our living flame, azote is, on the other 
 hand, equally indispensable to restore wasted tissues and fluids. 
 Without the former we should suffocate ; without the latter, starve. 
 I should not go so far as to attribute a nourishing property to the 
 azote introduced into the absorbent vessels with the highly diluted 
 water ; but when it is admitted that our tissues constantly dis- 
 charge effete matter from our cutaneous pores in a gaseous form, 
 would it not be reasonable to attribute some restorative function 
 to the contact and combination of the gas with organic particles ? 
 We know that, in old age, earthy or inorganic formations prevail 
 in the reproductive sphere. Limbs become more rigid, the joints 
 less pliable, secretions retarded, excretions diminished, vital elasti- 
 city and resisting power impaired. Substances ordinarily carried 
 rapidly along the vascular canals in a dissolved state, are now pre- 
 cipitated out of the slowly moving mass, and deposited in spaces 
 where they further impede voluntary movement. 
 
 If we see the use of a mineral water, causing distinct retrogres- 
 sion of these an ti- vital phenomena; if we perceive gouty concre- 
 tions to proceed towards absorption; if we observe contracted 
 limbs gradually to try feeble efforts of long-forgotten exercise ; 
 if we find cutaneous harshness and rigidity to diminish, and to 
 give way to a former softness ; if we behold a resuscitated de- 
 sire for muscular exertion and for mental work in a prostrate 
 individual, and we know the spa, the originator of these changes, 
 to possess a great quantity of azote, is it not legitimate to at- 
 tribute to this gas some part of the efficacy ? 
 
 Whilst the chloride of sodium exercises its well-known bene- 
 ficial influence on organic metamorphosis, stimulating digestion 
 by forming hydrochloric acid on the one hand, and combining 
 
38 GERMAN MINEEAL WATERS. 
 
 with albumen as soda on the other, counteracting earthy for- 
 mations, azote may powerfully assist this process, and contribute 
 towards the curative changes. 
 
 A highly respected physician of Munich, the late Dr. Ottinger, 
 who visited Wildbad last year, and who, of course, could have no 
 interest in propagating its fame, expressed himself in these 
 enthusiastic terms : 
 
 ( Wildbad: July 1850. The first month of the season has 
 already passed, and furnished very happy results. Prince T 
 could only walk with difficulty on sticks, and was oppressed by 
 physical and mental suffering ; now, cheerful and restored, he 
 departs with grateful recollections out of the healing valley of 
 the Enz. 
 
 ' Many other visitors exchange their crutches for sticks, and 
 walk about without further support. Several persons, bent down 
 by spinal suffering, are daily enabled to approach more the erect 
 posture. Paralytics, who had been unable to leave their beds for 
 years, descend after three or four weeks' course from their garden- 
 chairs, and try the former habitual step with a satisfactory result. 
 But Wildbad must not be thought as affording exclusive aid 
 to the disabled. Deeply-seated internal diseases sometimes are 
 checked here, and become retrogressive, or cured. An emaciated 
 person with impaired digestion, through a gastric ulcer, increases 
 in corpulence and is able to perform digestion after a four weeks' 
 course. Another required the daily application of a catheter for 
 two years, in consequence of an arthritic affection of the bladder, 
 and after the sixth bath he can already dispense with that assist- 
 ance. 
 
 'We have personally witnessed these results, and received con- 
 firmation out of the mouths of the respective visitors. The fair 
 sex is very numerously represented here, seeking and finding re- 
 lief from their Protean nervous complaints. 1,000 guests may be 
 accommodated at a time. The apartments are good; some very 
 elegant; the arrangements for bathing excellent in every respect. 
 The douche is extremely well understood, and managed with 
 highly satisfactory results. Few thermae offer the complex 
 advantages of a water with the most appropriate temperature, 
 analogous to that of blood, receiving the bather immediately in the 
 bubbling sources, without conducting pipes, without the artificial 
 aid of heat or cold, and thus without volatilisation of its gaseous 
 constituents. Wildbad has been too little appreciated by physi- 
 cians. The unfortunate term 'indifferent' therma, seems to have 
 
WILDBAD. S9 
 
 served as a privilege to cease exploring either its chemical ingre- 
 dients or its comprehensive and energetic medicinal efficacy. 
 
 6 Though no more salts are contained in this therma than in 
 common drinking water, this very circumstance might serve to 
 cause a more intense penetration into the organic tissues. The 
 fact that retrogression of disease and even cure have ensued in 
 incipient spinal softening, in gastric ulcers, in swelling of the 
 uterus and ovaries, in chronic catarrh of the larynx and trachea, 
 &c., justifies the above assertion. 
 
 f When larger sums have been devoted to the scientific exami- 
 nation of its imponderable gaseous constituents, and particularly 
 of nitrogen, the most powerful agent of this therma, the spa will 
 be properly appreciated and more frequently recommended. This 
 year's season will be a brilliant one : as a non-resident and unpre- 
 judiced observer, I do not think I make too bold a prediction if I 
 prognosticate for Wildbad, that, by the aid of further progress in 
 science and medicine, the period will come when this therma will 
 receive a more determined and well-defined position among thera- 
 peutic agents. Then it will not merely be resorted to in such 
 internal diseases as resist pharmaceutical remedies, or where clear 
 indications are wanting. This spring, bubbling out of numerous 
 holes, will then no more be designated as ( indifferent,' but as de- 
 cidedly and sovereignly efficacious.' 
 
 A case of paralysis of the lower extremities, produced by a se- 
 vere delivery, came under my notice, which was completely cured 
 at Wildbad during the season. Another case was reported to me 
 of a horse-dealer, who was squeezed between two waggons, and lost 
 f the use of his legs' in consequence. He also found a complete 
 cure in the healing source of Wildbad. I have to add, that the 
 accommodation afforded by the little town of the Black Forest 
 does not reach the luxurious scale maintained at some other more 
 brilliant spas. But real invalids, merely seeking the restoration 
 of their health, will meet here* with every requisite convenience 
 and comfort, at comparatively moderate charges. Physicians : 
 Dr. Burckhard, Dr. Hausmann, Dr. Fallati, Dr. Schonleber, Dr. 
 Gruel. 
 
 * Hotel Bellevue. 
 
40 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 LECTURE Y. 
 
 PFAFERS. 
 
 HAVING left Wildbad at half-past nine A.M., the diligence arrived 
 at Stuttgardt in eight hours. The road, as far as Calw, is ex- 
 tremely interesting ; it rises constantly, lined on both sides with 
 charming forests. The carriage passes for some time along the 
 brink of a ravine (separated from the high road by stones), down 
 which the timid can scarcely look without a shudder. From 
 Calw to Stuttgardt the prospect becomes more ordinary. The 
 railroad being now open between Pforzheim and Stuttgardt, tra- 
 vellers may return to the former place, and then proceed by rail. 
 From Stuttgardt the rail takes us to Canstadt (about four Eng- 
 lish miles distant), situated on the right bank of the Neckar, 
 which here becomes navigable. The town contains upwards of 
 4,000 inhabitants, and is connected with Stuttgardt by a hand- 
 some park, through which a carriage-road passes. On the ( Wie- 
 senplan,' in the south-eastern part of the town, a rural festival is 
 celebrated every year, on the 28th of September, which is visited 
 by an immense concourse of the surrounding countrypeople. 
 The environs abound in petrifactions. The elevation of Canstadt 
 above the level of the sea is 600 feet. The climate is mild, the 
 environs fertile and well- cultivated, abounding in wine and fruit, 
 and are called by some f the garden of Suabia.' The mineral 
 springs originate from a ferruginous lime-tufa, superposed by 
 strata of clay and slate. They belong to the class of saline chaly- 
 beates. 
 
 The temperature is 66 to 68 summer and winter. The water 
 is clear, sparkling, and has a saltish piquant taste. That of the 
 Sulzerainquelle tastes more agreeably than the others, and ex- 
 hibits ' Sprudel ' properties, its supply increasing and diminishing 
 periodically. It contains about 39 grains of solid constituents in 
 16 ounces viz., 17 J of chloride of sodium, J grain of chloride 
 of magnesium, 10 grains of sulphate of lime, 2 of sulphate of 
 
PFAFERS. 41 
 
 soda, ^th of sulphate of magnesia, Jrd of sulphate of potash, 
 nearly 6 of carbonate of lime, 1 of carbonate of magnesia, less 
 than T Vth of carbonate of iron, carbonic acid gas 21 cubic 
 inches ; temperature, 62 F. The other springs are very simi- 
 larly constituted. The * Wiesenquelle ' contains th of a grain of 
 iron. Besides the above, I will merely mention ' Die obere SulzJ 
 a small pond, occupying about a quarter of an acre, and formed 
 by several confluent springs. The surface is constantly covered 
 by gas-bubbles arising out of the depth, and consisting of car- 
 bnic acid and nitrogen ; temperature, 68 F. The water de- 
 posits a great deal of mud, and seems to be in constant motion. 
 Its amount of carbonate of iron is ^th of a grain. There is an 
 ascending douche, very advantageously employed in catarrhal 
 affections of the vagina and rectum ; also a whey establishment. 
 The water is considered as tonic and solvent. The celebrated 
 orthopcedic institution of Dr. Heine is well worthy a visit. It is 
 built near the ' Frosnerische Bad.' In the ' obere Sulz,' near 
 the gardens of the establishment, the patients are enabled 
 by certain contrivances to bathe in the pond at a temperature 
 of 68 to 70 F. ; artificial waves are produced by wheels, 
 to increase the stimulating and tonic effects of the baths. Mud, 
 douche, rain, and shower baths are likewise administered. I 
 would further allude to Dr. VeieTs establishment for herpetic 
 diseases, which annually increases in reputation, and in which 
 artificial baths and river baths, with strong afflux, are used with 
 considerable advantage. But I have given these details merely 
 on account of the importance to be attached to Canstadt, 
 from its neighbourhood to the great spa we have just left. If 
 you proceed from Stuttgardt by railroad at eight in the morning, 
 without stopping, south-east as far as Ulm, on the Danube, and 
 then pursue a due southern course, slightly bending westward, 
 you reach Friedrichshafen, on the Bodensee (Lake of Constance), 
 in 7^ hours that is, at half-past three P.M. The steamboat wait- 
 ing for the trains starts half an hour afterwards, as soon as it has 
 received the passengers and cargo destined to cross the f Boden- 
 see.' I find in my journal the following remarks : 
 
 6 The view on the lake is most delightful, and particularly 
 striking. Whilst hitherto the various modifications of forests, 
 hills, and mountains exhibited their beautiful trees and luxuriant 
 foliage, here nature displays charms of a different kind. The 
 lake presents a green surface, gently moved by slight undulations. 
 On the sides, masses of snow are perceived with the naked eye, 
 
42 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 covering the peaks of the glaciers in the midst of summer. The 
 gentle movements of the vessel cause a rather agreeable sensation, 
 and do not prevent writing on the open deck in this charming 
 weather. But in storms the boats are said to be tossed about, as 
 if shaken by sea-waves. The Wiirtemberg railroad appears ex- 
 tremely well managed. It not only forwards the hurrying pas- 
 sengers with considerable speed, but actually encourages traffic 
 by the pleasure it communicates. Every seat affords as much 
 comfort as can possibly be accumulated without identification 
 with the next higher one. The greatest punctuality is observed 
 in starting and arriving. The carriages of the second and third 
 class are so contrived as to give them the appearance of a com- 
 pany assembled on rows of benches in a drawing-room, with an 
 open passage in the centre for the officers and travellers. If, 
 while sitting at one end, you see an acquaintance at the other, 
 nothing prevents you walking up and sitting by him while the 
 carriage is in motion. At every station the name and exact time 
 of stopping is called out. As soon as the train begins to move 
 again, an officer walks through the passage and asks for the 
 tickets of those who have to leave at the next station. Not only 
 is a saving of time thus effected, but the possibility of travellers 
 passing their place of destination is obviated. The great civility 
 of every officer, not only to those of the first class, but to the 
 humblest passenger, is too well known to be dwelt upon.' 
 
 I beg forgiveness for this digression ; but it is such an im- 
 portant subject for spa visitors, that I could not resist expatiating 
 on its conveniences, with the lurking hope that the simple con- 
 trivances of the Continent might perhaps find introduction here. 
 
 The steamboat lands the passengers on the opposite shore at 
 Rorschach in about an hour and a half. From here the railroad 
 completes the journey in about three hours to Ragaz, which lies 
 at the foot of Pfafers. You arrive at the post-office, hotel, and 
 bath-house, which are all comprised in one building. The place 
 is comparatively new ; the baths are supplied from the chief 
 spring of Pfafers, and resemble the latter in every respect but 
 temperature, which is here 93 to 95 F. The view on both sides 
 of the house is very pleasant, though not to be compared with 
 that of PFAFERS itself, to reach which you ascend a winding 
 rugged path along the rapid Tamina. On both sides rocky 
 mountains rise almost perpendicularly to a height of 600 feet. 
 The view is most romantic, but becomes truly sublime when, 
 arrived at Pfdfers, you pursue the Tamina along the narrow 
 
PFAFERS. 43 
 
 wooden path erected between the rocks, and leading to the three 
 sources from which all the baths are supplied. To quote from 
 my journal : ' The rocks here are not only perpendicular, but 
 actually bend towards each other, scarcely admitting the rays of 
 the sun, and presenting cracks, fissures, and promontories, which 
 fill the wanderer with awe. Treading cautiously along, and ad- 
 miring this wonderful greatness of God's creation, which raises 
 such an insignificant little rivulet into a powerful roaring mass, 
 we entered the enclosure of the chief source after about ten 
 minutes, and found it filled with vapour. By means of a light, 
 after a few minutes we could perceive objects in the disappearing 
 darkness, and we gazed down the cleft whence the steaming fluid 
 issued. Bathed in violent perspiration, we ascended with care 
 and a considerable degree of danger, eight or ten irregular steps, 
 to examine the second and third sources, though these two are not 
 used for the baths, and run down the precipice into the Tamina.' 
 
 Pfafers, lat. N. 47, long. E. 10 (Favieres, Fabarice aquas), is situ- 
 ated in the canton of St. Gallen, in Switzerland. The Lake of 
 Wallenstedt lies to the north-west, and the town of Chur (Coire) to 
 the south-east. The principal road leads from Kagaz, up a con- 
 siderable acclivity, and then again by a steep "descent into the 
 valley, through the village of Yalens. This road is about five 
 miles in length, and is generally chosen for descending, whilst 
 the path described above is more than two miles shorter, and 
 usually serves to bring the visitors to the place. The necessaries 
 of life are partly brought to it by the former road, and partly 
 drawn into the bath by cranes from the high rocky wall of the 
 convent, to which the place formerly belonged. 
 
 The walks are obviously limited ; they are terraces spirally 
 ascending over each other, and leading to greater and greater 
 heights. At a short distance, however, charming walks may be 
 found by ascending the former convent and wandering through its 
 environs. The Galanda, the Valens Mountains, with the so-called 
 Grauhorner (grey horns), rise to upwards of 7,000 feet, and offer 
 the most variegated tints and contrasts of forests and rocks, of 
 mountain-meadows and snow-fields, of woods and plains, furnish- 
 ing an ensemble of the most sublime and picturesque character. 
 
 The rocks from which the springs originate are composed of 
 black limestone, interspersed with veins of white fluor-spar. 
 Formerly the bath-house stood in the grotto of the chief spring. 
 It was erected on beams that were driven into the rocks over- 
 hanging the yawning abyss. The patients were let down with 
 
44 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 cords from the heights of the surrounding cliffs, for a week's 
 course. 
 
 Now, human industry has provided a more convenient approach 
 to this remarkable spa, hidden at a height of more than 2,000 feet 
 above the level of the sea, at the foot of the Galanda. 
 
 The river Tamina separates Hof-Ragaz from the village of 
 Ragaz, where two high roads meet. 
 
 You see the route from the Zurich and Wallenstedt Lake, as 
 well as that from the Lake of Constance, leading through Ragaz 
 and Chur towards Italy. 
 
 If you take a survey of the valley at Hof-Ragaz, you perceive 
 on your right the little town of Mayenfeld, the Luciensteig 
 (summit), with the towering Falknis ; on the left, the woody de- 
 clivities extending to the small town of Sargans (north of the 
 spa), over which the Gonzen, the Allvier, and the Kuhfirsten 
 rise, while the youthful Rhine winds through the extensive plain. 
 
 Having ascended for about an hour, and reached the convent 
 and village of Pfafers, you see the mountain-valley extending 
 southward to the Kunkels pass and the Kalfeus valley. To the 
 west rise the Valens Alps, with their ragged summits ; to the 
 south-east, the proud Galanda. Near the village of Vattis, the 
 Tamina valley assumes a more westerly direction towards the 
 declivity of the high Ringel, and extends to the Scheibe, which 
 rises to a height of 10,000 feet, and forms the centre of the 
 cantons Glarus, St. G alien, and Graubiinden. From the Scheibe 
 the Sardonen glaciers descend into the Kalfeus valley ; and from 
 these the Tamina rushes down and flows for about twenty-five 
 miles, fed on both sides by frequent waterfalls. In one of its most 
 awful depths, the thermal healing spring comes to light, and is 
 conducted to a somewhat more open and lighter spot on the other 
 side of the river to the bath buildings, erected on the rocks, and 
 confined by the foaming Tamina on one side, and by the steep 
 overhanging declivity on the other. 
 
 The walk to the spring is now less dangerous than formerly, 
 having been provided with balustrades and somewhat enlarged. 
 You start from the drinking saloon, and pass over the Tamina 
 bridge, through a rocky vault, till you reach a little closed gate. 
 
 If you take a survey here, you perceive on the right the over- 
 hanging rocks; on the left, dark mountain masses covered with the 
 light foliage of marble and beech trees ; at your feet, the hissing 
 Tamina ; and in the foreground, the bath establishment. In the 
 background is the perspective of the widened gap, sparely illuini- 
 
! 
 
 PFAFERS. 45 
 
 nated by peeping rays of the sun. On boards, supported by beams, 
 which are wedged into the rocks in a surprising manner, you walk 
 a distance of 1,500 feet. The side rocks are 200 feet high, and at 
 the part where they approach each other, reach 290 feet. The 
 light gradually assumes grayer tints ; the moisture and coolness 
 perceived, as you advance, further increase the gloominess of the 
 scene. Under that part where the rocks almost unite, a remark- 
 able marble grotto is pointed out, 35 feet broad and 34 feet high. 
 It lies on the left of the Tamina, and was built some hundred years 
 ago for devotional purposes. After this the rocks open again, and 
 you soon approach the vapour-cave, where the chief spring issues 
 out of clefts in a grotto hewn in the rocks. 
 
 Fissures of the Kalfeus Mountains, over the crest of which the 
 Tamina rushes, are probably filled by water from the mountain 
 heights of Galanda. Being closed in winter, they receive no more 
 influx, and therefore cease to supply the spring. The water con- 
 tained in the subterranean canals then sinks deeper, and the veins 
 of the upper springs begin to vanish, the lowest springs flowing 
 the longest. 
 
 The baths are not floored here with sand, but formed in separate 
 basins paved with marble, the water constantly running in and 
 out. Cooling is performed by opening doors and windows and 
 turning the cock off, from which the water runs. The natural 
 temperature of 29 97' R. (about 98^ F,) is lowered according to 
 circumstances to 97, 95 or 93 F., Persons, particularly of the en- 
 virons, sometimes remain for hours in the baths, even of the higher 
 temperature, with very favourable results. 
 
 The water of Ragaz has lost 1 of Reaumur (2| of F.) by its 
 journey from Pfiifers : all the other arrangements are analogous 
 with the parent spa. The douche ascendante is employed with 
 great advantage to assist the course. Though the diminished heat 
 cannot make a difference for, as I mentioned above, the baths are 
 
 ;^nerally taken at an equally low temperature in both places I 
 ust not conceal from you the fact that Pf lifers, with all its incon- 
 miences and limitations, stands in higher reputation with the pro- 
 fession and the public than the pleasant and commodious Ragaz, 
 hich lies about 600 feet lower, but offers the same water to the 
 letudinarian. 
 
 What then is the hidden influence residing in the parent baths, 
 and failing in the filial branch ? Ragaz lies about 400 feet higher 
 lan Wildbad, and still it is thought of inferior efficacy, while 
 fiifers is maintained by many to surpass the spa of the Black 
 
46 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 Forest in power. Let us well consider the facts before us, and 
 endeavour to extract a theory from them. It is a remarkable 
 coincidence in the three chief akratic spas viz. Wildbad, Pfafers, 
 and Gastein that the locality of each is confined, and the air con- 
 sequently impeded in its circulation. But there is another coin- 
 cidence viz. in each of the three a violent and foaming mountain 
 torrent rushes through the spa with great fury. A third coinci- 
 dence consists between the two latter that of having a new estab- 
 lishment at a more convenient lower locality, receiving the same 
 spring at a diminished temperature. And there is this fourth 
 similarity, that the parent establishments are positively pronounced 
 of considerably greater efficacy. 
 
 You will often hear in the common walks of life, even in this 
 stupendous London, that the individuals who have enjoyed for 
 years excellent health, in the circumscribed space of the city, for 
 instance, have found their health impaired after they had ex- 
 changed their ( unhealthy ' quarter for a more salubrious residence. 
 Such complaints I am occasionally destined to hear myself, after 
 my advice of choosing the open suburbs for habitation has been 
 followed. How is this? Can we not reckon on increased vitality 
 and lengthened life, if we flee from all the injurious exhalations and 
 other deteriorating influences produced by congregated crowds of 
 human beings ? Do we not feel more cheerful and more vigorous 
 as soon as we begin to breathe the purer air of the charming fields 
 that a kind Providence spreads out for our use? Physiology 
 promises greater vitality ; our sensations confirm the promise ; and 
 still, how can we reconcile these contradictory facts ? Though, as 
 a general rule, we might continue to advise healthy persons to seek 
 a freer habitation, circumstances must occur in which the latter is 
 actually more injurious. Does nature wish us to inhale as much 
 oxygen as possible ? If so, she would not present to our respira- 
 tory organs one part of this respirable gas with four parts of the 
 involving irrespirable nitrogen. What do we see in animals that 
 inhale pure oxygen ? They live more intensely ; all their functions 
 are heightened ; but, as an unavoidable consequence, the organs 
 lose sooner the blessing of life. In the same way, with many per- 
 sons country residence may cause greater vitality, and more in- 
 tense organic action ; but the question is, does not the stronger 
 exertion lead to a quicker exhaustion ? I would not receive as an 
 objection the longevity of farmers, who have spent their whole 
 lives in this bracing and pure atmosphere. But we all know how 
 injurious strong contrasts are to health ; and the most zealous 
 
PFAFERS. 47 
 
 advocate of temperance will not advise an habitual indulger in 
 spirits to deprive himself suddenly of the usual beverage. If, then, 
 a person has for a long series of years performed the respiratory 
 function under the emollient action of confined space, he will not, 
 without danger, suddenly imbibe the pure but more exciting 
 gaseous mixture. Many a dormant morbid diathesis may and does 
 develope itself into disease ; and there is no doubt that many a life 
 would have been prolonged by remaining in a less open situation. 
 A case just occurs to my mind, of a gentleman who has the mis- 
 fortune of an organic impediment to respiration in a bent spine. 
 For some years he resided at Clapham, and always suffered with 
 a more or less violent eatarrhal affection of the lungs. I advised 
 
 o 
 
 him to remove to the city, near his place of business. For about 
 ten months past he has lived in an airy and commodious house in 
 the same street in which he has to transact business during the 
 day, and he feels himself positively healthier, and his thoracic 
 organs stronger. Some influence is, no doubt, also to be ascribed 
 to his more regular mode of living now. Of course, stagnant 
 waters or other injurious evaporations are hurtful to the immediate 
 neighbourhood. From the above, I wish to conclude that the 
 very limitation of the locality may act healingly in some measure. 
 What patients have we before us ? Mostly those in whom nervous 
 power is diminished, perhaps of certain parts only. Vicious me- 
 tamorphic action has taken place. Substances which should re- 
 main dissolved in the circulating liquid, have been separated and 
 deposited in the joints ; whilst others that ought to have been se- 
 creted, have been retained. Before desiring a stronger vital action 
 to proceed from the circulating organs, by which oxydation and 
 abnormal deposits might increase, we may wish to limit the oxy- 
 dising function, and to leave freer scope to the penetrating warm 
 liquid from without, for rousing the torpid and weakened peri- 
 )heric nerves. When this is accomplished, bracing atmospheric in- 
 luence will be useful in carrying to a successful issue the com- 
 
 lenced curative process. The inconvenience that might possibly 
 
 isult from the greater pressure or confinement of the air, may 
 a certain corrective in the violent fall of the respective rivers, 
 
 rhich, through the vigour of their movements, attract atmospheric 
 impurities with more energy, and impart more freshness to the 
 circumambient air, than they would without this rapidity. 
 
 The chief indication for Pfafers is real nervous paralysis, through 
 
 rounds or apoplexy ; or paralytic gout, not based on articular swell- 
 ing : the power of the peripheric nervous system is distinctly 
 
48 GEEMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 raised by the spa, and more so than at Wildbad, though,, at the 
 latter, absorption and resolution of swellings is better performed. 
 
 The temperature of the chief spring is 30 Reaumur (100 
 Fahrenheit) ; the deepest spring has 30J Reaumur at its issue ; the 
 water is clear, tasteless, and inodorous. Sp. grav., 10*003 ; a 
 small quantity of bath-glue is found, of a yellowish colour, and 
 unctuous to the touch. 
 
 Analysis shows 2J grs. of solid ingredients in sixteen ounces, 
 viz. : 
 
 Carbonate of Magnesia . 0-87 . about 4-5ths 
 
 Lime . . 0'32 . , l-3rd 
 
 Sulphate of Soda . . 0'62 . , 3-5ths 
 
 Lime . . 0'37 . , l-3rd 
 
 Chloride of Sodium 0'2 1 , 1-oth 
 
 Magnesium 0'16 , l-5th 
 
 Total . 2 '55, with a very minute 
 
 quantity of iron. 
 
 Gaseous contents : Oxygen . . . 1'3 cubic inch 
 Nitrogen 3'7 
 
 Carbonic acid . . 4*15 
 
 The bath-glue is composed of silex, carbonate of lime and mag- 
 nesia, of argilla, and of oxide of iron. Internally and exter- 
 nally the water has a stimulating, solvent, and, at the same time, 
 strengthening and anti-spasmodic effect on the peripheric nervous, 
 and on the vascular system, counteracting venosity of the portal 
 system, and therefore removing obstructions. In spasms, para- 
 lysis, and neuralgia, a marked sedative power is exhibited. 
 
 Paracelsus, who visited the spa about 300 years ago, expresses 
 himself thus on its caloric : ' You are aware that heat may have 
 a various entity in itself. The heat of the sun is one, that of dung 
 is another ; a different heat, again, is that of burning wood, but 
 much is wrought here by the innate warmth, that may be fami- 
 liarly compared with human nature. What great things are 
 performed by congenial heat is shown by the hens brooding their 
 young ones with it, also as silkworms are bred by such warmth. 
 Thus knowing that such an incorporated heat exists here, Pf afers 
 would surpass analogous simplicia, in which the warmth does not 
 exist.' 
 
 Hufeland says of Pf afers : ' Of all thermal springs, Pf afers, in 
 Switzerland, contains the smallest quantity of perceptible ingre- 
 dients. The water tastes and smells like common water, and, 
 nevertheless, it exhibits an efficacy which surpasses the most 
 powerful spas. In this very year a striking instance has occurred 
 
PFAFERS. 49 
 
 to me. A man who has long been affected with hypochondriasis 
 and retarded alvine evacuations, and who had used alternately 
 several spas without effect, even requiring other remedies to 
 strengthen the efficacy, went last year (1825) to Pfafers; and 
 scarcely had he used the waters two days, when every morning 
 alvine evacuation regularly ensued after drinking a few glasses. 
 His bodily and mental condition visibly improved, and he felt a 
 freedom and mobility in his whole being unknown to him for 
 many years ; and, notwithstanding his sojourn in a deep mountain 
 fissure, which only admits light for a few hours a day, he expe- 
 rienced constant alacrity and cheerfulness.' 
 
 The spa showed itself efficacious, according to Dr. Kaiser, in 
 dyspepsia, flatulence, acidity and mucosity of the stomach, espe- 
 cially in gastric cramps, through repression of piles, of exanthe- 
 mata or of gout, in habitual diarrhoea, or obstruction in abdominal 
 plethora, &c. 
 
 Next, in diseases of the nervous system : hypochondriasis and 
 hysteria, if based on suppressed action of the ganglionic system. 
 If the organs below the diaphragm are impeded in their oxydation 
 and decarbonisation by arterial blood, to the disturbance of the 
 vegetative nervous sphere, the diluted warm liquid penetrates to 
 them, and induces a more vigorous transformation, and subse- 
 quently a restoration of the previous equilibrium. 
 
 Metastatic gout, particularly in nervous, irritable subjects, and 
 neuralgic pains of the face, are relieved here ; also abnormal cata- 
 menial flow becomes regulated, &c. &c. 
 
 But, as I stated above, the chief reputation of the spa is in para- 
 lysis, contractions, and local weakness from wounds ; but there 
 must be no residue of apoplexia or congestion to the brain, else 
 the spa would be injurious. The paralysed part must not be too 
 emaciated, nor quite insensible, else the so-called ' Ausbade kur' 
 might be required, which consists in persons remaining longer and 
 longer in the baths every day, till several hours' stay, for a con- 
 secutive series of days, has produced violent reaction. 
 
 Dr. Kaiser, jun., showed me a very interesting case of a young 
 
 n, twenty-one years of age, who was precipitated about twelve 
 years ago from a hay -waggon, on his head, and the load itself 
 ushed upon him. He became unconscious. A concussion of the 
 
 rvical vertebrae appeared to have taken place; still he could 
 perform light work for a year with no other morbid phenomena 
 than a stiff neck. After the lapse of this period his right hand 
 began to become paralysed, and some time afterwards the right 
 
 ' 
 
 ma, 
 
 : 
 
50 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 leg. The left arm and left leg followed in succession ; so that, for 
 several years, he was neither able to sit nor stand ; urine also was 
 discharged involuntarily, and stool could be promoted only by 
 the strongest purgatives. Artificial sulphur baths and strychnine 
 had been employed without advantage. In this state he arrived, 
 on August 3, 1840, in the establishment for indigent patients at 
 Pfafers. He had to be carried into the bath, and held there by 
 an assistant. Nevertheless, he received two baths daily, so that 
 he used fifty within a month. At the same time, he drank ther- 
 mal water ad libitum. Improvement was inconsiderable ; only the 
 fingers could be moved a little more easily ; the digestion showed 
 slight amelioration, the general nutrition being strengthened by 
 wine and substantial diet. Soon after the course a bath eruption 
 showed itself, when he had arrived at his home, and, from this cri- 
 tical phenomenon, marked retrogression of his evil began to show 
 itself. In January 1841 he could move hands and feet, and felt 
 more sensibility in his whole body. In May, he could walk about 
 in the room with two assistants. From June 5th, he repeated a 
 four weeks' course, with frequent douches, on the cervical and 
 dorsal vertebrae. On the 18th day of the course he could walk 
 alone with a stick before the ' Curhaus.' He left the establish- 
 ment, with the direction to return after a month's repose, and 
 repeat the course. This was done from the 13th of August. In 
 the summer of 1842, he availed himself again of Pfafers, and con- 
 tinued to do so in successive years, getting gradually, but steadily, 
 better. To-day he can walk perfectly well, without the assistance 
 even of a stick. I examined the patient myself, and the manner 
 in which he described his gradual progress, how he could use one 
 limb and then another, and how he began to sit without assist- 
 ance, leaves no doubt that his cure from traumatic paralysis, in 
 consequence of pressure or lesion of the spine, is solely due 
 to Pfafers. 
 
 The so-called youth-restoring property is attributed to the spa 
 in a high degree. Individuals of eighty years of age, suffering 
 from marasmus, are said to have been considerably strengthened 
 and refreshed by the course. Pfafers is injurious in real plethora, 
 in congestion to the head or brain, in active hemorrhage, in 
 phthisis, in diseases of decomposition (as dropsy), in internal suppu- 
 ration, in general emaciation, &c. 
 
 The constituents being less even than in Wildbad only 2J 
 grains in 16 ounces of course no influence is attributed to their 
 action. But whilst the knowledge of our materia medica would 
 
PFAFERS. 51 
 
 not justify me in choosing these few grains of magnesia, lime, and 
 soda, with carbonic, sulphuric, and hydrochloric acids, for certain 
 diseases presented to me, I feel it, on the other hand, my duty to 
 seek a rational explanation of facts recorded and acknowledged 
 for several hundred years. 
 
 If these pure thermal springs merely acted through their in- 
 herent caloric, then why should there be such a great difference 
 in the species of diseases cured at each? Examine the facts to 
 which I have directed your attention. Whilst in most diseases 
 claiming cure at Wildbad, absorption of effete and stagnant de- 
 posits is chiefly carried on, corresponding with the solvent power 
 of chloride of sodium, and assisted by the imbibition of nitrogen 
 (counteracting the prevalent inorganic earthy formation), you see 
 here the chief ingredient to be carbonate of magnesia and of lime, 
 with sulphate of soda. Taken internally, in great quantities, and 
 brought into a very lengthened contact with the cutaneous pores 
 externally, the magnesia might not be imbibed in a sufficient 
 amount to exert its antacid properties, but it may exert a greatly 
 sedative influence on the nervous system in conjunction with the 
 gently stimulating warm fluid, which rouses the peripheric nervous 
 ends to renewed function. 
 
 The lime may partly assist this anti-spasmodic action, and partly 
 enter into combination with the weakened osseous system, allow- 
 ing a greater degree of exertion, and imparting more stability to 
 the articular movements. 
 
 The sulphate of soda may assist in gently promoting the intes- 
 tinal function, and act as a sort of derivative from the affected 
 nervous system. Join with this the influence of the peculiar at- 
 mospheric character incidental to the locality, and we may con- 
 ceive how this ensemble has produced the changes brought to our 
 notice. This view is confirmed by the great utility of the water 
 the form of clysters in obstinate alvine obstruction, abdominal 
 ifarcta, suppressed haemorrhoids, &c. ; also by its great utility, 
 merely taken internally, in very irritable digestive organs. 
 An hour is the general length of a bath, and the course usually 
 >mprises twenty-one. Persons bathe here separately, in single 
 lignoires, or in larger ones in common with several other per- 
 ms. After the bath, the invalid generally lies down for a quarter 
 an hour. The water is conducted by pipes into the bath- 
 rault, and constantly flows into each baignoire. As soon as a 
 H'tain height is raised, it flows out again. The temperature of 
 te baths in Pfafers, uncooled, is about 29 Reaumur = 97 i 
 
 E 2 
 
52 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 Fahrenheit; in Ragaz, 27 to 28 Reaumur =92f to 95 Fah- 
 renheit. 
 
 Every evening the water is let off, and the baignoires are 
 cleaned. Some vapour is perceived in the bath-rooms when cold 
 air enters at the opening of the doors, but this is not so percep- 
 tible to the bather himself. Where a greater quantity of water 
 flows into the basin, the vapour appears more concentrated, 
 and is employed as a natural vapour-bath with very favour- 
 able results. 
 
 The tubes out of which the water is discharged serve as weak 
 douches on different parts of the body. But there are besides 
 douches in separate rooms, fitted at a height of twelve feet, and 
 falling down as rain, stream, or drop douches. 
 
 What is called ausbaden (out-bathing), formerly much in vogue 
 here, consists in enforcing bath-eruption by very prolonged bath- 
 ing, and is connected with such dangerous processes as to be now 
 nearly abandoned. The bathing was gradually extended to eight 
 or nine hours per day, so that the patient had merely to alternate 
 between his bed and the bath. Between the fifth and ninth day, 
 feverish chill appeared as the precursor of the bath-eruption, 
 which soon followed (between the twelfth and fourteenth day). 
 Bathing was still continued, and prolonged till disappearance of 
 the eruption commenced, when the time of bathing was gradually 
 diminished to the end of the course. Four weeks was its usual 
 duration. The eruption mostly exhibited the miliary character ; 
 sometimes mere swelling of hands and feet took place. The 
 paralysed parts were often first affected by the eruption. 
 
 Whilst using the bath, the diet should be appropriate to the re- 
 medial influence, and the clothing warm. As after-cure, no chaly- 
 beate spring nor other tonic treatment ought to be employed, for 
 in the spa the cure is often merely instituted ; fresh action may be 
 only awakened, and the salutary crisis may not appear before 
 weeks or months have passed. Beware, then, of disturbing the 
 resumed efforts of nature, unless urged by important morbid phe- 
 nomena ! 
 
 Often, however, the so-called ( Trauben-cur ' (grape-cure) is 
 allowed to follow the course with great benefit. The cooling and 
 solvent properties of the grape diminish the irritability of the 
 vascular system, promote retarded secretions of the vegetative 
 sphere, increase bilification and portal circulation, and thus coun- 
 teract haeinorrhoidal tendency, or otherwise congestive influences. 
 
 I ought not to omit mentioning that here, as in nearly all Ger- 
 
t 
 
 PFAFEES. 53 
 
 man spas, provision is made to give the foreign and inland poor 
 gratuitous accommodation and treatment, with some necessary 
 regulations and restrictions. In many spas there are even funds 
 to pay the travelling expenses of indigent invalids. 
 
 Before concluding, I shall quote a few lines from my journal 
 referring to another subject not devoid of interest for the medical 
 student : 
 
 ( Returning from Pfafers, down to Ragaz, about halfway, a 
 small bridge leads over the Tainina, and then a narrow zigzag 
 footpath winds up to the top of the almost perpendicular moun- 
 tain on the right of the Tamina. Several times I was obliged to 
 stop for want of breath. When at last arrived at the summit, a 
 wide prospect opened before my eyes. The only footpath ap- 
 pearing to the traveller leads to an ancient convent, transformed 
 into a county asylum for lunatics, under the able direction of Dr. 
 Ellinger. His method of treating the patients, though I only 
 observed it for a short period, filled me with admiration. It 
 seemed to consist in two principles viz. causing the patients to 
 occupy their time by various suitable contrivances, and speaking 
 with them as if they were perfectly sane. This latter point is ex- 
 tremely difficult to perform, though apparently easy. For instance, 
 if a patient wishes or utters anything obscure, he neither contra- 
 dicts it, nor tacitly agrees to it, nor does what is occasionally done 
 by well-disposed physicians viz. speaks with them as one does 
 vith spoiled children. He enters into conversation with them, 
 and treats the subjects broached as if uttered by sane persons. 
 Of about 150 patients he had under his care for three years, forty 
 were cured, many without any medicine. All his patients seemed 
 deeply attached to him, and readily obeyed him, without murmur 
 or hesitation. Restraint is very rarely resorted to, and only after 
 the failure of all other means. The height of the establishment 
 is 2,700 feet above the level of the sea ; and of Ragaz, 1,600 feet. 
 
 11 the arrangements of the establishment I found most appropri- 
 
 e, and the prospects open to the eye on all sides delightful, with 
 a great variety of walks in different directions.' 
 
 Physician of Pfafers, Dr. Dorman ; of Ragaz, * Dr. Kaiser. 
 
 * Excellent accommodation in the Hotel Hof Eagaz. 
 
54 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 LECTURE VI. 
 
 GASTEIN. 
 
 To proceed to Gastein, the shortest route would be to travel 
 directly east until you approach the Alpine Spa, if it were pos- 
 sible to find a beaten path or road leading through all the inacces- 
 sible passes and mountains which separate the two akratic thermae. 
 You must, therefore, retrace your steps to Rorschach. Thence 
 the steamboat will carry you promptly to the Bavarian town of 
 Lindau. The railroad will continue the journey from here, and 
 take you in a north-easterly direction through Kempten, Kauf- 
 beuern, and Augsburg to Munich, on the Isar. The considerable 
 distance noted on the map shrinks into insignificance as soon as 
 you see these blessed iron links connecting the two spots. 
 
 From Munich, the eilwagen started formerly every afternoon. 
 Now the railroad performs the journey of thirty-five leagues in four 
 hours and a quarter, the train arriving at Salzburg, on the Salzach, 
 the following morning, in time for the Gastein diligence. In 
 passing through Rosenheim you might see the celebrated salt- 
 works, with an extensive prospect of the environs. Thence you 
 arrive at the beautiful village of Prien, and might cross the in- 
 teresting Chiemsee (four leagues long) in a steamboat. On the 
 lake a very picturesque view is offered of the romantic ruins of 
 Hohenaschau, of the Kompenberge, and of the high Hochgern 
 (rising to 6,000 feet). You start then for Traunstein, on the 
 Traun, also provided with salt-works ; thence you might leave the 
 rail and pass through Teisendorf to Reichenhall, on the Saalach, 
 the centre and connecting point of four large salt-mines. The 
 brine is conducted from here by subterranean pipes to Traunstein 
 in the north, and to Rosenheim in the north-west, whilst the place 
 receives the brine from the southern mines of Berchtesgaden. 
 The salt-works are greatly admired by the visitors. 
 
 The Grabenbacli (ditch-river) is particularly worthy of notice. 
 It is a deep subterranean canal, built of brickwork, and destined 
 to receive such sources of the brine as contain too small a quantity 
 
GASTEIN. 55 
 
 of salt. The curious are carried in boats as far as the river. 
 Though the Ferdinandsberg of Berchtesgaden lies 160 feet higher 
 than Reichenhall, the salt-works had to be artificially raised by 
 water-columns to a height of 179 feet more, in order to fall to 
 Reichenhall; wooden and iron pipes extend to upwards of 100,000 
 feet between the two ( Salinen.' The brine arises here at a depth 
 of fifty feet, and is pumped up by machinery. One part contains 
 such an abundance of salt, that it is immediately transmitted to 
 the boiling-pans without previous graduation. A most charming 
 r^oad leads from this place through the Ramsau to Berchtesgaden 
 (seven leagues south of Salzburg). You pass between high and 
 interesting mountain-walls to the Taubensee, and soon afterwards 
 to the village of Ramsau. The valley now enlarges, and the 
 road passes the ( Illsangmiihle,' where Reichenbach's celebrated 
 water-lifting machines are seen, which raise the saturated brine by 
 hydraulic pressure, in pipes 3,500 feet long and 1,200 feet high. A 
 league and a half further you reach the charming and picturesque 
 Berchtesgaden, with an antique chateau, annually visited by the 
 King of Bavaria. The salt-works here possess great interest. 
 In the little chateau, of Adelheim, you may inspect the ' Klaus- 
 nerische' collection of /ivory and wood-cut wares of Berchtesgaden. 
 The most magnificent views are furnished by the f Konig-see,' 
 (King's Lake), south of Berchtesgaden. The encircling high 
 cliffs impart to the whole a solemn grandeur. The water is dark- 
 green, but appears quite black near the shore, through the over- 
 hangin0(5ks. At the end of the lake a smiling meadow sud- 
 deniy^ opens to your view, with a hunting-castle at the foot of the 
 towering Watzmann (9,000 feet high). With a powerful telescope 
 you can perceive the chamois leaping among the glaciers. Good 
 pedestrians may easily wander from here to the ' Eiscapelle,' the 
 lowest glacier in existence. The { Schreinbach,' falling into the 
 ' Konig-see' at the southern extremity, with its white foam, forms 
 a curious contrast with the dark water of the lake. 
 
 During the presence of the Court, grand stag and chamois 
 hunts take place upon the lake, the animals being driven into the 
 water from the neighbouring mountains. A short walk towards 
 the north brings you to Salzburg. I dwell with greater length 
 and emphasis on this journey than on others, because it forcibly 
 struck me as I proceeded, that such varieties of scenery, such 
 contrasts of atmospheric influences, acting on the senses and 
 faculties of the traveller, must exert a positively healing action in 
 many derangements of physical and mental functions. I defy the 
 
56 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 hypochondriac to think of his manifold and magnified sorrows 
 when beholding these wonders of creation ! The nutrition of the 
 whole frame must become improved, and react tonically on the 
 mind ; and thus this cyclus of cause and effect eradicates many 
 an inveterate functional disorder. I do think that travelling 
 certain routes should be advised in many instances, merely for 
 the sake of the journey itself. I transcribe the following from 
 myjournal : ' The beautiful town of Salzburg lies in the centre of 
 the so-called " Salzkammer gut" (salt-chamber domain), bounded 
 on three sides by mountains, and divided into two parts by the 
 rapid Salzach, which is crossed by a large bridge. The town 
 contains 15,000 inhabitants, and lies in a valley between the 
 Monchsberg and Capucinerberg, from which you enjoy magnifi- 
 cent views of the environs. The " Festung" (fortress) of Hohen- 
 salzburg lies on a commanding position overlooking the whole 
 town. If you take a survey of the town from that eminence, it 
 appears more charming than it really is. I next visited " Aigen," 
 beautiful and park-like, full of grottoes, waterfalls, rocks, and 
 labyrinths. A spot is pointed out here by the guide as the 
 favourite resort of his Majesty King Louis of Bavaria, who is 
 certainly an excellent judge of picturesque scenery, for it be- 
 comes difficult to satiate your sight with the alternating heights 
 and valleys, glaciers and castles, that arrest the eye from differ- 
 ent points. Amongst the numerous curiosities of Salzburg, well 
 worthy of inspection, I was particularly struck by the cemetery 
 of St. Petri and its antiquarian monuments ; by the interesting 
 gate hewn through the rocks, with the proud inscription, " Te 
 saxa loquentur," &c.* But, however imposing and romantic the 
 views at a distance, the streets are narrow, and many of the houses 
 apparently damp and close, though the place is alleged to be very 
 healthy. Of the great purity and salubrity of the air in the en- 
 virons there cannot be the slightest doubt. At seven A.M. I took 
 my place in the diligence, and passed through Hallein, Golling, 
 Werfen, St. Johann, Lend, to Hofgastein (where we arrived at 
 half-past eight P.M.) and Wildbadgastein (at half-past ten 
 P.M.), about thirty-two leagues in fifteen hours and a half. 
 The road, particularly after Golling, is magnificent beyond 
 description. It is more like a fairyland than a reality, par- 
 ticularly the (f Lueger-pass," where a small path leads upwards 
 to the " Ofen f der Salzach," certainly the most magnificent view 
 
 * The rocks will speak of thee. 
 f So called because the Salzach breaks through oven-like rocks. 
 
. 
 
 GASTEIN. 57 
 
 that the imagination can conceive. It is the perfection of pic- 
 turesque scenery. The spot which struck me as most admirable 
 is where the Salzach-bridge stands surrounded on all sides by the 
 mountains, as if the world were locked off beyond, and all further 
 passage prevented. And if you now think your admiration has 
 reached the highest point, and that greater natural beauty cannot 
 exist, pass on further, and you will find how mistaken you were 
 in this belief. Rocks, mountains, valleys, verdant fields, and deep 
 ravines perpetually diversify the scene ; while the Salzach, coquet- 
 tishly winding every now and then across your path, and forcing 
 you to cross and recross her silvery current, contributes to render 
 the whole scene so charming and heart-expanding, that none can 
 forbear blessing his Creator, and pouring out his overflowing 
 gratitude ! ' 
 
 Gastein, lat. K 47, long. E. 13. The valley of Gastein is 
 intersected in its whole length (for eleven leagues) by the rapid 
 Ache, which rushes down from the height of 270 feet in the middle 
 of Wildbad, forming a most beautiful waterfall. On the north, a 
 fine prospect opens towards the whole lower valley ; whilst on the 
 east and west, mighty columns of primary rocks are perceived, the 
 Tisch, Gamsgarkogl, Thronegg, Graukogl ; towards the south, the 
 high plain of Bockstein. The spa lies 3,200 feet above the level 
 of the sea ; its filial establishment, Hofgastein, nearly 2,700 feet, 
 thus 500 feet lower. The highest peak of the Gastein Mountains 
 reaches an altitude of from 8,000 to 10,000 feet. 
 
 The mean annual temperature is 47| F. that of the summer, 
 56| to 59, being rather lower than in many other spas. Never- 
 theless, the climate is more bracing than bleak, for the northern 
 storms, as well as the pluvial west and north-west winds, are kept 
 off by the semicircular guard of the surrounding mountains. The 
 easterly winds are partially checked in their violence by passing 
 over the Arleck and the mountains of the Kotschach valley. 
 Even the sirocco from the south, which has such a depressing 
 influence on the nervous system, and mostly appears in spring 
 and autumn, is deprived of its violence by the towering chain, 
 and partly of its heat by the ice and snow-fields of the environs. 
 West-south-west wind is the most frequent. The heat of the 
 summer is rarely oppressive, rapid alpine torrents and neighbour- 
 ing woods imparting freshness to the atmosphere. The temperature 
 is occasionally subject to sudden changes in the height of summer. 
 If any tempest discharges itself in the mountains above, rain and 
 
 Id ensue in the valley as a consequence, with a cloudy appear- 
 
53 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 ance of the atmosphere. This becomes sometimes more perceptible 
 through the evaporation of the glaciers, after very great heat as, 
 for instance, when the thermometer has risen to 77 and 86 F. The 
 spring exhibits fewer changes, and is more adapted for courses of 
 the water than is generally supposed. The natural alpine spring- 
 water, colder in summer and warmer in winter than the atmo- 
 sphere, is considered so advantageous from its excellence and 
 purity, as to be often made use of medicinally in cases of indiges- 
 tion arising from a weak condition of the intestinal mucous mem- 
 brane. The barometric pressure is diminished by more than 
 3 inches (24" 5'"). Thus, if the whole weight of the atmosphere 
 borne by one individual is equal to 28,000 pounds, one inch cor- 
 responding to about 1,000 pounds, a diminution of more than 
 3,000 pounds exists in Gastein. The atmosphere is consequently 
 lighter, and (as it is asserted) more charged with positive electricity. 
 The influence of light is also supposed to be more enlivening and 
 stimulating by passing through a more attenuated aerial medium. 
 It is assumed that alpine heights promote pulmonary circulation 
 and decarboriisation of the blood, and thus diminish the quantity 
 of venous blood. 
 
 From the above reasons, you see the animal and vegetable 
 kingdoms develop greater strength and vitality in these heights 
 than in the lower regions. The beneficial atmospheric influence 
 is particularly felt by persons coming from flat countries, from 
 the shores of the North and Baltic Seas, &c. An unusual ease 
 spreads over the whole organism ; respiration is more easily per- 
 formed ; the walk is erect, with a certain lightness and elasticity of 
 movement. An instinctive desire for muscular exercise helps to 
 increase the general eifect, and induces keener appetite and 
 sounder sleep. The want of a certain amount of oxygen induces 
 deeper inspirations than in low localities, where the compressed 
 air contains a greater quantity in a smaller volume. Patients 
 with weak thoracic organs feel in such heights at first a certain 
 oppression ; they have a sensation as if they could not obtain a 
 sufficient quantum of air. This, however, enforces a gradually 
 increased expansion of the chest and deeper inspirations ; tuber- 
 cular diathesis is so greatly counteracted by Kreuth, because the 
 greater dilatation of the pulmonary cells mechanically prevents 
 deposits in the interstitial tissue. 
 
 The venous blood being allowed freer reflux by the promoted 
 circulation, obstruction of the portal system is diminished. The 
 intestinal canal exhibits greater tone. Exhalation proceeds with 
 
GASTEIX. .59 
 
 more activity. General nutrition must therefore improve. On 
 the other hand, in confirmed phthisis, or congestion of the brain, 
 or internal inflammation, alpine air must be injurious. The in- 
 creased pulmonary action increases a speedier exhaustion of the 
 lungs, whilst the stimulated arterialisation heightens the inflamma- 
 tory symptoms. 
 
 The spa has been in repute for centuries. Its annals state that 
 'more than 400 years ago (A.D. 1436), the Emperor Frederic the 
 Third used it for an open sore in his thigh, and left it completely 
 cured.' The bath hospital, for indigent patients, was founded 
 nearly 400 years ago. Paracelsus said of Gastein, more than 300 
 years ago { It opens scars, cures paralysis, dispels contractions 
 and gravel.' 
 
 Baths are erected in every house destined for the accommoda- 
 tion of the visitors, with a reservoir of thermal water, possessing 
 the requisite temperature for bathing. The ' Badschloss,' Strau- 
 binger, &c., possess large baignoires for persons bathing in greater 
 numbers. The more modern buildings, however, possess merely 
 separate baths, as spaciously and conveniently constructed as 
 possible, so that the patient can move about and be in constant 
 contact with a great amount of thermal water. 
 
 Apparatus for douche, shower, and rain baths are attached to 
 all these localities. 
 
 Wildbadgastein offers several shady walks to the visitors. 
 Excursions to the Bellevue, or the ' Russian Coffee-house,' furnish 
 fine prospects of the immediate neighbourhood. 
 
 Active pedestrians wall be well rewarded for walking to the 
 Castle of Hunsdorf, with the charming prospect of the Graukogl, 
 Gamsgarkogl, a glacier lying between the two (the Tischlerkaar), 
 and the Ankogl. Others wander to the neighbouring mines of 
 Bockstein, celebrated for the gold- washing performed there. The 
 4 Schweizerhatis ' (Swiss-house), situated between Wildbad and 
 Hofgastein, collects visitors wishing to combine enjoyment of fine 
 
 enery with social amusement and rest. In the neighbourhood 
 
 also to be found the e English Coffee-house,' with a fine view of 
 he valley, besides ' Badbriick or Patschge haus,' with its pretty 
 ond of trout. For further excursions, the Anger Kotschach and 
 Anlauf Valley are chosen. 
 
 If unfavourable weather prevents outdoor exercise, the guests 
 avail themselves of the beautiful ( Wandelbahn ' (walking path), 
 upwards of 400 feet long and 20 feet wide, where you can not 
 only walk about at your leisure, but enjoy charming prospects. 
 
60 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 At certain hours of the day music heightens the pleasure of mus- 
 cular exercise. 
 
 The character of the mountain-passes is primitive. The heal- 
 ing springs originate from gneiss, at the foot of the mighty Grau- 
 kogl. on both sides of the Ache. Towards the elevated southern 
 
 O ' 
 
 Bockstein, granite formation appears ; whilst towards the northern 
 valley, near Badbriick, mica-slate is found, characterising the 
 Gamsgarkogl and neighbouring mountains. The declivities of 
 the mountain-masses, at the east and west of Wildbadgastein, are 
 superposed by strata of primary rocks, while the deeper valley of 
 Hofgastein is partly covered by the rocks of the surrounding 
 mountains, and partly by alluvial conglomerations. These primi- 
 tive mountains formerly concealed numerous minerals in their 
 womb, particularly gold, which was obtained to a considerable 
 amount; but now the gold- washing is performed less for profit 
 than to satisfy the curiosity of the visitors. 
 
 The order in which the sources arise are 1. The highest, Fur- 
 stenquelle, 37 Reaumur = 115J F., furnishing 16,000 cubic feet of 
 water in twenty-four hours, and supplying the baths of the Arch- 
 duke Johann, those of Straubinger, of the Pralatur, Solitude, &c. 
 
 2. The Doctor squelle, lower and more northerly, 36 Reaumur = 
 113 F. About 3,000 cubic feet of water are furnished daily, and 
 conducted by forcing-pumps into the Badeschloss. 
 
 3. The Schropfbad, or Chirurgenquelle,* still more northerly ; 
 temperature 36 Reaumur =113 F. The daily quantity of water 
 is below 4,000 cubic feet, and supplies the baths of the surgeon. 
 
 4. Hauptquelle (chief source), the lowest, but at the same time 
 the most abundant. A new enclosure of brickwork leads to its 
 issue. The temperature of the bubbling spring is 38J R. = 1 18 J 
 F. ; its daily quantity 100,000 cubic feet. It supplies the baths 
 of Mitterwirth, Kramer, Bath-hospital, and the filial establishment 
 of Hofgastein. The vapours evolved from the water are conducted 
 into a separate locality, and used as vapour-baths. 
 
 There is besides, on the right bank of the Ache, the Ferdinands- 
 quelle, with 106 F. ; then the Was serf allquelle, with 95 F. ; and 
 on the left shore of the Ache, the Grabenbacterquelle, with 97 F. 
 The water is clear, inodorous, and tasteless. Specific grav. 1.004. 
 It is composed of 
 
 1-51 sulphate of soda (1| gr.), 
 
 0-36 chloride of sodium (about one-third), 
 
 * Cupping-bath, or surgeon's spring. 
 
GASTEIN. 61 
 
 0*36 carbonate of lime (about one-third), 
 O05 carbonate of iron (one-twentieth gr.), 
 0'24 silex (about one-fourth gr.), 
 
 with a small quantity of sulphate of potash, carbonate of soda, of 
 magnesia, and glairine, amounting together to 273 grains in 16 
 ounces. 100 parts of the gas contained in the water consist of 
 3-8 carbonic acid, 29*0 oxygen, and 65-1 nitrogen; 100 parts of 
 water contain 0-18 of carbonic acid, 0'90 of oxygen, and 2-02 of 
 nitrogen. Its power of conducting electricity was compared with 
 that of distilled water, and led to the following results : 
 
 1. Distilled water of the temperature of 14 -1 Reaumur, caused 
 the needle of the galvanometer to diverge to 3 J. 
 
 2. Grastein water, kept nineteen days in an open bottle, with a 
 temperature of 14*4 Reaumur, induced a divergence of 29. 
 
 3. Fresh spa water of 24-4 Reaumur made the needle diverge 
 to 36, whilst 
 
 4. Distilled water warmed to the same heat caused a divergence 
 of 6 only. 
 
 The above-mentioned Gastein water, which had been cooled to 
 14*3, being heated likewise to 24*4 Reaumur, the divergence of 
 the needle was 36. 
 
 From the above and many other experiments, it is inferred that 
 the water possesses a greater degree of electro-motor power than 
 well or distilled water, as a combined result of its alkaline con- 
 stituents and heat. 
 
 It is thought that owing to the spa water being heated in an 
 enclosed space, beyond atmospheric influence, and without forma- 
 tion of vapour, the warmth penetrates all the particles more uni- 
 formly, touching each separately as it were. In water, however, 
 heated by artificial fire, and exposed to atmospheric influence, the 
 rarmth is spread by the circulation of the watery particles them- 
 selves, so that the calefacient power does not so uniformly act 
 on each atom. 
 
 The fact of oxygen possessing magnetic power, lately estab- 
 lished by Faraday, may also assist in explaining the great import- 
 ance of a high position. The same savant has proved, that not 
 only heat, but carbonic acid, and other gases, diminish or destroy 
 this magnetic power. Thus we may consider, that in low situa- 
 tions, the protective magnetic force of oxygen is counteracted, 
 both by the warmth of the circumambient animal exhalations, and 
 by the exhaled gaseous bodies. The diminished magnetic tension 
 may then give greater scope and freedom to the development of 
 
62 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 miasmatic impurities in the atmosphere, which react again in 
 their turn on the living beings from whom they had originally 
 emanated. 
 
 Though the temperature of the chief source is only 118^ F., 
 a sufficiency of vapour is evolved for use. From each layer, as it 
 rises, issues a quantity of steam, whilst in boiling water only -the 
 superficial layer develops steam, and must constantly be sup- 
 planted by a deeper layer rising from the bottom. 
 
 A whitish-grey gelatinous substance, gradually assuming a 
 denser tissue, is observed at the bottom and sides of the effluxes, 
 forming the Gastein bath-mud (ulva thermalis). 
 
 To the supposition that climatic influences alone produce the 
 observed changes, it is objected that the inhabitants of Gastein 
 are often affected with the fever of reaction when using the baths, 
 whilst this is never observed when bathing in the well-water of 
 St. Wolfgang, warmed to 95 F., in the neighbouring Fusch- 
 valley, which lies 800 feet higher than Gastein. The above ana- 
 lysis shows sulphate of soda to be the chief constituent, with a 
 small quantity of chloride of sodium and carbonate of lime. You 
 have to bear in mind, that the constant renewal of the water, 
 together with the great quantity provided for each bath, may 
 cause a proportionally greater absorption of the ingredients. 
 
 The baignoires are four or five feet deep, and hold from 150 to 
 upwards of 300 cubic feet of water (that is, from 8,500 to 17,000 
 pounds). They consequently contain from three to six pounds of 
 sulphate of soda and other mineral substances. These consti- 
 tuents being presented to the absorbent vessels in such a highly 
 diluted condition, are fit to become absorbed and assimilated. 
 
 The bathing basins are constructed of wood, and communicate 
 both with the reservoirs and springs, so as to admit of a constant 
 renewal. 
 
 A feeling of general ease pervades the bather ; greater elas- 
 ticity of body and mind is experienced; the circulation becomes 
 more active, the pulse somewhat fuller, and occasionally more 
 frequent. If the stay is prolonged to an hour, relaxation ensues, 
 sometimes a slight chilliness, inclination to sleep, and other signs 
 indicating the necessity of leaving the bath. A short repose on 
 the bed after leaving the bath, brings out a pricking sensation of 
 the skin, particularly in such parts as have been subjected to 
 gentle rubbing. Perspiration is rare. 
 
 Healthy persons, after bathing for several days, feel stimula- 
 tion of the vascular and nervous systems, increased frequency and 
 
C3 
 
 strength of the pulse ; sometimes even giddiness, aridity of the 
 skin, restlessness, and diminished appetite. To plethoric persons 
 in general, Gastein is less adapted than to weakened and anaemic 
 individuals. 
 
 Derangements based on vital inactivity, or torpor of the cere- 
 bral and spinal nervous system, will find a fitting remedy in Gas- 
 tein. After the first seven or ten baths the general functions of 
 the muscular and sero-fibrous organs increase. If still continued, 
 reaction sometimes appears with the usual characteristics as want 
 of appetite, lassitude, headache, mental depression, obstruction, 
 &c. Sometimes these phenomena augment to a state of fever, 
 when the course should be discontinued for a short time, till the 
 undue excitement has passed off with salutary crises. This reac- 
 tion varies in its time of appearance, between the ninth and twenty- 
 first bath. Old rheumatic arthritic pains often reappear during 
 the course, dormant neuralgia are roused, and old scars and para- 
 lysed parts become painful. 
 
 The solvent power of the spa in inveterate swellings and in- 
 durations is subordinate to its dynamical and alterative effect on 
 nervous vitality. 
 
 The cutaneous system is particularly prone to critical results, 
 having become more susceptible by the alpine climate. Glutinous 
 perspiration sometimes covers the affected parts. 
 
 After a certain duration of the course, the back, abdomen, and 
 extremities are occasionally affected with a bath eruption, of either 
 a papular or vesicular character. The bath is to be continued till 
 the eruption disappears, unless the latter be accompanied by fever 
 or erysipelas, when the course must be interrupted. 
 
 Renal crises are the most frequent; the urine first becomes 
 watery and more abundant, afterwards sedimentous, and particu- 
 larly charged with deposits in rheumatic and arthritic diseases, 
 
 d in lithiasis. 
 
 Critical stools after reaction are more rare. The regular flow 
 of haemorrhoids sometimes follows the course, and removes inter- 
 al diseases which had been produced by this suppression of the 
 ischarge. 
 
 Satiety is generally evinced after the twenty-first bath, and 
 equires cessation of the course. In some instances, however, 
 ticularly with very torpid persons, the desire for bathing con- 
 inues longer. Usually, however, after this period, the baths are 
 
 ken with reluctance and discomfort ; the mind becomes peevish 
 
 d excited, short walks are fatiguing, sleep becomes disturbed, 
 
 " 
 
64 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 appetite diminished, tongue furred, &c. If, in spite of these symp- 
 toms, the course be prolonged, signs of overbathing will be super- 
 added viz. palpitation of the heart, oppression of the chest, 
 giddiness, restlessness, chills, and at last real fever, which greatly 
 differs in character and intensity from the curative fever of re- 
 action, and requires immediate suspension of the baths, besides 
 careful medical treatment. 
 
 Frequently the curative effects of the spa are only exhibited 
 some months after the patient has left the Alps, and returned to 
 his occupation. If no decided indication exists, it would be ad- 
 visable to leave nature free scope for developing its commenced 
 alteration. The course sometimes merely incites the vis medi- 
 catrix naturae, which then gradually progresses till the morbific 
 cause is expelled. 
 
 Gastein is recommended, according to Dr. Kiene 
 
 In chronic rheumatism, arising through gradual suppression of 
 insensible perspiration, and inducing metastases to internal or- 
 gans; in rheumatic contractions of the joints ; and in rheumatism 
 following the sudden suppression of periodical neuralgia by large 
 doses of bark. In morbidly increased sensibility, the lukewarm 
 baths are used ; in great torpor, the warmer ones. The perspira- 
 tions induced after a certain number of baths display acrid smell 
 and reaction. Urinary secretion shows in its sediment, after some 
 time, increased urate of ammonia. In articular rheumatism, the 
 pains sometimes become extremely violent at first, through using 
 the baths, but only to be followed by soothing effects. 
 
 In gout and gravel, more particularly with anaemic and decrepit 
 persons, or such as have been exposed to harassing- mental work, 
 without sufficiently strengthening diet those persons will be 
 less benefited who possess a plethoric disposition, or who live 
 luxuriously whilst leading a sedentary life, or where there is a 
 natural tendency to expel the morbid matter through the abdo- 
 minal organs, or where material engorgements are present. Here 
 the cooling and solvent spring of Marienbad, Franzensbad, or 
 Kissingen, will be indicated in some instances ; in others, the pene- 
 trating thermae of Karlsbad or Wiesbaden. Gastein is in such 
 cases often resorted to with great advantage as an after-cure, to 
 raise the nervous power, after the exhausting eliminations of 
 peccant materials. 
 
 Regular local paroxysms of gout are not cured in Gastein, but 
 their frequency and violence are diminished, by preventing new 
 deposits of arthritic concretions. Gout in the articular apparatus 
 
GASTEIX. 65 
 
 of the vertebral column, characterised by dull dorsal pains, and 
 increased by motion, is particularly amenable to the baths and 
 vapour-douche of Gastein. In arthritic ankylosis, when the syno- 
 vial membranes are filled with uric or calcareous sediments, from 
 deficient organic power of transforming and eliminating these sub- 
 stances, the internal and external use of Gastein is very useful. 
 Diarrhoea through arthritic dyscrasia, also gonorrhoea from the 
 same cause, are relieved here. 
 
 Gastein is reputed for expelling sand and gravel. When re- 
 pelled podagra has produced the evil, the former disease becomes 
 localised again. Ischias nervosa, gonorrhceal gout, face-ache of 
 rheumatic or arthritic origin, also if purely nervous without 
 organic change, &c., are all enumerated amongst the category of 
 diseases curable by Gastein. 
 
 Writers' cramp * is very often cured here. Habitual spasms of 
 the stomach are only relieved in persons of great nervous weak- 
 ness. In debility of the abdominal nervous plexus after cholera, 
 in trembling of the limbs produced by general debility of old age, 
 &c., the power of the spa is extolled. Somnambulismus, based on 
 predominant nervous irritability of the uterine plexus, with pro- 
 stration of the central nervous system, is often relieved here. A 
 case is recorded by Dr. Kiene of a young lady of seventeen years 
 of age, who was completely cured by a course of twenty-one 
 baths. The first day the temperature was 84 F., and the 
 stay in the bath five minutes ; the next day, temperature 
 86 F., and stay ten minutes ; the following day 88 F., and a 
 quarter of an hour's stay ; and all the following 88 F., of half 
 an hour's duration. On the fifth day the paroxysms reappeared, 
 but weaker ; again, on the ninth, with still less violence, and 
 subsequently left off altogether. 
 
 As regards diseases of the spinal marrow, Gastein is not indi- 
 cated, when inflammation, suppuration, or fever is present ; but 
 where exhaustion of nervous power exists, through excessive losses, 
 or weakening diseases, Gastein is eminently curative. Spinal 
 irritation and hyperaasthesis, paralysis of the lower extremities, 
 pure nervous weakness, marasmus senilis, sexual debility, morbid 
 atonic perspirations, coxarthrocace (luxatio spontanea), are all 
 asserted to find frequent cures at the spa. 
 
 The above array of maladies might easily provoke a smile of 
 
 * I have myself travelled with a gentleman who was completely freed from this evil 
 at Gastein. 
 
66 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 incredulity. 'What!' you will say, 'does Gastein exhaust all 
 these classes of pathology ? how can the same remedy cure dis- 
 eases so diversified in their nature and appearance? If it be 
 decidedly able to heal the one, it must prove inert, or even in- 
 jurious in the other.' 
 
 You have to bear in mind, that a spa of such mysterious pro- 
 perties serves as a last resort in many cases where the ordinary 
 remedial store has been exhausted in vain. Persons suffering 
 with the varied derangements enumerated, have, no doubt, found 
 relief there. The scientific standing of Dr. Kiene, who enjoyed 
 a high repute in Germany, and who practised at the place for 
 nineteen years, sufficiently guarantees the truthfulness of his 
 accounts. 
 
 But the question between certain diseases cured there, and 
 what patients you should rather send to Gastein than to other 
 spas, is widely different. Many a sufferer is relieved from disease 
 under a course of certain pharmaceutic remedies, and yet we may 
 sometimes hesitate to ascribe the cure to their agency. 
 
 The ensemble of Gastein adapts it to those chronic diseases in 
 which the nervous system has been peculiarly weakened or altered 
 in its function. We have to consider the three media from which 
 curative influences may ensue : the inherent caloric, the con- 
 stituents, and the bracing alpine air with its diminished atmo- 
 spheric pressure. 
 
 I need not tell you what a great number of nervous affections are 
 daily produced by repelled gout, or by retrocession of piles, or of 
 cutaneous eruptions. The general increase of peripheric functions, 
 inducing a derivation from the internal organs, may act healingly 
 in one instance. The roused torpidity of the nervous centres is able, 
 in another instance, to call dormant organs into fresh action, and 
 to elicit imbedded particles from their obnoxious position. 
 
 In a third instance, the great quantity of the highly-diluted 
 warm fluid, with its sulphate of soda, chloride of sodium, carbonate 
 of lime, and of iron, may enter into combination with the circu- 
 lating organic liquids, and partially dissolve stagnant substances, 
 and fit them for elimination. The decided utility of Gastein in 
 gravel would lead to this supposition, for its composition bears some 
 analogy to Karlsbad, where also sulphate of soda forms the chief 
 constituent, and where chloride of sodium and carbonate of lime 
 are in subordinate quantities with carbonate of soda. 
 
 In conclusion, I shall quote a few lines from my journal : 
 
 ' Aug. 17th. I was much disturbed the whole of last night by 
 
GASTEIN. 67 
 
 the roaring waterfall of the Ache. Dr. Kiene, whom I saw in 
 the morning, considers Gastein more particularly efficacious in 
 torpor of the nervous system, erratic gout, premature age ; in fact, 
 whenever spasms or paralytic affections are produced by deficient 
 nervous power. 
 
 ' I walked from Wildbad-gastein down to Hof-gastein (about 
 one hour and three-quarters) ; although it rained, the walk was 
 extremely picturesque and romantic. 
 
 * The water of the chief spring is allowed to cool over night, or 
 cooled and thermal water are let from two pipes into the bath, 
 which thereby acquires the desired temperature. From this chief 
 source the water is conducted in wooden pipes down to Hof-gastein, 
 where it arrives with a temperature of about 100 F. Then it runs 
 constantly out of pipes into the baths, which cool down to 95 or 
 93 F. after a few hours. 
 
 ( Dr. Sleting (practising at Hof-gastein) considers it an advantage 
 of the filial establishment that the water does not require cooling, 
 that the climate is milder and drier than the parent spa, enjoying 
 the sun three hours longer every day (which must be considered 
 very beneficial in nervous diseases). The walks are more level 
 than in the mountainous regions of Wildbad-gastein. It is more 
 accessible, but less comfortably constructed ; in fact, the locality 
 seems rather neglected, and actually looked down upon by its 
 elevated parent. Dr. Sleting related to me several cases of 
 cramps of the stomach, which found a permanent cure at his spa. 
 Also some cases of sterility, and of paralysis through spinal con- 
 cussions and wounds, that had been cured at Hof-gastein. Sal. 
 H , of Danzig, who suffered from a kind of chorea (viz. fits 
 of bellowing and imitating various animals), was completely 
 restored here. Schonlein sent to him a remarkable case of an 
 affection of the vagus nerve- viz. by seeing others eat the 
 patient got violent pains in the epigastrium, which spread to the 
 throat, and impeded deglutition. This was also relieved. Vari- 
 cose ulcers are likewise often cured there. The pores become con- 
 tracted in the bath, the skin paler. Perspiration rarely ensues, 
 whilst diuresis is invariably increased : and Dr. Sleting laid par- 
 ticular stress on the sound critical sleep that is enjoyed by nervous 
 patients. He also mentioned a case of diabetes mellitus, where 
 perspiration regularly ensued at night, the quantity of urine 
 diminished two-thirds, strength increased, and the patient left 
 greatly relieved, though not cured. As regards lithiasis, particu- 
 larly in the phosphatic diathesis, it frequently finds relief in Gastein. 
 
 F 2 
 
f.5 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 I spoke with a commandant in the free military bathing esta- 
 blishment, who was cured of pain and stiffiiess in the right femur, 
 where he had been wounded by a balL I saw many per> 
 who had been cured from traumatic stifmess and spasmodic con- 
 
 * How, then, is the indication to be fixed, and the choice to be 
 made between the three akratic spas visited ? 
 
 s WUdbad is more indicated in nodous gout, and in those cases 
 of paralysis and contractions where absorption is to be promoted, 
 and where resolution of effete concretions and deposits are the 
 chief task of the healing process, 
 
 f Pfafm is rather useful in atomic mefastatic gout, in hemiplegia 
 after apoplexy, and in paralysis connected with the absence of 
 true nervous sensibility; also when the disease is more the imme- 
 diate effect of the concussion or lesion of muscular tendons or 
 nervous centres, 
 
 * Gaffeim, however, is more indicated in irregular and depraved 
 nervous action, based on atony. Therefore, it is eminently useful 
 in writers' cramp, spasms of internal organs, affections of the 
 
 &c., paralysis with general torpor, and de- 
 
 JSciext cakfactitm. The water increases the tone of the nervous 
 system, and regulates its power. Persons with seminal weak: 
 whose irritability has been increased by sea-baths, were cured 
 here, by the increased erectile power, and testicular contraction 
 following the use of the baths, with restoration of the exhausted 
 
 of Wildbad-gastcim.-. Dr. von Koenigsberg, Dr. 
 ProIL, and Dr. von HaerdtL 
 
 Physician of Hof-gastcix : Dr. Pfeiffer. 
 
AEUDC, 
 
 LECTURE VII. 
 
 1SCHL TZFXJTZ. 
 
 II A vr VG remained -a HiJBiifnt time in Gastrny JOB wiU 
 five in the mooring bj the fifigence, to retwm to Sahbmrg. On 
 arriving at HaUm, the fast stage before reaching Sabbnrg (at 
 about hatf-past fire F JL), I wonld advise JOB to 
 
 journal :' We had to ascend alngh 
 
 ': : -- - -. :: - nr:.^j . _- -.-.. >: -_- 
 
 :>:/-- 
 
 with a steady step (lor the plank* wffl not admit of two 
 
 wards, in order to |aeienAgiddiiif 
 JOB down a fearful ab yss. After 
 below me gradoaDj decreased, and I 
 at the salt-works. A 
 over my ciotbes, and I 
 
70 GEKMAN MINERAL WATEES. 
 
 which is exhibited to the curious in summer, but boiled in winter 
 for the formation of salt. I was shown very strange kinds of salt- 
 rocks, found in the " saline " at different periods, and some other 
 antiquarian curiosities. We returned to the upper world by a 
 long passage, the walls of which consisted not of salt-rocks but of 
 limestone ; they were damp, and of an acrid smell. 
 
 ( We had to sit across a bench, and were then drawn out at a 
 very rapid pace by a man in front. The passage was so narrow 
 as to leave no spare room. The galloping and clattering made 
 me sometimes fancy, in the half-darkness, that a horse was drag- 
 ging me along at this furious pace, till I recollected the narrow- 
 ness of the passage, which did not allow the slightest alteration of 
 position without the greatest danger of being crushed. Although 
 what I saw was very interesting, still I did not feel altogether 
 satisfied, from not having witnessed the preparation of salt in its 
 various stages.' 
 
 After about an hour and a half's ride you arrive at Salzburg. 
 Thence the diligence unfortunately leaves at ten P.M. for Ischl, 
 so that you are deprived of the opportunity of admiring the 
 scenery. You pass through Hof and the pleasant village of St. 
 Gilgen, lying on the Aber-or Wolfgang-Lake. Having driven 
 for some time along its banks, you arrive at Ischl at half-past five 
 in the morning. The ups-and-downs you have had to experience 
 in the ( eilwagen ' sufficiently indicate the mountainous character 
 of the road. Ischl lies in a romantic valley at the foot of the 
 ISforic Alps. You see in the immediate neighbourhood the Hall- 
 stadter Lake to the south, the Kammer Lake to the north, and 
 the Mond Lake to the west. To the right of Ischl you see the 
 River Traun pursuing its northerly direction, to be filtered through 
 the Traun Lake in the north-east. Ischl forms just the centre of 
 the Salzkammergut, and, though upwards of 1,400 feet high, its 
 climate is very mild, from the protection against north winds and 
 violent changes afforded by the surrounding mountains. Com- 
 parison with the temperature of Vienna* showed the difference to 
 be only one degree of Reaumur, The romantic valley is intersected 
 by the Rivers Traun and Ischl. From Schmalnauer's garden, 
 situated on an eminence on the other side of the Ischl River, you 
 enjoy a beautiful view of the surrounding mountain-peaks, with 
 the snow-covered towering Dachstein in the background. The 
 Calvarien mountain furnishes another promenade, which will 
 reward you for your ascent by the views from the chapel at its 
 
 * Which lies about 900 feet lower. 
 
ISCHL. 71 
 
 summit. Ischl is altogether a very charming place with about 2,000 
 inhabitants, and is almost as much frequented by pleasure-seekers 
 as by invalids. The salt-mountain, from which the brine is ob- 
 tained, lies at some distance, nearly 3,000 feet above the level of 
 the sea. The drinking-water is obtained from mountain-springs, 
 arising under limestone, and conducted in pipes to Ischl : it is 
 very pure, notwithstanding the superabundance of salt which exists 
 in the locality. The chief virtue of the spa consists in the brine- 
 baths, taken in the new ( badhaus ' in single baignoires, where 
 portions of brine, added to warm baths of ordinary water, are 
 frequently prescribed. Here, again, you see all possible contriv- 
 ances to meet the various contingencies of different maladies. Ischl 
 has only been in repute about thirty years as a mineral watering- 
 place, and I "might also say was created a spa by the exertions 
 and munificence of the late Dr. Wirer, who spent a large fortune 
 in accomplishing the beautiful arrangements, all tending to one 
 purpose. The brine derived from the salt-works contains, in six- 
 teen ounces 
 
 223 grains of chloride of sodium 
 0'7 8 of chloride of calcium 
 
 7-10 
 4-85 
 1-02 
 1-82 
 
 of chloride of magnesium 
 of sulphate of soda 
 of sulphate of lime 
 of sulphate of magnesia 
 
 Total, 238-591 grains. 
 
 A cold sulphur-spring, with a strong smell of sulphuretted hydro- 
 gen, but with an undetermined quantity of the gas, is found at the 
 place, but is little used by itself. It possesses sixty grains of 
 solid constituents in sixteen ounces viz. 44 chloride of sodium, 
 12^ sulphate of soda, 1J sulphate of magnesia, 1-^ sulphate of 
 lime, nearly one grain of carbonate of magnesia, and about j- of car- 
 bonate of lime. Into how many remedies did the energy of one 
 mind transform the meagre materials for combating chronic diseases 
 possessed by Ischl thirty years ago ! Now you have, beside the 
 salt-baths referred to, douche, rain, and vapour-baths. 
 
 The boiling salt-water is used medicinally as a saline vapour- 
 bath. Moreover, you find black moor-baths (containing phosphate 
 of iron, among other ingredients) ; then, again, there are the saline 
 mud-baths. These two are either used separately or mixed. 
 There is also a swimming-school erected for sanitary purposes. 
 Herbs gathered on the mountain are employed in the preparation 
 of a sort of whey, very agreeable to the taste. On the promenade 
 
72 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 the visitors will be observed to stop, from time to time, at a certain 
 stall, and quaff their morning beverages ; and you will notice the 
 greatest number of drinkers receive the recently prepared whey, 
 brought fresh from the Calvarien mountain. But you will find a 
 goodly number of other bottles standing ready for the numerous 
 patients. These are imported mineral waters. Thus, while one 
 patient uses brine-baths, with whey, for obstruction of the lym- 
 phatic glands, another takes mud-baths, and drinks Carlsbad 
 sprudel or Marienbad kreuzbrunnen for some gouty affection of 
 the lower extremities, or engorgement of the liver. Ischl is very 
 much resorted to by the fair sex, and has a great reputation in 
 swelling and incipient induration of the ovaries, if not of a malig- 
 nant character ; also in slighter degrees of hepatic enlargements, 
 sluggishness of the liver, with habitual constipation,* and scrofu- 
 lous diathesis ; luxatio spontanea of children is especially expa- 
 tiated upon as a disease most frequently removed here. Poultices 
 of mountain-mud * are often employed in caries, and, it is alleged, 
 with great advantage. The peat-ground is found at the distance 
 of about half a league from Ischl, and baths are either taken there 
 or the moor is carried to the bath-house, and administered in con- 
 tractions from wounds or chronic gout, alone or mixed with mud, 
 or with mother-lye of the ' soole,' or with the water of the sulphur- 
 spring. There is also an establishment for gymnastic exercises. 
 The mountain strawberries are occasionally ordered to be taken at 
 regular intervals for medicinal purposes. The acknowledged 
 efficacy of saline-baths in certain diseases of the lymphatic and 
 sero-fibrous system, and in obstructed circulation, would indicate 
 that in all such cases these baths might be appropriately resorted 
 to. The late Professor $ Outrepont of Wiirzburg mentions the fol- 
 lowing case of a lady whom he sent to Ischl. About the period 
 of puberty she was bitten on the left breast. Some hemorrhage 
 ensued, with inflammation ; but as, from a feeling of timidity, she 
 neglected to disclose the accident, induration ensued. She 
 married after some years, and enjoyed perfect health with the 
 above exception. No offspring resulting from the union, the 
 sterility was thought by the husband to be connected with the 
 mammary disease, and therefore many remedies and baths were 
 employed for its cure. Extirpation was recommended amongst 
 others, but was not consented to by the patient, because she had 
 suffered no pain from the enlargement. Sixteen years after her 
 
 * That portion of humus which precipitates in the salt-mountain during the for- 
 mation of the salt, chiefly consisting of argilla, sulphate of lime, sulphate of soda, &c. 
 
ISCHL. 73 
 
 marriage, Professor d'Outrepont was consulted. He found the 
 left mamma considerably enlarged, the skin very white, and the 
 induration consisting of five different movable tumours. These 
 tumours had given her no pain for many years, nor had they 
 increased in size. There was no trace of scrofula ; all the glands 
 were in a perfectly healthy condition, and none of the family had 
 ever suffered with a similar disease ; so that the mechanical lesion 
 could alone be the cause of the evil. Iodine having been already 
 administered internally and externally to no purpose, the Pro- 
 fessor recommended her to go to Ischl. After three months she 
 returned cured ; the tumours had entirely disappeared, whilst the 
 healthy breast had not diminished in size. He would not decide 
 whether the cure was due to the poultices of mountain-mud and 
 peat rubbed into a fine dough with mother-lye, or to the brine- 
 baths employed. Another analogous case is related by the same 
 authority, of a young man who injured one testicle with a hook 
 on putting on his boots. The testicle swelled to the size of a goose 
 egg. After numerous remedies extirpation was advised, but the 
 patient would not consent. The generative functions were not 
 impeded, the patient having become the father of several children. 
 Fifteen years afterwards the Professor saAv him, and found the 
 testicle quite hard but not painful ; spermatic cord and epidymis 
 perfectly healthy ; the scrotum tense, thin, and reddish. The 
 right testicle was healthy. Neither the inguinal nor submaxillary 
 glands were affected. He had never suffered from scrofula, and 
 was quite healthy in every other respect. This patient was also 
 sent to Ischl, .and returned cured after ten weeks ; but the affected 
 testicle had become atrophied. The physicians of the spa are 
 Dr. Brenner von Felsach, director of the bath establishment, and 
 Dr. Pollack both of whom have written on the virtues of Ischl 
 works well worthy of being consulted besides Dr. Kaan and Dr. 
 Fiirstenberg. Dr. Pollack considers specially adapted for Ischl 
 affections of the glandular and lymphatic systems induced by an 
 unfavourable mode of living, occupation, or residence ; swelling of 
 inguinal glands, or of testicles, as gonorrhrcal residues ; pulmonary 
 catarrhs after the neglect of the acute stage; hoarseness from over- 
 exertion of the lungs (as in case of clergymen, &c.); adynamic 
 derangements of the heart ; hypertrophy of the uterus, or follicular 
 ulcers, with a general anaemic condition ; sterility ; spinal nervous 
 affections; incipient rhthisis, especially of an indolent character, 
 or when hemoptysis seems to act as vicarious of haamorrhoidal dis- 
 charge. But let us proceed in our journey. A kind of omnibus 
 
74 GEEMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 leaves at ten in the morning, and takes you in two hours to Ebnsee. 
 Here a steamboat is in readiness to take the passengers over the 
 Gremiinder or Traun Lake. In fine weather you will be pleased 
 with the prospects from the water. The passage lasts about an 
 hour. At the mouth of the Traun you perceive the village of 
 Langbath : farther on, and on the right side of the lake, arise the 
 perpendicular walls of the Traunstein (3,000 feet hi^h) ; while on 
 your left lies the village of Traunkirchen, built on a sort of isth- 
 mus in the lake. Lastly, you pass the chateau of Orth, situated 
 on a small island, and ultimately you land at the little town of 
 Gmiinden. 
 
 Here, after taking refreshment, you avail yourself of the railroad 
 as far as Linz. From this town, which is situated on the right bank 
 of the Danube, you may travel by rail or steamboat to Vienna. 
 If you wish to pursue your northward course, and leave the visit 
 to Baden for a future opportunity, the railroad affords you this 
 facility ; for it brings you to Prague, on the Moldau, in sixteen 
 hours, thence to Teplitz in about five and a half hours. The ap- 
 proach to the spa is very striking. After having driven for some 
 time through ordinary fields and plains, your attention is suddenly 
 arrested by the gentle undulations of the scene. The view of 
 distant mountains, covered with a lively green, promises to afford 
 you purer air and a more cheerful locality. You are not deceived. 
 The scenery augments in variety and interest, and every object 
 silently informs you that, from the comparatively barren and 
 unfavoured regions, you are arriving at one of Nature's favoured 
 localities. 
 
 Teplitz is situated about 51 north lat., and 14 eastern long., 
 in the Leitmeritzer Kreis (circle) at the north-western extremity 
 of the middle mountains, and at the south of the Erz mountains, 
 in a fertile and charming valley ; its elevation over the North 
 Sea is 648 feet. You see on the local map the mountainous semi- 
 circle at the north-west and south-east. The village of ISchonau, 
 to the north of Teplitz, may be considered as a suburb. The valley 
 extends downwards as far as Aussig, and upwards to Kaaden, a 
 distance of thirty miles the width being sometimes contracted by 
 the Erz mountains to two miles and a half. On all sides you find 
 the town surrounded by hills the Schlossberg on the east, Wach- 
 holderberg on the west. Lower are the Spitalberg on the south 
 (between the two former), Kopfhiigel and Kreuselsberg to the 
 west, and Judenberg and Schonauerberg to the north-east. The 
 three former are considerably steeper than the latter, which be- 
 
TEPLITZ. 75 
 
 comes flattened towards the Erzgebirge. The extensive princely 
 garden begins at the foot of the Wachholderberg, and contains 
 a beautiful chateau. The suburb lies rather lower, at the foot of 
 the Spitalberg. The town counts 3,000 inhabitants. There are 
 some very good private houses between the city and the suburb. 
 Schonau is intersected by the Saubach, with the declivity of the 
 Schlossberg as its eastern boundary, enclosed on the south by 
 the ' Spitzige ' (pointed) and Judenberg, and on the north by 
 the Granzer and Dorner heights, and the Huhnerhiigel. The 
 climate of Teplitz is very mild, and the vegetation luxurious in 
 the immediate neighbourhood. Besides the numerous houses and 
 mansions for the wealthy invalid, you find no less than eight esta- 
 blishments for the accommodation of military or indigent patients. 
 
 One of these (the Saxon foundation of the 26th of July 1811, 
 founded on the anniversary of a princess then in Carlsbad) not 
 only provides Saxon poor requiring the baths with all necessary 
 accommodation during the course, but also pays their travelling 
 expenses to and fro. Patients wishing to avail themselves of this 
 charity must apply to the Commission before March. 
 
 The views from the heights around Teplitz are really charming. 
 The eye ranges with pleasure over the cheerful valleys, studded 
 with villages and rural habitations, whilst it enjoys the contrast 
 formed by the sombre forests, antique castles, and citadels of the 
 Erz mountains. In the princely garden you will be particularly 
 struck by two ponds, with canoes for water exercise ; by the 
 beautiful umbrageous walks ; and by the park-like farm, from the 
 highest point of which you can obtain a view of the distant 
 Mariaschein, Graupen, and Geyersberg. About half a league 
 from the town you may ascend the Schlossberg. Several gentle 
 hills of basalt and porphyry unite into an extensive plain, and then 
 abruptly rise as a steep cone, covered with wood at the northern 
 and eastern side, whilst the southern wall is bald and rugged. 
 The flattened summit bears the ruins of an old chateau with anti- 
 quarian relics. The distant Elbe becomes here visible to you, and 
 a great number of mountains as well as works of human industry 
 and skill. Besides, numerous other places invite your visits, such 
 as the shooting-house on the Spitalberg, with its view of the Erz 
 mountains, the woody Lippnay, the charming ' Bergschenke ' 
 (mountain inn) with its extensive view, the grotesque Schlaken- 
 burg, the Mont Ligne with its view of Schonau, the Judenberg 
 with its distant panorama, the village of Dorn,with its garden, hills 
 of porphyry, and murmuring mountain-river, Probstan, with its 
 
76 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 garden full of pheasants, or the more distant Mariaschein (about 
 two leagues distant), with its thousands of pilgrims at certain festi- 
 vals, and the mountainous town of Graupen. When you enter this 
 little town, you will be particularly struck by the strong contrast 
 between the wild mountain scenery of the place itself and the 
 garden-like plain in the distance. Somewhat more to the north 
 (three leagues from Teplitz) you can visit the village of Kulm, 
 with its memorable battlefield, and its memorials of the victory of 
 1813. In the west you may inspect the monastery of Ossegg 
 (two leagues distant), with its extensive orchards. On a high 
 rock in the neighbourhood are to be seen the ruins of Biesenburg. 
 The little town of Dux, with its castle, and the basin cast out of 
 captured Swedish cannon, is also worthy of a visit. In the village 
 of Seberschen a cold sulphur-spring exists. Two leagues to the 
 west of Dux, on the road to Carlsbad, the little town of Brux is often 
 visited. To the east you may visit Aussig, on the left shore of the 
 Elbe (four leagues distant) ; to the south the Mileschauer, the 
 highest peak of the middle mountains, 2,700 feet high (four leagues 
 from Teplitz) ; most extensive prospects are offered on its summit. 
 In the east the eye reaches the Riesengebirge, the towns of Leit- 
 meritz and Theresienstadt ; to the south you perceive the Euler 
 mountains behind Prague. From north to west you pursue the 
 Erz mountain from its commencement near the Elbe to its termi- 
 nation near Eger. The springs originate in various places: 
 
 1. Hauptquelle* issues out of syenite-porphyry in the deepest 
 part of the town, and is enclosed by brickwork. Two pipes con- 
 duct the water into the baignoires for men, three feet deep. The 
 temperature of the source is 39J Reaumur, about 120 Fahrenheit 
 (thus hotter than the chief spring of Gastein); in the conducting 
 pipe the temperature is 38-| Reaumur, about 118 Fahr. It fur- 
 nishes more than 800,000 cubic ft. of water per hour, and supplies 
 the above-mentioned common bath and numerous separate baths. 
 
 2. Frauenbadquelle^ arises a few paces from the former, and 
 supplies the baths for females those for ladies and those for 
 women of a lower class being separated by a wall. Its tempe- 
 rature is 118 Fahrenheit at the issue, and 113 in the basin; its 
 supply more than 400,000 cubic feet per hour. 
 
 3. FrauenzimmerbadquellenQ2tf the former, temperature 113 
 to 118 Fahrenheit. 
 
 4. The Sandbadquelle,^ east of the former, temperature 111 
 Fahrenheit. 
 
 * Chief spring, f Spring of the ladies' bath, j Spring for females. Sand-bath spring. 
 
TEPLITZ. 77 
 
 5. The Garden springs, arising in the f Spitalgarten,' and 
 having a temperature of 76 to 78 Fahrenheit Trinkquelle, 
 Augenquelle, and Badequelle (drinking, eye, and bath spring). 
 They yield 66,000 cubic feet of water per hour. The village of 
 Schonau possesses 1, Steiribadquelle* lying on meadow-ground 
 at the foot of the Schonauer mountain ; its temperature is 100 
 Fahrenheit, and its supply 500 cubic feet per hour ; 2, Temple- 
 badquelle ; f 3, Wiesenquelle (meadow-spring) ; 4, Militdrbad- 
 quelle ; 5, Schlangenbadquelle (spring of serpent's-bath), tem- 
 perature of the last three from 95 to 104 Fahrenheit ; 6, 
 Neubadqnelle (spring of the new bath), formerly called sulphur- 
 bath spring, with 111 Fahrenheit; and 7, Sandquelle, with a 
 temperature of 108 35 Fahrenheit. For bathing, part of the water is 
 cooled in reservoirs, and mixed with the thermal water. The water 
 of the chief spring exhibits a greenish appearance in the basin, 
 but becomes clear and transparent when drawn. It is inodorous 
 and tasteless. In cooling, carbonate of iron is found deposited in 
 the conducting-pipes. Exposed to the atmosphere, crenic acid 
 separates as a sort of mucus, and afterwards the so-called Priest- 
 ley's green-matter developes itself and becomes transformed into 
 oscillatoria. The springs greatly resemble each other as regards 
 their chemical constituents. Carbonate of soda is the prevailing 
 ingredient, and amongst the gaseous contents nitrogen is either 
 evolved in a free state (in the sandstone and serpent's bath), or 
 intimately connected with the water in the others. The chief 
 source contains, in sixteen ounces 
 
 0'43 grains of sulphate of potash 
 2'68 carbonate of soda 
 
 o-oi 
 
 0-32 
 
 o-oi 
 
 0-08 
 0-05 
 0-03 
 0-43 
 0-10 
 0-05 
 0-02 
 0-13 
 0-31 
 0-09 
 
 carbonate of lithia 
 carbonate of lime 
 carbonate of strontia 
 carbonate of manganese 
 carbonate of magnesia 
 carbonate of iron 
 chloride of sodium 
 chloride of potassium 
 iodide of potassium 
 phosphate of alumina 
 silico-fluoride of sodium 
 silica 
 crenic acid 
 
 4-84 thus rather less than 5 grains. 
 
 Carbonic acid, 0*39 cubic inches; Nitrogen, 0*49, or about half an 
 inch. 
 
 * Temple-bath spring. f The stone -bath spring. 
 
78 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 In 100 parts of gas, the Stadtbadquelle contains about 4*7 
 of carbonic acid, 0'6 of oxygen, and more than 94 '5 of nitrogen. 
 This will remind you of the proportions observed at Wildbad. 
 In former times only the baths were employed, but latterly 
 drinking is frequently added to the external course. Peat-baths 
 are also employed since 1835. The peat is dark-brown, of an 
 unctuous touch, tasteless, and of a bituminous smell. It contains 
 sulphate, muriate, and humate of soda, lime, magnesia, iron, and 
 other bases, with a great quantity of extractive substance and 
 humus. This carbonaceous peat is dried, then mixed with 
 thermal water into a sort of pap, and employed of a different 
 temperature, according to prescription, in movable baignoires ; 
 a common thermal bath is immediately taken after emerging from 
 the peat. Teplitz is found very efficacious in chronic rheumatism, 
 in anomalous gout with swellings and contractions, in induration of 
 the cellular tisue, in paralysis and stiffness from wounds; also 
 in paralytic diseases, from metastatic eruptions. A very strength- 
 ening power is likewise ascribed to the spa in derangement of the 
 sexual system, and a regulating influence in abnormal, catamenial, 
 and haemorrhoidal flux. 
 
 During my visit last year, the cure of a Dresden physician 
 from paralysis as a consequence of typhus fever created so deep 
 an impression, that I am induced to enter into some particulars. 
 Dr. Wengler relates, in his ' Words of Consolation for Paralytics,' 
 that, falling ill in 1848, he was induced to take an emetic. Not 
 finding the expected relief, he resorted to the country, by the 
 advice of Professor von Ammon, of Dresden. The disease soon 
 assumed a typhous character. Six others in the same family 
 were seized with typhus. His sister, nineteen years of age, 
 died. In the beginning of 1849 the doctor's consciousness re- 
 turned, and then he learned that, during four months, he had 
 mostly lain in delirium, and that his life had been frequently in 
 imminent danger from apoplexy. He found his legs and one arm 
 paralysed; he could neither stand nor walk, nor was he able 
 to sit with ease. As soon as summer approached, he was 
 wheeled about in a chair for the benefit of the air. In April 
 he resorted to Teplitz, under the advice of Dr. Schmelkes, a 
 highly respected resident physician. Neither in the pelvic region 
 nor in the vertebral column did he feel any pressure or pain. 
 Nutrition of the thighs was still deficient. But he could now 
 bend and extend his legs ; three months before, he had always 
 involuntarily kept the thighs bent, and, brought to consciousness, 
 
TEPLITZ. 79 
 
 he had been unable to extend them. Emaciation was greater 
 on the right side; the extensor muscles of the foot were con- 
 siderably atrophied ; the feet were swollen, particularly on the 
 dorsal surface ; the toes were bent inwards, so that he could not 
 place the whole sole of the foot on the ground. Professor von 
 Ammon had therefore slated it as his opinion, that effusion had 
 taken place at the lower part of the spinal marrow, and was 
 exercising pressure on the nerves of the lower extremities. The 
 Professor particularly thought the ischiatic nerve affected. Dr. 
 Schmelkes recommended the town-baths, and procured a con- 
 venient residence for him in the Herrenhaus, where the warmed 
 corridors prevented his taking cold whilst being wheeled to the 
 baths, which he began the second day after his arrival, with a 
 temperature of 28 Reaumur (95 Fahrenheit) for twenty minutes. 
 During immersion the affected parts were rubbed with a long- 
 handled brush. After the bath he was placed in bed again (with 
 the injunction of avoiding sleep), and allowed some Hungarian 
 wine for his second breakfast. He was wheeled about in the air 
 from noon till evening, and then allowed to recline on the sofa. 
 After three weeks the temperature of the baths was fixed at 
 29 Reaumur = 97J Fahrenheit, and on the 13th of May the first 
 douche-bath to the spine was administered, under Dr. Schmelkes' 
 personal inspection. Whilst the whole back became rose-red, a 
 small place between the second and third dorsal vertebra assumed 
 a bluish-red colour, probably indicating the spot where the effu- 
 sion had taken place, the absorption of which was now the chief 
 task. The discoloration was greater at the right side. 
 
 He took one douche-bath every other day, and afterwards at 
 various intervals ; altogether, within two and a half months, 
 nineteen douche and twenty-six general baths. Towards the end 
 of June he returned home, with his mental faculties improved ; 
 the previous irritation and tickling of the larynx, with cough, 
 was quite gone, the bowels were regular, and the urine was 
 passed without difficulty. The right upper arm could be moved 
 a little more freely, and the lower extremities were stronger. 
 An eruption had appeared at the back of the foot, of an ecze- 
 matous character, with small desquamations. Subsequently he 
 resorted to the electro-magnetic rotatory apparatus of Reil for 
 a quarter of an hour every other day, and then every day, 
 altogether twenty-six times. Afterwards he employed ant va- 
 pour-baths, by causing an anthill to be dug up, and the ants to 
 be covered in a vessel with boiling water. The vapours, passing 
 
80 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 along his legs, caused a prickling sensation and abundant local 
 perspiration. He now tried crutches, but unsuccessfully; the 
 feet hung down helplessly, and the hands became numbed from 
 the pressure on the axillary nerves. 
 
 The following spring he again resorted to Teplitz. Baths 
 of 97 Fahr. were at once taken without douches, but the pa- 
 tient used thermal foot-baths of 111 Fahr. Double-armed 
 crutches were now tried (distributing the weight to the hands), 
 and this time with success. After every ten to twenty paces, 
 the attendant had to support him with his knees, at first, to 
 prevent his falling. At the expiration of four weeks crutches 
 were the only assistance required. During this stay Dr. Wengler 
 took cognisance of the following cases : A gentleman thirty- 
 four years of age, from Zwickau, whose hands and feet became 
 paralysed in consequence of taking a cold river -bath during a 
 heated state of the skin, was considerably improved after a six- 
 weeks' course, and able to make some use of the injured limbs. 
 But the spa afforded little relief in paralysis of the feet, hands, 
 and neck, occurring in the case of a young lady of Brunswick, 
 where nodous gout was considered to be the cause of the evil. 
 In another case of paraplegia of the lower extremities of a lady 
 from Pilsen, caused by the death of a married sister and other 
 depressing misfortunes, the baths of Teplitz had not, at the time 
 of the doctor's departure, exhibited any good effects. But in 
 another case great benefit resulted from their use. A govern- 
 ment employe from Berlin had used the cold-water cure for 
 ischias rheumatica, and had received in exchange for his previous 
 complaint chronic inn animation of both the knees, with con- 
 siderable effusion, preventing extension of the thighs ; walking 
 and standing were thus rendered impossible. When this patient 
 left Teplitz with the doctor, after a course of the baths, the 
 swelling of the knees was considerably diminished, and he 
 could walk with two sticks. In the middle of January 1850 
 Dr. Wengler could ascend the stairs without holding the 
 balusters, and a week later he could descend them without 
 assistance. 
 
 In April 1850 he again sought the spa, from which he had 
 derived so much advantage. On the 5th of May he took the 
 first bath, of 97^ Fahr. as before, and after twenty minutes he 
 kept his feet for a few minutes in water of 109 Fahr. After 
 a few weeks' course, he ascended the Konigshohe, and, to his 
 great surprise, reached the summit without assistance or mishap, 
 
TKPL1TZ. 81 
 
 and enjoyed the view of the charming valley at his feet. The 
 doctor was rejoiced to meet in this season the lady from Pilsen, 
 greatly improved, and walking without assistance. But the 
 greatest astonishment was created by the healthy appearance 
 of the gentleman from Zwickau, whom the doctor scarcely recog- 
 nised. He also met the employe from Berlin, very much un- 
 proved, but less so than the Zwickau gentleman. 
 
 During a two months' sojourn, the doctor had used forty-eight 
 baths, and two douche-baths. 
 
 Perhaps you may question the utility of the above details, and 
 think the mere statement of the disease might have answered the 
 same purpose. 
 
 But in such compound action of remedial, climatic, and dietetic 
 influences, I consider well-authenticated cases of the utmost value 
 for the proper appreciation of the respective spas. 
 
 Let us subject the remarks of the doctor to some examina- 
 tion. 
 
 It will be admitted that a well-established instance of paralysis 
 from typhus fever has been chiefly cured through the power of 
 Teplitz. We have also seen paralysis, through the sudden effect 
 of cold, cured by the same agency ; and thirdly, metastatic inflam- 
 mation of the knees, accompanied with effusion, greatly improved, 
 whilst no perceptible effect was perceived in paralysis of the 
 lower extremities from nodous gout. I may take occasion to 
 observe, that according to the view I offered in the lecture on 
 Wildbad, the latter case was peculiarly fitted for the Wurtem- 
 berg spa, where the combined influence of chloride of sodium and 
 nitrogen might have brought about a result unattainable at 
 Teplitz. Taking into account the effect we may expect from 
 thermal water penetrating the absorbent vessels and adding car- 
 bonate of soda and of lime with some chloride of sodium to the 
 circulating fluids, we may distinguish cases requiring the spa 
 with predominant carbonate of soda (Teplitz). The nervous 
 system having, in the case of Dr. Wengler, lain so long in com- 
 parative prostration with the attendant irritation of the alimentary 
 mucous membrane, the sodaic liquid in the first instance dimi- 
 nished the gastric irritability by neutralising its acidity. In the 
 next place it improved the renal function by diminishing the 
 excessive formation of uric acid. We saw improved vesical ac- 
 tion in the first course. By indirectly promoting fluidity of 
 the nutrient liquid, the reflux of venous blood must become 
 facilitated; add to this the local irritation resulting from the 
 
 G 
 
82 GEKMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 douche, forming a revulsive from the internal affection, and 
 you will require no mysterious agency to explain the cure 
 brought to your notice giving a sure indication in analagous 
 cases. 
 
 The case of paralysis through the cold bath will admit of a 
 similar explanation. In the third case of metastatic inflamma- 
 tion, through the slow action of cold, we have already witnessed 
 a less degree of efficacy. The improved action of the nervous 
 system was not sufficient to induce absorption of the exuded 
 particles. It is highly improbable that four spas should be 
 equally curative, while they each possess different ingredients in 
 predominance. 
 
 As regards the temperature of the baths, it is necessary to 
 guard against using the hotter ones improperly. Those of Schonau 
 are preferred where cooler baths are required. As a general rule, 
 it is advisable always to begin with the cooler baths, and then only 
 rise in the temperature with great care and circumspection. I 
 need not state that plethoric persons, or those inclined to apoplexy, 
 to congestion, or to obstipation, have to avoid the warmer baths, 
 and often to avoid the spa altogether : as also persons with erethic 
 weakness, or with tendency to thoracic affections. Torpid and 
 phlegmatic individuals will bear the warmer baths better. The 
 country people always prefer the higher temperature, and resort 
 to cupping in order to guard against mischievous consequences. 
 The danger of this habit is too obvious to require further com- 
 ment. Drs. Horing, Kratzmann, Richter, Seiche, Willigk, 
 Eberle, Hirsch, Karmin, Kraus, practise at the spa, besides 
 Dr. Schmelkes, mentioned in Dr. Wengler's case. Teplitz * is 
 very frequently resorted to as a restorative, after the somewhat 
 weakening course of Carlsbad. Unfortunately, this class of 
 patients consider themselves justified to indulge in the luxuries 
 of the table, which were denied them by the strict dietetic rules 
 necessary at Carlsbad. Carelessness in drinking cold beverages 
 after different sorts of fruit is one of the most frequent occur- 
 rences. 
 
 At my visit last year, the cholera had suddenly broken out 
 (in August), and carried off several victims very rapidly, and, 
 strange to say, almost exclusively those who had previously used 
 one or other of the pikrothermae. This caused such a panic that 
 the place was cleared of its numerous fashionable and unfashionable 
 
 * Hotels : Prince de Ligne, Stadt London, Post. 
 
TEPLITZ. 83 
 
 visitors in a very short time, at the height of the season. Still 
 every death was clearly traceable to the sufferer's own intem- 
 perance or want of caution, and especially to the habit just 
 referred to. Not one of the inhabitants was seized by that 
 formidable disease. Both from medical and philanthropic reasons 
 I felt extremely gratified to find confirmation of the notion forced 
 upon me by the observation of the epidemic in London, viz. that 
 no disease can be prevented with more safety and certainty than 
 cholera, and, above all, that unguardedness, especially in drinking, 
 is one of the most frequent, if not absolutely the chief provocative 
 of the disease. At least I found those cases the most virulent 
 which could be traced to the imprudence of drinking cold liquids 
 after fatty dishes ; whilst, on the other hand, the mere eating of 
 even indigestible or excessive nutriment had not the power of 
 producing that mysterious disease. According to my own belief, 
 it is quite impossible that a specific should ever be found against 
 cholera. From the various cases that have fallen under my 
 observation, I could not help coming to the conclusion, that the 
 disease was not only different in different individuals, but that, in 
 the same patient, you have a series of perfectly distinct, and I 
 might almost say opposite morbid phenomena before you, which 
 so vary in their nature, that a remedy curative of the one series 
 must be rationally considered useless or even injurious to the 
 other. For instance, I have found the stage of collapse (where 
 the extremities exhibit an icy coldness, the face a livid hue, and 
 the wrists absence of or scarcely perceptible pulsation), a disease 
 in which the constant vomiting and purging are not only not to 
 be checked, but this violent intestinal irritation seems actually an 
 effort of nature to prevent life from flagging away under the 
 intense prostration of the whole nervous system. During this 
 period, such remedies only can be of any avail which tend to 
 restore vitality, without the slightest regard to the tumultuous 
 alvine action. But the means answering their purpose in this 
 stage will be quite useless in the next, when more power has been 
 recalled and reaction set in. Now the morbidity of the abdominal 
 phenomena demands urgent removal. No doubt this circumstance 
 caused so many conflicting reports and such sad disappointments 
 from every possible remedy suggested. Let it be a fixed rule 
 with you, if ever the epidemic should unfortunately revisit this 
 island, that specifics, recommended by whatever authority, are 
 based on delusion too soon to be dissipated. Observe the morbid 
 phenomena, and counteract them out of the ordinary store of 
 
 G 2 
 
 
84 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 healing agents at your command. But to insure success the 
 patient must be seen frequently, and the remedies varied according 
 to the varying stages of the disease. What I state to you here 
 is not mere theory, but the digest of observed facts, and it was 
 God's will that under this method several cases were cured where 
 no hope of recovery existed at the outset. 
 
BITTER SPRINGS. 85 
 
 
 LECTURE VIII. 
 
 PIKROPEG^E CARLSBAD. 
 
 THE neighbourhood of the spa treated of in our last lecture, leads 
 us to the consideration of another class of mineral waters, viz. to 
 that of the Pikropegae (bitter springs, from Trucpos, bitter, and 
 7777777, spring), characterised by the predominance of sulphate of 
 magnesia, or of soda, which imparts to them a bitterish and some- 
 times a nauseous taste. The abundance of free carbonic acid 
 removes the mawkishness or nausea of some, whilst heat modifies 
 the flavour in others. Generally they are transparent and colour- 
 less ; small quantities of atmospheric air or carbonic acid are 
 found in most of them rarely traces of sulphuretted hydrogen. 
 
 They are called pikrothermcB, if warm or hot (from iriicpos, 
 bitter, and Osp/jios, hot), and possess a taste similar to that of 
 chicken-broth, like the weaker halothermas ; and pikrokrena3, if 
 cold (from iriKpos, bitter, and tcprfvr}, adopted as the appellation 
 for cold springs). The alkaline bitter waters display a less bitter 
 and mawkish taste than the earthy, particularly if impregnated 
 with a sufficient amount of free carbonic acid ; for instance, Franz- 
 ensbad. Contact with organic substances, pieces of straw, &c. 
 whilst the bottles are filling, easily produces decomposition and 
 evolution of sulphuretted hydrogen gas. 
 
 The bitter springs originate in volcanic mountains, or in strata 
 of marl, sometimes in secondary layers of gypsum. Their general 
 effect consists in depression of the organic vitality, and they are, 
 therefore, indicated in cases of general irritability, with obstructed 
 abdominal circulation. Of course admixture of iron or other 
 metals modifies this result to a considerable degree. 
 
 Coexistence of carbonate of soda in the same spring causes 
 a very powerful combined alterative action on sanguification. 
 From its vicinity to Teplitz, our next visit is claimed by Bilin, 
 which we may inspect before reaching the pikropegas. It is a 
 
86 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 little town, of nearly 3,000 inhabitants, situated on the river 
 Bila, which meanders through the Middel -mountain, and then 
 enters the Elbe near Aussig. The springs are situated about 
 half a league from the town, at the eastern declivity of the 
 Ganghof. In wandering through the shady walk which leads to 
 the springs, you pass on your left the laboratory, in which 
 magnesia is prepared in large quantities from the chemical 
 interchange between the sulphate of magnesia of Saidschiitz and 
 the carbonate of soda of the Bilin spring. The soda of the 
 concentrated Bilin water combining with the sulphuric acid of 
 that of Saidschiitz for the formation of sulphate of soda, carbonate 
 of magnesia separates. These works yield a large income to 
 the proprietor (Prince Lobkowitz). Behind the Arhaus, on 
 the right, you descend by stone steps to the chief spring, Josephs- 
 quelle ; the water is clear and sparkling, with an agreeable 
 pungent taste; temperature, 52 Fahrenheit; specific gravity, 
 1,006. In the abundance of carbonate of soda, it surpasses all 
 German springs (Vichy, in France, possesses a larger quantity). 
 Analysis, according to Struve, shows it to possess 38 grains of 
 solid constituents in 16 ounces, viz. : 
 
 Comparison with 
 Teplitz. 
 
 2273 grains of carbonate of soda . . . 2'68 
 
 3-06 lime . . . 0'49 
 
 1*19 magnesia . . 0'28 
 
 6-17 sulphate of soda 0*54 
 
 2-88 chloride of sodium . . . . 0'42 
 
 1*73 sulphate of potash 0*43 
 
 0'02 basic phosphate of alumina . . . 0*02 
 
 0-35 silex 0'31 
 
 f carb. ir. 0'03 
 Traces of strontia and iron, j strontia . 01 
 
 Carbonate acid 33 cubic in. 
 
 A great analogy therefore exists between the two as regards 
 quality. 
 
 The water is more drunk at other places than at its source, 
 upwards of 90,000 bottles being annually exported. Compared 
 with Selters water it has the advantage of possessing 16 grains 
 more of carbonate of soda, but the latter from its greater quantity 
 of chloride of sodium (17 grains in 16 ounces) has a more agree- 
 able taste, and deserves the preference whenever the properties of 
 the latter salt are more requisite. 
 
 Fachingen water bears a great resemblance to Bilin, having 
 
BITTER SPRINGS. 87 
 
 only five grains less of carbonate of soda, and about two more of 
 common salt. 
 
 Geilnau, which is also frequently used as an alkaline water, 
 contains only 11 grains of solid constituents, and of these only 
 six are carbonate of soda, two carbonate of magnesia, and two of 
 lime. Heppingen contains the same quantity of carbonate of soda, 
 of magnesia, and of lime, but has, in addition, three grains of 
 common salt and two of sulphate of soda (altogether 15 grains), 
 and thus its efficacy holds an intermediate position between 
 Fachingen and Geilnau. 
 
 Without further dwelling on the medical properties of Bilinj 
 which are those of carbonate of soda, referred to in the last 
 lecture, we pursue our course to the south and inspect Saidschiitz, 
 situated two leagues to the south-east of Bilin, in the eastern part 
 of the plain of the bitter waters. Deep ditches are dug into thfe 
 marl, composed of basalt, quartz sand, and carbonate of lime. 
 These gradually fill with atmospheric water, and get impregnated 
 with the soluble parts of their earthy beds. The drier the season, 
 the more concentrated will be their contents. 
 
 Before being medicinally employed, these nauseous waters were 
 known in the neighbourhood under the denomination of ( Laxir,' 
 f Fress,' or f Fieberwasser ' (purging, appetite-making, or fever 
 water). 
 
 Saidschutz, enjoying a higher situation, is less exposed to the 
 influx of meteoric water than its westerly neighbour, Seidlitz ; 
 and thus its greater abundance of solid ingredients is accounted 
 for. The ridge, gently sinking from Krssina to the Serpina bog, 
 encloses the limited locality of these bitter springs. Saidschiitz 
 contains in 16 ounces 178 grains (nearly 3 drachms) of solid 
 constituents viz. 
 
 46f grains of sulphate of soda 
 
 84 , sulphate of magnesia 
 
 10 , sulphate of lime 
 
 2 , chloride of magnesium 
 
 5 , carbonate of magnesia 
 
 1 , crenate of magnesia 
 
 25 nitrate of magnesia 
 
 3-100 ,, iodide of magnesium. 
 
 You have then sulphate of magnesia as the chief ingredient, 
 with about half the quantity of sulphate of soda, and nearly a third 
 of nitrate of magnesia. Its property as a solvent, aperient, cooling, 
 and antiphlogistic remedy is too obvious from its composition to 
 
88 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 require any further explanation. Saidschiitz salt is prepared by 
 concentration, crystallisation, and separation of the sulphate of 
 magnesia, by means of its greater solubility. It is obtained in 
 the shops under the name of bitter salt, or more commonly under 
 that of ' Englisches Salz '( English salt). Seidlitz, about half- 
 an-hour's walk to the north-west of Saidschiitz, contains only 126 
 grains of solid ingredients in 16 ounces (nearly a drachm less than 
 Saidschiitz), viz. no sulphate of soda; 104 grains of sulphate of 
 magnesia ; 8 grains of sulphate of lime ; 3 grains of chloride of 
 magnesium ; 3 grains of carbonate of magnesia ; 8 grains of car- 
 bonate of lime (none contained in Saidschiitz) ; no silex ; no 
 nitrate of magnesia. 
 
 Analogous to the composition of Saidschiitz, it exerts a less 
 aperient power, its sulphates being less in quantity and partially 
 counteracted by the presence of carbonate of lime. The absence 
 of the antiplastic nitrate renders it a still weaker agent in coun- 
 teracting congestive fulness of internal organs. The real Seidlitz- 
 powder, which I have prepared for this lecture, by evaporation, 
 you will find vastly different from the pleasant and refreshing 
 Seidlitz-powder sold in commerce, with the alkali in white and the 
 acid in blue paper, and consisting of triple tartrate of potash and 
 soda. 
 
 Pullna, the furthest to the west, lies on the road to Carlsbad, 
 and possesses several enclosed wells ; only one, however, is used, 
 being of such abundance, that 6,000 small bottles might be filled 
 weekly with it. The above three waters are remarkable for their 
 disagreeably bitter taste and their yellowish tint. When drawn, 
 they are clear and transparent. Drunk at the springs, the nausea 
 is partially diminished through the somewhat greater proportion of 
 carbonic acid. When used at a distance, I always find the effect 
 increased, and the assimilation of the water facilitated, by adding 
 an equal quantity of hot water to that medicinally required. 
 Piillna contains in 16 ounces 251 grains (nearly 4 scruples more 
 than Saidschiitz); viz. 123 grains of sulphate of soda (about 4 
 scruples more than Saidschiitz) ; 93 grains of sulphate of mag- 
 nesia ; 4 J grains of sulphate of potash (none contained in Said- 
 schiitz or Seidlitz) ; 2J grains of sulphate of lime ; 19-J grains of 
 chloride of magnesium (only two in Saidschiitz); 6J grains of 
 carbonate of magnesia; f grain of carbonate of lime: 17-100ths 
 grain of silex ; no nitrate of magnesia ; no iodide of magnesium. 
 This analysis at once informs you of its greater power as a deri- 
 vative, aperient, and solvent, than the two former. 
 

 BITTER WATERS. 89 
 
 Before leaving the subject of the bitter waters, which are rather 
 to be classed as medical beverages than as mineral springs, allow 
 me to bring to your notice a fourth, also frequently employed in 
 analogous cases, though its origin lies some distance from the spot 
 which we are treating of at present. I allude to the saline bitter 
 water of Friedrichshall, in the dukedom of Saxen-Meiningen, near 
 the village of Lindenau, four leagues distant from Coburg. The 
 place has been noted for its salt-works for several centuries. 
 Glaubersalt was obtained from the brine, under the appellation of 
 sal aperitivum Fridericianum. Dr. Bartenstein, of Hildburg- 
 hausen, has caused the water to be employed since 1843. To 
 approximate its strength to that of Piillna, it is concentrated by 
 graduating works and filtering processes, and not exported till its 
 specific gravity amounts to 1,022 at 54^ Fahrenheit. The 
 water is clear and transparent, and contains in 16 ounces 194J 
 grains of solid constituents (nearly a drachm less than Pu'llna, 
 and a scruple more than Saidschiitz), viz. 46 J grains of sulphate 
 of soda, 39J grains of sulphate of magnesia, 1^ grains of sulphate 
 of potash, 10 J grains of sulphate of lime, 30^ grains of chloride 
 of magnesium (half a scruple more than Piillna), 3 1-1 Oth grains 
 of carbonate of magnesia, 1-1 Oth grain of carbonate of lime. 
 
 Besides the above, bearing analogy to the Bohemian bitter 
 waters, it contains 8-10ths grain of bromide of magnesium, 
 61 1-1 Oth grains of chloride of sodium, and 5 cubic inches of car- 
 bonic acid. 
 
 If, then, the bitter waters are generally useful in indigestion, 
 in deficient alvine secretions, in abnormal bilification, in plethora 
 and venous dyscrasia, in thoracic or cerebral congestion, Dr. Bar- 
 tenstein considers the water of Friedrichshall, from its chlorides, 
 particularly appropriate in various diseases of nutrition, where 
 Piillna would exert a too lowering influence. He found it very 
 useful, in dyspepsia, even connected with inflammatory irritation 
 of the stomach, when taken in small doses of two to three wine- 
 glasses full, at shorter or longer intervals ; in erethic gastro- 
 dynia, &c. Even in pyloric induration, he witnessed vomiting 
 diminished by the water taken in doses of a tablespoonful. He 
 also recommends it in flatulence, acidity, and the spasms of child- 
 hood, arising from irritation during difficult dentition, in mucosity 
 of the pulmonary mucous membrane, and in hysteria and hypo- 
 chondriasis, based on abdominal obstructions : in chronic swellings 
 of the spleen he observed rapid cures by a course of the water 
 in small quantities ; also in hepatic hypertrophy, after a long- 
 
90 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 continue 1 intermittent fever. For the habitual venesections of 
 many persons, to counteract apoplectic tendency, the water 
 may be safely substituted. He considers it as holding an in- 
 termediate position between the bitter and more tonic saline 
 waters. Its happy combination of chloride of sodium, of 
 magnesium, and bromide, with the sulphates of soda and 
 magnesia, allows us to expect a combined solvent, alterative, 
 and aperient efficacy. 
 
 Carlsbad. But let us proceed on our journey. If you desire 
 to travel uninterruptedly from Teplitz to Carlsbad, you may 
 leave at 6 P.M. by the eilwagen, and in thirteen hours you will 
 reach the so-called king of the German spas. Carlsbad is situated 
 at latitude N. 50, longitude E. 13, in the Elnbogner Kreis, of 
 Bohemia, on both sides the Tepl River, in a narrow deep valley, 
 which extends from south to north, at an elevation of 1,100 feet 
 above the level of the North Sea, eighty miles to the west of 
 Prague, ninety to the south-west of Dresden, sixty-five to the 
 south-west of Teplitz. 
 
 You see the River Tepl (which means in Bohemian, the f warm 
 one ') originate in the south above Marienbad, about 50 latitude, 
 and entering the Eger River in the north. Carlsbad, a charming 
 little town of 3,000 inhabitants, allows free access to the north 
 winds, as you will perceive from its situation ; the temperature 
 is therefore subject to sudden changes, though the climate is 
 generally temperate. You also see the valley devoid of moun- 
 tainous enclosure in the west. The discovery of the spa is 
 ascribed to a dog of the Emperor Charles IV., wh0, about four 
 and a half centuries ago, when in pursuit of a stag, leaped into a 
 spring, and attracted the huntsmen by its painful howlings. When 
 they arrived, they found him in the hot spring now called ( Spru- 
 del ' (Bubbler), because its steaming liquid constantly rises and 
 falls with a hissing noise. The spot from which that famous leap 
 is said to have taken place, assumed the name of ' Hirschen- 
 sprung ' ( stag's leap) to the west of the town. 
 
 To the south, you remark the Hammerberg ; to the north-east, 
 the Kreuzberg, on the other side of the Tepl. These are the 
 highest mountains. The Laurenz Mountain, or Tappen, to the 
 east, and Galgen Mountain, to the north, are somewhat lower. 
 The rocks consist chiefly of granite. The Schlossberg, leaning 
 on the Hirschenstein, is composed of horn-stone. Immense masses 
 of volcanic origin reach from Schlackenwerth to Engenwall. 
 About a quarter of a league below Carlsbad, the valley widens 
 

 CARLSBAD. 91 
 
 and allows the Tepl to pour its contents into the Eger River. 
 The road to Carlsbad from the height (if coming from Prague) 
 makes a sombre and yet a grand impression, as you descend into 
 the deep basin. From the western Eger you enter on a plain ; 
 both roads join at the Franzensbriicke, and conduct you into 
 Carlsbad on the right shore of the Tepl, where, also, the Sprudel 
 takes its origin. Many bridges join the two parts of the town. 
 The streets are generally narrow, with the exception of those 
 called ' Wiesen ' (meadows). Poor patients are provided for, with- 
 out distinction of country or religion, in the hospital built at the 
 foot of the Bernhard Rock. The environs of Carlsbad are most 
 charming. Picturesque and wild scenery constantly alternates 
 with beautiful park-like clusters of trees ; green meadows, with 
 woody hills ; dark shady walks, with widely-spread open prospects. 
 By the ' Puppische Alice,' a gravel foot-path leads you to the 
 walks on the ridge and declivity of the Hammerberg on the right, 
 and Laurenzberg on the left. From the ( Neue Wiese,' through 
 an excellent carriage-road, the villages of Hammer and Aich may 
 be reached, with the rapid Tepl between them. The walks to the 
 so-called Himmel auf Erden, to the Posthof, Hirschensprung, 
 Schiessehaus, Antonsgrube, Dichterbank, Belvedere, Augustus- 
 platz, &c. &c. offer many pleasant views. For further excur- 
 sions you are invited by the town of Elbogen (two leagues to the 
 south-west), situated on a steep rock, and encircled by the Eger 
 River in the form of an elbow (hence its name of Elbogen), to the 
 city of Schlackenwall (a league to the south of Elbogen), with 
 its lead and tin mines, and to Joachimsthal (four leagues from 
 Carlsbad), where silver mines were worked in the sixteenth cen- 
 tury. The ruins of Engelhaus (two leagues to the east of Carls- 
 bad), on the summit of a high rock, on the road to Prague, and 
 many other places, furnish a great variety of inducements for 
 pedestrian or carriage exercise. 
 
 The springs issue out of limestone, into which wooden pipes 
 are fixed to distribute and equalise the proportion of the rising 
 fluid. This limestone is formed by the water itself, which deposits 
 calcareous sinter in proportion as it loses its carbonic acid. These 
 stony masses extend from one bank of the Tepl to the other, in 
 the middle of the town, and supply foundations for many houses. 
 Wherever you break through these stony coverings, hot water 
 issues. The petrification lies deeper on the right shore, being 
 more particularly fed by the hot source. Out of six apertures 
 the sprudel water issues with a temperature of 59 Reaumur, = 
 
92 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 165| Fahrenheit, five being near each other, and the sixth, more 
 distant, is the Hygiaeensquelle. About fifteen yards further, in the 
 bed of the Tepl, a larger hole is bored into the sprudel-crust, and 
 provided with a plug, which is only removed on certain occasions. 
 The above openings are walled in, being situated below the level 
 of the Tepl. The wall supports a boarded enclosure, in which 
 you find the chief source, called the Sprudel or Springer (jumper), 
 the water spontaneously jerking upwards in a perpendicular tube, 
 which rises one yard above the boards, and has a diameter of three 
 inches ; the height of the water-column from the ground amounts 
 to four yards. About nineteen times a minute the water jumps 
 up and sinks again. This arises from the accumulation of car- 
 bonic acid in the upper parts of the sprudel-basin. Its gradually 
 increased expansive power at last breaks a wider passage through 
 the water, which becomes pressed down, in consequence, to admit 
 the issue of the carbonic acid from the water-pipe. As soon as 
 this is partially diffused, and diminished on the surface, the water 
 is allowed free scope to rise again, and thus the process continues, 
 emitting alternately carbonic acid and water. The jerks are 
 not all of equal power ; generally after eight or ten weaker and 
 quicker discharges, a stronger and more abundant one ensues, 
 with an accompanying dull subterranean hissing. If the plug be 
 removed from the deeper artificial borehole fixed in the Tepl, only 
 gas escapes from the Sprudel, without any water. The other 
 Sprudel-openings are covered by boards, and cannot therefore 
 be seen. The constantly deposited sinter accumulates to such an 
 extent, that the holes must be bored out four times a-year to pre- 
 vent their being closed, and inducing sprudel-eruptions in conse- 
 quence. In former times these eruptions were more frequent 
 than now, less attention having been paid to the safety-holes. One 
 of the most violent happened on the 2nd of September, 1809. 
 On the night of the 1st of September the Sprudel began all at 
 once to jerk its water up with great violence to the height of the 
 wooden ceiling. Removal of the plug in the safety-hole induced 
 a quiet flow again. Some hours, however, after the plug had 
 been refastened, the next day (2nd of September) the Sprudel 
 covering broke in several places, and a new Sprudel (hygiaeens- 
 quelle) with the same heat, but more abundant and powerful than 
 the former, issued forth, throwing the water to a height of eight 
 or nine feet. Fissures also appeared in the pavement near the 
 Sprudel, which had ceased to throw its water up, and to emit the 
 usual subterranean hissing. The more distant Schlossbrunnen 
 
CARLSBAD. 93 
 
 flowed with less abundance and with diminished temperature, and 
 at last ceased entirely. The new ' Springer ' found about fifteen 
 yards from its predecessor, beyond the * sprudel wall/ continued 
 to jerk to the above-mentioned height till its opening was con 
 siderably widened, and provided with a large pipe, by which the 
 original spring was restored to its former force, so that the parvenu 
 now only flows over alternately, and has scarcely a claim to the 
 title of < Sprudel.' 
 
 The Schlossbrunnen, reappearing in 1823 (^fourteen years after 
 having vanished) with the decreased temperature of 93 at first, 
 but having now again 113 Fahr., lies farthest away from the 
 Tepl, and issues out of a rocky ground at a more considerable 
 height than the others. This greater distance from the common 
 source out of which all the springs are supposed to arise, accounts 
 for its diminished temperature. The Muhlbrunnen lies in a dark 
 corner on the other side of the Tepl, about 400 yards from the 
 Sprudel at the foot of the Schlossberg opposite the Miihlbad- 
 bridge temperature, 132 Fahrenheit. A colonnade extends 
 from this spot along the bank of the river as far as the Bernhard 
 Rock : this spring is much vised for drinking. About thirty yards 
 further we perceive the Neulrunnen, temperature 141 Fahrenheit. 
 From the stairs that lead to the Wandelbahn (promenading path) 
 you descend on the left to the BernharcFs brunnen, the hottest in 
 this region, its temperature amounting to 153 Fahrenheit (12 
 Fahrenheit warmer than the Neubrunnen). Ascending some 
 stairs from the colonnade we observe the Theresienbrunnen (for- 
 merly called the Gartenbrunnen), with a pleasant shady walk, 
 bordered by lime-trees. Temperature, 126^ Fahrenheit (for- 
 merly 133). Quite at the end of the town, behind the hospital, 
 and on the declivity of the Bernhard Rock, the Spitalbrunnen 
 originates, but it is only used for baths. Temperature of the 
 upper spring, 11 Of Fahrenheit, and of the lower, 93. In 
 1838, a new spring made its appearance ; the Marktbrunnen, with 
 a temperature of 130 Fahrenheit; and as late as 1844, a mineral 
 source arose below the Bernhard Rock, and was named Stephanas 
 brunnen. Its present temperature is 131 Fahrenheit. The 
 freshly-drawn water of all the springs is perfectly clear, transpa- 
 rent, and inodorous, tasting like weak chicken-broth. Exposed 
 to the air, it assumes a milky appearance, and deposits on the 
 surface a whitish pellicle (bath-foam), and after some time a 
 yellowish precipitate sinks to the bottom, upon which the batli 
 exhibits a more lixivious odour. The water of the Miihl- and 
 
94 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 Theresienbrunnen sparkles more than the others. As regards 
 the quantity of the hot liquid poured out by the respective 
 springs, the Sprudel yields annually seventy millions of cubic 
 feet ; the Bernhard's brunnen, 800,000 ; the Neubrunnen, 71,000 ; 
 the Muhlbrunnen, 41,000; the Theresienbrunnen, 19,000 cubic 
 feet. With reference to the constituents of the various springs, 
 the same proportions are maintained in all of them, thus proving 
 a common origin, whilst the higher or lower temperature is due 
 to their deeper or more elevated issues. The mouth of the 
 Sprudel being nearest to the subterranean caldron, exhibits the 
 highest temperature. The Bernhard's brunnen having a lower 
 situation than all the others, after the two Sprudels, possesses a 
 corresponding higher temperature. The same proportion is shown 
 in the Neubrunnen and Theresienbrunnen, the two last named 
 lying just below each other. The Sprudel contains 41*92 grains 
 of solid constituents in sixteen ounces, viz. 19-86 sulphate of 
 soda (about half of the whole amount), 9*69 carbonate of soda 
 (about one-fourth), 7 '9 7 chloride of sodium (about one-fifth), 
 2 '37 carbonate of lime, 1'36 carbonate of magnesia, 0'02 carbonate 
 of iron, 0'57 silex. Besides some carbonate of strontia 7-1000, 
 of manganese 6-1000, phosphate of lime 1-1000, basic phosphate 
 of alumina 2-1000, and fluoride of calcium 24-1000. Carbonic 
 acid, 11 cubic inches ; specific gravity, 1-0049. The Neubrunnen 
 possesses 14^ cubic inches of carbonic acid, the Muhlbrunnen 15 J 
 cubic inches. Theresienbrunnen 36^ grains of solid constituents 
 in the same proportions, and 15^ cubic inches of carbonic acid. 
 Bernhard's brunnen also 36 J grains of solid ingredients, and 13 J 
 cubic inches of carbonic acid. The Schlossbrunnen contains 38-^ 
 grains of solid constituents, and amongst them 0*39 of sulphate 
 of potash, and 2-1000 of carbonate of lithia, with 13^ cubic 
 inches of carbonic acid. The Miihl- Theresien- and Neubrunnen, 
 abounding most in carbonic acid, are frequently used for drinking, 
 and exercise a less exciting influence, from the abundance of car- 
 bonic acid and from their lower temperature. The Schlossbrunnen^ 
 being cooler and not deficient in carbonic acid gas, is generally 
 recommended for commencing the course, and is also used for 
 exportation. 
 
 Springs of fresh and sweet water are rare about Carlsbad. As 
 regards the Tepl, I have to add, that its fall from the source 
 amounts to 600 feet in its short course of thirty miles. The 
 granite rocks, from which the springs originate, are partly of large, 
 and partly of small granular structure. Some layers of argil- 
 
CARLSBAD. 95 
 
 laceous porphyry are found taking the same direction as the 
 thermal springs. 
 
 The sprudel-water covers with white, brown, or yellowish in- 
 crustations all objects over which it has passed for some time. 
 The colour depends partly on the access or exclusion of atmos- 
 pheric air. In the former case, oxide of iron will make the crust 
 darker, and in the latter it will be merely calcareous, and display 
 a white colour. Pisoliths (pea-stones) are also products of the 
 thermal water ; probably grains of sand formed the nucleus round 
 which calcareous sinter became deposited. It seems somewhat 
 surprising, that this very liquid, with its remarkable petrifying 
 propriety, is the most powerful solvent in hepatic enlargements 
 and abdominal infarcta. Tough, viscid, intestinal mucosity becomes 
 mobilised and excreted; collected and indurated faeces are 
 discharged; the torpid portal circulation is called into greater 
 activity by the removal of acrid obstructing particles. The 
 increased production of animal matter, the source of gout and 
 lithiasis, is powerfully counteracted by the spa. The exciting 
 effect of heat is considerably diminished by the revulsive action, 
 whiclj the sulphate of soda exercises on the intestinal fibres, so 
 that common water of the same temperature as the Sprudel would 
 cause a much higher degree of cerebral excitement and general 
 sanguineous orgasm. The carbonate of soda contributes the 
 chief share in the marked action on incipient lithiasis exercised by 
 the spa. Excessive acidity of the organic juices is neutralised, 
 formation of uric acid diminished, and thus vesical irritation allayed. 
 The addition of chloride of sodium may chiefly perform the 
 function of improving the digestive process by increasing the 
 strength of the gastric juice, through the formation of hydrochloric 
 acid, so that alkalescence cannot reach too high a degree, whilst 
 the soda combines with the albumen of organic pseudo-produc- 
 tions and prepares them for elimination. The carbonate of lime 
 and magnesia assist the antacid and antilithic efficacy, whilst the 
 manganese, iron, and silica, increase the tone of the intestinal 
 fibre, and thus tend to prevent the too weakening effect of the 
 highly-solvent and antiplastic media. Imagine these particles 
 introduced into our organism, with the warm liquid and the accom- 
 panying volatile carbonic acid, and you will not be surprised at the 
 remarkable changes wrought in those numerous inveterate diseases 
 which originate from abdominal obstruction and retarded portal 
 circulation. The highest reputation is, however, enjoyed by the 
 spa in hepatic or splenetic enlargement, the consequence of inter- 
 
96 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 mittent fever, in colic produced by gallstones, &c. ; and from all 
 parts of the globe you may see individuals with puffed-up and 
 icteric appearance, and with unmistakable signs of depraved bili- 
 fication. Although many are cured, I need not tell you that some 
 are disappointed, and others, particularly if resorting to the spa 
 without due discrimination, even find their complaints aggravated; 
 and this may especially happen if the Sprudel be at once in- 
 cautiously used. The vascular and cerebral systems often show 
 signs of agitation, as headache, giddiness, lassitude, forgetfulness, 
 disinclination to exertion, restlessness, loss of appetite, sickness, 
 &c. ; these phenomena sometimes appear, in a slight degree, even 
 in phlegmatic individuals, when first using the hot springs in 
 fact, a sort of mild intoxication is produced. How much more, 
 then, may we expect plethoric persons to be affected, and those 
 disposed to cerebral congestion, apoplexy, inflammation of in- 
 ternal organs, or great general irritability! Such patients must, 
 therefore, never be recommended to resort to Carlsbad, though the 
 state of their hypochondriac organs may appear urgently to 
 demand it. Generally speaking, it is the most renowned mineral 
 water for hypochondriasis, with material basis, or in diseases caused 
 by repression of piles, which are made to flow, and thus relieve 
 the system from the array of metastatic disorders, to which such 
 invalids are liable. On the other hand, a person who suffered from 
 habitual giddiness after an intermittent fever, being sent to Carls- 
 bad, found the fever reproduced, which however disappeared 
 without further medicinal means, and carried its metaschematic 
 remnant with it. That callus of previously-united bones often 
 softens again, has been established by several writers. Former 
 wounds, or seats of gouty and rheumatic affections, become 
 painful and appear excited for some time, till crises ensue by the 
 bowels, skin, or kidneys, and restore the former state of health. 
 Anomalous gout, connected with deficient hepatic function, is fre- 
 quently cured here. Besides the state of plethora referred to 
 above, Carlsbad is also contra-indicated in actual digestive atony, 
 or in general debility, produced by loss of blood or other weak- 
 ening causes, in dropsy, scorbutic tendency, in phthisis, and inter- 
 nal suppuration, in lithiasis with great irritation, and such large 
 stones as cannot pass through the urethra, in organic diseases of 
 the heart, in chlorosis, &c. Increased salivary secretion sometimes 
 critically occurs during the course, and lasts for several days, 
 probably caused by reciprocal influence of the stimulated pancreas. 
 Appetite is heightened at first, but as the course proceeds, flatu- 
 lence, eructation, pressure on the pit of the stomach, tickling, and 
 
CARLSBAD. 97 
 
 stitches in the hypochondria, clammy taste in the mouth, &c. now 
 and then take place, and only yield after the critical discharges by 
 the bowels, skin, or kidneys have appeared. 
 
 The purging produced by Carlsbad differs from ordinary purga- 
 tion by very fetid, bilious, mucous, and fatty stools, more charged 
 with actual pseudo-formations or abnormal concretions than with 
 the serum of the blood ; it is therefore more an alterative of sangui- 
 fication than a weakening agent, though, from the above cautions, 
 you may infer that a certain amount of vital stamina is required 
 for undergoing a regular course. But the alvine evacuations are 
 not invariably increased ; an opposite effect sometimes takes place, 
 and then the Carlsbad salt is usually added. As regards the 
 choice of the respective springs, you have not only to consider the 
 various effects of heat, but also the difference of the quantity of 
 carbonic acid. Its amount is smaller, and its intrinsic impreg- 
 nation less adherent in proportion as the temperature is higher ; 
 whilst thus, in the hotter, loss of carbonic acid causes the 
 earthy bicarbonates to become sesquicarbonates, and liable 
 to precipitate, in the cooler the combinations of carbonic acid 
 retain for a longer period the character of bicarbonates, with 
 less liability to deposition. If you wish, then, to produce a deeply 
 penetrating action, and to excite the function of the skin and 
 kidneys more particularly, you will give the hottest, the Sprudel. 
 If you find a heightened alvine function to be the chief requisite, 
 you will recommend the Miihlbrunnen, or Theresienbrunnen ; but 
 if you merely desire an alterative action, a check of the abnormal 
 mucosity and pinguefaction, and a remedy against vascular 
 erethism, you will employ the coolest of the thermal springs, the 
 Schlossbrunnen. 
 
 A very frequent mode is to drink the cooler springs at first, 
 and after some time to combine them with the hotter in this way : 
 Supposing the patient receives four to six glasses of Schloss- 
 brunnen first, and increases the number ; after some time he sub- 
 stitutes for the last glass of the cool spring one of a hotter spring 
 then for the last two, for the last three, and so on, till the cool 
 spring is entirely superseded by the hotter one. Of course a 
 great deal depends in this respect on the individual experience of 
 the respective physicians, of whom there are not less than eighteen, 
 viz. : Drs. Hochberger, Preiss, Fleckles, Professor Dr. Seegen, 
 Drs. Hlawacek, Forster, Osterreicher, Berman, Damm, Anger, 
 Gans, Porges, Sorger, Kronser, Zimmer, Klauber, Stark, and 
 von Juchnowitz. 
 
 H 
 
98 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 Though the chief efficacy is expected from the internal use of 
 the springs, baths are also resorted to in the cooled mineral water. 
 The vapour of the Hygiaeensquelle is collected for vapour-baths. 
 Douche-baths, as well as clysters, are likewise employed in 
 appropriate cases. 
 
 Not content with all the above media, peat-soil is dug up at a 
 distance of about two miles from Carlsbad, and mixed with 
 Sprudel water for bathing, in cases of chronic rheumatism, 
 anomalous gout, in chronic exanthemata, &c. It is also used as 
 poultices in analogous local affections. 
 
 I have still to mention the Carlsbad salt, which is obtained by 
 the natural evaporation of the Sprudel water, in vessels fixed to 
 the bore-holes, whence formerly the water ran to waste into the 
 Tepl River. The crystallised salt consists chiefly of sulphate of 
 soda, with an inconsiderable admixture of carbonate of soda, and a 
 minute quantity of lithia. Exposed to a strong heat, it immedi- 
 ately deliquesces. One ounce requires, to effect its solution, 
 about double the quantity of cold and nearly eleven drachms of 
 hot water. The crystals of common Glauber-salt are much firmer, 
 and require longer time for deliquescence. Seventeen hundred 
 pounds of the salt are annually obtained. It acts as a gentle 
 and cooling purgative, without weakening or irritating the intes- 
 tinal canal. Fr. Hoffman often prescribed it with dec. tarax. or 
 gramin. in dyspepsia and flatulence; as a diuretic andlithontriptic 
 with nitre ; and with bark and cascarilla in ague. Before beginning 
 the course of the Carlsbad springs, a preparatory dose of one to 
 two drachms of the salt is often administered for one or two days. 
 
 To prepare a salt which should unite all the soluble ingredients 
 of Carlsbad water, Dr. Hlawacek proceeded in the following 
 manner : He evaporated the obtained mother-lye without causing 
 the sulphate of soda to separate in crystals ; then he dissolved the 
 dry mass in Schlossbrunnen water, filtered, and evaporated the 
 solution. In the resulting yellowish-white powder, chloride of 
 sodium and carbonate of soda maintain the same proportion as in 
 the water itself. He considers it more powerful than the usual 
 Carlsbad salt, and recommends it for exportation and employment 
 with the Schlossbrunnen, especially in lithiasis. He also intro- 
 duced f Sprudel ' soap. Finding great advantage from the external 
 application of common soda-soap, dissolved into a pappy con- 
 sistence, in hepatic enlargements, he concluded that the solvent 
 power of the water must be greatly assisted by a soap prepared 
 with Sprudel salt; and his expectations having been realised, he 
 
CAKLSBAD. 99 
 
 employs it in many instances with very satisfactory results. After 
 the course of Carlsbad is completed, Teplitz is often resorted to 
 by persons of a gouty disposition, to obtain a gentle continuance 
 of the same alkaline action, without the lowering and antiplastic 
 influence of the sulphates. The nervous power is thereby raised, 
 without counteraction of the previous efficacy. More liberal diet 
 is likewise permitted without injury, if used with reasonable care, 
 and with gradually increased allowances. A very important 
 warning to Continental patients is almost superfluous to the 
 English viz., to avoid drinking water or other cold beverages 
 after taking fruit. This pernicious habit may not always engender 
 the cholera, as it did on the occasion I mentioned in a former 
 lecture, but injurious it must be after such a strict diet and such 
 liquefying beverages have considerably weakened the organic 
 power of resistance, at least for some time. And here I may 
 state, by-the-bye, that the rational manner of English living is 
 one of the greatest safeguards against epidemic diseases. 
 
 No wonder that life should be longer here than in many parts 
 of the Continent, with a considerably greater freedom from avoid- 
 able diseases during the allotted period, and with comparatively 
 greater physical resisting power, and other unmistakable signs of 
 improved nutrition ! As regards food, whilst in this island the 
 most tender flesh from the best-fed domestic animals is simply ex- 
 posed to the action of heat, just sufficient to increase its solubility 
 in the gastric juice, in many parts of the Continent skilful cooks 
 have to prepare savoury liquids out of the albuminous and gela- 
 tinous portions of the meat, and to season them in such various 
 modes as to make a very agreeable impression on the palate. The 
 warm liquid distending the stomach must momentarily diminish 
 the power of its muscular fibres. Nevertheless, the tougher and 
 more fibrinous portion, the parent of the juicy soup, is now intro- 
 duced, and forces the intestines to unwilling action. Some other 
 dishes make their appearance, with the mere object of recalling 
 the vanishing appetite, and of creating an artificial desire for a 
 greater reception of food. And even now, when the more sub- 
 stantial dishes come before you in their various shapes, art tries to 
 improve on nature and make them more palatable, by sauces and 
 numerous intricate contrivances. However satisfactory all may 
 appear while at table, still on rising, although you may have taken 
 an inconsiderable sum-total of really substantial nourishment, you 
 feel overloaded, your movements are impeded, the physical oppres- 
 sion reacts on the mind ; drowsiness, lassitude, and incapacity for 
 
 H 2 
 
100 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 exertion naturally ensue. An artificial stimulus, both for ab- 
 dominal action and nervous power, is called into aid viz., coffee. 
 
 Now, just imagine the consequences. Whilst the one satiated 
 the want of nature, and supplied the organic waste by the sim- 
 plest substitute, which had merely to be dissolved and reconsti- 
 tuted into its former atoms to produce healthy chyle the most 
 appropriate for performing the nutrient function of the whole body 
 the other imposed much greater work on his teeth, on his salivary 
 glands, and his abdominal viscera ; and when all is summed up, 
 when the whole mass is sifted for contributing its share towards 
 nutrition, the very purpose of the whole laborious task, why, it is 
 found that very little can be used for sanguification at all events, 
 less than from the former simple and short repast. Add to this in- 
 creased work the proportionally advanced inability of performance, 
 and you will not wonder at the thousands and thousands who suffer 
 from piles, at the numerous atonic diseases of a vicious sanguifica- 
 tion, at the frequently debilitated constitutions, and at the short- 
 ened period of existence affecting so many individuals from avoid- 
 able causes. The injurious influence of excessive smoking on the 
 composition and power of the mechanical masticators prevents the 
 proper admixture of saliva, and the necessary comminution of the 
 food, and thus heightens the evil. 
 
 But to return to our spa : Franzensbad is used as an after-cure 
 in hepatic derangements, when a combined action of sulphates with 
 tonic remedies is to be continued for the completion of a com- 
 menced or progressing cure. A very remarkable instance came 
 to my own notice. When visiting Franzensbad I happened to 
 be introduced to two Hungarian ladies (sisters, and both married), 
 who came from a distance of 150 German miles (about 750 Eng- 
 lish), with the following complaint: The younger sister, about 
 thirty years of age, of a small and rather puny but otherwise 
 healthy appearance, had suffered for two years with obstinate 
 intermittent fever and induration of the liver. Large doses of 
 quinine succeeded in relieving the fever, but only for a time, and 
 she could always reckon on a return as soon as her menstruation 
 appeared ; then her sufferings in the right hypochondrium were 
 very severe, and refused to yield to antiphlogistic and other 
 remedies. The elder sister related to me that the sufferer's life 
 had become a positive burden to her, all enjoyments being thwarted 
 by these regularly-recurring attacks. At last she was advised to 
 resort to Carlsbad, which she used for five weeks. The induration 
 of the liver diminished, but she felt still frequent pains in the 
 
CARLSBAD. 101 
 
 right hypochondrium, and departed, very much debilitated, for 
 Franzensbad. In the latter spa she had used peat-baths for one 
 hour every evening, and drank the Kalte Sprudel during three 
 weeks ; and at the time I saw her she was completely cured, and 
 about to rejoin her family. I was assured by the patient's sister 
 that I should not know her, so much changed was her appearance. 
 Whether the attacks subsequently returned or not I have no 
 means of knowing, but certain it is that the two sisters left 
 Bohemia with the greatest happiness and gratitude for the 
 restored health. The details of the previous suffering and misery 
 were really so pitiable, that no one could help rejoicing at the 
 patient's recovery and improved mental condition. 
 
 But avoid recommending the springs when aggravation of the 
 evil could be foretold by an impartial consideration of all the cir- 
 cumstances. Thus, persons with scirrhus or carcinoma uteri have 
 been sent to Carlsbad, individuals with developed consumption 
 and hectic fever to Ems, rheumatic patients with organic dis- 
 eases of the heart to Wiesbaden, paralytics with distinct apo- 
 plectic tendency to Gastein, &c. 
 
 Best accommodation at Carlsbad : in the Goldene Schild, Hotel 
 de Russie, de Hannover, Anger's, &c. 
 
102 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 LECTUKE IX. 
 
 MARIENBAD FRANZENSBAD. 
 
 FROM Carlsbad, at the right superior corner of the celebrated 
 Bohemian triangle, we journey southward to its inferior corner, 
 Marienbad. The diligence, which leaves the former at 4 P.M., 
 performs the distance of twenty-five miles in six hours ; from this 
 tardiness you already perceive that the southern pikropega must be 
 situated in a more elevated position ; indeed, its altitude above 
 the North Sea amounts to 1,900 feet (800 feet higher than 
 Carlsbad). Its latitude north is below 50 ; its eastern longitude, 
 12. It belongs to the Pilsener Kreis (circle), which is chiefly 
 spread over a mountain-plateau, at the foot of which the Tepl 
 arises a small river, which we have already noticed in its course 
 from the south to the north, through Carlsbad, till it widens and 
 falls into the Eger. Extremely numerous gas and mineral springs 
 are locally connected with layers of peat along its course. 
 Travellers from Eger (twenty-four miles to the west) to Pilsen 
 (in the south-east) have to pass the spa. You see the demesne of 
 Tepl in a due easterly direction (nine miles distant), and Konigs- 
 warth in the north-west (six miles off). You can enter Marienbad, 
 from the ravine-like opening in the south only pine and fir- 
 covered mountains forming a towering enclosure from the other 
 sides. In the east the Hamelika rises and mingles with the peak 
 of the Wahrhall, in the north the Miihlberg and Steinhau, and 
 in the west the Schneiderhau. The Hamelika brook, rising at 
 the western declivity of the mountain of the same name, is joined 
 at the extremity of the valley by the Schneiderbach, to form the 
 Auschowitzerbach. The spa is of comparatively recent origin, 
 and the buildings are provided with many modern conveniences. 
 An avenue of poplar-trees leads from the Kreuzbrunnen (the 
 chief spring) to the Carolinenbrunnen. In the heat of summer 
 many visitors would probably prefer the shade of chestnut or lime 
 
MARIENBAD. 103 
 
 trees, but a greater regard to health was displayed by the selec- 
 tion of the present species ; as the surrounding mountains deprive 
 this spot of the morning and evening sun, and too much shade 
 might therefore prove undesirable. From the Belvedere, on the 
 Steinhau, the prospect towards the west and south extends as far 
 as the lofty Pfrienberg. Along the banks of the Auschowitzer 
 brook you will find pleasant walks. If you proceed southward, 
 through meadows and green fields, for about two miles, you will 
 observe another spring bubbling up from the fertile ground, the 
 Ferdinandesquelle. The vicarage of Pis tan is visited by many, 
 as, from its high position, it affords a magnificent view of the 
 sombre Bohemian forest. 
 
 Among the places of resort near Marienbad must be reckoned 
 the Jagerhaus, on the Schneiderrang, near the zoological enclosure 
 of Konigswarth, where you can obtain a view of the Eger do- 
 mains from the Luisenblick. The so-called ( Judenkirchof ' (a 
 curious assemblage of stones in an opening of the forest), the 
 monument of Waldstein, and on the Miihlberg, the Friedrichstein 
 and Schweizergang are pointed out. On the Hamelika mountain 
 the Pavilion may be visited, and at its declivity the valley of the 
 Ferdinandsbrunnen, and Bottiger's Kuhe (rest). This frequented 
 spa so crowded during the height of the season that many must 
 content themselves with very meagre accommodation as regards 
 residence was a wilderness little more than sixty years ago, only 
 provided with a half-ruined wooden hut, in which two iron cal- 
 drons were fixed for the preparation of Glauber's salt (sulphate 
 of soda) out of the Kreuzbrunnen. A rough wooden enclosure 
 of the spring was the only other work of human hands that could 
 be perceived. Not even a footpath led to the spring, which had 
 to be reached by stepping over stones irregularly laid across the 
 numerous bogs and marshy spots. Notwithstanding this difficulty 
 of access, numerous persons visited the spring in summer, and 
 found relief from their ailments by the use of the water ; leaving 
 marks of the benefit obtained by writing with chalk, pencil, or 
 charcoal on the wooden boards their names and diseases, with the 
 quantities of water drunk ; sometimes even the number of the 
 evacuations was noted down for the edification of the curious. 
 Through the solicitations and partly at the expense of the late 
 Dr. Nehr, the bogs of the environs were drained^ and the springs 
 secured. 
 
 At the beginning of this century a road was constructed to the 
 little chateau of Hammerhof (three miles distant). Stagnant 
 
104 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 waters were led off, hills were dug out, ditches filled up, walks 
 laid on, and, the demand from the frequency of visitors rapidly in- 
 creasing, new houses and fine buildings arose as promptly as such 
 a limited locality would allow. Thus Dr. Nehr may be considered 
 the creator of Marienbad as a spa. 
 
 Its springs present greater variety than those of the therm a 
 we have just left. The foremost rank is occupied by the Kreuz- 
 brunnen, bubbling up on the southern declivity of the steep 
 Steinhau from half- efflorescent porphyreous granite. A mag- 
 nificent colonnade marks its entrance. Only 141 cubic feet of 
 water are furnished in twenty-four hours ; but the supply increases 
 in a direct proportion to the quantity of water drawn, more than 
 300,000 bottles being annually exported. The water is very 
 sparkling, clear, inodorous, and transparent, but exposed to the 
 atmosphere it soon becomes turbid. The taste is acidulous and 
 saline, somewhat bitter; the temperature 53^ Fahrenheit; 
 specific gravity, 1-0094. 
 
 Its solid constituents amount so sixty-six grains in sixteen 
 ounces (a scruple more than Carlsbad), viz. : 
 
 38'11 grains of sulphate of soda (double the quantity in comparison with Carlsbad). 
 13 '56 chloride of sodium (not quite double). 
 
 7-13 
 3-93 
 271 
 0-17 
 0-03 
 0-11 
 
 carbonate of soda. 
 
 carbonate of lime. 
 
 carbonate of magnesia. 
 
 carbonate of iron (only 1/100 of gr. in Carlsbad). 
 
 carbonate of manganese. 
 
 carbonate of lithia. 
 
 038 silex. 
 Carbonic acid gas, 8| cubic inches. 
 
 Opposite the Kreuzbrunnen, at the southern end, is situated 
 the Carolinenbrunnen (formerly called Neubrunnen), in the centre 
 of an old grove of alder and fir trees. The spring issues out of 
 peat-soil, and is covered by a temple, the cupola resting on eight 
 Corinthian columns. Gas is constantly bubbling up from the 
 opening. The water is sparkling and has an alkaline and ferru- 
 ginous taste. Some smell of sulphuretted hydrogen is perceptible, 
 but not demonstrable by analysis. Its carbonic acid being more 
 firmly adherent, the oxide of iron remains for a longer period un-- 
 precipitated than is the case with the Kreuzbrunnen. Its solid 
 ingredients are only 14^ grains in sixteen ounces, being less than 
 one-fourth of the Kreuzbrunnen, viz. : 
 
MAKIENBAD. 105 
 
 2-79 grains of sulphate of soda. 
 0'82 chloride of sodium. 
 
 0-20 
 3-66 
 3-94 
 0-44 
 0-46 
 0-38 
 
 carbonate of soda. 
 
 carbonate of lime. 
 
 carbonate of magnesia. 
 
 carbonate of iron (nearly three times as much as the Kreuzbrunnen). 
 
 silica. 
 
 extractive substance. 
 Carbonic acid, 15 - 43 cubic inches (nearly twice as much as Kreuzbrunnen). 
 Specific gravity, 1-0031. 
 
 The Ambrosiusbrunnen rises about seventy yards to the south 
 of the Carolinenbrunnen, and has a more agreeable piquant taste. 
 It contains only 10J grains of solid constituents in sixteen ounces 
 (one sixth of Kreuzbrunnen), viz : 
 
 1'86 grains of sulphate of soda. 
 1'64 , chloride of sodium. 
 
 1-66 
 2-89 
 272 
 0-34 
 
 carbonate of soda. 
 
 carbonate of lime. 
 
 carbonate of magnesia. 
 
 carbonate of iron (twice as much as Kreuzbrunnen, but less than 
 
 Carolinenbrunnen). 
 0-48 silica. 
 
 Carbonic acid, 12'9 cubic inches (less than Carolinenbrunnen). 
 Specific gravity, 1-0023. 
 
 About 100 steps from the Ambrosiusbrunnen, the Marienbrun- 
 nen or Badequelle arises in the peat-soil. The abundant evolution 
 of carbonic-acid gas keeps up a constant hissing sound. The 
 layer of gas spread over the surface of the water is highest before 
 sunrise, lowest at noon, and then increases again towards the 
 evening. It expands in rainy weather, and decreases when the 
 sky is serene. In a very humid state of the atmosphere, the gas 
 reaches as far as the upper boarding (5^ feet above the level of the 
 water). The carbonic acid is firmly adherent. The water contains 
 only If grains of solid constituents in sixteen ounces, viz., about 
 l-3rd of a grain of sulphate of soda, l-25th chloride of sodium, 
 nearly J carbonate of lime, 3-100ths carbonate of iron, &c., and 
 nine cubic inches of carbonic acid. 
 
 After the Kreuzbrunnen, Ferdinandsbrunnen, as already men- 
 tioned, claims the highest remedial powers. It arises at about 
 a mile from Marienbad, in a meadow near the left bank of the 
 Auschowitzerbach, and it appears that at some remote period 
 attempts were made to extract salt out of this spring. When 
 dug up, granite nearly efflorescent was found to compose the bed 
 of the water, whilst bubbles of carbonic-acid gas continually 
 issued in great abundance. The supply amounts to 2,900 cubic 
 
106 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 feet in twenty-four hours. The water sparkles continually when 
 drawn, and holds the carbonic acid so firmly, that even when 
 boiled it will redden litmus-paper. Its taste is piquant, and rather 
 saline; specific gravity, 1*0046. Its solid ingredients amount to 
 45 1 grains in sixteen ounces (a scruple less than Kreuzbrunnen), 
 viz. : 
 
 22-53 grains of sulphate of soda "1 
 
 8-99 ,, chloride of sodium ? less than Kreuzbrunnen. 
 
 6'13 carbonate of soda -* 
 
 4'01 carbonate of lime ~\ 
 
 3'04 carbonate of magnesia >more than Kreuzbrunnen. 
 
 0-39 ,, carbonate of iron J 
 
 0'09 carbonate of manganese. 
 
 Carbonate of lithia, 6-100ths. 
 '0-66 silica, 
 
 Carbonic acid, 13| cubic inches (5 more than Kreuzbrunnen). 
 
 Lastly, we have to visit the Waldquelle (forest-spring), at the 
 west of the Kreuzbrunnen, which contains 22 grains of solid 
 ingredients in sixteen ounces (one-third of Kreuzbrunnen), viz., 
 5f of sulphate of soda ; 2 of sulphate of potash (not possessed by 
 another) ; 2 of chloride of sodium ; 6 of carbonate of soda ; 2 
 of carbonate of lime ; 2 y 9 ^- of carbonate of magnesia ; no iron ; 
 1-1 Oth carbonate of manganese; more than -J- a grain of silica, 
 and 18| cubic inches of carbonic-acid gas. It supplies 37 cubic 
 feet of water in twenty-four hours. 
 
 The temperature of all the springs ranges between 47 and 53 
 Fahrenheit. The Wiesenquelle, near the Ferdinandsbrunnen, is 
 hardly ever employed. Another important healing agent is 
 furnished by the layers of peat found at a great depth behind the 
 bathing-house of the Marienbrunnen. It consists of a brown, 
 bituminous, unctuous mass, intermixed with decomposed vegetable 
 fibre. Sulphates of soda, of lime, and magnesia, with chloride of 
 sodium, oxide of iron, silica, and sand form its chief constituents. 
 The peat is now also brought to the place from the Stankerhau. 
 After merely removing the grosser admixture of sand and small 
 stones, it is used for mud-baths. 
 
 The abundance of the carbonic acid flowing out of the soil in 
 these vast strata of peat lead to the construction of gas-baths, 
 employed either for the whole body, where the patient sits dressed 
 in the gas-basin, with only his head in the ordinary atmosphere 
 (the penetration of the gas to the epidermis is not obstructed in 
 the slightest degree by the pervious clothes) or streams of gas 
 are applied locally by elastic tubes, communicating with the gas- 
 
MARIENBAD. 107 
 
 reservoir, and held to the mouth, ears, eyes, or otherwise affected 
 parts of the body. Ordinary baths of the heated mineral waters 
 are likewise used. Douche and rain baths are also well contrived 
 and frequently employed. 
 
 Marienbad owes its virtues chiefly to the sulphate of soda, 
 and is indicated in plethora, and for persons of luxurious habits. 
 But why should simple purgatives not exercise similarly favourable 
 results ? For this reason : they certainly increase the peristaltic 
 motion, and discharge offensive substances ; but they also cause a 
 greater quantity of serum to be excreted from the surface of the 
 alimentary tube. 
 
 However useful and indispensable a purgative may prove in 
 many instances, a course of purgatives would never be thought 
 of as a remedy for producing beneficial alterative results. The 
 case is quite different if we employ a remedy whose chief agent 
 exerts a peculiarly stimulating influence on the action of the liver, 
 producing greenish, mucous, and fetid evacuations, with distinct 
 evidence of a more than ordinary excretion of bilious matter, 
 while copious serous purgation is avoided through the presence of 
 silica and iron. 
 
 The lengthened contact of the dissolved ingredients with the 
 intestinal fibres being thus effected, the subordinate quantity of 
 chloride of sodium finds time to exert its beneficial action on the 
 nutrient organs, whilst the carbonates of soda and of lime assist in 
 preventing the formation of too abundant an acidity in the circu- 
 lating fluid, and thus improve the renal and hepatic action the 
 latter having been merely increased by the Glauber-salt. Mus- 
 cular exercise always attending the course of the water, a more 
 active general circulation contributes likewise to counteract too 
 great a stagnation of the portal circulation. Whilst Carlsbad acts, 
 therefore, as a more powerful solvent, and as a more penetrating 
 and lasting stimulant on the liver, skin, and kidneys, Marienbad is 
 the more energetic and exclusive provocator of biliary excretion 
 and of alvine secretions, and is applicable in cases of vascular 
 erethism or local congestion, where the former would be fraught 
 with danger. 
 
 From the above you will perceive that I strongly deprecate en- 
 couragement of excessive and continuous evacuations, and would 
 advise discontinuance of the course, or decrease of the dose, if 
 such should take place during the use of the water. On the other 
 
 Eiand, non-increase of alvine action, or even obstruction (occa- 
 sionally happening under the influence of Marienbad), should not 
 
1C 8 GEKMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 be allowed to continue. Heating the water will increase its pur- 
 gative action. Its employment in the form of clysters affords 
 likewise powerful assistance. The separate springs exhibit dif- 
 ferent properties in relation to the difference of their composition. 
 The Kreuzbrunnen increases the action of all the abdominal 
 organs, and therefore promotes the digestive function and bilious 
 excretion, whilst its carbonic acid increases the nervous tone. 
 Dyspepsia and venous dyscrasia, with all their protean conse- 
 quences, strongly indicate its employment; acidity, hypochon- 
 driasis, hysteria, enlargement of the liver, and morbid bilification 
 all belong to this category. The Ferdinandsbrunnen, with a 
 smaller quantity of sulphate and other salts of soda, and with a 
 greater proportion of lime, magnesia, silica, and iron, naturally 
 acts as a less solvent remedy, and is more indicated when the tone 
 of the secreting organs is to be roused from great torpor, and when 
 the uropoietic system is chiefly to be acted upon. It forms, as it 
 were, the transition from the highly solvent Kreuzbrunnen to the 
 purer tonic, the Carolinenbrunnen, which latter, by possessing 
 nearly half a grain of iron in 16 ounces, with a very small quan- 
 tity of solvent salts, displays its action more in the vascular 
 system increasing the tone and resisting power of the circulating 
 fluid, and thus improving the general state of the nervous system ; 
 in fact, it is indicated where steel and other tonics are required. 
 Ambrosiusquelle is somewhat inferior to the latter in effect, but 
 quite analogous in its mode of action. The Marienquelle, with 
 its abundance of gas, chiefly used for bathing, induces on entering 
 the bath a sensation of chilliness, which soon gives way to in- 
 creased heat and circulation over the whole epidermis, with sub- 
 sequently improved nutrition. These baths are particularly 
 useful in arthritic and rheumatico-paralytic affections, connected 
 with hepatic and intestinal infarcta, or with torpor. The Wald- 
 quelle, the only spring which contains sulphate of potash and 
 no iron, with a very considerable amount of carbonic acid, is fre- 
 quently drunk with warm milk or whey, in chronic pulmonary 
 and vesical catarrh, and in hysteric spasms and vomiting. The 
 importance of potash and magnesia has been proved by the 
 investigations of Liebig, who found that potash and chloride 
 of potassium prevailed in the liquid of the flesh, with magnesia 
 as its predominant earth ; whilst soda and chloride of sodium 
 preponderate in the blood, with lime as the predominating earth. 
 The gas and peat baths are powerful supporters of the curative 
 action of the springs, but they also exercise independent pro- 
 
I 
 * 
 
 \ 
 
 MARIENBAD. 100 
 
 perties of their own, belonging to the inherent stimulus of car- 
 bonic acid on the peripheric nervous system, and of the peat on 
 the plastic and glandular organs. The gas contains, in 1,000 
 volumes, 74 of nitrogen, and 26 of oxygen the rest is carbonic 
 acid ; its temperature is rather lower than that of the atmosphere. 
 The incident which led to the separate employment of the gas- 
 baths is too remarkable to be omitted. The same Dr. Struve, 
 whom I mentioned in my first lecture as the most successful 
 imitator of the natural springs, and as the originator of the so- 
 called Brighton Pump-room, experienced the result of the first trial 
 in his own person. For many years his left leg was frequently 
 the seat of violent pains, along the course of the ischiatic nerve, 
 from the hip-joint downwards. The chief cause was congelation, 
 of such intensity that the limb was only preserved with difficulty ; 
 he also partly ascribed the evil to inhalation of hydrocyanic acid 
 during his chemical operations, which so often induces paralysis 
 of the lower extremities. Torpidity of the lymphatic system 
 was connected with these sufferings. The whole leg, particularly 
 the tibial part, was covered with numerous hardened glands. 
 The lymphatic vessels had the appearance of distended blood- 
 vessels ; nutrition was also considerably impaired, the left leg 
 being more than half an inch thinner than the right one. Every 
 little exertion increased the pains, and produced exhaustion. At 
 last he could not walk without a stick, and often required the 
 arm of another person to support him. The portal system was 
 likewise affected. A considerable swelling of the liver had been 
 happily cured the year before (1817), but the left hepatic lobe 
 was still distended. Under these circumstances, he put his trust 
 in the solvent constituents of the Kreuzbrunnen, and in the ani- 
 mating power of the Marienbad, besides using fomentations with 
 warmed peat. For ten days he had employed these three remedial 
 means without perceptible relief. He therefore resolved on 
 making the first trial with the gas-bath. With difficulty and 
 pain, and with the support of his servant, he was conducted over 
 the small hills and declivities to the Marienbrunnen. The suf- 
 fering leg, denuded only of the boot, was now exposed to the 
 ffervescing gas covering the surface of the water. The intro- 
 duction of a light indicated the exact height of the gas-layer, and 
 its line of demarcation, by its extinction. The first sensation 
 as that of chill. Soon, however, an agreeable warmth took its 
 place, with a peculiar sensation as of ants creeping along the 
 larger nervous ramifications, somewhat analogous to the beginning 
 
110 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 action of a mustard-poultice. After thirty minutes he withdrew 
 the leg and supported it with a bandage. He began the way 
 back with his habitual precaution, and trust to support. ( But,' 
 he says, ' who could picture the intense joy and gratitude that 
 overpowered me when I discovered, by every new step, that 
 power had returned to the weakened leg, and that the uninter- 
 rupted gnawing pain had left it ! With agility I walked un- 
 assisted over spaces which would have been a work of impossibility 
 an hour ago.' But these blessings of an experimental attempt 
 were not transitory ; they still continued for a fortnight after the 
 first trial. The daily repetition of the gas-bath produced in- 
 variably the sensations described. Dr. Struve continued these 
 baths for three weeks longer, in conjunction with the internal use 
 of the Kreuzbrunnen and the local application of moor-earth. 
 He then left the spa completely cured. Ever since the gas- 
 baths have been frequently employed. During the use of the 
 mud-baths, Dr. Wetzler observed the skin to become momentarily 
 contracted, and its susceptibility blunted. He had himself 
 suffered from a disagreeable and sometimes painful sensation of 
 the thighs, of rheumatic origin. Neither saline nor steel-baths 
 could relieve the evil, which yielded after the first mud-bath. 
 They are particularly recommended in erethic atony of the 
 epidermis, in tendency to profuse perspiration, great susceptibility 
 towards atmospheric changes, &c. Marienbad is INAPPLICABLE 
 in real digestive weakness, in general atony, whether resulting 
 from loss of blood or from exhausting diseases ; in cerebral 
 congestion, internal suppuration, hectic fever, inflammation of 
 internal organs, carcinoma, atonic ulcers, scorbutic dyscrasia, &c. 
 Carlsbad offers such important points of analogy and difference, that 
 it becomes necessary to carefully discriminate between the two, in 
 many given cases which apparently belong to the sphere of action 
 of both. First, we have to take the difference of temperature into 
 consideration. The high temperature of Carlsbad at once excludes 
 all patients of plethoric tendency, with vascular erethism, that 
 may be benefited by the colder springs of Marienbad. Next we 
 have to consider the presence of a larger quantity of iron in the 
 latter as a greater promoter of sanguineous plasticity and repro- 
 duction. The larger amount of liquefying sulphate of soda 
 (nearly twice as much) renders Marienbad applicable in cases of 
 abdominal plethora, with a sanguineous constitution, where we 
 should have to avoid Carlsbad. On the other hand, the greater 
 proportion of carbonate of soda and of lime gives the latter more 
 
MAKIENBAD. Ill 
 
 power in renal diseases (as lithiasis, &c.), whilst its heat assists the 
 action on the cutaneous system, counteracts disorders resulting 
 from repelled exanthemata, or from rheumatic and arthritic causes. 
 Carlsbad being invariably useful whenever improved nutrition 
 and circulation of the sere-fibrous or portal system are especially 
 requisite, it stands unequalled in inveterate hepatic induration, 
 gallstones, &c.--in fact, when a more thoroughly penetrating 
 action is desired. But when abdominal secretion and excretion 
 have to be chiefly promoted, when hepatic and alvine torpor have 
 to be roused, Marienbad will find its appropriate employment; 
 though we are unable to determine whether its remarkable efficacy 
 be due to a mere mechanical increase of peristaltic motion, or 
 whether the sulphates, particularly of soda, tend to decarbonise 
 the blood by yielding oxygen to its carbon for the formation of 
 carbonic acid on the one hand, whereby the blood becomes par- 
 tially arterialised, and its circulating force stimulated, whilst 
 sulphuretted hydrogen may be produced on the other, and exert 
 a beneficial action on the ganglionic-nervous plexus. For if, 
 under the influence of vital heat, soda and sulphuric acid allow 
 part of their oxygen to become absorbed by the carbon, we may 
 expect that the newly-produced carbonic acid strives to enter into 
 combination with part of the free sodium. This latter must 
 therefore decompose the water of the gastric juice, and, attracting 
 its oxygen to become carbonate of soda, it encourages the hy- 
 drogen to enter into combination with the portion of the deoxi- 
 dised sulphur, and thus free sulphuretted hydrogen would be 
 accounted for. If we do not generally observe the peculiar effects 
 of sulphuretted hydrogen by the ordinary administration of sul- 
 phate of soda as a purgative, this is easily explained by rapid 
 elimination of the remedy with the faecal impurities. But when 
 a more lengthened contact with the gastric contents affords a 
 greater opportunity for development of chemical attraction, and 
 for interchange of substances according to stronger affinities, 
 with chemico-vital modifications, such a result is highly probable. 
 Carlsbad containing nearly 2-100ths of a grain of iodine 
 (0*017) may owe part of its solvent power to this ingredient; 
 for scrofulous complications do not centra-indicate its use, but, 
 on the contrary, they are frequently combated by the spa. To 
 sum up, you have to select Carlsbad when the general vitality 
 uis to be roused, in persons not devoid of a certain amount of 
 organic vigour, which, however, requires to be coaxed into action; 
 r hilst you have to give the preference to Marienbad when 
 
1]2 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 general irritability has to be allayed by concentrating a greater 
 focus of action in the abdominal organs. In combating the alvine 
 hyperaemic condition, you will cause the general orgasm to be 
 diminished, and the equilibrium between the sensitive and ir- 
 ritable organic sphere to be restored. Physicians : Dr. Frankl, 
 Dr. Opitz, Dr. Herzig, Dr. Schneider, Dr. Lucca, Dr. Kratz- 
 mann, Dr. Wolfner, Dr. Kisch, and Dr. Forges. 
 
 Franzensbad. Starting from Marienbad, at 10.25 A.M., the 
 diligence arrives after nearly five hours at Franzensbad (latitude 
 N. above 50, longitude E. 12), which you see situated on the 
 north-west, at a distance of twenty miles, 1,500 feet above the 
 level of the sea. The most remarkable place you pass on your 
 road is the town of Eger, on the right bank of the Eger River, 
 one league to the south of the spa. The whole district is called 
 the Egerland, forming the north-western part of Bohemia, near 
 the Bavarian and Saxon boundary. In the town-house of Eger, 
 which is replete with antiquarian curiosities, the halberd is shown 
 with which the celebrated Wallenstein was pierced in 1634, and 
 whose fate forms the subject of the beautiful drama by the immor- 
 tal Schiller. In speaking of these regions, Goethe says : ' If 
 Bohemia be considered as a large valley, relieved of its waters at 
 Aussig, on the Elbe, the district of Eger may be imagined as a 
 smaller one, which discharges its waters into the river of its own 
 name.' This spot is impacted as it were in an obtuse mountain- 
 ous angle, the Fichtelgebirg forming the corner, with the Erzge- 
 birg as its superior and the Bohemian forest as its inferior line. 
 Baireuth lies forty miles distant to the west, Hof thirty to the 
 north-west, and Carlsbad the same distance to the north-east. 
 The encircling mountains consist of primary rocks, with the excep- 
 tion of the easterly Kulmerberg, which is composed of sandstone 
 and slate-clay. The plain exhibits the character of alluvial 
 land. Towards the north you see Teplitz, which enjoys rather 
 more than half the altitude of Carlsbad, being situated near 
 the termination of the Erz mountain-branch that commenced at 
 Franzensbad. Afterwards the Eger falls into the Elite, near 
 Leitmeritz, between Dresden in the north and Prague in the 
 south. As early as the seventeenth century the town of Eger 
 was visited by very high personages, on account of the neighbour- 
 ing mineral sources. From Eger a very cheerful road, bordered 
 with shady trees, leads to Franzensbad. Passing through a very 
 tastefully laid-out park-like walk, you perceive the Franzensquelle 
 at your left, with its temple-shaped enclosure, and the contiguous 
 
FRANZENSBAD. 113 
 
 colonnade and Curhaus. On the right the Salzquelle (salt-spring) 
 meets your eye, the newly-huilt packing-house, and the pavilion 
 with the gas-baths. You are now in the so-called Kaiserstrasse, 
 adorned on both sides with chestnut trees, and containing the best 
 habitations of the place. A small park forms the end of the street. 
 The Kammerbiihl mountain, a short distance from Eger, with the 
 characteristics of a former volcano, will afford the visitors a beau- 
 tiful perspective of the environs. Walks to the neighbouring 
 villages of Unter and Oberlohna, Oberndorf, Langenbruck, c., 
 furnish ample opportunities for pedestrian exercise. 
 
 The most renowned of the springs, the Franzensbrunnen, yields 
 275 cubic inches of water per minute. Its temperature is 52 
 Fahrenheit, its specific gravity 1'0058. Small gas-bubbles con- 
 stantly rise, and cause an undulating motion of the water, which 
 is clear and transparent even for a long time after exposure to the 
 atmosphere. 
 
 This spring shows a very intrinsic combination of its constitu- 
 ents. It possesses a refreshing, piquant, and acidulous taste, with 
 some after-taste of iron. The surface of the water is constantly 
 covered with a considerable layer of carbonic-acid gas. The 
 brunnen contains 42^ grains of solid ingredients in 16 ounces 
 (one scruple less than Kreuzbrunnen of Marienbad), viz. 
 
 24'50 grains of sulphate of soda (14 gr. less than Marienbad). 
 23 chloride of sodium (4 gr. less). 
 
 5-18 
 0-67 
 1-80 
 0-23 
 0-47 
 
 carbonate of soda (2 gr. less). 
 
 carbonate of magnesia (2 gr. less). 
 
 carbonate of lime (2 gr. less). 
 
 carbonate of iron (nearly of a gr. 6-100ths more). 
 
 silex (one-tenth more). 
 
 Besides 2~100ths of phosphate of lime, 1-1 00th phosphate of alu- 
 mina, 3-100ths carbonate of lithia, 4-1 OOths carbonate of manganese, 
 3-1000ths carbonate of strontia, and 40 cubic inches of carbonic acid 
 (five times as much as Kreuzbrunnen), with a distinctly perceptible 
 our of sulphuretted hydrogen gais. The Louisenquelle issues in a 
 rth-westerly direction from the latter, in a peat-meadow, and is, 
 properly speaking, a combination of several confluent springs. It 
 as less depth than the Franzensquelle. Constant motion from the 
 rbulent gas-bubbles is likewise observed here. The water 
 appears rather more turbid in the basin : but when drawn, it is 
 lear, transparent, and sparkling. Exposed to the atmosphere, it 
 ists decomposition for even a longer period than the above-men- 
 ioned spring. Its chief employment being external, for common 
 
 v* 
 
 t 
 
 I 
 pr 
 
 E 
 
 a P. 
 
 rt 
 tioi 
 
114 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 baths and mud-baths, I shall content myself with stating, as re- 
 gards its analysis, that it contains 7 grains less in 16 ounces than 
 the Franzensbrunnen (viz. 35 f grains), the various ingredients ob- 
 serving analogous proportions, with the sole exception of iron, 
 which it possesses to a greater amount (O23). Its carbonic acid is 
 likewise less by 8 cubic inches (viz. 32). A few steps to the north 
 of the Louisenquelle will bring you to the ' Kalte Sprudel ' (cold 
 bubbler), so called in contradistinction to the hot Sprudel of 
 Carlsbad, whose heat occupies three-fourths of the thermometric 
 range between the ordinary freezing and boiling points. The con- 
 stant evolution of gas causes such a violent hissing sound, that it has 
 been invested with the name of Sprudel rather inappropriately, 
 in my opinion, for a distinct rising and falling of the water-column 
 cannot be observed. When drawn the water is perfectly clear 
 and transparent, and able to resist for a long period the decom- 
 posing influence of the atmosphere. It exhibits a pricking acidu- 
 lous taste, with a saltish after-taste ; the odour of sulphuretted hy- 
 drogen is strongly marked. The layer of gas covering the surface 
 of the water sometimes reaches to the height of several feet. This 
 spring is used both for drinking and bathing. It contains 44J 
 grains of solid ingredients in 16 ounces (two more than the 
 Franzensquelle). It possesses 2 gr. more of sulphate of soda, \ a 
 gr. less of chloride of sodium, 2 gr. more of carbonate of soda, 
 3-100ths less of iron, and 1 cubic inch less of carbonic acid: in all 
 other respects the two are similarly constituted. 
 
 The Salzquelle (salt-spring), to the east of Franzensbrunnen, 
 exhibits a gently alkaline taste, without any astringency. It con- 
 tains 4 grs. less of solid ingredients than the Franzensquelle 
 (38^ grs.), 3 less of sulphate of soda, ^ gr. less of chloride of 
 sodium, 2 less of carbonate of soda, rather less carbonate of lime, 
 and only 7-100ths of carbonate of iron; carbonic acid only 26 j 
 cubic inches (14 cubic inches less). The Wiesenquelle, to the south- 
 east of the Salzquelle, contains 46^ gr. of solid ingredients in 16 
 ounces (but only 4-100ths of iron). The Gasquelle (gas source), 
 formerly known under the denomination of Polterbrunnen, evolves 
 pure carbonic acid gas in great abundance, with one per cent, of 
 hydrothionic acid, and is employed for douches, local, and general 
 baths. The strata of peat occupy a great extent near Franzens- 
 bad. Within the peat-soil, blackish-brown mud is found impacted 
 in the neighbourhood of the springs, of a fine, soft, and unctuous 
 consistence. If moistened, it spreads a sulphurous odour. The 
 peat is carefully cleaned through a sieve, and then mixed with the 
 
FRATs'ZENSBAD. 1 1 5 
 
 water of the Louisenquelle, either for local application or for 
 general baths. 
 
 You find in the springs nearly the same constituents as in 
 Kreuzbrunnen of Marienbad ; but the inferior amount of Glauber- 
 salt induces a less lowering and antiplastic action, the diminished 
 proportion of chloride of sodium a less solvent power ; whilst its 
 greater proportion of iron, silica, and carbonic acid stamps it as 
 a highly valuable, gently-stimulating tonic, displaying its chief 
 sphere of action on the ganglionic nervous system. The happy 
 combination of ingredients promises us increased alvine peristaltic 
 motion, improved biliary and renal excretion, restoration of stag- 
 nant or otherwise abnormal portal circulation, without the weaken- 
 ing and exhausting secondary results we might have to fear in 
 some instances, from the fully-developed effects of an energetic 
 course of the sulphates of Marienbad, or of the thermal watery 
 impregnations of Carlsbad. On the other hand, we must consider 
 that the very large amount of carbonic acid which accompanies 
 the curative ingredients here, imparts to them a more dynamic 
 effect, relying for the production of the critical changes more on 
 the roused vital forces than on the chemical changes resulting 
 from the penetration of the more highly-charged Marienbad, or 
 the heated and more violently-acting Carlsbad-water. This must 
 not be considered as depreciating the two latter : on the contrary, 
 the exact knowledge of the primary and secondary effects of each 
 will enable us better to select in various morbid modifications. 
 Franzensbad acts specifically in similar diseases as Marienbad; 
 the whole distinction merely refers to the individuality of the re- 
 spective patients. If, for instance, you have a torpid, bloated, 
 icteric European, who has been subjected to lengthened attacks of 
 intermittent fever in a tropical climate, and now remains tormented 
 by hepatic or splenetic physconia, with all the signs of abdominal in- 
 action, and without decided inflammatory or congestive symptoms, 
 Carlsbad is alone able to bring about a happy result. But 
 suppose a florid muscular person, of middle age, suffers from 
 
 digestion, hepatic engorgement, inaction of the bowels, 
 orrlioidal congestion, or from any of the numerous evils 
 ue to luxurious and sedentary living without corresponding 
 
 uscular exercise, Marienbad will be unsurpassed by any other 
 pa. A third individual presents himself to you, with similar 
 hypochondriacal derangement, but he neither suffers from sequela? 
 
 f intermittent fever, nor does he seem to possess a large amount 
 organic materials of resistance ; he probably owes his intestinal 
 11 
 
 su 
 
 
 
 
 
116 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 derangement to an excessive pursuit of study or business, or to 
 overburdening mental depression ; his temper is irritable, his cares 
 and fears constantly surround him, he feels often chilly, particu- 
 larly at his hands and feet, want of animation being stamped on 
 his whole appearance ; for him you have to choose Franzensbad 
 as the most appropriate spring. Of course the many varieties of 
 adjuvants in the three spas must not be left out of our considera- 
 tion, but the respective chief efficacy of each will be most strik- 
 ingly unfolded in the described individualities. Franzensbrunnen 
 has the special property of improving digestion and increasing the 
 appetite. ' Acidity, mucosity, and biliary obstruction are power- 
 fully counteracted, ha3inorrhoidal and menstrual flux are promoted 
 if previously suppressed ; blennorrhages of the rectum, bladder, 
 and vagina likewise frequently yield to the water. The spa is 
 frequently employed after very solvent and weakening courses, 
 as an after-cure, with great benefit. In fact, it holds a high and 
 undisputed rank in such diseases and conditions in which a pure 
 chalybeate would be indicated, if abdominal venosity and hype- 
 rasmia did not require a special remedial complex action. The 
 spa is injurious in plethora, inflammatory diathesis, or inflamma- 
 tion of internal organs, congestion to the brain or other vital 
 viscera, diseases of the heart, induration or suppuration of internal 
 organs; generally speaking, -excitable, sanguineous, and erethic 
 constitutions are less benefited here than the chlorotie, lax, 
 phlegmatic, and torpid. 
 
 The Salzquelle varies in some respects from the Franzensbrun- 
 nen, being less stimulating (through the smaller proportion of 
 iron). Its action on the urinary secretion and excretion is 
 particularly marked ; it greatly 'diminishes increased systemic 
 sensibility and irritability. The Kalte Sprudel, containing more 
 sulphate and carbonate of soda than the above springs, excels in 
 the promotion of all abdominal secretions and excretions, and ought 
 to be employed in .preference whenever a more penetrating and 
 solvent action >is required; but no vascular orgasm must be 
 present. In many instances, before drinking, a part of the car- 
 bonic acid is allowed to diffuse itself, so as not to cause too 
 powerful a stimulation. If the spa be employed as an after-cure, 
 the Salzquelle, as the least exciting, is used first, then succeeded 
 by the Kalte Sprudel, and the course closed with the Franzens- 
 quelle. The internal use of the water is powerfully assisted by 
 the baths. The great utility of the gas and peat in many forms 
 of local and general application has already been mentioned. 
 
FRANZENSBAD. 117 
 
 The constitution of the latter informs you of its highly solvent 
 and tonic properties, wherein it excels that of Marienbad. The 
 sensation caused by a peat-bath is, in my opinion, the most plea- 
 surable that can possibly be excited by any bath. The warm, 
 unctuous, elastic medium gives support, and yields at the same 
 time to our moving limbs. However forbidding the black-broth 
 may look, if you are once seated in the baignoire, the agreeably 
 titillating effect exercised by the semiliquid mass on the peri- 
 pheric ends of the nerves is extremely agreeable, and you leave it 
 with regret, abridging the luxurious immersion by being warned 
 of the danger connected with a too great prolongation. The stay 
 is gradually increased from a quarter of an hour to an hour. A 
 warm-water bath stands near the other in the same room, and 
 serves to relieve you of the adherent black mass. If you inspect 
 yourselves in the looking-glass after leaving the peat-bath, you 
 may well be frightened by the altered being you behold. After 
 immersion in the water-bath, you observe the skin to have become 
 wrinkled and loosened, as it were, just as if it had become too 
 wide a covering for the body. Increase of appetite may be 
 reckoned upon as an invariable follower of the moor-bath. How 
 useful these baths must prove in excessive perspiration through 
 cutaneous atony, in repelled eruptions, in arthritic and rheumatic 
 disorders, &c., is too obvious to require further allusion. It is 
 desirable, even in eases of completed cure, at Carlsbad, at least 
 after very inveterate and chronic diseases, that the patient should 
 not expose himself to all his former injurious influences by an 
 immediate return home, but that he should rather pass some 
 weeks at Franzensbad, strengthening his health, and guarding 
 it against possible relapse. Though the intrinsic adherence of 
 carbonic acid peculiarly fits the Franzensbad springs for exporta- 
 tion (which annually increases all over the Continent), they are 
 but rarely to be met with in this country, whilst many indications 
 must be furnished for their employment. The imported water 
 acts more as a solvent (by the partial precipitation of iron) than as 
 a tonic, and is therefore very useful in abdominal infarcta and 
 portal obstruction. Where circumstances prevent patients from 
 visiting Franzensbad as an after-cure, they might with great 
 advantage drink the water at their homes, either pure or with 
 wine and sugar, according to the required efficacy, Hufeland 
 speaks of Frederick the Great having been freed from a dangerous 
 disease by the use of the Eger water (the former name of Fran- 
 zensbrunnen), which he then continued annually for the preser- 
 
118 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 vation of his health. In 1822 this physician says in his ( Jour- 
 nal of Practical Medicine ' ' Men of business or learning, who 
 had been fixed to the writing-table the whole year, and had con- 
 tracted dyspepsia, abdominal obstruction, ha?morrhoidal or arth- 
 ritic tendency, were formerly in the habit here in Berlin of using 
 the Franzensbrunnen for four weeks, with a great deal of exercise 
 in the open air, and relaxation from the usual mental exertion. 
 By this annual course they freed themselves from the accumulated 
 morbific matter, and became strengthened for the next year's 
 labours. Thus, notwithstanding injurious influences, many were 
 able to preserve their health to a very great age, and prevent the 
 development of various diseases, by which they might otherwise 
 have been afflicted.' Drs. Cartellieri, Koestler, Palliardi, Boschan, 
 Sommer, Komma, Neidhardt, Meissle, Fiirst, &c. are the phy- 
 sicians of Franzensbad. 
 
KESSTNGEN". 119 
 
 LECTURE X. 
 
 KISSINGEN BOOKLET. 
 
 THE springs now coming under our consideration are called 
 Halopega, saline springs (from a\s salt, and 77777?) spring). They 
 generally issue from secondary strata either from rocksalt, 
 through which they pass, or from the salt strata of the zechstone, 
 of gypsum or variegated sandstone ; or, if of alkaline character, 
 out of corresponding volcanic formations, as basalt, lava con- 
 taining fluor-spar, &c. Their taste varies according to the 
 secondary constituents present, being either saltish or bitterish, 
 astringent, alkaline, or ferruginous. Combinations of chlorine 
 with sodium, magnesium, or calcium form the chief ingredients. 
 In some no perceptible quantity of gas is discovered ; in others, 
 carbonic acid, nitrogen, carburetted hydrogen, or common air is 
 admixed rarely sulphuretted hydrogen. If hot, they are named 
 Halotherma (from a\y salt, and Oeppos hot). Possessing a smaller 
 quantity of saline ingredients (though these are more thoroughly 
 amalgamated), they have a less saline taste and odour, rather 
 resembling weak chicken-broth somewhat oversalted. The cold 
 saline springs, Halokrena (from a\s salt, and Kpijvrj cold spring), 
 often acquire a piquant and refreshing taste, and a sparkling 
 appearance, from the great quantity of carbonic acid present, 
 which exhibits an action analogous to that of heat in the complete 
 solution and unity of the ingredients. Salt-springs and Salt' 
 lixivia (Soolen, Salzlaugen) do not properly belong to the mineral 
 springs, but from their medicinal use we should not omit to 
 mention them in this place. They are more often the products 
 of evaporated saline springs than natural sources. Their specific 
 gravity generally exceeds 1 '050 ; their temperature is low, their 
 taste too nauseous and acrid to be used for drinking or bathing 
 without dilution with another less impregnated water. Their 
 constituents differ from those of the Halopegrc merely in quantity. 
 Minute proportions of iodine and bromine are contained in nearly 
 all spas of this class. These important ingredients assume a pre- 
 dominant rank in some, and stamp them with the name and 
 
120 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 character of lodepegce (iodine springs). We ought perhaps not 
 to pass over the representative of all saline waters viz., the 
 mighty ocean, with its green colour, its disagreeably bitter and 
 saltish taste, its peculiar aromatic odour, and its specific gravity, 
 ranging between 1*026 and 1*029; with a more constant and 
 moderate temperature than that of the air, and with a quantity of 
 solid ingredients, amounting to 330 grains in some instances, and 
 in others to less than a fourth of that quantity. Inland seas have 
 a diminished amount of solid ingredients, and a correspondingly 
 lower specific gravity. Besides the chlorides of sodium, magne- 
 sium, and calcium, invariably present, we meet with sulphates of 
 these bases, some iodine or bromine, and organic matter. 
 
 The springs of this class widely differ in their medicinal quali- 
 ties from the former. They chiefly act on the mucous membranes, 
 which they stimulate to greater activity. The influence of chloride 
 of sodium on the alimentary canal has been too often alluded to 
 already, to require further remark here. Its presence in the 
 saliva shows that it is necessary for the proper performance of the 
 digestive function; its chlorine maintaining the acidity of the 
 gastric juice by the formation of hydrochloric acid with the 
 hydrogen of the liquid, whilst the disengaged sodium appropriates 
 to itself the other element of water (oxygen), and exerts, as soda, 
 a liquefying power on albuminous productions, preparing them for 
 assimilation or elimination. Soda being the chief alkali of serum, 
 the fluidity of the blood circulating in the abdominal vessels 
 becomes promoted by the use of these saline waters, and thus 
 stagnations and obstructions in the portal system are removed. 
 Reflux of venous blood towards the central organ of circulation 
 being facilitated, the arterial movements must become propor- 
 tionally invigorated, and thus we see organic reproduction con- 
 siderably improved under their influence. Persons of weakly or 
 irritable constitutions, inclined to disorders of the lymphatic or 
 sero-fibrous systems, are particularly benefited by them. The 
 laxity of fibre and the torpor of nerve, produced by weakening 
 diseases or exhausting excesses, likewise claim the powerful aid of 
 the Halopegce. The chloride of calcium and magnesium, though 
 only present in a subordinate quantity, exercise a peculiar altera- 
 tive action on the composition of the organic solids. They will not 
 increase mucous secretion or peristaltic motion, but rather over- 
 stimulate and retard alvine excretions after some time. This will 
 furnish a useful indication whenever the abdominal excretions are 
 carried to excess, and of course a counter-indication in the op- 
 posite case. The additional presence of carbonates of alkalies 
 
KISSINGEN. 121 
 
 will check any excessive formation of acidity, beneficially in- 
 fluencing renal and biliary secretion, and thus helping to remove 
 impediments to normal chylification and nutrition. 
 
 Let us now leave Bohemia, with its triangular plains and 
 encircling hills, and seek the kingdom of Bavaria. Leaving 
 Franzensbad at 3*45 P. M. for the north-westerly town of Hof, 
 about thirty miles distance, you arrive in six hours. From Hof 
 the train carries you rapidly through Bamberg to Schweinfurt, 
 and from here the diligence takes you in 2| hours to Kissingen. 
 
 Kissingen, on the Frankishe Saale, stands 600 feet above the 
 level of the sea (100 above the surface of the Maine at Wiirzburg, 
 lat. N. 50, long. E. 10), in a fertile and charming valley sur- 
 rounded by orchards and mountains. Wiirzburg is twelve leagues 
 distant to the south, and Briickenau six to the north. The course 
 of the river indicates the direction of the valley from north to 
 south. The surrounding mountains consist of stratified lime and 
 sandstone, joining in the north the basalt mountains of the Rhon. 
 The extensive salt and graduation works are reached by a pleasant 
 walk of about a mile to the north of the town. Somewhat farther 
 in the north the elevated Kreuzberg, with its towering peak, closes 
 the valley. 
 
 Towards the south the valley is terminated by the Scheinberg, 
 which is clothed with rich vineyards on its southern declivity. 
 In the north-west rises the Staffelberg, the highest of the en- 
 circling mountains, covered to its very summit with vines and 
 ancient oaks. From the ruins of the citadel of Bodenlaube, on 
 the Steigberg mountain opposite, you have a very interesting 
 view of many castles and picturesque spots of the environs. 
 Towards the east the valley is widened by the flattening of the 
 mountains. A green vale stretches itself hence for about a mile 
 and a half having a forest of fir-trees rising upon the mountain 
 ridge on the right, and the vine-clad Sinnberg on the left as far 
 as Winkels, a pretty village studded with fruit-trees, and bordered 
 by hills clothed again with high firs, rising above the vineyards. 
 Thus you look upon a fine landscape, where oak and fir-covered 
 mountains alternate with meadow- plains, vineyards, and abundant 
 orchards, intersected by the serpentine course of the River Saale. 
 The salt-works claim great antiquity. Tacitus is quoted as having 
 made the following allusion to the saline character of the place : 
 ' In the same summer the Hermunduri and Catti fought a great 
 battle, each wishing to obtain by force a frontier river blessed by 
 the production of salt. Besides the habit of settling all disputes 
 by arms, they were actuated by the religious belief that this region 
 
122 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 was particularly near heaven, and that the prayers of mortals 
 were nowhere nearer fulfilment.' 
 
 The springs are situated to the south of the town, on the left 
 bank of the Saale. The f Max] or ' SauerbrunnenJ lies opposite 
 the ( Curhaus,' in an oval deepening of the ( Curgarten,' to which 
 we have to descend a few steps. This spring issues out of fissures 
 in sandstone rock, with a temperature of 52 F. The water is as 
 clear as crystal, with an agreeably acidulous pungent taste. 
 Numerous air-bubbles constantly rise and burst on the surface, 
 with a hissing noise. It contains 30J grains of solid ingredients 
 in 16 ounces, and 31 cubic inches of carbonic-acid gas, but no 
 iron. The Ragoczy, or Curbrunnen, the most renowned of the 
 springs, rises nearest the Saale, to the south of the Maxbrun- 
 nen, in a recess surrounded by stone balustrades, and accessible 
 by steps from four sides. It does not issue from sandstone rock, 
 like the former, but from layers of basalt and sandstone, with 
 a temperature of 52^ Fahr. The hissing noise occasioned by 
 the rising and bursting gas-bubbles may be heard at a dis- 
 tance. The water is clear and sparkling ; the taste saline, 
 bitterish, and slightly astringent. It is only used for drinking. 
 It contains no less than 85^ grains of solid ingredients in 16 
 ounces ; and in this respect surpasses all the springs we have yet 
 had under our consideration (with exception of the bitter waters). 
 Chloride of sodium forms three-fourths of these ingredients, which 
 contain besides more than half a grain of bromide of magnesium 
 (7-10ths) and of carbonate of iron (6-10ths), with twenty-six 
 cubic inches of carbonic-acid gas. The curious name of Ragoczy 
 is said to be derived from that of a Croatian officer who first 
 drank from this healing water, which was discovered in 1738, in 
 the dry bed of the Saale, upon the river being diverted from the 
 ( Curhaus.' 
 
 Its neighbour, Pandur or Badebrunnen (bathing spring), re- 
 ceived its name, according to the same authority, from a more 
 humble origin viz., from the domestic of M. Ragoczy, who 
 happened to be a Pandurian. It has a subterranean connection 
 with the Rakoczi, and issues out of the same rocky mass, with a 
 temperature of 52^ Fahr. Its flavour is more saline and less 
 agreeable than that of Rakoczi. It contains 76 grains of solid 
 ingredients in 16 ounces, nearly ten less than its neighbour, but 
 rather more carbonic acid (28 cubic inches). Its constituents 
 maintain the same proportion throughout as those of Rakoczi, 
 though on a slightly diminished scale (bromide of magnesium, 
 6-10ths ; carbonate of iron, 4-10ths; culinary salt, 57 grains). 
 
KISSINGEN. 123 
 
 The Theresienbrunnen issues from a deep bore-hole at a some- 
 what greater distance northwards, about two English miles. The 
 water sparkles very strongly, and assumes a whitish appearance, 
 from the quickly-rising gas-bubbles. Its taste is acidulous, saline, 
 and rather piquant. It exhibits much analogy to the Max- 
 brunnen, containing 29J grains of solid constituents, and 28^- 
 cubic inches of carbonic acid. (It possesses no iron, but some 
 bromide of sodium.) 
 
 Ascending northwards from Kissingen for about a mile, salt 
 and graduation works suddenly attract your attention, in the 
 midst of charming meadow-ground nearer the Saale. You enter, 
 and are shown the so-called ' Soolen SprudelJ or ( runde Brunnen'' 
 (salt bubbler, or round well), of very little importance before the 
 year 1822, on account of its sparing supply. But after extensive 
 boring processes, it discharges now a great abundance of water, 
 with violent subterranean hissing and foaming viz., every minute 
 forty cubic feet, with 3J per cent, of salt. The round shaft of 
 this remarkable spring reaches a depth of twenty-five feet, with a 
 width of eight feet, The water possesses a saline bitterish taste, 
 and a temperature of 15^- Reaum. = 66 Fahr. From its name you 
 will be prepared to hear that it does not issue in an uninterrupted 
 stream. But it does not throw its water up in the pulsating man- 
 ner observed at Carlsbad. The natural phenomena noticed here 
 are quite peculiar. You enter the enclosed space, you perceive a 
 circular glass- covered prominence, with several persons around, 
 and exclaiming, from time to time, f It does not come yet.' All are 
 perfectly still, and watching. You inquire the meaning of this 
 anxious expectation. Following the throng, and endeavouring to 
 penetrate the subterranean darkness through the protecting glass- 
 covers, you wonder at the absence of all movement or bubbling. 
 After having waited some time, you hear a distant undulatory 
 movement, which becomes gradually stronger and more audible ; 
 the foaming and hissing soon become greater, and the eye will 
 now perceive a Avhitish waving mass of water rolling more and 
 more upwards, till it has reached its greatest height. If there are 
 any boys amongst the visitors, they will never fail to make the 
 experiment of placing a cap on the crown-like top of the enclosure. 
 For a long time the cap rests immovable. You will not, however, 
 have heard the rushing sound long before, suddenly, the cap rises 
 a little, and then is jerked with great force, as if by an invisible 
 hand, into the middle of the room. You examine its former 
 resting-place, and you find a small, scarcely perceptible hole 
 through which the expansive force of the gas performed this feat. 
 
1'24 
 
 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 The expectant visitors hurry off now, when you would think it most 
 interesting to watch and listen. But the cause is soon explained. 
 Dr. Pfriem, the superintendent of this establishment, kindly 
 shows the different baths that are waiting for the arrival of the 
 Sprudel water. Here gas-cabinets are gradually receiving their 
 quantum of carbonic acid, conducted by pipes from the covering 
 layer of the well some for general, others for local gas-baths. 
 There a ' Wellen-bad* (wave-bath) is filling in a baignoire from a 
 tap below, and we have an opportunity of admiring the constant 
 wave-like motion and formation of white foam in the unheated 
 bath. In another chamber a ( Strahl-bad ' (radiating-bath) is 
 getting ready from the same source for another patient. A third 
 waits for his gas-douche. After having maintained its height for 
 about two hours, the water of the Sprudel sinks back rather 
 rapidly with a distant rolling sound, and then requires a full hour 
 to repeat its rising process. It might perhaps be more appropri- 
 ately called the salt-tide, for the above phenomena are more 
 analogous to a marine ebb-and-flow than to Sprudel jerking. 
 
 This spring contains 187 grains of solid ingredients (about 
 three times as much as the Pandurbrunnen) in 16 ounces. Of 
 these 107 grains are culinary salt, 25 chloride of magnesium, 
 25 sulphate of soda, with about ^ of a grain of carbonate of iron. 
 The following comparative analysis of the five springs will assist 
 in their selection : 
 
 
 Rakoczy. 
 
 Pandur. 
 
 Max- 
 brunnen. 
 
 Theresien- 
 brunnen. 
 
 Soolen- 
 sprudel. 
 
 Temperature 
 Carbonic acid 
 
 52 Fahr. 
 23-25 cu.in. 
 
 52 
 
 28-85 
 
 52 
 31-04 
 
 52^ 
 28-35 
 
 66 
 30-57 
 
 Total of solid ingredients "^ 
 in 16 oz. . . . J 
 
 8574 gr. 
 
 76-39 
 
 30-65 
 
 29-63 
 
 187-68 
 
 Viz.: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Chloride of sodium 
 
 62-05 
 
 57-00 
 
 18-27 
 
 18-40 
 
 107-51 
 
 ,, potassium 
 
 0-91 
 
 0-25 
 
 1-00 
 
 0-85 
 
 0-97 
 
 ,, calcium 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3-99 
 
 ,, magnes. 
 
 6-85 
 
 5-85 
 
 3-10 
 
 2-75 
 
 24-51 
 
 Bromide of sodium 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0-07 
 
 
 ,, magnes. 
 
 0-70 
 
 0-68 
 
 
 
 
 
 0-06 
 
 Carbonate of soda 
 
 0-82 
 
 0-03 
 
 0-38 
 
 0-39 
 
 
 lime 
 
 3-oo 
 
 ' 5-85 
 
 2-59 
 
 2-00 
 
 1-65 
 
 magues. 
 
 2-50 
 
 1-62 
 
 1-82 
 
 2-37 
 
 6-41 
 
 iron 
 
 0-68 
 
 0-45 
 
 
 
 
 
 0-35 
 
 Sulphate of soda 
 
 2-00 
 
 1-75 
 
 1-86 
 
 1-35 
 
 25-30 
 
 ,, lime 
 
 2-50 
 
 0-75 
 
 0-65 
 
 0.75 
 
 
 Phosphate of soda 
 
 0-17 
 
 0-05 
 
 0-12 
 
 
 
 Silica 
 
 2-25 
 
 1-55 
 
 0-46 
 
 0-50 
 
 
 Oxide of alum 
 
 0-18 
 
 0-05 
 
 
 
 
 Organic extract 
 
 0-15 
 
 0-09 
 
 
 
 
 
 0-86 
 
 Loss nearly 
 
 0-38 
 
 0-37 
 
 0-38 
 
 
 

 KISSINGEN. 125 
 
 The effect of the Ragoczy water is not generally to increase 
 the alvine actions ; sometimes, on the contrary, it is rather ob- 
 structing. It agrees, therefore, best with persons suffering from 
 atonic dyspepsia and laxity of the intestinal fibre, when excessive 
 mucous secretion impedes the abdominal function. 
 
 In fact, a certain amount of weakness produced by age or 
 exhausting disease is necessary for demonstrating the action of 
 the water. It does not depress vital energy like the springs with 
 predominant sulphates, but it rouses the nerves of the repro- 
 ductive system, counteracts tough mucosity and abdominal scro- 
 fula. Vigorous constitutions are less benefited by the water. 
 The abundance of carbonic acid affords no small assistance in 
 strengthening the power of the ganglionic nervous plexus. In 
 hepatic enlargements and passive abdominal congestion, the 
 Rakoczy water shows itself particularly beneficial. Dr. Maass 
 mentions a case of hepatic induration, resulting from hepatitis : 
 constant obstruction, abdominal distention, anorexia, indigestion, 
 and emaciation accompanied the complaint. The complexion of 
 the patient was livid, with yellow colouration of the eyes, the 
 liver considerably enlarged and hardened, the legs and right hand 
 oadematous, besides occasional nocturnal perspirations and febrile 
 orgasm. From three to six glasses of the Rakoczy water, with 
 lukewarm Pandur and Soole baths, induced haemorrhoidal flux 
 with improved digestive function, but the volume of the diseased 
 liver had not diminished after a week's course. The patient 
 having left Kissingen with little hope of ultimate recovery, sur- 
 prised the doctor ten years afterwards ( ( Jahrbticher fur Deutsch- 
 laiids Heilquellen,' 1840), by his perfectly healthy and vigorous 
 appearance. The use of the Rakoczy water had been continued 
 by the patient at home until the gradual disappearance of the 
 hepatic enlargement and other morbid phenomena. He was now 
 about fifty years of age, and assured his former physician that he 
 never enjoyed better health, even in his youth, than at that 
 moment. An interesting instance is recorded of a young man, 
 who, after some vexation, had been taken ill with a gastric fever 
 of a slightly nervous character. Two months after his recovery, 
 he was attacked by intermittent fever, which, notwithstanding 
 the use of quinine, did not leave him for six months. Although 
 freed from fever, he found his state of health greatly impaired. 
 His complexion was pale and sallow, his appetite and sleep dimi- 
 nished, eructation and pressure on the pit of the stomach ensued 
 after the mildest food ; at the left hypochoiidrium the spleen was 
 
126 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 found enlarged and indurated. Action of the bowels was in- 
 variably retarded, sometimes from six to eight days. The skin 
 felt, dry and harsh, the feet were O3dematous as far as the ankles. 
 This patient used for eight weeks the Kakoczy water internally, 
 and the Pandur externally, and was completely cured. As 
 regards gout, for which disease Kissingen is often recommended, 
 no favourable results can be expected in atonic, metastatic, or 
 completely fixed gout, with deposits, contractions, or anchyloses ; 
 but when arthritic diathesis proceeds towards development under 
 the influence of vicious and tardy bilification, the spa is often 
 found to possess curative powers. Scrofulous patients are greatly 
 benefited by the spa not those of a florid erethic character, but 
 rather persons of phlegmatic and torpid constitutions. The Max- 
 brunnen is recommended in renal and vesical catarrhs, especially 
 if complicated Avith haemorrhoidal tendency. Helminthiasis is 
 enumerated as one of the principal disorders curable by the Kis- 
 singen waters. A lady was freed of a tapeworm, eighteen yards 
 long, after a course of four weeks, having been subjected in vain 
 to the ordinary medical treatment for two years ; but strict diet 
 was enjoined, and, besides the internal use of the Kakoczy water, 
 clysters of Pandur were simultaneously employed, all fresh from 
 the source, with the smallest possible loss of carbonic acid. 
 Analysis of the Rakoczy water perfectly explains its great utility 
 in systemic atrophy, based on intestinal torpor, and its indication 
 in abdominal derangements with the character of debility occurring 
 in real old age, where a diminished admixture of saliva seems to 
 be rectified by the spa, or in the artificial old age superinduced 
 in young persons by various causes. 
 
 You see, then, what different considerations should guide you 
 in selecting either the sovereign of antibilious springs, or one of 
 his neighbouring Bohemian courtiers, or the distant independent 
 chieftain of Bavaria. Hepatic derangement is alleged and proved 
 to be the principal disease curable by the Carlsbad, Marienbad, 
 Franzensbad, and Kissingen waters. 
 
 How, then, are we to distinguish between them ? If you will 
 bear in mind the individualities which we have pointed out as 
 peculiarly adapted for either of the former three, Kissingen must 
 furnish the greatest chance of recovery, if a person be afflicted 
 with a very tender alimentary tube, with frequent flatulence, 
 eructation, want of appetite, alvine obstruction, general debility, 
 emaciation or scrofulous puffin ess ; in short, if he require neither 
 the highly-stimulating and penetrating efficacy of Carlsbad, nor 
 
KISSINGEN. 127 
 
 the anti plastic and derivatory power of Marienbad, nor the 
 tonico-solvent Franzensbad springs, but improved digestive action 
 and heightened lympathic circulation and nutrition. 
 
 Suppose the above patient with splenetic physconia asked your 
 advice previously to visiting a spa : you would consider that there 
 was abdominal inaction, probably more from the absence of cer- 
 tain inorganic materials than from deep, invincible, vital tor- 
 pidity ; you would find his digestive canal unable to bear even 
 mild nourishment without irritation : to raise his powers, you 
 would not require a remedy producing functional vitality, as the 
 reaction of a highly-stimulating and overworking agent, but one 
 calculated directly to improve the elements of nutrition, and to 
 remove the impediments to a proper exercise of the organic func- 
 tions. But Kissingen offers other curative means besides those 
 enumerated. The mother-lye of the Soole is applied in glandular 
 swellings with great advantage, both locally and by general 
 baths. This contains, in 16 ounces, 1,925 grains of chloride of 
 magnesium, 420 grains of chloride of sodium, 55 of chloride of 
 lithion, the same amount of chloride of ammonium, 246 of sul- 
 phate of magnesia, 10 of bromide of magnesium: total, 2,806 
 grains. The salt-mud is another medicinal preparation, sometimes 
 obtained from the effluvia of the salt-works, and sometimes from 
 a little neighbouring pond, where carbonic acid rises from the 
 ground. The circumambient air of the graduation works is not 
 the least important curative influence reigning in this charming 
 little town. Many patients with weakened thoracic organs, 
 obstinate hoarseness, or pulmonary blennorrhage, find annually 
 relief or cure by drinking Sauerbrunnen with whey, and sojourn- 
 ing a certain portion of the day in the environs of the salt-works. 
 You must have remarked the great analogy between the baths of 
 the so-called Soolen sprudel and those of the sea. The tempera- 
 ture and composition are similar, excepting the additional presence 
 of iron in the Kissingen sprudel. The baths are taken without 
 heating or cooling ; and though chilliness is the first sensation on 
 entering, the great quantity of carbonic acid, with the wavy 
 motion of the sea-warm water, soon causes agreeable peripheric 
 stimulation, redness, and warmth, very similar to the sensations 
 resulting from real sea-baths. We have only to regret that so 
 few persons can avail themselves at the same time of these baths, 
 the difference of extent being so greatly in favour of the genuine 
 sea. Many, perhaps, will smile at this pigmy comparison, and 
 say, What is the use of an imitation sea-bath ? Are we deficient 
 
128 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 in real sea-water or in conveniences for its employment ? If 
 baths are required with saline exhalations, and all the healing 
 influences of the sea,, let the patient resort to the seaside and 
 bathe in the abundant salt-fluid, instead of waiting here for a 
 puny measure of similar water. This objection seems very 
 plausible, theoretically. But let us examine it in practice, and 
 inquire whether the seaside invariably restores those sunken 
 powers for which it is recommended. Does it not occasionally 
 happen that the powerful shock of the mighty stimulus irritates 
 instead of invigorating ? Is not the advantage of sea-bathing 
 often counterbalanced by secondary morbid incidents ? However 
 useful and invaluable for combating morbid diathesis, you are 
 well aware how carefully it must be avoided in all erethic con- 
 ditions, and in many formed diseases. Often, then, when sea- 
 bathing must be forbidden from certain medical considerations, 
 such modification as you find here may prove extremely desirable, 
 particularly with all the other auxiliaries at your command for 
 influencing both the internal and external reproduction in the 
 weakened constitution. You are aware that Kissingen is largely 
 employed abroad, chiefly Rakoczy ; but the Maxbrunnen well 
 deserves to be used for exportation, on account of its felicitous 
 combination, and of the close union of its carbonic acid. After 
 having been exposed to the atmosphere for three days in open, 
 bottles, and placed in a heated room, a great quantity of carbonic 
 acid is evolved on shaking the bottles. Many consider it pre- 
 ferable to Selters water in its dietetic use. Kissingen gains 
 daily in importance, its efficacy being ranked between that of 
 Carlsbad for abdominal disorders, and of Wiesbaden for de- 
 rangements of the sero-fibrous and muscular systems. 
 
 A case is recorded of a neighbouring physician who was sud- 
 denly seized with most violent pains of the stomach and vomiting, 
 so that enteritis was diagnosed, and a corresponding antiphlo- 
 gistic treatment adopted, but to no purpose. The pains con- 
 tinued, and paralysis of the extremities at last supervened. An 
 eminent Wiirzburg physician considered the disease as a form of 
 masked gout, and therefore advised Kissingen. Affected with 
 violent palpitation of the heart, he arrived at the spa, after nine 
 months' suffering. After the lapse of a fortnight articular gout 
 made its appearance, with the relief of the paralytic and neuralgic 
 symptoms. 
 
 The beneficial influence of Kissingen on the portal circulation 
 will prepare you to hear of its favourable action on abnormal 
 

 BOOKLET. 129 
 
 catamenial flux. The majority of the valetudinarians, however, 
 belong to the male sex ; and diseases of the hypochondriacal 
 organs annually swell the list of visitors in a preponderating 
 degree. Besides the greatly esteemed German physicians (Dr. 
 Erhard, Dr. Balling, Dr. Welsch, Dr. Bexberger, Dr. DirufF, 
 Dr. Ehrenburg, Dr. Pfriem, and I)r. Gatschenberger), the Eng- 
 lish visitors enjoy the advantage of the highly valuable services 
 of Dr. Granville and Dr. Travis, who reside at Kissingen during 
 the season.* 
 
 Bocklet. Let us now pursue the northward course of the river 
 Saale, for about five English miles, and we shall arrive at Booklet, 
 situated in a meadow-valley on the left bank of the river, two 
 leagues from Kissingen, six from Briickenau, and seven from 
 Schweinfurth. At the eastern side of the valley, woody hillocks 
 are perceived, less high than those of the opposite side. The 
 meadow-ground presents a very pleasant but rather monoto- 
 nous appearance. The mountains as far as Kissingen consist 
 of stratified sandstone. Thence layers of stratified limestone 
 commence and extend through the southern part of the Wiirz- 
 burg domain. Towards the Rhongebirg, on the other side 
 of the Saale, basalt takes the place of sandstone. The springs 
 were discovered, about 130 years ago, by the Vicar of Aschach, 
 Schoppner, who, on passing that way, accidentally remarked a 
 bog filled with yellow water and covered by a variegated pellicle. 
 These peculiar characteristics, besides the unusual taste and 
 smell, and the neighbourhood of Kissingen, excited in the re- 
 verend gentleman's mind the idea of its being a mineral water. 
 He had an empty perforated cask dropped into the deepest part, 
 and thus obtained a purer flow of the water, which he tried for 
 his own ailment with success, and then induced many of the 
 neighbouring inhabitants to follow his example and establish the 
 fame of the newly-discovered fountain. A hundred years ago, 
 the spring was enclosed and a bath-house erected near it. Several 
 springs, formerly separate, were found to possess the same origin, 
 and therefore received a common enclosure. The place now 
 contains a chalybeate and a sulphurous spring. The former 
 enjoys a high reputation for its solvent and tonic power. It dis- 
 charges seventy-nine cubic feet of water per hour, and flows with 
 a considerable hissing noise, sparkling strongly when drawn. Its 
 taste is saline and somewhat astringent ; temperature, 50 F.; spec, 
 grav. I'Oll 7 . The curious tide of the Soolensprudel seems to be 
 
 Excellent accommodation in the Curhaus, Russische Hof and Bairische Hof. 
 
 K 
 
130 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 feebly repeated here, for slight ebbing and flowing take place, 
 although without regularity. The source sinks suddenly several 
 inches in the shaft, and rises again with some violence, after a 
 shorter or longer period. On some days no tide is perceived ; on 
 others, it occurs several times. It is most marked at the period of 
 full moon, also at the approach of a tempest, and whenever the 
 barometric scale is lowered, carbonic acid gas being evolved at 
 the same time in greater quantities and more energetically. 
 
 CONTENTS OF THE CHIEF BOOKLET SPBINGS (COLD). 
 
 Ludwigsquelle. Schwefelquelle. Stahlquelle. 
 
 (Ludwig'ssprg.) (Sulphur sprg.) (Steel sprg.) 
 
 Carbonic acid ... 31 cub. in. 2l . 39 P 3 
 
 Sulphuretted hydrogen . 0'2 
 
 Sum total of ingredients . 45'9 gr. o . 27'6 
 Viz. : 
 
 Sulphate of soda . . . 6*25 . . . 0'25 . 2-54 
 
 magnesia . ... . 3'23 
 
 lime . . 0'50 
 
 Chloride of sodium . . 27'50 . . . 0'25 . 6'55 
 
 ,, magnesium . 0*75 ... . 4'43 
 
 Carbonate of soda . ... 0'50 
 
 magnesia . . 1-25 . . . (V50 . 3'36 
 
 lime . . 7'25 . . . 2'50 . 6'54 
 
 iron . . . 0-65 . . . 0'40 . O'Gl 
 
 Silica 0-50 . . . 010 . 0-22 
 
 This combination of the sulphate of soda and magnesia with the 
 carbonates of lime and iron, assisted by the presence of the anti- 
 scrofulous chlorides, justifies the well-earned reputation of the spa 
 in atonic irritation and mucosity of the alimentary mucous mem- 
 brane, and especially in diarrhoaa based on a scrofulous affection 
 of the mesenteric glands, in anaemia states of the uterus, in blen- 
 norrhages, as well as in passive metrorrhage. As a remedy after 
 the use of highly solvent springs, Booklet is also very valuable, 
 both for internal and external use. 
 
 About ten or twelve feet from the chalybeate, the less abundant 
 sulphurous spring comes to light. This is only used for drinking, 011 
 account of its sparing supply. In dry, hot summers, the quantity 
 of the water is still more diminished, with a somewhat increased 
 proportion of hydrothionic acid. It displays the characteristic 
 smell of the hepatic gas. On drawing a glass of the water, it 
 loses momentarily its transparency, by reason of the rising gas 
 bubbles. The sulphuretted hydrogen not being closely united to 
 the water, it easily, volatilises by lengthened exposure to the at- 
 mosphere. The layers of carbonic acid spread over the water are 
 led off, and employed for gas-baths. Ferruginous mud is obtained 
 
BOOKLET. 131 
 
 from the so-called red peat of the high Rhone, and used for mud- 
 baths. There are two other kinds of moor, of large extent, and 
 forming considerable bogs, which are, however, less appropri- 
 ate for medicinal use. Motherlye, from the brine of Kissingen, 
 is sometimes added to the baths, or use.d for local application. 
 From the already explained action of the constituents, the water 
 agrees even with very weak and irritable digestive organs, where 
 other chalybeates would be less easily tolerated, from the want of 
 tempering salts. The chalybeate of Booklet ranks in its medicinal 
 effects between the more purely tonic Pyrmont, and the more 
 solvent Franzensbrunnen. The atony of the mucous membrane 
 is particularly counteracted by Booklet. 
 
 Whilst assimilation and reproduction are greatly heightened by 
 the use of this water, atonic irritability of the nervous system is 
 allayed. Booklet enjoys the highest reputation in atonic uterine 
 diseases, in chlorosis, menstrual irregularities, sterility, and blen- 
 norrhages ; and here, especially, potent efficacy results from the 
 careful employment of the douche ascendante. Dr. Kirchgessner 
 detailed to me several cases of sterility and tendency to abortion 
 that had been cured by the internal use of the Stahlquelle and the 
 above-mentioned douche. The liquid is jerked up with different 
 and gradually increasing degrees of force, an experienced female 
 bath attendant directing the machinery. I especially inquired 
 whether erotic sensations resulted from the introduction of this 
 remedy, and was assured by the Doctor, that generally it pro- 
 duced no other physical effects than those of ordinary vaginal in- 
 jections. Occasionally, however, some sexual erethism is induced, 
 and then the douche is considered as inapplicable, and immediately 
 discontinued. I need not dwell on the importance of this point, 
 for if the excitement of such sensations were continued, it is obvious 
 that the previous atonic irritability and torpor would, after the 
 subsided reaction, increase rather than diminish. When the uterus 
 is chiefly to be acted upon, a stream is led through the douche, 
 whilst for the affected vaginal portion the perforated tube is used 
 to impart an ascending rain-douche. From my own observation, 
 I can state that it is never employed by Dr. Kirchgessner without 
 the greatest care and circumspection ; and I can unhesitatingly 
 recommend Booklet in cases of sterility, where leucorrhoea has 
 formerly existed, and is prone to reappear by any weakening or 
 exciting incident; when nervous susceptibility is connected with 
 abnormal digestive function ; frequent obstruction alternating with 
 occasional diarrhoea; when menstruation does not maintain its 
 
 K 2 
 
132 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 regular epochs, though the signs of obstinate chlorosis are absent, 
 and there is no positive appearance of anasmia or great debility in 
 the complexion or posture of the patient. Let us imagine her to 
 be every now and then seized with spasms of the stomach, neuralgia 
 of the head, face, or teeth ; her mind being extremely excitable 
 for joy or grief, &c. To such a condition the Booklet water is 
 peculiarly applicable. Patients, however, of great debility, af- 
 fected with a high degree of chlorosis, and with a greater sexual 
 torpor, but with unimpaired alimentary function, will require a 
 purer chalybeate. When scrofulous dyscrasia is complicated with 
 the sexual disorder, Booklet claims the preference. In several 
 cases of ovarian tumour, the Doctor used emollient decoctions with 
 hemlock for the douche ascendante, besides the sulphurous water 
 internally, and baths of mother-lye, until the complete removal of 
 fluor albus and sterility, which had been connected with the organic 
 disorder. The sulphur spring agrees well even with very weak 
 digestive organs. It exerts a very beneficial influence on the 
 alimentary and urinary mucous membranes, and is used with 
 benefit in vesical haemorrhoids and catarrh, and in hydrargyrosis. 
 But of course you will not recommend Booklet when the properties 
 of a pure sulphurous mineral water are required for the cure of 
 disease, having to choose between so many powerful springs of- 
 this class : but when you consider Booklet's muriatico-chalybeate 
 spring useful, complications may exist or arise, which must be 
 counteracted by the sulphur spring. For though weaker than 
 many others, its quantity of carbonic acid, iron, and lime, gives it 
 a preference in many morbid modifications. 
 Physician : Dr. Rubath. 
 
BRfJCKENAU. 133 
 
 LECTURE XL 
 
 BRUCKENAU HOMBURG. 
 
 riding westward for a few hours across the Rhon mountain, 
 we arrive at the charming valley enclosing the magnificent spa of 
 Bruchenau, situated on the little river Sinn, which runs from 
 north-east to the south-west, between woody hills covered with 
 oak and fir trees. The height observed on the south is called the 
 Sinnberg. The spa lies about half a league from the small town 
 of Briickenau, six leagues from Booklet, and sixteen from Wurz- 
 burg. It possesses three springs. The Briickenauer, or steel 
 spring, lies nearly in the centre of the valley. Two hundred 
 yards to the south we perceive the Wernarzer, and about twenty 
 yards farther, at the foot of the Sinnberg, the Sinnberger spring. 
 The two first are separated by the river Sinn, which is here 
 crossed by a stone bridge leading to the Curnplace. Between 
 the town of Briickenau and the spa an umbrageous beech grove 
 borders both sides of the road, which all at once terminates by the 
 unexpected view of the beautiful gardens, walks, and buildings, 
 surrounding the springs. The Curhaus, erected by his Majesty 
 King Ludwig of Bavaria, is one of the most splendid buildings 
 of Europe. The walks and shady resting-places are varied and 
 numerous, and abound in natural charms. The Dreystelz, rising 
 above the Sinnberg, affords a very fine prospect of the environs. 
 The steel spring arises out of the rocks at the depth of fifty feet, 
 and is conducted upwards by a wooden pipe. The water is clear, 
 and strongly sparkling, with an agreeably acidulous, piquant, and 
 slightly astringent taste. When drawn, it quickly covers the 
 sides of the glass with gas-bubbles. If the water be exposed in 
 an open vessel overnight, round, reddish flakes will be perceived 
 at the bottom next morning. Red ferruginous ochre becomes 
 deposited at the sides of the basin into which the water flows from 
 the pipe. Only 2^ grains of solid constituents are contained in a 
 pint of water viz., 
 
134 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 - 60 sulphate of magnesia. 
 0-20 sulphate of lime. 
 0-65 chloride of potassium. 
 0'35 chloride of sodium. 
 0'55 carbonate of lime. 
 0*25 carbonate of iron (| of a grain) ; and 
 
 35^ cubic inches of carbonic acid ; temperature between 48 and 50 F. Specific 
 gravity, 1*006. 
 
 Briickenau may thus be considered one of the purest chalybeates 
 of Europe, the iron being so finely divided and dissolved, and so 
 little counterbalanced by antiplastics, that it possesses a purely 
 tonic action without any secondary result. The sulphates and 
 chlorides present are just sufficient to cause the chief ingredient 
 to be well tolerated by the digestive organs. The great abundance 
 of carbonic acid assists in directly introducing this invigorating 
 element into the circulating fluids. The spa is therefore applicable 
 in many cases of erethic atony, where other chalybeates would 
 cause too great an excitement in the vascular system. After 
 tedious recovery from exhausting ailments, in chlorosis, profuse 
 perspiration from cutaneous weakness, or tendency to abortion, it 
 is highly recommended. It is often used with great advantage 
 after a course of Kissingen or other solvent waters. The Wer- 
 narzer spring is not a chalybeate, but one of the purest so-called 
 acidulous springs in existence, containing 28 cubic inches of car- 
 bonic acid, with only 4-5ths of a grain of solid constituents, and 
 among these 1-2 Oth gr. of acetate of potash. The Sinnberger 
 contains less than f of a grain of constituents, with 25 cubic 
 inches of carbonic acid. It was found necessary to dig 50 feet 
 through the sandstone to enclose the latter, and the supposition 
 was entertained that it originated out of lava-mass, probably lying 
 here under the sandstone. 
 
 This would account for the great abundance of carbonic acid 
 from the lava exhalations, whilst the deficiency of solid ingredients 
 would be due to the small solubility of the superposed rocky 
 masses. The taste of the two latter springs is purely acidulous 
 and slightly pungent. They have been greatly extolled in chronic 
 diseases of the pulmonary mucous membrane, and in lithiac and 
 hasmorrhoidal tendencies. They are also often recommended in such 
 chronic diseases as are based on abdominal obstruction, repressed 
 piles, rheumatism, or gout. In fluor albus and dysmenorrhrea, they 
 are also said to have been employed advantageously. Dr. Wetzler 
 relates the case of a young delicate married woman, who was 
 often affected w T ith spitting of blood, and became so reduced after 
 
BRUCKENAU. 135 
 
 a sev r ere delivery, that her condition was thought hopeless. She 
 came to Briickenau, and Dr. Schipper, under whose care she 
 placed herself, ordered first the Sinnberger, and afterwards the 
 Wernarzer water, to be drunk, by which means she was completely 
 restored. She had been confined subsequently, and was well at 
 the time Dr. W. mentioned her case. The situation and climate 
 of Briickenau are very favourable for persons with delicate thoracic 
 organs. The variety of natural and artificial attractions here is 
 particularly striking. The fine prospect offered by the Prince's 
 house, standing on an eminence which overlooks the valley with 
 its park-like walks the gardens between the costly buildings, 
 with their shady groves and well-contrived orchards the giant 
 oak with its immense horizontal branches, affording shade to more 
 than 100 persons, and often serving as a centre for music and 
 dancing the manifold walks on the other side in the woods of 
 the Sinnberg, with their green benches or turf seats all these 
 charms seem little appreciated, for I find that this spa, the favourite 
 seat of his Majesty the late King Ludwig of Bavaria, decreases 
 annually in visitors. When I walked last year through the mag- 
 nificent Cursaal with its royal galleries and glittering chandeliers, 
 its extensive space and accommodation for great numbers, I was 
 sadly impressed by the absence of the only ornament wanting 
 viz., a lively throng of human beings. I understood that numerous 
 visitors were attracted by the sojourn of his Majesty, some per- 
 haps from the natural fondness for courtly splendour, others from 
 a desire to petition the king, who was here more accessible than in 
 his capital. 
 
 The above shows you that it is necessary to inquire into many 
 circumstances, not immediately connected with the physical or 
 chemical character of a spa, in order to arrive at a just conclusion 
 as to the esteem in which it is held by the public. But what is 
 the cause of the present comparative loneliness of a place offering 
 the purest chalybeate and acidulous spring ? This may partly 
 arise from the fact that the supply is rather deficient, for the 
 baths are not given of the pure steel spring, but the Wernarzer 
 and Sinnberger non-chalybeates are heated and mixed with the 
 former. As regards the acidulous springs, with their alterative 
 and stimulating influence on the pulmonary, digestive, and 
 uropoietic mucous membranes, they are probably often neglected 
 in favour of springs which possessing greater combinations, are 
 suited to more complicated morbid conditions. At the time of my 
 visit, an English nobleman (the ambassador at Paris, I believe), 
 
136 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 had just arrived to drink the waters for a fortnight, after a course 
 of Kissingen ; and I do think, whenever circumstances allow the 
 delay, many of the frequenters of Kissingen would be greatly 
 benefited, if, before returning to their usual toils or avocations, 
 they would submit themselves for a few weeks to the tonico- 
 solvent power of Booklet, or to the purely invigorating Briickenau ; 
 they would certainly then carry home a much greater resisting 
 power against morbific causes, by having provided their depurated 
 abdominal organs with the strengthening chalybeate draughts, 
 imbibed amid all the charms that nature and artistic skill can 
 furnish. 
 
 Physicians : Dr. Riegel, Dr. Faulhaber. 
 
 Hamburg . We have now to direct our way to Frankfort, and 
 for that purpose we go by diligence as far as Gemiinden (in 6J 
 hours). Thence the railroad will convey us to Frankfort in less 
 than three hours (58 \ miles). This beautiful and busy town, 
 full of life, pleasure, and commerce, forms the centre of extremely 
 numerous and varied medicinal springs. They have on the north- 
 west Homburg, on the north Nauheim, on the west Soden, more 
 southerly Weilbach, and due west Wiesbaden, besides the cele- 
 brated Nassau Spas at a short distance. Our next visit, however, 
 is intended for Homburg ( vor der Hohe,' which we can reach 
 now by rail in f of an hour. This spa was visited by 805 guests 
 only in the year 1837 ; by 4,600 nine years afterwards, in 1846 ; 
 and by upwards of 5,000 in 1847. It lies 600 feet above the 
 level of the sea (300 feet higher than Frankfort), on a mountain- 
 ridge, about two miles distant from the south-eastern chain of 
 the Taunus. Woody hills protect the town on the north and 
 west. The highest peak of the Taunus, the Feldberg, lies in a 
 due westerly direction. Towards the south-west rises the Altko- 
 nig, with the ruins of Falkenstein at its feet. The place is open 
 and unprotected on the south and east. At a greater distance, 
 the Donnersberg is perceived to the south, the f Bergstrasse ' and 
 the Odenwald to the south-east; with these you notice on the 
 map the more easterly parallels formed by the Spessart and Rhon- 
 mountains. The air is considered very bracing and invigorating 
 ki the months of June, July, and August. In spring, the tem- 
 perature is very changeable ; and even in summer, it is positively 
 injurious to persons with delicate thoracic organs. The mountain- 
 masses round Homburg consist of quartz-slate, whilst of the Soden 
 mountains chlorit-slate forms the chief foundation. At the foot 
 of the mountains, clay-slate with quartz veins is found. Though 
 
HOMBURG. 137 
 
 tertiary layers of lime are frequent about Soden, no lime can be 
 discovered in the superficial crust of the environs of Homburg. 
 On the other side of the Med, however, fresh-water shell-lime is 
 found in abundance. Strata of peat exist near Homburg with 
 superposed basalt cones. The mineral sources originate to the 
 north-east of the town, in a meadow-valley within a circuit of a 
 few thousand feet. In boring, a thin layer of gravel was first 
 penetrated; then a consilerable stratum of differently coloured 
 clay (150 feet) ; then a thick vein of quartz was arrived at, out of 
 which the springs issue with their extraordinary abundance of 
 carbonic acid. At a greater depth, efflorescent clay-slate is mixed, 
 here and there, with quartz-sand. The origin of all the springs 
 is shown to be common by their possessing nearly the same con- 
 stituents. The water merely rises to the surface of the ground, 
 so that deep canals had to be cut, to cause its efflux. 
 
 About two hundred years ago, salt was obtained from various 
 bore-holes, but from some cause or other, the graduation-works 
 were discontinued, and the buildings sold to the administration of 
 the Nauheim Saltworks (1740). The place remained unnoticed 
 till some boys, in 1 809, discovered an acidulous spring, which was 
 used as a refreshing beverage by the townspeople ; but no medi- 
 cinal employment was thought of before 1834, when Medicinalrath 
 Dr. Trapp tried the now-called Elisabethbrunnen with success, 
 and recommended its further employment. This spring is en- 
 tirely protected by its enclosure from any atmospheric influence. 
 The others are more liable to slight changes from accidental 
 causes. 
 
 The Elisabeth Spring comprises several confluent sources, pro- 
 vided with one enclosure. The others are the result of boring 
 trials. It was found necessary to bore to a depth of 140 to 150 
 feet before a mineral fountain was discovered. The water fur- 
 nished by the springs is clear and transparent, and issues with a 
 constantly bubbling motion, from the great amount of carbonic 
 acid present, which adds some pungency to the saline, bitterish, 
 and ferruginous taste. Exposed for some time to the atmosphere, 
 turbidity ensues, with a recldish deposit. At the boring-springs, a 
 blackish powder adheres to the sides, chiefly composed of sulphuret 
 of iron. Analysis of the four springs shows : 
 
138 
 
 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 
 Elisabethqu. 
 
 Ivaiserqu. 
 
 Stahlqu. 
 
 Ludwigsqu. 
 
 Chloride of Sodium 
 
 79-15 
 
 117-04 
 
 79-86 
 
 7-93 
 
 Magnesium . 
 
 7-76 
 
 7-86 
 
 5-32 
 
 306 
 
 Calcium 
 
 7-75 
 
 13-32 
 
 10-66 
 
 7-28 
 
 ,, Potassium 
 
 
 
 0-29 
 
 0-17 
 
 1-71 
 
 Sulphate of Soda 
 
 0-38 
 
 
 
 
 ,, Lime 
 
 
 
 0-19 
 
 0-14 
 
 0.15 
 
 Carbonate of Lime . 
 
 10-98 
 
 11-10 
 
 7-53 
 
 5-74 
 
 ,, Magnesia . 
 
 2-01 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 0-09 
 
 Iron . 
 
 0-46 
 
 0-80 
 
 0-93 
 
 0-41 
 
 Silica .... 
 
 0-31 
 
 0-33 
 
 0-31 
 
 o-io 
 
 Total 
 
 109-31 gr. 
 
 150.93 
 
 104-97 
 
 86-04 
 
 Free Carbonic Acid 
 
 48^ cub. in. 
 
 55 
 
 46-9 
 
 43-35 
 
 Specific gravity 
 
 1-0115 
 
 1-015 
 
 1-0108 
 
 
 Temperature . 
 
 54^F. 
 
 56fF. 
 
 54lF. 
 
 5oi'F. 
 
 The presence of the sulphuretted hydrogen in some of them 
 may be ascertained by the odour, but it is not chemically demon- 
 strable. The effects observed at Homburg quite coincide with 
 the properties of the component parts. The chief ingredient, 
 chloride of sodium (nearly four scruples), not only gently stimu- 
 lates the mucous membranes to an increased secretion, but also 
 loosens the formed and tough mucus, and thus prepares the 
 alimentary contents for elimination, without actually operating 
 as a purgative. Chloride of calcium (7f gr.) has been found to 
 act beneficially in scrofula, being somewhat analogous to chloride 
 of baryum in its solvent and alterative effects. It increases ab- 
 sorption in the lymphatic vessels, and seems to induce resolution in 
 tumefied glands. The isolated remedy is not so favourably re- 
 ceived by the alimentary tube as the sodium salt, being apt to 
 over-stimulate and retard alvine functions, if employed to excess. 
 The chloride of magnesium (7f gr.) assists the action of the 
 calcium salt. From the circumstance of those springs which 
 contain the greatest quantity of chloride of magnesium parti- 
 cularly increasing bilious alvine evacuations, this salt is supposed 
 to promote the secretion of bile. The rapid removal of mesen- 
 teric scrofula by Homburg water, is chiefly ascribed to the pre- 
 sence of these two chlorides. Carbonate of iron to the amount of 
 nearly half a grain (0'46), increases the tone of the blood, and 
 prevents the development of cachectic liquefaction. It enables 
 the organism to carry out the reaction by which the penetrating 
 solvent treatment will be succeeded. The considerable amount of 
 carbonate of lime (10 3-10ths gr.) would rather act as an obstruent 
 in its ordinary form, diminishing serous and mucous secretion by 
 
IIOMBURG. 139 
 
 its absorbing tendency ; but some modification must be allowed 
 here, from its being accompanied by so great a quantity of car- 
 bonic acid. The duration of its contact with the abdominal organs 
 becomes shortened by a prompt imbibition into the circulating 
 fluids, and thus it assists the antacid and sedative effects of mag- 
 nesia ( 2 gr). The absence of carbonate of soda in the Elisabeth- 
 brunnen is significant. Those combined ingredients might display 
 very different effects, if they were not introduced with an abun- 
 dance of free carbonic acid (48 cubic inches in 16 ounces), which, 
 according to Professor Liebig, surpasses the quantity found in 
 any other spring in Europe. It is, therefore, not remarkable that 
 a sort of giddiness, and momentary feeling of intoxication, are 
 sometimes perceived by persons of a plethoric habit who drink the 
 water off quickly. The pulse is also often increased during the 
 use of the water, which must be partially attributed to the unusual 
 quantity of free carbonic acid. 
 
 The Homburg water causes a sensation of warmth in the 
 stomach, occasionally with some flatulence, which, however, is 
 soon relieved by eructation, or increased alvine evacuations. If 
 renal secretion appears augmented, the action of the bowels be- 
 comes less perceptible. Sometimes even obstruction takes place 
 in the beginning of the course. Unless accompanied by unfavour- 
 able signs of vascular excitement as giddiness, headache, abdo- 
 minal distention, restlessness, &c. the action of the water alone 
 may be trusted for the production of the necessary eliminations. 
 Should the watchful physician observe any symptoms of cerebral 
 congestion, he will not hesitate to employ an energetic revulsive 
 treatment, by purgatives or otherwise. From two or four tum- 
 blers are taken fasting, and ordinarily some faecal and mucous 
 evacuations follow in a few hours. If they exhibit rather a 
 serous character, they are not considered favourable, and the 
 dose of water should be diminished, or dietetic measures taken to 
 change the diarrhocal disposition. Critical excrementitious stools 
 happen during the course with great relief. Morbid corpulency 
 becomes considerably diminished, and digestion improved. Three 
 weeks is the ordinary duration of the course ; prolongation of this 
 period would cause too great an irritation of the alimentary canal. 
 Towards the third week the relief experienced at first generally 
 vanishes, abdominal action slackens, the parietes distend, with 
 general lassitude and languor ; appetite, sleep, and temper become 
 disturbed. These signs are merely the beginning of critical reac- 
 ion, and you must particularly exhort your patient not to be 
 
140 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 discouraged by them. The alterative process has been com- 
 menced, repressed piles or catamenia will be reproduced by the 
 reacting efforts of nature ; hardened fasces, and even gall-stones, 
 will be expelled, and the whole reproductive system will often 
 become strengthened after the cessation of these phenomena. 
 
 Homburg has been found very beneficial for aged individuals 
 who have undergone typhus or other weakening diseases, and who 
 have an instinctive desire for more nourishment, with inactive 
 intestines and a feeling of discomfort after alvine evacuations. 
 Their blood seems to be deficient in certain materials necessary 
 for a proper innervation, and therefore restoration and cure may 
 ensue by the use of the springs. Experience has shown Hom- 
 burg to be adapted for general scrofulous diathesis without local 
 derangement, and occasionally for swelling of the mesenteric 
 glands, with emaciation ; for ulceration of the subcutaneous 
 glands, scrofulous blennorrhages of the eyes or ears, &c. But in 
 the case of infants, no irritation must exist in the infantile diges- 
 tive canal, if Homburg is to be administered internally ; the course 
 is therefore generally commenced with baths. In florid erethic 
 scrofula, the internal use is entirely contra-indicated; whilst in 
 the torpid form, careful employment of Homburg exerts a de- 
 cidedly curative effect. Whatever analogy may exist between 
 tubercle and scrofula, it has been positively shown that no favour- 
 able result can be expected from Homburg in tubercular deposits. 
 Even in cases of hasmoptoe and pulmonary irritation that were 
 relieved during the course, under the appearance of ha3morrhoidal 
 congestion, aggravation of the disease ensued some weeks after 
 the return from the spa. The cause of this important circum- 
 stance is not so much to be sought in the climate as in the chemi- 
 cal composition of the water. 
 
 The spa is particularly indicated in prevailing venous conges- 
 tion of the abdominal organs. When scrofulous dyscrasia has 
 existed in youth, mature age is liable to venous predominance in 
 the circulating system. Less arterial blood being required now 
 than during growth, when constant organic additions took place, 
 unchanged sanguification may produce more of this vital liquid 
 than necessary for renewal of the wasted materials. This condi- 
 tion is remedied either by diminishing the quantity of nourish- 
 ment, or by increasing the function of the emunctories. If, 
 however, luxurious meals are indulged in, and abdominal and 
 cutaneous eliminations are checked through mechanical compres- 
 sion, lengthened sojourn in a confined atmosphere, avoidance of 
 
HOMBURG. 141 
 
 muscular exertion, &c., abdominal plethora must occur, and pro- 
 duce over-filling of the portal system, the impeded venous reflux 
 then impairs the strength of the arterial current. The blood, 
 flowing with diminished force, furnishes a less active stimulus 
 for metamorphic processes. The ganglionic nerves make ener- 
 getic efforts to counteract this torpidity, and become irritated 
 and weakened in consequence. Dyspepsia, flatulence, irregular 
 stools, colic, headache, mental depression, occasional pains in 
 the back, fulness of the abdomen, and other signs of faulty 
 digestion torment the patient. This state may be relieved by the 
 effort of nature in discharging venous blood through the ha3mor- 
 rhoidal vessels ; but if the causes continue, the abnormal state 
 will be renewed. This morbid state frequently finds a radical cure 
 at Homburg. Although at first the secretion of acid mucus 
 often augments under symptoms of apparent aggravation, this 
 soon yields to relieving evacuations. Gall-stones are frequently 
 removed by the water. 
 
 Icteric phenomena are generally aggravated at first, the skin 
 assuming a deeper yellow, till critical evacuations usher in the ex- 
 pected relief. Melcena and vomiting of blood are often connected 
 with intumescence and congestion or softening of the spleen. 
 Such cases find a powerful remedy in Homburg. 
 
 If enlargements of the liver or spleen be produced by intermit- 
 tent fevers, these latter sometimes reappear during the course, 
 and require medical treatment ; but through the simultaneous use 
 of the spa, the hypochondriacal derangements often disappear with 
 the fever. In diseases of the uterine system., especially in abnormal 
 menstruation, Homburg enjoys a very high reputation, probably 
 due to its powerful anti-venous action. A general torpid and 
 phlegmatic state is most in need of this spa. In some cases of 
 chlorosis, Homburg will exert a more curative effect than steel 
 springs. Indeed, though the character of this disease is generally 
 pretty similar in different individuals, we must allow a great- 
 variety of causes. To counteract these must be our aim. There 
 will be, doubtless, deficiency of iron in the composition of blood ; 
 but we must inquire how this has been produced. Have hepatic 
 and intestinal functions been previously disturbed ? Has not the 
 patient sometimes suffered from bilious vomiting, acidity, or other 
 signs of irritable digestion ? So that the attenuation of the blood 
 results more from imperfect assimilation, than from absent elements. 
 The reason why in such cases pure chalybeates are useless, is 
 obvious ; and here Homburg acts as a powerful curative agent. 
 
142 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 Digestion and bilifi cation improve, mucosity and venous predomi- 
 nance are allayed, and the restored digestive function renders 
 further tonics unnecessary. The spasms of the stomach, which 
 often accompany the menstrual epochs, are invariably relieved 
 here. Uterine hypertrophy is diminished, and thus sterility, as well 
 as excessive catamenia, are sometimes cured. Vesical catarrh, and 
 haemorrhoids, with frequent ischuria and cramps of the bladder, 
 are greatly mitigated. 
 
 Homburg is contra-indicated in fever, acute inflammation, con- 
 gestion to the head or chest, organic diseases of the heart and 
 great vessels, dropsy, internal suppuration, &c. Taking cold is 
 particularly to be avoided during the course, as it materially inter- 
 feres with the effect of the water. To show the advantageous result 
 of Homburg in digestive weakness, Medicinalrath Dr. Miiller 
 records the case of a lady who had been confined to her room for 
 more than a twelvemonth, in consequence of a chronic nervous 
 complaint. Complete anorexia, with a furred tongue and obstinate 
 obstruction, was gradually developing, and resisting various ener- 
 getic modes of treatment. At last Elisabethbrunnen was resorted 
 to. The water was found to agree with the patient, although it 
 had to be taken without exercise, as she was unable to leave her 
 bed. After a fortnight, the tongue became clean, and alvine 
 action more regular. In the course of five weeks her digestion 
 was perfectly restored. Cases are mentioned of cachectic, emaci- 
 ated individuals, affected with pertinacious obstruction, occasional 
 cholic, vomiting and diarrhoea, who were restored by using the 
 Elisabethbrunnen during three or four weeks. An individual, with 
 morbid obesity, frequent sleepiness, irregular stools, but unnatural 
 appetite, could not perform the slightest exertion without difficulty. 
 This condition was likewise greatly improved by the spa. In 
 cases where active life has been exchanged for a sedentary occupa- 
 tion, the injurious results developed in the abdominal organs are 
 extremely well combated by Homburg. Several cases are re- 
 corded of ladies who had been afflicted with frequent paroxysms 
 of ' cramps of the stomach.' Alvine obstruction was present at 
 the same time, and only yielded after a week's course of the Elisa- 
 bethbrunnen. An elderly Ion vivant was suffering from violent 
 and frequent attacks of colic, with obstruction : he used other spas 
 during ten years, with only temporary relief, but was ultimately 
 restored at Homburg. Medicinalrath Dr. Trapp details several 
 cases which may serve as a useful guide for the proper choice of 
 
HOMBURG. 143 
 
 the spa. Mons. de P , muscular and strongly built, but 
 
 rather puffy in appearance, had suffered from febris intermittens 
 several years ago, when residing on the borders of Holland. For- 
 merly he complained much of obstruction ; now diarrhoea is more 
 frequent, with occasional acidity and mucosity, feeling of soreness, 
 and tickling in the throat : after meals, great lassitude and reddened 
 face. His parents also suffered from weak stomachs the father 
 from gout. Two glasses of Elisabethbrunnen were ordered to be 
 taken in the morning at long intervals, after a bath of 81 J F., with 
 motherlye. The dose and duration of the bath were gradually in- 
 creased, and restoration followed. Mr. R., fifty-two years of age, 
 is perfectly healthy, can eat and drink what he likes, sleeps well, 
 but an intolerable pressure on the pit of the stomach never fails to 
 succeed the meals, with eructations and redness in the face ; he is 
 inclined to diarrhoea, but has usually one tough, dry evacuation 
 every day, with occasional pain and swelling of the footballs. 
 Three tumblers of Elisabethbrunnen produced from six to eight 
 discharges of green, slimy masses, with great relief, but pulsation 
 appeared in the epigastrium, with a metallic taste in the mouth. 
 The dose was diminished in the morning, but two glasses given at 
 night, with sitting-baths, of 3H F., and of five minutes duration. 
 Restoration ensued. Several cases of abdominal plethora, with 
 the characteristic pulsat. abdom., are detailed, which were entirely 
 cured by Homburg water. 
 
 In conclusion, Homburg is decidedly useful in abdominal 
 plethora without inflammation or inflammatory tendency, occurring 
 after intermittent fever, engorgement of the liver and spleen, and 
 in inactive circulation of the portal system, according to the ex- 
 perience of Medicinalrath Dr. Trapp. Intermittent pulse, with 
 faulty action of the right ventricle, based on abdominal derange- 
 ments, is frequently cured here ; also persons suffering with 
 profuse menstruation (through passive engorgement of the uterus) 
 and periodical cramps of the stomach. Increased diuresis almost, 
 invariably takes place, if the result is favourable. Some cases of 
 intermittent fever, which had resisted a persevering employment 
 of quinine, were also cured by the spa. But to act healingly, the 
 Elisabethquelle must be well digested, and therefore requires an 
 uninjured alimentary tube. A highly esteemed English phvsiciaii 
 gives his valuable services at Homburg to those invalids who seek 
 his advice, besides the greatly respected German physicians men- 
 tioned above. 
 
 i 
 
144 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 To choose between Homburg and Kissingen, we have again to 
 lay almost a greater stress on the constitutional peculiarity of the 
 patient than on the affected organ. You find great analogy in the 
 composition and the altitude of the two spas, but a great differ- 
 ence of climate. The atmosphere of the open Homburg, however 
 bracing and invigorating for the weakened nervous system of the 
 hypochondriac, is injurious to persons with irritable thoracic 
 organs : incipient or latent tuberculosis is more quickly developed. 
 In Kissengen, patients with the same morbid disposition (for the 
 cure of which they were not sent there) find a beneficial influence 
 produced on the organs of the chest ; previous irritation is allayed, 
 excessive mucous secretion diminished, and tubercular development 
 retarded. 
 
 But let us now review the morbid phenomena which seek direct 
 relief at either of the spas, and for this purpose we must refer in 
 the first instance to the constituents. They both possess chloride 
 of sodium as chief ingredient (Homburg in greater quantity 
 about a scruple more), some chloride of magnesium (in both the 
 tenth part of the former ingredient); carbonate of magnesia is 
 contained in both (Homburg, 2 grains ; Kissingen, 2J grains) ; 
 both possess iron (Homburg, 4-10ths; Kissingen, 6-10ths). Ac- 
 cording to these ingredients, Homburg ought to act as a more 
 energetic abdominal solvent, and as less heating and irritating 
 than Kissingen, yet we find the reverse to be the case. I have shown 
 that digestive atony and hepatic enlargement, find a cure in the 
 use of Rakoczy, whilst I have just stated that Homburg requires 
 an uninjured digestive tube, but with obstructed abdominal circu- 
 lation. Homburg is contra-indicated in general atonic erethism, 
 where Kissingen is recommended. The explanation of this differ- 
 ence will be easy, if you pursue the chemical comparison further. 
 Homburg possesses chloride of calcium (7J gr.), which is absent 
 in Kissingen. It further contains three times as much of carbonate 
 of lime (11 to 3| grains). This higher proportion of calcium 
 and lime is only to a certain extent compensated by the greater 
 amount of carbonic acid (48 cubic inches to 26). I would not 
 ascribe any therapeutic difference to the sulphate of soda of 
 Kissingen (2 grains), as it is counterbalanced by an equal quantity 
 of gypsum, besides an unusual proportion of silica. A due ap- 
 preciation of the above analogies and differences will readily 
 explain the beneficial results produced by the use of chlorides, 
 with a great superabundance of the stimulating carbonic acid of 
 
HOMBUBG. 145 
 
 Homburg, on the one hand, and the modified action of the 
 analogous ingredients of Kissingen, on the other, where a smaller 
 proportion of chlorides and carbonic acid is combined with a 
 greater amount of iron.* 
 
 Physicians (besides Dr. Miiller) : Dr. Friedlieb, Dr. Deetz, Dr, 
 Marcklin, Dr. Miiller jun., Dr. Bernhard. 
 
 * Excellent accommodation in H6tel d'Angleterre and de Hesse. 
 
146 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 LECTURE XII. 
 
 SODEN WIESBADEN. 
 
 now leave the pleasant neighbourhood of Homburg, and 
 return to Frankfort, to direct our steps to Soden, in the west. By 
 means of the Taunus railroad ( with the Hochst branch ) the 
 three leagues distance is performed in 25 minutes. Soden lies in a 
 valley (lat. N. 50, long. E. 8) at the foot of the southern slope of 
 the middle Taunus, which extends from the west in an easterly 
 direction. Mainz is situated at a distance of five leagues to the 
 south-west (reached in an hour) ; Wiesbaden, six leagues to the 
 west (reached in an hour and a half) ; Homburg, three leagues to 
 the north. Orchards and vineyards adorn the hills which enclose 
 the spa on the east and west : to the south, arable land gradually 
 rises. Looking towards the north, the woody promontories of the 
 Feldberg and Altkonig arrest the visitor's eye. The whole ap- 
 pearance is that of a calm, peaceful village. Its altitude above 
 the sea is 437 feet (about 100 feet higher than Wiesbaden). The 
 boundaries described above indicate the extreme mildness of the 
 climate; thoroughly protected as it is, without being, on the 
 other hand, too much narrowed. Violent north and east winds 
 are kept off by the sheltering Taunus, whilst the cheering rays of 
 the sun freely enter from the south. The crust of the valley is 
 partly a peaty soil, and partly covered with rich pasture. It fur- 
 nishes to the air the necessary humidity without any stagnating 
 bog. In boring, saline springs are invariably met with, so that no 
 sweet water can be obtained without conducting it from the 
 neighbouring mountains. The saline character is likewise com- 
 municated to the vegetation, which resembles that of sea-shores. 
 Plantago maritima, Salsola kali, &c., were frequent formerly. 
 Their present rarity is owing to the progressive cultivation of 
 the soil. Insects characteristic of sea exhalations were not want- 
 ing, as bledius tricornis, coania natophila, &c. The evaporation of* 
 saline water from the ground is favoured by the warm tempe- 
 

 SODEX. 147 
 
 rature of several springs. The extreme mildness of the climate is 
 further evidenced by the character of the vegetation. The grass 
 of the juicy meadows admits of being cut three times a year. A 
 great variety of fruits, corn, and vegetables abound in the valley, 
 while vineyards cover the sunny declivities. Endemic diseases 
 are said to be unknown here ; but scrtffula, though rare, is not 
 completely absent ; altogether, the inhabitants appear healthy and 
 vigorous. 
 
 The mineral springs arise out of slate-stone. The Taunus itself 
 is composed of two chief groups the one forming a variety of 
 chlorite-clay, and talc-slate, prevails in the middle and southern 
 declivities, whilst quartz-rock chiefly occupies the northern parts. 
 The numerous Soden springs discovered in this narrow compass 
 show their common origin by a similar quality, though they differ 
 materially in temperature, quantity and supply. It is supposed 
 that water issues warm from the depth, and becomes exposed to 
 different cooling influences, according to the more or less circuitous 
 route it has to perform previous to its superficial outlet. The 
 springs all lie in a plain of 400 feet, by 2,400 feet. Beyond this, 
 neither evolution of gas nor any efflux of mineral water is ob- 
 served. No less than twenty-three springs come to light in Soden, 
 but only those claim our consideration which are enclosed for use. 
 The water is clear and transparent, constantly agitated by rising 
 gas bubbles. The taste is more or less saline and acidulous 
 according to the greater or smaller amount of salt and carbonic 
 acid. Spring 19 possesses a particularly piquant flavour, and is 
 called the Champac/nerbrunnen. Some have, to a certain degree, 
 the taste and smell of sulphuretted hydrogen, especially No. 6, 
 called the Schwefelbrunnen (sulphur well). The temperature 
 varies considerably ; some have only from 52 to 59 F., whilst most 
 of the others are lukewarm, their temperature ranging between 
 66 and 70 F. Exposure to the air causes the water to become 
 turbid by the disengagement of gas-bubbles, and ultimately a 
 yellow-reddish precipitate of oxide of iron takes place. 
 
 Fine flocculent ochre covers the side of the enclosures, forming 
 a yellowish gelatinous mass, hardening into a brownish substance 
 at some distance from the source. It is most abundant in those 
 springs which possess the greatest amount of salt, irrespective 
 of the total quantity of solid ingredients. Ochre, formed by the 
 precipitation of iron, contains, according to the microscrope, infu- 
 soria belonging to the class of gallionella ferruginea, in different 
 degrees of development, and chiefly composed of iron and silica. 
 
 L 2 
 
148 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 The Milch, or Kurbrunnen (No. 1), possesses 22 J grains of 
 solid constituent sand 13 J cubic inches of carbonic acid in a pint 
 of water ; temperature, 74 F. ; specific gravity, 1*003. 
 
 The Winklerbrunnen (No. 2), 51 grains, 18 J cubic inches of 
 carbonic acid, 64^ F. 
 
 Gemeindebrunnen, or Warm (No. 3), 32^ grains, 14 J T 9 ^ cubic 
 inches of carbonic acid, 70 F. 
 
 Salzquelle unter der Brucke, or Soolbrunnen (saline spring 
 under the bridge), (No. 4), 119J grains, 5f cubic inches of car- 
 bonic acid, 68 F. 
 
 Sauerbrunnen neben dem Schulhaus (No. 5), 57 J grains, 15 
 cubic inches, 57 F. Wilhelmsbrunnen (No. 6 A). Schwefelbrunnen 
 (No. 6 B). Wiesenbrunnen (No. 18). Champagnerbrunnen (No. 
 19). The analysis of the most and least impregnated spring will 
 sufficiently indicate their chemical composition 
 
 Salzquelle Milchbrunnen 
 
 (No. 4) (No. 1) 
 
 Chloride of sodium . 109-90 17"68 
 
 ,. potassium . T07 016 
 
 Sulphate of lime . 0'65 0'19 
 
 Carbonate of lime . 6-39 273 
 
 magnesia . 1'35 1'37 
 
 iron . 0-21 0'16 
 
 Silica ... . 0-18 0'16 
 
 Alumina. . . 0'62 0-01 
 
 Total 120-31 . ' 22-51 
 
 The diuretic effect of the water is most perceptible after a 
 few days. Feculent evacuations soon follow in moderate quantity. 
 Watery and numerous stools are considered unfavourable, and re- 
 quire diminution of the dose. 
 
 According to Medicinalrath Dr. Thilenius, appetite invariably 
 improves under the use of the water. The same spring occasion- 
 ally appears to the patient to have assumed a more or less saltish 
 taste, when in reality the different perception is only attributable 
 to the improved condition of the drinker's digestive organs. Bilious 
 secretion is considerably increased, and altogether the circula- 
 tion of the portal system promoted. If carefully selected, the 
 springs are generally well tolerated by the digestive organs, and 
 are recommended for abdominal plethora, dyspepsia, colic, and 
 spasms of the stomach during menstruation ; in fact, the same 
 diseases are said to fall under the sway of Soden, as I have enu- 
 merated when treating of the neighbouring Homburg. It behoves 
 us, therefore, to weigh the various properties of each before we fix 
 our choice on either. In Soden, cutaneous perspiration is height- 
 
SOD EX. 149 
 
 ened. Should this be impeded by moist or cool weather, the water 
 is less easily tolerated. The increased arterial function produced by 
 the Soden water affords a useful assistance in ganglionic torpidity, 
 whilst it contra-indicates the spring in plethora, congestion to the 
 brain or other vital organ, inflammation, fever, &c. 
 
 In the so-called ' molimina hasmorrhoidalia,' or hsemorrhoidal 
 congestion, Soden exercises a very beneficial influence ; also in 
 hypochondriasis, hysteria, and in catamenial derangements. Chlo- 
 ride of sodium, the chief ingredient, after being received into the 
 chyle and blood, is supposed to render valuable services by 
 maintaining the liquidity of the albumen and fibrin, and thus 
 preserving the composition and form of the blood globules. The 
 carbonic acid is allowed free scope of action as an excitant and 
 stimulant on the intestinal mucous membrane, and as a sedative 
 and anti-spasmodic on the ganglionic nerves. 
 
 Tubercular diathesis is powerfully counteracted by Springs 1, 
 3, and 4, if used with whey, particularly in those cases com- 
 plicated with anaemic conditions. The extreme mildness of the 
 climate here renders such a recommendation perfectly rational. 
 Chronic pulmonary and laryngeal catarrhs are greatly benefited 
 by this water. 
 
 The Springs 6 A, 6B, 18, and 19, are chiefly employed in 
 abdominal plethora, whilst 3, 4, and 1, are particularly recom- 
 mended with whey or milk in thoracic weakness. In the case of 
 weak digestive organs, GB agrees better than 6 A. If obstruction 
 is present, an addition of No. 4 generally removes it. 
 
 The Springs 4, 5, 6, and 7, are also used for baths, which are 
 brought to their appropriate temperature partly by the admixture 
 of warm brine, and partly by hot steam. Kreuznach mother- lye is 
 always to be had at Soden, and often employed to increase the 
 strength of the baths. Atonic nervous erethism of the female sex, 
 especially in periods of progression or change, is greatly relieved 
 by the curative influence of the climate, and this spot is often 
 resorted to for that purpose alone. You have then to look upon 
 Soden as upon a modified and milder Homburg, and will recom- 
 mend it in such forms of digestive irregularities, abdominal 
 plethora, hepatic and menstrual derangements, as require less 
 powerful remedial interference. Again, if Homburg should be 
 indicated by the state of the disease, whilst the general constitution 
 of your patient exhibits tubercular diathesis and great inclination 
 to bronchial catarrhs, or if the cutaneous function be torpidly 
 performed, or apt to be checked by atmospheric changes, or by 
 
150 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 sympathetic internal disturbances, you will give the preference to 
 Soden, which combines the invigorating, gently bracing action 
 of higher positions with the protection of a sheltered valley, 
 abundantly endowed with saline exhalations. 
 
 Physicians : Drs. Thilenius, sen. and junr., Dr. Vogler, Dr. 
 Grossmann, Dr. Pagenstecher. 
 
 Wiesbaden. We shall now resume our westerly course and 
 travel to the neighbouring Wiesbaden. We make a slight detour 
 for this purpose, but the speed of the railroad compensates for the 
 circuitous passage marked on the map, and in an hour and a half 
 we arrive at our place of destination. Wiesbaden lies on the 
 southern declivity of the Taunus mountain, in a deep valley, at a 
 distance of three leagues from Mentz, and eight from Frankfort. 
 It is a flourishing town, and the capital of the dukedom of Nassau, 
 with upwards of 7,000 inhabitants. Forty years ago, there were 
 only 500 residents. Its latitude N. is 50, and longitude E. 8. 
 You perceive the Taunus rise on the other side of Homburg 
 vor der Hohe, and extend towards the west as far as the Rhine. 
 Wiesbaden is one of the oldest German watering places. It was 
 well known to the Romans, who left many traces of their sojourn 
 in the shape of coins and bath-ruins, with the inscription of the 
 legion stationed there. The ' Mattiak' sources are mentioned by 
 Pliny, who says : ' Sunt et mattiaci in Germania fontes calidi 
 trans-Rhenum, quorum haustus triduo fervet.' The environs are 
 charming. The f Platte,' a ducal hunting castle, two leagues from 
 Wiesbaden, at the foot of the ( Trompeter,' affords a most pic- 
 turesque and extensive prospect of the surrounding landscape. 
 A romantic semicircle of rising forests encloses the spa on the 
 north ; in the south and west, fertile plains are intersected by the 
 winding Maine and Rhine, over which the antique Mainz rises 
 with its churches and steeples. Behind this stands the lofty 
 Donnersberg. A view of Mainz and of the picturesque Rhine 
 villages is better obtained from the Geisberg, a promontory of the 
 Taunus, a quarter of a league from Wiesbaden. Gentle fertile 
 eminences on the south and east lead the visitor's eye to the 
 extensive windings of the Rhine. You may judge of the mildness 
 of the climate of this spa from the fact, that with an altitude of 
 346 feet only, and the mountainous protection against north and 
 east, winds many delicate persons choose it for a winter residence. 
 The exhalations of the hot saline springs contribute in no small 
 degree to deprive the winter of its severity. The vegetation is lux- 
 urious, and the abundant products of the soil sufficiently prove the 
 
WIESBADEN. 151 
 
 appreciation of the climate by the vegetable kingdom, for almonds, 
 sweet chestnuts, and many other southern fruits ripen here. But 
 fresh drinking water is scarce, so that a stream had to be con- 
 ducted into the town from the Platte. Historical documents show 
 that the twenty- second Roman Legion, which helped in the 
 destruction of Jerusalem, eighty years after Christ, was sent 
 from Alexandria to Mainz, and fixed its quarters in Wiesbaden. 
 Makrian, a king of the Alemannen, was unexpectedly attacked in 
 the year 371, whilst using the baths of Wiesbaden, by Valentinian, 
 but was fortunately rescued. 
 
 It was the chief seat of the Salish Franks, and inhabited for a 
 long time by Charles and Otto the Great, who raised the place in 
 965 to the rank of a town. As a spa, its reputation has chiefly 
 spread since the sixteenth century. The beautiful walks in the 
 environs offer sufficient inducement for exercise. From the Cur- 
 saal a road leads to the old chateau of Sonnenberg (half a league 
 distant), through a pleasant valley and by the river side. The 
 convent of Clarenthal is situated about half a league from the 
 town, near the road to Schwalbach. About a quarter of a league 
 farther, in a smiling valley, the pheasant-house, with its views of 
 the Rhine, invites the wanderer. The ' Walkmiihle ' is frequently 
 visited for its alleys and walks. 
 
 Biebrich, the ducal summer residence on the Rhine, must not 
 be left unseen. If you ascend the acclivity before Mosbach, you 
 may pursue the Rhine upwards as far as the Melibokus, and 
 downwards as far as Bingen, which would afford you a delightful 
 panorama. The whole beautiful ( Rheingau' may be embraced in 
 this view. 
 
 The Cursaal of Wiesbaden is the place of reunion for the 
 numerous health and pleasure seekers. It lies in a capacious 
 plain, fronting the west. Several walks of plane-trees, limes, 
 and acacias lead to the building, which bears the golden inscrip- 
 tion : ' Fontibus Mattiacis, MDCCCX.' 
 
 At the principal frontage, a portico of colossal Ionic columns 
 projects, intended for a protection to those who alight from their 
 carriages. A colonnade with ornamented shops joins each side, 
 and two pavilions form the wings. By an extensive hall we reach 
 the principal saloon, which exhibits a length of 127 feet, and a 
 breadth of 67 feet. On both sides a gallery is supported on 
 marble Corinthian columns. In the niches of the sides are placed 
 some magnificent statues in Carrara marble. 
 
 This beautiful structure is unfortunately defiled by the gaming- 
 
152 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 table, which is justly accused of undoing a great amount of the 
 benefit conferred by the bountiful hand of Providence. To dis- 
 play their good effects, all the mineral waters require that the 
 invalid should assist, as much as lies in his power, in a proper 
 assimilation of the imbibed remedy, and in avoidance of any 
 influence calculated to check the healing efforts of nature, bearing 
 in mind the well-known proverb ; ( Medicus curat, natura sanat.' 
 Conceive, then, a valetudinarian, with deranged or stagnant 
 abdominal circulation, seated, after a hurried breakfast, in a 
 compressed position round the gaming-table for hours and hours, 
 with depressing emotions, instead of walking in the beautiful 
 green fields and meadows, throwing off all harassing thoughts 
 and impressions, by an undisturbed contemplation of the works 
 of the Almighty. It is astonishing how these pernicious gaming- 
 tables can be tolerated, when so much care is taken to guard 
 against dietetic or climatic injuries. It is with a feeling of deep 
 sorrow and pain that I am compelled to admit the blot on many 
 German spas, at which a pursuit positively immoral, and forbidden 
 among the native inhabitants, is allowed with the poor excuse 
 that it is permitted in other places, or, forsooth, that secret 
 gambling would be resorted to with more injurious consequences. 
 Let the Government do its duty, and not remain blameable for the 
 worldly and physical ruin of many a confiding visitor. No less 
 than 30,000 guests are said to resort, on an average, annually to 
 this unique spa, which would be almost without reproach but for 
 the evil which I have pointed out. Every year some improvement 
 is effected in the town and its baths. The ' Cursaal,' with its 
 magnificent rooms and its adjacent park-like walks, is greatly 
 admired. The mountains consist of gross clay-slate, interspersed 
 with quartz and mica. In the Rhine and Maine-basin it is united 
 with conglomerations of silex, and several layers of clay, enclosing 
 quartz, sand, and horn-stone ; in the depth stratified lime is found, 
 and many petrifactions. Basalt and strata of peat are remarked 
 in the immediate neighbourhood of Wiesbaden, continuing as far 
 as the bed of the Maine. The thermal springs owe their origin 
 to volcanic causes. The sulphate of lime or chloride of mag- 
 nesium present in the basaltic crust may have expelled the 
 carbonic acid, for the formation of that quantity of Glauber or 
 culinary salt which exists in the Wiesbaden water, and thus the 
 production of carbonate of soda may have been prevented. The 
 sources are distinguished by high temperature, great abundance, 
 and a considerable amount of solid ingredients. They supply no 
 
WIESBADEN. 1.33 
 
 less than thirty-two bath-houses (nearly eight hundred bathing 
 cabinets, and fourteen vapour baths). The water is clear, trans- 
 parent, with a slightly yellowish tint in some (as in the Adler- 
 brunnen). The smell somewhat resembles that of slaked lime ; the 
 taste is saltish, with some resemblance to over-salted veal broth. 
 The pellicle covering the surface of the water is chiefly composed 
 of lime. The red-brownish substance deposited in the pipes consists 
 of carbonate of lime, silicate of alumina, and oxide of iron, with 
 some magnesium, strontium, and bromine. The specific gravity 
 of the water is 1-006 (only No. 3 having 1-005). The tempe- 
 rature of the springs varies from 37^ to 57 Reaumur = 116 to 
 160 Fahrenheit. 
 
 The Kochbrunnen (literally, boiling well) constantly hisses and 
 bubbles, emitting volumes of vapour, which gave rise to its present 
 name ; air-bubbles continually rise from the depth and burst on 
 the surface. Its enclosure forms an oblong quadrangle, with a 
 depth of about five feet. It is surrounded by a circle of other 
 bath-houses on the north side by the ' Romer-bad,' f weisse 
 Ross,' ( weisse Schwan/ and the f Engel ; ' on the opposite side by 
 the 'Blume' and 'Rose; ' at some greater distance by the Englische 
 Hof. Another open source is situated behind the bath-house (im 
 Adler). The Schiitzenhof and gemeing Biirgerbad (common 
 citizens ' bath) possess a common source. The latter is mostly used 
 by persons of the lower class. Indigent invalids find accommoda- 
 tion in the hospital founded by the Emperor Adolphus of Nassau. 
 34,000 cubic feet of water are supplied in twenty-four hours. The 
 analysis of the Kochbrunnen shows 59J grains of solid ingredients ; 
 temperature, 57 Reaumur=160 Fahrenheit ; carbonic acid about 
 5 \ cubic inches, and nitrogen 0*08 cubic inches. 
 
 45-28 chloride of sodium. 
 0'30 potassium. 
 
 1-30 
 
 5-78 
 
 2-82 
 0-10 
 
 magnesium, 
 calcium. 
 
 0-18 carbonate of magnesia. 
 
 lime. 
 
 
 iron. 
 
 I'll sulphate of soda. 
 0-42 sulphate of lime. 
 0'07 alumina. 
 0-37 silica. 
 
 0-06 bromide of magnesium, with 1,000 of brom. of sodium. 
 1'85 organic matter. 
 
 Total, 69'64 grains. 
 
 This great amount of constituents in such thorough combination, 
 
154 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 naturally exerts a powerfully curative action in many abnormal 
 conditions. In small doses the water acts as a solvent and digestive 
 remedy. In larger proportions, it is apt to cause diarrhoea, especially 
 in persons whose cutaneous perspiration has been suppressed. 
 When the peripheric function has been roused for some time, or 
 a sediment formed in the urine, the increased alvine motions cease. 
 In general, the hotter the water is for drinking, the less prone it 
 is to cause diarrhoea. In some individuals obstruction is perceived 
 at first ; in fact, some alvine disturbance takes place occasionally 
 in the commencement of the course, till the remedy becomes pro- 
 perly absorbed and assimilated. Dyspepsia based on torpor of the 
 muscular fibre is best counteracted by the sulphates ; whilst in 
 persons with lymphatic or venous dyscrasy, the same ailment will 
 yield more readily to the class at present under our consideration. 
 As regards Karlsbad, the representative of the spas with pre- 
 dominant sulphates, the principal effect is expected from drinking, 
 a direct action is therefore sought. Here, the most general appli- 
 cation is external ; thus we seek the chief benefit in a natural re- 
 action following the peripheric stimulation. The baths are taken 
 in separate cabinets, after being carefully cooled to the required 
 temperate. They are constructed of bricks, and covered by f trass.'* 
 The thermal water is allowed to fill the baths in the middle of the 
 day, which are then ready for use next morning. 
 
 The diseases for the cure of which Wiesbaben enjoys the greatest 
 reputation are, chronic rheumatism and gout., inveterate contrac- 
 tions, anchyloses, metastatic diseases arising in consequence of 
 repelled cutaneous eruptions, abdominal venous or haemorrhoidal 
 congestion, &c. The spa is injurious in great debility, fever, 
 tendency to haemorrhage, to abortion, scurvy, during menstruation, 
 &c. At first, old rheumatic pains reappear during the course ; 
 this occurrence is considered favourable. In bathing, particular 
 care is to be taken to prevent too high a temperature. Dangerous 
 consequences are to be apprehended from the neglect of this pre- 
 caution. The atmosphere of the bathing cabinet ought also to be 
 as free as possible from hot vapours, which would partially coun- 
 teract the beneficial action of the water. Dr. Wetzler mentions 
 the instance of a young lady, in whom haemoptysis appeared after 
 a few lukewarm baths. When he instituted inquiries at the 
 establishment in which this happened, he found the enclosed hot 
 vapours to have been the cause of the mischief. Among the 
 
 * A sort of tufa, forming a very hard mortar, if mixed with lime ; this combination 
 becomes hardened by the water, and resists its action better than stone. 
 
WIESBADEN. 155 
 
 remedial means must be reckoned the sinter-soap introduced by 
 Dr. Peez, and used for poultices and baths with advantage. 
 
 The hospital report of Dr. Haas, in ' Grafe's Jahrbiicher,' 
 in forms- us that 691 patients were admitted in one year. About 
 one-half were treated by the spa-water alone. One hundred and 
 twenty-nine of these suffered from chronic rheumatism, forty-one 
 from arthritic complaints, twenty-five from paralytic affections, 
 &c. Of the first one hundred and twenty-nine, thirty were com- 
 pletely cured (that is, about one in four). Out of the remaining 
 ninety-nine cases, seventy-nine were improved. With reference 
 to the forty-one arthritic cases, thirty-six were relieved. In most 
 of these instances, little or no general reaction was exhibited ; 
 eight cases of rheumatic paralysis were relieved, and eight dis- 
 charged without any improvement. Amongst these was one case 
 of a paralysed tongue ; one of paralysed lower extremities of three 
 years' duration, after a miscarriage (patient's age 41); and another 
 of paralysis and atrophy of the lower extremities, &c., induced by 
 neglect of a luxation of the hip joint. In thirteen cases of 
 chronic herpes, only one was discharged unrelieved. In all cases 
 of pains after fractures, relief was experienced. 
 
 From the cases treated out of the hospital, he mentions that of 
 a boy, of 14 years of age, formerly healthy, with the exception of 
 a scrofulous habit. By frequent colds, his hearing became affected. 
 Both auditory passages were somewhat narrowed, the tympanum 
 in a more forward direction than usual. On the right side, the 
 ticking of a watch was heard at the distance of two inches, but at 
 the left only on closely applying it to the ear. By the removal of 
 a large quantity of ear-wax, the evil was but slightly diminished. 
 In catheterising the Eustachian tube, air could only be injected 
 with great difficulty. The use of the baths during a fortnight, 
 with local vapour baths, and injections of thermal water, caused 
 the tick of the same watch to be heard on the right side at a dis- 
 tance of twelve inches, and on the left at that of ten inches. Much 
 mucus was discharged from the Eustachian tube by the injections, 
 and the interior of the nose, formerly dry, had become moist. 
 
 He further adduces an instance of rheumatic paralysis of the 
 urinary bladder of a female patient. Her physician reported : 
 
 ( The wife of the burgomaster S , at H , a3tat. 39, had 
 
 suffered for several years with violent articular rheumatism, par- 
 ticularly in the left upper thigh. Medical aid was not regularly 
 resorted to. Derivatives were found very efficacious, but as soon 
 as some relief ensued, they were abandoned. I several times 
 
156 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 urgently recommended Wiesbaden, but from pregnancy and other 
 domestic causes, my advice had not been followed. Since last 
 autumn, the rheumatic complaint entirely disappeared, but in its 
 stead the abdomen became distended, menstruation ceased, stran- 
 gury occurred, and was rapidly followed by incontinence of urine, 
 and a discharge of dark gravel and mucus. Cantharides, ol. tere- 
 binth., &c., were employed in vain. Under these circumstances, I 
 do not expect much from Wiesbaden, but melius anceps remedium 
 quam nullum.' 
 
 After a fortnight's use of the baths, with douche on the sacral 
 and lumbar regions, and a moderate internal use of the therma, 
 she became so much improved, without febrile reaction or metas- 
 chematic processes, that she could hold the water for an hour at a 
 time during the day, and incontinence became restricted to the 
 night. After the second douche, the gravelly appearance di- 
 minished, and the urine became gradually clearer. No aperient 
 action was perceived ; but menstruation, which had been absent 
 for fifteen months previously, now showed itself, and reappeared 
 afterwards, but irregularly. Her general appearance and strength 
 had likewise greatly improved during a four weeks' course. She 
 now only complained of great thirst. The pains in the vesical 
 region had entirely ceased. 
 
 Obermedicinalrath Dr. Franque relates the instance of a man of 
 forty-two years of age, of robust constitution, who had lived to his 
 present age free from dyscrasy and disease, notwithstanding a 
 severe military service of fourteen years. By once sleeping on 
 moist grass, the axillary glands, and afterwards the whole right 
 arm, became swollen and painful. Stiffness of the elbow-joint 
 remained, after the swelling had been removed by appropriate 
 treatment. The flexor muscles of the arm were tense. On the 
 upper-arm, above the internal condyles, two moderately deep 
 ulcers discharged a watery purulent matter. The position of the 
 elbow was half-bent. Diaphoretic treatment was first instituted 
 in consequence of a cold, to which the patient was subjected 
 during his journey to Wiesbaden. Subsequently a bath was 
 ordered daily for half an hour, and douches of gradually increased 
 strength on the affected limb. Complete cure of ulcers and 
 anchylosis ensued during the course. 
 
 Another instance of rheumatic paralysis is recorded, occurring 
 in a boy of eleven years of age, the child of poor but healthy 
 parents. He fell into a pond ; but instead of going home, he 
 undressed, and exposed his clothes to the sun to dry, put them on 
 
WIESBADEN. 157 
 
 after some time when still moist, and did not undress again till the 
 evening. Dragging pains in the lower extremities, with rheumatic 
 fever, soon occurred, but medical aid was not sought until the 
 thirteenth day. The lower extremities were found paralysed, and 
 so contracted in the knee-joints, that the soles were only 4^ inches 
 removed from the nates. Anti-rheumatic remedies were resorted 
 to, and succeeded in removing the fever, but paralysis and anchy- 
 losis remained. The baths and douches at Wiesbaden produced 
 a complete cure. Other instances of rheumatic paralysis, com- 
 plicated with repelled itch, are related as having yielded to the 
 beneficial effects of the spa. I attach less value to the cases of 
 icterus, abdominal plethora, &c., because other spas would be 
 more indicated ; but let us content ourselves with the principal 
 indication chronic rheumatism. The reputation of the spa for 
 the cure of this disease is European, and the annual influx of 
 valetudinarians is immense. 
 
 Those who doubt the efficacy of the mineral waters, or who 
 ascribe the cures to the change of air alone, ought to compare for 
 an instant our present spa with Carlsbad. Wiesbaden possessing 
 one-third more of solid ingredients, and a few degrees less of ther- 
 mometrical heat, ought to be considered more efficacious when used 
 internally ; whilst Carlsbad, with its minor contents and greater 
 heat, seems to be primarily more intended for external application. 
 But what do we find ? That just the reverse universally takes 
 place. Moreover, how widely different are the diseases cured or 
 relieved at either, though the baths are cooled to the same tem- 
 perature in both before being used. I need not give guiding hints 
 for selection between the two, because their indications differ too 
 widely according to experience. But you may have been re- 
 minded of another spa while hearing the properties of Wiesbaden 
 detailed. I allude to Wildbad, in Wurtemberg. I have shown 
 that its greatest efficacy is exhibited in arthritic and rheumatic 
 paralysis, and in such forms of gouty contractions as require 
 absorption for their cure. You have gouty affections there, some- 
 what resembling the rheumatic diseases curable here. You 
 remember Wildbad to be one of the akratothermoe, that is, a spa 
 only possessing a few grains of solid ingredients in sixteen ounces, 
 where consequently no power is supposed to exist in the consti- 
 tuents. But if stubborn facts should show analogy in their action, 
 and if on comparing their analyses, you should find both to possess 
 the same constituents in predominance (chloride of sodium), with 
 
158 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 a proportionate amount of sulphate of soda and carbonate of 
 lime (the chlorides of calcium and magnesium being absent in 
 Wildbad), would it not strike you that some influence must be 
 due to the constituents of Wildbad, beyond to what is generally 
 ascribed to that water ? As I pointed out in my lecture on the 
 Black Forest Spa, water of such high dilution must penetrate into 
 the absorbent vessels, and introduce the dissolved ingredients more 
 easily than denser waters. The amount of culinary salt absorbed 
 from the richer Wiesbaden, possibly may not be greater than at 
 Wildbad. The denser liquid finding more difficulty in entering 
 the minutest lymphatic vessels, a great part of its efficacy must 
 be ascribed here to the stimulating action of the warm brine on 
 the peripheric nervous ends. By means of this powerful stimula- 
 tion of the cutaneous system, the function of the exhaling dermic 
 follicles must be considerably improved, and thus the cause of 
 rheumatism energetically counteracted. The acknowledged ad- 
 vantage of warm baths in rheumatic diseases is here also unattended 
 by the relaxation usually following the employment of these agents; 
 the presence of the chlorides preventing such a result, by means of 
 the reaction they induce. The assistance afforded by the internal 
 use of Wiesbaden cannot be doubted, but its chief reputation having 
 been created by the baths, we are justified in taking their thera- 
 peutic results into our more serious consideration. The analogy 
 between the effects of the two named spas is so great in some 
 respects, that careful selection is necessary to decide between them. 
 If you perceive the general nervous power to be in normal con- 
 dition, but by a regulation of peripheric functions you hope to 
 restore the equilibrium between the nervous and sero-fibrous 
 systems, you will recommend the patient suffering with rheumatic 
 paralysis to resort to Wiesbaden. If, however, the general nervous 
 vitality be diminished if age or debility does not allow hope of 
 recovery from systemic reaction if in the contracted or disabled 
 joint, concrete exudations have been deposited, so that to return 
 to a normal condition, not only the cutaneous but the lymphatic 
 and nervous systems must be roused into great activity, you will 
 choose Wildbad. Though, as regards constituents, greater simi- 
 larity exists betweem Homburg and Wiesbaden, their curative re- 
 sults vary too considerably for any difficulty to arise in discriminat- 
 ing between them ; abdominal plethora and menstrual irregularities 
 being the ailments chiefly cured at Homburg. You will observe 
 what importance must be attached to the chemical character of the 
 
WIESBADEN. 159 
 
 spas, but at the same time their other inherent qualities must 
 not be lost sight of.* 
 
 Several experienced physicians reside at this fashionable spa, 
 as Drs. Yon Franque, Vogler, Haas, Miiller, Gergens, Fritze, 
 Kopp, Reuter, Ebhardt, Mahr, Dorr, Roth, Genth (at Dieten- 
 muhle), &c. 
 
 * Hotels : The Four Seasons, Hose, de France, Victoria, d'Angleterre. 
 
160 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 LECTURE XIII. 
 
 WEILBACH -BADEN. 
 
 FROM Wiesbaden we turn to the north-east and travel by the 
 railroad as far as Florsheim. From this town an omnibus conveys 
 us in about ten minutes to the Theiokrene (cold sulphur spring) 
 of Weilbach. The sulphur springs ( Theiopegae, from Sslov, sulphur, 
 and 7777777, spring) are generally produced by the action of water 
 on a sulphuret of sodium or potassium, or on sulphurous acid. 
 Their chief ingredient is a combination of sulphur, which con- 
 stantly evolves free sulphuretted hydrogen gas. The waters are 
 clear or milky, resembling rotten eggs in their nauseous taste and 
 smell. At Weilbach, the taste and smell are more like those of 
 fresh eggs. By exposure to the atmosphere the waters are easily 
 decomposed. If hot, they are called Theiothermae (from Ssiov,, 
 sulphur, and $sp/j,bs, hot), as Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle) and 
 Baden, near Vienna; if cold, Theiokrenae (from Sslov, sulphur, 
 and Kprjvrj, cold spring), as Eilsen, Nenndorf, Weilbach, &c. They 
 all exert a beneficial influence on those cutaneous derangements 
 which partially depend on a disordered action of the serofibrous 
 system. Thus they powerfully counteract rheumatic, arthritic 
 and herpetic diseases, by heightening the normal function of the 
 skin, and by causing the excretion of effete substances, which, 
 obstructing the action of secreting organs, act oifensively on the 
 sentient nervous terminations. The village of Weilbach., lat. N. 
 50, long. E. 8, is situated on a fertile declivity of an alluvial 
 mountain, almost midway between Frankfort and Menz, two 
 leagues to the south of Hochst, one and a half from Hochheim, 
 and half a league distant from the river Maine. The mineral 
 spring rises about 1,000 paces to the south-west of Weilbach, in 
 a sloping field, connected with the village by a footpath. Towards 
 the south the view is open, but to the east a steep hill rises, and 
 affords a charming and extensive prospect from its summit. The 
 luxuriant Maine-valley lies in a southerly direction, with its 
 
WEILBACH. 161 
 
 capacious plain reaching to the Melibokus, tne highest peak of 
 the Bergstrasse. Your eye, in glancing to the opposite shore of 
 the Rhine, is arrested by the vine-clad hills on whose acclivities 
 are situated Oppenheim and Nierstein. Towards the north the 
 Taunus peaks of Feldberg and Attking raise their lofty heads. 
 In olden times the Weilbach spring was used by the inhabitants 
 for cutaneous eruptions and ulcers, also as a domestic remedy in 
 thoracic and gastric complaints. It was not until the year 1783 
 that the Regency of Menz obtained a knowledge of the spring, and 
 caused it to be examined and tested for diseases. The results prov- 
 ing satisfactory, the spring was enclosed. The water is forced into 
 a marble urn and discharged by four pipes. It is transparent, and 
 clear as crystal. The taste is sweetish at first, and afterwards 
 bitter and saline, but not disagreeable. I found it myself very 
 refreshing, and drank it with pleasure. It does not sparkle. 
 Exposed for some time to the atmosphere, it deposits a yellowish- 
 white precipitate of sulphur, carbonate of lime, and organic 
 substance. Its temperature is 56f F. ; specific gravity 1'007. 
 The supply during twenty-four hours is 2,430 cubic feet. Ana- 
 lysis shows considerable variations at diiferent periods. Accord- 
 ing to the latest, by Kastner, it contains 
 
 2 -94 cubic inches of sulphuretted hydrogen. 
 5 '80 carbonic acid. 
 
 Traces of nitrogen. 
 
 4 - 52 grains of carbonate of soda. 
 T80 magnesia. 
 
 2-17 
 0-03 
 0-35 
 2-05 
 1-00 
 0-36 
 0-08 
 
 Total, 12-40 grains. 
 
 ,, lime. 
 
 ,, strontia, 
 
 sulphate of soda, 
 chloride of sodium. 
 
 ,, magnesium, 
 silica, 
 organic extractive matter. 
 
 The spring was formerly called Faulborn (putrid well), and 
 used in testing wine, vinegar, arid brandy, for metallic salts, an 
 evident proof of the abundance of sulphuretted hydrogen con- 
 tained in it. The chemist Jung found, in his analysis of 1830, 
 16| grains of solid constituents in 16 ounces; in 1834, 27J 
 grains; in 1835,30^ grains. The ingredients met within the 
 largest quantities were carbonate of soda and of magnesia, chloride 
 of sodium and magnesium, and silica. The substance deposited 
 in the marble urn adheres to the concave surface, and resembles 
 
 M 
 
162 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 a sea-green floccul'ent kind of mud. The surface turned towards 
 the water is covered with a pale-yellowish powder, which is unc- 
 tuous to the touch, and gives out a hepatic smell at first. When 
 dried, pulverised in a wooden mortar, treated with rectified spirits 
 of wine, filtered, and then evaporated, a peculiar resin is obtained, 
 called sulphur-resin. 
 
 The water is generally well received by the digestive organs. 
 The diuresis is invariably increased during the course. The 
 matinal urine often appears clearer than usual, strongly acid, and 
 contains neither carbonates nor sulphates. Alvine evacuations 
 are rather retarded at first, but become gradually normal during 
 the course. After some time the faeces assume a greenish colour, 
 chiefly caused by the presence of biliary matter and sulphuret of 
 iron. The alrine retardation noticed above is never found to 
 inconvenience the patients. If required, an aperient effect may 
 generally be induced by repeated draughts of water taken at 
 short intervals. Diarrhoea occasionally happens during cold moist 
 weather, or after sudden atmospheric changes, particularly in the 
 beginning of the course. If inclination to relaxation of the bowels 
 exists, diarrhosa follows, or is augmented, under the use of the 
 water : this also frequently happens in hepatic hyperaemia. Ap- 
 petite generally improves; pressure and fulness in the pit* of the 
 stomach, with teasing flatulence, soon subside. Haemorrhoidal 
 swellings and blennorrhage of the anus disappear after the first 
 eight or ten days ; but Weilbach does not induce haemorrhage 
 from piles. Many have been entirely cured of this tendency 
 without the least congestion to the brain or other vital organs in 
 consequence. 
 
 Most of the invalids at Weilbach suffer from thoracic affections. 
 In certain chronic pulmonary diseases the pulse is invariably 
 found to abate, and the irritation of the bronchial mucous mem- 
 brane to diminish. The oppression, dyspnoea, and dry cough of 
 incipient phthisis soon give way, unless there be anaemic condition 
 or inflammatory irritation present. The number of respirations 
 diminishes with the abatement of the pulse, enabling the patient 
 to take deeper inhalations. The morbidly-lessened vesicular 
 respiratory murmur characterising this period becomes normal, 
 whilst the cardiac sounds cease to be heard at the parts affected. 
 All these beneficial changes occur more particularly in persons 
 with haemorrhoidal tendency or dyscrasy who have generally 
 a slender form, a dark complexion, a dry skin, prominent eyes 
 and with sclerotica of a bluish tint. Bleeding from the nose 
 

 WEILBACH. 163 
 
 spitting of blood, and general orgasm have commonly marked 
 their younger clays. Such individuals particularly experience the 
 curative effects of Weilbach if their thoracic organs are affected. 
 Hoarseness through excessive use of mercurials yields to the 
 water. In other tracheal and laryngeal complaints it is necessary 
 to ascertain whether the uvula be reddened and lax, with an 
 abundant venous development in the fauces, accompanied by 
 cough and considerable secretion ; for in chlorotic complaints of 
 the same parts, with menstrual derangements, a troublesome sen- 
 sation of dryness or burning, and a weakened rather than an 
 actually hoarse voice, the evil would rather increase under the use 
 of Weilbach. No benefit will result if scrofulous dyscrasia main- 
 tains or causes the affection. With regard to asthma, only such 
 forms are improved as are connected with abdominal infarcta and 
 obstruction. Perspiration is never caused by the water, but rather 
 diminished in cases where an atonic state of the skin had induced 
 profuse nightsweats. Bath-eruption is rare. Chronic muscular 
 or articular rheumatism is relieved, if connected with hasmor- 
 rhoidal congestion. Bodily strength and mental cheerfulness 
 visibly increase. The water never causes vascular erethism; 
 generally speaking, the female sex derive less benefit from Weil- 
 bach than the male. The modus operandi of the water is thought 
 to be the following by Dr. Heinrich Roth, the former highly 
 intelligent physician of the spa : The water is mostly absorbed 
 in the stomach with its sulphuretted hydrogen. The urinary 
 excretion corresponds to the quantity of water taken. The ab- 
 sence of eructation and flatulence shows that the gas does not pass 
 through the alimentary tube, but enters the circulation in unison 
 with the water. On this account no increased evacuations ensue. 
 If, however, in consequence of intestinal irritation, excessive 
 doses, or impeded cutaneous function, diarrhoea should occur, the 
 water ceases to be useful ; for the patient becomes too much 
 weakened, whilst the curative particles pass too rapidly through 
 the alimentary tube to produce the metamorphic alterations 
 required. The green excrements mentioned above contain a 
 greater amount of biliary matter than usual, with sulphuret of 
 iron as the colouring principle. If they are dissolved in water 
 and treated with diluted hydrochloric acid, the green colouration 
 disappears under evolution of sulphuretted hydrogen. After fil- 
 tration the residue exhibits a decidedly bilious colour, and betrays 
 the presence of iron. The same processes, adopted with ordinary 
 faeces of the same individual when removed from the influence of 
 
164 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 Weilbach water, elicited no change of colour or evolution of 
 hydrothionic acid, but only a trace of iron and a less bilious 
 colour of the residue. From this circumstance we must deduce 
 an increased bilification. The sulphuret of iron can only have 
 been conducted into the intestines along with the bile, the 
 Weilbach water containing no iron. Being imbibed by the 
 gastric capillary vessels, the water mingles with the blood of the 
 portal vein. Sulphuretted hydrogen, which causes a green colour 
 in ordinary blood by forming sulphuret of iron, combines here with 
 those blood-corpuscles whose vitality has been diminished. Allow- 
 ing their iron to combine with the sulphur of the gas introduced, 
 they lose still more of their integrant constitution, and are the 
 more fit for separation from their more vital neighbouring corpus- 
 cles. Thus by the use of the water a greater amount of material 
 is furnished for the formation of bile. The transformation of the 
 effete corpuscles into biliary matter is further promoted by the 
 presence of carbonate of soda, which constitutes the prevailing 
 solid ingredient. This salt is not discovered in the urine, whilst 
 rainwater containing the same amount of carbonate of soda 
 renders that excretion alkaline. Part of the soda required for the 
 saturation of the choleic and stearic acids is supposed to be de- 
 rived from the water. Under otherwise favourable circumstances, 
 a more than proportionate quantity of bile must thus be produced. 
 The older blood-corpuscles are naturally most exposed to this 
 chemi co-organic metamorphosis. 
 
 With anemic persons the green colouration of the excrements 
 appears late or is not observed at all, the deficient state of the 
 blood-elements admitting of a smaller abstraction of older cor- 
 puscles. If hajmorrhoidal swellings exist, the obstructed portal 
 circulation causes vital retrogression of many corpuscles, and 
 renders them more accessible to the chemical action of sul- 
 phuretted hydrogen. The characteristic colour of the evacuations 
 appears sooner or later according to the more or less developed 
 haemorrhoids. After some time this colour ceases, for the genera- 
 tion of new blood-corpuscles does not keep pace with the re- 
 trocession and transformation of the older ones. The accumulated 
 material of effete corpuscles being now briskly removed, the 
 normal intestinal function increases. The sallow and yellowish 
 tint of such individuals, due to the incomplete transformation 
 of these overloading materials, gives way to a clear and healthier 
 complexion. The emission of the sulphuretted hydrogen through 
 the lungs and skin proves that it is less apt to attack those blood- 
 

 WEILBACH. 165 
 
 corpuscles endowed with a great degree of vitality. Though the 
 circumference of the abdomen decreases, signs of weakness, 
 anaemia, and exhaustion are never observed, notwithstanding the 
 diminished quantity of blood. In chlorosis, however, and during 
 recovery from acute diseases, the previous weakness and anemia 
 would increase by the use of the water. 
 
 The improved appetite perceptible immediately after drinking 
 is likewise ascribed to the more energetic sanguineous metamor- 
 phosis ; but the liver itself must not be inflamed, enlarged, or 
 otherwise diseased, for then the Weilbach water would not confer 
 its wonted benefit. It would not even be well received, but 
 passing through the intestines it would induce diarrhoea. The 
 characteristic colour of the stools would not appear, and generally 
 the reaction which follows from increased hepatic function would 
 be missed. 
 
 The formation of blood-corpuscles is shown to be particularly 
 active in haemorrhoidal individuals, by their generally bearing 
 haemorrhages without becoming weakened or anaemic. This may 
 proceed from the insufficient transformation of old blood-corpuscles 
 in the liver. Regeneration of new corpuscles taking .place as 
 usual, the blood becomes overcharged with corpuscles, and general 
 circulation is somewhat impeded. The intestinal and other organs 
 perform their functions with less ease ; hence dyspepsia, flatulence, 
 distention of the abdomen, languor, headache, &c. inconvenience 
 the patient till the efforts of nature relieve the circulating organs 
 of this surplus of older corpuscles by haemorrhage. The continua- 
 tion of the same causes will, after some time, reproduce the same 
 necessity. Weilbach is therefore eminently useful by counteract- 
 ing the cause of haemorrhoidal congestion. Excessive catamenia 
 are diminished, and . haemorrhoidal tendency retrogrades ; even 
 flow of piles decreases, and ceases entirely by the use of the water, 
 the want of such a reparatory discharge having been obviated. 
 
 The course of the blood becoming freer in the haemorrhoidal 
 vessels, the vascular absorbents are enabled to imbibe more of 
 the liquid intestinal contents, leaving a smaller quantum fcr faecal 
 excretion. On this account the evacuations are rather dimi- 
 nished at first, but without any of the ordinary sensations or 
 inconveniences connected with obstruction. The increased ab- 
 sorption of liquid alimentary matter forms some compensation for 
 the heightened elimination of blood-corpuscles. After some time 
 the increased formation of bile will end in a greater intestinal 
 stimulation, and the alvine action will thus become regulated. 
 
166 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 The increased elimination of effete blood-globules from the portal 
 system must extend its influence to other organs, because this 
 gradual liberation of obstructing particles enables the portal vein 
 to receive more blood than before. Hence the congested state of 
 the pulmonary tissue diminishes under the use of Weilbach ; 
 respiration becomes freer ; oppression of the chest, dry cough, 
 &c., decrease perceptibly.; hemoptysis often ceases, the pulse 
 becomes slower, night-perspirations gradually vanish, &c. 
 
 Weilbach thus acts as a sort of chemico-vital derivative, but 
 loses its power whenever the laryngeal or bronchial irritation 
 proceeds from other causes than h^emorrhoidal congestion, as in 
 already deposited tubercles, in chronic inflammation of one of 
 these organs, &c. The advantage derivable from Weilbach would 
 be diminished or destroyed by taking too large quantities of the 
 water ; for the excessive amount of sulphuretted hydrogen not 
 being absorbed in the portal system, produces irritation in the 
 bloodvessels and ultimately in the lungs, from which it must be 
 exhaled. Chronic bronchial catarrh, incipient phthisis, spitting 
 of blood, congestion to the head, based on haemorrhoidal dyscrasia, 
 gradually give way here, because the organs of respiration be- 
 come relieved of a great overcharge of blood without the loss of 
 nutrient corpuscles. Besides the derivation, the composition of 
 the blood becomes more normal, and thus forms a better re- 
 generating agent for the various organs, which in their turn are 
 more fitted for the performance of their regular functions, and 
 thus improvement of health will continue even after the action of 
 the water has ceased. If favourable phenomena do not make 
 their appearance within a few weeks, no cure can be expected. 
 The utility of Weilbach in chronic poisoning by lead or mercury 
 is obvious. 
 
 Baths are often employed as an auxiliary to the internal use of 
 the water. Inhalation of the atmosphere surrounding the well 
 has afforded no striking results. The hsemorrlioidal disease is 
 frequently cured here, in contradistinction to many other spas, 
 where the flow of repressed piles is promoted. Chronic rheuma- 
 tism and cutaneous eruption, accompanied by haemorrhoids, are 
 likewise often relieved here. The same may be said of urinary 
 or sexual diseases resulting from hsemorrhoidal obstruction. The 
 water must be drunk in small draughts, or the gas would not be 
 so rapidly absorbed, and, consequently, would cause distention of 
 the abdomen and irritation of the lungs. 
 
 In filling the glass, certain precautions are necessary viz., 
 
WEILBACH. 167 
 
 the water should run down the sides of the glass, and the latter 
 should be kept as close to the spout as possible ; for if the glass 
 be held at some distance, and the water allowed to fall with force 
 into the centre, a great quantity of atmospheric air is drawn in 
 with it, whilst the violent agitation causes the inherent sulphu- 
 retted hydrogen and carbonic acid gases to escape too soon. 
 From two to six glasses (of six or seven ounces each) are taken in 
 the morning ; sometimes before dinner a smaller dose is repeated. 
 
 The diet must be very temperate at first, but more nourishing 
 afterwards. Care must be taken that the liver and intestines be 
 not taxed too much by fatty or indigestible food, or spirituous 
 liquors. 
 
 You may perhaps ask whether we can expect such important 
 results from so small an amount of sulphuretted hydrogen viz., 
 about 2J cubic inches in a pint of water and whether we ought 
 to attribute the same action to all sulphurous springs. The 
 answer to this is, that the proportion of the gas is extremely large 
 here, surpassing in this respect all other theiothermai of Germany : 
 Aix-la-Chapelle, the most celebrated, having only 0*13 cubic 
 inches, Baden, near Vienna, 0'70, Eilsen 2'01, Nenndorf (Quelle 
 unter dem Gewolbe) 1'21, Weilbach 2 -64. 
 
 Although the same gas stamps their general character, the 
 diseases for which they should be recommended are widely dif- 
 ferent. Sulphurous springs are generally set down as most useful 
 in chronic rheumatism and cutaneous eruptions, and it might be 
 imagined that we have only to choose between a hot and cold 
 spring. If you visit Aix-la-Chapelle, for instance, you will find 
 most of the valetudinarians there to be suffering from affections 
 of the sero-fibrous or cutaneous system, and in vain will you look 
 for patients who seek relief from pulmonary or laryngeal com- 
 plaints. But here you will notice the reverse. The spa, how- 
 ever, is very little known, and is not appreciated as it deserves to 
 be. When I visited the chief spas for the first time, it was my 
 intention to pass by Weilbach. I happened to stay at the Post 
 Hotel at Krcuznach. When just on the point of starting, the 
 head-waiter, who heard that I intended to visit Soden, asked me 
 whether I would not pay a visit to Weilbach ; and said I should 
 perhaps feel interested in seeing his principal, who had suffered 
 for several years with spitting of blood, and such an exhausting 
 cough that his friends laughed at him, when, after a fruitless 
 resort to Ems (which enjoys such a European reputation in pul- 
 monary diseases), he rode to Weilbach at the recommendation of 
 
168 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 some acquaintance; but he persisted, and subsequently found 
 there a complete cure. The landlord confirmed the statement of 
 his waiter, and appeared to me then hale and hearty. The basis 
 of his pulmonary disorder lay in hasmorrhoidal dyscrasy ; and as 
 soon as he presented himself to Dr. Roth, that physician informed 
 him that his case was particularly fitted for Weilbach, as it after- 
 wards proved. I at once determined to alter my route, and to 
 examine a remedial agent which had afforded such striking results. 
 
 Physician : Dr. Stifft. 
 
 Baden, near Vienna. For the consideration of the next spa, 
 I shall request you to retrace your steps to Vienna., the Austrian 
 capital, and thence proceed southward by railroad to Baden, 
 which lies at an hour's distance. Baden was known to the 
 Romans under the name of ' Pannonian Baths? The history of 
 this now beautiful town is full of interest. How often were the 
 vineyards and orchards destroyed, the houses burnt, the inha- 
 bitants plundered and murdered now by the Turks, then by the 
 Huns, now by the Turks again, who used to burn those treasures 
 which they could not carry off with them ! Then, again, French 
 armies laid contributions on the exhausted treasury of the in- 
 offensive town. Scarcely was one injury repaired when another 
 befel them in the shape of extensive conflagrations. 
 
 The discovery of the spa is popularly ascribed to the following 
 circumstance : At some very remote period, the dogs of a neigh- 
 bouring nobleman were missed for a few hours every day in the 
 adjoining forest. They were known to be affected with a kind of 
 lepra, and when carefully watched and followed by some hunts- 
 men, they were found to seek some warm springs, in which they 
 bathed for some time, and then returned to their master. Their 
 eruption having afterwards been found to be cured, the nobleman 
 had the surrounding trees cut down, and the source enclosed for 
 the relief of human ailments. 
 
 Baden is situated in lat. north 48, and long, east 15, on the 
 Schwochat, four miles to the south-east of Vienna, at the foot of 
 the Wienerwald) 638 feet above the level of the sea, and sur- 
 rounded by very charming landscapes. The Cethic mountains en- 
 circle the place from the north and west, whilst to the south-east 
 an extensive open plain stretches as far as the frontier of Hun- 
 gary. To this position we must ascribe the frequent atmospheric 
 changes to which the place is occasionally subject, amounting 
 sometimes to 34 F. in one day. The environs of Baden are 
 very fertile ; wine, fruits, and agricultural products are alike 
 

 BADEN, 169 
 
 found here in abundance. Baden has about 5,000 inhabitants, 
 and attracts numerous visitors, besides the crowd of valetudi- 
 narians that annually resort thither. It belongs to the class of 
 Theiotherma3 (warm sulphurous springs), and appropriately fol- 
 lows as a contrast to the last cold sulphur-spring which we have 
 examined. 
 
 A great advantage of the Baden water lies in the circumstance 
 that neither heating nor cooling is required to fit it for bathing. 
 The atmosphere of the place is so impregnated with sulphurous 
 exhalations that metallic objects quickly become tarnished and 
 blackened. The surrounding mountains consist of stratified lime- 
 stone slate and gypsum, and are interspersed with sulphur-pyrites, 
 stalactites, mineral coal, and some curious petrifactions. The 
 climate is generally dry and healthy, with the exception above 
 alluded to. 
 
 The whole valley offers a complex of beautiful walks and parks, 
 with rocks and forests beyond. The Alexandrowiczsche Anlage, 
 approached by gardens and vineyards, leads us to the steep rocks 
 behind the Schonfeldish houses. The Carpathian Mountains 
 bound the plain on the south-east. The Langische Anlage, to 
 the south of the Calvarienberg, abounds in rocks ornamented 
 with shrubs, luxuriant foliage winding along the walks, with turf- 
 seats interspersed. The Weilburg stands in its grounds, a memo- 
 rial of antiquity. The ( Helenen-thaV extends from Weikersdorf 
 to Heiligenkreuz, and is replete with charming spots and shady 
 walks. The Anton sgrotte, Antonsbriicke (bridge), Krainerhiitten, 
 &c. are all objects of great attraction. I will merely add the 
 account of a place situated a league to the south of Baden viz. 
 Voslau, at the eastern declivity of the Voslauer Lindkogel, re- 
 markable for its swimming-bath and beautiful garden. The water 
 (furnished by a spring) is clear, transparent, inodorous, and 
 insipid temperature, 75 F. ; specific gravity, 1-0005. It con- 
 tains scarcely 3J grains of mineral ingredients consisting of 
 carbonate of lime, sulphate of lime, and of magnesia, chloride of 
 sodium, of calcium, and of silica, besides carbonic acid and nitrogen. 
 This swimming-bath forms an excellent preparation for weakly or 
 irritable persons before the employment of the warmer thermae of 
 Baden. Not a trace of sulphuretted hydrogen is found in this 
 water, though it seems to derive its heat from the same subterra- 
 nean process which raises the temperature of the Baden water. 
 
 The temperature of the springs in Baden varies from 98 to 
 81 F. viz., in Josephsbad the source is 98 F. (the bath, 97 F.); 
 
170 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 Frauenbad, 97^ F. (the bath, 96J F.). No less than thirty-three 
 springs exist in or near the town,, of which I have only enumerated 
 the principal ones. They contain 12-J grains of solid and ITT 
 cubic inches of gaseous constituents in a pint of water, viz. 
 
 3-20 grains of sulphate of lime. 
 
 1-99 soda. 
 
 1'36 ,, magnesia. 
 
 1*34: chloride of sodium. 
 
 0'36 ,, magnesium. 
 
 1-75 carbonate of magnesia. 
 
 1-80 lime. 
 
 0-07 ,, lithia. 
 
 0'73 animalo-regetable substance. 
 Traces of phosphate of lime. 
 
 Total 12-16 grains. 
 
 GASEOUS CONSTITUENTS. 
 
 07 cubic inches of sulphuretted hydrogen. 
 0'6 ,, carbonic acid. 
 
 0*3 ,, nitrogen. 
 
 Total 1 5 
 
 The amount of solid ingredients you perceive to be equal to 
 that of Weilbach, but their quality is different. The chief con- 
 stituent of Weilbach is carbonate of soda (4-J grains), of which 
 no trace is found in Baden. Sulphate of lime, the principal con- 
 stituent of Baden (3*2 gr.), does not exist in Weilbach; carbonate 
 of magnesia and of lime, and chloride of sodium, are found in rather 
 smaller proportions at Baden ; sulphate of magnesia is absent in 
 Weilbach ; sulphate of soda only ^ of a grain : thus we have sul- 
 phates predominating in Baden and carbonates in Weilbach. As 
 regards the volatile ingredients, Weilbach has three times the 
 amount of sulphuretted hydrogen viz., 2J cubic inches to 
 7-10ths here, and ten times as much carbonic acid, 5 cubic inches 
 to ^ ; but Weilbach possesses no nitrogen. Besides, you are 
 justified in attributing to the sulphuretted hydrogen somewhat 
 more power than its proportion to Weilbach would seem to war- 
 rant, on account of its connection here with thermal water, by 
 which its efficacy and facility of penetration are promoted. The 
 therapeutical results of either spa will be found to coincide with 
 their chemical and physical characteristics. The water of Baden 
 is clear and transparent when drawn, but becomes rather milky 
 when exposed for some time to the air or light. Its taste and smell 
 are strongly sulphurous ; the springs all furnish an abundant sup- 
 ply ; the specific gravity of the water is 1-004. The yellowish 
 crystals deposited on the sides of the springs are known as Badner 
 
BADEN. 171 
 
 salt. The lath-mud, the result of precipitation out of water, is to 
 be distinguished from this. 
 
 The Josephsbad is a round temple-like building, ornamented 
 with Ionic columns. About sixty persons may bathe in the ca- 
 pacious quadrangular baignoire ; it is situated in the Joseph splatz, 
 near the Anger. The Frauenbad is situated to the east of the 
 former, at the end of the Frauengasse its baignoire holds ninety 
 persons. The same source supplies four so-called f Frauenstun- 
 denbader' (women's hour-baths), containing space for one or two 
 bathers only. The Carolinenbad., formerly called ' external 
 women's bath,' forms the southern part of the same building; 
 fifty persons find bathing room in its baignoire. The Engelburg- 
 btider, lying on the other side of the Schwochat, were formerly 
 only used as foot-baths, but are now provided with accommodation 
 for douche, shower, and full baths. The temperature of the baths 
 is 94 F. The Sauerbad (so named not from any acid properties, 
 but from its former possessor) is likewise situated on the other 
 side of the Schwochat, and was newly enclosed in 1821, and pro- 
 vided with an elegant bathing-saloon. The temperature of the 
 baths is 94 F. The Romerquelle (Roman's source), commonly 
 called the f Ursprunfj,'* arises at the foot of the Calvarienberg, with 
 such abundance that it is able to supply the ( Halbbader, 
 ' Theresienbader,' &c. By a subterranean passage of about forty- 
 five yards in length, you reach a capacious cavern, in which a 
 cauldron two fathoms deep is constantly filled with the bubbling 
 water from below. It is enclosed by wooden balusters. For- 
 merly the water was drawn here, and carried along the passage to 
 the exterior for use. Now this objectionable mode has been done 
 away with by the erection of a ' Trinkbrunneii ' (drinking-well), 
 which receives the spring out of porcelain pipes, and discharges it 
 into a marble basin. A stop-cock is fitted to the spout to regu- 
 late the supply. In the above passage artificial bath-mud is 
 prepared, and arrangements adapted for the use of vapour-baths. 
 The temperature of the source is 94| F. 
 
 . At the sides and ceiling the salt-crystals, formed by sublimation, 
 are sometimes redissolved by the exhaling vapours, and fall 
 down as ( acid drops," destructive of the colour and material of 
 clothes. The salt is dry, yellowish-white, crystallized in fascicular 
 needles, easily friable, and interspersed with minute veins of sul- 
 phur, from which they may be separated by solution in water. 
 Taste and reaction of the salt are acid : it loses forty-six per cent, 
 being heated, and contains, in one hundred parts 
 
 
 
172 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 37 '70 sulphuric acid. 
 
 8'00 alumina. 
 
 7 "34 protoxide of iron. 
 46 '00 water of crystallisation. 
 
 0'88 sulphur, and other admixtures. 
 
 0-08 loss. 
 
 100 
 
 This shows a considerable excess of sulphuric acid (for only 
 18 '7 3 parts are required to saturate the alumina, and only 8 -3 7 
 for the neutralization of the iron,, leaving an excess of about ten 
 parts). Though this phenomenon is not rare in volcanic craters, 
 it is of less frequent occurrence in the thermaB. The sulphuretted 
 hydrogen rapidly issuing in bubbles out of the source, abandons 
 part of its hydrogen to the oxygen of the air for the formation of 
 water; whilst its sulphur, under the influence of heat, partially 
 precipitates and partially attracts the disposable amount of atmo- 
 spheric oxygen for the formation of sulphuric acid. These acid 
 vapours act then on the ferruginous and argillaceous walls, and 
 dissolve those particles met with in analysis. 
 
 The Herzogsbad possesses the most capacious baignoire, con- 
 veniently holding 150 persons. It receives its water, by leaden 
 pipes, from the Romerquelle ; temperature, 94 | F. 
 
 The Antonibad, 93 F., is situated near the latter, and has the 
 same origin. 
 
 The Military -bath, Franzensbad, Leopoldsbader, &c. are some- 
 times chosen on account of their lower temperature. Vapour, 
 douche, rain and shower baths are also provided in the various 
 establishments. The ascending douche is administered in appro- 
 priate cases. 
 
 But a distinguishing feature of this spa consists in the newly- 
 erected sulphurous swimming-baths, one for ladies and one for 
 the male sex, supplied by springs of 81 F., and cooled down by 
 the extensive surface to 75 F. by the time it is used. The 
 greater number of swimmers I noticed at the time of my visit 
 were youthful patients, and the advantages resulting from this 
 combination of muscular exercise with the free imbibition of this 
 medicinal liquid are said to be very great. Indeed, considering the 
 composition and properties of the water, it would be surprising to 
 find it otherwise. Children affected with rheumatic tendency, 
 with cutaneous acrimony, with weakly-developed thoracic organs, 
 derive great benefit from them ; and I doubt not that many a mor- 
 bid diathesis will be checked and made to retrograde by the early 
 use of these baths. 
 
BAD EX. 173 
 
 Besides full baths, half, foot, and hand baths are often exclusively 
 employed at Baden in certain cases. This spa, in general, is re- 
 commended in convalescence after weakening diseases (where 
 Weilbach Avould be injurious), in diminished sensibility or irrita- 
 bility, chronic rheumatism, paralytic aifections, swellings of the 
 liver or spleen, in certain chronic eruptions, whenever the function 
 of the skin has been repressed or morbidly altered, in mucosity 
 and cartarrhal irritation of lungs or intestines, hydrargyrosis, and 
 chronic poisoning by lead. The swimming-baths have shown 
 themselves especially curative in articular contractions and slight 
 curvatures of the spine. This spa is contra-indicated in plethora, 
 active congestion, inflammation, or inflammatory tendency, fever, 
 confirmed phthisis, &c. 
 
 The Badeschlamm (bath-mud) chiefly consists of argilla, wetted 
 with the water of the Ursprung. 
 
 Dr. Rollet related to me the case of a major in the army, who, 
 in consequence of recent injuries, was suffering from painful and 
 stiff joints, which necessitated the use of crutches. This gentle- 
 man applied to him with the intention of using the baths. But 
 the doctor considered the symptoms too acute for the spa ; he 
 therefore ordered mud-poultices to be applied overnight for a 
 week, at the end of which time the pain was so much diminished 
 that he was enabled to use the baths, and left the place cured after 
 three weeks. 
 
 In chronic emphysema, resulting from neglected pulmonary 
 catarrh, Baden is asserted to be peculiarly beneficial. Dr. Habel 
 recommends Baden in chronic gout, but neither vascular irritability 
 nor great nervous sensibility must be present. Baden is particu- 
 larly adapted to that form of gout caused by depressing influences, 
 and exhibiting more the character of arthritic remains : also in 
 scrofula, the deficient chylification and lymphatic absorption are 
 corrected by the spa stimulating the peripheric extremities of the 
 blood-vessels and nerves ; secretions are promoted, and morbid 
 >roducts absorbed and removed. Drinking must be combined 
 dth the external use for this disease. In cases of children who 
 ifuse to drink, clysters of the water must be substituted. For 
 
 >ra and herpes the baths are greatly extolled. 
 
 In idiopathic paralysis no advantage is derived. The benefit in 
 syphilis is restricted to the diagnostic value in cases of affections 
 >earing a doubtful psoric, hydrargyrous, or syphilitic character. 
 
 The two former are relieved or cured by the spa the latter 
 rould be rather aggravated. In complication of syphilis with 
 
174 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 hydrargyrosis the latter disease is removed, and the former simpli- 
 fied,, so as to be amenable to ordinary treatment. You perceive, 
 then, that Baden should be selected when the functions of the 
 cutaneous and fibrous system have to be regulated, when absorp- 
 tion has to be promoted, when rheumatic, arthritic, or psoric 
 dyscrasy has to be counteracted, whilst heightened function of the 
 bile is only enumerated as a secondary or occasional result. So 
 far from its serving as a derivative or revulsive, it must never be 
 employed where inflammation or even congestion exists. Exter- 
 nal employment is mostly resorted to. If you compare these 
 peculiarities with its brother theiopege, Weilbach, you will find 
 the character of the Nassau spa almost diametrically opposite. 
 Weilbach is chiefly employed internally. The principal diseases 
 there are hemorrhoids and pulmonary or laryngeal affections de- 
 pendent on hasmorrhoidal dyscrasy. The marked activity of the 
 portal and biliary systems exerts a derivative influence upon vital 
 organs somewhat analogous to sanguineous depletion. Menstrua- 
 tion and piles are not promoted, but rather abridged. Exhausted 
 persons become weaker still. Convalescence is prolonged after 
 atonic, nervous diseases or depressing haemorrhages. Keeping 
 these brief hints in view, you will find no difficulty in choosing 
 between the two. 
 
 Physicians : Drs. Habel, Landesmaun, Rollet, Sevegnani, 
 Bratassewitz, Lucas, Miilleitner, and Hirscher. * 
 
 * Hotels : Casino, Stadt "Wien, Schwan. 
 
KREUZNACH. 175 
 
 LECTURE XIV. 
 
 KREUZNACH ADELIIEIDSQUELLE. 
 
 AFTER the deviation made for the sake of contrasting Weilbach 
 with Baden, we return westward towards Biberich. Here we ex- 
 change our confined position in the railroad carriage for the Rhine 
 steamer, which carries us rapidly towards the western curve, on 
 which Bingen is situated. At Bingen we leave the Rhine with 
 all its romantic associations, and while most of our fellow-passengers 
 speed onwards to the north, approaching the mouth of Father Rhine, 
 I invite you to accompany me in an opposite direction, and to be 
 carried by rail to the spa (in 38 minutes) ; or you might travel 
 the whole distance by rail, a line being constructed along the 
 Rhine competing with the river-steamers. Kreuznach is situated 
 on the Nahe, which rises in the west beyond the Hundsriick 
 mountain, and, after a serpentine eastern course amongst the hills, 
 turns northward, and emerging from rocks, descends into a smiling 
 valley full of picturesque spots, intersects the town of Kreuznach, 
 and passes northwards through fertile fields and green meadows 
 to Bingen, where it pours its stream into the mighty Rhine. The 
 town, containing about 8,000 inhabitants, though situated in the 
 Grand Duchy of Hesse, is under Prussian dominion. Its latitude 
 N. is 50, its longitude E. 8 : it is three leagues distant from 
 Bingen, eight from Mentz, and ten from Wiesbaden ; its height 
 above the level of the sea is only 285 feet. The two parts into 
 which the town is divided by the river are unequal. That on the 
 left bank is enclosed by the Schlossberg and other hills, while 
 he country on the right bank is of a more level character. On 
 >th sides of the connecting bridge, green islets emerge out of the 
 Tahe, the upper ones giving birth to the mineral springs at an 
 iltitude of 308 feet. Charming gardens, well-cultivated vineyards, 
 *ich pasture and cornfields amply testify to the fertile condition 
 of the soil. 
 
 The ruins of the so-called ' Heidenmauer' (Pagans' Wall), on the 
 
176 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 right of the Nahe, prove that the Romans reached the place in 
 their insatiable lust of conquest, and endeavoured to maintain the 
 Rhine boundary by a fortress. Many of the old castles and 
 towers have disappeared ; the ancient fortress of the Counts of 
 Sponheim has remained in ruins since its destruction by the 
 French. Vineyards and shady walks cover the side of the moun- 
 tain, over which a fortified castle domineered at the time of the 
 Thirty Years' War. The excise-buildings now occupy the place in 
 the ' Hohe Strasse ' where formerly the mansion of the Pfalzgraves 
 of Simmern stood. A capacious ( casino' was lately built, with 
 tasteful walks, before the Binger Grate. The streets of the town 
 itself are generally narrow. The Nahe Bridge, connecting the two 
 parts of the town, conducts you over the two arms of the river 
 and its islets by seven arches ; it is said to date from the four- 
 teenth century ; the houses standing upon it give it rather a 
 curious appearance. As a curative agent, this spa has only been 
 known for about forty years. 
 
 The Elisabethlrunnen, the most celebrated of Kreuznach's 
 springs, rises on the southern extremity of the Nahe islet. About 
 ten feet under the ' dam-earth' the source issues from a borehole, 
 penetrating into porphyry to the depth of thirty-six feet ; the en- 
 closing basin guards against the influx of atmospheric water ; a 
 strong dam of stone surrounds the spring on three sides, and 
 serves by its colossal proportions to prevent overflow, or ice from 
 disturbing the spring. From the platform you enjoy a pleasant 
 prospect of the river above and below the town. To the west the 
 vineclad sides of the Schlossberg greet your view, and southward 
 are the hills from which the salt-springs arise. The iron balustrade 
 combines elegance with strength. About 1,600 cubic feet of 
 water are supplied in twenty-four hours ; a pipe communicates 
 with the basin, and discharges the water in an uninterrupted stream; 
 a pump drives it into the bathing-house, about one hundred yards 
 distant, at times when the spring is not used for drinking. 
 
 A second spring, of great abundance, rises in the bed of the 
 river, between the Elisenbrunnen and the left bank of the Nahe. 
 At a depth of ten feet it issues out of numerous fissures of por- 
 phyry ; a basin and airtight covering of brickwork guard it from 
 admixture with the Nahe water, which passes over it. By sub - 
 terranean iron pipes the water is conducted into a reservoir near 
 the Elisenbrunn for baths. The daily supply amounts to 3,000 
 cubic feet. 
 
 The islet was connected with the highroad of the ( salimen' 
 
KREUZtfACII. 177 
 
 valley by a convenient walk, shaded by a double row of lime-trees. 
 A grand ' Kurhaus' was built, with capacious saloons, refreshment- 
 rooms, bathing-cabinets, and apartments for visitors. Another 
 spring has since been discovered between the Elisenbrunnen and 
 the salt-works near the Oranienhof, and is frequently employed 
 for bathing. 
 
 The porphyry rocks of the e Haart' mountain on the left, and of 
 the ( Gans' on the right bank, form a narrow valley, intersected 
 by the Nahe, south of the town, and give rise to the saline springs 
 of the Theodorshalle and Mimster am Stein, north and south-west, 
 and of the Carlshalle^ to the east. Their abundance is such that 
 the Carlshalle and Theodorshalle alone afford an annual supply of 
 three million cubic feet of brine. The springs of the Theodorshalle, 
 to the number of eight, arise from various depths. The chief well 
 is situated near the boiling-house, and used for drinking. In its 
 immediate neighbourhood one of the largest ( graduation- works' 
 reaches as far as the Nahe, its covered passage serving as a con- 
 venient walk in rainy weather. If you cross the Nahe you per- 
 ceive, on the right bank near the bridge, the well of the Carlshalle, 
 surrounded by a tower-like building. The water is raised by pump- 
 ing into a pipe, and is then discharged into a small stone basin 
 for the use of valetudinarians. A more concentrated brine is 
 furnished by a neighbouring borehole. Trees and resting-places 
 adorn the open spot in front of the well. 
 
 The saline ' Munster am Stein? wedged, as you see it, into the 
 southern corner of the left Nahe shore, supplies also a drinking- 
 well ; the spring issues opposite the rocks of the Rheingrafenstein. 
 The adjoining ( graduation-works' also offer a sheltered walk in 
 unfavourable atmospheric conditions. 
 
 That in the commencement of the nineteenth century no steps 
 were taken to imitate other ( Salinen' in the erection of contrivances 
 for bathing, is to be attributed to the peculiar political position 
 of the works, which were allotted in the Parisian treaty to Hesse 
 Darmstadt, while the ground is subject to Prussian dominion. It 
 was not until 1820 that foreign visitors began to employ the baths. 
 Between the Elisenquelle and the Carlshaller salt-works you see 
 the grand ( Felnersche Badehaus,' farther on, the capacious build- 
 ings of the Oranienhof. The same activity was observed in the 
 erection and embellishment of buildings on the Theodorshalle. In 
 the southern Munster the inhabitants contributed their share in 
 furnishing convenient habitations and bathing arrangements. 
 
 N 
 
178 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 The greatest praise, in causing Kreuznach to be so universally 
 appreciated, is due to the personal and literary exertions of the 
 late Dr. Prieger, who first attracted the attention of the medical 
 profession by his phamplet on the ' Iodine and Bromine Springs of 
 Kreuznach,' in 1837. Baths of Kreuznach inotherlye began to 
 be tried in distant parts for scrofula and tetter with success, and 
 many were induced to seek the spa itself. 
 
 Not only was great benefit obtained from the exported Elisen- 
 brunnen water, but its imitation in Struve's establishments afforded 
 great utility, and swelled the list of patients cured through the 
 agency of Kreuznach. All the springs resemble each other in 
 qualitative properties, although somewhat differing in temperature, 
 according to the respective depths of the boreholes, and according 
 to the greater or smaller exposure of the subterranean reservoirs 
 to atmospheric influences. 
 
 The Elisabeth-, or Elisenquelle, issues at a temperature of 54^ F. 
 with a specific gravity of 1*004. TL^LQ taste is saline, bitterish, 
 rather nauseous ; the appearance transparent, with a somewhat 
 yellowish tint. Only very few bubbles of carbonic-acid gas rise to 
 the surface in the water drawn. Brownish flakes soon separate 
 themselves, and fall to the bottom of the vessel. According to 
 Professer Lowig of Zurich, the water contains 94 grains (60 
 grains according to Bauer) in sixteen ounces, viz. 
 
 72*88 chloride of sodium. 
 13-38 calcium. 
 
 4'07 magnesium. 
 
 0-62 potassium. 
 
 0'61 ,, lithium. 
 
 0-27 bromide of magnesium. 
 
 0-03 iodide of magnesium. 
 
 1'69 carbonate of lime. 
 
 0-01 baryta. 
 
 0-10 magnesia. 
 
 0'15 oxide of iron. 
 
 0'02 phosphate of alumina. 
 
 0-12 silica. 
 94-02 grains 
 
 The alumina, silica, and iron become soon deposited. The tem- 
 perature of the Karlshallerbrunnen is 59 F. at the issue, but 
 higher in the borehole. The taste is less saline, owing to a smaller 
 amount of solid ingredients. It contains 75 grains of solid con- 
 stituents in sixteen ounces (59 chloride of sodium, 2 chloride of 
 calcium, 6*6 bromide of calcium, 0*36 carbonate of iron, and nearly 
 4 cubic inches of carbonic acid). 
 
 The chief well of the Theodorshalle has a temperature of 
 F. ; its constituents amount to 87*9 grains. 
 
KREUZNACH. 179 
 
 The chief well of Miinster greatly resembles that of the Karl- 
 shalle, with a temperature, however, of 81 J F. ; the amount of 
 solid ingredients varies from 64 to 76 grains. It is smallest in 
 winter, when the spring is not in requisition. The green mud 
 covering the bottom of the graduation-works is composed of or- 
 ganic matter. 
 
 After the salt has been crystallized and removed from the boil- 
 ing-pans, the remaining brownish-yellow glutinous liquid is called 
 motherly e. The smell bears some analogy to that offucus. The 
 taste is bitter, astringent, and caustic ; its specific gravity varies 
 from 1-307 to 1'314. It contains, in sixteen ounces, 2575 '72 
 grains, or about the third of its contents, viz., 
 
 1577*71 chloride of calcium. 
 33872 bromide of calcium. 
 
 92-82 potassium. 
 154-10 sodium. 
 
 60-34 chloride of sodium. 
 
 38'44 ,, magnesium. 
 
 17'30 potassium. 
 
 35 66 alumina and protoxide of iron. 
 216-13 crenic acid, two resinous substances, with traces of iodine. 
 
 44'50 water of crystallisation and loss. 
 
 The origin of the salt-springs is generally due to strata of rock- 
 salt, into which atmospheric water had previously penetrated ; 
 the adjoining layers of lime and gypsum cause the addition of salts 
 of calcium or of sulphates. 
 
 The inconsiderable depth of their origin causes the temperature 
 to be comparatively low, and the combination less intimate than 
 in those of a more profound origin. The sources of Kreuznach 
 being confined to the extension of the porphyry between the 
 Elisenquelle and Rheingrafenstein, the comparatively small amount 
 of chloride of sodium, the presence of certain substances not belong- 
 ing to salt-rocks (as lithion, phosphate of alumina, and chloride of 
 potassium, &c.), and the corresponding analysis of porphyry, led 
 to the belief that this latter rock gives birth to the Kreuznach 
 springs. Professor Lowig obtained from the solution of porphyry an 
 artificial water, containing all the chief ingredients of the sources. 
 Some deposits of salt may, according to Dr. Engelmann, be inter- 
 spersed amongst fissures of porphyry. The water must have pene- 
 trated into greater depths than the mountain-heights would indicate, 
 to dissolve the porphyry ; for sweet water issues at the foot of the 
 mountain near the salt-springs the result of meteoric water 
 merely penetrating a short distance through the superficial layers. 
 The quantitative difference is accounted for by the varying rela- 
 
 N 2 
 
180 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 tive contents of the rock itself at different parts. Greater warmth 
 exists in the depth ; and if the temperature lowers more in one 
 spring than in another, this depends -on a longer contact with 
 superficial earthy layers before its emission. In the Karlshaller- 
 quelle the brine formerly exhibited the temperature of 59 F. when 
 the borehole was 150 feet deep. Boring only 200 feet more pro- 
 duced brine of 68 F. ; whilst the present depth of 600 feet furnishes 
 water with a temperature of 74JF. ; the augmentation you will 
 find in greater proportion than you might expect from such an 
 inconsiderable depth. 
 
 The general rise is about 2J of F. to 150 feet, so that it ought 
 to be 9 of F. less, if there were not some counteracting cause. 
 This is sought in the circumstance that porphyry may have retain- 
 ed its volcanic heat longer than the surrounding rocks, of older 
 volcanic origin, amongst which it had to force a passage. The 
 water of the Elisenquelle had formerly the temperature of 50 F. 
 Now, when the depth of the borehole has only been increased to 
 36 feet, the water drawn in the depth has a temperature of 58 F. 
 and at the issue 54^ F. 
 
 The shorter or longer stay of the water in the basin likewise 
 influences its heat. Thus, the temperature of the chief well in 
 Minister only amounts to 79^F. in the shaft, if pumping has 
 been discontinued for some weeks, whilst the heat rises to 83 J F. 
 during ordinary use. The different degree of cooling in the sides, 
 and the admixture of more or less cooled brine in the side-walls of 
 the boreholes, likewise exercise their influence in this respect. 
 The carburetted hydrogen found in the new borehole of the 
 Karlshalle, and in the chief shaft of the Minister spring, is ascribed 
 to some layers of coal existing in the older coal-sandstone. 
 
 If the water appears to have a more saline taste one day than 
 another, this is rather to be attributed to altered state of digestion 
 than to any change in the contents of the water. Though nauseous 
 and bitter, it is borne well by the digestive organs, if the doses are 
 regulated according to 1 the state of the bowels. Appetite im- 
 proves, but alvine action is not promoted at first ; only after gra- 
 dual increase of the quantity does this result take place. Should 
 the water be taken too quickly, or in too large quantities, the ab- 
 domen will be distended, and eructation, pain of the stomach, and 
 diarrhosa will ensue, with a general feeling of chilliness. The 
 same result may follow dietetic irregularities, the partaking of 
 acidifying food, &c., as in Weilbach, where the bowels are more 
 
KEEUZNACH. 181 
 
 acted upon in unfavourable weather, from the impeded function 
 of the skin. The baths are generally taken lukewarm, with additions 
 of motherlye in larger or smaller quantities, according to the state 
 of the disease. The skin becomes somewhat irritated after a time, 
 and bath-eruption is a frequent consequence. Patients with very 
 tender skin will sometimes bear greater quantities of the mother- 
 lye than comparatively inured and healthier persons. The brine 
 is also employed as a clyster, in which form it is particularly effect- 
 ive as a solvent in cases of induration of the prostate gland. The 
 exhalations of the graduation-works are also used for medicinal 
 purposes in similar instances as those of Kissingen. They 
 would of course injure in real plethora or tendency to con- 
 gestion. After some weeks a sudden sensation of languor occa- 
 sionally appears, with headache, debility, disinclination to bathe 
 or to drink the water, feverish excitement, &c. These are signs 
 of saturation, and require cessation of the course. 
 
 The chief efficacy of Kreuznach must be sought in the chloride 
 of sodium and of calcium, and in the bromine and iodine contained 
 in the springs. The Elisenbrunnen has the strongest effect; the 
 Carlshaller spring acts less powerfully, from the minor quanti- 
 ty of ingredients. If a still weaker spring is required, the Miin- 
 ster well is recommended. In cold and damp weather the warmer 
 water of the latter agrees better with the digestive organs than 
 the colder springs would ; the reverse takes place in fine weather. 
 A great advantage of Kreuznach over similar springs lies in the 
 circumstance that we may employ it both internally and 
 externally in appropriate diseases. 
 
 The chief indication is scrofula. If the lymphatic system be 
 impeded in its function, the secretions become vitiated, reproduction 
 is impaired, and the whole body must suffer in consequence. Dr. 
 Engelmann dissents from the assertion frequently made, that the 
 bromine and iodine springs are more adapted to torpid forms of 
 the disease, whilst to erethic forms alkaline springs are declared as 
 more applicable. Dr. Yogler of Ems supports this objection, and 
 limits the preference of Ems to mesenteric scrofula and tubercular 
 diathesis. 
 
 In whatever form the disease may appear whether the glands 
 of the neck be swollen and indurated, or whether the eyes, ears, 
 nose, mesenteric glands, or bones become affected, Kreuznach 
 will be found highly beneficial. You meet with patients, mostly 
 
182 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 in early age, still affected with marked scrofula, or with chronic 
 diseases of the skin, lachrymation of the eyes, nervous tremulous- 
 ness, or lassitude after inconsiderable exertions : their complexion is 
 florid, their skin tender and very susceptible, their digestion irre- 
 gular ; their appetite often excessive, with a deficient power of 
 assimilation. Scars of former ulcers inform you that scrofulous 
 acrimony still lurks in their blood. By recommending the careful 
 use of Kreuznach water, you will afford such patients a great 
 chance of a radical cure. 
 
 The spa is contraindicated in organic diseases of the heart or 
 great vessels, in inflammation, fever, dropsy, and congestion to 
 the brain or other vital organs. With reference to the quantity re- 
 quired, this depends in a great measure on the nature of the disease 
 and on the constitution. It is advisable to commence in small 
 quantities, and not to drink the next glass before we feel that the last 
 has been properly digested. As is the case in all remedial measures, 
 a slow and gradual imbibition of the healing substances will pro- 
 duce a safer effect than overloading the stomach with quantities 
 of the water poured down in rapid succession. By the latter 
 practice the irritated intestines will rapidly discharge the distending 
 mass, and the lymphatic system will fail to absorb the required 
 ingredients. In some instances the water agrees better if mixed 
 with a little hot milk ; or, in cases where an excessive stimulation 
 is feared from the presence of iron, the water should be allowed to 
 stand for some time, till its iron becomes deposited. A further 
 advantage of Kreuznach consists in the possibility of employing 
 it at a distance ; and I may bring a case to your notice of a clerk 
 in a foreign counting-house in this city, who laboured for about 
 three. years with scrofulous struma. He applied tome for advice, 
 after two years of medical treatment. I prescribed the ordinary 
 preparations of iodine and other anti-scrofulous agents for about 
 nine months, with no better result than my predecessors. At last 
 I discontinued all other medicines, and recommended Elisabeth- 
 brunnen a wineglassful only, three times a clay, mixed with 
 some warm water. To my own surprise, the first trial proved 
 most successful. One dozen bottles sufficed not only to produce a 
 cure of his present ailment, but his general state of health became 
 greatly improved ; his pallid and puffy appearance gave way to 
 a more healthy complexion ; the inconvenience in breathing 
 and speaking, so marked in this disease, entirely vanished ; and 
 it would now require very close inspection to perceive a slight re- 
 
ADELHEIDSQUELLE. 18.3 
 
 maining enlargement of the thyroid gland. I must not omit, 
 however, to mention one fact with reference to this case, which 
 may detract considerably from its therapeutic value viz., the pa- 
 tient in question was suddenly affected with acute inflammation 
 of the thyroid gland, just after finishing a course of the water, with 
 angina and febrile excitement, necessitating antiphlogistic treat- 
 ment. After recovery from this attack, rapid absorption and 
 diminution of the enlarged gland to its present almost normal state 
 took place, so that this inflammatory process may have assisted the 
 removal of the struma as powerfully as the mineral water. 
 
 Nevertheless, as the Kreuznach water may have increased 
 the function of the gland, and disposed it to take the form of 
 acute disease, probably provoked by atmospheric causes, I feel jus- 
 tified in ascribing the cure in some measure to the Kreuznach water. 
 
 Physicians: Dr. Engelmann, Dr. Trautwein, Drs. Hahn, Jung, 
 Karst, Lossen, Prieger, Wiesbaden, Fouquet, Michels, Stabel, 
 Strahl, Heusner, Kleinhaus, Yon Frautzius, Reinhard.* 
 
 Now you must again allow me to take you to some distance 
 for the purpose of comparison. Imagine yourselves at Munich, 
 the capital of Bavaria, which we passed in our journey to Gastein, 
 the Tyrol spa. 
 
 Adelheidsquelle. About eight German miles to the south of 
 Munich, between the village of Tolz and the former convent of 
 Benedictbeuern, you enter the small village of Heilbrunn. It is 
 nearly two leagues distant from Tolz, and one and a quarter 
 from Benedictbeuern. The height of Heilbrunn is calculated at 
 about 2,400 feet above the level of the Mediterranean Sea, Bene- 
 dictbeuern being nearly 2,000 feet high. You find it due west of 
 Kreuth, not far from the left bank of the Isar, which descends 
 from the Algauer Alps, and proceeds northward to intersect the 
 artistic city of Munich. Its latitude N. is 48 its longitude E. 12. 
 It lies at the foot of an alpine promontory, on an eminence 
 affording very charming and distant prospects. In the north you 
 perceive a beautiful valley, with gently-rising hills, covered with 
 woods, extending to the Wtirm or Staremberger Lake. North- 
 east, on the right shore of the Isar, you perceive an immense 
 plain, reaching as far as Munich. Towards the north-west the 
 towering Peissenberg arrests your eye. The southern alpine 
 promontories are easy of ascent, and repay the trouble of climbing 
 
 * Hotels : De Hollande, &c. &c. 
 
184 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 them with extremely picturesque and romantic views. Behind 
 these rises the Zwieselberg, and this height is again overtopped 
 by the towering Benedictenwand, upwards of 6,000 feet high. 
 The Kochel Lake and Beiiedictbeuern lie somewhat lower, to the 
 south and west. The chief mountainous formation of the environs 
 consists in marl-sandstone and peat-sandstone. In the torrents 
 near Heilbrunn several calcareous petrifications are found, besides 
 granite, glimmer, and slate of hornblende. The spring lies 
 between two hills, the vicarage being on the smaller and the 
 church on the higher eminence. It is said to be the oldest of the 
 Bavarian springs. In the year 955 it was destroyed by the 
 Hungarians, together with the convent of Benedictbeuern. One 
 hundred years afterwards the monks caused the place where the 
 well had stood to be dug again. The source was discovered at a 
 depth of four fathoms, but flames arose, and it was thought that 
 the spring originated by a miracle. 
 
 The scantiness of supply is a great inconvenience nevertheless 
 several persons resort there, seeking accommodation in the village- 
 inn or at some of the private cottages ; whilst more opulent 
 visitors take up their residence in the convenient Hotel of Bichel 
 (one league from Heilbrunn), which enjoys the advantage of being 
 crossed by the high-roads from Munich, Tolz, Tyrol, Weilheim, 
 and Murnau. The water is sent to them in tubs for bathing. An 
 able physician is residing in the immediate neighbourhood (Dr. 
 Vogel of Bichel). 
 
 The more distant Tolz, on the Isar, enjoys a charming situation. 
 A large garden adjoins the elegant hotel, and affords a beautiful 
 view of the Isar Valley. 
 
 Tolz is celebrated for its beer : the rock-vaults there chiefly 
 contribute to its long preservation. 
 
 The Heilbrunn well has a diameter of eight feet above, gradually 
 contracting towards the bottom. The water issues out of three 
 veins of sandstone. The ascending gas-bubbles may be ignited, and 
 burn with a clear flame. The water is clear, colourless, and only 
 sparkling when the well is strongly agitated. The odour is some- 
 what nauseous (bearing analogy to bromine, carburetted hydrogen, 
 and sometimes to sulphuretted hydrogen) ; its flavour is similar to 
 that of weak broth, and it leaves a mawkish taste in the mouth. 
 The temperature is about 50 F. It contains 47 grains of solid 
 ingredients in 16 ounces, viz. 
 
ADELHEIDSQUELLE. 185 
 
 Adelheidsquelle 
 
 Kreuznach. 
 
 
 Hall (Austr.; 
 
 
 38-15 chlor. sod. . 
 
 72-92 
 
 . 
 
 100-72 
 
 
 
 (13-27 chlor. 
 
 calc.) 
 
 2-99 
 
 
 0-20 iod. of sod. . (iod. of 
 
 mag. 0-03) 
 
 . 
 
 5-53 
 
 
 (0-91 according to Fuchs) 
 
 
 
 
 
 0'40 brorn. of sod. 
 
 0-30 
 
 
 
 
 (0*30 according to Fuchs) 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 (0-49 brom. 
 
 magn.) 
 
 0'81 carbon, of soda. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (0-79 chlor. 
 
 pot.) . 
 
 (0-35 sulph. 
 
 sod.) 
 
 0-23 carb. of potash. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (0-25 chlor. 
 
 magn.) 
 
 0-05 
 
 
 0'12 carb. of ammon. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (0-29 carb. 
 
 baryt.) 
 
 
 
 0'62 carb of lime 
 
 
 
 0-31 
 
 
 0-39 carb. of magnesia 
 
 . 1-35 
 
 
 . 0-17 
 
 
 0'05 carb. of strontia 
 
 . 0-68 
 
 
 
 
 0'02 carb. of alumina 
 
 
 
 
 
 O'Ol carb. of iron 
 
 . 0-19 
 
 . 
 
 . 0-06 
 
 
 0-25 silica 
 
 . 0-31 
 
 
 
 . 0-16 
 
 
 47'31 grains. 90-68 grains. 114 grains. 
 
 And 4 cubic inches of carburetted hydrogen in 100 cubic incites. 
 
 The proportions of the constituents (with the exception of the 
 iodine and bromine) bear some analogy to Selters water, which 
 possesses likewise chloride of sodium as its chief ingredient (16J 
 grains), and carbonate of soda as the next in importance (5} grains). 
 The Adelheidsquelle promotes, with reference to its muriatico- 
 alkaline character, the functions of the mucous membranes of the 
 lymphatic, glandular, uropoietic, and uterine systems. The car- 
 buretted hydrogen is supposed to diminish the morbidly-increased 
 sensibility of these organs, and to operate as an antispasmodic and 
 anodyne agent. Add to this the very large amount of iodine and 
 bromine (conjointly more than a grain in 16 ounces), only 
 exceeded in this respect by the Haller Kropfwasser (goitre-water), 
 and you will be prepared to hear of its powerful effect on 
 scrofulous diseases and complications. 
 
 When, besides the highly solvent and antiplastic power of the 
 iodine and bromine, you find an indication for a prominent em- 
 ployment of chlorides, especially of sodium and calcium, your 
 patient will have to resort to Kreuznach. 
 
 The quantity of chlorine entering in conjunction with the sodium 
 and calcium must neutralise that acrimonious dyscrasy charac- 
 terising the circulating fluids of scrofulous individuals ; in short, 
 we must consider that Kreuznach penetrates most deeply into the 
 whole metamorphic function going forward in the grandular and 
 lymphatic system. Hall of Austria (near Steyer), which excels 
 the others by its larger amount of iodine (5-J grains of iodide of 
 sodium, according to Yon Holger), contains also a considerably 
 
 sodium, 
 
186 GEEMAN MINERAL WATEES. 
 
 greater quantity of chloride of sodium (above 100 grains), and 
 very little chloride of calcium (about 3 grains). Its name of 
 Kropfwasser indicates its great reputation in scrofulous struma. 
 
 When we desire a simple employment of the two last-mentioned 
 remedies, and have no reason to fear a rebellious reception, by 
 weakened or irritated digestive organs, or on account of general 
 irritability or weakness, we cannot employ a better remedial means 
 than the mineral water of Hall, which unfortunately cannot yet be 
 obtained in this country. 
 
 The Adelheidsquelle contains the smallest amount of chloride 
 of sodium (about half of Kreuznach and a third of Hall) no 
 chloride of calcium and magnesium, less iron than Kreuznach 
 (TO IT to To 9 o); but it possesses a prominent amount of carbonates 
 instead. Its iodine and bromine being not only more abundant 
 than in Kreuznach, but also more prominent, by reason of the 
 proportionally smaller quantity of other active ingredients, you 
 may expect a series of special phenomena to result from its use, 
 especially if a cure may be reasonably expected by the mere in- 
 ternal use of an iodated water. A few cases, enumerated by Dr. 
 Wetzler, will best illustrate its effects. 
 
 Dr. Von Breslau, of Munich, was summoned to consultation on 
 the case of a* lady who laboured under such considerable obesity 
 that she could scarcely walk a few steps in the room without 
 dyspnoea. He advised Adelheidsquelle for internal and external 
 use, and it completely cured her. A girl of thirteen years of age 
 had her abdomen so distended and hardened, from affection of the 
 mesenteric glands, that she might have been supposed to be preg- 
 nant, if her age had permitted such a supposition. At the same 
 time she vomited frequently after taking food, so that Dr. Von 
 Walther considered the pylorus to be hardened and narrowed. 
 Adelheidsquelle being recommended she went to Heilbrnnn, and 
 returned cured after six weeks. Dr. Fuchs found highly satis- 
 factory results from the water in gravel and lithiasis, and placed 
 it, in this respect, on an equality with Carlsbad. He recom- 
 mended the spa to a patient of sixty years of age, who had suffered 
 from a renal calculus for about a year, and daily lost upwards of 
 an ounce of blood from the bladder, which greatly reduced and 
 weakened him. Six weeks' bathing and drinking at Heilbrunn 
 restored his health. 
 
 Dr. Dietrich says he knows no mineral water which penetrates 
 so deeply into organic plasticity by slowly altering its constituent 
 
ADELHEIDSQUELLE. ] 8 7 
 
 elements. He cured with it obstinate chlorosis in scrofulous girls, 
 testicular indurations, strictures of the urethra, &c. Dr. Xavier 
 Martin found the Adelheidsquelle extremely curative in me- 
 senteric atrophy of little children. Their emaciated appearance, 
 pale complexion, hollow eyes, pointed noses their voraciousness, 
 their clay-coloured excretions, and their enlarged mesenteric glands 
 betrayed the evil, and induced the doctor to employ the water in 
 small quantities, with or without warm milk. Success very fre- 
 quently resulted. In scrofulous ophthalmia he found cold ex- 
 ternal applications of the Adelheidsquelle highly useful : in 
 amenorrhoea and chronic ovaritis he witnessed decided cures from 
 the spa. 
 
 M. Fellerer, from the Hospital of Incurables, states that J. M., 
 thirty-eight years of age, had been affected from his childhood 
 with va rious glandular swellings. Subsequently, scrofulous ulcers 
 appeare d on the right foot, and were complicated with caries ; his 
 illness was aggravated by an increasing enlargement of the thyroid 
 gland, so that at his reception his struma was enormous, weighing 
 about four pounds, and impeding respiration and speech more and 
 more. After an ineffectual treatment by pharmaceutic remedies, 
 Adelheidsquelle was ordered (which is furnished gratuitously to 
 the hospital by Mr. Debler). Persevering employment of this 
 remedy for six months effected a complete cure of the goitre, and 
 the patient would have been discharged but for the presence of 
 the carious ulcers. 
 
 Dr. Horger relates an instance. of incontinence of urine in a, 
 patient of eighty years of age, which was cured by the spa. Dr. 
 Caron du Val cured with the same water several cases of chronic 
 vesical catarrh, accompanied by spasms and pain of the bladder ; 
 also hepatic hypertrophy, induration of the neck of the womb, 
 and of the mammary glands. Dr. Heigl, of Ratisbon, employed 
 the water with almost specific efficacy in urinary disorders, 
 especially in gravel, dysuria, enuresis, enlargement of the prostate 
 gland, &c. 
 
 Dr. Wetzler records an instance of a gentleman who had 
 suffered for eleven years from the most painful dysuria and 
 urethra! blennorrhage, resembling gonorrhoea. The patient had to 
 get up several times at night, and walk about for hours in the 
 room, to obtain relief from the violent vesical and urethral pains. 
 Frequent involuntary emissions added to his distress. He was 
 completely cured by Adelheidsquelle, and occasional doses of 
 Piillna whenever his bowels acted too sluggishly. A child of ten 
 
188 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 weeks, emaciated and wrinkled in appearance, vomited after it 
 had been fed, and had besides twenty to thirty alvine evacuations 
 daily : the tongue was covered with mucus and small ulcers, the 
 pulse almost imperceptible and extremely frequent, the tempera- 
 ture of the abdomen and forehead heightened, and the extremities 
 cold. The first child had died at the age of twelve weeks from 
 consumption, and the mother was desolate at the probable loss of 
 this her second child. Dr. Wetzler recommended her to give it 
 some broth five or six times a day, and almond-milk to drink, and 
 he sent her a bottle of Adelheidsquelle, with the direction to give 
 the child two teaspoonfuls three times a day. After a fortnight 
 half the bottle was used, and the recovery so advanced that further 
 medical treatment was dispensed with. 
 
 Increase of urinary secretion and improvement of appetite are 
 considered as the invariable and immediate results of the water. 
 Dr. Schweiger, of Benedictbeuern, communicates a case of scro- 
 fulous tuberculosis, with remittent fever, that had been cured at 
 Heilbrunn, besides several scrofulous complaints. The Adelheids- 
 quelle may then be employed with great confidence in scrofula, 
 and in lymphatic struma. Acidity and inveterate mucosity 
 generally prevailing in this habit, the utility of the carbonate and 
 muriate of soda is apparent. 
 
 The swelling of haemorrhoidal vessels round the neck of the 
 bladder, and the mucus formed in consequence, cause the bladder 
 to become very sensitive. Hence, as soon as the irritating liquid 
 arrives from the kidneys, pain is experienced, and contraction of 
 the bladder ensues. But in. proportion as this irritation increases 
 the vesical nerves become more susceptible, and thus they react 
 against the irritating particles by spasms of the sphincter, of the 
 bladder, and of the contractile cellular tissue of the urethra. Thus, 
 as soon as the urine collects at night, the patient is awakened by a 
 painful desire of micturition, which he cannot satisfy, in consequence 
 of the spasmodic contraction mentioned. Such cases are extremely 
 distressing, and become more intractable and complicated if treated 
 with cubebs, copaiva, or astringent injections. 
 
 The utility of the spa in gravel and lithiasis is due to its carbo- 
 nate and muriate of soda : for, as most calculous diseases proceed 
 from excess of uric acid or urate of ammonia in the blood, carbo- 
 nate of soda, which neutralises this acidity, is highly useful urate 
 of soda being formed and removed out of the circulating mass. 
 The smaller number of calculi formed from oxalate of lime or 
 phosphates are supposed to be favourably influenced by culinary 
 
ADELHEIDSQUELLE. 189 
 
 salt, with anodyne and antispasmodic remedies, because, through 
 a chemico- vital process, the oxalic acid may absorb another atom 
 of oxygen, and become transformed into carbonic acid. This acid 
 may yield its place to the chlorine, which forms a soluble chloride 
 of calcium (after the lime has given up its atom of oxygen), whilst 
 carbonic acid becomes attracted by soda. In those calculi formed 
 from insoluble phosphates, the culinary salt is thought to act 
 beneficially by attracting the phosphoric acid, which combines 
 with soda into soluble phosphate of soda, whilst the chlorine may 
 enter into combination with ammonia, and thus break up the 
 hitherto compact insoluble mass before completely hardening. The 
 Adelheidsquelle, containing both these curative salts, is naturally 
 very efficacious in various forms of lithiasis and gravel. 
 
 As the blood is thought to owe its stimulating property to the 
 muriate and carbonate of soda, a diminished proportion of these 
 salts, with an abnormal preponderance of phosphates and urates, 
 must engender acrimony and dyscrasy. The wasting of the 
 mammary gland, occasionally observed under the pharmaceutic 
 use of iodine, never occurs in the employment of Adelheidsquelle. 
 
190 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 LECTURE XV. 
 
 NENNDORF EILSEN MEINBERG AIX-LA-CHAPELLE. 
 
 LET us now pursue our journey, and travel as far as Cologne. 
 Hence we cross the bridge and pass by the Northern Railroad from 
 Deutz through Hamm, Minden, &c. to Haste-station ; near it we 
 find Nenndorf) in the Principality of Lippe-Schaumburg. It 
 belongs to Electoral Hesse. Its latitude N. is 52 its long. E. 9. 
 
 On account of the disagreeable odour proceeding from the well, 
 the inhabitants used to call the locality ( Auf dem Teufelsdreck.' 
 But no particular notice was taken of the circumstance, and even 
 as late as 1784, the learned Erhart complains of the non-appre- 
 ciation of such a powerful sulphurous water, though some steps 
 had already been taken a few years previously to clean and en- 
 close the well. 
 
 The season lasts from the 1st of June to the 1st of September 
 only three months. Here, again, provision is made for supply- 
 ing the necessary accommodation gratuitously to indigent invalids. 
 The arrangements of the baths are excellent in every respect. 
 The so-called Esplanade serves as a rendezvous for the valetudi- 
 narians, who collect in the morning to drink their prescribed 
 draughts, while entertained with music. A pleasant park affords 
 numerous walks for exercise. 
 
 In the heat of summer a covered and shady walk leads to a 
 gentle eminence, from which numerous localities in the charming 
 environs may be discerned. Temple-like enclosures and benches 
 for resting are interspersed about the different walks. 
 
 You will not find such luxury and pleasure-seeking here as in 
 the Nassau and other spas, the manner of living being on a more 
 moderate scale. Nenndorf possesses four principal springs : three 
 of these arise at the Esplanade, near each other. The seasons 
 exercise a very slight influence on the quantity of the water. 
 
 The obere Brunnen or grosse Badequelle, about 200 feet from 
 the ( Trinkquelle,' supplies 2,500 cubic feet of water in twenty- 
 

 NENNDORF. 191 
 
 four hours, chiefly used for the preparation of baths. An exten- 
 sive reservoir is constructed near the source. 
 
 The second spring, the Quelle unter dem Gewolbe (source under 
 the vault), lies nearer the drinking-spring, in the neighbourhood 
 of the Arcade and bathing-house : supply, 2,000 cubic feet of 
 water. 
 
 The Trinkquelle (drinking-spring) has a basin four feet in 
 depth, and supplies about 3,300 cubic feet of water per day. 
 
 The fourth spring lies about half a league farther, ( auf dem 
 breiten Felde ' (on the broad field) ; rarely used for baths ; its 
 supply is 2,400 cubic feet per day. 
 
 The rocks are chiefly composed of lias-formation, distinguished 
 by petrified remains of antediluvian vegetables and animals, and 
 consisting of alternate layers of sandstone, marl, marl-slate, 
 and limestone, which respectively compose the neighbouring 
 mountains. 
 
 The temperature of the three first sources is 52^ Fahrenheit, 
 summer and winter. The water is perfectly clear and colourless, 
 and no rising of air-bubbles or sparkling can be observed. The 
 smell of sulphuretted hydrogen is very marked in all the taste 
 bitterish. The water is freely drunk by the inhabitants, even in 
 a heated state of the body, with impunity. If the sulphur-water 
 be left exposed for some time in an open vessel, small air-bubbles 
 arise, composed of sulphuretted hydrogen and carbonic acid. 
 After some time the water becomes turbid, till a deposit of sul- 
 phur and carbonate of lime restores the former clearness. To 
 cause as little loss of the efficient gas as possible, the baths are 
 heated with vapour generated by the sulphur-water. As regards 
 the composition of the springs, they vary more in quantity than 
 in quality ; the Gewolbequelle is the most abundant, the Trink- 
 quelle less, and the Badequelle least. For the baths these three 
 are used conjointly. 
 
 Sulphate of lime or gypsum is the principal ingredient (6 J gr.) ; 
 ;he next is sulphate of soda (nearly 5 gr.), then carbonate of lime 
 gr.) and sulphate of magnesia (2J gr.), chloride of magnesium 
 (1J gr.), sulphate of potash (^ gr/). Besides some alumina and 
 bituminous substance, a combination of hydrosulphuric acid with 
 sulphuret of calcium exists in the water. When the sulphuret- 
 ted hydrogen has been all evolved by boiling, and paper moistened 
 with a solution of acetate of lead ceases to be darkened by it, you 
 have merely to add a few drops of sulphuric acid, and the appear- 
 ance of (formerly combined) sulphuretted hydrogen will become 
 
192 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 immediately manifest by a brown or black colouration of the pre- 
 pared paper. About 4 cubic inches of free carbonic acid and 1 -J- 
 cubic inch of sulphuretted hydrogen gas, with traces of nitrogen, 
 are contained in 16 ounces altogether, in the drinking-spring, 
 20f gr. of solid and 5 J- gr. of volatile ingredients. The mountains 
 possessing a great quantity of gypsum, it is assumed that part of 
 the sulphate of lime existing in the subterranean water has been 
 gradually reduced by the contact with organic or bituminous sub- 
 stances to sulphuret of calcium. Free carbonic acid, formed in the 
 interior of the earth, permeating the water, causes a portion of the 
 sulphuret of calcium to be decomposed ; so that carbonate of lime 
 is formed on the one hand, and kept in solution by the excess of 
 carbonic acid, whilst free sulphuretted hydrogen exists on the 
 other water having furnished oxygen to the calcium and hydro- 
 gen to the sulphur. 
 
 Dr. Wohler illustrated this view by saturating a bottle of 
 common well-water with gypsum, and then impregnating the 
 solution with carbonic-acid gas. A few slips of wood had been 
 introduced as the deoxidizing organic substance, and the bottle 
 was closed and made airtight. After less than three months the 
 water exhibited all the properties of a sulphurous water both as 
 regards smell and taste, and in reference to the precipitation of 
 metallic solutions ; when boiled it became turbid, and deposited 
 carbonate of lime. 
 
 The Quelle unter dem Gewolbe contains 21^ grains of solid and 
 6J- cubic inches of volatile ingredients; the Badequelle 12 L of the 
 former and 34 of the latter. A small quantity of ammonia has also 
 been found in the springs ; also some silica no carbonate of soda, 
 no chloride of sodium, as in Weilbach. The sulphur-water acts as 
 a heating, stimulating, solvent, and alterative agent, gently pro- 
 moting the functions of the secreting organs. The capillary vessels 
 and their nervous ramifications are particularly exposed to this 
 action. The circulation of the portal system is greatly promoted, 
 and thus abnormal action of the pelvic organs becomes regulated. 
 The observed decrease of pulse so frequently noticed in the baths 
 must be ascribed to the more equable general circulation resulting 
 from the freer movements of the portal system. They act more 
 favourably on phlegmatic individuals, in whom the lymphatic and 
 venous systems preponderate over the arterial. Wherever inflam- 
 mation exists, or fever, or tendency to cerebral congestion, to 
 active haemorrhage, to abortion, or to scorbutic dyscrasy, the water 
 is contra-indicated. 
 
NENNDORF. 1 93 
 
 The utility of the spa in chronic rheumatism is ascribed to the 
 improvement in the peripheric system counteracting the remote 
 cause of the disease. In chronic exanthemata Nenndorf frequently 
 acts as a curative means, especially in those arising from repressed 
 or neglected itch and other eruptions. 
 
 The specific influence of sulphur in the improvement of the 
 cutaneous functions, with its general anti-dyscrasic power and 
 beneficial action on abdominal reproduction, is here called into 
 requisition. In asthma psoricum it is particularly extolled. 
 Pulmonary catarrh appearing during cessation of catamenia is 
 considered as an indication for Nenndorf, particularly if any 
 haemorrhoidal tendency exists. In varicose ulcers mud-baths 
 have shown themselves highly useful, also in non-febrile hydropic 
 affections, particularly of persons who had been addicted to ardent 
 beverages. Dr. D'Oleire found this spa very useful also in 
 metallic poisoning by lead or mercury : in scrofulous dyscrasy of 
 a torpid character, in tumor albus genu, particularly when the 
 pain is more fixed and the swelling hardened, so that a scrofulous 
 base is to be suspected, local mud-baths and douche of sulphu- 
 retted hydrogen have been found useful. Adulteration of wine 
 with preparations of lead is detected by the Nenndorf water 
 assuming a brownish-black colour if three parts of it are mixed 
 with one part of the wine. In atonic anomalous gout, with 
 deposits in the joints, contractions, &c., the external use of 
 Nenndorf is efficacious also in arthritic diathesis. Catamenial 
 derangements based on disturbed cutaneous function are relieved 
 here. 
 
 The mud-baths form an important remedial means. The peat- 
 soil is obtained from the neighbouring village of Algesdorf, where 
 also several sulphur-springs exist, impregnating the marshy soil. 
 The baths are prepared in a peculiar building with an adjoining 
 reservoir and mud-mill. Sulphur- water is conducted into this 
 reservoir to prepare the mud for use ; it is warmed by heated 
 sulphurous vapours. The mud is blackish-grey, and has the con- 
 sistence of a thick pap with a strong smell of sulphuretted hydro- 
 gen. If boiled, the evolution of sulphuretted hydrogen lasts 
 longer than if the sulphur-water be used, and when this separa- 
 tion ceases it will recommence by adding an acid. Milk of sul- 
 phur is likewise contained in the mud. The mud-baths highly 
 stimulate the functions of the skin, and generally increase the 
 frequency of pulse. They are said to act as derivatives from the 
 pulmonary and intestinal mucous membranes, and are indicated 
 
 o 
 
194 GEEMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 in chronic rheumatism and gout, in deficient action of the peri- 
 pheric system, in contractions, exanthemata of a torpid character 
 as dry tetter, induration of the cellular tissue, varicose ulcers, 
 with hardish livid borders, &c. In obstinate syphilis a cure was 
 several times effected by sulphur-baths alternating with mercurial 
 unction. 
 
 A young man of about thirty years of age, with a light florid 
 complexion and exhibiting traces of former scrofula, visited 
 Nenndorf, and placed himself under the care of the late Dr. 
 D'Oleire. He had been infected several times, and subjected to 
 various methods of treatment, with and without mercury, to no 
 purpose. He had ozaena and ulcers of the uvula and fauces, with 
 nightly pains in the bones of the skull, and characteristic humid 
 ulcers on the forehead, arms, and thighs. The internal and 
 external use of the spa made all syphilitic symptoms more promi- 
 nent. The baths alone were therefore continued, and at the same 
 time grey mercurial ointment rubbed in twelve times daily, 
 according to Rust's method, whilst internally a strong decoction 
 of sarsaparilla was taken. Complete cure ensued. Other cases 
 are recorded where the sulphur-baths were used first, and then 
 inunction for sixteen days, followed by drinking and bathing. 
 The successful simultaneous employment of these two remedies 
 may be explained by the increased power of reaction following 
 the baths and preventing too great an atony of the lymphatic 
 system, which might easily be produced by an energetic course of 
 mercury. Besides, salivation is avoided, and thus a greater 
 amount of mercury may be given with less injury to the system. 
 However specifically mercury may act in syphilis, we occasionally 
 find inveterate cases obstinately resisting the influence of this 
 remedy. It is rational to imagine that the lymphatic system may 
 occasionally become too much weakened to elaborate the metal. 
 In such instances we penetrate the lymphatic system with the 
 stimulating sulphuretted hydrogen, we restore in some measure 
 the natural systemic reacting power, and cure ensues by a subse- 
 quent proper reception of the remedy. Gas-baths play a very 
 prominent part in Nenndorf. The sulphur-water is made to 
 stream fountain-wise out of a basin, splashing from the height on 
 a copper projection, from which the sulphuretted hydrogen gas 
 spreads about. Scarcely a trace of the gas is found in the 
 water which afterwards collects in the basin, a proof of its efficient 
 separation by the violent contact with the copper. Sofas, tables, 
 and benches are provided for a shorter or longer sojourn of the 
 
KENNDORF. 
 
 195 
 
 patient, besides some smaller gas-chambers for separate use. The 
 pulse becomes diminished,, and the irritability of the respiratory 
 organs allayed, whilst the secretion of the pulmonary mucous 
 membrane becomes improved. Sometimes giddiness, oppression, 
 headache, trembling, &c. are experienced at first by very sensi- 
 tive persons, but these symptoms soon subside. Cases of phthisis 
 pituitosa are mentioned where these gas-baths have been useful 
 conjointly with a careful internal employment of the water. 
 Local gas-baths are more especially recommended in deafness 
 and blennorrhage of the meatus auditorius. The gas is here 
 slightly warmed, and applied by means of an elastic tube. These 
 local baths have proved serviceable when rheumatism or gout has 
 formed the remote cause of the evil. Douche of sulphur-water 
 behind the ear is sometimes added. The gas probably^ acts as a 
 revulsive from internal organs by promoting the function of the 
 skin. Moreover, the admixture of a small quantity of sulphu- 
 retted hydrogen with the air may have a certain emollient influ- 
 ence on the bronchial mucous membrane. But the remedial 
 means do not end here. Brine-baths are administered ; the Soole 
 is led into Nenndorf by subterranean pipes from Rodenberg (half 
 a league to the south), connected with Nenndorf by a beautiful 
 walk. The specific gravity of the Soole is 1'013. It contains 
 ninety grains of solid ingredients in sixteen ounces. 
 
 SPRINGS OF NENDORF (COLD). 
 
 
 Quelle 
 unter dem 
 Grewblbe 
 
 Trink- 
 brunnen 
 
 Badequelle 
 
 Soole of 
 Rodenberg 
 
 Carbonic acid 
 
 5'2 cub.in. 
 
 4-32 
 
 2-75 
 
 0'14 
 
 Sulphuretted hydrogen . 
 
 1-21 
 
 1-20 
 
 0-61 
 
 
 
 Sum-total of ingredients . 
 
 21-4 gr. 
 
 207 
 
 12-19 
 
 90' 
 
 Sulphate of soda 
 
 5-22 
 
 4-91 
 
 Ml 
 
 10-81 
 
 magnesia 
 
 2-83 
 
 2-54 
 
 1-89 
 
 10-01 
 
 lime . 
 
 7-15 
 
 6-81 
 
 5-56 
 
 14-82 
 
 potash . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o-io 
 
 Chloride of sodium 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 49-84 
 
 magnesium . 
 
 1-63 
 
 1-62 
 
 0-42 
 
 10-01 
 
 lime 
 
 4-30 
 
 4-51 
 
 3-18 
 
 4-61 
 
 Silica 
 
 0-05 
 
 0-06 
 
 ~~ 
 
 0-20 
 
 The brine-baths are sometimes used conjointly with sulphur- 
 baths, sometimes alone, whilst the sulphur-water is taken inter- 
 nally. They especially increase the action of the glandular and 
 lymphatic systems. They must not be employed in congestion 
 
 o 2 
 
196 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 of the external skin, great general debility, anaemia, syphilis, pain- 
 ful eruptions, tendency to scurvy, &c. In dry chronic herpes 
 with great sensibility of the skin, they are mixed with sulphur- 
 water and greatly recommended, also in rheumatism and exanthe- 
 matic metastasis. Some bromine and iodine are contained in the 
 motherlye, which is therefore often added to the baths. Some- 
 times the saline baths are used as an after-cure, to increase the 
 tone of the skin and diminish the susceptibility to atmospheric 
 changes, or its tendency to profuse perspiration. Whilst the sul- 
 phurous water acts as an emollient, the saline liquid engenders 
 reaction, and restores the tone of the skin. 
 
 Dr. Grandidier reports several cases of gout, arthritic paralysis, 
 &c., which were cured by mud-baths, vapour-douches, and sul- 
 phur-baths also a case of aphony with ulcers in the larynx, occur- 
 ring in a young person of nineteen years of age who had not yet 
 menstruated. Gargles of the sulphur-water were used, with gas- 
 baths from two to four hours daily, and cure followed. 
 
 The baths of Nenndorf being situated below the springs, the 
 water runs in freely and need not be pumped in, whereby loss of 
 sulphuretted hydrogen might take place. Physicians, Dr. Grandi- 
 dier, Dr. Neussel. 
 
 If we compare Nenndorf with Weilbach, a circumstance strikes 
 us very much viz. : in the former the variations of external 
 applications are extremely numerous and complete, and very fre- 
 quently employed, whilst in Weilbach the chief mode of employ- 
 ment is internal. 
 
 What is the reason ? The chief constituents of Weilbach are 
 carbonates of soda, of magnesia, and of lime, with chloride of 
 sodium a combination which must be well tolerated by the 
 digestive organs, and which, with the abundance of sulphuretted 
 hydrogen absorbed in the intestinal canal, promises the good 
 results which are actually obtained from its use. In the mani- 
 fold external applications of the Nenndorf water,* I see an attempt 
 at impregnating the organism with the healing sulphuretted 
 hydrogen gas without the concomitant ingredients ; for whilst 
 carbonates preponderate in Weilbach, we find sulphates prevail 
 here, and among these nearly a third of the whole is furnished by 
 sulphate of lime, which may be expected to neutralise partially 
 the increased peristaltic motion that might otherwise be induced 
 by the sulphate of soda and magnesia present. Thus the carbo- 
 nate of lime, instead of assisting the antacid and sedative influence 
 of the soda and magnesia, as in Weilbach, may remain unchecked 
 
NENNDOEF. 197 
 
 to a certain extent, and require the digestive organs to be more 
 powerful in order to its being well tolerated. A different class of 
 diseases therefore naturally claims relief at Nenndorf. Chemico- 
 vital action is relied upon in Weilbach for the chief curative 
 result in haemorrhoids, and diseases based on hasmorrhoidal ten- 
 dency or obstruction of the portal vein ; whilst at Nenndorf the 
 dynamical and physical powers of the sulphur-water, gas, douche, 
 and mud-baths are called into requisition. Hence gout, rheuma- 
 tism, articular swellings, and contractions are the most numerous 
 class of complaints here. The increased frequency of pulse 
 observed from the use of the mud-baths, and frequently expa- 
 tiated upon as a peculiarity of Nenndorf in contradistinction to 
 other sulphur mud-baths (as Eilsen, for instance), is probably due 
 to the high temperature at which they are used ; for whilst the 
 water-baths are taken at a temperature of 90^ to 95 Fahr., 
 that of the mud-baths is generally ordered between 90 J to 100 
 Fahr. 
 
 Though in obstinate cases of gout or rheumatism, with great 
 torpor of the vascular system, such heat may afford assistance in 
 the cure, as a general rule it is decidedly objectionable. The 
 increase of pulse ought alone to be sufficient to warn us of the 
 danger to which this practice may lead. The body will certainly 
 bear a little more heat in the mud than in the water-bath, because 
 the solid moory mass requires a considerable amount of latent 
 heat to retain its temperature ; but if we consider that an 
 increased flow of blood to the chest and brain is primarily en- 
 couraged by the compression exercised on the lower part of the 
 body, you must perceive how easily congestion to vital organs may 
 be induced in persons at all inclined to it. It would therefore be 
 greatly advisable to reduce the heat of the mud-baths, and to 
 repress the boasted advantage which is a great disadvantage in 
 my opinion. To explain the simultaneous use of apparently in- 
 congruous remedies, we must assume our organic structures to be 
 engaged in constant struggles with the inanimate substances 
 surrounding us. The oxygen of the air, whilst it maintains the 
 internal process of combustion by its combination with the effete 
 carbon and hydrogen, and thus sustains vitality, will only per- 
 form its duty without discomfort as long as the organs of re- 
 ception have not met with any injury. But let any change of 
 structure or of action take place in these organs, and the life- 
 maintaining virtue of air will hasten the termination of these 
 functions. The digestive canal, destined to elaborate ingredients 
 
198 GEEMAN MINEEAL WATEES. 
 
 for the restoration of wasted substances, is too often called upon 
 to receive substances which induce injurious and anti-vital action 
 in the reproductive organs. With regard to the skin, with what 
 admirable wisdom is it spread as a protecting cover over our 
 whole body, designed to prevent any impediment to the neces- 
 sary movements of the various organic liquids, and to allow egress 
 to such liquid and gaseous particles as have become effete, but 
 have not been removed by the ordinary emunctories of the body ! 
 At the same time it is a guardian of the medium in which we 
 breathe. Its numerous nervous ramifications communicate to 
 the superintending brain the slightest deviation from normal 
 contact. To how many attacks is this covering exposed ! Whilst 
 Nature permits only a very gradual change of temperature, our 
 civilised habits subject us daily to frequent extremes of heat and 
 cold, rendering the skin more and more susceptible to injurious 
 influences : these dangerous changes are multiplied till repulsion 
 of exhalation and sudden withdrawal of external heat cause con- 
 gestion of an internal organ. 
 
 We return to Biickeburg, and pass cursorily through the 
 village of Eilsen, which lies a league distant, 293 feet above the 
 level of the sea, six leagues to the south-west of Nenndorf, two 
 north of Binteln, and eight north of Pyrmont. Its bath arrange- 
 ments, as well as the composition of the water, are analogous to 
 Nenndorf (with, however, more sulphate of lime and of magnesia 
 and sulphuretted hydrogen gas). Though less celebrated, it is 
 more frequented than Nenndorf.* Then we direct our course to 
 the charming and fertile plain in which the village of Meinberg 
 is situated with its cold sulphur-springs, four leagues to the 
 south-west of Pyrmont, and one to the north of Horn. We have 
 to cross the Weser near Rinteln, to proceed direct to Meinberg, 
 or, coming from the south by the Deutz-Minden Railroad, we stop 
 at Bielefeld station, and drive five leagues eastward. This spa is 
 distinguished by possessing steel and saline springs, and a great 
 abundance of carbonic acid, besides the cold sulphur-spring, 
 which stamp it as a highly efficacious theiokrene. The Teuto- 
 burger Forest extends in a north-westerly direction past the spa, 
 causing it to possess an altitude of 634 feet. The Battle of 
 Herman, which put a limit to the Roman conquests in Germany, 
 was fought in this neighbourhood. The celebrated rocks of the 
 Externstones are also situated in the neighbourhood. The old 
 
 * A detailed description seemed unnecessary, from its great similarity to Nenndorf, 
 The physicians of Eilsen are Drs. Von. Moller and Wegener. 
 
MEINBERG. 199 
 
 drinking-well is remarkable for the number of ingredients (twenty) 
 which are contained in less than six grains of solid residue. The 
 Neubrunnen, with 14 J grains, contains chiefly Glauber and bitter 
 salt ; the Mineralquelle am Stern, more abundant, belongs to 
 the chalybeate springs. The saline springs of Schieder arise a 
 league and a half from Meinberg, at the foot of the Essenberg, 
 near the high-road between Wobbel and Schieder : chloride of 
 sodium (50 grains), sulphate of soda (11 grains) and of lime (13 
 grains), forming the chief ingredients, with chloride of calcium and 
 carbonate of lime (6 grains of each) altogether 87 grains. There is 
 also an acidulous spring near the Bellenberg, a league to the south- 
 west of Meinberg. Before I mention the composition of its sulphur- 
 ous springs in comparison with the other theiokrenae, I must allude 
 to the mighty evolution of carbonic-acid gas taking place with a 
 very considerable tension over the mirror of the Trinkquelle. It 
 is enclosed by an amphitheatre-like building, and provided with 
 benches and seats for patients requiring gas-baths. The strong 
 tension of the carbonic acid, containing a considerable proportion 
 of sulphuretted hydrogen, prevents its mixing so rapidly with the 
 atmospheric air, and affords therefore more potent gas-baths than 
 even Pyrmont. Thus the so-called ( Sprudel ' baths are prepared, 
 which become undulated, by a stream of carbonic acid violently 
 rushing through a tap, to the amount of 1J cubic feet per minute. 
 They are often resorted to with great advantage after a course 
 of the sulphur mud-baths, to obviate excessive susceptibility of 
 the skin. 
 
 The local and general carbonic-acid gas-baths are very exten- 
 sively employed, and are considered as specially sanative in 
 catamenial anomalies, spasms, great weakness of the cutaneous 
 system, &c. In chronic inflammation of the tonsils or uvula, in 
 affections of the meatus auditorius, &c., very happy results from 
 local gas-baths are recorded by Dr. Piderit. In neuralgia of the 
 facial nerves, ozaina, sexual torpor, &c. in short, where utility 
 may be expected from carbonic-acid gas, Meinberg is especially 
 indicated. The adjoining table will further illustrate the variety 
 of remedial means offered by Meinberg : 
 
200 
 
 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 CONTENTS OF THE MEINBERG SPRINGS (COLD). 
 
 
 Trinkq. 
 
 Neubrunn 
 
 Quelle im 
 Stern 
 
 Sclrvvefel- 
 quelle 
 
 Kochsalzq. 
 
 Acidulous 
 spring, 
 near the 
 Bellenberg 
 
 Carbonic acid . 
 
 34-36cub.in. 
 
 _ 
 
 1-83 
 
 2-12 
 
 974 
 
 18-49 
 
 Sulphuretted hydrogen 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0-55 
 
 
 
 
 
 Nitrogen 
 
 0-14 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total solid residue . 
 
 5-96 
 
 14-73 
 
 23-36 
 
 19-48 
 
 78-44 
 
 7-57 
 
 Sulphate of soda 
 
 1-15 
 
 4-51 
 
 1-34 
 
 .5-84 
 
 11-01 
 
 
 
 magnesia 
 
 1-14 
 
 2-52 
 
 3-67 
 
 1-73 
 
 
 
 0-04 
 
 i . 
 ,, lime 
 
 0-28 
 
 3-45 
 
 15-16 
 
 8-33 
 
 13-46 
 
 0-18 
 
 Chloride of sodium 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 40-95 
 
 0-07 
 
 magnesia 
 
 0'81 grains 
 
 0-98 
 
 0-24 
 
 1-03 
 
 6-31 
 
 0-14 
 
 Carbonate of lime . 
 
 1-45 
 
 2-65 
 
 1-17 
 
 2-14 
 
 6-03 
 
 5-02 
 
 magnesia 
 
 0-15 
 
 0-24 
 
 0.17 
 
 0-17 
 
 0-51 
 
 2.04 
 
 ,, iron 
 
 0-08 
 
 0-07 
 
 0-01 
 
 0-008 
 
 0-07 
 
 0-005 
 
 Silica . 
 
 0-06 
 
 0-25 
 
 0-08 
 
 0-12 
 
 005 
 
 0-05 
 
 Extractive substance 
 
 0-57 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Physicians : Drs. Kemper and Kirchner. 
 
 Now you must accompany me to some distance again, before 
 we visit the next Westphalian spa. I wish to direct your at- 
 tention to the hot sulphurous spring of Aix-la-Chapelle (Aachen) 
 the first German town you passed when travelling from England 
 to visit the distant spas. When you landed at Ostend, the rail- 
 road which connects the seashore with the Rhine brings you to 
 Aix-la-Chapelle, so that from London you may reach this cele- 
 brated and formerly imperial town in less than eighteen hours. 
 It will be the last sulphur-spring I shall submit to your considera- 
 tion, but not the least, as you will perceive from its description. 
 It lies in a pleasant valley between the Rhine and the Maas 
 rivers, 450 feet above the level of the sea fifteen leagues from 
 Cologne, nine from Liege, ten from Spa at latitude N. 50f and 
 longitude E. 6. The warm springs are said to have been discovered, 
 fifty-three years after Christ, by a Roman of the name of Granus 
 thence the name of Aquisgranum. The Romans had settled 
 between the Maas and the Rhine when at war with the Germans. 
 Bonn, Cologne, Diiren, Jiilich, &c. owe their origin to them. 
 Roman coins were often found in cleaning the Kaiserbrunnen. 
 The famous Charlemagne, in the year 777, first rediscovered, 
 while hunting, the hot springs and bath-ruins, and was induced 
 by the beautiful environs to build a castle and church there, to 
 reconstruct the baths, and to choose the place for his residence. 
 He declared Aix-la-Chapelle the second town of his immense 
 
AIX-LA-CHAPELLE. 20 1 
 
 empire, and the capital of Germany and France, and died there 
 in the year 814, at the age of seventy-two. The German 
 emperors were crowned there for a long time. In the twelfth 
 century the town was so flourishing,, and its population so rapidly 
 increasing, that a new town grew up beyond the gates of the old 
 one. Five hundred years ago the town numbered 100,000 in- 
 habitants. It has, however, suffered from extensive conflagrations 
 several times, and on the last occasion (A.D. 1656), nearly the whole 
 town was destroyed, with all the worldly goods of the citizens. 
 From this damage they never recovered. Another great loss 
 had just previously been sustained by the emigration of wealthy 
 and skilful Protestants, in consequence of the persecution to 
 which they had been exposed. When under French government, 
 Aix-la-Chapelle was very prosperous. In the year 1818 the con- 
 gress of monarchs was held within its walls. It belongs at present to 
 Prussia, is the capital of the Regency of Aachen, and possesses 
 46,000 inhabitants, and several very fine buildings as the theatre, 
 the beautiful enclosure of the Elisenbrunnen, the new Regency 
 building, &c. The whole town is pleasantly situated near the 
 Eifel mountain, and is chiefly ancient, with the exception of that 
 part situated between the theatre and the station of the Rhenish 
 Railroad, to the south of the town, which contains modern buildings 
 of very fine exterior. In the centre of the town, on its highest 
 point, is the large marketplace, opposite the antique town-house, 
 with its two lateral towers, one of which (Granusthurm) is 
 ascribed to Roman origin. The palace of Charlemagne is said to 
 have stood here, and to have extended as far as the e Kaiserbad ' 
 and the Munsterchurch. Towards the year 800 he built a 
 cathedral church, and had the marble brought from Rome and 
 Ravenna, and the flagstones from Verdun. This superb church was 
 considerably injured by the Normans in A.D. 882, but was subse- 
 quently repaired. The tomb of Charlemagne is shown in the middle 
 of the old dome, with the simple inscription c Carolo magno.' His 
 skull, ivory hunting-horn, and many other relics are preserved 
 there, and shown to the people every seven years. 
 
 The environs of Aix-la-Chapelle are mountainous,with cultivated 
 declivities. The mountains are but of a moderate height, and form 
 only a partial limitation to the openness of the surrounding country. 
 The Luisberg rises to the north of the town, and affords charming 
 views from its eminence. To the south, woody and less fertile 
 regions adjoin, extending westward into the Ardennen, eastward 
 into the Eifel mountain. Towards the north-east the ground 
 
202 GERMAN MINEEAL WATEES. 
 
 becomes flatter, and abounds in corn. The soil of the immediate 
 environs is siliceous, calcareous, or sandy, and in some places as 
 fine as sea-sand. Sulphur-pyrites are frequently found ; pit-coal is 
 also dug up in the neighbourhood and used for fuel. Calamine 
 is another production of the environs. 
 
 The foundation of the Aachen mountains consists of transition- 
 limestone. This is superposed by grey sandstone intermixed 
 with glimmer, and in some places substituted by strata of coal or 
 clay-slate. The position of Aix-la-Chapelle, and the numerous 
 shady walks, with picturesque country-seats and farms, and 
 alternating hills and valleys, render it a very agreeable resort. 
 Amongst the varied walks, that which leads to the summit of the 
 Luisberg is the most charming. The eye has a wider scope 
 towards the north and east than towards the south and west. It 
 was only with great difficulty that this barren mountain could be 
 ascended formerly, but it is now laid out in the style of a so- 
 called English garden, and easily reached by well-arranged roads. 
 A Belvidere and saloon for company often receives visits from the 
 residents and strangers. A pyramid of hewn stones adorns the 
 top; it was erected in 1807, to the memory of Tronchot and his 
 astronomical labours performed there. The thermal springs are 
 divided into upper (warmer) and lower (less warm). The chief 
 spring Kaiserquelle (emperor's spring) has the highest tem- 
 perature, and contains the greatest proportion of solid ingre- 
 dients. It supplies the Elisenbrunnen (the drinking-fountain), 
 the Kaiserbad, the new bath, and the bath of the Konigin von 
 Ungarn : the thermal springs before the Kaiserbad, on the 
 Biichel, have the same temperature as the former 1351 Fahr. 
 
 The lower sulphur-springs are the Corneliusquelle (with 115 
 Fahr.), the spring of the old drinking-well (111 Fahr.), and the 
 Rosenbadquelle (115 Fahr). The springs are all surrounded 
 with bath establishments, where the visitors find accommodation 
 for residing and bathing. 
 
 The Kaiserquelle issues nearly in the centre of the town, out of 
 several fissures in the rock. It lies as it were at the foot of an 
 eminence, which reaches its highest point on the marketplace. 
 The lower springs lie at about 400 yards distance, in a less 
 elevated position. They come to light between strata of transi- 
 tion-limestone and sandstone with glimmer. 
 
 The water is clear and transparent, but has a strong sulphurous 
 smell and taste. The constituents of the various springs are 
 nearly the same, but the amount of sulphuretted hydrogen de- 
 
AIX-LA-CHAPELLE. 
 
 203 
 
 creases with the diminution of heat. This is at once a demon- 
 stration of the fact, that the sulphuretted hydrogen gas is not 
 evolved from the depth to mingle with the mineral water, as is 
 the case with carbonic acid, for then the colder the spring the 
 greater would be the amount of gas ; but, on the contrary, it 
 diminishes with the proportion of glairine, which is smaller in the 
 less warm springs. The amount of this substance is 0*29 gr. in the 
 Kaiserquelle, O28 in the Quirinusquelle, 0-27 in the Rosenbad- 
 quelle, 0*19 in the Corneliusquelle. The sulphuretted hydrogen 
 is supposed to be due to organic decomposition. Under the 
 influence of heat the glairine enters into chemical action with the 
 sulphate of soda, deoxidising the two component parts and trans- 
 forming them into sulphuret of sodium. The carbonic acid 
 evolved during the process, tending to combine with sodium, 
 induces this substance to attract oxygen by the decomposition of 
 the water. The disengaged sulphur then combines with the 
 hydrogen of the water, and thus sulphuretted hydrogen results. 
 The sulphuret of sodium discovered in analysis may be the 
 product of the above process. Thus the greater the heat, the 
 more intense the chemical action and the production of sul- 
 phuretted hydrogen. The vapours of the springs are employed 
 for vapour-baths ; douches are likewise administered with various 
 force, and very judiciously assisted by friction and shampooing. 
 The analysis of the chief source (Kaiserquelle) shows 31*9 
 grains of solid and 26^ cubic inches of gaseous constituents ; 
 temperature 135^ Fahr., viz. : 
 
 20*71 grains of chloride of sodium 
 
 6'61 carbonate of soda 
 
 0-23 lime 
 
 0'15 ,, magnesia 
 
 0-04 strontia 
 
 2-12 sulphate of soda 
 
 0*62 ,, sidphuret of sodium 
 
 0'14 phosphate of soda 
 
 0-4:7 fluoride of calcium 
 
 0-29 ,, animal organic substance 
 
 0-54 silica 
 
 Total 31 -95 grains in 16 ounces 
 
 GASEOUS CONTENTS. 
 
 8* cubic inches of carbonic acid 
 18*53 nitrogen 
 
 0-13 sulphuretted hydrogen 
 
 Total 26-66 cubic inches 
 
204 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 Quirinusquelle possesses 31-08 grains of solid constituents, 
 with a temperature of 117^ Fahr. ; the Corneliusquelle 29 j 
 grains, and a temperature of 115 Fahr. ; and the Rosenbadquelle 
 29*63 grains, with 115 Fahr. 
 
 However inconsiderable the amount of sulphuretted hydrogen 
 may appear (about the sixth of a cubic inch), sulphur deposits 
 itself on the covers of the baignoires, and in all those spots exposed 
 to the rising vapour. At first this covering resembles fine snow, 
 with minute shining crystals. Gradually the first laminae con- 
 dense, but remain soft and pappy as long as additional vapours 
 increase their volume, but removed and exposed to the air they 
 become yellowish and hard. The thermal salt obtained by evapo- 
 ration of the water contains, in 100 parts, 64 -84 of chloride of 
 sodium, 20'68 of carbonate of soda, 0'72 of carbonate of lime, 
 0*47 of magnesia, 0'13 of strontia, 8 '57 of sulphate of soda, 0'44 of 
 phosphate of soda, 1*50 of fluoride of calcium, and 1'68 of silica. 
 
 The sulphuretted gas was formerly thought to be combined in 
 this spa with nitrogen, instead of with hydrogen. But this 
 turned out a fallacy, and it is now considered as sulphuretted 
 hydrogen mixed with a considerable amount of nitrogen, greatly 
 surpassing in this respect all other sulphur-springs. 
 
 If you compare the contents of the Aix-la-Chapelle water 
 with those of other sulphur springs, you will at once perceive the 
 necessity for careful discrimination. In recommending Nenndorf, 
 for instance, your patient will imbibe a greater amount of hydro- 
 thionic acid, it is true ; but whilst sodium and soda form the chief 
 bases here, you have calcium and lime as the prominent bases 
 there. Chloride of sodium forming two-thirds of the solid contents, 
 and carbonate of soda one-fifth, you have, properly speaking, a 
 saline water before you, modified by the presence of neutral 
 salts, and distinguished by sulphuretted hydrogen and a great 
 quantity of nitrogen. That it must be better tolerated by the 
 intestinal tube can admit of no doubt. 
 
 I must direct your attention to the circumstance, that 
 (with the exception of the sulphuretted hydrogen) Wildbad 
 (in Wiirtemberg) contains the same ingredients, in the same 
 relative proportions, though in considerably less quantity. You 
 find there chloride of sodium as the chief ingredient, carbonate 
 of soda as the next in amount, and sulphate of soda as the third. 
 If the facts recorded of the peculiar effect of Aix-la-Chapelle 
 water bear a striking analogy to those witnessed in Wildbad 
 (where also nitrogen is the preponderating gas), you may consider 
 
AIX-LA-CHAPELLE. 205 
 
 it is an additional confirmatory evidence of the views I ventured 
 to express concerning the operation of the Wildbad water. Com- 
 pare Aix-la-Chapelle with Weilbach, and again a very different 
 result is observed. You have only a trace of nitrogen, a greater 
 amount of sulphuretted hydrogen, and as the chief ingredient 
 neither chloride of sodium nor sulphate of lime but carbonate of 
 soda, with carbonate of magnesia as the next, and carbonate of 
 lime as the third important ingredient. It bears therefore more 
 chemical analogy to Teplitz. 
 
 Baden, near Vienna, offers more resemblance to Nenndorf, in 
 a chemical point of view, than to Aix-la-Chapelle with the dif- 
 ference, however, that though sulphate of lime forms its chief 
 constituent, and carbonate of lime the next, every ingredient 
 exists in a smaller quantity ; whilst the irritating lime-salts are 
 more than counterbalanced by the presence of gently solvent and 
 aperient salts, as sulphate of soda and magnesia with chloride of 
 sodium. The action of Aix-la-Chapelle water is chiefly displayed 
 in chronic diseases of the skin, in suddenly suppressed itch, tetter, 
 in chronic rheumatism and gout, contractions of the joints with 
 swelling, in acidity, flatulence, menstrual colic, lithiasis, hydrargy- 
 rosis, paralysis from metastasis, &c. It is contra-indicated in 
 great weakness, tendency to congestion, to active haemorrhage, 
 &c. The water is allowed to flow into a reservoir, and not 
 employed for bathing till it has acquired the proper temperature, 
 which ought never to exceed 95 Fahr., but should rather be 
 below this heat. The frictions connected here with the douche- 
 baths and the well-contrived vapour-baths contribute not a little 
 to the success so frequently observed at Aix-la-Chapelle in 
 obstinate cases of rheumatism or gout, in which other spas have 
 failed. In contractions from chronic gout and rheumatism Aix-la- 
 Chapelle has shown itself particularly efficacious, according to 
 Drs. Zitterland, Velten, and Strater, &c. While rubbing the 
 patient, the frotteur breaks the force of the douche with his hand. 
 In chronic diseases of the liver the action of the water is some- 
 times assisted by adding Carlsbad salt. According to Dr. Wetz- 
 lar, the water acts specifically in all diseases arising from abuse of 
 lercury, or from individual carelessness during its proper employ- 
 ment. Several cases of tertiary and secondary syphilis degenerated 
 by excessive mercurials are so far assisted by the spa that the 
 mercury becomes eliminated and its effects removed, so that the 
 uncomplicated syphilis will then yield to ordinary treatment. 
 Iodide of potassium, or decoctum Zittmanni (in more obstinate 
 
206 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 cases), have thus often cured non-Hunterian syphilitic ulcers, 
 when the same remedies have been ineffectually employed before. 
 In chronic poisoning by lead or arsenic the spa is equally useful. 
 As a proof of the utility of Aix-la-Chapelle in herpetic metastases, 
 the case of a lady is mentioned, sent by Professor Andral from 
 Paris. She suffered from symptoms of gastric inflammation, in 
 consequence of a previous ( dartre.' Dr. Wetzlar employed the 
 water with reluctance, as it invariably increases previously exist- 
 ing intestinal irritation. In deference, however, to the high 
 authority of Andral, he administered it, and found the vomiting, 
 pain, &c. disappear as if by enchantment, and after four weeks 
 complete success confirmed the acumen of Andral. Slight prurigo 
 showed itself during the course, but disappeared spontaneously. 
 Erethic scrofula is sometimes relieved by the water. Regular 
 gout is not cured here, but anomalous, wandering, and especially 
 metastatic or metaschematic gout. Count Lubienski presented 
 himself in 1846 with the symptoms of apparent valvular disease 
 of the heart. Dr. Hederus of Dresden, however, ascribing the 
 disease to arthritic diathesis, recommended Aix-la-Chapelle. In 
 this instance also cure ensued, notwithstanding the apparently 
 contra-indicating phenomena. Dr. Wetzlar saw also a case of 
 atrophy of the flexor muscles of the hand, one of rupia s and one of 
 acne sebacea cured here. Dr. Strater mentioned the following 
 cases among others, which show the efficacy of the springs : 
 Mr. B., of Paris, 45 years of age, suffered from paralysis of the 
 upper and lower extremities, without congestion to the head, in 
 consequence of a cold. After six weeks employment of the 
 water, and especially of the douches (from the extremities gradu- 
 ally to the spine), the patient left cured. Mr. H., from Rio 
 Janeiro, through excessive indulgence in fast living, and partly 
 through rheumatic causes, was affected with paralysis of the lower 
 extremities. Steel internally and douches externally produced a 
 cure. 
 
 In ha3morrhoidal congestion or otherwise obstructed portal 
 circulation, the Elisabethquelle, with the addition of sulphate of 
 soda, exhibits highly curative results. You see then that haemor- 
 rhoids, which form such a prevailing indication for Weil bach, are 
 here only enumerated as of secondary cosideration. The circum- 
 stances mentioned point to the fact, that among all the sulphur springs 
 treated of, Weilbach is the only one where the sanative influence 
 consists chiefly in the internal employment of the water ; whilst 
 the agency of heat, the force of the douche, the very skilful and 
 
AIX-LA-CHAPELLE. 207 
 
 judicious kneading and rubbing of affected parts, form a powerful 
 assistance here. The great advantage of proximity enjoyed by 
 Aachen is in some measure counterbalanced by the less sociable 
 habits of the valetudinarians, who are dispersed in the several 
 hotels and private houses of the town. The association of the 
 Cursaal and bath-houses, with adjoining extensive walks into the 
 open fields of rural spas, is missing here. This must not be taken 
 as depreciating the value of the spa. But it is important to di- 
 rect your patient's attention to this circumstance, and to request 
 him not to indulge in a secluded mode of living. You must re- 
 mind him of the necessity of muscular exercise in the free air, 
 connected with social intercourse, not only for a proper elabora- 
 tion of the water and for inhalation of a purer air, but for greater 
 exhilaration of his spirits. 
 
 The very great influence of the mind on the body has been 
 lately demonstrated in a highly interesting clinical lecture by Mr. 
 Solly, of St. Thomas' Hospital, ' On Purulent Absorption.'' 
 (Lancet, March 15, 1851.) After premising that there has been 
 a great tendency lately to a low form of gangrenous erysipelas, 
 to carbuncles, and to unhealthy inflammations generally, to which 
 several patients succumbed after trifling operations, he alludes to 
 the observation, that when the vital forces retain their normal 
 power, pus, mixed with blood, coagulates that fluid, and the wound 
 in the vessel is sealed by a firm coagulum of blood while the 
 healing process is going on ; but if the vital power of the blood 
 is diminished by disease, then this conservative coagulating action 
 does not take place in time to plug the vessel and stop the poison 
 at the threshold. The barrier which Nature in a state of health 
 erects to prevent the flow of pus into the veins, is not set up, and 
 the poisonous fluid is carried onward in the current of the circu- 
 lation. After explaining how this barrier is not only interfered 
 with by disease, but how it is sometimes broken down mechanically, 
 if the limb is not kept at rest, so that the plug is not formed, and 
 phlebitis induced by the generation of pus, he proceeds : ' There is 
 another depressing agent, which I think has not been sufficiently 
 insisted upon : I mean anxiety of mind. I am quite sure that 
 mental anxiety has carried more poor fellows to the grave than 
 any single cause that the surgeon has to contend with. I have 
 repeatedly and for a long series of years observed a connection 
 between anxiety of mind and the formation of abscesses. I have 
 also observed purulent absorption more frequent in patients who, 
 to use their own phrase, have had "something on their minds." 
 
208 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 This was certainly the case in the instance of two of the patients 
 to whom I have adverted.' 
 
 However remarkable such an observation may be, it ought not 
 to surprise us ; for do we not see the best appetite or hunger 
 suddenly checked or destroyed by the occurrence of sorrow or 
 fear ? Cheerfulness must be considered as a complete equilibrium 
 of the mental state. The brain possesses then the greatest power, 
 and imparts it by the nerves to the abdominal organs. Reparation 
 of wasted substance proceeds vigorously, the necessary biliary and 
 pancreatic liquids are added in proper time ; healthy blood results, 
 and provides the brain with a wholesome stimulus and nutriment. 
 When care or sorrow, however, finds entrance into the mind, and 
 the central power is suddenly depressed, the dependent abdominal 
 nerves are unable to stimulate their subordinate muscles to the 
 required motion. The contractions are therefore more feeble, the 
 gastric juice less solvent, the admixture of digestive liquids less 
 abundant or less timely, the separation of chyle from saburra less 
 complete ; hence absorption of bile into the blood, which becomes 
 vitiated and feeble, and reacts again as an unfavourable stimulus 
 on the brain, increasing the former evil. From this the popular 
 but judicious rule not to eat in anger or grief, and to enjoy cheer- 
 ful conversation during meals. 
 
 The cold chalybeate springs found at Aix-la-Chapelle are occa- 
 sionally used as an after-cure, but they are of too little importance 
 to require a detailed description. The one contains half, the 
 other three-quarters of a grain of iron in sixteen ounces, no 
 sulphuretted hydrogen, but some carbonic acid, besides other in- 
 gredients contained in the sulphur-springs.* 
 
 Amongst the physicians must be mentioned also Dr. Brandis 
 and Dr. Kilian. 
 
 A very short distance to the south of Aix-la-Chapelle, on the 
 declivity of a steep hill, Burtscheid (Borcette) is situated. The 
 upper (warmer) springs contain no sulphuretted hydrogen, the 
 lower (cooler) do. In other respects their contents are analogous 
 to those of Aachen. One of the upper sources is the hottest in 
 Germany, viz. the Muhlenbadquelle, which has a temperature of 62 
 Reaumur = 171 f Fahrenheit; the others have, respectively, 140, 
 138, and 111 Fahr. The promenade from Aachen to the drink- 
 ing-well of Burtscheid is very pleasant. The Burtscheid waters are 
 often used, alternately or conjointly, with those of Aix-la-Chapelle. 
 
 * Excellent accommodation in Hotel Dremel and Hotel Nuellens. 
 
PYRMONT. 209 
 
 LECTURE XVI. 
 
 PYRMONT DRIBURG SCHWALBACH SPAA. 
 
 AFTER our deviation from Westphalia, we return to seek the 
 celebrated chalybeate spring of Pyrmont. We alight at the 
 Herford station, on the Deutz-Minden Railroad, and then proceed 
 by the diligence through Uffeln, Lemgo, &c. to Pyrmont. The 
 distance of seven German miles (about thirty-five English) is 
 performed in seven hours. Herford station precedes the new 
 saline spring of Oeynhausen, near the Rehme station, of which I 
 shall treat on another occasion. Before, however, we enter into 
 a description of the Westphalian steel spring let us consider the 
 properties of chalybeate springs in general. 
 
 The steel-springs, chalybokrena? (from ^a\v^ 9 steel, and 
 KpijvT), cold spring), contain an excess of carbonic acid, which 
 keeps the carbonate of protoxide of iron in solution. Whilst a 
 small amount of iron is contained in most springs, those belonging 
 to our present class possess the carbonate of iron as a predomina- 
 ting ingredient, either in a larger proportion, or in the absence of 
 other powerful constituents. The iron generally prevents too 
 lowering an effect being produced by other weakening ingredients 
 as, for instance, alkaline, saline, bitter-waters, &c. would pro- 
 duce too great atony of the intestinal mucous membrane; by 
 constant provocation and stimulation of peristaltic action the 
 necessary secretive and assimilative processes would be carried 
 on with deficient tone and vigour, if the corrective presence of 
 iron did not counteract this antiplastic tendency. The advantage 
 of such a combination is frequently experienced by the ordinary 
 administration of aperient extracts with lactate or sulphate of iron 
 in the instance of chlorotic females, or of anemic patients of our 
 sex, especially if this sanguineous deficiency results from a length- 
 ened sojourn in a tropical climate, as is shown by the admirable 
 writings of Sir J. Ranald Martin. When iron forms the prevailing 
 
 P 
 
210 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 ingredient, it increases the plastic and stimulating tendency of the 
 blood, and enables it to perform its multifarious functions with 
 vigour. It appears that the less firm the attachment of the iron 
 to its acid or halogen, the more readily it is assimilated. Thus, 
 whilst sulphate of iron, for instance, might be supposed to permeate 
 more easily into the circulating channels from its greater solubility, 
 in reality the less soluble carbonate of iron more readily allows 
 decomposition for chemico-vital combinations, when brought into 
 contact with the blood in such a highly-dissolved state (through 
 the excess of carbonic acid). And if we sometimes prefer sul- 
 phate of iron in pharmaceutic preparations, it is because we cannot 
 introduce the carbonate with the diluting volatile gas. The non- 
 carbonates seem to require more elaboration before they are 
 allowed to mingle with the blood-globules. For their adminis- 
 tration, stronger and less irritable digestive organs are required, 
 as the vital heat seems first necessary to deoxidise the compounds 
 before the iron can attach itself to the organic liquid. 
 
 If any tendency to congestion or inflammation exists, iron is of 
 course contra-indicated, as it would increase this morbid disposi- 
 tion. The great importance of iron has been demonstrated by the 
 above authority, who, when treating of tropical influence on Euro- 
 peans, traced the petulance and peevishness of temper, the forget- 
 fulness, inaptitude both for business and recreation, the headache, 
 restlessness, anorexia, alvine obstruction and even pain and 
 stitches in the right hypochondriac region, with an accelerated 
 but feeble pulse, and symptoms simulating hepatic affection to 
 an absence of the necessary proportion of iron in the blood, which 
 had lost too much of its serum through the lengthened influence 
 of the tropical sun, so that the overstimulated liver, kidneys, and 
 skin lay in a comparative state of prostration. Apparently 
 inflammatory phenomena (his l acute ancemia ') were cured in such 
 invalids, not by depletion or weakening measures, but by steel, 
 of course with proper regard to the function of the skin and 
 abdominal organs. The additional light thrown on the nature of 
 these diseases, and the almost certain relief procured by iron and 
 other tonics, ought to induce us to regard with a particularly 
 favourable eye the chalybeate springs which I am about to submit 
 to your notice. 
 
 The town of Pyrmont is situated at an altitude of 404 feet above 
 the level of the sea (latitude N. 52, longitude E. 9), in the Prin- 
 cipality of Waldeck, on the left bank of the Weser. It is fourteen 
 leagues distant from Hanover, three from Hameln, and six-and-a- 
 
PYRMONT. 211 
 
 quarter from Biickeburg. The valley in which the springs arise, 
 within and near the town, is very fertile and abundantly provided 
 with cornfields, whilst shady walks intersect the arable land. The 
 environs witnessed the exploits of Arminius, Prince of the Cheru- 
 skians, and subsequently the battles fought between Charlemagne 
 and the Saxons. The chief spring was formerly denominated the 
 ' hylige Born ' (fons sacer}, ,and its immediate circuit the ( heilige 
 Anger.' Though known from great antiquity, their reputation 
 dates from the sixteenth century, especially after the termination 
 of the Thirty Years' War. Upwards of 10,000 visitors are said to 
 have resorted to the spa within four weeks, overcrowding all the 
 adjoining villages and woods. The water was put into tubs, and 
 sent to the expectant valetudinarians around the neighbourhood. 
 In 1681 more than forty royal and princely personages were 
 enumerated amongst the visitors. 
 
 Great luxury and convenience distinguish the baths and habita- 
 tions. Numerous spots in the picturesque environs invite the 
 visitors, as the Miihlenburg, Hiinenburg, Gravingsberg, Wilde 
 Schellenberg, with the ruins of Schell-Pyrmont, &c. The earth- 
 falls near Holzhausen, a short distance from Pyrmont, are very 
 remarkable. But the most curious phenomenon remains to be 
 named viz., the vapour-cave to the north-east of Pyrmont, where 
 a constant evolution of carbonic-acid gas takes place, forming a 
 permanent layer of from two to eight feet above the ground, 
 mixed with some atmospheric air and a very small amount of 
 sulphuretted hydrogen gas. According to Humboldt, 100 parts 
 consist of 86*66 of air and of 13-33 of carbonic acid. The cave 
 resembles the Grotto del Cane, near Naples, but the deviation of 
 the magnetic-needle, observed there, was not noticed here. The 
 layer of gas is smallest in winter and highest in summer, just 
 before the appearance of a tempest. The mountains consist of 
 stratified layers and alluvial land. Red sandstone forms the 
 foundation, superposed and surrounded by marl, shell-lime, with 
 the addition of alluvial layers of sand, clay, &c., whilst granite- 
 blocks are sparingly met with here and there. Basalt is found 
 about thirty miles from Pyrmont. The ferruginous drinking- 
 spring (eisenhaltige Trinkquelle) arises in variegated sandstone at 
 the beginning of the grand promenade of ancient lime-trees. The 
 water is clear and sparkling in taste agreeably acidulous, leav- 
 ing an astringent sensation on the palate. The smell offers nothing 
 peculiar, with the exception of an occasional odour of sulphuretted 
 hydrogen over the surface of the water. Exposed to the air, a 
 
 p 2 
 
212 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 brownish deposit of oxide of iron is soon formed, with some man- 
 ganese and lime. Its temperature amounts to 54 J F. ; its specific 
 gravity to 1'005; and its supply to 22 pounds per minute. It 
 contains 44^ cubic inches of carbonic acid, and above 28 grains of 
 solid ingredients in 16 ounces ; sulphate of lime forming the pro- 
 minent substance (9 grains), carbonate of lime the next (nearly 
 6 grains), about 10 grains of sulphate of magnesia and of soda, 
 and nearly half a grain of iron (0*49). The Badcquelle, or Bro- 
 delbrunnen (fons bulliens\ resembles the former, from which it is 
 only a few steps distant. The water is more sparkling, and has 
 a layer of eighteen inches of carbonic gas over its mirror. Car- 
 bonic acid and iron are both intimately and firmly united with 
 the water. A bath, tested after having been used three-quarters 
 of an hour, possessed 14 cubic inches of carbonic acid in 13-6 
 of water, and when filtered the presence of iron was demon- 
 strated by ferrocyanide of potassium and tincture of galls. The 
 Augenbrunnen (eye-well), fifty-eight feet to the west of the Trink- 
 quelle, issues out of white clay, analogous in its proportions to 
 the former, but only used externally as a cooling and astringent 
 remedy in certain ophthalmic blennorrhages, &c. The Neubrunnen 
 (new spring) issues out of variegated ferruginous sandstone on a 
 meadow near the Emmer, and is very analogous to the drinking- 
 well. 
 
 But, besides the above chalybeates, Pyrmont possesses saline 
 springs : the Soolquelle originates half a league from Pyrmont, not 
 far from the Emmer, in the deepest part of the valley, in varie- 
 gated sandstone. Its taste is saline-bitterish. The muriatico-saline 
 drinking -iv ell is clear, strongly sparkling, of a marked saline- 
 bitterish taste, inodorous; specific gravity, 1-011; temperature 
 51^ F. Besides these, an acidulous spring is found there, clear, 
 transparent, and sparkling, with a piquant taste. 
 
 The effect of Pyrmont is chiefly displayed in real debility, 
 whether produced by exhaustion of vital power, or by deficient 
 nutrition, debilitating haemorrhage, severe acute diseases, or too 
 frequent child-bearing ; in short, it is a most powerful restorative, 
 whenever a great amount of blood or serum has been lost out 
 of its ordinary receptacle, or when the plastic sphere is originally 
 too weak to engender a sufficient amount of cruor for the per- 
 formance of the necessary vital functions, as in chlorosis, anaemia, 
 hysteria, &c. You cannot repair the deficiency by the food 
 alone, for the very weakness of the blood causes a corresponding 
 debility of the digestive organs, so that the more repairing par- 
 
PYKMONT. 
 
 213 
 
 CONTEXTS OF THE CHIEF PYRMONT SPRINGS. 
 
 
 Trinkq. 
 
 Brodel- 
 brunnen 
 
 Augenq. 
 
 Neubr. 
 
 Soolq. 
 
 Mur. 
 sal. q. 
 
 Sauer- 
 ling 
 
 Sulphate of lime 
 
 7-22 gr. 
 
 6-07 
 
 4-10 
 
 
 
 14-58 
 
 5-51 
 
 0-31 
 
 , magnesia 
 
 2-69 
 
 5-53 
 
 4-56 
 
 3-47 
 
 2-33 
 
 
 
 0-60 
 
 , soda 
 
 2-14 
 
 
 
 1-71 
 
 7-34 
 
 5-29 
 
 12-24 
 
 0-37 
 
 Carbo late of lime 
 
 5-98 
 
 4-52 
 
 3-81 
 
 7'86 
 
 2-71 
 
 6-92 
 
 1-81 
 
 , magnesia 
 
 0-32 
 
 0-24 
 
 0-25 
 
 096 
 
 0-46 
 
 
 
 0-16 
 
 , soda 
 
 
 
 4-78 
 
 0-84 
 
 2-62 
 
 1-49 
 
 6-23 
 
 0-30 
 
 , iron 
 
 0-49 
 
 0-58 
 
 0-13 
 
 0-75 
 
 0-08 
 
 0-06 
 
 
 
 Chloride of sodium . 
 
 
 
 
 
 0-44 
 
 4-38 
 
 61-68 
 
 65-49 
 
 o-oi 
 
 ,, magnesia 
 
 1-12 
 
 1-48 
 
 0-45 
 
 0-97 
 
 6-92 
 
 12-07 
 
 0-12 
 
 Silica 
 
 0-49 
 
 0-25 
 
 o-io 
 
 0-20 
 
 
 
 
 
 ~-~- 
 
 Total 
 
 20-02 
 
 23-62 
 
 16-46 
 
 28-98 
 
 95-32 
 
 108-7 
 
 3-72 
 
 Carbonic acid . 
 
 cubic in. 
 44-52 
 
 38-51 
 
 36-28 
 
 39-28 
 
 17-46 
 
 26-19 
 
 21-84 
 
 Sulphur, hydrogen 
 
 
 
 
 
 0-39 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Temperature, from 51j to 54^ F. 
 
 tides the blood claims from the gastric purveyor, the less can be 
 elaborated by that power. Hence we must call medicines to our 
 aid, by which we may strengthen the digestive function, and at 
 the same time supply the want of a certain material in a ready 
 form for immediate assimilation. The great quantity of carbonic 
 acid which introduces the solid particles causes them to be easily 
 distributed and mixed with the existing constituents. But we 
 cannot dictate to our pharmaceutical dose to mix entirely with 
 the chyle, and to abstain from yielding any portion to excremen- 
 titious matter. Besides, the carbonic acid has the further 
 influence of rousing the torpor of the languidly-moving mass, 
 and thus it both brings a needed substance, and at the same time 
 stimulates to its immediate elaboration and absorption. If the 
 action is once commenced, Nature does not stand still again ; 
 otherwise it would be inexplicable how Hufeland could extol 
 the virtues of this spa as the sovereign remedy in all cases of 
 real debility and anemia. 'Whoever does not believe in the 
 efficacy of mineral water,' he says, ( let him come to Pyrmont 
 and witness the wonderful effects produced by this admirable gift 
 of Providence.' Whenever an individual appears pale, of phleg- 
 
 titic temperament, of a soft lax fibre, of puffed-up and flabby 
 pearance, the more he is inclined to passive profluvia, to 
 
214 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 mucosity, the better Pyrmont will agree with him. But if he 
 looks strong, muscular, dark of complexion if his skin and fibre 
 be dry, tense if he is more disposed to congestion or active 
 haemorrhage, Pyrmont and other chalybeates are inapplicable. In 
 most obstinate cases of passive metrorrhage and haamorrhoidal 
 bleeding, Hufeland witnessed cures by Pyrmont after the useless 
 employment of pharmaceutic tonics and astringents for years, and 
 after the patients had been reduced to a state of deep-seated 
 cachexia and anemia. But before resorting to Pyrmont in such 
 cases, it is always necessary to examine the phenomena carefully, 
 and to convince ourselves of the presence of systemic atony. For 
 should the haemorrhage be active, or should vascular plethora or 
 general irritability be present, the spa would be highly injurious ; 
 the circulating force of the blood would be increased, and with 
 it the haemorrhage. Besides, alvine obstruction might be induced 
 at the same time, and the general irritability augment in conse- 
 quence. We must also enquire whether some local irritation be 
 not the cause of the recurring profluvium, as induration of the 
 organ or other degenerations. In this case too Pyrmont would 
 be improper. Difficult menstruation^ accompanied by colic, 
 vomiting, headache, fainting, spasms, &c., is generally cured or 
 relieved here as also Jiuor albus, based on an atonic state of 
 the generative organs. Sterility., unconnected with organic im- 
 pediments, forms an important indication for the spa. But the 
 remedial agent must be perseveringly continued for a longer 
 period than usual. The womb sometimes exhibits a great 
 number of abnormal functions by its rebellious reaction after 
 conception, so that a state of ill-health continues during the 
 whole term of pregnancy, and disappears after delivery. Dr. 
 Hufeland mentions the instance of a person who married before 
 her complete bodily development. The uterus having been 
 unable to bear the work of regeneration, feverish erethism, 
 emaciation, colic, headache, stupefaction, constant sleepiness, &c. 
 accompanied her during the whole nine months. At one time 
 the weakness and emaciation reached an alarming extent. But 
 after delivery, to the surprise of all, complete restoration took 
 place spontaneously. Dr. Hufeland then, considering the un- 
 developed and unstable condition of the womb as the sole cause 
 of the array of morbid phenomena, ordered Pyrmont water to be 
 drunk the first year at home, and the next year (during preg- 
 nancy*) at the spring. He had the satisfaction of seeing not 
 
 * Though he would generally not allow the use in this period, but he could safely 
 recommend it here, from the absence of any tendency to miscarriage. 
 

 PYRMONT. 215 
 
 only this pregnancy run its ordinary course without the former 
 distressing symptoms, but also the next,, two years subsequently. 
 But baths and injections should accompany the internal course. 
 
 The tendency to abortion likewise belongs to the class of diseases 
 in which Pyrmont shows itself curative. The convulsibility of 
 the womb, which disposes it to contract and expel the foetus 
 prematurely, is generally due to atonic irritability of the organ. 
 This is powerfully counteracted by the use of Pyrmont whilst 
 the organ is free. Nervous hypochondriasis and hysteria, resulting 
 from real defect of nervous power, from exhausting diseases, loss 
 of blood, over-exertion, &c., find an excellent remedy in Pyrmont. 
 But should there be a material basis, as abdominal infarcta, &c., 
 Pyrmont would be injurious by increasing the morbific cause. 
 In nervous spasms of the stomach, Pyrmont frequently induced 
 cure or relief also in nervous vertigo ; no improvement, however, 
 followed in epilepsy. But in paralytic diseases, connected with 
 general weakness, Pyrmont has been found a powerful remedy. 
 It is also useful in chronic diarrhoea, mucous hemorrhoids, ten- 
 dency to helminthiasis, &c, In vesical catarrh and seminal 
 weakness it is likewise highly recommended. Hufeland saw 
 nervous amblyopia, musca3 volantes, &c., frequently cured by the 
 external application of the Augenquelle, with the internal use 
 of the water. The saline springs of Pyrmont find their indication 
 in many complaints where a cooling, solvent, and antidyscrasic 
 remedy is required, and are often used with great advantage as a 
 preparatory course before the employment of the chalybeate. 
 Though numerous diseases are mentioned as indications for Pyr- 
 mont, they are all ramifications, diverging from the same central 
 cause. If the nervous power be originally exhausted, the contrac- 
 tions of the heart become enfeebled, the peripheric vessels distribute 
 the bloodmore slowly, regeneration proceeds more tardily, secretions 
 are performed less promptly ; chylification and sanguification 
 therefore suffer. Deficient blood-krasis will then increase the 
 original nervous weakness ; or if the cause of debility proceed 
 from unusually excessive secretions, the result will exhibit the 
 same phenomena. Whether the blood be propelled with less 
 force, or whether it be deficient in its required consistency, the 
 consequence must be diminished stimulation and nutrition of the 
 recipient organs. This state then is rationally and practically 
 counteracted by Pyrmont. But when the spa cures diarrhoea, 
 excessive mucosity of the alimentary canal, &c., we must attribute 
 is effect partly to the increased tone of the fibre, and partly to 
 
216 GEEMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 the absorbent power of the lime (nearly two-thirds of the solid 
 ingredients are furnished by sulphate and carbonate of lime). 
 But this utility in heightened serous secretion must warn you 
 against the employment of Pyrmont, whenever the slightest ten- 
 dency exists to diminished alvine secretion or to obstruction. It 
 is perfectly clear that a very delicate stomach, prone to rebel 
 against any obstruent agent, will not easily tolerate a beverage 
 which contains such a large amount of lime. The alimentary 
 canal would be overstimulated, and either unhealthy diarrhoea or 
 obstinate confinement of the bowels would result, with the natural 
 congestive reaction to the brain. Pyrmont was formerly the 
 most celebrated chalybeate of Europe. If it has lost something 
 of its high repute, the cause must be sought in the great and 
 preponderating importance now so justly attached to the chemical 
 constituents of the mineral waters ; and whereas in former times 
 the fashionable Pyrmont was the chalybeate KCL-T efo^r/^, its utility 
 in appropriate cases is still willingly admitted; but in diseases 
 unadapted to the combined action of the lime-salts and iron, those 
 spas are selected which promise a more favourable result from the 
 absence of these occasionally objectionable ingredients. That the 
 diet ought to be an object of especial care must be sufficiently 
 obvious, for the good effects of the spa may be easily thwarted by 
 a slight imprudence ; and the lime, probably contributing its share 
 towards the restoration of the required strength, if well tolerated 
 and assimilated, must be expected to produce irritation if the 
 digestion be wilfully weakened or overburdened. The chalybeate 
 mud-baths and gas-baths, with all other external appliances, are 
 well contrived and frequently employed to assist the internal 
 use of the water. The physicians of Pyrmont are Drs. Lyncker, 
 Gieseken, Valentiner, Seebohm. 
 
 Driburg. In travelling a short distance towards the south you 
 perceive the town of Driburg, at an angle formed by the f Teuto- 
 burger Wald,' pursuing an oblique north-westerly direction, and 
 the Lippe-river, which moves straight from east to west to reach 
 the Rhine near Wesel. It lies 300 feet above the surface of the 
 Weser, about an hour's ride from the Bucke station (on the line 
 between Paderborn and Cassel), in an agreeable valley, surrounded 
 by hills of moderate height. The climate is rather bleak in winter. 
 The peat-earth is particularly appropriate for mud-baths, and has the 
 peculiarity of possessing no iron, but a great amount of sulphur. 
 It has a fatty saponaceous touch, is light and free from sand. It 
 gives out a strong smell of sulphuretted hydrogen, and contains 
 
DEIBURG. 217 
 
 chiefly salts of lime, silica, alumina, sulphur, &c. The chalybeate 
 of Driburg bears much analogy to Pyrmont, being distinguished 
 however by a very firm adherence and a great amount of carbonic 
 acid. It offers great inducements for those who prefer a more 
 retired social life to the luxurious and fashionable tone prevailing 
 in Pyrmont. 
 
 The Trinkquelle contains 41-J cubic inches of carbonic acid, and 
 26 J grains of solid ingredients in 16 ounces, viz. : 
 
 8 -42 sulphate of lime 
 4-25 magnesia 
 
 3-88 soda 
 
 9' 12 carbonate of lime 
 0'51 ,, iron 
 
 0'53 chloride of magnesium 
 
 The Hersterquelle possesses 32 grains of solid constituents 
 in similar proportions, with the exception of carbonate of iron 
 (only 0*18 gr.) and more gypsum (12 gr.) 
 
 The Saatzer sulphur-spring possesses 17 grains no iron, but 
 is in other respects analogous in its proportions to the Driburg 
 water. The close union of carbonic acid causes even the greater 
 amount of iron to be often more easily assimilated and better 
 tolerated than that of Pyrmont. The paramount utility of 
 Driburg (though less frequented) is exemplified by a few cases 
 which occurred in the practice of Dr. Briick. A girl of twenty 
 years of age being forced by her parents to give up an attach- 
 ment to a dissipated individual, soon changed from a handsome 
 blooming girl into a chlorotic sickly creature. Besides the ordi- 
 nary symptoms, she was affected with such deep coma that she 
 could only refrain from sleeping in the mornings and afternoons 
 by the greatest exertion. The doctor ordered Driburg for drink- 
 ing and bathing, with cold affusions over the head. After a course 
 of four weeks, complete restoration to her former health had taken 
 place. In a case of peritonitis, affecting a chlorotic girl of 
 nineteen years of age, he was compelled by the urgency of 
 the symptoms to extract blood. Though the peritonitis had dis- 
 appeared, great prostration and chlorosis remained. Twenty-eight 
 baths of Driburg water, with douche and internal employment of 
 the spa, produced recovery. An old Dutch gentleman, formerly 
 robust, was now an emaciated and confirmed hypochrondriac. 
 Dyspepsia, languor, flatulence, obstruction, and a feeling of pre- 
 cordial oscillation constantly teased him. With difficulty he was 
 persuaded to persevere for four weeks in the use of Driburg 
 
218 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 water, and when lie departed he stated that he experienced no 
 effect beyond a reddish appearance on the tip of his tongue. The 
 assurance that this slight change promised greater improvement 
 was ridiculed by the incredulous patient, who came however next 
 year greatly altered to his advantage, and happy in reporting com- 
 plete restoration, with the exception of a slight neuralgia of the 
 plexus Solaris, which still remained for a short time. Cases of steri- 
 lity, sexual weakness, &c. were often cured. In fact, the indica- 
 tions are very analogous to those of Pyrmont. Either the steel- 
 spring is used internally and externally, or the Hersterquelle is 
 taken internally (where less tonic and more solvent treatment is 
 required) with chalybeate-baths; or steel-spring internally , with sul- 
 phur mud-baths. A case is mentioned of a corpulent plethoric lady 
 of Ostfriesland, who employed the Driburg mud-baths with great 
 advantage in arthritic deposits of the hip-joint, after having been 
 obliged to discontinue the Nenndorf mud-baths in consequence of 
 congestion to the head and metrorrhage, which appeared during 
 their use. The Hersterquelle, with sulphur mud-baths, is re- 
 commended in lithiasis, vesical hemorrhoids, and spasms of the 
 bladder : it contains about 1 1 grains of sulphate of soda and mag- 
 nesia, 1 2 of sulphate of lime, nearly 6 of carbonate of lime, and 
 only 0'18 of iron. This combination quite justifies its reputation in 
 urinary and vesical irritation. 
 
 The great abundance of highly important springs in a small 
 compass in the west might remind you of the Bohemian cauldron 
 in the south-east. If you take the ( Teutoburger' Forest as the 
 western starting-point, above 52 north latitude, and pursue the 
 slanting south-eastern line of the Thiiringer Forest and Fran- 
 kenwald, to the Fichtelgebirg, at 50 north latitude, you have the 
 numerous important spas within these two degrees of latitude 
 between the Weser and Elbe rivers. But how different are their 
 characters ! Whilst in Bohemia you have thermas, denoting a 
 great depth of origin, and amongst the constituents salts of soda 
 in preponderance, you perceive here no therma? (except by boring : 
 Oeynhausen), and salts of lime in predominance. A minor 
 altitude, and the alluvial character of the soil, further indicate 
 a less profound origin. Physicians : Drs. Briick, Hiiller, Bie- 
 fenstahl. 
 
 Schwalbach. In order to examine a highly important Spa, in 
 succession to the foregoing, we must retrace our steps to the Tau- 
 nus mountain, on the right shore of the Rhine, travel to Wies- 
 baden by rail, and thence proceed by omnibus to Schwalbach 
 
SCHWALBACH. 219 
 
 miles in about 2J hours.) The road passes through the 
 celebrated ' Rheingau,' and is extremely picturesque. The 
 approach to Schwalbach is marked by a rather steep declivity, 
 requiring a steady hand to conduct the horses. The place is 
 properly called Langenschwalbach, and lies four leagues distant 
 from Wiesbaden and six from Mentz. The romantic valley of the 
 Aar, with the castles of Adolphseck and Hohenstein, lies to the 
 north-east. On the west an eminence slants downwards, dividing 
 the valley into two smaller valleys. In the southern arises the 
 Weinbrunnen, in the northern the Stahlbrunen. Umbrageous 
 walks of beech and lime-trees lead from one valley to the other. 
 
 The Weinbrunnen is the oldest spring, and was formerly 
 employed exclusively. It was first brought in repute by the 
 description of Theodor von Bergzabern (commonly called Taber- 
 ncemontanus\ in 1581. Among other properties, he attributed to 
 the spring the virtue of counteracting the effects of excessive 
 indulgence in wine and other spirituous liquors as headache, 
 chilliness, &c. This circumstance is supposed to have given rise 
 to its name. The bleakness of the climate has already been 
 pointed out in comparison with the mildness of Wiesbaden 
 Schwalbach lying on the northern declivity of the Taunus moun- 
 tain, whilst the same height serves as a powerful protection to 
 Wiesbaden in the south. The proper season, therefore, does not 
 commence before the middle of June. 
 
 Schwalbach lies 909 feet above the level of the sea. Its 
 average temperature is 6 Fahrenheit lower than that of Wies- 
 baden (the altitude of which is 586 feet less). If, however, the 
 mean temperature of summer be compared, Schwalbach has only 
 four (Fahrenheit) degrees less of heat. West and south-west 
 winds are most common. 
 
 Besides the two springs mentioned above, numerous other 
 springs arise there, as the Paulinen and Rosenbrunnen (provided 
 with a common enclosure), Neubrunnen, Oberneubrunnen, &c. 
 The water is clear, sparkling, and has an agreeably acidulous 
 astringent taste. The temperature of the springs ranges between 
 48 and 50 Fahrenheit. Less solid ingredients are contained in 
 these springs than in the Westphalian chalybeates. 
 
220 
 
 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 CONTENTS OF THE SCHWALBACH SPRINGS. 
 
 
 Stahlbr. 
 
 Weinbr. 
 
 Paulinenbr. 
 
 Bosenbr. 
 
 Carbonate of lime 
 
 1-45 gr. 
 
 2-11 
 
 2-95 
 
 2-95 
 
 magnesia 
 
 0-88 
 
 3-12 
 
 2-75 
 
 0-98 
 
 soda 
 
 0-25 
 
 0-17 
 
 0-45 
 
 0-35 
 
 iron 
 
 0-75 
 
 0-83 
 
 0.65 
 
 0-91 
 
 Chloride of sodium 
 
 0-34 
 
 0-18 
 
 0-03 
 
 0-32 
 
 Sulphate of soda . 
 
 0-21 
 
 0-16 
 
 0-02 
 
 
 
 Carbonic acid 
 
 28 cub. in. 
 
 26 
 
 39 
 
 26 
 
 Total of solid ingredients 
 
 3-83 gr. 
 
 6-59 
 
 6-86 
 
 5-51 
 
 The Rosenbrunnen is merely employed externally, and mixed, 
 for bathing, with the Paulinenbrunnen ; the others are both 
 employed for drinking and bathing. The baths are heated by 
 steam, which is introduced between the two bottoms of the 
 baignoires the upper constructed of metal and the lower of 
 wood. Baths may also be obtained in some hotels, but as the 
 water has to be carried there in casks, it would certainly be more 
 advisable to use the bath-house. 
 
 It is a matter of great importance which spring is to be used. 
 Paulinenbrunnen, the mildest of the three, acts as a solvent and 
 tonic. Its great amount of carbonic acid causes it to be well 
 elaborated. It has been found most strikingly effective in the 
 instance of European invalids, who have been subjected for a 
 long time to a tropical climate. The rigid torpidity of the liver, 
 and the obstinate alvine obstruction, which refuse to yield to 
 mercurials and aperients, give way here. This fact may appear 
 strange, and is even wondered at by the physicians who have 
 observed it. The results of Sir R. Martin's experience perfectly 
 coincide with the effects of the mineral water. As I stated pre- 
 viously, tenuity of the blood was found by that distinguished 
 gentleman to be the stubborn cause of the alvine inaction. The 
 furred tongue, the dyspepsia, headache, langour, fretfulness, 
 insomnia, &c. gradually diminish under the employment of phar- 
 maceutic iron with solvents. The blood flows with greater 
 vigour, and is thus a more powerful provocator of central and 
 penpheric nervous and muscular action. Next in frequency of 
 employment is the Weiribrunnen, which contains most iron 
 among the drinking-springs ; but its carbonic acid is so firmly 
 attached that it agrees better with erethic constitutions than the 
 
SCHWALBACH. 221 
 
 less substantial Stahlbrunnen, the most exciting of the three. 
 The carbonic acid of the latter being somewhat more loosely 
 adherent^ may be evolved in the intestinal canal before absorp- 
 tion, and thus the iron may become separated ; hence a greater 
 cerebral excitement may be expected in persons at all disposed to 
 plethora. The paucity of tempering ingredients is another reason 
 why the characteristic stimulant and tonic effect of iron is more 
 distinctly and purely displayed by this spring. With less iron than 
 the Weinbrunnen, this element forms a greater proportion of the 
 whole solid residue | of a grain out of 3f , the fifth part ; in the 
 Weinbrunnen, of a grain out of 6J, about one-eighth of the 
 whole. In great general torpidity the Stahlbrunnen is therefore 
 especially indicated. 
 
 Medicinalrath Dr. Miiller, sen., found the spa curative in 
 diseases produced by anaemia, whether arising from excessive 
 profluvia, or from debilitating disorder, or from exhausting mental 
 labour. That chlorosis, tendency to miscarriage, sterility, cata- 
 menial irregularities, seek and find relief here is obvious. But 
 cures of cases are recorded which seem to fall less under this 
 category. An English lady is mentioned, who was cured of 
 paralysis of the lower extremities by using Schwalbach water dur- 
 ing two seasons. Several painless tumours of the breast of scro- 
 fulous origin were cured by the baths of the Paulinenbrunnen. 
 Paralysis of the upper extremities, after a violent attack of 
 influenza, has also been removed here. In short, when the arti- 
 cular disability seems to result more from atony than from any 
 arthritic or rheumatic cause, Schwalbach is often resorted to in 
 preference to those spas which professedly act against paralysis, 
 as I detailed when treating of the akratopegoe. Persons whose 
 abdominal organs have been weakened by excessive use of pur- 
 gatives, and who are inclined to constipation, acidity, mucosity, or 
 to diarrhoea, seek relief here. In hot weather the atmosphere 
 somewhat inclines predisposed individuals to diarrhoea. Whenever 
 this occurs the course must be stopped, and appropriate remedial 
 means are to be employed. But precautions should be taken to pre- 
 vent this ailment. Careful clothing, especially of the feet and abdo- 
 men, should not be neglected. The climatic peculiarity of the 
 spa admits of frequent changes of temperature ; hot days are 
 sometimes followed by cool nights. How easily profuse cutaneous 
 action may then be checked by carelessness, and a vicarious pro- 
 niivium be brought about in the intestinal canal ! 
 
 Moreover, the valetudinarian should beware of drinking cold 
 
222 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 water intemperately and indiscriminately between and mmediately 
 after meals. During meals, both in consequence of the chemical 
 and mechanical action going forward, the animal heat of the stomach 
 is naturally heightened. Cold water, poured in ad libitum, from 
 its theoretical innocence, suddenly diminishes this necessary heat, 
 and interferes therefore with the chemico-vital action. Besides, the 
 strength of the gastric juice is impaired, its solvent acid becoming 
 too diluted to perform its function properly. If water is introduced 
 after fatty or oleaginous substances, these immiscible bodies may 
 be separated by the water from the other digestible morsels, and 
 thus be removed for some time from the solvent influence of the 
 gastric juice. To avoid drinking water after fruit is a popular rule 
 too well known to require repetition. I wish I could persuade my 
 continental friends to abstain from this prevailing habit of appa- 
 rently innocent water-drinking, in which case the records of the 
 spa would not mention so many instances of diarrhoea interrupt- 
 ing or annulling the course ; nor would the advice be neces- 
 sary to select an earlier period of the summer than the hot 
 July and August, in order more securely to avoid this baneful 
 complaint. 
 
 Dr. Genth very judiciously recals to mind the observation of 
 Liebig, concerning the part played by iron in the human economy. 
 That great chemist found iron in no other part than the hsematine 
 of the blood. The protoxide of iron having a strong tendency to 
 absorb an additional atom of oxygen, gives up the carbonic acid 
 with which it may be combined to gratify this propensity. On the 
 other hand, peroxide of iron coming in contact with substances 
 strongly attractive of oxygen, as carbon, hydrogen, &c., easily 
 yields this additional atom, and then absorbs the carbonic acid, 
 for the formation of which it has just furnished one constituent. 
 This simple process forms, according to Liebig, the whole basis 
 of life. The red globules of arterial blood contain the highly 
 oxidised iron, and are propelled rapidly through the larger vessels 
 with little chemical change ; but when the globules are detained 
 by the minute peripheric tortuous capillaries, the organic paren- 
 chyma tends to combine with the plastic fluid, and the most 
 exhausted particles allow their elements to be decomposed in 
 order to enter into chemical action with the newly-introduced 
 warm and stimulating liquid. The carbon deprives the peroxide 
 of iron of its less firmly attached portion of oxygen for the forma- 
 tion of carbonic acid, and then combines with the reduced pro- 
 toxide to form carbonate of iron ; the hydrogen absorbs a portion 
 
SCHWALBACII. 223 
 
 of the oxygen for the formation of water. Not to speak of the 
 other compounds formed, it suffices to bear in mind that a double 
 purpose is served combustion and generation of vital heat on 
 the one hand, elimination of effete particles and reproduction of 
 new. ones on the other. The carbonate of protoxide of iron flow- 
 ing in the venous blood, gives up its carbonic acid when acted 
 upon by the atmospheric oxygen entering the lungs, and exchanges 
 it for a greater amount of oxygen, so as to become arterialised, 
 that is peroxidised. The quantity of the oxygen of the blood 
 depends, therefore, on the amount of iron present. If we introduce 
 more iron into the chyle and venous system, a greater quantity of 
 oxygen will be attracted from the air, retained in the arterial 
 course, and given up again in the capillary metamorphosis. The 
 calorification must be more intense, and the elimination of effete 
 particles more profuse. Hence a greater appetite during the 
 employment of the chalybeate, because a more extensive waste 
 takes place. AnaBmic persons feel chilly (especially in the ex- 
 tremities), inanimate, and easily excited to increased cardiac 
 action, because nature endeavours to correct the deficient san- 
 guineous consistency by more numerous propulsions. Obstruction 
 is another natural consequence of anemia. The sparing amount 
 of oxygen causes a less active chemical combination, and thus the 
 ordinary emunctories are less often called upon to rid the body of 
 effete substances. The skin feels clammy, flabby, and inelastic ; 
 the urine is pale, deficient in nitrogenous compounds ; the alvine 
 action rare. This state must continue as long as the sanguineous 
 deficiency remains unrepaired otherwise a hectic condition would 
 necessarily ensue. Positive experiments prove the increase of 
 red blood-globules through the employment of iron. In one case 
 they amounted to 95*7 parts in 1,000 after the exhibition of iron, 
 whilst beforehand the proportion was only 46*6 parts. The 
 fi brine of the blood diminishes, by its adaptation to new organic 
 productions in consequence of a more active combustion. When- 
 ever the internal use of the water is not well borne the baths 
 alone are used, and the specific effects of the absorbed ingredients 
 are well marked. To prove the absorbing power of the epidermis, 
 several experiments are adduced which clearly demonstrate this 
 point. The hand immersed for a quarter of an hour in water of 
 1 12 F. had imbibed 98 grains. After a full bath of half an hour, 
 of the temperature of 82 F., the weight of the body increased 
 570 grains; in a bath of 95 F., at several occasions, 552, 503, 
 and 465 grains. Another experimenter found the weight of his 
 
224 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 body increased by 2,550 grains in an hour, when the temperature 
 was 7 j F. ; the increase was only 638 grains at a temperature 
 of 90 F. ; pulse and animal heat were unchanged. In a bath 
 of 99^ F. there was neither increase nor diminution of weight, 
 whilst the pulse became accelerated and the animal heat aug- 
 mented. In another experiment at 98^ F., for half an hour, 
 the perspiration broke out in torrents, the pulse was 98 per 
 minute, and the loss of weight 1159 grains. 
 
 The great importance of temperature is thus shown. As long 
 as the secretive tendency of 'the skin is not called into violent 
 requisition, not only absorption of water and its ingredients takes 
 place, but the circulation is not accelerated. As soon as that 
 limit is exceeded (which varies in different individuals) tl^e heat 
 causes a great turgidity of all the cutaneous sudatory glands, the 
 retained animal heat receives an additional impulse, and the 
 heart's action must naturally participate in the excited state of 
 the organism. The more vigorous, plethoric, and inclined to con- 
 gestion patients are, the sooner will this limit appear, where 
 excretion takes the place of absorption, and where the former 
 sedative influence of the bath is exchanged for the dangerous 
 orgasm alluded to. The more anasmic, weak, and exhausted 
 persons are, the better will they bear a somewhat greater heat, 
 for calefaction proceeds less energetically in their organism, and 
 we may establish it as a rule that imbibition will continue as 
 long as the circulation remains undisturbed. 
 
 In general, at Schwalbach, the temperature of the baths is 
 gradually lowered in proportion as the strength of the patient and 
 plasticity of the blood increase. The period of immersion is like- 
 wise regulated according to the susceptibility of the patient, and, 
 as a rule, gradually prolonged. The great amount of carbonic- 
 acid gas in the water must never be lost sight of. However 
 curative and useful its stimulating and reviving action, it naturally 
 induces too great an irritation and subsequent relaxation of the 
 nervous system, if its employment be carried to excess. The 
 baths are justly recommended to be taken during calmness of the 
 vascular and nervous system. The best period is about one or 
 two hours after a light breakfast. Gentle exercise is usually 
 taken afterwards, except with very weak individuals, to whom 
 rest in bed is permitted for a short time. The symptoms of satu- 
 ration are to be looked for during the course, as an indication for 
 its termination. They consist in languor, giddiness, headache, 
 restlessness, bleeding from the nose, prrecordial oppression, want 
 
SCHWALBACH. 225 
 
 of appetite, &c. To prevent a too early occurrence of this satiety, 
 pauses are enjoined in the use of the baths (as an intermission 
 every third or fourth day), and a careful regulation of the dose, 
 so that the normal condition of the blood may be brought about 
 gradually and imperceptibly. For it is apparent that the weaker 
 and more attenuated our circulating fluid happens to be, the less 
 it is able to elaborate and assimilate considerable proportions of 
 stimulating liquids. A stormy inroad of foreign substances may 
 sometimes produce striking sanative effects, but more often the 
 well-intentioned friend will be repelled by the organism as an 
 enemy, if a too rapid amelioration is sought to be enforced. 
 
 This warning refers to all the spas, and should be conveyed to 
 your patients, who often attempt to make up for a shortened 
 sojourn by excessive doses of the waters, with results easily 
 imagined. As in the scales we shall not obtain an equilibrium 
 by throwing substances on the deficient side, but by gradually 
 adding the necessary weight, so it is in Nature. When we see 
 the various systems acting as safety-valves for each other, we 
 cannot do better than follow the same tract. In jaundice, for 
 instance, we see the kidneys excrete biliary matter, and thus act 
 vicariously for the liver. In fever, when assimilation and nutri- 
 tion are impaired, a greater amount of urea is excreted by the 
 kidneys, to prevent a dangerous accumulation of nitrogenous 
 substances in the circulating fluids. A certain check of the 
 cutaneous function through cold is sometimes relieved by in- 
 creased action of the bowels. Many other illustrations might be 
 adduced of this beautiful and wise provision of Nature, but those 
 mentioned suffice to show that you cannot induce violent action 
 of one system without materially interfering with the functions of 
 others which ought to remain unaltered.* 
 
 Before concluding this lecture I should wish to bring to your 
 notice a chalybeate which formerly enjoyed a very great reputa- 
 tion, and which is still frequently visited with great advantage in 
 appropriate cases : I allude to Spaa, in Belgium, scarcely be- 
 longing to the German mineral waters, but still so near Aix-la- 
 Chapelle that it may well be included in our course. When you 
 travel from Ostend towards Cologne you leave the railroad at 
 Pepinster station, between Liege and Aix-la-Chapelle, and then 
 proceed by an omnibus to the neighbouring Spaa lat. N. 51, 
 long. E. 6. It is situated at an altitude of 1,000 feet above 
 the level of the sea, in a pleasant valley of the Ardennes. There 
 
 * Superior accommodation in the Hotel Due de Nassau. 
 Q 
 
226 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 are in all no less than sixteen springs. The chief spring, Pouhon, 
 arises in the centre of the town out of ferruginous clay-slate, and 
 is frequently used for exportation. About a league to the south, 
 in a somewhat more elevated position in the midst of umbrageous 
 walks, the Geronstere is situated. On the road to Malmedy rise 
 the springs called Sauveniere and Groesbeck, half a league to the 
 south-east of Spaa, and about three-quarters of a league from 
 the Geronstere. The two Tonnelets lie half a league from the 
 town, to the north-east of the Sauveniere. In a marshy meadow 
 between the Tonnelets and Sauveniere the Watroz and other 
 springs were formerly in use, but they are now nearly abandoned. 
 The temperature of the springs is 50 Fahr.; their taste is acidulous 
 and rather piquant, with a marked ferruginous after-taste ; their 
 odour is somewhat peculiar, analogous to a hydrogen compound 
 of iron. The Pouhon contains 3*37 grains of solid constituents, 
 and eight cubic inches of carbonic-acid gas, in sixteen ounces 
 amongst these four-fifths of a grain of iron ; the other springs 
 contain rather less iron and solid substances. Spaa agrees with 
 some weak and irritable digestive organs, which would not tolerate 
 a more substantial chalybeate. The occasional sudden changes of 
 temperature incidental to its geographical position must not be 
 left out of consideration. On the other hand, the hilly walks in 
 the immediate environs invite to pedestrian exercise, indispensable 
 
 CONTENTS OF THE CHIEF SPRINGS OF SPAA. 
 
 
 Pouhon 
 
 GeronstSre 
 
 Sauveniere 
 
 I. 
 
 Tonnelet 
 
 II. 
 
 Tonnelet 
 
 Groesbeck 
 
 Carbonic acid 
 
 2 leu. in. 
 
 14 
 
 20 
 
 22 
 
 197 
 
 21 
 
 (According to Struve, 
 
 8) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Gaseous hydrogen \ 
 compound of iron J 
 
 
 0'04c.in. 
 
 0-02 
 
 o-oi 
 
 0-004 
 
 
 
 Total of solid ingredients 
 
 3-37 gr. 
 
 1-65 
 
 1-28 
 
 0-96 
 
 0-58 
 
 0-83 
 
 Sulphate of soda . 
 
 
 
 0-04 
 
 0-07 
 
 0-02 
 
 
 
 0-02 
 
 Carbonate of soda 
 
 0-90 
 
 0-45 
 
 0-30 
 
 0-21 
 
 0-08 
 
 0-22 
 
 magnesia 
 
 0-31 
 
 0-16 
 
 o-io 
 
 0-08 
 
 0-06 
 
 0-08 
 
 ,, lime 
 
 075 
 
 0-33 
 
 0.22 
 
 0-15 
 
 0-12 
 
 0-16 
 
 iron 
 
 0-87 
 
 0-45 
 
 0-43 
 
 0-39 
 
 0-25 
 
 0-24 
 
 (According to Struve 
 
 0-37) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Carbonate of alumina 
 
 0-03 
 
 o-oi 
 
 
 
 
 
 __ 
 
 
 
 Chloride of sodium 
 
 020 
 
 0-09 
 
 0-06 
 
 0-04 
 
 0-01 
 
 0-04 
 
 Silica . 
 
 0-28 
 
 o-io 
 
 0-07 
 
 0-04 
 
 0-02 
 
 0-04 
 
 for the relief of hepatic sluggishness. The springs act as solvents 
 and tonics. From the Geronstere some sulphuretted hydrogen is 
 
SPAA. 227 
 
 disengaged. The Sauveniere contains more steel than the 
 Geronstere, and less than the Tonnelets. The air is very salu- 
 brious and bracing. The springs are particularly recommended 
 in atony of the uropoietic organs in acidity, dyspepsia, and 
 tendency to gravel. In anaemic conditions generally they possess 
 great efficacy, and deserve to be more employed than they are. 
 
 Considering that nearly every severe and prolonged ailment 
 produces a certain state of debility and anaemia, and thus leaves 
 a greater susceptibility for the germination of morbific tendencies, 
 it is obvious that chalybeates will very frequently be required, 
 and that their adaptation to the respective individuals must be 
 of the utmost importance. Though no blood may have been 
 actually abstracted during an acute disease, an indirect loss of 
 blood has taken place, the metamorphosis of vital structures into 
 effete particles having proceeded as usual, whilst the required 
 assimilation of ingested food for the reparation of the loss was 
 impeded. Overexertion of any organ or system, without de- 
 rangement, is another source of weakness, for we may assume 
 that a limit is placed to the action of each organic sphere. 
 
 If the circulating force be merely weakened by depression of 
 the nervous system, the same injuries will result as if the quantity 
 of blood were deficient ; for unless propelled with a certain vigour 
 it will afford a less powerful stimulus for reproduction and for 
 generation of heat. This circumstance is probably one of the 
 reasons why we may give pharmaceutic preparations of iron for 
 months to exsanguine and weakened nervous females without 
 obtaining results so often following the use of chalybeate springs 
 during three or four weeks. Though less iron was ingested in 
 the latter instance, the remedy was accompanied by the highly- 
 stimulating carbonic acid, so that the moving force of the blood 
 must have been augmented, and its power of provoking metamor- 
 phosis. But the important question remains, what chalybeate 
 shall we choose, if we find its tonic action indicated ? 
 
 The analysis will serve as a guide in a great measure, but you 
 must by no means wholly depend upon it. Thus in Spaa, the 
 last chalybeate mentioned, without an explanatory difference 
 being afforded by the chemical constituents, the Sauveniere is 
 particularly renowned for cases of sterility, more than the 
 Pouhon ; whilst to the Groesbeck a very powerful diuretic action 
 is ascribed, and its utility is extolled in gravel and lithiasis : the 
 two latter are especially recommended in such cases of debility 
 and anaemia as result from moist and damp habitations, from 
 
 Q 2 
 
228 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 previous intermittent fever, and from scarlatina, especially in 
 leuco-phlegmatic flabby individuals. The Pouhon is, on the 
 contrary, recommended in obstructed portal circulation, in de- 
 ficient bilifi cation, in congested liver and spleen following inter- 
 mittent fever; also in flatulence, digestive weakness, acidity, 
 tendency to diarrhoea, passive hemorrhage, &c. To relieve the 
 consequences of intermittent fever, you find Pyrmont, Schwal- 
 bach, and Spaa recommended. In tropical climates, where the 
 function of the skin is excessively stimulated, and in low marshy 
 regions, where the same function is inordinately impeded, the 
 same morbid states often result viz., intermittent fever and sub- 
 sequent engorgement of liver and spleen. How is this ? Pro- 
 bably because impaired sanguification is the consequence of both 
 abnormal influences. 
 
 In the tropical regions the skin assumes, as it were, the work 
 destined to other organs. Without the due proportion of muscular 
 exercise, circulation and vital combustion are promoted. This 
 undue exaggeration of certain organic functions must ultimately 
 produce great relaxation and atony of the overworked organs. 
 The serum of the blood being greatly diminished by the constant 
 drain of perspiration, the blood can no more circulate with its 
 wonted rapidity. Though the propelling force of the heart 
 suffices to send it to the peripheric capillaries, its return through 
 the portal vessel will be retarded, the more so as the liver has 
 been likewise overexerted and weakened, by partially performing 
 the function of the lungs rarity of the air permitting a minor 
 entrance of oxygen for ordinary inspirations. An impaired chyli- 
 fication cannot but result. Thus a constant loss takes place on 
 the one hand, without a sufficient reparatory sanguification on the 
 other. The anaemic state of such invalids is better counteracted 
 by chalybeates which powerfully promote the action of the liver, 
 and remove the atony and susceptibility of the skin as Fran- 
 zensbrunn, Pyrmont, &c. The amount of carbonic acid, inter 
 alia, must have a decisive weight in the choice. In marshy and 
 damp places the ordinary function of the skin is somewhat checked 
 by the watery exhalations of the circumambient atmosphere ; the effete 
 nitrogenous and carbonaceous particles repelled to the central 
 organs claim a greater amount of work from the abdominal viscera. 
 The caloric generated in our organism is quickly abstracted by 
 the surrounding atmosphere for the evaporation of the suspended 
 watery particles. The diminished heat of the surface causes a 
 revulsion of the blood towards internal organs, and especially 
 
SPAA. 229 
 
 a retarded reflux from the centres of venous circulation. In the 
 latter instance those spas are useful which counteract the debility 
 and anaemia, without materially increasing the circulation of 
 abdominal organs, as Spaa in Belgium, where, more especially, 
 the energy of the uropoietic and cutaneous systems is called into 
 requisition, and where the bracing air of the Ardennes Forest 
 greatly contributes toward a successful result. The services 
 of a very scientific English physician (Dr. Cutler) are available 
 for English visitors at the latter place, besides several Belgian 
 physicians of repute, as Dr. Lezaak and others. 
 
230 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 LECTURE XVII. 
 
 EMS SCHLANGENBAD BADEN-BADEN. 
 
 TO-DAY I must request you to follow me as far as Coblentz. You 
 perceive the River Moselle entering the Rhine on its left shore. 
 The River Lahn terminates its westerly course a short distance 
 below, on the right. 
 
 Our present destination is a very celebrated spa, situated on the 
 right bank of the River Lahn, thre leagues to the east of Coblentz, 
 viz. Ems, on the railway between Coblentz and Giessen. It lies 
 about eight leagues to the north of Schwalbach, and is enclosed in 
 a narrow valley between high mountains, about a quarter of a 
 league from the village of Ems. The opposite bank is consider- 
 ably wider, and covered with gardens and meadows. The river, 
 though large, flows so slowly that scarcely any movement is per- 
 ceptible in it. The surrounding mountains consist of clay-slate, 
 interspersed with quartz ; greywacke and layers of shining coal 
 are met with at greater depths. To the east of the spa a curi- 
 ously-shaped group of rocks rises almost perpendicularly to a 
 great height ; to the west the Baderberg is perceived, contrasting 
 with the opposite mountain by being cultivated to the very sum- 
 mit. Vineyards and orchards clothe its slopes. On the other 
 side of the river the mountain-heights are intersected by valleys, 
 and rise like colossal pyramids, covered with wood and verdure. 
 The highest peaks are formed by the Winterberg and the Mol- 
 buskopf. 
 
 In contradistinction to the village, the spa is called ' Bad Ems.' 
 The houses destined for the reception of the valetudinarians are 
 built along the river. The Curhaus is most conveniently arranged, 
 both for residence and sanitary purposes, with water and douche- 
 baths, &c. About half a league" from the village of Ems the so- 
 called ' Silberhiitte ' invites the attention of visitors. On the 
 opposite bank the mines of ( Lindenbach ' are perceived. About 
 an hour's walk along the dam of the Lahn brings you to Nassau, 
 with its antiquated castle. On the other side of the river a moun- 
 
EMS. 231 
 
 tain rises, covered with trees and shrubs, and bearing the ruins of 
 the old chateaux of Nassau and Stein. 
 
 Walks and roads are laid out to supply the invalid with means 
 of exercise. Donkeys are generally used for ascending the distant 
 hills and mountains. Though the valley offers many romantic 
 spots and natural charms along the serpentine course of the Lahn, 
 its confined position, the frequent blasts and winds, especially in 
 the morning and evening, and the consequent vicissitudes of tem- 
 perature make it an undesirable locality for those who do not 
 positively require the sanitary use of the waters. No temptations 
 are oiFered to the pleasure-seeker for a prolonged sojourn. 
 
 The Baderley is considered as the focus of the thermal springs 
 which originate at its foot. The spa is one of the oldest in Ger- 
 many, and was known to the Romans, according to undoubted 
 testimony : it belongs now to the domains of the Duke of Nassau. 
 The various springs differ greatly in their temperature, the con- 
 stituents being nearly the same in each. Though the number of 
 visitors has considerably increased of late (to 4,000 and upwards 
 in one season), the former quiet tone is preserved, and no oppor- 
 tunity given for noisy amusements. This is chiefly due to the 
 serious nature of the complaints of those seeking relief here 
 partly also to the peculiar local disposition. A covered colon- 
 nade now adjoins the Curhaus,for walking in unfavourable weather. 
 
 The ( Steinerne Haus ' and ( die vier Thiirme ' are private 
 property, but also serve for the accommodation of invalids. The 
 former adjoins the Curhaus. In the ( Armenbad ' indigent pa- 
 tients receive gratuitous accommodation. The water has a weak, 
 alkaline, saltish taste. Its colour is transparent. In the canals 
 through which it flows a reddish bath- stone is deposited, consisting 
 of ferruginous lime-earth. Of the numerous springs I will merely 
 mention the principal ones : 
 
 I. The thermal springs of the Curhaus : 
 
 The Kesselbrunnen, 117i F. 
 The Krdnchen, 91 F. 
 The Furstenquelle, 95 F. 
 
 II. Springs of the Steinerne Haus : 
 
 The warm one of 100 F. 
 The lukewarm one of 77 F. 
 
 III. The thermal springs of the Armenbad have a temperature 
 of 109 F. 
 
232 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 The highest temperature is possessed by those of the Pfer- 
 debad viz., 133f F. 
 
 Several warm springs originate in the bed of the River Lahn, 
 near the Pferdebad, communicating to the water a heat of 104 
 F., with a constant development of bubbles of carbonic acid and 
 nitrogen gas, so that warm river-baths might be constructed with 
 great advantage to the patients. 
 
 The Bubenquelle (boys' spring) deserves also a special notice. 
 It bubbles up a few steps from the chief spring, with a tempera- 
 ture of 117^ F. This spring is merely used in cases of sterility; 
 an ascending douche drives the water with some force into the 
 vagina of barren women sitting over it. The great reputation of 
 this spa in cases of sterility must be accounted for partly by 
 the stimulating mechanical agency, and partly by the alkaline 
 effect of the water. The carbonic acid and nitrogen are present 
 in an inverse proportion to the heat of the water. The chief con- 
 stituents are carbonate of soda and chloride of sodium. 
 
 According to Kastner, the Kesselbrunnen contains thirty-one 
 grains of solid ingredients in sixteen ounces, viz. : 
 
 20-01 carbonate of soda. 
 
 1-97 lime. 
 
 1'19 ,, magnesia. 
 
 0-03 iron. 
 
 7 '02 chloride of sodium. 
 
 0'03 potassium. 
 
 0*54 sulphate of potash. 
 
 0-40 silica. 
 
 0'07 extractive substance. 
 13 cubic inches of carbonic acid, and half a cubic inch of nitrogen. 
 
 The Krdnchen contains twenty-nine grains of solid constituents, 
 viz., seventeen of carbonate of soda, two of carbonate of lime, 
 and 7} of chloride of sodium ; in other respects analogous to the 
 former, but it contains 18 J cubic inches of carbonic acid, and 
 two of nitrogen. The altitude of Ems is 188 feet above the level 
 of the sea. You are aware that Ems enjoys its greatest reputa- 
 tion for th.e cure of laryngeal and pulmonary diseases. Since the 
 urgent recommendation of Hufeland, patients without number 
 resort to the spa, expecting confirmed tubercular consumption to 
 be cured there. Many are certainly disappointed, especially after 
 considerable progress has been made by the disease the whole 
 system showing its participation by emaciation, nocturnal perspira- 
 tions, hectic fever, &c. The waters are unable to arrest the 
 
EMS. 233 
 
 destructive process rapidly going forward. Though, on the au- 
 thority of Hufeland, no deterioration ensues in this spa, still, 
 when no rational judgment can promise relief, the exciting 
 journey and the stimulating baths should be avoided in such ad- 
 vanced stages. It is however quite otherwise in the incipient 
 stage of phthisis, or in mere diathesis, of persons of florid com- 
 .plexion and characteristic frame, greatly inclined to pulmonary or 
 tracheal catarrh, or to hoarseness. If these phenomena appear as a 
 reflex of abdominal mucosity, hepatic sluggishness, or tendency to 
 acidity, lithiasis, irritative dyspepsia, &c., Ems offers itself as a 
 unique and unrivalled remedy. Whilst the chloride of sodium 
 tends to improve the digestive process, the chief ingredient, car- 
 bonate of soda, exerts its antacid and solvent power. It softens 
 the tough viscid mucus of the intestinal and uropoietic passages, 
 causing therein a more normal secretion and a less embarrassed 
 capillary circulation. The congestion of the pulmonary vessels is 
 thus diminished by an improved abdominal metamorphosis ; the 
 expectoration becomes looser, and mucus more abundant and 
 normal. The confined state of the atmosphere might cause an in- 
 convenient oppression, without the use of the waters, but during 
 their therapeutic action the pulmonary weakness is not aggra- 
 vated ; on the contrary, the denser state of the air renders deep 
 inspirations less necessary consequently less exercise of the lungs 
 is needed to obtain the required amount of oxygen. When the 
 beneficial changes have been effected by the springs, then a more 
 invigorating and bracing atmosphere is wanted. The above re- 
 marks are necessary to explain an apparent contradiction concern- 
 ing the great advantage of high positions in tubercular diathesis. 
 The cure is there to be produced by the mechanical dilatation 
 of the lungs, but here through the chemically alterative process 
 instituted in another part of the system, when it is desirable 
 that the secondarily affected lungs or trachea should remain as in- 
 active as is compatible with health. 
 
 Less cutaneous irritation is produced by the Ems baths than by 
 those of many other thermae ; indeed, an allaying sedative effect is 
 exercised on the nervous system, and an inclination to repose and 
 sleepiness is frequently felt, but it must not be indulged in on any 
 account. Moving about, friction, or a moist cold cloth on the head, 
 are frequently -recommended to the bather. This shows how danger- 
 ous the baths are in any tendency to congestion, plethora, active 
 haemorrhage, &c. When the skin is less irritated through the 
 small amount of culinary salt, a greater scope is left to the action 
 
234 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 of heat, and considerable caution is therefore demanded, especially 
 in warm bathing, and more particularly by that class of patients 
 usually resorting to Ems. The energetic flow of blood towards 
 the circumference soon reacts, and returns with greater vivacity 
 to the internal organs especially to the lungs, heart, brain, or 
 any other organ in a state of irritation or congestion. The Kes- 
 selbrunnen is most frequently drunk ; the Kranchen, from the 
 very scanty supply, is used less frequently. The former is pre- 
 ferred where a greater peripheric action is desired. Vascular 
 erethism is diminished, especially in the mucous membranes of the 
 air-passages. Alvine action is, however, not promoted, but rather 
 retarded. 
 
 The Kranchen, from its greater quantity of carbonic acid, has 
 a more stimulating, solvent, and tonic power on the intestinal 
 canal, energetically ameliorating the uterine and uropoietic func- 
 tions. It is therefore more enployed in abdominal sluggishness. 
 The thermal springs of the Steinerne Haus are used as a transi- 
 tion between the two. The water is frequently employed with 
 great advantage in the form of douche in neuralgic, rheumatic, 
 and arthritic complaints ; also as clysters and injections in haemor- 
 rhoidal spasms, menstrual anomalies, fluor albus, &c. In cases 
 of great pulmonary irritation the Kesselbrunnen is administered 
 with asses' or goats' milk. Persons subject to nervous erethism 
 often find great benefit from undergoing a short course of eight 
 or fifteen baths at Schlangenbad after having finished the cure at 
 Ems. A few cases will best illustrate the action of Ems. Miss 
 P., twenty-six years of age, of a slender and delicate build, had lost 
 her mother, a brother, and one sister by tubercular consumption. 
 She was well up to her twenty-first year ; from that time the cata- 
 menial flux began to diminish in quantity, and to be accompanied 
 by most violent abdominal spasms. These phenomena gradually 
 deteriorated, so that she was ultimately confined to her bed during 
 that epoch. Dyspnoea and oppression of the right side of the chest 
 became now always associated with this period. These symptoms 
 regularly reappeared every four weeks, till at last pulmonary 
 hemorrhage ensued each time, with violent spasms. Her bodily 
 strength now began to decrease, respiration became less free, and 
 cough with spitting of blood formed the climax at each monthly 
 epoch. This state had lasted from the autumn of 1837 to the 
 spring of 1838, when the patient was first seen by Dr. Franque. 
 Physical examination exhibited weaker respiratory murmur at the 
 upper part of the right lung ; there was no dulness on percussion, 
 
EMS. 235 
 
 no suspicious expectoration, nor nightly perspirations, during the 
 intermission ; the bowels were rather confined, though the ap- 
 petite was unimpaired. The conclusion was arrived at that no 
 actual tuberculosis had developed itself, but that a merely con- 
 gested state of the lungs existed, and would probably be developed 
 to the fatal malady, unless checked in time. Ems was therefore 
 advised. She arrived on the 6th of June, after having undergone 
 one of the above-mentioned attacks. The Kesselbrunnen was 
 ordered, with goats' milk, and lukewarm half-baths every other 
 day. A few days before her expected menstruation, leeches were 
 applied to the inner side of the upper thigh, and for the first time 
 this dreaded epoch passed without spasms or spitting of blood. 
 The course was continued for eight weeks, and the patient left 
 without experiencing any more attacks up to January of the next 
 year, the time when this report was communicated, being alto- 
 gether greatly improved hi health and spirits. 
 
 Mr. T., thirty-five years of age, showed a distinct phthisical 
 disposition by his whole build, and also by the husky tone of voice, 
 easily getting hoarse by any exertion. Two of his sisters had 
 died from pulmonary consumption, as also his mother. Travelling 
 and the use of saline baths had succeeded in strengthening his 
 health in some degree, and enabling him to perform his professional 
 duties with cheerfulness and energy ; but catarrhs appeared now 
 and then, and became more and more frequent, alternating with 
 toothache or other rheumatic affections. An issue and appropriate 
 internal treatment alleviated these evils, but only for a short time, 
 so that their return in winter and spring could always be antici- 
 pated with certainty. At last a violent catarrh was developed 
 with a hollow cough, tickling and burning sensation in the larynx, 
 hoarsenesss, restlessness, strong matinal perspirations, and great 
 nervous excitability. The expectoration was mucous, liquid, free 
 from blood, but sometimes containing small conglomerated greyish 
 lumps. Appropriate treatment induced amelioration, but great 
 exhaustion was left behind, with mental depression and tendency 
 to profuse nocturnal perspirations. Traces of piles, which had 
 showed themselves at the commencement of the next year, left no 
 permanent effect on his state of health. 
 
 When he arrived in Ems, in the month of July, his pulse 
 was of moderate frequency, his skin inclined to profuse perspira- 
 tion, his voice husky ; cough and expectoration inconsiderable ; 
 digestion normal. The Kesselbrunnen was commenced, and after 
 some time baths were added. Gentle douche to the neck was 
 
236 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 subsequently employed, as the morbid irritation seemed specially 
 fixed in the larynx. The result was highly satisfactory, and 
 when he left he had merely to complain of a certain general 
 languor, which frequently follows the prolonged use of Ems. The 
 next autumn, winter, and spring passed with undisturbed health. 
 He returned to Ems the following summer, to complete his cure. 
 In this he succeeded, though the course was interrupted by in- 
 tercurring diarrhoea, with inflammatory symptoms. From the 
 numerous cases recorded, I purposely select those of minor se- 
 verity for in these Ems may almost be considered as a specific, 
 whilst in instances of more advanced pulmonary disease the 
 chances of relief diminish. Drs. von Franque, Doring, Spengler, 
 Vogler, von Ibell, von So'st, Busch, &c., are amongst the most re- 
 puted physicians of the place.* 
 
 Let us now proceed to Schlangenbad, after having passed 
 through Schwalbach, from which latter place it is only two 
 leagues distant Wiesbaden lies to the east, at a distance of 
 three leagues Mainz at four leagues to the south-east. If you 
 take the curvature of the Rhine at Bingen as the corner, and 
 draw an oblique line from Coblentz to Bibrich, you see first Ems, 
 then Schwalbach, and at last Schlangenbad. This will at once 
 indicate to you the route to be taken when coming from London. 
 If your destination be Ems, you disembark at the upper termina- 
 tion of the line, viz. Coblentz. If you wish to visit Wiesbaden, 
 Schlangenbad, or Schwalbach, it is more convenient to retain 
 your places till you have reached the inferior angle, viz. Biberich. 
 From this spot the railroad takes you to Wiesbaden or Frankfort, 
 whilst horse-conveyances bring you through the pleasant Rhein- 
 gau to Schlangenbad or Schwalbach. Those fond of picturesque 
 scenery, and possessed of sufficient leisure, would certainly do well 
 to travel by land from Coblentz through Ems to the southern spas 
 of Nassau. Schlangenbad lies in a pleasant valley surrounded 
 by woody hills, with many romantic spots. The neighbouring 
 shores of the Rhine are frequently visited : the Niederwald, the 
 height between Wiesbaden and Schwalbach, and other very pic- 
 turesque mountain and vale-scenery invite the valetudinarian. 
 
 There are several springs, of a temperature ranging between 
 77 and 88 Fahrenheit. Their water is clear and perfectly taste- 
 less. The chief use is external. The baths are very capacious 
 and covered by ( Traas/ a substance bearing some resemblance to 
 
 * Hotels d'Angleterre, des Quatre Saisons, and de Russie, afford excellent ac- 
 commodation. 
 
SCHLANGEXBAD. 237 
 
 asphaltes. Heated water is let in to cover the bottom of the 
 baths before the natural thermal water is introduced, because the 
 cold bottom would otherwise reduce the heat too rapidly. The 
 chief bath, however, is filled by the thermal water alone without 
 admixture, the bottom being heated by steam. The Schacht- 
 Irunnen is the principal spring, having a temperature of 88 
 Fahrenheit. The water sparkles little when drawn, but feels 
 very soft, and is often exported as a cosmetic. According to the 
 latest analysis, it contains 8J- grains of solid constituents, viz. : 
 
 3'36 grains of carbonate of soda. 
 1'70 lime. 
 
 1*19 ,, ,, magnesia. 
 
 2'15 chloride of sodium. 
 
 Only a few cubic inches of carbonic acid or other gaseous con- 
 tents are present viz., carbonic acid If cubic inches, and ni- 
 trogen . 
 
 The baths have a peculiarly sedative influence on the nervous 
 and vascular systems, and they are especially reputed for the 
 beautifying power they exercise on the skin, to which they impart 
 a satiny softness. In pure hysteric or hypochondriacal irritability, 
 or spasmodic tendency without structural change, the spa shows 
 itself highly efficacious. Its cosmetic influence is to a great 
 measure to be attributed to the combination of its carbonate of 
 soda with the fatty cutaneous secretion, by which means a sort of 
 very fine soap-water is -generated, which rinses out the pores of 
 the skin, whilst the lukewarm water enters the cutaneous ab- 
 sorbent vessels to dissolve and mobilise effete particles, and pre- 
 pare them for elimination. The small amount of carbonic acid 
 induces a very slight general stimulation, and may be the cause 
 of the thermal ingredients chiefly confining their contact and 
 efficacy to the skin and subcutaneous tissues, without penetrating 
 to the central organs and provoking their reaction. Very irri- 
 table individuals have to begin with a somewhat higher tempera- 
 ture. For this purpose there are two taps attached to each 
 bathing-space, the one admitting the unheated and the other the 
 heated thermal water, so as to communicate the required tem- 
 perature to the whole. The position of the spa is peculiarly 
 favourable for giving tone to the weakened nervous system. 
 Whilst its neighbour, Schwalbach, lies on the north-eastern 
 declivity of the Tatmus, Schlangenbad is situated on the south- 
 western declivity (at an altitude of 897 feet), and protected by 
 
238 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 three considerable mountain-groups from the blasts incidental to 
 valleys. The mild atmosphere of the southern declivity is there- 
 fore partially enjoyed with the bracing mountain-air, and acts 
 tonically and soothingly on the depressed or irritated nervous 
 system. The soil is chiefly gravelly, abounding in quartz, and 
 partially clayey ; so that after rain-showers the ground soon dries 
 again, and invites the invalid to wanderings in the charming en- 
 virons and verdant fields and meadows. Dr. Bertrand, the pre- 
 sent physician, found the spa extremely beneficial in neuralgia 
 of the skin and joints ; for it both strengthens the functions and 
 diminishes the morbid irritability of the affected organs. The 
 female sex form the greatest number of patients. Its beneficial 
 influence on the uterus and uterine nerves is especially remarked. 
 
 Hufeland says that he knows of no spa so adapted to retard 
 or repress the articular stiffness and exsiccation incidental even 
 to healthy old age, or prematurely induced by ( fast living.' ' I 
 know by experience,' he continues, ' that a regular annual use of 
 the spa imparts to old age cheerfulness, agility of the joints, and 
 prolonged strength. If we consider all its qualities, it is peculiarly 
 fit for a lady's bath ; for it beautifies the skin and renders it more 
 juvenile and elastic, whilst it gives greater mobility to the limbs. 
 Besides, the extremely romantic situation and the beautiful 
 climate of those regions must be considered as auxiliaries.' 
 
 To illustrate the special indication of the spa, I would direct 
 your attention to the following case mentioned by Dr. Renter, of 
 Eltville : Mrs. S. v. B., thirty-seven years of age, married 
 fifteen years, and mother of six children, had previously suffered 
 with hysteria, at one time with profuse catamenia, subsequently 
 with rheumatism, then with nervous headache, and when she ar- 
 rived at the spa, with neuralgic pains in the loins. She was greatly 
 debilitated, especially in the lower extremities ; convulsions of the 
 abdominal muscles appeared, and inability of turning from side to 
 side, besides great difficulty of sitting or of walking erect. The 
 complexion was pale, the appetite and sleep diminished ; occa- 
 sionally chilliness seized her, with a creeping sensation of the 
 skin, frequent desire of micturition, and a peculiar feeling of 
 fulness and weight in her vesical region. Before her arrival she 
 had been cupped near the sacrum, and rubbed with aromatico- 
 balsamic liniments. At the spa she took nothing else but thirty 
 baths of 901 F. ; an aromatic plaster was applied to the abdomen 
 after each bath, to counteract the enteralgias, from which she suf- 
 fered after the disappearance of the lumbar pains. She was dis- 
 
BADEN-BADEN. 239 
 
 charged completely cured. The utility of Schlangenbad, after a 
 course of Ems, will be the more obvious from the above remarks. 
 
 I have to request your company to a spa crowded by the 
 greatest number of visitors, and well worthy of being considered 
 as the world's exhibition of all the varieties of the human race : 
 for scarcely a country of the old continent is there unrepre- 
 sented, nor a language or dialect. The modern philologist will 
 sometimes be puzzled by the different sounds and words that 
 strike his ear within a short walk. The name of the spa is 
 perhaps already guessed. We were led by the course to defer 
 its consideration, notwithstanding its title of Queen of the Ger- 
 man Spas. 
 
 You know, therefore, that I invite you to return to Frankfort, 
 and to avail yourselves of the expeditious railroad to reach the 
 beautiful and universally-admired spa of Baden-Baden. The 
 particulars of the journey I have already described in the fourth 
 lecture, when treating of Wildbad, its easterly neighbour. 
 
 The town of Baden lies on the River Oos, in one of the most 
 charming valleys of the Black Forest. To distinguish it from 
 spas of the same name it is designated abroad Baden-Baden. 
 The Rhine is two leagues distant to the west, Karlsruhe eight 
 leagues to the north, Strassburg twelve to the west. 'When 
 coming from the village of Os, flourishing vineyards border the 
 road to the left, and dark fir-trees, with mighty rocks, and the 
 picturesque ruins of the old castle ; to the right verdant fields 
 and luxuriant meadows charm the eye, hills are covered with oak 
 and beech-trees, and alternate with private mansions, farms, and 
 the tower of the Yberg. In the midst Baden is perceived, with 
 its chateau and pinnacles, and in the background the blue sum- 
 mits of the distant mountain-heights. Part of the town is 
 built at the foot of the hill, the other portion being situate 
 on the hill itself, overlooked by the chateau at its sum- 
 mit. High mountains surround the town (the highest is the Mer- 
 curiusberg), and protect the charming valley against tempestuous 
 winds. The distant prospects offered from the summit of the 
 castle are really delightful. If the sky be serene, the eye may 
 reach as far as the Vogesen mountains beyond the Rhine valley ; 
 to the south the high mountains may be seen which separate the 
 dukedom of Baden from the kingdom of Wurtemberg. In the 
 environs the efforts of Art rival the beauties of Nature. The 
 walks and rides that may be undertaken by the valetudinarian 
 for his amusement and recreation are varied and beautiful. With 
 
240 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 an altitude of 616 feet above the level of the sea, and the moun- 
 tainous protection, the climate is equally favourable to an abun- 
 dant vegetation and to the human inhabitant. 
 
 The air is pure and mild, and heightens the pleasure to be 
 derived from the variegated and enchanting spots which are so 
 profusely spread over Baden and its environs. It was known to 
 the Romans under the name of f ci vitas aquensis.' It is one of 
 the most brilliant and fashionable spas, rivalling the celebrated 
 "Wiesbaden in elegance and luxury. Upwards of 20,000 visitors 
 resort there during the season (between the 1st of May and the 
 1st of October). 
 
 The springs are numerous, and supply a great abundance of 
 thermal water. 
 
 The chief spring ( Ur sprung') possesses a temperature of 161 
 F., and issues from a rock consisting of horn-stone and quartz. 
 The Bruhbrunnen lies a few paces off, near the two ludenquellen. 
 The Hollenquelle enjoys the highest position, and lies behind 
 the Ursprung. The temperature ranges between 161 and 117^ 
 F. The baths are chiefly supplied from the principal source, 
 whence the water runs down into reservoirs. After being cooled, 
 it is admitted by a tap into the baignoires, which receive from 
 another reservoir uncooled thermal water, till the mixture reaches 
 the appropriate temperature. The water is clear, transparent, of 
 a somewhat saltish taste, inodorous, and little sparkling. 
 
 After some time a calcareous deposit, with some iron, becomes 
 precipitated. A soft, unctuous, dark-greenish bath-mud is used 
 for discutient applications. The vapour of the chief source is led 
 into an adjoining building through a vapour -pipe, and employed 
 for natural vapour-baths. 
 
 The chemical constituents are nearly the same in the different 
 springs. About 22^ grains are contained in 16 ounces viz. : 
 
 17| grains of chloride of sodium. 
 1| ,, potassium. 
 
 | ,, magnesium. 
 
 2| sulphate of lime. 
 
 -L ,, carbonate of iron. 
 
 and less than half a cubic inch of carbonic acid. 
 
 The spa belongs thus to the warm saline springs, but analysis 
 and experience class it amongst the weakest. The scantiness of 
 chloride of sodium (nearly 30 grains less than Wiesbaden), and of 
 carbonic acid (four cubic inches less), must prepare you to find it 
 a considerably less efficacious remedy in cases of severe rheuma- 
 
BADEN-BADEN. 241 
 
 tism or rheumatic paralysis, in which Wiesbaden affords such 
 powerful assistance. 
 
 On the other hand, frequent instances will occur of slight rheu- 
 matic or arthritic affections of chronic torpid mucosity of the 
 intestinal canal, general irritability and atony of the nervous sys- 
 tem, morbid susceptibility of the vesical mucous membrane, &c., 
 in which you might find the peculiar alterative, digestive, and 
 solvent power of saline springs indicated, but without requiring 
 the more intense action of the powerful spas : in that case Baden 
 will be very appropriately recommended. On account of the 
 great advantages offered by the locality, its climate, and environs 
 are of high importance to those who are not seriously disabled. 
 As Wetzler says, ( The air is so pure, the climate so mild, the 
 landscape so rich in variegated beauties : high mountains with 
 distant charming prospects here, smiling valleys there, ruins of 
 antique chateaux, blooming villages, and luxuriant fields alternat- 
 ing with superb vineyards, sunny plains and hills, and dark shady 
 walks. The region is indeed paradisiacal, and blessed days may 
 be passed here ! Hastening away from confined chambers, rest- 
 ing from the troubles and toils of life, you may gather there 
 renewed forces in the enjoyment of purer air and purer nature. 
 Let him resort to Baden who has entered the retrogressive period 
 of life ; an annual sojourn of a few weeks in this terrestrial para- 
 dise may help to prolong his days. Let the citizens wander here 
 who wish to enjoy the charms of rural life, and to contemplate 
 Nature in its finest attire. But let them participate in the plea- 
 sures of the luxurious table with moderation. They may also 
 bathe with profit for strengthening, refreshing, and purifying 
 the skin. But whoever suffers from very serious ailment, and 
 expects to be chiefly cured by the agency of the mineral water, 
 must not be sent to Baden.' To sum up, if the patient is too 
 unwell to profit by the numerous resources of climate and locality, 
 his case is not adapted to Baden. There are now very well-con- 
 trived Russian vapour-baths at the Goldene Hirsch, which assist 
 materially in the cure of rheumatic diseases, but of course the 
 relief has then to be effected in but not by the spa. Hofrath Dr. 
 Gugert records an instance of scrofulous ulcers of the ankle occur- 
 ring in a child of five years of age, which were cured by the 
 thermal vapours of the chief spring, after the ineffectual employ- 
 ment of anti-scrofulous remedies and spas. He enumerates some 
 other cases of scrofulous eruptions, of gout, and of pulmonary 
 and laryngeal catarrhal irritation, as cured or relieved by the 
 
 R 
 
242 GERMAN MINERAL WATEES. 
 
 thermal vapours. In and near the town (Lichtenthal) chalybeate 
 springs originate, and are effectually employed after a course of 
 Baden. They contain 2 grains of solid ingredients in 16 ounces 
 viz., 1J of carbonate of iron, -^ of carbonate of soda, ^ of 
 carbonate of lime, J of chloride of magnesium, but no carbonic 
 acid; hence you may beware of confounding them with chaly- 
 beates containing less iron, but accompanied by the indispensable 
 volatile gas. Though the chief employment of Baden be exter- 
 nal, the water is also frequently ordered internally pure or with 
 whey. To render it more efficacious in torpid venous obstruc- 
 tion of the abdominal vessels, an imitation of Karlsbad water is 
 artificially prepared, by adding, according to Kolr enter's prescrip- 
 tion, sulphate and carbonate of soda, so that about 50 grains of 
 solid constituents impregnate a pint of the water. The physicians 
 seem all greatly occupied during the season (Drs. Ruff, Miller, 
 Gaus, Schrauder, Wilhelmi, Berton, Fusslin, Brumm, Schmidt, 
 Brandis, Jorger, Berg, Heiligenthal), though a very numerous 
 portion of the visitors seek only recreation amid the charms of 
 the surrounding scenery. 
 
OEYNHAUSEN. 243 
 
 LECTURE XVIII. 
 
 OEYNHAUSEN NAUHEIM. 
 
 TO-DAY I shall bring to your notice the two -most recently dis- 
 covered German spas, viz. Oeynliausen and Nauheim. 
 
 Oeyhausen (long, east 9 lat. north 52), the youngest member 
 of the family of spas, may be reached from Cologne in eight, and 
 from London in about twenty-four hours. It is within sight of 
 the Rehme Station,* near the junction of the Werre and the 
 Weser. It owes its origin to the salt-works, to which it is con- 
 tiguous (Ncusalziverk) ; and though the last discovered (since 
 1845), it already enjoys a high reputation in the cure of diseases 
 in which the saline springs are indicated. 
 
 It is situated between Minden and Herford, at an equal distance 
 often miles. To obtain a fresh supply of salt, a hole was bored (now 
 2,220 feet deep), when, unexpectedly, a warm salt-spring flowed 
 out in great abundance, giving rise to the spa under consideration. 
 
 The borehole and its adjoining baths are situated to the south- 
 west of the salt-works, in a fertile valley, extending beyond the 
 Werre and joining the valley of the Weser. It is bounded on the 
 north by the Weser Mountains (900 feet high) which can be seen 
 for several miles, and which the River Weser intersects in the 
 Porta Westphalica, near Hausberg (five miles from Neusalzwerk). 
 
 The steep Margaret and Jacob Mountains (constituting the 
 Porta Westphalica) are invested with a pleasant appearance by 
 groves of beech, and the tower built upon the former mountain 
 affords a charming panorama of the environs. The Demberg and 
 Kappenberg constitute, respectively, the southern and eastern 
 frontiers. Behind these rise the Steinegge, Ebenode, &c., en- 
 closing Vlotho in a deep valley. From the highest point (the 
 Bonstapel), the town of Minden can be discerned in a due northerly 
 direction through the Porta Westphalica. The spa is thus pro- 
 tected by the surrounding mountains from violent extremes of 
 temperature, without being exposed to the foggy exhalations of 
 
 * The last station before Minden. 
 R 2 
 
244 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 the Werre and Weser, these rivers lying below its level. A mild 
 and healthy climate prevails, though sometimes subject to sudden 
 changes. The mean temperature of the soil is 50 Fahrenheit. 
 The mountain-masses of the environs belong to that class formed 
 of horizontal layers. The lowest stratum is composed of shell- 
 lime. Above this appear the white and red sandstones, then 
 variegated layers of marl (mostly red) ; a peculiar layer of white 
 calcareous marl then follows, frequently employed for manuring 
 the fields, and containing numerous crystals of sulphur-pyrites. 
 Towards Neusalzwerk it is covered by black slate and pebble- 
 stones, which former may be considered as the transition into the 
 lyas-formation that occupies the south. We moreover find tertiary 
 marl in the Demberg, with remains of testaceous animals, and a 
 considerable stratum of tufaceous lime between Valdorf and 
 Vlotho. The borehole lies 217 feet higher than Amsterdam, and 
 thus extends to 1,994 feet below the level of the sea probably the 
 greatest depth ever reached. The salt-water was first perceived 
 at a depth of 574 feet, containing 1^ per cent, of salt, and supply- 
 ing f of a cubic foot of water per minute ; thence the quantity of 
 water, the temperature (about one degree Reaumur for 120 feet 
 of depth), and proportion of salt gradually increased. At 600 
 feet the temperature was 12^ R. ; at 1,004 feet, 15 R. ; at 1,100 
 feet, 18 R. ; at 1,586 feet, 19^ R. ; at 1,595 feet, 20 R. ; at 1,951 
 feet, 25 R. ; and at 2,219 feet, 26 J R. = 92 Fahrenheit. From 
 If per cent, the proportion of salt increased to 4J, and the flow 
 of water from two-thirds of a cubic foot gradually augmented to 
 fifty-four cubic feet per minute. 
 
 The upper part of the hole is now enlarged to a width of nine 
 inches (as far as 1,600 feet). Analysis of the water compared with 
 that of the Mediterranean (by Professor Bischoff of Bonn), shows 
 in 10,000 parts : 
 
 Oeynhausen Water of 
 salt-water. Mediterranean. 
 
 Chloride of sodium . . . 333-850 251 
 
 10783 52-5 
 
 magnesium 
 Sulphate of potash 
 lime . 
 
 magnesia . 
 
 Silicic acid 
 Bromine 
 
 magnesa 
 
 iron 
 
 manganese 
 
 0-47 
 
 .29-947 1-5 
 
 26-038 62-5 
 
 Carbonate of lime . . , 
 
 I'D 
 
 5-021/ 
 
 0-668 
 0-014 
 0-466 
 quantity undetermined 
 
 Total . . 415-944 369 
 
OEYNHAUSEtf. 245 
 
 In 16 ounces, the thermal brine of Oeynhausen contains 319 
 grains of solid ingredients, viz : 
 
 256| gr. chloride of sodium. 
 8| magnesium. 
 
 | sulphate of potash. 
 22^ lime. 
 
 magnesia. 
 
 3| gr. carbonate of magnesia. 
 iron. 
 
 ro magnesia. 
 
 i Silicic acid. 
 
 Specific gravity, 1-017. 
 6| carbonate of lime. 
 
 No trace of iodine has been found, but a considerable amount 
 of bromine, though its precise quantity has not yet been deter- 
 mined. In the chemical manufactory near Neusalzwerk, the 
 bromine is procured from the mother-lye of the salt-water* Ac- 
 cording to the above analysis the c Soole ' (salt-spring) may be con- 
 sidered as sea-water modified by the addition of bicarbonates and 
 carbonic acid, besides a higher natural temperature. The water 
 remains clear and transparent, as long as it is conducted in pipes ; 
 but exposed for some time to the atmosphere, it gradually loses 
 its carbonic acid and becomes turbid, depositing oxide of iron and 
 carbonate of lime. Three cubic feet of free carbonic acid and 
 other gases (the latter at the rate of six percent.) escape per 
 minute from the borehole. The absorbed carbonic acid amounts 
 to T T Q- of the volume of brine, so that forty-three cubic feet of the 
 acid are obtained per minute with the water. Only at the depth 
 of two feet the carbonic acid begins to be evolved at a greater 
 depth it is completely absorbed. The proportion of the free to 
 the combined acid is as one to fifteen. A weak bitter spring near 
 the ' Soole ' is frequently used for drinking. It contains in 1,000 
 parts 19 J of solid ingredients (7J sulphate of soda, 2^ sulphate of 
 magnesia, 3-J chloride of sodium, 2 chloride of magnesium, 1 chlo- 
 ride of calcium, 3 bicarbonate of lime, J bicarbonate of magnesia). 
 
 At present there are sixty-seven baths of different classes, the 
 baignoires of which are fifteen feet below the level of the bore- 
 hole. The water rises in the bathing-house in a perpendicular 
 shaft to the height of twelve feet, and fills the basins under the 
 pressure of its column from below. At the sides of the baignoires 
 the filling pipes are so contrived that a wave-like motion can be 
 communicated to the bath, so that the stream can be made to 
 enter in one spout, or in numerous fascicular spouts. The carbonic 
 acid can be evolved near the bottom or at the surface of the bath, 
 with quite a different effect on the bather. The mouthpiece of 
 the filling-tap is provided with screw-windings, to which a copper 
 tube may be attached, reaching nearly to the bottom of the basin, 
 
246 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 or a bent tube with a leather pipe, or a sieve-like head-piece, ac- 
 cording to the intended use. A great importance is attached by 
 the physicians to the kind of bath employed, for one baignoire 
 may exhibit four or five baths of perfectly different physical effects, 
 and these modifications are made use of in the treatment of the 
 respective diseases. For a quiet bath, the side -tap must be closed ; 
 the water flows in imperceptibly from the bottom, with a com- 
 paratively diminished evolution of carbonic-acid gas, and flows out 
 again as soon as it reaches a certain height, at the other end of the 
 bath. The effect is again different, if the filling-tube be merely 
 held and not screwed to the tap. Atmospheric air entering the 
 water with carbonic acid, the latter rises, continually hissing and 
 foaming ; by an ascending tube, wave-like motions are formed on 
 the surface. If the leather pipe or short bent tube be fixed to 
 the side-tap, the stream and evolution of carbonic acid can be di- 
 rected to any layer of the water or to any part of the body (as 
 douche). If the water is allowed to fall from the tap into the 
 basin, a lively wave-like motion is communicated to the whole 
 mass, with constant development of foam and hissing, and the most 
 complete disengagement of carbonic acid. 
 
 Though the energy of the sentient nerves is greatly heightened, 
 and the general metamorphosis and muscular tone stimulated, still 
 no injurious effects are perceived from the carbonic acid, unless 
 some contra-indicating circumstances forbid the use of this form of 
 bath. An extremely pleasurable sensation is created by the water 
 constantly moving to and fro with white foam and hissing. But 
 the titillation produced by the sieve-like douche is certainly the 
 most agreeable sensation that can be imagined, and must inevitably 
 be of great therapeutic value in many diseases of the nervous and 
 sero-fibrous system. A different result is also expected from ap- 
 plying the douche under the water, when the force is diminished, 
 or beyond the level of the bath. The douches are generally fol- 
 lowed by the use of rubbing-brushes. 
 
 The ( Soole ' is further made use of for a natural f vapour-bath.' 
 In consequence of the fall of thirteen feet, to which it is subjected 
 at this distance (thirty-six roods from the borehole), it rises in a 
 shaft to the height of twelve feet, and constantly splashes over, 
 filling the chamber with exhalations of saline ingredients and 
 carbonic acid : the latter tending to move towards the bottom from 
 its gravity, whilst the former remain suspended in the upper strata, 
 of the room, exercising their grateful influence on the respiratory 
 organs. The chest seems inclined to expand more freely, with a 
 
OEYNHAUSEN. 247 
 
 certain feeling of ease, and to inhale a greater quantum of air. 
 Though the temperature of the room be from 81 to 86 F. (or 
 lowered to 70 F. by opening the window-valves, at the ceiling, 
 if required), no oppression or inconvenience is felt : in fact, I could 
 only perceive the increased temperature by the contrast when 
 coming into the air. For drinking, imported or factitious mineral 
 waters are used to assist the external treatment also the ( bitter- 
 brunnen ' mentioned above is occasionally employed. 
 
 The weaker ( Bulow-brunnen ' (containing in 16 ounces 180 
 grains of chloride of sodium, 16 grains of sulphate of soda, 7 
 grains of carbonate of soda, 4f grains of carbonate of magnesia, 
 6^ grains of carbonate of lime) is separated from the stronger 
 * Soole ' for occasional use. The air of the neighbouring salt- 
 works is also made use of for sanitary purposes. The strong 
 f Soole ' of the 6 Bulow-brunnen ' is dispersed over the thorny 
 walls of the graduation-works. The different layers are composed 
 of various precipitates from the dripping saline mass. This 
 6 Soole ' contains, in 16 ounces, 825 grains of solid constituents 
 viz., 754 grains of chloride of sodium, 22 grains of chloride of 
 magnesium, 25 grains of sulphuret of calcium, 19 grains of sul- 
 phate of soda, -fo of a grain of carbonate of iron, 1 grain of 
 carbonate of lime, and T 9 ^ of a grain of resin and extractive sub- 
 stance. In catarrhal affections of the air-passages, in emphysema 
 of the lungs, &c., deeper and more calming inspirations are pro- 
 duced, to the great relief of the patient. The tone of the respira- 
 tory muscles seems to be increased, and the irritation diminished. 
 The salt obtained at the chemical manufactory, from the mother- 
 lye of the salt-works, contains, in 16 ounces, 261 grains of chlo- 
 ride of sodium, 4,874 of chloride of magnesium, 630 grains of sul- 
 phate of soda, 172 grains of sulphate of magnesia, 19 grains of bro- 
 mide of potassium and magnesium, and 1,531 grains of hygroscopic 
 water. This motherlye is applied externally with great advan- 
 tage in glandular enlargements. 
 
 As regards the effects of the baths : the pressure of the water 
 exercises a mechanical stimulus on the tissues and vascular net of 
 the skin, and promotes the power of imbibition, whilst its motion 
 peculiarly stimulates the nervous system. The greater mobility 
 of the water, the more carbonic acid is evolved. Neither heating 
 nor cooling being required, any loss of constituents is obviated. 
 Chemically considered, the ' Soole ' is distinguished by its abun- 
 dance of carbonic acid and of carbonates. In 13^ cubic feet of 
 water (the quantum of one bath), 37 pounds of solid ingredients 
 
248 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 and 10 cubic feet of carbonic acid exercise their influence on the 
 bather. The constant renewal of course considerably increases 
 this quantity. The ingredients may either produce direct changes 
 in the various tissues of the body, by affording restorative stimuli, 
 or enter into immediate combination with the diseased substances, 
 or may promote absorption and resolution of exudated matters, or 
 excite certain secretory and excretory organs to an increased 
 function. The layer of carbonic acid on the surface of the bath, 
 mixed with atmospheric air, and the exhalation of the saline in- 
 gredients, seem to exercise a calming influence on the air-passages. 
 The tone and mobility of the muscles and muscular organs is 
 invariably heightened. The muscular tissues become denser, 
 morbid perspirations diminish, the skin loses the great sensitiveness 
 towards changes of temperature, and the nervous centres regain in 
 many instances their lost energy. It is maintained that the mental 
 and physical functions, depending on the integrity of the central 
 nervous system, are restored to their normal condition, if no 
 organic derangement forbids the use of the spa. There is one 
 peculiar evil for which Dr. Von Moller considers this spring as 
 an unfailing specific viz., the too rapid growth and incomplete 
 development of young persons with hereditary phthisical disposi- 
 tion, and already beginning signs of the impending calamity. 
 Oeynhausen restores the equilibrium by causing the muscular 
 system to be more invigorated and developed, and the thoracic 
 organs to be strengthened by the influence of the saline exhalations. 
 If employed to excess, or under contra-indicating circumstances, 
 lassitude, depression, headache, giddiness, want of appetite, rest- 
 lessness, &c. will be the consequence of bathing. On the other 
 hand, the cures on record did not invariably ensue after using 
 some baths, nor even after completing the course, but in many 
 instances some weeks or months after the patients had quitted 
 the place, and perhaps under feeling of disappointment. It is even 
 considered as a more favourable sign if the disease remains ap- 
 parently stationary during part of the course, or if momentary 
 aggravation of certain symptoms mark the influence of the spring 
 on the affected parts. Bath-eruptions are rare. I omit the direc- 
 tions for the various modifications in which the soole-baths and 
 vapour-chambers are to be used, for these must be determined by 
 the difference of the diseases and other circumstances. The dura- 
 tion of the bath is from five minutes to half an hour. After a few 
 weeks an interruption of some days is recommended. Baths of 
 long duration are more easily borne by children than by adults. 
 
OEYNHAUSEN. 249 
 
 Signs of saturation, lassitude, anorexia, depression, pains in 
 different parts of the body, chilliness alternating with heat, 
 oppression of the chest, &c. require an immediate discontinuance 
 of the bath. 
 
 The following cases, furnished by Dr. Von Moller, will illus- 
 trate the peculiar efficacy of Oeynhausen : 
 
 A gentleman 52 years of age, exposed to many bodily exertions 
 and changes of temperature, probably also indulging in spirituous 
 liquors, suffered for some time with intestinal catarrh, vomiting of 
 water in the morning, obstruction, paralysis of both arms and legs, 
 and general trembling (particularly in the neck, hands, and knees), 
 violent throbbing pains in the forehead and occiput, and absolute 
 insomnia. Twenty short baths, with interruptions, and internally 
 Selters-water with Carlsbad-salt, freed him from the above-men- 
 tioned severe complication of morbid symptoms. 
 
 A girl of fifteen years is mentioned, resembling in physical 
 appearance a child of twelve, emaciated and pale, of feeble mus- 
 cles, with a flat narrow thorax, and disposition to febrile symp- 
 toms, haemoptysis, palpitation of the heart, and other signs indica- 
 ting incipient tuberculosis. She took short ( quiet baths,' with 
 intermissions ; was exposed to the exhalations of the vapour- 
 chamber, and to the air of the graduation-works; internally, 
 simple whey at first, and afterwards with an addition of Fran- 
 zensbrunnen water. After six weeks, the respiratory organs and 
 general nutrition of the muscles assumed a very improved cha- 
 racter, and a year after the course, the body was normally de- 
 veloped, with a tendency to corpulence. 
 
 A merchant, thirty-six years of age (married), through early 
 excesses affected with impotency and frequent seminal discharges 
 at the slightest sexual excitement, dull pains in the occiput, 
 emaciation, general debility, coldness of the hands and feet, 
 violent pains in the lumbar regions at night, with chilliness and 
 subsequent profuse perspiration, deep depression, loss of memory, 
 restlessness, inability to follow a connected train of thought, or to 
 write letters requiring mental exertion, &c. He used quiet baths 
 for four weeks, and drank Franzensbrunnen w r ater. The muscular 
 system gained gradually in strength, the pains of the head and 
 loins with the accompanying symptoms diminished, the genital 
 system lost its abnormal erethism, and the mental faculties became 
 restored. 
 
 Swellings of the spongious ends of bones, with distention of the 
 synovial sac, and muscular atrophy, have been removed by long 
 
250 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 baths with flowing water, whilst internally Marienbad Kreutz- 
 brunnen, and afterwards Homburg Elisenquelle were taken. 
 Chronic inflammation of the knee-joint, with contraction and 
 stiffness, and even carious exfoliation, are said to have been cured 
 or relieved by this spa. Cases of rachitis scrofulosa, osteomalcia, 
 &c. are also reported, in which the baths afforded great relief, 
 particularly with children. 
 
 Mr. Papst, of Petershagen, reports several cases of hyper- 
 trophy of the womb, hy drops ovarii, &c., which he brought to a 
 successful termination by the spa of Oeynhausen, in connection 
 with other remedies viz., in robust persons, with swellings and 
 pain of the womb, he applies eight leeches twice a-week ; after- 
 wards a bath is ordered ; then a ball composed of equal parts of 
 grey mercurial ointment, lard, and yellow wax, is introduced into 
 the vagina, so as to touch the cervix and os uteri. This is re- 
 newed after twenty-four hours. Afterwards he substituted iodine 
 ointment for the mercurial. Internally he employed, according 
 to circumstances, either tonics, solvents, or iodine. In Oeyn- 
 hausen he ordered baths from a quarter of an hour, to be gra- 
 dually prolonged to an hour. Then an injection of the soole, 
 four times a-day, besides some tumblers of it morning and even- 
 ing internally, with proper diet and exercise. He details several 
 instances of severe subacute inflammation and swellings of the 
 uterus and ovaries, which were cured or relieved in the above 
 manner. The vapour-chamber) which may be considered a re- 
 medy of itself, requires a few words of further notice. The con- 
 stant precipitation and renewal of warm saline exhalations with 
 carbonic acid, exercises such a soothing influence on the pulmo- 
 nary mucous membrane, that whenever increased respiratory 
 movement, or entrance of fresh air, produces cough, pain, or 
 oppression, these distressing symptoms will be unperceived or 
 diminished in this chamber. Whether the good effect be due to 
 the increased tone of the capillary vessels, or to the sedative 
 power of the vapour, or to the absorption of the dissolved par- 
 ticles into the circulating fluids, must remain undecided for the 
 present. 
 
 Patients with hoarseness, tickling in the throat, impeded deglu- 
 tition, with irritation and cough, chronic inflammation of the fol- 
 licles of the mucous membrane of the larynx, and tendency to 
 ulceration and incipient laryngeal phthisis, are said to have been 
 cured by the sole use of this natural vapour. The voice and 
 
OEYNHAUSEN. 251 
 
 thoracic muscles are exercised in the chamber. Whey-cures are 
 often combined with the vapour- course, and equestrian exercise 
 recommended. The catarrhal affections resulting from whooping- 
 cough are particularly asserted to be often cured by this remedy. 
 A case of tubercular phthisis is reported of a girl of thirteen years 
 of age parents of arthritic diathesis. The child was brought 
 up in the country, and appeared well fed, but had suffered with 
 bronchial catarrh since her childhood also enuresis nocturna to 
 the end of her twelfth year. In the autumn of 1848, after an 
 attack of scarlatina, circumscribed pneumonia and pleuritic af- 
 fection were superadded to the bronchial catarrh, besides emacia- 
 tion and diarrhoea; the thorax ceased to expand to its normal 
 extent, consonant and cavernous rhonchi were discovered by 
 auscultation, and corresponding dulness and tympanitic sound by 
 percussion. Considerable dyspnrea and debility were exhibited 
 on any attempt at exercise ; voice hoarse, cough violent and con- 
 tinuous ; expectoration tough, purulent, granular, and often 
 mixed with blood ; fever, with evening exacerbations and profuse 
 perspirations. This was her state after eight months of suffering. 
 She used the vapour-bath twice a day from one to two hours, 
 with interruptions ; and as soon as her muscular strength was 
 sufficiently improved, she spent the greater part of the day near 
 the graduation- works. Complete recovery ensued. The right 
 subclavicular region, depressed to a considerable extent, only 
 raises itself towards the end of a very deep inspiration. Physical 
 examination showed, after a year, partial condensation of the 
 pulmonary substance, containing vesicular tissue, but no sub- 
 jective signs of disease. 
 
 The chemical analogy which the ( Soole ' bears to sea-water 
 (with, however, more common salt and sulphate of potash, and 
 less magnesia) must prepare us to find improved nutrition amongst 
 its chief effects. From the circumference the stimulus to increased 
 energy must be transmitted to the nervous ganglia, inducing reso- 
 lution and absorption of abnormal productions, and a freer action 
 of the lymphatic system. 
 
 Different forms of scrofula claim, therefore, the first place in 
 the category of diseases to be subjected to its influence. In our 
 experience of sea-baths, we find that they restore the tone of the 
 muscular system, increase the contractile power of the blood- 
 vessels, and ameliorate the functions of the glandular organs, 
 indirectly raising the strength of the cerebral and spinal nervous 
 system. 
 
252 
 
 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 But in many instances, when their useful application is imprac- 
 ticable, from the violent reaction they produce in the nervous 
 system, this spa might form an excellent substitute, particularly 
 with very sensitive, anaemic, and debilitated individuals, who re- 
 quire for their cure both stimulating and integrant curative agents. 
 Hence the great utility of Oeynhausen in many forms of gout, 
 rheumatism, and arthritic paralysis, with muscular atrophy. 
 
 The advantages of the vapour-chamber in irritation of the 
 thoracic mucous membrane and of the subcutaneous follicular 
 tissue, are obvious ; and though some enthusiastic appreciation of 
 the spa may be imagined on the part of some of the resident 
 physicians, still its physical and chemical properties fully justify 
 us in believing that it possesses a considerable curative power in 
 combating many chronic diseases, otherwise intractable. 
 
 Physicians (besides Dr. von Moller), Drs. Alfter, Lehmann, 
 Clostermeyer, Rinteln, and Braun. 
 
 AMOUNT OF SOLID INGREDIENTS IN SIXTEEN OUNCES OF SEA-WATER. 
 
 
 Chloride of 
 Sodium 
 
 Chloride of 
 Magnesium 
 
 Sulphate of 
 Magnesia 
 
 Sulphate of 
 Lime 
 
 1 i 
 Sulphate of Bromide of 
 Potash [Magnesium 
 
 The Atlantic in four 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 places : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Minimum 
 
 203-6 
 
 1-3 
 
 4-5 
 
 12 
 
 11-5 
 
 2-25 
 
 Maximum 
 
 215 
 
 29 
 
 8-2 
 
 15-7 
 
 13-9 
 
 3-6 
 
 Near Havre . 
 
 198 
 
 21-9 
 
 
 
 9-3 
 
 072 
 
 0-95 
 
 The North Sea : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 51 9' N. Lat. "I 
 3 8' E. Long. I 
 (from Farro) J 
 
 195-8 
 
 34-2 
 
 5-4 
 
 12-4 
 
 11-7 
 
 2-56 
 
 At Ostend . 
 
 179 
 
 41-5 
 
 35 
 
 6 
 
 Traces 
 
 11-05 (?) 
 
 Scheveningen . 
 
 196 
 
 30-7 
 
 9-5 
 
 4 
 
 2-7 
 
 
 
 Heligoland 
 
 165 
 
 26-3 
 
 21-5 
 
 8-5 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 Fohr . 
 
 193 
 
 21 
 
 16-5 
 
 3-8 
 
 3-6 
 
 _ 
 
 Norderney 
 
 174 
 
 66-17 
 
 
 
 1-27 
 
 
 
 
 
 The Baltic : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 At Travemiinde . 
 
 70-51 
 
 22-8 
 
 
 
 5-4 
 
 
 
 
 
 Doberan . 
 
 87-67 
 
 37 
 
 0-7 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 Kiel 
 
 92 
 
 30 
 
 6 
 
 3-5 
 
 
 
 
 
 Puttbus . 
 
 72-72 
 
 23-5 
 
 056 
 
 3-22 
 
 
 
 
 
 The Mediterranean ) 
 and Adriatic . > 
 
 209 
 
 47 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 At Venice . 
 
 171 
 
 24 
 
 19 
 
 4-6 
 
 7-5 
 
 _ 
 
 Livorno . 
 
 262 
 
 37'4 
 
 22 
 
 8-9 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 Nizza 
 
 240 
 
 24 
 
 34 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 
 
 Marseilles 
 
 288-4 
 
 80 
 
 63 
 
 6-2 
 
 6* 
 
 4f 
 
 Traces of Iodine are often found in sea-water; the quantity of Bromine is variable. 
 * Carbonate of Lime. f Carbonate of Magnesia. 
 
REMAEKS ON SEA-BATHING. 
 
 253 
 
 The great analogy of the Oeynhausen brine to sea-water in- 
 duces me to make a few remarks on sea-bathing. The saline 
 contents of sea-water are due to many external influences, modified 
 by light, temperature, winds, influx of sweet water, &c. 
 
 You perceive that the inland seas (as the Baltic) with a 
 temperature sometimes approaching the freezing-point, and with 
 the influx of so many streams of sweet water, must have a less 
 powerful effect than the large oceans. The Mediterranean, being 
 most exposed to evaporation through its high temperature, contains 
 the greatest amount of salts. But in selecting a sea-bath we 
 have also to pay attention to the climate. The Baltic and North 
 Sea ought only to be resorted to for bathing late in summer or 
 autumn. The Baltic especially extends so far to the north as to 
 be partly covered with ice in winter, to melt which a great 
 amount of summer-warmth is expended. The colder water sink- 
 ing downwards is impeded in its flow towards warmer regions, and 
 thus keeps the south coasts cool till every vestige of ice has dis- 
 appeared ; then the heat of the sun is enabled to warm the 
 water fully. Consequently the air must assume and maintain a 
 high temperature for a considerable time before the sea becomes 
 thoroughly warm. In the Mediterranean, on the contrary, bath- 
 ing may be resorted to in the hottest season, the cooling influence 
 being especially marked in summer probably because, the sky 
 being serene and the sun powerful, evaporation is most energeti- 
 cally carried on. The Italians bathe, therefore, from the middle 
 of June to the end of August. 
 
 The following Table shows the respective temperatures of the 
 various European seas : 
 
 
 Annual 
 Temperature 
 
 Summer 
 Temperature 
 
 Winter 
 Temperature 
 
 Mediterranean 
 
 59 to 68 F. 
 
 721 to 80 F. 
 
 59 to 66 F. 
 
 Bay of Biscay 
 
 59 . 
 
 73 
 
 44 
 
 Adriatic .... 
 
 541 59 
 
 72 80 
 
 44 
 
 Atlantic (from Bay of ~\ 
 Biscay to the Channel) ] 
 
 50 59 
 
 68 731 
 
 35 44 
 
 North Sea (from the 1 
 Channel to Bergen) . J 
 
 41 50 
 
 61 68 
 
 25 35 
 
 Baltic .... 
 
 41 47 
 
 60 64 
 
 26 33 
 
 Warm sea-baths are very useful in obstinate gastric catarrhs, 
 especially in the case of scrofulous children or weakened old 
 
254 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 persons. Metamorphosis and bodily warmth standing in direct 
 relation, where the former is impaired, through the deranged diges- 
 tion and deficient assimilation, the latter must suffer likewise. 
 Hence such patients frequently feel too chilly to bear cold sea- 
 baths ; they ought to seek the coast of the Mediterranean or 
 Adriatic for sea-bathing (as Nizza, Spezzia, Venice, &c.) A 
 transition might be made after some time from warm sea-baths 
 to bathing in the sea itself. 
 
 Sea-voyages are very beneficial to persons of impaired digestive 
 organs ; sometimes sea-air alone, inhaled on the coast, is of more 
 importance than the bathing. Though the metamorphosis is 
 greatly heightened, excretions of uric and phosphoric acids are 
 diminished according to Prof. Beneke's researches (showing a di- 
 minished waste of the body), whilst new organic formations in- 
 crease. Valetudinarians ought to avoid fatiguing bodily exercise : 
 a certain quiet, alternating with gentle muscular exertions, assist 
 most in ensuring a happy result. If sea-air alone can produce a 
 cure, your patients will not require foreign ingredients to be in- 
 corporated into their economy. Some of these might not be well 
 borne by the weakened digestive organs, others might directly 
 counteract reparative assimilation (as the alkalies). The tempera- 
 ture of the heated sea-baths ought to be gradually lowered from 
 88 Fahr. to 72 Fahr. The duration from five to ten minutes, 
 gradually increased up to twenty or thirty, but with careful watch- 
 ing of the patient's condition. 
 
 If catarrhal affections of the intestinal mucous membrane be 
 present, the want of food (through frequent exercise) often 
 exceeds the power of digestion. Hence the intestinal canal 
 must neither be overloaded nor supplied with indigestible food 
 as fat pastry, sea-fish, salted meat, &c. Delicate patients should 
 only bathe every other day, and rely on the bracing air for effect- 
 ing a cure, with more bodily rest than exercise. 
 
 Sea-air is, however, altogether injurious in cases characterised 
 by irritation and hyperaemia of the gastric mucous membrane. 
 A pure bracing highly-situated locality is preferable in such in- 
 stances as Kreuth, Achselmannstein, Interlaken, Gais. Milk or 
 whey-cure to be employed at the same time. Those who are 
 great admirers of the beauties of nature might resort to the 
 Kalte Bad on. the Rigi, or to Weissenstein in the Canton of 
 Solothurn, 3,950 feet high, where a very frequented whey establish- 
 ment exists, with a large elegant hotel and ( Curhaus' (the pension 
 only costing four francs daily), easily reached from Berne or 
 
REMARKS ON SEA-BATHING. 255 
 
 Basle. The neighbourhood abounds with forests and gardens for 
 promenading. 
 
 Females whose nutrition has been impaired by a long-con- 
 tinued fluor albus may employ sea-baths with advantage, but they 
 must not ^commence as soon as they arrive. They ought first 
 to acquire a certain amount of strength by the invigorating sea- 
 air. Then they should commence with warm sea-baths, and 
 gradually, as they feel their health improved, resort to cold sea- 
 bathing : but only stay a few minutes at first, and omit the bath 
 every fifth or sixth day. 
 
 Local vaginal douches are often employed with advantage 
 besides the baths. In Ostend Marjolirfs douche-apparatus is 
 used. In many uterine diseases, patients would be injured by 
 constant repose, the blood being made to accumulate still more in 
 the pelvic organs and especially in the womb, whilst gentle 
 walks on the seacoast improve nutrition and general innervation. 
 But the strand ought to be as much as possible separated from 
 the land in fact, an island-climate is the most useful for a course. 
 The diet ought to be substantial but light. For breakfast tea 
 or coffee ought to be preferred to cocoa or milk, as the latter 
 impart too little stimulus to the nervous system, however excellent 
 they may prove in other cases. The skin must be guarded both 
 against excessive and diminished action. Hence warmer dresses 
 must be worn mornings and evenings than in the middle of the 
 day. 
 
 Sea-baths have in some instances been useful in epilepsy, when 
 the disease had only been of one or two years duration. The 
 evil is said to have been mitigated and even cured by their 
 agency. They are especially recommended if the fits arose from 
 a fright or after a cold, or before puberty. But great care is 
 requisite as regards diet and the mode of bathing. The patient 
 has to bathe at once in the open sea, without preparatory luke- 
 warm baths. He is to remain only one or two minutes at first in the 
 water, gradually extending the time to five or six minutes. He 
 should dip his head under several times. Advantage is derived 
 not only from the shock of the cold liquid on entering, but also 
 from the breaking of the waves, as a powerful stimulant of the 
 cutaneous nervous system. A sensation of a pleasant glow over 
 the surface after bathing, shows a healthy reaction of the whole 
 economy. But a feeling of chilliness proves the excitement to 
 have been carried too far. In this case the patient should drink di- 
 rectly some warm broth or tea, and make short but not too fatiguing 
 
256 GERMAN MINEKAL WATERS. 
 
 walks. Spirituous and stimulating liquors ought to be avoided. 
 Meals ought to be very regular dinner midday, and supper early 
 in the evening. A second bath in the same day ought never to be 
 taken when the digestion is slow, and obstruction frequent. From 
 forty to eighty baths are necessary to obtain a satisfactory result. 
 
 In general scrofulous cachexia, a residence on the seacoast 
 is recommended, with warm baths at first, and open sea-bathing 
 subsequently. Nothing improves general metamorphosis more 
 energetically than sea-air. The more powerful reflex of light on 
 the sea-shore, the freedom of bodily movements, the absence of 
 the depressing vitiated air of crowded towns, the vast expanse of 
 the heaving and foaming mass open to om%view> all contribute to 
 stimulate the assimilative functions of our system. 
 
 Children from two to three years old are to use warm sea-baths, 
 (81 to 83 Fahr.), or ablutions with cold sea-water. Cold sea- 
 bathing mostly disagrees in this tender age. Children from three 
 to eight years of age should use cool tub-baths, with subsequent 
 exercise in open air. 
 
 After eight years of age bathing in the sea itself may be 
 resorted to, unless the patient have a strong aversion to the sea, 
 which must not be combated by threats or force. 
 
 Digestion ought invariably to be finished when the bath is 
 taken. The children ought to go to bed at sunset, and rise early 
 after eight or ten hours' rest. In daytime sleep ought to be 
 avoided. Excursions on the sea are generally to be abstained from, 
 as the undulatory movements of the waves sometimes causes 
 anxiety, vomiting, and even convulsions. 
 
 Notwithstanding all precautions, sea-bathing sometimes occa- 
 sions general uneasiness, oppression,, or persistent chilliness. 
 Bitter or aetherial remedies, wine and other stimulants, are then 
 indicated. Congestion to the head or chest also occasionally 
 ensues when the ordinary treatment for such affections has to be 
 resorted to. 
 
 Sea-bathing ought to be avoided, and saline or iodurated spas to 
 be employed, when swellings of the cervical glands exist ; inflam- 
 mation or abscess of the meibomian glands, exudations in the 
 subcutaneous cellular tissue, or chronic inflammations of mucous 
 membranes, ophthalmia with formation of phylyctaenae, otorrho3a, 
 or chronic cutaneous eruptions. 
 
 Delicate patients would sometimes be benefited by rubbing the 
 chest and epigastrium with a piece of flannel dipped in Eau de 
 Cologne before entering the sea The sense of oppression felt at 
 
REMARKS ON SEA-BATHING. '257 
 
 first would thereby be diminished, and also the subsequent 
 necessary reaction promoted. 
 
 The hair ought not to be enclosed in water-tight caps, which 
 prevent transpiration, and often induce neuralgia or ophthalmia. 
 Nets with wide meshes are to be used in preference. The drying 
 of the hair after the bath is particularly important, as many 
 neuralgic affections are apt to result from neglect in this respect. 
 The hair should be dried with an unwarmed towel, then thinly 
 covered and exposed to the air, and not dressed nor touched with 
 pomatum or hair-oil before complete dryness ; otherwise it 
 might glue together, and exhale unpleasant odours. 
 
 In general, cold baths always occasion a determination of blood 
 from the capillary vessels of the skin to the internal vessels of 
 the body ; but a slight reaction, or glow, soon appears, in proportion 
 to the preceding retrocession from the surface. 
 
 When we plunge into the ocean, the sensations on the surface 
 are so overpowering, from the rapid abstraction of heat, that we 
 become almost breathless for a few moments. The heart beats 
 rapidly; the pulse becomes small; the muscles tremulous; the 
 surface shrinking, cold, and pale. With a tolerably vigorous 
 constitution, we soon get reconciled to the frigid element; reac- 
 tion commences after a few moments; the heart and large vessels 
 drive the blood back to the capillaries of the skin, distending them 
 inordinately, and producing a general glow of the surface, flushing 
 of the face, and increased insensible perspiration. The internal 
 organs become more relieved of the circulating liquids than before, 
 and hence impart a feeling of elasticity, animation, strength, and 
 cheerfulness. The secreting organs participate in the more 
 vigorous central activity. The intestinal mucous membrane, with 
 its innumerable glands the liver, spleen, portal vein, and absor- 
 bents all are enabled to act with greater energy. Effete materials 
 are more readily eliminated from the system, and replaced by 
 newly-formed healthy particles. The tissues become less clogged 
 with tarrying blood, and with particles of low vitality. The 
 whole resisting power of the economy is heightened. Thus we 
 have in sea-bathing one of the most potent preventives of disease. 
 
 But you see all the benefit due, not to the act of immersion, 
 but to the succeeding reaction. This at once explains why nume- 
 rous individuals injure themselves by sea baths. They look upon 
 sea-bathing itself as the most salubrious proceeding, and think 
 the benefit will be greatest in proportion to the longest contact 
 with the bracing sea waves. I have seen young ladies affected with 
 
 s 
 
258 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 inflammation and abscesses of the auditory passage several weeks 
 after having left the coast. On enquiry, I learnt they had found 
 it extremely pleasant to float fifteen to twenty minutes on their 
 backs, without any momentary inconvenience or injury. Many 
 others date their failing health from sea-bathing, ( which had dis- 
 agreed with them.' On closer examination, it was never difficult 
 to ascertain that the injury did not arise from the innocent ocean, 
 but from the mode of enjoying its advantages. Of course, if any 
 internal organ be previously over-distended with the plastic fluid, 
 the sudden afflux of blood might aggravate the morbid condition, 
 and the recoil towards the surface might not be sufficiently strong 
 to produce the former equilibrium. In such cases, sea-bathing 
 must be avoided altogether, as injury might arise before the bene- 
 ficent reaction can set in. Also, persons with a leuco-phlegmatic 
 temperament, languid circulation, and a chilly, clammy state of 
 surface, sometimes get chilled by merely walking from the cabinet 
 into the sea, and fail to obtain the subsequent salutary reaction. 
 Fever is then a not unusual result. How, then, should you 
 advise your patients to avail themselves of this most pleasant and 
 universal pastime, without any subsequent injury ? Simply by 
 enjoining them to dip in, and emerge again immediately at first, 
 and only prolong the stay by degrees, always keeping in mind 
 that the measure of reaction experienced after the first immersions 
 must be kept up, If the glow of the surface be diminished after 
 the bath, the stay was too long, and the benefit derivable will be 
 less ; if chill appears in or after the bath, no advantage, but 
 decided injury, will accrue. 
 
 If we plunge into a hot bath, say of 100 F., the sensations are 
 generally very pleasant ; the whole cutaneous surface expands, 
 wrinkles vanish, all the capillaries become distended, the face 
 flushes, the temples and the heart throb, the secretions are aug- 
 mented. After leaving the bath, the blood gradually and slowly 
 recoils to the interior, if the constitution be healthy ; but if there 
 is any change of structure, or congestion, or inflammation, the 
 inward current will appear too quickly after the bath, and produce 
 injurious consequences. Hence, bathing in general should only 
 be resorted to if no active morbid process prevails. But in those 
 numerous uninflammatory deviations of health due to wear and 
 tear of body and mind, to prolonged diseases, to exhausting efflu- 
 via, &c., careful sea-bathing is extremely restorative. In every 
 bath, impressions are produced on the cutaneous nervous system, 
 which must influence the functions of the internal organs by the 
 sympathy existing between the interior and exterior. This sym- 
 
NAUHEIM. 259 
 
 pathy rouses the languor and allays the agitation of the great 
 viscera (when there is no internal disease), and thus gives a 
 healthy impetus to the whole human machine, and establishes 
 harmonious co-operation between the various organic spheres. 
 
 Nauheim, another spa of recent discovery, is distinguished by a 
 remarkable phenomenon, called the ' Soolen Sprudel,' a pyramid of 
 white foam, bubbling up to the height of two or three feet above 
 the surface of the spring from which it rises. 
 
 The place has been favourably known for many years through 
 its excellent salt-works ; it is situated on the Main-Weser railroad, 
 at the south-eastern declivity of the Johannisberg, 670 feet above 
 the level of the sea, and may be reached from Frankfort-on-the- 
 Maine in an hour and a quarter. When arrived, we see a pleasant 
 village, with 1,500 inhabitants, and the little river Usa meander- 
 ing through the surrounding fields. 
 
 A large and deep pool, with two isles, forms the northern 
 boundary ; to the east, a small mountain ridge is perceptible ; to 
 the south, the plain extends as far as Friedberg. Giessen lies 
 about six leagues to the north, and Frankfort the same distance 
 to the south. Behind the Johannisberg rises the Winterstein, 
 with luxuriant foliage. The graduation works extend to the 
 other side of the high road. The white, grey, and reddish quartz 
 of the Johannisberg is interspersed with single strata of talc, 
 which forms a transition into clayey talc slate, by receiving clay 
 and quartz. In the Usa valley these are superposed by clay, 
 argillaceous sand, and ferruginous nodules. 
 
 The thermal saline springs of Nauheim flow out of the rugged 
 transition strata on both sides of the Usa, and partly in the Usa 
 itself, from the north to the south. Several of these have been 
 allowed to fall into decay, on account of the power and abun- 
 dance of the Artesian wells about to be mentioned. 
 
 Five saline thermal springs are now available for therapeutic 
 use ; three exclusively for bathing, viz. : 
 
 1. Frederik- William Sprudel (foaming bubbler), bored in 1855, 
 which possesses the greatest amount of water and of carbonic acid, 
 and exceeds all others in its height of bubbling (44 feet) ; tem- 
 perature, 96-4 Fahr. 
 
 2. Great Sprudel (bored in 1846); temperature, 90'3 Fahr. 
 
 3. Small, or Gas Sprudel', temperature, 82 Fahr. Internally, 
 the cure-spring and salt-spring are employed. 
 
 The analyses of the bathing-springs, by Professor Bromeis and 
 Mr. Avenarius, compared with those of analogous spas, furnishes 
 the following result in 16 ounces : 
 
 82 
 
260 
 
 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 
 Theodorshall 
 Spring 
 (DUring) 
 
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NAUHEIM. 261 
 
 At the baths the water is somewhat cooler than at the respec- 
 tive sources viz., Frederik- William Sprudel is lowered to a tem- 
 perature of 94-10 Fahr., the Great Sprudel to 88*55 Fahr., the 
 Little Sprudel to 79'88 Fahr. This variety of heat within the 
 short space of 400 feet gives a great advantage to Nauheim over 
 analogous spas, especially over Oeynhausen, which possesses 
 otherwise similar constituents. 
 
 The baths are employed in the following modifications : 
 
 1. As full baths, with temperatures of 80 to 94 Fahr., filled 
 before they are used. 
 
 2. As stream baths, fresh brine running in at one end and out 
 at the other during the whole time of bathing ; they exert a pecu- 
 liarly exciting effect on the cutaneous nerves by the repeated 
 contact with the saline and gaseous constituents. 
 
 3. As hip baths. 
 
 4. As external and internal douches. 
 
 5. As local fomentations. 
 
 The great quantity of carbonic acid gas is likewise made use of 
 for therapeutic purposes, as in the employment of full gas baths 
 or of douches. 
 
 In some instances, when it is thought that the patient might 
 be too powerfully affected by the natural baths, especially at the 
 commencement of the course, common warm water is added. 
 
 When the amount of carbonic acid appears contra-indicated, 
 the bath is ordered to be filled early and stirred, whilst windows 
 and doors are opened to diminish the gaseous contents. 
 
 In some cases motherlye is added to the bath, to increase its 
 exciting effects ; but this should never be resorted to without 
 great caution. Dr. Beneke * witnessed injurious consequences on 
 several occasions from this indiscriminate addition. 
 
 Cold shower or rain douches, and hip and rain baths are like- 
 wise frequently employed. 
 
 Drinking Springs. Dr. Beneke having found occasionally 
 gastric catarrh and dyspepsia resulting from the use of the drink- 
 ing springs, conceived the idea of diluting them with pure water 
 in exact proportions. This modified beverage not only resembles 
 Kagoczy in its composition, as will be seen by the subjoined 
 analysis, but likewise in its well-ascertained effects. The diluted 
 spring possesses on an average a temperature of 59 to 60 Fahr. 
 
 * The "Warm Saline Springs of Nauheim ; their Action on the Healthy and Morbid 
 Organism ; and their Employment in Scrofulous, Rheumatic, and Uterine Diseases. By 
 F, W. Beneke, M.D., Privy Medical Councillor, Physician of Nauheim, and Lecturer at 
 the University of Marburg, &c. Williams & Norgate. 
 
262 
 
 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 
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NAUIIEIM. 263 
 
 A third drinking spring, called alkaline acidulous spring, contains 
 very few solid ingredients (about 1\ grains in 16 ounces), princi- 
 pally carbonate of soda, of lime, and carbonic acid. 
 
 Dr. Beneke's Researches with reference to the Effects of the Springs 
 on the HEALTHY Organism. Though a remedy will produce 
 a different reaction from a morbid than from a healthy organism, 
 still the vital principles invariably obey the same laws. As a 
 remedy introduces a new condition of life into our economy, we 
 can only fully appreciate its influence on the morbid frame by 
 carefully ascertaining its action on the normal state of our body. 
 Hence Dr. Beneke instituted experiments on three different per- 
 sons (including himself), at two seasons (April and September 
 1858). Each series lasted three weeks. In each series, the first 
 period of six days was devoted to ascertain the respective normal 
 conditions ; in the first series, the second period to examine the 
 effects of the simple warm saline bath ; the third period to the 
 study of the saline bath mixed with motherly e. In the second 
 series, the second period was devoted to study the effects of the 
 ( Cur-brunnen ; ' and the third period served to investigate the 
 combined effects of the Cur-brunnen and the simple saline bath. 
 
 Effects of the Simple Nauheim Bath. 1. In general, little 
 increase of organic metamorphosis is produced ; for whilst consider- 
 able acceleration takes place in the morning (bathing time), an 
 analogous retardation ensues in the afternoon. 
 
 C5 
 
 2. The increased metamorphosis induced an increased desire 
 for food. A greater organic waste having taken place during the 
 morning through the bath, there was a greater want of introduc- 
 ing nourishment to supply the loss of the effete and excreted 
 materials. The organic acids, which are particularly calculated 
 to impede normal assimilation, will be the first to undergo decay 
 and excretion, as they most readily admit of oxydation. To sup- 
 plant their loss by a carefully-selected diet must greatly assist the 
 general reproductive process, and frequently determine the success 
 or failure of the course. 
 
 3. Heightened metamorphosis is principally shown by the 
 increase of renal excretion, the amount of urea being invariably 
 increased but to a very small extent, while that of phosphoric 
 acid is constantly diminished. The difference in the other ingre- 
 dients of urine are inconsiderable. The diminished excretion of 
 phosphoric acid shows a proportionate gain to the organism ; for 
 this diminution is not due to a diminished excretion of phosphates 
 of alkalies, or of magnesia (according to the experiments of Dr. 
 
264 GEEMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 Wimmer), but exclusively to a lessened excretion of phosphate of 
 lime. We thus see transformation and excretion of effete par- 
 ticles promoted, whilst the greater quantity of retained phosphate 
 of lime demonstrates an increased formation of new tissues. 
 
 Hence the nutrition of the organism and the relative weight of 
 the body became favourably influenced by the saline baths. 
 
 If the increased excretions be supplanted by a corresponding 
 increase of ingested food, the weight of the body remains unaltered ; 
 but if the food exceeds the waste, the weight may decrease as well 
 as increase. Dr. Beneke has shown by previous experiments 
 that luxurious living impedes metamorphosis ; for oxalic acid (con- 
 sisting of two atoms of carbon to three of oxygen) being an 
 imperfectly oxydised agent, it allows the phosphates of the earths 
 to be excreted in a morbidly increased proportion which means, 
 impaired and diminished formation of new tissue. 
 
 If the supply exceeds the waste in a small degree, increase of 
 weight takes place under the influence of the simple saline bath. 
 
 The saline baths seem to have a corresponding effect with the 
 air and baths of the North Sea, in increasing the retention of 
 phosphates by the organism. 
 
 The present experiments do not show an increased weight ; for 
 whilst B. gained 10 grammes during each bathing day, M. and 
 Ma. suffered a daily diminution. But other circumstances may 
 have influenced the weight, as increased alvine secretions of Ma., 
 increase of the water retained by B., and decrease as regards Ma. 
 
 No light being consequently thrown on this subject by the 
 experiments, Dr. Beneke obtained the desired information by 
 carefully weighing the patients who came under his observation 
 at Nauheim. 
 
 These investigations, made with the greatest care, showed 
 increase in many, decrease in some, and no alteration in other 
 instances. 
 
 But even if no present gain of weight takes place, the increased 
 retention of phosphates must benefit the organism in future. 
 The body having exchanged a great quantity of effete particles 
 for a corresponding amount of healthy tissue, the further nutrition 
 and assimilation will continue to be improved long after the 
 course of the bath has ceased. The cure of scrofulous ulcers, 
 caries of bones, &c., resulting from the employment of these baths, 
 is due in a great measure to the increased gain of phosphate of 
 lime. 
 
 4. The quantity and solid ingredients of the urine experienced 
 
NAUHEIM. 26 5 
 
 a uniform increase during and after the bathing hours (during 
 the morning). This is a certain proof of increased metamorphosis. 
 Decrease took place during the afternoon. This might partly be 
 due to heightened cutaneous action, in consequence of the great 
 atmospheric heat. At any rate, the loss experienced by the 
 organism in the morning was repaired in the afternoon or night, 
 when metamorphosis was again slightly increased. 
 
 The effect of the baths must not be sought entirely in the 
 general increase of metamorphosis, for a more considerable 
 increase may be brought about by drinking saline springs, the 
 water-cure, and many other modes. But the peculiarly curative 
 influence of the saline bath is shown in the greater fluctuations of 
 the organic nutritive process. The solid ingredients of urine 
 invariably increase after the introduction of food, and diminish 
 during a state of inanition. 
 
 During the normal experimental days (that is, without baths), a 
 slight degree of inanition was shown in the forenoon ; but if a 
 saline bath was taken for half an hour, the body decreased still 
 more, with a proportionate increase of the solid ingredients of urine. 
 Thus a greater amount of organic substance was transformed into 
 effete materials , and eliminated in the bathing days, than in the non- 
 bathing-days. 
 
 5. The frequency of the pulse is diminished in the bath ; but 
 it is higher in the afternoon than in the normal days. Irritation 
 of the vagus causing retarded action of the heart, the cutaneous 
 contact with the exciting saline particles may transplant the irri- 
 tation to the ramification of that nerve, and thus retard the pulsa- 
 tions; the increased pulsations afterwards may be due to a 
 weakened action of the vagus, as a necessary reaction. 
 
 Ingestion of food likewise causes an increased frequency of 
 pulse. As an increased state of inanition in the bathing days 
 required increased ingestion of new materials, the heart's action 
 was proportionally heightened. 
 
 6. Frequency of respiration is diminished by the bath, and 
 continues so during the whole day. 
 
 In general, the respiratory frequency depends on the accumu- 
 lated oxydable substances experiencing a want of oxygen, or on 
 the tension of carbonic acid in the blood. Hence pulse and 
 respirations are augmented two or three hours after meals ; acce- 
 lerated metamorphosis having taken place after the bath, less 
 oxygen may be required by the economy afterwards. 
 
 Possibly the increased excretion of carbonic acid through the 
 
266 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 skin may also have some influence in retarding respiration ; 
 unfortunately, the amount of carbonic acid excreted by lungs and 
 skin could not be determined. 
 
 7. The effect of the simple saline bath is neither caused by the 
 absorption of the saline particles, nor of the water. The experi- 
 ments have demonstrated that no chlorides are imbibed into the 
 system ; at the utmost, some carbonic acid. Moreover, very little 
 or no water is absorbed by the body. The result of the baths 
 must thus mainly be ascribed to the irritation of the cutaneous 
 nervous ends, transplanted to the central nervous system.* 
 
 On the Effects of the Saline Baths combined with Motherlye. 
 The following deductions were the results of the experiments : 
 
 1. If the nervous system is powerful enough to tolerate the 
 increased irritation, all effects of the simple bath are heightened ; 
 but if the nerves are not endowed with sufficient resisting power, 
 symptoms of general over-excitement arise injurious to the con- 
 stitution. 
 
 2. Metamorphosis in general becomes accelerated, if the baths 
 are well borne. 
 
 3. This is especially shown by a greater want of food and a 
 decidedly augmented renal excretion. Urea and sulphuric acid 
 are especially increased, whilst uric acid and chloride of sodium 
 appear rather diminished. 
 
 Cutaneous excretion is not increased through the bath, which 
 must therefore be simply regarded as a powerful diuretic. 
 
 4. The proportion of phosphoric acid excreted ceases to be 
 constantly diminished (as in the simple saline bath) ; it is even 
 sometimes increased. This latter circumstance generally took 
 place when the motherlye bath disagreed by producing too great 
 an irritation on the skin. 
 
 Dr. Neubauer's experiments having shown that many organic 
 nutriments exhibit oxalic acid, if treated with permanganate of 
 potash (which somewhat imitates the natural process of oxydation), 
 it becomes probable that oxalic acid is as regularly formed in the 
 organism itself. If, then, this acid meets with phosphate of lime, 
 its strong affinity with lime will cause it to displace the phosphoric 
 acid by forming oxalate of lime. The longer, therefore, oxalic 
 acid remains in the system, without being more oxydised (that is, 
 transformed into carbonic acid), the more phosphoric acid will be 
 liberated from lime. Small quantities of oxalate of lime are kept 
 
 * This does not militate against the partial absorption of highly attenuated waters 
 WITH their contents, as explained in p. S3. 
 
NAUI1EIM. 267 
 
 in solution by phosphoric acid ; but as soon as the amount becomes 
 considerable, it has to be eliminated by the kidneys, and indicates 
 a proportionate loss of tissue. If in a later period of metamor- 
 phosis part of oxalic acid becomes oxidised into carbonic acid, the 
 affinity to lime becomes thereby weakened, and the connexion is 
 dissolved by the now stronger attraction of phosphoric acid expel- 
 ling the carbonic acid and forming phosphate of lime. Whatever 
 weakens the nervous system retards organic oxidation, and thus 
 favours the excretion of oxalate and phosphate of lime. 
 
 5. The changes in the urinal secretions are similar to those 
 following the use of the simple saline bath. 
 
 6. The direct effect of the motherlye-baths on the frequency 
 of the pulse is similar to that of the simple saline baths ; but 
 indirectly, different influences are observed individually. 
 
 7. The decrease of the frequency of respiration is invariably 
 more considerable under the influence of the motherly e-bath 
 than under that of the simple saline bath. 
 
 8. The feeling of ease experienced under the use of the mother- 
 lye-baths is enduring with some individuals, whilst with others it 
 is succeeded by a sensation of fatigue. 
 
 9. Neither water nor any of its ingredients are absorbed by 
 the organism through the use of the motherlye-baths. 
 
 On the effects of the CuR-BRUNNEN (cure-spring), mixed with an 
 equal quantity of water. The drinking of 600 cubic centimetres of 
 diluted cure-spring in the morning, does not diminish the weight of 
 the body, but mostly increases it. The excretions increase in the 
 morning and diminish at night (principally by the retention of 
 water). No distinct diuretic properties can be ascribed to the cure- 
 spring ; intestinal excretions are, however, increased. But, in endea- 
 vouring to influence the intestines, we should always first consider 
 whether the secretory function or the muscular action of the 
 alimentary canal impede the regular evacuations. No increase of 
 biliary secretion could be observed. "Whilst taking the cure- 
 spring,, the body remains the whole day more saturated with 
 water than on normal days. Urea is excreted in an increased 
 proportion (showing accelerated metamorphosis of nitrogenous 
 substances), also sulphuric acid. But as regards uric and phos- 
 phoric acids, the effects of the cure-spring vary : nevertheless, 
 relative increase of the phosphoric acid retained in the system is 
 established. The chlorides introduced by the cure-spring were not 
 only completely excreted, but apart from this a greater propor- 
 tion of chloride of sodium was excreted than in the non-drinking 
 
268 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 days ; the metamorphosis of organic particles was more consider- 
 able in the drinking than in the bathing days. 
 
 But in the former, the excretion of phosphoric acid was not 
 diminished as in the latter ; thus the organism did not experience 
 an absolute gain. However, its proportion to albuminates was 
 increased, inasmuch as a greater amount of nitrogenous particles 
 were excreted, whilst the excretion of phosphoric acid remained 
 unchanged. We may therefore expect that after the termination 
 of the course, when these eliminated materials have to be replaced 
 by new tissue, an increased weight will take place. 
 
 Dr. Genth's experiments showed that an increased imbibition of 
 2,000 cubic centimetres of ordinary water raised the excretion 
 of urea from 40 to 46 grammes in 24 hours, whilst in the present 
 observations the small quantity of 600 cubic centimetres already 
 produced an increase of 4 to 5J grammes of urea : thus analogous 
 effects are produced by a considerably smaller quantity of water. 
 
 A further period of experiments was instituted to study the 
 effects of the combined use of the cure-spring and simple saline 
 bath : the result showed that their effects partially neutralise each 
 other. The bath causing a strongly diuretic effect, most of the 
 water taken in the morning leaves the organism after the bath. 
 On the other hand, a greater desire for food at midday is produced 
 by the bath (in consequence of its accelerating influence on the 
 metamorphosis) than under the exclusive influence of the spring. 
 In the afternoon, instead of accelerated metamorphosis (conse- 
 quence of the cure-spring) retardation takes place (effect of the 
 bath). The excretions are not invariably augmented under the 
 combined use, as under that of the Brunnen alone. 
 
 The increase of weight observed in the combination-days is 
 chiefly due to the retention of water. 
 
 Excretion of chlorides is less in the combination-days than in 
 those in which the cure-spring alone was used. The excretion 
 of uric acid is somewhat diminished. As regards the phosphoric 
 acid, the relations are similar in the combination-days to those of 
 the cure-spring days : it was also found that the more distant 
 the bath was after the last meal, the more considerable was the 
 retardation of respiratory frequency. 
 
 To sum up the main result of the warm Nauheim bath con- 
 sisted in increased diuresis and diminished action of the heart. 
 Persons endowed with a strong nervous system will find the chill 
 from entering the bath followed by a pleasant sensation of warmth ; 
 but nervous and weak individuals will retain the feeling of chill- 
 
NAUHEIM. 269 
 
 ness for some time, and consequently will not be benefited by 
 the spa, as it does not belong to the class of tonics. 
 
 The constant decrease of respiratory frequency, from the saline 
 bath, is probably due to diminished tension of carbonic acid in the 
 organism, to accelerated transformation of non-nitrogenous organic 
 acids into carbonic acid, and to the increased excretion of the latter 
 acid through the skin. The preponderance of the above organic 
 acids may stand in connection with the production of various 
 cutaneous diseases (as ecthyma, impetigo, acne, &c.) hence the 
 diminution of those acids cannot remain without important thera- 
 peutic effects. The best time for bathing is two hours after 
 breakfast. 
 
 In such cases in which retrogressive metamorphosis is required 
 (as of fibroid tumours, ovarian enlargements, rheumatism, &c.), 
 it is often advisable to bathe fasting, and breakfast an hour after- 
 wards. But only strong individuals are permitted to bathe thus, 
 for the shock to the nervous system would be too powerful with 
 weak persons. 
 
 As the principal reparative process takes place in the afternoon, 
 every great exertion ought to be avoided at that period. 
 
 With regard to the effects of the diluted cure-spring, its natural 
 temperature may be advantageous in some cases. It is known 
 that the introduction of chloride of sodium into our stomach in- 
 creases the secretion of gastric juice : increased general transfor- 
 mation follows, as shown by the increased excretion of urea. But 
 the excretion of phosphoric acid is not increased, and that of 
 chlorine is even diminished after some part of the course. 
 
 It was hitherto considered as a normal consequence of the saline 
 purgative waters to produce emaciation ; the present experiments 
 have refuted this opinion. On the contrary, if the general well- 
 being was not disturbed, no decrease of weight took place, but 
 often an increase either due to the retention of water, or occa- 
 sionally to an increased reparative assimilation of new tissues. 
 
 Till now the principal curative action of the saline springs has 
 been sought in their purgative effects ; but whether purgation 
 takes place or not, we have to expect improved biliary secretion, as 
 a known consequence of an increased imbibition of water, besides 
 a more abundant formation of gastric juice at meals. With re- 
 ference to the numerous chronic constipations cured by the saline 
 springs, many of these derangements are more due to faulty 
 muscular function and innervation than to disturbed secretion of 
 the intestinal mucous membrane. 
 
270 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 The great advantage of the spring lies in retarding the waste of 
 albuminates and diminishing their excess. Hence persons ema- 
 ciated, notwithstanding the most generous diet, experience a 
 particular improvement by drinking small doses of the cure- 
 spring. 
 
 Though in general the morning hour has to be selected for 
 drinking, conjoined with exercise in the open air, weakly persons 
 may take their draughts about two hours before dinner, or an 
 hour and a half before supper ; or they may drink a cup of tea 
 or coffee before going out. 
 
 If it is desired to diminish rather the non-nitrogenous compounds 
 than the albuminates of the organism, whilst we wish to increase 
 its phosphoric acid (as in the case of scrofulous or chlorotic 
 individuals), the bath alone ought to be used. 
 
 If, however, the albuminates and non-nitrogenous compounds 
 have to be diminished with a relative gain of phosphoric acid and 
 of chlorides, the spring alone is sufficient as in catarrhs of the 
 respiratory organs, hyperaemia of the liver, &c. 
 
 If an addition of phosphoric acid is not called for, but rather 
 an increase of chloride of sodium and of water, the so-called in- 
 dication of diluting the blood (as in rheumatism, gout, &c.), bath 
 and spring have to be used ; if decided decrease of new forma- 
 tion is required, motherly e may be added to the bath. 
 
 Pathological and Therapeutical Remarks. The material cha- 
 racter of scrophulosis consists in retarded metamorphosis, with 
 a morbid increase of the organic compounds, and decrease ot 
 phosphates. This is shown by the weakly and slowly- developed 
 osseous system, by the considerably increased urinary excretions 
 of phosphates and urates in certain forms of the disease, by 
 the great tendency to swellings (as of lymphatic glands), which 
 shows arrested development. 
 
 If to this basis other faulty conditions are added, a variety of 
 disorders will arise. If the scrofulous phenomena are combined 
 with general debility, Nauheim is contra-indicated, and sea-air to 
 be substituted. 
 
 If a high degree of chlorosis co-exists, JSTauheim is again inap- 
 plicable ; but milder degrees of chlorosis, which often accompany 
 scrophulosis, are benefitted by the baths under the simultaneous 
 use of mineral acids or of bitter tinctures and iron. 
 
 If the nervous system be moderately powerful, and the com- 
 plexion not very chlorotic, Nauheim becomes very useful. 
 
 With regard to the so-called ( resolvent or absorbing effects ' 
 of the saline springs, apparently exhibited by the disappearance 
 
NAUHEIM. 
 
 271 
 
 of glandular or other swellings, the explanation must be souo-ht 
 in the changing temporary fluctuations of metamorphosis ; the 
 proportions of individual diffusion seem to have a self-preserving 
 tendency. Thus we find fibrin increase in the blood after 
 venesection and during inanition. If, then, the blood be de- 
 prived of a portion of its albuminates by increased excretions, 
 an equivalent amount leaves the tissues to supply the loss, while 
 afterwards chloride of sodium is received as another equivalent 
 of diffusion. 
 
 The transitory hypercemia produced in the intestines, skin, and 
 kidneys serve as derivatives, and do not fail to add to the general 
 result. 
 
 But the curative action of the spa on scrofulous eczema and 
 on articular swellings, Dr. Beneke considers principally to be due 
 to locally accelerated metamorphosis. 
 
 Eczema may be looked upon as an atonic dilatation of the 
 vessels, resulting from a locally retarded nutrition, favouring epi- 
 dermic pseudo-formations. By the improvement of the general 
 nutrition through the spa this ailment frequently gives way. 
 
 In general debility Nauheim is absolutely inapplicable, and 
 patients who employed it of their own accord, especially of the 
 female sex, were sometimes affected with lumbar-pains, uterine 
 colic, and different indications of reflex suffering. 
 
 The varicose distension of the veins permeating the rectum and 
 neck of the bladder (h&morrhoidal^complaints), with their attendant 
 changes of the lining membranes, are either due to a disturbed 
 general circulation or to deficient innervation. For removal of the 
 local derangement, often so distressing, Nauheim offers great 
 chances. 
 
 In chronic gout and rheumatism the increase of organic acids 
 shows the process of metamorphosis to be arrested; hence the great 
 utility of Nauheim, with its various resources. Organic cardiac 
 disease produced by previous rheumatism does not contra-indicate 
 the use of the spa ; on the contrary, the saline bath has often been 
 able to prevent deterioration and relapse. Hyperaemia and neu- 
 ralgia of the womb, based on general rheumatic disposition, are 
 frequently removed by the spa. In diseases of the central nervous 
 system so many cures have been observed by the analogous spa of 
 Oeynhausen, that many patients affected with paralysis of the ex- 
 tremities flocked to Nauheim. 
 
 If the affections are based on inflammatory derangements of 
 the coverings of the nervous centres, Nauheim will be useful, 
 
<>72 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 especially if a general constitutional ailment as rheumatism forms 
 the prevailing characteristic. Paralysis following scrofulous in- 
 flammations of the vertebrae are often relieved here ; but if the 
 disease proceeds from derangements of the nervous substance 
 itself, either exhibiting new formations or atrophy or degeneration, 
 no benefit can be expected. Their diagnosis frequently offers 
 great difficulty ; but the striking derangements of nutrition asso- 
 ciated with them clearly point to their origin. Many cutaneous 
 diseases seem to depend on affections of the nervous centres. 
 
 As regards uterine diseases, it has to be stated that Nauheim 
 almost invariably induces the premature appearance of menses,, 
 probably in consequence of a temporary hyperaemia of the uterine 
 mucous membrane and of the uterus itself. 
 
 Nauheim is useful in all cases of retarded development of the 
 genital system in deficient menses, sterility, uterine infarcta, 
 impeded involution after pregnancy ; also in leucorrhrca, based 
 on periodical hyperaemia. But no advantage will arise in such 
 morbid conditions as are based on atony of the womb as chronic 
 leucorrhoea, persisting uterine haemorrhage, erosions, &c. Here 
 the greatest benefit was derived from the cold uterine douche, 
 cold rain sitting-baths, &c. Also uterine douches of carbonic 
 acid have proved serviceable probably through the primary ex- 
 citement of the sentient nerves, and the consequent momentary 
 paralytic dilatation of the vessels. But they require great 
 caution, as, according to Bernard, absorption of carbonic acid 
 by the vaginal mucous membrane may produce giddiness, head- 
 ache, nausea, disturbed vision, &c. Experiments made by Dr. 
 Beneke showed a slight expansion of the capillaries and accu- 
 mulation of blood-corpuscles, resulting from the local application 
 of carbonic acid. 
 
 As regards chronic eczema, the most undoubted curative results 
 have shown themselves as after-effects of the course. This must 
 not be considered at all surprising, for it has been shown that the 
 proportions of the single integrating constituents have been 
 altered in the blood by the bath and brunnen ; hence nutrition 
 of the whole organism must improve subsequently, and the 
 diseases based on malassimilation will gradually enter a retro- 
 gressive route. Sometimes the local ailment improved so rapidly 
 during the course, especially with scrofulous children, that the 
 effect had to be considered as almost exclusively due to the baths. 
 The stimulation of the cutaneous nerves counteracting the slight 
 local obstructions and inflammatory processes, induces a more 
 
NAUHEIM. 273 
 
 healthy nutrition of the epidermic layer. Probably some water 
 may be absorbed by the epidermis itself, though the constituents 
 need not enter the circulation of the blood. 
 
 In difficulty of hearing, the local treatment, by douches of car- 
 bonic acid gas, enjoys a special reputation. But though salutary 
 in some instances, disappointment follows their employment in 
 many others. Out of ten cases of difficulty of hearing, Dr. 
 Beneke only recollects one which was cured through the em- 
 ployment of brunnen and bath. Of course a great deal depends 
 on the cause of deafness. If the derangement is produced by a 
 general rheumatic catarrh, deficient intestinal function, scrofulous 
 swellings of tonsils and mucous membrane of the fauces, Nauheim 
 may be useful. But if pathological changes have taken place 
 in the mucous membrane of the internal as well as of the ex- 
 ternal auditory meatus, or if chronic catarrh of the tuba eustachii 
 and of the middle ear exists, no improvement can be expected 
 here. 
 
 As regards chronic inflammation of the joints, if a carious 
 process had commenced, very little change was observed. But 
 if articular inflammations were recent, the simple saline bath 
 and external application of brine or motherlye at night have 
 proved highly salutary, especially when the local complaint 
 was connected with a general scrofulous or rheumatic cachexia. 
 
 In pulmonary tuberculosis, Nauheim is in general inapplicable, 
 as a state of debility mostly prevails in this disease. But in 
 incipient stages of consumption, patients have sometimes been 
 benefited who sought the aid of the spa against chronic rheu- 
 matism or scrofulous glandular swellings. 
 
 Kreuznach possesses the advantage of containing iodine, and 
 therefore exercises peculiarly curative powers in the diseases of 
 the glandular and lymphatic system, and in many pseudo for- 
 mations ; but Nauheim has to be selected in many instances from 
 its warm temperature, the great abundance of carbonic acid, the 
 greater quantity of chloride of sodium, of calcium, &c., and 
 especially from its carbonate of iron and of lime. 
 
 Amongst the diseases for which Nauheim is especially recom- 
 mended, scrofula takes the chief place. In this peculiar dyscrasia 
 the blood becomes abnormally altered, and unfit to supply those 
 particles consumed or lost by organic metamorphosis. 
 
 Nauheim shows itself particularly useful, according to Dr. 
 Bode, in scrofula of the mesenteric glands, with a distended and 
 hardened abdomen, emaciation, pallid and puffed up complexion, 
 
274 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 obstruction alternating with diarrhoea of acrid foetid evacuations, 
 tendency to mucosity, to helminthiasis, and in retarded develop- 
 ment connected with precocious appearance, &c. In very young 
 children, equal parts of Kurbrunnen and milk are administered ; 
 sometimes decoction of malt is added, with great advantage, to 
 the baths. If the disease has lasted beyond puberty, it becomes 
 more obstinate, though less dangerous. 
 
 Tubercular disease is very rare amongst the inhabitants. Nau- 
 heim is also very efficacious in scrofulous ophthalmia ; the photo- 
 phobia and characteristic ulcers of the cornea are said to disappear 
 in a very short time, without leaving spots. The spa is less use- 
 ful in palpebral inflammation. 
 
 But though the temperature and ingredients of the spa may 
 fully justify a belief in its superior efficacy as regards some of 
 the diseases mentioned above, still you must be aware that 
 several morbid states of analogous character will have a better 
 chance of recovery in other spas. Even in scrofula itself, the 
 question must frequently arise whether you have to recommend 
 to the patient Kreuznach or Nauheim. Whenever, in parenchy- 
 matous swellings or indurations of glandular organs, you require 
 the powerful intense action of iodine and chlorine both internally 
 and externally, you have to select Kreuznach as the most vigorous 
 anti-scrofulous alterative. If an internal imbibition of iodine and 
 bromine be chiefly required, with a smaller amount of solvent 
 chlorides, but with some carbonate of soda to act against such 
 forms of scrofula as are connected with profuse acidification, 
 vesical or uropoietic irritation, abnormal prostatic enlargement, &c., 
 you will select the Adelheidsquelle of Heilbrunn. But if the chief 
 requisite be a powerful action of the cutaneous system, and an in- 
 creased function of the peripheric absorbent vessels by warm baths, 
 which do not create cutaneous relaxation, but have the described 
 favourably modifying effect on depraved metamorphosis, you have 
 to choose Nauheim. This applies in scrofulous diseases of the joints ; 
 in catamenial deficiency ; in females with retarded development of 
 maturity, of a tense and harsh epidermis ; in rheumatism and gout 
 produced by repressed perspiration (especially of scrofulous indi- 
 viduals) ; in scrofulous diseases of the organs of the senses, &c. You 
 have here a greater quantity of carbonic acid and of iron than in 
 any other of the anti-scrofulous spas. But how are we to choose 
 between Oeynhausen and Nauheim, both children of the modern 
 epoch, both results of boring trials, both attached to salt works, both 
 offering nearly the same temperature and very similar ingredients ? 
 
NAUHEIM. 275 
 
 The answer will again confirm the statement, that the chemical 
 constituents must not be solely relied upon for determining the 
 therapeutic value of a spa ; for however similar the two modern 
 competitors for fame may be, the few contrivances mentioned, 
 when speaking of Oeynhausen, impart to the latter spa such 
 peculiar efficacy in certain pulmonary diseases, that its anti- 
 scrofulous ingredients almost recede into the background. I 
 allude to the vapour-chamber. Further, the manner of filling the 
 baths from below, by pressure, all contribute to deviate from its 
 original application, and to render it useful in thoracic and neu- 
 ralgic complaints, for which it would not have been recommended 
 if left to its ordinary resources. On the other hand, we must not 
 disregard the chemical difference between the two spas viz. the 
 greater amount of carbonic acid, the presence of chloride of cal- 
 cium, and the absence of sulphates (with a slight exception) in 
 Nauheim ; whilst Oeynhausen possesses more chloride of sodium 
 and of magnesium, and, besides, it contains sulphate of lime and 
 magnesia. It thus bears greater analogy to sea baths ; its iron 
 is also more abundant than in the Sprudel of Nauheim. All this 
 combines in rendering Oeynhausen a powerful and, I might almost 
 say, unique remedy in diseases caused by imperfect development 
 of the frame through a too rapid growth. However, to return to 
 Nauheim ; I will just allude to a neighbouring acidulous spring, 
 which is often used in connection with it. 
 
 Schwallieim lies about half a league to the east of Nauheim, in 
 the valley of the Wetter, near Dorheim. The chief well was 
 reconstructed in 1831, and analysed by Wiirzer ; latterly by 
 Liebig, who found it to contain in 16 ounces, 18 '61 grains of solid 
 constituents viz., chloride of sodium, 11 '94 grains; chloride of 
 magnesium, 1*08 grains; sulphate of soda, 0*62 grain; carbo- 
 nate of magnesia, 0*41 grain; carbonate of lime, 4*31 grains; 
 carbonate of iron, O08 grain ; silex, 0*14 grain. Traces of 
 bromine and crenic acid. It contains, besides, 22*72 grains = 
 49*44 cubic inches of free carbonic acid. _ 
 
 Its specific gravity is 1*002 ; its temperature, 51 F., summer 
 and winter. If left exposed to the air for some time, a brown 
 flocculent mass is precipitated, but in well-corked vessels the com- 
 position remains unchanged for years. Though 150,000 bottles 
 are annually exported, a great part of the spring flows unused 
 into the Wetter. The taste is piquant, agreeably acid, and cool- 
 ing ; it is often drunk with wine and sugar as a dietetic beverage, 
 especially as an after-cure, when the course at Kauheim is com- 
 
 T 2 
 
276 GERMAN MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 pleted. By itself, it is recommended in catarrh and haemorrhoids 
 of the bladder, in renal pains, and tendency to lithiasis. Taken 
 in time, it may prevent the formation or progress of these diseases, 
 calculi being unknown in this neighbourhood. In chronic bronchial 
 catarrh it acts beneficially, if drunk with warm milk. In several 
 forms of scrofula it is taken internally, whilst the soole baths of 
 Nauheim are employed, thus increasing, to a certain extent, the 
 sphere of utility of the Nauheim water. 
 
 Physicians Drs. Beneke, Bode, and Erhardt. 
 
 Artificial Medicated Baths. 
 
 Of Acids. | ounce of nitro-muriatic acid for foot baths. 
 
 Of Alkalies. 3 to 6 ounces of carbonate of potash or of soda for a bath. 
 
 Of l Boules baregiennes.' Consisting of 8 parts of sulphuret of calcium, 
 2 of chloride of sodium, 1 to 1| of Extract. Saponarise and coll. animalis. 
 1^ ounces of this mass are used for one bath. 
 
 Of Bran. 1 to 31bs. of wheat bran in a bag boiled with water; for 
 children J to lib. 
 
 Of Glue. 1 to 21bs. of colla animalis dissolved in boiling water. 
 
 Of Iodine. 2 to 4 ounces of iodide of potassium. 
 
 Of Malt. 4 to 61bs. of barley malt boiled for half an hour in water. 
 
 Of Mother lye. 2 pints of motherlye of Kreuznach, Kosen, Relime, or 
 "Wittekind, for a bath in which 1 to 21bs. of sea salt are dissolved. 
 
 Of Pine-needle-foliage. J to lib. of the extractum pini sylvestris. 
 
 Of Salines. 2 to Gibs of sea salt dissolved in a bath. 
 
 Of Soap. Sapo domesticus, sapo viridis, sapo aromaticus, from J to lib. 
 of each. From 2 to 4 ounces of spiritus saponis are added to the bath. 
 
 Of Steel. 1 to 2 ounces of sulphate of iron for adults ; 2 to 4 drachms 
 for children. 
 
 Of Sublimate. 1 drachm of bichloride of mercury for a general, 10 to 
 20 grains for a local (hand or foot) bath. 
 
 Of Sulphur. 2 to 4 ounces of sulphuret of potassium, to which -J ounce 
 of crude sulphuric acid is often added. In the latter case it is advisable to 
 add also j to -Mb. of colla animalis. 
 
APPENDIX 
 
 EMBRACING A CONCISE ACCOUNT OF THE 
 
 PRINCIPAL EUROPEAN SPAS AND [CLIMATIC HEALTH-RESORTS. 
 
 ACHSELMANNSTEIN (BAVARIA), near Reichenhall, a league and a half 
 from Salzburg, 1,407 feet over the level of the sea, possesses very abun- 
 dant brine springs (the Edelquelle contains 1,723 grains of chloride of 
 sodium in 16 ounces, besides 13 grains of chloride of magnesium, and 
 about J grain of bromide of magnesium, &c.). The climate is mild and 
 equable, especially useful in incipient tuberculosis and in convalescence 
 from exhausting diseases. The saline particles from the graduation works 
 impregnate the surrounding atmosphere, and exert a soothing influence on 
 the air passages, whilst they stimulate the functions of the cutaneous nerves. 
 Besides the saline baths, saline vapour-baths are employed here with great 
 advantage, particularly in derangements of the uterine system. Moreover, 
 excellent whey is prepared here, and greatly assists the benefit derivable 
 from the climate. 
 
 Physicians Drs. von Liebig, Geebock, Schneider, Ris. 
 
 AIX-LES-BA1NS (SAVOY), eight miles north of Chambery, station on 
 the railway from Lyons to Mont Cenis, near the lake Bourget. Population, 
 above 4,000. There are sulphurous and aluminous thermal springs ; tem- 
 perature, 108 to 116 Fahr. ; also excellent douches. Aix is particularly 
 useful in chronic rheumatism, sciatica, and obstinate eczema. Altitude, 
 768'. The situation is charming, the climate mild. The * "Royal House,' 
 built in 1783, is a most appropriate and well-contrived building. It con- 
 tains two common warm baths, sufficiently capacious for swimming (for 
 the two sexes separately), a number of douche-cabinets and vapour-cham- 
 bers (called bouillons), a vaporarium which exhibits a peculiar combina- 
 tion of vapour and warm foot-baths, and two drinking springs. Dr. 
 D'Espine's so-called Scotch Douche has to be mentioned here. It consists 
 in directing an ascending douche towards the neck of the womb, either 
 gradually lowering or heightening the temperature. When the warmest or 
 coldest degree has been reached, a rain douche of opposite temperature is 
 
278 APPENDIX. 
 
 directed externally to the body. Through this opposite action a conges- 
 tion or derivation is produced in the uterus according to the requirements 
 of the case, with very salutary results. Solid ingredients scarcely more 
 than 3 grains in 16 ounces, with a small quantity of nitrogen, sulphuretted 
 hydrogen (O04 cub. inch), and carbonic acid (0'02 cub. inch) in the sul- 
 phur spring. Aix has to be avoided by plethoric, apoplectic, and phthisical 
 patients. 
 
 Physicians Dr. Despine, Dr. Vidal, Dr. Forestier, Dr. Blanc. 
 
 ALEXANDERSBAD. A chalybeate of south-west Germany (in Ba- 
 varia), near Wunsiedel in theFichtelgebirge, 21 miles ENE. of Bayreuth. It 
 possesses an altitude of 1,754', and abounds in beauties of scenery. As it 
 contains only 2-J grains of solid constituents in 16 ounces, above ^th 
 of a grain of carbonate of iron with 28 cub. inches of carbonic acid, it has 
 a very exciting tonic effect, and is especially recommended to chlorotic, 
 weakly, and nervous individuals. There is also a hydropathic establish- 
 ment, and, in addition, baths of pine-foliage (Fichtehnadelbader) and 
 vapour-baths, which attract numerous rheumatic and gouty patients. The 
 roughness of the climate, however, contra -indicates the place to all those 
 whose thoracic organs are delicate or inclined to disease. 
 
 Physician Dr. Fickentscher, of the Hydropathic Establishment : Dr. 
 Pfeiffer. 
 
 ALEXISBAD, in the romantic Selke valley (Duchy of Anhalt-Bern- 
 burg), in the Harz mountains, about 10 miles from Ballenstadt. The 
 Selkebrunnen contains a considerable quantity of hydrochlorate of iron 
 (0-97), sulphate of iron (0'31), and sulphate of manganese (0'37) in 16 
 ounces. As the whole of the solid ingredients only amounts to 3J grains, 
 this spa must be considered as one of the purest and most powerful chaly- 
 beates, and has to be resorted to in extremely profuse leucorrhceal discharges, 
 and in cases of great atony of the mucous membranes. That strong 
 digestive powers will be required for its elaboration must be evident from 
 the almost total absence of free carbonic acid. Alexisbrunnen contains some 
 sulphates, nearly ^ grain of carbonate of iron, some carbonate of manga- 
 nese, and about 8 cub. inches of carbonic acid gas. There is also a 
 hydropathic establishment, and in the immediate neighbourhood the 
 Beringer saline spring. 
 
 Physician Dr. Richter. 
 
 ALTW ASSER, a village of Prussian Silesia, district of Breslau, 2 miles 
 north of Waldenburg, between Salzbrunn and Charlottenbrunn, 10 miles 
 from the Schweidnitz station. Altitude, 1,255'. Population, 1,600. It 
 lies in a charming valley, surrounded by mountains, and possesses a mild 
 and bracing climate. The springs belong to the class of alkaline earthy 
 chalybeates. Georgenbrunnen : temperature 70 Fahr. Solid consti- 
 tuents, 6J grains in 16 ounces viz., carbonate of iron about ^ of a grain, 
 with carbonate of lime 2j grains, and carbonic acid 106 vol. in 100 vol. 
 of water. For baths, the Oberbrunnen, Mittelbnumen, and Friednchs- 
 
EUROPEAN SPAS AND CLIMATIC HEALTH-RESORTS. 279 
 
 brunnen are used. The place is frequently resorted to as a restorative after 
 the use of weakening and resolvent spas, especially as an aftercourse by 
 valetudinarians who have taken the baths of the neighbouring Salzbrunn. 
 Physicians Dr. Rau and Dr. Scholz. 
 
 AMELIE-LES-BAINS, in the south of France, 2J miles from the 
 Aries station on the Lyons-Marseilles railway, departement des Pyrenees 
 orientales, south of Perpignan. It lies at the foot of a considerable moun- 
 tain ridge, in one of the most romantic landscapes, and enjoys a very mild 
 climate. Manjolet spring (108 Fahr,) contains about 3 grains of solid 
 constituents in one litre (two pounds) of water. The spa is especially 
 reputed in chronic catarrh of the respiratory mucous membrane. Hygiea 
 spring (temperature 88 Fahr.), and the cooler Galerie spring (78 Fahr.), 
 are preferred for very delicate persons with irritable digestive organs. 
 Inhalations are employed in the so-called sulphur-room into which the gas 
 is conducted as it issues from the source, whilst through ventilators at the 
 top of the room care is taken to ensure a proper renewal of the air. Season 
 lasts from May to October. 
 
 Physician Dr. Pujade. 
 
 APENR ADE, Baltic seaport, town, and bay, in the Duchy of (and 35 
 miles north of) Schleswig. Lat. N. 55, long. E. 9. Population, 4,100. 
 Climate mild, resorted to for sea-bathing from June to September. Through 
 the southward bent of the coast and in consequence of a chain of woody 
 hills surrounding the toWn from the northern to the southern shore, the 
 place is protected against north and north-east winds. The neighbouring 
 island of Alsen assists in this shelter. More warm than cold sea-baths are 
 used here. There are also appropriate contrivances for rain and douche 
 baths. 
 
 Physician Dr. Hundewald. 
 
 ARNSTADT, in the forest of Thuringia (valley of the Gera), between 
 Gotha and Erfurt, 926' over the level of the sea, enclosed by mountains, 
 offers a very healthy climate with inconsiderable changes of temperature. 
 It possesses baths of pine-foliage and very powerful saline baths. Its 
 brine contains 1,825 grains of solid constituents in 16 ounces, and amongst 
 them 1,723 grains of chloride of sodium, 49^ of chloride of calcium, 39 of 
 chloride of magnesium, 13 of sulphate of lime, and 0-39 of bromide of 
 magnesium. The valetudinarian has to take plain warm baths before com- 
 mencing the cure. Of course the baths are taken in a diluted form, with 
 varying strength and temperature, according to the greater or less sensi- 
 bility of the individual patients. With persons of a very irritable skin, or 
 with emaciated scrofulous children, decoctions of malt or bran are added 
 to the baths. In glandular swellings, struma and affections of the osseous 
 system, poultices of brine or mother-lye are applied. The brine is too 
 strong for internal use. Season from middle of May to middle of Sep- 
 tember. 
 
280 APPENDIX. 
 
 Physicians Drs. Niebergall, Hartmann, Nicolai, Franke, and the direc- 
 tor of the saline works. 
 
 AUSSEE, 3 leagues to the SE. of Ischl, has excellent saline baths and 
 good accommodation for visitors. 
 Physician Dr. Pohl. 
 
 ASKERNE SPA, county York, West Riding, 7 miles NNW. of 
 Doncaster (162 miles from King's Cross station ; 4J hours' journey). The 
 village is built on the edge of a rocky declivity bordering on a plain. The 
 smell of the springs is sulphurous, the water bright and clear when first 
 drawn, but becoming covered with a slight film after standing some time. 
 The water discolours all substances containing lead or silver, which shows 
 the existence of sulphuretted hydrogen gas. The solid contents of the 
 Manor- Well amount to 179 grains in the gallon viz. sulphate of lime 110; 
 carbonate of lime 6 ; chloride of calcium 3 ; sulphate of magnesia 34 ; car- 
 bonate of soda 26. The composition of the spring shows that its aperient 
 properties must be considerably inferior to those of Ilarrowgate. The spa 
 is ^principally reputed for the cure of chronic rheumatism, especially where 
 articular rigidity is the prevailing symptom, and of cutaneous diseases 
 such as impetigo, eczema, lichen, &c. Where the skin is very irritable it 
 is considered more beneficial by Dr. Lankester than Harrowgate, on account 
 of its smaller amount of saline ingredients. The water is used internally 
 and externally. 
 
 ABERYSTWITH, seaport of Wales, 33 miles NE. of Cardigan, on the 
 Ystwith, at its mouth in Cardigan Bay. Lat. N. 52| ; long. W. 41. Alti- 
 tude, 146 feet. Population, above 5,000. It enjoys a pleasant situation at 
 the most receding depth of the bay, and is sheltered by surrounding hills 
 of considerable height. After a winter sojourn in a mild climate, the 
 mountain and sea breezes are found particularly refreshing and bracing in 
 summer. There is excellent accommodation for sea-bathing, with a gently 
 sloping beach. A mineral spring exists in the neighbourhood, somewhat 
 analogous to that of Tunbridge Wells. The place may be reached by rail, 
 via Oswestry or Shrewsbury, from Padding ton or Euston Square. 
 
 ALGIERS (capital of Algeria), seaport and city, built on the slope of 
 a hill in the form of an amphitheatre on the western side of the bay of 
 Algiers, south of the Mediterranean, in Africa. Lat. N. 36 47' ; long. E. 
 3 4'. Mean temperature of the year, 66J Fahr. Rainfall, 36 inches. 
 Rainy days, 95. Population, 58,000 (37,000 Europeans, 21,000 natives). 
 It has two rocky islands in front (whence its name Al-jezair, the islands) 
 connected by a mole with the mainland. It lies between Oran on the left 
 and Bona on the right, and almost opposite to Marseilles (on the north coast), 
 with which a regular communication by steamers is kept up three times a 
 week. Whilst the excessive summer heat is modified by the Mediterra- 
 nean, the same cause prevents violent vicissitudes of temperature in 
 winter. Hence the mean annual temperature exceeds that of the Italian 
 
EUROPEAN SPAS AND CLIMATIC HEALTH-RESORTS. 281 
 
 and French winter resorts ; there is also less difference between winter and 
 spring than at most other places. The annual barometric range is likewise 
 very inconsiderable. Notwithstanding the high number of inches, indicat- 
 ing the rainfall, the climate is not made damp or relaxing thereby, because 
 the rain generally falls in heavy showers of half an hour or an hour's dura- 
 tion, and scarcely is it over, when the ground becomes dry again from the 
 rapid evaporation and the sloping position. The temperature of the air, 
 however, becomes invariably reduced after the rain. The greatest fall of 
 rain prevails in November, December, and January. The number of 
 rainy days is smaller than at other places of a less considerable rainfall. 
 In Torquay, for instance, where the rainfall only amounts to 28^ inches, 
 the annual number of rainy days amounts to 132. Winter fogs are seldom 
 in Algiers. North-west winds are the most frequent and disagreeable, 
 but though generally dry and cold, they are tempered by passing across 
 the Mediterranean. The sirocco coming from the great desert in the south 
 is very oppressive, but occurs rarely. However, when it did arrive, Dr. 
 Jackson found it less overpowering than in Naples or Rome. Approach of 
 rain is generally indicated by the south-west winds. Though the Atlas 
 mountains are covered with snow during the colder months, they do not 
 impart such piercing blasts to the surrounding atmosphere as is witnessed 
 in several Italian towns, the geographical distribution of sea and land 
 Being different. Algiers has seen snow only once in seven years. It must 
 be remarked that the above observations only refer to an average of several 
 years ; but, however favourable the climate, vicissitudes sometimes arise. 
 Thus in the winter of 1856-1857 the rainfall very nearly reached the 
 whole amount of an average year, between November and 7th of February, 
 to the great disappointment of the visitors, who expected nothing more 
 unpleasant than an occasional heavy shower. In 1857, Dr. Jackson found 
 the valetudinarians to be very few, in consequence ; but from November 
 till April there was not one day in which the doctor could not get some 
 outdoor exercise, though in many days the rain fell like sheets of water. 
 For threatening tuberculosis of northern Europeans, Algiers is highly re- 
 commended. Far from being relaxing, the climate is considered to combine 
 decidedly bracing and strengthening properties with its usual equability 
 and mildness. Patients who are afflicted with a deposit of crude tubercle 
 will be greatly benefited by spending one or more winters at Algiers ; but 
 when the morbid mass has entered the active process of softening and ulce- 
 ration, the fatal issue will only be hastened by a resort to this or any other 
 distant locality. Dr. Mitchel's tables show, as regards mortality from phthisis 
 compared with that from other diseases, that, of all classes of the population, 
 1 death is caused by consumption to 27*6 from other causes in Algeria ; 
 whilst the proportion in Gibraltar, Malta, and Ionian Islands, is 1 to 3*8 ; 
 in Marseilles, 1 to 4 ; in Paris and the French army, 1 to 5 ; in England 
 and Wales, 1 to 5'3; in London, 1 to 8*1; in Genoa, 1 to 5*4 ; in Boston, 
 1 to 6-6 ; in Charleston, 1 to 6- 9 ; in New York, 1 to 7 '2 ; in Nice, 1 to 
 7 ; in Naples, 1 to 8. The town has a magnificent appearance from the 
 sea : the lower part is laid out in the French style, with arcades for foot- 
 passengers, the native quarters being on the upper part of the hill. The 
 
232 APPENDIX. 
 
 environs are very picturesque. Cabs and omnibuses ply all day. There 
 is an excellent theatre ; season, from October till May. 
 
 Alpine climate. It is well known that elevation diminishes the tempera- 
 ture, but the degree of diminution varies considerably. Thus in the 
 northern temperate zone an altitude of 250 feet lowers the temperature by 
 1 degree Fahr., whilst in the torrid zone 330 feet are required to effect the 
 same decrease. Moreover, a proportionally greater diminution of heat 
 takes place in the higher regions of mountains than is experienced during 
 the first part of the ascent. The ascending currents of air, being less con- 
 densed the higher they rise, have more capacity for absorbing heat, and 
 thus greater cold is produced. The diminished barometric pressure at the 
 greater heights causes us to inhale a more rarified air that is to say, air 
 containing in the same volume a smaller amount of oxygen than in the 
 lower regions. As the principal object of breathing is the desire of our 
 organism to get rid of the accumulated carbon, by its combination with the 
 oxygen of the air and its elimination in a gaseous form, it follows that we 
 require a greater amount of air for each respiration than in lower localities. 
 Hence we feel an instinctive propensity of raising our heads and expand- 
 ing our chests in order to supply this want. Herein lies the great benefit 
 of mountain air in phthisical tendency. The necessity of deeper inspira- 
 tions strengthens the muscular apparatus, increases the elasticity of the 
 pulmonary cells, improves the nutrition of the thorax, and checks the 
 formation of new tubercular deposits. 
 
 On the other hand, the quantity of rain or snow falling on the average, 
 at certain localities, must be taken in account for the choice of a situation. 
 In Southern and Central Europe, the mountains between 4,000 and 6,000 
 feet of altitude receive more rain and snow than the plains. At higher 
 situations the moisture becomes probably diminished, St. Bernard forming 
 an exception to this rule. Moreover, greater power of evaporation exists 
 in elevated situations. This is shown by the rapidity with which articles 
 of dress become dry. Probably the increased thirst on high mountains and 
 the tendency to dryness of the lips is due to the same cause. 
 
 The motion of the air is also greater in elevated localities than in plains 
 (with the exception of the sea-coasts). This becomes modified, however, to 
 a considerable degree, by the part of the mountain on which the place lies ; 
 if in a valley, by the direction in which it opens, or is sheltered by sur- 
 rounding heights. In the same day, and at the same time, neighbouring 
 valleys sometimes exhibit different winds and different temperature. The 
 impeded movement in the air renders some Alpine valleys warmer in 
 summer than the adjacent plateaux and mountain sides. The reflection of 
 the heat from the rocks and deep declivities may also contribute to their 
 higher summer temperature. 
 
 In general, there are two regular currents of wind in mountainous 
 countries viz., one ascending from the valley in the warmth of the day, 
 and another descending from the mountains in the coolness of the evening 
 and at night. 
 
 The * Fohn' is a very hot and violent wind, melting the ice rapidly. 
 Though it carries a great quantity of moisture, rain is kept off during its 
 
EUROPEAN SPAS AND CLIMATIC HEALTH-RESORTS. 283 
 
 appearance, but generally falls in abundance when it is supplanted by a 
 cooler wind. The Fohn has a depressing effect on the nervous system, and 
 disturbs sleep and digestion. North and east winds generally prognosticate 
 favourable weather; south-west and west winds rain. 
 
 Thunderstorms are supposed to prevail to a greater extent in mountainous 
 regions than in plains. They occur more frequently in moderately-elevated 
 places (from 1,500 to 4,500 feet) than above and below these altitudes. 
 
 Electricity is considered to be more intense in elevated and open places 
 than in lower and enclosed localities. As the positive state of electricity has 
 been shown to increase with the cold, this condition must prevail most on 
 the mountains. The increased rapidity of evaporation likewise tends to 
 strengthen the source of positive electricity. Moreover, a small portion of 
 the mountain air is supposed to be constantly transformed into ozone. 
 
 In the rainy zone (from 1,500 to 5,000 feet), mists and clouds are more 
 frequent than in the plains. In the higher situations (above 5,000 feet), 
 the clear days become more numerous ; and all at once a serene sky is often 
 perceived on emerging from the clouds, and all the distant expanse of 
 mountain scenery opened to view. 
 
 The light is likewise considered to be more intense on the mountains 
 than in the plains ; having to traverse thinner atmospheric strata, it is 
 reflected in a greater proportion than it is absorbed. There is also a more 
 intense exposure to the rays of the sun (insolation), and during a greater 
 part of the day, the sun rising earlier and setting later in high localities. 
 
 The lower or sub- Alpine region (from 1,800 to 4,000 or 4,500 feet above 
 the level of the sea) abounds in vegetation. In the true Alpine region 
 (above 4,000 or 4,500 feet) the trees gradually diminish, until we only find 
 shrubs (' Alpenrose '), and higher still only short Alpine grass, interspersed 
 with gentiana, anemone, &c., which often reach to the line of * perpetual 
 snow.' 
 
 Breathing becomes deeper, as already observed, in the higher regions. 
 There is a feeling of greater elasticity and pleasure in the thoracic move- 
 ments. The contractions of the heart become more frequent. 
 
 An early effect of mountain residence is improved digestion. The sensa- 
 tion of gastric pressure and fulness after meals, so distressing to the 
 dyspeptic, soon gives way. But constipation occasionally takes place, and 
 ought to be prevented by carefully regulating the diet. The nervous 
 system is most favourably influenced by mountain air. This is especially 
 evidenced by a more cheerful disposition and greater soundness of sleep. 
 Dr. Weber* mentions the case of a gentleman, deeply engaged in mental 
 occupation, whose only complaint is want of sleep, and who mostly spends 
 his holidays on the Rigi, where he enjoys perfectly sound sleep during his 
 whole stay and for some weeks afterwards. He had previously tried for 
 the same purpose a residence on the borders of the Rhine, on the sea- 
 coast, and even in lower' situations of Switzerland, but without avail. He 
 only succeeds in his purpose when he chooses a place above the height of 
 
 * Notes on the Climate of the Swiss Alps, and some of their Health-resorts and Spas. 
 By Herman Weber, M.D., F.R.C.P., Physician to the German Hospital. Dublin : John 
 Falconer. 
 
284 APPENDIX. 
 
 3,000 feet. Some persons, however, form an exception to this rule, and are 
 unable to sleep well in high localities. In general, less amount of rest is 
 required than on the plains. Probably this is due to a greater soundness of 
 sleep, which has therefore a more refreshing effect. 
 
 The functions of the muscular system appear to be considerably improved 
 by mountain air, as persons under its influence can generally undertake a 
 great deal more of exercise without feeling fatigued than in plains ; and 
 when fatigue arises, a shorter rest is required to restore the former vigour. 
 
 That the skin is stimulated to greater action may be concluded from the 
 facilitated flow of the blood to the surface, through the diminished pressure 
 of the circumambient air. Though actual perspiration does not frequently 
 happen, this may be due to the greater evaporating influence prevailing in 
 the high mountains, which might quickly disperse the cutaneous exhalations 
 before they can accumulate into actual moisture. The fact of lowlanders 
 affected with atonic ulcers of the skin being cured by a mere resort to the 
 mountain air, without medical treatment, likewise indicates an improved 
 cutaneous function. However, this result might be equally due to a 
 generally ameliorated condition of the blood and to its more intense 
 nutritive properties. The improved cutaneous circulation likewise favours 
 a diminished accumulation of blood in those internal organs so prone to 
 congestion. Hence piles of recent origin sometimes give way after a few 
 weeks' mountain residence. However beneficial the temporary sojourn in 
 Alpine air may prove in general, some constitutions are unfavourably influ- 
 enced by it, and are affected with feverishness, giddiness, palpitation of the 
 heart, loss of appetite, dryness of the mouth, and constipation, either from 
 debility of the muscular apparatus, or from diminished intestinal secretion. 
 
 As regards the diseases prevalent amongst the inhabitants of these high 
 regions, pleuritis, pneumonia, and bronchitis must be enumerated as the 
 most frequent. In some places the deaths from pneumonia form the third 
 part of the whole mortality. Sometimes a malignant form of inflammation 
 of the lungs, or of the pleura, or of both, occurs epidemically (* Alpen- 
 stich'), being generally attended with typhoid symptoms, and inclined to 
 terminate fatally. 
 
 The various conditions of dyspnoea understood by the denomination of 
 * asthma' are so frequently met with amongst the residents, that the term 
 1 mountain asthma' has been adopted for their designation. 
 
 Pulmonary phthisis occurs occasionally in the sub-Alpine, but very 
 rarely in the true Alpine region. It is scarcely ever found amongst those 
 inhabitants of the Upper Engaddin who have not resided abroad ; whilst 
 those that bring the affection home from other countries are generally cured 
 by their native air, if the disease has not yet advanced too far. .But the 
 altitude at which consumption is rare or absent varies in different latitudes, 
 becoming lower towards the Poles. Whilst in the tropical climate 7,000 
 feet may be considered the limit, in the warmer temperate zone the disease 
 becomes rare beyond 3,500 to 5,000 feet ; and in the colder temperate zone, 
 beyond 1,300 to 3,000 feet. Thus, in the mountains of Thuringia, Silesia, 
 and the Harz (between 50 and 52 N. lat.) the frequency diminishes 
 above 1,200 to 1,400 feet; in the Black Forest (between 47 arid 49 N. 
 
EUROPEAN SPAS AND CLIMATIC HEALTH-RESORTS. 285 
 
 lat.), above 2,500 feet ; and in Switzerland (between 46 and 48 N. lat.), 
 above 3,000 feet. 
 
 Scrofulous diseases are frequent amongst the ill-fed, crowded inhabitants 
 of the confined valleys; cretinism is likewise restricted to the deeper- 
 seated valleys ; but goitre is occasionally met with in the highest situations. 
 
 Chronic rheumatism, sciatica, and heart-disease are often found in the 
 cold and damp sub- Alpine regions ; also haemorrhages of various organs. 
 
 Ague is very rare in the higher localities, except in broad valleys ex- 
 posed to the overflow of rivers (as the valley of the Ehone). In the latter 
 it is rather frequent, and even appears in the highest situations of the 
 neighbourhood. This may be explained either by the miasma of lower 
 localities having been carried upwards by the mists, or that the germ of 
 the disease may have been imbibed in the marshy plains, and ripened into 
 the complete disease after a lengthy incubation. 
 
 From the above observations we may deduce the advantages to be 
 expected in various ailments. The greatest benefit will be produced by a 
 mountain residence in the various forms of indigestion. The atonic 
 diarrhoea, with bloody and mucous evacuations, so prevalent after a sojourn 
 in hot climates, readily yields to the influence of mountain air. The 
 weakness following acute or exhausting diseases, and associated with an 
 impoverished condition of the blood, is greatly counteracted and improved 
 here. Also the ansemia resulting from ague, and frequently combined with 
 enlargement of the spleen. Many patients of this class have not a suffi- 
 ciently vigorous digestive apparatus to bear steel or quinine, but are apt to 
 regain a healthier condition of their organism by the improved assimilation 
 and nutrition due to a greater freedom of circulation, to more active 
 functions of the muscular apparatus, to an increased elimination of effete 
 tissue by skin and kidneys, which loss has to be replaced by the formation 
 of equal proportions of healthy materials. 
 
 Scrofulous diseases, especially in children, experience rapid improve- 
 ment in the higher mountainous regions ; the glandular swellings soon 
 decrease, whilst unhealthy ulcers heal quickly under the influence of the 
 generally ameliorated assimilation. 
 
 For incipient tuberculosis, or phthisical tendency, no better remedy can 
 be ordered than systematic climbing, at a certain elevation (above 3,500 
 in Switzerland), in a dry atmosphere. The lungs get more expanded, the 
 heart strengthened, and organic metamorphosis improved. If tuber- 
 culosis has proceeded to a more advanced stage, the true Alpine climate 
 would deteriorate the disease and hasten the fatal issue. Chronic bronchial 
 catarrh, with profuse expectoration, is also improved by the high Alpine 
 regions, especially exposed to the exhalations of pine-forests, which seem 
 to exert a soothing effect on the pulmonary mucous membrane. If, 
 however, great bronchial irritability or inflammatory disposition prevail, 
 the Alpine residence would be contra-indicated. Chronic rheumatism is 
 obviously not adapted for the lower sub- Alpine regions, with their moisture 
 and frequent changes of temperature. But certain kinds of muscular 
 rheumatism, as lumbago and sciatica, are said to have been sometimes 
 cured by the higher Alpine air. Neuralgia, hypochondriacs, and hysteria, 
 
286 APPENDIX. 
 
 based on a vitiated condition of the blood, on miasmatic influences, on 
 depressing mental emotions, or over-exertion, are greatly benefited by the 
 high mountain air. But where there is any real congestion to the head, 
 apoplectic or inflammatory tendency, or great inclination to pulmonary or 
 laryngeal irritation, the Alpine regions are decidedly contra-indicated. 
 
 BADEN (Canton Aargau, Switzerland), on the left bank of the Limmat, 
 and on the Aarau-Zurich railway, 13 miles distant from the former and 
 14 from the latter place. Altitude, 1,179 feet. Population, 2,700. Situ- 
 ation very picturesque. The descent to the large thermal springs on the 
 left shore of the Limmat is covered with vine. A shady walk extends 
 from the baths to the town. The chain of hills connecting the Schlossberg 
 with the Martinsberg is covered with meadows and fruit trees, whilst the 
 Martinsberg abounds with dense foliage. The baths are led into various 
 hotels, as the Staadhof, Schiff, &c. The former offers excellent accom- 
 modation and all conveniences desirable for a valetudinarian ; the latter 
 is likewise highly recommendable, and will be preferred by those whose 
 means are more limited. The bathing cabinets are spacious and lofty ; the 
 corridors leading to them are heated with warm watery vapours. The 
 atmospheric temperature of the baths is somewhat higher than that of the 
 town, which has a more elevated situation ; hence a course of bathing may 
 even be pursued in winter. 
 
 The springs possess a temperature of 117 to 122 Fahr. The water is 
 clear, colourless, and has a saline taste. There is some smell of sulphuretted 
 hydrogen, but the existence of this gas in the water cannot be demonstrated 
 by chemical analysis. It gets probably developed by the decomposition of 
 the sulphates through the influence of air and light after leaving the depth 
 of the sources. There are 14 springs which seem to possess the same origin. 
 The small spring in the Staadhof contains in 16 ounces: 
 
 Sulphate of soda 2*28 
 
 Sulphate of magnesia 2 '24 
 
 Sulphate of lime 10-8 
 
 Chloride of sodium . . . . . . 13-Q 
 
 Chloride of potassium 071 
 
 Chloride of magnesium . . . . . 0'56 
 
 Chloride of calcium 071 
 
 Fluoride of calcium 0*01 
 
 Carbonate of magnesia 0'14 
 
 Carbonate of lime 2*59 
 
 Total . . . 33.05 grains. 
 
 Carbonic acid 22-8 cub. centimetres. 
 
 Oxygen 5-91 
 
 Nitrogen 125-26 
 
 The gas evolved contains in 100 vol. 33'33 of carbonic acid; 66-35 of azote, 
 and 0-32 of oxygen. 
 
 The gas is also made use of for inhalations in vapour-baths. The water 
 is allowed to cool to a temperature of 88 to 98 Fahr. before it is used for 
 bathing. After only a few of the baths have been taken, the saliva assumes 
 
EUROPEAN SPAS AND CLIMATIC HEALTH-RESORTS. 287 
 
 a saline taste. Baden is recommended in chronic catarrhs of the respiratory 
 organs, and of the intestines, bladder, and vagina, provided they are of an 
 atonic character ; in gastric neuralgia, chronic rheumatism, scrophulosis, 
 and cutaneous diseases. The water is also employed internally. In all 
 cases of tendency to congestion of the brain, to haemorrhages, &c., Baden 
 is contra-indicated. 
 
 The duration of the baths must be adapted to the form of disease and to 
 the individuality of the patients; it ranges from 15 minutes to 3 hours. 
 Douches of various kinds are also available. A peculiarity of this spa has 
 to be mentioned viz., that, after bathing, from half an hour to an hour's 
 rest in bed (without sleeping) is generally enjoined ; further, that generally 
 the baths are administered as cool as possible, and the duration gradually 
 prolonged. This shows the importance of ascertaining the habits of a spa ; 
 for in many a health resort, with a lower temperature of the springs, baths 
 are taken so hot as to endanger the welfare of the patients. Whilst here the 
 cure is sought to be obtained by gradual prolongation of contact with the 
 thermal water, there the same end is attained by gradual increase of heat. 
 I have pointed out the danger in speaking of Teplitz. The repose in bed 
 enjoined after bathing (instead of exercise) exerts decidedly a most favour- 
 able influence. As reaction is considered the principal curative agent, the 
 horizontal position, and encouragement of cutaneous function (without the 
 necessity of active perspiration) after the direct contact with the spring, 
 certainly assists in producing the favourable effects witnessed in many 
 cases. I found the spa especially useful in persons debilitated by previous 
 illness, and affected with slight rheumatic pains of the muscular system, 
 with catarrhal affection of the uropoietic organs, and in other morbid states 
 where saline waters are indicated, but where any violent inroad into the 
 svstem would be injurious. 
 
 Physicians Drs. Minnich, senior and junior ; Stephani, Diebold, 
 Schnabeli, Schmitz. 
 
 B ADENWEILER (a village in Upper Breisgau, grand duchy of Baden), 
 a league from the Muhlheim station of the Freiburg-Basel railway. Alti- 
 tude, 1 ,450'. Population, 2,000. A whey establishment exists here, besides 
 a spring of 81 Fahr., and 7-J grains of constituents in 16 ounces (prin- 
 cipally sulphate of soda, of potash, and of lime). The bracing air and 
 charming landscape furnished by the neighbouring Black Forest contribute 
 materially to enhance the welfare of the valetudinarians. 
 
 Physician Dr. Siegel. 
 
 BAGNERES-DE-BIGORRE (vicus aquensis), a town of France, dep. 
 Hautes Pyrenees, on the left bank of the Adour, at the entrance of the 
 valley of Campan, 13 miles SSE. of Tarbes, 1,900 feet above the level of 
 the sea, may be reached by rail from Bordeaux (which lies 164 miles to 
 the NW.). Population, 9,000. (About two days' joiirney from London.) 
 The situation is most charming, the landscape variegated and highly pic- 
 turesque, the climate mild and equable, with excellent accommodation for 
 visitors and multifarious inducements for excursions into the neighbour- 
 
288 APPENDIX. 
 
 hood. The mineral springs here are numerous, and enjoy great reputation 
 for restoring the bodily strength and mental vigour of nervous, debilitated, 
 hypochondriacal, and hysterical patients. The bath establishments are 
 beautifully constructed ; the Marie Therese, which is built of Pyrenean 
 marble, contains seven springs, with a temperature ranging from 86 to 
 119 Fahr. ; besides, there are many private baths supplied from smaller 
 springs. The Source de la Reine contains in a quart of water 42^- grains of 
 solid ingredients 2 chloride of magnesium; 0*95 chloride of sodium ; 
 25*93 sulphate of lime ; 6 sulphate of soda and magnesia ; 4 carbonate of 
 lime; 0*68 carbonate of magnesia; 1*23 carbonate of iron; 0*09 fatty 
 matter; 0'09 extractive ; silica 0*55. 
 
 The Bains de Saute contain only 24^ grains in a quart of water (3 grains 
 of chloride of magnesium; 1-1 of chloride of sodium; only 7 grains of 
 sulphate of lime, and no iron ; the other ingredients are similar to the 
 former). One of the springs of Pinac is sulphurous, and has a temperature 
 of 68 Fahr. The composition is similar to the first, with the exception of 
 its possessing a grain more of chloride of magnesium, 2 more of chloride 
 of sodium, 4 less of sulphate of lime, 2 less of sulphate of soda and mag- 
 nesia, rather less iron and rather more carbonate of lime ; total, 43 grains. 
 A cold chalybeate spring issues from the side of Mount Olivet la Fontaine 
 Ferrugineuse. The sulphates and chlorides contained in the thermal water 
 exert a purging and deobstruent effect when taken internally, whilst the 
 lime and iron admixed in their composition prevent a too lowering action. 
 They are, therefore, highly useful in obstructed abdominal circulation, in 
 disturbed functions of the uterine nervous system, in chronic rheumatism, 
 and some forms of cutaneous diseases. They have altogether a less exciting 
 and milder effect than the neighbouring sulphurous springs, the capacity of 
 the water for absorbing warmth being diminished by the saline ingredients. 
 The climate exerts a soothing effect on persons suffering from pulmonary 
 diseases. Season, from June to September ; afterwards such patients gene- 
 rally retire to the milder neighbouring Pau. The baths especially increase 
 diuretic function (like all saline baths, as shown by Dr. Beneke's experi- 
 ments.) 
 
 Physician Dr. Ganderax. 
 
 BAGNERES-DE-LUCHON, a town in the south of France, depart- 
 ment of the Haute Garonne, in a fertile valley on the banks of the Gave 
 de la Pique (a tributary of the Garonne), east of Bareges, south-east of 
 Bagneres-de-Bigorre, 5 miles from the Spanish frontier, and 22 miles 
 south-south-west of St. Gaudens on the Garonne, is connected by diligence 
 with Pau and Tarbes. (About two days' journey from London.) Popu- 
 lation above 3,000. Altitude, 2,000 feet. Not only does the town enjoy 
 a most charming situation, but it offers excursions into the surrounding 
 country of surpassing beauty and variety. Season lasts from middle of 
 May to October. Numerous springs issue from the foot of the mountain, 
 called snperbagneres. The water is clear, colourless, feels saponaceous, 
 and exhibits a disagreeable sulphurous odour and taste. It contains a light 
 flocculent substance resembling scraped lint, and deposits a good deal of 
 
EUROPEAN SPAS AND CLIMATIC HEALTH-RESORTS. 289 
 
 sulphur in its course. A quart of water contains only 4' 33 grains of solid 
 constituents (viz., 0'47 sulpburet of sodium ; 0'03 sulphuret of iron ; 0*01 
 sulphuret of manganese ; I'l 1 chloride of sodium ; 0'07 sulphate of potash ; 
 1 sulphate of soda; 0'(>1 sulphate of lime; 0'13 silicate of alumina; 0'15 
 free silica). The various springs slightly diifer in their composition, and 
 exhibit a range of temperature from 60 Fahr. (froide saline) to 154 
 (Bayeu) ; the average is 106^- Fahr. By combining springs of different 
 temperature and composition a great variety of baths is administered, and 
 consequently adapted to very different morbid conditions. A similar plan 
 is pursued as regards the internal use of the springs. The spa is in general 
 resorted to for obstinate cutaneous affections : in pseudo-anchylosis result- 
 ing from imperfectly healed fractures or dislocations, or from gunshot 
 wounds ; in cases of chronic rheumatism and gout with articular deposits ; 
 also in bronchial catarrh and in obstructed abdominal circulation. The 
 springs excel all other Pyrenean spas in their quantity of sulphuret of 
 sodium, as they originate from the highest prominence of the Pyrenees. 
 Whilst the sulphurous springs in the east of France and also in Germany 
 seem to receive their gas admixed with carbonic acid in the interior of the 
 earth, or develope sulphuretted hydrogen from the contact of a sulphate 
 of earth with organic substances on issuing into the air; here the sulphuret 
 of sodium is in a constant state of decomposition, and introduces the sul- 
 phuretted hydrogen and the alkali at the same time into the organism. 
 Hence the German springs of this class have a less exciting and tumul- 
 tuous effect, stimulating rather the mucous membranes and the kidneys, 
 whilst the French excite more the venous and cutaneous systems. Greater 
 caution is therefore requisite in the use of these baths. Often the less ex- 
 citing baths of Bagneres de Bigorre are recommended to precede the use 
 of those of Bagneres de Luchoii. Most benefit is derived here by persons 
 of lymphatic and indolent habit affected with rheumatic and nervous 
 complaints. On the other hand, chronic irritation of internal organs, ten- 
 dency to congestion, inflammation or nervous irritability, contra-indicate the 
 spa. Generally the course commences by five or six baths of the Lasalle 
 or Richard spring, and is then followed by the great baths of the Queen 
 spring. This is done with a view of increasing the strength, but the 
 proceeding is erroneous ; for whilst the former continues to maintain its 
 gaseous contents (the original temperature being lower), the latter preci- 
 pitates part of its sulphur by contact with the atmosphere, becoming first 
 greenish-yellow, then white ; hence the bather actually receives a milder 
 bath after a strong one. 
 
 Physicians Drs. Barrie, Pegot, Fontan, Spoilt. 
 
 v 
 
 BAREGES, a village in the Hautes Pyrenees, on the river Bastan, west 
 of Bagneres-de-Luchon, south of Bagneres-de-Bigorre and of Tarbes (30 
 miles distant), 5 miles east of Luz station, with Which it is connected by 
 diligence. It may be reached from Pan through the Pass of Pierrefiue 
 and Laredan and the valley of Bastan. With an altitude of 4,000 feet, it 
 is enclosed between river and hill. Avalanches descend in winter and 
 spring from the surrounding steep and barren mountains. The accomnio- 
 
 U 
 
290 APPENDIX. 
 
 dation is pretty good in summer partly by stone houses and partly by 
 wooden huts erected in summer and taken down after the season is over 
 (September). But, notwithstanding its uninviting aspect, it has acquired 
 the greatest reputation amongst the French sulphurous spas. The springs 
 are nine in number, and range in temperature from 86 to 111 Fahr. : 
 Barzun, La Chapelle, Genecy, Dassieu, Le Fond, Bain Neuf, Polard, 
 L'Entree, Le Tambour. The water is clear, transparent, unctuous to the 
 touch, has a disagreeable smell and taste, and deposits a kind of organic 
 matter called Baregine. The physical and chemical properties of the 
 different springs are the same, showing a common origin. 
 
 A quart of water contains 3-18 grains of solid constituents viz., 0'64 
 sulphate of soda; 0'77 sulphuret of sodium ; 0'61 chloride of sodium; 
 I'O of silica; 0'03 of lime; 0'07 of caustic soda; traces of caustic 
 potash, ammonia, and baregine ; O24 cubic inch of nitrogen. The 
 following proportions were obtained, according to Gax, as the result of 
 treatment in the military sanitarium erected near the springs: As regards 
 cutaneous diseases of an herpetic character, 31 were cured out of 51 ; of a 
 pustular character, 10 out of 20; furfuraceous, 14 from 18; squamous, 7 
 from 10; syphilitic, 1 from 5; mcntagra, 1 from 2; psoric, 1-1. Out 
 of 300 rheumatalgias, 125 were cured, 136 improved, 35 unaltered, 3 
 became worse. Lumbago : 17 cured, 40 improved, 2 were attacked by 
 inflammation of kidneys and bladder in consequence of the douche. 
 Obstinate chronic rheumatism, after every trace of inflammation is re- 
 moved, has the most chance of being cured here ; also mercurialism aftrr 
 syphilis and chronic indolent ulcers. The same contra-indications prevail 
 as in the former spa. Moreover, too much stress cannot be laid on the 
 circumstance that the physical and chemical qualities of the water are not 
 alone to be considered, but the climate, the accommodation, the food even 
 the beverages that can be obtained and the journey. Want of comfort, 
 the difficulty of obtaining palatable food, the unpleasantness of a tedious 
 journey, has often destroyed all advantages that were rationally expected 
 from a perfectly well-indicated health-resort. 
 
 Physicians Drs. Pages, Campas, Lebret. 
 
 BATH (Aquae solis\ on the Avon, capital of the county of Somerset, 
 12 miles east-south-east of Bristol, and 106 miles west-south-west of 
 Paddington (about three hours' journey). Altitude, 95 feet. Annual 
 rainfall, 38 inches. Population, 52,000. Season, from November to 
 April. The city is sheltered against the east winds prevailing in the 
 neighbourhood, but not against west winds, which impregnate the place 
 with humidity and warmth. The lower part of the town is particularly 
 relaxing and damp, as the ground consists of a dense clayey soil, which 
 impedes the prompt evaporation and percolation of the rain-water, whilst 
 the upper part is more built upon sandy and porous ground, and is there- 
 fore less oppressive and humid in summer. The mean annual temperature 
 is 51* 19 Fahr. There are four springs, probably arising from the same 
 origin, with a temperature ranging from 117 Fahr. (hot bath) to 109 
 (the cross bath). Commodious public swimming baths are available on 
 
EUROPEAN SPAS AND CLIMATIC HEALTH-RESORTS. 291 
 
 alternate clays for the two sexes, and most beautiful and well-appointed 
 private baths in great variety. The waters are principally employed for 
 bathing, and contain nearly 15 grains of solid ingredients in a pint, viz., 
 2'72 chloride of calcium ; O74 chloride of magnesium ; 3'48 sulphate of 
 soda; 0' 60 carbonate of soda ; 6*65 sulphate of lime ; O35 silica; O054 
 carbonate of iron ; loss, 0'34 ; besides an inch of carbonic acid and a large 
 quantity of nitrogen. 
 
 The springs being 17 feet higher than the Avon, turned a mill in the 
 time of the Romans, with the stream of hot water proceeding to the river. 
 Through its excessive summer heat, Bath is rather resorted to in winter ; 
 but the effects cannot be as striking as they might be in the more congenial 
 warmth of summer and spring. The great reputation of the spa for chronic 
 rheumatism and gout, for several forms of local paralysis, as the ' dropped 
 hand' of painters, &c., is undoubtedly declining ; and many are the con- 
 jectures to account for this diminished fame. But the cause seems to be 
 obvious enough. When the cutaneous function is most disposed to assist 
 in the elimination of morbific materials that is, in the warm season 
 the oppressive heat deters visitors from exposing themselves to a relaxing 
 climate, when, by an easy journey abroad, they may obviate this incon- 
 venience ; and, during winter, the average temperature (of 45 Fahr. in 
 November, 42 in December, 37J in January, 41^ in February, and 
 44J in March) is not sufficiently high to prevent patients from losing the 
 advantages of the course in the intervals of bathing. 
 
 The waters are also employed internally in cases of acidity, biliary 
 obstruction, anaemia, and general debility, without any inflammatory 
 symptoms. But before and during the course, aperients are administered 
 if the bowels do not act freely (contrary to the practice prevailing in the 
 German spas). The water is to be swallowed as quickly as possible, to 
 prevent the escape of the gaseous contents and the premature deposit of the 
 iron. Sometimes a kind of lethargic torpor or giddiness ensues at first, 
 which has to be relieved by opening remedies. Great care must be taken 
 against exposure to cold or damp, for a check of perspiration would im- 
 mediately necessitate a discontinuance of the course. In the King's Bath, 
 and also in the other public baths, there is a subaqueous douche, for 
 causing a stream of water to hit any affected part of the body whilst im- 
 mersed in water. This is called the ivet douche, or wet pump. Through 
 the cooling process going on, and the spaciousness of the reservoirs, the 
 original temperature of 116 Fahr. is lowered to 98, especially towards 
 the circumference. In atonic or erratic gout the internal use of the waters 
 proves most efficacious, by bringing on a regular fit in the extremities, and 
 thus relieving the internal organs. The water should never be iised till all 
 inflammatory symptoms of the paroxysm have subsided. The debility, 
 loss of appetite, articular swelling and stiffness immediately after the 
 paroxysm, indicate the resort to Bath. But if delayed till chalky deposits 
 have formed in the joints, less effect can be expected. Paraplegia and 
 dyspepsia and many cutaneous diseases are frequently relieved or cured in 
 Bath, the only hot spring of Great Britain. 
 
 U 2 
 
292 APPENDIX. 
 
 BUXTON (Bucostenum), a market-town of Derbyshire, 31 miles 
 west-north- west of Derby, and 163 miles north-north-west of Euston-square 
 or King's Cross stations (about six hours' journey). Population, 1,800. 
 Altitude, 900 feet. The bracing air of this elevated locality amongst the 
 Derbyshire hills exercises by itself a favourable influence on the debilitated 
 body and depressed nerves of the visitors. Several gravel walks rise one 
 above the other, arid serve as exercise for those invalids incapacitated for 
 longer walks. Moreover, a beautiful romantic and shady promenade 
 stretches for nearly a mile on both sides of the lovely Wye, interspersed 
 with numerous serpentine walks. There is a large public bath with a 
 powerful douche, and several private baths, besides a drinking spring. 
 The temperature of the water is 82 at the source, but some degrees are 
 lost before use. A gallon of water contains about 19 J grains of solid con- 
 stituents viz., 1\ carbonate of lime; 4j carbonate of magnesia; 2^ 
 sulphate of lime ; 2-J chloride of sodium ; 2J chloride of potassium ; 
 traces of silica and of oxide of iron ; besides 2*06 cubic inches of nitrogen 
 and 3*4:7 of carbonic acid gas. The water is clear, tasteless, and inodorous. 
 Some persons, especially of sanguineous habit, find it inconveniently 
 stimulating, and complain of headache, giddiness, &c. Gouty patients 
 have sometimes found a paroxysm occurring a few days after its use. In 
 general it agrees well with the digestive organs. Its undoubted diuretic 
 effect is probably more due to the water itself than to its chemical 
 constituents. It has been remarked that the water passes off less 
 rapidly than a liquid more impregnated with saline particles or with 
 carbonic acid ; hence the sense of gastric oppression and cerebral fulness 
 duriug its stay in the stomach. In gravel and uric acid sediments the 
 water has been found very efficacious. But the principal use is made of 
 the baths, which are generally admitted to be highly restorative and tonic. 
 As they constantly flow in and out, the same intermediate temperature 
 between warm and cold is kept up, neither exhibiting the too exciting 
 influence of heat, nor the too sedative influence of cold. A slight chill is 
 felt on entering, which soon gives way to a gentle glow and feeling of ease. 
 The bath heated to 98 Fahr. gave to Dr. Johnson the sensation of bathing 
 in new milk. He recommends patients with delicate constitutions to 
 commence with baths of 92 Fahr., and only use the natural temperature 
 after some preparation. 
 
 The spa is chiefly, and often successfully, employed for chronic gout and 
 rheumatism. 
 
 BERG, a quarter of a league from Canstatt (near Stuttgardt, in 
 Wtirtemberg), on the so-called * Island,' possesses two springs the 
 1 Sprudel ' (bubbler), with a natural temperature of about 70 Fahr., and 
 the ' Inselquelle,' with a temperature of 66 Fahr. The former contains 
 33 grains of solid ingredients in 16 ounces viz , 12^ chloride of sodium ; 
 nearly 1 chloride of potassium ; 6 J sulphate of lime ; 3 J sulphate of mag- 
 nesia ; | sulphate of soda ; 7 j carbonate of lime ; 0'17 carbonate of iron ; 
 and 14-^ cubic inches of free carbonic acid. The latter contains only 24 
 grains of solid constituents, and 8J cubic inches of carbonic acid. The 
 
EUROPEAN SPAS AND CLIMATIC HEALTH-RESORTS. 293 
 
 bassin-batlis supplied by the Sprudel with constant influx and efflux have 
 a particularly strengthening effect on persons suffering from indigestion or 
 inactivity of the hepatic system. But, from the lownessof the temperature, 
 only two or three minutes' stay ought to be allowed at first, and gradually 
 prolonged to ten minutes. 
 Physician Dr. Ha'rlin. 
 
 BERK A, on the llm (Thuringia), 5 miles from Weimar station (of the 
 Eisenach-Halle railway), possesses an establishment for pine foliage vapour 
 baths, and in its neighbourhood a sulphurous and chalybeate spring ; the 
 former contains 13^ grains of solid constituents in 16 ounces viz., 5J 
 sulphate of lime ; 4 J carbonate of lime ; 1 sulphate of soda ; nearly 2 sul- 
 phate of magnesia; 0*7 chloride of calcium ; some extractive matter; besides 
 3'4 cub. inches of carbonic acid, and 6*4 of sulphuretted hydrogen with 
 nitrogen. The chalybeate contains 21-| grains of solid constituents in 16 
 ounces (amongst them 13 J of sulphate of lime ; 3J carbonate of lime ; 
 nearly -J chloride of calcium ; J chloride of magnesium ; -~ carbonate of 
 magnesium ; 3 sulphate of magnesia ; -^ carbonate of iron). For chronic 
 rheumatism, with ana>mia and great debility, the above healing agent 
 cannot fail to prove highly serviceable. 
 
 Physician Dr. Ebert. 
 
 BERTRICH, WSW. of Coblenz, in Rhenish Prussia, on the Usebach ; 
 12 miles SW. of Cochem, on the Moselle ; 35 miles N. of Treves, with 
 an elevation of 400' above the level of the sea, and sheltered by surround- 
 ing hills against north and east winds. By the Moselle steamer Alf may 
 be reached in 8 hours, and thence another hour's omnibus ride westward 
 brings the visitor to the spa. The temperature of the spring, about 90 
 Fahr., with a constant afflux of thermal water, must give the place a high 
 rank amongst those spas especially resorted to. for the cure of chronic 
 rheumatism and gout. Constituents: 13^ grains in 16 ounces viz., 7 sul- 
 phate of soda ; 3^ chloride of sodium ; 1^ carbonate of soda ; T r ^ carbonate 
 of lime; -J- magnesia; -^ baregine; some alumina, silica, and traces of iron ; 
 with 4J cubic inches of carbonic acid. When excitement of the venous 
 and nervous systems coexists with general atony, and has resulted from 
 diseases due to suppressed cutaneous function, this spa is eminently useful. 
 Without any weakening effect, the skin is gradually improved in its meta- 
 morphosis, whilst the saline and alkaline ingredients of the water improve 
 the function of the liver, counteract acidity, and thus help in the removal 
 of effete materials and in restoring a healthy equilibrium. 
 
 Physician Dr. Cuppers. 
 
 BEX, a village in the Canton of Vaud (Waadtland), Switzerland, on the 
 right bank of the Rhone, in the charming valley of the Avencon, 1,380' 
 over the level of the sea, 26 miles SE. of Lausanne (on the Lake of 
 Geneva), from which it may be reached by rail in two hours. It lies on 
 the north-western declivity of the Dent de Morcle (8,400' high), where 
 the high peaks of the Bernese Alps direct their course towards the cauldron 
 
294 APPENDIX. 
 
 of the Lake of Geneva. Besides its picturesque situation and its most 
 beautiful variegated walks, it is sheltered against violent winds, and enjoys 
 a very mild and bracing climate. Moreover, the exhalations of the salt 
 mines and graduation works impregnate the air with saline particles; 
 hence patients affected with chronic pulmonary catarrh and tuberculous 
 disposition resort to this most favoured locality for an autumn or spring 
 residence. Besides saline baths, the place possesses a spring with a con- 
 siderable amount of sulphuretted hydrogen, available for internal use as a 
 resolvent and stomachic (Minenquelle containing in 16 ounces 23 J grains 
 of solid constituents viz., 17| of chloride of sodium; 3J of sulphate of 
 soda; ^ of sulphate of lime; nearly 2 of carbonate of lime; 4 cub. inches of 
 carbonic acid gas, and O76 of sulphuretted hydrogen). The Inselquelle 
 contains 10J- grains of solid constituents, 1 cub. inch of carbonic acid, and 
 O13 of sulphuretted hydrogen, and is principally used for bathing. There 
 are very good pensions, where the visitor can be accommodated for the 
 moderate sum of 3 francs (half a crown) a day. 
 
 BOTZEN (Bolzano in Italian), a town of Tyrol, at the confluence of the 
 Talfer and the Eisach, 79 miles south of Inspruck, 34 north-north-east of 
 Trient (about two hours' railway journey on the Botzen-Verona line). 
 It is enclosed in a beautiful valley by high mountains ; a strong dam, 
 nearly 2 miles in length, protects the place against inundations of the 
 river. In incipient tuberculosis the town is frequented as a most pleasant, 
 mild, and amusing residence. The higher Upper-Botzen or Ritten offer a 
 pure bracing mountain air for those who wish to escape the oppressive heat 
 prevailing in the Tyrolese valleys during summer. 
 
 Notwithstanding the beautiful climate, patients with irritable thoracic 
 organs have to be particularly careful as regards the great contrast of tem- 
 perature prevailing between sunny and shady places, especially in Fe- 
 bruary, March, and commencement of April (the warmest winter months). 
 They have also to guard against the cold winds often suddenly blowing 
 down from the neighbouring glaciers, whilst a beautiful congenial weather 
 and a clear inviting sky induce lengthy walks in the charming environs. 
 
 Physician Dr. Cazenave. 
 
 Hotels Kaiser-Krone, Europe, and Mezza Lune (Half Moon). 
 
 BIARRITZ, sea-bath of the west coast of France, in one of the bays of 
 the inner angles of the Bay of Biscay, between Bayonne (reached in a 
 20 minutes'" railway ride) and the village of Bidart ; 129 miles south- 
 west of Bordeaux. (About 34 hours' journey from London.) Population, 
 2,700. Mean annual temperature, 56 Fahr. ; summer temperature, 70 
 Fahr. Three bathing places are used the Port Vieux, for the better class 
 of visitors, with more luxurious accommodation ; the Cote des Fous, where 
 the bathing houses are less elegantly furnished, but where evidently the 
 air is purer and more bracing, and the movement of the waves more 
 energetic ; and the Cote de Basques, protected against north and north- 
 west winds, and only open towards the south-west; less used on account 
 of the difficulty of access. All the bays offer fine sandy beaches, and are 
 admirably adapted for sea bathing. From the cliffs a splendid view may 
 
EUROPEAN SPAS AND CLIMATIC HEALTH-RESORTS. 295 
 
 be obtained of the restless Bay of Biscay, agitated and rendered more 
 turbulent by the slightest increase of wind. The beautiful scenery, the 
 genial climate (43J X. lat.), and the seclusion, render it a most desirable 
 and- fashionable sea bath from July to September. 
 
 Physicians Drs. Afire, Chapman, Girdlestone. 
 
 The Hotel de France offers the best accommodation. 
 
 BOULOGNE-SUR-MER (Gesoriacum), a fortified seaport town of 
 France, capital of Pas de Calais, at the mouth of the Lianne, on the 
 English Channel ; terminus of the Amiens railway (139 miles NNW. of 
 Paris, and 19 miles SW. of Calais; 29 miles from Folkestone, and 112 
 miles from London). 50^ N. lat. ; 1 E. long. Population, 36,000. The 
 upper town is situated on a hill, from which the English coast may be seen ; 
 the lower, or new town, extends to the sea. The Tintelleries, situated in 
 a valley towards the north, is the favourite resort of the English residents. 
 The baths are most convenient. The chief architectural attraction is the 
 monument a most beautiful structure intended to commemorate the 
 invasion of England by Napoleon, who is represented by a colossal bronze 
 statue at the top. The jetty, extending about 2,000 feet from the quay, 
 commands an excellent view of the harbour and part of the coast. Charm- 
 ing walks and drives into the environs offer themselves to the visitors. 
 The climate is mild ; the average temperature of the sea is about 58 
 Fahr. (11'7 R.). In a beautiful building near the shore, warm, sea, and 
 douche baths are administered. The bathing ground of the sea is sandy, 
 safe, and free from pebbles, whilst the surrounding downs (100 to 150 feet 
 high) protect the bather against the winds, but do not prevent the congenial 
 influence of the sun from warming the ground mornings and evenings. 
 
 BLANKENBERGHE, Belgian sea-bath (prov. West Flanders), 9 miles 
 north-west of Bruges ; half an hour's railway journey ; equally distant 
 from Ostend. Population, 1,800. 
 
 The strand is formed of a fine hard sand, and is especially adapted for 
 sea-bathing, as the coast is gradually and imperceptibly sinking here, 
 leaving about 100 yards free between ebb and flow tide. The downs are 
 about 50 yards wide, and lead to the village by the descent of some steps. 
 
 Physician Dr. Verhaege, of Ostend. 
 
 BERWICK (North), a seaport town of Scotland, at the mouth of the 
 Firth of Forth, 22 miles east-north-east of Edinburgh, with which it is 
 connected by railway. About 2 miles from the shore, to the north, the 
 insulated Bass Rock reaches a height of 350 feet, with a circumference of 
 1 mile. It was formerly used as a state prison. Though the latitude (56 
 N.) renders it too cold to be recommended as a residence in early summer, 
 the beautiful scenery of the environs, the bracing air, and the mildness of 
 the climate in the hottest summer months, offer many inducements for 
 those who wish to combine sea-bathing with walks and rides in a 
 romantic portion of Scotland. Distance from Euston Square 422 miles 
 (via Crewe) ; about 15 hours' journey. 
 
296 APPENDIX. 
 
 BLACKPOOL, a village on the western seacoast of England, 4 miles 
 SW. of Poulton, in the County of Lancaster, north of Liverpool, forms a 
 branch of the Preston and Wyre railway. Population, 3,500. Though 
 popularly called the * Northern Brighton,' its situation three degrees 
 farther to the north than the favoured south-east town points out the 
 greater roughness of the climate. Accommodation for bathers and visitors 
 is, however, perfectly satisfactory. 
 
 BOURNEMOUTH, Hampshire, on Poole Bay, 5 miles omnibus ride 
 west of Christchurch (99 miles from Waterloo station) ; rainfall about 
 29 inches. It lies at the mouth of the Bourne, on a slope. The Isle of 
 Wight is about 10 miles distant to the east. The valley is sheltered by 
 hills en both sides, and characterised by great luxuriance of vegetation, 
 Deep ravines intersect it at different points ; it stretches for about 3J miles 
 towards the north-west ; whilst protected from north and north-east winds. 
 it is left open to the north-west and south-west. Westerly winds are 
 generally the most frequent and violent, but in summer and spring east 
 winds prevail. The rain-clouds are diverted from the town by the hilly 
 Isle of Purbeck. Through the sandy ground the water soon percolates 
 and dries up, so that visitors are not long prevented from their walks in 
 the pleasant promenades even after heavy showers. Mean annual tem- 
 perature 51 Fahr. (winter, 42; spring, 49; summer, 60; autumn, 5 1 J). 
 The climate is in winter mild, without being relaxing. The sheltered 
 position prevents many of the injurious vicissitudes of temperature and 
 winds, and it is therefore peculiarly adapted to persons affected with 
 irritable thoracic organs or with incipient tuberculosis. Journey from 
 London about 5J hours, 
 
 BRIGHTON (Brighthelmstone), celebrated sea bath of the south coast 
 of England, on the English Channel, 50J miles from London (an hour and 
 a half s railway journey). Lat, N. 5(H; long. W. 0'8 ; 28' above the 
 level of the sea. Population increased from 7,000 (in 1801) to 77,000 
 (in 1861). The town is sheltered by the south downs on the north and 
 the north-east, and stretches for three miles along the coast, having a sea- 
 wall 60 feet high in front, a valley in the centre, and slopes on the east 
 and west. The South Coast Railway connects it with Portsmouth. 44 
 miles distant to the west ; an eastern branch, with Hastings. The most 
 remarkable structure to be noticed is the suspension chain-pier, which 
 extends 1 ,014 feet into the sea. The manifold amusements, the beauty and 
 variety of the squares and streets, the gaiety of the fashionable world, all 
 tend to stamp it as a most pleasant residence for weak, nervous, hypo- 
 chondriac patients. The climate in general has a bracing and restorative 
 character, especially the eastern part of the town ; but in the west it is 
 more damp and mild. The Steyne is considered the medium between the 
 two varieties. Rainfall only 25 - 6 inches. Moreover, the nature of the 
 sloping ground favours a speedy disappearance of moisture, as a substratum 
 of chalk lies under the superficial soil. During December, January, and 
 February the climate is pretty equable and mild more dry and bracing 
 
EUROPEAN SPAS AND CLIMATIC HEALTH-RESORTS. 297 
 
 than moist and relaxing. But in spring the prevalence of north and 
 easterly winds ought to prevent persons with delicate respiratory organs 
 from choosing it as a residence. The warmth often prevailing in this 
 season may only expose the invalids more frequently to these irritating 
 blasts. The direct solar influence in heating the body does not produce a 
 universal warm temperature ; hence the great difference between sunny and 
 shady places, and the frequent atmospheric vicissitudes in this season. 
 Whilst in summer and autumn it is one of the most charming resorts for 
 sea-bathing and recreation, in winter it ought principally to be selected 
 by persons of strumous, scrofulous, indolent habits, or by those whose 
 power of nutrition and sanguification has been lowered in consequence of 
 tedious exhausting diseases, or through mental over-exertion, or depressing 
 physical influences. Plethoric persons, on the contrary, as well as those 
 affected with indigestion of an irritable character, or with disposition for 
 affections of the pulmonary mucous membrane or tissue, would do better by 
 choosing a milder climate. Delicate individuals generally feel better in 
 the western (moister and milder) part ; but where the system is in a 
 relaxed state, the dry and bracing air of the eastern portion agrees best. 
 The Steyne is somewhat sheltered from the cold north-easterly and violent 
 south-westerly winds. In the autumn and early part of winter the 
 Brighton climate is milder and steadier than that of Hastings ; whilst in 
 the spring it is rendered harsh, cold, and irritating, by the north-easterly 
 winds, and ought to be avoided by delicate individuals. During autumn 
 and winter it is particularly beneficial to anaemic, chlorotic, and debilitated 
 females suffering from deranged catamenial functions. Relaxed nervous 
 persons feel more energy and vigour here than elsewhere ; but individuals 
 of an irritable nervous system, or of a dry irritable skin, or of gastritic 
 dyspepsia, are not benefited here on the contrary, their complaints are ~ 
 often aggravated. 
 
 BORDEAUX, capital of the Gironde, in the south-west of France, on 
 the left bank of the Garonne, 60 miles from its mouth in the Atlantic. 
 Lat. N. 44^; long. W. 34'. Population, 162,000. Its navigable river, 
 2,600 feet wide and 60 to 90 feet deep, communicates on one side with the 
 Atlantic, and on the other by the Canal du Midi with the Mediterranean. 
 The town is 363 miles distant from Paris (18 hours' railway journey), and 
 also connected by steamers with London. Delicate persons, inclined to 
 pulmonary disease, often resort there for the winter. Its proximity to the 
 Atlantic (33 miles from La Teste, 1-J- hour's railway journey), its southern 
 position, and other favourable climatic influences, render the atmosphere 
 mild and soothing in the cold season. "With all the comforts of a large 
 seaport town it offers a suitable winter residence as a change. But persons 
 affected with a dry irritable cough and dyspnoea would feel their condition 
 aggravated here by the frequent vicissitudes of temperature. 
 
 MONTPELLIER, a French city, capital of the department of Herault, 
 near the Lez, and on the railway from Nimesto Cette, 75 miles west-north- 
 west of Marseilles. Population, 51,000. 43^ N. lat. ; 4 E. long. It 
 
298 APPENDIX. 
 
 is situated on the slope of a hill, and is celebrated for the splendid 
 promenade of Peyrou and for the mildness of its climate. Mean tempera- 
 ture of the year, 57-^ : winter, 44 ; summer, 71. But, notwithstanding 
 its favourable southern position, it has lost its prestige as a resort for con- 
 sumptive invalids. Predominance of northerly winds during winter and 
 spring, and the dry and variable atmosphere, favour even the development 
 of the 'disease. In fact, phthisis prevails to a large extent among the 
 inhabitants. 
 
 CHARLOTTENBRUNNEN, a village of Silesia, south of Altwasser ; 5 
 miles south-east of Waldeburg station (an hour's drive) ; south-west of 
 Breslau; upwards of 1,300' over the level of the sea. It is surrounded by 
 beautiful fir forests, in a valley on the eastern declivity of the Schweid- 
 nitzer mountain, sheltered by high mountains, and only open to the south. 
 Notwithstanding its high situation, the climate is remarkably mild and 
 bracing. It contains excellent arrangements for whey-cures, besides a 
 mild chalybeate (Charlottenquelle) and an acidulous spring (Elisenquelle). 
 The former contains 5-^ grains of solid constituents in 16 ounces : amongst 
 them ^ grain of carbonate of iron ; 1^ carbonate of soda ; 2 j- carbonate of 
 lime ; -^ carbonate of magnesia ; and 18 cubic inches of carbonic acid. 
 The Elisenquelle contains only 4 grains in 16 ounces ; only a trace of iron, 
 and 17 J inches of carbonic acid. The environs abound in charming land- 
 scapes ; amongst them the ruins of the Castle of Kynau, the romantic 
 Schlesier Valley, &c., may be mentioned. The place is mostly resorted to 
 by persons afflicted with chronic pulmonary catarrhs, for the whey- cure, 
 and climatic advantages. Atonic dyspepsia, anaemia, and obstructions of 
 the uterine circulation, are counteracted by the springs. 
 
 Physicians Drs. Neisser and Weiss. 
 
 CLARENS, on the north-eastern shore of the Lake of Geneva, an hour's 
 railway journey from Lausanne, south of Vevay (14 minutes' journey), is 
 highly recommended as a climatic health resoit for an autumn residence of 
 persons with delicate constitutions or with chronic bronchial catarrhs. 
 
 On account of the protection afforded by high mountains and rocks, that 
 part of the shore situated between the ' Basses' on the north and Veytaux 
 (Chillon) on the south is sheltered against the cold north winds and 
 endowed with a particularly mild climate, whilst the pensions afford 
 excellent accommodation. Lausanne and Geneva, however, being devoid 
 of this protection, would be perfectly inappropriate for a winter or autumn 
 residence of invalids. The places particularly selected are, starting from 
 Lausanne : 
 
 1. VEVAY, the second town of the canton of Vaud (40 minutes' railway 
 journey). Population, 5,000. It is situated close to the northern shore of the 
 Lake of Geneva, at the mouth of the gorge of Vevayse, with most charming 
 and picturesque scenery. The walks in the neighbourhood are delightful. 
 A promenade on a clear night towards Montreux, when the moon is 
 reflected in the lake on the one side, and the beautiful and variegated 
 mountains rise to view on the other, is one of the most romantic and 
 
EUROPEAN SPAS AND CLIMATIC HEALTH-RESORTS. 299 
 
 pleasant walks that can be pictured by the imagination. Indeed, the remark 
 of an intelligent English traveller is perfectly appropriate viz., that it is a 
 place particularly suited for a honeymoon sojourn. The Hotel des Trois 
 Couronnes, especially its beautifully laid-out garden, looking on the green 
 lake, with the numerous pleasure-boats rocking invitingly to and fro, leave 
 impressions on the mind of a most enduring and agreeable character. 
 The place is also used for courses of grape-cure. 
 
 Physicians Drs. de Montet, Churchod, Guisan, Muret, Dor. 
 
 2. CLARENS, referred to above. 
 
 3. VERNEX (for Montreux), 5 miles' railway journey from Clarens. 
 
 4. MONTREUX offers such excellent protection and beautiful views from 
 tlie eminence on which it is built, that it is even frequently chosen as a 
 pleasant winter residence by persons of delicate build and tuberculous 
 diathesis. Accommodation is likewise excellent, and attracting numerous 
 visitors. The mean winter temperature here and in the southern Veytaux 
 (6 minutes' journey), (also station for the celebrated solitary castle of 
 Chillon, two miles' distant) approaches that of Venice very nearly. 
 While the temperature of the latter amounts to 2'7 R. (37^ Fahr.) here, 
 in the severe winter of 1854-55 it amounted to 2 E. (36 Fahr.), 
 Their being situated so very near the mountains, the shelter against cold 
 winds is proportionally greatest ; hence the climate is extremely mild and 
 equable, without being too relaxing. 
 
 COLBERG, or KOLBERG, a fortress and seaport town in Prussian 
 Pomerania, 25 miles west of Koslin, on the right shore of the Persante, 
 about one mile distant from its entrance into the Baltic; north-east of 
 Stettin (about 5^ hours' railway journey).* Population, 9,500. Besides 
 the sea-bathing, the saline springs afford opportunities for warm saline 
 douche and vapour-baths. The climate being rough (lat. above 54 N.), 
 the season only lasts from middle of June to October. 
 
 Physicians Drs. von Biinau, Hirschfeld, Behrend, Bodenstein, Neu- 
 bauer. 
 
 CRANZ, or KRANZ, sea-bath on the Baltic, 20 miles north of Konigs- 
 berg, in the north-eastern portion of Prussia, has a still more northerly 
 situation than Kolberg, but offers likewise arrangements for warm douche 
 and vapour-baths. 
 
 Physician Dr. Thomas. 
 
 CUXHAVEN, sea-bath at the western bank of the Elbe and at its 
 mouth into the North Sea. Lat. N. 53 ; long. E. 8 44'. (Popula- 
 tion, 1,100.) Connected by steamers with London. The ground consists 
 of firm sand. The bathing-cars are divided into those destined for flood- 
 baths and those for ebb-baths. The former are more strengthening and 
 stimulating, as the movements of the waves are more energetic, and provoke 
 stronger reaction. Persons of weak constitutions have first to use warm 
 sea-baths, then ebb-baths, and by gradual transition resort to the more 
 exciting flood-baths. According to Neumeister's and Ruge's experiments, 
 
300 APPENDIX. 
 
 the sea- water had the smallest amount of solid ingredients during ebb tide 
 and under the influence of south-easterly winds (135 grains in 16 ounces); 
 whilst during flow tide and north-westerly winds the amount was the 
 highest (240 grains). 
 
 Physicians Drs. Louis, Schultze, Rb'nnberg. 
 
 CASTELLAMARE, charmingly situated on the south-east side of the 
 Bay of Naples and at the foot of a wooded promontory, a town of 15,000 
 inhabitants, about 17 miles distant from Naples (by railway). Lat. N. 40J; 
 long. E. 14. Galen praised it for the purity of its air. Pliny met his 
 death there, from the eruption of the neighbouring Vesuvius. A most 
 beautiful view of the gulf and of the islands of Ischia, Procida, &c., may 
 be obtained here from several parts of the town and of the adjacent country 
 seats. Sheltered against south winds, but exposed to the north wind 
 blowing over the gulf, it has a somewhat keen winter climate ; but in 
 summer the absence of all miasmatic and marshy influences, the refreshing 
 sea-breezes (which assist in keeping the temperature 10 degrees below that 
 of Naples), and the charms of the surrounding scenery, make it one of the 
 healthiest and most pleasant residences in the whole of Italy. The royal 
 palace built here is justly denominated ' Quisisana' (here one recovers); 
 but besides sea-baths, numerous mineral springs are available here for the 
 cure of chronic diseases. Acqua media contains 41 grains of solid ingre- 
 dients in 16 ounces, principally chloride of sodium, chloride of calcium, 
 sulphate and bicarbonate of soda ; acqua sulfurea contains 58 grains, and 
 -J- cub. inch of sulphuretted hydrogen ; acqua ferrata del Pozillo contains 
 more carbonic acid than the former, but no sulphuretted hydrogen ; acqua 
 acidola possesses less ingredients*(only 15 grains) and gases, but was already 
 recommended by Pliny against lithiasis and gravel ; acqua del muraglione 
 contains 70 J grains of solid constituents, but neither iron nor sulphuretted 
 hydrogen. The temperature ranges from 57 to 64. The springs enjoy 
 a great reputation for the cure of chronic cutaneous diseases, chlorosis, 
 uterine infiltrations, dyspepsia, rheumatism, &c. 
 
 Persons of sluggish circulation and feeble power of reaction, with an 
 irritable and debilitated nervous system, should use Castellamare in pre- 
 ference to a more northern locality, especially if sea-bathing is recom- 
 mended as an after-cure to follow the course of either a chalybeate or of a 
 saline spa. However beneficial the effect of the waves may be in rousing 
 the energy of the nervous and muscular system, such persons frequently 
 lose all the advantages of sea-bathing, and often add injury to the loss, by 
 the exposure to the atmosphere before and after the immersion. Here the 
 equable, mild, and warm air ensures against this risk, besides the many 
 other climatic circumstances of a favourable character. 
 
 CAUTERETS, village in the Hautes Pyrenees, South of France, 25 miles 
 SW. of Tarbes(with which it is connected by diligences). It stands 3,000 
 feet above the level of the sea, in a fertile and charming valley running 
 in a direction from north to south, and surrounded by rugged mountains ; 
 it is 10 miles NW. of Bareges. The valley is sheltered towards the 
 
EUROPEAN SPAS AND CLIMATIC HEALTH-RESORTS. 301 
 
 east and west ; rain and morning fogs are frequent. Though the climate 
 is rnild it requires great care, especially by persons suffering from thoracic 
 diseases. Season, from June to middle of September. There are 14 springs, 
 with a temperature ranging from 98 to 131 Fahr. They contain under 
 2 grains of solid ingredients in 16 ounces, more or less sulphuret of sodium, 
 and some nitrogen. The springs resemble those of Bagneres-de-Luchon, 
 containing, however, less sulphuret of sodium, and more silicates and 
 carbonates of alkalies or earths. They contain little sulphuretted hydro- 
 gen, and are altogether milder and less exciting. The Source de Raillere 
 is particularly recommended for persons affected with chronic laryngitis. 
 Half-baths are frequently used here to support the internal treatment, with 
 a view of diverting the circulation from the thoracic to the abdominal and 
 lower portion of the system ; besides, foot-baths are often taken at the 
 Source d'Espagnols. There are 8 bath establishments. Chronic rheuma- 
 tism and certain skin diseases are likewise combated by the spa. 
 Physician Dr. Dupre. 
 
 CAIRO, capital of EGYPT, near the right bank of the Nile, 5 miles from 
 the origin of its Delta, south-east of Alexandria, 130 miles distant (about G-^- 
 hours' railway journey), west of Suez, 90 miles (4J hours' railway jour- 
 ney). Lat. N. 30; long. E. 31; 40 feet above the level of the sea. 
 Population, including the suburbs of Boulac and Old Cairo, 254,000. 
 Mean temperature of the year 72 Fahr. ; of winter 58^-Fahr. ; of summer 
 85 Fahr. Rain only falls for about an hour 10 or 12 times a year. The 
 city is built on a slope of one of the lowest ridges of the chain of Jebel 
 Mokkatam, and has an extent of three square miles. It is surrounded by 
 old walls ; a citadel, with the palace of the Viceroy, occupying the highest 
 part of the ridge. A series of gardens and plantations separates the city 
 from its suburbs ; a canal of irrigation traverses the town ; the streets 
 are unpaved and narrow ; the houses gloomy ; but many magnificent 
 buildings, mosques, and bazaars interest and amuse the traveller. Shep- 
 herd's hotel affords every accommodation of a large town. Access from 
 Trieste by Lloyd's steamers to Alexandria, and thence by rail. The climate 
 is mild, dry, equable, free from piercing winds, from rain and snow, and 
 has a particularly exhilarating effect ; as a winter residence for tuberculous 
 patients (especially before the disease has progressed too far), it is annually 
 sought by increasing numbers. Best time of arriving is the middle of 
 October, which offers an ordinary European midsummer climate : Novem- 
 ber and December are like fine spring and autumn months of the northern 
 countries. The coldest season is from beginning of January to the middle 
 of February, when the temperature sometimes sinks considerably, espe- 
 cially during violent storms from the south in the mornings to 44 or 46 
 Fahr., with a rise in the course of the day to 55 Fahr. In the second 
 half of February the warmth increases again ; the more so under the pre- 
 valence of south winds. May is the most unpleasant month, in consequence 
 of the violent winds sweeping more frequently than usual over the Arabian 
 and Lybian Desert, and sometimes lasting three or four days. In June, 
 iK>rth winds prevail. From the middle of June to the end of September 
 
302 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 the thermometer indicates a heat of 68 in the morning, 95 to 104 in 
 the afternoon (about three), and 91 to 95 at sunset. In January, patients 
 ought to resort to Upper Egypt, especially Assuan (a town on the east 
 bank of the Nile, near the borders of Nubia, 110 miles south of Thebes. 
 Lat. N. 24 5'; long. E. 32|- ), where an almost constant summer tem- 
 perature prevails. Patients are recommended to choose a residence rather 
 outside the gates of Schubra, in one of the country-houses, than in the 
 dusty town hotels, or in a pension on the Nile. The advantages of a winter 
 residence here are almost unique, not only for consumptive patients, but 
 also for those who suffer from atonic dyspepsia, hypochondriasis, nervous 
 debility in consequence of mental overwork, &c. 
 
 The following table shows the temperature of the usual winter resorts 
 for tuberculous patients (by the Centigrade* thermometer) : 
 
 
 Annual 
 
 Winter 
 
 Spring 
 
 Summer 
 
 Autumn 
 
 Meran . 
 
 + 12-3 
 
 + 3 
 
 + 137 
 
 + 21 
 
 + 12-3 
 
 Venice . 
 
 +13-7 
 
 + 3-3 
 
 ,+ 12-6 
 
 + 22-8 
 
 + 13-3 
 
 Pisa 
 
 + 15-8 
 
 4 7-8 
 
 + 14-8 
 
 + 23-2 
 
 + 17-3 
 
 Coimbra 
 
 + 16-6 
 
 + 11-24 
 
 + 17-25 
 
 + 20-8 
 
 + 17-40 
 
 Palermo 
 
 + 16-7 
 
 + 11-3 
 
 + 14-7 
 
 + 22 
 
 + 18-9 
 
 Algiers . 
 
 + 17-8 
 
 + 12-4 
 
 + 15-5 
 
 + 23-6 
 
 + 19-9 
 
 Madeira 
 
 + 19-7 
 
 + 17-49 
 
 + 18 
 
 + 22 
 
 + 21-5 
 
 Malaga . 
 
 + 20 
 
 + 15-10 
 
 + 18-24 
 
 + 25 
 
 + 21-5 
 
 Cairo 
 
 + 22-4 
 
 + 14-7 
 
 + 21-9 
 
 + 29-2 
 
 . +23-6 
 
 COIMBRA (Conimbriga), a Portuguese toAvn on the right bank of the 
 Mondego, 110 miles north-north-east of Lisbon. Population, 13,000. 
 Lat. N. above 40 ; long. W. about 9. The west coast of Portugal has 
 shown itself particularly adapted to tuberculous patients. The mean 
 annual temperature equals the ordinary northern summer heat. In winter 
 the cold never reaches the freezing point ; whilst in the hottest days of 
 summer the atmosphere does not exhibit the oppressive heat of analogous 
 localities. The range between the coldest days ( + 10*7 Centigrade) and 
 the hottest (20^ Centigrade) amounts only to 9 1 8 Centigrade, showing 
 an equability of temperature very rare in Europe. Frost and snow occur 
 seldom ; but rain is extremely frequent, and more so than at any other 
 winter resort. The prevailing winds blow from the west, south-west, and 
 north-west. Accommodation for visitors is extremely deficient, both as 
 regards food and lodging. Thus, notwithstanding all the favourable 
 mention justly due to the climate, the place cannot be recommended as a 
 curative resort. For two conditions are imperative to improve the 
 disturbed health first, well-built and convenient residences, to ensure an 
 equable temperature in the houses when unseasonable weather forbids out- 
 door exercise ; and secondly, good, substantial, and seasonable food to 
 supply the waste constantly occasioned by organic metamorphosis. If, 
 then, patients with pronounced consumptive tendency fly to a warm place 
 
 * 10 degrees Centigrade are equal to 18 degrees Fahrenheit (the scale commencing 
 from freezing point.) 
 
EUKOPEAN SPAS AND CLIMATIC HEALTH-RESORTS. 303 
 
 with the view of benefiting their lungs, and are exposed to draughts and 
 chills indoors from badly-closing windows and doors being deprived at 
 the same time of their accustomed and easily-digestible food the morbid 
 tendency must inevitably increase, and, instead of benefit, they will only 
 find aggravation of their bodily ailments as the result of the distant 
 journey. 
 
 CHELTENHAM, a fashionable town in the west of ENGLAND, 8 miles 
 east-north-east of Gloucester ; 121 miles from Paddington station (about 5 
 hours' journey). Population, 39,000. Lat. N. about 52 ; long. W. 2. 
 It lies sheltered and level in the valley of the Severn, nearly surrounded 
 by hills of a moderate height and pleasant appearance. Mean annual 
 temperature, 51^ Fahr. (spring, 50 ; summer, 64^; autumn, nearly 
 51; winter, 40^). The promenade at the end of the Colonnade is greatly 
 admired, with the magnificent Queen's Hotel, and the charming rides and 
 walks in the neighbourhood. The avenue of elms gives shelter and charm 
 to the visitors, who flock here mostly in summer for the use of the cele- 
 brated mineral water (from July to October). Numerous springs arise 
 about Lansdowne Crescent, and are conducted into the various pump- 
 rooms. 
 
 The strongest spring of the old well contains 118 grains of solid con- 
 stituents in a pint of water viz., 47'8 chloride of sodium ; 4*29 chloride of 
 calcium; 7'30 chloride of magnesium; 5 9 '2 sulphate of soda; besides 
 T16 cubic inch of carbonic acid, and a trace of sulphuretted hydrogen. 
 Temperature of the water, about 50 Fahr. The strong spring of the 
 Pittville Spa contains 106 solid constituents in a pint ; rather more 
 chloride of sodium, calcium, and magnesium ; less sulphate of soda (only 
 14 grains), but some sulphate of magnesia (3), iodide of sodium ^ of a 
 grain, and bicarbonate of soda 2^. The chalybeate saline contains some 
 iron ; the sulphur saline some sulphuretted hydrogen. The original 
 chalybeate, near the Montpellier Gardens, contains nearly a grain of car- 
 bonate of iron in a pint of water, with only 7 grains of saline matter 
 (some muriate of lime and magnesia, sulphate and muriate of soda), besides 
 3 cubic inches of carbonic acid. 
 
 At the opposite side of the town, about half a mile from the Old Wells, 
 the splendid pump-room of the Pittville ivaters is reached, with its gardens, 
 shrubberies, and ponds, crowned by an imposing dome, and bounded by the 
 charming, well-cultivated Cottswold Hills. 
 
 The greatest advantage is derived from the springs in functional derange- 
 ment of the liver arid stomach ; in the various forms of dyspepsia and con- 
 stipation, whether arising from deficient muscular action or from morbid 
 secretions. Especially valetudinarians from a tropical climate are often 
 restored to their previous health by drinking first the saline and afterwards 
 the chalybeate springs, and assisting the course occasionally by medicinal 
 aperients. In absolute plethora and general tendency to make blood 
 rapidly, congestion to internal organs may sometimes be avoided by 
 combating the torpid action of the liver and kidneys through a course of 
 Cheltenham; in general, however, those persons would derive more 
 
304 APPENDIX. 
 
 benefit by proceeding to pure saline spas. But in relative plethora, when 
 a chilly surface, coldness of extremities, feeling of debility, &c., indicate 
 a languid circulation, the large internal blood-vessels have sometimes a 
 too great load thrown upon them, and require derivation and increased 
 function of the emunctories to prevent serious local mischief. In these 
 cases, which might be mistaken by superficial observation for debility, 
 Cheltenham is very beneficial; the secretions become improved, the 
 circulation more equalised, and general tone increased. In many cases, 
 where persons with deranged biliary secretion are affected by consequent 
 anaemia, hypochondriasis, or hysteria, a visit to this charming watering 
 place will prove highly beneficial, offering the additional advantage of easy 
 access. It cannot, however, be denied that the small quantity of carbonic 
 acid renders the water less easily digestible than that of analogous foreign 
 spas endowed with a great amount of carbonic acid. The effect will be 
 less pronounced and decisive in proportion. This is also shown by the 
 mercurial and other purgatives preceding and accompanying the course 
 here ; whilst in the continental saline and acidulous spas the springs alone 
 are generally capable of restoring the disturbed equilibrium without any 
 pharmaceutic help. 
 
 CLIFTON, a fashionable watering-place in Gloucestershire, about 1 
 mile west of Bristol ; 119.J miles from Paddington. Station (4J hours' 
 journey). It is built on the slopes and summit of a precipitous limestone 
 hill, 460 feet high, and is separated from a similar cliff by the navigable 
 Avon, flowing through a deep chasm. Population, 21,000. Mean tem- 
 perature January, 39*3; July, 62'7 ; rainfall, 32 inches ; rainy days, 
 169. The beautiful and charming scenery of the Leigh woods, opposite 
 the town, render it one of the most picturesque and romantic spots in 
 England. The town, extending from the margin of the river to the 
 extreme height of the southern slope of the hill, thereby offers a great 
 variety of situations to the various invalids. The atmosphere is considered 
 as highly elastic, mild, and vivifying. Exposed to the southern and western 
 winds nearly three-fourths of the year ; cleansed and braced by the sea 
 breezes sweeping up from the Atlantic Ocean through the whole Severn 
 estuary, and intersected by a navigable river with a tide occasionally 
 rising to thirty feet (being only eight miles distant from the Bristol Chan- 
 nel), Clifton possesses many advantages of a sea-side residence, without 
 the bleakness and roughness sometimes inseparable from the latter. Hence 
 it enjoys great celebrity as a mild winter residence for persons affected 
 with chronic irritation of the pulmonary organs. The lower portion of the 
 town being warm, equable, moist, and more sheltered, has to be selected 
 by persons whose lungs are inclined to be affected; whilst the upper portion, 
 being drier and more exposed, is adapted to persons who require a bracing 
 but mild atmosphere. In summer the lower part is too hot aii*d oppressive 
 for valetudinarians, besides being sometimes inconvenienced by fogs arising 
 from the river. But whilst it is one of the most pleasant and picturesque 
 localities in summer, on account of the variegated and beautiful scenery of 
 the environs, in winter there is little opportunity for outdoor exercise, 
 
EUROPEAN SPAS AND CLIMATIC HEALTH-RESORTS. 305 
 
 which is certainly a great bar to its utility as a restorative and invigorating 
 climatic health resort ; nevertheless many invalids whose strength has been 
 reduced by long exhausting diseases, and whose thoracic organs, though 
 irritable, are not so seriously affected as to necessitate a tedious journey to 
 a distant southern climate, ought to spend here the severest winter months, 
 instead of travelling abroad. The home comforts and the simple nutritious 
 food of his native country are often longed for in vain by the English vale- 
 tudinarian abroad, and this want, combined with a relaxing southern 
 climate, often injures the general resisting power of the system, whilst the 
 lungs are momentarily improved. Unfortunately, it is an occurrence so 
 frequently noticed, that patients with tubercular disease of the lungs have 
 passed one or two winters with apparently great benefit in Madeira, and 
 when they remain here the following year, they are not seldom carried off 
 with unusual rapidity. I do not attribute this fatal termination so much 
 to the roughness of the English climate, but to the diminished nutrition 
 and reactive strength of the constitution. The general stamina being 
 lowered, nature has lost the power of assisting in the battle against the 
 inroads of the new disease. Formerly Clifton has been renowned for its 
 tepid spring (of a temperature of 74 Fahr.) called Hotwells, at the bottom 
 of St. Vincent's Cliff, near the river ; it contains about 4^ grains of solid 
 constituents in 16 ounces, viz. 1J carbonate of lime, half a grain of chlo- 
 ride of sodium, nearly 1 grain of sulphate of lime, about J of a grain of 
 sulphate of soda, about -| of sulphate of magnesia, about of nitrate of 
 magnesia, -j-J-^ of carbonate of iron, and some carbonic acid. It has been 
 highly recommended for dyspepsia, gravel, and other diseases resulting 
 from mal-assimilation ; but in latter years the climate has formed the chief 
 attraction for visitors. 
 
 DIEPPE, a seaport town of FRANCE, on the English Channel, at the 
 mouth of the Arques, department of Seine Inferieure, 33 miles north of Rouen 
 (2 hours' railway journey). It is the Brighton of the Parisians ; 125 miles 
 distant from Paris (6^ hours' journey), in daily steamboat communication 
 with Newhaven (about 7 hours' sea voyage). Lat. N. 49 j- ; long. E. 
 1 5'. Population, 20,000. The town proper communicates by a flying- 
 bridge with the suburb of Le Pollet. The port is enclosed by two jetties, 
 and bordered by quays. It is much frequented in summer for sea-bathing, 
 the movements of the waves being very strong, and all the arrangements 
 and accommodation most satisfactory. Persons who are very sensitive to 
 cold ought first to use warm, then tepid sea-baths, before immersing into 
 the sea itself. On the other hand, persons endowed with a vigorous cir- 
 culation will find more benefit from this northern and more exposed French 
 sea-bath than from a milder and more sheltered locality. 
 
 DOBERAN, a market town in the grand duchy of MECKLENBURGH-SCHWE- 
 RIN, 40 miles north -north-east of Schwerin, 10 west of Rostock Station. 
 Lat. N. 54, long. E. about 12 ; situated on a river which falls into the 
 Baltic, 2^ miles below the town, and in a valley surrounded by low woody 
 hills. The coast of the Baltic extends from east to west for several leagues 
 
 x 
 
306 APPENDIX. 
 
 to the north of the town, separated from the sea by a dam (called Heilige 
 .Damm), from 10 to 16 feet high, and 50 to 200 yards broad. This loca- 
 lity is extremely well adapted for sea-bathing, and communicates with the 
 town of Doberan by shady woods and a good road. The bathing places 
 for the two sexes are sufficiently apart, and possess a very good sandy 
 ground, besides the advantage of the waves being prevented by the shel- 
 tering dam from running out freely and thus acting more directly on the 
 bather. 
 
 Moreover, there are warm sea-baths and all conveniences for rain and 
 douche-baths, besides a sulphurous chalybeate and saline spring. The 
 sulphurous spring possesses 61 grains of solid constituents in 16 ounces, 
 viz. 40 chloride of sodium, 7 chloride of magnesium, 3^ sulphate of magne- 
 sia, &c., and some sulphuretted hydrogen gas. The chalybeate contains 
 6 grains, and amongst them -j^ of carbonate of iron, 2 carbonate of lime, 
 and 1 carbonate of magnesia, with 4^ cub. inches of carbonic acid. The 
 saline spring contains 160 grains, resembling Hornburg's Elisabethquelle in 
 its composition, but containing only 3^ cub. inches of carbonic acid. 
 
 Physicians Drs. Dobereiner, Kortiim, and Rb'mer. 
 
 DURKIIEIM (RHENISH BAVARIA), lies at the foot of the Haardt Mountain, 
 on the Isenach, about 358' above the level of the sea, surrounded by 
 vineyards and fruit trees ; 1 8 miles north of Landau, 2 hours' omnibus- 
 ride from Neustadt an der Haardt Station (in the south), not far from 
 Mannheim. The atmosphere exhibits a uniform and equable dryness par- 
 ticularly adapted to scrofulous patients, whilst the open situation freely 
 exposed to the influence of the sun produces a congenial warmth. Seven 
 saline springs arise here of similar composition. The Virgilius Brunnen 
 contains 99'7 grains of solid constituents in 16 ounces, viz. 78'9 chloride 
 of sodium, 0*67 chloride of potassium, 13*8 chloride of calcium, 3*78 
 chloride of magnesium, 0*03 chloride of aluminium, 0'19 bromide of 
 sodium, 0'019 iodide of sodium, 0*16 sulphate of lime, 0'18 bicarbonate 
 of lime, 0-09 bicarbonate of iron, 0'05 bicarbonate of magnesia, 3*98 
 cub. inches of carbonic acid, 0'64 cub. inches of nitrogen. Bleichlru,nnen 
 contains 81 grains, rather more iron (0'12), and less bromine and iodine ; 
 the Fitzsche Brunnen 74 grains ; the Wiesenbmnnen 39 grains, with 2'49 
 cub. inches of nitrogen. A new saline spring has been obtained in 1861 by 
 boring, with 127 grains of solid constituents, amongst them 0*3 grains of 
 chloride of lithium. The mother-lye of this latter spring is particularly 
 distinguished by its quantity of chloride of lithium, 85 grains in 16 ounces, 
 besides 16^ of bromide of potassium, 61 chloride of strontium, 317 chloride 
 magnesium, 123 chloride of potassium, 2,280 chloride of calcium, and 
 161 chloride of sodium total, 3,047 grains. In cases of scrofulosis, 
 Diirkheim is frequently resorted to instead of Krenznach, its climate and 
 environs being so extremely attractive. Persons of anaemic delicate con- 
 stitutions, requiring the resolvent effects of a saline spa, ought to prefer 
 Diirkheim on account of the iron admixed in some springs preventing a 
 too lowering action of the course. 
 
 Moreover, Diirkheim is frequently visited for the employment of the so- 
 
EUROPEAN SPAS AND CLIMATIC HEALTH-RESORTS. 307 
 
 called grape-cure. After an acute attack of bronchitis, scrofulous indi- 
 viduals are apt to retain thickening of the pulmonary mucous membrane 
 with a tough mucopurulent expectoration impeding the free passage of air 
 in the smaller bronchial tubes. In such cases the grape-cure is often 
 employed with great success, as the juice improves the secretory functions 
 of the mucous membranes, loosens the tough sputa, and thus diminishes 
 the after consequences of the original inflammation. 
 
 The grape juice consists of grape sugar, albumen, gum and dextrine, 
 tartaric acid, malic acid, grape acid, and different salts of phosphate of 
 lime, sulphate of potash, bitartrate of potash, tartrate of lime, chloride 
 of sodium and of calcium, colouring matter, tannin, and in some sorts of 
 grapes an iron salt. The ripe grapes are either eaten fresh, a pound three 
 times a day, and gradually increased to 2 and 2^ pounds for a dose (of course 
 without the skins and husks), or if the teeth become blunt, or erosion of the 
 gums and tongue is apprehended, the fresh juice is taken instead. The 
 cure lasts from four to six weeks, according to the severity of the case. The 
 immediate effect of the large consumption of grapes is at first gastric 
 oppression and eructation through the development of carbonic acid, 
 increased heat of the skin, greater frequency of the pulse, with a feeling of 
 fulness and heaviness in the head. But after a few hours these symptoms 
 give way, either by the appearance of increased urinary secretion, or of 
 cutaneous perspiration, or of liquid alvine evacuations. In proportion as 
 the organism becomes accustomed to the remedy the disturbance diminishes, 
 so that after a few weeks the patient feels no more inconvenience, but gets 
 daily relieved by two or three liquid intestinal discharges. Nutrition of 
 the body is not impaired by the course, on the contrary, increased weight 
 has been observed in many cases. Diet is adapted to the individuality of 
 each patient. Persons of reduced strength are allowed substantial meat- 
 dishes, whilst plethoric and vigorous individuals are enjoined to eat meat 
 very sparingly, and to restrict themselves to the lighter kinds of food, as 
 the grapes in themselves are considered highly nutritive and would dis- 
 agree with fatty, salty, and heavy nutriments. For these cures places are 
 chosen which enjoy especial climatic advantages, so as to combine the 
 curative influence of the atmosphere with the solvent effects of the grapes. 
 Besides Durkheim the following localities are particularly recomm end- 
 able : Meran in Tyrol, Neustadt an der Haardt, Gleisweiler (near Landau 
 in Bavaria), Bingen on the Rhine, Montreux, Clarens, and Vernex on the 
 Lake of Geneva, Aigle and Sion in the Valley of the Rhone, &c. Accord- 
 ing as the requirements of the patient either indicate the desirability of a 
 more mild and sheltered or more bracing atmosphere, one or other of the 
 above places has to be selected. 
 
 Physicians of Durkheim Drs. Herberger, Kaufmann, Schafer, Lochner. 
 
 DOVER, a seaport on the north-west side of Dover Strait, 88 miles east- 
 south-east of London (about 2-1 hours' railway journey) ; 22^ miles north- 
 west of Calais. Population, 24,000. Lat. N. 51 7' ; long. E. 1 19'. 
 The chalk downs contain the castle, citadel, and several strong detached 
 forts, besides a harbour of refuge. The Admiralty Pier, the west arm of 
 
 x 2 
 
308 APPENDIX. 
 
 the harbour of refuge, being thrown out to the extent of 1,200 feet, ren- 
 ders the access of ships always easy. The town lying in a depression of 
 the cliffs, facing the high sea, has sheltered portions, but of limited extent, 
 exposure to high winds being the general character of the place. The 
 climate is, therefore, not suited for persons of delicate constitutions, the 
 sea exposure being very great. The arrangements for visitors and sea- 
 bathers are very good, the town offering beautiful views from its chalky 
 cliffs and ancient castle ; but the atmosphere possesses a certain dryness 
 and coolness as the strand is greatly exposed to easterly winds. Persons 
 of a torpid and phlegmatic habit, requiring a bracing climate to assist the 
 advantages of sea-immersions, ought to resort rather to Dover than to a 
 milder sea-bath. 
 
 EAUX-BONNES, a hamlet of FRANCE, department of Basses Pyrenees, 
 22 miles south of Pau, with which it is connected by diligence, west of 
 Bareges (about two days and four hours' journey from London). N. Lat. 
 43. It lies embedded in the valley of Ossau, at the foot of the Pic de 
 Gers, above Laruns. The valley is surrounded by mountains 8,000 feet 
 high, and the altitude of the spa itself is 2,100'. The melting snow of 
 the mountains and heavy falls of rain occasionally inundate portions of the 
 valley. The village enjoys a pleasant situation, with its single row of 
 houses for the accommodation of visitors, and some convenient promenades. 
 Charming excursions may be undertaken into the neighbourhood, espe- 
 cially by persons of unimpaired bodily vigour, fond of mountain scenery 
 and pedestrian exercise. Though greatly frequented by persons affected 
 with chronic laryngitis and other affections of the pulmonary mucous mem- 
 brane, on account of the celebrity of the springs, the climate has many 
 disadvantages. The high surrounding mountains prevent the free entrance 
 of the solar rays ; changes of temperature often occur suddenly, so that 
 patients require to use great caution in being well provided with warm 
 clothing, for even in fine summer days the evenings and mornings are often 
 cool, whilst the midday exhibits great heat. If proper means, however, 
 be taken to guard against injuries arising from these vicissitudes, the high 
 and sheltered position of the locality in the most salubrious part of 
 southern France, certainly renders it a most appropriate summer resi- 
 dence for persons affected with bronchial and laryngeal irritation. 
 
 Five springs arise here : three warm ones at the foot of the Mount Tresor 
 La Buvette, with a temperature of 91 '4 Fahr.; En Bas, 89'6Fahr.; La 
 Nouvelle, 87*8 Fahr. ; and two colder ones at a little distance from the 
 village, viz. Ortech (73'4), and La Froide (55'4). A quart of the water 
 only contains 6'8 grains of solid constituents, viz. 2*8 sulphate of lime, 
 0-3 sulphate of magnesia, O'll carbonate of lime, 0'15 oxyde of 
 iron, 0*23 silica, 0*5 hydrochlorate of soda, 0*1 hydrochlorate of mag- 
 mesia, trace of hydrochlorate of potash, 2'5 organic matter impregnated 
 with sulphur, and 2'6 cubic inches of gaseous ingredients, viz. 1/5 nitro- 
 gen, 0'48 carbonic acid, 0*67 sulphuretted hydrogen. The springs are 
 more employed internally than for baths, and enjoy a great reputation in 
 chronic rheumatism and in those affections of the pulmonary organs asso- 
 
EUROPEAN SPAS AND CLIMATIC HEALTH-RESORTS. 309 
 
 ciated with a general laxity of tissue or with a scrofulous diathesis. 
 Where great debility and deficient sanguification prevail, as in chlorosis, 
 irregularity of catamenia, the colder springs greatly assist in promoting 
 the requisite strength. However useful in chronic inflammatory conditions 
 (being one of the most distinguished thermae of the Pyrenees), it has to 
 be avoided in common with all other health resorts in acute attacks of in- 
 flammation, in apoplectic tendency, and in all those conditions of disordered 
 health where prompt remedial measures can alone ensure rapid retrogres- 
 sion of disease. Season lasts from June to middle of September. 
 Physician Dr. Pidaux. 
 
 EAUX-CHAUDES lies in the western part of the valley of Ossau, and 
 is reached by diligence from Pau, on the same road which leads to the 
 eastern Eaux-bonnes as far as Laruns. Here the read divides and brings 
 the visitors across a splendid marble bridge over the Gave de Gabas to 
 the romantic village of Eaux-chaudes (2 days and 6 hours' journey from 
 London). Though the village is badly built and incapable of extension 
 through the narrow fissure of the enclosed valley, the environs are 
 extremely beautiful and attract many visitors from the distance. Similar 
 vicissitudes of temperature take place as at Eaux-bonnes, requiring similar 
 precautions as regards dress. The springs enjoyed formerly a great repu- 
 tation for chronic rheumatism and neuralgia, as they all possess a great 
 quantity of the so-called sulfuraire, a whitish mucous substance, different 
 from glairine, contained in all sulphurous thermae of the Pyrenees, and 
 analogous to the conferva filiformis sulfurata, found in the Weilbach water. 
 Probably this gelatinous substance exercises a soothing nourishing effect 
 on the cutaneous surface. Six springs arise at the foot of the mountain, 
 with a range of temperature from 9G*8 (le Clot) to 51 '8 (Mainvielle]. 
 They contain only 4'7 grains of solid constituents in a quart of water, viz. 
 1'7 chloride of sodium, 1-12 sulphuret of sodium, 0'54 carbonate of soda, 
 0*64 sulphate of soda, 1*59 sulphate of lime, O07 silicate of lime, a trace 
 of silicate of magnesia, of silicate of alumina and iodine, and some nitrogen. 
 The above shows great analogy to Wildbad, both as regards temperature 
 and composition, chloride of sodium being the chief ingredient in each, 
 and the temperature very near the natural warmth of the blood. Hence 
 we can readily understand its efficacy in affections of the sero-fibrous 
 tissues. The sulphuret of sodium contained here with the sulphuraire must 
 assist the general effect, and indicates the spa in many obstinate cutaneous 
 diseases, especially when connected with scrofulous cachexia, and with a 
 sluggish, lymphatic habit. The origin of the springs being much higher 
 than the village, the water has to be conducted to the latter in pipes. This 
 must be considered as a certain disadvantage compared with Wildbad. 
 
 The springs are employed both internally and externally. 
 
 ETRETAT, a maritime village of FRANCE, on the English Channel, 
 15 miles north-north-east of Havre, south-west of Fecamp Station (popu- 
 lation 1,600), offers the advantage of very strong movements of the 
 waves, on account of the precipitous nature of the strand, and is therefore 
 
310 APPENDIX. 
 
 particularly adapted to persons of vigorous constitution, with an unim- 
 paired power of reaction. 
 Physician Dr. Miramont. 
 
 FOHR (the island of), five miles from the north-west coast of Schleswig, 
 in the North Sea, lat. N. 54 4', long. E. 8 3', with an area of twenty- 
 five square miles. The Wilhelminen- sea-lath lies in the village of Wyck, 
 in the south-eastern part of the island, west of Flensburg, north-west of 
 Husum (two or three hours' sea voyage from the latter place, which may 
 be reached by rail in six hours from Hamburg). The downs of Sylt and 
 Amrum, protecting the island against westerly winds, impart to it a great 
 mildness of climate. But vicissitudes of temperature are frequent, never- 
 theless, and require corresponding care in being provided with warm 
 clothing. The baths are taken about three-quarters of a mile from Wyck, 
 in the southern part of the island below a raised shore, on a gently sloping 
 fine sandy ground. The protection against the prevailing north-westerly 
 winds causes the baths to have a milder and less exciting effect than those 
 in more exposed localities with stronger waves. On the other hand, a 
 peculiar strength of streaming is produced by the regular ebb and flow 
 between Fohr and the opposite Halligen. Warm sea-baths, as well as 
 rain and douche-baths, are to be had there. Along the houses of the 
 south coast (' Sandwall ') a promenade extends, generally used by the 
 visitors, whilst towards the east a friendly plantation of oaks and fir-trees 
 (' Konigsgarten '), protected by the dam, is available. Moreover, the 
 different villages of the island serve as points of excursion. The place is 
 to be recommended in cases which require the bracing influence of sea-air, 
 and the stimulating action of sea-baths, without exciting a too violent 
 reaction by strong movement of waves ; for instance, in convalescence after 
 protracted diseases, when a friendly unpretending social watering-place is 
 needed to raise the depressed condition of the mind, as well as the drooping 
 power of the body. 
 
 Physicians Drs. Schjodte, Hitscher. 
 
 FECAMP, a French sea-bath, on the English Channel, at the mouth of 
 the river Fecamp, on the branch railway from Rouen (about three hours' 
 journey), twenty-one miles north-north-east of Havre (about one hour 
 and three-quarters' railway journey), may be reached from Paris in about 
 five hours and a half. Population 12,000. It offers the advantage of 
 more accommodation and amusement than Etretat, its next neighbour, for 
 those who require relaxation of mind and a greater variety of social amuse- 
 ment for a moderate outlay. 
 
 GAIS, in the canton of Appenzell, in Switzerland, south of St. Gallen 
 station (about three hours' diligence ride), and south of Rorschach, on the 
 lake of Constance, about two days' journey from London. Altitude 2,875'. 
 It lies on the southern declivity of the Gabris, in a charming open valley, 
 sheltered by surrounding green hills and mountains. The air is bracing 
 and pure, but keen. It is protected against east and north- east winds, 
 
EUROPEAN SPAS AND CLIMATIC HEALTH-RESORTS. 311 
 
 but exposed to the south winds, as the towering mountains lie at a distance 
 of two leagues to the south and south-east. The summer temperature is 
 pretty equable, but evenings and mornings are very cool. Though the 
 moist meadows and peat grounds of the neighbourhood impart a certain 
 humidity to the air, the high and open situation, the absence of forests and 
 foliage, and the nature of the ground, cause a speedy absorption of moisture, 
 and hence an equilibrium results in the atmosphere equally free from 
 oppressive dryness and extreme humidity. But the south-west wind some- 
 time blows with unpleasant violence. Mean barometric pressure 25^-". 
 Mean summer heat 68 Fahr. Epidemic diseases are very rare. Inflam- 
 matory, catarrhal, rheumatic, and gastric disorders prevail most among 
 the inhabitants. A small shady walk runs along the back of the houses. 
 Fine views are obtained over the valley of the Rhine at the neighbouring 
 chapel, Am Stoos. Several other charming excursions may be made 
 into the neighbourhood. But for weakly persons the place offers too 
 little opportunity of sheltered promenades. Every morning at six goat- 
 whey is brought warm from the Voralpe (three leagues distant), where 
 it is prepared out of the milk sent down from the high Alps the 
 previous night. The whey varies somewhat according to the condi- 
 tions of the weather prior to the obtaining of the milk. After a few 
 days' rain the whey tastes grassy and gluey, whilst in fine weather it 
 exhibits a sweet aromatic taste. The following explanation is given by 
 the herdsmen : In fine weather the goats roam about the highest and most 
 dangerous declivities, to feed upon the aromatic mountain-herbs, abound- 
 ing in rich juicy ingredients, whilst in rainy weather they are kept near 
 the huts, and are obliged to live upon the grassy, watery herbs of the 
 impoverished soil. More than a hundred years ago Gais has been used for 
 whey-cures in pulmonary diseases, and enjoys still the greatest reputation 
 amongst its numerous competitors. Whey-cures, in appropriate, high, 
 bracing, or mild localities, are particularly indicated for bronchial catarrh, 
 after an acute inflammatory process, when the patients possess a weak 
 irritable system and deficient sanguification, so that they could not bear 
 any violent inroads or weakening courses of alkaline mineral waters. 
 Whey contains all materials requisite for a healthy and normal metamor- 
 phosis, viz. milk-sugar, and the salts contained in animal food, with the 
 exception of the nitrogeneous plastic constituents. Whenever, therefore, 
 the cure of a disease requires the diminution of the nitrogenous elements 
 of the organism, witho*ut altering the normal inorganic constituents, the 
 whey ought to be employed according to Dr. Beneke. It is prepared in 
 the following manner : The fresh milk is warmed in a large copper 
 cauldron over an open fire. A certain quantity is then taken out and put 
 aside. Then a piece of goat's rennet cut into slices and enclosed in a small 
 linen bag is put into the cauldron. The ' Senne ' then observes whether 
 flowers form in the milk. The quantity of rennet and the temperature of 
 the milk must be determined with the greatest nicety ; deficiency of either 
 causes the separated caseine to be soft and spongy, and consequently not 
 completely separated from the whey ; on the other hand, excess of rennet or 
 of heat decomposes different sorts of milk destined to remain in the whey, 
 
312 APPENDIX. 
 
 especially phosphate of lime, imparting a nauseous taste, and diminishing 
 its curative powers. On an average, 1,000 parts of milk coagulate in half 
 an hour from an addition of 5-^ part of rennet. 
 
 The temperature is raised after the addition of the rennet to 133 Fahr. 
 and the coagulated particles of cheese removed. The portion previously 
 put aside is now added and the whole again heated, assuming a whitish- 
 colour, and called cheese-milk (Kdse-milch), whey-vinegar (Sui*, whey 
 having become acid, through the admixture of several species of rumex) 
 is then added ; the caseine hitherto dissolved now separates and swims 
 like coagulated albumen on the surface. This is taken out, and the clear 
 liquid is poured through a thin cloth into wooden tubs, which are 
 hermetically closed and brought to the different whey establishments. 
 The whey forms a yellow greenish liquid of a sweet aromatic flavour, 
 sometimes slightly opaque from imperfectly separated caseine. Should the 
 latter circumstance cause it to disagree, it might be cleared by adding white 
 of egg. Whey may be prepared from the milk of cows, goats, &c. The 
 following difference of composition prevails according to Valentiner : 
 
 100' parts of 
 
 Ewe's Whey Cow's Whey Goat's Whey 
 
 contain contain contain 
 
 91-96 93-26 93-38 of water. 
 
 5-07 5-10 4-53 of milk-sugar. 
 
 2-13 . 1-08 1-14 of coagulated albumen. 
 
 0-25 0-11 0-37 of fat. 
 
 0'58 44 0'57 of salts and extracted substances. 
 
 This shows ewe's whey to contain almost double the amount of 
 albuminates than cow and goat's whey, the latter containing the smallest 
 amount of milk-sugar. Ewe's whey possesses most phosphate of lime 
 combined with albuminates. Good whey must be almost free from fat and 
 exhibit a neutral or at the utmost a weak acid reaction. The diuretic 
 effect is the most marked, through the milk sugar, and great amount of 
 water. If the sugar is not quickly absorbed it enters the intestinal canal, 
 increases its secretion, and hence acts as a purgative, whilst increased 
 urinary secretion is produced if the sugar becomes absorbed into the blood 
 immediately after ingestion. If constipation arises, whey ought not to be 
 taken fasting, when absorption is most powerful, but a few hours after 
 breakfast. According to the experienced Dr. Heim Gais is particularly 
 useful in nervous debility, in marasmus and emaciation after exhausting 
 diseases, or excessive mental labour. As regards thoracic diseases, it is 
 more indicated, according to Autenrieth, when they are based on nervous 
 debility than on inflammatory irritation. Whey conjoined with the 
 sanative influence of the Alpine air, is considered useful in chronic 
 laryngeal, and bronchial catarrh, haemoptysis and incipient phthisis due to 
 pulmonary atony, or to suppressed catamenial flow. But the above hints 
 must of course be subordinate to the individuality of the patients. 
 Excellent accommodation is found in the Hotel of the Ochsen. 
 
 GREAT BRITAIN offers in its climate three different aspects according 
 to Dr. Jackson ; a moist aspect at the western side, a dry at the eastern, 
 
EUROPEAN SPAS AND CLIMATIC HEALTH-EESOETS. 313 
 
 and a ivarm aspect at the southern side. Sudden and violent vicissitudes of 
 temperature are prevented to some extent by its insular position. The 
 mild winter season is principally due to the influence of the Gulf Stream, 
 which is said to diffuse so much heat through the Atlantic Ocean, that it 
 would be sufficient to transform the whole temperature of France and 
 Great Britain from the freezing-point to summer heat. The eastern 
 shores of America, lying in the same latitude and bordered by the same 
 ocean, derive comparatively little advantage from it. 
 
 Winds prevail here from the south-west, west, or north-west, during 
 nine months in the year. By having traversed a great tract of the ocean 
 before arriving they impart a humid character to the western shores. 
 When the western mountains check the progress of the currents, the 
 atmosphere lowers and its aqueous vapours falls down as rain. Hence an 
 average yearly rainfall of fifty inches and 203 rainy days characterise the 
 western shores. During March, April, and May winds prevail from the 
 north-east and east-north-east, and are chiefly directed to the eastern coast. 
 Having principally travelled over land, these atmospheric currents are 
 comparatively free from moisture, and rather apt to absorb than to give off 
 aqueous vapours. Hence there is considerably less rainfall on the east 
 coast, only 27 inches annually, and no more than 156 rainy days. The 
 mean winter temperature of the east coast is two degrees less (viz. 38*2 
 Fahr.) than that of the west coast (4O3 Fahr.). There is less difference 
 in the summer temperature, being about 59 in each. The western 
 climate is thus moist, mild, and relaxing, whilst the eastern is more dry 
 and bracing, but unfavourably influenced by easterly winds during spring. 
 Between the two the south coast inclines more to the character of either 
 extreme, according as it approaches more the eastern or western shore, 
 being naturally warmer in consequence of its more southern position. 
 
 The climate of London is partly influenced by artificial circumstances. 
 The multitude of human beings crowded together and the numerous build- 
 ings and manufactories cause a certain degree of warmth to be retained and 
 diffused. Draining and paving produce, on the other hand, a certain dryness 
 of the atmosphere. The mean annual temperature of London is therefore 
 one and a half degree higher than that of its environs. But this excess of 
 heat is greater in winter than in summer, attaining its maximum in January, 
 when London is 3 warmer than the environs. In spring the temperature is 
 nearly equal, and in May it is lower in London. The excess of winter 
 heat is shown by Mr. Howard to occur principally during the nights, 
 which are 3^ warmer than in the country. The heat of the day, on the 
 contrary, falls about a third of a degree short of that on the open plain, 
 probably in consequence of the solar rays being intercepted by a constant 
 veil of smoke. The range of temperature between its extremes and the 
 variation of the successive days are likewise considerably less in London 
 than in its environs. London acquires and loses its heat more slowly than 
 the environs. Hence its climate may be considered, according to Sir 
 James Clark, as warmer (in winter), steadier and drier than that of the 
 environs. Especially at night the sensitive valetudinarian experiences the 
 advantage of breathing not only in a warmer and drier, but also in a purer 
 
314 APPENDIX. 
 
 atmosphere than during the day, when the unceasing traffic and the 
 ubiquitous fires load the air with dust and smoke. 
 
 London is placed in the western extremity of the valley which forms the 
 estuary of the Thames, and is intersected by the river from west to east. 
 A little below, a smaller plain to the north is supplied with the River Lea, 
 which falls here into the Thames. The sea is distant fifty miles to the 
 south, and separated by rising grounds, and about as far to the east, where 
 the Thames enters. The site is bounded by moderately high hills. The 
 soil, loam and gravel, on a substratum of clay. Though some portions are 
 below the level of highwater, and others covered with woods, through the 
 perfection of the embankment and of the drainage, the climate is dry and 
 healthy. The sun remains with us in the longest days sixteen hours and 
 a half, and in the shortest seven hours and three-quarters (the latitude 
 being 51 31' N.). The mean temperature of the atmosphere is about 
 48^ Fahr., but in the more populous parts it amounts to 50^ Fahr. 
 The mean temperature of the year varies periodically 4J in different 
 years, and the periods seem to be completed in seventeen years. If 
 we assume the cycles to commence by a year of mean temperature, the 
 coldest year occurs at the end of ten years, and the warmest at the end of 
 seven after the coldest. The year 1816 was the coldest of a cycle, and 
 seems to have had its parallels in 1782 and 1799. The range of tempera- 
 ture is 100 Fahr. viz. from the greatest heat (95 Fahr.) to the most in- 
 tense cold (5 below zero). In general, however, the heat rarely rises 
 above 80 degrees in Great Britain, and then it is often followed by thunder- 
 storms, more or less violent and lasting, according as they fall in the lower 
 or more hilly districts. They mostly arise from the entrance of Atlantic 
 currents, and are therefore followed by rain and diminution of temperature. 
 As regards cold, the average of twenty-four hours is scarcely ever under 
 freezing-point. Continued frost is extremely rare in winter. Only occa- 
 sionally a very rigorous cold season of a few weeks occurs, and yields, like 
 the great heat, to Atlantic winds. The greatest heat occurs about a month 
 after the summer solstice, and the greatest cold the same period after the 
 winter solstice. The mean temperature is fully developed about a month 
 after each equinox. The following is given as the reason of the temperature 
 being always a month behind the sun, both as regards its increase and decrease 
 in these latitudes. Experiments have shown that in a calm air the direct 
 action of the solar rays will invariably raise the thermometer an equal 
 number of degrees, whatever the temperature or season may be. The 
 accumulated heat felt near the surface is obviously due to the stoppage of 
 the rays, and to their multiplied reflections, by which means they are, as 
 it were, absorbed and fixed in the soil and circumambient atmosphere. 
 At the end of winter the earth commences by being gradually heated as 
 the season advances. When the sun declines in autumn, the warmed 
 earth gives out the heat previously received. The thermometer being 
 placed between the sun and its reflector, the earth, the indicated heat is 
 the product of both bodies. If, for instance, a flat screen be suddenly 
 placed before a fire, no heat is reflected till the screen has absorbed a 
 sufficient quantity of rays to get heated itself. The earth must be ^con- 
 
EUROPEAN SPAS ATO CLIMATIC HEALTH-RESOETS. 315 
 
 sidered as a screen behind the thermometer. Without this effect the 
 maximum and minimum heat would exist at the solstices, and the mean 
 at the equinoxes ; for the quantity of parallel rays falling on a given area 
 is greatest when they are vertical and smallest when they are oblique, and 
 null in a perfectly horizontal position. As the sun declines to the north, 
 we derive increased heat, in proportion to his altitude ; but we perceive it 
 less, as a part is absorbed by the earth. But when he declines in the 
 autumn towards the south, we receive less heat, but feel more warmth, on 
 account of a certain quantity given off by the heated earth. 
 
 The characteristic of the British climate is its variable temperature, 
 exhibiting very great ranges within a few days. Most of this vicissitude 
 is due to the moon, which disturbs the density of the atmosphere by its 
 gravity, and produces in the temperate latitudes various currents, differing 
 as regards temperature, moisture, and electricity. Thus great variety of 
 weather ensues, modified, however, by the influence of the sun. 
 
 The mean height of barometer is 29*8 inches ; the average annual rain- 
 fall, 24*83 inches. The character of the years corresponds to their mean 
 temperature, the warm ones being uniformly dry, and the cold ones wet. 
 The character of the prevailing winds is westerly ; the mean of De Luc's 
 hygrometer for the climate, 66. 
 
 By temperature the winter begins December 7, and lasts 89 days .(90 in 
 leap-years) ; mean temperature, 37'76; the medium of twenty-four hours 
 ranges from 34^ to 40. 
 
 The predominant winds of the season are south-west at the commence- 
 ment and end, northerly in the middle. Mean height of barometer, 29'80 
 inches, with a range of 2'25. Mean evaporation, 3'58 inches; this is a 
 third less than in proportion to the mean temperature, showing unusual 
 dampness of the air. De Luc's hygrometer averages 78. Average rain- 
 fall, 5*86 inches greatest at the commencement, and gradually declining. 
 
 The actual quantity of atmospheric vapour is now at its lowest propor- 
 tion, notwithstanding the sensible indications of moisture during the short 
 frosts, and gradually increases with temperature and evaporation. In con- 
 sequence of this low condition of vapour and the weak electricity, in mild 
 weather the clouds are easily resolved into rain. 
 
 Great frosts are preceded here by continued thick mists, through the 
 condensation of the vapour emitted from the" rivers and from the moist soil. 
 Still the inhabitants suffer more here from the cold than in higher latitudes, 
 partly from an unequal provision being made against occasional unfore- 
 seen severity of weather, and partly from the changes appearing rather 
 suddenly, whilst in continental climates the gradual increase of cold pre- 
 pares the constitution against its baneful influence. 
 
 By temperature, Spring commences on March 6, and lasts 93 days, the 
 temperature rising from 40 to 58 ; mean, 48'94. But the increase of 
 temperature effected by the approach of the sun is counteracted in the fore 
 part of the spring by northerly and easterly winds, but in the latter part 
 it is proportionally promoted by southerly winds. Evaporation is vigorous, 
 and often followed by showers (occasionally with thunder and hail). The 
 temperature, therefore, does not steadily rise from day to day, but by 
 
316 APPENDIX. 
 
 sudden starts, when the sunshine breaks up previously cold and cloudy 
 weather. The vapour, abundantly thrown up into colder regions above, 
 decomposes after some time, causing a fresh fall of temperature, amidst 
 wind, showers, and hail, with occasional frosty nights. 
 
 Notwithstanding these changes, the heat and vapour accumulate, the 
 barometer averaging 29*83 inches; the extreme elevations and de- 
 pressions diminish ; and by the end of the season the range is limited to 
 1^ inches ; mean range, 1'81. Evaporation, 8'85 inches about a sixth 
 more than indicated by the mean temperature. In correspondence with 
 this state of dry ness, De Luc's hygrometer shows 61. Average rainfall, 
 4*81 inches. Though rain gradually increases, it is exceeded by the 
 evaporation ; hence the soil is uniformly dry. In the commencement of 
 the season the lower atmosphere becomes clear and transparent, but the 
 sunshine is often eclipsed for long periods by a close veil of clouds hanging 
 low in the sky ; at other times the easterly or northerly winds drive 
 clouds to the opposite quarters of the horizon with little modification ; 
 but towards the latter part of the season clouds connected with variable 
 breezes traverse the sky in succession, and bring on showers of opaque hail 
 or even snow. A snow-storm in this season occasionally proves the fore- 
 runner of the first hot weather, developed about ten or fourteen days after- 
 wards. A wet spring does not appear UD genial here, provided it be 
 followed by a warm and dry summer. 
 
 On the 7th of June summer begins, by temperature, and lasts 93 days. 
 The mean temperature is CO'G6 F., or 11-72 above that of spring. The 
 medium of twenty-four hours ranges from 58 to 65. The mean height of 
 the barometer is 29'87 inches. The atmosphere now acquires the greatest 
 quantity of heat and vapour, and consequently the greatest barometric 
 weight from the vertical rays of the sun. As our pole inclines more 
 towards the sun, the moon becomes depressed as regards our latitude, and 
 consequently the density and temperature of the atmosphere become more 
 equable and uniform. The predominating winds are those which range 
 from west to north. Mean evaporation is 11/58 inches above a fourth 
 more than indicated by the temperature. De Luc's hygrometer points to 
 52. Mean rainfall, 6 -68 inches. North-west currents bring us fair 
 weather and sunshine, unless interfered with by southerly currents with 
 an easterly direction, which would most likely mix with the western 
 current, and produce rain and thunder while being decomposed. 
 
 Autumn begins, by temperature, the 8th of September, and lasts 90 
 days. Mean temperature, 49*37, or 11'29 below the summer. Medium of 
 the day declines from 58 to 40. Mean height of barometer, 29'78 inches 
 O09 below that of summer ; prevailing winds are south-west. Evaporation, 
 6'44 inches or a sixth part less than indicated by the temperature. De 
 Luc's hygrometer shows 72. Average rainfall, 7'44 inches. Proportion 
 of rain increases the whole season. The earth now acquires the requisite 
 moisture for its springs and deeply-rooted vegetables. All these changes 
 are due to the return of the sun towards the south. Through the daily 
 declining heat, the accumulated atmospheric vapour becomes decomposed, 
 and its loss is not made up, as in summer, by new vapours. Hence heavy 
 
EUROPEAN SPAS AND CLIMATIC HEALTH-RESORTS. 317 
 
 rains, with a lower barometer. The air being more saturated, evaporation 
 falls short of the corresponding temperature. Nevertheless, the fore part 
 of the season is the most delightful in the year here. When the decom- 
 position of the vapours is just commencing, or the atmospheric electricity 
 gives buoyancy to the suspended particles, a pleasant calm sometimes 
 prevails, with perfect sunshine, diffusing a rich tint on the landscape as the 
 day declines. The latter part of autumn and commencement of winter 
 are subject to gales from the south-west, chiefly at night, forming part of 
 a subsiding set of currents. In day time the north-east breezes, the 
 result of sunshine, prevail almost exclusively, and may be considered as 
 ascending currents. 
 
 That the westerly gales come from above seems to be shown by their 
 occasional great violence, for the air acquires a westerly momentum in a 
 higher latitude by revolving round its axis in a larger circle, and this 
 momentum it may bring with it when suddenly turned northward. It is 
 even surmised that the sudden depression of the barometer, attaining its 
 minimum during the greatest force of the wind, may be due to the actual 
 momentary loss of atmospheric gravity by the centrifugal force of the air. 
 
 The above description of the climate shows that for persons inclined 
 to thoracic diseases it must have many disadvantages, and indeed the 
 mortality from consumption is higher here than in continental locali- 
 ties of the same latitude. Though the cold is more intense there in 
 winter, the temperature increases gradually, and thus prepares the con- 
 stitution for its severity, and compels the inhabitants to protect them- 
 selves by warmer clothing ; whilst here the mildness of winter often 
 causes a minor perception of cold, inducing a less warm mode of clothing, 
 and when the sudden vicissitudes into cold or damp weather occur, the 
 body is insufficiently protected against the sudden tide of the circulation 
 towards the central organs. The weakest portion is then liable to be 
 congested, previous bronchial irritation becomes aggravated, or new pro- 
 cesses of pulmonary affection are instituted. On the other hand, it must 
 be stated that the British climate possesses a conservative character, and 
 nowhere are so many old persons seen with all the vigour of manhood than 
 in this country. Indeed, it is very rare to meet herewith aged individuals 
 hobbling along with a bent back and a feeble step. The reasons are obvious. 
 The temperature is never so hot in summer or so cold in winter as to 
 interfere with the performance of the regular functions of the system. The 
 food, simple and substantial, plays likewise an important part, not only in 
 promoting longevity, but in keeping up the vital stamina and youthful 
 vigour for a longer period. The muscular apparatus of the stomach is 
 not weakened and distended, previous to its commencement of work, by 
 the imbibition of a warm liquid with a little nutritive matter in the shape 
 of soup. The palate is not artificially coaxed by numerous culinary con- 
 trivances into an undue consumption of made-up dishes. A meal here 
 answers the purpose of supplying the waste which the system has pre- 
 viously undergone. People rise from their meals without oppression, to 
 pursue their ordinary avocations with that unswerving energy inspired 
 and kept up by the frequently uninviting character of the horizon. The 
 
318 APPENDIX. 
 
 average annual mortality of London is reckoned at 25 out of 1,000 
 inhabitants ; that of all England, 22 ; in the healthiest districts, 16 to 18 ; 
 in Paris, 33 ; in Vienna, 39.* 
 
 Most inhabitants of this metropolis, especially of the middle class, do 
 not reside in the same houses in which they pursue their daily duties ; 
 but they strictly separate private life from business. Whilst the latter is 
 carried on in a central part, the residence is chosen at some distance. This 
 ensures less prolonged working hours, and a greater facility of throwing 
 off business thoughts by the change of scene every evening. In former 
 times, the choice of private habitation was restricted to walking or omnibus 
 distances ; but through the spread of railway accommodation, places from 
 six to twenty miles distant are almost considered as suburbs nowadays. 
 But however rational it must be thought to hurry after work to a less 
 noisy and more open locality, the other extreme of selecting greater and 
 greater distances has its decided drawbacks. In fact, a locality too exposed 
 is for many morbid dispositions as injurious as a too confined 'and close 
 space for others. Nothing is more connected with prevention or produc- 
 tion of disease than the private residence, and even more so than if it was 
 constantly inhabited ; for in the latter case the constitution would become 
 more readily inured to it. We ought not only to enquire which is in itself 
 the most healthy site, but also what will be the effect of the daily change ? 
 Will it be useful, for instance, to delicate individuals, who have breathed a 
 whole winter day the warm air of the confined city, to be suddenly turned 
 out in the evening into a bleak exposed atmosphere of a distant and high 
 suburb ? Another point deserving consideration is the mental peculiarity 
 of the traveller. Persons endowed with an easy, calm mental calibre, 
 regular in their habits, and steady in all their pursuits, may be benefited 
 and usefully stimulated by the daily vicissitudes of temperature. On the 
 other hand, nervous, anxiously-disposed and impidsive individuals, who 
 have to undergo the daily hurry and mental worry antecedent to the 
 railway journey, will often find this regular addition to the other wearing 
 anxiety of the day to play the part of the last straw, which ' breaks the 
 camel's back.' They will feel more braced and refreshed when they 
 arrive in town, and be less liable to minor complaints ; but causes of 
 severer derangements accumulate in the system, and ultimately lead to 
 severe diseases, or mal-assimilation, apparently unconnected with their mode 
 of living. 
 
 In selecting a residence, the peculiar individual disposition should, there- 
 fore, invariably be taken into account ; for it may be predicted with 
 certainty that diseases and mortality would diminish if each family, instead 
 of merely consulting convenience and taste in the choice of a locality, were 
 to ask their medical attendant whether the particular spot chosen is 
 adapted to their constitutions. Whilst, for instance, a high and exposed 
 situation will have a bracing and salutary effect on vigorous individuals, 
 it may prove injurious, especially in the inclement season, to persons 
 affected with a phthisical tendency. 
 
 * Annales Hygiene, October 1850, p. 362. 
 
EUROPEAN SPAS AND CLIMATIC HEALTH-RESORTS. 319 
 
 The following short hints on the altitude and soil of the various parts of 
 the metropolis may afford some guidance in this respect. 
 
 A line drawn from Ilendon, in the north-west, to East Wickham, in the 
 south-east, shows us, first, in the western portion of Hendon, an altitude of 
 220 feet over high-watermark, and a superstratum of gravel over the London 
 clay. The other parts are devoid of gravel. To the left of this line the 
 altitude gradually diminishes, in the direction of the river Brent, to 90 feet 
 above Willesden, and then increases again to 146 north-east of Willesden, 
 120 east, 158 and 140 south-east. Passing the North- Western Railway, we 
 descend from 120 to 100 feet at the Paddington Canal, to 80 at the north, 
 60 at the south of Wormwood Scrubs, then we descend to 40 and 20 
 all on clay soil. Proceeding still southward, we meet with brick-earth 
 as superstratum, surrounded in the form of an island by a strip of gravel, 
 bordered by Netting Hill on the east (lying mostly on clay), and Hammer- 
 smith on the south (built on gravel). 
 
 If we take up our original line, and journey from Hendon towards 
 Hampstead, the ground (clay) lowers first, and then rises again to 430 feet 
 at Hampstead Hill, which has a superstratum of Bagshot sand ; we then 
 gradually descend to 80 feet at Hampstead Road, to 60 at Gray's Inn Road, 
 all clay soil, till the line intersects the eastern portion of Holborn Hill, 
 which is built on gravel. The line then passes through Cheapside (48 
 feet high, built, like the whole city, on brick-earth) ; crosses St. Paul's 
 Cathedral (412 feet high) ; and on proceeding to the river passes over gravel 
 soil, which encircles the city, extending on the south to the river, on the east 
 as far as East India Docks, on the north-east along the Mile End Road, not 
 quite to the Regent's Canal (whence a strip of brick-earth stretches as far 
 as Victoria Park) ; on the north, from Bishopsgate Street (inclusive) to Fins- 
 bury, City Road, and Islington ; on the west, not quite to Farringdon Street. 
 
 The line now crosses the river (clay soil) obliquely over London Bridge ; 
 proceeds through Bermondsey (below high-water mark, but built on gravel), 
 this side the Greenwich Railway ; then passes through Deptford (gravel), 
 over the river Ravensbourne, and arrives at Greenwich (20 feet high), pos- 
 sessing siliceous sands as far as the Observatory (210 feet high), and pebble 
 beds afterwards; then the line crosses Blackheath (130 to 100 feet high), 
 pebble bed ; then passes over clay soil to Shooter's Hill (412 feet high, with 
 a superstratum of gravel at the top) ; the line descends then again on clay to 
 300, 200, 180 feet, and arrives at East Wickham (pebble bed, 150 feet high). 
 All through London the clay rests on a bed of chalk. 
 Among the suburbs on the north side of the Thames, Brompton enjoys the 
 mildest and most equable winter climate. Built on gravel, with a moderate 
 elevation of 20 feet between Chelsea (10 feet) on the south, and Kensington 
 (40 to 60 feet) on the north, it is somewhat protected against north winds, 
 without being so enclosed as to prevent evaporation or free circulation of 
 the atmosphere. Its northern neighbour, Kensington (from 40 to 60 feet) 
 has a border of brick-earth on the south ; then clay, more to the north ; then 
 gravel. It has great advantages in the numerous trees and open squares ; 
 but as it partly rests on the slope of a hill for the ground rises towards 
 the north-west (Notting Hill) to 125, and towards the north (Bayswater) 
 
320 APPENDIX. 
 
 to 80 feet it must be exposed to greater vicissitudes of temperature than 
 Brompton : still it would be a more desirable residence for the whole year, 
 especially the eastern and western part, than Brompton, which is too relax- 
 ing in summer. 
 
 Bayswater, and particularly that part intersected by Queen's Road, enjoys 
 the advantage of a moderately high elevation (80 feet), and of being partly 
 built on gravel soil. The air is bracing in summer and not too bleak in 
 winter, as the ground, though a little lower on the clayey Westbourne 
 Grove (60 feet), exhibits some eminences further north, and higher hills 
 still more northerly. Regent's Park, though somewhat more elevated, 
 from 80 feet to 206 (at Primrose Hill), is built on clay, and lying on a 
 declivity of the hill, the moisture will be more apt to be retained on the 
 ground, evaporation being further somewhat impeded through the steep 
 northern hills. The climate will therefore be mild in winter, but somewhat 
 relaxing in summer. St. John's Wood (from 140 to 160 feet high), also 
 built on clay, has a bleaker climate in winter, being more exposed to vicis- 
 situdes of temperature, with the disadvantage of retaining moisture longer 
 than gravelly soil would ; whilst the neighbouring Hampstead heights, 
 on the north-east, afford only partial protection against northerly winds. 
 In summer, however, it is a very desirable residence. 
 
 Hampstead Hill (430 feet) and HigJigate Hill (412 feet high), both 
 having siliceous sands of the Bagshot series as a superstratum, whilst the 
 other gravelly soil mentioned is only composed of drift, gravel, and sand, 
 are very bracing, and would be extremely well adapted for sanitaria, to 
 admit convalescents after severe and exhausting diseases. Three or four 
 weeks spent there would probably have a more restorative effect than 
 double the time at the ordinary home. But, of course, for a winter resi- 
 dence both places are too bleak, and might, by the vicissitudes of tempera- 
 ture, produce bronchial and pulmonary as well as rheumatic diseases, 
 whenever a predisposition exists to these ailments. 
 
 In the north-east, Dalston and the southern part of Hackney are built 
 on gravel, and have a moderate elevation of 40 feet ; the climate is there- 
 fore mild in winter, and somewhat less relaxing in summer than Brompton. 
 That portion of Hackney surrounding London Fields is more humid and 
 relaxing than the eastern and northern part. Victoria Park, built on 
 gravel, with the exception of a strip of brick-earth at the south-western 
 termination, is not very elevated, having an altitude of 40' at the western 
 frontier, and of 20' where it approaches Bow (built on gravel), at the 
 south-eastern frontier. It is therefore very mild, but too relaxing in hot 
 summers. North of Kingsland Railway Station, till very near Stoke 
 Newington, the houses are built on brick-earth, and enjoy an elevation of 
 60 feet (this includes part of West Hackney). Stamford Hill (97 feet 
 high), in the north, to 80 feet towards Upper Clapton, is built on gravel, 
 and also the contiguous portion of Lower Clapton. It has a very bracing 
 and salubrious climate. Stoke Newington (80 feet), built on clay, lies on 
 a somewhat sloping ground, from west to east, as the north-western High- 
 gate hills gradually descend towards Stoke-New ington. The latter, there- 
 fore, shares some of the disadvantages belonging to Regent's Park. 
 
EUROPEAN SPAS AND CLIMATIC HEALTH-RESORTS. 321 
 
 Highbury, situated to the south and west of Stoke Newington, is 
 built on a ground rising to 132 feet (Highbury Place and Hill), with 
 strong clays in the west, and brick-earth in the east : from here the 
 ground gently slants again to 120 and 100 feet. The climate thus par- 
 takes of a bracing and mild character, the altitude allowing a free circula- 
 tion of the atmosphere ; and though the ground would absorb moisture 
 more readily if it was gravel, the eminence on which it stands, with the 
 sloping circumference, favours evaporation. 
 
 West Ham, east of Bow (built on gravel), borders on a bed of peat and 
 alluvium, which stretches from the north-western part of the River Lea, 
 along the Leyton, Hackney, and Plaistow marshes, and extends beyond 
 Barking Level, with an altitude of only 10 feet in the north, and diminish- 
 ing towards the south. 
 
 Walthamstow, north-east of Stamford Hill, rises from 80 to 100 feet, 
 with clay soil, except the centre, which consists of gravel. Snaresbrook, 
 its eastern neighbour, enjoys an altitude of 100 feet, with the advantage 
 of a gravelly soil. The ground slants to the south (80 to 60 feet). Wan- 
 stead, Stratford, north-east of Bow, with an altitude of 20 to 10 feet; 
 West Ham to its south, Plaistow to the south of the latter, East Ham to 
 the east, and Barking still more easterly ; all lie on gravel soil, with a low 
 elevation, and exposed somewhat to the neighbouring marshy exhalations. 
 As regards the more distant western suburbs, Hammersmith lies partly on 
 gravel, towards the south, and on brick-earth in the northern part (10 feet), 
 which soil extends to Shepherd's Bush, and considerably beyond Uxbridge 
 Road ; Cliiswick, west of Hammersmith, is built on brick-earth, and like- 
 wise Fulliam. Being contiguous to the Thames, they have a very slight 
 elevation ; but the Thames becoming a pure river through the deviation 
 of the sewage by means of the stupendous main drainage works lately 
 accomplished, the freshness imparted to the air by the rapid course of a 
 tidal stream will afford some compensation for the deficient altitude. 
 
 South of the Thames we have Barnes, built on brick-earth, rising 
 towards the south to 20 feet (gravel soil) on the common. Putney 
 Heath, rising towards the south-east to 163 feet, with gravelly soil, sur- 
 rounded by sandy clays. Putney, south of Fulliam, gravel soil (20 
 feet). Wandsivorth, to the east, same soil, with an altitude rising to 60 
 feet, intersected by the river Wandle ; the common to the south-east on 
 gravel soil, surrounded by ojay, rising from 40 to 93 feet. Battersea 
 Fields, south of Chelsea, on brick-earth. Clapham, on gravel soil, rising 
 southward from 20 to 60 feet, and to 93 feet (Clapham Common). Cam- 
 berwell, to the east, gravel soil, 10 to 20 feet, then rising southward on 
 widy clays to 40, 60, 80, and 130 feet, with Peckham, on sand and 
 mottled clay to the east, 20 feet high, separated by shelly clays from 
 the southern Peckham Rye, rising from 20 to 40 feet, and possessing soil 
 of striped sand, with a southern border of pebble bed ; moreover, rising 
 ground toward the east from 60 to 148 feet (Nunhead, Telegraph Hill, 
 Hatcham on sandy clay), and toward the south from 60 to 80, 100, and 
 160 to 284 feet in the south-east (Forest Hill) built on clay, and also to- 
 wards the west, from 60 to 80 feet (Denmark Hill rising to 1 30 feet, with 
 
 Y 
 
322 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 gravel in the centre and clay at the circumference), afford an excellent 
 protection against north-eastern, south-eastern, and south-western winds. 
 This confirms the popular belief in its salubrity for persons affected with 
 bronchial irritation or incipient phthisis. According to the above 
 geological characteristics, it must prove especially useful, as a sum- 
 mer residence, in cases of profuse bronchial secretion, whilst in severe 
 winters, and where the cough exhibits ^a dry and irritative character, 
 Brompton would deserve the preference. Those who desire further in- 
 formation on the geological condition of London, are referred to the ex- 
 cellent chart of London by K. W. Mylne, Esq. F.R.S. But apart from the 
 natural position and character of a locality, we have to consider its artificial 
 characteristics. For, however favourable the site, its advantages may be 
 diminished by numerous buildings intercepting air and light, with nume- 
 rous inhabitants contaminating the air and diminishing its health -giving 
 oxygen. Hence a list of the population and mortality, compiled from the 
 pamphlet of Mr. Coke (* Census of the British Empire '), will form an 
 appropriate conclusion of the subject. 
 
 
 Population 
 
 Mortality in 
 1,000 
 
 Average 
 Elevation 
 above 
 Ilijrlnvater 
 Mark 
 
 
 2,582,635 
 
 23-6 
 
 39 
 
 West Districts : 
 
 153,233 
 
 18-6 
 
 44 
 
 Chelsea 
 St. George's, Hanover Square 
 
 59,980 
 80,488 
 66,642 
 
 24-8 
 17-1 
 25-1 
 
 12 
 34 
 2 
 
 St. Martin's in the Fields . . . 
 St. James's, "Westminster 
 
 North Districts : 
 Marylebone ...... 
 Hampstead ...... 
 
 23,638 
 35,865 
 
 159,652 
 15,545 
 182,919 
 
 22-2 
 21-5 
 
 22-5 
 16 
 21-7 
 
 35 
 43 
 
 100 
 350 
 
 80 
 
 
 125,310 
 
 19-5 
 
 88 
 
 Hackney 
 
 Central Districts : 
 St Giles's 
 
 70,862 
 5^,097 
 
 18-8 
 26-7 
 
 55 
 
 68 
 
 Strand 
 
 43,686 
 
 23-7 
 
 50 
 
 
 45,741 
 
 25-6 
 
 53 
 
 
 65,205 
 
 21-7 
 
 63 
 
 
 55,526 
 
 25-4 
 
 48 
 
 East London 
 "West London 
 London, City 
 
 East Districts : 
 
 42,539 
 27,988 
 50,741 
 
 119,298 
 
 24-9 
 23-5 
 20 
 
 23-1 
 
 42 
 28 
 38 
 
 48 
 
 Bethnal Green 
 Whitechapel 
 St. George's in the East 
 Stepney and Mile End .... 
 
 97,549 
 79,361 
 48,627 
 120,203 
 63 172 
 
 22-2 
 27-8 
 27-1 
 24 
 227 
 
 36 
 28 
 15 
 16 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
EUROPEAN SPAS AND CLIMATIC HEALTH-RESORTS. 323 
 
 
 
 
 Average 
 
 
 Population 
 
 Mortality in 
 1,000 
 
 Elevation 
 above 
 Highwater 
 
 
 
 
 Mark 
 
 South Districts : 
 
 
 
 
 St. Saviour's, South wark 
 
 35,878 
 
 277 
 
 2 
 
 St. Olave's, Southwark .... 
 
 19,214 
 
 27-4 
 
 2 
 
 Bermondsey ...... 
 
 53,241 
 
 24-8 
 
 
 
 St. George's, Southwark 
 
 53,666 
 
 25-8 
 
 
 
 
 73,486 
 
 22-8 
 
 ' 2 below 
 
 Lambeth ...... 
 
 150,666 
 
 22-1 
 
 3 
 
 Wands worth ..... 
 
 60,572 
 
 18-8 
 
 22 
 
 Camberwell ...... 
 
 63,078 
 
 21-6 
 
 4 
 
 Rotherhithe 
 
 21,152 
 
 23-8 
 
 
 
 Greenwich 
 
 113,513 
 
 24-8 
 
 8 
 
 Lewisham 
 
 50,293 
 
 168 
 
 28 
 
 The mortality in London has decreased in the last decennium. Whilst 
 in the ten years from 1840-1849 25'1 died per 1,000 inhabitants; in 
 1850-1859 the mortality fell to 23*6 per 1,000; so that to 1,000 deaths 
 of the first decennium we had but 946 in the second. 
 
 * Our lives are thus preserved from many dire calamities, and our health 
 is mainly under the care and special guidance of this highly educated and 
 scientific class of professional men (medical officers of health), appointed 
 pursuant to the Public Health Act ; and it is also ascertained, through the 
 Registrar-General's department, that during the time the Act has been in 
 operation, the death-rate throughout all England has been reduced about 
 0'52 per 1,000 in the year. But we must still look for a greater improve- 
 ment. In an average of ten years, calculated to the same population, in 
 proportion to 
 
 100 deaths in Whitechapel 
 
 100 
 100 
 100 
 
 100 
 100 
 
 100 
 100 
 100 
 100 
 100 
 100 
 100 
 100 
 100 
 
 St. Saviour's, South- 
 wark .... 
 
 St. Olave's, South- 
 wark .... 
 
 St. George's in the 
 East . . . . 
 
 St. Giles's . . . 
 
 St. George's, South- 
 wark .... 
 
 Holborn . . . 
 
 St. Luke's . . . 
 
 Westminster . . 
 
 East London . . 
 
 Greenwich . 
 
 Bermondsey . . 
 
 Chelsea . . . . 
 
 Rotherhithe, . . 
 
 Strand 
 
 there were 58 in Hampstead. 
 ,, ,, 61 ,, Lewisham. 
 
 62 St. George's, Hanover Square. 
 
 67 ,, Kensington. 
 
 70 ,, Hackney. 
 
 73 Wandsworth. 
 
 76 Islington. 
 
 79 London, City. 
 
 86 St. James's, Westminster. 
 
 87 St. Pancras. 
 
 88 Clerkenwell. 
 
 87 Camberwell. 
 
 89 Lambeth. 
 
 83 Bethnal Green. 
 
 ,, 95 Marylebone.' 
 
 Y 2 
 
324 APPENDIX. 
 
 INFLUENCE OF HABITUAL RAILWAY TRAVELLING 
 ON PUBLIC HEALTH. 
 
 As the mode of reaching the various rural spots forms an extremely 
 important link in the chain of sanitary measures, I should think this 
 treatise incomplete without bringing before the reader extracts of the 
 most important points mentioned in the excellent report of the ' Lancet ' 
 Sanitary Commission as regards the influence of railway travelling on 
 public health.* 
 
 In the year 1825 there was, in the whole world, only one railway 
 carriage built to convey passengers. It ran on the first railway between 
 Stockton and Darlington, and bore on its panels the motto 
 
 ' Periculum priratum, publica utilitas.' 
 
 Materials and purpose of present enquiry. Medical men are often 
 asked whether they consider railway travelling prejudicial to health. The 
 very frequency of the interrogation points to the conclusion that a vague 
 dread of certain undefined consequences peculiar to this mode of tra- 
 velling, has been gradually growing up in the public mind. In his 
 evidence before a Committee of the House of Commons, in 1859, Lord 
 Shaftesbury said, ' The very power of locomotion keeps persons in a state 
 of great nervous excitement, and it is worthy of attention to what an ex- 
 tent this effect prevails. I have ascertained that many persons who have 
 been in the habit of travelling by railway, have been obliged to give it up 
 in consequence of the effect on the nervous system.' 
 
 Social changes. People in the present day do more work with less 
 recreation than at any former time. In the eighteenth century, the pre- 
 viously enjoined public exercises were gradually discontinued. But, even 
 then, a journey by horse or coach had the advantage of affording a period 
 of rest from anxieties whilst on the road, and of physical exercise in the 
 open air ; the mind being necessarily diverted by the personal incidents of 
 the journey. 
 
 The following remarks are extracted from the communication of Mr. 
 W. Bridges Adams on the construction of rail and carriage : 
 
 Ordinary carriages on common roads have flexible springs, and an 
 irregular rough surface to roll over. Railway carriages have very rigid 
 springs, and a regular rough surface to roll over. The large irregular 
 concussions of the highway are converted on the railway into a series of 
 smaller regular concussions. In most vehicles, there are two varieties of 
 
 * Hardwicke, 192 Piccadilly, June 1862. 
 
INFLUENCE OF RAILWAY TRAVELLING. 325 
 
 movement the vibratory and oscillatory. Vehicles without oscillation are 
 heavy of draught. The less the amount of oscillation, the more perfect 
 should be the springs, to allow the wheels to yield rapidly. 
 
 Why should the railway produce effects which the common road does 
 not? There is but one answer: the friction is practically greater in 
 amount on the rail than it is on the road ; because, in lieu of four wheels, 
 a pair of garden-rollers are used, the wheel and axle moving solidly to- 
 gether. Now, a garden-roller will only move forward in a straight line. 
 Kailways consist of straight lines and curves. But the so-called straight 
 lines are not straight relatively to the action of the wheels, but a series of 
 irregular curves. 
 
 With ordinary road- wheels, the friction is not incessant, and only takes 
 place when bearing equally over the width. Moreover, the surface on 
 which they roll is more or less yielding, and vibration does not pass un- 
 broken through the wheel to the vehicle. But, as railway wheels bear on 
 a hard surface, the vibration is considerable. The probability is, that 
 from a fourth to a sixth of the whole movement is sledging, increasing 
 with the velocity. In this mode a great amount of surplus power is 
 required. 
 
 The train is guarded by the action of the side* flanges, and not by the 
 tractive power. As the flanges approach the rail, there is a constant suc- 
 cession of blows, analogous to the jerks experienced when a vehicle is 
 driven along the edge of the kerbstones in the streets. 
 
 The first thing to do is to settle the quarrel between wheel and rail, 
 which, as Stephenson said, should be as man and wife, but at present are 
 a very ill-assorted couple. 
 
 In passenger-carriages, the long springs somewhat modify the sensations 
 experienced. But, being very rigid and only slightly curved, they afford 
 relief to a very limited extent. 
 
 Effects of railway travelling on healthy persons. 
 
 As elucidating the chilling influence of railway travelling, Dr. C. J. B. 
 Williams states, inter alia : 
 
 ' Unquestionably the great charm and superiority of railway travelling is 
 its speed ; and in this fast age of rapid progress it would be an ungracious, 
 task to put a drag upon the wheels, provided that this charming velocity 
 can be maintained without risk to health. To say nothing of the perils 
 from accidents, the velocity of railway travelling may bring with it dangers 
 of another kind. I allude to the injurious influence of the draughts of 
 air. The velocity of a railway train brings it in collision with the air to 
 a degree that amounts to a high wind. In the thirty or forty sultry days 
 which may occur during our summer months, this fine breeze may be all 
 very pleasant ; but in the remaining 300 days and upwards, this current 
 is too cold to be borne in safety. The speed of the railway intensifies the 
 cold, and renders the draught of air dangerous, even when its temperature 
 may not be lower than 50 or even 60 Fahr. The disorders which I have 
 found to be most commonly excited by the influence of cold in railway 
 
326 APPENDIX. 
 
 travelling, are the various catarrhal affections of the respiratory organs, 
 sore throats, earache, toothache, pleurisy, pneumonia, and various forms 
 of rheumatism, particularly lumbago and sciatica. It is very remarkable 
 how many cases of serious pulmonary disease in my experience have dated 
 their origin to cold caught in railway travelling. The plurality of 
 English folk prefer being chilled to their notion of being suffocated. 
 Foreigners, on the Continent, commonly go to the opposite extreme. But 
 I am confident that the graver error is on the side of our countrymen. Inf 
 cold weather and in fast trains, there is vastly more risk of chill from 
 open windows than of suffocation or any other evil from closed ones. In 
 conclusion, I would advert to the desiccating effect on the skin and mucous 
 passages produced by long railway journeys, as another result of the 
 operation of the current of air, which may be mitigated by the same means 
 of exclusion and protection ; but it is more completely removed by 
 restoring the action of the skin by active exercises or by a warm 
 bath.' 
 
 Physiological influence. Habitual travellers are under the necessity of 
 twice daily ' catching the train,' and to a certain extent all their actions prior 
 to departure in the morning and afternoon are influenced by the pervading 
 sense of this anxiety. Dr. Brown-Sequard observes, that the anxiety is so 
 predominant in many otherwise healthy constitutions that it produces often 
 a practical incapacity for habitual travelling ; and must evidently, when it 
 falls short of this, frequently be injurious. 
 
 Effects on the muscular system. The immediate effect of being placed 
 in a vehicle subjected to rapid short vibrations and oscillations, is that a 
 considerable number of muscles are called into action and maintained in a 
 condition of alternating contractile effort throughout the whole journey, 
 and to this constant strain on the muscular system must be ascribed a part 
 of that sense of bodily fatigue, almost amounting to soreness, which is felt 
 after a long journey. 
 
 Influence on the cerebral and spinal centres. The hollow cavities of the 
 spine and cranium, thus partially steadied by the muscles attached to them, 
 contain the great nervous centres, to which concussion of any kind is so 
 peculiarly hurtful that they are naturally cushioned on exquisitely-devised 
 water beds, or are slung by fibrous ligaments, which have the effect of 
 deadening the shocks of ordinary movements. The jolting of a railway 
 carriage is a series of small and rapid concussions, and it is worthy to be 
 noted that these increase in proportion to the rate of speed, and that most 
 of the trains by which season ticket-holders travel are express. 
 
 The seats of carriages. The well-padded and springy seats of first-clas.s 
 carriages do much to obviate the mischief of these concussions. In con- 
 demning the third-class passengers to sit on hard wooden benches, which 
 transmit without mitigation the shocks incidental to the movement of the 
 carriage, the railway companies submit them unnecessarily to one acknow- 
 ledged source of evil influence on health. 
 
 Of mental influences. The mental condition of passengers by train is 
 commonly, perhaps, sufficiently placid and unconcerned, but several 
 eminently careful observers have alluded to an often experienced condition 
 
INFLUENCE OF RAILWAY TRAVELLING. 327 
 
 of uneasiness, scarcely amounting to actual fear, which pervades the 
 generality of travellers by rail. The possibility of collision is constantly 
 present to such persons. So, too, the frequent lateness of trains, and 
 the bad time which they keep, are causes of anxiety. 
 
 Effects on the eye. Objects on the road are passed with such velocity 
 that they only produce momentary impressions on the retina, and thus the 
 visual powers are severely tried. The rapidity with which the brain is 
 necessitated to take cognizance of the retinal images taxes it also more or 
 less heavily. When the traveller sets himself to read, he imposes yet 
 further labour on the eye in tracing the shifting characters of his book or 
 newspaper, and also on the brain. 
 
 Impressions through the ear. The rattle and noise which accompany 
 the progress of the train create an incessant vibration oil the tympanum, 
 and thus influence the brain through the nerve of hearing. Assailed 
 through the avenues of the eye and ear, and subject to concussions due to 
 vertical movement and lateral oscillation communicated through the trunk, 
 and actually transmitted by the bony walls of the head when it rests against 
 the back of the carriage, the brain is apt to suffer certain physiological 
 changes. Amongst the well-known effects are occasional dizziness, head- 
 ache, sickness, and mental fatigue. 
 
 Rapid ageing of season ticket-holders. One of the leading physicians 
 of the metropolis says, ' Travelling a few years since on the Brighton line 
 very frequently, I became familiar with the faces of a number of the 
 regular passengers on that line. Recently I had again occasion to travel 
 several times on the same line. I know well how to allow for gradual 
 deterioration by age and care ; but I have never seen any set of men so 
 rapidly aged as these seem to me to have been in the course of those few 
 years. It is idle to say that journeys from one end of London to the other 
 occupy as long or a longer period of time, for the hurry, anxiety, rapid 
 movement, noise, and other physical disadvantages of railway travelling, 
 are peculiar to that method of conveyance, and a railway journey of an 
 hour, at the rate of fifty miles, is almost as fatiguing as half a day's 
 journey on the road.' 
 
 Diminution in number of season ticket-holders. It is the incon- 
 venience so endured that may probably have produced the remarkable 
 falling off in the number of season tickets issued to the public, as shown 
 by the Government returns. The number of season ticket-holders in 
 England and Wales in 1859 was 35,322 ; in 1860, it had fallen to 30,500. 
 
 Question of Life Assurance. A physician, who has studied the subject 
 of the duration of life in relation to insurance states, that he makes a rule 
 of inquiring of intending assurers whether they are in the habit of taking 
 such long journeys, not with an eye to the probabilities of accident, but 
 in the conviction that the health is likely in the end to be impaired by 
 them, and any tendency to disease to be fostered and exaggerated. 
 
 The relations of railway travelling to disease. Much evidence has 
 been adduced to show that, where predisposition exists, railway travelling 
 may become the exciting cause of cerebral disease. The first and most 
 common symptom of disturbance thus produced is sleeplessness, with noise 
 
328 APPENDIX. 
 
 and singing in the ears. This is the earliest troublesome symptom of 
 over-work amongst the experienced engine-drivers and guards. 
 
 Apoplexy. Where there is any reason to suspect a tendency to 
 apoplexy, railway travelling should unquestionably be considered as an 
 element of danger. The sudden death of Lord Canterbury in a railway 
 carriage caused the subject to be much discussed some few years since. 
 In a communication from Dr. W. Rogers, Winslow, Bucks, fourteen years 
 surgeon to the railway works at Wolverton, he mentions having been 
 called to several cases in which persons had been seized with apoplexy 
 while travelling. 
 
 Where disease of the bones of the spine exists there is an obvious un- 
 fitness for habitual railway travelling. 
 
 As regards diseases of the ear, Mr. Harvey mentions having recently 
 had under his notice two persons, in whom headache, accompanied by 
 deafness and incessant noises in the ears, was a prominent symptom, 
 regularly produced by railway journeys taken to and from Brighton daily. 
 These cases, and others in the same way, resisted all kinds of treatment, 
 until the vibrations and travelling were relinquished. 
 
 Some individuals suffer from vertigo, faintness, and nausea, on riding 
 backwards in any close carriage. Dr. Williams inclines to think that this 
 is caused by some disorder of the cerebral circulation, in a manner 
 similar to sea-sickness. The backward motion promotes the afflux of 
 blood to the anterior lobes of the brain with a corresponding privation of 
 it in the cerebellum and medulla, and disturbance of the functions of the 
 trisplanchnic and associated nerves. 
 
 Retention of the secretions. ' Habitual suppression of the desire for 
 micturition is not only a cause of inflammatory affections of the bladder, 
 but has induced reflex paralysis of the lower extremities. 
 
 Influence on diseases of the abdominal viscera. Dr. Brinton regards 
 the marked influence of railway travelling in provoking haemorrhage as spe- 
 cific in persons predisposed to such bleedings ; and he has frequently traced 
 epistaxis, haemoptysis, and hsemorrhoidal bleedings to this exciting cause. 
 
 Precautions and improvements suggested parliamentary interference. 
 If there has been culpable heedlessness as to the welfare of the millions 
 of lives yearly intrusted to the charge of railway companies, it might be 
 supposed that stringent enactments would soon be introduced bristling 
 with penal clauses ; and that the Statute Book which throws its a?gis 
 round pheasants and partridges, would also contain laws for the better 
 protection of railway passengers. 
 
 How not to do it. In the House of Commons, Mr. Bentinck asked the 
 President of the Board of Trade whether, in consequence of railway acci- 
 dents, it was the intention of Her Majesty's Government to introduce any 
 measures founded on the report of the Committee on railway accidents 1 
 Mr. M. Gibson said, it did not appear, from the reports made by the in- 
 spectors to the Board of Trade, that any new circumstances had lately 
 arisen to render desirable the interference of Government in the manage- 
 ment of railways. 
 
 True cause of collisions. Careful investigations led to startling revela- 
 
INFLUENCE OF KAILWAY TRAVELLING. 329 
 
 tions of the manner in which railway employes are kept at work for 
 many hours beyond the time that their faculties remain equal to the 
 imposed strain, and thus the lives of passengers are continually endangered. 
 Their prevention. The Commission having at once directed attention 
 to this unrecognised source of danger, an edict was shortly afterwards 
 issued in France, reducing the working time of railway employes from 
 thirteen to eight hours per day ; and woe be to the company who shall 
 disregard the Imperial mandate ! But as the only despotic power in this 
 country appears to be that of 'the railway interest,' it will, it is feared, be 
 very long before any similar restriction becomes law among us. 
 
 Signals should be uniform on all lines, because the signal men occa- 
 sionally change from one company to another, and may confuse the old 
 and new regulations with disastrous results. 
 
 Use of colour-signals Colour-blindness exists among some men, with 
 consequent inability to distinguish red (danger) from green (caution). 
 Moreover, when an engine is travelling at high speed in the teeth of a 
 sharp wind or through rain or fog, it is difficult for the best eyes to dis- 
 tinguish the colour of a signal, especially if suddenly exhibited. 
 
 Other causes of preventable accidents are inefficient amount and action 
 of break-power, and a want of means of communication between guards 
 and drivers. The Committee of 1857 recommended both these sub- 
 jects as requiring attention, but in vain. 
 
 The pace. The high rate of speed now maintained on all railways is 
 unnecessary ; whilst the increased motion it produces, and the enormous 
 wear and tear it causes, are absolutely injurious. Its diminution would 
 increase the safety of travellers, and was one of the many important sug- 
 gestions made in the report of the Parliamentary Committee, not one of 
 which has yet been carried into effect. 
 
 Long carriages. According to the plan which obtains on the other side 
 of the Atlantic, the whole length of each carriage would be open, with a 
 passage in the centre, and a platform at each end for exit or entrance. 
 The objection to such an innovation as being opposed to our national 
 prejudices, is too trivial to need refutation. Indeed, it may be doubted 
 whether that conceited spirit of exclusiveness, that unwholesome mistrust 
 of our neighbours, peculiar to the travelling Englishman, is ever a healthy 
 feeling to foster or encourage. 
 
 Safety. Such an arrangement would afford to timid persons that sense 
 of security which they always derive from the presence of numbers, and 
 would prevent the distressing effects of retention, since there could be con- 
 veniences fitted at the end of each carriage. Moreover, in case of the 
 engine leaving the rail, carriages of such length would be far less likely to 
 follow than the short-bodied vehicles which now fly over so readily. Ex- 
 periments have already proved that carriages of this length are more free 
 from both vibration and oscillation than those in ordinary use. 
 
 Temperature. There are probably more colds caught at railway-stations 
 than in any other buildings. After becoming heated by previous sharp 
 walking, travellers loiter on the platform, oftentimes in a cutting wind, to 
 wait for the train. There is no reason why a fixed time, say two minutes, 
 should not be allowed at every station to prevent unnecessary hurry. 
 
330 APPENDIX. 
 
 From the above report it might be inferred that if small regular 
 journeys are fraught with so much hidden danger, long railway journeys 
 must be absolutely injurious. This deduction would be perfectly erroneous. 
 In travelling great distances, the journey is the business of the day the 
 mind has no other task, no other difficulty, no other disturbing anxiety. 
 It is true the concussions are rather more wearying than on the common 
 road, but then the traveller looks forward to the pleasant prospect he will 
 have at the termination. The elasticity of body and mind, the change of 
 scenery, and the expulsion of business thoughts, soon wipe off the effects of 
 the fatigue, and restore the former equilibrium. A similar effect follows 
 occasional journeys. But habitual railway travelling has quite peculiar 
 effects of its own. 
 
 The transition from a night's rest to the next day's work ought to be 
 gradual ; rising, dressing, early meal, all ought to be attended to without 
 hurry or mental agitation, as a proper preparation for the exciting labour 
 which has to follow. If instead of this the rest is suddenly interrupted 
 and the day commenced with hurry and fretting, and all preparatory functions 
 performed under the dread of missing the train, as evidenced by the constant 
 study of the watch, and if the same process of mental anxiety is undergone 
 at the termination of the day's work, this daily addition to the already ex- 
 cessive mental wear and tear must ultimately impair the stamina, resisting 
 power and nutrition of the organism. Hence habitual railway travellers 
 are, as a rule, free from small complaints, and apparently healthier and 
 more vigorous the first years of the change than formerly, but in later 
 periods they become more subject to severe ailments, based on mal-assimi- 
 lation and on affections of the nervous centres. 
 
 Yet as the constant increase of the population compels frequent resort 
 to distant railway residences, how can the benefit of a beautiful rural spot 
 be enjoyed without detriment to health? Simply by ignoring the time - 
 table, and never hurrying to catch a train. Let the traveller take his chance, 
 as in former omnibus times, and rather wait inside the station till he can 
 proceed to his business or his home by the next train. But if he neglects 
 this certainly difficult rule, and persists in hurrying daily from rest to work 
 and from work to rest, with a great amount of mental labour compressed 
 between these two exciting journeys, he can as surely reckon on an eventual 
 injury of some vital organ as he witnesses the effects of drops of water 
 constanly falling on a solid rock. Whilst unmoved by the most violent 
 torrent, its resisting mass gradually yielded to the incessant dropping, and 
 became at last hollowed out at its most exposed position. 
 
 HEIDEN, the most celebrated whey establishment of Appenzell (after 
 Gais), at the north-eastern border of the Appenzell Moun tains, 2,424' over 
 the level of the sea (1,200' over that of the Lake of Constance). The 
 upper part of the village is built on a plateau, which affords a charming 
 view of the Lake of Constance (1 J leagues distant), and of the Bregenz, 
 Bavarian, and Suabian Mountains. It is enclosed by the promontories of 
 the mountain chain ; the lower older portion is situated in a pleasant 
 
EUROPEAN SPAS AND CLIMATIC HEALTH-RESORTS. 331 
 
 valley called Bissau, bordered at the background by the Bischofsberg, Kaien, 
 and other mountains, which offer the most beautiful views of the Lake, of 
 Thurgau, of the Rhine valley, of the Bregenz and Tyrolese Mountains, of 
 the Rigi, and of the green meadows and villages studding the distant hills. 
 The climate is mild and bracing, but unfortunately the place is mercilessly 
 exposed to the sun, through the absence of shady walks, though most 
 charming excursions may be made into the neighbourhood. Its distance 
 from Rheineck station (to the east) is one league ; from St. Gall en (to the 
 west) three. Physicians Drs. Kung, Beck, and Benzinger, of Altstatden. 
 Heiden offers the further advantage of possessing a bathing establish- 
 ment im Werdj fed by a chalybeate spring, with some smell of sulphuretted 
 hydrogen. The visitors enjoy a more sheltered climate than at Gais, and 
 a greater variety of residence. For besides the beautiful ' Freyhof, ' builfc 
 on the southern declivity of the plateau, in the midst of the village, with 
 its open balcony and well-cultivated garden, accommodation may be had 
 at the ' Lowe,' and at some commodious private houses. The population 
 numbers 2,500. Opposite the Freyhof large farm-buildings have been 
 erected, with a capacious square saloon, and with some chambers situated 
 immediately over cow-stalls, and used for cases in which the exhalations 
 of the stables are considered useful to soothe bronchial irritation and 
 dyspnoea. The two buildings are connected by a tasteful garden and a 
 large covered hall, 90 feet long, used for bowling and walking in unfavour- 
 able Aveather. Moreover, douche, river, and wave baths have been 
 erected by Dr. Kung, on his own grounds, near a brook running through 
 a wild ravine. A shady foot-path leads from this establishment to the 
 neighbouring village of Wolf halden. Cows', ewes', and asses' milk, as well 
 as herb juices and the most important mineral waters, are obtainable here. 
 No wonder, then, that many varieties of ailments are counteracted by a use 
 of the various remedial measures available ; chronic, bronchial, or laryngeal 
 irritation, tendency to tuberculosis, dyspepsia, gastric oppression, sluggish 
 action or impaired circulation of the liver, neuralgic or rheumatic pains of 
 the joints or muscles without exudation or organic changes, more due to 
 deficient nutrition than to real rheumatism ; chlorosis, nervous giddiness, 
 emaciation of young persons through too sudden growth, where the deve- 
 lopment of vital organs cannot keep pace with the rapid stretch of the 
 muscular and osseous systems; in fact, whenever a disproportion arises 
 between the albuminates and non -nitrogenous constituents of the blood, 
 especially in persons of phlegmatic spare habits, whey-cures will assist in 
 eliminating the obstructive portions of plastic elements. Though appa- 
 rently weakening, they will ultimately infuse new strength and gain to the 
 organism, because new and healthy tissue will fill up the vacancy produced 
 by the increased renal, cutaneous, and intestinal secretions. Nevertheless 
 it must be admitted that if by a miracle the best Alpine whey could be 
 bronght to the valetudinarian's bedside at home we should not observe 
 the beneficial results described. A great portion of the improvement is 
 certainly due to the exhilarating mountain atmosphere, provocating in- 
 creased muscular exercise, and to the purer and thinner air stimulating the 
 lungs to inhale greater quantities than usual, in order to obtain the requisite 
 
332 APPENDIX. 
 
 amount of oxygen for the decarbonisation of the blood. The chest thus 
 becomes more expanded, the head more raised, and the muscular apparatus 
 better developed. The regular walks not only serve as derivatives by draw- 
 ing the blood from the internal organs to the extremities and surface, di- 
 minishing the tendency to internal congestions and to injurious plastic 
 changes, but they lighten the burden of the smaller capillaries. The 
 muscular movements induce constant waste of tissue ; the effete particles 
 thus eliminated, either in a gaseous form (by skin and lungs) or in liquid 
 and solid form (by the renal and other emunctories) have to be replaced 
 by the blood, newly formed out of food. The diminished blood naturally 
 flows more freely through the smaller vessels, and returns more easily to the 
 centre of circulation. This facilitated reflux of venous blood prevents many 
 of those numerous diseases due to the so-called * torpid liver.' 
 
 But the visitors must guard against the other extreme, of being enticed 
 to excessive pedestrian exercise. This would prove more injurious than 
 complete rest. For all the benefits ascribed to quiet, moderate and regular 
 walking would be lost by overstraining the muscular and nervous systems. 
 Pains and other signs of nervous over-exertion would ensue and be trans- 
 mitted to the central nervous system. A feeling of general exhaustion 
 and debility would naturally follow and impede the regular functions of the 
 various organs of reproduction. Many diseases have been aggravated, and 
 dangerous results produced by such inconsiderate excess. The proper 
 measure to be observed by every valetudinarian is this there must be 
 a feeling of comfort and pleasant languor after the walk, so that rest becomes 
 refreshing. But if the slightest exhaustion or pain is felt, even some time 
 after resting, the pedestrian has decidedly overstepped the bounds of 
 healthy exercise. 
 
 HEINRICHSBAD, Swiss whey establishment, in the Canton of Appen- 
 zell-Ausserrhoden, two miles north-east of Herisau, half a mile from 
 Winkeln Station, south of St. Gallen, and west of Gais, at an altitude of 
 2410' over the level of the sea, enjoys a beautiful situation, A large Cur- 
 haus is erected here to accommodate about 120 guests. It is protected 
 against violent winds, and has altogether a more sheltered position than 
 Gais and Gonten, the air being somewhat milder and moister on account of 
 the peat-ground covering some portions of the neighbourhood. Two 
 chalybeate springs arise in the vicinity, and are employed for drinking and 
 bathing, to assist the whey-cure in cases of great anaemia and debility, in 
 * renal and vesical pains,' &c. The goat whey is prepared on the Santis ; 
 cow's whey, for baths, at the establishment. 
 
 Physicians Drs. Fisch and Tobler. 
 
 WEISSBAD, whey establishment, two miles south-east of Appenzell, 
 2,524' over the level of the sea, south of Trogen and of Gais, the most 
 sheltered of the group, being surrounded by the promontories of the high 
 Alps, and situated in a section of a narrow, deep meadow-valley replete 
 with foliage. Fine shady walks from the cur-haus along the three brooks, 
 which join here to form the Sitter, afford exercise and shelter against the 
 
EUROPEAN SPAS AND CLIMATIC HEALTH-RESORTS. 333 
 
 heat of the sun. Further walks on the shore of the Sitter to Appenzell, 
 and along the Schwendibach to the Alp, and to the village of Schwendi, 
 can be made on an even but not shady road. As only 130 to 140 visitors 
 can be accommodated at the establishment, it is advisable to bespeak rooms 
 before arrival. The climate is not only milder than that of Gais, on ac- 
 count of the more thorough protection against all winds, but also moister, 
 the air being more saturated with watery vapour, partly from the rapidly 
 flowing rivers, and partly from its greater proximity to the Alps, by ascend- 
 ing fogs from the valleys. When Gais is only cloudy, Weissbad is gene- 
 rally treated with rain. When clouds and fogs have been long expelled 
 from Gais by the sun after a storm, they are still often hovering densely 
 over Weissbad. While thus patients may be sent here, even in a more 
 advanced state of phthisis, for whom the protection of Gais and even of 
 Heiden would be insufficient, the climate is, on the other hand, too relaxing, 
 and in the clear sunny days the heat too oppressive, for torpid and phleg- 
 matic habits, and for those who are only affected with atony of the thoracic 
 organs or with incipient phthisis. 
 
 Physicians Dr. Hersche, of Appenzell, and Dr. Zellweger, of Trogen. 
 
 HELIGOLAND, an island under 'British possession, lies free in the 
 North Sea, under a latitude N. of 54, and a longitude E. of 6^. It is 
 nearly equidistant of the mouths of the Elbe and Weser, and consists of 
 an almost perpendicular rock of variegated sandstone 206 feet high, with a 
 length of 2,200 yards and a width of 650, the whole circumference 
 amounting to about 13,800 feet. It may be reached from Hamburg by 
 steamer in eight to twelve hours. A flat triangular foreland spreads to 
 the northern declivity of the island, and about a mile to its east, sparingly 
 cultivated. Downs rise to a height of about 80 feet, and serve as a bath- 
 ing-place with their firm sandy ground. But as the passage to the downs 
 is often prevented by stormy weather, or causes sea-sickness to sensitive 
 persons, places have been erected on the strand of the island, where the 
 different sexes bathe at various hours. The little town possesses about 
 4,000 inhabitants. From the foreland, about 200 steps lead to the so-called 
 ' Oberland,' where numerous excellent hotels and private residences are 
 found capable of accommodating about 1,500 visitors at a time. Sea ex- 
 cursions round the island are sometimes made at night with torchlights. 
 Balls and concerts at the conversation-house are frequently given for the 
 amusement of the visitors. Heligoland possesses the advantage of a pure, 
 bracing, and stimulating maritime climate, without any disturbing in- 
 fluence, and is peculiarly adapted for vigorous persons requiring sea-baths 
 with strong movements of waves. Weakly or sensitive individuals are not 
 to be advised to resort here, as nervous excitement with feverish irritability, 
 giddiness, and subsequent languor and relaxation, generally ensue the first 
 few days, but gradually subside, as the system gets acclimatised. More- 
 over, absence of shady walks causes too strong a reflex of light, and must 
 be particularly injurious to persons affected with sensitive or irritable 
 sight. 
 
 Physician Dr. von Aschen. 
 
334 APPENDIX. 
 
 HERINGSDORF, Baltic sea-bath, 5 miles north-west of Swinemiinde, 
 between Rostock and Colberg, 40 miles north of Stettin, lat. N. 
 54, and about 13 long. E. lies on a mountainous ridge (150' high) 
 of the island of Usedom, formed by the rivers Peene and Swine. Shady 
 pine-foliage abounds in the village. The temperature is equable during 
 June, July, and August, rarely disturbed by rain. Mean temperature of 
 summer, 63^ Fahr., and of the sea, 63^ to 65J Fahr. North and north- 
 west sea-winds predominate. The bathing-places have a smooth, firm, 
 and even sand, and are protected against the land winds by the high shore 
 and its abundant forests, whilst the open space towards the north, east, and 
 west, allows a free breaking of waves against the strand. The residences 
 offer a fine prospect of the sea. The pleasant situation and rural aspect 
 of the social little village, give it a great preference over more noisy and 
 fashionable watering-places, especially in canvalescence after prolonged 
 diseases, when the mind requires freedom of conventional traffic to regain 
 its former elasticity and vigour. In an hour's ride, the place is reached 
 from Swinemiinde, which stands in constant steam communication with 
 Stettin (time of journey about six hours). Season from middle of June 
 to September. 
 
 Physicians Drs. Smege, von Wallenstedt. 
 
 HAVRE DE GRACE, French sea-bath on the Channel, just opposite 
 Brighton, at the mouth of the Seine, a thriving town with 21,000 inhabi- 
 tants and many well laid out gardens and promenades, may be reached by 
 rail from Paris in six and a half hours, and by steamers from London or 
 Brighton. The town is divided into the old portion, and the more 
 northerly newer part called Ingouville, which lies on a rising ground, ex- 
 tending from east to west as far as the neat village of Sanvic, studded 
 with beautiful houses and luxuriant well-arranged gardens. The neigh- 
 bouring charming village of St. Addresse is laid out with great taste, and 
 covered with fine villas and abundant foilage. The sea-bathing is ex- 
 cellent here, and offers the advantage of the flood-tide remaining in about 
 three hours daily. Thus the visitors save the tedious road over an ex- 
 tensive strand, and may enjoy a bath that has been unusually long ex- 
 posed and agitated by the sea-winds. It has, therefore, very bracing pro- 
 perties, and deserves the preference when amusement and social intercourse 
 are sought to be combined with the restorative influence of sea-bathing. 
 
 Physicians Drs. Launay, Lecadre, Lefebure. English physician Dr. 
 Tarrel. 
 
 TROUVILLE, a small rural sea-bath, near Havre, lying on the southern 
 arm of the bay formed by the mouth of the Seine, whilst Havre occupies 
 the end of the northern arm. The situation is thus more sheltered 
 against bleak sea-winds, and the force of the waves somewhat broken, 
 whilst it possesses a fine firm sandy ground for bathing. Persons inclined 
 to irritation of thoracic organs, or to affections of the nervous system, will 
 find this a more congenial and suitable summer residence than the neigh- 
 bouring Havre. Accommodation satisfactory. But the visitors must 
 
EUROPEAN SPAS AND CLIMATIC HEALTH-RESORTS. 335 
 
 guard against dangerous quicksands, and should on no account bathe in 
 the sea without guides, as only two years ago a whole family perished from 
 this cause in trying to save each other. 
 Physicians Dr. Allies, Dr. Roccas. 
 
 HYERES, a town in Provence, department of the Var, in the south- 
 eastern portion of France, 11 miles east of Toulon, with which it is 
 connected by rail and by diligence. The station is about three miles dis- 
 tant ; the Mediterranean sea two and a half miles. Lat. N. 43, long. 
 E. about 6. It lies on the southern slope of a hill, surrounded by 
 mountains, which close it in and protect it completely towards the north 
 only, whilst the west and north-west winds are not fully intercepted. The 
 mistral (north-west wind) sometimes penetrates with great violence 
 through a deep indent of the valley, and produces sudden coolness. In 
 the mornings and evenings especially, vicissitudes of temperature occur 
 through the changes of land and sea winds. The air is, however, in 
 general more mild, and the climate more equable than at Nice, on account 
 of the radiation and reflexion of the solar rays, produced by the amphi- 
 theatre-like enclosure of the surrounding heights ; whilst, on the other 
 hand, the chilling Alpine ranges lie somewhat farther off. The annual 
 number of rainy days only amounts to forty, and these generally occur in 
 October and November. Winter and spring sometimes offer an uninter- 
 rupted number of fine clear days. But the noxious and cold north-north- 
 east wind occasionally prevails in winter, and counteracts by its passage 
 over the ice-clad Alps the milder and humid winds coming from the 
 Mediterranean. Vegetation is extremely luxurious, and almost tropical, 
 and the environs charming. It is adapted as a winter residence for 
 persons affected with chronic pulmonary ailments or incipient phthisis, if 
 there is more atony and torpor in the constitution than inflammatory or 
 congestive tendency. Season from December to May. The eastern part 
 of the town and basin is the most protected against the north winds, and 
 the temperature therefore less variable there. Patients of an irritable, 
 nervous, or vascular system, are recommended to reside at Costebelle, lying 
 about two miles from the town on the southern declivity of a hill. On 
 the high road to Toulon, a beautiful and commodious hotel (Les lies d'Or) 
 is erected on the slope of the charming Schlossberg, with various buildings 
 attached for private residences and pensions. It contains a sunny 
 pavilion, covered with glass, and capable of being heated in cold winter 
 days. Its terraces afford a beautiful view of the sea. But it is necessary 
 to mention that, however favourable the climate in some winters, the cold 
 of one night was sufficiently intense to destroy all the orange trees. 
 Though vines and olive trees cover the bases of the hills, while evergreen 
 shrubs abound at their tops with an abundance of rosemary, lavender, and 
 other aromatic plants, the occasional blowing of the mistral counteracts a 
 great portion of these advantages. Consumptive patients especially ought 
 to remain confined to their rooms during its prevalence. But, with proper 
 precautions, it is one of the mildest climates in the Provence. Population 
 of the town, above 9,000. Most frequented hotel : Hotel des Anibassadeurs. 
 
 Physicians Drs. AUegre, Honoraty, Chassiiiat, Veriguon. 
 
336 APPENDIX. 
 
 CANNES, a French town in the department of the Var, on the bay of 
 Cannes, station of the Toulon-Nice Railway, 21 miles south-south-west 
 of Nice (an hour's ride) ; five hours' ride from Toulon ; most charm- 
 ingly situated in a valley, completely protected by the high Esterel 
 Mountains towards west and north, whilst the sea-winds are freely 
 admitted from the south. Lower mountain ridges take their course to- 
 wards east and north-east, and intercept the lower aerial currents. A 
 beautiful view of the environs may be obtained on the summit of Mount 
 Chevalier. Wooded rising ground at the back, and the Lerin islands in 
 front, with the delightful walks amongst the valleys and mountains of the 
 neighbourhood, present it as one of the most picturesque spots in the south 
 of France. South-south-east and north-east winds mostly prevail in the 
 cold season. The climate greatly resembles that of Hyeres. Mean annual 
 temperature, 61 Fahr. ; winter, 51 Fahr. ; spring, 65 Fahr. ; autumn, 57 
 Fahr. Annual rainy days, fifty- two. The climate is milder than that of Nice, 
 less humid and relaxing than that of Pau, and would therefore suit many 
 persons with chronic, laryngeal, or bronchial catarrhs, for whom Nice would 
 be too irritating. Social life is, in general, more pleasant, and accommodation 
 considerably greater and more varied than in the Riviera. Besides the Grand 
 Hotel de Cannes, Gray's Family Hotel. Bellevue, &c., there are numerous 
 villas and pensions on the road to Toulon, lying in a well-protected situation, 
 and affording ample accommodation. The easy access by steamer from Mar- 
 seilles, as well as by rail, is another recommendation. Population, 5,800. 
 Physicians Drs. Seve and Whitley. 
 
 HARROGATE, in the west riding of Yorkshire, 210 miles north-west 
 of King's Cross or Euston Square Station (seven hours' railway journey), 
 18 miles north of Leeds, is beautifully situated on high tableland with 
 cultivated grounds and blooming heaths, and exposed to the bracing 
 winds and exhilarating atmosphere of an open and hilly country. It con- 
 tains nearly 100 mineral springs, which have been divided into four 
 classes, viz. sulphurous saline, saline chalybeate, pure chalybeate, and 
 earthy. Population, nearly 5,000. 
 
 The Old Sulphur Well contains in sixteen ounces 68 grains of 
 chloride of sodium, 6'4 of chloride of potassium, 5'5 chloride of mag- 
 nesium, 8'1 chloride of calcium, 1'5 sulphuret of sodium, 1*2 carbonate 
 of lime ; traces of bromide of sodium, of iodide of sodium, of fluoride 
 of calcium, of carbonate of iron and of manganese ; of organic matter and 
 some silica, 109^ grains altogether ; gaseous contents, 5 J cubic inches, 
 viz. 2^ carbonic acid, -J- carburetted hydrogen, 2J sulphuretted hydrogen, 
 about ^ nitrogen. Dr. James Johnson describes the quality of the water 
 thus: ' If a venerable and rusty gun-barrel which had not been fired 
 since the Spanish Armada were well scoured out with boiling sea-water 
 and if to these washings were added a few stale or rotten eggs and 
 finally, if a stream of sulphuretted and carburetted hydrogen from one of 
 the main gas-pipes in Regent-street were directed through this witch's 
 caudle, till it was supersaturated, then we should have a peifect imitation 
 of Aix-la-Chapelle, Leamington, and Harrogate. Indeed, the Fontaine- 
 Elisee ' itself at Aix is little better than milk and water, compared with 
 
EUROPEAN SPAS AND CLIMATIC HEALTH-RESORTS. 337 
 
 this Yorkshire stingo.' Not far from the old well, the Montpellier Springs 
 arise; 1, the strong sulphur -well, containing 96 grains of solid and 4^ 
 cubic inches of gaseous contents viz., less chlorides, some more sul- 
 phate of lime, and rather less carbonic acid than the old well ; 2, the 
 mild sulphur-well, containing only 29 grains of solid ingredients (less 
 chlorides, less sulphuret of sodium, and more carbonate of lime), and 2} 
 cubic inches of gaseous contents. At a distance of about two or three 
 hundred yards, the Royal Promenade, or Cheltenham Pumproom, encloses 
 the so-called Cheltenham saline spring, in. a beautiful temple-like structure, 
 with extensive gardens and walks at the back. It contains 28-J grains of 
 solid and 2J cubic inches of gaseous constituents in 16 ounces. It 
 possesses no sulphuretted hydrogen, half a cubic inch of carburetted 
 hydrogen, and nearly two cubic inches of carbonic acid. It contains, 
 moreover, nearly half a grain of carbonate of iron, less chloride of sodium 
 and carbonate of lime than the Montpellier mild-well, to which its com- 
 position is otherwise analogous. About a quarter of a mile from the 
 lower village, to the eastern extremity of the Common, in a marshy spot, 
 a pure chalybeate, called i Tewitt-well,' 1 issues, containing about one-eighth of 
 a grain of carbonate of iron, about one cubic inch of carbonic acid and 
 one-half of nitrogen, with only one grain of solid ingredients. At the top 
 of the Common, nearly opposite the Granby Hotel, the Sweet Spa, one of 
 the oldest springs,, is found enclosed in a small circular building. It con- 
 tains a little more carbonic acid and nitrogen (but only half the quantity 
 of iron) than the Tewitt, with which it is otherwise analogous. It is, there- 
 fore, likewise a pure chalybeate. Then there is the Starleck sulphur, the 
 Knaresborough chalybeate spring, and many others of varying strength, 
 allowing a great variety for selection in accordance with the more or less 
 stimulation requisite in each individual case. In cutaneous diseases, 
 especially of the order of squamae, as psoriasis, lepra ; in herpes, impetigo, 
 chronic ulcers, particularly if connected with dyspepsia, Harrogate has 
 been found very useful ; also in cases of debility, anaemia, irregular menses, 
 in torpidity of the liver, and of other abdominal organs, &c. Bathing is 
 likewise employed to assist the internal treatment. But care must be 
 taken to prepare the patient by aperients before the commencement of the 
 course, if there is any local congestion, distention of the vena portarum, 
 or deficient secretion of bile. The season lasts from July to October. 
 Looking at the great variety of the springs, many ailments based on mal- 
 assimilation and deficient sanguification, especially if resulting from ex- 
 cessive indulgence in high living or from sedentary habits, must find their 
 cure here. But a certain vigour of the constitution is required to reap all 
 the benefits offered. Persons inclined to pulmonary or bronchial irrita- 
 tion might be injured by the bleakness of the climate incidental to its 
 northern and exposed situation. On the other hand, in many instances in 
 which patients do not require the more intense action of sulphuretted 
 hydrogen (as obtainable in those foreign spas produced by subterraneous 
 volcanic action), and where the saline ingredients so abundant in the 
 principal sulphur-well are useful in stimulating the renal, cutaneous and 
 alvine secretion ; in fact, when stimulation and increased function of the 
 
 z 
 
338 APPENDIX. 
 
 emunctories are more called for than a thorough alterative action, Harro- 
 gate will be found extremely efficacious. The tonic and exhilarating pro- 
 perties of the northern atmosphere will counteract to a great extent the 
 weakening effect of the depurating and relaxing sulphurous waters. 
 
 HASTINGS, a friendly town in the east of Sussex, on the south coast 
 of England, seventy-four miles south-east of London (about two and a 
 half hours' railway journey), between Brighton and Folkestone, is pro- 
 tected by the high cliffs at the back against northerly winds ; but being 
 open towards the south, the mildness of the air is often disturbed in 
 winter by violent south-westerly winds. The northerly shelter differs in 
 various parts of the town. The lower situations, opposite the beach, are 
 particularly guarded by cliffs, almost rising perpendicularly behind them ; 
 the higher portions are rather more exposed. There is a deficiency of 
 sheltered ground for promenades in windy weather. During January and 
 December, and during spring, the climate is milder here, and affords greater 
 protection against north and north-east winds, than its neighbouring resorts, 
 and is therefore particularly recommended for persons suffering with 
 chronic pulmonary diseases. The lower situation of the encircling cliffs 
 causes the air to be more thoroughly impregnated by the marine exhala- 
 tions than at more open or higher localities. For the same reason it must 
 be considered unfavourable in nervous diseases, especially in headaches 
 resulting from impaired digestion, and also in a disposition to congestion 
 of the brain or to apoplexy. The higher portions of the town would be 
 less obnoxious for such persons. In general, the place is more adapted 
 for sensitive and delicate persons, as the air has a moist sedative character. 
 For a summer residence, the higher part of the town ought to be selected, 
 as more bracing and cooler. It is a charming town, with many fine walks 
 and terraces for pedestrian exercise in fine weather ; and even ailer rain 
 the ground soon becomes dry, as the clayey soil is overlaid with sand, 
 allowing a speedy percolation of the rain-water, though the annual rain- 
 fall amounts to 28 inches. The mean annual temperature is 5O4 F. : 
 winter, 29 ; spring, 47 -J; summer, 61| ; autumn, 52^. It is a favourite 
 sea-bath in summer and autumn, and ought to be selected by those who 
 possess a languid sluggish circulation, but an irritable nervous system, 
 or who may be easily affected by vicissitudes of temperature, or in con- 
 valescence after protracted disease. On the other hand, more bracing 
 localities should be chosen by persons in full health, or families resorting 
 to the sea-side to strengthen the constitution and to diminish its liability 
 to disease afterwards a preventive measure peculiar to this country, which 
 cannot be too highly extolled, and deserves adoption on the Continent. 
 
 ST. LEONARDS, about a mile west of Hastings, on the Sussex coast, 
 has a broad esplanade and carriage-road in front, and a range of cliffs at 
 the background, somewhat lower than those at Hastings. Though pro- 
 tected against northerly winds, the atmosphere is less exposed to counter- 
 currents and draughts from above, as it is not so closely hemmed in. The 
 colonnades for walking exercise, in unfavourable weather, afford also a 
 
EUROPEAN SPAS AND CLIMATIC HEALTH-RESORTS. 339 
 
 great advantage ; but it is more open to the south -west and to easterly 
 winds, hence more liable to vicissitudes of weather : otherwise, the ground 
 partakes of the same dry and bibulous character as that of Hastings. 
 Possessing better accommodation and more modern buildings, it deserves 
 the preference whenever the bracing influence of sea-air is sought to be 
 combined with a sheltering position, as it possesses an intermediate 
 character between the mild and humid climate of Hastings and the more 
 bracing one of Brighton. Season, from November to the end of February. 
 Though ague is not unfrequent in the neighbourhood, no visitor is said to 
 have ever been attacked by it. 
 
 THE VALE OF GINSENG, between Hastings and St. Leonards, affords, 
 according to Sir James Clark, a site superior to either of the above. 
 Though open to the sea, it is somewhat retired from the beach, and sheltered 
 by rising ground on each side, not only against north-easterly winds, but 
 also to a considerable degree against the south-west gales. 
 
 THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE, a British colony at the southern 
 termination of Africa, between 26 and 34 S. latitude, and 16 and 28 
 E. longitude, has an extent of 900 miles from east to west, and an average 
 breadth of 400 miles. From south to north, terraces rise over terraces. 
 Several large bays indent the coast. The rivers are mostly rapid in winter, 
 and dried up in summer, producing an appearance of barrenness and dry- 
 ness. The seasons are the reverse of ours viz., December, January, and 
 February, constitute the summer ; March, April, and May, autumn ; June, 
 July, and August, winter ; and September, October, and November, spring. 
 The mean temperature of the year is 68^- ; of summer, 74 Fahrenheit ; 
 autumn, 74^; winter, 62^; spring, 63. The scarcity of rain is more 
 experienced in the interior than in the Cape district. The number of 
 annual rainy days amounts to 75, and the quantity of rain to 41 inches. 
 South-east wind prevails in Cape Town during summer, and exhibits a 
 sultry relaxing character as it passes over the sandy flats between the town 
 and Simon's Bay ; but in winter a cold chilly sea breeze from the north- 
 west predominates, and is often the precursor of violent gales and heavy 
 rains. In spring and autumn, south-westerly winds are most frequent, 
 generally loaded with humidity, from their passage across the ocean, cover- 
 ing the mountain tops with fogs, which often descend in tempests, and 
 render the atmosphere suddenly cold and raw. They are sometimes also 
 accompanied by a mild rain. The climate was found favourable to the 
 troops stationed there. Deaths from consumption are rarer than at other 
 stations. Fevers of intermittent or remittent character are also very rare ; 
 but rheumatism prevails to a greater extent than at home. The western 
 province enjoys a more favourable climate in summer, being less liable 
 to stormy winds and violent rainfalls. In winter the eastern division is 
 preferable, the atmosphere being clear and bracing, and less liable to violent 
 vicissitudes. The climate of the Cape is considered much more favourable 
 than that of Great Britain, pneumonia, tuberculosis, and fever being vory 
 rare. Invalids generally resort to Rondebosch, about five miles from Cape 
 
 z 2 
 
340 APPENDIX. 
 
 Town, or to Wynberg, about eight miles distant. As these places are open 
 to the south-east winds, they are cooler than Cape Town ; they are also 
 provided with shady walks and rides, and comfortable private and boarding- 
 houses. In a sitting-room at Rondebosch, not much exposed to the sun, 
 the door and windows being left open, the temperature was observed by the 
 late Rev. Mr. Ash to range as follows: In summer, from December 17th 
 to December 31st, 65 J to 69 ; during January, 67^ to 7 Of ; February, 
 67| to 71f ; March, 65| to 694. Rain fell during this period on 23 
 days. In general, north-west winds prevail during the winter ; and as they 
 pass over the hot and dry plains of the interior, their searching sharpness 
 is mitigated before arriving at the colony. In summer, the south-east winds 
 prevail, and sometimes blow with considerable violence, bringing moisture 
 and coolness from their passage across the Antarctic ocean. The inhabi- 
 tants of the sea-side are less aifected by hot winds than those residing in 
 the interior. South-westerly winds generally predominate in spring and 
 autumn ; they are often charged with humidity, bringing cold fogs and 
 heavy rains. Earthquakes also occur occasionally, but rarely of a serious 
 character. Thunderstorms become more frequent and violent in propor- 
 tion to the nearer approach towards the tropics. The mean annual baro- 
 metric pressure ranges from 29*70 to 30*33 ; the mean annual tempera- 
 ture, from 54-7 to 68'8. According to the ' Army Medical Report,' the 
 climate must be considered very salubrious, for the mortality in the Eastern 
 province only amounted to 9 out of 1,000; in the Western, to 13; whilst in 
 Nova Scotia and New Brunswick it amounts to 14 ; in Malta and Canada, 
 to 16 ; in Gibraltar, to 21 ; in St. Helena, to 25 ; in the Mauritius, to 27 ; 
 in Bermuda, to 28 ; in the Madras Presidency, to 28 ; in West Indies ge- 
 nerally, to 78 ; in Jamaica, to 12 1 ; and in Sierra Leone, to 480 out of 1,000 ! 
 Though the country is exempt from epidemics, great age is comparatively 
 rare among the inhabitants. New-comers are often attacked by dysentery 
 if they do not exercise great caution in their dress and habit of living. 
 
 ILMENAU, in the valley of the Urn (THURINGIA), beautifully situated 
 at an altitude of 1,415 feet over the level of the sea, possesses baths of pine 
 foliage and an hydropathic establishment. 
 
 Physicians Drs. Schwabe, Fitzler, Baumbach, Preller. 
 
 IMNAU, in the Hohenzollerian possession of PRUSSIA, a village five 
 leagues south of Tubingen, three leagues north of Hechingen, twelve 
 south of Stuttgart, lies in a friendly meadow valley, on the plateau which 
 connects the Rauhe Alp with the Black Forest, 1,241 feet over the level 
 of the sea. It contains chalybeate springs with a great amount of car- 
 bonic acid, and with various proportions of iron. The Furstenquelle, or 
 Oberequelle, is the weakest, containing, however, more chloride of sodium 
 than the others. In 16 ounces it contains 11^ grains of solid constituents 
 viz., ^ grain of carbonate of iron, 1 chloride of sodium, ^ chloride of 
 magnesium, 1 carbonate of magnesfa, 6J carbonate of lime, i sulphate 
 of lime, 1 silica, 1 \ organic matter, and 30 cubic inches of carbonic acid 
 gas. As regards the other springs, Nos. 1 and 3 contain less iron, 2 and 
 
EUROPEAN SPAS AND CLIMATIC HEALTH-RESORTS. 341 
 
 4 considerably more ; hence a choice may be made according to the 
 individuality of the patient. The Fiirstenquelle is generally easily 
 elaborated, on account of its great amount of carbonic acid, and its small 
 quantity of sulphate of lime. In cases of great excitability of the vascular 
 system, or in weakness combined with bronchial irritation and profuse 
 secretion of mucus, the spring No. 5, which contains no iron, is often 
 taken with goat's milk or whey. When the pulmonary organs become 
 healthier, gradually the stronger springs are resorted to. The springs 
 would be injurious in tuberculosis, as the great amount of carbonic acid 
 might produce irritation and congestion of the lungs. 
 Physicians Dr. Rehman, Dr. Wern. 
 
 INTERLAKEN (SWITZERLAND), between the Lakes of Thun and of Brienz 
 (' inter lacus '), south of Bern, lies beautifully in a valley, surrounded by 
 high mountains, at an altitude of 1,712 feet. The climate is extremely 
 mild, being sheltered against cold winds by the surrounding Alps, whilst 
 the neighbouring lakes deprive the extreme summer heat of its oppressive 
 character. The whole valley is intersected by the Aar, which leaves the 
 Lake of Brienz to fall into that of Thun. The temperature is higher in 
 summer during the day than on the plateaus of the Appenzeller mountains. 
 The morning temperature being the lowest, there is generally a wider 
 range between morning and afternoon than between afternoon and 
 evening. Generally towards 2 P.M. the warmth increases pretty rapidly, 
 remains rather constant till sunset, and then sinks again a few degrees 
 somewhat suddenly. Mean annual temperature, 50*9 Fahr. ; mean tem- 
 perature of May, 62-6; of June, 65'3; of July, 69'3 ; of August, 
 69'5; of September, 64- 1. It is greatly resorted to by persons suffering 
 from obstinate bronchial catarrh, to drink the whey, which is prepared in 
 an establishment between Belvedere and Schweizerhof, where the valetu- 
 dinarians may avail themselves of a hall 120 feet long, for walking 
 exercise, in unfavourable weather. Numerous pensions and hotels are 
 spread about the valley for the accommodation of visitors. Those who 
 wish to combine economy with seclusion may reside at the charming 
 village of Bonigen, half a league to the east of Interlaken, on the Lake 
 of Brienz, where they may enjoy a view of the whole right shore of the 
 lake, and also of the pointed Augstmalthorn, and o the so-called Harder- 
 mannli a configuration of rocks on the Harder, having some resemblance 
 to the human head. Notwithstanding the great charms and variety of the 
 landscapes, it is necessary to mention a great defect incidental to the place, 
 viz., a deficiency of good spring- water. The whole journey may be accom- 
 plished from London in less than two days, by steam and rail, over Basel and 
 Bern. Only two principal winds prevail in the valley of Interlaken, one de- 
 scending and the other ascending. The ascending current prevails about 
 nine months in the year, and assumes either a west-north-westerly or 
 south-westerly direction, the latter generally being a harbinger of rain. 
 The south wind (Fohn\ which penetrates these valleys from the chain 
 of the high Alps, often assumes great violence, especially in the valleys 
 nearer to the Alps, as in those of Hasli and Grindelwald. Lower down, 
 
342 APPENDIX. 
 
 the force gradually abates ; so that it is often scarcely perceived at Inter- 
 laken when it blows still violently at Brienz (three leagues to the north- 
 east), whilst it is not felt at all at Thun, lying four leagues lower down the 
 valley, at the north-west. The Fb'hn invariably brings a high tem- 
 perature, often melting in one spring-night layers of snow which would 
 have required weeks of solar influence to be got rid of. In high summer 
 it often causes inundations, through raising the temperature of the high 
 mountains, especially after continuous rains. The Bise (north-east or 
 east wind) occurs very rarely, through the mountainous protection. 
 Besides these principal winds, the regular ascending * and descending 
 currents of air occur here, as in most of the valleys of the central Alps 
 viz., during the day the warmer air ascends, causing a * Thai-wind ' (valley- 
 wind), and during the night the cooler air descends from the heights, as 
 * Berg-wind ' (mountain-wind). These regular currents are considered to 
 be the principal cause of the purity of air enjoyed by these localities. 
 According to Dr. Strasser, not one case of scarlatina occurred at Inter- 
 laken in seven years, though frequent at a distance of three leagues. 
 Hooping-cough sometimes occurs epidemically. Intermittents occasionally 
 appear in some neighbouring localities, but are rare here. Goitre, varicose 
 swellings, ruptures, scrofulosis, and cretinism are frequently met with 
 among the poorer inhabitants. Tuberculosis is not frequent, but prin- 
 cipally attacks weavers and wood-carvers, who are generally ill-fed and 
 poorly housed, and lead a sedentary life; but these are generally cured 
 by a sojourn in a higher warm alpine region, if resorted to at the begin- 
 ning. Pneumonia, bronchitis, and inflammatory catarrhs occur frequently ; 
 acute rheumatism rarely ; croup occasionally. Interlaken is specially 
 recommended for persons suffering from nervous debility, hypochondriasis, 
 &c., particularly after tedious or exhausting diseases, but for those affected 
 with a rheumatic tendency the place is less adapted, as, through the moist, 
 warm climate, the slumbering evil might be provoked, especially in very 
 wet summers. Children that have become anaemic or feeble by a too 
 sedentary life, or by a too rapid bodily development, are greatly improved 
 here through the influence of the air alone. As regards tuberculosis, Dr. 
 Strasser considers the place indicated for those cases which are interme- 
 diate between the erethic and torpid form, where there is no hereditary 
 tendency, and the evil. becomes developed, not in early youth or manhood, 
 but in a later period of life. For those who suffer with profuse bronchial 
 secretion, or with an advanced stage of the disease, the place is not suited. 
 If the summer heat becomes very oppressive, so as to cause muscular 
 debility and mental depression, the visitors are recommended either to 
 seek higher localities, or pensions situated on the lakes of Eastern Switzer- 
 land, where the evaporation of a greater body of water exerts a cooling 
 effect on the temperature, as Thun (on the Lake of Thun, connected by 
 railway with Bern and Basel) ; Wdggis, on the northern shore of the 
 Vierwaldstddter Lake, east of Luzern, south of the Zuger Lake ; Becken- 
 ried, on the southern shore of the Vierwaldstadter Lake, east of Stanz, in 
 Unterwalden ; or Brunnen, on the north- eastern bend of the same lake, 
 south-west of Schwyz, north of Fliiclen. In the erethic form of scrofulosis 
 
EUROPEAN SPAS AND CLIMATIC HEALTH-RESORTS. 343 
 
 of children, great and rapid improvement is observed here from the whey 
 cure. Chronic bronchial catarrh, especially if the consequence of influenza, 
 or the residuum of measles or of scarlatina, is also improved here. When 
 the cough is connected with tuberculosis, less benefit will be derived at 
 least, such patients must be particularly careful as regards excursions into 
 the side valleys nearer the mountains, as they are mostly draughty, and 
 often bring on severe relapses. Chronic laryngeal catarrh is very fre- 
 quently cured by the whey and climate. Another additional curative 
 agent is found in the lake and river-baths. The former are taken at the 
 beautiful village of Bonigen, and the Aare baths, not far from the pensions. 
 The temperature of the river is rather lower here than that of the Lake 
 of Brienz (which ranges from 52 to 65J Fahr. in summer). The tem- 
 perature of the Lake of Thun is higher than either of the above, as it 
 receives no glacier water, but only that furnished by the river Aare ; 
 hence, bathers are recommended to use first Thun Lake baths before 
 resorting to Aare-River or Brienz-Lake baths. The Aare baths are 
 particularly useful in uterine atony with irregular catamenia. Straw- 
 berry cures are also employed here in cases of gout or abdominal plethora. 
 But even without curative objects, this charming and picturesque place is 
 often visited for recreation's sake. The unique views and landscapes 
 offered by Interlaken itself, and by the neighbouring celebrated Bernese 
 Upper Land, are extremely attractive ; the excursions to Giessbach, to 
 Reichenbach and the Rosenaui glacier, to the Grindelwald glaciers, 
 to Thun, to Heustrich, to Weissenberg, &c., will all leave lasting impres- 
 sions of a most pleasurable kind. 
 Physician Dr. Strasser. 
 
 GIESSBACH (Hotel), on the Lake of Brienz, a charming establish- 
 ment, with an altitude of 2,400 feet, is situated in a valley gently sloping 
 towards the south-west, surrounded by luxurious forests. Protected against 
 winds, the atmosphere is somewhat cooled and refreshed in summer by the 
 rapid movements of the Giessbach. It may be considered as one of the 
 most picturesque and romantic whey-cure establishments in the world, 
 especially adapted for those who wish to contemplate the beauties of 
 nature in all its vastness, apart from the noise and traffic of the outside 
 world. The whey is brought fresh twice daily in summer from the Achs- 
 Alp, two leagues distant. It may be reached from London in less than 
 two days by rail as far as Thun, steamer across the Lake of Thun to 
 Interlaken, and thence steamboats make the journey three times daily 
 to the celebrated Giessbach, on the southern shore of the Lake of Brienz. 
 This lake, which forms the principal purificator of the River Aare, 1,736 
 feet over the level of the sea, is surrounded by rocky mountain chains, which 
 descend abruptly to the lake basin. It is almost three leagues (nine miles) 
 long, and one league broad between Ebligen and the Giessbach thus, on 
 the whole, smaller than its neighbour, the Lake of Thun but in depth 
 (2,000 feet) it is said to excel all the lakes this side the Alps. The Fbhn 
 sometimes sweeps over it with extreme fury, when it breaks forth out 
 of the south-eastern narrow grounds of the liasli valley ; but no mis- 
 
344 APPENDIX. 
 
 fortune ever happened in consequence. The lake is never frozen over. 
 The Aare, which enters at the broad eastern marshy Delta in a muddy 
 and grey condition, runs through the whole length of the lake, and issues 
 clear and purified at the western extremity, near Interlaken. The Giess- 
 bach is principally renowned for its seven waterfall stages, grouped over 
 each other, and foaming down through beautiful rocky formations, covered 
 with luxurious foliage, from a height of 1,100 feet. About forty years 
 ago, the schoolmaster Kehrli made the falls accessible to travellers. In 1853 
 convenient walks were constructed by the proprietors, Von Kappard, for 
 visiting all the falls, from the highest to the lowest. Every night during 
 the season illumination of the cascades by coloured Bengal lights takes 
 place, and attracts numerous visitors ; the view is then one of the most 
 wonderful and striking that can be imagined. After a signal, darkness is 
 transformed into lights of various colours, through which the water is seen 
 precipitating over the rocks, and forming the most curious and pleasing 
 groups. The illumination over, the sight-seers, who hired boats for the pur- 
 pose, leave for Brienz, while the residents are summoned to the excellent 
 and unsurpassed table of Mr. Schmidlin, at the restaurant, just opposite 
 the waterfalls. A difficult path leads along the waterfalls to the Faulhorn, 
 after about seven or eight hours' good walking. A beautiful shady forest 
 walk conducts from Giessbach, through the so-called Enge, into the Hasli 
 valley, round the head of the lake, to Brienz (two leagues). A very 
 interesting pedestrian tour is the path to Interlaken, over Jseltwald (one 
 and a half league), Sengg (half a league), Ehrschwand (half a league), Bonigen 
 (half a league), and Interlaken (half a league). The village of Ebligen lies 
 opposite Giessbach, under the Tannhorn, which towers to a height of 
 0,531 feet. 
 
 MEYRINGEN, three leagues to the south-east of Brienz, reached by 
 diligence on a good road, is frequently visited as a climatic health-resort. 
 The village lies in the upper part of the Aar valley, on the right shore 
 of the Aare, upwards of 1,800 feet over the level of the sea, surrounded by 
 high mountains. There is nothing remarkable in the place itself, but the 
 environs are most romantic. As the crossing of many Alpine roads, it 
 contains invariably a great concourse of tourists. 
 
 GRINDELWALD, or rather, Gydisdorf (Grindelwald being the name 
 of the whole valley), four and three-quarter leagues south-east of Inter- 
 laken, 3,150 feet over the level of the sea, hitherto only visited on account 
 of the two Grindelwald glaciers to its south, and the mountain passes to 
 the Rosenlaui valley (Scheideck), and to the Lauterbrunnen valley (Wen- 
 gernalp). But the climate is so healthy that it deserves to be resorted to 
 more frequently by valetudinarians. The atmosphere is cooler here in 
 summer than in the neighbouring plains. Typhus never appears here, 
 phthisis very rarely ; but pneumonia occurs frequently in winter, and 
 chronic catarrhs, with emphysema and heart disease, often affect old 
 people. The place is particularly recommended in cases of nervous 
 debility and hypochondriasis, where pure air, a serene sky, and beautiful 
 
EUROPEAN SPAS AND CLIMATIC HEALTH-RESORTS. 345 
 
 mountain scenery are required to raise mental and nervous power. The 
 route from Meyringen to Grindelwald (twenty-one miles) may be accom- 
 nlishfifl in about eif/ht, hours. 
 
 ^_ _ 
 
 plished in about eight hours. 
 
 ISCIIIA, island of SOUTH ITALY, in the Mediterranean, eight miles south- 
 west of Cape Misene, from which it is separated by a channel ; twenty 
 miles from Naples (three hours' steam voyage). Population 21,000. The 
 surface is mountainous. Mount Epomeo rises to a height of 2,513 feet, and 
 affords an excellent view of the beautiful bay. Lat. N. 41^ ; long. E. 12^. 
 It is more resorted to in summer, on account of its hot mineral springs, 
 than in winter. In the latter season a cold wind visits the northern coast ; 
 moreover, the humidity resulting from its luxurious vegetation and con- 
 figuration of the soil acts unfavourably on invalids. On the east and west 
 sides of the coast intense heat is produced in summer by southerly winds, 
 but the northern coast is then cool and refreshing. Dr. Jackson recom- 
 mends the climate for persons affected with nervous debility, but the stay 
 should not be too prolonged. The springs have all a high temperature, 
 and require an admixture of cold water before being used. Hot-air, 
 vapour, and sand baths are likewise in use here. Ischia probably resting 
 on a still glowing volcano, hot springs issue from numerous rocky fissures ; 
 but the chief springs lie in the valle Ombrasco, near the village of 
 Casamicciola, at the foot of the Mount Epomeo. The Gurgitello (principal 
 spring) has a temperature of 158 F., and contains principally carbonate 
 and muriate of soda, and a considerable quantity of carbonic acid gas. 
 Acqua di Cappone has a temperature of 98 F. Acqua di bayno Fresco, 
 or del Occhio, is used in ophthalmic affections. The temperature of the 
 Acqua di Tamburo ranges between 155 and 210 F. ; it derives its name 
 from the drum-like noise produced by the escape of its carbonic acid gas. 
 The springs contain principally carbonate and muriate of soda, with some 
 iron and lime, and a small quantity of sulphuretted hydrogen and carbonic 
 acid. The spa enjoys a particular reputation for the cure of mercurial 
 cachexia after syphilis, with remnants of the original disease, such as 
 cutaneous diseases and affections of the osseous system ; ulcerations are 
 less benefited there. The water is used internally and externally. Ab- 
 dominal fulness, dyspepsia, gastric catarrh, nervous debility, rheumatic 
 and neuralgic pains, paralysis, scars of wounds badly healed, &c., are con- 
 sidered adapted to this spa ; but great care is necessary, on account of the 
 high temperature of the water. Many cures are, no doubt, due to the 
 excellent climate, especially in spring, when the equable beneficent warmth 
 of the air is tempered by refreshing sea winds. Colds and draughts are, how- 
 ever, not unfrequent, on account of the variegated ground, being alternately 
 hilly and deep. Besides the hot saline springs, natural vapour baths 
 (stuves) are administered from the natural hot air issuing out of rocky 
 fissures. Bathing cabinets are constructed over these exhalations, which 
 do not appear to possess any medicinal ingredients, but simply hot air with 
 more or less watery vapour, according to previous rain or dryness. These 
 must be particularly avoided in states of congestion, inflammation, feverish 
 condition, palpitation of the heart, or tendency to fainting. The bath 
 
346 APPENDIX. 
 
 arrangements are not as complete as in those countries in which warm 
 springs are rarer. Probably because so many opportunities of bathing 
 are available in Italy, the single baths do not receive the attention they 
 deserve, both as regards analysis and accommodation. Thus the principal 
 spring, Acqua del Gurgitello, is mentioned as possessing 135 grains of solid 
 constituents in 16 ounces; among these, 58 grains of chloride of sodium, 
 and 54 of carbonate of soda. According to others, it is maintained to 
 possess three times the above quantity. The island is also resorted to 
 for sea-bathing. 
 
 ITALY extends from the extremity of Sicily (lat. N. 36 35') to the 
 Rhcetian Alps (lat. N. 46 37'), and from the west point of the Cottian Alps 
 (long. E. 6 35') to the east extremity of Terro d'Otranto (long. E. 18 35'). 
 The Alps and the sea are its natural boundaries. The Alps divide the 
 more severe northern climate from the basin of the Po, with its fertile 
 plains (prolongation of the basin of the Adriatic), the surface of which 
 gradually rises towards Piedmont, in the north-west. The true peninsula 
 is mountainous or hilly, traversed throughout its whole length by the 
 Apennines, from north-west to south-east, in a line with the adjacent coast. 
 The western part of these mountains slope down gradually, and often end 
 in flat plains, which impede the onward course of the mountain streams, 
 and thus favour the formation of marshes. Amongst the most unhealthy 
 swamps, the Maremma of Tuscany must be reckoned, which hitherto 
 resisted all sanitary efforts. The descent of the eastern side is steeper, and 
 thus the coast is freer from these marshes. The shore is generally higher 
 on the western than on the eastern side, except in the Maremma, at the 
 mouths of the Arno, and in the Pontine marshes. Great protection is 
 afforded to the climate by the extensive coast, and the numerous and large 
 gulfs and bays. These great advantages, with the charming aspects and 
 beauties of the landscapes, are counterbalanced by the numerous barren 
 and marshy tracts of land, disseminating malaria and producing sickness. 
 These are more frequent in the western portion, between the Mediterranean 
 and the flat base of the Apennines ; also in some valleys enclosed between 
 mountain summits. From Nice, along the gulf of Genoa, to the gulf of 
 Spezzia, the coast is free from malaria ; but as the more southern latitude of 
 Leghorn is reached, the injurious influence of malaria becomes more and 
 more marked. From here (lat. N. 43) to Gaeta (lat. N. 41) this fever 
 poison reigns supreme ; after this the district becomes more healthy, as 
 far as the southern portion of the gulf of Salerno. Here (40 J N. lat.), 
 at the ruins of Praestum, south of the river Sele, the poison attains its 
 sway again. Farther south, at the coast of Calabria, which has a high 
 position, malaria is almost absent, with the exception of the bay of St. 
 Eufemia (lat. N. 38f). On the eastern shore, along the Adriatic, there 
 are likewise alternations of malaria and healthy districts ; but from the 
 abruptness of the mountain declivities, the water can run more freely into 
 the sea : hence these insalubrious marshy plains are less prominent. In 
 Sicily, the plains of Catania, south of Etna, on the eastern shore (lat. N. 37), 
 are affected with malaria. As regards the inland, this evil genius reigns 
 
EUROPEAN SPAS AND CLIMATIC HEALTH-RESORTS. 347 
 
 in the flat plains of Apulia ; in the undulating Campagna di Roma, and 
 still more in the Pontine marshes (lat. N. 41), and in those near Viareggio, 
 Mantua (lat. N. 45), to the north of Lake Como (lat. N. 46) ; in the 
 environs of Venice (lat. N. 45J- ) ; in the valley of the Po, which pursues 
 a serpentine course from west to east along the latitude of 45 N. ; and in 
 the neighbourhood of Comacchto (lat. N. 44J), not far from the eastern 
 shore. Among the most insalubrious valleys must be reckoned those of 
 Cecine (west of Siena) and of Ombrone (east of Siena) in Tuscany, and 
 the valley of Diano in Calabria (lat. N. 39). From June to October 
 these marshes display the most injurious effects, and cause all those who 
 possess means to resort to cooler districts. The great advantage of Italy 
 in possessing numerous rivers and lakes, beside the sea, has the drawback 
 of engendering heavy dews after sunset, requiring extra protection and 
 care on the part of delicate persons. The rainfall is considerably greater 
 in the continental portion of Italy than in the peninsula, the last months of 
 the year being the wettest in both. Whilst 39'8 inches of rain fall annually 
 on the continental part, 5'4 inches being the proportion for winter, and 13'7 
 for autumn, in the peninsula (31'7 inches annually) 7'6 inches fall in winter, 
 and 11*3 in autumn. The brilliancy and transparency of the Italian atmo- 
 sphere increases gradually towards the south ; they are especially due to the 
 northerly wind, tramontane* (coming from the other side of the mountains). 
 Northerly winds generally lower the temperature here, whilst those coming 
 from the south bring warmth, moisture, and clouds. The most important 
 southerly winds are the sirocco, coming from the south-east, hot, oppressive, 
 and moist ; the mezzo-giorno (mid-day), similar to the former, but less severe 
 in character. The libeccio, or south-west, is usually tempestuous, cloudy, 
 and the forerunner of storms. The west wind, ponente (sunset), and east 
 wind, levante (sunrise), are usually mild, and alleviate the severity of the 
 seasons. As regards the northerly winds, the tramontana, already mentioned, 
 passing over the northern mountains, and giving up any moisture 
 previously imbibed, is cold and dry, and chases away the clouds formed by 
 southerly winds ; violent storms sometimes ensue in summer by its contact 
 with antagonistic currents. The north-west, or mistral, so injurious in the 
 Provence, displays here likewise its character as a cold, impetuous, wither- 
 ing wind, with its clouds of irritating dust, depressing the healthy and 
 enfeebling the delicate. In the peninsula the dust is somewhat allayed by 
 the passage across the sea. The north-east wind, or greco, is variable 
 sometimes vehement, usually dry. The sirocco was found by Dr. Jackson 
 to be less disagreeable on the southern side of the Mediterranean than on 
 the northern. In the former situation it was hot and parching, filling 
 every available nook and crevice with grits of sand, and causing unpleasant 
 feverishness; but, withal, it roused the traveller's energies for the purpose of 
 overcoming its evil effects, at least in the desert. But on this side of the 
 Mediterranean it usually produces utter prostration both of mind and 
 body ; under its influence the strong man and the invalid both are bowed 
 down their bodies refuse to act, and their minds to will. When arriving 
 at some portions of Italy, at Nice especially, the wind has lost much of its 
 severity, and acts as ' balmy air,' moderating the heat of summer and the 
 
348 APPENDIX. 
 
 coldness of winter. With reference to the temperature of the various 
 parts of Italy, the following table will give some useful comparisons : 
 
 Venice (on the eastern shore) lias a mean annual temperature of 55 4' : 
 winter, 38; spring, 54 j ; summer, 73; autumn, 55|. 
 
 Genoa (on the western shore). Mean annual temperature, 61 : winter, 
 47^ ; spring, 58J ; summer, 75 ; autumn, nearly 63. 
 
 Florence. Mean annual temperature, 59^ : winter, 43| ; spring, 
 58^ ; summer, 74-J ; autumn, almost 60. 
 
 Pome. Mean annual temperature, 60^ : winter, 46| ; spring, 58^ ; 
 summer, 74 ; autumn, 62f . 
 
 Naples. Mean annual temperature, 60 : winter, 47^ ; spring, 
 57^; summer, 74^; autumn, 61^. 
 
 Palermo (North Sicily). Mean annual temperature, 63 : winter, 
 52^ ; spring, 59 ; summer, 74*4 ; autumn, 66. 
 
 Edinburgh. Mean annual temperature, 47*13 : winter, 38*45 ; spring, 
 45; summer, 57*17; autumn, 47*89. 
 
 Dublin. Mean annual temperature, 50: winter, 40*67 ; spring, 
 48^; summer, 61; autumn, 50. 
 
 London. Mean annual temperature, 50*83 : winter, 39^ ; spring, 
 49; summer, 62*93; autumn, 51*83. 
 
 Penzance. Mean annual temperature, 51J: winter, 44*; spring, 
 49^ ; summer, 60*91 ; autumn, 52*07. 
 
 Brussels. Mean annual temperature, 5068: winter, 38; spring, 
 49; summer, 64; autumn, 51*6. 
 
 Pans. Mean annual temperature, 51*31: winter, 37*85; spring, 
 50*6 ; summer, 64 ; autumn 521. 
 
 As regards snowy days in Italy, they increase from south to north, but 
 not in a regular manner : thus Palermo has two and a half annually ; Kome, 
 one and a half ; Florence, one and a third; Venice, five and a half ; and 
 Milan, ten. The climate of Italy offers great advantages to the valetu- 
 dinarian requiring change of scene and recreation from mental work; 
 but as a winter resort for consumptive patients, great care is requisite, 
 both concerning choice of locality and the proper way of using the 
 advantages and guarding against the dangers of the country. Though the 
 greatest benefit to be expected is a more unrestrained amount of out-door 
 exercise than he can obtain at home, still he must abstain most carefully 
 from imprudent exposure, from leaving home on wet days, in cool evenings 
 and mornings. When walking in the sun, especially during spring days, 
 he ought not to cross into the much colder shade, for the heat is more 
 due to the direct solar influence than to the warmth of 'the atmosphere. 
 The visiting of cold churches, bleak ruins, or cold picture galleries, is 
 likewise attended with danger. The invalid is recommended to choose 
 apartments with a southern aspect ; to have fires in the cool mornings and 
 evenings, attending to a proper ventilation, and consulting a thermometer 
 exposed to the air, in a shady position, with reference to the amount 
 of clothing necessary before starting. 
 
EUROPEAN SPAS AND CLIMATIC HEALTH-RESORTS. 349 
 
 FLORENCE (Ital. Firenze), intersected by the river Arno in its course 
 from east to west, is situated at the foot of the Apennines, in a plain, at a 
 height of 134 feet over the level of the sea. Latitude N. 43 46' ; longitude 
 E. 11 15'. 146 miles north-north-west of Rome. Population, 114,000. 
 It is connected by railway with Pisa, Leghorn, Milan, Turin, &c. Its 
 attractions, both natural and artificial, are varied and numerous. The 
 surrounding snow-covered mountain tops lower the winter temperature, 
 and render the spring months extremely variable. In summer the heat 
 becomes very oppressive, from the absence of cool currents of air. The 
 tramontana is very severe in January and February. In spring the east 
 wind prevails, and exercises a withering influence. In April and May, 
 when the sun commences to exercise its sway, the shady sides of the 
 streets are still intensely cold. During June, July, and August, it is 
 scarcely fit to be inhabited; after this period, the climate becomes 
 agreeable. The mean annual temperature is 59J : winter, 43| ; spring, 
 58^ ; summer, 74-^ ; autumn, 59*96. Annual rainfall, thirty-two inches, 
 most of which occurs during the end of autumn and commencement of 
 winter, when moisture and fogs are not rare. The wet gets soon absorbed, 
 or drained into the Arno. One hundred and nine is the mean annual num- 
 ber of rainy days. Notwithstanding its great beauty and apparently 
 favourable position, Florence is unfit as a residence for consumptive pa- 
 tients. Miliary fever reigns here, but does not attack strangers ; inflam- 
 matory diseases of the chest, however, are frequent here, and often fatal ; 
 but persons of a weakly nervous system, or such as are affected with gout, 
 scrofula, &c., may derive benefit from a short sojourn during winter. 
 
 GENOA (Ital. Geneva), a fortified seaport at the head of the Gulf of 
 Genoa, on the Mediterranean, 79 miles south-east of Turin (with which it 
 is connected by railway). Latitude N. 44 24' ; longitude E. 8 54'. Po- 
 pulation, 128,000. The port is protected by moles towards the sea, and 
 towards the land by the city, which rises like an amphitheatre out of the 
 water, situated on the ridges of hills, and enclosed by two series of walls ; 
 the whole embraced by a line of detached forts and outworks, crowning 
 the hills for a circuit of about seven miles. Being bounded by high 
 mountains at the back and by the sea in front, it might be thought to be 
 a most salubrious city for invalids ; but the contrary is the case. The 
 vicissitudes of temperature are most frequent and trying. The cold, 
 piercing tramontana is not sufficiently prevented by the mountains from 
 entering the city. Besides this wind, the warm, moist, enervating sirocco 
 (south-east) frequently appears, leaving behind an unpleasant lowering fog, 
 named cuin. The mistral (or north-west) likewise often exercises its in- 
 jurious influence. The east and west winds are more pleasant ; the latter 
 are pretty constant in summer. The libeccio (south-west) is sometimes 
 very violent. Mean annual temperature, 61 : winter, 47 ; spring, 58 ; 
 summer, 75 ; autumn, 62 '9. Pulmonary affections are very frequent 
 here, also scrofula and rheumatism. It is unfit as a winter resort for 
 invalids, on account of its unsteady temperature, but may be visited for 
 change of scenery; it has also been recommended in some cases of 
 dyspepsia and in certain forms of threatening paralysis. 
 
350 APPENDIX. 
 
 MILAN, a city of NORTH ITALY, situated in a wide fertile plain between 
 the rivers Olona and Saveso. Latitude N. 45 ; longitude E. 9|. Altitude, 
 483 feet. The town is nearly circular, enclosed by a wall on three sides, 
 and surrounded by broad ramparts and a strong castle. A canal, nearly 
 eight miles in circumference, encloses the centre. Population, 196,000. 
 Eighty-nine miles north-east of Turin (about three and a half hours' rail- 
 way journey). An hour's railway ride from the town of Como (the southern 
 termination of the charming Lake of Como). It has little recommendation 
 for invalids, as it lies exposed to all winds, and is therefore liable to great 
 vicissitudes of temperature. The winds which arrive from the Adriatic 
 pass unchecked from north to south-east; those that come from the south 
 are but slightly prevented from entering, after crossing the Apennines. The 
 cold winds from the north have the preponderance ; hence the mean 
 annual temperature is only 54'9 viz., winter, 36; .spring, 54*8; summer, 
 72*8 ; autumn 55'9. Lymphatic diseases prevail among the inhabitants, 
 in consequence of sudden and frequent transitions from cold and dry to 
 warm and moist air. It is the abode of pellagra, or Italian leprosy. The 
 Hospidale Maggiore, founded by Francesco Sforza in 1456, is a grand and 
 imposing establishment, but with the great defect of being too crowded, 
 some wards having three rows of beds running parallel the whole length, 
 and being mostly occupied. The hospital is said to possess six millions of 
 francs as an annual income, but, with all its riches, the great desideratum 
 of free air is curtailed by the surrounding buildings, not even a garden 
 being available as exercise ground for convalescents. Though, on the 
 whole, Milan cannot be ranked as a health-resort, a tour to the Italian 
 lakes and a visit to this beautiful city will in many instances prove 
 a greater restorative of mental equilibrium to the overworked brain than 
 a mere sojourn in the country. The charming scenery afforded by the 
 journey from Milan to the Lakes of Como, Maggiore, Garda, and Lugarno, 
 all accessible by rail, well repays a visit. 
 
 NAPLES (Ital. Napoli), on the north shore of the Bay of Naples, near 
 the foot of Mount Vesuvius, is 1621 miles south-east of Koine (about eight 
 hours' railway journey). Lat. N. 40; long. E. 14 15'. Population, 
 447,000. It is built in the form of an amphitheatre, on the slope of a 
 range of hills, divided by a ridge into two natural crescents the eastern 
 containing the largest and most ancient portion of the town ; the western, 
 the modern city, called the Chiaja. Of the five principal entrances, that by 
 the Bridge de la Madeleine is the most striking. There are few spacious 
 squares, with the exception of the Largo del Castello (in which the palace 
 and the theatre of San Carlo are situated, and in front of the Church 
 of S. Giovanni Paulo). The beauty of the environs is unique, besides 
 affording many extremely interesting classic reminiscences. The ruins 
 of Pozzuoli, to the west; the tomb of Virgil, in the stupendous grotto 
 of Pausilippo, in the island of Capri, to the south ; Lake Avernus, the 
 shores of Bajae, the coast of Castellamare, the orange-groves of Sorrento, 
 the fields of lava, the excavated Pompeii and Herculaneum, all 
 tend to recall periods of interesting antiquity. The western town 
 
EUROPEAN SPAS AND CLIMATIC HEALTH-RESORTS. 351 
 
 forms a beautiful promenade, having the hill of Vomero at the back 
 and the sea in front. Fort St. Elmo overlooks the town on the ridge. 
 Naples lies in the depression between this hill and the headland of Pizzo- 
 falcone. It is four miles long from west to east, and two and a half wide. 
 Mean annual temperature, 60J: winter, 47' 6 ; spring, 57-^; summer, 
 74^ ; autumn, 61^. The town is fully exposed to the south-west and 
 west winds from the sea, and not sufficiently protected against north winds 
 by the hills at the rear. If the north-west wind has once crossed the hill 
 of Posilipo (which keeps off the due north wind), it blows unchecked 
 through the whole western -portion. Against direct east wind, shelter is 
 afforded by the Somma ; but the north-east wind enters between Capo di 
 Monte and Capo di Chino. The south and south-east winds visit the town 
 after passing over the mountains of Castellamare and Sorrento. The moist 
 southerly winds predominate. The south-east wind (sirocco) has a greatly 
 depressing influence ; the north-west (mistral) is cold and moist, and so 
 severe that the part generally affected by it has been nicknamed * Siberia.' 
 Rain mostly falls in October and November. The mean annual amount 
 is between twenty-nine and thirty-seven inches. Snow is very rare, but 
 it sometimes covers the surrounding hills, and imparts intense cold through 
 the winds which pass over the town. The climate is too treacherous to be 
 used for pulmonary diseases. The direct solar heat sometimes masks the 
 variable character of the winds in spring; the sirocco and the marshy 
 exhalations to the east of the town render autumn unhealthy, whilst sunir 
 mer heat becomes tempered through cooling sea breezes. Catarrhal and 
 inflammatory diseases of the lungs are frequent here, especially during the 
 predominance of the mistral. Rheumatism, ophthalmia, and, in the eastern 
 suburbs, intermittent fevers, are not rare. Naples is recommended as a 
 winter resort for cases of general and nervous depression, melancholia, and 
 hysterics, where a bracing climate and the charming scenery may con- 
 tribute to raise the mental powers. But there must be no disposition to 
 thoracic disease, for the most habitable portion of the town (the western) is 
 the most exposed. September and the commencement of October offer the 
 most pleasant temperature cheerful days, with moderate heat; small 
 showers, with a quickly-following serene sky. In March the weather is in- 
 constant. On the whole, the climate may be considered as salubrious, as the 
 alternating sea and land winds moderate the temperature, and contribute to 
 purify the air. In the neighbourhood, Corpo di Cava, south-east of Naples, 
 surrounded by beautiful foliage and highly situated, offers peculiar advan- 
 tages as a summer residence for consumptive patients, and also the Convent 
 of Trinita; for the same purpose may be recommended Castellamare, 
 south of Naples, on the western shore of the bay (reached by rail within 
 an hour), and the charming and picturesque Sorrento, on the south-western 
 portion of the bay (reached in an hour and a half by sea, and in two and 
 a half by land). From middle of May till middle of October, people 
 generally resort to the country. 
 
 POZZUOLI, a suburb of Naples, lying on the sea towards the west, is 
 supposed to be more favourable for consumptive patients, the climate being 
 
352 APPENDIX. 
 
 milder than that of Naples. The sulphur vapours diffused through the 
 warm air are considered by some physicians to act soothingly on the 
 pulmonary mucous membrane. Some mineral springs in the neighbour- 
 hood, hot (106 Fahr.) and cold, are used for gout, rheumatism, and 
 cutaneous and scrofulous diseases. They contain soda, magnesia, lime, 
 iron, and alumina. But the place does not enjoy as good a reputation as 
 formerlyfor sanitary purposes. 
 
 PISA, a walled city on the eastern shore of the river Arno, in a fertile but 
 marshy plain of Tuscany, seven miles from its mouth, twelve miles north- 
 north-east of Leghorn (half an hour's railway journey) ; forty-eight miles 
 west of Florence (two and a half hours' railway journey). Lat. N. 43 43' ; 
 long. E. 10^. Population, 51,000; circumference, five miles. It was for- 
 merly one of the most celebrated and thriving towns in Italy. It is the birth- 
 place of Galileo. It owes its mild temperature to the Tuscan hills (3,000 
 feet high) encircling the landscape from north-west to south-east, thus 
 completely sheltering the valley against north winds, and partially against 
 north-west and south-east winds. But being fully exposed towards the 
 south and south-west, the currents arriving from Livorno and the sea have 
 free access. Lung Arno, that part of the town stretching towards the north, 
 and having a southern aspect, is more protected against northern winds 
 than the other parts, by the walls and the height of the buildings; but 
 this very circumstance impedes the free circulation of the atmosphere, the 
 streets being rendered narrow, dark, and damp, whilst the sluggish Arno 
 sometimes emits exhalations not very favourable to the promotion of health 
 and vigour. The climate is, on the whole, mild, relaxing, damp, and 
 depressing. Mean annual temperature, 59'45 : winter, 44*83 ; spring, 
 57'81; summer, 73| ; autumn, 61^. December and January are the 
 coldest months ; October, November, March, and April, extremely mild. 
 Towards the evening, the temperature generally lowers considerably. The 
 air is much moister than at Nice. The climate, no doubt, soothes the 
 irritation of the pulmonary mucous membrane, and diminishes vascular 
 excitement in general; but as this advantage is counterbalanced by the 
 depressing and lowering character of the atmosphere, consumptive patients 
 ought not to choose it as a winter resort. 
 
 ROME is situated on the Tiber, seventeen miles north-east of its 
 entrance into the Mediterranean. Lat. N. 41 53' ; long. E. 12 28' . Alti- 
 tude, under the ^Elian-bridge, twenty feet. Population, 197,000. It is 
 built on marshy ground, at the foot of a range of low hills, in the midst 
 of the undulating flat Campagna di Roma. The Tiber separates the town 
 into two unequal portions, which are divided into fourteen Rioni, or 
 quarters ; twelve of these are Rome proper, on the left shore of the Tiber, 
 containing the Vatican and the Castle of St. Angelo, and only two are on the 
 right bank. Its walls are twelve miles in circumference. The lower parts 
 of the city are often inundated, especially after severe rains. The streets 
 of the modern city are spacious, but badly kept, and winding. The mean 
 annual temperature is GOJ viz., winter, 46|; spring, 58|; summer, 
 
EUROPEAN SPAS AND CLIMATIC HEALTH-RESORTS. 353 
 
 ; autumn, 62|. Being exposed to the cold north-east winds as well as 
 to the warm moist south-Avest winds, violent changes of temperature often 
 occur suddenly. Generally, however, southerly winds prevail during the 
 day, and render the climate soft and relaxing. In the mornings and even- 
 ings, northerly winds generally predominate. The west wind, coming from 
 the sea, has ordinarily a refreshing character. The sirocco, or south-east, 
 is mostly dry, and sometimes moist, but always lowering, especially to 
 persons of mil habit. The tramontana, so frequent in winter and spring, 
 generally produces a severe piercing cold, and is much dreaded. Snow is 
 very rare ; frosts very short. Rainfall about thirty inches ; rainy days, 114. 
 The most pleasant month is October, after the mild September rains. 
 November is also favourable ; but in the following months, cold northerly 
 winds appear, with winter rains. From the end of May, Rome commences 
 to become more and more unhealthy, fever being generated in June, July, 
 and August. Many inflammatory diseases of the chest prevail in winter, 
 and malaria fever in summer. Rome is considered useful in soothing 
 bronchial irritation. As regards steadiness of temperature, it is superior 
 to Naples and Pisa, but inferior to Nice. According to Sir James Clark, 
 the peculiar stillness of the atmosphere is considered as a particular recom- 
 mendation for pulmonary invalids. Rome is positively injurious to persons 
 inclined to apoplexy or to paralysis, to hemorrhages or to hypochondriasis. 
 Such streets are to be selected for residence as have an easterly and 
 westerly direction ; their houses are freer from currents of cold air. Whilst 
 invalids should avail themselves of the great facilities for outdoor exercise, 
 they ought to guard against visiting cold churches and galleries when in 
 a heated state. In all erethic forms of pulmonary disease the climate is in- 
 jurious, as it is inclined to produce congestion. The best time of arrival for 
 invalids is October or November. December is exposed to more vicissitudes 
 of temperature, on account of the frequent antagonism between north and 
 south winds. Spring commences early, and brings a more mild and 
 equable temperature. Those who wish to remain in the neighbourhood 
 during the summer may avail themselves of the beautiful neighbouring 
 Albano, to the south-east, or Frascati, to the east. 
 
 PALERMO, a fortified city on the northern shore of SICILY, in a fertile 
 valley on the slope of the bay. Lat. N. 38 8' ; long. E. 13 22'. Population, 
 220,000. The climate is the most delightful in Europe. Mean annual 
 temperature, 64 : winter, 52 ; summer, 74. Annual rainfall, 22 
 inches. On three sides it is enclosed by mountains, being open to the 
 sea in the north. The houses have balconies with glass doors instead of 
 windows, and are flat-topped. The place abounds in fine walks. Steam 
 communication with Messina in the east, with Naples in the north, and with 
 Malta, Marseilles, and Liverpool. The winter temperature is equable, 
 mild, and moderately moist : October, 66-8; November, 59'7; December, 
 54-1; January, 51'5; February, 51'8; March, 54; April, 58J ; May, 
 65. From June to September it ranges from 71 to 76 ; 78 in August, 
 and 73 in September. Through its insular position, the heat is more 
 
 A A 
 
354 APPENDIX. 
 
 equably divided between the different months, than at the other Mediter- 
 ranean health-resorts; it is, therefore, well adapted for consumptive 
 patients. But sharp north winds sometimes appear in February and 
 March, which ought to keep the invalids in their homes, and induce them 
 to order firing during the short prevalence of the cold. In March, rain 
 falls frequently, but in April the temperature becomes extremely pleasant. 
 Those who require a more bracing air are recommended to reside at the 
 hotel of Trinacria, situated near the sea, with charming views ; but, for 
 invalids requiring a somewhat warmer and more sheltered locality, the 
 Hotel de France, in the middle of the town, is preferable. Villas, in the 
 so-called Olmuzza, are also available for invalids, but, from its low situa- 
 tion, the air is somewhat damp. The season lasts from November till 
 May (inclusive). Dr. Moscuzza and Professor Cervello are recommended 
 as physicians. 
 
 VENICE (Ital. Venezia), a fortified city lying in the lagoons, a sort of 
 lake, separated from the Adriatic by a belt of low land, which is inter- 
 sected by six channels, between the Piave in the north and the Adige in 
 the south. The principal of these is the Porto di Lido, connected with 
 the island di Lido, two miles southward, by an immense bridge of 222 
 arches, over which the Padua railway passes. Lat. N. 45 J ; long. E. 12^. 
 Population, 118,000. The town is entirely built on piles, occupying seventy 
 or eighty small islands, separated by canals, and provided with 306 bridges. 
 The Grand Canal divides the city into nearly two equal portions, connected 
 by the white marble bridge of the Rialto. The island of Rialto is the 
 spot on which the city first existed. The streets being too narrow and 
 intricate for carriages, the chief traffic is carried on by gondolas, on the 
 canals. The square of St. Mark and the public gardens, nearly sur- 
 rounded by the sea, offer an admirable sight. It is a magnificent city, full 
 of palaces and objects of interest. It is connected by railway with 
 Padua, Milan, Vienna, Trieste, &c. (with the latter also by steamers ; eight 
 hours' sea voyage.) The shallow lake on which the city is built owes its 
 origin to alluvial deposits of the rivers in their descent towards the sea. 
 The piercing north-east wind is dry and cold, but has the advantage of 
 driving off the exhalations of the lagoons. When a warm and moist 
 southerly wind comes in antagonism with it, snow sometimes results in 
 winter, and storms in summer. The Alps to the north of Venice greatly 
 mitigate the violence of the northern currents. West and south-west 
 winds are somewhat tempered by a branch of Lombardian mountains ; but 
 direct east and south-east (sirocco) enter without restraint. Mean annual 
 temperature, 55*8 : winter, 38 ; spring, 54| ; summer, 73 ; autumn, 
 58 J. Snowfall, 5-| days ; rainy days, 75 ; annual rainfall, notwith- 
 standing the surrounding marshes, only 36^- inches. The climate is 
 mild, equable, soft, and sedative. Venice is therefore useful in chronic 
 bronchial irritation and commencing tuberculosis ; but it is not adapted 
 for torpid, lymphatic, and atonic individuaLs. The climate is subject to less 
 variations than in any other part of Italy, the transitions of temperature 
 being generally slow and gradual. The air was ascertained to be largely 
 
EUROPEAN SPAS AND CLIMATIC HEALTH-RESORTS. 355 
 
 impregnated with bromine and iodine. From the marshy environs, one 
 might think the town subject to intermittent fever or malaria ; but, pro- 
 bably in consequence of the northern winds, and the ebb and flow of the 
 sea occurring daily through the channels, the air becomes divested of the 
 vapours emanating from the soil. But day and night temperature some- 
 times differs considerably, especially in spring and autumn ; also sunny and 
 shady places occasionally exhibit such differences of temperature as to 
 produce serious cases of catarrh and rheumatism, by invalids suddenly 
 passing from the former to the latter places. The wa,nt of distant pro- 
 menades for pedestrian exercise is a serious drawback, rendering the 
 sojourn rather monotonous. Season, from September to May. 
 
 JERSEY (Ccesarea), the largest of the so-called Channel Islands, and the 
 most southern (opposite Weymouth), fifteen miles west of the coast of 
 France (Cotentin), and -eighty-eight miles south-south-east of Portland 
 Bill. Latitude N. of the capital (St. Helier), 49 11'; long. W. 2 7'. 
 Length of island, eleven miles ; breadth, five miles. Population, 54,020 
 (in 1851); 57,060 (in 1861). St. Helier lies at the eastern extremity of 
 St. Aubyn's Bay, in an open and picturesque valley. The surface is undu- 
 lating ; hill ranges run from north to south, and enclose several fertile 
 plains. The whole island appears like a continuation of orchards, with 
 alternating hills and dales. Rainfall 27 inches. Reached by steamer 
 from Weymouth in nine hours (Guernsey in six). There is like- 
 wise steam communication with Southampton and St. Malo. The inha- 
 bitants speak a kind of French patois, as the islands formerly belonged to 
 Normandy, but have been attached to England since the conquest. The 
 island undulates downwards from the rocky north coast to the sandy south 
 coast. The soil consists of a sandy loam, with a subsoil of red clay on 
 a foundation of granite rock. -The water is soft in the higher parts and 
 hard in the lower. Mean annual temperature, 53 : spring, 50*97 ; sum- 
 mer, 62*84 ; autumn, 54'63 ; winter, 43'82. Lying in the current of 
 the English Channel, it is exposed to all winds, and has, therefore, seldom 
 a perfectly calm day. The western breezes prevail for about eight 
 months. In the spring months, the north-east wind sometimes blows for 
 a considerable time. The island enjoys an early spring and a protracted 
 autumn. Vegetation commences early, and the landscape appears green 
 and fresh even in December. Winter is very mild there, with scarcely 
 any frost or snow. In May, the temperature is particularly unsteady, 
 whilst March and October are peculiarly equable and mild. The most 
 salubrious situations of Jersey are on the south-west side of St. Helier's 
 parish. St. Helier itself is very subject to rain and fogs, and is com- 
 paratively deficient in opportunities for pedestrian exercise. St. AubyrCs, 
 three miles to the west, is considered more suitable for invalids. Chronic 
 rheumatism prevails among the inhabitants to a considerable degree ; also 
 diseases of the liver, scrofula, and remittent fevers; but ague and lithiasis 
 are rare. Inflammatory diseases generally exhibit a mild character. The 
 climate of the Channel Islands resembles that of Penzance, on the south- 
 west coast, as regards equability of temperature, aud humidity ; high winds 
 
 A A 2 
 
356 APPENDIX. 
 
 during the winter and cold north-east winds during the spring. Dr. 
 Scholefield considers it probable that the clouds and vapours are attracted 
 by the meridian sun, and partly intercepted at the shore by the lofty 
 forts that block up the town towards the sea ; thus materially obstructing 
 the free transmission of air, and the dissipation of noxious vapours and 
 fogs. Mildness and moisture are the great characteristics of the climate. 
 The roads dry very rapidly after rain ; but a heavy dew falls at night, very 
 beneficent in summer, and without producing that evening chilliness which 
 often follows a hot day in England. Consumption is comparatively rare here ; 
 the place is therefore often recommended as a winter resort for tuberculous 
 patients. But it could only suit those cases in which the malady has not 
 reached an advanced stage, and where the constitution possesses a certain 
 degree of vigour. The action of the climate is soothing and relaxing, and 
 therefore unadapted to weak leuco-phlegmatic individuals. 
 
 KIEL, a seaport town in the Duchy of HOLSTEIN, on a fine bay of the 
 Baltic, fifty-three miles north-north-east of Hamburg, at the terminus of 
 the railway from Altona (three hours' journey). Population, 17,000. Lat. 
 N. 54^ ; long. E. 10* It possesses an elegant and beautifully situated 
 bathing establishment on the western side of the bay, near the Diester- 
 brooker Wood, a quarter of a league from the town. The climate is mild, 
 and sheltered against winds; the ground gently sloping, and covered 
 with soft white sand. Season, from the end of June to end of September. 
 There is ample accommodation in the bath establishment and in the 
 surrounding garden-houses. The environs are very pleasant. 
 
 Physician Dr. SteindorfF. 
 
 KOSEN, in the Prussian province of SAXONY, a station of the Thuringian 
 railroad, between Naumburg and Suiza, south-west of Leipzig, twenty-two 
 miles north-east of Weimar, a mile and a half from the celebrated Scliul- 
 pforte, lies in a charming valley, intersected by the Saale ; protected by the 
 surrounding heights against severe north and north-east winds. The 
 saline springs contain 380 grains of solid constituents in 16 ounces viz., 
 335 chloride of sodium ; 2'2 sulphate of soda ; 2'4 sulphate of potash ; 
 331 sulphate of lime; 1 carbonate of lime; 7*9 sulphate of magnesia; 
 O'l oxyde of iron. Temperature, 65. The water is diluted with common 
 water, and warmed by hot vapour from below for the baths. There is 
 also an apparatus for impregnating the liquid with carbonic acid gas. In 
 cases of bronchial irritation, the walks along the graduation works, and the 
 inhalation of the saline particles floating in the air, is very useful. In 
 cases of scrophulosis the baths are employed with advantage. 
 
 Physicians Drs. Rosenberger and Groddeck. 
 
 KONIGSDORFF-IASTRZEMB, in the Rybniker district, in Upper 
 Silesia, one hundred and thirty miles south of Breslau, an ioduretted spa, lately 
 used for therapeutical purposes. The springs contain, in 1C ounces, 9G grains 
 of solid constituents viz., 87'9 chloride of sodium ; -J chloride of potassium ; 
 4 chloride of calcium ; 2' 6 chloride of magnesium ; 0'04 iodide of 
 
EUROPEAN SPAS AND CLIMATIC HEALTH-RESORTS. 
 
 357 
 
 magnesium ; 0'22 bromide of magnesium ; J carbonate of lime ; O01 
 carbonate of magnesia ; O03 carbonate of iron ; sulphate of lime, 0*08. 
 From Breslau the rail takes the valetudinarian to Oderberg, in the south, 
 and thence the Ferdinands (North) Railway to Petrowitz, in Austrian Silesia 
 (towards the east,) where an omnibus expects the traveller, and brings him 
 in half an hour to the new spa, which promises to be greatly resorted to 
 on account of its combination of chlorides and iodides ready for use, in 
 cases of glandular enlargement, without any dilution. The new cure-house 
 has sufficient accommodation for 400 or 500 visitors. 
 Physicians Drs. Faupel, Lubowski, Freund. 
 
 KRANKENHEIL, 011 the left shore of the Isar (in BAVARIA), one 
 league east of Tb'lz, one and a half league north-east of Heilbrunn, 
 eleven and a half leagues south of Munich, on the north-eastern declivity 
 of the Blomberg (3,452 ft. high) ; 2,467 ft. over the level of the sea ; 
 three and a half leagues south-west of Holzkirchen station of the Mimich- 
 Rosenheim Railroad. The air is pure, bracing, and mild ; there are no 
 houses near the springs. On the most picturesque road towards Tolz, the 
 charmingly situated Custom-house is reached in three-quarters of an hour, 
 in which lodgings may be obtained. A quarter of a league farther, Tolz 
 lies in a most beautiful landscape, the proper residence of the cure-guests. 
 Population, 3,000. A diligence goes twice daily from the station to Tolz (in 
 two hours and a quarter). The springs are particularly efficacious in 
 scrofulous diseases of the skin, the principal action being antiplastic and 
 alterative ; as they contain only a small quantity of solid ingredients,* they 
 
 INGREDIENTS CONTAINED IN SIXTEEN OUNCES OF THE WATER. 
 
 
 Iodide of Sodium 
 Spring 
 
 Sulphuretted 
 Iodide of Sodium 
 Spring 
 
 Sulphuretted 
 Spring 
 
 
 (Johann-Georgen 
 Spring) 
 
 (Bernhard Spring) 
 
 (Anna Spring) 
 
 
 Grains 
 
 Grains 
 
 Grains 
 
 Sulphate of potash 
 
 009 
 
 007 
 
 0-15 
 
 soda . 
 
 0-09 
 
 0-03 
 
 ?/25 
 
 Chloride of sodium 
 
 1-79 
 
 2-27 
 
 0-23 
 
 Iodide of sodium . 
 
 o-oi 
 
 o-oi 
 
 
 
 Bicarbonate of soda 
 
 2-48 
 
 2-56 
 
 1-49 
 
 lime 
 
 070 
 
 078 
 
 1-91 
 
 magnesia 
 
 0-22 
 
 0.22 
 
 
 
 iron 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 manganese 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Silicate of alumina . . . 
 
 0-02 
 
 o-oi 
 
 1-84 
 
 Silicic acid .... 
 
 0-06 
 
 0-07 
 
 0-03 
 
 Total .... 
 
 5-50 
 
 5-07 
 
 7-98 
 
 Free carbonic acid 
 
 Cubic inches 
 0-32 
 
 Cubic inches 
 0-23 
 
 Cubic inches 
 0-63 
 
 Sulphuretted hydrogen 
 
 0-05 
 
 0-07 
 
 0-23 
 
358 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 agree even with very irritable persons. The iodide of sodium spring, the 
 sulphuretted iodide of sodium, and the Anna spring, are used internally. 
 The former (weaker) one is more adapted for delicate persons. The second, 
 which contains a considerable quantity of sulphuretted hydrogen, exercises 
 a more energetic effect on the cutaneous system, and is fitted for the use of 
 robust persons. The Annaquelle, the most powerful and abundant, is 
 used in the most intractable cases. 
 
 The water is either imbibed pure or mixed with whey. Baths are used 
 tepid or warm. By evaporating the water, the so-called ' quell-salz ' (spring 
 salt) is obtained, which is employed either internally in a diluted form, or 
 externally as fomentation over glandular swellings and ovarian enlargements. 
 It is also used for the formation of soaps with fat, and employed in chronic 
 cutaneous diseases with great advantage. The distinctive characteristic of 
 the spa is to be sought in the happy combination of sulphur and iodine. 
 
 Physicians Drs. Hofler and Jungmayer. 
 
 KRONTHAL, on the southern declivity of the Taunus, two and a half 
 leagues north-west of Frankfort-on-the-Main, half a league north-west of 
 Soden, 512 feet over the level of the sea, lies in a charming wide valley, 
 only open towards the south. The climate is therefore extremely mild, and 
 well adapted for persons affected with bronchial catarrhs. The springs con- 
 tain in 16 ounces : 
 
 
 Wilhelms Spring 
 
 The former Steel 
 Spring 
 
 
 Grains 
 
 Grains 
 
 Chloride of sodium . 
 
 27-20 
 
 22-27 
 
 ,, potassium 
 
 0-67 
 
 0-77 
 
 ,, ammonium 
 
 0.04 
 
 0-07 
 
 calcium . 
 
 0-16 
 
 0-07 
 
 ,, magnesium 
 
 0-47 
 
 0-04 
 
 Carbonate of lime 
 
 5-10 
 
 4-17 
 
 Sulphate of lime 
 
 0-23 
 
 0-21 
 
 Phosphate of lime . 
 
 o-oi 
 
 0-02 
 
 Arsenate of lime 
 
 
 
 
 
 Carbonate of magnesia 
 ,, soda . 
 
 072 
 
 0-72 
 0-18 
 
 ,, manganese 
 
 0-01 
 
 0-02 
 
 iron 
 
 o-io 
 
 0-05 
 
 Hydrate of silica 
 
 0-55 
 
 0-66 
 
 Silicate of alumina . 
 
 
 
 
 
 soda . 
 
 0-41 
 
 0-18 
 
 Organic matter 
 Free carbonic acid . 
 
 o-oi 
 
 17-79 
 
 0-11 
 20-57 
 
 Total .... 
 
 53-55 
 
 49-84 
 
 Temperature 
 
 61 
 
 57 F. 
 
 rtiysician Dr. Kttater. 
 
EUROPEAN SPAS AND CLIMATIC HEALTH-RESORTS. 359 
 
 LABASSERE, a sulphurous spring five miles from Bagneres-de-Bigorre, 
 is extremely useful in bronchial and laryngeal catarrh. Its temperature 
 ranges from 54 to 57. It only contains 3*68 grains of solid constituents 
 in 16 ounces viz., sulphuret of sodium, 0*35 ; chloride of sodium, 1'58 ; 
 chloride of potassium, 0'02 ; carbonate of soda, 0'17 ; silicate of lime, O33 ; 
 silicate of magnesia, 0*07 ; alum in excess, 0*01 ; iodine, traces ; organic 
 matter, I'll. The water is only used internally, and is extremely well 
 adapted for transport. 
 
 Physicians Dr. Labayle, Dr. Verdoux. 
 
 LANDECK, in SILESIA, near the town of Landeck, fifteen miles south-east 
 of Glatz, lies in a beautiful mountain valley, permeated by the Biela, and 
 surrounded from the east, south, and west by high mountains ; altitude, 
 1,39s'. It is connected by diligence with the Frankenstein station of the 
 Breslau-Schweidnitz Railroad (fifteen miles to the north), and with the 
 Neisse station of the Breslau-Brieg railway (twenty-three miles to the 
 east). Six springs issue here out of gneiss, with pretty similar composition, 
 but with varying temperature from 48 (St. Georgebrunnen) to 64 
 (Mlihlquelle.) Analysis according to Fischer : Sulphate of soda, 0'24 grains; 
 crenate of soda, 0'28 ; chloride of potassium, 0*16 ; phosphate of lime, 0'04 ; 
 sulphate of lime, O'OO ; carbonate of lime, 0'08 ; phosphate of alumina, 
 iron, and manganese, O'Ol ; silica, 0'27 total, 1-12 grains; carbonic 
 acid, O2G inch ; nitrogen, 0' 62 ; sulphuretted hydrogen, traces. TheWie- 
 senquelle and Marienbrunnen are used for drinking, the others for bathing. 
 Sometimes whey is mixed with the water. By its lower temperature, 
 Landeck is inferior to the others of the so-called indifferent thermae, but 
 has the advantage of possessing some sulphuretted hydrogen. Moreover, 
 the moor-baths assist the cure in rheumatic and arthritic swellings, and 
 in uterine enlargements resulting from chronic inflammation. The air is 
 very bracing, and at the same time sheltered by the encircling mountains 
 against north and east winds. In chronic bronchial catarrhs, inhalations 
 of the gaseous vapours are used with advantage. 
 
 Physicians Drs. Langner, Adamczik, Wehse. 
 
 LANGENBRUCKEN, in the Grand Duchy of BADEN, on the railway 
 beween Heidelberg and Bruchsal, lies in a charming valley, 440 feet above 
 the level of the sea, on the declivity of the mountain ranges which connect 
 the Odenwald with the Black Forest. Vegetation and foliage are luxurious 
 in the whole valley. Fourteen sulphurous springs issue here some spon- 
 taneously, others through artesian wells. The Trink-quelle (drinking- 
 spring) contains 3J grains of solid constituents in 16 ounces viz., sul- 
 phate of soda, ; sulphate of lime, ^; sulphate of potash, 0*15; chloride 
 of sodium, 0*08 ; carbonate of lime, 2'12 ; carbonate of magnesia, 0*35 ; 
 carbonate of iron, 0'07 ; silica, O01 ; sulphuretted hydrogen, O'lO cubic 
 inches; carbonic acid, 27*98 cubic inches. Temperature, 52. The Wald- 
 quelle contains 11 J grains viz., sulphate of soda, 1'63 ; sulphate of 
 magnesia, 3'88 ; sulphate of lime, 2*41 ; phosphate of lime, 0'16 ; sulphate 
 of potash, 0'15 ; sulphuret of calcium, O04 ; chloride of potassium, O'lO; 
 
360 APPENDIX. 
 
 carbonate of lime, 1/81 ; carbonate of magnesia, 1*84 ; sulphuret of iron, 
 0'03 ; alumina, 0'03 ; silica, 0'13 ; sulphuretted hydrogen, O15 cubic 
 inches ; carbonic acid, 3'09. Temperature, 57 Fahr. Gas, douche, vapour, 
 and drop baths are employed besides. The spa has shown itself very ser- 
 viceable in chronic catarrh of the bladder, in rheumatism, and in bronchial 
 irritation ; also in certain cutaneous diseases. Through the mildness of the 
 climate, the season commences early in spring, and extends to the end of 
 autumn. 
 
 Physician Dr. Eimer. 
 
 LEUK (Loeche, Canton Wallis) lies in a remarkably picturesque Alpine 
 valley, on the southern (almost perpendicular) declivity of the Gemmi, be- 
 tween fine luxurious meadows; 4,351 feet over the level of the sea. The 
 valley is four leagues long, half a league wide, and only open to the south. 
 Gigantic snow-covered rocks encircle the green valley ; the foaming Dala 
 rushes through the place previous to its fall into the Rhone. The village 
 (Leuker-JBad) is about two and a half leagues distant from the southern 
 borough of Leuk (on the right shore of the Rhone). The Lausanne railroad 
 carries the traveller as far as Sitten (Sion), south-west ; thence the diligence 
 continues the route, with a frequent view of the beautiful precipitous 
 Rhone, and completes it in about nine hours. Those who come from 
 Bern or Luzern may take the rail as far as Thun, then drive to Kandersteg 
 (3,600 feet high), and from there ride on mules over the Gemmi Pass 
 (7,000 feet high), unless they prefer to undertake the six hours' walk on 
 foot. The road from the height to the spa is much steeper, and ought to 
 be passed either on foot or in a portechaise. More than twenty springs 
 issue here in a small space. The water is perfectly clear, and inodorous. 
 Occasionally, after heavy rains or extensive melting of snow, it becomes 
 turbid. The principal springs are : 1. The Lorenz spring (temperature 
 124), the most abundant ; used for drinking and bathing. 2. The springs 
 of the Armen bath (temperature, 116). 3. The Heilbad springs (tempera- 
 ture, 118), supplying the Alpine-bad. 4. The Hugel springs (temperature, 
 118 to 122). 5. The springs on the Dak (93 to 104). 
 
 The Lorenz spring contains 14 grains of solid constituents in 16 
 ounces, viz. : 
 
 Sulphate of lime . . . 10*67 grains 
 
 Sulphate of magnesia . . 2'36 ,, 
 
 Sulphate of soda . . . 0'39 
 
 Sulphate of potash . . . 0'29 
 
 Sulphate of strontia . . 0-03 
 
 Chloride of potassium . . 0'05 
 
 Carbonate of lime . . . 0'03 
 
 Carbonate of magnesia . . 0.07 
 
 Carbonate of iron . . . 0*07 
 
 Silica 0-27 
 
 Alumina .... traces 
 
 Total 14-30 , 
 
 Carbonic acid . . . 0'12 cubic inches 
 
 Oxygen ' 0'05 
 
 Nitrogen .... 0'58 
 
EUROPEAN SPAS AND CLIMATIC HEALTH RESORTS. 361 
 
 In all the baths, large tasins serve for both sexes, who are in the habit 
 of bathing together, invested with thick bathing-dresses; but separate 
 baths may be had for those who prefer them. As the temperature of the 
 water is too high for immediate use, the baths are filled in the evening, and 
 then have the proper heat next morning. They exercise a stimulating effect 
 on the skin, and a diuretic eifect on the kidneys. They are recommended 
 in chronic swellings of the glandular and lymphatic system, in inveterate 
 catarrhs, in catarrhal hoarseness, chronic rheumatism, gout, paralytic gout, 
 eczema, and herpes. The climate is rough, but very bracing. The 
 mixed bathing of the sexes, which may be thought highly objectionable, 
 has in reality no offensive feature. The authorities attempted to abolish 
 the custom several times, but the guests insisted on their right. If it is 
 remembered that the patients remain in the water from half an hour to 
 two, three, or four hours, with every part as completely enveloped as in a 
 drawing-room, the tedium of a solitary sojourn seems to them too great, 
 and hence breakfast is often taken in the bath ; ladies work, and gentle- 
 men read there ; general conversation proceeds, and time passes more 
 rapidly and pleasantly. The long maceration of the skin in a warm 
 liquid impregnated with a certain proportion of gypsum and of free nitrogen, 
 cannot fail to have a powerfully alterative effect on the morbidly altered 
 function of the skin and the subcutaneous nervous system. The spa is 
 contra-indicated in all active congestions and inflammatory conditions.* 
 
 Physicians Drs. Bouvin, Brunner, Grillet, Loretan, Mengis. 
 
 LIEBENZELL, WURTEMBERG, 24 miles west of Stuttgardt, in a romantic 
 valley of the Black Forest, on the Nagold, 995 feet over the level of the 
 sea, surrounded by steep mountains; one and a half league from the 
 Pforzheim station of the Stuttgardt-Carlsruhe Railroad. The thermal 
 water feels soft and fatty ; temperature varying in the lower bath from 75 
 to 77; in the upper, from 71 to 74 ; constituents, 7j grains in 16 
 ounces chloride of sodium, with traces of chloride of magnesium, 5*14; 
 carbonate of soda, 0'8 ; sulphate of soda, 0*6 ; carbonate of lime, O8 ; 
 oxide of iron, 0*1, silica, 0*4. Gases in 100 parts 72'5 carbonic acid ; 
 24*4 nitrogen ; 3 oxygen. It is particularly recommended in chronic 
 metritis, especially if the uterine hypera3mia is the result of abdominal 
 plethora. 
 
 Physicians Dr. Hartmann, Dr. Muller of Calw (five miles to the 
 south). 
 
 LIPPIK, ioduretted saline thermal spring of HUNGARY, on the Pakra 
 river, in south-western Slavonia, about a mile and a quarter from the 
 borough of Pahraz, near the so-called military boundary below 46 N. 
 lat., seventy miles east- south -east of Agram (station), north of Gradiska on 
 the Save, enjoys a great reputation in enlargements and indurations of the 
 womb. The Klein-bad-quelle contains 20 grains of solid constituents in 
 16 ounces viz., sulphate of soda, 5; chloride of sodium, 4; chloride 
 of calcium, J ; iodide of calcium, 4 ; carbonate of soda, 9^ ; carbonate of 
 
 * The Hotels des Alpes and de France offer excellent accommodation. 
 
362 APPENDIX. 
 
 magnesia, nearly | ; carbonate of lime, 1^ ; phosphate of alumina, O02 ; 
 silica, 0*08. 100 volumes of gas consist of 28*5 of carbonic acid, and 71*4 
 of nitrogen. Temperature, 111 Fahr. The Bischofsquelle is similarly 
 composed, with a temperature of 115. 
 Physician Dr. Mark, of Pakraz. 
 
 LIPPSPRINGE, in the province of Westphalia, 378 feet over the level 
 of the sea, five miles north-east of Paderborn (station), on the high road 
 from Paderborn to Detmold (52 N. lat.), north-west of Driburg, south- 
 west of Pyrmont. Notwithstanding its northern situation, the climate is 
 mild, partly from its small elevation, and partly from the shelter afforded 
 by the neighbouring Teutoburg Forest against north and north-east winds. 
 The sandy soil, with a depth of six to twelve feet, also contributes in 
 rendering the climate equable, by its power of absorbing the scorching 
 rays of the sun in hot days, and emitting the heat in colder days. At the 
 same time, the atmosphere is charged with humidity by the abundant flow 
 of the Lippe and Jordan springs, in the immediate neighbourhood of the 
 promenade and cure-house. The climate is therefore calming and anti- 
 phlogistic. In June, July, and August, the temperature is most equable. 
 The Arminius-quelle contains 19^ grains of solid constituents in 1C ounces 
 viz., 5^ sulphate of soda, 4 sulphate of lime, f sulphate of magnesia, 
 5^ carbonate of lime, carbonate of magnesia, - 14 carbonate of iron, 
 0'86 chloride of sodium, 1'6 bicarbonate of soda, traces of iodides.. 100 
 volumes of free gases contain 83 of carbonic acid, 15 of nitrogen, and 
 1J of oxygen. As regards combined gases, there are, in 100 cubic inches, 
 16'17 of carbonic acid, 4*40 of nitrogen, 0*55 of oxygen. Temperature, 
 70 Fahr. The spa has latterly gained a high reputation for cases of 
 hereditary phthisical diathesis and incipient tuberculosis, especially if com- 
 bined with inflammatory bronchial irritation and a generally excitable 
 vascular system, the spring on the island particularly, in the latter instance. 
 In florid forms, the baths are contra-indicated, but extremely useful in pre- 
 vailing venosity and laxity of fibre ; also in cases combined with scrofula. 
 If a favourable result is to be expected, the course is not to be confined to four 
 or six weeks ; but usually a pause of a few weeks is made after drinking the 
 water for some time, and employed as a whey cure, and then a second 
 course is gone through. Inhalations are also made in an extremely 
 well-ventilated saloon, receiving the gases direct from the source. The 
 baths are connected with a colonnade, to protect the invalids against the 
 vicissitudes of temperature. Beautiful walks and parks give ample oppor- 
 tunity for pedestrian exercise. The inhalations have been found very 
 calming in palpitations of the heart, not only of a nervous character, but 
 even when based on morbid function of the organ. Erethic individuals 
 find great relief from them. They are able to breathe deeper and more 
 freely. But weakly, leuco-phlegmatic, and nervous persons are not benefited 
 by them, nor cases in which the lungs are partially destroyed or impas- 
 sable. Besides the Arminius-quelle, which is considered as a lime spring, 
 there is a cold sulphur spring, with 19 grains of solid constituents (13 
 of gypsum), 1-12 cubic inch of carbonic acid, and 2'32 cubic inches 
 
EUROPEAN SI>AS AND CLIMATIC HEALTH-RESORTS. 363 
 
 of sulphuretted hydrogen. Whilst in the sulphur spring the hepatic gas is 
 intimately combined with the water, in the Arminius-quelle the carbonic 
 acid is more firmly attached to the water than the nitrogen ; hence the 
 great proportion of the latter (82 in 100) amongst the free gaseous 
 emanations. Young phthisical subjects, disposed to frequent bronchial 
 inflammations, are most benefited by Lippspringe. Cough and bloody 
 expectoration soon give way. The capacity of the lung for air increases 
 through the diminished hyperaemia. Emphysema and bronchial blen- 
 norrhcea^become aggravated here. 
 
 Physicians Dr. Fischer, Dr. Weber, Dr. Quicken. 
 
 OTTILIENQUELLE (the spring on the island), half a mile from 
 Paderborn, contains less iron and carbonic acid, but twice as much 
 nitrogen, and agrees well even with the most delicate excitable individuals, 
 with the greatest disposition to haemoptysis. It contains 12 grains of 
 solid constituents viz., 2-J of carbonate of lime, 0*05 of carbonate of iron, 
 6 1 of chloride of sodium, -J- sulphate of lime, % chloride of calcium, 
 chloride of magnesium, traces of iodine and bromine. Gases combined 
 with the water in 100 cubic inches 2'34 carbonic acid, 8'98 nitrogen, 
 1-17 oxygen. Gases freely evolved in 100 volumes 3 carbonic acid, 97 
 nitrogen. In cases of great emaciation, when retarded metamorphosis 
 becomes desirable, inhalations alone are recommended. Not far from the 
 Ottilien spring, a chalybeate has been lately discovered (Marienquelle), 
 with 4J grains of solid constituents 1| carbonate of lime, 0*45 bicar- 
 bonate of iron. If tuberculosis has already made great progress and 
 produced cavernse, extensive condensation, and great prostration, the 
 journey to this or any other spa will only hasten the fatal issue. Such 
 patients are to be left amongst the comforts of home, whilst their complaint 
 is being soothed, their strength supported, their diet carefully regulated, 
 and their minds and bodies kept free from any exciting cause. But their 
 digestion demands the greatest attention ; for over-filling of the abdominal 
 venous vessels produces the same condition in the pulmonary circulation, 
 and often engenders violent paroxysms of the disease. If with these 
 measures as much out- door exercise is combined as the patient can take 
 without exhaustion and risk, more benefit will be derived than from a 
 distant journey, which in itself may exhaust his remaining feeble powers, 
 and turn the scale irrevocably against him. 
 
 Physician of Ottilienquelle Dr. Horling. 
 
 LUHATSCHOWITZ, in the Olmutzer district of MORAVIA, 1,600 feet 
 over the level of the sea, two leagues north-east of the beautiful little town 
 of Ungarisch-Brod, five leagues east of the Hradisch station of the Prag 
 Olmiitz Railroad, 105 miles north- east of Vienna ; about 49 lat. N., and 18 
 long. E., lies in a charming valley of the Carpathian Mountains, between 
 the rivers March and Naag, surrounded by meadows, forests, and moun- 
 tains, which serve as a shelter towards the north and north-east. The 
 cure-place, called { Salzbad,' in the neighbourhood, is about a quarter 
 of a league distant from the village. For the accommodation of visitors, 
 
364 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 neat Swiss cottages and large hotels are available. The climate is mild, 
 but rather moist. Walks of great variety and beauty abound here, and 
 every effort is made for the amusement of the visitors. A whey establish- 
 ment has lately been added to the curative means. 
 
 ANALYSIS OF THE SPRINGS. 
 
 
 Vincenz- 
 brunnen 
 
 Amand- 
 brunnen 
 
 Johann- 
 brunnen 
 
 Luisen- 
 quelle 
 
 Badewasser 
 
 Chloride of potassium 
 
 179 
 
 1-59 
 
 2-14 
 
 1-61 
 
 1-85 
 
 sodium 
 
 23-35 
 
 25-75 
 
 27-88 
 
 33-47 
 
 20-87 
 
 Bromide of sodium 
 
 0-25 
 
 o-io 
 
 0-07 
 
 0-08 
 
 0-11 
 
 Iodide of sodium . 
 
 0-13 
 
 0-12 
 
 0-17 
 
 0-18 
 
 0-35 
 
 Carbonate of soda . 
 
 23-26 
 
 36-03 
 
 44-21 
 
 43-21 
 
 24-13 
 
 lithia 
 
 
 
 o-oi 
 
 0-01 
 
 o-oi 
 
 
 
 magnes. 
 
 0-42 
 
 0-56 
 
 0-55 
 
 0-51 
 
 0-42 
 
 baryta 
 
 0-07 
 
 0-06 
 
 0-04 
 
 0-06 
 
 
 
 lime . 
 
 4-63 
 
 4-81 
 
 4-89 
 
 4-40 
 
 4-79 
 
 strontia 
 
 0-09 
 
 0-11 
 
 0-07 
 
 0-12 
 
 
 
 iron . 
 
 0-11 
 
 0-13 
 
 0-09 
 
 0-18 
 
 0-15 
 
 Silica . 
 
 0-39 
 
 0-10 
 
 0-41 
 
 0-47 
 
 0-14 
 
 Total . 
 
 54-85 
 
 69-5 
 
 80-7 
 
 84-4 
 
 59-7 
 
 Carbonic acid 
 
 50 cub. in. 
 
 29 cub. in. 
 
 16 cub. in. 
 
 27-6 cub. in. 
 
 28 cub. in. 
 
 Whilst the great quantity of chloride of sodium (from 20 to 30 grains) 
 and of carbonic acid (from 16 to 50 cubic inches) promotes the functions 
 of the intestinal canal, the large amount of carbonate of soda (from 23 to 
 44 grains) exercises its solvent power on albuminous and fibrinous tissues, 
 and vigorously assists in the elimination of morbid secretions. Moreover, 
 the iodides and bromides, with their power of increasing the functions 
 of the glandular and lymphatic system, and of promoting absorption of 
 morbid enlargements, add another potent curative agent, and it is therefore 
 not to be wondered at that the happy union of these various agents 
 indicates the spa in chronic bronchial, gastric, uterine, and vaginal catarrhs, 
 especially if combined with scrofulosis. Congestion of liver, ha3morrhoidal 
 derangement, and morbid biliary secretion, especially if the results of 
 sedentary habits or of too luxurious living, are greatly improved here ; 
 also chronic metritis, with irregular catamenia, morbid exudations of the 
 pleura, peritoneum, and of the glandular system. The springs have most 
 analogy in their composition to the Adelheidsquelle, but surpass it in 
 their great amount of carbonate of soda. The small quantity of iron 
 prevents the lowering effects of the solvents to some extent. If we con- 
 sider the combined advantages of a high position, charming landscape and 
 environs, and good accommodation, with the rare composition of the ingre- 
 dients, we must look upon the spa as unique, and well deserving to be more 
 
EUROPEAN SPAS AND CLIMATIC HEALTH-RESORTS. 365 
 
 known and resorted to for the various diseases in which chlorides, iodides, 
 and alkaline spas are indicated. 
 
 Physicians Dr. Kiichler, Dr. Zimmermann. 
 
 Enquiries about the requisite accommodation might be made before the 
 journey to the ' Brunnen-Direction of Count Serenyi, in Luhatschowitz, 
 near Ungarisch-Hradisch.' 
 
 LEGHORN (Livorno), a seaport on the Mediterranean, 48 miles west- 
 south-west of Florence, south of Pisa (connected by railway with both 
 these towns). Lat, N. 43 ; long. E. 10. It is surrounded by walls and 
 intersected by canals. Population, 96,000. The flat and humid environs 
 render the residence unhealthy ; but there are beautiful arrangements for 
 sea-bathing, either in commodious small cabinets, enclosed in a court-like 
 building, or in the open sea. Tubes are adapted to the bathing cabinets, 
 through which hot, warm, or cold blasts are directed by bellows to dif- 
 ferent parts of the body. A bath with these douches is called an jEolus- 
 bath. 
 
 LUCCA, a city of ITALY, on the Serchio, 11 miles north-east of Pisa 
 (with which it is connected by railroad). Lat. N. 43^ ; long. E. 10^. 
 About 15 miles north of the town are the baths of Lucca, which are 
 reached by a beautiful road, passing near hills and mountains, covered with 
 olives, vines, and chestnuts. In the hot season the coolness of the deep 
 valley is found very refreshing. Midway between the Bagni Caldi and 
 Bagni alia Villa, the Ponte a Seraglio is generally selected as a residence. 
 The lodging-houses of the Bagni Caldi are drier and cooler than those of 
 the Bagni alia Villa. There are bath establishments of springs, the tem- 
 perature of which ranges from 87 1 to 132| Fahr. They contain sulphates 
 of lime, of magnesia, chloride of sodium, and iron. They are employed 
 externally and internally for cutaneous diseases, chronic rheumatism, &c. 
 But the visitors principally resort to this healthy valley in June, July, and 
 August, on account of its lovely climate. 
 
 LEAMINGTON, on the Learn, 2 miles north-east of Warwick, 89 
 miles from Euston Square station (3 hours' journey). Population, 17,000. 
 Lat. N. 521 ; long. W. l^ . The spa possesses twelve springs, at a short 
 distance from the Leambridge. They are divided into saline, chalybeate, 
 and sulphurous. The saline contain 105 grains of solid constituents in a 
 pint of water viz., 40 sulphate of soda, 40| chloride of sodium, 20 
 chloride of calcium, 3 chloride of magnesium, with a trace of iron, iodine 
 and bromine; besides ^ cubic inch of nitrogen and 2 cubic inches of car- 
 bonic acid. 
 
 The saline chalybeate contains 132 grains viz., 32 sulphate of soda, 67 
 chloride of sodium, 20 chloride of calcium, 12 chloride of magnesium, 1 
 oxide of iron, and 3 cubic inches of carbonic acid. 
 
 The sulphuretted saline contains 77 grains viz., 28 sulphate of soda, 25 
 chloride of sodium, 15 chloride of calcium, 9 chloride of magnesium, 3 
 cub. inches of carbonic acid, and 1 of sulphuretted hydrogen. 
 
366 APPENDIX. 
 
 The town is divided into two parts by the Learn, which runs sluggishly 
 in its course towards the Avon. The saline springs have an alterative and 
 purgative action, and are employed for deranged digestion and defective 
 biliary functions in lithiasis and chronic gout ; the sulphurous in certain 
 cutaneous diseases ; and the chalybeate in general atony and anaemia. The 
 climate is bracing and cool in summer, but too variable and bleak in 
 winter. Season, from May to October. The town has many bathing 
 establishments, and oifers every accommodation, besides numerous walks 
 and interesting excursions to the neighbourhood. 
 
 LOWESTOFT, County Suffolk, on the North Sea, 20 miles ESE. of 
 Norwich, at a terminus of the Great Eastern Railway (117 miles via Wood- 
 bridge ; 4 hours' journey). Population nearly 10,000. Lat. N. 52^ ; long. 
 E. 1^. The town is situated west of Lowestoft Ness, the most easterly land 
 of England ; 119 feet above the level of the sea. It has good accommodation 
 for sea-bathing, and is rising in public favour. The climate is more bracing 
 and restorative than that of the south coast, and especially suitable to 
 vigorous persons in convalescence from acute inflammation of the lungs, 
 or of other internal organs. 
 
 LYMINGTON, a seaport town in the county of Hants, in the New Forest, 
 on the navigable river of Lymington, close to its mouth in the English 
 Channel, 12 miles south-west of Southampton. Population, 2, GOO. It is 
 built on a steep declivity, has good accommodation for sea-bathing, and 
 may be reached from London in 3 hours (distance, 100 miles from 
 Waterloo station) It is connected by steamers with Portsmouth and Isle 
 of Wight. Considering its sheltered position and its southern situation, it 
 deserves to be more resorted to than has hitherto been the case. The salt- 
 works might also be made available for sanitary purposes, as is done in 
 many parts of the Continent. 
 
 MADEIRA ISLANDS, in the Atlantic Ocean, are C60 miles distant 
 south-west from Portugal, to which country they belong. They consist of 
 Madeira, Porto Santo, and the Islets of Casertas. Lat. N. between 32 23' 
 and 33 7'; long. W. between 13 30' and 17 16'. Population of the 
 whole group, 104,000. Madeira is the largest, 31 miles long and 12 miles 
 broad ; capital, Funchal, on the south coast. Lat. N. 32 37' ; long. W. 
 16 54'. Population, 29,700. The island consists of a mass of volcanic 
 rocks, which rise to 6,065 feet in Pico Ruivo. From the central mass deep 
 ridges extend to the coast, where they form precipices 1,000 to 2,000 feet 
 high ; only on the west coast some plains exist, besides the table land of 
 Paul de Serra, in the interior. The ' CurraT valley is 2,000 feet deep ; the 
 roads are unfit for carriages from their steepness, ponies are therefore used 
 for travelling. The chain of mountains running in an easterly and westerly 
 direction prevents the full effects of the various winds the north side 
 being sheltered 'from the scorching south winds, and Funchal from cold 
 northerly winds ; but east and west winds have a rather free access. South 
 and west winds generally prevail about Funchal. A regular interchange 
 
EUROPEAN SPAS AND CLIMATIC HEALTH-RESORTS. 367 
 
 of land and sea breezes takes place in summer from the north-north-east 
 and south-south-west. The atmosphere, though free from high winds, is 
 never quite calm, but invariably moved by a gentle breeze. The most 
 injurious wind is the Leste, coming from east-south-east, and producing 
 great heat and dryness; this unfavourable character may be due to its 
 crossing the African desert. The Leste is not depressing, but stimulating, 
 and sometimes very irritating to phthisical patients on account of its being 
 charged with dust occasionally. It generally occurs three or four times a 
 year, and lasts two or three days, mostly followed by rain. The great 
 advantage of the climate consists in its extreme mildness and equability, 
 there being only a mean annual range of 14. The steadiness of tempera- 
 ture from day to day also surpasses that of most Italian winter resorts. 
 Whilst a variation of 4 takes place in London, of 2'80 at Rome, of 2'33 at 
 Nice, it only amounts to I'll here. Rainy days 70, mostly in autumn, 
 leaving a clear and dry air afterwards ;. but moisture nearly always satu- 
 rates the atmosphere, so that a small degree of diminished heat produces 
 rainfall. Even in summer the heat is not oppressive. The inhabitants are 
 generally robust, but lepra, elephantiasis, apoplexy, dysentery, and even con- 
 sumption often occur among them ; many of these diseases, however, are to 
 be attributed to their being ill-fed, clothed, and housed. The mean annual 
 temperature is 64'96: winter, 60'GO ; spring, 62'36; summer, 69'56; 
 autumn, 67'30; mean barometric height, 29'8G; rainfall, 29'23 inches. 
 For persons suffering from incipient tubercular consumption, Madeira stands 
 unique as a winter resort. ' There is no occasion,' says Dr. Heineken, ' for 
 a person throughout the winter in Funchal to breathe night or day within 
 doors an atmosphere below 64, or in the country, and at such a height as to 
 ensure dryness, above 74 ; that he may during the summer take abundant 
 exercise without exposing himself to oppressive heat (by choosing his hours), 
 and that in the winter he need not be confined to the house the whole day, 
 either by wet or cold, more perhaps than a score of times.' On the north 
 side of the island, in the parish of St. Ann, a summer residence may be 
 advantageously taken by those who have to pass several winters in Madeira, 
 the north-east trade-wind blowing during the day and a cool mountain 
 breeze during the night ; moreover, it possesses shaded roads and walks for 
 exercise. This district abounds in plantations, gardens, and vineyards ; 
 some of the finest scenery of the island being found between Funchal and 
 St. Ann. Invalids should arrive here in the commencement of October, and 
 remain till beginning of June. Steam-vessels make the passage in six, 
 sailing-vessels in ten to fifteen days. The latter deserve the preference in 
 many instances, as the valetudinarian enters the warmer climate more 
 gradually, besides having the benefit of a longer exposure to the open sea 
 air. Young persons subject to frequent inflammatory diseases of the chest, 
 having overgrown their strength by too rapid development of the frame, 
 and having an hereditary or acquired phthisical tendency, are most benefited 
 by the journey ; but where the disease has already made considerable pro- 
 gress, if destruction of portions of the lungs has already taken place, with 
 great emaciation, debility, or fever, the visit to Madeira or any other 
 
368 APPENDIX. 
 
 distant health-resort is decidedly irrational ; for it must be remembered 
 that the climate does not actually heal the morbid organs the effects are 
 only negative. The lungs do not get so frequently irritated here by vicis- 
 situdes of temperature as they would at home ; the patients, therefore, can 
 more freely enjoy the advantages of open-air exercise. This is most 
 important in the commencement of the disease, when the system is still in 
 full vigour; but for patients of advanced phthisis, the comforts of home, 
 and the soothing care of relatives and friends, are of more advantage. It is 
 actually found that such sufferers only hasten the dreaded end by the very 
 sojourn in this beautiful southern island. Progressive destruction proceeds 
 more rapidly here than in their own more fitful but conservative climate. 
 Dr. Lund, who still practises in Madeira, has observed cases of tuberculous 
 patients who lived 10, 15, and 20 years on the island, one even 25, all 
 whose brothers and sisters had died of consumption in their native coun- 
 try. Dr. Renton's tables show that 1. Out of 47 cases of developed phthisis, 
 32 died within the first 6 months ; 6 died after leaving the island ; 3 died 
 probably (altogether 41 deaths). 2. Of 35 with incipient phthisis, 26 
 were considerably and permanently improved ; 5 improved (the future 
 progress not ascertained) ; 4 died subsequently. 3. Of 108 cases of tuber- 
 culous diathesis, 93 remained perfectly free from any symptom of the 
 disease; 15 were subsequently attacked by it. In White's table of 100 
 cases, 48 had not yet passed over the first stage in 37 of these the disease 
 was arrested ; of 24 cases in the second stage, the malady was prevented 
 from further development in 5 ; of 28 cases in the third stage, also in 5 
 one of these latter survived 11 years in the island, two 8 years, and two left 
 the island after 3 years. Accommodation and provisions are excellent in 
 Funchal, as well in hotels as in private boarding-houses ; besides, the ordi- 
 nary comforts of a large and civilized town are available to the visitors. 
 
 MALAGA, a seaport town in the south of SPAIN, on a bay of the Medi- 
 terranean, 65 miles east-north-east of Gibraltar. Lat. N. 36 34' ; long. 
 W. 4. Population, 113,000. It is built near the base of a mountain 
 range, in the form of an amphitheatre, and is commanded by an old Moorish 
 castle perched on a rock, and called the Gibralfaro. In 1803-4 the popu- 
 lation was decimated by yellow fever. The climate is warm and equable, 
 with very small variations in the single days, and from one day to the 
 other. Winter scarcely exists, but an uninterrupted spring, in which the 
 tropic vegetation continues. Towards north and west, mountain ranges of 
 a height of nearly 3,000 feet are spread one or two leagues from the town, 
 and behind these the still higher Sierra rises. The cold winds are thus 
 kept off from the inner mountains ; a branch of vine-covered hills passes 
 towards the shore, and affords some protection against easterly winds. The 
 western mountains, though affording a good shelter against violent atmo- 
 spheric currents, are still far enough not to prevent the genial entrance of 
 the sun ; but the river Gualdalhorce passes through a depression of the 
 mountains in the north-west, and admits certain noxious winds into the 
 town. Malaga is divided into an old and new town ; the former rests on 
 an acclivity extending towards the old Moorish castle, and consists of narrow 
 
EUROPEAN SPAS AND CLIMATIC HEALTH-RESORTS. 369 
 
 dirty streets with lofty houses. The new town is built on sandy level 
 ground, formerly occupied by the sea, and now gradually receding from it. 
 The principal promenade, the Alameda, intersects the town, ornamented 
 with statues and fountains. The fertile Vega joins the town in the south- 
 east, gradually rising towards the mountains ; an uninterrupted garden of 
 orange groves, of palm, almond, fig, and olive trees, meets the eye. Mean 
 annual temperature, 66: winter, 56; spring, 62'35 ; summer, 76'82; 
 autumn, 69; snow and ice are very rare. Annual rainfall, 16 J inches ; 
 rainy days about 40, mostly occurring in May, and the rest during autumn 
 and winter. Southerly winds enter freely from the sea ; the south-west, 
 coming from the direction of Gibraltar, is cold, moist, and the forerunner 
 of storms in winter, whilst it is a light sea-breeze only in summer. The 
 sirocco (due south wind) loses most of its African violence by passing 
 across the Mediterranean ; the south-east and east winds are mostly charged 
 with moisture, refreshing in summer, and chilling in winter ; west wind 
 coming from inland is dry and warm in summer, and cold in winter ; feea 
 winds prevail in spring and summer, land winds in winter ; most of the 
 latter are kept off by the mountains, except the north-west (terral), which 
 enters through the depression by which the river passes, and is hot and 
 dry in summer, and cold and dry in winter. It is maintained of this wind 
 that under its depressing influence criminal offences increase considerably. 
 The inhabitants are remarkably healthy ; nevertheless, phthisis and chronic 
 diseases of the chest constitute about the ninth part of the mortality in the 
 town and hospital. April and May are the healthiest months ; in Decem- 
 ber and January most illness prevails. The climate of Malaga, though 
 warm, is not relaxing, on account of the small quantity of humidity ; it is 
 mildly stimulating and strengthening, and at the same time soothing from 
 its great steadiness and equability. The mean annual temperature is 2 
 higher than that of Madeira ; 9 higher than that of Nice ; 12 higher than 
 Venice ; 20 higher than Pau ; but it is 2 lower than Malta, and 4 lower 
 than Cairo. This is partly due to an intense summer heat, but principally 
 to an increased warmth of winter. Barometric pressure is equally steady, 
 sometimes remaining unchanged for twenty days together. The climate re- 
 sembles that of Cannes, and stands intermediate between the soft relaxing 
 Madeira and the more dry and stimulating Nice, being more inclined to 
 the latter without its noxious properties ; it is therefore more adapted to 
 those cases of incipient consumption in which the disease pursues a slow 
 course with abundant expectoration. On the other hand, it is unsuitable 
 where there is any tendency to hemoptysis or to inflammatory processes of 
 the lungs or pleura. 
 
 MENTONE, a small town on the Mediterranean, in a valley of La 
 Riviera, 12 miles east-north-east of Nice (3J hours' diligence ride). Lat. 
 N. 43| ; long. E. 6J . Population, 4,900. It is the largest town of the 
 principality of Monaco, lately ceded to France ; situated on a slope of an 
 Alpine range extending to the sea, and dividing the bay into two parts 
 of unequal size. The neighbourhood abounds in the most variegated 
 vegetation ; sheltering groves of lemon trees in its sunny slopes and ravines. 
 
 B B 
 
370 APPENDIX. 
 
 The towering mountains in the background offer effectual protection against 
 cold winds ; pines and olive trees cover the lower hills, whilst orange groves 
 spread their delicious odour along the high road. The north, north-east, 
 and north-west winds (mistral) are kept off by the Alps ; the south-west 
 (libeccio) occasions no inconvenience ; but the south and south-east 
 (sirocco) enter freely. The north wind, which bounds from the mountain- 
 tops into the sea at a considerable distance from the shore, scarcely touches 
 the town. Rainfall, 23J inches during the winter. The climate is ex- 
 tremely mild, equable, and greatly superior to that of Nice, as is proved by 
 the numerous lemon trees in constant bloom in open fields, whilst very few 
 of them are found at Nice in very sheltered positions ; moreover, the air is 
 moister here, and free from the troublesome and noxious dust of Nice ; it 
 is the most favourable Italian winter resort for consumptive invalids. The 
 change of sea and land winds is certainly felt here, but not in such a 
 marked degree as at Nice. The visitors are also particularly recommended 
 to bear in mind that the warmth is due to the direct solar influence, so 
 that transitions from sunshine to shade must be carefully avoided. The 
 abundance and beauty of shaded walks in the mountain valleys contribute 
 greatly to render the residence cheerful and salubrious. 
 
 NICE, a seaport town of FRANCE (formerly of Italy), on the Mediter- 
 ranean, 98 miles south-west of Turin, connected by railway with Toulon 
 (six hours' journey), and with Marseilles (eight hours' journey). Popu- 
 lation, 50,000. Lat. N. 43 43' ; long. E. about 7. It is divided by the 
 Paglione into two equal halves, the old city lying on the left shore, the 
 newer city on the right. Situated in a plain, it leans towards the east 
 on a steep rock rising from the sea, and stretches with its suburbs in a 
 fertile and well-cultivated valley towards north and west. A range of 
 green hills rises over this valley, surrounded by a circle of higher moun- 
 tains. At a greater distance, snow-clad Alps enclose the whole landscape 
 from the north and north-east, sheltering the town against cold winds, and 
 favouring the luxurious southern vegetation. Hence the climate is milder 
 than many localities situated farther to the south. Olives, figs, oranges, 
 and palms thrive here. The schlossberg prevents eastern droughts. The 
 temperature from October to April is extremely pleasant and mild. No- 
 vember and the first half of December are generally warm, dry, and clear; 
 but in the second half of December rain falls, and the air often becomes 
 bleaker. January, February, and March are mostly fine : towards the 
 middle of March adverse winds ordinarily prevail till the end of the month, 
 from nine in the morning till five in the afternoon ; during these hours the 
 patients must keep their rooms, but may take their walks before or after- 
 wards. Considerable and rapid vicissitudes of temperature often occur in the 
 same day ; a great difference is therefore frequently felt by stepping suddenly 
 from the sun into the shade. After sunset the atmosphere becomes fre- 
 quently charged with moisture, and covers the housetops with dew. Rain 
 falls rarely, and little at a time, but occasionally showers appear. Annual 
 rainfall, 26 inches (Rome, 29 ; Venice, 25 ; Algiers, 36). Snow is rare. The 
 mean annual temperature is 58*9: winter, 46^; spring, 55' 9; summer, 
 
EUROPEAN SPAS AND CLIMATIC HEALTH-RESORTS. 371 
 
 71-1; autumn, 61^. During the night, cold and dry land winds prevail; 
 during day, niild and more humid sea breezes. Nice enjoyed formerly a 
 great reputation for its extreme mildness, in consequence of the apparent 
 thorough protection afforded by the mountain circle. Experience has, 
 however, taught that various winds overcome the obstacle, perhaps through 
 some breaches, and sweep along with vehemence. The north-west wind 
 (a mistral) occasionally penetrates, and lasts sometimes several days. The 
 easterly wind generally commences in March, and exercises a very un- 
 pleasant effect on invalids. The southern winds are mostly mild and 
 humid, with the exception of the south-west (libeccio), which often appears 
 with great severity. The south-south-east wind has likewise an injurious 
 effect, especially on nervous and delicate females. The sirocco is con- 
 siderably modified. The climate of Nice is consequently injurious to 
 irritable constitutions, but more suitable for lymphatic scrofulous patients 
 with profuse bronchial expectoration. In many cases of bronchial catarrh 
 with atony, the warm sea-baths prove very efficacious, especially in early 
 life. 
 
 MERAN, in SOUTH TYROL, on the southern declivity of the Tyrolese 
 Alps, 88 V over the level of the Adriatic, lies in a most fertile and charming 
 valley between the river Etsch (coming from the western Vinschgau) and 
 the river Passer (rushing down from the north-eastern Passeier Valley). 
 It is completely protected against northern storms by an almost perpen- 
 dicular mountain-wall, and against north-east, east, west, and north-west 
 winds by mountain-chains of a height of 5,000' to 8,000'. Only open 
 to the south, it enjoys an equable, calm, and somewhat moist atmosphere, 
 with very slight variations of temperature between day and night. Lat. 
 N. 47 ; long. E. about 10^. It lies south of Insbruck, and 20 miles 
 north-west of Botzen (station). October, November, March, April, and 
 May are distinguished by mild temperature, a great number of clear serene 
 days, and almost complete absence of snow. Mean annual temperature, 
 54^ (Munich, 45; Berlin, 47^). Within twenty years (from 1825-44) 
 the thermometer fell only five times below zero in the months of January 
 and February. The summer temperature is lower than in all other towns 
 of South Tyrol and Upper Italy. Autumn and spring are the best seasons 
 for persons suffering from chronic pulmonary catarrh or from incipient 
 phthisis. But if inflammatory tendency or great irritability exist, Meran 
 would be hurtful. Several commodious buildings have been erected here 
 lately for the reception of visitors, and also in the picturesque Obermais, 
 on the left shore of the Passer. The latter charming locality, having a 
 higher situation, offers less protection against severe atmospheric currents 
 coming from the Passeier Valley. But the village of Gratsch, half a league 
 to the west of Meran (Pension Maurer), at the foot of the Kuchelberg, is the 
 warmest and most sheltered spot of the whole neighbourhood. The valley 
 of the Etsch and Passeier belong to the most picturesque and beautiful parts 
 of the Alpine regions. 
 
 Physicians Drs. Tappeiner, Theiner, Pirger, Mazegger, and Kleinhaus. 
 
 B B 2 
 
372 APPENDIX. 
 
 MERGENTHEIM, on the Tauber, a town in the most northern corner of 
 Wiirtemberg, 591 feet over the level of the sea; 87 miles north-north- 
 east of Stuttgart, 27 miles south of Wurzburg station. From the latter 
 place the diligence reaches the spa in six hours. It has a population of 
 2,600, and lies in a charming valley surrounded by vineyards, with a very 
 mild climate; mean annual temperature being 51; summer temperature, 
 64. The principal spring (Quelle im Carlsbad) contains 107 grains of 
 solid ingredients in 16 ounces, viz.: 
 
 Chloride of sodium 51^ 
 
 Chloride of potassium 0*78 
 
 Chloride of lithium 0-01 
 
 Bromide of sodium O07 
 
 Bromide of magnesium ...... 
 
 Sulphate of soda 21-89 
 
 Sulphate of magnesia 15'88 
 
 Sulphate of lime 9-86 
 
 Carbonate of magnesia T40 
 
 Carbonate of lime 5-45 
 
 Carbonate of iron 0-05 
 
 Silica . 0-45 
 
 107-16 
 Carbonic acid, 7 cub. inches. 
 
 The gases issuing from the spring contain in 100 volumes 27*73 carbonic 
 acid, 71*83 nitrogen, and 01*44 oxygen. The water is used, internally 
 and externally, against derangements of the abdominal organs, as biliary 
 obstruction, haemorrhoidal and menstrual irregularities, lithiasis. The 
 concentrated bitter water contains 235 grains in sixteen ounces, and has a 
 considerably stronger effect. 
 
 Physicians Drs. Krauss, Horing senior, and Ellinger. 
 
 MISDROY, a village on the north-west coast of the Prussian island of 
 Wollin, in the district of Stettin, 8 miles east of Swinemiinde, 10 miles 
 north-west of Wollin ; lat. N. 54, long. E. 14^; protected by a woody 
 mountain-ridge, and a large forest. Hence the climate is milder than 
 might be expected from its northern situation. The bathing strand is even, 
 and covered with a fine thick sand ; the sea-ground is firm and smooth. 
 Accommodation tolerably good. The railway takes the traveller as far as 
 Stettin, thence the steamer proceeds to Wollin in four hours, and the dili- 
 gence closes the journey. 
 
 Physician Dr. Oswald. 
 
 MONDORF, in the south-eastern portion of the Grand Duchy of Luxem- 
 burg, near the French frontier, half a league from the village of the same 
 name; 10 miles south-east of Luxemburg; 5 miles west of Remich, on the 
 Moselle. The spa lies in an extensive plateau, intersected in the west by 
 a mountain-chain running from south-west to north-east, The spring is 
 enclosed by a magnificent tower-like building, and surrounded by beautiful 
 
EUKOPEAN SPAS AND CLIMATIC HEALTH-RESORTS. 373 
 
 shady walks. The spring contains 110 grains of solid constituents in six- 
 teen ounces, viz. : 
 
 Chloride of sodium . . . . . 66-98 
 
 Chloride of calcium . . . . . 1-58 
 
 Chloride of potassium 24*31 
 
 Chloride of magnesium 3 '2 5 
 
 Bromide of magnesium ..... 0*76 
 
 Iodide of magnesium ..... O'OO 
 
 Sulphate of lime . . . . . 12-61 
 
 Carbonate of magnesia . . . . . 0'05 
 
 Carbonate of iron 0'22 
 
 Silica 0-05 
 
 Arsenic acid O'OOl 
 
 Free carbonic acid, 1'06 cubic inches. 
 Nitrogen, . . . 0'47 
 Temperature, 77 to 79 Fahr. 
 
 By possessing such a great amount of chloride of sodium and bromide of 
 magnesium, the springs belong to the most powerful saline thermae, whilst 
 the iron improves sanguification and the tone of the whole economy. The 
 nitrogen at the same time soothes the heightened nervous sensibility. 
 They are, therefore, extremely useful in hypersemic conditions of the res- 
 piratory or intestinal mucous membranes, especially if occurring in weakly, 
 leuco -phlegmatic, anaemic individuals. 
 
 Physician Dr. Schmit. 
 
 MALVERN (GREAT), on the eastern declivity of the Malvern Hills (128 J 
 miles from Paddington station, about 4 hours' journey), with a population 
 of 6,000, is one of the finest and most salubrious spots of Great Britain. 
 The Malvern Hills run almost 9 miles in a direction from north to south, 
 attaining a height of 1,400 to 1,500 feet, rising up in a conical form in 
 some places, and running along in narrow undulating ridges in others, the 
 sides sloping down in a broken and precipitous descent, whilst deep 
 ravines frequently intersect the mountain chains, and present a romantic 
 appearance when suddenly bursting upon the view. ' Nature,' Dr. Ander- 
 son says, ' seems to have unfolded her choicest beauties in the surrounding 
 scenery, and to have collected here everything that can delight the eye or 
 engage the imagination. The air has always been justly celebrated for 
 its great purity and invigorating quality, whilst its salutary and wholesome 
 water holds out a paramount inducement to those who are suffering from 
 a bodily infirmity. There are two wells here frequented by invalids the 
 St. Ann's Well, which is a little distance above the village of Great 
 Malvern; the other, or the Holy Well, is nearly l\- mile upon the 
 road towards Little Malvern (3 miles distant) ; and Ledbury, where are 
 a number of genteel residences, and some boarding-houses for the accom- 
 modation of visitors. Both these springs are on the eastern side of the 
 range, and, being situated some distance up the ascent of the hill, are 
 removed from the influence of decaying vegetable or animal matters.' The 
 highest point of the Worcestershire beacon (rising to 1,300 feet) offers a 
 
374 APPENDIX. 
 
 most extensive and charming view of the surrounding landscapes, of the 
 vale of Evesham lying below, and of the neighbouring city of Worcester 
 (8 miles distant). On account of its beautiful position and purity and 
 coolness of atmosphere, Malvern is often selected as a summer residence ; 
 but the sun exercises a powerful sway in the middle of the day from defi- 
 ciency of shade, whilst his early retiring behind the hills renders the 
 afternoons and evenings somewhat cool. The houses offer a cheerful look 
 from being built in a villa style, and interspersed among plantations and 
 gardens. The more ancient portion is round Mount Pleasant, a terrace 
 overlooking the Abbey, and containing the Bellevue Hotel, Graefenberg 
 House, &c. The springs do not contain more than a grain of solid ingre- 
 dients in a pint of water ; nevertheless, they occasionally produce nausea, 
 giddiness, and headache, in fact, a kind of temporary plethora, ascribed by 
 the late Dr. Wall to their rapid entrance into the absorbent vessels, in 
 consequence of their great purity. These symptoms soon subside, or may 
 be removed by a mild aperient. The external application of the water is 
 considered useful in scrofulous ulcers, painful fissures of the skin, &c. 
 Mr. Grant considers the qualities of the air peculiarly grateful and invi- 
 gorating. ' It is so different,' he says, * from what we are accustomed to 
 breathe in other parts of England : there is something so joyous, so 
 exhilarating in the atmosphere of Great Malvern, that the visitor feels as if 
 he had been transported to some healthier and happier planet.' 
 
 As on the Continent the most interesting and salubrious localities are 
 selected for hydropathic establishments, Malvern enjoys a similar distinc- 
 tion here, and may even be considered as the head-quarters of hydropathy. 
 Priesnitz, a peasant of Graefenberg, in Silesia, was the first to inculcate 
 and to practise the ingurgitation of enormous quantities of cold water with 
 sweating and subsequent cold plunging for the cure of disease. 
 
 When a patient drenches the digestive organs and swells the torrent of 
 circulation with blood and water, the secreting and excreting glands are 
 called upon to perform double or triple work, putting the whole organism 
 into peril, especially if there is any inflammatory process going forward in 
 some part of the economy. In chronic diseases, sudden, open injury may 
 not arise, but the blood will experience deterioration in a slow, insidious, 
 and marked manner. Dropsy, carbuncular boils, shifting of an external 
 rheumatic, gouty, or neuralgic affection to some internal organ, as to the 
 heart, liver, or brain, occasionally happen after apparently successful 
 water-cures. Nature often guards vital parts by throwing the morbid 
 element to some distant external tissue. If we thwart these salutary efforts 
 by violently repelling the gouty pain, swelling, and stiffness, for instance, 
 through heroic applications of cold, we lay the foundation for grave 
 internal maladies. Those persons, however, who suffer from no real dis- 
 ease, but only labour under some temporary functional derangement of the 
 digestive, biliary, or nervous apparatus, may greatly benefit by the regular 
 mode of living, the pedestrian exercise in the charming and exhilarating 
 open country, and a moderate use of cold water internally and externally. 
 
 MATLOCK BATH, a watering place in Derbyshire (H3J miles from 
 
EUROPEAN SPAS AND CLIMATIC HEALTH-RESORTS. 375 
 
 King's Cross station, 4 to 5 hours' journey), the 'Anglo-Saxon Switzerland' 
 according to Dr. Johnson, possesses a pure highly attenuated mineral 
 water, recommended in dyspeptic complaints, gravel, &c. It is beautifully 
 clear, and contains a minute portion of carbonic acid, though it does not 
 sparkle. Incrustations, however, are produced by it on the surfaces of dead 
 substances. The village, with a population of 4,000, is pleasantly built at 
 the bottom and on the slope of the extremely picturesque vale of the 
 Derwent, which is here crossed by a stone bridge. Matlock Dale, 
 which encloses the village, extends for 2 miles north and south, 
 bounded on each side by steep rocks, rising to a height of 300 feet. 
 The shores of the Derwent are lined with trees, except where the rocks 
 rise almost perpendicularly out of the water. The high Tor is the 
 most striking of these. The Masson opposite attains a greater eleva- 
 tion, but exhibits a less picturesque appearance. The buildings are grouped 
 in a singular manner up the mountain side. The usual amusement of 
 visitors consists in exploring the caverns, the petrifying wells, and the rocks. 
 The Kutland cavern displays a magnificent view when lighted up. The 
 ' Romantic Rocks ' are a series of masses and fragments, apparently torn 
 asunder, with corresponding angles, as if they would exactly fit into each 
 other by being moved back. The springs issue from the rock about 20 
 yards above the surface of the river. They have a temperature of 68 
 Fahr., but scarcely differ from spring water in composition. Two large 
 swimming baths in the North Parade exhibit the water at its natural tem- 
 perature. Baths with a higher temperature may be obtained at the hotels 
 (New Bath-house, Temple Hotel, raised above the road, with a terrace in 
 front, &c.). The following poetic effusion, from Jewitt's 'Nooks of Derby- 
 shire,' will show the enthusiasm created by this charming health-resort : 
 1 The drive from the village from any side is striking. The valley, here 
 narrowed almost into a ravine, walled with rich verdure and rough pro- 
 jecting rocks; the high Tor, like some huge bastion, lifting its grey head to 
 the sky; the silver Derwent, making sweet music as it flows, and the Swiss- 
 like cottages peering out of green clusters, or crowning craggy steeps, give 
 to the place an air, if not of romance, at least of genuine picturesqueness. 
 Under the frown of the Tor runs a street with hotels, and above and 
 around, tier upon tier, rise cottages of every form and material, clothed 
 with evergreen and flanked by smiling gardens. The stream as it slowly 
 sweeps round the wooded hill in front of the museum sparkles with the 
 vivid reflection of the white houses and the lofty trees that here adorn its 
 banks. Rising abruptly above the Museum-parade, the pine-covered 
 heights of Abraham, studded here and there with fantastically -built villas, 
 relieving the sombre mass of foliage with which it is covered, and sur- 
 rounded by a lofty prospect tower; and beyond this again is the summit of 
 the glorious hill Masson, towering over the landscape in infinite majesty.' 
 A large hydropathic establishment exists within a short distance of the 
 bath. The climate roust prove singularly restorative as a summer re- 
 sidence in convalescence from protracted fevers, especially after a sojourn 
 in the East. The bracing and exhilarating atmosphere, the variegated 
 natural objects of attraction, the profusion of wood among and above 
 
376 APPENDIX. 
 
 the rocks, with numerous charming villas peeping out from ledges 
 of rock, some of them more than a thousand feet above the level of 
 the Derwent (Abraham's heights) all this must impart vigour and 
 fresh elasticity to a depressed or shattered nervous system, and to the 
 torpid, languidly-moving circulating fluids of the human machine. 
 
 MAEGATE, a seaport and watering-place, county Kent, in the Isle of 
 Thanet, on the North Sea, about 3 miles west-north-west of the North 
 Foreland, 15^ miles north-east of Canterbury, 3 miles north-west of Rams- 
 gate, 101 miles from London Bridge station (about 3-^ hours' journey), 
 and 73| miles from Ludgate Hill station (about 2J hours' journey). 
 Population, 10,000. It lies in the hollow and on the slopes of two chalk 
 hills. A curved stone pier, with a lighthouse, forms the harbour (lat. N. 
 51 24'; long. E. 1 23'), with eight to thirteen feet at high-water, but 
 dry at low tide. Being exposed to the east wind, the atmosphere is cool, 
 dry, and bracing, and very useful to nervous, torpid individuals. It is 
 greatly resorted to for sea-bathing in summer and autumn. The ground 
 is firm and sandy. Accommodation ample. 
 
 EAMSGATE, a seaport town on the east coast of the Isle of Thanet, 
 15 miles east-north-east of Canterbury, south-west of the North Foreland; 
 97 miles from London, via South-Eastern Railway (about 3J hours' journey) ; 
 and 79 miles, via London, Chatham, and Dover Railway (about 2^ hours' 
 journey). Population, 11,800. The town is built on the declivity and 
 summits of two hills, and on the interval, or gate, between them. Its har- 
 bour is the largest artificial haven in England, being formed by two stone 
 piers, projecting from 1,500 to 2,000 feet into the sea, and enclosing an 
 inner basin. It is provided with a lighthouse, and protected by batteries. 
 Sea-bathing is excellent here, on account of the soft, firm, and extensive 
 sandy ground. The climate partakes of the dry, cooling, and bracing 
 character of Margate, but having a southern aspect, it is somewhat more 
 sheltered and soothing. It is highly beneficial in summer to persons suffer- 
 ing from dyspepsia, scrofula, or chronic bronchial catarrh. The constitution 
 will acquire more tone and resisting power against disease here than in the 
 more relaxing and enclosed Hastings. It should never be forgotten that 
 the principal aim of an autumn or summer sea resort is directed towards 
 steeling the system for the winter, and preventing morbid dispositions from 
 being developed into diseases. The abundance and variety of charming walks 
 and excursions into the neighbourhood, and the plentiful accommodation, 
 render Ramsgate one of the most delightful health-resorts of Great Britain. 
 
 NEUENAHR, in the Ahr Valley (RHENISH PRUSSIA), near the village 
 of Beul, at the foot of the Neuenahr Mountain; 225 feet above the 
 level of the sea, east of Altenahr, 2% leagues distant from Sinzig station 
 of the Cologne-Mayence Railway. The valley extends from west to east, 
 and joins the Rhine Valley at Sinzig, 2^ miles south of Remagen, 15 
 miles south of Bonn, and 6 miles north of Brohl. Starting from the 
 
EUROPEAN SPAS AND CLIMATIC HEALTH-RESORTS. 377 
 
 Sinzig station, a mile from the left Khine shore, 10 minutes' walk to the 
 north brings us to the Alir Bridge, near the former spa of Sinzig ; crossing 
 this and pursuing the road along the left shore of the Ahr for half an hour, 
 the village of Bodendorf appears in sight ; here the mountain-slopes, 
 covered by vineyards and forests, approach nearer. After wandering for 
 another hour, the foot of the ' Landskrone ' is reached ; a few minutes fur- 
 ther the village of Heppingen is seen ; after a further quarter of an hour's 
 walk the * Apollinaris Brunnen' is seen to issue ; a quarter of an hour's 
 further walking along the vineyards we find the spa of NeueMahr, on the 
 left shore of the Ahr. Arhweiler lies 2 miles, and the romantic Altenahr 
 9 miles up the valley. From the bridge the park-like enclosures on both 
 sides of the river are viewed. The climate is very mild, the valley being 
 only exposed to easterly winds. Tuberculosis is extremely rare amongst 
 the inhabitants. 
 
 CONTENTS IN 16 OUNCES. 
 
 
 Augustenquelle 
 
 Mariensprudel 
 
 Apollinaris Brunnen 
 
 Carbonate of soda 
 
 5-99 
 
 5-62 
 
 9-65 
 
 Carbonate of magnesia 
 
 177 
 
 2-68 
 
 3-39 
 
 Carbonate of lime 
 
 1-68 
 
 1-61 
 
 0-45 
 
 Chloride of sodium 
 
 071 
 
 0-69 
 
 3-57 
 
 Sulphate of soda 
 Oxide of iron . 
 Alumina 
 
 0-58 
 0-04 
 0-13 
 
 076 
 \0-06 
 
 2-30 
 }o-15 
 
 Silica 
 
 0-17 
 
 0-19 
 
 0-06 
 
 Total 
 
 11-11 gp. 
 
 11-66 gr. 
 
 19-59 gr. 
 
 Free carbonic acid 
 
 1779 cub. in. 
 
 15-52 cub. in. 
 
 36-45 cub. in. 
 
 Partly combined carb. ac. . 
 
 6-94 
 
 7-00 
 
 10-59 
 
 Temperature 
 
 90Fahr. ' 
 
 102 Fahr. 
 
 70 Fahr. 
 
 The sprudel rises for a quarter of an hour every hour to a height of 24 
 feet, and then sinks again into the bore-hole. The bath establishment is 
 extremely well arranged, having a long wide glass-covered corridor, and 
 all conveniences for douche, rain, shower, and vapour baths. The springs 
 principally promote renal, cutaneous, and mucous secretion, and improve 
 the biliary and digestive functions. The spa is principally employed for 
 bronchial, laryngeal, and gastric catarrhs and incipient tuberculosis. The 
 springs contain less carbonate of soda than Ems, exercising therefore a 
 diminished solvent effect ; on the other hand, the climate has a less relax- 
 ing influence. Nevertheless, persons affected with considerable bronchial 
 irritation will find Ems more suitable ; but where a gently tonic influence 
 is sought to be combined with the use of alkaline thermal waters, the 
 charming Neuenahr, with its numerous interesting excursions and excellent 
 accommodation, deserves the preference. 
 
 Physicians Drs. Weidgen, Praessar, Schulz, Feltgen, and Schmitz. 
 
 NORDERNEY, island in the North Sea, south-west of Helgoland, 
 belonging to Hanover, about 4 miles distant from the east Friesian coast ; 
 
378 APPENDIX. 
 
 20 miles north-west of Aurich, west of Wangeroog and of Bremerhaven ; a 
 league and a half long, with a circumference of three leagues. Lat. N. 
 53 42' ; long. E. nearly 8. The railway will bring the visitor from 
 Cologne via Miinster to Emden, and hence a steamer performs the voyage 
 to Norderney in 5 hours three times a week. The climate is extremely 
 mild and equable, notwithstanding the northern position, mean annual 
 temperature being 48 : summer, 68 ; winter, 34^ ; the range from day to 
 day from 4 to 10. West-north-west and west winds are prevailing. 
 Population, below 1,000. The bathing establishments at the west end are 
 protected by a mountain ridge. The ladies' baths lie at the west-north-west, 
 the gentlemen's at the north-north-west ; the wave-strokes of the latter 
 are stronger in consequence of the more exposed locality. The strand has 
 a firm, dense, sandy ground, sloping down gradually, and serving as a pro- 
 menade during ebb tide. From the village to the baths a fine shady walk 
 protects the visitor during the sunny hours, besides several park-like 
 enclosures. The sea water is conducted by press-pipes to the downs for 
 warm, rain, and douche baths. Season, from 1st of July to middle of 
 September. When strong wave-strokes are considered desirable, it is better 
 to bathe in middle of August or end of June ; for, in the extreme height 
 of summer, the sea is too quiet, and hence a comparatively weak wave 
 motion exists. This stillness of the atmosphere, moreover, causes great 
 depression and sometimes migraine. The place is highly recommended for 
 persons affected with bronchial catarrh and even incipient tuberculosis, who 
 have to drink whey (brought daily from Norden), and to use inhalations 
 of sea- water vapours. 
 
 Physicians Drs. Wiedasch and Riefkohl. 
 
 OFEN (or BUDA), on the right shore of the Danube, connected with 
 the opposite Pesth by a magnificent suspension-bridge ; 130 miles south- 
 east of Vienna (14 hours' railway journey). Lat. N. 47 29' ; long. E. 
 19 3'. Population, 55,000. The city is built in the form of an amphi- 
 theatre on the slope of a hill, with a citadel in the centre ; altitude, 461 
 feet. Many thermal springs arise at the foot of the Josefsberg in the 
 north, called the upper, and at the foot of the Gerhards or Blocksberg on 
 the south, called the lower. They provide many bath-houses, and some 
 few of them are used for drinking. The Kaisersbad has a temperature 
 of 135J Fahr. ; its drinking spring, 141| ; Konigsbad, 140 ; Wcischer 
 Brunnen (laundress spring), 147; Blocksbad, 117 to 119 ; the Raizen- 
 bad, 115 to 117. Composition of the Trinkquelle : Sulphate of soda, 
 2*95; chloride of sodium, 0*82; carbonate of soda, 2'02 ; carbonate of 
 magnesia, 0*46; carbonate of lime, 3*12 ; silica, 0-69; alumina, 0*18 : 
 total, 10^ grains in 16 ounces ; carbonic acid, 5*72 cub. inches. The 
 other springs contain analogous ingredients ; they are weak alkaline saline 
 springs, but highly efficacious through their temperature in chronic gout, 
 rheumatism, eczema, and psoriasis. They are recommended internally in 
 gastric catarrh, connected with a gouty diathesis, with hepatic hypertrophy, 
 or with an ulcerated condition of the mucous membrane of the stomach, 
 and in obstinate constipation, especially of old atonic individuals. Bath 
 
EUKOPEAN SPAS AND CLIMATIC HEALTH-RESORTS. 379 
 
 arrangements are deficient, but have latterly somewhat improved. The 
 Lucas bath contains three swimming basins. 
 Physicians Drs. Heinrich and Herz. 
 
 OSTEND, a fortified seaport town of BELGIUM ; province, West Flan- 
 ders, on the North Sea, 60 miles north of North Foreland (Kent). Lat. N. 
 51 14'; long. E. 2 55'. Population, 17,000. The citadel is separated from 
 the sea by a stupendous stone dam 1,100 feet long, 30 high. The tempera- 
 ture of the sea water in summer ranges from 63J to 66. The bathing strand 
 is equable, firm, and sandy, gradually sloping towards the sea. The bathing- 
 places lie on the north-east and south-west side, where both sexes bathe in 
 common, invested with a complete swimming costume. In the so-called 
 1 Paradies,' more to the south, opposite the Pavilion du Rhin, bathing 
 without dress is permitted. There are arrangements for warm, rain, and 
 douche baths. That most visitors have to reside in town, somewhat dis- 
 tant from the sea, is to be regretted ; on the other hand, the town lying 
 below the level of the sea, allows the marine air to sweep over every 
 portion and to impregnate the atmosphere more thoroughly with its saline 
 exhalations than in any other higher sea-bathing localities. Inconsequence 
 of this exposure the season commences very late, about the end of July, 
 and lasts till the end of September, as it takes a considerable time for the 
 ground to be thoroughly imbued with summer heat ; but then Ostend is 
 certainly one of the most thoroughly bracing and stimulating watering- 
 places, forming the rendezvous represented by almost every nation. 
 
 Physicians Drs. Verhaeghe, Noppe, von Jumne, Soenens, de Cunynck, 
 Jansens, and Freymann. 
 
 PARTENKIRCHEN, SOUTH BAVARIA, 2,434 feet above the level of the 
 sea, about 47^ N. lat., in an extensive picturesque meadow- valley, shel- 
 tered against north and north-east winds by the Alpine mountain- chains 
 (9,000 feet high). The railway proceeds from Munich as far as Staremberg ; 
 thence the Wiirmser lake has to be crossed ; and a further half- day's jour- 
 ney to the south brings us to this romantic locality, with its extremely mild 
 Alpine air, and whey establishments. The Kanitzer-brunnen lies not far 
 off towards the east, and contains iodine and alkaline salts, with a magnifi- 
 cent Curhaus. Patients are sent here suffering from tubercular diathesis 
 or incipient consumption, to check the further progress of the malady. 
 
 PETERSTHAL, Grand Duchy of BADEN, 25 miles south of Baden- 
 Baden, equidistant (south-east) of Strasburg, 15 miles east of Appenweiler 
 station on the Freiburg-Heidelberg Railway (3^ hours' diligence ride), 
 1,251 feet above the level of the sea, lies in a continuation of the Rench 
 Valley, enclosed by mountains 3,000 feet high. By the direction of the 
 valley from north-east to south-west, and by the ridge of the Kniebis, 
 sharp north and east winds are kept off. Great vicissitudes of temperature 
 are rare ; warmth increases in summer through the narrowing rocky walls, 
 but never reaches to such a degree as to become sultry or oppressive. 
 July is generally the warmest month. Four springs issue here. The 
 
380 APPENDIX. 
 
 Stahlquelle (or Petersquelle) contains 23f grains of solid constituents in 
 16 ounces viz. bicarbonate of lime, 11'71 gr.; bicarbonate of magnesia, 
 3^ ; bicarbonate of iron, 0'35 ; bicarbonate of lithia, 0'04 ; bicarbonate of 
 soda, 0'46; chloride of sodium, 0*30; sulphate of soda, 6'06 ; sulphate of 
 potash, 0'57 ; phosphate of alumina, 0'05 ; organic substances, oxide of 
 manganese and arsenic acid, traces; free carbonic acid, 33'2 cub. inches. 
 The Gas (or Sophienquelle) contains 21 J gr. ; iron, O33 ; less carbonate 
 of lime and sulphate of soda than the former ; and 0*01 cub. inch of free 
 nitrogen. The Salzquelle possesses 24*92 gr., very analogous to the first 
 (only somewhat more magnesia and sulphate of soda) ; besides 34*02 cub. 
 inches of carbonic acid, and 0*02 cub. inch of nitrogen. The springs are 
 employed for drinking and bathing, in cases of anaemia and defective biliary 
 secretion. The climate is extremely mild and salubrious. 
 Physician Dr. Erhardt. 
 
 GRIESBACH, a village in the neighbourhood (to the east), in the nar- 
 rowest portion of the Rench Valley, 1,500 feet high, 2 leagues north of 
 Rippoldsau, 7 leagues east of Appenweiler station, possesses a drinking 
 spring, which surpasses that of Petersthal by its amount of carbonate of 
 iron (0*60 gr.) and carbonic acid gas; the composition is otherwise analo- 
 gous, and accommodation perfectly satisfactory. 
 
 PUTBUS (Frederic- William sea-bath), on the south coast of the Island 
 of Rugen, above 54 N. lat. ; long. E. about 14; 5 miles south-east of 
 Bergen, 17 miles east of Stralsund. Population, 1,340. Rostock is the 
 nearest railway station to the west, and Stettin to the east. Steam com- 
 munication exists during the season between these places and the sea-bath. 
 Being situated on the southern declivity of the coast, Putbus possesses a 
 mild sheltered climate, the high woody shores of the opposite island of 
 Vilm serving as a further protection. But the town lies too far from the 
 strand, the road offers little shade, and the bathing-ground itself is rather 
 stony; moreover, the wave-strokes are weakened by the projecting shores 
 of the opposite island. But all artificial arrangements are perfectly satis- 
 factory for cold, warm, and douche baths. The charms of rural life in a 
 highly romantic landscape are combined with the amusements and social 
 advantages of a town. Those who prefer solitude may avail themselves of 
 the forest of Granitz. Sassnitz, lying on the sea, and sheltered to the north 
 by the chalk mountains of the Stubnitz, covered with beech -groves, is a 
 charming retreat, with real fishermen's life. 
 
 Physicians Dr. Stockmann and Dr. Hohnbaum-Hornschuh. 
 
 PAU", a town of FRANCE, capital of the Basses Pyrenees, 56 miles east- 
 south-east of Bayonne (4J hours' railway journey), on the right shore of 
 the Gave de Pau, with a remarkably high bridge of seven arches. The wild 
 romantic scenery and mildness of climate attract many visitors. Popula- 
 tion, 21,000. Pau was the capital of the old province of Beam, the birth- 
 place of Henry IV., and of General Bernadotte, afterwards King of Sweden. 
 Lat, N. 43^ ; long. E. ^. It rests on elevated gravelly soil, which allows 
 
EUROPEAN SPAS AND CLIMATIC HEALTH-RESORTS. 381 
 
 a rapid percolation of the rain-water. The views of the Western Pyrenees 
 are grand. Every convenience and luxury of a large airy city are available 
 here, besides the beautiful walks along the side of the Gave, and the large 
 shaded platform within the town. The accommodation for invalids ia 
 excellent in every respect. The climate has a purely sedative character, 
 though subject to an annual rainfall of 43 inches (119 rainy days), with 
 rapid alternations from clear to rainy weather. The mean temperature of 
 September, October, November, is 56'4 ; of December, January, and Feb- 
 ruary, 42'8; and of March, April, and May, 54. The winds are modified 
 by the softening influence of the neighbouring Atlantic on the one side, and 
 the mountainous protection on the other. Thus the east winds are generally 
 tempered before they arrive at Pau. In fact, the ordinary atmospheric 
 calmness allows change of temperature to be better borne by patients. In 
 October, the weather becomes sometimes suddenly chilly, from snow falling 
 on the Pyrenees ; in November, it becomes clear and mild ; in December and 
 January slight snow-showers occasionally occur, but the heat of the sun 
 soon clears them away ; towards the end of February, the spring rains 
 sometimes render the weather chilly. Mild and humid westerly winds 
 alternate with dry easterly winds in spring. In April, vegetation progresses 
 rapidly ; in May the atmosphere becomes warmer ; in June it is fine and 
 hot ; in July, August, and September, the thermometer sometimes reaches 
 94 in the shade. Pau is recommended to those affected with a dry 
 tickling cough, and very little or no healthy secretion, and in conditions 
 of general nervous debility and dyspepsia ; but there ought to be a rather 
 vigorous constitution, as the climate has a tendency to reduce the standard 
 of tone. Hence diseases of a mixed nervous and inflammatory character 
 are often subdued here. The climate is neither sufficiently dry to cause 
 irritation, nor so overcharged with dampness as to be too relaxing. There 
 are neither fogs nor cold piercing winds. The mildness of its spring renders 
 it particularly useful in inflammatory irritation of the larynx or trachea, 
 but it is not beneficial if the system is relaxed, or if the disease be accom- 
 panied with profuse expectoration and dyspnoea. Season, from 1st Sep- 
 tember to 1st June. 
 
 PLOMBIERES, a small French town in the department of the Vosges, on 
 the Eaugronne, 14 miles south of Epinal station (three hours' drive). Lat.N. 
 48 ; long. E. 6J. (About ten hours' journey from Paris.) It is situated 
 in a deep valley, opening from east towards west ; 1,310' above the level of 
 the sea. The air is bracing and pure, but subject to frequent vicissitudes of 
 temperature, a hot day being often succeeded by a cool evening. There are six 
 comfortable bathing establishments. The temperature of the springs ranges 
 from 80 to 159 ; besides a cold spring (the Savonneuses). The water contains 
 about 2 grains of solid ingredients in 16 ounces viz. 0*62 silicate of soda, 
 0'03 of potash, 0'24 silicate of lime and magnesia, O27 chlorides of sodium, 
 of potassium, and of calcium, 0'62 sulphate of soda, O0054 arsenateof soda, 
 O08 silica, 0'07 alumina, 15 nitrogenous organic matter. There is also 
 a gas-bath called ' hell,' with a temperature of 149 ; an ascending douche 
 (trou des Capucins), used in sterility and other diseases of the female sexual 
 
382 APPENDIX. 
 
 organs. The waters are chiefly used externally; but the Savonneuses, the 
 Bourdeille (cold chalybeate), and others are occasionally employed for drink- 
 ing, when they exert a tonic, stimulating, and diuretic effect. The spa is one 
 of the most fashionable in France, and especially celebrated for the cure of 
 chronic rheumatism and gout, tic-doloureux, sciatica, paralysis dependent 
 on rheumatic affection of the spinal membranes, congestion of the womb, 
 chronic diarrhoea, and dysentery. The duration of the baths is gradually 
 prolonged to two hours, but this should never be allowed without due cau- 
 tion. On the other hand, since Professor Hebra, of Vienna, kept patients 
 in warm water for 100 days (and nights), with a perfectly successful result, 
 in certain intractable cutaneous diseases, we ought no more to look upon the 
 prolonged warm bathing with such distrust, especially if the patient has been 
 gradually accustomed to it. In Dr. Hebra's ingeniously contrived bed, 
 seen here in the last exhibition, patients were able to eat, drink, sleep, 
 and perform all natural functions for the above number of days without 
 leaving the water. They became rid of the disease (at least for the time), 
 and improved in general health and bulk. Most remarkably curative this 
 ingenious contrivance showed itself in severe cases of lurn. The most 
 torturing and cruel dressing of these painful wounds was completely 
 avoided, the sufferers moving freely in the water till the cure was com- 
 pleted. It would, therefore, be most desirable and humane to introduce 
 these beds into the general hospitals here. 
 
 Physicians Drs. Turk, L'Heritier, Grillot, Sibylle, and Gamier. 
 
 EECOARO, a Lombardian village, lat. N. 45^ ; long. E. 111, nine- 
 teen miles north-west of Vicenza station (four hours' drive), west of Venice. 
 It is greatly resorted to in summer for its chalybeate springs, and its mild 
 bracing climate, being situated at the foot of the Alps, in the valley of 
 Prekele, 1,465 feet over the level of the sea. It is greatly recommended as 
 a residence from May to October, for persons inclined to phthisis, who do 
 not wish to resort to the higher Alpine situations. 
 
 Physician Dr. Chiminelli. 
 
 REICHENHALL, a small town of UPPER BAVARIA, in the valley of the 
 Saalach, near the Austrian frontier, 1,407 feet over the level of the sea, 16 
 miles south of Traunstein, 11 miles south of Salzburg station (about two 
 hours' diligence ride), scarcely an hour's ride from Teisendorf station. Lat. 
 N. about 47 ; long. E. 13^. The charming little town, extending along the 
 left bank of the Saalach (an affluent of the Salza), lies in a wide mountain 
 depression, surrounded by towering verdant hills. The valley is directed 
 here from south-west to north-east, and is perfectly sheltered against violent 
 atmospheric currents. The bathing establishment of Achselmannstein, with 
 its graduation works, is scarcely ten minutes distant. The climate is very 
 mild and bracing, extremely grateful to persons affected with irritation of 
 the bronchial mucous membrane, the air becoming moist and impregnated 
 with the saline particles of the graduation works. The mean temperature 
 of spring is 56 Fahr. ; of summer, 64; and of autumn, 54J. The fer- 
 tile plain and wild mountain scenery offer the most charming contrast. 
 
EUROPEAN SPAS AND CLIMATIC HEALTH-RESORTS. 383 
 
 The views presented by the road to Traunstein, enclosed and narrowed as 
 it is by high rocks in some portions, are extremely romantic. Mauthhausel, 
 about six miles distant along this road, allows a charming view, through a 
 narrow ravine, of the gigantic snow-covered Watzmann, upwards of 9,000 
 feet high in the south. In an excursion to Berchtesgaden, three leagues to 
 the east, green meadows alternate with dense luxurious forests and steep 
 imposing mountain groups. These heights approach nearer and nearer, till 
 Berchtesgaden is reached, almost lying at their feet. The old castle of Fur- 
 stenstein affords a most admirable panorama of the whole neighbouring 
 mountain scenery. One hours' walk further (south) reaches the ' Konigsee.' 
 
 Of the nineteen saline springs, the Edelquelle is the most abundant. It 
 contains, in 16 ounces, 1798J grains of solid constituents viz., chloride of 
 sodium, 1723 - 10 grains; chloride of ammonium, 0'19 grain; chloride of 
 magnesium, 13'84 grains ; bromide of magnesium, 0*23 grain ; sulphate of 
 soda, 15'36 grains; sulphate of potash, 4 - 70 grains; sulphate of lime, 31*98 
 grains; carbonate of lime, 0*07 grain; carbonate of magnesia, traces ; oxide 
 of iron and alumina, 0'06 grain ; silica, 0*08 grain ; some free carbonic 
 acid. 
 
 The motherlye contains 33 J parts of solid constituents in 100; very 
 little chloride of sodium (f ) ; but a considerable quantity of chloride of 
 magnesium (29), and of bromide of magnesium (0'57). It has therefore 
 some resemblance with the Kreuznach motherlye. The brine is, of course, 
 diluted with water before being used for bathing. Inhalations of the saline 
 particles are used in the corridors of the graduation works (2,298 feet long, 
 and almost 60 feet high) : these exert a very sedative effect in cases of dry 
 tickling laryngeal or bronchial cough. Eeichenhall is generally recom- 
 mended in scrophulosis without any local exudations, in anaemia from 
 haemorrhage or from chronic diseases, obstinate catarrhs of the mucous 
 membranes of the chest and intestines ; and, lastly, in incipient tuber- 
 culosis. 
 
 Physicians Drs. Von Geebock, Von Liebig, Ris, and Schmidt. 
 
 REMAGEN, on the left shore of the Rhine, the neighbouring Sinzig and 
 Bodendorf, as well as the town of Hannef, are distinguished by a very 
 mild climate. It is a well-known fact that the western valleys and river 
 domains which terminate into the Rhine valley below the Rheingau have a 
 more congenial and salubrious climate than those of the right shores, which 
 came from the east. The excellence of the wines and the abundant vege- 
 tation in the valleys of the Nahe, of the Moselle, and of the Ahr, are due to 
 their comparatively high summer temperature. 
 
 RIGI-SCHEIDECK, on the east side of the Rigi chain, in a narrow 
 plateau 5,073 feet over the level of the sea, above 47 lat. N., 8 j long. E. 
 The visitor is carried by steamer through the Vierwaldsta'dtersee from 
 Lucerne to Weggis, on the north-eastern shore ; from here the ascent is 
 most delightful, and offers really sublime scenery. The Curhaus is highly 
 recommended for anaemic debilitated persons ; but, being greatly exposed 
 to bleak winds, it has to be avoided by individuals whose respiratory organs 
 
384 APPENDIX. 
 
 are not perfectly sound. An earthy alkaline chalybeate issues at a distance 
 of about half a league in such abundance that from 60 to 80 baths may be 
 administered daily. 
 
 RIGI-KALT-BAD, 4,436 feet above the level of the sea, enjoys a more 
 sheltered situation, the north and east winds being kept off through moun- 
 tain-ridges, whilst the southerly winds have a free access. The neAvly 
 built Curhaus can accommodate 120 persons. A few steps to the south- 
 west an open place is reached, containing a chapel, and a chalybeate issuing 
 out of a rocky fissure, used for bathing and drinking ; but the principal 
 curative agency is cow or goat whey. The months of June, July, and 
 August are the most appropriate for a course. Accommodation in every 
 respect satisfactory. 
 
 RIPPOLDSAU, in the Grand Duchy of BADEN, 1,886 feet above the 
 level of the Mediterranean, 1J league east of Griesbach and Petersthal, not 
 fur from Appenweiler station, 48J North lat., 8J East long., lies in a narrow 
 valley of the Wolfach (affluent of the Kinzig), surrounded by woody moun- 
 tains. The forests, rising to a height of 3,052 feet, connecting Rippoldsau 
 with Griesbach, offer a most romantic road, with the charming view of the 
 western declivities of the Black Forest, and the distant perspective of Stras- 
 burg and the Rhine valley in the west. The springs are distinguished by 
 a great quantity of free carbonic acid, of sulphate of soda, carbonate of 
 lime, of iron, and of manganese. They belong, therefore, to the class of 
 tonic resolvents. The climate is not bleak, notwithstanding the high posi- 
 tion. The air is pure, fresh, and bracing, having a really balsamic charac- 
 ter from the exhalations of the neighbouring fir and pine forests. Persons 
 suffering from pulmonary catarrh ought to take frequent walks along these 
 woods. The Josephquelle contains 22 J grains of solid ingredients in 
 16 ounces : viz. carbonate of lime, 8*93 ; carbonate of magnesia, 0'33 ; 
 carbonate of iron, 0*28 ; carbonate of manganese, 0'02 ; sulphate of soda, 
 9'31 ; sulphate of lime, 0*42 ; sulphate of magnesia, 1'86 ; silica, 0'43 ; 
 alumina, 0*03 ; chloride of magnesium, 0*65 ; sulphate of potash, 0*46 ; 
 traces of phosphoric acid, arsenic and organic matter. Carbonic acid (free 
 and partly combined), 32 cubic inches ; temperature, 50 Fahr. 
 
 Social life is very simple and rural. The place is one of the most cele- 
 brated of the so-called Kniebisbdder, and most frequently resorted to from 
 the middle of May till the middle of September by chlorotic, anremic, and 
 weakly individuals. 
 
 Physician Dr. Feyerlin. 
 
 ROMERBAD, near Tii/er, in Lower Styria, 'station on the South 
 Austrian railway, 10 miles south of Gilli, lat. North 46 J, long. East 
 15, north-east of Trieste, west of Toplitz, 755 feet above the level of the 
 Adriatic, with luxurious vegetation, near the border of the Sann valley. 
 The climate is very mild. The three springs possess a temperature of 
 93-J- Fahr., and less than 3 grains of solid constituents ; among these, 
 chloride of sodium, 0'42 ; chloride of magnesium, 0*29 ; sulphate of soda, 
 
EUROPEAN SPAS AND CLIMATIC HEALTH-RESORTS. 385 
 
 0-20 ; carbonate of lime, 0'24 ; sulphate of lime, O10 ; carbonate of mag- 
 nesia, 0'05; silica, 0'63; carbonic acid, 4'84 cubic inches. Bathing takes 
 place here in large basins (so-called Gehbader) ; but separate baths can 
 also be had, besides ascending, descending, and side -douches, in hyperasmia 
 and swelling of t*he womb, catamenial derangements, &c. The baths are also 
 used with great advantage in nervous debility, chronic rheumatism and 
 gout, neuralgia, &c. 
 
 Physician : Dr. Bunzel. 
 
 ROHITSCII, in STYRIA, 3 leagues south-east of Poltscliacli station (on 
 the Trieste- Vienna Railway), north of Cilli and of Tiiffer, about 46^ 
 lat. N., and 16 long. E., is situated in a most fertile and lovely landscape. 
 It contains five springs of almost identical composition. The Tempelbrunnen 
 (exclusively used for drinking) contains in 16 ounces 44 grains of solid in- 
 gredients: viz. 15^ sulphate of soda, 5f cnrbonate of soda, 11| carbonate of 
 lime, nearly 10 carbonate of magnesia, 0'09 carbonate of iron, O72 chloride 
 of sodium, 0'14 silica, and 51 cubic inches of carbonic acid in 100 of the 
 gaseous contents. The climate almost possesses Italian mildness, and at- 
 tracts visitors from May to September, principally in cases of the so-called 
 abdominal plethora, when the blood accumulates too much in the portal 
 system, and ushers in the numerous derangements based on deficient or 
 morbid secretions of bile, as acidity, irregular alvine action, constipa- 
 tion, alternating with diarrhea, gastric distension, &c. However, as an 
 exciting effect is produced by the great amount of carbonic acid, persons 
 inclined to cerebral congestion have to avoid the spa, or at least use it 
 with great caution. 
 
 Physicians Dr. Sock and Dr. Frohlich. 
 
 ROSENHEIM, a station on the Munich- Salzburg Railway, below 48 
 lat. North, about 12^ long. East, contains bathing establishments in which 
 the brine of Berchtesgaden and Reichenhall are jointly used. A subter- 
 ranean canal of 40 miles in length conducts the brine here from the latter 
 places ; moreover, chalybeate and sulphur springs are available for drink- 
 ing and bathing. Moor-baths and pine-foliage vapour-baths are also ad- 
 ministered in cases of chronic rheumatism, neuralgia, and articular stiffness 
 remaining after acute attacks of rheumatic fever. 
 
 Physician Dr. Halbreiter. 
 
 ROYAN, a maritime town of FRANCE, department of the Charente In- 
 ferieure, at the mouth of the Gironde, below 46 lat. North, about 1 long. 
 West, 20 miles south-west of Saintes on the Charente, north-west of Bor- 
 deaux. Population 4,000. A fort defends the harbour. Lying on the south- 
 west coast, in a somewhat protected position, the sea-baths offer the advan- 
 tage of Atlantic currents with a mild climate. 
 
 Physician Dr. Allard. 
 
 SAINT MORITZ, Upper Engaddin, SWITZERLAND, Canton Graub linden 
 (Orisons), the highest village of the Engaddin, 5,710 feet above the level of 
 
 CC 
 
386 APPENDIX. 
 
 the sea, enjoys a magnificent situation and most extensive and romantic 
 views in its environs. The Curhaus, with its acidulous chalybeate springs, 
 lies about a mile distant from the village on the other side of the lake of 
 Saint Moritz. The environs abound in the most romantic and picturesque 
 sights of the whole of Switzerland. The very diligence journey from the 
 Chur station (Coire), the most eastern point of the iron-road in Switzerland, 
 over the Albula through Tiefenkasten, Juliers Pass, Silva Plana, &c., is full 
 of interest and charms. The canton of Grisons, the most eastern of Switzer- 
 land, is nearly shut off from the other cantons by lofty mountain ranges. It 
 comprises the upper valley of the Inn (Engaddin), with the sources and early 
 affluents of the Rhine and tributaries of the Po and Adda, being a mass of 
 mountains and narrow valleys. The climate is rendered cold and severe in 
 the upper valleys by the snow with which they are covered during seven 
 months of the year. Its scenery is extremely grand and magnificent, as 
 may be imagined from its possessing 240 glaciers. Whilst a great part of the 
 surface is covered with snow in winter, the considerable quantity and extent 
 of lakes of the upper Engaddin contributes a peculiarly picturesque character 
 of landscapes resembling the Norwegian, and at the same time modifies the 
 variations and extremes of temperature prevailing in the lakeless lower En- 
 gaddin, so that it gains somewhat of the character of a coast climate. This 
 modifying influence is further heightened by the extensive forests which sur- 
 round St. Moritz on three sides ; whilst on the naked heights of the Itigi 
 (5,541 feet), in the Northern Swiss, Tyrolese, and Bavarian Alps (5,500 to 
 6,000 feet), in the Riesengebirge (4,400 feet), and even on the Ilarz Moun- 
 tains (3,300 feet), the growth of trees is entirely missing. Here luxurious 
 forests reach even 1,800 feet above the valley (7,000 feet high). The 
 whole organic world shows the same favourable character. In the highest 
 localities beautiful flower and vegetable gardens may be seen near palace- 
 like residences. Mangold, spinach, cresses, radishes, and white carrots, 
 besides the Alpine rose, accompany man to his highest habitation, as is 
 shown in the Alpine villages of Fex and Graevesalvas (6,100 feet), and on 
 the Juliers Pass to the south, Albula Pass to the north, and Bernina Pass 
 (7,140 feet) to the east of St. Moritz. Agriculture, which does not extend 
 beyond 3,700 feet in northern Switzerland, reaches here, near Pontresina, 
 with its uppermost barley- fields, to a height of 6,000 feet. The snow-line 
 (the lower border of eternal snow) does not extend below 9,450 feet. On 
 the Bavarian Alps 7,100 feet is considered the limit; in the Swiss Alps 
 generally 8,200 feet ; on the Mont Blanc, 8,900 feet ; on the Pyrenees, 8,400 
 feet ; Monte Rosa, 9,200 feet. Nearly half a year a snow cover 1 to 5 feet 
 deep protects the fields (five months and twenty-two days on an average). 
 In the summer months, from 1856 to 1859, the thermometer did not sink 
 once beyond the freezing point, but exhibited an average from 64 to 77 
 Fahr. On an average of nine years between the 12th and 21st of June the 
 last snow fell, and between the 7th and 10th of September the first. About 
 the 20th of June the rose-coloured Alpine rose, Rhododendron fewugineum, 
 displays its flaming blossoms, surrounded by brilliant numbers of flowers, 
 worthily opening the summer flora. 
 
EUROPEAN SPAS AND CLIMATIC HEALTH-RESORTS. 387 
 
 Average Temperature of Four Years at St. Moritz, 
 
 Time and Hour 
 
 June 
 
 
 July 
 
 
 
 A.ugus 
 
 b 
 
 September 
 
 
 21-30 
 
 1-10 
 
 11-20 
 
 21-31 
 
 1-10 
 
 11-20 
 
 21-81 
 
 1-10 
 
 Morning, from 5 to 6 o'clock 
 
 o 
 42 
 
 o 
 42 
 
 o 
 44 
 
 
 
 45 
 
 o 
 45 
 
 o 
 434 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 39 
 
 Afternoon, from 1 to 2 
 
 60 
 
 60 
 
 64 
 
 02 
 
 64 
 
 62* 
 
 584 
 
 54 
 
 Evening, 9 ... 
 
 47 
 
 47 
 
 51 
 
 51 
 
 51 
 
 50 
 
 46" 
 
 43k 
 
 Mean .... 
 Daily difference . 
 
 50^ 
 18 
 
 5 Of 
 18 
 
 53 
 20 
 
 53 
 17 
 
 53 
 19 
 
 51 
 18* 
 
 48 
 18* 
 
 45| 
 15 
 
 Sometimes, the temperature remains suitable till the latter part of 
 September, and might induce prolongation of the season the relation 
 between clear and wet days, and the predominance of south-westerly winds, 
 being even more favourable in September than in the earlier summer 
 months. The water has a cooling, acidulous, astringent taste. The old 
 spring contains 11 grains of solid constituents in 16 ounces : viz. carbonate 
 of lime, 5^ ; carbonate of magnesia, nearly 1 ; carbonate of iron, O18 ; 
 carbonate of manganese, O03 ; carbonate of soda, 1-46; sulphate of soda, 
 2 ; chloride of sodium, O29 ; sulphate of potash, O12 ; silica, O29 ; phos- 
 phoric acid, O03 ; traces of bromine, iodine, fluorine ; 39 J cubic inches of 
 carbonic acid. Temperature, 42. The new spring is mostly used for 
 drinking, similarly composed, but contains 13-46 grains of solid constituents, 
 somewhat more lime and magnesia, and 0*25 grains of iron, 40-J- cubic 
 inches of carbonic acid (the Stahlbrunnen of Schwalbach contains 0'64 
 grains of iron and 50 cubic inches of carbonic acid ; Weinbrunnen 0*44 
 grains and 45-J cubic inches of carbonic acid). 
 
 The effect of the water is tonic and stimulating. St. Moritz is indicated 
 in general debility, anasmia, and cutaneous atony (disposition to profuse 
 perspiration, to rheumatism), in scrofula, neuralgia, gastric spasms, chronic 
 gastric catarrh or fluor albus, in tardy digestion, acidit} r , vesical catarrh, 
 sexual debility, sterility. It is contra-indicated in febrile, congestive and 
 inflammatory diseases, haemoptysis, tuberculosis, diseases of the heart, 
 epilepsy, and gravidity. 
 
 Children affected with helminthiasis or scrophulosis take the water with 
 great benefit. Weakly persons ought to acclimatise themselves for a few 
 days before commencing the course. Baths are used with a somewhat 
 low temperature between 68 and 92| Fahr. ; average, 81 to 86 Fahr. 
 But the great amount of carbonic acid causes soon a feeling of warmth and 
 comfort to spread over the surface of the body. After bathing, mostly 
 rest in bed is enjoined for some time, without sleep. The course lasts 
 from three to four weeks. Compared with Schwalbach, St. Moritz is cer- 
 tainly a weaker chalybeate, containing only a quarter of a grain of 
 carbonate of iron in a pound of water, with a greater quantity of lime and 
 solid ingredients, thus diminishing the proportion of iron still more. The 
 Stahlbrunnen possesses more than half a grain of iron in a total of 4' 6 
 grains thus above the eighth of its contents ; whilst in St. Moritz, J of a 
 grain in a total of 13 grains amounts only to the fifty-second part of the con- 
 
 c c 2 
 
388 APPENDIX. 
 
 tents. If, therefore, a considerable degree of anaemia prevails, requiring a 
 corresponding amount of the restorative metal to effect a cure, Schwalbach 
 deserves the preference. But in many conditions of mental and bodily 
 exhaustion, resulting from excessive wear and tear, and shown by lassitude 
 and inaptitude for any exertion, sluggish circulation, great irritability, 
 failing appetite, deficient nutrition, and sanguification, a course of three 
 weeks in St. Moritz, with a contemplation of the great and varied magni- 
 ficence of the wondrous landscape and environs, affords such a thorough 
 stimulus to the nervous centres, that metamorphosis is greatly improved, and 
 thus the whole organism sooner restored to its healthy equilibrium than at 
 any other less favoured locality. Only a few hours' ride' to the village of 
 Maria offers, I might say, an almost intoxicating variety of charms to the 
 astonished and bewildered eye. Beautiful green lakes alternate with 
 Alpine rocks, sometimes covered with verdure, at other times towering 
 naked one over the other, with their beautiful Alpine glow in the twilight. 
 Approaching the village, the interesting road to Italy, with its serpentine 
 course, is looked down on from a giddy height ; a little further, and you walk 
 up a mountain with soft velvety grass, down which glacier torrents rush 
 constantly with a sound of wild velocity. Having walked up this charm- 
 ing slope for an hour and a half, you stand all at once before a lofty 
 glacier. The unaccustomed eye thinks the snow so near that it might 
 almost be swept off apparently by a high pole, and still the mountain is 
 four miles distant. There is an absolute embarras de richesse. People hove 
 to deliberate daily what excursion to choose in order to explore the greatest 
 portion of the unique mountain scenery. If we consider the very great 
 advantage change of scene and of air exercises on the organic functions of 
 the human economy, I must look upon a few weeks' residence among these 
 grandees of nature's works as more recreative and restorative to soul and 
 body than double and treble the time spent in more monotonous localities, 
 where the mind finds frequently time and opportunity of recurring to its 
 ordinary thoughts and association of ideas. The bracing action of the 
 Alpine air is another advantage of high order. Dr. Brligger, the intelli- 
 gent physician of St. Moritz, says as regards the diseases of the inhabitants: 
 * Digestive 'derangements, as gastric catarrh, acidity, flatulence, abnormal 
 innervation, tardy peristaltic action based on muscular atony, and sluggish 
 abdominal circulation, rarely incommode the inhabitants of these high 
 Alpine regions. Chlorosis, olyga-mia, and plethora serosaare likewise rare. 
 Scrophulosis and tuberculosis are only known here as exotic products ; the 
 former mostly disappears during a prolonged sojourn in this Alpine air. 
 Phthisical disposition is generally weakened and often arrested for a long 
 +,ime in its development. Advanced consumption, however, proceeds 
 rapidly here towards a fatal issue. Gout is not frequent ; intermittent 
 fever and scurvy are perfectly absent. Diseases of the nervous system and 
 sexual atony are much rarer here than in lower localities.' 
 
 SCHINZNACH Bath, a quarter of a league from the village of Schinznach, 
 lies in a charming friendly valley of the Aar, 1,060 feet over the level of 
 the Mediterranean, at the foot of the Wlilpelsberg, canton Aargau, station 
 
EUROPEAN SPAS AND CLIMATIC HEALTH-RESORTS. 389 
 
 on the railway which connects Zurich with Aarau, about three-quarters of 
 a league -distant from Brugg, three leagues from Aarau, and two from 
 Baden. It simply consists of a large Curhaus with a small promenade ; and 
 with a charming wood in the north-west, intercepted by many footpaths, and 
 stretching to the shore of the Aar. Flower and vegetable gardens surround 
 the building on the south side. Further on, a fine alley of poplars extends 
 along the Aar. Accommodation in every respect satisfactory. 
 
 The water contains, in 16 ounces, 20^- grains of solid constituents viz., 
 sulphate of potash, 0*68 ; sulphate of soda, 9*87; sulphate of lime, 1*20 ; 
 chloride of potassium, 5*48 ; chloride of magnesium, 1*14 ; magnesia, 0'64 ; 
 carbonate of magnesia, 0'03 ; carbonate of lime, TOO ; oxide of iron, O008 ; 
 alumina, 0*07 ; silica 0'09. Gaseous contents : carbonic acid, 2*38 cubic 
 inches; sulphuretted hydrogen, 1*72 cubic inches; nitrogen, small quantity. 
 Temperature, 94 to 96 Fahr. 
 
 The spa is particularly renowned for the cure of certain cutaneous 
 diseases, as prurigo, sycosis, eczema, and also of milder cases of psoriasis 
 The ioduretted saline water of the neighbouring Wildegy, south of Schinz- 
 nach, between Aarau and Brugg, is often taken internally, while prolonged 
 baths are used externally. Schinznach is also used with advantage in 
 lu'lnmithiasis, in lead and arsenic poisoning, and in diseases produced 
 by excessive employment of mercury. In scrofulous and carious dis- 
 eases, in necrosis, in chronic rheumatism, especially of the hip-joint, 
 the use of this spa is beneficial. In masked tertiary syphilis the dormant 
 character of the original disease becomes more prominent, and, through 
 the influence of the sulphur-water, the organism becomes more disposed to 
 respond to the action of the specific anti- syphilitic remedies, which often 
 produce a speedy cure afterwards, when they seemed to be inert before 
 the course of the sulphur-water. Schinznach is contra-indicated in san- 
 guine temperaments, and in all congestive and inflammatory conditions. 
 Season, from middle of May to end of September. 
 
 Physicians Dr. Hemmanu and Dr. Amsler. 
 
 WILDEGG Spring, one league to the south of Schinznach, contains, in 16 
 ounces, 104*94 grains of solid constituents viz., chloride of sodium, 75 ; 
 chloride of potassium, 0*04; chloride of calcium, 2*81 ; chloride of magne- 
 sium, 12*38 ; iodide of sodium, 0*30 ; bromide of sodium, 0*006 ; sulphate of 
 lime, 13*48; carbonate of lime, 0*63 ; oxide of iron, 0*003 ; carbonic acid, 
 2*3 cubic inches. Temperature, 66 Fahr. It resembles Adelheidsquelle in its 
 composition ; but though containing less bromide of sodium, and no 
 carbonate of soda, it is distinguished by a greater amount of chloride of 
 sodium (more than double, though Bauer found only 59 grains), and 
 through its chlorides of calcium and magnesium, which are absent in Adel- 
 heidsquelle. It is therefore extremely useful in obstinate cases of scrophu- 
 losis. Schonlein ordered the water to chlorotic and scrofulous children, 
 mixed with acorn coffee, or with milk and sugar. In secondary and 
 tertiary syphilis, a drachm of iodide of potassium is sometimes dissolved in 
 a bottle of the Wildegg water (with gradual increase to two drachms) ; 
 and a month's course of a tumbler-full every morning is said to be suffi- 
 
390 APPENDIX. 
 
 cient for curing the most inveterate cases, especially if the skin is the > 
 organ principally affected. 
 
 SCHEVENINGFN, a fishing village of 6,000 inhabitants, in SOUTH 
 HOLLAND, on the North Sea ; lat. N. 52, long. E. 4^ ; two miles and a half 
 north-west of the Hague, with which it is connected by a beautiful triple 
 alley with very ancient oaks, and an adjoining forest. Numerous residences 
 are available in the charming villas, or in the bathing establishment. The 
 neighbouring forest gives it a marked preference over the bare Ostend. 
 The sexes have different bathing-places the ladies on the south side of 
 the great bathing establishment, the gentlemen on the north side. * Ac- 
 commodation is excellent. 
 
 Physician Dr. Mess. 
 
 The Hague may be reached by rail in about two hours from Rotterdam, 
 and in about six from Ostend. Considering the ease and rapidity with 
 which Rotterdam may now be reached by the London and Harwich line, this 
 fashionable and excellent North Sea bath deserves to be more frequently 
 resorted to. Its exposed and yet sheltered position, its rural aspect, and fine 
 bathing-ground, are all reasons for rendering it a very bracing and restora- 
 tive watering-place. Another advantage is the proximity of the interesting 
 capital of Holland, with its 82,000 inhabitants; its celebrated hotels, Pau- 
 lez Old Doelen, de Belle Vue (considered among the best in Europe) ; 
 its unrivalled collection of paintings ; its palace in the wood, approached 
 through a magnificent plantation of beeches and oaks, grouped round 
 lakes of water; besides numerous promenades, and objects of diversion and 
 amusement. 
 
 SODEN, near Ascliaffenburg station (BAVARIA), north-west of Wiirz- 
 burg ; lat. N. 50, long. E. 10J ; in the Spessart, lies in a valley 
 440 feet over the level of the sea, and is protected against violent winds 
 by surrounding hills and mountain ranges, only open to the south- 
 west : hence its climate is mild, moist, and equable, resembling that of 
 its namesake in the Taunus, near Frankfort. Chloride of sodium and 
 calcium, with bromide of magnesium, are the prominent ingredients, 
 Spring No. 1 contains 1 11-91 grains of chloride of sodium ; 3'8 chloride 
 of potassium ; 4'96 chloride of magnesium; 39'47 chloride of calcium ; 
 0*51 bromide of magnesium ; O'OOOG iodide of magnesium ; 5'46 sulphate 
 of lime ; 0'89 carbonate of lime ; 0'03 carbonate of magnesia ; 0*03 car- 
 bonate of iron ; 0'03 silica ; traces of phosphoric and boracic acid, of 
 ammonia, manganese, and organic substance; carbonic acid, 1'27. Tem- 
 perature, 54-|. Spring No. 2 contains only 40 grains of chloride of sodium ; 
 1 chloride, of potassium ; 2J chloride of magnesium ; 18f chloride of cal- 
 cium ; and only 0'17 bromide of magnesium ; 2 sulphate of lime ; and 
 agrees even with delicate children requiring anti-scrofulous remedies. The 
 former is more adapted for external use. 
 
 Physician. Dr. Herrmann. 
 
 STACHELBERG, Canton Glaru-s t Switzerland; below 47 lat. N., 91. 
 
EUROPEAN SPAS AND CLIMATIC HEALTH-RESORTS. 391 
 
 long. E.; south-west of Pfufers, a league and a half south of Glarus station, 
 situated in the background of the Linth Valley, at the foot of the steep 
 Braunwald Mountains, 2,044 feet over the level of the sea, with a magnifi- 
 cent panorama. The valley is enclosed by the gigantic snow-covered Todi 
 and Bifertenstock. On clear days the climate is very mild and equable ; 
 winds scarcely ever penetrate ; nevertheless, winter clothes are some- 
 times requisite in summer, in consequence of rain occasionally following hot 
 days, and suddenly lowering the temperature. The spring issues out of 
 a grotto in the high mountain rocks, and contains 4*19 grains of solid 
 ingredients in 16 ounces viz., sulphuret of sodium, 36 ; sulphuret of 
 hydrate of calcium, O32 ; sulphate of soda, 1 ; sulphate of potash, O03 ; 
 sulphite of soda, 0'12 ; chloride of sodium, O04; carbonate of lithia, O02 ; 
 carbonate of lime, O32 ; carbonate of magnesia, 0'17 ; alumina, with phos- 
 phoric acid, 0'33 ; silica, 0*09 ; organic substance, 0*64 ; free carbonic 
 acid, 57'8 cubic inches in 100 of gas; half combined, 51; nitrogen, 16 
 cubic inches; sulphuretted hydrogen, 1'45. 
 
 The water is used internally against chronic bronchial and gastric 
 catarrhs ; externally, in chronic rheumatism and various cutaneous dis- 
 eases. The cure establishment consists of two great buildings, connected 
 by a covered gallery. Accommodation is still somewhat defective. Season, 
 June, July, and August. 
 
 Physician Dr. Kb'nig. 
 
 STEBEN, in Upper Frankonia, BAVARIA, 1,786 feet over the level of 
 the sea, on a plateau, and connected with the north-western portion of the 
 Fichtel Mountains, fifteen miles north-west of Ilof station (Bamberg- 
 Leipzig Railway), three and a half hours' diligence ride. The climate is 
 very bleak, but tonic, there being no shelter against east and north-east 
 winds. The drinking spring contains 3'85 grains of solid ingredients in 
 16 ounces viz., 0'49 carbonate of soda; 0'69 carbonate of magnesia; 
 1*67 carbonate of lime; 0'31 carbonate of iron; 0'02 chloride of sodium; 
 0'07 sulphate of soda ; 0*47 silica; O'll organic matter; free carbonic 
 acid, 29*3 cubic inches. Moor-baths are also available. There are 
 pleasant walks near the springs. Residences in the village (Untersteten). 
 In cases of spermatorrhoea, this spa is often chosen on account of its 
 bracing climate. 
 
 Physician Dr. Reichel. 
 
 STREITBERG (BAVARIA,) between Bamberg and Erlangen, two leagues 
 east of Forchheim station near the entrance of the so-called ' Frankische 
 Schweiz.' The village lies on the southern slope of the Streitberg, 1,800 
 feet over the level of the sea, in a most charming valley, sheltered by semi- 
 circular hills against north-east and westerly winds, being only open 
 towards the south-west. The climate is therefore very mild and equable, 
 and the whey-establishment is frequently used by persons affected with 
 incipient tuberculosis. Accommodation ample, as well in the cur-estab- 
 lishments as in the hotels. 
 
 Physician Dr. Weber. 
 
392 APPENDIX. 
 
 SULZA, between Kosen and Weimar stations of the Thuringian Rail- 
 road, has very strong saline springs, and recommends itself to those 
 scrofulous patients who wish to live in a retired locality. The Miildbrunnen 
 contains sulphate of soda, 34*51 grains; sulphate of lime, 12'96; chloride 
 of sodium, 29'44; chloride of potassium, 1*008 ; chloride of magnesium, 
 8'99; bromide of magnesium, 0'76 ; iodide of magnesium, traces; car- 
 bonate of iron, I'OOl ; traces of carbonate of magnesia, of carbonate of 
 lithia, of silica, of alumina, and of organic matter; carbonic acid, 19 to 20 
 cubic inches. Temperature, 64. 
 . Physician Dr. Beyer. 
 
 SULZBRUNN, iodurettcd sjyring, one league south of Kempten, on the 
 Augsburg-Lindau Railway, in BAVARIA, north-east of Lindau ; below 48 
 lat. N. It lies 2,671 feet above the level of the sea, and is sheltered by the 
 Alpine range, which borders the valley of the Iller, and stretches from the 
 south-west to the north-east. The Bodelsberg forms a further protection. 
 The climate is therefore peculiarly favourable, the mean temperature of 
 summer being 62 Fahr. ; of autumn, 43^ ; of spring, 43 J ; of winter, 34. 
 Of the five springs, the first and second are enclosed in one stream under 
 the name of Romerquelle, and contain, in 16 ounces chloride of sodium, 
 14-J grains; chloride of potassium, 0- 13; chloride of calcium, 0'26; chloride 
 of magnesium, 1 ; iodide of magnesium, 0*1 1 ; bromine, traces ; carbon- 
 ate of lime, 2'48 ; silica, 0'03; oxide of iron, O'Ol ; chloride of ammonium, 
 0*02 ; free carbonic acid, 1'47 cubic inches. There is a drinking and bathing 
 establishment, with excellent arrangements and accommodation very 
 useful in all forms of scrophulosis. 
 
 Physicians Dr. Faist, Dr. Hertel. 
 
 SWINEMUNDE, in the island of Usedom, one of the most frequented 
 Baltic Sea baths, thirty-six miles north-north-west of Stettin, on the 
 Swiene, the outlet of the great haff in the Baltic ; population, 4,600 ; south- 
 east of Heringsdorf; below 54 N. lat., 16-^ E. long. Natural sea-baths 
 are taken at the west of the harbour ; and about a mile to the north- 
 east of the town, the ' Plantage,' a park-like promenade, stretching from 
 the town to the strand, encloses the establishment for warm and douche 
 baths. Bathing season, from June to September. Temperature of the sea 
 at that time, from 61 to 66. Climate analogous to that of Heringsdorf. 
 
 Physicians Dr. Kind, Dr. Schultze, Dr. Moser, Dr. Lendel, Dr. Cohn. 
 
 SYLT, an island on the west coast of SCHLESWIG, or rather the village of 
 Westerland, on the east coast of the Downs, contains friendly residences for 
 sea-bathers. Three Down-passages lead to the bathing-strand. 'FromHiisum 
 station of the Altona-Tonningen Railway, a steamer passes three times 
 a week to the islands of Fohr and of Sylt. From Nosse, the landing-place 
 on the south-eastern point of the island, the guests are carried in an hour 
 to Westerland by omnibus. This North Sea bath offers the advantages of 
 a thorough maritime climate, with strong wave-strokes, and must there- 
 fore exercise a very bracing effect on persons possessed with strong con- 
 
EUROPEAN SPAS AND CLIMATIC HEALTH- RESORTS. 393 
 
 stitutions, but debilitated by exhausting labour or disease. N. lat. nearly 
 55 ; E. long. 8-^. 
 
 Physician Dr. Jenner. 
 
 SAINT SAUVEUR is situated on the Gave de Pau, in the lovely valley 
 of Laverdan, between Bareges and Cauterets, south of Tarbes, 4,620 feet 
 over the level of the sea. Notwithstanding this high situation, the climate 
 is far from bleak, nor is it subject to sudden or extreme vicissitudes of tem- 
 perature. The water of the chief spring, which feels like a soapy liquid, 
 possesses a temperature of 86 to 97 Fahr., and only 1^ grain of con- 
 stituents in 16 ounces viz., sulphuret of sodium, 0*19; sulphate of soda, 
 0'29 ; chloride of sodium, 0*56 ; silica, 0'38 ; lime, O'Ol ; magnesia, 0*001 ; 
 caustic soda, 0*089 ; nitrogen, 0*104 cubic inch. It lies on the road which 
 leads to the celebrated Cirque de Gavarnie. The baths are very mild and 
 soothing, and have an especially sedative effect on the nervous system. 
 They are particularly recommended in neuralgia, migraine, and nervous 
 cardialgia. Though the composition of the water does not materially 
 differ from that of Bareges, the effects are different probably in conse- 
 sequence of the lower temperature of the baths here. It is also recom- 
 mended in cases of uterine infiltration, with chronic fluor albus. The 
 neighbouring chalybeate of Viscos assists in improving the general tone of 
 the system. Considering the most romantic scenery of the environs, the 
 pure, bracing, and still mild Alpine air, with the soothing baths and the 
 tonic beverage, no wonder a great benefit is derived in many derangements 
 of the constitution requiring a thorough change of climate, as well as of 
 dietetic and therapeutic influences. 
 
 SALZBRUNN (Obersalzbrunn), in the Waldenburg circle of UPPER 
 SILESIA, 1,215 feet over tfie level of the sea; population, 2,000; forty -five 
 miles south -west of Breslau, six miles south of Freiburg station, five 
 miles north-west of Waldenburg, one league north of Altwasser station. 
 The village extends in a charming wide valley from south to north, along 
 the Salzach, a distance of three miles (with the names of Ober-Nieder and 
 Neusalzbrunn), forming two rows of houses, surrounded by orchards, 
 meadows, and fields. Park-like enclosures stretch on a rising ground 
 towards the Annenthurm. The centre of the place is occupied by tasteful 
 private residences and large hotels. The climate is bracing and mild, the 
 valley being only exposed to north-west winds. Charming excursions 
 may be made to Wilhelmsburg, which affords picturesque views of the 
 Riesengebirge and of the Schneekoppe, to Altwasser, &c. The Oberbrunnen 
 contains, in 16 ounces, 17*17 grains of solid ingredients carbonate of soda, 
 8*14; of lime, 2*33; of magnesia, 1*88; of iron, 0*03; of lithia, 01 ; of 
 strontia, 0'02 ; sulphate of soda, 2*94 ; chloride of sodium, 1*16; phos- 
 phate of soda, 0*005 ; bromide of sodium, 0*006; silica, 0*33; alumina, 
 0*002 ; carbonic acid 36^- inches. 
 
 Mlihlbrannen contains 15-J grains and 40 cubic inches of carbonic acid. 
 Salzbrunn formerly enjoyed a great reputation for the cure of incipient 
 tuberculosis, being often designated cold Ems ; but severe winds, incidental 
 
S94 APPENDIX. 
 
 to its high position, and the abundance of carbonic acid, somewhat contra - 
 indicate its use to persons suffering from any considerable amount of deep- 
 seated pulmonary mischief but it is extremely beneficial in chronic 
 pulmonary catarrh, particularly if connected with abdominal plethora. 
 The carbonate and sulphate of soda promote the function of the intestinal 
 canal. Haemorrhoidal fulness, with its concomitant digestive disturbance 
 and subsequent thoracic oppression, find a great relief here ; also chronic 
 catarrh of the bladder. If, notwithstanding the above facts, Salzbrunnen is 
 frequently resorted to by phthisical patients, this is principally due to its 
 excellent whey-establishment, and to the frequent use of warm ass's, 
 cow's, or goat's milk, fresh from milking, as introduced by Dr. Zeinplin. 
 He prefers the addition of milk in almost all nervous diseases. Indeed, 
 milk, possessing the most analogous nutriment to the animal body, is pre- 
 eminently suitable when the weakened innervation impedes the reception 
 of ordinary food. In abdominal diseases, however, whey is more appro- 
 priate, its constituents being less concentrated; it possesses likewise 
 reparative substances, the osmazome accompanying its lactates being the 
 finest extract of animal matter extant. In deeply sunk digestive and 
 assimilative function this mild nutriment seems to act as a congenial 
 stimulant of the alimentary absorbents, followed by an increased mobility 
 of the sluggish and distended veins. Hence we witness such excellent 
 results in diseases characterised by heightened venosity with profuse tough 
 mucous secretion. This being rendered looser and prepared for excretion, 
 the intestinal mucous membrane becomes materially freer from oppression, 
 digestion rapidly assumes a more normal condition, and the whole habit of 
 the patient is invigorated. The combination of whey with an alkaline spa 
 adds to its beneficial effect. This action explains the utility of this com- 
 bination in abdominal as well as in chest diseases. When the respiratory 
 process is obstructed by the formation of tubercles, vicarious respiration 
 takes place by skin and abdomen. Here again the high locality and 
 thinner air prove advantageous in checking the further deposit of new 
 tubercles by the necessary deeper inspirations. 
 
 Physicians Dr. Valentiner, Dr. Biefel, Dr. Hoffmann, Dr. Straehler. 
 
 SALZHAUSEN, in the Wetterau, near Nidda, Grand Duchy of HESSE, 
 4G1/ above the level of the sea, five leagues east-north-east of Naulieim 
 station, equidistant north-east of Friedberg station, on the high road which 
 leads from the Wetterau to the Vogelsberg. The valley is surrounded by 
 moderate heights, and only open to the south. Charming forests abound in 
 the neighbourhood. The Curhaus possesses a large covered gallery for 
 exercise in unfavourable weather. There are eight saline springs ; the 
 principal, No. 2, contains 98f grains of solid ingredients viz., chloride of 
 sodium, 73'45 ; chloride of calcium, 2'57 ; chloride of potassium, chloride of 
 iron and loss, 1-83 ; chloride of magnesium, 8*79 ; sulphate of lime, 11-17 ; 
 iodide of sodium 0'59. No. 1 contains no iodine; but bromide of sodium, 
 0-003 ; free carbonic acid, 4'3 cubic inches. Temperature, 57 to 59 
 Fahr. The climate is mild, on account of its sheltered position. The spa has 
 proved efficacious in cutaneous diseases of scrofulous character, inveterate 
 
EUROPEAN SPAS AND CLIMATIC HEALTH-RESORTS. 395 
 
 ulcers, in eczema, &c. The neighbouring graduation works are useful 
 for inhalations in chronic laryngeal irritation. 
 Physicians Dr. Prinz, Dr. Strack. 
 
 SALZUNGEN, a town of 3,000 inhabitants, in the Duchy of SACHSEN- 
 MEININGEN-HILDBURGHAUSEN, 778' over the level of the sea. Station on the 
 Thuringian Railway, twelve miles south of Eisenach, five miles west of 
 the Liebenstein chalybeate ; 51 lat. N., 10^ long. E. ; intersected by 
 the Armbach on the left shore of the Werra ; bordered on its other bank 
 by the south-western declivity of the Thuringer Forest. The friendly 
 valley is surrounded by woody heights in its direction from east to west ; 
 saline and bathing establishments adjoin the town. To the south, a large 
 lake of forty acres exists, with numerous saline springs, which were for- 
 merly conducted to the salt works. The climate is mild and salubrious, 
 and considerably impregnated with saline exhalations The Stadtbrunnen 
 contains 3G5 grains of solid constituents ; among these, 334 of chloride of 
 sodium, 3 chloride of potassium, 1\ chloride of magnesium, 0*41 chloride 
 of calcium, 2f sulphate of soda, 4 sulphate of lime, 0'12 sulphate of 
 magnesia, 2^ carbonate of lime, \ carbonate of magnesia, and traces of 
 iron, iodine, &c. ; carbonic acid, 4 % 7 cub. inches. Temperature, 54^. The 
 Bernhards-brunnen contains 2002 grains of chloride of sodium, 0'09 
 chloride of magnesium, O'lO carbonate of iron, 8^ cub. inches carbonic 
 acid. Temperature, 54^. Saline, vapour and douche-baths are used, be- 
 sides baths of pine-foliage and of moor. In atrophy, scrophulosis, chronic 
 catarrh, articular stiffness, Salzungen will prove useful, 
 
 Physician Dr. Wagner. 
 
 SALCOMBE, a watering-place in the county of Devon, two miles 
 east-north-east of Sidmouth station. Population, 434. It is situated within 
 a creek, and protected by the surrounding uplands. It possesses a 
 mild and equable winter climate, in which orange and lemon trees are 
 able to mature their fruit in the open air. In the year 1774, an agave 
 had been flourishing for twenty-eight years without being covered in 
 winter ; but there is a great want of sheltered walks, counterbalancing to 
 some extent its climatic advantages. 
 
 SCARBOROUGH, a seaport town in the North Riding of Yorkshire, on 
 the southern slope of a headland extending into the North Sea; lat, 
 N. 54 17'; long. W. 023'; on the North Midland Railway, 42 
 miles north-east of York, 233| miles from King's Cross station (from 
 seven to eight hours' journey). Population, 18,000 (12,900 in 1851). 
 Altitude, 174 feet. Mean temperature, June, 59*1; January, 38'1 . The 
 ravine separating the two parts of the town is spanned over by a cast-iron 
 bridge, leading to extensive pleasure grounds, saloon, and music-hall. The 
 old castle stands on a promontory 270 feet high. It is justly called the 
 Queen of British Watering-places, with its airy cliffs, its extensive sands, 
 its bracing breezes and charming aspect, and the pleasant walks and 
 drives. The north sands are generally in a better condition than the south ; 
 but the bather must be extremely cautious on the former against the strong 
 
396 APPENDIX. 
 
 outward current, which has often proved fatal even to experienced swim- 
 mers. The south sands are more broken up by springs. Though some- 
 what protected to the north-east by the upland, Scarborough is subject 
 to rather sudden vicissitudes of temperature, even in summer, which 
 ought to make visitors of delicate health doubly cautious in their dress. 
 It possesses also two mineral springs, considered as aperient and alterative 
 and somewhat tonic. Temperature, 49. The north well yields 46 grains 
 of solid ingredients in a pint viz., 3-J- chloride of sodium, 18 sulphate 
 of magnesia, 18 sulphate of lime, and 6^ carbonate of lime. The south 
 well possesses 66 grains of solid constituents viz., 10 more of sulphate 
 of lime and of magnesia; each contains, besides, about a quarter of a grain 
 of iron. The new assembly-room and promenade adjacent to the wells 
 and the lofty bridge of communication, greatly add to the convenience of 
 Scarborough. The sands are generally so hard that the carriages swiftly 
 run along them a great distance from the shore ; they shelve so very 
 gradually that the machines have to be driven very far into the water to 
 procure a good plunge. Altogether, Scarborough may be selected as one 
 of the most bracing and charming sea-baths for persons of somewhat 
 vigorous constitution. The sands are never quite dry ; the sea is colder 
 than at the south bathing-places, but, in the same proportion, the sojourn 
 here is more bracing and restorative, especially if the bather only rests a 
 very short time in the water, so as to ensure a thorough reaction. 
 
 SIDMOUTH, a seaport town in Devonshire, at the mouth of the Sid, 
 in the English Channel, thirteen miles east-south-east of Exeter, with 
 which it is connected by railway. Population, 3,300. It is picturesquely 
 sheltered by lofty hills from the north-west, and partially from the north, 
 where luxuriant groves are available to the visitor ; it is open to the sea 
 towards the south ; whilst easterly and westerly winds are checked by Peak 
 and Salcombe Hills. The climate is mild and relaxing ; snow is scarcely 
 ever seen in the town, though occasionally perceived on the neighbouring 
 hills. Severe storms occasionally happen in the early part of the y< ,u . 
 Invalids should reside at some elevated houses in a more inland situation. 
 It is well adapted for consumptive patients in the early stages, with great 
 nervous irritability, but not otherwise too reduced in health ; for where a 
 bracing climate is required, Sidmouth would be unsuitable. It is greatly 
 recommended for its sea-bathing in summer. 
 
 SWANSEA, a seaport town of SOUTH WALES, County Glamorgan, on the 
 west side of the Tawy, at its mouth in Swansea Bay. Lat. N. 51 ; long. 
 W. 3. Population, 33,900. The harbour, at the mouth of the river, is 
 nearly enclosed by two piers. It communicates with London by the South 
 Wales Kailway. From the beauty of its situation it is frequently resorted 
 to as a watering-place. 
 
 TARASP, in the Lower Engaddin, on the right shore of the Inn, 
 Canton Grisons, 4,608 feet over the level of the sea, separated from 
 the surrounding country by the deep valley of the Inn on the north, by 
 
EUROPEAN SPAS AND CLIMATIC HEALTH-RESORTS. 397 
 
 the towering Piz-Pisog on the south, to the east and west by the ravines 
 of the Scarlbach and the Plafna, twenty-eight leagues distant from Chur 
 station (eighteen hours' diligence journey via Saint Moritz), the only 
 Catholic German-speaking village of the Lower Engaddin. After the Inn 
 has broken in its rapid course through the rocks of Ardetz, it bends 
 towards the north, cuts deeply into the slate mountains, and flows round 
 the plateau on which the village stands. A smaller upland rises above it, 
 and is approached by very steep steps. A small lake, surrounded by 
 meadows, separates the plateau from the Schlossberg. The panorama of the 
 landscape, in which meadows alternate with fruit- gar dens, rocks, ravines 
 with their torrents, lakes, and woods, is extremely charming to the eye. 
 Between the commune and the northerly Lutheran commune of Schuls, on 
 the other side of the Inn, most powerful springs issue from the ground. 
 The new Curhouse offers most excellent accommodation. The climate is 
 mild. The prevailing winds are tempered by the towering mountains, 
 whilst the shadow of the southern heights and of the luxuriant foliage creates 
 refreshing coolness even in high summer. Sixteen ounces contain the 
 following amount of ingredients: Carbonate of lime, 12*45 ; carbonate of 
 magnesia, 5'07 ; carbonate of iron, 0*15 : carbonate of soda, 27*22 ; chloride 
 of sodium, 29'40 ; iodide of sodium, 1'53 ; sulphate of soda, 16'54; sul- 
 phate of potash, 2'99; silica, 0-24; phosphoric acid, 0'0023; alumina, 0-0015; 
 fluor, manganese, traces ; free and half combined carbonic acid, 34' 88 ; 
 perfectly free carbonic acid. 15'39 grains. Temperature, 43 F. Tarasp 
 thus combines ingredients of saline and alkaline spas, and certainly belongs 
 to the most useful mineral waters. They stimulate and promote the 
 functions of the intestinal canal, of the liver, and of the lymphatic vessels, 
 whilst the tone of the muscular and nervous system becomes increased. 
 Robust persons with phlegmatic temperaments, whose liver has been 
 overtaxed by luxurious living or sedentary habits, find particular benefit 
 there. It is also useful in obstruction of the portal system, in hasmorrhoidal 
 complaints, in chlorosis of leucophlegmatic individuals, who do not bear 
 pure chalybeates, in goitre, abnormal stoutness, in chronic gout and 
 rheumatism without deposits, in obstinate hoarseness if not based on 
 organic disease. It is often compared with Carlsbad, and considered 
 analogous in its effects. However, though both possess somewhat similar 
 constituents, Tarasp contains more carbonate and less sulphate of soda, 
 considerably more chloride of sodium, besides a great amount of iodide of 
 sodium ; further, a greater quantity of iron and of carbonic acid. These 
 apparently superior solvent agents are somewhat counterbalanced by the 
 presence of carbonate of lime. The high temperature of Carlsbad plays, no 
 doubt, an important part in the remarkable cures observed there. Indeed, 
 the composition of the Tarasp springs is so excellent, the Alpine air so 
 bracing and restorative, the scenery so charming and picturesque, that they 
 require to borrow no extraneous reputation ; their difficulty of access has 
 hitherto been the great obstacle to their more general employment, but 
 this defect grows less and less every year. A much nearer road from Tyrol 
 will soon be available. In cases of intense hepatic obstruction, Carlsbad 
 will still remain unique. Its happy combination of solvents and antacids, 
 
398 APPENDIX. 
 
 and of purgatives absorbed by the system with the warm fluid, cannot 
 fail to exert a powerful reaction. But it will only be resorted to where 
 its use is absolutely indicated ; for a certain strength of constitution is 
 required to elaborate the healing agents. On the other hand, Tarasp ap- 
 pears more as a promoter of the natural, dormant, or oppressed functions of the 
 glandular and vascular system. No doubt, its course, when indicated, sends 
 the patient to his home in a more vigorous and cheerful condition. The 
 intestinal canal was not so much the focus of its action, but rather the 
 general assimilative process and organic metamorphosis. 
 Physician Dr. Killias. 
 
 TEGEKNSEE, a village and lake of UPPER BAVARIA, thirty- one miles 
 south of Munich, two and a half hours' diligence ride from the Hohkirchen 
 station, north of Kreuth, 2487' above the level of the sea, is surrounded by 
 a circle of mountains covered with the most charming and variegated 
 woods, and offering an ever-changing series of beautiful walks. It is 
 frequently resorted to in summer for its picturesque scenery and salubrious 
 climate, as a bracing and reparative health-resort by delicate persons 
 inclined to pulmonary diseases. 
 
 Physician Dr. Eosener. 
 
 TEINACH, a village of 500 inhabitants, in the Black Forest circle of 
 Wiirtemberg, five miles south of Cahv, 25 miles west-south-west of Stutt- 
 gardt (its nearest station), situated in a wild romantic valley, surrounded 
 by woody hills; 1,223 feet above the level of the sea. The climate is 
 mild, and the air impregnated with exhalations of fir-trees, peculiarly 
 grateful to tuberculous patients. The neighbouring Zavelstein, 1,800 
 feet high, possesses an excellent whey establishment. The road from 
 Calw rises first along the shore of the Nagold, the eastern boundary of the 
 Black Forest, and then diverges westward into the fertile meadow valley of 
 the Teinach, where the Castle of Zavelstein appears as a charming eminence, 
 with Teinach at its feet. All the buildings belonging to the cure-establish- 
 ment, with two hotels, form an enclosed whole, connected with each other 
 by covered passages. Gardens and promenades along the valley and along 
 the mountains abound in the environs. At the border of the forest, at about 
 the third of the height of the northern mountain, the lovely Wilhelmslwhe is 
 erected, forming a reunion for the guests, and offering an excellent view of 
 the valley and of the Castle of Zavelstein. There are five springs. The 
 Bachquelle contains 13*9 grains of solid ingredients in 16 ounces viz., car- 
 bonate of lime, 5^ ; carbonate of magnesia, 1^ ; carbonate of soda, 4^ ; car- 
 bonate of iron, 0*05 ; carbonate of manganese, 0*008 ; sulphate of soda, 
 1*10 ; sulphate of potash, 0*24 ; chloride of sodium, 0*56 ; silica, 0'44 ; free 
 carbonic acid, 38'72 cubic inches. The ascending gases consist, in 100 
 volumes, of 90*46 carbonic acid ; 9*53 nitrogen ; 0*01 oxygen. The Din- 
 tenquelle (ink-spring) is a pure chalybeate, only imbued with 0'88 grains of 
 solids in 16 ounces amongst these, 0*13 of carbonate of iron ; carbonic acid, 
 1*37 cubic inches. The springs exhibit, on the whole, a tonic and stimulat- 
 ing effect, promoting the secretions of the mucous membranes, counteracting 
 acidity and profuse discharges. They are therefore indicated in general 
 
EUROPEAN SPAS AND CLIMATIC HEALTH-RESORTS. S99 
 
 debility, hypochondriasis, difficult and painful menstruation, fluor albus, 
 gastric dyspepsia, pulmonary and vesical catarrh. The alkaline (Bachquelle), 
 lime (Hirschquelle), and acidulous (Dachleinsquelle) springs, and the 
 more chalybeate (Dintenquelle), all display here their various peculiar 
 action, and approach, on the whole, the effects of alkaline chalybeates, being 
 distinguished by the charming and salubrious climate, which greatly co- 
 operates in the curative results. 
 
 Pliysicians Drs. Epting and Zipperlen. 
 
 TIEFENAU, near Elgg, Canton Zurich, not far from the Elgg and Aa- 
 dorf stations of the St. Gall-Winterthur Eailway, in a romantic spot, sur- 
 rounded by pine-forests, 1,800 feet over the level of the sea, on the slope 
 of the Schaumberg, possesses a hydropathic establishment, often resorted to 
 after a course of mercury in secondary syphilis, to promote general meta- 
 morphosis, and strengthen the reactive power of the organism ; for it oc- 
 casionally happens that prolonged anti-syphilitic courses of treatment inca- 
 pacitate the body at last from properly absorbing and elaborating the 
 requisite remedies. In such cases, this and other favoured localities are 
 sought to restore the former vigour, by exercise in the open air, by con- 
 templation of nature's beautiful works, and by internal and external appli- 
 cation of the pure element. After such a course, old syphilitic remains are 
 apt to yield rapidly to a gentle mercurial treatment, when previously this 
 drug seemed to have lost all curative power. 
 
 Physician Dr. Winkler. 
 
 TOPLITZ, or TOPLIKA, a village of NORTHERN CROATIA, with 900 
 inhabitants, nine miles south-south-east of the town of Warasdin ; above 
 4G Q N. latitude, IC-^- E. longitude ; in the charming Bjedna Valley, 
 possesses warm springs, arising in the midst of a park, known to the 
 Romans under the name of Thermce Jassce. Friedau, the nearest railroad 
 station of the South Austrian Railway, is 20 miles distant to the north- 
 west, and connected with the spa by a well-built open road. The Bettina, 
 which runs from west to east into the Drau, is bordered on its left (northern) 
 shore by the flat forerunners of the Matzel Mountain, and on the right 
 (southern) shore by the lofty Warasdiner Mountain. The spa lies in a 
 pleasant locality on tlie southern declivity of the former mountain, a few 
 minutes' walk from the northern bank of the river ; the climate is there- 
 fore mild, salubrious, and sheltered. Very interesting excursions may bo 
 made into the environs. Warasdin, on the right shore of the Drau, is a 
 very pleasant town, possessing an old fortress, a castle, and various other 
 attractive objects. The spring contains 7*13 grains of constituents in 
 16 ounces viz., carbonate of lime, 2^- ; carbonate of magnesia, 0'59 ; 
 carbonate of iron, 0*04; sulphate of potash, 0'28 ; sulphate of soda, T34; 
 sulphate of lime, 0'23 ; chloride of sodium, 0'79 ; chloride of magnesium, 
 0-14; alumina, O'Ol; silica, 0*37; sulphuretted hydrogen, O'll cubic 
 inch ; carbonic acid, free and half combined, 3'94 cubic inches. Tempe- 
 rature, 135^ Fahr. There are large basins for bathing in common, as 
 well as separate bathing cabinets, besides the extremely efficacious sulphur 
 moor-baths. As a sulphurous thermal spring, Toplitz is distinguished by 
 
400 APPENDIX. 
 
 having so few ingredients to counteract or modify the effect of the 
 sulphurous compounds, and may therefore be looked upon as a pure 
 sulphur spa, with a highly pronounced alterative action on the cutaneous 
 and sero-fibrous systems. It enjoys a great reputation in chronic, arthritic, 
 and neuralgic complaints, in uterine excitement, and in certain chronic 
 cutaneous diseases. 
 
 Physician Dr. Rakovec. 
 
 TRAVEMUNDE^ a fortified town in the north of GERMANY ; lat. N. 
 below 54 ; nine miles north of Liibeclc, on the left bank of the Trave, which 
 enters here into the Baltic. Population, 4,000. The sea-baths are 
 about of a league to the east of the town. The bathing-ground is firm 
 and gently sloping, in a sheltered bay. There are besides excellent arrange- 
 ments for warm sea, sulphur, and pirie-fbliage baths ; ample accommo- 
 dation in the.bath establishment, as well as on the east and harbour sides of 
 the town, with an open view of the sea, and an uninterrupted access of 
 marine air. The climate is bracing, but not bleak. Travemiinde deserves 
 recommendation for the other curative agents it offers, besides those pro- 
 vided by nature. In cases of chronic rheumatism without articular deposits, 
 especially in stiffness remaining after protracted fits of gout, or acute 
 rheumatism, the baths of pine foliage might advantageously precede sea- 
 bathing. Patients of this class would greatly benefit by having their 
 cutaneous and muscular system first made more supple by the pine foliage 
 and sulphur baths ; then after a transition of warm sea-baths, gradually 
 taken in lower and lower temperature, they should ultimately conclude the 
 course by short baths in the sea itself. 
 
 Physicians Drs. Lieboldt and Hanssen. 
 
 TRIEST (Tergeste), the principal seaport city of the AUSTRIAN empire, 
 Illyria, on the Gulf of Triest, at the north-east extremity of the Adriatic 
 Sea, 73 miles east-north-east of the opposite Venice. Lat. N. 45 33 ; 
 long. E. 13 46'. Population, 65,000. Mean temperature of the year, 
 55: winter, 39'4 (Fahr.) ; summer, 71 '4. The old town is built on 
 the declivity of a steep hill, enclosed by walls, and the new town on a plain 
 bordering the sea. The spacious Corso winds between the two, and opens 
 into several large and well-built squares. The arrangements for warm 
 and cold sea-baths are excellent, but only suited to vigorous, hardened 
 individuals, as the hot depressing south wind (sirocco) has free entrance, 
 and is often followed in too rapid alternation by northern blasts from the 
 glaciers. This wind (cora) sometimes rages ten to fifteen days in winter 
 and latter part of autumn. The summer is unfavourably distinguished by 
 intense radiating heat, often giving way to sudden cold. Spring is subject 
 to frequent rains, and considerable vicissitudes of temperature. The winter 
 is most trying, through intense cold and violent atmospheric changes. 
 Autumn is the best season, changes being rarer, temperature being on an 
 average 70 to 72 Fahr. during the day, and not sinking below 59 in 
 the evening. The moisture of the air is considerably less than in Venice 
 and any other point of the south coast. The town possesses so many 
 
EUROPEAN SPAS AND CLIMATIC HEALTH-RESORTS. 401 
 
 charms and social advantages that it would be tempting, as a frequent resort 
 for sea-baths, without the above climatic relations. As, however, no 
 malaria prevails to produce endemic or epidemic diseases, persons with 
 sound constitutions will be all the more invigorated and braced against the 
 future inroads of disease by a short course of sea-bathing here. Weakly 
 individuals have to avoid a lengthy sojourn altogether. 
 
 VENICE, on the opposite side of the Adriatic, has excellent arrangements 
 for warm sea-baths in the various hotels during the whole year. In summer, 
 open baths are taken on the coast of the Lido, under the protection of tents; 
 the bathers have to remain during the day in the adjoining restaurant or 
 coffee-house, or the relaxing heat of the summer would somewhat counter- 
 balance the favourable effects of sea-bathing. 
 
 TEIGNMOUTH, a maritime town of Devonshire, on both sides of the 
 Teign, at its mouth in the English Channel, twelve and a half miles south- 
 south-east of Exeter, south of Exmouth, north-east of Plymouth, on the 
 South Devon Eailway, 209 miles south-west of Paddington station (six 
 to seven hours' journey). Population, 6,000. The position is very pic- 
 turesque. Many resort there for sea-bathing in summer, as it is considered 
 less relaxing than other southern bathing-places. The temperature is 
 5 lower there than in London; but as a winter residence "the climate 
 is not mild and steady enough for invalids, though the temperature is 
 6 higher than in London. In the year 1858, the mean barometric 
 pressure was 29*93; the highest temperature, 78'7; the lowest, 23*8; thus 
 showing an extreme range of 55. Mean temperature of the year, 50' 6. 
 Rainfall, 54-6 inches. As a general rule, the south-western climate of 
 England is mild, but rather humid, consequently more relaxing and 
 soothing than tonic hence beneficial in chronic affections of the throat, 
 trachea, and bronchi, with a dry tickling cough ; but in congestive 
 condition of the mucous surfaces, with profuse expectoration and a 
 languid and relaxed condition of the system, the disease will be aggravated 
 by this climate. But benefit will arise in gastritic dyspepsia and dysme- 
 norrhosa, based on nervous irritability: injurious in atonic dyspepsia (which 
 is a common complaint of the inhabitants), in menorrhagia or leucorrhrea 
 in fact, wherever profuse secretions prevail. Even when useful, the 
 sojourn ought not be prolonged too much. Whenever the patient com- 
 mences to flag, he ought to resort to a more bracing air. The winter 
 temperature of the south coast of Devonshire is 3 to 4 higher than 
 that of London (5 in the very sheltered places) ; this is most marked 
 in November, December, and January. In February the difference is 
 reduced to 3, and in March and April to less than 1. The days 
 are comparatively warmer on the south-western than on the southern 
 coast, the nights being nearly equal in both. The range of daily tem- 
 perature is about the same on both coasts ; but, as regards continuance 
 of the same temperature, Devonshire has the advantage of nearly three- 
 fourths of a degree, the whole variation of successive days being only 
 three degrees ; this distinction is very important. According to a more 
 or less sheltered position against northerly and easterly winds, these advan- 
 
 D D 
 
402 APPENDIX. 
 
 tages will vary. Most of these situations labour under the defect of not 
 offering sufficient exercise ground. Sometimes, at a little distance from 
 the coast, places may be met with more protected than the sea-girt 
 localities for instance, the village of Lympstone, about two miles from 
 Exmouth ; and Bishopsteignton, about the same distance from Teignmouth. 
 These partake of the mildness of the maritime climate, without being 
 exposed to the southerly gales of the coast. But as we recede from the 
 seashore the night chills become more intense, and the range of temperature 
 more considerable. 
 
 TORQUAY, a market town of Devonshire, situated on the steep shore 
 of a cove of Torbay, on its north side, eighteen and a half miles south of 
 Exeter, 220 miles south-west of Paddington station (six and a half hours' 
 journey). Lat. N. 50 24'; long. W. 3 26'. Population, 16,000. Through 
 the elegance of its mansions, and the beauty of its scenery, it is called the 
 1 City of Villas.' Whilst enjoying the general character of the Devonshire 
 climate, its atmosphere is less moist and more equable, as it forms a portion 
 of a promontory, or imperfect peninsula, projecting into the Atlantic to- 
 wards the west, and thus offering nearly half of its circumference to the 
 contact of the sea currents. Hence only four degrees of difference prevail 
 between the warmest and coldest of ten places, the mean difference of 
 succeeding years being only one and a half. The westerly winds 
 have to travel over such a large extent of sea before touching terra 
 Jirma, that they impart a dominant moisture to Cornwall and Devon- 
 shire. 
 
 According to Mr. Vivian, the mean annual temperature, even at Wood- 
 field, is the highest in Great Britain (52) ; the climate being more equable, 
 less vicissitude prevails, and thus the summer is cooler (61) and the winter 
 (44) warmer than at most other parts of the island. The rainfall is two 
 inches below the general average sixteen less than at Penzance, four less 
 than at Clifton. The air is drier than at any analogous place mentioned 
 in the Registrar General's Report, except Chichester ; it surpasses Brighton 
 by nearly 3, London by more than 2 during the last quarter of the 
 year, and Clifton by more than 3. Another peculiar advantage lies in 
 the circumstance that the east wind is a sea breeze. As regards the 
 longevity of its inhabitants, it is only surpassed by Cumberland, and 
 exceeds the general average by a proportion of 300 to 220. Torquay 
 is 2'6 cooler in summer than Clifton (though 4'1 warmer in winter) ; it is 
 half a degree cooler in summer than Hastings (5 warmer in winter). 
 Queenstown, in the south of Ireland, is the only town in Great Britain 
 approximating the temperature of Torquay in all seasons. The climate is 
 well suited for out-door exercise, being sheltered against even the north- 
 east winds, which generally are so injurious in spring and early summer. 
 The beauty of the environs is attractive enough for inducing frequent 
 excursions. For persons affected with irritable thoracic organs, or with 
 incipient phthisis, Torquay is unrivalled in England as a winter resort. 
 According to Dr. Radcliffe Hall, the first effect on consumptive patients 
 is sedative, the restlessness, irritability, and night perspirations yielding 
 
EUROPEAN SPAS A?\ T D CLIMATIC HEALTH-RESORTS. 
 
 403 
 
 after a few days. Digestion generally becomes torpid at first, appetite 
 diminished, with general feeling of debility ; but these symptoms yield 
 to ordinary treatment in a few weeks. A convalescent from pneumonia or 
 pleurisy finds the freedom of breathing increased, and evening feverishness 
 lessened. Asthmatic invalids are either exactly suited there, or not at 
 all. In heart disease, Torquay will agree when the patient suffering 
 from over-impulse of the heart, and dispnoea on slight exertion, be of 
 florid complexion, with a dry and hard skin; but when the patient is flabby 
 and pallid, frequently faintish, with a soft, cool, easily perspiring skin, 
 Torquay will be unsuitable. The climate tends to allay the irritation of 
 the mucous membranes, to lessen inflammation in general, and to promote 
 gently the functions of the skin. 
 
 According to Mr. Vivian's Table, the following difference exists in the 
 respective temperatures of 
 
 
 Annual 
 
 Winter 
 
 Spring 
 
 Summer 
 
 Autumn 
 
 Torquay (Woodfield) 
 
 
 
 52-1 
 
 
 
 44-0 
 
 500 
 
 o 
 61-2 
 
 
 
 53-1 
 
 Cove 
 
 51-9 
 
 41-1 
 
 50-1 
 
 61-3 
 
 52-2 
 
 Penzance 
 
 51-8 
 
 44-0 
 
 49-6 
 
 60-2 
 
 53-3 
 
 Undercliff 
 
 51-3 
 
 41-8 
 
 49-6 
 
 60-6 
 
 53-5 
 
 Clifton 
 
 51-2 
 
 39-9 
 
 49-7 
 
 63-8 
 
 51-4 
 
 Exeter 
 
 51-2 
 
 41-4 
 
 49-5 
 
 62-0 
 
 51-9 
 
 Hastings 
 
 50-4 
 
 39-0 
 
 47-4 
 
 61-7 
 
 - 52-2 
 
 London 
 
 50*3 
 
 39-1 
 
 48-7 
 
 62-3 
 
 51-3 
 
 Sidmoutli 
 
 50-1 
 
 403 
 
 48-1 
 
 60-2 
 
 51-6 
 
 Chiswick 
 
 49-9 
 
 386 
 
 48-5 
 
 62-2 
 
 50-1 
 
 Nice 
 
 59-4 
 
 47-8 
 
 56-2 
 
 72-2 
 
 61-6 
 
 Rome 
 
 . . 
 
 46-8 
 
 . . 
 
 . . 
 
 . . 
 
 Madeira 
 
 64-9 
 
 60-6 
 
 62-3 
 
 69-5 
 
 67-3 
 
 Bute 
 
 48-25 
 
 39-6 
 
 46-6 
 
 58-0 
 
 48-5 
 
 The accommodation in Torquay for visitors increases every year ; new 
 buildings, mostly of a detached character, rise in various positions of the 
 beautiful, undulating, and well-sheltered environs. The absence of fogs, 
 and the comparative dryness probably from the limestone rocks forming a 
 great portion of the ground, and partly from the two streams passing on 
 either side and attracting the rain serve as great advantages for ordinary 
 and healthy mortals. The village of Tor, behind Torquay, situated on a 
 higher position, is colder and damper, and less protected from northerly 
 winds. But the little Vale of Upton, beyond Tor, protected from southerly 
 and northerly winds, would be a most eligible situation, according to Sir 
 James Clark, for establishing a Madeira village. If houses were built 
 along the base of the hills bounding this vale, and the intervening space 
 well drained and laid out in pleasure-grounds for exercise, Upton would, 
 in his opinion, form one of the best winter residences in Devonshire for 
 invalids. Compared with the more southern climates, Torquay offers 
 a less amount of winter- warmth than Nice or Rome. This is a point 
 of great and vital importance in some cases of extreme pulmonary irrita- 
 
 nn 2 
 
404 APPENDIX. 
 
 tion, apt to he aggravated by any diminution of temperature. The 
 mutability of the British climate, the ' frequent change' with narrow range, 
 however unpleasant and inconvenient, is very useful in hardening the 
 constitution of the healthy, and thus indirectly assists in prolongation 
 of life. But the advanced pulmonary invalid requires a sedative, calm, 
 and equable warmth, to keep off new causes of irritation, which might 
 institute a fresh process of inflammation, of tubercular deposit and fever, 
 and thus turn the evenly-poised balance against him. Numerous invalids 
 will therefore not fail to turn their hopeful steps towards distant climes, 
 with a view of warding off the dreaded fatal termination. But they 
 should bear in mind that if, perhaps, their disorder is less inclined to 
 progress in very warm localities, their general health has an equally less 
 prospect of improving. Moreover the grand transitions, with long in- 
 tervals, as occurring in many favourite far-off health-resorts, often impart 
 such shocks to the human machine as to undermine the health and 
 curtail life, undoing in a few moments the advantages of months, unless 
 the invalids exercise the greatest care in all their doings. Apart from this, 
 the journey itself is a frequent source of deterioration in weakly persons. 
 If to this be added a less palatable and nutritious food than the invalid is 
 accustomed to obtain in his own home, amongst the circle of his fond 
 relatives and friends, delicate individuals with greatly impaired strength 
 should certainly prefer a home winter residence at least in all those cases 
 in which the journey itself is likely to demand a great amount of exertion, 
 sacrifice of comfort, or of bodily strength. 
 
 TUNBRIDGE WELLS, a town of Kent, five miles south-south- 
 west of Tunbridge, forty-six miles south-east of London Bridge (from 
 1J to 1J hour's railway journey). Altitude, 289 feet ; population, 
 17,000. The pump-room and baths of the chalybeate springs are 
 in a small valley enclosed by sloping hills Mounts Ephraim, Plea- 
 sant, and Zion. Its varied attractions of picturesque and truly wild 
 scenery, l the salubrious waters which perpetually flow from its iron 
 substrata, and the bracing and finely-scented airs which pass over 
 its thymy commons and umbrageous woods, are so many securities 
 to the valetudinarian and lover of nature.' In quoting these raptur- 
 ous expressions, Dr. James Johnson expresses his gratification at the 
 beauty of the numerous detached buildings, with gardens and lawns, 
 commanding extensive views of wild or cultivated country, of furze- 
 clad common bestrewed with broom, and of primeval rocks and forests. 
 The water of the Tunbridge wells is perfectly transparent, with a dis- 
 tinctly chalybeate odour and taste, neither acidulous nor saline, but fresh 
 and agreeable to the palate, without any air-bubbles : temperature, 50. F. 
 A gallon contains 7^ grains of solid ingredients, and amongst these a grain 
 of iron (thus a pint holds only \ of a grain), with about 1^ cubic inch 
 of carbonic acid, and ^ an inch of nitrogen. The other portions consist of 
 some chloride of sodium, of potassium, of magnesium, and some carbonate 
 of lime. The strength of the water varies with dry or wet seasons. The iron 
 continued in a perfect solution at a temperature of 140 Fahr. Though the 
 
EUROPEAN SPAS AND CLIMATIC HEALTH-RESORTS. 405 
 
 quantity of iron is small, its intimate combination and persistent solubility, 
 and the small amount of other ingredients, render the water purely tonic 
 and stimulant, correcting acidity and dyspepsia, and increasing the red 
 globules of the blood. Exercise on the common is to be preferred to that 
 on the fashionable but more sheltered parade. The water is unsuited, 
 when the secretions are vitiated or the bowels constipated, or in states 
 of plethora, inflammation, or congestion of an important organ. Increase 
 of appetite and spirits, followed by general improvement of strength, are 
 signs of its agreement, as also a glow of heat after taking exercise, and 
 increased renal function. To prevent constipation, an aperient pill (as 
 pil. aloes cum myrrh) is recommended to be taken overnight, rather than 
 saline purgatives with the chalybeate in the morning. Atonic dyspepsia, 
 chlorosis, and levelopment of scrofula after sea-bathing indicate the use of 
 the springs. However useful in simple debility, the springs frequently injure 
 if taken to allay feelings of debility which may be based on a local 
 inflammatory or congestive condition. The hills encircling the glen in 
 which the water rises do not ensure complete protection from north and 
 east winds. Crowboro 1 Common, at the Beacon, seven miles from Tun- 
 bridge Wells, stands at an elevation of 800 feet above the level of the sea, 
 and must have some influence on the air coming from that direction. 
 Probably the proximity of the sea likewise exercises some effect on the 
 purification of the air, though it is distant enough to prevent direct 
 entrance of marine exhalations. A great peculiarity of this fashionable 
 watering-place lies in the quality popularly ascribed to it viz., that 
 people whose overwrought nervous system causes distressing sleeplessness, 
 enjoy here a sound nightly sleep. This cannot be solely ascribed to the 
 relaxation and change, as many persons have actually found the above 
 relief only here, and at no other health-resort. Of course this can 
 only apply to those cases in which no organic or morbid impediment 
 obstructs the action of the brain. 
 
 VERNET, a village of the Pyrenees Orientales, at the foot of the Canigou, 
 two miles distant from Villefranche, four from Prades, and sixteen from Per- 
 pignan. It is situated on the right bank of the River Tet, at a considerable 
 height, commanding a view of a rich and fertile valley, and possesses a mild 
 and equable climate, so that baths are administered during the whole year. 
 There are two bathing establishments ; the larger, Etablissement des Com- 
 mandants, is reached by crossing the River Castel. The temperature of the 
 springs varies from 66*20 to 136'40 F. The other, EtaUissement Mercader, 
 on the Castel Road, possesses springs of equal properties ; the water is colour- 
 lessand limpid, unctuous to the touch, and of a sulphurous smell and taste. 
 The Torrent contains, in 16 ounces, 1*97 grains of solid ingredients, viz. 
 sulphuret of sodium, 0*31 ; carbonate of soda, 0*80 ; carbonate of potash, 
 0'06 ; sulphate of soda, 0'13 ; chloride of sodium, 0*11; sulphate of 
 lime, carbonate of lime, and carbonate of magnesia 0'63; alumina 
 with traces of oxide of iron, 0'007 ; silica, 0'37 ; glairy organic matter, 
 0-10. A Gothic building is erected in the former more fashionable es- 
 tablishment, called a vaporarium, enclosing a small friendly saloon, in 
 
406 APPENDIX. 
 
 the form of a rotunda, heated by an ascending spring : eight cabinets 
 surround this rotunda, for general and local vapour-baths. The patient 
 sits on a cane-bottomed chair, and can inhale fresh unimpregnated air by 
 means of an elastic mouthpiece. The spa is recommended in chronic 
 pulmonary catarrh, in imperfectly-healed wounds from firearms, in indo- 
 lent ulcers, and in chronic rheumatism ; they are contra-indicated by 
 inflammatory or congestive conditions of important organs. The mean 
 temperature of October was in the morning (at nine o'clock) 56, at noon 
 61, and in the evening 59 ; in November, morning (at nine) 43, 
 noon 51, evening 45. This shows a great mildness of climate, enabling 
 a considerable extension of the bathing season. 
 
 VICHY, on the right bank of the Allier, 733 feet above the level of the 
 sea, at the foot of the Auvergne Mountains, lies in a charming fertile valley, 
 enclosed by an amphitheatre of hills, which are abundantly covered with 
 fruit-trees and vineyards, about 12 hours' railway ride from Paris, and about 
 8 hours' ride from Lyons (to its north-west). Lat. N. above 46 ; long. 
 E. about 5J. A promenade with an avenue of plane-trees separates the 
 old from the more fashionable and convenient new town. The climate 
 is very mild. The principal ingredient is bicarbonate of soda : in 1 6 
 ounces 
 
 Grains Temperature 
 
 La Source des Mesdames contains 30f 62-6 
 
 d'Hauterive (nearly) 37 
 
 Grand Puits Carre . . . 374 
 
 Grande-Grille .... 37^ 
 
 Del'Hopital .... 38-6 
 
 Puits Chomel . . . . 39 
 
 Celestins .... 39^ 
 
 59 
 111-2 
 107-6 
 
 87-8 
 109-4 
 
 59 
 
 The waters are all largely impregnated with carbonic acid gas, and 
 to some extent with nitrogen and oxygen, besides some organic matter 
 containing free sulphur. The other ingredients are (in Grande-Grille) 
 chloride of sodium, 4- 11 grains; bicarbonate of potash, 2'70 grains: 
 bicarbonate of magnesia, 2'32. grains; bicarbonate of lime, 3'33 grains; 
 bicarbonate of strontia, O02 grains; bicarbonate of iron, 0'03 grains ; 
 sulphate of soda, 2*23 grains; phosphate of soda, 0'99 grains; arsenate of 
 soda, 0'015 grains; silica, 0*53 grains; total, 53*81 grains; free car- 
 bonic acid, 6'97 grains. The ' Hopital ' contains a total of 56 grains ; 
 carbonic acid, 8' 19 grains ; and is the mildest and least stimulating of all 
 the springs, scarcely ever disagreeing even with the most delicate digestive 
 organs. It is somewhat more alkaline, and contains more phosphate of 
 soda and less chloride of sodium than the Grande- Grille, which takes the 
 next place as regards facility of agreement. The springs have a particularly 
 excellent effect in cases of atonic dyspepsia, in irritation of the mucous 
 membrane of the duodenum, and the biliary ducts. By their deobstruent 
 effect they strengthen the function of the liver. The great distinction of 
 this king of alkaline spas consists not only in the great amount of bicar- 
 bonate of soda, but in the comparatively small quantity of other modifying 
 ingredients. In all diseases based on an increase of organic acidity Vichy 
 
EUROPEAN SPAS AND CLIMATIC HEALTH-RESORTS. 407 
 
 stands unrivalled. It counteracts dyspepsia with prsecordial oppression and 
 abdominal distension, and increases the function of the kidneys by its 
 solvent effect on lithic acid ; it has even been found useful in diabetes. 
 It has a strongly curative effect in removing the morbid products of gout, 
 by producing critical paroxysms. Compared with Carlsbad, a greater 
 amount of alkalies are introduced into the organism by the latter, but a 
 portion of these is combined with acids, which are subject to different 
 modes of decomposition in the laboratory of the organic metamorphosis. 
 The sulphur, forming an important element of the protein compounds, must 
 produce a more normal condition in cases of retarded or sluggish venous 
 circulation. Hence the combination of sulphate and of carbonate of soda 
 with the digestive chloride of sodium must have a more powerful disinte- 
 grating influence on the morbidly stagnant albuminous and fibrinous 
 particles of the venous blood, and must combat the excessive production of 
 animal substance more energetically than Vichy. In such cases of chronic 
 gout in which Carlsbad possesses too little soda to neutralise the exces- 
 sive acidity, and where Vichy cannot sufficiently stem the progress of 
 venous dyscrasia and the frequent returns of gouty paroxysms, both 
 remedies might be combined with the most excellent result. Thus in 
 Warmbrunn, the action of the sulphur-spring is heightened by the ad- 
 dition of Vichy water with most satisfactory effects. In lithiasis and vesical 
 catarrh, Vichy stands unique. The water does not dissolve large concre- 
 tions so as to render lithotomy unnecessary, but it may often prevent the 
 formation of stone. That the too prolonged use of alkalies is injurious, 
 requires no explanation. No more than a certain degree of urinary alkales- 
 cence ought to be allowed, and the condition of the urinary secretion ought 
 to be frequently ascertained by testing it with litmus-paper before and after 
 the addition of a few drops of diluted acid. In vesical catarrh due to gravel, 
 Vichy is extremely useful ; but if the irritation of the bladder is connected 
 with stricture or prostatic enlargement, these ailments must be removed 
 before the employment of the Vichy water. After the cure of vesical 
 catarrh relapses may be prevented by the use of chalybeates, especially in 
 lymphatic torpid individuals. In vesical piles, especially of persons with 
 irritable constitution and with inflammatory states of the urinary organs, 
 Vichy must be avoided. Only after the removal of the inflammatory con- 
 ditions, Grande-Grille may be taken in small doses with whey or warm 
 milk ; if taken cold it might provoke haemorrhoidal congestion through 
 its carbonic acid. But if the vesical piles are more of a passive nature 
 produced by general or local atony, la Grande- Grille may be used more 
 boldly. It is requisite, especially for patients who suffer from urinary 
 complaints, that the alvine functions be kept in good order. Vichy is also 
 very useful in chronic gonorrho3a, which sometimes disappears in a four- 
 weeks' course after all other remedies have proved unavailing. 
 
 Physicians Drs. Durand-Fardel, Alquie", Willemin, Nicolas, and Noyer. 
 
 WARMBRUNN, a town of the Hirschberger Circle, in Silesia, 1,100 feet 
 above the level of the sea,4 miles south-west of Hirschberg, 15 miles south- 
 east of Flinsberg, 30 miles west of Freiburg station (7-J hours' diligence 
 
408 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 ride), south-west of Breslau. _This pleasant town is situated on both shores 
 of the Zacken, in a broad charming valley, stretching from south-west to 
 north-east on the northern slope of the Miesengebirge. The gardens sur- 
 rounding the houses and the fields, extending to the mountains, give the 
 place a very pleasant appearance. By the protection of the Sudetten 
 ranges towards the south, of the Grobelberg towards the east, and of the 
 Ottilienberg to the west, the roughest winds are kept off or tempered ; 
 whilst the cold blasts descending from the highest mountain-peaks some- 
 times occasion sudden vicissitudes of temperature, against which the 
 patients have to be on their guard. South-west winds prevail most; next 
 in frequency are the south-east winds ; north winds scarcely ever appear. 
 Mean temperature of the year, 47 F. : of summer, 59. Eheumatic and 
 pulmonary affections are frequently met with among the inhabitants. The 
 climate is milder than that of the other Silesian spas, but occasionally rough 
 and changeable. July and August are the best months for a course. 
 Warmbrunn was formerly reckoned among the sulphurous thermae, 
 but later researches have shown that the hepatic gas developed over 
 the spring is probably due to a decomposition taking place in the 
 ascending gases between organic particles and portions of sulphate of soda, 
 in a similar manner as in bottles containing sulphate of soda-water, into 
 which organic particles have been introduced as little leaves or straw. 
 The spring- water itself developed no gaseous sulphuretted hydrogen whilst 
 heated with nitrogen, nor when the boiling was continued till the fluid was 
 completely evaporated. The spa belongs more to the so-called indifferent 
 (akratic) thermae. 
 
 In 16 ounces the folio wing substances are contained : 
 
 
 Eleines Bassin 
 
 New Spring 
 
 Sulphate of soda 
 
 172 
 
 2 
 
 Chloride of sodium . 
 
 0-55 
 
 0-59 
 
 ammonium 
 
 0-05 
 
 
 
 Iodide of sodium 
 
 
 
 0-033 
 
 Bromide of sodium . 
 
 
 
 0-0004 
 
 Carbonate of soda . 
 
 0-81 
 
 1-20 
 
 lime . 
 
 0-16 
 
 0-14 
 
 ,, iron, magnes a "| 
 Phosphate of alumina J 
 
 0-06 
 
 
 
 Organic substances . 
 
 0-17 
 
 
 
 Silica 
 
 0-55 
 
 0-64 
 
 Total .... 
 
 4-07 
 
 4-62 
 
 Nitrogen 
 
 0'46 cub. in 
 
 traces 
 
 Carbonic acid .... 
 
 0-13 
 
 
 Sulphuretted hydrogen 
 
 traces 
 
 
 
 Temperature .... 
 
 97 F. 
 
 105F 
 
 
 
 
 The new spring has a more solvent and stimulating effect than the old, and 
 
APPENDIX. 409 
 
 greatly resembles the springs of Teplitz in composition and action : whilst 
 the relation between azote and carbonic acid is as 2 to 1 in the old 
 springs, it is as 2 to 1-J- in the new one, over which the new mas- 
 sive bathing establishment is built. The thermal water is conducted 
 into subterranean air-tight pipes, where it is allowed to cool. With different 
 cranes hot or cooled mineral water runs into the basins hence every de- 
 gree of temperature can easily be produced. Before bathing in the large 
 basins, preparatory cabinet-baths are taken, which are less exciting and 
 are administered with a lower temperature : douche is combined with the 
 baths. In the yard of the former convent-buildings, baths are given with 
 different additions as of malt, iron, sea-salt, motherlye, &c. The large 
 basin possesses a temperature of 90^- to 99| the small from 95 to 100. 
 Both are connected by beautifully-laid-out gardens. There are rooms for 
 inhalation and for electrical therapeutics. Excellent whey is also avail- 
 able in appropriate cases. Lying in the same latitude with Aix-la-Chapelle, 
 it is one of the most eastern spas (16^ long. East), and enjoys a great repu- 
 tation for the cure of chronic rheumatism, gout, and articular stiffness. It 
 is also beneficial in hyperasmia of the respiratory mucous membrane, with 
 a loose puffy atonic condition of the tissue, probably in consequence of the 
 sulphuretted hydrogen hovering over the water. It is further indicated in 
 herpetic diseases which have not yet taken a too severe hold of the system, 
 and when they are neither kept up by an unduly increased venosity (so 
 well adapted to Carlsbad) nor by a torpid state of cutaneous degenerative 
 tendency, against which mud-baths are so extremely useful. 
 
 Warmbrunn proves particularly beneficial in removing the consequences 
 of gouty paroxysms, whilst pure alkaline spas are more indicated in chronic 
 athritic dyscrasia. As regards hsemorrhoidal complaints, it proves service- 
 able in those cases in which the predominance of venous blood in the portal 
 system is accompanied by general atony of the abdominal nerves, so that 
 the vascular system lacks the energy of producing a critical discharge 
 through the rectum. 
 
 WAGGIS, on the northern shore of the Vierwaldstadter Lake, east of 
 Lucerne; lat. North above 47; long. East-8^ ; 1,350 feet above the 
 level of the sea. It is situated on the southern declivity of the Rigi, sur- 
 rounded by the most magnificent scenery, and completely protected against 
 severe winds. The climate is very mild and moderately moist and exhila- 
 rating. Not only real chesnut, but fig and almond trees thrive here in the 
 open air. In the year 1795 the rain from the Kigi precipitated such a 
 quantity of mud towards the village that thirty-one houses were driven 
 into the lake. The mean temperature of the year amounts to 51^- Fahr. : 
 spring, 51 F. ; summer, 68 F. ; autumn, 59^ F. It is resorted to as one 
 of the most charming summer residences and whey establishments in 
 cases of incipient tuberculosis. 
 
 WEISSENBURG, in the Canton of Berne, on the southern slope of the 
 Stockhorn chain, 2,759 feet above the level of the sea, five leagues south- 
 west of Thun, is situated in a deep narrow side-ravine of the Simmer valley, 
 
410 APPENDIX. 
 
 through which the wild Bunschibach rushes. The climate is distinguished 
 by its humidity. The shelter against north and east winds allows the air 
 to be readily impregnated with the watery vapours of the torrent. The 
 temperature is very changeable ; mornings and evenings are mostly cool, 
 but in clear days the atmosphere is extremely mild and pleasant. A saline 
 earthy thermal spring issues at the foot of a rock near the left shore of the 
 Bunschibach, with a temperature of 77 Fahr. It contains in 16 ounces 
 sulphate of lime, 17 gr. ; sulphate of magnesia, 5-^ ; sulphate of strontia, 
 nearly ; sulphate of soda, above -J ; sulphate of potash, about ^ ; 
 phosphate of lime, | ; carbonate of lime, -f ; carbonate of magnesia, f ; 
 chloride of sodium, -J-; silicate of soda, ; silica, -J-; oxide of iron, 3 1 ^. As 
 regards gaseous contents, 1,000 grammes contain carbonic acid, 2'53 cubic 
 centimetres ; nitrogen, 0'99 ; oxygen, 0*46. The spa is resorted to in such 
 chronic plumonary catarrhs which follow the inflammatory irritation of the 
 mucous membrane, and are characterised by a dry tickling cough, with very 
 sparing expectoration. It is especially adapted to young people with very 
 excitable nervous and vascular systems, and to plethoric but weakly 
 persons of middle age who have a great tendency to renewed obstinate 
 attacks of bronchitis. 
 Physician. Dr. Muller. 
 
 WEISSENSTEIN, on the ridge of the foremost Jura chain, above the 
 town of Solothurn, 3,949 feet above the level of the sea, with most charming 
 and magnificent Alpine views, contains thirty comfortably-arranged rooms 
 and three bathing-cabinets for whey-drinking and whey-baths. The 
 establishment is particularly exposed to east and west winds, and therefore 
 subject to frequent changes of temperature. Walks into the environs are 
 most attractive ; but the climate is unsuited for pulmonary invalids, and 
 more adapted to cases of anajmia after exhausting diseases, when the Alpine 
 air is most able to restore the pristine vigour of the organism. 
 
 WILDUNGEN, in the Principality of Waldeck, twenty minutes' walk 
 from the village of Nieder Wildungen, 300 feet above the level of the sea, 
 four leagues west of Wabern station (which is reached in an hour and a 
 half from Cassel, and in four-and-a-half hours from Frankfort). The charm- 
 ing valley of Wildungen, intersected by the Wilde and surrounded by woody 
 forests, offers most pleasant and variegated shady promenades to the visitors. 
 A great and most convenient establishment has lately been built, with 
 eighty rooms and suitable saloons. The climate is mild and salubrious : 
 season, from June to September. From the eight springs that issue here, 
 those most in use are the Stadlbrunnen (Victorquelle), the Salzbrunnen 
 (Helenenquelle), arising half a league from the town at an altitude of 740 
 feet, and the Stahlbrunnen. 
 
 In 16 ounces are contained : 
 
EUROPEAN SPAS AND CLIMATIC HEALTH-RESORTS. 411 
 
 
 Victorquelle 
 
 Helenenquelle 
 
 
 
 (Stadtbrunnen) 
 
 (Salzbrunnen) 
 
 Stahlbrunnen 
 
 Bicarbonate of soda . 
 
 0-49 gr. 
 
 6-49 gr. 
 
 
 iron 
 
 0-16 
 
 0-14 
 
 0-58 gr. 
 
 manganese 
 
 o-oi 
 
 0-009 
 
 0069 
 
 lime 
 
 5-47 
 
 9-75 
 
 0-98 
 
 magnesia 
 
 4-11 
 
 10-47 
 
 1-38 
 
 Sulphate of lime 
 
 . . 
 
 . 
 
 0-07 
 
 soda 
 
 0-52 
 
 o-io 
 
 0-04 
 
 potash 
 
 ;o-os 
 
 0-21 
 
 0-05 
 
 Chloride of sodium 
 
 0-59 
 
 8-01 
 
 0-05 
 
 Silica 
 
 0-15 
 
 0-23 
 
 0-08 
 
 Phosphate of soda . ^ 
 
 
 
 
 Borate of soda . 
 
 
 
 
 Bromide of sodium 
 
 
 
 
 Nitrate of soda . 
 
 traces 
 
 traces 
 
 traces 
 
 Bicarbonate of lithia . 
 
 
 
 
 baryta, alumina, 
 
 
 
 
 and organic matter . 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 11-09 gr. 
 
 35-15 gr. 
 
 3-30 gr. 
 
 Free carbonic acid 
 
 19-26 gr. 
 
 19-55 gr. 
 
 18-06 gr. 
 
 The carbonic acid gas forms a layer of one and a half feet high over the 
 mirror of the spring, within which the bottles are filled for exportation. 
 The ' Salzbrunnen ' (which contains more soda, magnesia, and lime) has 
 a considerably milder effect than the Stadtbrunnen. The spa is par- 
 ticularly recommended in chronic diseases of the uropoietic organs in 
 gravel, lithiasis, excessive mucosity, spasms of the bladder, and chronic in- 
 flammation of the prostatic gland. Hufeland narrates (in 1832) how his own 
 illness was cured by Wildungen : retention of urine, which had lasted for twelve 
 weeks, was succeeded by vesical blennorrhage ; a profuse secretion of tough 
 gelatinous phlegm with difficult micturition persisted, and produced great 
 debility and emaciation ; uva ursi bark and other remedies brought no 
 relief. At last he took Wildungen water with an infusion of quassia, and in 
 a short time the discharge got gradually less, and disappeared completely 
 within four weeks. He subsequently drank daily for a whole year a 
 glass of the water. He attributed his cure to the combination of soda, 
 lime, carbonic acid, and iron : he probably used the Salzbrunnen. These 
 springs have at all times enjoyed a great reputation as lithontriptics. They 
 are considered especially curative in those cases of lithiasis which exhibit 
 an atonic character of the urinary organs ; they are thought the best means 
 for promoting the expulsion of calculi. In catarrh and haemorrhoids of the 
 bladder (after the removal of the inflammatory stage), in painful or deficient 
 menstruation, in chronic leucorrhoea, gonorrhoea, sterility, &c., they are 
 found extremely useful. 
 
412 APPENDIX. 
 
 Physicians Drs. Doehne, Roerig, Von Lingelsheim, Krueger, and 
 Schauer of Berlin. 
 
 WIPFELD, a borough in Under-Franconia (BAVARIA), on an eminence 
 on the right shore of the River Main, five miles east of Bergtheim station 
 (Bamberg-Wiirzburg Railroad), fifteen miles north-east of Wurzburg, below 
 lat. 50 N. The Ludwigsbad lies opposite Wipfeld, 800 yards distant 
 from the left shore of the Main, at an altitude of 550 feet, in a very pleasant 
 country. The climate is described as very mild, and suitable to persons 
 affected with pulmonary diseases : mean summer temperature, 63-^ Fahr. 
 The Ludwigsquelle contains carbonate of lime, 2'30 grains; carbonate of 
 magnesia, 0*71 ; carbonate of iron, traces; sulphate of lime, 4*60 ; sulphate 
 of magnesia, 2'12 extractive substance, 0'25 total, 9*98 grains. Carbonic 
 acid, 1*28 cubic inch ; sulphuretted hydrogen, 0'92. Temperature, 5GJ 
 Fahr. The sulphur-spring contains 17 grains of solid constituents (10 of 
 sulphate of lime ; 3*2 cubic inches of carbonic acid ; 0*6 sulphuretted 
 hydrogen). The sulphur-mud greatly assists the curative means of the 
 spa ; it possesses considerable quantities of humus acid, sulphuretted 
 hydrogen, but little sulphur also some carburetted and phosphoretted 
 hydrogen. According to Scherer, 16 ounces slowly dried lose 12 ounces 
 of humidity, and furnish 2'7 cubic inches of sulphuretted hydrogen, 
 and 17 cubic inches of carbonic acid ; 100 grains of the solid mass, 
 freed from roots, contain carbonate of lime, 24'09 grains ; sulphate 
 of lime, 6'34 ; carbonate of magnesia, 4'72 ; alumina, 10'30 ; oxide 
 of iron, 2'90 ; silica, 12'00 ; sulphur, 0'81 ; humus acid, 25'50 ; bitu- 
 minous resin, 0'80 ; extractive substance, 4*00 ; remnants of carbon 
 and silica, 8'51. Whey and herb-juices are also administered in appro- 
 priate cases. Wipfeld is recommended in cases of chronic rheumatism and 
 neuralgia. 
 
 Physician Dr. Froehlich. 
 
 WHITBY, a seaport town in the North Riding of Yorkshire, on the 
 tidal river Esk, bordered here by five piers, and crossed by an iron swing- 
 bridge, 21 miles north-north-west of Scarborough, on the terminus of the 
 York Railway. Lat. N. 54 29' ; long. E. 36'. Population, 12,000. A 
 new town has been lately built on the West Cliff, with excellent accommo- 
 dation for the visitors. The sea view from here is most extensive and in- 
 teresting. The sands stretch to a distance of three miles, and are of a very 
 good condition. Numerous wooded and sheltered walks are available for 
 pedestrian exercise. Several chalybeate springs drop down the cliffs at in- 
 tervals. The Bagdale spa, in the town itself, contains 2'92 grains of solid 
 ingredients in 1C ounces viz. : sulphate of lime, 0'46 ; carbonate of lime, 
 0*20 ; carbonate of magnesia, 0*34 ; chloride of potassium, 0'53 ; carbonate 
 of potash, 0-04 ; chloride of sodium, 0'42 ; carbonate of iron, 0*22 ; car- 
 bonate of manganese, traces. Those who are vigorous enough to bear the 
 pure and bracing air of this beautiful loality will find it a most agreeable 
 tonic summer residence. 
 
EUROPEAN SPAS AND CLIMATIC HEALTH-RESORTS. 413 
 
 . WIGHT (ISLE OF), in the English Channel, off the south coast of Eng- 
 land, separated from the mainland of Hampshire by the Solent and Spit- 
 head. Its length from east to west is 22J miles ; greatest breadth at the 
 centre, 13-J- miles. Population, 55,000. It is one of the finest parts of 
 Great Britain, and presents almost every variety of landscape in minia- 
 ture. The north coast has an undulating surface, well wooded in many 
 parts. It rises towards the centre, where it is traversed by a range of 
 chalk hills from east to west. The highest of these (St. Catherine's Hill) is 
 830 feet above the level of the sea. The south coast (termed the back of 
 the island) is distinguished by most romantic scenery, by precipitous cliffs, 
 and ravines or 'chines.' The Culver Cliff, Shanklin, Luccombe, and Black- 
 gang chines are on this side. The Needle rocks are on the western extremity. 
 The island is almost separated into two equal portions by the Medina river, 
 the eastern being the more fertile. Wide downs are found on the west. 
 The principal towns are, besides the capital, Newport in the north, Yar- 
 mouth, Cowes, Ryde, and Ventnor. For sea-bathing the island offers very 
 inferior accommodation ; but besides its great charms and attractions for 
 the ordinary visitor, it has acquired a great reputation for the mildness of 
 climate of that south-eastern portion called the Undercliff, and extending 
 from Niton to Bonchurch in the west (five miles). Its average width is a 
 quarter of a mile. It has been formed by a landslip from a range of chalk- 
 cliffs, which bound it on the land side, where they constitute a steep wall 
 from 90 to 120 feet high. The breadth of the landslip varies from a quarter 
 to half a mile. It consists of a series of terraces formed of limestone-rock, 
 intersected here and there by t chines ' (deep fissures). The origin of the 
 landslip is supposed to be due to the action of the sea on the outside, and 
 various hidden springs on the inside, gradually wasting the foundation of 
 blue marl, till all at once the cliff pushed downwards and forwards to assume 
 its present romantic aspect. The protecting downs on the background rise 
 to a height of 500 to 700 feet. They are formed of chalk and sandstone 
 with clayey deposit on the north, and greensand overlaid by Wealden clay 
 on the south. They shelter the invalid against north, north-east, and west 
 winds, and to some extent against south-west winds ; but south and south- 
 east winds enter freely. The variety and beauty of the walks, and the nature 
 of the soil, allowing a ready percolation of the rain, render the place equally 
 attractive and salubrious. A certain dryness and astringency of the air 
 prevents it from being too relaxing. The altitude of the Undercliff is 50 
 to 60 feet. Through this elevation the strong sea atmosphere is tempered 
 and less felt than at other southern places as at Hastings, for instance, which 
 is almost completely cut off from land-breezes by the encircling hills at the 
 background. Annual temperature, 51*35: winter, 41-89; spring, 49 '6 6; 
 summer, 60*63 ; autumn, 53*58. Annual rainfaU, 23*48 inches. 
 
 It affords a most desirable winter and spring residence for consumptive 
 patients who wish to enjoy a mild and equable climate, to avoid the north- 
 easterly winds, and to have at the same time an abundance of charming 
 places to resort to for exercise and diversion. Children with tuberculous 
 disposition or scrofulous swellings are greatly benefited by wintering 
 here. Bonchurch (with 564 inhabitants), at the east end, exhibits a com- 
 
414 APPENDIX. 
 
 bination of cliffs and knolls, intermingled with the most luxuriant foliage. 
 The numerous ivy-covered spots deprive the winter of its b'arren appear- 
 ance. Whilst Bonchurch (eight and a half miles south-east of Newport) has a 
 more rural character, with its elegant villas and beautiful residences, the 
 neighbouring Ventnor (about four miles east of Niton : population, 3,208) 
 has a more town-like appearance, with all its hotels and shops, and regular 
 lines of houses for visitors. The village of St. Lawrence, on the other 
 side of Ventnor, closes the most favourable district for a winter sojourn of 
 delicate individuals. Several short ridges project from the main range of 
 hills towards the sea, breaking the violence of south-westerly winds. The 
 eastern portion, from Bonchurch to St. Lawrence (about three miles), is the 
 most sheltered ; the western is somewhat more open to south-westerly 
 winds, though not varying in temperature. The Undercliff may be con- 
 sidered as a lofty natural terrace, screened by a mountainous wall on the 
 north, and open to the full influence of the sun on the south. Newport 
 in the interior of the island, to the north of the chain of hills (seventeen 
 miles south-south-east of Southampton), on the Medina river, with a popu- 
 lation of 3,800 though only a few miles distant, exhibits a great 
 difference in climate; 33-6 inches of rainfall annually in the latter 
 locality to 23'48 in Ventnor. Annual temperature of Newport, 49'73 (less in 
 winter, spring, and autumn, and higher in summer), and of Ventnor 51'35. 
 The soil of the Undercliff consists chiefly of the detritus of sandstone and chalk 
 from the overhanging cliff; it has therefore the property of drying soon 
 after rain. The climate is so equable, dry, and mild that the invalid need 
 scarcely miss a day where he is prevented from taking outdoor exc; 
 The perpendicular cliffs are considered as playing a double part : whilst 
 they keep off the northern blasts from the back, their exposure to the solar 
 rays in front causes a great absorption of heat during the clay, which 
 radiates at night, and prevents the temperature from a too great full. 
 According to Sir James Clark, it surpasses in mildness and equability all 
 the places of the south and south-west coast, except Torquay. With 
 almost an identical temperature, Torquay has a soft but humid and relax- 
 ing climate, and is therefore preferable in cases of great bronchial and 
 laryngeal irritation with sparing and difficult expectoration. That of the 
 UnderclifF is dry sometimes, sharp and bracing, witli a smaller range of 
 temperature. It is more suitable lo delicate persons with profuse expec- 
 toration, tendency to excessive action of the skin, and reduced in strength. 
 The best season is from November to May ; the climate remains pleasant 
 up to the middle of August. A sea breeze usually sets in about seven in 
 the morning. The lightness and buoyancy felt here is to be ascribed to 
 the open and undulating surface, favouring a free circulation and frequent 
 renewal of the atmosphere. From middle of August till middle of 
 October the air becomes relaxing and depressing. Niton, at the western 
 extremity beyond the UnderclifF, is a pleasant rural summer residence. 
 
 Cowes (East), on the right bank of the River Medina, a hamlet with 
 1,900 inhabitants, four miles north of Newport, near Her Majesty's 
 marine residence ; and Cowes ( West), a town at the mouth of the left 
 bank of the River Medina, at the northern extremity of the island, 1 
 
EUROPEAN SPAS AND CLIMATIC HEALTH-RESORTS. 415 
 
 miles south-south-east of Southampton, and 11 miles west- south- west 
 of Portsmouth, with a population of 4,500, and a good bathing establish- 
 ment, are suitable for a summer residence. The hamlet of Sandown 
 on the south-eastern coast, 2 miles south of Brading, attracts many 
 visitors in summer, through its beautiful bay and fine sands. Shanklin, 
 to the south of Sandown, 2 miles north of Bonchurch, elevated and 
 finely sheltered, is one of the handsomest summer retreats in England. 
 The Shanklin chine is a romantic chasm of the cliff, covered with verdure, 
 and opening to the sea. A small cascade at the upper end heightens the 
 interest of the scenery. 
 
 Ryde, on the north-east coast of the lozenge-shaped l Garden of 
 England,' 1 opposite and five miles south-west of Portsmouth, with a popu- 
 lation of 9,200, is the most favourable spot for a summer residence. It is 
 built on the slope of a dry gravelly hill facing the north, with many open 
 spaces. Residences, with gardens and lawns, alternate with charming walks 
 of a wild or rural character. It is indeed a lovely place, which combines 
 the advantages of a marine climate with that of the most recreating and 
 diverting country retreat. It is recommended as the most eligible summer 
 residence, whenever simple sea-air is sought to be employed as a curative 
 means. 
 
 WORTHING, a town in Sussex, on the English Channel, 10 miles west 
 of Brighton, Gl miles south-west of London (two hours' railway journey), 
 east of Littlehampton and of Bognor. Population, 5,800, with fine sands 
 extending for some miles along the sea on either side. Being situated only 
 a few feet above the level of the sea, and sheltered from the north and 
 north-east winds, and partly from the east and north-west winds, by the 
 lofty Southdown Hills, which range in a nearly circular form from east 
 to west about a mile to the north of the town, it enjoys a mild and soft 
 climate, but of a somewhat relaxing character. The town is open to due 
 south and south-west winds. The soil consists of a rich loam over a 
 stratum of sand and pebbles, resting on a foundation of chalk. It offers 
 numerous sheltered pleasant walks, and excellent accommodation for sea- 
 bathing. It is milder than Brighton as a winter climate, but occasionally 
 subject to fogs. Children with scrofulous cachexia or phthisical tendency 
 are greatly benefited here ; also cases of chronic rheumatism, bronchial 
 irritation, and spasmodic asthma, find relief here on account of the sedative 
 and rather agreeable climate. 
 
 ZAIZON'S IODURETTED SPRINGS, five miles east of Kronstadt, 
 in Transylvania, below 46 lat. N., 26^ long. E., at an altitude of 1,700 
 feet, on the south-eastern slope of the great range of Carpathian Mountains, 
 are distinguished by their very considerable amount of iodide of sodium. 
 The neighbouring mountains, rising to a height of 8,000 feet, render the 
 place cool, though they oppose the entrance of severe winds, and thus 
 prevent sudden vicissitudes of temperature. In 16 ounces the springs 
 contain : 
 
416 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 
 Ferdinand- 
 brunnen 
 
 Ludwig- 
 brunnen 
 (Chalybeate) 
 
 Chloride of sodium 
 
 4-69 gr. 
 
 0-47 gr. 
 
 Iodide of sodium 
 
 1-91 
 
 
 
 Bicarbonate of soda 
 
 10-11 
 
 4-18 
 
 lime 
 
 3-51 
 
 4-40 
 
 magnesia 
 
 0-84 
 
 1-18 
 
 iron 
 
 0-11 
 
 1-19 
 
 Sulphate of soda 
 Silica 
 
 0-15 
 0-12 
 
 0-39 
 0-21 
 
 Sulphate of potash 
 Phosphate of alumina 
 
 
 
 0-59 
 0-49 
 
 Total .... 
 
 21-47 
 
 13-10 
 
 Free carbonic acid . 
 
 19-69 cub. in. 
 
 30 cub.in. 
 
 This spa has acquired a great reputation for the cure of scrofulous and 
 glandular swellings, and anaemia combined with sluggishness of the 
 lymphatic system. If the analysis should become confirmed by the 
 highest chemical authorities, we would have here, in the extreme corner of 
 south-eastern Germany, the most powerful ioduretted and the most potent 
 chalybeate springs of all those used for curative purposes. An excellent 
 whey- establishment is likewise available for those who suffer from delicacy 
 of thoracic organs. 
 
 Physician Dr. Fabricius. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 ABE 
 
 A BEKYSTWITH, 280 
 
 ** Achselmannstein, 277 
 
 Acidulous springs, origin 
 of, 10, 13 
 
 Adelheidsquelle, 183. Ana- 
 lysis of, 185 
 
 ^Eolus-bath, 365 
 
 Aix-la-Chapelle, 200. Ana- 
 lysis of Kaiserquelle (Eli- 
 senbrunnen), 203 
 
 Aix-les-Bains, 277 
 
 Akratopegse (chemically in- 
 different springs), 27 
 
 Alexandersbad, 278 
 
 Alexisbad, 278 
 
 Algiers, 280 
 
 Alpine climate, 282 
 
 Altwasser, 278 
 
 Amelie-les-Bains, 279 
 
 Apenrade, 279 
 
 Arnstadt, 279 
 
 Artificial medicated baths, 
 276 
 
 Ascending douches, 7 
 
 Askerne spa, 280 
 
 Ausbaden (out-bathing), 52 
 
 Aussee, 280 
 
 T>ADEN (Austria), 168. 
 
 ~*-^ Analysis of springs, 
 170 
 
 Baden-Baden, 239. Ana- 
 lysis of Ursprung, 240 
 
 Baden (Switzerland), 286 
 
 Baden weiler, 287 
 
 Bagneres-de-Bigorre, 287 
 
 Bagneres-de-Luchon, 288 
 
 Bareges, 289 
 
 Barking, 321 
 
 Barnes, 321 
 
 Bath, 290 
 
 Bath- eruption, 8 
 
 Baths, effects of, 23 
 
 Baths, saline, effects of on 
 the healthy organism, 
 263 
 
 BAT 
 
 Battersea, 321 
 Bayswater, 320 
 Berg, 292 
 Berka, 293 
 Bertrich, 293 
 Berwick (North), 295 
 Bex, 293 
 Biarritz, 294 
 Bilin, 85 
 Blackheath, 319 
 Blackpool, 296 
 Blankenberghe, 295 
 Bocklet, 129. Analysis of 
 
 the springs, 130 
 Bonchurch, 413 
 Bordeaux, 297 
 Botzen, 294 
 Boulogne-sur-Mer, 295 
 Bournemouth, 296 
 Bow, 320 
 Brighton, 296 
 Brighton Pumproom, 5 
 Brompton, 319 
 Bruckenau, 133. Analysis 
 
 of s eel spring, 134 
 Burtscheid, 208 
 Buxton, 292 
 
 CAIKO, 301 
 Camberwell, 321 
 Cannes, 336 
 Canstadt, 40. Analysis of 
 
 Sulzerainquelle, 40 
 Cape of Good Hope, 339 
 Carbonic acid, 4. Free 
 
 (formation of), 13 
 Carlsbad, 90. Analysis of 
 
 the Sprudel, 94 
 Castellamare, 300 
 Cauterets, 300 
 Chalybokrense (Steel 
 
 springs), 209 
 Charlottenbrunnen, 298 
 Cheltenham, 303 
 Chemically indifferent 
 
 spas, 5, 27 
 
 E E 
 
 CHI 
 
 Chiswick, 321 
 Clapham, 321 
 Clapton, (Upper) 320 
 Clarens, 298 
 Clifton, 304 
 Coimbra, 302 
 Colberg, 299 
 Cold water, effects of, 26 
 Cowes (East), 414 
 Cowes (West), 414 
 Cranz, 299 
 Cuxhaven, 299 
 
 T^ALSTON, 320 
 
 J - / Denmark Hill, 321 
 
 Deptford, 319 
 
 Dieppe, 305 
 
 Doberan, 305 
 
 Douches, ascending, 7 
 
 Dover, 307 
 
 Driburg, 216. Analysis of 
 
 spring, 217 
 Durkheim, 306 
 
 PAKTHQUAKES, their 
 relations to thermae, 
 
 10 
 
 East Ham, 321 
 East Wickham, 319 
 Eaux-Bonnes, 308 
 Eaux-Chaudes, 309 
 Eilsen, 198 
 Ems, 230. Analysis of 
 
 Kesselbrunnen, 232 
 Etretat, 309 
 
 J^ACHINGEN water, 4, 
 
 Fecamp, 310 
 
 Florence, 349 
 
 Fohr, 310 
 
 Forest Hill, 321 
 
 Franzensbad, 112. Analy- 
 sis of Franzensbrunnen, 
 113 
 
418 
 
 FRI 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 ISC 
 
 MON 
 
 Friedrichshaller water, 89 
 Fulham, 321 
 
 GAIS, 310 
 Gastein, 54. Analysis 
 
 of its mineral water, 60 
 Geilnau, 87 
 Genoa, 349 
 Giessbach, 343 
 Ginseng, Vale of, 339 
 Glairine, 6 
 Grape-cure, 52, 307 
 Great Britain, 312. Climate 
 
 of, 314 
 
 Greenwich, 319 
 Griesbach, 380 
 Grindelwald, 344 
 Gros-Caillou, 6 
 
 TTAGUE, the, 390 
 
 - 1 -- 1 - Hackney, 320 
 
 Hall (Austria), Analysis of 
 
 the mineral water, 185 
 Hallein, 69 
 Halokrenae (cold saline 
 
 springs), 119 
 Halopegae (saline springs), 
 
 119 
 Halothermae, (warm saline 
 
 springs), 119 
 Hammersmith, 321 
 Hampstead Hill, 320 
 Harrogate, 336 
 Hastings, 338 
 Hatcham. 321 
 Havre de Grace, 334 
 Heat of warm springs, 
 
 causes of, 12 
 Heiden, 330 
 Heilbrunn, 183 
 Heinrichsbad, 332 
 Helgoland, 333 
 Hendon, 319 
 Heppingen, 87 
 Heringsdorf, 334 
 Highbury, 321 
 Highgate Hill, 320 
 Hofgastein, 57 
 Hofragaz, 44 
 Homburg, 136. Analysis 
 
 of its springs, 138 
 Hyeres, 335 
 
 TLMENAU, 340 
 
 Imnau, 340 
 Interlaken, 341 
 
 Ischia, 345 
 
 Mondorf, 372 
 
 Ischl, 70. Analysis of its 
 
 Montpellier, 297 
 
 mineral water, 71 
 
 Montreux, 299 
 
 Italy, climate of, 346 
 
 Mudbaths, 193 
 
 JEKSEY, 355 
 
 -VTAPLES, 350 
 ^^ Nauheim, 259. Analy- 
 
 KENSINGTON, 319 
 TTipl ^*fi 
 
 sis of its springs, 260 
 Nenndorf, 190. Mudbaths 
 
 jviei, ooo 
 Kingsland, 320 
 
 of, 193. Analysis of its 
 
 a*-kmv*sve* 1 O 
 
 Kissingen, 121. Analysis 
 
 springs, i yo 
 Neuenahr, 376 
 
 of its springs, 124 
 Kochbrunnen (Wiesbaden), 
 1 w 
 
 Newport, 414 
 Nice, 370 
 
 LOO 
 
 Konigsdorff-Jastrzemb, 356 
 Kosen 356 
 
 Nitrogen, effects of, 36 
 Norderney, 377 
 
 Krankenheil, 357 
 
 Nunhead, 321 
 
 Krenae, or cold springs, 9 
 
 
 Kreuznach, 175. Analysis 
 of Elisenquelle, 178 
 Kronthal, 358 
 
 QEYNHAUSEN, 243 
 ^ Analysis of its water, 
 244 
 
 
 Ofen, 378 
 
 T ABASSfiRE, 359 
 -^ Landeck, 359 
 
 Ostend, 379 
 Ottilienquelle, 363 
 
 Langenbriicken, 359 
 
 
 Langenschwalbach, 218 
 
 
 Leamington, 365 
 
 PALERMO, 353 
 
 Leghorn, 365 
 
 * Partenkirchen, 379 
 
 Leuk, 360 
 
 Pau, 380 
 
 Liebenzell, 361 
 
 Peckham, 321. Peckham 
 
 Lippik, 361 
 
 Rye, 321 
 
 Lippspringe, 362 
 
 Pegae, or mineral springs, 9 
 
 London, climate of, 313 
 
 Petersthal, 379 
 
 Lowestoft, 366 
 
 Pfafers, 42. Analysis of 
 
 Lucca, 365 
 
 its mineral water, 48 
 
 Luhatschowitz, 363 
 
 Pikrokrenae (cold bitter 
 
 Lymington, 366 
 
 springs), 85 
 
 
 Pikropegae (bitter springs), 
 
 Ty/TADEIRA Islands, 366 
 *- Magnesia, Solution 
 
 85 
 Pikrothermae (warm bitter 
 
 of, in carbonic acid, 6 
 
 springs), 85. 
 
 Malaga, 368 
 
 Pisa, 352 
 
 Malvern, 373 
 
 Plaistow, 321 
 
 Margate, 376 
 
 Plombieres, 381 
 
 Marienbad, 102. Analysis 
 
 Pozzuoli, 351 
 
 of Kreuzbrunnen, 104 
 
 Piillna, 88 
 
 Matlock, 374 
 
 Purulent absorption, 2o7 
 
 Meinberg, 198. Analysis of 
 
 Putbus, 380 
 
 its springs, 200 
 
 Putney, 321 
 
 Mentone, 369 
 
 Pyrmont, 210. Analysis of 
 
 Meran, 371 
 
 its springs, 213 
 
 Mergentheim, 372 
 
 
 Meyriugen, 344 
 
 
 Milan, 350 
 Mineral waters, character- 
 
 T3AGAZ, 45 
 -*-*' Railway Travelling, in- 
 
 istics of, 17 
 
 fluence of, on health, 324 
 
 Misdroy, 372 
 
 Ramsgate, 376 
 
REC 
 
 Recoaro, 382 
 Regent's Park, 320 
 Reichenhall, 382 
 Remagen, 383 
 Rigi-Kaltbad, 384 
 Rigi-Schiedeck, 383 
 Rippoldsau, 384 
 Rohitsch, 385 
 Rome, 352 
 Romerbad, 384 
 Rosenheim, 385 
 Royan, 385 
 415 
 
 QAIDSCHUTZ, 87 
 * St. John's Wood, 320 
 
 St. Lawrence, 414 
 
 St. Leonards, 338 
 
 St. Moritz, 385 
 
 St. Sauveur, 393 
 
 Salcombe, 395 
 
 Saline baths, effects of, on 
 the healthy organism, 
 
 Salzbrunn, 393 
 Salzhausen, 394 
 Salzungen, 395 
 Scarborough, 395 
 Schevingen, 390 
 Schinznach, 388 
 Schlangenbad, 236. Ana- 
 lysis of Schachtbrunnen, 
 237 
 Schwalbach, 218. Analy- 
 
 sis of its springs, 220 
 Schwalheim, 275 
 Sea-air, influence of, 254 
 Sea-bathing, remarks on 
 
 253 
 Sea-water, solid ingredients 
 
 of, 252 
 Seidlitz, 88 
 Shepherd's Bush, 321 
 Shooter's Hill, 319 
 Sidmouth, 396 
 Snares brook, 321 
 Soden (near Frankfort), 
 146. Analysis of its 
 springs, 148 
 Soden (Bavaria), 390 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 SPA 
 
 Spa, 225. Analysis of 
 
 springs, 226 
 Springs, cold, 9 ; hot, 9 
 Stachelberg, 390 
 Stamford Hill, 320 
 Steben, 391 
 Steel springs, 209 
 Stoke Newington, 320 
 Stratford, 321 
 Streitberg, 391 
 Suka, 392 
 Sulzbrunn, 392 
 Swansea, 396 
 Swinemiinde, 392 
 Sylt, 392 
 
 Synkratopegse (springs 
 with efficient ingredi- 
 ents), 27 
 
 VAP 
 
 J, 396 
 
 Tegernsee, 398 
 Teignmouth, 401 
 Teinach, 398 
 
 Temperature, medical ef- 
 fects of, 22 
 Tension of evaporating bo- 
 dies, 21 
 Teplitz, 74. Analysis of its 
 
 mineral water, 77 
 Theiokrenae (cold sulphur 
 
 springs), 160 
 Theiopegae (sulphur 
 
 springs), 160 
 
 Theiothermae (warm sul- 
 phur springs), 160 
 ihermae, or hot springs, 9 
 Thermal springs, origin of, 
 
 Thermal springs, composi- 
 
 Tiefnau, 899 
 Toplitz, 399 
 Torquay, 402 
 Travemiinde, 400 
 Triest, 400 ' 
 Tropical influence, 210 
 Trouville, 334 
 Tunbridge Wells, 404 
 
 , 413 
 
 Venice, 354 
 Ventnor, 414 
 Vernet 405 
 Vernex, 299 
 Vevay, 298 
 Vichy, 406 
 Victoria Park, 320 
 
 419 
 
 25 
 
 WAGGIS, 409 
 
 Walthamstow, 321 
 Wands worth, 321 
 Wanstead, 321 
 Warmbrunu, 407 
 Warmth, effects of, in the 
 
 digestive canal, 26 
 Warmth of air, diminution 
 
 of, 9 
 
 Water, its changes, 9. Me- 
 chanical effects of, 26 
 Weilbach, 160. Analysis 
 
 - V s s P rin & 161 
 Weissbad, 332 
 
 Weisseuburg, 409 
 
 Weissenstein, 410 
 
 Westbourne Grove, 320 
 
 West Ham, 321 
 
 Whey : difference of compo- 
 sition between ewe's, 
 cow's, and goat's whey,' 
 
 Whey-cure, 311 
 Whitby, 412 
 
 Wiesbaden, 150. Analysis 
 . of the Kochl runnen, 153 
 Wight (Isle of), 413 
 Wildbad, 29. Analysis of 
 
 its mineral water, 32 
 Wildbad-gastein, 59 
 Wildegg, 389 
 Wildungen, 410 
 Willesden, 319 
 Wipfeld, 412 
 Wormwood Scrubs, 319 
 Worthing, 415 
 
 springs, 415 
 
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INDEX 
 
 Acton's Modern Cookery 40 
 
 Ainfs Blackstone Economised 39 
 
 Airy's Hebrew Scriptures 29 
 
 Alpine Club Map of Switzerland 34 
 
 Alpine Guide (The) 34 
 
 Amos' s Jurisprudence 10 
 
 Primer of the Constitution 10 
 
 Anderson s Strength of Materials 20 
 
 Armstrong's Organic Chemistry 20 
 
 Arnold's (Dr.) Christian Life 29 
 
 Lectures on Modern H istory 2 
 
 Miscellaneous Works 13 
 
 School Sermons 29 
 
 Sermons 29 
 
 (T. ) Manual of English Literature 12 
 
 Atherstone Priory 36 
 
 Autumn Holidays of a Country Parson ... 14 
 
 Ay re's Treasury of Bible Knowledge 39 
 
 Bacons Essays, by Whaicly II 
 
 Life and Letters, by Spedding ... n 
 
 Works 10 
 
 Bains Mental and Moral Science 12 
 
 on the Senses and Intellect 12 
 
 Emotions and Will 12 
 
 Baker's Two Works on Ceylon 34 
 
 Ball's Guide to the Central Alps 34 
 
 Guide to the Western Alps 35 
 
 Guide to the Eastern Alps 34 
 
 Bancroft's Native Races of the Pacific 23 
 
 Barry on Railway Appliances 20 
 
 Becker s Charicles and Gallus 35 
 
 Black's Treatise on Brewing 40 
 
 Blackley's German- English Dictionary 16 
 
 Blaine's Rural Sports 37 
 
 Bloxam's Metals 20 
 
 Boultbee on 39 Articles 29 
 
 Bournes Catechism of the Steam Engine . 27 
 
 Handbook of Steam Engine 27 
 
 Treatise on the Steam Engine ... 27 
 
 Improvements in the same 27 
 
 Bawdier s Family Shakspeare 37 
 
 B ram Icy- Moore's Six Sisters of the Valley . 36 
 Brande's Dictionary of Science, Literature, 
 
 and Art 23 
 
 Brinklcys Astronomy 12 
 
 Browne's Exposition of the 39 Articles 29 
 
 Buckle's History of Civilisation 3 
 
 Posthumous Remains 12 
 
 Bucktons Health in the House 24 
 
 Bull's Hints to Mothers 4 
 
 Maternal Management of Children . 4 
 
 Burgomaster's Family (The) 34 
 
 Burkes Rise of Great Families 8 
 
 Burkes Vicissitudes of Families 8 
 
 Busk's Folk-lore of Rome 35 
 
 Valleys of Tirol 33 
 
 Cabinet Lawyer 40 
 
 Campbell' s Norway 35 
 
 Gates' s Biographical Dictionary 8 
 
 and Woodward's Encyclopaedia ... 5 
 
 Changed Aspects of Unchanged Truths ... 14 
 
 Chesney's Indian Polity 3 
 
 Modern Military Biography 4 
 
 Waterloo Campaign 3 
 
 Codrington's Life and Letters 7 
 
 Colenso on Moabite Stone &c 32 
 
 's Pentateuch and Book of Joshua. 32 
 
 Collier s Demosthenes on the Crown 13 
 
 Commonplace Philosopher in Town and 
 
 Country, by A. K. H. B 14 
 
 Comte's Positive Polity 3 
 
 Congreve's Essays 9 
 
 Politics of Aristotle n 
 
 Conington's Translation of Virgil's ^Eneid 37 
 
 Miscellaneous Writings 13 
 
 Contanseaus Two French Dictionaries ... 15 
 Conybearc and Howson's Life and Epistles 
 
 of St. Paul 3 
 
 Corneilles Le Cid 36 
 
 Counsel and Comfort from a City Pulpit... 14 
 
 Cox s (G. W. ) Aryan Mythology 4 
 
 Crusades 6 
 
 History of Greece 4 
 
 General History of Greece 4 
 
 School ditto 4 
 
 Tale of the Great Persian 
 
 War 4 
 
 . Tales of Ancient Greece ... 36 
 
 Crawley's Thucydides 4 
 
 Creigh tons Age of Elizabeth 6 
 
 Cresy's Encyclopaedia of Civil Engineering 27 
 
 Critical Essays of a Country Parson 14 
 
 Crookes's Chemical Analysis 25 
 
 Dyeing and Calico-printing 28 
 
 Culleys Handbook of Telegraphy 27 
 
 Davidson's Introduction to the New Tes- 
 tament 3 1 
 
 nAubi^ncs Reformation 31 
 
 De Caisne and Le Maotit's Botany 24 
 
 De Morgans Paradoxes 13 
 
 De Tocqueville s Democracy in America... 9 
 
 Disraeli's Lord George Bentinck 8 
 
 A6 
 
42 
 
 NEW WORKS PUBLISHED BY LONGMANS & CO. 
 
 Disraeli's Novels and Tales 35 
 
 Dobson on the Ox 38 
 
 Dove's Law of Storms 18 
 
 Doyle's (R.) Fairyland 25 
 
 Eas flake's Hints on Household Taste 26 
 
 Edwards' s Rambles among the Dolomites 34 
 
 Nile 32 
 
 Elements of Botany 23 
 
 Ellicotfs Commentary on Ephesians 30 
 
 Galatians 
 
 Pastoral Epist. 
 
 Philippians,&c 
 
 Thessalonians . 
 
 Lectures on Life of Christ ., 
 
 Elsa : a Tale of the Tyrolean Alps 36 
 
 Evans' (J.) Ancient Stone Implements ... 23 
 
 (A. J.) Bosnia 33 
 
 Ewalds History of Israel 30 
 
 Antiquities of Israel 31 
 
 Fairbairns Application of Cast and 
 
 Wrought Iron to Building... 27 
 
 Information for Engineers 27 
 
 Life 7 
 
 Treatise on Mills and Millwork 27 
 
 Farrars Chapters on Language 13 
 
 Families of Speech 13 
 
 Fitzwygram on Horses and Stables 38 
 
 Forbes's Two Years in Fiji 33 
 
 Francis's Fishing Book 37 
 
 Freeman's Historical Geography of Europe 6 
 
 Freshfield's Italian Alps 33 
 
 Fronde's English in Ireland 2 
 
 History of England 2 
 
 Short Studies 12 
 
 Gairdners Houses of Lancaster and York 
 Ganot's Elementary Physics 
 
 - Natural Philosophy 
 
 Gardiner's Buckingham and Charles 
 
 Thirty Years' War 
 
 Geffcken's Church and State 
 
 German Home Life 
 
 Gibson's Religion and Science 
 
 Gilbert& Churchill's Dolomites 
 
 Girdlestone 's Bible Synonyms 
 
 Goodcve' s M echani cs 
 
 Mechanism .. 
 
 Grant's Ethics of Aristotle 
 
 Graver Thoughts of a Country Parson 
 
 Grci'i lie's Journal 
 
 Griffin s Algebra and Trigonometry 
 
 Grohmaris Tyrol and the Tyrolese 
 
 Grove (Sir W. R.) on Correlation of Phy- 
 sical Forces 
 
 (F. C.) The Frosty Caucasus 
 
 Gw ill's Encyclopaedia of Architecture 
 
 6 
 
 20 
 19 
 
 10 
 '3 
 
 29 
 
 34 
 29 
 
 20 
 20 
 II 
 
 14 
 
 2 
 
 20 
 32 
 
 19 
 
 II 
 
 Harrison's Order and Progress 9 
 
 Hartley on the Air 19 
 
 Hartwig's Aerial World 22 
 
 Polar World , . 22 
 
 Hartwig's Sea and its Living Wonders ... 22 
 
 Subterranean World 22 
 
 Tropical World 22 
 
 Hatighton s Animal Mechanics 20 
 
 Hayward's Biographical and Critical Essays 7 
 
 Hfathcote's Fen and Mere 28 
 
 Heine's Life and Works, by Stigand 7 
 
 Hclmholtz on Tone 23 
 
 Helmhollz s Scientific Lectures 19 
 
 Helmsky's Trees, Shrubs, and Herbaceous 
 
 Plants 24 
 
 Hcrschefs Outlines of Astronomy '..... 1 8 
 
 Hittchlijfs Over the Sea and Far Away ... 33 
 
 Holland's Fragmentary Papers 21 
 
 Holms on the Army 4 
 
 Hullah's History of Modern Music 23 
 
 Transition Period 23 
 
 Hume'sEssays 12 
 
 Treatise on Human Nature 12 
 
 Mine's History of Rome 5 
 
 Indian Alps 32 
 
 Ingelow's Poems 37 
 
 Jameson s Legends of Saints and Martyrs . 26 
 
 Legends of the Madonna.... 26 
 
 Legends of the Monastic Orders 26 
 
 Legends of the Saviour 26 
 
 *clf on Confession ^o 
 
 *enkin's Electricity and Magnetism 20 
 
 'crram's Lycidas of Milton 35 
 
 ( errold"s Life of Napoleon 2 
 
 r ohnstons Geographical Dictionary 17 
 
 Types of Genesis 31 
 
 on Second Death .. 
 
 KaliscKs Commentary on the Bible 30 
 
 KeitKs Evidence of Prophecy 30 
 
 Kerfs Metallurgy, by Crookes and Rchrig. 27 
 
 KingsUy's American Lectures 13 
 
 Kirby and Spence's Entomology 21 
 
 KirkNiiiNs Philosophy .". n 
 
 Knatchbull-IIugcsscii's Whispers from 
 
 Fairy- Land ... 35 
 Higgledy-Piggledy 35 
 
 Lamartine's Toussaint Louverturc 
 
 Landscapes, Churches, &c. by A. K. H. B. 
 
 Lang's Ballads and Lyrics 
 
 Latham s English Dictionary 
 
 Handbook of the English Lan- 
 guage 
 
 Laughtons Nautical Surveying 
 
 Lawrence on Rocks 
 
 Ltcky's History of European Morals 
 
 Rationalism 
 
 Leaders of Public Opinion. 
 
 Lccs Kesslerloch 
 
 Lefroy s Bermudas 
 
 Leisure Hours in Town, by A. K. H. B.... 
 Lessons of Middle Age, by A. K. H. B.... 
 Lewes s Biographical History of Philosophy 
 
 36 
 14 
 36 
 
 15 
 19 
 
 22 
 
 5 
 8 
 
 22 
 
 33 
 
 14 
 
NEW WORKS PUBLISHED BY LONGMANS & CO. 
 
 43 
 
 Le-i'is on Authority 12 
 
 Lid dell and Scott's Greek-English Lexicons 16 
 
 Lindley and Moore's Treasury of Botany... 23 
 
 Lloyd's Magnetism 21 
 
 Wave-Theory of Light 21 
 
 Longman's (F. W. ) Chess Openings 40 
 
 German Dictionary ... 15 
 
 (W.) Edward the Third 2 
 
 Lectures on History of 
 
 England 2 
 
 Old and New St. Paul's 26 
 
 Lou-don' s Encyclopaedia of Agriculture ... 28 
 
 Gardening 28 
 
 Plants 24 
 
 Lubbock's Origin of Civilisation 22 
 
 Lyra Germanica 32 
 
 Macaulays (Lord) Essays i 
 
 History of England .* i 
 
 Lays of Ancient Rome 25, 36 
 
 Life and Letters 7 
 
 Miscellaneous Writings 12 
 
 Speeches 12 
 
 Works 2 
 
 McCulloch' s Dictionary of Commerce 16 
 
 Macleod's Principles of Economical Philo- 
 sophy 10 
 
 Theory and Practice of Banking 39 
 
 Elements of Banking 39 
 
 Mademoiselle Mori 36 
 
 Maid's Annals of the Road 37 
 
 Malleson's Genoese Studies 3 
 
 Native States of India 3 
 
 Marshall's Physiology 25 
 
 Marshman's History of India 3 
 
 Life of Havelock 8 
 
 Murtincau's Christian Life 32 
 
 Hymns 31 
 
 Maunder s Biographical Treasury 39 
 
 Geographical Treasury 39 
 
 Historical Treasury 39 
 
 Scientific and Literary Treasury 39 
 
 Treasury of Knowledge 39 
 
 Treasury of Natural History ... 39 
 
 Maxwell's Theory of Heat 20 
 
 May's History of Democracy 2 
 
 History of England 2 
 
 Melville's Digby Grand 36 
 
 General Bounce 36 
 
 Gladiators 36 
 
 Good for Nothing 36 
 
 Holmby House 36 
 
 Interpreter 36 
 
 Kate Coventry 36 
 
 Queens Maries 
 
 Menzies Forest Trees and Woodland 
 
 Scenery 
 
 Merivales Fall of the Roman Republic ... 
 
 General History of Rome 
 
 Romans under the Empire .... 
 
 Merrifidd's Arithmetic and Mensuration... 
 Miles on Horse's Foot and Horse Shoeing 
 
 on Horse's Teeth and Stables 38 
 
 Mill (J.) on the Mind 10 
 
 (J. S.) on Liberty 9 
 
 on Representative Government 9 
 
 Utilitarianism 9 
 
 Autobiography 7 
 
 Mill's Dissertations and Discussions 9 
 
 Essays on Religion &c 29 
 
 Hamilton's Philosophy 9 
 
 System of Logic 9 
 
 Political Economy 9 
 
 Unsettled Questions 9 
 
 Miller's Elements of Chemistry 24 
 
 Inorganic Chemistry 20 
 
 Mintds (Lord) Life and Letters 7 
 
 Mitchell's Manual of Assaying 28 
 
 Modern Novelist's Library 36 
 
 Mon sell's ' Spiritual Songs ' 32 
 
 Moore's Irish Melodies, illustrated 26 
 
 Morant's Game Preservers 22 
 
 Morcll's Elements of Psychology n 
 
 Mental Philosophy n 
 
 Mailer's Chips from a German Workshop. 13 
 
 Science of Language 13 
 
 Science of Religion 5 
 
 Neison on the Moon 18 
 
 New Reformation, by Theodoras 4 
 
 New Testament, Illustrated Edition 25 
 
 Northcott's Lathes and Turning 26 
 
 O' Conor s Commentary on Hebrews 31 
 
 Romans 31 
 
 St. John 31 
 
 Owen's Comparative Anatomy and Physio- 
 logy of Vertebrate Animals 21 
 
 Packe s Guide to the Pyrenees 35 
 
 Pagct's Naval Powers 28 
 
 Pattisons Casaubon 7 
 
 Pay en's Industrial Chemistry 26 
 
 Pewtners Comprehensive Specifier 40 
 
 Pierce s Chess Problems 40 
 
 Plunkcfs Travels in the Alps 33 
 
 Pole's Game of Whist 40 
 
 Prcece & Siva0rigAfsTelegr&pby 20 
 
 Prendcrgast 's Mastery of Languages 1 6 
 
 Present-Day Thoughts, by A. K. H. B. ... 14 
 
 Proctor's Astronomical Essays 17 
 
 Moon 17 
 
 Orbs around Us 18 
 
 Other Worlds than Ours 18 
 
 Saturn 17 
 
 Scientific Essays (New Series) ... 21 
 
 Sun 17 
 
 Transits of Venus 17 
 
 Two Star Atlases 18 
 
 Universe 17 
 
 Public Schools Atlas of Ancient Geography 17 
 
 Atlas of Modern Geography 17 
 
 Manual of Modern Geo- 
 graphy 17 
 
 Ra-vulinsoris Parthia , 
 
 Sassanians 
 
 Recreations of a Country Parson 14 
 
 Redgrave's Dictionary of Artists 25 
 
 Rcilly's Map of Mont Blanc 34 
 
 Monte Rosa 34 
 
 Reresbys Memoirs^ 8 
 
NEW WORKS PUBLISHED BY LONGMANS & CO. 
 
 .Reynard son s Down the Road 37 
 
 Richs Dictionary of Antiquities 15 
 
 River s Rose Amateur's Guide 23 
 
 Rogers' s Eclipse of Faith 30 
 
 Defence of Eclipse of Faith 30 
 
 Essays. 9 
 
 Roget's Thesaurus of English Words and 
 
 Phrases 15 
 
 Ronald's Fly-Fisher's Entomology 38 
 
 Roscoe's Outlines of Civil Procedure..., 10 
 
 Rothschild's Israelites 30 
 
 Russell's Recollections and Suggestions ... 2 
 
 Sandarss Justinian's Institutes 
 
 Savile on Apparitions 
 
 on Primitive Faith 
 
 Schellen's Spectrum Analysis 
 
 Scott's Lectures on the Fine Arts 
 
 Poems 
 
 Papers on Civil Engineering 
 
 Seaside Musing, by A. K. H. B 
 
 Seebohms Oxford Reformers of 1498 
 
 Protestant Revolution 
 
 Sewelts Questions of the Day 
 
 Preparation for Communion 
 
 Stories and Tales 
 
 Thoughts for the Age 
 
 Historv of France ... 
 
 Shelley's Workshop Appliances 
 
 Short's Church History 
 
 Simpson's Meeting the Sun 
 
 Smith's (Sydney] Essays 
 
 Wit and Wisdom 
 
 (Dr. R. A.) Air and Rain 
 
 Southey's Doctor 
 
 Poetical Works 
 
 Stanley's History of British Birds 
 
 Stephen's Ecclesiastical Biography 
 
 Stocktnars Memoirs 
 
 Slonchenge on the Dog 
 
 on the Greyhound 
 
 Stoney on Strains 
 
 Sunday Afternoons at the Parish Church of 
 
 a University City, by A. K. H. B 
 
 Supernatural Religion 
 
 Swin bourne's Picture Logic 
 
 Taylor's History of India 
 
 Manual of Ancient History 
 
 Manual of Modern History 
 
 -(Jeremy] Works, edited by Eden. 
 
 10 
 13 
 30 
 19 
 25 
 
 14 
 4 
 6 
 
 I 
 
 3 
 
 20 
 
 6 
 
 34 
 
 12 
 '3 
 19 
 13 
 
 37 
 
 22 
 8 
 
 3? 
 
 3 X 
 
 Text-Books of Science 20 
 
 Thomson's Laws of Thought ii 
 
 Thorpe's Quantitative Analysis 20 
 
 Thorpe and Muirs Qualitative Analysis ... 
 Todd (A.) on Parliamentary Government... 
 
 Trench's Realities of Irish Life 
 
 Trollope's Barchester Towers 
 
 ' Warden 
 
 Twiss's Law of Nations 
 
 Tyndalts American Lectures on Light ... 
 
 Diamagnetism 
 
 Fragments of Science 
 
 Lectures on Electricity 
 
 Lectures on Light 
 
 Lectures on Sound 
 
 Heat a Mode of Motion 
 
 Molecular Physics 
 
 Uebtrwegs System of Logic 
 
 Ure's Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, 
 and Mines 
 
 36 
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 20 
 20 
 2O 
 21 
 21 
 20 
 20 
 2O 
 
 Voltaire's Zaire. 
 
 Walker on Whist 
 
 Warburton's Edward the Third 
 
 Watson's Geometry , 
 
 Watts' s Dictionary of Chemistry 
 
 Webb's Objects for Common Telescopes 
 
 Weinhold's Experimental Physics 
 
 Wellington s Life, by Gleig 
 
 Whalely's English Synonymes 
 
 Logic 
 
 Rhetoric .. 
 
 White and Riddle's Latin Dictionaries 
 
 Wilcocks' s Sea-Fisherman 
 
 Williams' s Aristotle's Ethics 
 
 W0o<fs(T. G.) Bible Animals 
 
 Homes without Hands 
 
 Insects at Home 
 
 Insects Abroad 
 
 Out of Doors 
 
 Strange Dwellings 
 
 (J. T.) Ephcsus 
 
 Wyatt's History of Prussia 
 
 25 
 18 
 
 19 
 8 
 
 15 
 ii 
 ii 
 16 
 
 38 
 ii 
 
 22 
 21 
 21 
 21 
 22 
 21 
 
 33 
 3 
 
 Yonge's English-Greek Lexicons 1 6 
 
 Horace 37 
 
 Youatt on the Dog 38 
 
 on the Horse 38 
 
 Zellers Plato 6 
 
 Socrates 5 
 
 Stoics, Epicureans, and Sceptics... 5 
 
 Zinuncrris Life of Schopenhauer 7 
 
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